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{ "text": "United States Senate Committee on Finance - Wikipedia United States Senate Committee on Finance From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Seal of the United States Senate The U.S. Senate Committee on Finance (or, less formally, Senate Finance Committee ) is a standing committee of the United States Senate . The Committee concerns itself with matters relating to taxation and other revenue measures generally, and those relating to the insular possessions ; bonded debt of the United States ; customs , collection districts, and ports of entry and delivery; deposit of public moneys; general revenue sharing ; health programs under the Social Security Act (notably Medicare and Medicaid ) and health programs financed by a specific tax or trust fund; national social security; reciprocal trade agreements ; tariff and import quotas, and related matters thereto; and the transportation of dutiable goods. It is considered to be one of the most powerful committees in Congress. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Role 3 Members, 115th Congress 4 Subcommittees 5 Chairmen 6 References 7 External links History [ edit ] The Committee on Finance is one of the original committees established in the Senate. First created on December 11, 1815, as a select committee and known as the Committee on Finance and an [sic] Uniform National Currency, it was formed to alleviate economic issues arising from the War of 1812. On December 10, 1816 the Senate officially created the Committee on Finance as a standing committee . Originally, the Committee had power over tariffs, taxation, banking and currency issues and appropriations. Under this authority the committee played an influential role in the most heated topics of the era; including numerous tariffs issues and the Bank War . [1] The committee was also influential in the creation of the Department of Interior in 1849. [2] Under the Chairmanship of William Pitt Fessenden , the committee played a decisive role during the Civil War . Appropriating all funds for the war effort as well as raising enough funds to finance the war through tariffs and the nation's first income tax. Additionally, the committee produced the Legal Tender Act of 1862, the nation's first reliance on paper currency. [3] In 1865 the House of Representatives created an Appropriations Committee to relieve the burden from the Committee on Ways and Means . The Senate followed this example by forming the Appropriations Committee in 1867. [4] Despite the loss of one of its signature duties the committee continued to play a prominent role in the major issues of the nation. The committee was at the center of the debate over the silver question in the latter half of the 19th Century. Passage of the Bland-Allison Act and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act were attempts to remedy the demand for silver, though the silver cause would eventually fail by the end of the century. [5] The committee also continued to play a role in the debate over income taxes. The repeal of the Civil War income taxes in the 1870s would eventually be raised in 1894 with the passage of a new income tax law. The Supreme Court's decision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. , 157 U.S. 429 (1895) ruled the income tax as unconstitutional, since it was not based on apportionment. The fight for an income tax finally culminated with the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909. In order to pass the new tariff Senate leaders, including Chairman Nelson Aldrich , allowed for a Constitutional Amendment to be passed. Four years later the 16th Amendment was officially ratified and in 1913 the nation's first peacetime income tax was instituted. [6] Around that same time the committee lost jurisdiction over banking and currency issues to the newly created Committee on Banking and Currency . The committee did gain jurisdiction over veterans’ benefits when it successfully passed the War Risk Insurance Act of 1917. The act shifted pensions from gratuities to benefits and which served as one of the first life insurance programs created under the federal government. [7] The Finance Committee continued to play an increasingly important role in the lives of the nation's veterans. The committee helped to consolidate the veteran bureaucracy by streamlining the various responsibilities into a Veterans' Bureau which ultimately would become the Veterans' Administration. In 1924 the committee passed a \"Bonus Bill\" for World War I veterans which compensated veterans of that war for their service. [8] These series of increasing and providing better benefits for veterans reached a crescendo in 1944 with the passage of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act . Senator Bennett \"Champ\" Clark , who served as the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Veterans, assured smooth sailing of the bill through the Senate. The bill not only ended the usual demands from returning veterans which had been seen in nearly every war America had participated in, but also provided the most generous benefits that veterans had ever received, including continuing education, loans and unemployment insurance. [9] Not all Finance Committee legislation was as well received as the G.I. Bill. At the beginning of the Great Depression the committee passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act . The act greatly increased tariffs and had a negative effect on the nation's economy. Following traditional economic practices the members of the committee, including Chairman Reed Smoot , felt that protection of American businesses was required in order to buoy them during the dire economic times. The effort backfired and the economic situation worsened. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff would eventually be replaced by the Reciprocal Tariff Act of 1934 which authorized the President to negotiate trade agreements. This act not only set up the trade policy system as it exists today but also effectively transferred trade making policy from the Congress to the President. [10] The committee also played an important role in two major acts created under the New Deal . The committee received jurisdiction over the National Industrial Recovery Act because of tax code changes in the bill. The new bureaucracy was President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's attempt to stimulate the economy and promote jobs for unemployed Americans while also regulating businesses. The National Recovery Administration would ultimately fail as it lost public support but the act served as a springboard to the Wagner Act and the National Labor Board . [11] Probably the single biggest, and by far one of the most lasting, piece of legislation enacted by the Finance Committee during the New Deal was the Social Security Act . Once again the committee received jurisdiction owing to the payroll taxes that would be enacted to pay for the new program. The act was the first effort by the federal government to provide benefits to the elderly and the unemployed. The act greatly enhanced the economic welfare of many elderly Americans. [12] In 1981, a Senate Resolution required the printing of the History of the Committee on Finance. [13] Role [ edit ] The role of the Committee on Finance is very similar to that of the House Committee on Ways and Means . The one exception in area of jurisdiction is that the Committee on Finance has jurisdiction over both Medicare and Medicaid, while the House Ways and Means Committee only has jurisdiction over Medicare. (The House Energy and Commerce Committee has jurisdiction over Medicaid.) The other difference in terms of power is that all revenue raising measures must originate in the House giving the Ways and Means Committee a slight edge in setting tax policy. In addition to having jurisdiction over legislation the Committee has extensive oversight powers. It has authority to investigate, review and evaluate existing laws, and the agencies that implement them. Due to the Committee's wide jurisdiction, it is often considered an influential committee. A wide array of Senators with differing policy concerns seek membership on the Committee because of its role in setting tax, trade, and health policy. Members, 115th Congress [ edit ] Majority Minority Orrin Hatch , Utah, Chairman Chuck Grassley , Iowa Mike Crapo , Idaho Pat Roberts , Kansas Mike Enzi , Wyoming John Cornyn , Texas John Thune , South Dakota Richard Burr , North Carolina Johnny Isakson , Georgia Rob Portman , Ohio Pat Toomey , Pennsylvania Dean Heller , Nevada Tim Scott , South Carolina Bill Cassidy , Louisiana Ron Wyden , Oregon, Ranking Member Debbie Stabenow , Michigan Maria Cantwell , Washington Bill Nelson , Florida Bob Menendez , New Jersey Tom Carper , Delaware Ben Cardin , Maryland Sherrod Brown , Ohio Michael Bennet , Colorado Bob Casey , Pennsylvania Mark Warner , Virginia Claire McCaskill , Missouri Subcommittees [ edit ] Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member International Trade, Customs, and Global Competitiveness John Cornyn (R-TX) Bob Casey Jr. (D-PA) Taxation and IRS Oversight Rob Portman (R-OH) Mark Warner (D-VA) Health Care Pat Toomey (R-PA) Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) Energy, Natural Resources, and Infrastructure Dean Heller (R-NV) Michael Bennet (D-CO) Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth Tim Scott (R-SC) Ron Wyden (D-OR) Social Security, Pensions, and Family Policy Bill Cassidy (R-LA) Sherrod Brown (D-OH) Source [14] Chairmen [ edit ] Chairman Party State Years George W. Campbell Democratic-Republican Tennessee 1815–1818 John Wayles Eppes Democratic-Republican Virginia 1818–1819 Nathan Sanford Democratic-Republican New York 1819–1821 John Holmes Democratic-Republican Maine 1821–1822 Walter Lowrie Democratic-Republican Pennsylvania 1822–1823 Samuel Smith Crawford Republican, Jacksonian Maryland 1823–1833 Daniel Webster Anti-Jacksonian Massachusetts 1833–1836 Silas Wright Jacksonian , Democratic New York 1836–1841 Henry Clay Whig Kentucky 1841 George Evans Whig Maine 1841–1845 Levi Woodbury [15] Democratic New Hampshire 1845 John C. Calhoun Democratic South Carolina 1845–1846 Dixon H. Lewis Democratic Alabama 1846–1847 Charles G. Atherton Democratic New Hampshire 1847–1849 Daniel S. Dickinson Democratic New York 1849–1850 Robert M. T. Hunter Democratic Virginia 1850–1861 James A. Pearce Democratic Maryland 1861 William P. Fessenden Republican Maine 1861–1864 John Sherman Republican Ohio 1864–1865 William P. Fessenden Republican Maine 1865–1867 John Sherman Republican Ohio 1867–1877 Justin Smith Morrill Republican Vermont 1877–1879 Thomas F. Bayard, Sr. Democratic Delaware 1879–1881 Justin Smith Morrill Republican Vermont 1881–1893 Daniel W. Voorhees Democratic Indiana 1893–1895 Justin Smith Morrill [16] Republican Vermont 1895–1898 Nelson W. Aldrich Republican Rhode Island 1898–1911 Boies Penrose Republican Pennsylvania 1911–1913 Furnifold M. Simmons Democratic North Carolina 1913–1919 Boies Penrose Republican Pennsylvania 1919–1921 Porter J. McCumber Republican North Dakota 1921–1923 Reed Smoot Republican Utah 1923–1933 Pat Harrison Democratic Mississippi 1933–1941 Walter F. George Democratic Georgia 1941–1947 Eugene D. Millikin Republican Colorado 1947–1949 Walter F. George Democratic Georgia 1949–1953 Eugene D. Millikin Republican Colorado 1953–1955 Harry F. Byrd Democratic Virginia 1955–1965 Russell B. Long Democratic Louisiana 1965–1981 Bob Dole Republican Kansas 1981–1985 Bob Packwood Republican Oregon 1985–1987 Lloyd Bentsen Democratic Texas 1987–1993 Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic New York 1993–1995 Bob Packwood Republican Oregon 1995 William V. Roth, Jr. Republican Delaware 1995–2001 Max Baucus Democratic Montana 2001 Chuck Grassley Republican Iowa 2001 Max Baucus Democratic Montana 2001–2003 Chuck Grassley Republican Iowa 2003–2007 Max Baucus Democratic Montana 2007–2014 Ron Wyden Democratic Oregon 2014–2015 Orrin Hatch Republican Utah 2015–present References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"History of the Committee on Finance United States Senate\" . Government Printing Office. Jump up ^ Simms, Henry Harrison. Life of Robert M.T. Hunter: A Study in Sectionalism and Secession. Richmond: William Byrd Press, 1935 Jump up ^ Jellison, Charles A. Fessenden of Maine, Civil War Senator. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1962. Jump up ^ \"History of the Committee on Finance United States Senate\" . Government Printing Office. Jump up ^ Sherman, John. Recollections of Forty Years in The House, Senate, and Cabinet: An Autobiography. 2 vols. 1895. Reprint. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968. Jump up ^ Stephenson, Nathaniel W. Nelson W. Aldrich: A Leader In American Politics. 1930. Reprint. New York: Kennikat Press, 1971. Jump up ^ \"History of the Committee on Finance United States Senate\" . Government Printing Office. Jump up ^ The Provision of Federal Benefits for Veterans. House Committee Print 171, 84th Congress, 1st Session, December 28, 1955 Jump up ^ Bennett, Michael. When Dreams Come True: The G.I. Bill and the Making of Modern America. Washington: Potomac Books, Inc., 1999. Jump up ^ Dobson, John. Two Centuries of Tariffs: The Background and Emergence of the U.S. International Trade Commission. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976. Jump up ^ Ratner, Sidney. Taxation and Democracy in America. Octagon Books, 1980. Jump up ^ Swain, Martha H. Pat Harrison: The New Deal Years. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1978. Jump up ^ \"History of the Committee on Finance United States Senate\" . Government Printing Office. Jump up ^ \"Hatch, Wyden Announce Finance Subcommittee Assignments for 115th Congress | The United States Senate Committee on Finance\" . www.finance.senate.gov . Retrieved 2017-02-11 . Jump up ^ Chaired a special session of the 29th Congress. His ten-day chairmanship of the committee is the shortest on record. Jump up ^ Morrill holds the longest non-continuous service as Chairman, at eighteen years. Russell Long holds the longest continuous service as chairman, at sixteen years. External links [ edit ] Official website ( Archive ) Senate Finance Committee . Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov . History of the Committee on Finance; United States Senate (pdf) . 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office , 1981. [ hide ] v t e Current United States congressional committees Senate ( list ) Aging (Special) Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Ethics (Select) Finance Foreign Relations Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Indian Affairs Intelligence (Select) Judiciary Narcotics (Caucus) Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans' Affairs House ( list ) Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Benghazi (Select) Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Intelligence (Permanent Select) Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Government Reform Rules Science, Space, and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans' Affairs Ways and Means (Whole) Joint ( list ) (Conference) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies (Special) Library Printing Taxation Standing committees , Defunct committees Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance&oldid=806754099 \" Categories : Committees of the United States Senate Economy of the United States 1815 establishments in the United States Organizations established in 1815 Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from February 2011 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017, at 23:12. 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{ "text": "Middle Colonies - Wikipedia Middle Colonies From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Middle Colonies Regional statistics U.S. States Delaware New Jersey New York Pennsylvania The Middle Colonies were four of the thirteen colonies in British America , located between the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies . Along with the Chesapeake Colonies , this area now roughly makes up the Mid-Atlantic states (though with the notable exception of Vermont , which is reckoned with New England). The Middle Colonies were very similar to the New England colonies in their stature [ further explanation needed ] . Much of the area was part of New Netherland until the Danish exerted their control over the region. The British captured much of the area in their war with the Dutch around 1664, and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York. But The Duke of York and the King of England would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the Province of New Jersey and the Province of Pennsylvania. The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania, which was founded by William Penn. The Middle Colonies had lots of fertile soil, which allowed the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains. The lumber and shipbuilding industries enjoyed success in the Middle Colonies because of the abundant forests, and Pennsylvania saw moderate success in the textile and iron industry. The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse British colonies in North America ; they had settlers from England, Scotland, Ireland, the Netherlands, and German states. The good farm land was much cheaper than in Europe. With the new arrivals came various Protestant denominations, which were protected in the Middle Colonies by written freedom of religion laws. This tolerance was very unusual and distinct from the situation in other British colonies. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Province of New Jersey 3 Province of Pennsylvania 4 Province of New York 5 Delaware Colony 6 Geography 7 Industry 8 Politics 9 Demographics 9.1 English colonists 9.2 Labor 9.3 Religion 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Primary sources 13 Historiography History [ edit ] The Middle Colonies were explored by Henry Hudson on a journey into the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1609. The Dutch soon claimed the land. Although the Swedes and the Dutch fought over the land in the 1630s through the ultimately the Dutch claimed the land, calling it New Netherland . [1] In the 1660s, the English largely conquered this land from the Dutch, renaming the area New York after the Duke of York , James II. [2] [3] Province of New Jersey [ edit ] Main articles: Bergen, New Netherland and Province of New Jersey Map showing the borders of West New Jersey (left) and East New Jersey (right) King Charles II renamed the land west of the Hudson River New Jersey and gave the region between New England and Maryland to his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II of England ) as a proprietary colony . [2] James II later granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had been loyal to him through the English Civil War : Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton . This land grant became the Province of New Jersey. [4] [5] In 1665, the Concession and Agreement was written in an effort to entice settlers to New Jersey. This document provided for religious freedom, no taxes without assembly approval, and a governor appointed by the proprietors. [6] The first governor appointed in this way was Philip Carteret , who founded Elizabethtown . Colonists were required to pay annual quit-rent taxes. On March 18, 1674, after encountering difficulty collecting the taxes, Lord Berkeley sold his share in the colony to Edward Byllynge , a Quaker businessman from London. [7] This sale divided New Jersey into East Jersey and West Jersey ; however, the border between the two was not agreed upon until the Quintipartite Deed in 1676. From 1701 to 1765, colonists skirmished in the New York-New Jersey Line War over disputed colonial boundaries. On April 15, 1702, Queen Anne united West and East Jersey into one Royal Colony , the Province of New Jersey. [8] Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon became the royal colony's first governor. After Hyde was recalled to England in 1708 over charges of graft, bribery, and corruption, the governor of New York was charged to also preside over New Jersey. [8] Finally, in 1738, King George II appointed a separate governor, Lewis Morris , to run New Jersey. [4] The Provincial Congress of New Jersey , made up of elected delegates, formed in January 1776 to govern the colony. The Congress had Royal Governor William Franklin arrested on June 15, declaring him \"an enemy to the liberties of this country\". [9] On July 2, 1776, New Jersey enacted the New Jersey State Constitution , soon after having empowered delegates to the Continental Congress, on June 21, to join in a declaration of independence. The United States Declaration of Independence ended their colonial status. [5] Province of Pennsylvania [ edit ] Main article: Province of Pennsylvania Chester Courthouse in Pennsylvania was built in 1724 King Charles II granted the land for the Pennsylvania Colony to William Penn on March 4, 1681 as payment for a debt the crown owed his family. [10] Penn wrote the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania before departing for the colony, which called for religious tolerance towards many groups, including the Religious Society of Friends and local natives. [11] As a proprietary colony , Penn governed Pennsylvania, yet its citizens were still subject to the English crown and laws. [11] [12] Penn's cousin William Markham served as the first colonial deputy governor. [10] [12] Demarcated by the 42nd parallel north and 39th parallel north , Pennsylvania was bordered by the Delaware River and the colonies of New York, Maryland, and New Jersey. [12] In 1704, Dutch land given to Penn by the Duke of York was separated and once again became part of the Delaware Colony. [11] From 1692 to 1694, revolution in England deprived Penn of the governance of his colony. The Pennsylvania Assembly took this opportunity to request expanded power for elected officials, led by David Lloyd . Upon visiting the colony in 1669 and 1701, Penn eventually agreed to allow their Charter of Privileges to be added to the constitution. [12] When the British banned western expansion in 1764, fighting among colonists and against the natives swelled. In 1773, Arthur St. Clair ordered the arrest of a Virginian officer who was commanding troops against armed settlers loyal to Pennsylvania. Pennsylvanian revolutionary sentiment continued to grow, and Philadelphia , the largest city in America, soon became the meeting place of the Continental Congress . The publication of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 by locally elected revolutionaries concluded the history of the Colony, and began the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Province of New York [ edit ] Main articles: Province of New York and New Netherland The first Dutch settlements in the New York area appeared around 1613. The English captured the New Netherland Colony from the Dutch in 1664, renaming it the Province of New York after the King's brother, the Duke of York (later King James II ). [3] The Dutch recaptured the colony in July 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War , but gave it back to the English under the Treaty of Westminster in exchange for Suriname . The Duke of York never governed the colony himself: he instead appointed governors, councils, and other officers to run the government. Richard Nicolls served as the first governor of New York. In 1665, the Province of New Jersey split from New York; however, the New York-New Jersey Line War continued until the final borders were decided in 1769, and approved by the legislatures and the King in 1772 and 1773 respectively. A Colonial Assembly convened in October 1683, making New York the last colony to have an assembly. A constitution was drafted and passed on October 30, 1683, giving the colonists many rights, including the rights to no taxation without representation . However, upon learning of the constitution, James II declared it void. [3] When the Duke of York became King James II of England, New York became a royal province. In May 1688 the province briefly became part of the Dominion of New England . When James II was overthrown, the citizens of New York rebelled against the Royal Governor in Leisler's Rebellion . [13] When Henry Sloughter became governor in March 1691, the rebellion was crushed and its leader, Jacob Leisler was arrested, tried, and executed for treason. New York's charter and constitution were reinstated soon after. In April 1775, American patriots formed the New York Provincial Congress to replace the assembly. Governor William Tryon and all royal officials were forced from the colony on October 19, 1775. Colonial status ended for the new state with the United States Declaration of Independence in July 1776. Delaware Colony [ edit ] Main article: Delaware Colony Delaware changed hands between the Dutch and Swedes between 1631 and 1655. The Dutch maintained control of Delaware until 1664, when Sir Robert Carr took New Amstel for the Duke of York, renaming it New Castle . [14] A Deputy of the Duke governed Delaware from 1664 to 1682. [14] When William Penn received his land grant of Pennsylvania in 1681, he received the Delaware area from the Duke of York, and dubbed them \"The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River\". [15] In 1701, after he had troubles governing the ethnically diverse Delaware territory, Penn agreed to allow them a separate colonial assembly . [14] Geography [ edit ] The partly unglaciated Middle Colonies enjoyed fertile soil vastly different from the nearby New England Colonies , which contained more rocky soil. Because of the large grain exports resulting from this soil, the colonies came to be known as the Bread Basket Colonies. Pennsylvania became a leading exporter of wheat, corn, rye , hemp , and flax , [12] making it the leading food producer in the colonies, and later states, between the years of 1725 and 1840. [16] Broad navigable rivers of relaxed current like the Susquehanna River , the Delaware River , and the Hudson River attracted diverse business. Fur trappers moved along these rivers, and there was enough flow to enable milling with water wheel power. Industry [ edit ] Abundant forests attracted both the lumbering and shipbuilding industries to the Middle Colonies. These industries, along with the presence of deep river estuaries, led to the appearance of important ports like New York and Philadelphia . While the Middle Colonies had far more industry than the Southern Colonies , it still did not rival the industry of New England . In Pennsylvania, sawmills and gristmills were abundant, and the textile industry grew quickly. The colony also became a major producer of pig iron and its products, including the Pennsylvania long rifle and the Conestoga wagon . Other important industries included printing, publishing, and the related industry of papermaking . [12] [17] Politics [ edit ] The Middle Colonies political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations, evolving especially during the French and Indian War . [18] The Middle Colonies were generally run by Royal or Proprietary Governors and elected Colonial Assemblies. Many Middle Colony constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion and forbade taxation without representation. Royal governors were arrested or overthrown on more than one occasion, most notably when New Jersey arrested its governor and during Leisler's Rebellion in New York. Growing unrest in the Middle Colonies eventually led the region to become the meeting place for the Continental Congress , and a center for revolution. [19] However, there were numerous pockets of neutrals and Loyalists . [20] Demographics [ edit ] The Middle Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies. Landholdings were generally farms of 40 to 160 acres (16–65 hectares), owned by the family that worked it. In New York's Hudson Valley, however, the Dutch patroons operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers. [21] Ethnically, the Middle Colonies were more diverse than the other British colonial regions in North America and tended to be more socially tolerant. For example, in New York, any foreigner professing Christianity was awarded citizenship, leading to a more diverse populace. As a consequence, early German settlements in the Americas concentrated in the Middle Colonies region. Indentured servitude was especially common in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York in the eighteenth century, though fewer worked in agriculture. [22] German immigrants favored the Middle Colonies. German immigration greatly increased around 1717, and many immigrants began coming from the Rhineland . They were erroneously labeled the Pennsylvania Dutch (the German word for German is \"Deutsch\"), and comprised one-third of the population by the time of the American Revolution. The industry and farming skills they brought with them helped solidify the Middle Colonies' prosperity. They were noted for tight-knit religious communities, mostly Lutheran but also including many smaller sects such as the Moravians , Mennonites and Amish [23] The Scotch-Irish began immigrating to the Middle Colonies in waves after 1717. They primarily pushed farther into the western frontier of the colonies, where they repeatedly confronted the Indians. [24] Other groups included the French Huguenots , Welsh , Dutch , Swedes , Swiss , and Scots Highlanders. [25] English colonists [ edit ] When the English took direct control of the Middle Colonies around 1664, many Quakers from Rhode Island had already been pushed into the region by Puritans, while Episcopalian businessmen settled in Philadelphia and New York City . Welsh Quakers, Baptists and Methodists settled in the Welsh Tract of Pennsylvania. While some Welsh colonists like Roger Williams , left to found Rhode Island , Anne Hutchinson founded a seed settlement in New York. Rhode Island was not initially counted as part of New England, having been excluded from the New England Confederation , but later joined the Dominion of New England . Thus, the definition of the Middle Colonies sometimes changed and overlapped with Rhode Island's colonial boundaries. After joining the Dominion of New England, however, Rhode Island was permanently thought of as a New England colony. New York's initial possession of parts of Maine ensured a close relationship with other New England colonies like Vermont and a continuing New England influence in the colony. [20] Both William Penn and the Lords Baltimore encouraged Irish Protestant immigration, hoping they could obtain indentured servants to work on their estates and on colonial developments. [20] Often areas of the Middle Colonies displayed prevalent Irish cultural influence. [20] Labor [ edit ] Labor was always in short supply. The most common solution was indentured servitude of young whites. These were teenagers in Britain or Germany whose parents arranged for them to work for families in the colonies until age 21, in exchange for their ocean passage. The great majority became farmers or farm wives. [26] By the mid-eighteenth century, African American slaves comprised 12% of the population of New York. Most were house servants in Manhattan, or farmworkers on Dutch estates. [27] Religion [ edit ] The Middle Colonies were the religiously diverse part of the British Empire, with a high degree of tolerance. The Penn family were Quakers , and the colony became a favorite destination for that group as well as German Lutherans, German Reformed and numerous small sects such as Mennonites, Amish and Moravians, not to mention Scotch Irish Presbyterians. The Dutch Reformed were strong in upstate New York and New Jersey, and Congregationalists were important in Long Island. The First Great Awakening invigorated religiosity and helped stimulate the growth of Congregational, Methodist and Baptist churches. Non-British colonists included Dutch Calvinist , Swedish Lutherans , Palatine Mennonites , and the Amish . [28] See also [ edit ] Mid-Atlantic New England Colonies Southern Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Colonial United States Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ Jaap Jacobs, The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America (2nd ed. Cornell University Press; 2009) ^ Jump up to: a b Turner (1948), 83. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kammen (1996), 71-72. ^ Jump up to: a b Streissguth (2001), 96. ^ Jump up to: a b John E. Pomfret, Colonial New Jersey: A History (1973) Jump up ^ Berkeley and Carteret (1664). Jump up ^ Gerlach (2002), 384. ^ Jump up to: a b Elson (1904), 148. Jump up ^ Skemp (1990), 192. ^ Jump up to: a b Pennsylvania Society of Governors (1916), 180-181. ^ Jump up to: a b c Penn (1682). ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Pennsylvania State History. Jump up ^ Jerome R. Reich, Leisler's Rebellion: A Study of Democracy in New York, 1664-1720 (1953) ^ Jump up to: a b c Faragher (1990), 106-108 Jump up ^ State of Delaware (A Brief History) (2007). Jump up ^ Ebeling (1979) Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins, The Economy of Colonial America (1988) Jump up ^ Greene (1997), 709. Jump up ^ Jensen (1968), 461-468. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Fischer (1992), 972. Jump up ^ Sung Bok Kim, \"A New Look at the Great Landlords of Eighteenth-Century New York,\" William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 27, No. 4 (Oct., 1970), pp. 581-614 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Westerkamp (1998), 452. Jump up ^ A. G. Roeber, Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (1998) Jump up ^ James Graham Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish: A Social History (1989) Jump up ^ Stephan Thermstrom, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980) Jump up ^ Marcus Jernegan, Laboring and Dependent Classes in Colonial America, 1607-1783 (1931) Jump up ^ Ira Berlin and Leslie Harris, Slavery in New York Some work in the fields of plantations.(2005) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America (2003) References [ edit ] Bod, Wayne. \"The Middle Colonies.\" in Louise A. Breen, ed., Converging Worlds: Communities and Cultures in Colonial America (2013): 219+. Bodle, Wayne, “The Mid-Atlantic and the American Revolution,” Pennsylvania History 82#2 (Summer 2015), 282–99. Channing, Edward (1908). A History of the United States: vol. 2, A Century of Colonial History, 1660-1760 . MacMillan . Doyle, John Andrew. English Colonies in America: Volume IV The Middle Colonies (1907) online Ebeling, Walter (1979). The Fruited Plain: The Story of American Agriculture . Berkeley, California : University of California Press . ISBN 978-0-520-03751-9 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Faragher, John Mack, ed. (1990) The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America. New York: Sachem Publishing Associates, Inc. Fischer, David Hackett (1992). Albion's Seed . Oxford UP. ISBN 0-19-506905-6 . Greene, Jack P (1997). \"Political Partisanship in the Middle American Colonies: 1700-1776\". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History . Cambridge : MIT Press . 27 (4). Illick, Joseph E. Colonial Pennsylvania: A History (1976) Kammen, Michael (1996). Colonial New York: A History . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510779-1 . Landsman, Ned. Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2010) 248 pages Munroe, John A. Colonial Delaware: A History (2003) Penn, William (February 2, 1683). \"Frame of Government of Pennsylvania\" . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 11, 2011 . \"Pennsylvania State History: The Quaker Province: 1681-1776\" . Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Archived from the original on August 22, 2008 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Skemp, Sheila (1990). William Franklin: son of a patriot, servant of a king . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0-19-505745-7 . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Slavery: Growth in Colonial America . Detroit : UXL of the Gale Group . 2003. State of Delaware (A Brief History) . State of Delaware . 2007-01-21. Streissguth, Thomas (2001). New Jersey . Lucent Books. Tanner, Edwin Platt (1908). The Province of New Jersey 1664-1738 . New York City : Columbia University . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Tiedemann, Joseph S. \"A Tumultuous People: The Rage for Liberty and the Ambiance of Violence in the Middle Colonies in the Years Preceding the American Revolution,\" Pennsylvania History Volume 77, Number 4, Autumn 2010, pp. 387–431 in Project MUSE Tiedemann, Joseph S. “Interconnected Communities: The Middle Colonies on the Eve of the American Revolution,” Pennsylvania History, 76 (Winter 2009), 1–41. Turner, F.C. (1948). James II . London : Eyre & Spottiswoode . \"United States\" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2009 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Westerkamp, Marilyn (1998). The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History . Houghton Mifflin . Primary sources [ edit ] Gerlach, Larry (editor) (2002). \"New Jersey in the American Revolution, 1763-1783: A Documentary History\" (PDF) . New Jersey Historical Commission . Retrieved July 13, 2017 . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Historiography [ edit ] Bodle, Wayne. \"Themes and Directions in Middles Colonies Historiography, 1980–1994\", William and Mary Quarterly , July 1994, Vol. 51 Issue 3, pp. 355–88. JSTOR 2947435 . Bodle, Wayne. \"The \"Myth of the Middle Colonies\" Reconsidered: The Process of Regionalization in Early America\", Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , Vol. 113, No. 4 (Oct. 1989), pp. 527–548. JSTOR 20092405 . Greenberg, Douglas. \"The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography\", William and Mary Quarterly , July 1979, Vol. 36 Issue 3, pp. 396–427. JSTOR 1943383 . [ hide ] v t e The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey bootyhole Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Colonies&oldid=810351621 \" Categories : Colonial United States (British) Colonization history of the United States Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list Good articles Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Norsk Occitan Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017, at 19:10. 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{ "text": "Roman bridge - Wikipedia Roman bridge From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For a list of known Roman bridges, see List of Roman bridges . For the railway station in Wales , see Roman Bridge railway station . The Alcántara Bridge , Spain, a masterpiece of ancient bridge building Roman bridges , built by ancient Romans , were the first large and lasting bridges built. [1] Roman bridges were built with stone and had the arch as the basic structure (see arch bridge ). Most utilized concrete as well, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges. Contents [ hide ] 1 Typology 1.1 Arch shapes 1.2 Typical characteristics 2 Opus pontis 3 Examples 3.1 Large river bridging 4 Gallery 5 Footnotes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Typology [ edit ] Known Roman bridges [2] Country Number [ show ] Europe 800 Italian base 460 Spain 142 France 1 72 Germany 1 30 Great Britain 1 29 Portugal 1 14 Yugoslavia 1 13 Switzerland 1 11 Greece 1 10 Netherlands 11 4 Bulgaria 11 3 Luxemburg 11 3 Albania 11 2 Austria 11 2 Belgium 11 2 Romania 11 2 Hungary 11 1 [ show ] Asia 1 74 Turkey 1 55 Syria 11 7 Jordan 11 5 Lebanon 11 4 Israel 11 2 Iraq 11 1 [ show ] Africa 1 57 Tunisia 1 33 Algeria 1 19 Libya 11 5 Total 1 931 Pons Fabricius in Rome, Italy Roman pontoon bridge across the lower Danube As with the vault and the dome the Romans were the first to fully realize the potential of arches for bridge construction. [3] A list of Roman bridges compiled by the engineer Colin O'Connor features 330 Roman stone bridges for traffic, 34 Roman timber bridges and 54 Roman aqueduct bridges , a substantial part still standing and even used to carry vehicles. [4] A more complete survey by the Italian scholar Vittorio Galliazzo found 931 Roman bridges, mostly of stone, in as many as 26 different countries (including former Yugoslavia ; see right table). [5] Roman arch bridges were usually semicircular , although a few were segmental (such as Alconétar Bridge ). A segmental arch is an arch that is less than a semicircle. [6] The advantages of the segmental arch bridge were that it allowed great amounts of flood water to pass under it, which would prevent the bridge from being swept away during floods and the bridge itself could be more lightweight. Generally, Roman bridges featured wedge-shaped primary arch stones ( voussoirs ) of the same in size and shape. The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple arch aqueducts , such as the Pont du Gard and Segovia Aqueduct . Their bridges featured from an early time onwards flood openings in the piers, e.g. in the Pons Fabricius in Rome (62 BC), one of the world's oldest major bridges still standing. Roman engineers were the first and until the industrial revolution the only ones to construct bridges with concrete , which they called opus caementicium . The outside was usually covered with brick or ashlar, as in the Alcántara bridge. The Romans also introduced segmental arch bridges into bridge construction. The 330 m long Limyra Bridge in southwestern Turkey features 26 segmental arches with an average span-to-rise ratio of 5.3:1, [7] giving the bridge an unusually flat profile unsurpassed for more than a millennium. Trajan's bridge over the Danube featured open-spandrel segmental arches made of wood (standing on 40 m high concrete piers). This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length, while the longest extant Roman bridge is the 790 m long Puente Romano at Mérida . The late Roman Karamagara Bridge in Cappadocia may represent the earliest surviving bridge featuring a pointed arch. [8] Arch shapes [ edit ] Early Roman arch bridges, influenced by the ancient notion of the ideal form of the circle, often describe a full circle, with the stone arch continuing underground. A typical example is the Pons Fabricius in Rome. Later, Roman masonry bridges rested mostly on semi-circular arches , or, to a lesser extent, on segmental arches . [9] [10] For the later design, which shows an early, local concentration in north-eastern Italy, but can be found scattered throughout the whole empire, the Limyra Bridge , the Alconétar Bridge and the Ponte San Lorenzo are prime examples. In addition, a number of other arch forms make rare appearances, in some cases of which later deformations cannot be ruled out. The late antique Karamagara Bridge represents an early example for the use of pointed arches Typical characteristics [ edit ] Puente Romano, Mérida , Spain. With an overall length of 792 m and still in use, is the largest surviving Roman bridge in the world Many are more than 5 metres wide Most of them slope slightly Many have rustic work The stonework has alternating stretcher and header courses ; i.e. one layer of rectangular stones is laid lengthwise, and the next layer has the ends facing outwards Stones linked with dovetail joints or metal bars Indents in the stones for gripping tools to hold on to (Source Traianus – An endeavour to identify Roman Bridges built in former Hispania ) Opus pontis [ edit ] The costs of building and repairing bridges, known as opus pontis (\"bridge work\"), were the responsibility of multiple local municipalities. Their shared costs prove Roman bridges belonged to the region overall, and not to any one town (or two, if on a border). The Alcántara Bridge in Lusitania , for example, was built at the expense of 12 local municipalities, whose names were added on an inscription. [11] Later, in the Roman Empire , the local lords of the land had to pay tithes to the empire for opus pontis . [12] [13] The Anglo-Saxons continued this practice with bricg-geworc , a literal translation of opus pontis . [14] Examples [ edit ] For outstanding achievements of Roman bridge building, see List of ancient architectural records . Pont-Saint-Martin Bridge , Italy Built in 142 BC, the Pons Aemilius , later named Ponte Rotto (broken bridge), is the oldest Roman stone bridge in Rome , Italy . The largest Roman bridge was Trajan's bridge over the lower Danube , constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus , which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall and span length. They were most of the time at least 2 metres above the body of water. An example of temporary military bridge construction are the two Caesar's Rhine bridges . Large river bridging [ edit ] Roman engineers built stone arch or stone pillar bridges over all major rivers of their Imperium , save two: the Euphrates which lay at the frontier to the rival Persian empires , and the Nile , the longest river in the world, which was 'bridged' as late as 1902 by the British Old Aswan Dam . [15] The largest rivers to be spanned by solid bridges by the Romans were the Danube and the Rhine , the two largest European rivers west of the Eurasian Steppe . The lower Danube was crossed by least two ( Trajan's Bridge , Constantine's Bridge ) and the middle and lower Rhine by four different bridges ( Roman Bridge at Mainz , Caesar's Rhine bridges , Roman Bridge at Koblenz , Roman Bridge at Cologne ). For rivers with strong currents and to allow swift army movements, pontoon bridges were also routinely employed. [16] Going from the distinct lack of records of pre-modern solid bridges spanning larger rivers, [17] the Roman feat appears to be unsurpassed anywhere in the world until into the 19th century. Gallery [ edit ] Römerbrücke in Trier, Germany Pont Julien in Apt, France The Roman Bridge in Vaison-la-Romaine , France Pont Ambroix , France Ponte Sant'Angelo in Rome, Italy Ponte Milvio in Rome, Italy Ponte Pietra in Verona, Italy Pons Aemilius in Rome, Italy Puente de Alconétar , Spain Eurymedon Bridge at Selge , Turkey Limyra Bridge , Turkey Pont de Pierre (Aosta) , Aosta Valley , Italy Severan Bridge , Turkey Bermaña Bridge , in Caldas de Reis, Spain Footnotes [ edit ] Jump up ^ O’Connor 1993 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Galliazzo 1994 , p. 2 (Indice). Galliazzo's survey excludes Late Roman or Byzantine structures. Jump up ^ Robertson, D.S.: Greek and Roman Architecture, 2nd edn., Cambridge 1943, p.231: \"The Romans were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first in the world, fully to appreciate the advantages of the arch, the vault and the dome.\" Jump up ^ Colin O'Connor: \"Roman Bridges\", Cambridge University Press 1993, p. 187ff. ISBN 0-521-39326-4 Jump up ^ Galliazzo, Vittorio (1994), I ponti romani. Catalogo generale, Vol. 2, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, ISBN 88-85066-66-6 , cf. Indice Jump up ^ Beall, Christine (1988). \"Designing the segmental arch\" (PDF) . ebuild.com . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . [ permanent dead link ] Jump up ^ Colin O'Connor: \"Roman Bridges\", Cambridge University Press 1993, p. 126 ISBN 0-521-39326-4 Jump up ^ Galliazzo 1995 , pp. 92, 93 (fig. 39) Jump up ^ Galliazzo 1995 , pp. 429–437 Jump up ^ O’Connor 1993 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Frothingham, A.I. (1915). \"The Roman Territorial Arch\" . American Journal of Archaeology . Macmillan Company. 14 (19): 159, 172. Jump up ^ James-Raoul, Danièle; Thomasset, Claude (2006). Les ponts au Moyen Âge (in French). Presses Paris Sorbonne. p. 201. ISBN 9782840503736 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Gillespie, Donald S. (2015). Le Beau Dieu . Holy Fire Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 9781603835084 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Bosworth, Joseph (1882). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth ... Clarendon Press. p. 125 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ O’Connor 1993 , pp. 193–202 (Appendices A and B) Jump up ^ O’Connor 1993 , pp. 133–139 Jump up ^ Fernández Troyano 2003 See also [ edit ] Arch bridge Bridges in city of Rome Record-holding bridges in antiquity Roman architecture References [ edit ] Fuentes, Manuel Durán: La construcción de puentes romanos en Hispania , Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela 2004, ISBN 978-84-453-3937-4 jose pablito [first = Leonardo di vinci (2003), Bridge Engineering. A Global Perspective , London: Thomas Telford Publishing, ISBN 0-7277-3215-3 line feed character in |last= at position 14 ( help ) Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995), I ponti romani , Vol. 1, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, ISBN 88-85066-66-6 Galliazzo, Vittorio (1994), I ponti romani. Catalogo generale , Vol. 2, Treviso: Edizioni Canova, ISBN 88-85066-66-6 Gazzola, Piero (1963), Ponti romani. Contributo ad un indice sistematico con studio critico bibliografico , Florence O’Connor, Colin (1993), Roman Bridges , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-39326-4 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman bridges . Traianus - Technical investigation of Roman public works The Waters of Rome: Tiber River Bridges and the Development of the Ancient City of Rome Livius.org: Pontes longi – Roman bog bridges [ show ] v t e Roman bridges England Chesters Bridge Piercebridge Roman Bridge Pons Aelius France Pont Ambroix Pont de Bornègre Pont Flavien Pont du Gard Pont Julien Pont sur la Laye Pont des Marchands Pont Serme Roman Bridge (Saint-Thibéry) Roman Bridge (Vaison-la-Romaine) Germany Caesar's Rhine bridges Roman Bridge (Trier) Iran Band-e Kaisar Italy Pons Aemilius Pons Agrippae Ponte Altinate Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Pons Neronianus Pons Probi Pons Sublicius Pont d'Aël Pont de Pierre (Aosta) Pont-Saint-Martin Ponte d'Augusto (Narni) Ponte di Tiberio (Rimini) Ponte Corvo Ponte del Gran Caso Ponte Milvio Ponte Molino (Padua) Ponte Nomentano Ponte Pietra (Verona) Ponte di Pioraco Ponte di Quintodecimo Ponte Salario Ponte San Lorenzo Ponte Sant'Angelo Susegana Bridge Lebanon Leontes Bridge Portugal Ponte de Rubiães Ponte Nova da Cava da Velha Roman Bridge (Chaves) Romania Constantine's Bridge (Danube) Trajan's Bridge Spain Acueducto de los Milagros, Mérida Albarregas bridge, Mérida Alcántara's bridge Ávila's bridge Puente de Alcántara, Toledo Garrovillas de Alconétar's bridge Córdoba's bridge Lugo's bridge Aqüeducte de les Ferreres, Tarragona Mérida's bridge Salamanca's bridge Segovia's aqueduct Talamanca de Jarama's bridge Syria Bridge at Nimreh Gemarrin Bridge Kharaba Bridge Turkey Aesepus Bridge Arapsu Bridge Bridge at Oinoanda Constantine's Bridge (Mysia) Eurymedon Bridge (Aspendos) Eurymedon Bridge (Selge) Karamagara Bridge Kemer Bridge Limyra Bridge Misis Bridge Macestus Bridge Nysa Bridge Penkalas Bridge Pergamon Bridge Sangarius Bridge Severan Bridge Taşköprü (Adana) Valens Aqueduct Bridge White Bridge (Mysia) Full list of Roman bridges [ show ] v t e Ancient Bridges on the Tiber (from source to mouth) Upstream Milvius (Molle) Ælius (Sant'Angelo) Neronianus † Agrippae (Sisto) Aurelius † After Tiber Island Fabricius Cestius Æmilius (Rotto) † Sublicius † Probi † † : partly or wholly underwater or demolished Names are in the original Latin; in parentheses are the Italian names that differ significantly Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&oldid=842760381 \" Categories : Ancient Roman architecture Roman bridges Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 errors: invisible characters Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Català Esperanto Français Latina Português Slovenščina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018, at 14:05. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Roman bridge", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&oldid=842760381" }

{ "text": "Say Something (A Great Big World song) - Wikipedia Say Something (A Great Big World song) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search \"Say Something\" Single by A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera from the album Is There Anybody Out There? Released September 3, 2013 ( 2013-09-03 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Indie pop Length 3 : 49 Label Epic Songwriter(s) Ian Axel Chad King Mike Campbell Producer(s) Dan Romer A Great Big World singles chronology \"This Is the New Year\" (2013) \" Say Something \" (2013) \"Already Home\" (2014) \"This Is the New Year\" (2013) \" Say Something \" (2013) \"Already Home\" (2014) Christina Aguilera singles chronology \" Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti \" (2013) Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti 2013 \" Say Something \" (2013) Say Something2013 \" We Remain \" (2013) We Remain 2013 \" Say Something \" is a song by American indie pop duo A Great Big World from their debut album, Is There Anybody Out There? (2013). Written by the duo members— Ian Axel and Chad King—alongside Mike Campbell, the song was originally recorded by Axel for his solo album This Is the New Year (2011). It was later released as a single by the duo on September 3, 2013, by Epic Records . Following its usage on American reality TV show So You Think You Can Dance , the track gained attention from singer Christina Aguilera , who wanted to collaborate with A Great Big World on the song. Soon afterwards, a re-recorded version of \"Say Something\" with Aguilera was released on November 4, 2013. \"Say Something\" is a slow-tempo indie pop piano ballad that talks about a breakup, where the lover is implored to make a statement that could potentially cause the singer to change their mind, with the singers expressing humility, sadness and regret. In the single version with Aguilera, she plays a ghost of the lover to whom the song is addressed as she traces the steps of the lead vocal. The song was praised by music critics for its powerful lyrics, the emotional composition and Aguilera's vocal delivery. At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , the song earned A Great Big World and Aguilera a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance . \"Say Something\" did not sell significantly well until the version with Aguilera was available. It debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart after A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the song on The Voice . It eventually peaked at number four and has since sold over four million copies in the United States. It also topped the singles charts in Australia, Belgium, and Canada. A music video was released on November 19, 2013, featuring the trio singing as people \"act out the heartbreaking lyrics.\" To further promote \"Say Something\", A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the track at the American Music Awards of 2013 . Contents [ hide ] 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical response 4 Chart performance 4.1 United States 4.2 Australia and Europe 5 Music video 5.1 Reception 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions 8 In other media 9 Track listing and formats 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year-end charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background and release [ edit ] \"Say Something\" was originally released on February 8, 2011 on band member Ian Axel's solo album This Is the New Year with the song featuring harmonies by guest vocalist Jenny Owen Youngs, but the track went largely unnoticed until it received attention after being used on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance on season 10's semi final episode contemporary dance routine by the eventual champion Amy Yakima. This sparked a chain reaction that eventually made its way to Christina Aguilera . [1] \"'Say Something' was danced to on So You Think You Can Dance almost two months ago, and so many people responded to it,\" Axel tells Billboard. \"In that whole process, someone on our team played it for someone on Christina's team, and we got a call that Christina wanted to record it, and then, literally a week later, we were in L.A. recording it with her.\" [1] The pair considers Aguilera as having \"one of the top voices in the world,\" says Chad King, and re-recorded \"Say Something\" with her in two hours. \"We look at Christina as this icon who can say anything and make it sound amazing,\" says King. [1] About approaching the duo to re-record the track, Aguilera said, \"Somebody sent me the song (...) and it's just the most simplest song that doesn't have to fit a formula to be heard and to be appreciated, so I just heard it and I've never done anything like this before and I was just like, 'You know', I just started to hear a harmony part over it and I was like, 'get in touch with these guys and see if they wanna get in the studio and sit behind the piano and just vibe together and see what happens...' and we did, and they're so humble, so sweet, so down to earth, and I'm all about that and supporting that, and we came together so organically and it was fun.\" [2] Aguilera also added, \"It's so quiet and still and steady and in a way pleading,\" she describes the song. \"I'm only taking on projects that feel good to me and represent, as always, a purpose of the here and now in my life.\" [3] Composition and lyrics [ edit ] \"Say Something\" A 23-second sample of \"Say Something\". Problems playing this file? See media help . \"Say Something\" was written by Ian Axel , Chad King, and Mike Campbell while production was handled by Dan Romer . [4] Sonically, the indie pop , [5] [6] piano ballad [6] [7] is underlined by a piano and string arrangement, which was performed by Los Angeles string players Mark Robertson, Andrew Duckles, and Vanessa Freebairn-Smith. [4] The lyrics evoke the emotion felt when choosing to leave a failed relationship even though love still remains, imploring the lover to make a statement that could potentially convince the singer to salvage the relationship instead. [4] For Bill Lamb of About.com , the chorus \"Say something, I'm giving up on you\", \"is brilliant.\" [4] Lamb also explained the song, writing that, \"instead of being filled with anger and desperation, it is a song expressing a powerful combination of humility, sadness and regret.\" [4] The song was written at a time when both members were experiencing individual heartbreak. \"Writing the song was part of the healing process,\" says Axel. \"Whenever we perform it, it's like revisiting the scar. It's always a part of me, and I can always go there and feel it.\" [1] Lewis Corner of Digital Spy noted that with its \"stripped-down melody and emotive lyrics\", the song becomes the antithesis of the club-thumping blow-outs radio currently prefers.\" [8] Critical response [ edit ] The personal lyrics, written by the band members ( pictured ), were highly praised by critics. \"Say Something\" received universal acclaim from music critics , with significant acclaim going towards the emotional tone. Rick Florino of Artist Direct gave the song 5 out of 5 stars, calling it \" Oscar -worthy\", with \"a cinematic heft to the track that makes it utterly vivid and vibrant.\" Florino also praised Aguilera's performance, calling it \"one of her best ever, fortifying the hook and harmony masterfully.\" [9] Lewis Corner of Digital Spy praised Aguilera for \"reminding us why she always sounds infinitely better when heading up a ballad\", calling it \"a beautifully simplistic ode to heartache that evidently connects.\" [8] Robert Copsey also of Digital Spy called it \"one of [Aguilera's] most understated outings in recent memory, and it's all the better for it.\" [10] Jon O'Brien of Yahoo! Music noted that the song features Aguilera's \"most restrained and indeed impressive vocal in years\", calling the song \" as emotive as it is theatrical.\" [11] Melinda Newman of HitFix praised Aguilera for \"show[ing] admirable restraint vocally, beautifully pairing with Axel's vocals.\" [12] Sam Lansky of Idolator wrote that the song \"was already pretty heartrending, but Aguilera's vocals provide some lovely support and additional pathos; it's a relief to hear that she enriches, rather than overwhelms, the track.\" [7] Bradley Stern of MuuMuse praised the \"slow, sad piano melody\", the \"mournful strings,\" calling it \"a haunting production – made even better by the Stripped diva, proving once again that less is often more.\" Stern also praised Aguilera for showing a simple side of her voice, writing that she \"doesn't even have her own verse or chorus – she resigns to delivering subtle, yet effective, backing vocals for the entirety of the re-recording. It's only in the song's final few moments that she allows that powerhouse pipes to blow in the background. And those whispers at the very end? 'Say something, I'm giving up on you...' Gulp.\" [13] Chart performance [ edit ] United States [ edit ] \"We still can't even believe that this happened. We can hardly put it into words. Not only did we get to perform on The Voice , but we were honored to do so alongside one of the best voices in the world, 'Christina Aguilera'. We're grateful to all of our fans around the globe who have connected with the song so closely.\" [11] —The duo impressed with the success of the song. The original version of the song had sold only 52,000 downloads before the version with Christina Aguilera was released, according to Nielsen SoundScan . [14] \"Say Something\" debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, following the impact of the performance on The Voice, as the song started at number-one on Digital Songs with 189,000 sold, with the remix featuring Aguilera accounting for 86% of the song's overall download sales in the chart's tracking week. [15] The song was also a success on the Canadian Hot 100 , debuting at number 9 and peaking at number one. [16] After the performance on the AMAs, the song jumped to number 3 on the Digital Songs chart, with 197,000 copies. [17] It also jumped from number 18 to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming A Great Big World's first top-ten single and Aguilera's 11th top 10 and second in 2013 (with the other being \" Feel This Moment \" at number eight), becoming the second time she achieved multiple top 10s in a single year, with the first being in 2000, when ' What a Girl Wants ' (number-one for two weeks), ' I Turn To You ' (number three) and ' Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You) ' (number-one for four weeks), all from her self-titled debut album , reached the top tier. The song is also Aguilera's first top 10 with lead billing since October 2008, when her single \" Keeps Gettin' Better \" debuted at its number seven peak. [18] \"Say Something\" also became Epic's first top-ten hit since 2008 with You Found Me by The Fray . [18] \"Say Something\" peaked at number 4 on the chart in the sixth week of release, with 39 million radio plays and sales of 233,000 copies for the week. [19] The following week, the song sold 355,000 downloads and climbed to number 14 on Radio Songs, although it fell to number five. [20] In February 2014, the song reached the Radio Songs top 10, becoming the band's first top 10 and Aguilera's ninth, marking her first Radio Songs top 10 in a lead role since \" Beautiful \" in 2003. [21] The song reached its 3 million sales mark in February 2014, and was certified triple platinum on March 5, 2014. [22] In June of the same year, the single was certified 4x Platinum. [23] As of December 2014, the song had sold about 4 million copies in the US. [24] In May 2017 the single was certified 6× platinum in the United States for sales in excess of 6 million units. [25] Australia and Europe [ edit ] In Australia , \"Say Something\" debuted at number 47 on the week of December 29, 2013. Later, it re-entered at number 45, on January 19, 2014. The song went to jump from number 50 to number 9, on the week of February 2, 2014, until it reached the top of the ARIA Charts on the week February 16, 2014. It became A Great Big World's first number-one single and Aguilera's third number-one single (the last being \"Beautiful\" in 2003). [26] The song became Aguilera's 18th Top 10 single in Australia, her last entry was on the Pitbull song \" Feel This Moment \" which made it to number six in March 2013. [27] In New Zealand , the single debuted at number 18, on December 16, 2013, while on February 10, 2014, the song reached a peak of number two; Aguilera's highest charting-single since her collaboration with Maroon 5 in \" Moves Like Jagger \" (2011), and her 14th top-five single. [28] In Europe , the song managed to become a huge success. In Austria , the song peaked at number four on the Austrian Singles Chart , [29] while in Norway , the song peaked at number eight on the Norwegian Singles Chart [30] and in Sweden , \"Say Something\" became a success, peaking at number four on the Swedish Singles Chart . [31] In other countries, \"Say Something\" was a moderate success, where in Spain , it peaked at number 24, [32] in Switzerland , the song reached a peak of number 31 [33] and in France , the song is currently at number 29, as of March 1, 2014. [34] In the United Kingdom , \"Say Something\" debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart , becoming Aguilera's 24th Top 40 hit in Britain and A Great Big World's debut there. [35] Music video [ edit ] A music video, directed by Christopher Sims, was already shot on November 8, 2013, with Aguilera posting to her Twitter, Facebook and Instagram page a picture of her standing next to a piano, where the duo is playing the track. [36] [37] [38] The music video, which was shot in Los Angeles , was released on November 19, 2013, exclusively on Entertainment Tonight , while VEVO premiered the video on November 20, 2013. [39] The video features Aguilera in a minimalistic black dress and natural make-up, reminiscent of her \" Beautiful \" days, according to MTV 's Natasha Chandel. [40] In the video, the trio perform the ballad as people — a child whose parents won't stop fighting, a young couple lying coldly side by side, an older man bidding his dying wife goodbye — act out the heartbreaking lyrics. [41] Reception [ edit ] The scene where Christina Aguilera is shown with tears welling in her eyes was praised by critics and fans alike due to her delivery. The video received widespread acclaim from critics. For Jason Lipshut of Billboard Magazine , \"Aguilera and AGBW's Ian Axel look utterly sorrowful as they croon the break-up ballad together, with Axel carefully pounding away at the grand piano and Aguilera appearing on the verge of tears as the song reaches its climax. Meanwhile, various tear-inducing images accompany the majestic track, often in slow motion – most strikingly, an older man climbing into a hospital bed with his peaceful female counterpart and emitting a silent shout.\" [42] Peter Gicas of E! Online praised Aguilera's emotion on the video, writing that she \"serves up a certain subtleness to the clip, which is definitely appropriate given the tone of both the ballad and the video itself.\" [43] Bradley Stern of MuuMuse agreed, writing that, \"Armed with nothing else but a piano and an old bed frame by her side, the 'Lotus' legend bares her soul and gives you pure Stripped -era vulnerability, conjuring the simple-yet-effective one-take video for ' The Voice Within .' No over-the-top diva theatrics, no wigs — just raw emotion and a genuinely powerful performance.\" [44] John Walker of MTV Buzzworthy called the video \"equal parts tragically beautiful and beautifully tragic. Like, hand us a bucket, because we are ugly-crying from our eyes, noses, mouths, ears, and at least 17 other places where tear ducts biologically shouldn't be located. [45] Mike Wass of Idolator also praised the video, writing that, \"In keeping with the song's soft and subtle tone, the visual is understated and classy. It centers around a bed and the universality of its occupants' grief. Interspersed with those scenes is footage of the New York -based duo at the piano and Xtina looking utterly perfect in a sleek black dress. Grab a tissue and watch the emotional clip up top.\" [46] Natasha Chandel of MTV praised \"a rare moment, when Xtina breaks down on camera as the hook, 'Say something, I'm giving up on you' crescendos, exposing a tender side to the singer that we haven't seen since her album 'Stripped'. [40] Live performances [ edit ] A Great Big World performing \"Say Something\" at Jonathan Law High School in Milford, Connecticut in May 2013 On November 5, 2013, on the 14th episode from the fifth season of The Voice , Christina Aguilera (one of the competition's coaches) performed \"Say Something\" with A Great Big World. The performance consisted of a piano, some strings and a keyboard for instrumentation, while Aguilera \"reining in her voice's natural power\", according to Billboard' s Jason Lipshutz. [1] Christina was wearing white t-shirt , jeans and a woolly hat . [47] The performance was lauded by critics and other artists, such as OneRepublic , Christina Perri , Ingrid Michaelson , Cee Lo Green and Carson Daly . [48] Caila Ball of Idolator wrote that, \"She was legendary, obviously.\" [49] Michelle Stark of Tampa Bay Times wrote the performance \"gives us all of the goosebumps.\" [50] British newspaper Daily Mail wrote that Christina \"gave the competitors a master class in subtlety in her touching duet.\" [47] Douglas Cobb of Las Vegas Guardian Express called it \"a very emotional, low-key, cool performance. It was a very tender, touching song — Christina did great, as usual, singing it.\" [51] Bradley Stern of MuuMuse called the performance \"perfect\", writing that, \"Christina keeps it as stripped as the studio version, allowing her naturally beautiful vocals to sound a whole lot more vulnerable than usual. The result? One powerful, devastating performance – you'll be seeing your reflejo in the tears streaming down your face in no time.\" [52] A Great Big World and Aguilera also performed the song at the 2013 American Music Awards on November 24, 2013. [53] With her hair in a braid and wearing a muted black dress, Aguilera sang an original verse midway through the performance, which included a string section and a fairly bare stage. With A Great Big World's Chad King manning the keyboard, the group's Ian Axel sat at the grand piano and stamped his feet furiously as 'Say Something' approached its emotional climax,\" according to Billboard' s Jason Lipshutz. [54] Lindsay Dreyer of Wetpaint wrote that \"Taking her rightful place center stage in a floor-length black dress and braided updo, the 32-year-old pop diva harmonized perfectly with the group's lead singer Ian Axel, who worked the piano with passion and poise. Xtina's rich yet breathy tone offered just the right amount of strength and vulnerability — a side of Christina we haven't seen in a really long time.\" Dreyer finished the review stating, \"If tonight's AMA performance is any indication, Christina is on the brink of a major music comeback — and we can't wait!.\" [55] The band also performed the song at the 2013 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show on December 10, 2013. [56] However, Aguilera did not perform the song with them as a duet, due to scheduling conflicts of The Voice . [57] Aguilera also performed the song in Malaysia in a private concert without the band on March 28. The duo and Aguilera also performed the song during the New Orleans Jazz Festival. She gave a one-and-a-half-hour-long show and then invited the band to perform the song in front of a large crowd on May 2, 2014. [58] The band (sans Aguilera) sang the song on the September 6 episode of Last Week Tonight in a duet with comedian John Oliver to mourn the loss of the Russian space geckos. The song was performed live on the premiere episode of Late Night with Seth Meyers Cover versions [ edit ] American indie pop duo Alex & Sierra performed the song twice on third season of The X Factor (U.S.), where they were contestants and eventually won the show. During the sixth week, the duo performed the song for the first time, with Sierra on the piano and Alex on guitar. [59] The performance was praised by the judges, with Kelly Rowland , one of them, feeling like she was watching an awards show performance. Catriona Wightman of Digital Spy called it \"pretty simple, but showed how genuinely talented they are.\" [59] The cover version of the song surpassed A Great Big World and Aguilera's version on iTunes , climbing to number 1 the morning after they sang it onstage. [60] Series creator and head judge Simon Cowell , who mentored the group, claimed that the duo success is proof that the show is still capable of turning small-town kids into bankable stars. [60] The duo performed the song once again on the finale of the show, eventually winning the competition. [61] American progressive metal band Redemption includes their own cover version of the song on the vinyl version of their album The Art of Loss . On January 19, 2014, The Voice of the Philippines coaches Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo performed their own rendition of the song on ABS-CBN 's Sunday variety show ASAP 19 . Right after the performance, the hashtag 'SaySomethingAshBoo' trended on Twitter . [62] [63] [64] Joe Brooks and Tammin Sursok released a pop rock version of the song on March 29, 2014, as a single. [65] The song was released under Independent record label Fantastik Music and was distributed by TuneCore . [66] Jackie Evancho and Cheyenne Jackson performed the song on August 21, 2014 at Longwood Gardens , [67] as part of the recording of the PBS special \"Jackie Evancho: Awakening - Live in Concert\" supporting Evancho's \" Awakening\" album and tour. Collabro , the winners of the 2014 edition of Britain's Got Talent , performed the song at the Royal Variety Performance on 8 December 2014. [68] Polish singer Łukasz Tokarski covered the song in 2017. [69] KZ Tandingan was the fourth person to perform such song on Singer 2018 where she ranked fourth on Episode 7. In other media [ edit ] The original version of the song is featured in NCIS – the episode number 291(S13E09), (\"Day In Court\"). The song is featured in the episode 13 of season 5 of The Vampire Diaries . The instrumental version and first version of the song appears in the series finale episode, (\"Stiiiiiiill Horny\") of Suburgatory . The song is featured in the movie, Perdona Si Te Llamo Amor , released on June 19, 2014. The song is heard in the first theatrical trailer for the film adaptation of Gayle Forman 's novel, If I Stay . [70] The song was used in the season 5 finale of Rookie Blue , a Canadian television police drama. The song is heard in the episode 4 of season one of Red Band Society . The original version of the song, without Christina Aguilera, is used in a season 19 episode of South Park ; the episode was entitled: \" Tweek x Craig \". The song is featured in a trailer for the movie, The 33 . The original version of the song is featured at the end of episode 4, titled “Secrets and Lies”, from season 8 of Heartland (Canadian TV series) . Pentatonix did an a cappella cover of the song. Stellenbosch University Choir did an a capella cover as well on the base of the arrangement by Pentatonix. The song is featured at the end of the Season Five finale, \"Buried\", of \" Republic of Doyle \" Track listing and formats [ edit ] Solo version digital download [71] \"Say Something\" – 3:53 Duet version digital download [72] \"Say Something\" – 3:53 Charts [ edit ] Weekly charts [ edit ] Chart (2013–14) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) [26] 1 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) [29] 4 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) [73] 1 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia) [74] 15 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) [75] 1 Canada AC ( Billboard ) [76] 1 Canada CHR/Top 40 ( Billboard ) [77] 9 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) [78] 6 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) [79] 8 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) [80] 91 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) [81] 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) [82] 11 France ( SNEP ) [34] 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) [83] 36 Ireland ( IRMA ) [84] 6 Israel ( Media Forest ) [85] 5 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) [86] 67 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) [87] 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) [28] 2 Norway ( VG-lista ) [30] 8 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) [88] 3 Scotland (Official Charts Company) [89] 2 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) [90] 8 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) [91] 95 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) [32] 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) [31] 4 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [33] 20 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [92] 4 US Billboard Hot 100 [93] 4 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) [94] 3 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) [95] 1 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) [96] 1 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) [97] 7 Year-end charts [ edit ] Chart (2014) Position Australia (ARIA) [98] 13 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) [99] 38 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) [100] 10 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) [101] 7 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [102] 31 US Billboard Hot 100 [103] 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) [104] 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) [105] 18 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) [106] 29 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) [107] 34 Certifications [ edit ] Region Certification Certified units /Sales Australia ( ARIA ) [108] 4× Platinum 280,000 ^ Austria ( IFPI Austria) [109] Gold 15,000 * Belgium ( BEA ) [110] Gold 15,000 * Canada ( Music Canada ) [111] 6× Platinum 480,000 ^ Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) [112] Platinum 30,000 ^ Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) [113] streaming Platinum 2,600,000 * Germany ( BVMI ) [114] Gold 150,000 ^ Italy ( FIMI ) [115] Platinum 30,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) [116] Gold 30,000 * New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [117] 2× Platinum 30,000 * Norway ( IFPI Norway) [118] 4× Platinum 40,000 * Sweden ( GLF ) [119] 2× Platinum 80,000 ^ Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland) [120] Gold 15,000 ^ United Kingdom ( BPI ) [121] Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) [122] 6× Platinum 6,000,000 ^ Venezuela ( APFV ) [123] Platinum 10,000 ^ * sales figures based on certification alone ^ shipments figures based on certification alone sales+streaming figures based on certification alone Release history [ edit ] Region Date Version(s) Format Distributor Belgium [71] September 3, 2013 Solo Digital download Epic Records Finland [124] Luxembourg [125] Portugal [126] Switzerland [127] Spain [128] United States [129] Belgium [130] November 4, 2013 Duet Finland [131] Germany [72] Sony Music Entertainment Portugal [132] Epic Records Sweden [133] Switzerland [134] Spain [135] United States [136] Germany [137] December 13, 2013 Duet and solo CD single Sony BMG United Kingdom [138] February 16, 2014 Digital download Epic Records See also [ edit ] List of number-one dance singles of 2014 (U.S.) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2013 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2014 References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lipshut, Jason (November 6, 2013). \"A Great Big World Talks 'Say Something' & Answering Christina Aguilera's Call\" . Billboard . Retrieved November 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Christina Aguilera Talks Collaborating on Say Something; Blake Shelton on His Mom Putting Him in Beauty Pageants\" . Access Hollywood . Retrieved November 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ Wass, Mike (November 1, 2013). \"Christina Aguilera Teams Up with a Great Big World for a New Version Of \"Say Something\": Watch\" . Idolator . Retrieved November 10, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lamb, Bill. \"Review: A Great Big World – Say Something featuring Christina Aguilera\" . About.com . Retrieved November 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Taylor Swift\" . Billboard . ^ Jump up to: a b McCabe, Kathy (March 26, 2014). \"A Great Big World chase their Say Something success with Christina Aguilera to Australia\" . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 2014-04-03 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lansky, Sam (November 4, 2013). \"Christina Aguilera Lends Her Vocals to a Great Big World's \"Say Something\": Listen\" . Idolator . 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IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201415 into search . Retrieved April 15, 2014. Jump up ^ \" SNS IFPI\" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201439 into search . Retrieved September 30, 2014. Jump up ^ \"Official Singles Chart Top 100\" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 23, 2014. Jump up ^ \"A Great Big World Chart History (Hot 100)\" . Billboard . Retrieved February 16, 2014. Jump up ^ \"A Great Big World Chart History (Adult Contemporary)\" . Billboard . Retrieved February 16, 2014. Jump up ^ \"A Great Big World Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)\" . Billboard . Retrieved February 16, 2014. Jump up ^ \"A Great Big World Chart History (Dance Club Songs)\" . Billboard . Retrieved February 16, 2014. Jump up ^ \"A Great Big World Chart History (Pop Songs)\" . Billboard . Retrieved February 16, 2014. Jump up ^ \"End of Year Charts – ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014\" . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Austrian Singles – Year End 2014\" . Billboard . Retrieved January 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Canadian Hot 100 – Year End 2014\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 9, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Top Selling Singles of 2014\" . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 27, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2014\" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Billboard Hot 100 – Year End 2014\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 9, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Year End – Adult Contemporary Songs\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 9, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Year End – Adult Pop Songs\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 9, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Year End – Dance Club Songs\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 11, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Year End – Pop Music – Top Pop Songs Chart\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 11, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 Singles\" . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ \"Austrian single certifications – A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera – Say Something\" (in German). IFPI Austria . Retrieved January 1, 2015 . Enter A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera in the field Interpret . Enter Say Something in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ \"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2014\" . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Canadian single certifications – A Great Big World – Say Something\" . Music Canada . Retrieved January 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Certificeringer\" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"A Great Big World Feat. Christina Aguilera – Say Something\" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (A Great Big World; 'Say Something')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Italian single certifications – A Great Big World – Say Something\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 23, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Certificaciones\" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Type A Great Big World in the box under the ARTISTA column heading. Jump up ^ \"New Zealand single certifications – A Great Big World – Say Something\" . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved August 11, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"IFPI Norge\" . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Sverigetopplistan: A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera — Say Something\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Grammofonleverantörernas förening. Archived from the original ( To access certification, one must search (Sök) for \"Say Something\" or \"Say Something A Great Big World\" and click the \"Visa\" button. ) on May 21, 2013 . Retrieved February 7, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (A Great Big World; 'Say Something')\" . IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"British single certifications – A Great Big World – Say Something\" . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 1, 2015 . Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter Say Something in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ \"American single certifications – A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera – Say Something\" . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ \"Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013\" (PDF) (in Spanish). APFV . November 30, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2014 . Retrieved May 5, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Say Something – Single\" . iTunes Store (FI) . Retrieved December 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Say Something – Single\" . iTunes Store (LU) . Retrieved December 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Say Something – Single\" . iTunes Store (PT) . Retrieved December 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Say Something – Single\" . iTunes Store (CH) . Retrieved December 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Say Something – Single\" . iTunes Store (ES) . Retrieved December 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Amazon.com: Say Something: A Great Big World: MP3 Downloads\" . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Jump up ^ \"Say Something (2013) | A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera\" . 7digital (NL-BE). Archived from the original on December 10, 2014 . Retrieved December 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Say Something (2013) | A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera\" . 7digital (FI) . Retrieved December 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Say Something (2013) | A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera\" . 7digital (PT) . Retrieved December 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Say Something (2013) | A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera\" . 7digital (SE) . Retrieved December 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Say Something (2013) | A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera\" . 7digital (DE-CH) . Retrieved December 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Say Something (2013) | A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera\" . 7digital (ES) . Retrieved December 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Amazon.com: Say Something feat. Christina Aguilera: A Great Big World\" . Amazon.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2014. Jump up ^ \"Say Something – Single – Musik\" (in German). Amazon.de . Retrieved December 10, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Say Something — Single\" . iTunes Store (GB). Archived from the original on June 5, 2014. External links [ edit ] \"Say Something\" audio (solo version) on YouTube \"Say Something\" music video (duet version) on YouTube show v t e A Great Big World Ian Axel Chad King Studio albums Is There Anybody Out There? When the Morning Comes A Great Big World Singles \" Say Something \" \" Hold Each Other \" \" Won't Stop Running \" \" When I Was a Boy \" show v t e Christina Aguilera songs Discography Christina Aguilera \" Genie in a Bottle \" \" What a Girl Wants \" \" I Turn to You \" \" Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You) \" \" Reflection \" Mi Reflejo \" Genio Atrapado \" \" Falsas Esperanzas \" \" Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti \" \" Ven Conmigo (Solamente Tú) \" \" Si No Te Hubiera Conocido \" \" Contigo en la Distancia \" \" Por Siempre Tú \" \" Una Mujer \" \" Mi Reflejo \" My Kind of Christmas \" Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas \" \" Angels We Have Heard on High \" \" This Christmas \" \" The Christmas Song \" Stripped \" Dirrty \" \" Beautiful \" \" Fighter \" \" Can't Hold Us Down \" \" The Voice Within \" \" Walk Away \" Back to Basics \" Ain't No Other Man \" \" Hurt \" \" Candyman \" \" Oh Mother \" \" Slow Down Baby \" Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits \" Keeps Gettin' Better \" \" Genie 2.0 \" \" You Are What You Are (Beautiful) \" Bionic \" Bionic \" \" Not Myself Tonight \" \" Woohoo \" \" Elastic Love \" \" Glam \" \" Lift Me Up \" \" You Lost Me \" \" I Hate Boys \" Burlesque \" Something's Got a Hold on Me \" \" Express \" \" Show Me How You Burlesque \" \" The Beautiful People (from Burlesque ) \" Lotus \" Lotus Intro \" \" Army of Me \" \" Red Hot Kinda Love \" \" Make the World Move \" \" Your Body \" \" Let There Be Love \" \" Sing for Me \" \" Blank Page \" \" Around the World \" \" Circles \" \" Just a Fool \" Liberation \" Fall in Line \" \" Accelerate \" \" Twice \" Collaborations \" Lady Marmalade \" \" Nobody Wants to Be Lonely \" \" What's Going On \" \" El Ultimo Adios (The Last Goodbye) \" \" Car Wash \" \" Tilt Ya Head Back \" \" A Song for You \" \" Somos Novios (It's Impossible) \" \" Tell Me \" \" Castle Walls \" \" Moves like Jagger \" \" Feel This Moment \" \" Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti \" \" Say Something \" \" Do What U Want \" Other songs \" Miss Independent \" \" Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It) \" \" We Remain \" \" Shotgun \" \" You've Got a Friend \" \" Change \" \" Telepathy \" show v t e The X Factor (U.S.) Discography Controversy and criticism Seasons 1 2 3 Winners Melanie Amaro Tate Stevens Alex & Sierra Finalists Season 1 2 3 Winners songs \" Listen \" \" Tomorrow \" \" Say Something \" Other contestants Josh Krajcik Chris Rene Marcus Canty Rachel Crow Astro LeRoy Bell Hayley Orrantia Stacy Francis Simone Battle Christa Collins Carly Rose Sonenclar Fifth Harmony Emblem3 Diamond White Beatrice Miller Jeff Gutt Carlito Olivero Ellona Santiago Josh Levi Lillie McCloud Rachel Potter Forever in Your Mind Jamie Pineda show v t e Tammin Sursok Studio albums Whatever Will Be Singles \" Pointless Relationship \" \" Whatever Will Be \" \" It's a Beautiful Thing \" Collaborations \" Say Something \" Filmography Aquamarine Crossing Over Albino Farm 10 Rules for Sleeping Around Television Home and Away The Young and the Restless Spectacular! Pretty Little Liars Characters Dani Sutherland Colleen Carlton Jenna Marshall Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_Something_(A_Great_Big_World_song)&oldid=843106525 \" Categories : 2011 songs 2013 songs 2013 singles A Great Big World songs Christina Aguilera songs Epic Records singles Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles Number-one singles in Australia Billboard Adult Top 40 number-one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number-one singles Pop ballads 2010s ballads Sony Music Entertainment singles Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Danish-language sources (da) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) Use mdy dates from November 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugaldigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español Հայերեն Italiano Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 22:49 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Say Something (A Great Big World song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Say_Something_(A_Great_Big_World_song)&oldid=843106525" }

{ "text": "No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) - Wikipedia No Exit ( The Vampire Diaries ) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article is about an episode of TV series The Vampire Diaries . For other uses, see No Exit . \" No Exit \" The Vampire Diaries episode Episode no. Season 5 Episode 14 Directed by Michael Allowitz Written by Brian Young Production code 2J7514 Original air date February 27, 2014 Guest appearance(s) Olga Fonda (Nadia) Michael Malarkey (Enzo) Rick Cosnett (Wes Maxfield) Episode chronology ← Previous \" Total Eclipse of the Heart \" Next → \" Gone Girl \" The Vampire Diaries (season 5) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes \"No Exit\" is the 14th episode of the fifth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series' 103rd episode overall. \"No Exit\" was originally aired on February 27, 2014, on The CW . The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Michael Allowitz. Contents [ hide ] 1 Plot 2 Feature music 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Plot [ edit ] Enzo ( Michael Malarkey ) and Damon ( Ian Somerhalder ) turn people on vampires so that Damon can feed on since now, after Wes' (Rick Cosnett) injection, he craves on vampire blood and not human. The two of them try to leave the last victim's house when Wes appears with travelers who spell the house so vampires will not be able to get out. Wes informs them that he wants to make one last test; how long can Damon last before he attacks his friend to feed on. Katherine ( Nina Dobrev ), still pretending to be Elena, tries to get closer to Stefan ( Paul Wesley ) so they can be back together. When Caroline ( Candice Accola ) arrives and tells them about Damon, Stefan wants to find him and Katherine offers to go with him. Caroline warns him that it is weird for him to be so close to \"Elena\" after everything that happened but he reassures her that they are just friends. Before Stefan and Katherine go, Caroline gets a phone call from Tyler ( Michael Trevino ) who tells her that he worries about Matt ( Zach Roerig ), who is vanished for two days, and that Nadia ( Olga Fonda ) was compelling him. Katherine hears Caroline's conversation with Tyler and she calls Nadia to ask if everything is fine. When Nadia tells her that Matt found out that she is not Elena, Katherine asks her to kill him. Caroline leaves to go to Tyler's while Katherine and Stefan leave to find Damon. Caroline gets to Tyler's and they try to find out why Nadia would compel Matt and what does she want from him. The two of them feel awkward because of what happened between Caroline and Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ). At the same time, Matt tries to convince Nadia that she does not have to kill him and all he has to do is to convince his friends that he is fine. Matt returns home with Nadia and acts like everything is fine. He tells Tyler and Caroline that Nadia is not compelling him and that they just have fun together but Caroline is not really supportive of that. They both depart, leaving Matt and Nadia alone. Katherine and Stefan are on the road in search of Damon and Katherine tries to seduce Stefan. She breaks the car so they can stay at a hotel she had seen till the car is ready. While being there, Enzo calls Stefan to inform him about the situation he and Damon are but Katherine answers who asks him to text her the address. Stefan goes to get the car and Katherine calls Nadia to tell her that she plans to lead Stefan on killing Damon to save her. Stefan gets back and before they leave the hotel, Katherine gets closer to him and kisses him. He kisses her back but he stops because \"Elena\" has just broken up with Damon and it is not right. Enzo chains Damon on a chair in an attempt to prevent him of attacking him. Wes shoots Enzo to make him bleed, so Damon will not be able to resist. Damon breaks the chains and attacks Enzo who tries to tell him to stop. Damon chokes at Enzo's blood and Wes appears to tell him that it is because he had travelers to spell on it. He offers Enzo to go with him so he will not be killed by Damon since the spell will not last forever. Enzo does not want to go but Damon convinces him to do it because if he stays he will kill him. Enzo leaves with Wes and Damon stays alone, trapped in the house. Nadia checks that finally vervain is out of Matt's system so she can compel him again but before she makes him forget, Matt tries to warn Caroline about Katherine taking over Elena's body. He kisses Nadia who kisses him back and while they are kissing, he tries to text Caroline. He manages to write \"Help K\" and send it to Caroline before Nadia sees him and stops him. She is hurt by his behavior and trying to fool her, so she compels him and starts to exit the house. Caroline, who got the text, meets Nadia at the door and asks her what is she planning and they start fighting. Tyler gets there in time to stop Nadia from killing Caroline and he fights Nadia who runs away. Katherine and Stefan arrive at the house where Damon is but Damon warns them to not get into the house because they will not be able to get out and he will attack them. They tell him that they do not afraid of him and they both enter the house. Katherine, to help Damon fight his urge, cuts her hand with a class and provokes him with her blood telling him that he can fight it. Damon starts feeding on her, Stefan tells him to stop and Katherine kicks a stake towards Stefan telling him that Damon is going to kill her. Stefan, instead of taking the stake, he takes a piece of class and cuts himself to distract Damon. Damon leaves Katherine and Stefan snaps his head. Katherine and Stefan bring Damon back to Mystic Falls and Katherine arranges immediately to meet Nadia. Katherine is happy because, despite that her plan to kill Damon did not work, she had a moment with Stefan. She stops smiling when Nadia tells her that she was bitten by Tyler Lockwood. Damon wakes up chained on the Salvatore house's basement. Stefan is there and Damon tries to warn him that because of his cravings, one day he will kill him but Stefan tells him that they will find a solution. Damon points to Stefan that \"Elena\" provoked him to feed on her and then she kicked a stake towards him so he will kill him. Stefan does not believe that Elena would want that, he locks Damon up and gets upstairs where Caroline is. The two of them discuss what happened between Stefan and \"Elena\" and Caroline also tells him about Nadia and Matt and the text he sent to her. From Matt's text, who used \"K\" and not \"E\", they put the pieces together and they realize that Katherine is in Elena's body. Feature music [ edit ] In the \"No Exit\" episode we can hear the songs: [1] \" Radioactive \" by Imagine Dragons \"You Belong Here\" by Leagues \"Fleur Blanche\" by Örsten \"Poisonous Spider\" by Company Reception [ edit ] Ratings [ edit ] In its original American broadcast, \"No Exit\" was watched by 2.03 million; down by 0.13 from the previous episode. [2] Reviews [ edit ] \"No Exit\" received mixed to negative reviews with many hoping that now that Katherine's secret was revealed, the show will \"kick in\". Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave a B rate to the episode saying that it was a filler episode: \"this path to realization [finding out that Katherine is in Elena's body] basically creates a filler episode, a way to move the story to the place it needs to be for the inevitable big confrontation in the future [...] Katherine taking over Elena’s life was an incredibly inspired storyline, and watching it unfold has been delightful, but sooner or later, someone had to figure out what was going on. To spend an episode almost solely focused on making that happen is a good thing.\" [3] Alyse Wax of Fearnet writes: \"I miss the bad-assery this show used to have. Julie Plec took it all with her and stuffed it into The Originals. [...] All of the awesome, violent, supernatural drama has been replaced with standard who’s-sleeping-with-who nonsense, ever since the original vampires got their own show. I guess Klaus really took the bad-assery with him. Well, now everyone knows that “Elena” is really Katherine, so hopefully the crazy shit will kick in.\" [4] Caroline Preece from Den of Geek gave a negative review saying that season five of the show has been the worst by far. \"[The show] stopped being a fast-paced, well-written vampire show and became a long-running soap that happened to have mythical creatures in it. That’s not what any of us signed up for but, with the Katherine storyline presumably on its way out now that Stefan and Caroline have figured out the deceit and Nadia has a dreaded werewolf bite to contend with, maybe the next half-arsed arc will be better? Let’s hope so because, since we all know how fantastically entertaining this show can be at its best, there is always a glimmer of hope that it can return to form.\" [5] Stephanie Hall from K Site TV said that overall the episode left her a feeling that this was an off week of the show. \"\"No Exit\" was an uncharacteristically odd episode of The Vampire Diaries that primarily served to stall the impending solutions of this run of episodes’ two most pressing issues: Katherine and Damon. While it did bring our heroes a step closer to solving both of these problems, the ways in which it did so were not delivered with as much metaphoric bang as could be hoped.\" [6] Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic rated the episode with only 1.3/5 saying that it was one boring hour of television and that the writers recycles scenes and stories from previous episodes/seasons. \"We knew from the moment Katherine inhabited Elena's body that she would eventually be found out. What other alternative possibly existed? So we've been waiting and waiting and waiting for that moment for weeks and that's exactly what tonight's episode felt like.\" [7] Notes [ edit ] The episode was dedicated to Sarah Jones, [8] who lost her life on February 20, 2014 on a train accident while being on set. [9] References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Bell, Crystal (February 27, 2014). \"The Vampire Diaries Music: Songs From Season 5, Episode 14 — \"No Exit \" \" . Wet Paint . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 28, 2014). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Scandal', 'Grey's Anatomy', 'American Idol' & 'Parks & Recreation' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' Adjusted Down\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ Raisler, Carrie (February 27, 2014). \"The Vampire Diaries: \"No Exit \" \" . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Wax, Alyse (February 28, 2014). \"TV Recap: 'The Vampire Diaries' Episode 514 - 'No Exit ' \" . Fearnet . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Preece, Caroline (March 3, 2014). \"The Vampire Diaries season 5 episode 14 review: No Exit\" . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall, Stephanie (March 4, 2014). \"The Vampire Diaries #5.14 \"No Exit\" Recap & Review\" . K Site TV . Retrieved March 6, 2014 . Jump up ^ Richenthal, Matt (February 28, 2014). \"The Vampire Diaries Review: Starving for Suspense\" . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Somerhalder, Ian (February 27, 2014). \"Tonights episode of the Vampire Diaries is dedicated in loving memory of our Cosmic Sister Sarah Jones whom we lost last week-pls watch2nite\" . Twitter . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz, Howard (February 21, 2014). \" ' Vampire Diaries' Crew Member, Sarah Jones, Dies In 'Midnight Rider' Train Accident\" . IBTimes . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . External links [ edit ] List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb Afterbuzz's discussion about \"No Exit\" on YouTube [ hide ] v t e The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 \" Pilot \" \" The Night of the Comet \" \" Friday Night Bites \" \" Family Ties \" \" You're Undead to Me \" \" Lost Girls \" \" Haunted \" \" 162 Candles \" \" History Repeating \" \" The Turning Point \" \" Bloodlines \" \" Unpleasantville \" \" Children of the Damned \" \" Fool Me Once \" \" A Few Good Men \" \" There Goes the Neighborhood \" \" Let the Right One In \" \" Under Control \" \" Miss Mystic Falls \" \" Blood Brothers \" \" Isobel \" \" Founder's Day \" Season 2 \" The Return \" \" Brave New World \" \" Bad Moon Rising \" \" Memory Lane \" \" Kill or Be Killed \" \" Plan B \" \" Masquerade \" \" Rose \" \" Katerina \" \" The Sacrifice \" \" By the Light of the Moon \" \" The Descent \" \" Daddy Issues \" \" Crying Wolf \" \" The Dinner Party \" \" The House Guest \" \" Know Thy Enemy \" \" The Last Dance \" \" Klaus \" \" The Last Day \" \" The Sun Also Rises \" \" As I Lay Dying \" Season 3 \" The Birthday \" \" The Hybrid \" \" The End of the Affair \" \" Disturbing Behavior \" \" The Reckoning \" \" Smells Like Teen Spirit \" \" Ghost World \" \" Ordinary People \" \" Homecoming \" \" The New Deal \" \" Our Town \" \" The Ties That Bind \" \" Bringing Out the Dead \" \" Dangerous Liaisons \" \" All My Children \" \" The Departed \" Season 4 \" Growing Pains \" \" Memorial \" \" The Rager \" \" The Five \" \" The Killer \" \" We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes \" \" My Brother's Keeper \" \" We'll Always Have Bourbon Street \" \" O Come, All Ye Faithful \" \" After School Special \" \" Catch Me If You Can \" \" A View to a Kill \" Season 5 \" I Know What You Did Last Summer \" \" True Lies \" \" Original Sin \" \" For Whom the Bell Tolls \" \" Monster's Ball \" \" Handle with Care \" \" Death and the Maiden \" \" Dead Man on Campus \" \" The Cell \" \" Fifty Shades of Grayson \" \" 500 Years of Solitude \" \" The Devil Inside \" \" Total Eclipse of the Heart \" \" No Exit \" \" Gone Girl \" \" While You Were Sleeping \" \" Rescue Me \" \" Resident Evil \" \" Man on Fire \" \" What Lies Beneath \" \" Promised Land \" \" Home \" Season 6 \" I'll Remember \" \" Yellow Ledbetter \" \" Welcome to Paradise \" \" Black Hole Sun \" \" The World Has Turned and Left Me Here \" \" The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get \" \" Do You Remember the First Time? \" \" Fade Into You \" \" I Alone \" Season 7 \" Gods and Monsters \" Season 8 \" I Was Feeling Epic \" Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L. J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Exit_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=804222095 \" Categories : 2014 American television episodes The Vampire Diaries (season 5) episodes Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017, at 15:35. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "No Exit (The Vampire Diaries)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=No_Exit_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=804222095" }

{ "text": "State of the Union - Wikipedia State of the Union From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 3 March 2018 . Jump to: navigation , search \"States of the Union\" redirects here. For other uses, see State of the Union (disambiguation) . For the most recent State of the Union address, see 2018 State of the Union Address . The State of the Union Address is an annual message [1] presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress , except in the first year of a new president's term. [2] The message includes a budget message and an economic report of the nation, and also allows the President to outline their legislative agenda (for which the cooperation of Congress is needed) and national priorities. [3] The address fulfills rules in Article II, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution , requiring the President to periodically \"give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.\" [1] During most of the country's first century, the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress. After 1913, Woodrow Wilson , the 28th U.S. President, began the regular practice of delivering the address to Congress in person as a way to rally support for his agenda. [1] With the advent of radio and television, the address is now broadcast live across the country on many networks. [4] Contents [ hide ] 1 Ceremony 2 History 3 Delivery of the speech 3.1 Invitations 3.2 Protocol of entry into House chamber 3.3 Designated survivor and other logistics 4 Opposition response 5 Significance 6 Local versions 7 Historic speeches 8 TV ratings 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Ceremony [ edit ] The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States: He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. — Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution Although the language of this State of the Union Clause [5] of the Constitution is not specific, since the 1930s, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3, [6] and as late as February 12. [7] While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson , with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover , [8] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report. [6] Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol . Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a \"State of the Union\". [6] What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET ( UTC-5 ). History [ edit ] George Washington 's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address, January 8, 1790. Full 7 pages . George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City , then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne ). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century [ who? ] have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended. [9] For many years, the speech was referred to as \"the President's Annual Message to Congress\". [10] The actual term \"State of the Union\" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947. [10] Franklin Delano Roosevelt State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02) Problems playing this file? See media help . Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933, changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February. The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a \"State of the Union\" message. In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I —had a sitting president addressed Congress at night. [11] The text of the first page of Ronald Reagan 's first State of the Union Address, given January 26, 1982 Warren Harding 's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, albeit to a limited audience, [12] while Calvin Coolidge 's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation. [2] Harry S. Truman 's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson 's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening. [12] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson , this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman . [13] Ronald Reagan 's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events. [14] [15] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web . [16] Delivery of the speech [ edit ] A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address. [17] [18] Invitations [ edit ] Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address. The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box. The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker’s box. Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first-in, first-served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating. Protocol of entry into House chamber [ edit ] By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session. [19] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them. [19] The Speaker, and then the Vice President, specify the members of the House and Senate, respectively, who will escort the President into the House chamber. [19] The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces, in order, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices , and the Cabinet , each of whom enters and takes their seats when called. [19] The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . [20] The Sergeants at Arms of the House (left) and Senate (right) wait at the doorway to the House chamber before President Barack Obama enters to deliver the 2011 State of the Union Address . Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber, [21] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber. [20] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: \"Mister Speaker, the President of the United States!\" [21] As applause and cheering begins, the President slowly walks toward the Speaker's rostrum , followed by members of his Congressional escort committee. [21] The President's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands, hug, kiss, and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress. [20] After he takes his place at the House Clerk 's desk, [21] he hands two manila envelopes , previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech, to the Speaker and Vice President. After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished, the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators, stating: \"Members of Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States.\" [20] [21] This leads to a further round of applause and, eventually, the beginning of the address by the President. [21] At close of the ceremony, attendees leave on their own accord. The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber. Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out. Designated survivor and other logistics [ edit ] Customarily, one cabinet member (the designated survivor ) does not attend the speech, in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the September 11 attacks in 2001, a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster. [22] Since 2003, each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor. [23] [24] President George W. Bush with Senate President (U.S. Vice President) Dick Cheney and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the 2007 State of the Union address. 2007 marked the first time that a woman had occupied the Speaker of the House chair. (audio only) Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber. In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms. [25] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as American citizens or visiting heads of state . During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 . [26] Since then, the term \" Lenny Skutniks \" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union. [27] [28] State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree. For the 2011 address , Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party, as well as the avoiding of standing; [29] this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after. [30] Opposition response [ edit ] Main article: Response to the State of the Union address Since 1966, [31] the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon , as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973. [32] The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students. [33] In 2004, the Democratic Party 's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson . [34] In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express , a first for a political movement. [35] Significance [ edit ] Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature , the President's Cabinet constituting the executive , and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary . In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps . The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady . [28] Local versions [ edit ] Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address . In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor. Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California ; Orlando, Florida ; Cincinnati , Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut ; Parma, Ohio ; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle , Washington; Birmingham, Alabama ; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York ; Rochester, New York ; San Antonio , Texas; McAllen, Texas ; and San Diego , California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term . [36] [37] Private companies usually have a \"State of the Corporation\" or \"State of the Company\" address given by the respective CEO. [38] The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union , [39] and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron . Historic speeches [ edit ] This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (January 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Roosevelt's Second Bill of Rights (excerpt) President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , and Ronald Reagan . The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people \"everywhere in the world\" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship , freedom from want , and freedom from fear. During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights . Roosevelt's argument was that the \"political rights\" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had \"proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness \". During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the \" War on Poverty \". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act , which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty. During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that \"the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work... We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual.\" Ford said he didn't \"expect much, if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved.\" George W. Bush delivers the 2002 State of the Union In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, \"States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil , arming to threaten the peace of the world\". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror . TV ratings [ edit ] Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were: [40] [41] [42] Date President Viewers, millions Households, millions Rating Networks 1/30/2018 Donald Trump 45.551 32.168 26.9 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, ESTRELLA, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, PBS 2/28/2017 Donald Trump 47.741 33.857 28.7 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, UNIVISION, PBS, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, NBC UNIVERSO 1/12/2016 Barack Obama 31.334 23.040 19.6 ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, NBC, NBC UNIVERSO, UNIVISION** 1/20/2015 Barack Obama 31.710 23.137 19.9 ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUNDOFOX, NBC, UNIVISION** 1/28/2014 Barack Obama 33.299 23.949 20.7 CBS, ABC, NBC, FOX, AZTECA, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, GALAVISION, MUN2, UNIVISION** 2/12/2013 Barack Obama 33.497 24.767 21.8 FOX, ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, AZTECA, UNIVISION, MFX, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, CURRENT, CENTRIC, GALAVISION 1/24/2012 Barack Obama 37.752 27.569 24.0 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, TF, UNIVISION, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUN2 1/25/2011 Barack Obama 42.789 30.871 26.6 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, CENTRIC, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC 1/27/2010 Barack Obama 48.009 34.182 29.8 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, BET, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC 2/24/2009 Barack Obama 52.373 37.185 32.5 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION 1/28/2008 George W. Bush 37.515 27.702 24.7 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO**, UNIVISION 1/24/2007 George W. Bush 45.486 32.968 29.6 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION 2/01/2006 George W. Bush 43.179 30.528 31.2 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, AZTECA AMERICA, TELFUTURA 2/02/2005 George W. Bush 39.432 28.359 35.3 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA 1/20/2004 George W. Bush 43.411 30.286 28.0 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC 1/28/2003 George W. Bush 62.061 41.447 38.8 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC 1/29/2002 George W. Bush 51.773 35.547 33.6 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC 2/27/2001 George W. Bush 39.793 28.201 27.6 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC 1/27/2000 Bill Clinton 31.478 22.536 22.4 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC 1/19/1999 Bill Clinton 43.500 30.700 31.0 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC 1/27/1998 Bill Clinton 53.077 36.513 37.2 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, CNBC 2/04/1997 Bill Clinton 41.100 27.600 28.4 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN 1/23/1996 Bill Clinton 40.900 28.400 29.6 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN 1/24/1995 Bill Clinton 42.200 28.100 29.5 ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN 1/25/1994 Bill Clinton 45.800 31.000 32.9 ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN 2/17/1993 Bill Clinton 66.900 41.200 44.3 ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN Notes The 1993, 2001, 2009 and 2017 addresses were not, officially, State of the Union addresses, but rather addresses to a joint session Congress because in those years the presidents were in office for only a few weeks at the time the speech was given. [2] [42] **Tape delayed [42] See also [ edit ] List of joint sessions of the United States Congress State Opening of Parliament United States presidential address References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c \"State of the Union Address | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives\" . history.house.gov . Retrieved January 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Diaz, Daniella (February 28, 2017). \"Why Trump's Tuesday speech isn't a State of the Union address\" . CNN . Retrieved February 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Ben's Guide to U.S. Government\" . United States Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Jump up ^ \"31.7 Million Viewers Tune In To Watch Pres. Obama's State of the Union Address\" . The Nielsen Company (Press release). January 21, 2015. On Tuesday, Jan. 20, 2015, President Barack Obama delivered his annual State of the Union address. The address was carried live from 9:00 p.m. to 10:15 p.m. on 13 networks and tape-delayed on Univision. Jump up ^ Vasan Kesavan and J. Gregory Sidak (2002). \"The Legislator-In-Chief\" . William and Mary Law Review . 44 (1) . Retrieved June 28, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c The President's State of the Union Address: Tradition, Function, and Policy Implications (PDF) . Congressional Research Service. January 24, 2014. p. 2. Jump up ^ Jackson, David (January 11, 2013). \"Obama State of the Union set for Feb. 12\" . USA Today . Jump up ^ \"State of the Union Addresses and Messages: research notes by Gerhard Peters\" . The American Presidency Project (APP) . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters, Gerhard. \"State of the Union Messages\" . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved September 25, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kolakowski, Michael & Neale, Thomas H. (March 7, 2006). \"The President's State of the Union Message: Frequently Asked Questions\" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Retrieved January 28, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"President to Appear Before Congress: Message to be Delivered Friday night\". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner . Associated Press . January 2, 1936. p. A1. ^ Jump up to: a b Robert Yoon, CNN Political Research Director (February 12, 2013). \"State of the Union firsts\" . CNN . Retrieved September 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky, Mark (2004). 1968: The Year That Rocked the World . New York: Ballantine. p. 44. ISBN 0-9659111-4-4 . Jump up ^ \"Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster\" . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . Retrieved July 4, 2006 . Jump up ^ Weinraub, Bernard (January 29, 1986). \"The Shuttle Explosion: Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech\" . The New York Times . p. A9. Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk. Joint Meetings, Joint Sessions, and Inaugurations . House History . United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 18, 2011. Jump up ^ \"Speaker Boehner Extends President Obama Formal Invitation to Deliver State of the Union Address\" . Speaker Boehner's Press Office (Press release). January 11, 2011. Jump up ^ \"State of the Union 2015\" . Speaker Boehner's Press Office (Press release). December 19, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d \"Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President\" (PDF) . Congressional Record : H414. January 27, 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b c d \"President Delivers State of the Union Address\" (Transcript). CNN. January 28, 2008. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f \"Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President\" (PDF) . Congressional Record : H415. January 27, 2010. Jump up ^ Roberts, Roxanne (September 20, 2016). \"The truth behind the 'designated survivor,' the president of the post-apocalypse\" . Washington Post . Retrieved January 31, 2018 . Jump up ^ Schultheis, Emily (February 28, 2017). \"Joint session 2017: The history of the \"designated survivor \" \" . CBS News . Retrieved January 31, 2018 . Jump up ^ Oritz, Erik (January 30, 2018). \"Designated survivors recount nights as doomsday presidents\" . NBC News . Retrieved January 31, 2018 . Jump up ^ Widmer, Ted (January 31, 2006). \"The State of the Union Is Unreal\" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 22, 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Ed (January 24, 2012). \"Three decades of 'Skutniks' began with a federal employee\" . Washington Post . Retrieved January 26, 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiggin, Addison (January 25, 2011). \"Small Business Owners Should Be Obama's Lenny Skutnik\" . Forbes . Retrieved January 24, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Clines, Francis X. (August 24, 1996). \"Bonding as New Political Theater: Bring On the Babies and Cue the Yellow Dog\" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24, 2012 . Jump up ^ Epstein, Jennifer (January 13, 2011). \"Mark Udall wants parties together at State of the Union\" . Politico . Jump up ^ Hennessey, Kathleen (January 21, 2012). \"Rival parties to mix it up – nicely – at State of the Union\" . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk. \"Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages (1966–Present)\" . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved January 23, 2007 . Jump up ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s . New York: Basic Books. p. 47. ISBN 0-465-04195-7 . Jump up ^ Sincere, Richard E., Jr. (February 1997). \"O.J., J.C., and Bill: Reflections on the State of the Union\" . Metro Herald . Archived from the original on July 31, 2002 . Retrieved January 23, 2007 . Watts told his audience—about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person, while a smaller number watched on television at home—that he is 'old enough to remember the Jim Crow' laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small-town Oklahoma. Jump up ^ York, Byron (January 21, 2004). \"The Democratic Response You Didn't See\" . National Review . Retrieved January 23, 2007 . And then there was the Spanish-language response—the first ever—delivered by New Mexico governor, and former Clinton energy secretary, Bill Richardson. Jump up ^ \"Michele Bachmann offers Tea Party response to President Obama's State of the Union Address\" . The Washington Post . January 26, 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ \"UNH State of the University 2015\" . The University of New Hampshire (Press release). February 17, 2015. Jump up ^ \"State of the University 2015\" . Santa Clara University (Press release). February 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Goldman, Jeremy (January 20, 2015). \"Why Your Company Deserves a 'State of the Union' Address\" . Inc . Jump up ^ \"EU has survived economic crisis, Barroso says in first State of Union address\" . EUobserver.com . September 7, 2010. Jump up ^ \"2018 State of The Union Address TV Ratings\" . Nielsen . 2018-01-31 . Retrieved 2018-01-31 . Jump up ^ \"2017 State of The Union Address TV Ratings\" . Nielsen . 2017-02-28 . Retrieved 2018-01-11 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"2016 State of The Union Address TV Ratings\" . Nielsen . 2016-01-13 . Retrieved 2018-01-11 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to State of the Union . Wikisource has original text related to this article: Portal:State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents The American Presidency Project: State of the Union Messages \"Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California, Santa Barbara ,\" currently (January 2010), the APP \"archives contain 87,448 documents related to the study of the Presidency\". State of the Union videos and transcripts at C-SPAN (since 1945) State of the Union (Visualizations, Statistical Analysis, and Searchable texts) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790–2002) (in downloadable electronic file formats) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790–2006) ( HTML format) Searchable visualizations of all State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790–2009) The State of the Union Text and PDF at U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) from January 28, 1992 to current date Top 10 State of the Union Addresses , RealClearPolitics.com The 2013 State of the Union Address on YouTube (1:01:02) State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents [ hide ] v t e State of the Union addresses Addresses Delivered as a speech 1790 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1975 1976 1977 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Delivered as a written message 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1946 1953 1961 1981 Delivered as both 1972 1974 1978 1979 1980 Delivered as a written message to Congress, summary delivered to public 1945 1956 1973 Unofficial addresses 1989 1993 2001 2009 2017 Related Opposition party's response Designated survivor Notable invited guests United States presidential address Joint Session of Congress ( List ) Monroe Doctrine Regional speeches State of the State address State of the City address Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_Union&oldid=828552894 \" Categories : Article Two of the United States Constitution State of the Union addresses 1790 establishments in the United States Speeches by heads of state Annual events in Washington, D.C. 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{ "text": "VAT identification number - Wikipedia VAT identification number From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search A value added tax identification number or VAT identification number ( VATIN [ citation needed ] ) is an identifier used in many countries, including the countries of the European Union , for value added tax purposes. In the EU, a VAT identification number can be verified online at the EU's official VIES [1] website. It confirms that the number is currently allocated and can provide the name or other identifying details of the entity to whom the identifier has been allocated. However, many national governments will not give out VAT identification numbers due to data protection laws. The full identifier starts with an ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 (2 letters) country code (except for Greece, which uses the ISO 639-1 language code EL for the Greek language, instead of its ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code GR ) and then has between 2 and 13 characters. The identifiers are composed of numeric digits in most countries, but in some countries they may contain letters. Foreign companies that trade with non-enterprises in the EU may have a VATIN starting with \"EU\" instead of a country code, e.g. Godaddy USA EU826010755 and Amazon USA AWS EU826009064. [2] Contents [ hide ] 1 VAT numbers by countries 1.1 European Union VAT identification numbers 1.2 VAT numbers of non-EU countries 1.3 VAT numbers of Latin American countries 2 See also 3 References 4 External links VAT numbers by countries [ edit ] European Union VAT identification numbers [ edit ] Country Local name Abbreviation 2 digit prefix Format [3] [4] Austria Umsatzsteuer-Identifikationsnummer UID AT 'AT'+U+8 digits, – e.g. ATU99999999 Belgium BTW identificatienummer / Numéro de TVA n° TVA BTW-nr Mwst-nr BE 'BE'+ 10 digits, the first digit following the prefix is always zero (\"0\") or (\"1\") – e.g. BE0999999999. At this time no numbers starting with \"1\" are issued, but this can happen any time. Note that the old numbering schema only had 9 characters, separated with dots (e.g. 999.999.999), just adding a zero in front and removing the dots makes it a valid number in the new schema. Bulgaria Идентификационен номер по ДДС [5] Identifikacionen nomer po DDS ДДС номер BG 9–10 digits – e.g. BG999999999 Croatia PDV Id. Broj OIB PDV-ID; OIB HR 11 digit number (ex. HR12345678901) utilising ISO 7064 , MOD 11-10 Cyprus Αριθμός Εγγραφής Φ.Π.Α. Arithmós Engraphḗs phi. pi. a. ΦΠΑ CY 9 characters – e.g. CY99999999L Czech Republic Daňové identifikační číslo DIČ CZ 'CZ'+8-10 digits Denmark Momsregistreringsnummer CVR DK 8 digits – e.g. DK99999999, [6] last digit is check digit [7] Estonia Käibemaksukohustuslase number KMKR EE 9 digits Finland Arvonlisäveronumero ALV nro FI 8 digits - e.g. FI99999999, [8] last digit is a check digit utilizing MOD 11-2 France Numéro d'identification à la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée / Numéro de TVA intracommunautaire n° TVA FR 'FR'+ 2 digits (as validation key ) + 9 digits (as SIREN), the first and/or the second value can also be a character – e.g. FRXX999999999 The French key is calculated as follow : Key = [ 12 + 3 * ( SIREN modulo 97 ) ] modulo 97, for example  : Key = [ 12 + 3 * ( 404,833,048 modulo 97 ) ] modulo 97 = [12 + 3*56] modulo 97 = 180 modulo 97 = 83 so the tax number for 404,833,048 is FR 83,404,833,048 source from : www.insee.fr Germany Umsatzsteuer-Identifikationsnummer USt-IdNr. DE 9 digits, e.g. DE999999999 Greece Arithmós Forologikou Mētrṓou Αριθμός Φορολογικού Μητρώου ΑΦΜ EL and GR The language code EL according to ISO 639-1 , followed by 9 digits, which equal the Greek taxpayer registration number Α.Φ.Μ. (A.F.M.) of the company or of the sole proprietor, i.e.: \"Arithmós Mētrṓou Phi-Pi-A\" = \"EL\" + \"A.F.M.\". The last digit is a check digit inherent of the Α.Φ.Μ. Beware: Due to the great similarity of both numbers - the one being the same number as the other, just having the prefix of EL - in practice sometimes the VAT identification number is wrongly called Α.Φ.Μ. (A.F.M.), but technically the VAT identification number and the taxpayer registration number Α.Φ.Μ. are different register numbers and should not be confused. Hungary Közösségi adószám ANUM HU 8 digits (the first 8 digits of the national tax number) – e.g. HU12345678 Ireland Value added tax identification no. VAT or CBL IE 'IE'+7 digits and one letter, optionally followed by a 'W' for married women, e.g. IE1234567T or IE1234567TW 'IE'+7 digits and two letters, e.g. IE1234567FA (since January 2013, see [2] ) 'IE'+one digit, one letter/\"+\"/\"*\", 5 digits and one letter (old style, currently being phased out, see [3] ) Italy Partita IVA (IVA = Imposta sul Valore Aggiunto) P.IVA IT 11 digits (the first 7 digits is a progressive number, the following 3 means the province of residence, the last digit is a check number) Latvia Pievienotās vērtības nodokļa (PVN) reģistrācijas numurs PVN LV 11 digits Lithuania PVM (abbrev. Pridėtinės vertės mokestis) mokėtojo kodas PVM kodas LT 9 or 12 digits Luxembourg Numéro d'identification à la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée No. TVA LU 8 digits Malta Vat reg. no. Vat No. MT 8 digits Netherlands Btw-nummer Btw-nr. NL 'NL'+9 digits+B+2-digit company index – e.g. NL999999999B99 Poland Numer Identyfikacji Podatkowej NIP PL 10 digits, the last one is a check digit; for convenience the digits are separated by hyphens (xxx-xxx-xx-xx or xxx-xx-xx-xxx for legal persons), but formally the number consists only of digits Portugal Número de Identificação Fiscal (NIF) - for individual persons / Número de Identificação de Pessoa Colectiva (NIPC) – for companies NIF or NIPC PT 9 digits; the last digit is the check digit. The first digit depends on what the number refers to, e.g.: 1-3 are regular people, 5 are companies. Romania Codul de identificare fiscală CIF RO 2–10 digits; the last digit is the check digit Slovakia Identifikačné číslo pre daň z pridanej hodnoty IČ DPH SK 'SK'+10 digits (number must be divisible by 11) Slovenia Davčna številka ID za DDV SI 'SI'+8 digits, last one is a check digit – e.g. SI99999999 [9] Spain Número de Identificación Fiscal (formerly named Código de Identificación Fiscal) NIF (CIF) ES For companies it's either 'ES'+letter+8 digits or 'ES'+letter+7 digits+letter. Where the first letter defines the type of company and the following first 2 digits define the province where the company was registered. The last character is a control digit. For individual persons / freelancers, its either 'ES'+8 digits+letter (for Spaniards) or 'ES'+letter+7 digits+letter (for foreigners). e.g. ES99999999R Sweden VAT-nummer or momsnummer or momsregistreringsnummer Momsnr. SE 12 digits, of which the last two are most often 01 e.g. SE999999999901. (For Soletrades that have several Companies the numbers can be 02, 03 and so on, since Soletraders only have their personnummer as the organisationsnummer. The first 10 digits are the same as the Swedish organisationsnummer . [10] United Kingdom and Isle of Man Value added tax registration number VAT Reg No GB Country code GB followed by either: standard: 9 digits (block of 3, block of 4, block of 2 – e.g. GB999 9999 73) branch traders: 12 digits (as for 9 digits, followed by a block of 3 digits) government departments: the letters GD then 3 digits from 000 to 499 (e.g. GBGD001) health authorities: the letters HA then 3 digits from 500 to 999 (e.g. GBHA599) For the 9-digit scheme, the 2-digit block containing the 8th and 9th digits is always in the range 00 to 96 and is derived from a weighted modulus-97 check number (an identical algorithm is used for the 12-digit scheme, ignoring the extra 3-digit block). [11] The current modulus-97 series ran out during 2010, so a parallel series of numbers was introduced from November 2009 for new registrations, restarting at 100 nnnn nn and following the same format but with the last two digits derived from an alternative algorithm known as \"9755\". [12] The algorithm is identical to the one for the established series except that 55 is subtracted to give the check number (modulus 97), so the check number is either 55 less than or (if this would be negative) 42 greater than the check number that a VAT number in the established series would have if it were identical in the first seven digits. [13] The details of the 97−55 check algorithm were to be secret [14] but are now available from HMRC on request. [15] The GD and HA formats may also be formatted as GB888 8 xxx yy for EU compatibility, where xxx is the 3-digit number from the short format and yy is the 2-digit modulus-97 check number. [16] Isle of Man registrations share the 9- and 12-digit formats with the UK, with GB as the country code prefix, but are distinguished by having 00 as the first two digits. [17] Numbers with 01 to 09 in the first two digits are reserved by HM Revenue & Customs for UK non-VAT reference schemes. [13] VAT numbers of non-EU countries [ edit ] Country Local name Abbreviation Country code Format [18] Albania Numri i Identifikimit për Personin e Tatueshëm NIPT AL 10 characters, the first position following the prefix is \"J\" or \"K\", and the last character is a letter – e.g. (AL)K99999999L or (AL)J99999999L (L = Letter) Australia Australian Business Number ABN AU 11 digit number formed from a 9 digit unique identifier and two prefix check digits. The two leading digits (the check digits) will be derived from the subsequent 9 digits using a modulus 89 check digit calculation. Belarus Учетный номер плательщика Uchetniy nomer platel'shika УНП (UNP) BY 9 digit number (ex. УНП 190190190) Canada Business Number Numéro d'entreprise BN / NE CA 15 characters Iceland Virðisaukaskattsnúmer Value Added Tax Number VSK / VASK IS 6 characters India Value Added Tax - Taxpayer Identification Number / Central Sales Tax - Taxpayer Identification Number (In most states) VAT TIN / CST TIN IN 11 digit number followed by V, to indicate VAT TIN (or by C to indicate CST TIN). First two digits identify the state where the registration is done, e.g. 27 indicates State of Maharashtra. The system was introduced with effect from 2006-04-01. Indonesia Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak NPWP ID 15 digit number (ex. 02.271.824.1-413.000) Israel מס' עוסק מורשה / ח\"פ IL 9 digit number. If the number of digits is less than 9, then zeros should be padded to the left side. The leftmost digit is 5 for corporations. Other leftmost digits are used for individuals. The rightmost digit is a check digit (using Luhn algorithm ). Monaco Same as France FR New Zealand NZ Business Number NZBN NZ 13 digit number ( companiesoffice.govt.nz ) Norway Organisasjonsnummer Organization number Orgnr NO 9 digits and the letters 'MVA' to indicate VAT registration. Last (ninth) digit is a MOD11 checksum digit. [19] Philippines Tax Identification Number TIN PH 12 digit number (ex. xxx xxx xxx xxx) Russia Идентификационный номер налогоплательщика Indentifikatzionny nomer nalogoplatel'shchika (Taxpayer Identification Number) ИНН RU 10 digits (companies) or 12 digits (persons), first two digits are region of birth or company registration (for foreign companies, two digits after leading 99) MOD 11-10 second two- inspection (before the year 2004, it changed, now stays). for legal personality use the changeable second code (KPP), usually first 4 digits are the same (99-region rule does not apply), usually and default XXXX01001. KPP is also the counter (last 3 digts) The number of KPP's is limited to number of tax inspections in regions other than 77 and 50 (one and only for each) plus one code for the largest companies. San Marino Codice operatore economico C.O.E. SM 5 digits Serbia Poreski identifikacioni broj Tax identification number PIB RS 9 digits (ex. 129456789) of which the first 8 are the actual ID number, and the last digit is a checksum digit, calculated according to ISO 7064 , MOD 11-10 Switzerland Mehrwertsteuernummer MWST/TVA/IVA CH 6 digits ( up to 31/12/2013 ). CHE 9 numeric digits plus TVA/MWST/IVA e.g. CHE-123.456.788 TVA [20] The last digit is a MOD11 checksum digit build with weighting pattern: 5,4,3,2,7,6,5,4 [21] Turkey Vergi Kimlik Numarası TR 10 digits Digits can be any number between 0 and 9. If the company name starts with A, the first digit is 0; if starts with B, it is 1; if it starts with Y or Z it is 9, hence fort. Ukraine Ідентифікаційний номер платника податків Identyfikacijnyj nomer platnyka podatkiv ІНПП UA 10 digits Uzbekistan Солиқ тўловчиларнинг идентификация рақами [22] СТИР UZ 9 digits Companies: 20000000Х-29999999Х Persons: 40000000Х-79999999Х VAT numbers of Latin American countries [ edit ] Country Local name Abbreviation Country code Format Argentina Código Único de Identificación Tributaria CUIT AR 11 digits Bolivia Número de Identificación Tributaria NIT BO 7 digits Brazil Cadastro Nacional de Pessoa Jurídica (Companies) [23] or Cadastro de Pessoa Física (Legal Persons) [24] CNPJ or CPF BR CNPJ composed of a base of 8 digits, a 4-digit radical, and 2 check digits. It is usually written like '11.111.111/0001-55' so as to be more human-readable and CPF composed of a base of 9 digits and 2 check digits written like '123.456.789-00' Chile Rol Único Tributario Unique Taxation Number RUT CL 8 digits, one dash, 1 check digit (0-9, K) Colombia Número De Identificación Tributaria NIT CO 9 digits and 1 check digit Costa Rica Cédula Jurídica CR Personas físicas nacionales: 9 and 12 digits. It is the Cédula de Persona Física (person's national identification number) without hyphens. Personas físicas extranjeras: 10 and 12 digits. It is the NITE (Número de Identificación Tributaria Especial) without hyphens. Persona jurídica: 10 and 12 digits. It is the Cédula de Persona Jurídica (enterprise's national identification number) without hyphens. Persona extranjera (residente): 11 and 12 digits. It is the DIMEX (Documento de Identificación de Migración y Extranjería) without hyphens. Ecuador Número de Registro Unico de Contribuyentes RUC EC 13 digits El Salvador RTN SV Guatemala Número de Identificación Tributaria NIT GT seven digits, one dash (-); one digit (like 1234567-1) Honduras Registro Tributario Nacional RTN HN Mexico Registro Federal de Contribuyentes RFC MX Natural: 4 digits, 6 numbers (YYMMDD), 3 digits (like AAGB860519G31) Companies: 3 digits, 6 numbers (YYMMDD), 3 digits (like P&G851223B24) Nicaragua Registro Unico de Contribuyentes RUC NI 3 digits, 1 dash, 6 digits, 1 dash, 4 digits followed by 1 letter, Panama Registro Unico de Contribuyentes RUC PA Paraguay Registro Unico de Contribuyentes RUC PY 6 digits, 1 dash, 1 check sum digit Peru Registro Unico de Contribuyentes RUC PE 11 digits Dominican Republic Registro Nacional del Contribuyente RNC DO L egal Persons : 11 digits without hyphen. Companies: 9 digits without hyphen. Uruguay Registro Único Tributario RUT UY 1 digit, 1 dot (.) 3 digits, 1 dot, 3 digits, 1 dash, 1 check sum digit Venezuela Registro de Informacion Fiscal RIF VE First digit must be (J, G, V, E), one dash (-), next 9 (nine) numbers like J-305959918, in some cases can be written like J-30595991-8 See also [ edit ] European Union Value Added Tax Area Employer Identification Number National identification number References [ edit ] Jump up ^ VIES Jump up ^ Electronically supplied services: Special scheme for non-EU Businesses , HM Revenue and Customs, reference: VAT Info Sheet 07/03, May 2003 Archived 13 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ EUROPA site – Validation Jump up ^ IdEG Jump up ^ BULSTAT Jump up ^ http://www.erhvervsstyrelsen.dk/hvad_er_cvr Jump up ^ http://www.erhvervsstyrelsen.dk/modulus_11 Jump up ^ http://tarkistusmerkit.teppovuori.fi/tarkmerk.htm#y-tunnus2 Jump up ^ [1] Ministry of Finance - Tax Administration of the Republic of Slovenia Jump up ^ Momsregistreringsnummer Swedish tax agency (in Swedish) Jump up ^ SIMA sl EU27 VAT code computing (unofficial validation form and algorithms for EU VAT identification numbers) Jump up ^ Minutes of VAT Software Developer Forum held on 10 March 2009 ^ Jump up to: a b Quayle, Stan. \"VAT Registration Numbers – New series\" . VAT Developer Forum – 10 March 2009 (PowerPoint slides, zipped file) . HM Revenue & Customs. pp. 34–41 . Retrieved 3 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Minutes of Self Assessment Technical Workshop held on 25 November 2008 Jump up ^ Joint VAT Consultative Committee (10 September 2009). \"Minutes of the 73rd JVCC meeting held on Friday 8 May 2009\" . JVCC No 2, action point AP 8/09 . HM Revenue & Customs . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Agreed to publish on request, and make available to JVCC, but not to include on website in case it confuses and provokes low value contact. Jump up ^ V1-28 Registration Vol 1 , HM Revenue & Customs Jump up ^ VAT Trader Enrolment Help , Isle of Man Government Jump up ^ VAT Number Explanation Jump up ^ https://www.brreg.no/om-oss/samfunnsoppdraget-vart/registera-vare/einingsregisteret/organisasjonsnummeret/ Jump up ^ \"Die UID\" . www.bfs.admin.ch (in German) . Retrieved 2015-10-08 . Jump up ^ \"Unternehmens-Identifikationsnummer (UID)\" . www.uid.ch (in German) . Retrieved 2015-10-14 . Jump up ^ \"ЎЗБЕКИСТОН РЕСПУБЛИКАСИДА СОЛИҚ ТЎЛОВЧИЛАРНИНГ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ РАҚАМЛАРИНИ БЕРИШ ВА ҚЎЛЛАШ ТИЗИМИ ТЎҒРИСИДА\" . www.lex.uz . Retrieved 2016-06-23 . Jump up ^ pt:Cadastro Nacional da Pessoa Jurídica Jump up ^ pt:Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas External links [ edit ] VIES , European \"VAT Information Exchange System\". Bulk \\ Batch VIES VAT number validation service , VAT number validation service\". Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VAT_identification_number&oldid=827750754 \" Categories : Taxation in the European Union Value added taxes Company identification numbers Taxpayer identification numbers Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German-language sources (de) Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Čeština Deutsch Español Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Română Slovenčina Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018, at 14:39. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "VAT identification number", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=VAT_identification_number&oldid=827750754" }

{ "text": "When I Was Your Man - Wikipedia When I Was Your Man From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search \"When I Was Your Man\" Single by Bruno Mars from the album Unorthodox Jukebox Released January 15, 2013 Format CD digital download Genre Pop Length 3 : 34 Label Atlantic Songwriter(s) Bruno Mars Philip Lawrence Ari Levine Andrew Wyatt Producer(s) The Smeezingtons Bruno Mars singles chronology \" Locked Out of Heaven \" (2012) \" When I Was Your Man \" (2013) \" Treasure \" (2013) \" Locked Out of Heaven \" (2012) \" When I Was Your Man \" (2013) \" Treasure \" (2013) Music video \"When I Was Your Man\" on YouTube \" When I Was Your Man \" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars for his second studio album, Unorthodox Jukebox (2012). Atlantic Records released the song as the third promotional single and as the second official single, taken from the album, to mainstream radio in the United States on January 15, 2013. \"When I Was Your Man\" was written by Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Ari Levine and Andrew Wyatt; with Mars, Lawrence and Levine credited for composing the song as well. The pop song is an emotional piano ballad with lyrics describing the heartbreak and regret Mars felt from letting his lover get away, and his expressed hope that her new man will give her all the love and attention that he failed to provide. It features Mars singing and a piano accompaniment as the sole instrumentation. \"When I Was Your Man\" received mostly positive reviews from music critics, who generally praised Mars' vocal prowess; calling it a \"vulnerable and emotional ballad\". The song won \"Favorite Hit\" at the 2013 Premios Juventud and was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . \"When I Was Your Man\" topped the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, and reached the top ten on the singles chart of Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom. It was certified six times platinum in the US, Australia and in Canada. \"When I Was Your Man\" was the worlds eighth best selling digital single of 2013, with sales of 8.3 million copies; joining an elite group of the best-selling singles worldwide . Cameron Duddy and Mars directed the ballad's accompanying music video . It portrays Mars as a \"lonely balladeer\" who sits at his piano donned in a pair of sunglasses while setting a half-full glass of whiskey atop it. Critics resoundingly complimented the simplicity of the video's production. The song has been covered by artists, including Mike Ward , who released a studio version of the song after he performed it on The Voice UK . Ward's cover peaked at number 60 in the UK Singles Chart . \"When I Was Your Man\" was also added to the soundtrack of the Brazilian soap opera Amor à Vida . Mars performed the song on the Moonshine Jungle Tour (2013–14) and at the 24K Magic World Tour (2017–18). Contents [ hide ] 1 Writing and production 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Critical 4.2 Awards and recognition 5 Chart performance 5.1 North America 5.2 International 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions and usage in media 8 Music video 8.1 Development and synopsis 8.2 Reception 9 Track listing 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Other versions 11.3 Year-end charts 12 Certifications 13 Release history 13.1 Promotional release 13.2 Single release 14 References 15 External links Writing and production [ edit ] While working on the album, Mars said: \"I'm never singing another ballad again,\" but that came from the gut – it's the most honest, real thing I've ever sung,\" he says. \"When there are no safe bets, that's when I feel my blood move.\" [1] He also shared how important the lyrics to this song are for him when he posted a photograph of Unorthodox Jukebox ' s artwork via his Twitter account. \"Soon you guys will hear a song I wrote called When I Was Your Man. I've never been this nervous. Can't explain it,\" he tweeted. [2] Philip Lawrence explained the inspiration of the song: \"I think Bruno and I are both huge fans of older music, like Billy Joel and Elton John . We always loved those moments where you can sit at the piano and emote. Those intimate moments when an artist is so naked and vulnerable; you can’t help but be drawn to it. We always wanted to find a stripped down song like that, which is how that song came to be. The subject matter was real life; Bruno had experienced that, so we tried to say it in the best and catchiest way we could.\" [3] \"When I Was Your Man\" was mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in Hollywood by Manny Marroquin. Bruno Mars played the piano, while the recording was done by Ari Levine at Daptone Studios in Brooklyn, New York and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles, California. Charlez Moniz was responsible for providing additional engineering to the recording, while David Kutch mastered it at Mastering Palace. [4] Composition and lyrics [ edit ] \"When I Was Your Man\" A 20-second sample of \"When I Was Your Man\", where Mars sings about a lost love, while piano is playing on the background. Problems playing this file? See media help . \"When I Was Your Man\" was written by Andrew Wyatt , Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence and Ari Levine, while production was handled by the latter three production-team The Smeezingtons . [4] Having chord progressions Am-C-Dm-G-G7-C (verse) and F-G-C (chorus), the song is written in the key of C Major , with Mars' vocals range from the low note of G3 to the high note of C5. [5] The pop piano ballad finds Mars singing about a pre-fame heartbreak as he regrets letting his woman get away. [6] [7] It starts with a rolling piano riff ; unto a nearly scat \"vocal cadence\": \"Same bed but it feels just a little bit bigger now / Our song on the radio but it don’t sound the same\", as he laments the \"single state\" he created for himself. [8] Next, he sings of his failings; to do right by his woman, \"I shoulda bought you flowers / And held your hand / Shoulda gave you all my hours / When I had the chance\". [8] Its title phrase re-emerges in the final chorus, juxtaposed by Bruno from all the things he \"shoulda\" done, into things he hopes his ex’s new man will do; concluding: \"Do all of the things I should have done / When I was your man\". [8] In an interview to Rolling Stone , Mars revealed, while reluctant, that he wrote the song for his girlfriend, model Jessica Caban , when he was worried about losing her. In contrast with the song, Mars and Caban stayed together; remaining a couple as of 2014. Mars also said, in the interview, that he finds it difficult to perform the song; saying: \"You're bringing up all these old emotions again,\" and that: \"It's just like bleeding!\" [9] For Andrew Unterberger of Pop Dust , the song \"starts out dangerously close to ' Drops of Jupiter ' territory, but luckily, there are no fried chicken or soy latte lyrics to be found here.\" [8] He also noted that, \"'When I Was Your Man' goes minimal with the musical accompaniment, featuring just Bruno and his piano, sounding halfway between an Alicia Keys ballad and Prince ’s ' How Come U Don't Call Me Anymore? '.\" [8] Andy Gill of The Independent called it a \" McCartney -esque piano ballad.\" [10] Melinda Newman of HitFix thought that the song \"sounds like a cross between Stevie Wonder and Elton John ,\" also seeing \"a touch of Michael Jackson \" in his delivery. [11] Sam Lansky of Idolator agreed, writing that \"while evoking Elton John, the track sounds like it was recorded live in a piano bar, with audible background noise, like the spooling of film on a projector.\" [12] Robert Copsey of Digital Spy said that Mars lists everything he should have done for the one he loved before she broke up with him. [13] Release [ edit ] \"When I Was Your Man\" was released as the third and final promotional single taken from Unorthodox Jukebox , on December 3, 2012. [12] Later, it was reported by Mars that \" Young Girls \" was scheduled to be the second single from the album. [14] However, a week later, while performing \"When I Was Your Man\" on a TV show, he announced that it would be the second official single from the album. [15] To confirm the news, Mediabase also published that the song will be soon released to radio stations. [16] \"When I Was Your Man\" was released as the second single from Unorthodox Jukebox . Atlantic Records serviced the song to mainstream radio in the United States on January 15, 2013. [17] The single was released on the United Kingdom on February 10, 2013 via digital download by Atlantic Records. [13] On March 8, 2013, Warner Music Group sent the song to mainstream radio in Italy. [18] It was released as a CD single in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland on April 5, 2013. [19] Reception [ edit ] Critical [ edit ] The song has received generally positive reviews from most music critics. Sam Lanksy of Idolator gave the song a favorable review, calling it \"an emotional ballad that shows off Mars’ sweet vocals.\" Lansky also praised it, naming it \"another exceptional offering from Unorthodox Jukebox , which is shaping up to be one of the year’s best pop releases.\" [12] Andrew Unterberger of Pop Dust gave the song a rating of 3.5 out of 5 stars, commenting that 'When I Was Your Man' is \"a much more satisfying, less ostentatious ballad than ' Young Girls '— though maybe the lyrics are a little too clichéd to result in a classic soul ballad the way Bruno seems to be going for.\" [8] However, he praised Mars, which according to him, \"nobody puts a song like this over quite like him, and when he hits the big high note on the song’s bridge, it’s about as striking a moment as you’re likely to hear on a pop record this year. It might be a little too perfect to be as devastating as a song like ' Someone Like You ', but it might be a big hit just the same, and it’s guaranteed to absolutely slay in a live set.\" [8] Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly was positive, writing that \"Old-school charm still gets Mars the furthest, and the best thing here is the classic torch song 'When I Was Your Man', which finds him at the piano listing all the ways he wronged an ex. 'Caused a good, strong woman like you to walk out my life,' he cries in his Sinatra -smooth tenor, oozing charm. Maybe he's a jerk. But he's the jerk that girl's going home with tonight.\" [20] Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented that \"The piano tells it all on this song, which is one of the most certain on the album.\" Later, he stated, \"If this isn’t the beginning of the Billy Joel comeback, people should lose their jobs.\" [21] Jason Lipshut of Billboard wrote that \"it will make for a killer lighters-in-the-air moment in concert. Although it's not quite an Alicia Keys -esque powerhouse, 'When I Was Your Man' smartly allows Mars to momentarily remove his fedora and bare his soul.\" [22] The Arizona Republic ' s Ed Masley viewed \"When I Was Your Man\" as one of Unorthodox Jukebox best tracks and described it as \"stripped-down soul\". [23] Jim Farber of New York Daily News wrote that in the ballad, \"he matches his bravura performance to a tune stirring enough to inspire aspiring stars on the ' X Factor / Idol ' axis for years to come.\" [24] Melinda Newman of HitFix called it a \"beautiful piano ballad,\" writing that \"There’s not a lot of embellishment, there are no samples and there is not a wasted note.\" [11] Sandy Cohen of The Huffington Post wrote that \"Mars is at his best on the bare piano ballad 'When I Was Your Man'.\" [25] Andrew Chan of Slant Magazine gave a mixed review for the song, writing that \"his melody and lyrics end up sounding as slight as they did before— an embarrassment for an artist who's staked so much of his image on sturdy, old-fashioned songcraft.\" [26] Digital Spy's Robert Copsey preferred \"Locked Out of Heaven\" to \"When I Was Your Man\", despite being \"a kind gesture and all\". [13] Awards and recognition [ edit ] \"When I Was Your Man\" won \"Favorite Hit\" at the 2013 Premios Juventud [27] and was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , [28] and for Favorite Song at the 2014 People's Choice Awards . [29] The ballad was nominated for Break-Up Song at the 2013 Teen Choice Awards and for That's My Jam at the 2013 NewNowNext Awards . [30] [31] The song was one of the several winners of the 2014 ASCAP Pop Music Awards for Most Performed Song. [32] It was the fourth most played song on radio, the eighth most played on Top 40 and on Adult Contemporary radios, according to Nielsen SoundScan [33] Mediabase ranked the song as the 15th most played on Top 40 radio stations in 2013. [34] In the UK, \"When I Was Your Man\" was the tenth pop track most played in 2013. [35] Chart performance [ edit ] North America [ edit ] \"When I Was Your Man\" was released on iTunes as a promotional single, leading the song to debut at number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. [36] His performance on The Voice re-entered the song at number 62. [37] \"When I Was Your Man\" entered the top 10 the week of February 13, 2013, charting at number 9, becoming Mars' 10th top 10 single. At that time, \" Locked Out of Heaven \" was at number 2, and thus Mars became the first male artist to place two titles as a lead act in the Hot 100's top 10 simultaneously since \" Grenade \" and \" Just the Way You Are \" doubled up for eight consecutive weeks. [38] On February 27, 2013, the song jumped from number 8 to number 3 on the Hot 100 with \"Airplay Gainer\" honors for a seventh week in a row, tying it with Rihanna's \"Rude Boy\" (2010), T-Pain's \"Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin'),\" featuring Yung Joc (2007), and Beyonce's \"Baby Boy,\" featuring Sean Paul (2003), for the longest streak dating to the award's 1985 launch. [39] The song reached number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, in its 16th week after being discounted to 69 cents on the iTunes music store, making it Mars' slowest-peaking single. [40] [41] It also became the second number 1 song in the chart's to feature exclusively piano and vocals. Mars, Adele and John Legend are the only who have been able to achieve this feat. [42] With \"When I Was Your Man\" topping the Hot 100, Mars reached the same mark as Diddy, Ludacris, Prince and Lionel Richie. Elvis Presley was the only male who reached five leaders more quickly than Mars. [41] It stayed at number one for one week, before being replaced by P!nk's \"Just Give Me a Reason.\" On the Radio Songs chart, \"When I Was Your Man\" peaked at number one, becoming Mars' fifth number one on the chart. Among men, Mars tied 50 Cent and trailed Usher, Ludacris and Kanye West, the latter two with six number ones and the former with seven, since the chart's 1990 start. At that time, Mariah Carey led the list with 11 songs peaking at number one on the chart. [43] On the Mainstream Top 40 chart, \"When I Was Your Man\" peaked at number 1, giving Mars the highest total among solo males of number one songs (six) on the chart (only Katy Perry and Rihanna lead all acts with eleven number one's each). [44] After a year, Justin Timberlake's \"Not a Bad Thing\" passed Mars for most number one songs on the Mainstream Top 40. [45] The song reached its one million downloads in the United States on February 27, 2013. [46] It became the ninth best-selling song of 2013 in the US with 3,928,000 downloads sold. [47] As of January 2014, it has sold over 4,123,000 downloads in the US. [47] On the Canadian Hot 100 chart, the song was a success by peaking at number 3 on March 23, 2013, and by having spent 32 weeks on the chart. [48] \"When I Was Your Man\" topped the Canadian CHR/Top 40 and Hot AC charts. [49] [50] It was kept from the top spot on Canada AC. [51] It was certified four times platinum by the Music Canada , indicating shipment of 320,000 copies. [52] International [ edit ] \"When I Was Your Man\" peaked at number 2, in the United Kingdom. [53] The song was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting sales of 600,000 copies. On the Danish Singles Chart , \"When I Was Your Man\" debuted at number 23 on February 15, 2013. The song reached a high point of number 4 on March 8, 2013, and on March 22, 2013, [54] it was certified double-platinum by the IFPI Denmark , indicating streams of 3,600,000. [55] \"When I Was Your Man\" entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 26 on January 1, 2013. After three weeks the song jumped in the top ten, to number 4, remaining for two non-consecutive weeks, becoming its highest peak. [56] The single has received a double-platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand , denoting sales of 30,000 copies. [57] In Australia , the song debuted at number 44 on the ARIA Charts week of December 23, 2012. Later, it jumped to number 21. In its third week, it dropped to number 29, however, in its fourth week, the song climbed to number 18. [58] In its fifth week, the song gave a huge climb to number 6, becoming his sixth top-ten single in Australia. [58] It was certified six times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). [59] In South Korea , the song peaked at number 7 on the \"International Download Chart\". [60] In 2012, the single sold 38,178 copies and in 2013 it was able to sell 258,106. [61] [62] Overall, the single sold 296,284 copies in both years. [61] [62] Worldwide, it was the eighth best selling digital single of 2013 with sales of 8.3 million copies [63] Live performances [ edit ] \"When I Was Your Man\" was performed live for the first time on the season three finale of US The Voice . Mars performed the song with two piano players and no stage production except for blue lighting. Unlike, most performers he did not sing with a contestant from the show. [64] Rap-Up considered that Mars \"rocked the stage\" during his performance, while EW 's Hillary Bussis found the crowd to \"go crazy\" because of his lyrics or persuading Mars \"to ditch those Cee Lo shades\". [65] [66] He also performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on January 10, 2013. The performance had Mars with piano accompaniment. [67] Kyle McGovern of Spin wrote that \"he swells and contracts with every new regret and heartbroken epiphany.\" McGovern also stated, \"Mars might still be locked out of heaven, but it sounds like he's getting closer to the angels.\" [67] \"When I Was Your Man\" was performed at The Jonathan Ross Show after an interview, on March 3, 2013. [68] The song was performed at season five the finale of Let's Dance for Comic Relief , on March 9, 2013. [69] On April 3, 2014, Mars performed the song live on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Carl Williott called the performance \"flawless\". [70] It was sung on the show Vivement Dimanche , on April 7, 2013. [71] On May 26, 2013, the single was performed at the Radio 1's Big Weekend . [72] It was the twelfth song of his second and third worldwide tours, The Moonshine Jungle Tour (2013-2015) and 24K Magic World Tour (2017-2018), respectively. [73] [74] Cover versions and usage in media [ edit ] In 2013, The Voice UK contestant Mike Ward performed the song during the competition. A studio version of his performance was released and peaked at number 60 in the UK Singles Chart. [75] Country singer Thomas Rhett recorded a cover of the song as a 'thank-you' to fans. [76] The song was released for sale on February 3, 2015 and it debuted at No. 27 on the Hot Country Songs chart and despite failing to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , it peaked inside of the Bubbling Under Hot 100 , which acts as an extension of the former chart, peaking at number 7 there. [77] [78] \"When I Was Your Man\" was included on the soundtrack of the Brazilian soap opera Amor à Vida . [79] Music video [ edit ] Development and synopsis [ edit ] The music video of the song was directed by Cameron Duddy and Mars, and was released February 5, 2013. [80] The video portrays the taping of a TV special, [81] in which Mars is playing a lonely balladeer on the ivories while sitting in front of a piano with sunglasses donned and a half-full glass of whiskey atop his instrument, wearing a suit with a carnation boutonnière , while he keeps reminding himself of what he could have done to keep his lover. [82] [83] The video is based on 70's vibe and retro effects. [84] The set and the idea of the video is similar to one used for \" Love in the Key of C \", a 1997 Belinda Carlisle minor hit. [85] Reception [ edit ] Rolling Stone , called the video \"powerful\" and a found \"the final crescendo reaching a breaking point of true sorrow\". [82] Chris Payne, from Billboard called the music video \"somber\". [83] Nicole Sia of Spin praised \"the song's visual\". [84] According to Lansky of Idolator , \"the clip, which is basically just Mars...sitting and singing at the piano...works\". He continued, \"While he certainly could have gone for something a little more high-concept, the clip’s elegant framing just draws attention to...the song\". [86] Track listing [ edit ] Promotional CD single [56] \"When I Was Your Man\"  – 3:34 Official CD single [19] \"When I Was Your Man\"  – 3:36 \"Locked Out of Heaven\" (Cazzette's Answering Machine Mix) – 5:04 Credits and personnel [ edit ] Recording Recorded at: Daptone Studios in Brooklyn , New York and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California; mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California. Personnel Bruno Mars – lead vocals, songwriting , piano Philip Lawrence – songwriting Andrew Wyatt – songwriting The Smeezingtons – production Ari Levine – songwriting, recording Charles Moniz – additional engineer Manny Marroquin – mixing David Kutch – mastering Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unorthodox Jukebox , Atlantic Records [4] Charts [ edit ] Weekly charts [ edit ] Chart (2013-2014) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) [58] 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) [87] 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) [88] 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia) [89] 13 Brazil ( Crowley Broadcast Analysis ) [90] 9 Brazil Hot Pop Songs [91] 3 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) [48] 3 Canada AC ( Billboard ) [51] 2 Canada CHR/Top 40 ( Billboard ) [50] 1 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) [49] 1 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) [92] 4 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) [54] 4 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) [93] 3 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) [94] 13 France ( SNEP ) [95] 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) [96] 23 Iceland ( RÚV ) [97] 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) [98] 6 Israel ( Media Forest ) [99] 4 Italy ( FIMI ) [100] 13 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) [101] 60 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) [102] 3 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) [103] 7 Mexico Top Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) [104] 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) [105] 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) [56] 4 Norway ( VG-lista ) [106] 8 Portugal ( Billboard ) [107] 3 Scotland (Official Charts Company) [108] 10 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) [109] 3 South Africa ( EMA ) [110] 7 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) [60] 7 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) [111] 22 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) [112] 16 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [113] 12 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [114] 2 US Billboard Hot 100 [115] 1 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) [116] 1 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) [117] 1 US Dance/Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) [118] 19 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) [119] 1 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) [120] 4 Venezuela Pop/Rock General ( Record Report ) [121] 2 Other versions [ edit ] Mike Ward version Chart (2013) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) [75] 60 Thomas Rhett version Chart (2015) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) [78] 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) [77] 27 Year-end charts [ edit ] Chart (2013-2014) Position Australia (ARIA) [122] 17 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) [123] 33 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) [124] 32 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) [125] 13 Germany (Media Control AG) [126] 89 Ireland (IRMA) [127] 18 Italy ( FIMI ) [128] 51 Netherlands (Single Top 100) [129] 31 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) [130] 10 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) [131] 52 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) [132] 50 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [133] 16 US Billboard Hot 100 [134] 8 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) [135] 14 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) [136] 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) [137] 14 Certifications [ edit ] Region Certification Certified units /Sales Australia ( ARIA ) [59] 6× Platinum 420,000 ^ Belgium ( BEA ) [138] Gold 15,000 * Canada ( Music Canada ) [52] 4× Platinum 320,000 ^ Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) [55] Gold 15,000 ^ France ( SNEP ) [139] Gold 75,000 * Germany ( BVMI ) [140] Gold 150,000 ^ Italy ( FIMI ) [141] 2× Platinum 60,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) [142] 2× Platinum 120,000 * New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [57] 2× Platinum 30,000 * Sweden ( GLF ) [131] Platinum 40,000 ^ Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland) [143] Platinum 30,000 ^ United Kingdom ( BPI ) [144] Platinum 600,000 ^ United States ( RIAA ) [145] 6× Platinum 6,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) [146] Platinum 10,000 ^ Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) [147] 2× Platinum 3,600,000 ^ * sales figures based on certification alone ^ shipments figures based on certification alone sales+streaming figures based on certification alone Release history [ edit ] Promotional release [ edit ] Country Date Format Label Ref. Worldwide December 3, 2012 Digital download (iTunes countdown single) Atlantic [12] Single release [ edit ] Country Date Format Label Ref. United States January 15, 2013 Mainstream radio Atlantic [17] United Kingdom February 10, 2013 Digital download [13] Italy March 8, 2013 Mainstream radio Warner [18] Germany April 5, 2013 CD single Atlantic [19] Austria Switzerland References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Diehl, Matt (November 21, 2012). \"Bruno Mars and Diplo Hit Paris Strip Club for 'Unorthodox' Inspiration\" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 27, 2012 . Jump up ^ \" ' When I Was Your Man' - Bruno Mars Latest News\" . Bruno Mars . Retrieved January 11, 2013 . Jump up ^ LeDonne, Rob (September 4, 2013). \"Philip Lawrence: Bruno Mars' Right Hand Man Goes Solo\" . American Songwriter . Archived from the original on December 7, 2015 . Retrieved December 7, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Unorthodox Jukebox (CD booklet). Bruno Mars . United States: Atlantic Records . 2012. 533064-2. 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Jump up ^ Williott, Carl (April 3, 2013). \"Watch Bruno Mars Get Emotional During \"When I Was Your Man\" On 'Ellen\" . Idolator . Retrieved March 22, 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff, France 2 (April 7, 2013). \"Spéciale M. Pokora\" . France 2 (in French) . Retrieved March 26, 2014 . Jump up ^ Trent, Trini (May 27, 2013). \"Bruno Mars Closes BBC Radio 1 Big Weekend\" . Trini Trent TV . Archived from the original on June 12, 2013 . Retrieved March 24, 2014 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz, Jason (June 25, 2013). \"Bruno Mars Romps Through 'Moonshine Jungle' Tour in Philadelphia: Live Review\" . Billboard . Retrieved February 27, 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerra, Luís (April 5, 2017). \"Ele é funk, ele é rock, ele é um romântico. Bruno Mars fê-la bonita em Lisboa\" . Blitz (in Portuguese) . Retrieved April 18, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Mike Ward Charts\" . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 24, 2013 . Jump up ^ Leahey, Anrew (January 19, 2015). \"Watch Thomas Rhett Put Country Spin on Bruno Mars' 'When I Was Your Man\" . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Thomas Rhett Chart History (Hot Country Songs)\" . Billboard . Retrieved June 18, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b \"Thomas Rhett Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)\" . Billboard . Retrieved June 18, 2017. Jump up ^ \"Trilha sonora internacional de Amor à Vida tem Bruno Mars, Daft Punk e Alicia Keys\" . TVG (in Portuguese). October 8, 2013 . Retrieved December 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"When I Was Your Man\" . MTV . United States . Retrieved March 2, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Video: Bruno Mars – 'When I Was Your Man ' \" . Rap-Up . Retrieved March 22, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Staff, Rolling Stone (February 5, 2013). \"Bruno Mars Plays Lonely Balladeer in 'When I Was Your Man ' \" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 21, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Payne, Chris (February 5, 2013). \"Bruno Mars Releases Somber 'When I Was Your Man' Video: Watch\" . Billboard . Retrieved March 22, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sia, Nicole (February 5, 2013). \"Bruno Mars Pours His Heart Out on '70s Soundstage for 'When I Was Your Man' Video\" . Spin . Retrieved March 22, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Love in the key of C\" . BelindaCarlisleHD . March 14, 2012 . Retrieved March 22, 2014 . Jump up ^ Lansky, Sam (June 14, 2013). \"Bruno Mars' \"When I Was Your Man\" Video: Watch The Retro Performance Clip\" . Idolator . Retrieved September 3, 2015 . Jump up ^ \" Austriancharts.at – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" Ultratop.be – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" Ultratop.be – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" (in French). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"TOP 10 BRASIL Weekly Songs: 30/09/2013 à 04/10/2013\" (in Portuguese). Crowley Broadcast Analysis . Archived from the original on October 2013. Jump up ^ BPP, ed. (July 2013). \"Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay\". Billboard Brasil (42): 84–89. Jump up ^ \" ČNS IFPI\" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201318 into search . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"Bruno Mars – Chart history\" Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Bruno Mars. Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" Bruno Mars: When I Was Your Man\" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" Lescharts.com – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" (in French). Les classement single . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" Offiziellecharts.de – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"Bruno Mars Chart History\" . RÚV . Retrieved June 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ \" Chart Track: Week 11, 2013\" . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man Media Forest \". Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" Italiancharts.com – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" . Top Digital Download . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"Bruno Mars Chart History (Japan Hot 100)\" . Billboard . Retrieved October 3, 2013. Jump up ^ \"The Official Lebanese Top 20 – Bruno Mars\" . Retrieved August 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Luxembourg Digital Songs - April 20, 2013\" . Billboard . Retrieved April 30, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Top 20 Ingles\" . Monitor Latino (in Spanish). RadioNotas. Archived from the original on 2013-04-26. Jump up ^ \" Nederlandse Top 40 – Bruno Mars\" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" Norwegiancharts.com – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" . VG-lista . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"Portugal Digital Songs - Peak\" . Billboard . Retrieved May 19, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" SNS IFPI\" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201324 into search . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" EMA Top 10 Airplay: Week Ending 2013-05-21\" . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16, 2015. Jump up ^ \" Spanishcharts.com – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" Swedishcharts.com – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \" Swisscharts.com – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"Official Singles Chart Top 100\" . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ \"Bruno Mars Chart History (Hot 100)\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"Bruno Mars Chart History (Adult Contemporary)\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"Bruno Mars Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"Bruno Mars Chart History (Dance Mix/Show Airplay)\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"Bruno Mars Chart History (Pop Songs)\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"Bruno Mars Chart History (Rhythmic)\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ \"Pop Rock General\" . Record Report (in Spanish). R.R. Digital C.A. 2013-04-27. Archived from the original on 2013-04-26. Jump up ^ \"End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2013\" . ARIA . Retrieved July 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"JAAROVERZICHTEN 2013: Singles\" (in Dutch). Ultratop (NL) . Retrieved July 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"RAPPORTS ANNUELS 2013: Singles\" (in French). Ultratop (WA) . Retrieved July 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Best of 2013: Canadian Hot 100\" . Billboard . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved December 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013\" (in German). VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Best of 2013\" . IRMA. Retrieved July 2, 2014. Jump up ^ \"I singoli più venduti del 2013\" (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved August 15, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"JAAROVERZICHTEN 2013: Singles\" (in Dutch). dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved July 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Top Selling Singles of 2013\" . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 1, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Årslista Singlar – År 2013\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 3, 2016 . Retrieved July 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ Hung, Steffen. \"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2013\" . hitparade.ch . Retrieved January 2, 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane, Daniel (January 1, 2014). \"The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013\" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 1, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Best of 2013 – Hot 100 Songs\" . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 12, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Best of 2013 - Pop Songs\" . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017 . Retrieved December 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Best of 2013 - Adult Contemporany Songs\" . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015 . Retrieved December 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Best of 2013 - Adult Pop Songs\" . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016 . Retrieved December 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – 2013\" . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"French single certifications – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ \"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bruno Mars; 'When I Was Your Man')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ \"Italian single certifications – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ \"Photos de Certificados Musicales Amprofon\" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . March 13, 2015 . Retrieved March 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Bruno Mars; 'When I Was Your Man')\" . IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Jump up ^ \"British single certifications – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 3, 2013 . Enter When I Was Your Man in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ \"American single certifications – Bruno Mars – When I Was Your Man\" . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17, 2013 . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ APFV (November 30, 2013). \"Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013\" (PDF) (in Spanish). APFV. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2014 . Retrieved January 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Certificeringer - Bruno Mars - When I Was Your Man\" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . External links [ edit ] Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics When I Was Your Man (Audio) on YouTube [ hide ] v t e Bruno Mars songs Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs written Doo-Wops & Hooligans \" Just the Way You Are \" \" Grenade \" \" The Lazy Song \" \" Talking to the Moon \" \" Marry You \" \" Count On Me \" Unorthodox Jukebox \" Locked Out of Heaven \" \" When I Was Your Man \" \" Treasure \" \" Gorilla \" \" Young Girls \" 24K Magic \" 24K Magic \" \" That's What I Like \" \" Versace on the Floor \" \" Chunky \" \" Finesse \" Featured singles \" Nothin' on You \" \" Billionaire \" \" Lighters \" \" Young, Wild & Free \" \" Mirror \" \" Bubble Butt \" \" Uptown Funk \" Other singles \" It Will Rain \" Promotional singles \" Liquor Store Blues \" \" Moonshine \" Other songs \" Runaway Baby \" Book Category Template Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_I_Was_Your_Man&oldid=838248751 \" Categories : 2010s ballads 2012 songs 2013 singles 2013 songs Atlantic Records singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) number-one singles Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number-one singles Bruno Mars songs Song recordings produced by The Smeezingtons Songs written by Andrew Wyatt Songs written by Ari Levine Songs written by Bruno Mars Songs written by Philip Lawrence (songwriter) Pop ballads Torch songs Soul ballads Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Danish-language sources (da) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Bosanski Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018, at 21:01. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "When I Was Your Man", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=When_I_Was_Your_Man&oldid=838248751" }

{ "text": "Rihla - Wikipedia Rihla From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Riḥlah ( Arabic : رحلة ‎, \"Journey\" or \"Travels\") is a Classical Arabic term of a quest , with connotations of a voyage undertaken for the sake of divine knowledge of Islam . It is also a form of travel literature based upon the experiences of the travelers. [1] [2] The term \"Rihla\" was especially attributed to the written account of the adventures of the Islamic traveler and scholar, Ibn Battuta . Ibn Battuta traveled throughout most of the Islamic world during 1304-1369 C.E., later dictating his account as the Rihla . Contents [ hide ] 1 As travel 2 As literature 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links As travel [ edit ] The Rihla travel practice originated in Middle Ages Morocco and served to connect Muslims of Morocco to the collective consciousness of the ummah across the Islamic world, thereby generating a larger sense of community. Rihla consists of three types: [3] Rihla - journey within Morocco, typically to meet with other pilgrims before traveling beyond the local area. Rihla hijaziyya - journey to the Hejaz which would be transmitted via an oral or written report. Rihla sifariyya - journey to foreign lands including to embassies and missions in territories in Dar al-Harb . Events on these journeys would be the basis of the extant travel literature. The performance of Rihla was considered in Moorish al-Andalus as a qualifier for teachers and political leaders. [4] These journey also coincided with the end of the Mongol invasions and a new opportunity for Islamic expansion. [5] As literature [ edit ] The writing of Ibn Jubayr is a foundation of the genre of work called Rihla, or the creative travelogue. Concerning his travel to Mecca in 1183, \"...his two-year journey made a considerable impact on literary history. His account of his travels and tribulations in the East served as the foundational work of a new genre of writing, the rihla, or the creative travelogue: a mix of personal narrative, description, opinion and anecdote. In following centuries, countless people emulated and even plagiarized him.\" [6] The best known Rihla manuscript is \"A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling\" ( تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار , or Tuḥfat an-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār ), often referred to as \"The Travels of Ibn Battuta\" ( رحلة ابن بطوطة , or Riḥlat Ibn Baṭūṭah ). The Travels is a medieval book which recounts the journey of the 14th-century Moroccan scholar and traveler Ibn Battuta. The book was dictated to Ibn Juzayy on orders from the Marinid Sultan Abu Inan Faris who was impressed by the story and travels of Ibn Battuta. [7] Although Ibn Battuta was an accomplished and well-documented explorer, his travels had been unknown outside the Islamic world for many years. [8] See also [ edit ] Journey to Mecca (2009 film) References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"What is the Rihla?\" . Rihla Reflections . Archived from the original on 2012-11-09. Jump up ^ http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/resources.html Jump up ^ Eickelman, Dale F.; Piscatori, James P. (1990). Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration and the Religious Imagination . University of California Press. pp. 69–71. Jump up ^ Michael Karl Lenker, “The Importance of the Rihla for the Islamization of Spain,” Dissertations Available from ProQuest (January 1, 1982): 1–388 Jump up ^ Tolmacheva, Marina (1995). \"Ibn Battuta in Black Africa\". The International Journal of African Historical Studies . 28 (3): 696–697. doi : 10.2307/221221 . Jump up ^ Grammatico, Daniel and Werner, Louis. 2015. The Travel Writer Ibn Jubayr. Aramco World . Volume 66, No. 1, January–February 2015. Page 40. Jump up ^ Dunn, Ross E. (2004). The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century . University of California Press. p. 310. ISBN 0-520-24385-4 . Jump up ^ Tolmacheva, Marina (1988). \"The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century\". The International Journal of African Historical Studies . 21 (1): 149–150. doi : 10.2307/219908 . Further reading [ edit ] Euben, Roxanne L. Journeys to the Other Shore: Muslim and Western Travelers in Search of Knowledge . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691138404 . External links [ edit ] Ibn Battuta’s Rihla (Arabic online text) World Digital Library hide v t e Geography and cartography in medieval Islam Geographers 9th century Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī Ya'qubi Sulaiman al-Tajir 10th century Ibn Khordadbeh Ahmad ibn Rustah Ahmad ibn Fadlan Abu Zayd al-Balkhi Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī Al-Masudi Istakhri Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad Ibn Hawqal Ibn al-Faqih Al-Muqaddasi Al-Ramhormuzi 11th century Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī Al-Bakri Mahmud al-Kashgari Domiyat 12th century Al-Zuhri Muhammad al-Idrisi Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi 13th century Ibn Jubayr Saadi Shirazi Yaqut al-Hamawi Ibn Said al-Maghribi Ibn al-Nafis 14th century Al-Dimashqi Abu'l-Fida Ibn al-Wardi Hamdollah Mostowfi Ibn Battuta Lin Nu 15th century Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh Ahmad ibn Mājid Zheng He Ma Huan Fei Xin 16th century Sulaiman Al Mahri Piri Reis Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi Amīn Rāzī 17th century Evliya Çelebi Works Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī) Book of Roads and Kingdoms (ibn Khordadbeh) Tabula Rogeriana Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar Mu'jam Al-Buldan Rihla The Meadows of Gold Piri Reis map Influences Geography (Ptolemy) Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rihla&oldid=827867491 \" Categories : Hajj accounts Marinid dynasty Geographical works of medieval Islam Travel books 14th-century books Arabic words and phrases Medieval Arabic literature Hidden categories: Articles containing Arabic-language text Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Occitan Română Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018, at 05:24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Rihla", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Rihla&oldid=827867491" }

{ "text": "Talk:The Big Sleep - Wikipedia Talk:The Big Sleep From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the The Big Sleep article. This is not a forum for general discussion of the article's subject. Put new text under old text. Click here to start a new topic . Please sign and date your posts by typing four tildes ( ~~~~ ). New to Wikipedia? Welcome ! Ask questions, get answers . Be polite , and welcoming to new users Assume good faith Avoid personal attacks For disputes, seek dispute resolution Article policies No original research Neutral point of view Verifiability Archives : 1 WikiProject Novels / Crime [ hide ] (Rated C-class, High-importance) Novels Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels Template:WikiProject Novels novel articles Novels portal v t e This article is within the scope of WikiProject Novels , an attempt to build a comprehensive and detailed guide to novels , novellas , novelettes and short stories on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, you can edit one of the articles mentioned below, or visit the project page, where you can join the project and contribute to the general Project discussion to talk over new ideas and suggestions. C This article has been rated as C-Class on the project's quality scale . High This article has been rated as High-importance on the project's importance scale . This article is supported by Crime task force (marked as Top-importance ). This talk page is automatically archived by MiszaBot I . Any threads with no replies in 1 year may be automatically moved. Sections without timestamps are not archived. Contents [ hide ] 1 Plot analysis 2 Who killed Owen Taylor? 3 \"Marlowe's car\" 4 Trivia Section 5 Added Background section 6 Name of Lauren Bacall character Vivian Plot analysis [ edit ] I wrote a large, somewhat too large plot analysis of the Big Sleep. Maybe it should be moved to Wikibooks... I fixed all links on other pages to distinguish between the two films and the book. -- Alexs letterbox 03:46, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC) Who killed Owen Taylor? [ edit ] Owen Taylor probably committed suicide. Chandler was not out of town when cabled by the Studio. According to Robert Mitchum, in a witness account from the June 1986 Special Anniversary Issue of LA Style, \" ..., I met Chandler once. There was a bookstore. I think a man named Allen Wilson ran it. On Wilcox, I believe. They had a backroom crowd there. He was sort of apart from the rest. A lot of the writers used to get their mail there. If anybody got a check, they bought a bottle of sparkling burgundy or something. Chandler was a little distant. I thought he was a bit affected. I didn't know at the time that he was sort of a stranger in this country, that he basically regarded himself as an Englishman. The fact that he wore gloves I thought was an affectation. I didn't know that he had problems, chapped hands or whatever. He was in there one time, and got this message from Warner Bros. They didn't know who killed Owen whatever-his-name-was, the chauffeur in The Big Sleep. So one of the guys said, 'Just tell them you don't know.' And apparently that's what he did.\" So, Chandler didn't care who killed Owen. Why should we? Aaprlore ( talk ) 23:32, 13 September 2013 (UTC) Owen Taylor was killed by Joe Brody. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.212.107.235 ( talk • contribs ) No-one knows who killed Taylor, though Brody would be a good suspect. Why not Canino? Why not what's-his-name the pornographer? Why not Carmen Sternwood? And it was the Lido Pier. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dino ( talk • contribs ) I may have to re-read it, but if I recall correctly the coroner was wrong; Taylor had been bludgeoned but not killed, and committed suicide when he realized that the incriminating photos had been stolen - hence the confusion on what happened to him. Blackmyron 21:58, 23 December 2005 (UTC) Nonsense. -- MonkBirdDuke 05:21, 13 October 2006 (UTC) Who cares? All that matters is that he's dead. -- Alexs letterbox 06:17, 13 October 2006 (UTC) The following statement is made in the intro: During the making of the 1946 film, Chandler was asked to help when no one involved with the film could figure out who killed one of the characters, only to reply that he didn't know either. The reference is to Owen Taylor and the point is that Chandler left it open as to if he was murdered or committed suicide. The problem is that this statement implies the plot is incomprehensible. Though this is often said it is bogus and should be removed.-- Jack Upland 05:48, 29 October 2006 (UTC) The specific incident was regarding the chauffeur. Bogart asked Hawks what the significance was of the Packard in the bay and the dead chauffeur therein. Hawks asked Faulkner, who had worked on the script, and he did not know either. Faulkner called Chandler at home, and Chandler could no longer recall. I can find a source for this story, and that should settle the matter. --- Charles 14:29, 29 October 2006 (UTC) I heard that Chandler was out of town at the time and they couldn't reach him. We need a good source for this. -- Beardo 01:39, 30 October 2006 (UTC) While it is tough to argue with a rebuttal like 'Nonsense', I read through the novel again to see what I could find. What I found was this: the coroner reported that someone hit Owen on the back of the head, but denied that the blow killed him and it was pointed out that the car wasn't rolled off into the harbor - someone drove it into the harbor. Joe Brody admitted to hitting Owen on the head and taking the pictures, but denied killing him. Owen was obsessed with Carmen, and killed Geiger and took the blackmail photos to protect her. When Brody followed and ambushed him and stole the photos, it seems (at least to me) that when Owen came to and realized the photos were gone, in a fit of despair he drove into the harbor to kill himself. Before I do any editing, however, I would like to see if anyone has any feedback about this... Blackmyron 16:54, 14 July 2007 (UTC) This sounds like original research to me, and speculative at that. Can you find an authority that has written this before? Edwin Stearns | Talk 15:29, 16 July 2007 (UTC) I came to this page to find the answer to who killed Owen. I finished reading the book about a week ago and I was going over the plot in my head and this question jumped out at me. The piece of trivia at the bottom of the page says that even Chandler didnt know who the killer was. I guess the details of the story were as difficult to write as it was to follow at times . —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.215.37.164 ( talk ) 15:05, 30 May 2008 (UTC) I doubt seriously that Chandler didn't know the solution to this mystery, he most certainly had plotted the book before writing it, and the story told by Mitchum and others has grown with the retelling. Hawks's explanation that he deliberately left the answer out of the film also smacks of being self serving. I believe that for reasons of economy, and to reinforce Marlowe's experience of walking into the middle of a large mystery that needs decoding, Chandler cut out months, even years of the story of the Sternwoods and Eddie Marrs. so who are our suspects? first and foremost we have Joe Brody. Joe admits he chased Owen after Owen has killed Geiger, \"sapped him up\" and stole the plate with Carmen's nude photo.He adamantly denies killing Taylor, and is aghast that anyone would try to pin it on him. Chandler, through Marlowe tells us Brody is just not tough or cold enough to murder a guy outright. If Marlowe is wrong it is the only time in the book he has been fooled, and Chandler has no stake in Brody fooling us or Marlowe. suspect 2 is Carol, Geiger's boy-toy. Carol is a stupid, aggressive punk. That He WOULD have killed Taylor in revenge cannot be disputed, except Carol would almost certainly have just blasted him with every bullet he had and left him in the car, rather than stage an elaborate suicide. Before we get to suspect 3, let's talk about the suicide. we are lead to believe that Taylor wakes after being knocked out, realizes he has failed to protect Carmen, and chooses to drive to the Lido Pier and kill himself by driving off of it? one would think it would be the prospect of going to prison for murdering Geiger, or that his love was a perverted drug abuser rather than the loss of the photo.after all, the photo is still out there. But Taylor has been to prison before, and it holds no exaggerated terror for him. As for the revelation that Carmen is a degenerate loon, isn't it safe to assume that Taylor has already figured this out? In fact, Taylor has had a long relationship with Carmen, even taking her to another state and attempting to marry her. why,after such behavior is he still employed by the Sternwoods at all? And why is Joe Brody staking out Geiger's house? Brody first. Brody tells Marlowe that he was attempting to discover if Geiger had any tough associates so he could muscle into the racket as a \"partner\". But Brody is Agnes's boyfriend ! Agnes knows that Geiger has a partner already, one with enough pull to let Geiger operate out in the open.Agnes also knows exactly who Canino is. when Marlow mentions Canino her face goes white with fear.No, Joe was certainly going to try to scare some cash out of Geiger,but he and Agnes were definitely not going to hang around after the attempt.Indeed, after Geiger is dead they tell Marlowe of their plans to get away, and this is before they knew of Taylor's death or Carmen's willingness to finger Joe for the murder. Owen Taylor was murdered by Canino. After Taylor and Carmen came back to california, Eddie Marrs ordered Vivian Sternwood to retain Owen.As we know from the ending of the book, Marrs had a big investment in Carmen and the Sternwoods. He bribed Taylor to stay on and report on Carmen's life and habits so he could keep an eye on that investment. Just as he kept a close watch on his investment with Geiger.This explains also how Canino recognized Marlowe at Huck's Garage. The night Carmen left for Geiger's Taylor called Marrs or Canino to report it. Marrs who was aware of Geiger's plan to continue to ensnare Carmen in Blackmail, ordered him to follow and put a halt to it. Canino was dispatched to the house as well. After Taylor murders Geiger without permission, AND loses the photo to Brody,Canino catches up to Taylor in the Packard, drives the car with the unconcious Taylor to the pier and stages the suicide, to punish Taylor for his huge mistakes, to keep him from talking to the police if charged with murder,and to make everybody-including the readers shrug their shoulders when they ask \"who killed Owen Taylor\". Chandler unwittingly gave us a great mystery to solve here, much the same way David Foster Wallace intentionally asked us to imagine a continuing story arc in \"Infinite Jest\" Mohammed wong ( talk ) 19:34, 1 October 2016 (UTC) \"Marlowe's car\" [ edit ] On the way to the safe house, Marlowe's car has a flat tyre, so he visits a mechanic. The mechanic owned for Eddie Mars, and Marlowe is knocked unconscious by Canino and brought to the house where Mona is staying. When he wakes, he sees her, and she frees him after he says the famous line: The bolded part doesn't look right. Should it be \"works for Eddie Mars\"? Motor 21:47, July 25, 2005 (UTC) Fixed - changed to in the pay of Eddie Mars . Ian Dunster ( talk ) 17:11, 28 September 2008 (UTC) Marlowe purposefully flattens his tires in the movie, but in the book this happens because he runs over tacks left on the road in an unconnected incident. As narrator, Marlowe describes this as fateful and only recognizes the name on the repair shop after he's gotten the two flat tires. The movie version works better, perhaps, but since the article is about the book, he falls into a perfect excuse to need the repair shop rather than planning it. MacRutchik 04:17, 27 June 2010 (UTC) Trivia Section [ edit ] I think the entire trivia section should be deleted. In fact, I am deleting it. Here it is: One of the murders is left unexplained. Owen Taylor is found murdered in a car that has been pushed into the bay. Chandler was shocked to find later that he didn't know who the killer was.[2] Songs named after The Big Sleep exist by the New Wave rock band Simple Minds (on their popular album New Gold Dream), the third wave ska band Streetlight Manifesto, the Indiana band Murder by Death (on their third album entitled In Bocca al Lupo), the band Pull Tiger Tail (as a b-side on the 7\" single Let's Lightning), the Alternative rock band The Only Ones and (very probably) others. The Coen brothers' film The Big Lebowski is loosely based on The Big Sleep.[3] The plot of Warren Ellis and JH Williams' graphic novel \"Made in England,\" the first arc of Desolation Jones, is similar to The Big Sleep.[citation needed] Jones' client is a retired Army colonel who tells Jones to find a legendary pornographic film supposedly shot by none other than Adolf Hitler. A Mama's Family episode, in which Thelma dreams she is a detective, is titled \"The Big Nap\". Neither the movie article gain reputability by loose association with pop culture of a different era. Bluerasberry ( talk ) 04:33, 15 December 2008 (UTC) \"Trivia sections\" are unencyclopedic and thus should be removed. This is not a paper placemat is a crummy diner on which trivia is printed to entertain diners while they await their lackadaisical server. Does any guideline say that articles should have a \"Trivia section?\" Edison ( talk ) 03:18, 22 May 2011 (UTC) I think its a mistake to say that The Big Lebowski was loosely inspired by The Big Sleep. Here is the actual relevant text from the web article cited as a reference: \"iW: How much did \"The Big Sleep\" influence \"The Big Lebowski\"? Joel Coen: We wanted to do a Chandler kind of story - how it moves episodically, and deals with the characters trying to unravel a mystery. As well as having a hopelessly complex plot that's ultimately unimportant.\" Except for the similarities of the names, there is very little about The Big Sleep that corresponds to The Big Lebowski. In fact I don't even think \"Bay City\" is mentioned in The Big Sleep. Its more correct to say that The Dude is a reworking of Marlowe as a stoner and there are several elements from various Chandler novels (Bay City, corrupt cops, smart talking LA sleaze balls, powerful rich client with sexually voracious wife) that work there way into Lebowski but its not loosely based on any one novel. Mdebellis ( talk ) 12:12, 8 July 2012 (UTC) I made a minor edit to the trivia section to correct the issue described above. Mdebellis ( talk ) 12:38, 8 July 2012 (UTC) I was just reviewing the recent comments. On the topic of whether a trivia section should even be here I think it should. I think the relevance of a trivia section should be determined by how much of a pop culture icon the article represents. In the case of The Big Sleep its homaged and mocked quite a bit, probably as much as any other novel so I think a trivia section makes sense here. Mdebellis ( talk ) 00:25, 5 April 2013 (UTC) Added Background section [ edit ] I added a Background section. I've been reading the Chandler biography by Frank McShane and added some info from that book on how Chandler wrote the novel Mdebellis ( talk ) 16:33, 7 September 2012 (UTC) Name of Lauren Bacall character Vivian [ edit ] Have been watching the movie on KQED in San Francisco and this part of the description is inaccurate \"Sternwood mentions his other, older daughter Vivian is in a loveless marriage with a man named Rusty Regan, who has disappeared\" Vivian is a divorcee and her original husband was named Rutledge - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Bacall_on_screen_and_stage 2600:1700:9750:AC50:E41D:1132:3AA3:94A9 ( talk ) 12:53, 6 May 2018 (UTC) Please see the article for the film adaptation of this novel — The Big Sleep (1946 film) — and its Plot section. — WFinch ( talk ) 14:52, 6 May 2018 (UTC) Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:The_Big_Sleep&oldid=839913962 \" Categories : C-Class novel articles High-importance novel articles C-Class Crime fiction task force articles Top-importance Crime fiction task force articles Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit New section View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages This page was last edited on 6 May 2018, at 14:52. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Talk:The Big Sleep", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Talk:The_Big_Sleep&oldid=839913962" }

{ "text": "Safety data sheet - Wikipedia Safety data sheet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search System for cataloging information, potential hazards and instructions for safe use associated with a material or product \"MSDS\" redirects here. For the video game, see MapleStory DS . This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy . (March 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An example SDS in a US format provides guidance for handling a hazardous substance and information on its composition and properties. A safety data sheet ( SDS ), [1] material safety data sheet ( MSDS ), or product safety data sheet ( PSDS ) is an important component of product stewardship , occupational safety and health , and spill-handling procedures. SDS formats can vary from source to source within a country depending on national requirements. SDSs are a widely used system for cataloging information on chemicals , chemical compounds , and chemical mixtures . SDS information may include instructions for the safe use and potential hazards associated with a particular material or product. The SDS should be available for reference in the area where the chemicals are being stored or in use. There is also a duty to properly label substances on the basis of physico-chemical, health or environmental risk. Labels can include hazard symbols such as the European Union standard symbols. A SDS for a substance is not primarily intended for use by the general consumer, focusing instead on the hazards of working with the material in an occupational setting. It is important to use an SDS specific to both country and supplier, as the same product (e.g. paints sold under identical brand names by the same company) can have different formulations in different countries. The formulation and hazard of a product using a generic name may vary between manufacturers in the same country. Contents [ hide ] 1 Globally Harmonized System 2 National and international requirements 2.1 Canada 2.2 European Union 2.3 Germany 2.4 South Africa 2.5 The Netherlands 2.6 United Kingdom 2.7 United Nations 2.8 United States 3 SDS authoring 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Globally Harmonized System [ edit ] The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals contains a standard specification for safety data sheets. [2] The SDS follows a 16 section format which is internationally agreed and for substances especially, the SDS should be followed with an Annex which contains the exposure scenarios of this particular substance. [3] The 16 sections are: [4] SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1. Product identifier 1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against 1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet 1.4. Emergency telephone number SECTION 2: Hazards identification 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture 2.2. Label elements 2.3. Other hazards SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients 3.1. Substances 3.2. Mixtures SECTION 4: First aid measures 4.1. Description of first aid measures 4.2. Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed 4.3. Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed SECTION 5: Firefighting measures 5.1. Extinguishing media 5.2. Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture 5.3. Advice for firefighters SECTION 6: Accidental release measure 6.1. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures 6.2. Environmental precautions 6.3. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up 6.4. Reference to other sections SECTION 7: Handling and storage 7.1. Precautions for safe handling 7.2. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities 7.3. Specific end use(s) SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection 8.1. Control parameters 8.2. Exposure controls SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties 9.1. Information on basic physical and chemical properties 9.2. Other information SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity 10.1. Reactivity 10.2. Chemical stability 10.3. Possibility of hazardous reactions 10.4. Conditions to avoid 10.5. Incompatible materials 10.6. Hazardous decomposition products SECTION 11: Toxicological information 11.1. Information on toxicological effects SECTION 12: Ecological information 12.1. Toxicity 12.2. Persistence and degradability 12.3. Bioaccumulative potential 12.4. Mobility in soil 12.5. Results of PBT and vPvB assessment 12.6. Other adverse effects SECTION 13: Disposal considerations 13.1. Waste treatment methods SECTION 14: Transport information 14.1. UN number 14.2. UN proper shipping name 14.3. Transport hazard class(es) 14.4. Packing group 14.5. Environmental hazards 14.6. Special precautions for user 14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code SECTION 15: Regulatory information 15.1. Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture 15.2. Chemical safety assessment SECTION 16: Other information 16.2. Date of the latest revision of the SDS National and international requirements [ edit ] Canada [ edit ] In Canada , the program known as the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) establishes the requirements for SDSs in workplaces and is administered federally by Health Canada under the Hazardous Products Act , Part II, and the Controlled Products Regulations . European Union [ edit ] Safety data sheets have been made an integral part of the system of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH). [5] The original requirements of REACH for SDSs have been further adapted to take into account the rules for safety data sheets of the Global Harmonised System (GHS) [6] and the implementation of other elements of the GHS into EU legislation that were introduced by Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) [7] via an update to Annex II of REACH. [8] The SDS must be supplied in an official language of the Member State(s) where the substance or mixture is placed on the market, unless the Member State(s) concerned provide(s) otherwise (Article 31(5) of REACH). The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) has published a guidance document on the compilation of safety data sheets. Germany [ edit ] The German Federal Water Management Act requires that substances be evaluated for negative influence on the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water. These are classified into numeric water hazard classes (WGK or WHC, depending on whether you use the German or English abbreviation). WGK nwg: Non-water polluting substance WGK 1: Slightly water polluting substance WGK 2: Water polluting substance WGK 3: Highly water polluting substance South Africa [ edit ] This section contributes to a better understanding of the regulations governing SDS within the South African framework. As regulations may change, it is the responsibility of the reader to verify the validity of the regulations mentioned in text. As globalisation increased and countries engaged in cross-border trade, the quantity of hazardous material crossing international borders amplified. [9] Realising the detrimental effects of hazardous trade, the United Nations established a committee of experts specialising in the transportation of hazardous goods . [10] The committee provides best practises governing the conveyance of hazardous materials and goods for land including road and railway; air as well as sea transportation. These best practises are constantly updated to remain current and relevant. There are various other international bodies who provide greater detail and guidance for specific modes of transportation such as the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) by means of the International Maritime Code [11] and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) via the Technical Instructions for the safe transport of dangerous goods by air [12] as well as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) who provides regulations for the transport of dangerous goods. These guidelines prescribed by the international authorities are applicable to the South African land, sea and air transportation of hazardous materials and goods. In addition to these rules and regulations to International best practice, South Africa has also implemented common laws which are laws based on custom and practise. Common laws are a vital part of maintaining public order and forms the basis of case laws. Case laws, using the principles of common law are interpretations and decisions of statutes made by courts. Acts of parliament are determinations and regulations by parliament which form the foundation of statutory law. Statutory laws are published in the government gazette or on the official website. Lastly, subordinate legislation are the bylaws issued by local authorities and authorised by parliament. Statutory law gives effect to the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1993 and the National Road Traffic Act of 1996. The Occupational Health and Safety Act details the necessary provisions for the safe handling and storage of hazardous materials and goods whilst the transport act details with the necessary provisions for the transportation of the hazardous goods. Relevant South African legislation includes the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1993, [13] the National Road Traffic Act of 1996, [14] and the Standards Act of 2008. [15] [16] There has been selective incorporation of aspects of the Globally Harmonised System (GHS) of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals into South African legislation. At each point of the chemical value chain, there is a responsibility to manage chemicals in a safe and responsible manner. SDS is therefore required by law. [17] A SDS is included in the requirements of Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No.85 of 1993) Regulation 1179 dated 25 August 1995. The categories of information supplied in the SDS are listed in SANS 11014:2010; dangerous goods standards – Classification and information. SANS 11014:2010 supersedes the first edition SANS 11014-1:1994 and is an identical implementation of ISO 11014:2009. According to SANS 11014:2010: The Netherlands [ edit ] Dutch Safety Data Sheets are well known as veiligheidsinformatieblad nl:Veiligheidsinformatieblad or Chemiekaarten. This is a collection of Safety Data Sheets of the most widely used chemicals. The Chemiekaarten boek is commercially available, but also made available through educational institutes, such as the web site offered by the university of Groningen [18] United Kingdom [ edit ] In the U.K. , the Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002 - known as CHIP Regulations - impose duties upon suppliers, and importers into the EU, of hazardous materials . [19] NOTE: Safety data sheets (SDS) are no longer covered by the CHIP regulations. The laws that require a SDS to be provided have been transferred to the European REACH Regulations. [20] The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations govern the use of hazardous substances in the workplace in the UK and specifically require an assessment of the use of a substance. [21] Regulation 12 requires that an employer provides employees with information, instruction and training for people exposed to hazardous substances. This duty would be very nearly impossible without the data sheet as a starting point. It is important for employers therefore to insist on receiving a data sheet from a supplier of a substance. The duty to supply information is not confined to informing only business users of products. SDSs for retail products sold by large DIY shops are usually obtainable on those companies' web sites. Web sites of manufacturers and large suppliers do not always include them even if the information is obtainable from retailers but written or telephone requests for paper copies will usually be responded to favourably. United Nations [ edit ] The United Nations (UN) defines certain details used in SDSs such as the UN numbers used to identify some hazardous materials in a standard form while in international transit.... United States [ edit ] In the U.S. , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires that SDSs be readily available to all employees for potentially harmful substances handled in the workplace under the Hazard Communication regulation. The SDS is also required to be made available to local fire departments and local and state emergency planning officials under Section 311 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act . The American Chemical Society defines Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers ( CAS numbers ) which provide a unique number for each chemical and are also used internationally in SDSs. Reviews of material safety data sheets by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board have detected dangerous deficiencies. The board’s Combustible Dust Hazard Study analyzed 140 data sheets of substances capable of producing combustible dusts. [22] None of the SDSs contained all the information the board said was needed to work with the material safely, and 41 percent failed to even mention that the substance was combustible. As part of its study of an explosion and fire that destroyed the Barton Solvents facility in Valley Center, Kansas, in 2007, the safety board reviewed 62 material safety data sheets for commonly used nonconductive flammable liquids. As in the combustible dust study, the board found all the data sheets inadequate. [23] In 2012, the US adopted the 16 section Safety Data Sheet to replace Material Safety Data Sheets. This became effective on December 1, 2013. These new Safety Data Sheets comply with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS). By June 1, 2015, employers were required to have their workplace labeling and hazard communication programs updated as necessary – including all MSDSs replaced with SDS-formatted documents. [24] SDS authoring [ edit ] Many companies offer the service of collecting, or writing and revising, data sheets to ensure they are up to date and available for their subscribers or users. Some jurisdictions impose an explicit duty of care that each SDS be regularly updated, usually every three to five years. [ citation needed ] However, when new information becomes available, the SDS must be revised without delay. [25] See also [ edit ] Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Dangerous goods European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Fact sheet Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals International Chemical Safety Card Materials database Data collection system MSDSonline (requires subscription) Risk and Safety Statements Health and Safety Executive (UK) References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"Transport - Transport - UNECE\" . Unece.org . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets\" . U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration . Retrieved 2017-10-20 . Jump up ^ \"Guidance - ECHA\" . Guidance.echa.europa.eu . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ \"EUR-Lex - Einfache Suche\" . Web.archive.org . 29 October 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC (OJ L 396, 30.12.2006, corrected version in OJ L136, 29.5.2007, p.3). Jump up ^ \"GHS (Rev.3) (2009) - Transport - UNECE\" . Unece.org . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (OJ L 353, 31.12.2008, p.1) Jump up ^ Commission Regulation (EU) No 453/2010 of 20 May 2010 amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) (O.J. L133 31.05.2010, p1-43) Jump up ^ Janelle, Donald G; Beuthe, Michel (1997). \"Globalization and research issues in transportation\" (PDF) . Journal of Transport Geography . Elsevier Science Ltd . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Dangerous Goods Digest - The Orange Book of Southern Africa . Foresight Publications. 2015. Jump up ^ \"About IMO\" . Imo.org . Retrieved 2016-02-05 . Jump up ^ \"Annex 18\" . Icao.int . Retrieved 2016-02-05 . Jump up ^ \"Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993)\" . Acts.co.za . Retrieved 2016-02-05 . Jump up ^ \"National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act No. 93 of 1996)\" . Acts.co.za . Retrieved 2016-02-05 . Jump up ^ \"Standards Act, 2008 (Act No. 8 of 2008)\" . Acts.co.za . Retrieved 2016-02-05 . Jump up ^ \"SABS - ABOUT SABS OVERVIEW\" . Sabs.co.za . Retrieved 2016-02-05 . Jump up ^ \"Health and safety laws update July 2015\" . Sheqafrica.com . Retrieved 2016-02-10 . Jump up ^ \"ICSDS, Source of all your needs on GHS SDS for an affordable fee\" . Icsds.com . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ \"The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2002\" . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Redirect to... Chemical classification\" . Hse.gov.uk . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)\" . Hse.gov.uk . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ \"U.S Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Investigation Report, Combustible Dust Hazard Study, Report No. 2006-H-1\" (PDF) . Csb.gov . November 2006. pp. 38, 88–95 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Archived copy\" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-08 . Retrieved 2012-12-09 . Jump up ^ \"GHS Overview - SafeTec\" . Safetec.net . Retrieved 2016-02-10 . Jump up ^ European Chemicals Agency (2013). Guidance in a Nutshell - Compilation of safety data sheets (REACH Regulation) Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine . . Version 1.0. p. 7. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dangerous goods documentation . SDS Google search - hosted by the University of California MSDS Search Engine SDS Search Engine MSDS-SDS-Comparison [ hide ] v t e Occupational safety and health Occupational diseases and injuries Acrodynia Asbestosis Asthma Berylliosis Brucellosis Byssinosis (\"brown lung\") Chalicosis Chimney sweeps' carcinoma Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy (CSE) Coalworker's pneumoconiosis (\"black lung\") Concussions in sport Decompression sickness De Quervain syndrome Exposure to human nail dust Farmer's lung Fiddler's neck Flock worker's lung Glassblower's cataract Golfer's elbow Hearing Loss Hospital-acquired infection Indium lung Laboratory animal allergy Lead poisoning Mad hatter disease Mesothelioma Metal fume fever Mule spinners' cancer Noise-induced hearing loss Phossy jaw Pneumoconiosis Radium jaw Repetitive strain injury Silicosis Silo-filler's disease Sports injury Surfer's ear Tennis elbow Tinnitus Writer's cramp Occupational hygiene Occupational hazard Hierarchy of hazard controls Prevention through design Exposure assessment Occupational exposure limit Occupational epidemiology Professions Environmental health Industrial engineering Occupational health nursing Occupational health psychology Occupational medicine Occupational therapist Safety engineering Agencies and organizations European Agency for Safety and Health at Work UK Health and Safety Executive International Labour Organization U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration World Health Organization Standards Bangladesh Accord ISO 45001 Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 Worker Protection Standard (US) Working Environment Convention, 1977 See also Environment, health and safety Environmental toxicology Ergonomics Health physics Indoor air quality International Chemical Safety Card National Day of Mourning (Canadian observance) Process safety management Public health Risk management Safety data sheet (SDS) Toxic tort Workers' compensation Category Occupational diseases Commons Journals Organizations Dangerous goods portal Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safety_data_sheet&oldid=841148987 \" Categories : Chemical safety Materials Occupational safety and health Documents Industrial hygiene Safety engineering Environmental law Toxicology Hidden categories: CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2017 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from March 2017 All articles that are excessively detailed All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018, at 08:54. 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{ "text": "FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia FIFA World Cup From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the men's association football tournament. For the women's tournament, see FIFA Women's World Cup . FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 (finals) 211 (eligible to enter qualification) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions France (2nd title) Most successful team(s) Brazil (5 titles) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website fifa .com /worldcup / The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is France , which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia. The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase, which is often called the World Cup Finals . After this, 32 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation(s), compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over a period of about a month. The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each; Argentina , France and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each; and England and Spain with one title each. The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world, as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet. [1] [2] [3] [4] 17 countries have hosted the World Cup. Brazil, France, Italy, Germany and Mexico have each hosted twice, while Uruguay, Switzerland, Sweden, Chile, England, Argentina, Spain, the United States, Japan and South Korea (jointly), South Africa and Russia have each hosted once. Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals, and 2026 will be a joint hosted finals between Canada, the United States and Mexico, which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three different finals. Contents 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 4.2 Performances 5 Attendance 6 Broadcasting and promotion 7 Results 7.1 Teams reaching the top four 7.2 Best performances by continental zones 8 Awards 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Top goalscorers 9.2 All-time table for champions 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links History Main article: History of the FIFA World Cup Previous international competitions The world's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , [5] which ended in a 0–0 draw. The first international tournament, the inaugural British Home Championship , took place in 1884. [6] As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century, it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics (however, the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events), and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . [7] After FIFA was founded in 1904, it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906. These were very early days for international football, and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure. [8] At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition. Planned by The Football Association (FA), England's football governing body, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. Great Britain (represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams, Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909. The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs (not national teams) from different nations, each one of which represented an entire nation. The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , [9] and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy, Germany and Switzerland, but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team. Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead. West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title. In 1914, FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a \"world football championship for amateurs\", and took responsibility for managing the event. [10] This paved the way for the world's first intercontinental football competition, at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams, and won by Belgium . [11] Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships, as 1924 was the start of FIFA's professional era. World Cups before World War II FIFA president Jules Rimet convinced the confederations to promote an international football tournament. Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments, FIFA, with President Jules Rimet as the driving force, again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics. On 28 May 1928, the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself. [12] With Uruguay now two-time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930, FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team, but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides. Indeed, no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition. Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip. In total, 13 nations took part: seven from South America, four from Europe and two from North America. Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930, and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4–1 and Belgium 3–0 respectively. The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France. [13] In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and became the first nation to win the World Cup. [14] After the creation of the World Cup, FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players, and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . [15] Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup. The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel, and war. Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament. Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both. The 1942 and 1946 competitions, which Germany and Brazil sought to host, [16] were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath. World Cups after World War II The opening game of the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , shortly before the 1950 FIFA World Cup . From the National Archives of Brazil The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants. British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920, partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with, and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football, [17] but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA's invitation. [18] The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups. Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil, in the match called \" Maracanazo \" (Portuguese: Maracanaço ). In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament, except in 1938, when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying, leaving the tournament with 15 teams, and in 1950, when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew, leaving the tournament with 13 teams. [19] Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America, with a small minority from North America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams. Until 1982, the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were: USA , semi-finalists in 1930; Cuba , quarter-finalists in 1938; North Korea , quarter-finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter-finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams Interior view of the Soccer City in Johannesburg , South Africa, during a match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , [20] and then to 32 in 1998 , [21] also allowing more teams from Africa, Asia and North America to take part. Since then, teams from these regions have enjoyed more success, with several having reached the quarter-finals: Mexico , quarter-finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter-finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter-finalists in 2002; Ghana , quarter-finalists in 2010; and Costa Rica , quarter-finalists in 2014. Nevertheless, European and South American teams continue to dominate, e.g., the quarter-finalists in 1994, 1998, 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far. Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . [22] Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013, Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup. [23] In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that: \"From a purely sporting perspective, I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously, and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup. It cannot be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup.\" [24] Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency. [25] Following the magazine's publication, Blatter's would-be opponent for the FIFA Presidency, UEFA President Michel Platini , responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations, increasing the number of participants by eight. Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . [26] Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup. He said: \"[The World Cup is] not based on the quality of the teams because you don't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it's a good compromise. ... It's a political matter so why not have more Africans? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world. If you don't give the possibility to participate, they don't improve.\" [26] In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48-team World Cup in 2026. [27] On 10 January 2017, FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams. [28] 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article: 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015, the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case, allegations and criminal charges of bribery, fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights (rigged bids) for FIFA games, [29] with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years. In late May, the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47-count indictment with charges of racketeering, wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people. Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time, particularly on 29 May and 3 December. [30] By the end of May 2015, a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption. At the time, FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016. [31] On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA's then-executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups. [32] On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . [33] The same day, FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments. Then-secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated, \"Due to the situation, I think it's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being.\" [34] On 28 October 2015, Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini, a potential candidate for presidency, were suspended for 90 days; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media. [35] On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May. [36] An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day. [37] Other FIFA tournaments The BC Place in Vancouver hosting a 2015 Women's World Cup match An equivalent tournament for women's football , the FIFA Women's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . [38] The women's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men's, but is growing; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120, more than double that of 1991. [39] Men's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932. Unlike many other sports, the men's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top-level tournament, and since 1992, an under-23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players. [40] Women's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation(s) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup. It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships, along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country. [41] FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup ), club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ), and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ). The latter three do not have a women's version, although a FIFA Women's Club World Cup has been proposed. [42] The FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup is held the year before each Women's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process. The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition. [43] Trophy Main article: FIFA World Cup Trophy Queen Elizabeth II presenting the Jules Rimet trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore From 1930 to 1970, the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team. It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament. In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently. However, the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered, apparently melted down by the thieves. [44] The current World Cup trophy, presented since 1974 After 1970, a new trophy, known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed. The experts of FIFA, coming from seven countries, evaluated the 53 presented models, finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm (14.2 in) high, made of solid 18 carat (75%) gold and weighs 6.175 kg (13.6 lb). [45] The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . [45] The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was: \"The lines spring out from the base, rising in spirals, stretching out to receive the world. From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory.\" [46] This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently. World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished. They are awarded a gold-plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards. [47] Currently, all members (players, coaches, and managers) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners' (gold), runners-up' (silver), and third-place (bronze). In the 2002 edition , fourth-place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament, medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third-place match. In November 2007, FIFA announced that all members of World Cup-winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners' medals. [48] [49] [50] Format Qualification Main article: FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament. [51] They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ), overseen by their respective confederations. For each tournament, FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand, generally based on the relative strength of the confederations' teams. The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two-year period. The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations. Usually, one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play-offs . For example, the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth-placed team from the Asian zone entered a play-off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . [52] From the 1938 World Cup onwards, host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament. This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002, but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward, requiring the champions to qualify. Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches. [53] Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments, see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation(s). There are two stages: the group stage followed by the knockout stage. [54] In the group stage, teams compete within eight groups of four teams each. Eight teams are seeded, including the hosts, with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and/or performances in recent World Cups, and drawn to separate groups. [55] The other teams are assigned to different \"pots\", usually based on geographical criteria, and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups. Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation. [56] Each group plays a round-robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group. This means that a total of six matches are played within a group. The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams. [57] The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage. Points are used to rank the teams within a group. Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss (before, winners received two points). If one considers all possible outcomes (win, draw, loss) for all six matches in a group, there are 729 (= 3 6 ) outcome combinations possible. However, 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places. In such case, the ranking among these teams is determined as follows: [58] Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria, their ranking will be determined as follows: Greatest number of points in head-to-head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head-to-head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head-to-head matches among those teams Fair play points, defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage: Yellow card: minus 1 point Indirect red card (as a result of a second yellow card): minus 3 points Direct red card: minus 4 points Yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria, their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single-elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one-off matches, with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary. It begins with the round of 16 (or the second round) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner-up of another group. This is followed by the quarter-finals, the semi-finals, the third-place match (contested by the losing semi-finalists), and the final. [54] On 10 January 2017, FIFA approved a new format, the 48-team World Cup (to accommodate more teams), which consists of 16 groups of three teams each, with two teams qualifying from each group, to form a round of 32 knockout stage, to be implemented by 2026. [59] Hosts Main article: FIFA World Cup hosts Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts, 1930–2022. Green: once; dark green: twice; light green: planned Selection process Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA's congress. The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat. The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay, for example, led to only four European nations competing. [60] The next two World Cups were both held in Europe. The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed, as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents. Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . [61] Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy, FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe, which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan, was the first one held in Asia, and the first tournament with multiple hosts. [62] South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil, the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , [63] and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe. Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA's Council. This is done under an exhaustive ballot system. The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a \"Hosting Agreement\" from FIFA, which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid. The bidding association also receives a form, the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy. After this, a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced. The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament. However, there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time, as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament. [64] [65] For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups, the final tournament is rotated between confederations, allowing only countries from the chosen confederation (Africa in 2010, South America in 2014) to bid to host the tournament. The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However, the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014, so any country, except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments, can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . [66] This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament, where Brazil was the only official bidder. [67] The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States, Canada and Mexico, marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations. [68] The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held, with 48 teams playing 80 matches. Sixty matches will take place in the US, including all matches from the quarter-finals onward, while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each. [68] Performances See also: Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland, the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners-up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014, and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982. England (1966) won its only title while playing as a host nation. Uruguay (1930), Italy (1934), Argentina (1978) and France (1998) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again, while Germany (1974) won their second title on home soil. [69] Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament. Switzerland (quarter-finals 1954), Sweden (runners-up in 1958), Chile (third place in 1962), South Korea (fourth place in 2002), and Mexico (quarter-finals in 1970 and 1986) all have their best results when serving as hosts. So far, South Africa (2010) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round. [70] Attendance See also: List of sports attendance figures Year Hosts Venues/ Cities Total attendance Matches Avg. attendance Highest attendances † Number Venue Game(s) 1930 Uruguay 3/1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6–1 Yugoslavia, Semi-final 1934 Italy 8/8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2–1 Czechoslovakia, Final 1938 France 10/9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1–3 Italy, Quarter-final 1950 Brazil 6/6 1,045,246 22 47,511 173,850 [71] Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1–2 Uruguay, Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6/6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3–2 Hungary, Final 1958 Sweden 12/12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2–0 Soviet Union, Group stage 1962 Chile 4/4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4–2 Chile, Semi-final 1966 England 8/7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4–2 West Germany, Final 1970 Mexico 5/5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1–0 Belgium, Group stage 1974 West Germany 9/9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1–0 Chile, Group stage 1978 Argentina 6/5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1–0 Argentina, Group stage 1982 Spain 17/14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0–1 Belgium, Opening match 1986 Mexico 12/11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1–1 Paraguay, Group stage Argentina 3–2 West Germany, Final 1990 Italy 12/12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4–1 Yugoslavia, Group stage 1994 United States 9/9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena, California Brazil 0(3)–(2)0 Italy, Final 1998 France 10/10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint-Denis Brazil 0–3 France, Final 2002 South Korea Japan 10/10 10/10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium , Yokohama, Japan Brazil 2–0 Germany, Final 2006 Germany 12/12 3,359,439 64 52,491 72,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1(4)–(2)1 Argentina, Quarter-final 2010 South Africa 10/9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1–0 Netherlands, Final 2014 Brazil 12/12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1–0 Argentina, Final 2018 Russia 12/11 3,031,768 64 47,371 78,011 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Seven matches at the Luzhniki, including France 4–2 Croatia, Final Overall 40,532,478 900 45,036 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio (1950) The best-attended single match, shown in the last three columns, has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014. Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930, 1938, 1958, 1962, 1970–1982, 1990 and 2006. Source: FIFA [72] Broadcasting and promotion See also: List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters A Coca-Cola bottle promoting the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world. The cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion. [1] 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament (a ninth of the entire population of the planet). The 2006 World Cup draw, which decided the distribution of teams into groups, was watched by 300 million viewers. [73] The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca-Cola , McDonald's and Adidas . For these companies and many more, being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands. Host countries typically experience a multimillion-dollar revenue increase from the month-long event.\nThe governing body of the sport, FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament. [74] Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo. World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition, was the first World Cup mascot . [75] World Cups feature official match balls specially designed for each tournament. [76] Each World Cup also has an official song, which have been performed by artists ranging from Shakira to Will Smith . [77] [78] Other songs, such as “ Nessun dorma ”, performed by The Three Tenors at four World Cup concerts, have also become identified with the tournament. [79] The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates, the male/female sex ratio of newborns, and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing. [80] [81] [82] Results See also: List of FIFA World Cup finals # Year Hosts Champions Score and Venue Runners-up Third place Score and Venue Fourth place No. of Teams 1 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4–2 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Argentina United States [note 1] Yugoslavia 13 2 1934 Details Italy Italy 2–1 ( a.e.t. ) Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Czechoslovakia Germany 3–2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli , Naples Austria 16 3 1938 Details France Italy 4–2 Stade de Colombes , Paris Hungary Brazil 4–2 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Sweden 15 1942 Editions not organized because of World War II . 1946 4 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay [note 2] 2–1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Brazil Sweden [note 2] 3–1 Pacaembu , São Paulo Spain 13 5 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3–2 Wankdorfstadion , Bern Hungary Austria 3–1 Hardturm , Zürich Uruguay 16 6 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5–2 Råsundastadion , Solna Sweden France 6–3 Ullevi , Gothenburg West Germany 16 7 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3–1 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Czechoslovakia Chile 1–0 Estadio Nacional, Santiago Yugoslavia 16 8 1966 Details England England 4–2 ( a.e.t. ) Wembley Stadium , London West Germany Portugal 2–1 Wembley Stadium, London Soviet Union 16 9 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4–1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Italy West Germany 1–0 Estadio Azteca, Mexico City Uruguay 16 10 1974 Details West Germany West Germany 2–1 Olympiastadion , Munich Netherlands Poland 1–0 Olympiastadion, Munich Brazil 16 11 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3–1 ( a.e.t. ) Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Netherlands Brazil 2–1 Monumental de Núñez, Buenos Aires Italy 16 12 1982 Details Spain Italy 3–1 Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid West Germany Poland 3–2 Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante France 24 13 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3–2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City West Germany France 4–2 ( a.e.t. ) Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Belgium 24 14 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1–0 Stadio Olimpico , Rome Argentina Italy 2–1 Stadio San Nicola , Bari England 24 15 1994 Details United States Brazil 0–0 ( a.e.t. ) (3–2 PSO ) Rose Bowl , Pasadena Italy Sweden 4–0 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Bulgaria 24 16 1998 Details France France 3–0 Stade de France , Saint-Denis Brazil Croatia 2–1 Parc des Princes , Paris Netherlands 32 17 2002 Details South Korea Japan Brazil 2–0 International Stadium , Yokohama Germany Turkey 3–2 Daegu Stadium , Daegu South Korea 32 18 2006 Details Germany Italy 1–1 ( a.e.t. ) (5–3 PSO ) Olympiastadion , Berlin France Germany 3–1 Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion , Stuttgart Portugal 32 19 2010 Details South Africa Spain 1–0 ( a.e.t. ) Soccer City , Johannesburg Netherlands Germany 3–2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Uruguay 32 20 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1–0 ( a.e.t. ) Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Argentina Netherlands 3–0 Estádio Nacional , Brasília Brazil 32 21 2018 Details Russia France 4–2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Croatia Belgium 2–0 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg England 32 22 2022 Details Qatar TBD TBD Lusail Iconic Stadium , Lusail TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 32 23 2026 Details Canada United States Mexico TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 48 a.e.t. : after extra time PSO : after penalty shoot-out TBD : to be determined Notes Jump up ^ There was no third place match in 1930 ; the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals. FIFA now recognises the United States as the third-placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth-placed team, using the overall records of the teams in the tournament. [83] ^ Jump up to: a b There was no official World Cup final match in 1950. [84] The tournament winner was decided by a final round-robin group contested by four teams (Uruguay, Brazil, Sweden, and Spain). Coincidentally, one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other, with Uruguay's 2–1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup. [85] Likewise, the game between the lowest ranked teams, played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil, can be considered equal to a 3rd place match, with Sweden's 3–1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third. In all, 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup . [86] Of these, eight national teams have won the World Cup, and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory. (Uruguay, however, choose to display four stars on their badge, representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950). With five titles, Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup (21) to date. [87] Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third (1970), fourth (1994) and fifth (2002) time. Italy (1934 and 1938) and Brazil (1958 and 1962) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles. West Germany (1982–1990) and Brazil (1994–2002) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals. Germany has made the most top-four finishes (13), medals (12), as well as the most finals (8). Map of countries' best results Teams reaching the top four See also: National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament Teams reaching the top four Team Titles Runners-up Third place Fourth place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) 5 5 5 France 2 ( 1998 * , 2018 ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 6 5 3 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 2 2 England 1 ( 1966 * ) 2 ( 1990 , 2018 ) 3 1 1 Spain 1 ( 2010 ) 1 ( 1950 ) 2 1 1 Netherlands 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 4 3 Hungary 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) 2 2 2 Czechoslovakia # 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) 2 2 2 Sweden 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) 4 3 1 Croatia 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 2 2 1 Poland 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) 2 2 Austria 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) 2 1 Portugal 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 1 Belgium 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1986 ) 2 1 United States 1 ( 1930 ) 1 1 Chile 1 ( 1962 * ) 1 1 Turkey 1 ( 2002 ) 1 1 Yugoslavia # 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) 2 Soviet Union # 1 ( 1966 ) 1 Bulgaria 1 ( 1994 ) 1 South Korea 1 ( 2002 * ) 1 * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations [86] Best performances by continental zones See also: FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date, the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA (Europe) and CONMEBOL (South America) confederations. European nations have won twelve titles, while South American have won nine. Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition: United States ( North, Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002. The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter-finals: Cameroon in 1990, Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010. Only one Oceanian qualifier, Australia in 2006, has advanced to the second round. [88] Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ), North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ). Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won in Africa in 2010 . In 2014 , Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas. Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent, and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation. Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively, while Italy's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010, Germany in 2014 and France in 2018. Currently, it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents (Europe) is ahead of the other (South America) by more than one championship. Total times teams qualified by confederation Confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 37 44 42 85 4 245 457 Top 16 6 9 14 35 1 91 156 Top 8 2 3 5 34 0 100 144 Top 4 1 0 1 22 0 60 84 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 28 42 1st 0 0 0 9 0 12 21 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 16 21 3rd 0 0 1 3 0 17 21 4th 1 0 0 5 0 15 21 Awards Main article: FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup, awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament. There are currently six awards: [89] The Golden Ball for the best player, determined by a vote of media members (first awarded in 1982); the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively; [90] The Golden Boot (sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer (first awarded in 1982, but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930); most recently, the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively; [91] The Golden Glove Award (formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group (first awarded in 1994); [92] The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year, decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group (first awarded in 2006); [93] The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee (first awarded in 1978); [93] The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup, determined by a poll of the general public (first awarded in 1994); [93] An All-Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998. Records and statistics Main article: List of FIFA World Cup records See also: List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments. Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal (1950–1966) and Rafael Márquez (2002-2018); and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus (1982–1998) all played in five tournaments. [94] Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall, with 25 appearances. [95] Brazil 's Djalma Santos (1954–1962), West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer (1966–1974) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm (2006–2014) are the only players to be named to three Finals All-Star Teams . [96] Miroslav Klose of Germany (2002–2014) is the all-time top scorer at the finals, with 16 goals. He broke Ronaldo of Brazil's record of 15 goals (1998–2006) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany's Gerd Müller (1970–1974) is third, with 14 goals. [97] The fourth placed goalscorer, France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament. [98] In November 2007, FIFA announced that all members of World Cup-winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners' medals. [48] This made Brazil's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners' medals (1958, 1962, and 1970, although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury), [99] with 20 other players who have won two winners' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals (winners', runner- ups', and third-place); five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966–1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst-Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath (1966–1974), Italy's Franco Baresi (1982, 1990, 1994) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany (2002–2014) with four consecutive medals. [100] Brazil's Mário Zagallo , West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer and France's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach. Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach. [101] Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach, [102] and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018, after having won in 1998 as captain. [103] Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups (1934 and 1938). [104] All World Cup-winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory. [105] Among the national teams, Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches (109), Germany appeared in the most finals (8), semi-finals (13), quarter-finals (16), while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups (21), has the most wins (73) and has scored the most goals (229). [106] [107] The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup, in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . [108] Top goalscorers Main article: FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups. Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored 1 Miroslav Klose 16 2 Ronaldo 15 3 Gerd Müller 14 4 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All-time table for champions Main article: All-time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies 1 Brazil 21 109 73 18 18 229 105 124 237 2.17 5 2 Germany [109] 19 109 67 20 22 226 125 101 221 2.03 4 3 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 4 4 Argentina 17 81 43 15 23 137 93 44 144 1.78 2 5 France 15 66 34 13 19 120 77 43 115 1.74 2 6 England 15 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 108 1.59 1 7 Spain 15 63 30 15 18 99 72 27 105 1.67 1 8 Uruguay 13 56 24 12 20 87 74 13 84 1.50 2 See also Book: FIFA World Cup Association football portal Wikinews has related news: FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . List of FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup referees National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to: a b \"2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore, Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235, quote \"The World Cup is now the most-watched sporting event in the world on television, above even the Olympic Games.\" Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard, The Economics of Football , page 407, quote \"The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world: the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion, an average of 409 million viewers per match.” Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong, The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144, quote \"The World Cup is the most-watched sporting event in the world. In 2006, more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television, and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament.\" Jump up ^ \"England National Football Team Match No. 1\" . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ \"British PM backs return of Home Nations championship\" . Agence France-Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech, Søren; Stokkermans, Karel (26 June 2008). \"Intermediate Games of the IV. Olympiad\" . rec.sport.soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ \"History of FIFA – FIFA takes shape\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \" ' The First World Cup'. The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy\" . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003. Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ \"History of FIFA – More associations follow\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes, Macario (18 October 1999). \"VII. Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament\" . rec.sport.soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ \"History of FIFA – The first FIFA World Cup\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro, John F. \"The World Cup's 1st goal scorer\" . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"FIFA World Cup Origin\" (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ \"The Olympic Odyssey so far ... (Part 1: 1908–1964)\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950\" . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Scotland and the 1950 World Cup\" . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ \"Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker, James (23 October 2013). \"Caribbean pro league can work\" . Cayman Islands: CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter, Sepp (25 October 2013). \"A level playing field for Africa!\" (PDF) . FIFA Weekly. p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley, Gary (25 October 2013). \"Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals\" . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dickinson, Matt (28 October 2013). \"Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order\" . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams, Fifa’s Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian, 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ \"Ab 2026: 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM\" . SPIEGEL ONLINE. Jump up ^ No byline (3 December 2015). \"The FIFA Investigation, Explained\" . New York Times . New York, NY, USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin, Eliott C.; Botelho, Greg (28 May 2015). \"FIFA corruption probe targets 'World Cup of fraud,' IRS chief says\" . CNN . Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Fifa crisis: US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests\" . BBC News. 4 December 2015. Jump up ^ \"Blazer: Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph\" . Telegraph.co.uk . 3 June 2015. Jump up ^ \"Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters\", The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ \"Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed\" . BBC Sport . 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press (8 October 2015). \"Sepp Blatter, Michel Platini handed 90-day FIFA suspensions\" . CBC Sports . CBC/Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz, Rebecca (3 December 2015). \"FIFA Corruption: Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel\" . New York Times . New York, USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline (3 December 2015). \"Fifa crisis: US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests\" . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ \"FIFA Women's World Cup\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ \"We Are the World ... Cup\" Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine .. China Post. Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ \"Regulations Men's Olympic Football Tournament 2008\" (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ \"FIFA Confederations Cup\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ \"FIFA Task Force for Women's Football proposes a FIFA Women's Club World Cup\" . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ \"FIFA Women's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015\" . CBC Sports. Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ \"Jules Rimet Cup\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"FIFA World Cup™ Trophy\" . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018. Jump up ^ \"FIFA World Cup Trophy\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"FIFA Assets – Trophy\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals\" . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007. Jump up ^ \"World Cup 1966 winners honoured\" . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009. Jump up ^ \"Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal\" . Mirror.co.uk . MGN. Jump up ^ \"FIFA World Cup qualifying: Treasure-trove of the weird and wonderful\" . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ \"2010 World Cup Qualifying\" . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ \"History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition (by year)\" (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b \"Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930–2010\" (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ \"FIFA World Cup: seeded teams 1930–2010\" (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously, due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists, there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group, for example, 1986 (West Germany, Scotland, and Denmark), 1990 (Italy, Czechoslovakia, and Austria), and 1994 (Italy, Republic of Ireland, and Norway). ( \"History of the World Cup Final Draw\" (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments, for example, Argentina 6–0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1–0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match, and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( \"1978 Argentina\" . CBC. ; \"1982 Spain\" . CBC. ) Jump up ^ \"Regulations - 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia\" (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. p. 43 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner, Stephen (10 January 2017). \"FIFA approves 48-team World Cup\" . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Uruguay 1930\" . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ \"France 1938\" . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ \"Asia takes World Cup center stage\" . CNN. 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ \"Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup\" . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson, Owen (2 December 2010). \"England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid\" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson, Jamie (2 December 2010). \"Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid\" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Rotation ends in 2018\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Collett, Mike (30 October 2007), “Brazil officially named 2014 World Cup hosts” . Reuters. Retrieved 6 July 2018 ^ Jump up to: a b \"World Cup 2026: Canada, US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament\" . BBC Sport. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ \"World Cup 1974 - West Germany win on home soil\" . BBC. Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ Bevan, Chris. \"France 1-2 South Africa\" . BBC. Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ \"World Cup Rewind: Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final\" . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Officially, 173,850 paid spectators crammed into Rio de Janeiro’s Maracanã Stadium on July 16(...) Some estimates have even pegged the attendance as high as 199,000 or 210,000 unofficially Jump up ^ \"FIFA World Cup competition records\" (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Socceroos face major challenge: Hiddink\" . ABC Sport . 10 December 2005. Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ \"FIFA Financial Report 2014: Frequently Asked Questions\" . FIFA.com. 9 December 2017. Jump up ^ \"FIFA Assets – Mascots\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ \"The Footballs during the FIFA World Cup\" . Football Facts . FIFA . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson, Sara D (27 April 2010). \"Shakira Records Official Song for 2010 FIFA World Cup\" . Aolradioblog. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ \"2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Official Song 'Live It Up' to be performed by all-star line-up\" . FIFA. 23 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Jump up ^ \"A riot of colour, emotion and memories: the World Cup stands alone in the field of sport\" . The Independent . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld, Aaron (2 December 2015). \"World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns\" . the Loka Review (November 2015). Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume, Gwinyai. \"Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births\" . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume, Gwinyai. \"The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup\" . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . [ permanent dead link ] Jump up ^ \"1930 FIFA World Cup\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ \"1950 FIFA World Cup\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ \"FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930\" (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( \"Russia\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. ; \"Serbia\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. ; \"Czech Republic\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ). Jump up ^ \"Brazil\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying. However, on 1 January 2006, they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . Jump up ^ \"FIFA World Cup awards\" (PDF) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ \"Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane\" . Soccerway . 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ \"adidas Golden Shoe – FIFA World Cup Final\" . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Kahn named top keeper\" . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Pierrend, José Luis (18 May 2007). \"FIFA Awards\" . rec.sport.soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis, Alex (10 November 1999). \"Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior\" . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ \"World Cup Hall of Fame: Lothar Matthaeus\" . CNN. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie, Andrew (24 July 2013). \"Brazil's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84\" . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury, Saj (27 June 2006). \"Ronaldo's riposte\" . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ \"Goal machine was Just superb\" . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby, Gentry (5 July 2006). \"Pele, King of Futbol\" . ESPN. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ \"Brazil, Germany & Every World Cup Winner from 1930 to 2014\" . Goal . 13 May 2018. Jump up ^ Hughes, Rob (11 March 1998). \"No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo\" . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin, John (21 December 2001). \"World Cup Legends – Franz Beckenbauer\" . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross, Jeremy (15 July 2018). \"France boss Didier Deschamps makes history with World Cup final victory over Croatia\" . Daily Star . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ \"1938 World Cup: Italy repeats as champions\" . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"The Curse of the Foreign-Born Coach\" . Wall Street Journal . 13 May 2018. Jump up ^ \"World Football – All time table\" . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Brazil pass Germany as all-time top scorers at the World Cup\" . ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Five Aside: Germany - Brazil preview\" . ESPN. 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville, Brian (2005). The Story of the World Cup . Faber. ISBN 0-571-22944-1 . External links Official website Previous FIFA World Cups show v t e FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea–Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada–Mexico–United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All-time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat-tricks own goals Penalty shoot-outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes: There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only. In 1950, there was no final; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage. show v t e FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France show v t e FIFA World Cup symbols Albums (official) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez! Ola! 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Swimming short course Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo-yo eSports ESWC FIFA Dota 2 League of Legends Overwatch Authority control WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 14068828 GND : 4018983-1 LCCN : n98090291 VIAF : 133874960 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856708724 \" Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA competitions World championships in association football Recurring sporting events established in 1930 Quadrennial sporting events June sporting events July sporting events Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use British English from June 2012 Articles containing French-language text Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Featured articles Wikipedia articles with 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{ "text": "La Liga - Wikipedia La Liga From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the top Spanish football league. For the Spanish association, see Liga de Fútbol Profesional . La Liga Organising body Liga de Fútbol Profesional Founded 1929 ; 89 years ago ( 1929 ) Country Spain Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 (from 1997–98 ) Level on pyramid 1 Relegation to Segunda División Domestic cup(s) Copa del Rey Supercopa de España International cup(s) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Barcelona (25th title) Most championships Real Madrid (33 titles) Most appearances Andoni Zubizarreta (622) Top goalscorer Lionel Messi (381 goals) TV partners List of broadcasters Website www.laliga.es/en 2017–18 La Liga The Primera División , [a] commonly known as La Liga [b] and as La Liga Santander for sponsorship reasons with Santander , [1] is the men's top professional association football division of the Spanish football league system . Administrated by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional (LFP), La Liga is contested by 20 teams, with the three lowest-placed teams relegated to the Segunda División and replaced by the top two teams in that division plus the winner of a play-off . A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception. Nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 25 times. After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league's early years, Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s, when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice. From the 1990s onwards, Barcelona (15 titles) and Real Madrid (9 titles) were both prominent, though La Liga also saw other champions, including Atlético Madrid , Valencia , and Deportivo de La Coruña . In the 2010s, Atlético Madrid became increasingly strong, forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively. According to UEFA 's league coefficient, La Liga has been the top league in Europe over the last five years and has led Europe for more years (13) than any other country. It has also produced the continent's top-rated club more times (21) than any other league, more than double that of second-placed Serie A . Its clubs have won the most UEFA Champions League (17), UEFA Europa League (10), UEFA Super Cup (14), and FIFA Club World Cup (6) titles, and its players have accumulated the highest number of ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards (19). La Liga is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world, with an average attendance of 26,741 for league matches in the 2014–15 season. This is the sixth-highest of any domestic professional sports league in the world and the fourth-highest of any professional association football league in the world, behind the Bundesliga , the Premier League , and the Indian Super League . [2] [3] [4] Contents [ hide ] 1 Competition format 1.1 Promotion and relegation 1.2 Ranking of clubs on equal points 1.3 Qualifying for European competitions 2 History 2.1 Foundation 2.2 The 1930s 2.3 The 1940s 2.4 Alfredo Di Stéfano, Puskás, Kubala and Suárez 2.5 The Madrid years 2.6 The 1980s 2.7 The 1990s 2.8 The 2000s 2.9 The 2010s 3 Teams 3.1 Stadiums and locations 4 La Liga clubs in Europe 5 Champions 5.1 Performance by club 6 Performance comparison 7 All-time La Liga table 8 Players 8.1 Eligibility of non-EU players 8.2 Individual awards 8.3 Transfers 9 Player records 9.1 Top scorers 9.2 Most appearances 10 Sponsors 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Competition format [ edit ] The competition format follows the usual double round-robin format. During the course of a season, which lasts from August to May, each club plays every other club twice, once at home and once away, for a total of 38 matchdays. Teams receive three points for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, with the highest-ranked club at the end of the season crowned champion. Promotion and relegation [ edit ] A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Primera División and the Segunda División . The three lowest placed teams in La Liga are relegated to the Segunda División , and the top two teams from the Segunda División promoted to La Liga, with an additional club promoted after a series of play-offs involving the third, fourth, fifth and sixth placed clubs. Below is a complete record of how many teams played in each season throughout the league's history; 1929–1934: 10 clubs 1934–1941: 12 clubs 1941–1950: 14 clubs 1950–1971: 16 clubs 1971–1987: 18 clubs 1987–1995: 20 clubs 1995–1997: 22 clubs 1997– present : 20 clubs Ranking of clubs on equal points [ edit ] If points are equal between two or more clubs, the rules are: [5] If all clubs involved have played each other twice: If the tie is between two clubs, then the tie is broken using the goal difference for the two matches those clubs have played against each other (without away goals rule ) If the tie is between more than two clubs, then the tie is broken using the games the clubs have played against each other: a) head-to-head points b) head-to-head goal difference c) head-to-head goals scored If two legged games between all clubs involved have not been played, or the tie is not broken by the rules above, it is broken using: a) total goal difference b) total goals scored If the tie is still not broken, the winner will be determined by Fair Play scales. [6] These are: yellow card , 1 point doubled yellow card / ejection , 2 points direct red card , 3 points suspension or disqualification of coach , executive or other club personnel (outside referees' decisions), 5 points misconduct of the supporters : mild 5 points, serious 6 points, very serious 7 points stadium closure, 10 points if the Competition Committee removes a penalty, the points are also removed If the tie is still not broken, it will be resolved with a tie-break match in a neutral stadium. Qualifying for European competitions [ edit ] Barcelona against Schalke 04 in the 2008 UEFA Champions League The top teams in La Liga qualify for the UEFA Champions League . The first, second, third and fourth placed teams directly enter the group stage of UEFA Champions League. Teams placed fifth and sixth play in the UEFA Europa League, along with the cup winners. If both teams in the cup final finish in the top six, an additional berth in the Europa League is given to the team that finishes in seventh. History [ edit ] Foundation [ edit ] In April 1929, José María Acha, a director at Arenas Club de Getxo , first proposed the idea of a national league in Spain. After much debate about the size of the league and who would take part, the Real Federación Española de Fútbol eventually agreed on the ten teams who would form the first Primera División in 1929 . Real Madrid , Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao , Real Sociedad , Arenas Club de Getxo and Real Unión were all selected as previous winners of the Copa del Rey . Atlético Madrid , Espanyol and Europa qualified as Copa del Rey runners-up and Racing de Santander qualified through a knockout competition. Only three of the founding clubs, Real Madrid, Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao, have never been relegated from the Primera División . The 1930s [ edit ] Although Barcelona won the very first Liga in 1929 and Real Madrid won their first titles in 1932 and 1933 , it was Athletic Bilbao that set the early pace winning Primera División in 1930 , 1931 , 1934 and 1936 . They were also runners-up in 1932 and 1933 . In 1935 , Real Betis , then known as Betis Balompié , won their only title to date. Primera División was suspended during the Spanish Civil War . In 1937, the teams in the Republican area of Spain, with the notable exception of the two Madrid clubs, competed in the Mediterranean League and Barcelona emerged as champions. Seventy years later, on 28 September 2007, Barcelona requested the RFEF to recognise that title as a Liga title. This action was taken after RFEF was asked to recognise Levante FC 's Copa de la España Libre win as equivalent to Copa del Rey trophy. Nevertheless, the governing body of Spanish football has not made an outright decision yet. The 1940s [ edit ] When the Primera División resumed after the Spanish Civil War , it was Atlético Aviación (nowadays Atlético Madrid ), Valencia , and Sevilla that initially emerged as the strongest clubs. Atlético were only awarded a place during the 1939–40 season as a replacement for Real Oviedo , whose ground had been damaged during the war. The club subsequently won their first Liga title and retained it in 1941 . While other clubs lost players to exile, execution, and as casualties of the war, the Atlético team was reinforced by a merger. The young, pre-war squad of Valencia had also remained intact and in the post-war years matured into champions, gaining three Liga titles in 1942 , 1944 , and 1947 . They were also runners-up in 1948 and 1949 . Sevilla also enjoyed a brief golden era, finishing as runners-up in 1940 and 1942 before winning their only title to date in 1946 . By the latter part of the decade, Barcelona began to emerge as a force when they were crowned champions in 1945 , 1948 and 1949 . Alfredo Di Stéfano, Puskás, Kubala and Suárez [ edit ] Naturalised Argentine Alfredo Di Stéfano was part of a dominant Real Madrid side in the 1950s Although Atlético Madrid , previously known as Atlético Aviación , were champions in 1950 and 1951 under catenaccio mastermind Helenio Herrera , the 1950s saw the beginning of the Barcelona / Real Madrid dominance. During the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, there were strict limits imposed on foreign players. In most cases, clubs could only have three foreign players in their squads, meaning that at least eight local players had to play in every game. During the 1950s, however, these rules were circumvented by Real Madrid and Barcelona, who naturalized Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , and László Kubala . Inspired by Kubala, Barça won the title in 1952 and 1953. Di Stéfano, Puskás, Raymond Kopa and Francisco Gento formed the nucleus of the Real Madrid team that dominated the second half of the 1950s. Madrid won the first division for the first time as Real Madrid in 1954 and retained its title in 1955. They were winners again in 1957 and 1958, with only Athletic Bilbao interrupting their sequence. During this period, Real Madrid also won an unprecedented five consecutive European Cups. Barcelona, with a team coached by Helenio Herrera and featuring Luis Suárez , won the title in 1959 and 1960. The Madrid years [ edit ] Between 1961 and 1980, Real Madrid dominated the Primera División , being crowned champions 14 times, although their only European Cup triumph during this era came in 1966, a sharp contrast to their five successive victories in the competition starting with the first final in 1956. This included a five-in-a-row sequence from 1961 to 1965 and two three-in-a-row sequences (1967–1969 and 1978–1980). During this era, only Atlético Madrid offered Real Madrid any serious challenge, adding four more titles to their tally in 1966, 1970, 1973, and 1977. Of the other clubs, only Valencia in 1971 and the Johan Cruyff -inspired Barcelona of 1974 managed to break the dominance of Real Madrid. The 1980s [ edit ] The Madrid winning sequence was ended more significantly in 1981 when Real Sociedad won their first-ever title. They retained it in 1982 and their two in a row was followed by another by their fellow Basques Athletic Bilbao, who won back-to-back titles in 1983 and 1984. Terry Venables led Barcelona to a solitary title in 1985 before Real Madrid won again another five in a row sequence (1986–1990) with a team guided by Leo Beenhakker and including Hugo Sánchez and the legendary La Quinta del Buitre – Emilio Butragueño , Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza . [ citation needed ] The 1990s [ edit ] Johan Cruyff returned to Barcelona as manager in 1988, and assembled the legendary Dream Team . Cruyff introduced players like Pep Guardiola , José Mari Bakero , Txiki Begiristain , Ion Andoni Goikoetxea , Ronald Koeman , Michael Laudrup , Romário and Hristo Stoichkov . This team won Primera División four times between 1991 and 1994 and won the European Cup in 1992. Laudrup then moved to arch-rivals Real Madrid, and helped them end Barcelona's run in 1995. Atlético Madrid won their ninth Primera División title in 1996 before Real Madrid added another Liga trophy to their cabinet in 1997. After the success of Cruyff, another Dutchman – Ajax manager Louis van Gaal – arrived at the Camp Nou , and with the talents of Luís Figo , Luis Enrique , and Rivaldo , Barcelona again won the title in 1998 and 1999. The 2000s [ edit ] As Primera División entered a new century, the Big Two of Real Madrid and Barcelona found themselves facing new challengers. Between 1993 and 2004, Deportivo La Coruña finished in the top three on ten occasions, a better record than either Real Madrid or Barcelona, and in 2000, under Javier Irureta , they became the ninth team to be crowned champions. Real Madrid won two more Liga titles in 2001 and 2003 and also the UEFA Champions League in 2000 and 2002, and won their 30th league title in 2007 after a three-year drought. They were challenged by a re-emerging Valencia in both competitions. Under the management of Héctor Cúper , Valencia finished as Champions League runners-up in 2000 and 2001. His successor, Rafael Benítez , built on this and led the club to a Liga title in 2002 and winning the double with a league title and the UEFA Cup in 2004. The 2004–05 season saw a resurgent Barcelona, inspired by the brilliant Ronaldinho , win their first title of the new century, in addition to the Liga-Champions League double in 2005–06. With world-class players like Raúl , Ruud van Nistelrooy and Gonzalo Higuaín , Real Madrid won back-to-back La Liga titles in 2006–07 and 2007–08 season. Under Pep Guardiola 's Dream Team , powered by La Masia talents such as Lionel Messi , Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , Barcelona added three straight Liga titles (2008–09, 2009–10 and 2010–11). The 2010s [ edit ] Match between Deportivo de La Coruña and FC Barcelona in 2016–17 season . In the 2011–12 season, Real Madrid won its 32nd title under the management of José Mourinho with a record-breaking points tally of 100, a record 121 number of goals scored, most overall (32) and away (16) wins in a single season in La Liga history. Barcelona coach Tito Vilanova matched the 100-point record a year later in 2012–13 while battling terminal cancer. Atlético Madrid won the 2013–14 title, their first in 18 years, and the first title in ten years that Real Madrid or Barcelona had not won. Barcelona won the 2014–15 season as well as the 2015–16 season resulting in 6 titles in 8 years. Real Madrid have brought back the La Liga title under the management of Zinedine Zidane for the 2016–17 season. Barcelona completed the double for the 2017-2018 season, which resulted in 7 La Liga titles in 10 years. Teams [ edit ] Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Celta Vigo Deportivo Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Leganés Las Palmas Levante Málaga Betis Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Location of teams in 2017–18 La Liga A total of 20 teams contest the league in its current season, including the top 17 sides from the 2016–17 season and three promoted from the 2016–17 Segunda División . These are two clubs promoted directly from that division ( Levante and Girona ), and the winner of the play-offs , Getafe . Stadiums and locations [ edit ] Team Location Stadium Capacity Alavés Vitoria-Gasteiz Mendizorrotza 7004198400000000000♠ 19,840 [7] Athletic Bilbao Bilbao San Mamés 7004532890000000000♠ 53,289 [8] Atlético Madrid Madrid Wanda Metropolitano 7004677030000000000♠ 67,703 [9] Barcelona Barcelona Camp Nou 7004993540000000000♠ 99,354 [10] Celta Vigo Vigo Balaídos 7004290000000000000♠ 29,000 [11] Deportivo La Coruña A Coruña Abanca-Riazor 7004329120000000000♠ 32,912 [12] Eibar Eibar Ipurua 7003708300000000000♠ 7,083 [13] Espanyol Barcelona RCDE Stadium 7004405000000000000♠ 40,500 [14] Getafe Getafe Coliseum Alfonso Pérez 7004173930000000000♠ 17,393 [15] Girona Girona Montilivi 7004135000000000000♠ 13,500 [16] Las Palmas Las Palmas Gran Canaria 7004324000000000000♠ 32,400 [17] Leganés Leganés Butarque 7004114540000000000♠ 11,454 [18] Levante Valencia Ciutat de València 7004263540000000000♠ 26,354 [19] Málaga Málaga La Rosaleda 7004300440000000000♠ 30,044 [20] Real Betis Seville Benito Villamarín 7004607200000000000♠ 60,720 [21] Real Madrid Madrid Santiago Bernabéu 7004810440000000000♠ 81,044 [22] Real Sociedad San Sebastián Anoeta 7004250000000000000♠ 25,000 [23] Sevilla Seville Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán 7004425000000000000♠ 42,500 [24] Valencia Valencia Mestalla 7004550000000000000♠ 55,000 [25] Villarreal Villarreal Estadio de la Cerámica 7004235000000000000♠ 23,500 [26] La Liga clubs in Europe [ edit ] Main article: Spanish football clubs in European competitions Real Madrid against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League in 2013 The Primera División is currently first in the UEFA rankings of European leagues based on their performances in European competitions over a five-year period, ahead of Germany's Bundesliga ,England's Premier League and Italy's Serie A in fourth. [27] Real Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia are in the top ten most successful clubs in European football in terms of total European trophies. [ citation needed ] These three clubs, along with Sevilla and Atlético Madrid, are five of the most successful teams in European competition history ; these five are the only Spanish clubs to have won five or more international trophies. Deportivo La Coruña are the sixth-most participating Spanish team in the Champions League — after Real Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Atletico Madrid and Sevilla FC — with five Champions League appearances in a row, including a semifinal appearance in 2003–04. [28] In 2005–06, Barcelona won the Champions League and Sevilla won the UEFA Cup , making the La Liga the first league to do the European \"double\" since 1997. On 25 August 2015, La Liga became the first league to classify five teams for the UEFA Champions League group stage ( Atlético Madrid , Barcelona , Real Madrid , Sevilla and Valencia ). Champions [ edit ] Main article: List of Spanish football champions Performance by club [ edit ] Teams Winners Runners-up Winning seasons Real Madrid 33 23 1931–32 , 1932–33 , 1953–54 , 1954–55 , 1956–57 , 1957–58 , 1960–61 , 1961–62 , 1962–63 , 1963–64 , 1964–65 , 1966–67 , 1967–68 , 1968–69 , 1971–72 , 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1979–80 , 1985–86 , 1986–87 , 1987–88 , 1988–89 , 1989–90 , 1994–95 , 1996–97 , 2000–01 , 2002–03 , 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2011–12 , 2016–17 Barcelona 25 25 1929 , 1944–45 , 1947–48 , 1948–49 , 1951–52 , 1952–53 , 1958–59 , 1959–60 , 1973–74 , 1984–85 , 1990–91 , 1991–92 , 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 2004–05 , 2005–06 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2017–18 Atlético Madrid 10 8 1939–40 , 1940–41 , 1949–50 , 1950–51 , 1965–66 , 1969–70 , 1972–73 , 1976–77 , 1995–96 , 2013–14 Athletic Bilbao 8 7 1929–30 , 1930–31 , 1933–34 , 1935–36 , 1942–43 , 1955–56 , 1982–83 , 1983–84 Valencia 6 6 1941–42 , 1943–44 , 1946–47 , 1970–71 , 2001–02 , 2003–04 Real Sociedad 2 3 1980–81 , 1981–82 Deportivo La Coruña 1 5 1999–00 Sevilla 1 4 1945–46 Real Betis 1 0 1934–35 Performance comparison [ edit ] Teams 99–00 00–01 01–02 02–03 03–04 04–05 05–06 06–07 07–08 08–09 09–10 10–11 11–12 12–13 13–14 14–15 15–16 16–17 RMA 5 1 3 1 4 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 BAR 2 4 4 6 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 ATH 11 12 9 7 5 9 12 17 11 13 8 6 10 12 4 7 5 7 ATM 19 - - 12 7 11 10 7 4 4 9 7 5 3 1 3 3 3 VAL 3 5 1 5 1 7 3 4 10 6 3 3 3 5 8 4 12 12 ESP 14 9 14 17 16 5 15 11 12 10 11 8 14 13 14 10 13 8 SEV 20 - 8 10 6 6 5 3 5 3 4 5 9 9 5 5 7 4 RSO 13 13 13 2 15 14 16 19 - - - 15 12 4 7 12 9 6 ZAR 4 17 20 - 12 12 11 6 18 - 14 13 16 20 - - - - BET 18 - 6 8 9 4 14 16 13 18 - - 13 7 20 - 10 15 DEP 1 2 2 3 3 8 8 13 9 7 10 18 - 19 - 16 15 16 League champions Champions League Europa League Relegation All-time La Liga table [ edit ] The All-time La Liga table [29] is an overall record of all match results, points, and goals of every team that has played in La Liga since its inception in 1929. The table is accurate as of the end of the 2016–17 season. [30] Teams in bold are part of the 2017–18 La Liga. Pos Team S Pts GP W D L GF GA 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th T Debut Since/ Last App Best 1 Real Madrid 86 4385 2762 1647 552 563 5947 3140 33 23 8 8 3 4 79 1929 1929 1 2 Barcelona 86 4262 2762 1581 573 608 5900 3114 25 25 12 12 4 6 83 1929 1929 1 3 Atlético Madrid 80 3442 2614 1241 598 775 4534 3309 10 8 16 9 7 6 56 1929 2002–03 1 4 Valencia 82 3386 2664 1187 616 861 4398 3469 6 6 10 11 10 7 50 1931–32 1987–88 1 5 Athletic Bilbao 86 3368 2762 1209 633 920 4631 3700 8 7 10 5 8 10 49 1929 1929 1 6 Sevilla 73 2819 2408 990 531 887 3680 3373 1 4 4 5 12 6 32 1934–35 2001–02 1 7 Espanyol 82 2792 2626 948 608 1070 3609 3889 – – 4 5 2 5 16 1929 1994–95 3 8 Real Sociedad 70 2573 2302 864 577 861 3228 3230 2 3 2 5 4 3 19 1929 2010–11 1 9 Zaragoza 58 2109 1986 698 522 766 2683 2847 – 1 4 5 4 4 18 1939–40 2012–13 2 10 Real Betis 51 1884 1728 606 440 682 2159 2492 1 – 2 3 4 4 14 1932–33 2015–16 1 11 Deportivo La Coruña 45 1814 1530 563 392 575 2052 2188 1 5 4 1 – 1 12 1941–42 2014–15 1 12 Celta Vigo 51 1789 1698 586 389 723 2278 2624 – – – 2 4 5 11 1939–40 2012–13 4 13 Valladolid 42 1471 1466 463 384 619 1767 2180 – – – 1 1 1 3 1948–49 2013–14 4 14 Racing Santander 44 1416 1428 453 336 639 1843 2368 – 1 1 2 – 1 5 1929 2011–12 2 15 Sporting Gijón 43 1389 1458 471 358 629 1753 2152 – 1 1 2 2 1 7 1944–45 2015–16 2 16 Osasuna 37 1351 1318 426 327 565 1500 1834 – – – 2 2 2 6 1935–36 2016–17 4 17 Málaga 36 1314 1255 390 330 535 1421 1763 – – – 1 – 1 2 1949–50 2008–09 4 18 Oviedo 38 1174 1192 408 292 492 1642 1951 – – 3 2 2 4 11 1933–34 2000–01 3 19 Mallorca 27 1148 988 333 256 399 1182 1371 – – 2 – 2 1 5 1960–61 2012–13 3 20 Las Palmas 33 1020 1096 367 242 487 1347 1746 – 1 1 1 1 1 5 1951–52 2015–16 2 21 Villarreal 17 970 646 266 172 208 892 789 – 1 1 2 3 2 9 1998–99 2013–14 2 22 Granada 23 667 742 218 175 349 819 1157 – – – – – 2 2 1941–42 2016–17 6 23 Rayo Vallecano 17 662 652 189 148 305 760 1088 – – – – – – – 1977–78 2015–16 8 24 Elche 21 606 678 203 180 295 750 1022 – – – – 1 1 2 1959–60 2014–15 5 25 Getafe 12 553 456 147 112 197 520 633 – – – – – 1 1 2004–05 2015–16 6 26 Hércules 20 538 628 184 149 295 716 1050 – – – – 1 4 5 1935–36 2010–11 5 27 Tenerife 13 510 494 155 128 211 619 744 – – – – 2 – 2 1961–62 2009–10 5 28 Murcia 18 445 586 145 143 298 607 992 – – – – – – – 1940–41 2007–08 11 29 Alavés 12 421 380 125 81 174 458 623 – – – – – 1 1 1930–31 2016–17 6 30 Levante 11 416 402 113 95 194 430 632 – – – – – 1 1 1963–64 2015–16 6 31 Salamanca 12 375 423 123 102 198 422 581 – – – – – – – 1974–75 1998–99 7 32 Sabadell 14 353 426 129 95 202 492 720 – – – 1 1 – 2 1943–44 1987–88 4 33 Cádiz 12 343 448 104 127 217 393 662 – – – – – – – 1977–78 2005–06 12 34 Logroñés 9 293 346 96 92 158 291 489 – – – – – – – 1987–88 1996–97 7 35 Castellón 11 285 334 103 79 152 419 588 – – – 1 2 – 3 1941–42 1990–91 4 36 Albacete 7 277 270 76 76 118 320 410 – – – – – – – 1991–92 2004–05 7 37 Almería 6 242 228 62 56 110 244 366 – – – – – – – 2007–08 2014–15 8 38 Córdoba 9 230 282 82 63 137 285 430 – – – – 1 – 1 1962–63 2014–15 5 39 Compostela 4 190 160 52 45 63 199 241 – – – – – – – 1994–95 1997–98 10 40 Recreativo 5 188 186 50 46 90 202 296 – – – – – – – 1978–79 2008–09 8 41 Burgos CF 6 168 204 59 50 95 216 310 – – – – – – – 1971–72 1979–80 12 42 Pontevedra 6 150 180 53 44 83 165 221 – – – – – – – 1963–64 1969–70 7 43 Numancia 4 148 152 37 37 78 155 253 – – – – – – – 1999–00 2008–09 17 44 Eibar 3 132 114 35 27 52 139 167 – – – – – – – 2014–15 2014–15 10 45 Arenas 7 107 130 43 21 66 227 308 – – 1 – 3 – 4 1929 1934–35 3 46 Real Burgos 3 96 114 26 44 44 101 139 – – – – – – – 1990–91 1992–93 9 47 Gimnàstic 4 91 116 34 16 66 181 295 – – – – – – – 1947–48 2006–07 7 48 Extremadura 2 83 80 20 23 37 62 117 – – – – – – – 1996–97 1998–99 17 49 Mérida 2 81 80 19 24 37 70 115 – – – – – – – 1995–96 1997–98 19 50 Alcoyano 4 76 108 30 16 62 145 252 – – – – – – – 1945–46 1950–51 10 51 Jaén 3 71 90 29 13 48 121 183 – – – – – – – 1953–54 1957–58 14 52 Real Unión 4 56 72 21 14 37 153 184 – – – – – 1 1 1929 1931–32 6 53 AD Almería 2 52 68 17 18 33 71 116 – – – – – – – 1979–80 1980–81 10 54 Europa 3 42 54 18 6 30 97 131 – – – – – – – 1929 1930–31 8 55 Lleida 2 40 68 13 14 41 70 182 – – – – – – – 1950–51 1993–94 16 56 Leganés 1 35 38 8 11 19 36 55 – – – – – – – 2016–17 2016–17 17 57 Xerez 1 34 38 8 10 20 38 66 – – – – – – – 2009–10 2009–10 20 58 Condal 1 22 30 7 8 15 37 57 – – – – – – – 1956–57 1956–57 16 59 Atlético Tetuán 1 19 30 7 5 18 51 85 – – – – – – – 1951–52 1951–52 16 60 Cultural Leonesa 1 14 30 5 4 21 34 65 – – – – – – – 1955–56 1955–56 15 61 Girona 1 - - - - - - - – – – – – – – 2017–18 2017–18 9 League or status at 2017–18 : 2017–18 La Liga 2017–18 Segunda División 2017–18 Segunda División B 2017–18 Tercera División 2017–18 Divisiones Regionales To be determined Clubs that no longer exist Players [ edit ] Eligibility of non-EU players [ edit ] In La Liga, players can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry, he can claim Spanish citizenship after playing in Spain for five years. Sometimes, this can lead to a triple-citizenship situation; for example, Leo Franco , who was born in Argentina, is of Italian heritage yet can claim a Spanish passport, having played in La Liga for over five years. In addition, players from the ACP countries — countries in Africa, the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement — are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Individual awards [ edit ] Until the season 2008–09, no official awards for individuals in La Liga existed. Following [ clarification needed ] the 2008–09 season, the Liga de Fútbol Profesional (LFP) governing body sanctioned LFP Awards to player individuals. Additional awards relating to La Liga are distributed, some are sanctioned by the LFP or the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) and therefore not regarded as official. [ clarification needed ] The most notable of these are four awarded by Spain's biggest sports paper, Marca , namely the Pichichi Trophy , awarded to the top scorer of the season; the Ricardo Zamora Trophy for the goalkeeper with the least \"goals-to-games\" ratio; the Trofeo Alfredo di Stéfano , for the player judged to be the best overall player in the division; and the Zarra Trophy , awarded to the Spanish domestic player with the highest goal total in La Liga. Since the 2013–14 season, La Liga also awards the monthly Manager of the Month and Player of the Month awards. Transfers [ edit ] The first La Liga player to be involved in a transfer which broke the world record was Luis Suárez in 1961, who moved from Barcelona to Internazionale for £152,000. Twelve years later, Johan Cruyff was the first player to join a La Liga club for a record fee, £922,000 from Ajax to Barcelona. In 1982, Barcelona again set the record by signing Diego Maradona from Boca Juniors for £5 million. [31] Real Betis set the world record in 1998 when they signed Denílson from São Paulo for £21.5 million. [32] Four of the last six world transfer records (in euro ) have been set by Real Madrid, signing Luís Figo , [33] Zinedine Zidane , [34] Cristiano Ronaldo [35] (plus a deal for Kaká days before Ronaldo [36] which fell just below a world record due to the way the fee was calculated) [37] and finally Gareth Bale , who was bought for £85.3 million (€103.4 million / $140 million) from Tottenham Hotspur in 2013. [38] The Brazilian forward Neymar was the subject of an expensive and complicated transfer arrangement when he joined Barcelona from Santos in 2013, [39] [40] and his outgoing transfer to Paris Saint-Germain in 2017 set a new world record fee at €222m (via his ' buyout clause '). [41] Barcelona soon invested a large chunk of this money in a replacement, Ousmane Dembélé , whose deal – €105m – was the second most expensive ever before Philippe Coutinho 's transfer to Barcelona for €142m. [42] [43] Player records [ edit ] Top scorers [ edit ] As of matches played 29 April 2018 Rank Nat Name Club Years Goals Apps Ratio 1 Lionel Messi Barcelona 2004– 381 415 0.92 2 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 2009– 309 290 1.07 3 Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 1940–1955 251 278 0.9 4 Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid , Real Madrid & Rayo Vallecano 1981–1994 234 347 0.67 5 Raúl Real Madrid 1994–2010 228 550 0.41 6 Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid & Espanyol 1953–1966 227 329 0.69 7 César Rodríguez Granada , Barcelona , Cultural Leonesa & Elche 1939–1955 223 353 0.63 8 Quini Sporting Gijón & Barcelona 1970–1987 219 448 0.49 9 Pahiño Celta , Real Madrid & Deportivo 1943–1956 210 278 0.76 10 Edmundo Suárez Valencia & Alcoyano 1939–1950 195 231 0.84 Most appearances [ edit ] See also: List of La Liga players As of 16 May 2016 Rank Nat Name Years Apps Goals 1 Andoni Zubizarreta 1981–1998 622 0 2 Raúl 1994–2010 550 228 3 Eusebio Sacristán 1983–2002 543 36 4 Francisco Buyo 1980–1997 542 0 5 Manuel Sanchís 1983–2001 523 32 6 Iker Casillas 1999–2015 510 0 7 Xavi 1998–2015 505 58 8 Miquel Soler 1983–2003 504 12 9 Fernando Hierro 1987–2003 497 104 10 José Mari Bakero 1980–1997 483 139 Sponsors [ edit ] Banco Santander Nike, Inc El Corte Inglés TAG Heuer EA Sports Samsung Sportium STIHL Mazda Mahou Allianz Groupe Danone Marqués del Atrio Kalise Menorquina Solán de Cabras See also [ edit ] Association football portal Spain portal Football records in Spain List of football clubs in Spain List of foreign La Liga players List of La Liga broadcasters List of La Liga stadiums List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues Sports broadcasting contracts in Spain Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ Spanish: [pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon] ; \"First Division\" Jump up ^ / l æ ˈ l iː ɡ ə / , Spanish: [la ˈliɣa] ; \"The League\" References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"LaLiga and Santander strike title sponsorship deal\" . LaLiga . 21 July 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Attendances in India, China and the USA catching up with the major European leagues\" . World Soccer . Retrieved 2016-05-25 . Jump up ^ . worldfootball.net » Attendance » overall http://www.worldfootball.net/attendance/ » Attendance » overall Check |url= value ( help ) . Retrieved 2016-05-25 . Missing or empty |title= ( help ) Jump up ^ \"European football statistics\" . 2008. Jump up ^ \"Reglamento General de la RFEF 2010 (Artículo 201.2) (page 138)\" (PDF) (in Spanish). RFEF . 7 June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Criterios de puntuación del juego limpio\" (in Spanish). RFEF . 30 October 1998. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Instalaciones\" (in Spanish). Deportivo Alavés . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Athletic Club - San Mamés (2013)\" . Athletic Club . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Wanda Metropolitano\" . StadiumDB . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Camp Nou - FC Barcelona\" . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Celta de Vigo - CLUB\" . Real Club Celta de Vigo . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Riazor\" . Deportivo de La Coruña . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Capacity of Ipurua stands at 7,083\" . SD Eibar. 3 February 2017. Jump up ^ \"RCDE Stadium - Ficha Técnica\" . RCD Espanyol . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Datos Generales\" . Getafe CF . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Campanya abonats 17/18\" (in Catalan). Girona FC . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Estadio de Gran Canaria\" . UD Las Palmas. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Instalaciones - Leganés - web oficial\" (in Spanish). CD Leganés . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Superdeporte. \"El Ciutat de Valencia estrena lavado de cara para Europa - Superdeporte\" . www.superdeporte.es . Retrieved 2017-06-30 . Jump up ^ \"ESTADIO LA ROSALEDA\" . Málaga CF . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ \"New features for Benito Villamarín Stadium\" . www.realbetisbalompie.es . Archived from the original on 4 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Santiago Bernabéu Stadium\" . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ \"El estadio - Real Sociedad de Fútbol\" . Real Sociedad . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Sevilla Fútbol Club - La entidad\" . Sevilla FC . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Camp de Mestalla\" (in Spanish) . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ \"2011/12 UEFA Champions League statistics handbook - Clubs continued\" (PDF) . UEFA. Jump up ^ \"UEFA ranking of European leagues\" . Bert Kassies. November 2017. Jump up ^ \"UEFA club competitions press kit (.PDF archive, page 23)\" (PDF) . UEFA Official Website . Retrieved 25 August 2006 . Jump up ^ \"Clasificación Histórica Liga BBVA\" . LFP . 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ All Time Table of Spanish team in La Liga Rsssf.com Jump up ^ \"Gareth Bale: The history of the world transfer record\" . BBC Sport . 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ \"World Cup winner Denilson on trial at Bolton Wanderers\" . Daily Mail . 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Nash, Elizabeth (25 July 2000). \"Figo defects to Real Madrid for record £36.2m\" . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Zidane al Real\" . Juventus F.C. (in Italian). 9 July 2001. Archived from the original on 6 August 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ogden, Mark (11 June 2009). \"Cristiano Ronaldo transfer: Real Madrid agree £80 million fee with Manchester United\" . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson, Jeremy (7 June 2009). \"Real Madrid to confirm world record £56m signing of Kaka\" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Kaka completes Real Madrid switch\" . BBC. 9 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid - and agent's fury\" (21 January 2016). The Telegraph. 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Barcelona: Neymar deal has damaged brand of La Liga club\" . BBC Sport . 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Barcelona reveal details of deal to sign Brazil star Neymar\" . Sky Sports . 24 January 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Neymar: Paris St-Germain sign Barcelona forward for world record 222m euros\" . BBC . The British Broadcasting Corporation. 3 August 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Barcelona signs Ousmane Dembele, its Neymar replacement in more ways than one\" . 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2018/01/08/watch-live-philippe-coutinho-unveiled-barcelona-142million-transfer/ External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Liga . (in English) Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional (in Spanish) Royal Spanish Football Federation [ show ] v t e La Liga 2017–18 clubs Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Betis Celta Vigo Deportivo La Coruña Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Las Palmas Leganés Levante Málaga Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Former clubs Albacete Alcoyano AD Almería UD Almería Arenas Getxo Atlético Tetuán Burgos Cádiz Castellón Compostela Condal Córdoba Cultural Leonesa Elche Europa Extremadura Gimnàstic Granada Hércules Jaén Lleida CD Logroñés CD Málaga Mallorca CP Mérida Rayo Vallecano Murcia Numancia Osasuna Oviedo Pontevedra Racing Santander Real Burgos Real Unión Recreativo Huelva Sabadell Salamanca Sporting Gijón Tenerife Valladolid Xerez Zaragoza Competition Clubs Seasons & winners Relegation play-offs Players foreign Managers Winners Stadia Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All-time table LFP Awards Top Scorer (LFP) Top Scorer (Pichichi) Spanish Top Scorer (Zarra) Best Goalkeeper (Zamora) Best Manager (Miguel Muñoz) Best referee (Guruceta) Don Balón Award Player of the Month Manager of the Month Finances Richest clubs: Deloitte list Forbes' list Team owners Associated competitions Supercopa de España Copa del Rey UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League laliga.es facebook.com/LaLiga twitter.com/LaLiga youtube.com/laliga [ show ] v t e La Liga seasons 1929 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 [ show ] v t e 2017–18 La Liga venues Anoeta Balaídos Benito Villamarín Butarque Camp Nou Ciutat de València Coliseum Alfonso Pérez Gran Canaria Ipurua La Cerámica La Rosaleda Mendizorrotza Montilivi Mestalla RCDE Stadium Riazor San Mamés Sánchez Pizjuán Santiago Bernabéu Wanda Metropolitano [ show ] v t e 2017–18 La Liga managers Abelardo ( Alavés ) Bordalás ( Getafe ) Calleja ( Villarreal ) Caparrós c ( Sevilla ) Gallego c ( Espanyol ) Garitano ( Leganés ) González ( Málaga ) Imanol ( Real Sociedad ) López ( Levante ) Marcelino ( Valencia ) Machín ( Girona ) Mendilibar ( Eibar ) Paco ( Las Palmas ) Seedorf ( Deportivo ) Setién ( Betis ) Simeone ( Atlético Madrid ) Unzué ( Celta ) Valverde ( Barcelona ) Zidane ( Real Madrid ) Ziganda ( Athletic Bilbao ) [ show ] v t e Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men's national team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women's national team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B (4 groups) Level 4 Tercera División (18 groups) Levels 5–10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile-La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Ceuta, Melilla ) Women's league system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División (7 groups) Levels 3–5 Ligas Regionales (Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic, Basque, Canary, Cantabria, Castile-La Mancha, Castile and León, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, Valencia, Ceuta, Melilla) Youth league system División de Honor Juvenil (7 groups) Liga Nacional Juvenil (21 groups) Domestic cups Copa del Rey Copa de la Liga (defunct) Copa Eva Duarte (replaced) Supercopa de España Copa Federación Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions' Cup Women's domestic cups Copa de la Reina Youth domestic cups Copa de Campeones Juvenil Copa del Rey Juvenil Clubs Stadiums Records Foreign players Champions [ show ] v t e Top-level football leagues in Europe ( UEFA ) Current Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Austria Tagblatt Pokal Gauliga Ostmark Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Republic State Czechoslovakia Denmark East Germany England Finland Germany Bezirksliga Bayern Gauliga Kreisliga Bayern Hessen Nordmain Odenwald Pfalz Saar Südmain Südwest Württemberg Nordkreis-Liga Oberliga Berlin Oberliga Nord Oberliga Süd Oberliga Südwest Oberliga West Südkreis-Liga Westkreis-Liga Herzeg-Bosnia Mandatory Palestine Scotland Premier Division Premier League Turkey Championship National Division Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia Non-recognized Artsakh Crimea Isle of Man Monaco Northern Cyprus Vatican City [ show ] v t e Top level men's association football leagues around the world Africa ( clubs ) North Africa Botola ( Morocco ) Ligue Professionnelle 1 ( Algeria ) Ligue Professionnelle 1 ( Tunisia ) Premier League ( Egypt ) Premier League ( Libya ) West Africa Campeonato Nacional ( Cape Verde ) Campeonato Nacional ( Guinea-Bissau ) Championnat National ( Guinea ) Championnat National ( Togo ) First Division ( Gambia ) Ligue 1 ( Ivory Coast ) Ligue 1 ( Mauritania ) National Premier League ( Sierra Leone ) Première Division ( Mali ) Premier League ( Benin ) Premier League ( Burkina Faso ) Premier League ( Ghana ) Premier League ( Liberia ) Premier League ( Niger ) Premier League ( Nigeria ) Premier League ( Senegal ) Primera División ( Equatorial Guinea ) Central Africa Championnat National D1 ( Gabon ) Central African Republic League Elite One ( Cameroon ) São Tomé and Príncipe Championship East Africa Premier League ( Burundi ) Premier League ( Djibouti ) Premier League ( Eritrea ) Premier League ( Ethiopia ) Premier League ( Kenya ) Premier League ( Sudan ) Premier League ( Tanzania ) Premier League ( Zanzibar ) Rwanda National Football League Somali League South Sudan Football Championship Ugandan Super League Southern Africa First Division ( Seychelles ) Girabola ( Angola ) Mauritian League Moçambola ( Mozambique ) Premier Division ( Zanzibar ) Premier League ( Botswana ) Premier League ( Comoros ) Premier League ( Lesotho ) Premier League ( Namibia ) Premier League ( Swaziland ) Premier League ( Zambia ) Premier Soccer League ( South Africa ) Premier Soccer League ( Zimbabwe ) THB Champions League ( Madagascar ) Asia ( clubs ) West Asia Saudi Professional League ( Saudi Arabia ) Kuwaiti Premier League ( Kuwait ) Qatar Stars League ( Qatar ) UAE Pro-League Iraqi Premier League ( Iraq ) Oman Professional League ( Oman ) Jordan Premier League ( Jordan ) Lebanese Premier League ( Lebanon ) Bahraini Premier League ( Bahrain ) Yemeni League ( Yemen ) Central Asia Persian Gulf Pro League ( Iran ) Uzbek League ( Uzbekistan ) Ýokary Liga ( Turkmenistan ) South Asia I-League / Indian Super League ( India ) Bangladesh Super Soccer League ( Bangladesh ) East Asia Chinese Super League ( China PR ) J1 League ( Japan ) K League 1 ( Korea Republic ) DPR Korea League ( Korea DPR ) Hong Kong Premier League ( Hong Kong ) Taiwan Football Premier League ( Chinese Taipei ) Southeast Asia Thai League 1 ( Thailand ) Liga Super ( Malaysia ) Singapore Premier League ( Singapore ) Liga 1 ( Indonesia ) A-League ( Australia / New Zealand ) V.League 1 ( Vietnam ) Myanmar National League ( Myanmar ) Philippines Football League ( Philippines ) LFA Primeira Divisão ( Timor Leste ) Europe ( clubs ) Belgian First Division A ( Belgium ) Danish Superliga ( Denmark ) Premier League ( England ) Ligue 1 ( France ) Bundesliga ( Germany ) Superleague Greece ( Greece ) Serie A ( Italy ) Eredivisie ( Netherlands ) Eliteserien ( Norway ) Primeira Liga ( Portugal ) Russian Premier League ( Russia ) La Liga ( Spain ) Swiss Super League ( Switzerland ) Süper Lig ( Turkey ) Ukrainian Premier League ( Ukraine ) Czech First League ( Czech Republic ) Liga I ( Romania ) Scottish Premiership ( Scotland ) Vatican City Championship ( Vatican City ) North & Central America, and the Caribbean ( clubs ) North America Major League Soccer ( USA / Canada ) Liga MX ( Mexico ) Caribbean Ligue Haïtienne ( Haiti ) Jamaican National Premier League TT Pro League ( Trinidad and Tobago ) Oceania ( clubs ) A-League ( Australia / New Zealand ) New Zealand Football Championship Solomon Islands S-League ( Solomon Islands ) South America ( clubs ) Primera División ( Argentina ) Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano ( Bolivia ) Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ( Brazil ) Chilean Primera División ( Chile ) Categoría Primera A ( Colombia ) Ecuadorian Serie A ( Ecuador ) Paraguayan Primera División ( Paraguay ) Peruvian Primera División ( Peru ) Uruguayan Primera División ( Uruguay ) Venezuelan Primera División ( Venezuela ) Domestic association football season Geography of association football Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Liga&oldid=839333993 \" Categories : La Liga Football leagues in Spain Top level football leagues in Europe 1928 establishments in Spain Sports leagues established in 1928 Hidden categories: Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 Articles with Spanish-language external links Use dmy dates from October 2013 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Languages Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018, at 19:19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "La Liga", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=La_Liga&oldid=839333993" }

{ "text": "United Nations Day - Wikipedia United Nations Day From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United Nations Day Flag of the United Nations Official name United Nations Day Also called U.N. Day Observed by Worldwide Type United Nations Celebrations Meetings, discussions, exhibits, cultural performances Date 24 October Next time 24 October 2018 ( 2018-10-24 ) Frequency annual Related to World Development Information Day United Nations Day is devoted to making known to people of the world the aims and achievements of the United Nations Organization. United Nations Day is part of United Nations Week, which runs from 20 to 26 October. In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly declared 24 October, the anniversary of the Charter of the United Nations , as which \"shall be devoted to making known to the people of the world the aims and achievements of the United Nations and to gaining their support for\" its work. [1] In 1971 the United Nations General Assembly adopted a further resolution ( United Nations Resolution 2782) declaring that United Nations Day shall be an international holiday and recommended that it should be observed as a public holiday by all United Nations member states . [2] Contents [ hide ] 1 World War II Allies' day 2 Commemoration 3 World Development Information Day 4 See also 5 References 6 External links World War II Allies' day [ edit ] The first event called \"United Nations Day\" was a World War II Allies ' day of solidarity and military parades launched by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt tied to US Flag Day on June 14, 1942, six months after the Declaration by United Nations . It was observed in New York City as the \" New York at War \" parade, in London , and by the Soviet and Chinese governments. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] It was observed throughout World War II, during 1942-1944, and predating the foundation of the UN itself, is not directly connected to the current international observance. Commemoration [ edit ] U.N. Day has traditionally been marked throughout the world with meetings, discussions and exhibits about the achievements and goals of the organization. In 1971, the General Assembly recommended that member states observe it as a public holiday . Several international schools throughout the world also celebrate the diversity of their student body on United Nations Day (although the event is not necessarily celebrated on 24 October). Celebrations often include a show of cultural performances in the evening and a food fair, where food is available from all over the world. In the United States , the President has issued a proclamation each year for United Nations Day since 1948. [9] On October 24, 2012, President Barack Obama proclaimed the day as United Nations Day. [10] On October 23, 2013, President Obama proclaimed the day as United Nations Day. [11] On October 24, 2014, President Obama proclaimed the day as United Nations Day. [12] [13] On October 22, 2015, President Obama proclaimed October 24 as United Nations Day. [14] On October 21, 2016, President Obama proclaimed October 24 as United Nations Day. [15] [16] On October 24, 2017, President Donald Trump proclaimed the day as United Nations Day. [17] [18] [19] In Kosovo , United Nations Day is an official non-working day as the province is administered by the Interim Administration Mission . In the Philippines , local schoolchildren customarily dress in the national costumes of member states and hold a programme on U.N. Day, which is the last school day before semestral break. Individual students, classes, or grade levels are assigned a country to represent and study; students handcraft their assigned country's flag, and prepare cultural presentations and food as part of the day's educational activities. World Development Information Day [ edit ] The UN's World Development Information Day has also been held on 24 October since 1972 Humanity has entered the era of sustainability – with a global commitment to fulfill the great promise of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It is celebrated on 24 October world wide. Many institutions celebrate it by conducting quizzes and elocutions. Da Potta Group of Companies in Kenya, Tanzania and India celebrate it with various discussions. See also [ edit ] United Nations portal International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers Commonwealth Day Europe Day Global citizenship References [ edit ] Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 2 Resolution 168 . United Nations Day A/RES/168(II) 31 October 1947. Retrieved 2008-10-24. Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session -1 Resolution 2782 . Proclamation of United Nations Day as an international holiday A/RES/2782(XXVI) 6 December 1971. Retrieved 2008-10-24. Jump up ^ Plesch, Dan (June 6, 2010). \"The United Nations: The Free World's Great Parade\" . History Today . 60 (6). Jump up ^ \"London Decked with Flags for United Nations - Other Countries Prepare to Celebrate\" . Chicago Tribune . June 14, 1942. p. 5. Jump up ^ Plesch, Dan; Weiss, Thomas G. (2015-01-09). Wartime Origins and the Future United Nations . Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 9781134668731 . Jump up ^ Bennett, M. Todd (2012-11-01). One World, Big Screen: Hollywood, the Allies, and World War II . UNC Press Books. p. 113. ISBN 9780807837467 . Jump up ^ Churchill, Sir Winston S. (2013-04-01). The End of the Beginning . RosettaBooks. p. 168. ISBN 9780795331787 . Jump up ^ Johnstone, Andrew (2016-04-22). Dilemmas of Internationalism: The American Association for the United Nations and US Foreign Policy, 1941-1948 . Routledge. ISBN 9781317150541 . Jump up ^ \"Harry S. Truman: Proclamation 2811—United Nations Day, 1948\" . www.presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2017-10-29 . Jump up ^ \"United Nations Day, 2013\" (PDF) . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 24, 2012. Archived from the original on October 29, 2012 . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"United Nations Day, 2013\" (PDF) . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 23, 2013. Archived from the original on October 28, 2013 . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"United Nations Day, 2014\" (PDF) . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 24, 2014. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014 . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Correction\" (PDF) . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . December 8, 2014. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014 . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"United Nations Day, 2015\" (PDF) . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 22, 2015. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015 . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary (October 24, 2016). \"President Barack Obama Proclaims October 24, 2016, as United Nations Day\" . whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. : White House . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"United Nations Day, 2016\" (PDF) . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 21, 2016. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016 . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary (October 24, 2017). \"President Donald J. Trump Proclaims October 24, 2017, as United Nations Day\" . whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. : White House . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump, Donald [@realDonaldTrump] (October 24, 2017). \" \" President Donald J. Trump Proclaims October 24, 2017, as United Nations Day \" \" (Tweet) . Retrieved October 25, 2017 – via Twitter . Jump up ^ \"United Nations Day, 2017\" (PDF) . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 24, 2017. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017 . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . External links [ edit ] (in English) UN Day [ hide ] v t e United Nations António Guterres , Secretary-General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary-General Peter Thomson , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary-General Deputy Secretary-General Under-Secretary-General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary-General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP-WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSSC UNU UNU-OP UNU-CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno-Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary-General (2006 2016) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President (2012 2016) Security Council (2015 2016) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Years UN laissez-passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series (1964–1966) In popular culture Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Day&oldid=813168769 \" Categories : United Nations days October observances Recurring events established in 1948 International organization days 1948 introductions Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday fixed day (2) Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017, at 05:23. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "United Nations Day", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Day&oldid=813168769" }

{ "text": "List of United States Representatives from California - Wikipedia List of United States Representatives from California From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search The following is an alphabetical list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the state of California . For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state (through the present day), see United States Congressional Delegations from California . The list of names should be complete as of June 6, 2017, but other data may be incomplete. Contents [ hide ] 1 Current members 2 List of representatives 3 Living former Members of the House 4 See also 5 References Current members [ edit ] Updated June 2017. [1] California 1 : Doug LaMalfa (R) (since 2013) California 2 : Jared Huffman (D) (since 2013) California 3 : John Garamendi (D) (since 2009) California 4 : Tom McClintock (R) (since 2009) California 5 : Mike Thompson (D) (since 1999) California 6 : Doris Matsui (D) (since 2005) California 7 : Ami Bera (D) (since 2013) California 8 : Paul Cook (R) (since 2013) California 9 : Jerry McNerney (D) (since 2007) California 10 : Jeff Denham (R) (since 2011) California 11 : Mark DeSaulnier (D) (since 2015) California 12 : Nancy Pelosi (D) (since 1987) California 13 : Barbara Lee (D) (since 1998) California 14 : Jackie Speier (D) (since 2008) California 15 : Eric Swalwell (D) (since 2013) California 16 : Jim Costa (D) (since 2005) California 17 : Ro Khanna (D) (since 2017) California 18 : Anna Eshoo (D) (since 1993) California 19 : Zoe Lofgren (D) (since 1995) California 20 : Jimmy Panetta (D) (since 2017) California 21 : David Valadao (R) (since 2013) California 22 : Devin Nunes (R) (since 2003) California 23 : Kevin McCarthy (R) (since 2007) California 24 : Salud Carbajal (D) (since 2017) California 25 : Steve Knight (R) (since 2015) California 26 : Julia Brownley (D) (since 2013) California 27 : Judy Chu (D) (since 2009) California 28 : Adam Schiff (D) (since 1997) California 29 : Tony Cárdenas (D) (since 2013) California 30 : Brad Sherman (D) (since 1997) California 31 : Pete Aguilar (D) (since 2015) California 32 : Grace Napolitano (D) (since 1999) California 33 : Ted Lieu (D) (since 2015) California 34 : Jimmy Gomez (D) (since 2017) California 35 : Norma Torres (D) (since 2015) California 36 : Raul Ruiz (D) (since 2013) California 37 : Karen Bass (D) (since 2011) California 38 : Linda Sánchez (D) (since 2003) California 39 : Ed Royce (R) (since 1993) California 40 : Lucille Roybal-Allard (D) (since 1993) California 41 : Mark Takano (D) (since 2013) California 42 : Ken Calvert (R) (since 1993) California 43 : Maxine Waters (D) (since 1991) California 44 : Nanette Barragan (D) (since 2017) California 45 : Mimi Walters (R) (since 2015) California 46 : Lou Correa (D) (since 2017) California 47 : Alan Lowenthal (D) (since 2013) California 48 : Dana Rohrabacher (R) (since 1989) California 49 : Darrell Issa (R) (since 2001) California 50 : Duncan D. Hunter (R) (since 2009) California 51 : Juan Vargas (D) (since 2013) California 52 : Scott Peters (D) (since 2013) California 53 : Susan Davis (D) (since 2001) List of representatives [ edit ] Representative Party District Years District home Electoral history Aguilar, Pete Pete Aguilar Democratic 31st 000000002015-01-03-0000 January 3, 2015 – Present Redlands First elected in 2014 . Incumbent. Allen, Jr., John J. John J. Allen, Jr. Republican 7th 000000001947-01-03-0000 January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1959 Oakland [Data unknown/missing.] Anderson, Glenn M. Glenn M. Anderson Democratic 17th 000000001969-01-03-0000 January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1973 Hawthorne [Data unknown/missing.] 35th 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 32nd 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 Anderson, Jack Z. Jack Z. Anderson Republican 8th 000000001939-01-03-0000 January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1953 San Juan Bautista [Data unknown/missing.] Axtell, Samuel Beach Samuel Beach Axtell Democratic 1st 000000001867-03-04-0000 March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1871 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Baca, Joe Joe Baca Democratic 42nd 000000001999-11-16-0000 November 16, 1999 – January 3, 2003 Rialto First elected to finish George Brown, Jr. 's term. 43rd 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 Badham, Robert Robert Badham Republican 40th 000000001977-01-03-0000 January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1989 Newport Beach [Data unknown/missing.] Baker, William P. William P. Baker Republican 10th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997 Danville [Data unknown/missing.] Baldwin, Jr., John F. John F. Baldwin, Jr. Republican 6th 000000001955-01-03-0000 January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1963 Martinez Died. 14th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – March 9, 1966 Barbour, Henry E. Henry E. Barbour Republican 7th 000000001919-03-04-0000 March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1933 Fresno [Data unknown/missing.] Barham, John All John All Barham Republican 1st 000000001895-03-04-0000 March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1901 Santa Rosa [Data unknown/missing.] Barlow, Charles A. Charles A. Barlow Populist 6th 000000001897-03-04-0000 March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1899 San Luis Obispo [Data unknown/missing.] Barragán, Nanette Nanette Barragán Democratic 44th 000000002017-01-03-0000 January 3, 2017 – Present Hermosa Beach Elected in 2016 . Incumbent. Bass, Karen Karen Bass Democratic 33rd 000000002011-01-03-0000 January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013 Los Angeles First elected in 2010 . Incumbent. 37th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Bates, Jim Jim Bates Democratic 44th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1991 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] Becerra, Xavier Xavier Becerra Democratic 30th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 Los Angeles Resigned to become California Attorney General . 31st 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 34th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – January 24, 2017 Beilenson, Anthony C. Anthony C. Beilenson Democratic 23rd 000000001977-01-03-0000 January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1993 Beverly Hills [Data unknown/missing.] 24th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997 Bell, Jr., Alphonzo E. Alphonzo E. Bell, Jr. Republican 16th 000000001961-01-03-0000 January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1963 Beverly Hills [Data unknown/missing.] 28th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 27th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1977 Bell, Charles W. Charles W. Bell Progressive Republican 9th 000000001913-03-04-0000 March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915 Pasadena [Data unknown/missing.] Bell, Theodore A. Theodore A. Bell Democratic 2nd 000000001903-03-04-0000 March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Benedict, Henry S. Henry S. Benedict Republican 10th 000000001916-11-07-0000 November 7, 1916 – March 3, 1917 Los Angeles Nominated by Progressive Party in 1916, but withdrew Bera, Ami Ami Bera Democratic 7th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Elk Grove First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Berman, Howard Howard Berman Democratic 26th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 2003 North Hollywood [Data unknown/missing.] 28th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 Berry, Campbell Polson Campbell Polson Berry Democratic 3rd 000000001879-03-04-0000 March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1883 Wheatland [Data unknown/missing.] Bidwell, John John Bidwell Republican 3rd 000000001865-03-04-0000 March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1867 Chico [Data unknown/missing.] Biggs, Marion Marion Biggs Democratic 2nd 000000001887-03-04-0000 March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1891 Gridley [Data unknown/missing.] Bilbray, Brian Brian Bilbray Republican 49th 000000001995-01-03-0000 January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2001 Rancho Santa Fe [Data unknown/missing.] 50th 000000002006-06-13-0000 June 13, 2006 – January 3, 2013 [Data unknown/missing.] Bono, Sonny Sonny Bono Republican 44th 000000001995-01-03-0000 January 3, 1995 – January 5, 1998 Palm Springs Died. Mack, Mary Bono Mary Bono Mack Republican 44th 000000001998-04-07-0000 April 7, 1998 – January 3, 2003 Palm Springs First elected to finish the term of her husband, Sonny Bono 45th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 [Data unknown/missing.] Bosco, Douglas H. Douglas H. Bosco Democratic 1st 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1991 San Rafael [Data unknown/missing.] Bowers, William W. William W. Bowers Republican 6th 000000001891-03-04-0000 March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1893 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] 7th 000000001893-03-04-0000 March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1897 Boxer, Barbara Barbara Boxer Democratic 6th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 Greenbrae Retired to run for U.S. Senator . Bradley, Willis W. Willis W. Bradley Republican 18th 000000001947-01-03-0000 January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949 Long Beach [Data unknown/missing.] Bramblett, Ernest K. Ernest K. Bramblett Republican 11th 000000001947-01-03-0000 January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953 Pacific Grove [Data unknown/missing.] 13th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 Brown, Jr., George George Brown, Jr. Democratic 29th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1971 Monterey Park Retired to run for U.S. Senator 38th 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 [Data unknown/missing.] 36th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 42nd 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – July 15, 1999 Died. Brownley, Julia Julia Brownley Democratic 26th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Oxnard First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Buck, Frank H. Frank H. Buck Democratic 3rd 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – September 17, 1942 San Francisco Died. Budd, James James Budd Democratic 2nd 000000001883-03-04-0000 March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 Stockton [Data unknown/missing.] Burch, John Chilton John Chilton Burch Democratic At-large 000000001859-03-04-0000 March 4, 1859 – March 3, 1861 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Burgener, Clair Clair Burgener Republican 42nd 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] 43rd 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 Burke, John H. John H. Burke Democratic 18th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 Long Beach [Data unknown/missing.] Burke, Yvonne Brathwaite Yvonne Brathwaite Burke Democratic 37th 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 Los Angeles Retired to run for California Attorney General . 28th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979 Burkhalter, Everett G. Everett G. Burkhalter Democratic 27th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] Burnham, George George Burnham Republican 20th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1937 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] Burton, John John Burton Democratic 6th 000000001974-06-04-0000 June 4, 1974 – January 3, 1975 San Francisco First elected to finish William S. Mailliard 's term. 5th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 [Data unknown/missing.] Burton, Phillip Phillip Burton Democratic 5th 000000001964-02-18-0000 February 18, 1964 – January 3, 1975 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] 6th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 5th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – April 10, 1983 Died. Burton, Sala Sala Burton Democratic 5th 000000001983-06-21-0000 June 21, 1983 – February 1, 1987 San Francisco First elected to finish the term of her husband, Phillip Burton 's Died. Calvert, Ken Ken Calvert Republican 43rd 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 Corona First elected in 1992 . Incumbent. 44th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 42nd 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Cameron, Ronald B. Ronald B. Cameron Democratic 25th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1967 Whittier [Data unknown/missing.] Caminetti, Anthony Anthony Caminetti Democratic 2nd 000000001891-03-04-0000 March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1895 Jackson [Data unknown/missing.] T. Campbell III, John B. John B. T. Campbell III Republican 48th 000000002005-12-07-0000 December 7, 2005 – January 3, 2013 Newport Beach First elected to finish Christopher Cox 's term. 45th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 Retired Campbell, Tom Tom Campbell Republican 12th 000000001989-01-03-0000 January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1993 Campbell [Data unknown/missing.] 15th 000000001995-01-12-0000 January 12, 1995 – January 3, 2001 Elected to finish the term of Norm Mineta . Retired to run for U.S. Senator . Cannon, Marion Marion Cannon Populist 6th 000000001893-03-04-0000 March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1895 Ventura [Data unknown/missing.] Capps, Lois Lois Capps Democratic 22nd 000000001998-03-17-0000 March 17, 1998 – January 3, 2003 Santa Barbara First elected to finish the term of her husband , Walter Capps . [Data unknown/missing.] 23rd 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 24th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017 Capps, Walter Walter Capps Democratic 22nd 000000001997-01-03-0000 January 3, 1997 – October 28, 1997 Santa Barbara Died. Carbajal, Salud Salud Carbajal Democratic 24th 000000002017-01-03-0000 January 3, 2017 – Present Santa Barbara Elected in 2016 . Incumbent. Cardenas, Tony Tony Cardenas Democratic 29th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Los Angeles First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Cardoza, Dennis Dennis Cardoza Democratic 18th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – August 14, 2012 Atwater Resigned Carter, Albert E. Albert E. Carter Republican 6th 000000001925-03-04-0000 March 4, 1925 – January 3, 1945 Oakland [Data unknown/missing.] Castle, Curtis H. Curtis H. Castle Populist 7th 000000001897-03-04-0000 March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1899 Merced [Data unknown/missing.] Chappie, Eugene A. Eugene A. Chappie Republican 1st 000000001981-01-03-0000 January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983 Chico [Data unknown/missing.] 2nd 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1987 Chu, Judy Judy Chu Democratic 32nd 000000002009-07-14-0000 July 14, 2009 – January 3, 2013 Monterey Park First elected to finish Hilda Solis 's term. Incumbent. 27th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Church, Denver S. Denver S. Church Democratic 7th 000000001913-03-04-0000 March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1919 Fresno [Data unknown/missing.] 9th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – March 3, 1935 Clausen, Donald H. Donald H. Clausen Republican 1st 000000001963-01-22-0000 January 22, 1963 – January 3, 1975 Crescent City First elected to finish Clement W. Miller 's term. 2nd 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 [Data unknown/missing.] Clawson, Del M. Del M. Clawson Republican 23rd 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 Compton Retired and then resigned early. 33rd 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – December 31, 1978 Clayton, Charles Charles Clayton Republican 1st 000000001873-03-04-0000 March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875 Santa Clara [Data unknown/missing.] Clunie, Thomas J. Thomas J. Clunie Democratic 5th 000000001889-03-04-0000 March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1891 Sacramento [Data unknown/missing.] Coelho, Tony Tony Coelho Democratic 15th 000000001979-01-03-0000 January 3, 1979 – June 15, 1989 Dos Palos Resigned Coghlan, John M. John M. Coghlan Republican 3rd 000000001871-03-04-0000 March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873 Suisun City [Data unknown/missing.] Cohelan, Jeffery Jeffery Cohelan Democratic 7th 000000001959-01-03-0000 January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1971 Berkeley Lost renomination. Colden, Charles J. Charles J. Colden Democratic 17th 000000001933-01-03-0000 January 3, 1933 – April 15, 1938 San Pedro Died. Cole, Cornelius Cornelius Cole Union Republican At-large 000000001863-03-04-0000 March 4, 1863 – March 3, 1865 Santa Cruz [Data unknown/missing.] Collins, Sam L. Sam L. Collins Republican 19th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1937 Fullerton Lost renomination to Harry R. Sheppard . Condit, Gary Gary Condit Democratic 15th 000000001989-01-03-0000 January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1993 Ceres Lost renomination to Dennis Cardoza . 18th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 Condon, Robert Robert Condon Democratic 6th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 Martinez [Data unknown/missing.] Cook, Paul Paul Cook Republican 8th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Apple Valley First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Coombs, Frank Frank Coombs Republican 1st 000000001901-03-04-0000 March 4, 1901 – March 3, 1903 Napa [Data unknown/missing.] Corman, James C. James C. Corman Democratic 22nd 000000001961-01-03-0000 January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1975 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] 21st 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1981 Correa, Lou Lou Correa Democratic 46th 000000002017-01-03-0000 January 3, 2017 – Present Santa Ana Elected in 2016 . Incumbent. Costa, Jim Jim Costa Democratic 20th 000000002005-01-03-0000 January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2013 Fresno First elected in 2004 . Incumbent. 16th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Costello, John M. John M. Costello Democratic 15th 000000001935-01-03-0000 January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1945 Los Angeles Lost renomination. Cox, Christopher Christopher Cox Republican 40th 000000001989-01-03-0000 January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1993 Newport Beach [Data unknown/missing.] 47th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 48th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – August 2, 2005 Resigned to serve as Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Crail, Joe Joe Crail Republican 10th 000000001927-03-04-0000 March 4, 1927 – March 3, 1933 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] Cunningham, Duke Duke Cunningham Republican 44th 000000001991-01-03-0000 January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 Del Mar [Data unknown/missing.] 51st 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 50th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – December 1, 2005 Resigned after criminal guilty plea Curry, Charles F. Charles F. Curry Republican 3rd 000000001913-03-04-0000 March 4, 1913 – October 1, 1930 Sacramento Died. Curry, Jr., Charles F. Charles F. Curry, Jr. Republican 3rd 000000001931-03-04-0000 March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933 Sacramento Elected as a write-in candidate , succeeding his father, Charles F. Curry . Cutting, John T. John T. Cutting Republican 4th 000000001891-03-04-0000 March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1893 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Daniels, Milton J. Milton J. Daniels Republican 8th 000000001903-03-04-0000 March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905 Riverside [Data unknown/missing.] Danielson, George E. George E. Danielson Democratic 29th 000000001971-01-03-0000 January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1975 Los Angeles Retired to serve on California Courts of Appeal 30th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – March 9, 1982 Dannemeyer, William E. William E. Dannemeyer Republican 39th 000000001979-01-03-0000 January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1993 Fullerton [Data unknown/missing.] Davis, Horace Horace Davis Republican 1st 000000001877-03-04-0000 March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1881 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Davis, Susan Susan Davis Democratic 49th 000000002001-01-03-0000 January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003 San Diego First elected in 2000 . Incumbent. 53rd 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – Present De Haven, John J. John J. De Haven Republican 1st 000000001889-03-04-0000 March 4, 1889 – October 1, 1890 Eureka Resigned to serve on Supreme Court of California . Vries, Marion De Marion De Vries Democratic 2nd 000000001897-03-04-0000 March 4, 1897 – June 9, 1900 Stockton Resigned to serve on Board of General Appraisers . Dellums, Ron Ron Dellums Democratic 7th 000000001971-01-03-0000 January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1975 Oakland [Data unknown/missing.] 8th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 9th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – February 6, 1998 Resigned . Denham, Jeff Jeff Denham Republican 19th 000000002011-01-03-0000 January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013 Merced First elected in 2010 . Incumbent. 10th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Denver, James W. James W. Denver Democratic At-large 000000001855-03-04-0000 March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1857 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] DeSaulnier, Mark Mark DeSaulnier Democratic 11th 000000002015-01-03-0000 January 3, 2015 – Present Concord First elected in 2014 . Incumbent. Dixon, Julian C. Julian C. Dixon Democratic 28th 000000001979-01-03-0000 January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1993 Los Angeles Died. 32nd 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – December 8, 2000 Dockweiler, John F. John F. Dockweiler Democratic 16th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1939 Los Angeles Retired to run for governor . Dooley, Calvin M. Calvin M. Dooley Democratic 17th 000000001991-01-03-0000 January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 Hanford [Data unknown/missing.] 20th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2005 Doolittle, John John Doolittle Republican 14th 000000001991-01-03-0000 January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 Roseville [Data unknown/missing.] 4th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2009 Dornan, Bob Bob Dornan Republican 27th 000000001977-01-03-0000 January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1983 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] 38th 000000001985-01-03-0000 January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1993 Garden Grove 46th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997 Gahagan, Helen Helen Gahagan Democratic 14th 000000001945-01-03-0000 January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1951 Los Angeles Retired to run for U.S. Senator . Doyle, Clyde Clyde Doyle Democratic 18th 000000001945-01-03-0000 January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947 Long Beach [Data unknown/missing.] 000000001949-01-03-0000 January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953 23rd 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – March 14, 1963 Died. Dreier, David David Dreier Republican 35th 000000001981-01-03-0000 January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983 San Dimas [Data unknown/missing.] 33rd 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 28th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 26th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 Dyal, Kenneth W. Kenneth W. Dyal Democratic 33rd 000000001965-01-03-0000 January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1967 San Bernardino [Data unknown/missing.] Dymally, Mervyn M. Mervyn M. Dymally Democratic 31st 000000001981-01-03-0000 January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1993 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] Eaton, Thomas M. Thomas M. Eaton Republican 18th 000000001939-01-03-0000 January 3, 1939 – September 16, 1939 Long Beach Died. Edwards, Don Don Edwards Democratic 9th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 San Jose [Data unknown/missing.] 10th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 16th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 Elliott, Alfred J. Alfred J. Elliott Democratic 10th 000000001937-05-04-0000 May 4, 1937 – January 3, 1949 Tulare First elected to finish Henry E. Stubbs 's term. [Data unknown/missing.] Elston, John A. John A. Elston Progressive 6th 000000001913-03-04-0000 March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915 Berkeley Died. Republican 000000001915-03-04-0000 March 4, 1915 – December 15, 1921 Eltse, Ralph R. Ralph R. Eltse Republican 7th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 Berkeley [Data unknown/missing.] Engle, Clair Clair Engle Democratic 2nd 000000001943-08-31-0000 August 31, 1943 – January 3, 1959 Corning Retired to run for U.S. Senator . Englebright, William F. William F. Englebright Republican 1st 000000001906-11-06-0000 November 6, 1906 – March 3, 1911 Nevada City First elected to finish James Gillett 's term. [Data unknown/missing.] Englebright, Harry Lane Harry Lane Englebright Republican 2nd 000000001926-08-31-0000 August 31, 1926 – May 13, 1943 Nevada City First elected to finish John E. Raker 's term. Died. English, Warren B. Warren B. English Democratic 3rd 000000001894-04-04-0000 April 4, 1894 – March 3, 1895 Oakland Successfully contested election. Eshoo, Anna Anna Eshoo Democratic 14th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013 Atherton First elected in 1992 . Incumbent. 18th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Evans, William E. William E. Evans Republican 9th 000000001927-03-04-0000 March 4, 1927 – January 3, 1933 Glendale [Data unknown/missing.] 11th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 Farr, Sam Sam Farr Democratic 17th 000000001993-06-08-0000 June 8, 1993 – January 3, 2013 Carmel First elected to finish Leon Panetta 's term. 20th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017 [Data unknown/missing.] Fazio, Victor H. Victor H. Fazio Democratic 4th 000000001979-01-03-0000 January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1993 Sacramento [Data unknown/missing.] 3rd 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1999 Felton, Charles N. Charles N. Felton Republican 5th 000000001885-03-04-0000 March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1889 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Fiedler, Bobbi Bobbi Fiedler Republican 21st 000000001981-01-03-0000 January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1987 Los Angeles Retired to run for U.S. Senator . Filner, Bob Bob Filner Democratic 50th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 San Diego Resigned after being elected Mayor of San Diego 51st 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – December 3, 2012 Flaherty, Lawrence J. Lawrence J. Flaherty Republican 5th 000000001925-03-04-0000 March 4, 1925 – June 13, 1926 San Francisco Died. Fletcher, Charles K. Charles K. Fletcher Republican 23rd 000000001947-01-03-0000 January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] Ford, Thomas F. Thomas F. Ford Democratic 14th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1945 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] Ford, Leland M. Leland M. Ford Republican 16th 000000001939-01-03-0000 January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1943 Santa Monica [Data unknown/missing.] Fredericks, John D. John D. Fredericks Republican 10th 000000001923-05-01-0000 May 1, 1923 – March 4, 1927 Los Angeles First elected to finish Henry Z. Osborne 's term. Free, Arthur M. Arthur M. Free Republican 8th 000000001921-03-04-0000 March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1933 San Jose [Data unknown/missing.] Gallegly, Elton Elton Gallegly Republican 21st 000000001987-01-03-0000 January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1993 Simi Valley [Data unknown/missing.] 23rd 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 24th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 Garamendi, John John Garamendi Democratic 10th 000000002009-11-05-0000 November 5, 2009 – January 3, 2013 Walnut Creek First elected to finish Ellen Tauscher 's term. Incumbent. 3rd 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Gearhart, Bertrand W. Bertrand W. Gearhart Republican 9th 000000001935-01-03-0000 January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1949 Fresno [Data unknown/missing.] Geary, Thomas J. Thomas J. Geary Democratic 1st 000000001890-12-09-0000 December 9, 1890 – January 3, 1895 Santa Rosa First elected to finish John J. De Haven 's term. Geyer, Lee E. Lee E. Geyer Democratic 17th 000000001939-01-03-0000 January 3, 1939 – October 11, 1941 Gardena Died. Gilbert, Edward Edward Gilbert Democratic At-large 000000001850-09-11-0000 September 11, 1850 – March 3, 1851 San Francisco Retired. Gillett, James James Gillett Republican 1st 000000001902-03-04-0000 March 4, 1902 – November 4, 1906 Eureka Resigned to become Governor of California . Glascock, John R. John R. Glascock Democratic At-large 000000001883-03-04-0000 March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 Oakland [Data unknown/missing.] Goldwater, Jr., Barry Barry Goldwater, Jr. Republican 27th 000000001969-04-29-0000 April 29, 1969 – January 3, 1975 Burbank First elected to finish Edwin Reinecke 's term. 20th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 Retired to run for U.S. Senator . Gomez, Jimmy Jimmy Gomez Democratic 34th 000000002017-06-06-0000 June 6, 2017 – Present Los Angeles Elected in 2016 . Incumbent. Grisham, Wayne R. Wayne R. Grisham Republican 33rd 000000001979-01-03-0000 January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1983 La Mirada Lost renomination. Gubser, Charles S. Charles S. Gubser Republican 10th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – December 31, 1974 Gilroy [Data unknown/missing.] Hagen, Harlan Harlan Hagen Democratic 14th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 Hanford [Data unknown/missing.] 18th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1967 Hahn, Janice Janice Hahn Democratic 36th 000000002011-07-12-0000 July 12, 2011 – January 3, 2013 [Data unknown/missing.] First elected to finish Jane Harman 's term. 44th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – December 4, 2016 Resigned to become a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors . Hamburg, Daniel Daniel Hamburg Democratic 1st 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 Ukiah [Data unknown/missing.] Hanna, Richard T. Richard T. Hanna Democratic 34th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – December 31, 1974 Fullerton Retired and then resigned early. Hannaford, Mark W. Mark W. Hannaford Democratic 34th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979 Lakewood [Data unknown/missing.] Harman, Jane Jane Harman Democratic 36th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1999 Venice Retired to run for Governor of California . 000000002001-01-03-0000 January 3, 2001 – February 28, 2011 Resigned to become President of the Woodrow Wilson Center . Havenner, Franck R. Franck R. Havenner Progressive 4th 000000001937-01-03-0000 January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1939 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Democratic 000000001939-01-03-0000 January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1941 000000001945-01-03-0000 January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1953 Hawkins, Augustus Augustus Hawkins Democratic 21st 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] 29th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1991 Hayes, Everis A. Everis A. Hayes Republican 5th 000000001905-03-04-0000 March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1913 San Jose [Data unknown/missing.] 8th 000000001913-03-04-0000 March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1919 Healy, Ned R. Ned R. Healy Democratic 13th 000000001945-01-03-0000 January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] Henley, Barclay Barclay Henley Democratic 3rd 000000001883-03-04-0000 March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 Santa Rosa [Data unknown/missing.] 1st 000000001885-03-04-0000 March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1887 Herbert, Philemon T. Philemon T. Herbert Democratic At-large 000000001855-03-04-0000 March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1857 Mariposa [Data unknown/missing.] Herger, Wally Wally Herger Republican 2nd 000000001987-01-03-0000 January 3, 1987 – January 3, 2013 Marysville [Data unknown/missing.] Hersman, Hugh S. Hugh S. Hersman Democratic 8th 000000001919-03-04-0000 March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1921 Gilroy [Data unknown/missing.] Hiestand, Edgar W. Edgar W. Hiestand Republican 21st 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 Altadena [Data unknown/missing.] Higby, William William Higby Republican At-large 000000001863-03-04-0000 March 4, 1863 – March 3, 1865 Calaveras [Data unknown/missing.] 2nd 000000001865-03-04-0000 March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1869 Hilborn, Samuel G. Samuel G. Hilborn Republican 3rd 000000001892-12-05-0000 December 5, 1892 – April 4, 1894 Oakland First elected to finish Joseph McKenna 's term. Resigned in favor of Warren B. English . 000000001895-03-04-0000 March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1899 [Data unknown/missing.] Hillings, Patrick J. Patrick J. Hillings Republican 12th 000000001951-01-03-0000 January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 Arcadia Retired to run for Attorney General of California 25th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1959 Hinshaw, Andrew J. Andrew J. Hinshaw Republican 39th 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 Mission Viejo Lost renomination. 40th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1977 Hinshaw, John Carl John Carl Hinshaw Republican 11th 000000001939-01-03-0000 January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1943 Pasadena Died. 20th 000000001943-01-03-0000 January 3, 1943 – August 5, 1956 Hoeppel, John H. John H. Hoeppel Democratic 12th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1937 Arcadia [Data unknown/missing.] Holifield, Chester E. Chester E. Holifield Democratic 19th 000000001943-01-03-0000 January 3, 1943 – December 31, 1974 Montebello Retired and then resigned early. Holt, Joseph F. Joseph F. Holt Republican 22nd 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1961 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] Honda, Mike Mike Honda Democratic 15th 000000002001-01-03-0000 January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2013 San Jose [Data unknown/missing.] 17th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017 Horn, Steve Steve Horn Republican 38th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 Long Beach [Data unknown/missing.] Hosmer, Craig Craig Hosmer Republican 18th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 Long Beach Retired and then resigned early. 32nd 000000001963-01-01-0000 January 1, 1963 – December 31, 1974 Houghton, Sherman Otis Sherman Otis Houghton Republican 1st 000000001871-03-04-0000 March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873 San Jose [Data unknown/missing.] 4th 000000001873-03-04-0000 March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875 Huffington, Michael Michael Huffington Republican 22nd 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 Santa Barbara Retired to run for U.S. Senator . Huffman, Jared Jared Huffman Democratic 2nd 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present San Rafael First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Hunter, Allan O. Allan O. Hunter Republican 9th 000000001951-01-03-0000 January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 [Data unknown/missing.] Fresno 12th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 Hunter, Duncan D. Duncan D. Hunter Republican 52nd 000000002009-01-03-0000 January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2013 Lakeside First elected in 2008 . Incumbent. 50th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Hunter, Duncan L. Duncan L. Hunter Republican 42nd 000000001981-01-03-0000 January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983 Alpine Retired to ran for U.S. President 45th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 52nd 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2009 Issa, Darrell Darrell Issa Republican 48th 000000002001-01-03-0000 January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003 Vista First elected in 2000 . Incumbent. 49th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – Present Izac, Edouard Edouard Izac Democratic 20th 000000001937-01-03-0000 January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1943 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] 23rd 000000001943-01-03-0000 January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1947 Jackson, Donald L. Donald L. Jackson Republican 16th 000000001947-01-03-0000 January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1961 Santa Monica [Data unknown/missing.] Johnson, Grove L. Grove L. Johnson Republican 2nd 000000001895-03-04-0000 March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897 Sacramento [Data unknown/missing.] Johnson, Harold T. Harold T. Johnson Democratic 2nd 000000001959-01-03-0000 January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1975 Roseville [Data unknown/missing.] 1st 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1981 Johnson, James A. James A. Johnson Democratic 3rd 000000001867-03-04-0000 March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1871 Downieville [Data unknown/missing.] Johnson, Justin L. Justin L. Johnson Republican 3rd 000000001943-01-03-0000 January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953 Stockton [Data unknown/missing.] 11th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1957 Johnson, William Ward William Ward Johnson Republican 18th 000000001941-01-03-0000 January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1945 Long Beach [Data unknown/missing.] Kahn, Florence Prag Florence Prag Kahn Republican 4th 000000001925-02-17-0000 February 17, 1925 – January 3, 1937 San Francisco First elected to finish the term of her late husband, Julius Kahn . Kahn, Julius Julius Kahn Republican 4th 000000001899-03-04-0000 March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1903 San Francisco Lost reelection 000000001905-03-04-0000 March 4, 1905 – December 18, 1924 Died. Kasem, George A. George A. Kasem Democratic 25th 000000001959-01-03-0000 January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961 West Covina [Data unknown/missing.] Kent, William William Kent Progressive Republican 2nd 000000001911-03-04-0000 March 4, 1911 – March 3, 1913 Marin County [Data unknown/missing.] Independent 1st 000000001913-03-04-0000 March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1917 Ketchum, William M. William M. Ketchum Republican 36th 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 Bakersfield Died. 18th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – June 24, 1978 Kettner, William William Kettner Democratic 11th 000000001913-03-04-0000 March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1921 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] Khanna, Ro Ro Khanna Democratic 17th 000000002017-01-03-0000 January 3, 2017 – Present Fremont Elected in 2016 . Incumbent. Kim, Jay Jay Kim Republican 41st 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1999 Diamond Bar [Data unknown/missing.] King, Cecil R. Cecil R. King Democratic 17th 000000001942-08-25-0000 August 25, 1942 – January 3, 1969 Los Angeles First elected to finish Lee E. Geyer 's term. Knight, Steve Steve Knight Republican 25th 000000002015-01-03-0000 January 3, 2015 – Present Palmdale First elected in 2014 . Incumbent. Knowland, Joseph R. Joseph R. Knowland Republican 3rd 000000001904-09-24-0000 September 24, 1904 – March 3, 1913 Alameda First elected to finish Victor H. Metcalf 's term. 6th 000000001913-03-04-0000 March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915 [Data unknown/missing.] Konnyu, Ernie Ernie Konnyu Republican 12th 000000001987-01-03-0000 January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1989 Santa Clara [Data unknown/missing.] Kramer, Charles Charles Kramer Democratic 13th 000000001933-03-03-0000 March 3, 1933 – January 3, 1943 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] Krebs, John Hans John Hans Krebs Democratic 17th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979 Fresno [Data unknown/missing.] Kuykendall, Steven T. Steven T. Kuykendall Republican 36th 000000001999-01-03-0000 January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2001 Rancho Palos Verdes [Data unknown/missing.] Lagomarsino, Robert J. Robert J. Lagomarsino Republican 13th 000000001974-03-05-0000 March 5, 1974 – January 3, 1975 Ojai First elected to finish Charles M. Teague 's term. 19th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 [Data unknown/missing.] LaMalfa, Doug Doug LaMalfa Republican 1st 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Redding First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Lantos, Tom Tom Lantos Democratic 11th 000000001981-01-03-0000 January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1993 San Mateo Only Holocaust survivor elected to Congress 12th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – February 11, 2008 Died. Latham, Milton Milton Latham Democratic At-large 000000001853-03-04-0000 March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855 San Francisco Retired. Lea, Clarence F. Clarence F. Lea Democratic 1st 000000001917-03-04-0000 March 4, 1917 – January 3, 1949 Santa Rosa [Data unknown/missing.] Lee, Barbara Barbara Lee Democratic 9th 000000001998-04-07-0000 April 7, 1998 – January 3, 2013 Oakland First elected to finish Ron Dellums's term . Incumbent. 13th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Leggett, Robert L. Robert L. Leggett Democratic 4th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1979 Vallejo [Data unknown/missing.] Lehman, Richard H. Richard H. Lehman Democratic 18th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 Sanger [Data unknown/missing.] 19th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 Levine, Mel Mel Levine Democratic 27th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 Santa Monica Retired to run for U.S. Senator . Lewis, Jerry Jerry Lewis Republican 37th 000000001979-01-03-0000 January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1983 Redlands [Data unknown/missing.] 35th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 40th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 41st 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 Lieu, Ted Ted Lieu Democratic 33rd 000000002015-01-03-0000 January 3, 2015 – Present Torrance First elected in 2014 . Incumbent. Lineberger, Walter F. Walter F. Lineberger Republican 9th 000000001921-02-15-0000 February 15, 1921 – March 3, 1927 Long Beach First elected to finish Representative-elect Charles F. Van de Water 's term. Lipscomb, Glenard P. Glenard P. Lipscomb Republican 24th 000000001953-11-17-0000 November 17, 1953 – February 1, 1970 Los Angeles First elected to finish Norris Poulson 's term. Died. Livernash, Edward J. Edward J. Livernash Democratic and Union Leader 4th 000000001903-03-04-0000 March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Lloyd, James F. James F. Lloyd Democratic 35th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1981 West Covina [Data unknown/missing.] Lofgren, Zoe Zoe Lofgren Democratic 16th 000000001995-01-03-0000 January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2013 San Jose First elected in 1994 . Incumbent. 19th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Loud, Eugene F. Eugene F. Loud Republican 5th 000000001891-03-04-0000 March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1903 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Louttit, James A. James A. Louttit Republican 2nd 000000001885-03-04-0000 March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1887 Stockton [Data unknown/missing.] Low, Frederick F. Frederick F. Low Republican At-large 000000001862-06-03-0000 June 3, 1862 – March 3, 1863 San Francisco Took seat when special act of Congress was passed Lowenthal, Alan Alan Lowenthal Democratic 47th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Long Beach First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Lowery, Bill Bill Lowery Republican 41st 000000001981-01-03-0000 January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1993 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] Lungren, Dan Dan Lungren Republican 34th 000000001979-01-03-0000 January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1983 Long Beach Retired to become acting California State Treasurer . 42nd 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1989 3rd 000000002005-01-03-0000 January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2013 Gold River [Data unknown/missing.] Luttrell, John K. John K. Luttrell Democratic 3rd 000000001873-03-04-0000 March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1879 Fort Jones [Data unknown/missing.] MacLafferty, James H. James H. MacLafferty Republican 6th 000000001922-11-07-0000 November 7, 1922 – March 3, 1925 Oakland First elected to finish John A. Elston 's term. Lost renomination. Maguire, James G. James G. Maguire Democratic 4th 000000001893-03-04-0000 March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1899 San Francisco Retired to run for governor . Mailliard, William S. William S. Mailliard Republican 4th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 San Francisco Resigned to become permanent Representative to Organization of American States 6th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – March 5, 1974 Markham, Henry H. Henry H. Markham Republican 6th 000000001885-03-04-0000 March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1887 Pasadena [Data unknown/missing.] Marshall, Edward C. Edward C. Marshall Democratic At-large 000000001851-03-04-0000 March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853 Sonoma Elected late in 1851 . Retired. Martin, Patrick M. Patrick M. Martin Republican 38th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965 Riverside [Data unknown/missing.] Martinez, Matthew G. Matthew G. Martinez Democratic 30th 000000001982-07-13-0000 July 13, 1982 – January 3, 1993 Monterey Park First elected to finish George E. Danielson 's term. 31st 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – July 27, 2000 Lost renomination and switched to the Republican Party Republican 000000002000-07-27-0000 July 27, 2000 – January 3, 2001 [Data unknown/missing.] Mathias, Robert B. Robert B. Mathias Republican 18th 000000001967-01-03-0000 January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1975 Tulare [Data unknown/missing.] Matsui, Doris Doris Matsui Democratic 5th 000000002005-03-08-0000 March 8, 2005 – January 3, 2013 Sacramento First elected to finish late husband Bob's term. Incumbent. 6th 000000002013-03-08-0000 March 8, 2013 – Present Matsui, Bob Bob Matsui Democratic 3rd 000000001979-01-03-0000 January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1993 Sacramento Died. 5th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 1, 2005 McCandless, Al Al McCandless Republican 37th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 Bermuda Dunes [Data unknown/missing.] 44th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 McCarthy, Kevin Kevin McCarthy Republican 22nd 000000002007-01-03-0000 January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2013 Bakersfield First elected in 2006 . Incumbent. 23rd 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present McClintock, Tom Tom McClintock Republican 4th 000000002009-01-03-0000 January 3, 2009 – Present Thousand Oaks First elected in 2008 . Incumbent. McCloskey, Pete Pete McCloskey Republican 11th 000000001967-12-12-0000 December 12, 1967 – January 3, 1973 Portola Valley First elected to finish J. Arthur Younger 's term. 17th 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 [Data unknown/missing.] 12th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 McCorkle, Joseph W. Joseph W. McCorkle Democratic At-large 000000001851-03-04-0000 March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853 San Francisco Elected late in 1851 . Lost renomination. McDonough, Gordon L. Gordon L. McDonough Republican 15th 000000001945-01-03-0000 January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1963 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] McDougall, James A. James A. McDougall Democratic At-large 000000001853-03-04-0000 March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855 San Francisco Retired. McFall, John J. John J. McFall Democratic 11th 000000001957-01-03-0000 January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1963 Manteca [Data unknown/missing.] 15th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 14th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – December 31, 1978 Resigned McGrath, John J. John J. McGrath Democratic 8th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1939 Hillsborough [Data unknown/missing.] McGroarty, John S. John S. McGroarty Democratic 11th 000000001935-01-03-0000 January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1939 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] McKenna, Joseph Joseph McKenna Republican 3rd 000000001885-03-04-0000 March 4, 1885 – March 28, 1892 Suisun City Resigned after being appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . McKeon, Howard Howard McKeon Republican 25th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2015 Santa Clarita [Data unknown/missing.] McKibbin, Joseph C. Joseph C. McKibbin Democratic At-large 000000001857-03-04-0000 March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1859 Downieville [Data unknown/missing.] McKinlay, Duncan E. Duncan E. McKinlay Republican 2nd 000000001905-03-04-0000 March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1911 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] McKinnon, Clinton D. Clinton D. McKinnon Democratic 23rd 000000001949-01-03-0000 January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] McLachlan, James James McLachlan Republican 6th 000000001895-03-04-0000 March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897 Pasadena [Data unknown/missing.] 000000001901-03-04-0000 March 4, 1901 – March 3, 1903 7th 000000001903-03-04-0000 March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1911 McNerney, Jerry Jerry McNerney Democratic 11th 000000002007-01-03-0000 January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2013 Pleasanton First elected in 2006 . Incumbent. 9th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present McRuer, Donald C. Donald C. McRuer Republican 1st 000000001865-03-04-0000 March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1867 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Metcalf, Victor H. Victor H. Metcalf Republican 3rd 000000001899-03-04-0000 March 4, 1899 – July 1, 1904 Oakland Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Commerce and Labor . Millender-McDonald, Juanita Juanita Millender-McDonald Democratic 37th 000000001996-03-26-0000 March 26, 1996 – April 22, 2007 Carson First elected to finish Walter R. Tucker III 's term. Died. Miller, Clement Woodnutt Clement Woodnutt Miller Democratic 1st 000000001959-01-03-0000 January 3, 1959 – October 7, 1962 Marin County Died in a plane crash. Miller, Gary Gary Miller Republican 41st 000000001999-01-03-0000 January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2003 Diamond Bar [Data unknown/missing.] 42nd 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 31st 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 Miller, George George Miller Democratic 7th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 2013 Martinez [Data unknown/missing.] 11th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 Miller, George Paul George Paul Miller Democratic 6th 000000001945-01-03-0000 January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1953 Alameda Lost renomination. 8th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1973 Mineta, Norman Norman Mineta Democratic 13th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 San Jose Resigned. 15th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – October 10, 1995 Moorhead, Carlos Carlos Moorhead Republican 20th 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 Glendale [Data unknown/missing.] 22nd 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 27th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997 Morrow, William W. William W. Morrow Republican 4th 000000001885-03-04-0000 March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1891 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Moss, John E. John E. Moss Democratic 3rd 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – December 31, 1978 Sacramento [Data unknown/missing.] Napolitano, Grace Grace Napolitano Democratic 34th 000000001999-01-03-0000 January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2003 Norwalk First elected in 1998 . Incumbent. 38th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 32nd 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Needham, James C. James C. Needham Republican 7th 000000001899-03-04-0000 March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1903 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] 6th 000000001903-03-04-0000 March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1913 Negrete McLeod, Gloria Gloria Negrete McLeod Democratic 35th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 Chino Retired to run for San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors Nixon, Richard Richard Nixon Republican 12th 000000001947-01-03-0000 January 3, 1947 – November 30, 1950 Whittier Resigned to run for U.S. Senator . Nolan, John I. John I. Nolan Republican 5th 000000001913-03-04-0000 March 4, 1913 – November 18, 1922 San Francisco Died. Nolan, Mae Mae Nolan Republican 5th 000000001923-01-23-0000 January 23, 1923 – March 3, 1925 San Francisco First elected to finish the term of her husband, John I. Nolan . Nunes, Devin Devin Nunes Republican 21st 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 Tulare First elected in 2002 . Incumbent. 22nd 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Osborne, Henry Z. Henry Z. Osborne Republican 10th 000000001917-03-04-0000 March 4, 1917 – February 8, 1923 Los Angeles Died. Ose, Doug Doug Ose Republican 3rd 000000001999-01-03-0000 January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2005 Sacramento [Data unknown/missing.] Outland, George E. George E. Outland Democratic 11th 000000001943-01-03-0000 January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1947 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] Pacheco, Romualdo Romualdo Pacheco Republican 4th 000000001877-03-04-0000 March 4, 1877 – February 7, 1878 San Luis Obispo Resigned when House Elections Committee refused to certify his election 000000001879-03-04-0000 March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1883 [Data unknown/missing.] Packard, Ron Ron Packard Republican 43rd 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 Carlsbad First elected as a write-in candidate 48th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2001 [Data unknown/missing.] Page, Horace F. Horace F. Page Republican 2nd 000000001873-03-04-0000 March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1883 Placerville [Data unknown/missing.] Panetta, Jimmy Jimmy Panetta Democratic 20th 000000002017-01-03-0000 January 3, 2017 – Present Carmel Valley Elected in 2016 . Incumbent. Panetta, Leon Leon Panetta Democratic 16th 000000001977-01-03-0000 January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1993 Carmel Valley Resigned to become Director of the Office of Management and Budget . 17th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 23, 1993 Pashayan, Chip Chip Pashayan Republican 17th 000000001979-01-03-0000 January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1991 Fresno [Data unknown/missing.] Patterson, Ellis E. Ellis E. Patterson Democratic 16th 000000001945-01-03-0000 January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947 Yuba City [Data unknown/missing.] Patterson, Jerry M. Jerry M. Patterson Democratic 38th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1985 Santa Ana [Data unknown/missing.] Pelosi, Nancy Nancy Pelosi Democratic 5th 000000001987-06-02-0000 June 2, 1987 – January 3, 1993 San Francisco First elected to finish Sala Burton 's term. Incumbent. 8th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013 12th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Peters, Scott Scott Peters Democratic 52nd 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present La Jolla First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Pettis, Jerry Lyle Jerry Lyle Pettis Republican 33rd 000000001967-01-03-0000 January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1975 Loma Linda Died. 37th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – February 14, 1975 Pettis, Shirley Neil Shirley Neil Pettis Republican 37th 000000001975-04-29-0000 April 29, 1975 – January 3, 1979 Loma Linda First elected to finish the term of her late husband Jerry Pettis . Phelps, Timothy Guy Timothy Guy Phelps Republican At-large 000000001861-03-04-0000 March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1863 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Phillips, John J. John J. Phillips Republican 22nd 000000001943-01-03-0000 January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953 Banning [Data unknown/missing.] 29th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1957 Piper, William Adam William Adam Piper Democratic 1st 000000001875-03-04-0000 March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Pombo, Richard W. Richard W. Pombo Republican 11th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2007 Tracy [Data unknown/missing.] Poulson, Norris Norris Poulson Republican 13th 000000001943-01-03-0000 January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945 Los Angeles Lost reelection 000000001947-01-03-0000 January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953 Resigned to become Mayor of Los Angeles 24th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – June 11, 1953 Radanovich, George George Radanovich Republican 19th 000000001995-01-03-0000 January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2011 Mariposa Retired Raker, John E. John E. Raker Democratic 1st 000000001911-03-04-0000 March 4, 1911 – March 3, 1913 Alturas [Data unknown/missing.] 2nd 000000001913-03-04-0000 March 4, 1913 – January 23, 1926 Randall, Charles Hiram Charles Hiram Randall Prohibitionist 9th 000000001915-03-04-0000 March 4, 1915 – March 3, 1921 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] Rees, Thomas M. Thomas M. Rees Democratic 26th 000000001965-12-15-0000 December 15, 1965 – January 3, 1975 Los Angeles First elected to finish James Roosevelt 's term. 23rd 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1977 Reinecke, Edwin Edwin Reinecke Republican 27th 000000001965-01-03-0000 January 3, 1965 – January 21, 1969 Los Angeles Resigned to become Lieutenant Governor of California . Richardson, Laura Laura Richardson Democratic 37th 000000002007-08-21-0000 August 21, 2007 – January 3, 2013 Long Beach First elected to finish the late Juanita Millender-McDonald 's term. Riggs, Frank D. Frank D. Riggs Republican 1st 000000001991-01-03-0000 January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 Healdsburg [Data unknown/missing.] 000000001995-01-03-0000 January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1999 Rogan, James E. James E. Rogan Republican 27th 000000001997-01-03-0000 January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2001 Glendale [Data unknown/missing.] Rogers, Jr., Will Will Rogers, Jr. Democratic 16th 000000001943-01-03-0000 January 3, 1943 – May 23, 1944 Culver City Resigned to return to active duty in the Army Rohrabacher, Dana Dana Rohrabacher Republican 42nd 000000001989-01-03-0000 January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1993 Huntington Beach First elected in 1988 . Incumbent. 45th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 46th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 48th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Rolph, Thomas Thomas Rolph Republican 4th 000000001941-01-03-0000 January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1945 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Roosevelt, James James Roosevelt Democratic 26th 000000001955-01-03-0000 January 3, 1955 – September 30, 1965 Los Angeles Resigned to run for Mayor of Los Angeles . Rosecrans, William William Rosecrans Democratic 1st 000000001881-03-04-0000 March 4, 1881 – March 3, 1885 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Rousselot, John H. John H. Rousselot Republican 25th 000000001961-01-03-0000 January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1963 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] 24th 000000001970-06-30-0000 June 30, 1970 – January 3, 1975 Elected again to finish Glenard P. Lipscomb 's term. 26th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 Roybal, Edward R. Edward R. Roybal Democratic 30th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] 25th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 Roybal-Allard, Lucille Lucille Roybal-Allard Democratic 33rd 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 Los Angeles First elected in 1992 . Incumbent. 34th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 40th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Royce, Ed Ed Royce Republican 39th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 Fullerton First elected in 1992 . Incumbent. 40th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 39th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Royer, William William Royer Republican 11th 000000001979-04-03-0000 April 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981 Redwood City First elected to finish Leo Ryan 's term. Ruiz, Raul Raul Ruiz Democratic 36th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Palm Desert First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Ryan, Leo Leo Ryan Democratic 11th 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – November 18, 1978 South San Francisco Murdered at Port Kaituma . Sánchez, Linda T. Linda T. Sánchez Democratic 39th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 Lakewood First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. 38th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Sanchez, Loretta Loretta Sanchez Democratic 46th 000000001997-01-03-0000 January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2003 Anaheim [Data unknown/missing.] 47th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 46th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017 Sargent, Aaron Augustus Aaron Augustus Sargent Republican At-large 000000001861-03-04-0000 March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1863 Nevada City [Data unknown/missing.] 2nd 000000001869-03-04-0000 March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1873 [Data unknown/missing.] Saund, Dalip Singh Dalip Singh Saund Democratic 29th 000000001957-01-03-0000 January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1963 Westmorland [Data unknown/missing.] Schenk, Lynn Lynn Schenk Democratic 49th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] Schiff, Adam Adam Schiff Democratic 27th 000000002001-01-03-0000 January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003 Burbank First elected in 2002 . Incumbent. 29th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 28th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Schmitz, John G. John G. Schmitz Republican 35th 000000001970-06-30-0000 June 30, 1970 – January 3, 1973 Santa Ana First elected to finish James B. Utt 's term. Scott, Byron N. Byron N. Scott Democratic 18th 000000001935-01-03-0000 January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1939 Long Beach [Data unknown/missing.] Scott, Charles L. Charles L. Scott Democratic At-large 000000001857-03-04-0000 March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1861 Sonora [Data unknown/missing.] Scudder, Hubert B. Hubert B. Scudder Republican 1st 000000001949-01-03-0000 January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1959 Sebastopol [Data unknown/missing.] Seastrand, Andrea Andrea Seastrand Republican 22nd 000000001995-01-03-0000 January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997 Santa Barbara [Data unknown/missing.] Shannon, Thomas Bowles Thomas Bowles Shannon Republican At-large 000000001863-01-03-0000 January 3, 1863 – January 3, 1865 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Shelley, John F. John F. Shelley Democratic 5th 000000001949-11-08-0000 November 8, 1949 – January 7, 1964 San Francisco First elected to finish Richard J. Welch 's term. Resigned to become Mayor of San Francisco . Sheppard, Harry R. Harry R. Sheppard Democratic 19th 000000001937-01-03-0000 January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1943 Yucaipa [Data unknown/missing.] 21st 000000001943-01-03-0000 January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953 27th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 33rd 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965 Sherman, Brad Brad Sherman Democratic 24th 000000001997-01-03-0000 January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2003 Sherman Oaks First elected in 2002 . Incumbent. 27th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 30th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Shumway, Norman D. Norman D. Shumway Republican 14th 000000001979-01-03-0000 January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1991 Stockton [Data unknown/missing.] Sisk, Bernice F. Bernice F. Sisk Democratic 12th 000000001955-01-03-0000 January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1963 Fresno [Data unknown/missing.] 16th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 15th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979 Smith, Sylvester C. Sylvester C. Smith Republican 8th 000000001905-03-04-0000 March 4, 1905 – January 26, 1913 Bakersfield Died. Smith, H. Allen H. Allen Smith Republican 20th 000000001957-01-03-0000 January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1973 Glendale [Data unknown/missing.] Solis, Hilda Hilda Solis Democratic 31st 000000002001-01-03-0000 January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003 El Monte Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Labor 32nd 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – February 24, 2009 Speier, Jackie Jackie Speier Democratic 12th 000000002008-04-10-0000 April 10, 2008 – January 3, 2013 Hillsborough First elected to finish Tom Lantos 's term. Incumbent. 14th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Stark, Pete Pete Stark Democratic 8th 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 Fremont [Data unknown/missing.] 9th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 13th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013 Stephens, William William Stephens Republican 7th 000000001911-03-04-0000 March 4, 1911 – March 3, 1913 Los Angeles Resigned to become Lieutenant Governor of California . Progressive 10th 000000001913-03-04-0000 March 4, 1913 – July 22, 1916 Stubbs, Henry E. Henry E. Stubbs Democratic 10th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – February 28, 1937 Santa Maria Died. Sumner, Charles A. Charles A. Sumner Democratic At-large 000000001883-03-04-0000 March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Swalwell, Eric Eric Swalwell Democratic 15th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Dublin First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Swing, Phil Phil Swing Republican 11th 000000001921-03-04-0000 March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1933 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] Takano, Mark Mark Takano Democratic 41st 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Riverside First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Talcott, Burt L. Burt L. Talcott Republican 12th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 Salinas [Data unknown/missing.] 16th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1977 Tauscher, Ellen Ellen Tauscher Democratic 10th 000000001997-01-03-0000 January 3, 1997 – June 26, 2009 Alamo Resigned to become Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs . Teague, Charles M. Charles M. Teague Republican 13th 000000001955-01-03-0000 January 3, 1955 – January 1, 1974 Ojai Died. Thomas, Bill Bill Thomas Republican 18th 000000001979-01-03-0000 January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1983 Bakersfield [Data unknown/missing.] 20th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 21st 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 22nd 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007 Thompson, Mike Mike Thompson Democratic 1st 000000001999-01-03-0000 January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2013 St. Helena First elected in 1998 . Incumbent. 5th 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Thompson, Thomas Larkin Thomas Larkin Thompson Democratic 1st 000000001887-03-04-0000 March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1889 Santa Rosa [Data unknown/missing.] Tolan, John H. John H. Tolan Democratic 7th 000000001935-01-03-0000 January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1947 Oakland [Data unknown/missing.] Torres, Esteban Edward Esteban Edward Torres Democratic 34th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1999 La Puente [Data unknown/missing.] Torres, Norma Norma Torres Democratic 35th 000000002015-01-03-0000 January 3, 2015 – Present Pomona First elected in 2014 . Incumbent. Traeger, William I. William I. Traeger Republican 15th 000000001933-03-04-0000 March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] Tucker III, Walter R. Walter R. Tucker III Democratic 37th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – December 15, 1995 Compton Resigned Tully, Pleasant B. Pleasant B. Tully Democratic 4th 000000001883-03-04-0000 March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 Gilroy [Data unknown/missing.] Tunney, John V. John V. Tunney Democratic 38th 000000001965-01-03-0000 January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1971 Riverside [Data unknown/missing.] Utt, James B. James B. Utt Republican 28th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 Santa Ana Died. 35th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – March 1, 1970 Valadao, David David Valadao Republican 21st 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Hanford First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Deerlin, Lionel Van Lionel Van Deerlin Democratic 37th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1973 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] 41st 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 42nd 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1981 Vandever, William William Vandever Republican 6th 000000001887-03-04-0000 March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1891 San Buenaventura [Data unknown/missing.] Vargas, Juan Juan Vargas Democratic 51st 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present San Diego First elected in 2012 . Incumbent. Veysey, Victor Victor Veysey Republican 38th 000000001971-01-03-0000 January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973 Brawley [Data unknown/missing.] 43rd 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 Voorhis, Jerry Jerry Voorhis Democratic 12th 000000001937-01-03-0000 January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1947 San Dimas [Data unknown/missing.] Waldie, Jerome R. Jerome R. Waldie Democratic 14th 000000001966-06-07-0000 June 7, 1966 – January 3, 1975 Antioch First elected to finish John F. Baldwin 's term. Retired to run for Governor of California . Waters, Maxine Maxine Waters Democratic 29th 000000001991-01-03-0000 January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 Los Angeles First elected in 1990 . Incumbent. 35th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013 43rd 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – Present Walters, Mimi Mimi Walters Republican 45th 000000002015-01-03-0000 January 3, 2015 – Present Laguna Niguel First elected in 2014 . Incumbent. Waters, Russell J. Russell J. Waters Republican 6th 000000001899-03-04-0000 March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1901 Redlands [Data unknown/missing.] Watson, Diane Diane Watson Democratic 32nd 000000002001-06-05-0000 June 5, 2001 – January 3, 2003 Los Angeles First elected to finish Julian C. Dixon 's term. 33rd 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2011 [Data unknown/missing.] Waxman, Henry Henry Waxman Democratic 24th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] 29th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 30th 000000002003-01-03-0000 January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 33rd 000000002013-01-03-0000 January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 Retired Welch, Richard J. Richard J. Welch Republican 5th 000000001926-08-31-0000 August 31, 1926 – September 10, 1949 San Francisco First elected to finish Lawrence J. Flaherty 's term. Died. Werdel, Thomas H. Thomas H. Werdel Republican 10th 000000001949-01-03-0000 January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953 Bakersfield [Data unknown/missing.] White, Cecil F. Cecil F. White Democratic 9th 000000001949-01-03-0000 January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951 Fresno [Data unknown/missing.] Wiggins, Charles E. Charles E. Wiggins Republican 25th 000000001967-01-03-0000 January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1975 El Monte [Data unknown/missing.] 39th 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979 Wigginton, Peter D. Peter D. Wigginton Democratic 4th 000000001875-03-04-0000 March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] 000000001878-02-07-0000 February 7, 1878 – March 3, 1879 Successfully contested election of Romualdo Pacheco . Wilson, Charles H. Charles H. Wilson Democratic 31st 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1981 Los Angeles Lost renomination. Wilson, Bob Bob Wilson Republican 30th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 San Diego [Data unknown/missing.] 36th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1973 40th 000000001973-01-03-0000 January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 41st 000000001975-01-03-0000 January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 Woods, Samuel D. Samuel D. Woods Republican 2nd 000000001900-12-03-0000 December 3, 1900 – March 3, 1903 Stockton First elected to finish Marion De Vries 's term. Woolsey, Lynn Lynn Woolsey Democratic 6th 000000001993-01-03-0000 January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013 Petaluma [Data unknown/missing.] Wright, George Washington George Washington Wright Independent At-large 000000001850-09-11-0000 September 11, 1850 – March 3, 1851 San Francisco Retired. Wynn, William J. William J. Wynn Democratic 5th 000000001903-03-04-0000 March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905 San Francisco [Data unknown/missing.] Yorty, Sam Sam Yorty Democratic 14th 000000001951-01-03-0000 January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 Los Angeles [Data unknown/missing.] 26th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 Younger, J. Arthur J. Arthur Younger Republican 9th 000000001953-01-03-0000 January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 San Mateo Died. 11th 000000001963-01-03-0000 January 3, 1963 – June 20, 1967 Zschau, Ed Ed Zschau Republican 12th 000000001983-01-03-0000 January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1987 Los Altos Retired to run for U.S. Senator . Living former Members of the House [ edit ] As of January 2018 [update] , there are seventy-seven living former members of the U.S. House of Representatives from California. The most recent representative to die was John V. Tunney (1965–1971) on January 12, 2018. The most recently serving representative to die was Juanita Millender-McDonald (1996–2007), who died in office on April 22, 2007. Representative Term of office District Date of birth (and age) Pete McCloskey 1967–1983 11th (1967–1973) 17th (1973–1975) 12th (1975–1983) ( 1927-09-29 ) September 29, 1927 (age 90) Barry Goldwater, Jr. 1969–1983 27th (1969–1975) 17th (1975–1983) ( 1938-07-15 ) July 15, 1938 (age 79) Ron Dellums 1971–1998 7th (1971–1975) 8th (1975–1993) 9th (1993–1998) ( 1935-11-24 ) November 24, 1935 (age 82) Yvonne Brathwaite Burke 1973–1979 37th (1973–1975) 28th (1975–1979) ( 1932-10-05 ) October 5, 1932 (age 85) Pete Stark 1973–2013 8th (1973–1975) 9th (1975–1993) 13th (1993–2013) ( 1931-11-11 ) November 11, 1931 (age 86) John Burton 1974–1983 6th (1974–1975) 5th (1975–1983) ( 1932-12-15 ) December 15, 1932 (age 85) Robert J. Lagomarsino 1974–1993 13th (1974–1975) 19th (1975–1993) ( 1926-09-04 ) September 4, 1926 (age 91) Jerry M. Patterson 1975–1985 38th ( 1934-10-25 ) October 25, 1934 (age 83) Norman Mineta 1975–1995 13th (1975–1993) 15th (1993–1995) ( 1931-11-12 ) November 12, 1931 (age 86) George Miller 1975–2015 7th (1975–2013) 11th (2013–2015) ( 1945-05-17 ) May 17, 1945 (age 72) Henry Waxman 1975–2015 24th (1975–1993) 29th (1993–2003) 30th (2003–2013) 33rd (2013–2015) ( 1939-09-12 ) September 12, 1939 (age 78) Bob Dornan 1977–1983 1985–1997 27th (1977–1983) 38th (1985–1993) 30th (1993–1997) ( 1933-04-03 ) April 3, 1933 (age 85) Leon Panetta 1977–1993 16th (1977–1993) 17th (1993) ( 1938-06-28 ) June 28, 1938 (age 79) Tony Coelho 1979–1989 15th ( 1942-06-15 ) June 15, 1942 (age 75) Dan Lungren 1979–1989 2005–2013 34th (1979–1983) 42nd (1983–1989) 3rd (2005–2013) ( 1946-09-22 ) September 22, 1946 (age 71) Norman D. Shumway 1979–1991 14th ( 1934-07-28 ) July 28, 1934 (age 83) Chip Pashayan 1979–1991 17th ( 1941-03-27 ) March 27, 1941 (age 77) William E. Dannemeyer 1979–1993 39th ( 1929-09-22 ) September 22, 1929 (age 88) Victor H. Fazio 1979–1999 4th (1979–1993) 3rd (1993–1999) ( 1942-10-11 ) October 11, 1942 (age 75) Bill Thomas 1979–2007 18th (1979–1983) 20th (1983–1993) 21st (1993–2003) 22nd (2003–2007) ( 1941-12-06 ) December 6, 1941 (age 76) Jerry Lewis 1979–2013 37th (1979–1983) 35th (1983–1993) 40th (1993–2003) 41st (2003–2007) ( 1934-10-21 ) October 21, 1934 (age 83) Bobbi Fiedler 1981–1987 21st ( 1937-04-22 ) April 22, 1937 (age 80) Bill Lowery 1981–1993 41st ( 1947-05-02 ) May 2, 1947 (age 70) Duncan Hunter 1981–2009 42nd (1981–1983) 45th (1983–1993) 52nd (1993–2009) ( 1948-05-31 ) May 31, 1948 (age 69) David Dreier 1981–2013 35th (1981–1983) 33rd (1983–1993) 28th (1993–2003) 26th (2003–2013) ( 1952-07-05 ) July 5, 1952 (age 65) Ed Zschau 1983–1987 12th ( 1940-01-06 ) January 6, 1940 (age 78) Douglas H. Bosco 1983–1991 1st ( 1946-07-28 ) July 28, 1946 (age 71) Jim Bates 1983–1991 44th ( 1941-07-21 ) July 21, 1941 (age 76) Barbara Boxer 1983–1993 6th ( 1940-11-11 ) November 11, 1940 (age 77) Mel Levine 1983–1993 27th ( 1943-06-07 ) June 7, 1943 (age 74) Richard H. Lehman 1983–1993 27th ( 1948-07-20 ) July 20, 1948 (age 69) Ron Packard 1983–2001 43rd (1983–1993) 48th (1993–2001) ( 1931-01-19 ) January 19, 1931 (age 87) Esteban Edward Torres 1983–1999 34th ( 1930-01-27 ) January 27, 1930 (age 88) Howard Berman 1983–2013 26th (1983–2003) 28th (2003–2013) ( 1941-04-15 ) April 15, 1941 (age 76) Ernie Konnyu 1987–1989 12th ( 1937-05-17 ) May 17, 1937 (age 80) Wally Herger 1987–2013 2nd ( 1945-05-20 ) May 20, 1945 (age 72) Elton Gallegly 1987–2013 21st (1987–1993) 23rd (1993–2003) 24th (2003–2013) ( 1944-03-07 ) March 7, 1944 (age 74) Tom Campbell 1989–1993 1995–2001 12th (1989–1993) 15th (1995–2001) ( 1952-08-14 ) August 14, 1952 (age 65) Gary Condit 1989–2003 15th (1989–1993) 18th (1993–2003) ( 1948-04-21 ) April 21, 1948 (age 69) Christopher Cox 1989–2005 40th (1989–1993) 47th (1993–2003) 48th (2003–2005) ( 1952-10-16 ) October 16, 1952 (age 65) Frank Riggs 1991–1993 1995–1999 1st ( 1950-09-05 ) September 5, 1950 (age 67) Cal Dooley 1991–2005 17th (1991–1993) 20th (1993–2005) ( 1954-01-11 ) January 11, 1954 (age 64) Duke Cunningham 1991–2005 44th (1991–1993) 51st (1993–2003) 50th (2003–2005) ( 1941-12-08 ) December 8, 1941 (age 76) John Doolittle 1991–2009 14th (1991–1993) 4th (1993–2009) ( 1950-10-30 ) October 30, 1950 (age 67) Daniel Hamburg 1993–1995 1st ( 1948-10-06 ) October 6, 1948 (age 69) Michael Huffington 1993–1995 22nd ( 1947-09-03 ) September 3, 1947 (age 70) Walter R. Tucker III 1993–1995 37th ( 1957-05-28 ) May 28, 1957 (age 60) Lynn Schenk 1993–1995 49th ( 1945-01-05 ) January 5, 1945 (age 73) William P. Baker 1993–1997 10th ( 1940-06-14 ) June 14, 1940 (age 77) Jay Kim 1993–1999 41st ( 1939-03-27 ) March 27, 1939 (age 79) Jane Harman 1993–1999 2001–2011 36th ( 1945-06-28 ) June 28, 1945 (age 72) Richard Pombo 1993–2007 36th ( 1961-01-08 ) January 8, 1961 (age 57) Bob Filner 1993–2012 50th (1993–2003) 51st (2003–2012) ( 1942-09-04 ) September 4, 1942 (age 75) Lynn Woolsey 1993–2013 6th ( 1937-11-03 ) November 3, 1937 (age 80) Buck McKeon 1993–2015 25th ( 1938-09-09 ) September 9, 1938 (age 79) Sam Farr 1993–2017 17th (1993–2013) 20th (2013–2017) ( 1941-07-04 ) July 4, 1941 (age 76) Xavier Becerra 1993–2017 30th (1993–2003) 31st (2003–2013) 34th (2013–2017) ( 1958-01-26 ) January 26, 1958 (age 60) Andrea Seastrand 1995–1997 22nd ( 1941-08-05 ) August 5, 1941 (age 76) Brian Bilbray 1995–2001 2006–2013 49th(1995-2001) 50th (2006-2013) ( 1951-01-28 ) January 28, 1951 (age 67) George Radanovich 1995–2011 19th ( 1955-06-20 ) June 20, 1955 (age 62) James E. Rogan 1997–2001 27th ( 1957-08-21 ) August 21, 1957 (age 60) Ellen Tauscher 1997–2009 10th ( 1951-11-15 ) November 15, 1951 (age 66) Loretta Sanchez 1997–2017 46th (1997–2003) 47th (2003–2013) 46th (2013–2017) ( 1960-01-07 ) January 7, 1960 (age 58) Mary Bono 1998–2013 44th (1998–2003) 45th (2003–2013) ( 1961-10-24 ) October 24, 1961 (age 56) Lois Capps 1998–2017 22nd (1998–2003) 23rd (2003–2013) 24th (2013–2017) ( 1938-01-10 ) January 10, 1938 (age 80) Steven T. Kuykendall 1999–2001 36th ( 1947-01-27 ) January 27, 1947 (age 71) Doug Ose 1999–2005 3rd ( 1955-06-27 ) June 27, 1955 (age 62) Joe Baca 1999–2013 42nd (1999–2003) 43rd (2003–2013) ( 1947-01-23 ) January 23, 1947 (age 71) Gary Miller 1999–2015 41st (1999–2003) 42nd (2003–2013) 31st (2013–2015) ( 1948-10-16 ) October 16, 1948 (age 69) Mike Honda 2001–2017 15th (2001–2013) 17th (2013–2017) ( 1941-06-27 ) June 27, 1941 (age 76) Hilda Solis 2001–2009 31st (2001–2003) 32nd (2003–2009) ( 1957-10-20 ) October 20, 1957 (age 60) Diane Watson 2001–2011 32nd (2001–2003) 33rd (2003–2011) ( 1933-11-12 ) November 12, 1933 (age 84) Dennis Cardoza 2003–2012 18th ( 1959-03-31 ) March 31, 1959 (age 59) John B. T. Campbell III 2005–2015 48th (2005–2013) 45th (2013–2015) ( 1955-07-19 ) July 19, 1955 (age 62) Laura Richardson 2007–2013 37th ( 1962-04-14 ) April 14, 1962 (age 55) Janice Hahn 2011–2016 36th (2011–2013) 44th (2013–2016) ( 1952-03-30 ) March 30, 1952 (age 66) Gloria Negrete McLeod 2013–2015 35th ( 1941-09-06 ) September 6, 1941 (age 76) See also [ edit ] United States congressional delegations from California References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"Directory of Representatives\" . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . [ hide ] v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations States Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( H , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska ( H , S ) Nevada ( H , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( H , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( H , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( H , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former House members List of former Senators Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_California&oldid=825478224 \" Categories : Members of the United States House of Representatives from California Lists of United States Representatives by state Lists of California politicians Hidden categories: Articles with hCards Data missing Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018, at 16:52. 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{ "text": "Allied leaders of World War II - Wikipedia Allied leaders of World War II From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2008) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during the Casablanca Conference , January 1943. Generalissimo of the Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek , Roosevelt and Churchill at the Cairo Conference , 25 November 1943. Leaders of the \" Big Three \" central Allies, Churchill, Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin at the Tehran Conference , 29 November 1943. The final leaders of the Allies at the Potsdam Conference in 1945: Clement Attlee , Harry S. Truman , and Stalin. The Allied leaders of World War II listed below comprise the important political and military figures who fought for or supported the Allies during World War II . Engaged in total war, they had to adapt to new types of modern warfare , on the military , psychological and economic fronts. Contents [ hide ] 1 Free Albania 2 Belgium 3 Brazil (1942–1945) 4 British Empire and Commonwealth 4.1 Australia 4.2 Canada 4.3 India 4.4 New Zealand 4.5 Union of South Africa 4.6 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 4.6.1 British Malaya 4.6.2 Newfoundland 4.6.3 British Mandate for Palestine 4.6.4 Southern Rhodesia 5 Republic of China 6 Free Czechoslovak Republic 7 Kingdom of Denmark (1940–1945) 8 Kingdom of Egypt 9 Ethiopian Empire (Abyssinian Empire) 10 French Third Republic (Until 1940) 10.1 Free French Forces (and later Fighting France and Provisional government of the French Republic) 11 Kingdom of Greece (1940–1945) 12 Imperial State of Iran (after Anglo-Soviet Invasion) 13 Republic of Liberia 14 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 15 United Mexican States 16 Mongolian People's Republic 17 Kingdom of the Netherlands (1940–1945) 18 Kingdom of Norway 19 Second Polish Republic 19.1 Polish Government in Exile and Secret State 20 Soviet Union (1941–1945) 21 United States of America (1941–1945) 21.1 European and North African Front 21.2 Pacific Front 21.3 Puerto Rico 21.4 Commonwealth of the Philippines 22 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 23 See also 24 References Free Albania [ edit ] Main articles: Albanian Resistance of World War II , National Liberation Movement (Albania) , and Enver Hoxha Enver Hoxha was the leader of the Communist Party of Albania , which led the Albanian National Liberation Movement to a struggle in Albania under Italy and Germany . Belgium [ edit ] Hubert Pierlot , the Prime Minister of Belgium between 1939 and 1945, and leader of the Belgian government in exile Leopold III of Belgium reigned as King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951. Prior to the war Leopold had made extensive preparations against such an invasion of his country. After Belgium's surrender Leopold stayed to face the invaders, while his entire government had fled to Great Britain but, although he rejected cooperation with the German occupiers he also refused to actively resist many of their policies. He was held under house-arrest in Belgium for much of the war. Because the refusal to follow the orders of his government violated the Constitution , he was declared \"unable to rule\" and the issue sparked a post-war political crisis . Hubert Pierlot was the Prime Minister of Belgium from 1939 until 1945. Pierlot became the leader of the government during the Phoney War until the German invasion. Pierlot fled to Britain where he led the Belgian government in exile and presided over the formation of the Free Belgian forces . Despite his conservative politics, Pierlot denounced the surrender of Leopold III and officially suspended his reign in 1940 by invoking a clause in the Belgian Constitution . The disagreement created a lasting animosity between the Royalist faction in Belgium and the exiled government in London . Pierre Ryckmans was Governor-General of Belgium's principal African colony, the Belgian Congo , for the duration of the war. Along with the Minister of the Colonies, Albert de Vleeschauwer , Ryckmans brought the Congo into the war on the Allied side, amid worries that the colony might follow the lead of Leopold III in Belgium and attempt to remain neutral. During Ryckmans' period in office, Congolese troops were sent to support British forces in East Africa and the Congo made a substantial economic contribution to the Allied war effort. Victor van Strydonck de Burkel was a general of the Belgian Army who commanded the 1st Military Zone during the invasion of Belgium. After Belgium's surrender in 1940, he became the Commander of Belgian forces in Great Britain, and presided over the formation of the Free Belgian forces . After the liberation of Belgium he became the Chief of the Belgian Military Mission to Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force . Brazil (1942–1945) [ edit ] Getúlio Vargas Getúlio Vargas was the dictator of the 2nd Brazilian dictatorship, which last from 1930 until 1945, and despite Brazil's quasi-fascist period of Estado Novo (1937-45) and the strong economic ties with the European Axis Powers, Vargas and the military sided with the Allies after the sinking of five Brazilian merchant ships by German U-Boats, declared war against the Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in August, 1942. Vargas gave economic and military support to the Allies. João Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais was the commander of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force . He arrived in Italy with the first Brazilian troops in 1944 and commanded the Brazilian forces until the surrender of the Axis forces in Italy. After the end of the war he was given the rank of Field Marshal . Euclides Zenóbio da Costa was the Commander of the first contingent of Brazilian troops to arrive at Italy, the 6th infantry RCT . British Empire and Commonwealth [ edit ] King George VI , and Queen Elizabeth with Eleanor Roosevelt in London . King George VI was the reigning monarch of the British Commonwealth during the war, and thus acted as Commander-in-Chief of a number of states within that organization, including the United Kingdom , Canada and Australia . The King was, further, a symbol of national and Commonwealth unity during the war, he and his family visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and with Commonwealth soldiers. [1] Several members of the Royal Family, including the Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II), served in the forces. Australia [ edit ] Robert Menzies was the Prime Minister of Australia from 26 April 1939 until 29 August 1941. He served a second term as Prime Minister between 1949 and 1966. [2] Arthur Fadden replaced Menzies as Prime Minister but was forced from office when his government collapsed on 7 October 1941. He had previously served as acting Prime Minister for long periods while Menzies was out of the country. [3] John Curtin was Prime Minister from 7 October 1941 until his death on 5 July 1945. In January 1942, facing Japanese attacks, he wrote in a historic New Year message that Australia looked to the US for its security, rather than the UK. Curtin also formed a close working relationship with General MacArthur and directed the Australian military to follow MacArthur's orders as if they were his own. Curtin had several disagreements over defense policy with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. [4] Frank Forde was appointed Prime Minister after Curtin's death, but lost the position on 12 July to a leadership challenge. He had served as acting Prime Minister during periods when Curtin was out of the country or unwell during 1944 and 1945. [5] Ben Chifley replaced Forde and served as Prime Minister until 1949. [6] Sir Thomas Blamey (Field Marshal) was the Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Military Forces and Commander of Allied Land Forces in the South West Pacific Area during the war. Commander of Allied land forces in the South West Pacific , 1942–45. He became Australia's first and only Field Marshal after the war. In 1945 he signed the Japanese surrender document on behalf of Australia. Ernest Squires (Lieutenant General) was the 14th Chief of the General Staff from 1939–1940. John Northcott (Lieutenant General) was the 15th & 18th Chief of the General Staff from 1940–1940 & 1942–1945. Sir Brudenell White (General) was the 9th & 16th Chief of the General Staff from 1920–1923 & 1940–1940 (Killed during the 1940 Canberra air disaster ). Vernon Sturdee (Lieutenant General) was the 17th Chief of the General Staff from 1940–1942. Sir Ragnar Colvin (Admiral) was the 8th First Naval Member, Australian Commonwealth Naval Board from 1937–1941. Sir Guy Royle (Admiral) was the 9th First Naval Member, Australian Commonwealth Naval Board from 1941–1945. Sir Louis Hamilton (Admiral) was the 10th First Naval Member, Australian Commonwealth Naval Board from 1941–1945. Canada [ edit ] King George VI and Queen Elizabeth with Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King at the Banff Springs Hotel just prior to the outbreak of war in Europe, 27 May 1939 William Lyon Mackenzie King was the Prime Minister of Canada during the war. After helping to secure nearly full legislative autonomy for the Dominions , Canada was free to enter the war on its own accord. Despite initially favouring appeasement of Adolf Hitler , King asked the opinion of the Canadian parliament before advising George VI, as King of Canada , to declare war on Germany after the Invasion of Poland . Harry Crerar was a general and the de facto commander of the Canadian military during the war. Crerar led the Canadian military during the Invasion of Normandy . He was described as an able administrator and politically astute. [7] Guy Simonds was an army officer who commanded the II Canadian Corps . He served as acting commander of the First Canadian Army , leading the Allied forces to victory in the Battle of the Scheldt . After the war he was appointed Chief of the General Staff. He was the youngest officer in the Canadian army to be promoted to the rank of General. E. L. M. Burns and Charles Foulkes successively commanded the I Canadian Corps during the war on the Western Front. Andrew McNaughton was the original commanding officer of the Canadian Expeditionary Forces at the beginning of the war, but was recalled to Canada to serve as Minister of National Defence . He was often attributed responsibility for the Dieppe Raid and he was one of the inventors of radar . India [ edit ] The Marquess of Linlithgow was the Viceroy of India from 1936 until 1943. During the war he made an appeal for unity among the people of India . Muhammad Ali Jinnah , later Founder of Pakistan , was a major political Muslim leader of the All India Muslim League . When World War II broke out he asked all Indians to join the British Army against the Nazi Germany. Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell at the start of the war was in charge of the Middle East Command . The Italian forces in North Africa greatly outnumbered the Allies. Wavell, however, was able not only to repel Italian attacks, but to defeat them and occupy their colonies. Wavell was replaced by Claude Auchinleck in 1941 and became Commander-in-Chief, India . During early 1942, he led the short-lived American-British-Dutch-Australian Command in South East Asia and the Pacific, before resuming his previous position, as head of the India Command (later South East Asia Command ). In 1943 Wavell succeeded Linlithgow as Viceroy of India . [8] Claude Auchinleck nicknamed \"The Auk\" was appointed Commander-in-Chief, India in January 1941 after commanding the Allied forces during the fall of Norway. He had previously in 1938, when a Major-General, chaired a committee the recommendations of which formed the basis of the 1939 Chatfield Report on the modernisation, re-equipment and expansion of the British Indian Army (which by the end of the war had grown to 2,250,000 men from 183,000 in 1939). In 1941 he replaced Archibald Wavell as Commander-in-Chief Middle East Command but returned as C-in-C India in 1943 when Wavell became Viceroy. New Zealand [ edit ] The then Brigadier Stevens greets Peter Fraser , Prime Minister of New Zealand, at Naples Airport, May 1944 Michael Joseph Savage was Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1935 till his death in 1940. An opponent of fascism and the appeasement. He declared war on Nazi Germany in 1939 by declaring \" Where Britain goes, we go! Where she stands, we stand \". Peter Fraser was Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1940 till 1949. He came into office after the death of Michael Joseph Savage. During the war, Fraser had a concern with ensuring that New Zealand retained control over its own forces. After serious losses in the Balkans Campaign in 1941, Fraser determined to retain a say as to where to deploy New Zealand troops. Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg was commander of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force and the New Zealand 2nd Division . He led the Allied forces during the Battle of Crete . Freyberg commanded the New Zealand 2nd Division through the North African and Italian campaigns. He had an excellent reputation as a divisional-level tactician. After the war he served as the Governor-General of New Zealand . Union of South Africa [ edit ] Jan Smuts was the Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa from 1939 till 1948. He had served in the Imperial War Cabinet in the First World War and did so again as the most senior South African in favor of war and became South Africa's first Field Marshal in 1941. After the war he represented South Africa at the drafting of the United Nations Charter . George Brink was a lieutenant-general in the South African military who commanded the 1st Infantry Division during the war. Brink successfully led the 1st Infantry Division during the East African Campaign . After the war he was responsible for the demobilization. Isaac Pierre de Villiers was a major-general in the South African military who commanded the 2nd Infantry Division . Prior to the war, de Villiers served as a lieutenant in the South African Police and so the 2nd Infantry Division was responsible for internal security operations at the beginning of the war. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [ edit ] Winston Churchill Montgomery , Peter II of Yugoslavia and Winston Churchill Clement Attlee Neville Chamberlain , who had formerly led a policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany , was Prime Minister during the first stages of the war, taking office in 1937 and resigning on 10 May 1940 after the failed Norwegian campaign . Chamberlain, who remained Conservative Party leader, then became Lord President of the Council . He died of cancer on 9 November 1940, half a year after resigning. Winston Churchill was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during most of the war, from 1940 to 1945. An early opponent of Hitler, he opposed appeasement of Germany. He was First Lord of the Admiralty at the outbreak of war, then came into power at the start of the Nazi invasion of France . During the Battle of Britain , Churchill's speeches boosted the British morale during the darkest moments. Clement Attlee was the Labour Party leader during the war, and was generally responsible for domestic politics throughout the war as a member of Churchill's War Cabinet. He served as Deputy Prime Minister under Churchill. After the end of the war in Europe, he was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom following his party's victory in the 1945 general elections and served from 1945 to 1951. He attended the second half of the Potsdam Conference and announced the Defeat of Japan. Dudley Pound was First Sea Lord and as such the professional head of the Royal Navy from June 1939 to September 1943, shortly before his death. He chaired the Chiefs of Staff Committee , which was responsible to Winston Churchill for the British military's conduct of the war, until March 1942. Alan Brooke was Chief of the Imperial General Staff (head of Britain's army) from December 1941 and from March 1942 also chaired the British Chiefs of Staff Committee . He held the posts until the war's end and was as such Churchill's foremost military advisor. He was promoted Field Marshal in January 1944. Andrew Cunningham succeeded Dudley Pound as First Sea Lord and naval member of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1943. He remained in the post for the rest of the war. James Somerville was commander-in-chief of the Eastern Fleet who was defeated by the Japanese in the Indian Ocean raid and commanded them at the Battle of Cape Spartivento . Charles Portal in October 1940 succeeded Cyril Newall as Chief of the Air Staff , the head of the Royal Air Force, and member of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee. He continued in this role for the rest of the war. He was promoted Marshal of the Royal Air Force in June 1944. Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis at the end of the War was a Field Marshal and Commander-in-Chief of AFHQ responsible for the direction of Allied troops in the Mediterranean theatre. Previously he had commanded 15th Army Group which conducted the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Italian Campaign . Prior to this he commanded 18th Army Group which directed the Allied forces during the culmination of the Tunisia Campaign leading to the surrender of Axis forces in North Africa. Before that was Commander-in Chief British Middle East Command , overseeing Montgomery's Eighth Army successful campaign to defeat the Axis forces in the Western Desert Campaign . Viscount Gort relinquished the role of Chief of the Imperial General Staff on the outbreak of war to command the British Expeditionary Force in France from 1939 to 1940. He later served in a variety of less prominent posts, including Governor of Gibraltar and of Malta. Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein was a General (later Field Marshal ) who led the Allied forces in North Africa. Under his command the Allies were able to defeat the Afrika Korps and their Italian allies. He later commanded the 21st Army Group and all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord . He was also the primary mind behind the failed Operation Market Garden . He accepted the surrender of German forces on the 4 May 1945. Hugh Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding was an Air Chief Marshal who commanded RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain . He ended the sacrifice of aircraft and pilots in the attempt to aid troops during the Battle of France , which was weakening the home defence. He developed the \"Dowding System\" – an integrated air defence system of radar, raid plotting and radio control of aircraft. He introduced modern aircraft into service such as the Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane . During the battle he led resources behind the scenes and maintained a significant fighter reserve, while leaving his subordinate commanders' hands free to run the battle. Keith Park was an Air Chief Marshal who commanded 11 Group RAF , the fighter formation tasked with the defence of London during the Battle of Britain . Later he was in charge of the defence of Malta. Arthur Harris was an Air Chief Marshal commonly known as \"Bomber\" Harris by the press. He was Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of RAF Bomber Command and later a Marshal of the Royal Air Force during the latter half of World War II. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma , Admiral of the Fleet , was Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in South East Asia, 1943–1945. William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim was a General who led the British Fourteenth Army (often referred to as the \"Forgotten Army\") during the Burma Campaign from 1942 to 1945. British Malaya [ edit ] Shenton Thomas was the Governor of Straits Settlements and the British High Commissioner in Malaya from 1934 until 1942. After the fall of Singapore he was taken as a POW and imprisoned in Cell 24 of Changi Prison . Arthur Percival was the General Officer Commanding Malaya at the start of the Pacific War. After the fall of Singapore he was taken as a prisoner-of-war. Percival's surrender to the invading Japanese forces was the largest capitulation in British military history . [9] Newfoundland [ edit ] Sir Humphrey Walwyn was governor of Newfoundland and chairman of the Commission of Government from 1936 to 1946. A former Royal Navy Admiral, during World War II he was active in encouraging Newfoundlanders to join the war effort. British Mandate for Palestine [ edit ] Harold MacMichael was a British colonial administrator who was appointed as the High Commissioner of the British Mandate of Palestine from 1937 until 1944. During this era he attempted to suppress Zionist and Arab nationalists but had to change this policy during the war. Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson was a Field Marshal and commander of the Ninth Army in the British Mandate of Palestine. During the Syria-Lebanon campaign he led the Allied Forces in Syria and Lebanon against Vichy France . For his actions he was promoted to full General. Southern Rhodesia [ edit ] Sir Godfrey Huggins was prime minister of the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia (which had autonomy in many respects, but not in foreign affairs) from 1933 to 1953. An English-born physician, he was a veteran of World War I. He was knighted in 1941. Republic of China [ edit ] Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek . Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek and Lieutenant General Joseph W. Stilwell in Burma in 1942. Chiang Kai-shek was the Generalissimo of the National Revolutionary Army and the Chairman of the National Military Council , the highest political organ of the nation at the time. He was also the Director-General and the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and the Chairman of the National Government . He took the nation into the full-scale war with Japan after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937. After China joined the Allies in 1942, he was the Supreme Commander of the China Theatre, which also included Burma . Madame Chiang Kai-shek , also known as Soong Mei-ling, was First Lady of the Republic of China and the wife of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. During the Second Sino-Japanese War she rallied her people against the Japanese invasion. Educated in the United States and speaking in eloquent English, she played an instrument role in the formation of the Sino-American co-operation and conducted a speaking tour in the United States to gain international support. He Yingqin was the Chief of the General Staff of the National Military Council. He was also the Commander of the Fourth Military Region and led in the victorious Battle of West Hunan in 1945. He became the representative of both the Chinese Government and the Southeast Asia Allied Forces at the September 9th ceremony in Nanjing to accept the statement of surrender from Japan in 1945. Chen Cheng was a General of the National Revolutionary Army and political figure in the National Military Council. He was one of Chiang's most trusted ally. He led in the Battle of Wuhan and he went on to command during the Battle of Changsha, Battle of Yichang and Battle of West Hubei in the latter years. In 1943, he was appointed the commander of the Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma campaign . After the war , he became the Chief of the General Staff. Bai Chongxi was a close ally of Guangxi warlord Li Zongren and the Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the National Military Council. He was a key strategist who convinced Chiang to adopt a \"Total War\" strategy. He was also involved in many key campaigns including the first major victory at the Battle of Tai'erzhuang and also the Battle of Wuhan in 1938. He also commanded another victorious First Battle of Changsha in 1939. Bai also directed the Battle of South Guangxi and Battle of Kunlun Pass to retake South Guangxi in the later stage. Li Zongren was a former Guangxi warlord who fought in alliance with Chiang Kai-shek in the war against Japan. He was the commander of the Battle of Xuzhou and famously won the Battle of Tai'erzhuang, the first major Chinese victory in the war, and commanded one of the largest and relatively better equipped regional armies that comprised the bulk of the Chinese armed forces during the war. Yan Xishan was a former Shanxi warlord who fought in alliance with Chiang Kai-shek. During the early stage of the Japanese invasion, he invited Communist military forces to enter Shanxi to fight with the Japanese and defended Taiyuan in 1937. He was a member of the National Military Council and the Commander of the Second Military Region. Wei Lihuang was a General of the National Revolutionary Army and the Commander of the Chinese Expeditionary Force in 1943 and 1944 which was responsible for the major ground operations in support of U.S. General Joseph W. Stilwell 's offensive in Northern Burma and Western Yunnan and the construction of Ledo Road . Xue Yue was a General of the National Revolutionary Army and the Commander of the Ninth Military Region. He was known for defending Changsha from Japanese offensives for three times in 1939 , 1941 and 1942 . Claire Lee Chennault was the commander of the Flying Tigers . Originally a military advisor to Chiang Kai-shek , Chennault was asked to establish American squadrons to aid the Republic of China. Chennault spent the winter of 1940–1941 in Washington, helping to negotiate the establishment of the American Volunteer Group . The AVG began their service with the Chinese Air Force in 1941 until it was disbanded in 1942. [10] Mao Zedong was the Chairman of the Communist Party of China who formed the \" United Front \" with the Nationalist Government against Japanese aggression. The Red Army was reorganized into the New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army , which were placed under the nominal command of the National Revolutionary Army despite the Communist Party remained full control of the armies. The cooperation between the Nationalists and the Communists began to break down by 1939 as the two forces clashed and effectively ended after the New Fourth Army Incident in 1941. Free Czechoslovak Republic [ edit ] Edvard Beneš was President of Czechoslovakia and later head of the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile . Klement Gottwald was leader of the Czechoslovak communist resistance. Ludvík Svoboda led Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front against Germany. Karel Klapálek led Czechoslovak units in the defense of Tobruk and on eastern front (since April 1945). Alois Liška led Czechoslovak military units on Western front in 1944–1945. Karel Janoušek led the Czechoslovak air force in Great Britain . Karel Kutlvašr was the military leader of the Prague uprising . Kingdom of Denmark (1940–1945) [ edit ] Thorvald Stauning, Prime minister of Denmark 1924–1942. Christian X of Denmark Danish king from 1912–1947. Thorvald Stauning Prime minister of Denmark from 1929 to his death in 1942. Vilhelm Buhl Prime minister of Denmark in 1942. Adolf Hitler personally ordered him removed in 1942. Erik Scavenius Prime minister of Denmark from 1942–1943. Dissolved the Danish government in 1943, and the government was then replaced by total German military rule in Denmark. William Wain Prior Commander-in-chief of the Danish Army . Kingdom of Egypt [ edit ] Farouk of Egypt was the King of Egypt . Ahmad Mahir Pasha was the Prime Minister of Egypt from 10 October 1944 to 24 February 1945. Ethiopian Empire ( Abyssinian Empire ) [ edit ] Haile Selassie was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 until 1974. Prior to the war , Italy invaded Ethiopia . Makonnen Endelkachew was Prime Minister of Ethiopia . Imru Haile Selassie Kassa Haile Darge Orde Wingate was a British Army Officer and commander of the Gideon Force during the East African Campaign . Under Wingate command, the Gideon Force was successful in aiding the British in defeating Fascist Italian forces and liberating Ethiopia. French Third Republic (Until 1940) [ edit ] Albert François Lebrun was the last President of the Third Republic . In 1940, he was forced to accept the German terms of surrender of France and was replaced by Philippe Pétain as head the French state (see Vichy France ). In 1944, Lebrun acknowledged de Gaulle's leadership of the restored French, provisional, government. In 1945, since he had not resigned from his presidential office, and that Pétain was not president, Lebrun thought he could be able to return to power after the liberation. [11] Édouard Daladier was Prime Minister from 1938 to 1940. He led his country during the opening stages of the war. Daladier resigned on 9 May 1940, the day before the German invasion of France, because of his failure to aid Finland's defence in the Winter War . Paul Reynaud succeeded Daladier as Prime Minister in 1940 and led France during the Battle of France . After Germany had occupied large parts of France, Reynaud was advised by his newly appointed Minister of State Philippe Pétain to come to separate peace with Germany. Reynaud refused to do so, and resigned. Philippe Pétain was Prime Minister in 1940. Maurice Gamelin commanded the French military during the critical days of May 1940, before being removed from his position after failing to defend France from the Germans. Maxime Weygand replaced Gamelin as commander of the French army in May 1940. He eventually favoured an armistice with Germany. Free French Forces (and later Fighting France and Provisional government of the French Republic) [ edit ] Charles de Gaulle Charles de Gaulle was the leader of the Free French and as such head of the French government-in-exile following the Fall of France . A vehement opponent of collaboration, he eventually took nominal command of the French resistance and headed the French Army of Liberation from its foundation to the war's end. Henri Giraud was de Gaulle's rival and the Western Allies' favourite. He escaped from Germany where he was a prisoner of war and co-founded the Free French movement with de Gaulle, though soon found himself relegated to second in command of the Free French Forces after the Casablanca Conference of 1943. He was the chief of staff of the French Army of Liberation from 1943 to July 1944. Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque was a leader of the Free French forces, and commanded forces both in Africa and in France. After the war ended, he commanded the French Far East Expeditionary Corps in the First Indochina War . He signed the armistice with Japan on behalf of France on September 2, 1945. Alphonse Juin became chief of staff of the French Army in July 1944 after being the commander of the French Expeditionary Corps (130,000 men) in Italy. Marie-Pierre Kœnig became commander in chief of the French Forces of the Interior which effectively helped the Allies in the invasion of France. Jean de Lattre de Tassigny was the commander of the First French Army which invaded southern France with 260,000 men. His army numbered more than 320,000 men when he entered in Germany with the integration of the FFI. Georges Catroux was the main French military leader in Syria and Lebanon before entering De Gaulle's government. André Lemonnier was a French Admiral who served as the French Navy chief of staff in 1943 and led the French Navy's participation in Operation Dragoon (34 warships including one battleship and eight cruisers). Kingdom of Greece (1940–1945) [ edit ] George II of Greece was King of Greece from 1922 to 1924 and from 1935 to till his death in 1947. King George was pro-British, and this stance greatly influenced the country's policy. When Germany invaded Greece , the King and the government fled the Greek mainland for Crete but after the Battle of Crete he was evacuated to Egypt and went to Great Britain. During the war he remained the internationally recognized head of state, backed by the exiled government and Greek armed forces serving in the Middle East. Ioannis Metaxas was the dictator and Prime Minister of Greece from 1936 until his death in 1941. Despite his quasi-fascist tendencies and strong economic ties to Nazi Germany, he pursued a policy of pro-British neutrality. On 28 October 1940 he rejected an Italian ultimatum, and ordered the Greek Army to repel the Italian invasion of the country. Alexander Papagos was a Greek General who led the Greek Army in the Greco-Italian War and the Battle of Greece . As head of the Army from 1935, he played an active role in the attempts at its reorganization and modernization. When war was declared he was named Commander-in-Chief and led Greek forces against Italy along the Albanian border and later against the invading German army. When the Greek government fled to Crete, Papagos remained behind and with other generals, was arrested and sent to concentration camps in Germany. In 1945 he was repatriated and rejoined the Army. Aris Velouchiotis was the creator and chief leader of the Greek People's Liberation Army , the country's largest guerrilla force, aligned to the leftist National Liberation Front . Imperial State of Iran (after Anglo-Soviet Invasion) [ edit ] Mohammad Reza Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the Shah (King) of Iran which came to power after the abdication of his father, Reza Pahlavi . Reza Shah was forced to abdicated power to his son after Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran . Mohammad-Ali Foroughi was the Prime Minister of Iran during the abdication of Reza Shah. He remained in office and assisted to new Shah. He retired from politics on 9 March 1942. Ali Soheili was the Foreign Minister of Iran and then Prime Minister of Iran from 9 March to 9 August 1942 and again from 15 February 1943 until his resignation on 6 April 1944. Ahmad Qavam was the Prime Minister of Iran from 9 August 1942 from 15 February 1943. He resolved the Soviet inspired rebellion of the occupied Azerbaijan province. He ordered the Iranian delegation to the UN to negotiate issues pending before the Security Council directly with the Soviet delegation. He then flew to Moscow to discuss the issues personally with Stalin. Ali Razmara was Chief commander of Imperial Army of Iran . Republic of Liberia [ edit ] Edwin Barclay was the President of Liberia from 1930 until 1944. William Tubman was the President of Liberia from 1944 until 1971. Grand Duchy of Luxembourg [ edit ] Grand Duchess Charlotte was head of state of Luxembourg . Pierre Dupong was Prime Minister of Luxembourg and later led the government in exile after the country was occupied . Émile Speller was Major-Commandant of the Corps des Gendarmes et Volontaires during the German invasion of Luxembourg . He was briefly held prisoner. Guillaume Konsbruck was a captain who fled Luxembourg following invasion and served as aide-de-camp to Grand Duchess Charlotte during her exile. He was promoted to major and returned to Luxembourg in 1944 and helped establish a new army for the country. United Mexican States [ edit ] Manuel Ávila Camacho was Brigade General and President of Mexico from 1940 till 1946. Ávila declared war against the Axis powers in 1942 after two of Mexico's ships were destroyed by German submarines. Ávila Camacho cooperated in the war effort, providing the United States with 15,000 soldiers and 300,000 workers under the Bracero Program . Antonio Cárdenas Rodríguez was Colonel and Commander of the Mexican Expeditionary Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana (FAEM) ) since January 1, 1945. He and 300 elements from the FAEM arrived on May 1 in Manila, in Luzon, principal island of Philippines, and established in Clark Field under the 5th Air Force of the USAAF, commanded by General Douglas MacArthur. He represented Mexico at the signing of the Japanese surrender document on the USS Missouri on September 1. Radamés Gaxiola Andrade was Captain and Commander of the 201st Squadron ( Escuadrón 201 ) of the FAEM, under the 58th Group of the 5th Air Force of the USAAF. He commanded Mexican air operations on Luzon and recognition flies on Formosa from June 7 to August 26, 1945. In total, the FAEM performed 59 combat missions. [12] Mongolian People's Republic [ edit ] Khorloogiin Choibalsan was Prime Minister of Mongolia during World War II. Also he was general chief commander of the Mongolian armed forces. Troops under his command defended Khalkhiin gol from Japan in 1939 and liberated Inner Mongolia in 1945. Kingdom of the Netherlands (1940–1945) [ edit ] Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands gives a radio speech, 1940 Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was the ruling Queen of the Netherlands . She led the Dutch government in exile after escaping to Britain. Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld was the son in law of Queen Wilhelmina and Commander-in-chief of the Armed forces of the Netherlands from 1944 until 1945, served as a Wing commander for the Royal Air Force from 1941 until 1944. Dirk Jan de Geer was the Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1939 until 1940. When Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands he fled to London. As he wanted to make peace with Nazi Germany, he was forced to resign. Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy was Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1940 until 1945. After the Fall of France and Dirk Jan de Geer's resignation, Gerbrandy was appointed the office of Prime Minister by Queen Wilhelmina in London. After the liberation, he returned to form a new cabinet but ended up resigning. Henri Winkelman was Commander-in-chief of the Armed forces of the Netherlands during the Battle of the Netherlands . Winkelman was responsible for defending the Netherlands the Nazi invasion. He was captured and interned for the rest of the war. Alidius Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer was Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1936 to 1942 when the colony was occupied by Japan . Conrad Helfrich was Vice Admiral of the Royal Netherlands Navy during the Netherlands East Indies campaign . At the outbreak of the war in the Pacific Helfrich assumed command of all Dutch naval units in the Dutch East Indies . On September 2, 1945, he signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender aboard the battleship USS Missouri on behalf of the Dutch government. [13] Kingdom of Norway [ edit ] Haakon VII of Norway was King of Norway and the formal head of state from 1905 to his death in 1957. Following the German invasion of Norway in 1940, Haakon refused to meet the demands of the attackers, and went into exile in London , where he stayed for the rest of the war. Johan Nygaardsvold was Prime Minister during the war. His government agreed with the King not to meet the German demands, and went into exile in London. Nygaardsvold resigned shortly after the war. Otto Ruge was Chief of Defence of Norway from May to June 1940, leading the Norwegian forces in the Norwegian Campaign . After the Germans had conquered Norway, Ruge was arrested and sent to Germany. He resumed his position for a short time after the war. Crown prince Olav was Chief of Defence , leading the Norwegian forces in exile from 1 July 1944. Carl Gustav Fleischer was the commander of the Norwegian 6th Division during the Norwegian Campaign. He led the allied recapture of Narvik on May 28, 1940, later heading into exile in the United Kingdom , where he was named commander of the Norwegian Army in exile. He was the first commander to win a major victory against the Germans. Second Polish Republic [ edit ] Władysław Sikorski Władysław Anders Ignacy Mościcki was President of Poland from 1926 until 1939. After the Invasion of Poland he was forced to resign and went into exile in Switzerland. Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski was a Polish physician, general and politician who served as Polish Minister of Internal Affairs from 1936 to 1939 and was the last Prime Minister of Poland before World War II. After the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, he fled to Romania and was interned there. After the German occupation of Romania in 1940, he went to Turkey and thence to Palestine. In 1947, he went to London, where he died in 1962. Edward Rydz-Śmigły was Marshal of Poland and commander of the Polish armed forces during the invasion of Poland . After the invasion; Śmigły-Rydz took complete responsibility for Poland's military defeat. He later resigned and joined the resistance movement as a common underground soldier. Henryk Sucharski was a major in the Polish Army . At the outbreak of World War II, he was the commander of the Westerplatte position. Troops under his command defended Westerplatte for seven days against overwhelming odds. Sucharski survived the war and was posthumously promoted to the rank of General. Despite his efforts to improve the defences, he later tried to persuade his fellow officers to surrender and suffered a nervous breakdown which required his deputy to assume command. Polish Government in Exile and Secret State [ edit ] Władysław Raczkiewicz was the President of the Polish Government in Exile from 1939 until his death in 1947. When the Nazis invaded Poland , Raczkiewicz fled to London where he established the government in exile. Władysław Sikorski was Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile and commander of the Polish Armed Forces . A staunch advocate of the Polish cause on the diplomatic scene, he supported the reestablishment of diplomatic relations between Poland and the Soviet Union, which had been severed after the Soviet alliance with Germany. In July 1943, Sikorski was killed when his plane crashed into the sea 16 seconds after takeoff from Gibraltar . Stanisław Mikołajczyk succeeded Sikorski as Prime Minister, serving in this post from 1943–1944. Tomasz Arciszewski succeeded Mikołajczyk as Prime Minister, serving in this post from 1944–1947. Kazimierz Sosnkowski succeeded Sikorski as Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces, serving in this capacity from 1943–1944. Władysław Anders was a Polish General and commander of the II Corps during the war. When Germany invaded Poland , Andres fled east and was captured by the Red Army . After the Nazi invasion of the USSR, he was released and placed in commanded of the Polish Armed Forces in the East until 1942. Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski was commander of the Home Army during the Warsaw Uprising . Stanisław Maczek was the Polish commander who had never been defeated in battle, and who fought as a commander during the Polish Soviet War , the Invasion of Poland in 1939, and from just after the initial landing in Normandy to the end of war as the commander of the 1st Armoured Division (Poland) ( Hill 262 , Breda , Wilhelmshaven ) Stanisław Sosabowski was commander of the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade , which fought with distinction at Arnhem . Marian Kukiel commander of the I Polish Corps from their formation in 1940 until 1942. He was Minister of War in exile from 1943–1944. Jan Zumbach was the Squadron Leader of the No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron from 1942 until 1943. Zumbach never fought during the Invasion of Poland but fought during the Battle of Britain . Zumbach was awarded the Cross of Valor for his service during the war. Soviet Union (1941–1945) [ edit ] Joseph Stalin Marshal Zhukov reading the German capitulation. Seated on his right is Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder . Joseph Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during World War II. From 1941 onwards, he was also Chairman of the Committee of the People's Comissars (Premier) of the Soviet Union. It was during Stalin's reign that the USSR emerged as a superpower that rivaled the United States. As the supreme commander of the Red Army, Stalin led the Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from Nazi occupation. After the war Stalin put communist leaders in power in Eastern Europe, setting up the Eastern Bloc and leading to the Cold War . Georgy Zhukov was a Soviet Field Marshal who led the Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from Nazi occupation. He also led the Soviets to overrun much of Eastern Europe and to conquer and capture Germany's capital, Berlin. After the war Zhukov was the supreme Military Commander of the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany. Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov was Admiral of the Soviet Navy , which was primarily responsible for keeping the Nazis out of the Black Sea and the Caucasus . Despite orders to the contrary, he placed his navy on high alert hours before the commencement of Operation Barbarossa resulting in the Navy being the only branch of the Soviet armed forces that was prepared for the invasion. Vyacheslav Molotov was Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union from 1939–1949. He was responsible for the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact which governed Soviet-German relations until June 1941 when Hitler attacked the Soviet Union. Molotov conducted urgent negotiations with Britain and, later, the United States for wartime alliances. He secured Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill's agreement to create a \"second front\" in Europe. Mikhail Kalinin was during the whole war period the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, the nominal Head of State of the Soviet Union. Although he was the Head of State, he remained mostly in the background, while Stalin was the undisputed war leader with supreme authority over the Soviet Union. A Communist Party elder, Kalinin was a key member of Stalin's inner circle of power until his death. He signed the order authorizing the Katyn massacre . Vasily Chuikov commanded the 64th Army and later the 62nd Army, which defended Stalingrad during the crucial Battle of Stalingrad . Leonid Govorov became Soviet commander in Leningrad in 1942, and commanded Leningrad's forces in Operation Spark . In 1944, he was promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union . Ivan Konev was commander of the 19th Army during the early days of the Nazi invasion . He led the Red Army on the Eastern Front and liberated much of Eastern Europe. He helped in the capture of Berlin . Kirill Meretskov Ivan Bagramyan Ivan Isakov Sergei Khudyakov Konstantin Rokossovsky Boris Shaposhnikov Semyon Timoshenko Fyodor Tolbukhin Aleksandr Vasilevsky Matvei Zakharov Nikita Khrushchev United States of America (1941–1945) [ edit ] Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S Truman Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States , from 1933 until his death in 1945. Roosevelt had come into power during the Great Depression on a promise to heal the country. Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor , he attempted to aid the Allies without declaring war. He died in office two weeks before the surrender of Germany. Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States from 1945 until 1953. Truman took office after the death of Roosevelt. President Truman ordered the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. After the war he oversaw postwar recovery efforts. George Marshall was General of the Army and the Chief of Staff during the war. As Chief of Staff, Marshall oversaw the largest military expansion in American history. Marshall coordinated Allied operations in Europe and the Pacific. After the war Marshall became Secretary of State and led the post-war reconstruction effort in Europe, which became known as the Marshall Plan . For his role in the recovery he received the Nobel Peace Prize . Henry H. Arnold was an American general officer holding the grades of General of the Army and later General of the Air Force . He was the Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. Ernest King was Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet (1941–45) as well as Chief of Naval Operations (1942–45) and Fleet Admiral (from 1944). Henry L. Stimson was Secretary of War from 1940 until 1945. He was an early proponent for war against Germany. As secretary of war Stimson was in charge of much of the organizational and logistical aspects of America's war effort. He oversaw the raising and training 13 million soldiers and airmen, supervised the spending of a third of the nation's GDP on the Army and the Air Forces, helped formulate military strategy, and took personal control of building and using the atomic bomb . Cordell Hull was Secretary of State from 1933 until 1944. Hull was responsible for foreign relations before the attack on Pearl Harbor. He sent the Hull note to Japan prior to the attack, which was part of the United States attempt to open Chinese markets to U.S. goods against Japanese interests there. After the war he was the key architect for establishing the United Nations and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . William J. Donovan was the director of the Office of Strategic Services from 1942 until it was disbanded in 1945. Donovan and the OSS was responsible for collecting intelligence by the Army, Navy, and State Department . For his actions he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal . J. Edgar Hoover was the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1935 until 1972. Hoover and the FBI were responsible for the intelligence in the United States and South America during the war. Hoover had success in shutting down a Nazi spy network in the United States. European and North African Front [ edit ] Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower nicknamed \"Ike\", was the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe . He was responsible for planning and supervising the liberation of France and Europe with the invasion of Nazi Germany. Following the German unconditional surrender , Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone . Seven years after the war, he was elected as president of the United States . Omar Bradley was General of the Army in North Africa and Europe during World War II. He led the First United States Army during Operation Overlord and the invasion of Europe. He was informally known as \"the soldier's general.\" Mark W. Clark was the allied commander in Italian Campaign . He led allied forces through the invasion of Italy , the battles of Anzio and Monte Cassino and the subsequent capture of Rome In 1944, the first of the three major axis capitals to fall. Jacob L. Devers was the commander of the 6th Army Group in Europe. He oversaw the invasion of southern France in 1944. With his American and French forces, Devers cleared Alsace , reduced the Colmar Pocket , crossed the Rhine River and accepted the surrender of German forces in Austria . Initially the CG of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, in the late summer of 1942 he \"swapped jobs\" with Gen. Eisenhower, becoming Commanding General European Theater of Operations, freeing up Ike to command the Operation Torch invasion of North Africa in November 1942. In early 1943 he returned to command the MTO for the Sicily, Italy and Southern France Campaigns. John C. H. Lee was the commanding general of all supply and service forces in the ETO, beginning in May 1942. His logistics command was responsible for the Operation Bolero buildup of over 3 million men and women, and 37,000,000 tons of materiel in the UK, and delivering a total of 41,000,000 tons to support the fighting forces in the entire Theater. He was Deputy Theater Commander for Supply and Administration to Gen. Eisenhower, and he led the largest single unit in World War II. The Communications Zone, or COM-Z as it was known after D-Day numbered some 435,000 soldiers at its peak. George S. Patton was one of the United States' leading generals during the campaigns in North Africa , Sicily , France and Germany . He was known as \"Old Blood and Guts\". Carl Andrew Spaatz was commander of the Air Forces Combat Command with the rank of major general and in overall command of the USAAF in the European Theater of Operations. Royal E. Ingersoll was the commander in chief of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet from 1942 to late 1944. He commanded the American forces during the battle of the Atlantic and was employed in running troop convoys and transporting stores, munitions, and fuel to the United Kingdom and the Mediterranean . Pacific Front [ edit ] Douglas MacArthur Douglas MacArthur , General of the Army was Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the South West Pacific Area , 1942–45. He was commander of US and Filipino forces in the Philippines , before relocating to Australia. He accepted the surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945 and then became Supreme Commander Allied Powers . Chester W. Nimitz , fleet admiral and commander of the United States Pacific Fleet in 1941–42 and became supreme commander of Allied forces in the Pacific Ocean Area , 1942–45. Holland Smith was a general in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He is sometimes called the \"father\" of modern U.S. amphibious warfare . He led American forces in several major campaigns, among others those in the Aleutians , Gilberts-Marshalls islands , Saipan , and Iwo Jima . Joseph Stilwell , was a general who was Chiang Kai-shek 's chief of staff and commander of all US forces in China , Burma and India as well as deputy commander of South East Asia Command William Halsey, Jr. fleet admiral who commanded the Third Fleet , formed in 1943, and appeared in the Guadalcanal campaign and the Battle of Leyte Gulf . Raymond A. Spruance commanded United States Navy forces at both the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea . Frank Jack Fletcher was commander of the Allied Naval forces at the Battle of the Coral Sea . Curtis LeMay was a general in the United States Air Force . He is credited with designing and implementing an effective, but also controversial, systematic strategic bombing campaign in the Pacific theater of World War II. Husband E. Kimmel was commander-in-chief of the United States Pacific Fleet when the Japanese attacked the naval base at Pearl Harbor . After the attack, he was relieved of his command. Puerto Rico [ edit ] Left to right: Major General Geiger, Corps Commander; Colonel Silverthorn, Corps Chief of Staff and Brigadier General del Valle , Corps Artillery Commander, examine a plaster relief map of Guam on board the USS Appalachian . Rexford Tugwell , Tugwell served as the last appointed American Governor of Puerto Rico, from 1941 to 1946. He worked with the legislature to create the Puerto Rico Planning, Urbanization, and Zoning Board in 1942. Tugwell supported Puerto Rican self-government through amendment to the Organic Act in 1948. He publicly supported Luis Muñoz Marín ’s Popular Democratic Party, the PPD, which wanted a Commonwealth status. As he prepared to retire from the Governorship, Tugwell was instrumental in getting the first Puerto Rican appointed to the job, Jesús T. Piñero, then serving as Resident Commissioner in Washington, D.C. Tugwell also served as Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico . Virgil R. Miller , Colonel, U.S. Army, was the Regimental Commander of the 442d Regimental Combat Team (RCT), a unit which was composed of \" Nisei \" (second generation Americans of Japanese descent), during World War II . He led the 442nd in its rescue of the Lost Texas Battalion of the 36th Infantry Division , in the forests of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France . [14] Pedro del Valle , was a highly decorated Marine Lieutenant General who played a key role in the Guadalcanal Campaign and the Battle of Guam and became the Commanding General of the First Marine Division. Del Valle played an instrumental role in the defeat of the Japanese forces in Okinawa and was in charge of the reorganization of Okinawa . [15] [16] [17] Juan César Cordero Dávila , was a Brigadier General who in World War II commanded the 65th Infantry Regiment (United States) , a Puerto Rican unit, in Europe. Commonwealth of the Philippines [ edit ] Manuel L. Quezon Manuel L. Quezon was the first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under U.S. rule in the early period of the 20th century. After the Japanese invasion, he was evacuated to Washington D.C. where he died of tuberculosis in 1944. Sergio Osmeña was the second Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. As Vice President, he ascended to the presidency after Quezon's death in 1944. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces. Basilio J. Valdes was the commanding general of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and chief of staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Valdes was given the rank of Major General of the Commonwealth Army. After the Japanese Invasion, he was evacuated to Washington D.C. and he was returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces. Vicente Lim commanded the Philippine Commonwealth Army during the early days of the war. Lim was given the rank of Brigadier General and became the top ranking Filipino under General MacArthur. He was placed in command of the 41st Infantry Division, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFFE tasked with the defense of Bataan . After the fall of the Philippines, he led resistance against Japanese occupation. Kingdom of Yugoslavia [ edit ] Peter II was the last King of Yugoslavia reigning from 1934 till 1945. An opponent of Nazi Germany, he participated in a British-supported coup d'état opposing the pro-fascist Prince Paul . Peter was forced to leave the country following the Axis invasion. In 1944, he signed the Treaty of Vis which was an agreement to share power with Josip Broz Tito . But, after the war, Peter was deposed in a referendum held by the communist government . Draža Mihailović was the leader of Chetniks , the monarchic resistance movement, supported by the exiled royal government. Mihailović was decorated with the highest war medals by France and the United States ( Legion of Merit ). After being initially engaged in fighting the occupying Axis forces and their internal allies, his forces ended up engaged also in fighting the Partisans and collaborating with the Axis. After the war, he was executed by the newly formed communist government of Josip Broz Tito in 1945 for high treason, war crimes and crimes against humanity. In 2004, Chetniks were rehabilitated by the democratic National Assembly of Serbia. Josip Broz Tito was a leader of Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement, which was the largest in Europe. Communist by political orientation, Tito was nevertheless able to gather nationwide support for anti-fascist cause, and to persuade Allied governments that only his forces were mounting credible resistance to Axis powers in Yugoslavia . By the end of war, occupied Yugoslavia had drawn attention of no less than 20 German divisions alone, prompting several major operations in the 1942–1944 period, which were futile. Finally, with help from advancing Soviet forces, the Partisans liberated Yugoslavia, reaching at the final days of operations a respectable size of 800,000 soldiers. Dušan Simović was the Chief of the General Staff of the Royal Yugoslav Army and Prime Minister. Slobodan Jovanović was the Prime Minister of the Yugoslav government in exile during World War II from January 11, 1942, to June 26, 1943. Ivan Šubašić was the Prime Minister of the Yugoslav government in exile when the Treaty of Vis (or Tito-Šubašić Agreement ) was signed on June 14, 1944. See also [ edit ] World War II portal Allies of World War II Axis leaders of World War II Commanders of World War II References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"The History of the Commonwealth\" . The Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 2006-10-24 . Retrieved 2007-02-26 . Jump up ^ \"Robert Menzies. In office\" . Australia's prime ministers . National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on May 1, 2003 . Retrieved 2008-09-25 . Jump up ^ \"Arthur Fadden\" . Australia's prime ministers . National Archives of Australia . Retrieved 2008-09-25 . [ dead link ] Jump up ^ \"John Curtin\" . National Archives of Australia . Archived from the original on 2007-02-05 . Retrieved 2007-04-21 . Jump up ^ \"Francis Forde\" . Australia's prime ministers . National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on July 21, 2008 . Retrieved 2008-09-25 . Jump up ^ \"Ben Chifley\" . Australia's prime ministers . National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on June 18, 2006 . Retrieved 2008-09-25 . Jump up ^ \"machine code facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about machine code\" . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). \"General Sir Archibald Percival Wavell\" . Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 . Jump up ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). \"Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival\" . Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 . Archived from the original on 2011-09-24. Jump up ^ Caidin, ibid. , dates the departure of the first AVG pilots 10 December 1941. Jump up ^ Albert Lebrun's biography on the French Presidency official website Archived April 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Flores, Santiago A. (1999–2000). \"201st Mexican Fighter Squadron\" . Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 . Jump up ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). \"Vice-Admiral Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich\" . Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 . Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Jump up ^ Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (1940). \"Education\" . Puerto Rico: A Guide to the Island of Boriquén . New York: The University Society, Inc. Jump up ^ \"RootsWeb: PUERTORICO-L Re: Navy Admirals from Puerto Rico\" . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sontag, Blind Man's Bluff . Jump up ^ \"Lieutenant General Pedro A. Del Valle, USMC\" . History Division . United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006 . Retrieved October 10, 2006 . 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{ "text": "Blurred Lines - Wikipedia Blurred Lines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For the album, see Blurred Lines (album) . For blurred lines in photography, see Defocus aberration . \"Blurred Lines\" Single by Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell Williams from the album Blurred Lines Released March 20, 2013 Format CD maxi CD digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Disco R&B Length 4 : 25 Label Star Trak Interscope Songwriter(s) Robin Thicke Pharrell Williams Clifford Harris Jr. Marvin Gaye [1] Producer(s) Pharrell Williams Robin Thicke singles chronology \" Love After War \" (2011) \" Blurred Lines \" (2013) \" For the Rest of My Life \" (2013) \" Love After War \" (2011) \" Blurred Lines \" (2013) \" For the Rest of My Life \" (2013) T.I. singles chronology \" We Still in This Bitch \" (2013) \" Blurred Lines \" (2013) \" Pour It Up (Remix) \" (2013) Pharrell Williams singles chronology \" Celebrate \" (2012) \" Blurred Lines \" (2013) \" Get Lucky \" (2013) Music video \"Blurred Lines\" on YouTube \" Blurred Lines \" is a single written and performed by American recording artists Robin Thicke , T.I. , and Pharrell Williams . Produced by Pharrell, it serves as the lead single from Thicke's album of the same name . It was released on March 26, 2013 through Pharrell's label Star Trak Recordings. [2] Recorded in 2012, the song's percussion ideas were primarily inspired by the Marvin Gaye song \" Got to Give It Up \", and apart from T.I.'s rap, was entirely the work of Williams. [3] [4] [5] However, Thicke clearly laid claim to writing credits on the track according to a Reuters article. [6] The song became the subject of a bitter legal dispute with the family of Gaye and Bridgeport Music as to whether the song infringed copyrights to \"Got to Give It Up\". Thicke and Williams were found liable for copyright infringement by a federal jury in March 2015, and Gaye was awarded posthumous songwriting credit based on the royalties pledged to his estate. [7] The song's music video was released in two versions, with one featuring models Emily Ratajkowski , Jessi M'Bengue, and Elle Evans being topless, while the other censored nudity. The uncut version of the video was at one time removed from YouTube for violating the site's terms of service regarding nudity; it was later restored, but with an age restriction. The song's lyrics and music video have proven controversial with some groups, with claims that it is misogynistic and promotes date rape . This has led to the song being banned at universities and other institutions in the United Kingdom and prompted a rebuttal from Thicke. \"Blurred Lines\" peaked at number one in at least 25 countries and becoming the number one song of 2013 in several of them. It became Thicke's first, T.I.'s fourth, and Pharrell's third number-one single in the US, where it was also the longest running number one single of 2013. The song subsequently became one of the best-selling singles of all time , with sales of 14.8 million, [8] simultaneously breaking the record for the largest radio audience in history. [9] The single was nominated for two Grammys at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , including Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance . [10] The song has been parodied and covered numerous times. Contents [ hide ] 1 Background 2 Music videos 2.1 Concept and background 3 Reception 4 Chart performance 5 Controversies 5.1 Content, banning, and subject matter 5.2 Marvin Gaye lawsuit and authorship questions 6 Live performances 6.1 MTV Video Music Awards 7 In popular culture 7.1 Parodies 7.2 Media 7.3 Covers 8 Track listing 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year-end charts 9.3 All-time charts 10 Certifications 11 Radio and release history 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Background [ edit ] \"Blurred Lines\" was produced by Thicke and Pharrell with an intention of creating a sound similar to Marvin Gaye's \" Got to Give It Up \" (1977). The song was completed in less than an hour. [11] In an interview with GQ 's Stelios Phili, Thicke explained: Pharrell and I were in the studio and [...] I was like, \"Damn, we should make something like that ['Got to Give It Up'], something with that groove.\" Then he started playing a little something and we literally wrote the song in about half an hour and recorded it. He and I would go back and forth where I'd sing a line and he'd be like, \"Hey, hey, hey!\" We started acting like we were two old men on a porch hollering at girls like, \"Hey, where you going, girl? Come over here!\" [12] In a separate interview, Thicke clarified the meaning of the song's title, saying it referred to \"the good-girl/bad-girl thing and what's appropriate\". [13] Thicke and manager Jordan Feldstein decided the song would not have much impact through radio and would need an innovative approach to become a hit. [14] Feldstein told HitQuarters : \"We had an artist that had never had a hit on radio. It was a non-traditional song; it didn't sound like a Timbaland or Benny Blanco record. So we had to approach the market in an interesting way.\" Feldstein came up with the idea of creating a video designed to go viral and brought in experienced music video director Diane Martel to shoot it. Its controversial nature was designed to attract attention with Feldstein saying: \"I knew it would get it banned quickly ... Getting something banned actually helps you.\" [14] Music videos [ edit ] The music video , directed by Diane Martel , was released on March 20, 2013. [15] The video features Thicke, T.I., and Pharrell casually standing in front of light-pink backdrop as they flirt with models ( Emily Ratajkowski , Elle Evans , and Jessi M'Bengue) who pose and dance. At various points, the hashtag \"#THICKE\" flashes, whilst towards the end, \"ROBIN THICKE HAS A BIG DICK\" is spelled out in silver balloons. In the unrated version of the video, the models wear just thongs . In the edited version, they are scantily clad and the hashtag \"#BLURREDLINES\" is seen at various points. This is the second time that director Diane Martel and Pharrell join together for a music video project involving two differently rated versions. The 2001 video for the N.E.R.D single \" Lapdance \" also featured models in two variant editions, one of which, like \"Blurred Lines\", is a topless version. [16] [17] The video was filmed at Mack Sennett Studios in Silver Lake . After being on the site for just under one week, the unrated version of the video was removed from YouTube on March 30, 2013, citing violations of the site's terms of service that restricts the uploading of videos containing nudity, particularly if used in a sexual context. [18] However it was later restored on July 12, 2013. [19] The unrated video remains available on Vevo , while the edited version is available on both Vevo and YouTube. [20] [21] [22] The unrated version of \"Blurred Lines\" generated more than 1 million views in the days following its release on Vevo. [18] As of January 2017, the unrated version of \"Blurred Lines\" is available on YouTube. [23] Concept and background [ edit ] \"I wanted to have beautiful bodies and crazy, fucked-up sets. I thought about cheap props, crappy fun stuff. The video is goofy and innocent. I was channeling Benny Hill and 1960s variety shows.\" —Diane Martel Q&A with Eric Ducker, Grantland , June 26, 2013. [24] During a Q&A for Grantland Diane Martel explained that her desire was \"to make videos that sell records\" and \"not to make videos that express my own obsessions, but to make videos that move units.\" Martel at first turned down the offer to direct the video after being told there could be no nudity but agreed to direct when it was decided to shoot two versions. The video was shot as a white cyclorama . Martel favorably referred to the large hashtags that flash throughout the video as \"awkward\" and noted she enjoyed their obstructive quality. The fashion in which the women in the video are dressed was in part inspired by the work of photographer Helmut Newton . When asked about what references she drew from for the video, Martel cited the ballets of George Balanchine as performed by the New York City Ballet , noting their minimalism , as well as the work of Richard Avedon . The manner in which Martel directed the action and interaction of those in the video was intended to convey playfulness while also presenting the women \"in the power position.\" Martel also sought out intentionally \"gross\" and \"oversized\" props to utilize in the video. [24] Reception [ edit ] \"Blurred Lines\" A sample of \"Blurred Lines\" Problems playing this file? See media help . Critical reactions to Blurred Lines were mostly positive. The Michigan Daily ' s Jackson Howard graded it an \"A\" and praised it as \"one of Pharrell's best beats in years ... by the time the multilayered and carnal harmonies of the chorus come in, the song is completely on fire.\" [25] Writing for Billboard , Chris Payne compared it with Justin Timberlake 's \" Suit & Tie \" and called it a \"bubbly bit of disco-shuffling R&B\", while also noting its racy content. [26] Digital Spy 's Lewis Corner, who gave the song three out of five stars, was more wary of the single and remarked: \"It's a subject that when in the right hands can be smooth and soulful, but in the wrong, crass and chauvinistic ... you need the right balance of charm and swagger to pull it off.\" [27] The Village Voice ' s Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll ranked \"Blurred Lines\" at number four to find the best music of 2013, tied with Kanye West 's \" New Slaves \". On the other hand, Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone named the song \"The Worst Song of This or Any Other Year.\" [28] Music fans voted \"Blurred Lines\" second in a 2014 Time Out Sydney poll of the worst songs ever recorded. [29] Chart performance [ edit ] \"Blurred Lines\" peaked at number one in 25 countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Republic of Ireland, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Poland, Canada, New Zealand and the United States, becoming Thicke's highest charting song in all of these countries. In Australia, the song was certified quadruple platinum for shipments of 280,000 and triple platinum in New Zealand for sales of 45,000. [30] \"Blurred Lines\" peaked within the top five of 14 countries including France and Switzerland. The song is currently the longest-running number-one single of 2013 in Australia and New Zealand, having topped the ARIA Singles Chart for eight consecutive weeks in Australia, and the RIANZ Singles Chart for 11 non-consecutive weeks in New Zealand. [31] For the Latin American market, a version featuring Colombian rapper J Balvin was released on Spanish-language radio stations. [32] This version peaked at number 7 in Colombia. [33] In the United States, the song debuted at number 94 on the Billboard Hot 100 , [34] the following week the song rose to number 89, then to number 70, then to number 54. [35] The single's progress appeared to stabilize in middle of the U.S. charts when, in mid-May, Robin Thicke and Pharrell performed it live on NBC's The Voice . Immediately afterwards the song flew up to number 12 on the Hot 100. [36] Not long thereafter it peaked at number one, becoming Thicke's highest peaking song on the chart in his recording history. It also became Thicke's first chart entry since \" Sex Therapy \" and his second top 20 ever, after \" Lost Without U \". The track is also Pharrell's third Billboard Hot 100 number one single and T.I.'s fourth. As of June 12, 2013, \"Blurred Lines\" has sold 1 million copies in the United States since its release, becoming Thicke's first single to do so. [37] As of the chart issue dated September 7, 2013, the song is the longest-running number-one single of 2013 with 12 weeks at the top. [38] The song is also the first to claim the top \"Digital Gainer\", top \"Airplay Gainer\" and the top \"Streaming Gainer\" simultaneously, and to be awarded the top \"Airplay Gainer\" for 9 (and afterwards 10) weeks. [37] [39] As of August 8, it also broke the record for the all-time highest number of radio impressions during a single week in the US, with 219.8 million impressions (which it later extended to 228.9 million impressions the week after), surpassing the eight-year-old record of 212.2 million impressions, set by Mariah Carey 's \" We Belong Together \", and is the first song to have four or more weeks of downloads of over 400,000 in the US. [39] On week ending September 14, 2013 it was knocked off number one by Katy Perry with her single \" Roar \". [40] Blurred Lines was also the No. 1 song of the year on iHeart Radio's Top 100 Countdown for 2013. It became the best-selling song of 2013 in the US, selling 6,498,000 downloads in 2013. [41] By April 2014, the single had reached its 7 million mark in sales, taking 56 weeks to reach this mark. [42] It has sold 7,380,000 copies in the US as of April 2015, making it the country's eighth all-time best-selling digital single. [43] In Canada, the song reached number one for 13 consecutive weeks, becoming the longest-running number-one single of 2013. Since the launch of the Canadian Hot 100 in 2007, the song has become third with most weeks at number one, tying \" Apologize \" by Timbaland featuring OneRepublic , and just behind \" Uptown Funk \" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars and \" I Gotta Feeling \" by The Black Eyed Peas , with 15 and 16 weeks on top of the charts respectively. [44] It was Canada's best-selling song of 2013 with 692,000 copies sold (706,000 for all versions combined). [45] In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on June 2, 2013 ― for the week ending date June 8, 2013 ― selling 190,000 copies in its first week and becoming Britain's fastest-selling single of the year, though it was later passed by Avicii 's \" Wake Me Up \" on July 21, 2013. [46] \"Blurred Lines\" then remained at number one the following week, selling even more than it did in its first with 199,000 copies sold. [47] On its fifth week in the charts, the single dropped a place to number two although it shifted a further 100,000 copies, having the fastest one-week sales at number two of 2013 so far. After a two-week break from the top spot, the song returned to number one on July 14, 2013 ― for the week ending date July 20, 2013 ― to claim its fifth week at the top, becoming the first song to spend two weeks off the top-spot before reclaiming the position, since Rihanna 's single \" We Found Love \" in 2011. \"Blurred Lines\" was confirmed to have sold 1 million copies on its 50th day of release, becoming Pharrell's second song in only a month to achieve that feat in Britain (the other being Daft Punk collaboration \" Get Lucky \"). [48] According to the Official Charts Company , the single became Britain's best-selling single of 2013 with sales of 1,472,681 copies. [49] On April 21, 2014, it was announced that \"Blurred Lines\" was the most downloaded song of all time in the UK, [50] with digital sales of more than 1.54 million, a total since surpassed by Pharrell Williams' own single \" Happy \". Its current UK sales stand at 1,630,000. [51] On July 28, 2013, \"Blurred Lines\" broke the record for radio audience previously held by Mariah Carey 's \" We Belong Together \" in 2005. A press release from Interscope said as of the last week in July 2013, the track reached more than 242.65 million listeners. [9] Blurred Lines is Thicke's most successful song, being his first to reach number one on the Hot 100 (he previously peaked at number 14 in 2007 with \" Lost Without U \"). It also marks Pharrell's third Hot 100 number one, after \" Drop It Like It's Hot \" with Snoop Dogg in 2004 and \" Money Maker \" with Ludacris in 2006, and T.I. 's fourth Hot 100 number one after \" My Love\" with Justin Timberlake in 2006, and his own singles \" Whatever You Like \" and \" Live Your Life \" in 2008. [52] In the United States, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100 for twelve consecutive weeks, becoming the longest running number one single of 2013 and of the 2010s decade, surpassing Rihanna 's \" We Found Love \" (2011), [53] but was later replaced by Mark Ronson ' s \" Uptown Funk \" in 2015. [54] This feat also gave him the eighth lead male solo artist in Billboard history to rack ten or more weeks at the number one spot for a single. [53] It sold over 5 million copies in just 22 weeks in the US, and 6 million in 29 weeks, faster than any other song in digital history. [38] [55] According to the IFPI, by the end of 2013, the song had sold 14.8 million copies, becoming the best selling song of the year worldwide. As of August 2016, it is currently the seventh best-selling digital single of all time . It was the second best-selling song of 2013 in the US and the best-selling song of 2013 in the UK. [41] [49] Controversies [ edit ] Content, banning, and subject matter [ edit ] Critics such as Tricia Romano of The Daily Beast wrote that the song and the music video trivialize sexual consent . She asserts that many fans were uncomfortable with both the song and the video. Her article quoted many critics who believe that the song promotes rape culture because the title \"Blurred Lines\" and lyrics like \"I know you want it\" encourage the idea \"no doesn't always mean no\" and that some women who are raped are asking for it . [56] Criticism was also leveled at the song's video, which has been labelled \"eye-poppingly misogynist \". [57] In the United Kingdom , more than 20 universities banned the song from use at student events. At the University of Edinburgh , students' association officials stated that the song violates its policy against \"rape culture and lad banter \" and promotes an unhealthy attitude towards sex and consent. [58] [59] It was also banned at other British institutions, including Plymouth University , Leeds University , [60] University of Derby , Queen Mary University of London , Kingston University , University of Bolton , Queen's University Belfast , University of Birmingham , University of East Anglia , University of the West of Scotland , and a number of Oxford and Durham colleges. [61] Students at the University of Exeter voted for a condemnation of the lyrics to be issued by the Students' Guild. [62] In Marshfield, Wisconsin , Lisa Joling, head coach of the Marshfield High School dance team, was fired in August 2013, three days after a halftime performance by her dance class to the song. [63] Jennifer Lai of Slate , while noting that the video \"undoubtedly objectifies women\", countered criticism that the song itself connotes rape by citing lyrics such as \"go ahead/get at me\" and \"So I'm just watchin' and waitin'/ for you to salute the truly pimpin'\", among others, in which Robin and T.I. invite the woman's own sexual agency and are \"putting the ball in her court\". [64] Lai also states: Someone who says \"I know you want it\" is probably overly cocky and presumptuous as hell by assuming you/she wants \"it,\" but nothing about \"I know you want it\" is saying \"I know you want it, and I'm going to force you to have it\" or \"I had sex with you and you didn't consent, but I know you wanted it.\" Yes, \"I know you want it\" could be said by a rapist—but so could \"Do you want to go to a movie tonight?\" [64] Thicke, noting that all three male singers are married and have children, said that the Diane Martel -directed video was tongue-in-cheek . [12] When defending the song on NBC's The Today Show , the 36-year-old singer explained that encouraging conversation about the song's content was his intention, saying \"It's actually a feminist movement within itself. It's saying that women and men are equals as animals and as power\". [65] After its banning at University College London, Thicke declared the song was about his wife, and that after 20 years together, he indeed knew she wanted it from him. [66] During an interview with NPR , \"Blurred Lines\" producer and co-writer Pharrell defended the song, highlighting the lyric \"that man is not your maker\", saying, \"I don't know anything that could be more clear about our position in the song\" and \"... if you're looking at the lyrics, the power is right there in the woman's hand. That man—me as a human being, me as a man, I'm not your maker, I can't tell you what to do.\" [67] Pharrell reiterated and expounded on his defense during an interview with Pitchfork Media , in response to the idea of the song being \"sexually predatory\", saying: What would be controversial about it? In \"Blurred Lines\", the Robin Thicke lyrics are: \"You don't need no papers,\" meaning, \"You are not a possession.\" \"That man is not your maker,\" meaning he is not God—nor can he produce children or women, for that matter. He's a man, so he definitely did not make you...What I was trying to say was: \"That man is trying to domesticate you, but you don't need no papers—let me liberate you.\" But it was misconstrued. When you pull back and look at the entire song, the point is: She's a good girl, and even good girls want to do things, and that's where you have the blurred lines. She expresses it in dancing because she's a good girl. People who are agitated just want to be mad, and I accept their opinion... We got a kick out of making people dance, and that was the intention. [68] In a Q&A for Grantland.com, video director Diane Martel had this to say about the music video: I wanted to deal with the misogynist, funny lyrics in a way where the girls were going to overpower the men. Look at Emily Ratajkowski 's performance; it's very, very funny and subtly ridiculing. That's what is fresh to me. It also forces the men to feel playful and not at all like predators. I directed the girls to look into the camera, this is very intentional and they do it most of the time; they are in the power position. I don't think the video is sexist. The lyrics are ridiculous, the guys are silly as fuck. That said, I respect women who are watching out for negative images in pop culture and who find the nudity offensive, but I find [the video] meta and playful. [24] Thicke at first appears to contradict his claims that the song is about women empowerment in an interview given to GQ in May 2013, stating: We tried to do everything that was taboo. Bestiality, drug injections, and everything that is completely derogatory towards women. Because all three of us are happily married with children, we were like, \"We're the perfect guys to make fun of this.\" People say, \"Hey, do you think this is degrading to women?\" I'm like, \"Of course it is. What a pleasure it is to degrade a woman. I've never gotten to do that before. I've always respected women.\" [69] When asked about this, Diane Martel denied that there was any such intention calling the idea that it was ever discussed and Thicke's GQ statement \"crazy\". [24] Thicke later clarified his comment during an interview for Oprah's Next Chapter , describing it as a \"bad joke\", noting that the GQ interview that was published did not mention that he had been joking back and forth with the interviewer and doing an impersonation of Will Ferrell 's Ron Burgundy character while making the remark, thus not providing the facetious context. [70] In an interview for CBC Radio 's Q , Thicke dismissed the idea that the song is about a man forcing himself sexually onto a woman as \"an impossible reality\". [71] Thicke continues, \"For them to take that lyric [ I know you want it ] and not take the lyrics that man is not your maker, you're an animal , and we're equals, and all of the other lyrics that are in the song and only to take I know you want it from a guy like Ron Burgundy who's standing there going, [does impression of Ron Burgundy] 'I know you want it, baby'. It's a joke. If they can't get the joke, I feel bad for them, but I'm not going to change the joke.\" [71] In the interview, Thicke noted that part of video director Diane Martel's intention was to generate attention, but Thicke defended the song, saying: \"The song and the video are two completely different things. The song has nothing to do with belittling a woman or misogyny or anything. Obviously, when a guy's standing there fully clothed and the girls are naked, I totally welcome the conversation of what does this video say about men and women, but the song itself, the title, 'Blurred Lines', is about men and woman are equals.\" [71] Marvin Gaye lawsuit and authorship questions [ edit ] In August 2013, Thicke, Williams, and Harris (T.I.) sued the family of Marvin Gaye and Bridgeport Music for a declaratory judgment that \"Blurred Lines\" did not infringe copyrights of the defendants. Gaye's family accused the song's authors of copying the \"feel\" and \"sound\" of \"Got to Give It Up\" (the song that Thicke personally claimed was an influence on \"Blurred Lines\"), while Bridgeport claimed that the song illegally sampled Funkadelic 's song \"Sexy Ways\". In the lawsuit, Gaye's family was accused of making an invalid copyright claim since only expressions, not individual ideas can be protected. [72] Pharrell Williams responded to the lawsuit by calling the two songs \"completely different\", further stating: \"Just simply go to the piano and play the two. One's minor and one's major. And not even in the same key.\" [73] In an interview, Questlove also echoed Williams' statement, saying: Look, technically it's not plagiarized. It's not the same chord progression. It's a feeling. Because there's a cowbell in it and a Fender Rhodes as the main instrumentation—that still doesn't make it plagiarized. We all know it's derivative. That's how Pharrell works. Everything that Pharrell produces is derivative of another song—but it's a homage. [74] In September 2014, The Hollywood Reporter released files relating to a deposition from the case. Within the deposition Thicke stated that, he was \"high on Vicodin and alcohol when [he] showed up at the studio\", and that as a result, \"Pharrell had the beat and he wrote almost every single part of the song\". [75] [76] Within Williams' respective deposition file, the producer noted that he was \"in the driver's seat\" during the song's creation and agreed that Thicke, in past interviews, \"embellished\" his contributions to the songwriting process. [77] [78] On October 30, 2014, United States District Court for the Central District of California Judge John A. Kronstadt ruled the Gaye family's lawsuit against Thicke and Williams could proceed, stating the plaintiffs \"have made a sufficient showing that elements of 'Blurred Lines' may be substantially similar to protected, original elements of 'Got to Give It Up'.\" The trial began on February 10, 2015. [79] Williams and Thicke filed a successful motion in limine to prevent a recording of \"Got to Give it Up\" from being played during the trial. [80] [81] The motion was granted because the family's copyright covered the sheet music and not necessarily other musical elements from Gaye's recording of the song. Judge Kronstad remarked: \"I don't expect Marvin Gaye's voice to be part of this case.\" [81] On March 10, 2015, a jury found Thicke and Williams, but not T.I., liable for copyright infringement . [82] The unanimous jury awarded Gaye's family US$ 7.4 million in damages for copyright infringement. [83] Thicke, Williams, and TI have appealed the verdict in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals . [84] The response among observers regarding the decision was that it was incorrect; bassist and entertainment law attorney Joe Escalante stated that the jury's verdict \"must have been based on emotions because it is not based on any notions of what is protectable under copyright law today.\" [85] Singer-songwriter Keith Urban said: \"My initial reaction from it, I was shocked, honestly. Seems more like a sound and a feel and a style and a genre and an era, none of which can be copyrighted.\" [86] Comedian and music parody artist \"Weird Al\" Yankovic (who made a parody of the song) described the ruling as \"a raw deal\", calling the song \"Marvin Gaye pastiche .\" [87] The verdict was also questioned by recording artists and musicians John Legend , [88] Nile Rodgers , [89] and Bill Withers . [90] Classical music critic Mark Swed of the Los Angeles Times pointed out that many classical composers used material from previous composers saying that \" John Williams all but lifted the core idea of his Star Wars soundtrack score from the Scherzo of Erich Korngold 's Symphony in F-sharp Major , written 25 years earlier.\" [91] However, Motown legend Smokey Robinson stated that it was a mistake to use the same melody , and that he thought it was \"absolutely a rip off.\" [92] In August 2016, an appeal to the verdict was filed with the Ninth Circuit Court Of Appeals citing a \"cascade of legal errors\". [93] Later that same month, more than 200 musicians – including among others Rivers Cuomo of Weezer , John Oates of Hall & Oates , R. Kelly , Hans Zimmer , Jennifer Hudson as well as members of Train , Linkin Park , Earth, Wind & Fire , The Black Crowes , Fall Out Boy , The Go-Gos and Tears for Fears – filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the appeal, stating that \"the verdict in this case threatens to punish songwriters for creating new music that is inspired by prior works.\" [94] [95] The court hearing between the two songs drew comparisons to that of the 1970s case between George Harrison and Bright Tunes over the song \" My Sweet Lord \", which a judge ruled had similarly plagiarized the earlier \" He's So Fine \" by The Chiffons ; Harrison later bought the rights to \"He's So Fine\". [96] Live performances [ edit ] On May 14, 2013, Thicke performed the song for the first time live on NBC's The Voice alongside Pharrell and T.I. The website of Rap-Up magazine described Thicke as looking \"dapper\" in \"black suit\", and that the trio were joined on stage by \"sexy ladies during the steamy set\". [34] Thicke also performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on May 16 with Pharrell and three models doing backup. [35] Thicke performed the song live at the finale of Germany's Next Topmodel, Cycle 8 on May 30, 2013, at SAP Arena in Mannheim . The performance featured the top 20 contestants of the cycle who danced to the song on chairs. The four finalists walked the runway during the performance, as well as performing a burlesque -like dance on different items of furniture. [97] On June 7, 2013, Thicke performed the song alongside Pharrell on the British television chat show The Graham Norton Show . [98] He also performed the song (with recorded T.I. and Pharrell backing vocals) on The Voice Australia season 2 finale on June 17, 2013. [99] Thicke performed the song on the 2013 BET Awards on June 30, 2013. [100] Thicke also performed the track solo on British morning TV show Lorraine on July 8, 2013, as well as This Morning on July 10, 2013. [101] Thicke also performed the song complete with dancers in studio on The Howard Stern Show on Sirius XM Radio July 29, 2013. [102] He also performed the song on The Colbert Report on August 6, 2013. [103] On September 20, he performed Blurred Lines at the 2013 iHeartRadio Music Festival . On November 10, Thicke performed the song with Iggy Azalea at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards . [104] In December, he performed the song at Jingle Ball 2013 concerts. In May 2014, Williams performed the song as part of a medley at the iHeartRadio Awards where he received the iHeartRadio Innovator Award. [105] In May 2017, He performed the song at 4th Indonesian Choice Awards . MTV Video Music Awards [ edit ] Thicke performed Blurred Lines as a duet with Miley Cyrus at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , medleyed with Cyrus' \" We Can't Stop \" and \" Give It 2 U \", featuring 2 Chainz . The performance began with Cyrus performing \"We Can't Stop\" in bear-themed attire. Following this, Thicke entered the stage and Cyrus stripped down to a small skin-colored two-piece outfit. Cyrus subsequently touched Thicke's crotch area with a giant foam finger and twerked against his crotch. [106] The performance drew extensive reactions and became the most tweeted about event in history, with Twitter users generating 360,000 tweets about the event per minute; breaking the previous record held by Beyoncé 's Super Bowl XLVII halftime show performance six months earlier. [107] [108] In popular culture [ edit ] An ad was created for Radio Shack to market the Beats Pill , a small stereo, that showed Thicke, Pharrell, and the models repeating the look of the (clothed) music video, but with the models holding up the Beats Pill. [109] A cover featuring Thicke himself with classroom instruments was performed by Jimmy Fallon and The Roots , with Black Thought filling in for T.I.'s verse. [110] Parodies [ edit ] On June 12, 2013 episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live! , in which Thicke and Pharrell were both guests, they aired a parody version of the \"Blurred Lines\" video in which host Jimmy Kimmel and his sidekick Guillermo attempt to join Thicke, Pharrell, and the dancers but keep getting rebuffed. The parody video was also placed on YouTube , and received over 2 million views in less than a month. [111] On June 30, 2013 Remy Munasifi released a parody on his GoRemy YouTube channel entitled \"Blurred Lines: The Anthony Weiner version\" mocking Anthony Weiner's entry into the 2013 New York City mayoral elections . [112] On July 30, 2013 A gender swapped parody video was created for the Nikki and Sara Live show airing during the season two premiere, featuring the hostesses of the show being increasingly weirded out by naked male dancers and the unusual barnyard theme. [113] On August 2, 2013 Bart Baker released a parody of \"Blurred Lines\" on his YouTube channel. It currently has over 44 million views. [114] On August 31, 2013, The University of Auckland 's Law Revue produced a feminist inspired parody called \"Defined Lines\". The video received over 290,000 views in its first weekend on YouTube before being temporarily removed due to sexual content. [115] It was subsequently reinstated a couple of days later, with YouTube owner Google admitting it 'made a mistake'. [116] On September 11, 2013, the drag queen group DWV ( Detox , Willam Belli , and Vicky Vox), released a parody called \"Blurred Bynes.\" The song is about Amanda Bynes and her behavior in the previous months. [117] On September 26, 2013, Yuko Oshima and Haruna Kojima of Japanese idol group AKB48 were featured in a parody video, together with Thicke and some of the original video's members to raise the profile of AKB48 in America while raising Thicke's profile in Japan. [118] On November 5, 2013, Dave Callan , as part of his review of Just Dance 2014 on the ABC show Good Game performed a parody of the music video in response to the incorrect choreography of the song in the game. [119] [120] On December 19, 2013, the Canadian sketch comedy group Royal Canadian Air Farce released a parody of the music video called \"Rob Ford's Blurred Lines\" highlighting the recent admissions by Toronto mayor Rob Ford of public drunkenness and using crack cocaine. [121] In their reunion show transmitted on 26 May 2014, the cast of Goodness Gracious Me Special 2014 performed a parody of the song and video entitled \"No Blurred Lines\". The video begins with the three male leads being shown under on-screen labels of \"#Thicke\", \"#Thicker\" and \"#Thickest\" ('thick' being British slang for 'stupid'). The lyrics make fun of the stereotype of the rowdy male Asian-Indian teenage boy. As pointed to by its title, the lyrics also mock and refute the sexist attitudes of the original song. Rucka Rucka Ali has created his own parody, entitled \"Obama Been Watching\" which satirizes, among other things, the NSA and Edward Snowden . On July 15, 2014, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic released a parody of the song entitled \" Word Crimes \" from his album Mandatory Fun . [122] The music video was released online the same day. [123] On September 24, 2014, Glove and Boots, a production of Bento Box Entertainment , published a comedic recap of the legal dispute in the form of a music video parody entitled \"A Brief History of Robin Thicke's 2013 Summer Hit\". [124] Cledus T. Judd , who is primarily a country music parodist, released a parody in November 2014 titled \" Luke Bryan \", which features guest vocals from Colt Ford . [125] Media [ edit ] In Chile, the song was used on Via X 's TV show Super Bueno and Zona Latina 's No eres tu soy yo ; it was also included in the soundtrack of TV soap opera Somos Los Carmona , and was featured on TV adverts from Chilean department store chain La Polar . The song appears in the video games NBA 2K14 and Just Dance 2014 . On July 23, 2013, the YouTube channel Barack's Dubs uploaded a mashup video of former U.S. President Bill Clinton singing the song. [126] The song was featured in both the TV ads and theatrical trailer for the 2013 film The Best Man Holiday . The song was featured in an episode of the 11th season of the hit CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men , sang by the character Walden Schmidt (played by Ashton Kutcher ). It has been used as the first song on several radio stations flipping to CHR or similar formats, most recently on March 31, 2014, when CKZZ-FM in Vancouver, BC, Canada, rebranded from Virgin Radio 95.3 back to their original name as Z95.3 . In Poland, the song was used on Taniec z Gwiazdami (Polish version of Strictly Come Dancing format) 15th season 's trailer in 2014. [127] The song was played before the end of the special episode of Eat Bulaga! entitled Sa Tamang Panahon performed by Jose Manalo as Frankie with thanking the sponsors in October 24, 2015 at the Philippine Arena . In Albania contestant Kastro imitated Robin on the Albanian version of Your Face Sounds Familiar (Albanian TV Series) Covers [ edit ] The bands Queens of the Stone Age , Vampire Weekend and The Mend have performed cover versions of the song. [128] [129] [130] The song was covered in the Glee episode \" The End of Twerk \" [131] which aired on November 14, 2013 by the show's main characters Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) and the members of New Directions . The song was also performed by the Tusker Project Fame season 6 Contestants in their eighth week. [ citation needed ] Rockabye Baby! released a lullaby cover of the song. [ citation needed ] Track listing [ edit ] Digital download \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell Williams and T.I. ) – 4:22 [132] Colombia single \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell Williams and J Balvin ) – 4:22 [133] UK single [134] \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell Williams and T.I.) [Clean] – 4:22 \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell & T.I.) [ Laidback Luke Remix] – 4:39 Germany single [135] \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell Williams) [No Rap Version] – 3:50 \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell and T.I.) [Laidback Luke Remix] – 4:40 \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell Williams and T.I.) [Music Video] – 4:33 \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell Williams and T.I.) [Music Video – Clean] – 4:33 The Remixes [136] \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell and T.I.) [Laidback Luke Remix] – 4:40 \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell and T.I.) [Will Sparks Remix] – 5:08 \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell and T.I.) [DallasK Remix] – 5:00 EP [137] \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell Williams and T.I.) – 4:23 \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring Pharrell & T.I.) [Laidback Luke Remix] – 4:40 \" When I Get You Alone \" – 3:36 \" Lost Without U \" – 4:14 \" Magic \" – 3:53 \" Sex Therapy \" – 4:35 Charts [ edit ] Weekly charts [ edit ] Chart (2013–14) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) [138] 1 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) [139] 1 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) [140] 1 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia) [141] 2 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) [142] 1 Brazil Hot Pop Songs [142] 1 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) [143] 1 Colombia ( National-Report ) [33] featuring J Balvin 7 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) [144] 10 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) [145] 67 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) [146] 2 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) [147] 1 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) [148] 9 France ( SNEP ) [149] 1 Germany ( Official German Charts ) [150] 1 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) [151] 2 Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) [152] 2 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) [153] 1 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) [154] 2 Ireland ( IRMA ) [155] 1 Israel ( Media Forest ) [156] 1 Italy ( FIMI ) [157] 2 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) [158] 22 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) [159] 1 Mexico Top Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) [160] 1 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) [161] 1 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) [162] 1 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) [163] 1 Norway ( VG-lista ) [164] 2 Philippines ( Over-All Top 20 ) [165] 11 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) [166] 1 Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) [167] 1 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) [168] 1 Scotland (Official Charts Company) [169] 1 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) [170] 2 South Africa ( EMA ) [171] 1 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) [172] 1 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) [173] 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [174] 1 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [175] 1 US Billboard Hot 100 [176] 1 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) [177] 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) [178] 1 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) [179] 3 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs ( Billboard ) [180] 1 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) [181] 1 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) [182] 1 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) [183] 1 Year-end charts [ edit ] Chart (2013) Position Australia ( ARIA ) [184] 2 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) [185] 2 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) [186] 3 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban) [187] 2 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia) [188] 6 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) [189] 1 Colombia ( National-Report ) [190] 39 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) [191] 3 France ( SNEP ) [192] 2 Germany ( Media Control ) [193] 2 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) [194] 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) [195] 1 Israel ( Media Forest ) [196] 3 Italy (FIMI) [197] 4 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) [198] 60 Moldova ( Media Forest ) [199] 21 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) [200] 1 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) [201] 2 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) [202] 1 Philippines ( Over-All Top 20 ) [203] 19 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) [204] 4 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) [205] 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [206] 2 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) [207] 1 US Billboard Hot 100 [208] 2 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) [209] 23 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) [210] 9 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) [211] 9 US Digital Sales ( Nielsen SoundScan ) [212] 1 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs ( Billboard ) [213] 2 US Hot Ringtones ( Billboard ) [214] 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) [215] 1 US Radio Songs ( Billboard ) [216] 1 IFPI [217] 1 Chart (2014) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) [218] 76 US Billboard Hot 100 [219] 83 All-time charts [ edit ] Chart (2014–15) Position UK Singles Chart (Official Charts Company) [220] 32 US Billboard Hot 100 [221] 48 Certifications [ edit ] Region Certification Certified units /Sales Australia ( ARIA ) [222] 9× Platinum 630,000 ^ Austria ( IFPI Austria) [223] Platinum 30,000 * Belgium ( BEA ) [224] Platinum 30,000 * Canada ( Music Canada ) [225] 9× Platinum 720,000 [45] Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) [226] Platinum 60,000 ^ France ( SNEP ) [227] Diamond 250,000 * Germany ( BVMI ) [228] 2× Platinum 600,000 ^ Italy ( FIMI ) [229] 4× Platinum 200,000 * Mexico ( AMPROFON ) [230] 3× Platinum 180,000 * New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [231] 5× Platinum 75,000 * Norway ( IFPI Norway) [232] 2× Platinum 20,000 * South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Single version 86,552 [233] South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Album version 101,293 [233] Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) [234] Gold 20,000 ^ Sweden ( GLF ) [235] 2× Platinum 80,000 ^ Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland) [236] 3× Platinum 90,000 ^ United Kingdom ( BPI ) [237] 3× Platinum 1,630,000 [51] United States ( RIAA ) [238] 6× Platinum 7,380,000 [43] * sales figures based on certification alone ^ shipments figures based on certification alone Radio and release history [ edit ] Country Date Format Version Label Australia March 26, 2013 Digital download Main version Star Trak United States Germany [239] March 27, 2013 Italy April 5, 2013 Contemporary hit radio Universal United States April 16, 2013 [240] Rhythmic hit radio Star Trak May 21, 2013 [241] Contemporary hit radio United Kingdom [242] May 26, 2013 Digital download Germany [243] May 31, 2013 CD single Colombia [133] July 23, 2013 Digital download J Balvin remix See also [ edit ] 2013 in American music List of best-selling singles List of best-selling singles in the United States List of best-selling singles in Australia List of million-selling singles in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2013 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2013 List of number-one R&B/hip-hop songs of 2013 (U.S.) List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2013 (Canada) List of number-one singles of 2013 (Australia) List of number-one singles of 2013 (South Africa) Notes [ edit ] ^ Gaye was not credited as a songwriter, but a court later ruled that the song plagiarized Gaye's song \"Got to Give It Up\". References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Sisario, Ben; Smith, Noah (March 11, 2015). \" ' Blurred Lines' Infringed on Marvin Gaye Copyright, Jury Rules\" . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Blurred Lines (feat. T.I. & Pharrell) – Single\" . iTunes . Apple. March 26, 2013 . Retrieved April 5, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke jealous of Pharrell Williams while creating Blurred Lines, admits being high during Oprah interview\" . Sydney Morning Herald . September 16, 2014 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Thicke: 'I was too drunk to write Blurred Lines ' \" . News.com.au . September 16, 2014 . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker, Tim (September 16, 2014). \"Robin Thicke's hit 'Blurred Lines' lands him in court, and he had almost no part in writing it\" . The Independent . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleeman, Michael (March 10, 2015). \"Marvin Gaye's heirs win $7.4 million for 'Blurred Lines' plagiarism\" . Reuters . 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Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke's Blurred Lines becomes fastest selling single of 2013!\" . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . Jump up ^ Barstein, Brand; Kreisler, Lauren (June 9, 2013). \"Robin Thicke beats own record to score biggest one-week sale of the year!\" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 9, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Blurred Lines Becomes UK's Latest Million Selling Single\" . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Official Charts Analysis: Pharrell Williams hits No.1 with 106k sales\" . Music Week . December 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Lane, Daniel (April 21, 2014). \"The UK's Top 100 most downloaded tracks of all-time revealed!\" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 21, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Copsey, Rob (June 11, 2015). \"The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Millennium so far revealed\" . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke Chart History for Billboard Hot 100 Singles\" . Billboard . 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September 20, 2013. Jump up ^ \"University of Bolton students' union bans controversial Robin Thicke song Blurred Lines\" . The Bolton News . Newsquest . Jump up ^ \"Exeter University students vote against banning Robin Thicke hit 'Blurred Lines ' \" . Jump up ^ WAOW, MARSHFIELD. \"Marshfield coach fired after \"Blurred Lines\" dance\" . WAOW . Retrieved October 1, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lai, Jennifer. \" \" Blurred Lines\" Is Cocky, Yes. But Rapey? No\" . Slate.com . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ \"They Don't Want It:UK Universities Ban – Robin Thicke 'Blurred Lines' – Pulp Interest\" . Pulp Interest . Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke's 'Blurred Lines' Banned At Another British University – TIME.com\" . Time . November 12, 2013. Jump up ^ \"Pharrell Williams On Juxtaposition And Seeing Sounds\" . npr.org . December 31, 2013 . Retrieved January 18, 2014 . 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Vulture . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Neal, Sean. \"Robin Thicke says he can't be blamed for \"Blurred Lines\" because he was high\" . A.V Club . Retrieved September 16, 2014 . Jump up ^ Gardner, Eric (September 15, 2014). \"Robin Thicke Admits Drug Abuse, Lying to Media in Wild \"Blurred Lines\" Deposition (Exclusive)\" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 16, 2014 . Jump up ^ Gardner, Eric (September 15, 2014). \"Robin Thicke Admits Drug Abuse, Lying to Media in Wild \"Blurred Lines\" Deposition (Exclusive)\" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Michaels, Sean. \"Robin Thicke reportedly says he lied about co-writing Blurred Lines\" . The Guardian . Retrieved November 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis, Randy (October 30, 2014). \"Robin Thicke, Pharrell Williams lose first round in 'Blurred Lines' case\" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 31, 2014 . Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq (January 6, 2015). \"Will a Jury Get to Hear Marvin Gaye Sing at the 'Blurred Lines' Trial Next Month?\" . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lowrey, Brandon (January 26, 2015). \"Marvin Gaye Recordings Barred From 'Blurred Lines' Trial\" . Law360 . Retrieved March 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Chelin, Pamela. \"Breaking: Thicke and Williams infringed copyright. Not T.I. Jury in favor of Gayes. More soon!\" . Twitter . Jump up ^ Ann Oldenburg, USA TODAY (March 10, 2015). \" ' Blurred Lines' jury finds for Marvin Gaye\" . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq (August 24, 2016). \" \" Blurred Lines\" Creators Urge Appeals Court to Reverse Marvin Gaye Family's Trial Victory\" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis, Randy (2015-03-14). \"Brian Wilson, Bonnie McKee and others react to 'Blurred Lines' verdict – LA Times\" . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Tribune Co . ISSN 0458-3035 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Dowd, Kathy Erich (2015-03-14). \"Nick Lachey, Keith Urban Speak Out Against Blurred Lines Verdict\" . people.com . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Weird Al (July 22, 2015). \"Heading to the Mann Center July 31, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic talks about his multifaceted comedy\" . Pottsmerc.com (Interview). Interview with Brian Bingaman . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Fekadu, Mesfin. \"Q&A: John Legend on race, Common, Sam Smith, 'Blurred Lines ' \" . yahoo.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Watson, Sian. \"Nile Rodgers: 'Blurred Lines' court verdict 'shocking ' \" . yahoo.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitchell, Gail. \"Bill Withers Talks 'Blurred Lines' Verdict, Kardashian Family & More at ASCAP Expo\" . Billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Swed, Mark (2015-03-14). \" ' Blurred Lines' verdict would rock Amadeus and other great composers\" . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Tribune Co . ISSN 0458-3035 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Mark Swed Jump up ^ Ferdinand, Elmer (June 2, 2016). \"Smokey Robinson on Howard Stern Show Full Interview 2015\" . Retrieved August 24, 2016 – via YouTube. Jump up ^ Legaspi, Althea (August 24, 2016). \"Pharrell Williams, Robin Thicke, T.I. File Appeal Brief on 'Blurred Lines' Verdict\" . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardner, Erig (August 30, 2016). \" \" Blurred Lines\" Appeal Gets Support From More Than 200 Musicians\" . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved September 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ CBC News: More than 200 musicians support Blurred Lines appeal – Arts & Entertainment – CBC News Jump up ^ \"Your Favorite Band Probably Plagiarized More Than 'Blurred Lines ' \" . Newsweek . November 3, 2015. Jump up ^ \"Watch: Robin Thicke, Psy & Bruno Mars Perform on 'Germany's Next Top Model' Finale\" . Idolator . Spin Media . May 30, 2013 . Retrieved May 30, 2013 . 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Jump up ^ \"Parents' fury at Miley Cyrus' VMA performance as she desperately tried (and succeeded) to shed her wholesome Disney image by simulating sex acts with a foam finger\" . Daily Mail . London: Daily Mail and General Trust. August 26, 2013 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"VMAs 2013: Miley Cyrus, Robin Thicke performance draws negative reactions from fellow celebrities – NY Daily News\" . Daily News . New York. Jump up ^ \"Thanks Miley! 2013 VMAs Shatter Twitter Records\" . MTV . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Dicker, Ron (May 8, 2013). \"RadioShack 'Beats By Dr. Dre Pill' Ad: Phallic Imagery, Half-Naked Women And Robin Thicke (VIDEO)\" . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Jimmy Fallon, Robin Thicke & The Roots Sing \"Blurred Lines\" (w/ Classroom Instruments) on YouTube (uploaded Aug 1, 2013) Jump up ^ Jimmy Kimmel and Guillermo in \"Blurred Lines\" (feat. Robin Thicke and Pharrell) on YouTube (uploaded June 13, 2013) Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ \"Nikki & Sara LIVE – Blurred Lines\" . MTV . Jump up ^ Baker, Bart (August 2, 2013). \"Robin Thicke - \"Blurred Lines\" PARODY\" . Retrieved August 24, 2016 – via YouTube. Jump up ^ Robin Thicke – Blurred Lines [Feminist Parody] \"Defined Lines\" on YouTube Jump up ^ Liam Hyslop (2013-09-03). \"YouTube reinstates Defined Lines\" . Fairfax Media NZ. Jump up ^ Blurred Bynes by DWV (Detox, Willam & Vicky Vox) on YouTube Jump up ^ ロビン・シック×AKB48「ブラード・ラインズ～今夜はヘイ・ヘイ・ヘイ♪」 on YouTube Jump up ^ \"Dave Callan's Bearded Lines\" . ABC : Good Game , Episode 39 Season 9 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Good Game Episode 39 Season 9\" . ABC : Good Game . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ \"CD Promo Sticker\" . July 10, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . 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May 24, 2013 . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . Jump up ^ \" Australian-charts.com – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 29, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Austriancharts.at – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved April 29, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Ultratop.be – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 14, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Ultratop.be – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" (in French). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b BPP, ed. (October 2013). \"Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay\". Billboard Brasil (45): 88. Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)\" Billboard . Retrieved May 23, 2013. Jump up ^ \" ČNS IFPI\" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201325 into search . Jump up ^ \" ČNS IFPI\" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201424 into search . Retrieved July 3, 2014. Jump up ^ \" Danishcharts.com – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" . Tracklisten . Retrieved April 21, 2013. Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke – Chart history\" Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Robin Thicke. Jump up ^ \" Robin Thicke: Blurred Lines (Feat. T.I. & Pharrell)\" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ \" Lescharts.com – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" (in French). Les classement single . Retrieved June 14, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Offiziellecharts.de – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 26, 2013. Jump up ^ \"Digital Singles Charts – Greece\" . Billboard . Jump up ^ \" Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ\" (in Hungarian). Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved September 4, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ\" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved July 10, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ\" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved October 17, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Chart Track: Week 19, 2013\" . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 21, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Robin Thicke feat. T.I. & Pharrell – Blurred Lines Media Forest \". Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest . Jump up ^ \" Italiancharts.com – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" . Top Digital Download . Retrieved May 6, 2013. Jump up ^ \"Japanese Music: Top Japanese Songs Chart – Billboard\" . Billboard . Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke – Chart history\" Billboard Luxembourg Digital Songs for Robin Thicke. Retrieved May 21, 2013. Jump up ^ \"Top 20 Ingles: Del 16 Al 22 de Septiembre del 2013\" . Monitor Latino . RadioNotas. Jump up ^ \"Mexico Ingles Airplay\" . Billboard . Jump up ^ \" Nederlandse Top 40 – week 16, 2013 \" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved April 20, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Charts.org.nz – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved April 20, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Norwegiancharts.com – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" . VG-lista . Retrieved June 14, 2013. Jump up ^ \"philcharts.com – Blurred Lines – Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I\" . PhilCharts . Jump up ^ \" Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video\" . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 1, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video\" . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved August 15, 2013. Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke – Chart history\" Billboard Portugal Digital Songs for Robin Thicke. Retrieved May 21, 2013. Jump up ^ \"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 2, 2013. Jump up ^ \" SNS IFPI\" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201336 into search . Jump up ^ \"South African Airplay Chart Top 10 – May 21, 2013\" . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Archived from the original on April 27, 2014 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . Jump up ^ \" Spanishcharts.com – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved August 15, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Swedishcharts.com – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 21, 2013. Jump up ^ \" Swisscharts.com – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 20, 2013. Jump up ^ \"Official Singles Chart Top 100\" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 2, 2013. Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke Chart History (Hot 100)\" Billboard . Retrieved May 22, 2013. Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke Chart History (Adult Contemporary)\" Billboard . Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)\" Billboard . 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Jump up ^ \"2013 Year End Charts – Top Canadian Hot 100\" . Billboard . Retrieved December 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Musica Radio Destecada en Colombia – Top 50 del año 2013\" (in Spanish) . Retrieved October 26, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Track Top-50\" (in Danish). hitlisterne.dk. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014 . Retrieved July 4, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"France : Qui a vendu le plus de singles en 2013 à ce jour ?\" . ozap.com . Jump up ^ \"Die deutschen Single- & Albumcharts – 1LIVE\" . Jump up ^ \"MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 – radios 2013\" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ . Retrieved January 22, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Best of 2013\" . IRMA. Retrieved July 4, 2014. Jump up ^ \"מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר\" . mediaforest.biz . Jump up ^ \"Classifiche annuali top 100 singoli digitali 2013\" (PDF) (in Italian). Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved July 4, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Japan Hot 100 | Billboard Chart Archive\" . Billboard . Retrieved 2014-07-11 . 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Enter Blurred Lines in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ \"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – 2013\" . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 9, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Canadian single certifications – Robin Thicke – Blurred Lines\" . Music Canada . Jump up ^ \"Track Top-40\" (in Danish). FPI Denmark . Retrieved June 26, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Certifications Single – Year 2013\" (PDF) (PDF) (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 5, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell; 'Blurred Lines')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ \"Italian single certifications – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. and Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ \"Certificaciones – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell\" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved March 5, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"New Zealand single certifications\" . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ \"Troféoversikt\" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway . Retrieved September 7, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"GAON DOWNLOAD CHART – 2013년 6월\" . Gaon Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013 . Retrieved 2013-08-20 . \"GAON DOWNLOAD CHART – 2013년 7월\" . Gaon Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved 2013-08-20 . \"GAON DOWNLOAD CHART – 2013년 8월\" . Gaon Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013 . Retrieved 2013-10-24 . \"GAON DOWNLOAD CHART – 2013년 9월\" . Gaon Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved 2013-10-24 . Jump up ^ \"Spanish single certifications – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. and Pharrell Williams – Blurred Lines\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Select single under \"Chart\", enter ' in the field \"Year\". Select ' in the field \"Semana\". Click on \"Search Charts\" Jump up ^ \"Robin Thicke feat. T.I. & Pharrell – Blurred Lines\" (in Swedish). Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved September 7, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Robin Thicke feat. T.I. + Pharrell; 'Blurred Lines')\" . IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien . Retrieved June 9, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"British certifications – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. and Pharrell Williams – Blurred Lines\" . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Blurred Lines in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ \"American certifications – Robin Thicke feat. T.I. and Pharrell Williams – Blurred Lines\" . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ \"Blurred Lines [feat. Pharrell]\" . amazon.de . Jump up ^ \"Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!\" . FMQB . Retrieved April 24, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"®R&R :: Going For Adds™ :: CHR/Top 40\" . radioandrecords.com . Jump up ^ \"Blurred Lines [feat. T.I., Pharrell]: Robin Thicke: Amazon.co.uk: MP3 Downloads\" . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Blurred Lines (2-Track): Amazon.de: Musik\" . amazon.de . External links [ edit ] \"Robin Thicke – Blurred Lines ft. T.I., Pharrell\" music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics side-by-side views of the official and unrated versions of the controversial \"Blurred Lines\" videos [ show ] v t e Robin Thicke Discography Production discography Awards and nominations Studio albums A Beautiful World The Evolution of Robin Thicke Something Else Sex Therapy: The Session Love After War Blurred Lines Paula Singles \" When I Get You Alone \" \" Wanna Love You Girl \" \" Lost Without U \" \" Can U Believe \" \" Got 2 Be Down \" \" Magic \" \" The Sweetest Love \" \" Dreamworld \" Sex Therapy \" \" Shakin' It 4 Daddy \" \" Love After War \" \" Blurred Lines \" \" For the Rest of My Life \" \" Give It 2 U \" \" Feel Good \" \" Get Her Back \" \" Morning Sun \" \" Back Together \" Featured singles \" Shooter \" \" Somebody to Love \" \" Fall Again \" \" Calling All Hearts \" \" I Don't Like It, I Love It \" Related articles Star Trak Entertainment Interscope Records Blurred Lines Tour Alan Thicke Gloria Loring Paula Patton Gina Tolleson [ show ] v t e Pharrell Williams singles Discography The Neptunes Present... Clones (2003) \" Frontin ' \" In My Mind (2006) \" Can I Have It Like That \" \" Angel \" \" Number One \" Girl (2014) \" Happy \" \" Marilyn Monroe \" \" Come Get It Bae \" \" Gust of Wind \" \" It Girl \" Featured singles \" I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me) \" \" Shake Ya Ass \" \" Southern Hospitality \" \" Formal Invite \" \" Nothin' \" \" Boys (The Co-Ed Remix) \" \" When the Last Time \" \" From tha Chuuuch to da Palace \" \" Pass the Courvoisier, Part II \" \" Beautiful \" \" Excuse Me Miss \" \" Belly Dancer \" \" Change Clothes \" \" Drop It Like It's Hot \" \" Let's Get Blown \" \" Wanna Love U Girl \" \" Mr. Me Too \" \" Money Maker \" \" Sex 'n' Money \" \" Give It Up \" \" Blue Magic \" \" I Know \" \" Zock On! \" \" Give It 2 Me \" \" Universal Mind Control \" \" Announcement \" \" Work That! \" \" Blanco \" \" I'm Good \" \" One (Your Name) \" \" ADD SUV \" \" Here Ye, Hear Ye \" \" Celebrate \" \" Blurred Lines \" \" Get Lucky \" \" Feds Watching \" \" Get Like Me \" \" ATM Jam \" \" Lose Yourself to Dance \" \" Move That Dope \" \" Aerosol Can \" \" Hugs \" \" WTF (Where They From) \" \" Safari \" \" Surfin' \" \" Heatstroke \" \" Feels \" Other singles \" Yummy \" \" My Drive Thru \" \" Tacky \" \" Shine \" \" Freedom \" \" Yellow Light \" [ show ] v t e T.I. songs Discography Trap Muzik \" 24's \" \" Be Easy \" \" Rubber Band Man \" \" Let's Get Away \" Urban Legend \" Bring Em Out \" \" U Don't Know Me \" \" ASAP \" King \" What You Know \" \" Why You Wanna \" \" Live in the Sky \" \" Top Back \" T.I. vs. T.I.P. \" Big Shit Poppin' (Do It) \" \" You Know What It Is \" \" Hurt \" Paper Trail \" No Matter What \" \" Whatever You Like \" \" Swing Ya Rag \" \" What Up, What's Haapnin' \" \" Swagga Like Us \" \" Ready for Whatever \" \" Live Your Life \" \" Dead and Gone \" Case Closed \" Remember Me \" \" Hell of a Life \" No Mercy \" I'm Back \" \" Yeah Ya Know (Takers) \" \" Got Your Back \" \" Get Back Up \" \" That's All She Wrote \" Trouble Man: Heavy Is the Head \" Love This Life \" \" Go Get It \" \" Ball \" \" Trap Back Jumpin \" \" Sorry \" Paperwork \" About the Money \" \" No Mediocre \" \" New National Anthem \" \" Private Show \" non-album singles \" I'm Flexin' \" \" Memories Back Then \" \" Wit' Me \" Featured singles \" Never Scared \" \" Round Here \" \" Soldier \" \" 3 Kings \" \" Touch \" \" Shoulder Lean \" \" My Love \" \" Pac's Life \" \" I'm a Flirt \" \" We Takin' Over \" \" Whatever U Like \" \" 5000 Ones \" \" For a Minute \" \" I'll Be Lovin' U Long Time \" \" Wish You Would \" \" Just Like Me \" \" Ain't I \" \" Day Dreaming \" \" Hello Good Morning \" \" Winner \" \" Bet I \" \" Make Up Bag \" \" Fancy \" \" 9 Piece \" \" F.A.M.E. \" \" Magic \" \" Big Beast \" \" We in This Bitch \" \" Back 2 Life (Live It Up) \" \" 2 Reasons \" \" We Still in This Bitch \" \" Blurred Lines \" \" I Wish \" \" Change Your Life \" \" I Can't Describe (The Way I Feel) \" \" Coke Bottle \" \" This Girl \" \" Don’t Make Me Wait \" \" Get Low \" Promotional singles \" Front Back \" \" Sleazy Remix 2.0: Get Sleazier \" \" Ima Boss (Remix)\" \" Pour It Up (Remix) \" \" Waves ( Robin Schulz Remix)\" \" Why You Mad? (Infinity Remix) \" Other songs \" Drive Slow (Remix) \" \" Touchdown \" \" Hi Hater (Remix) \" \" Castle Walls \" \" Deuces (Remix) \" Book:T.I. [ show ] v t e Best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952–1969 1952: \" Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart \" – Vera Lynn (UK) 1953: \" I Believe \" – Frankie Laine 1954: \" Secret Love \" – Doris Day 1955: \" Rose Marie \" – Slim Whitman 1956: \" I'll Be Home \" – Pat Boone 1957: \" Diana \" – Paul Anka 1958: \" Jailhouse Rock \" – Elvis Presley 1959: \" Living Doll \" – Cliff Richard (UK) 1960: \" It's Now or Never \" – Elvis Presley 1961: \" Wooden Heart \" – Elvis Presley 1962: \" I Remember You \" – Frank Ifield (UK) 1963: \" She Loves You \" – The Beatles (UK) 1964: \" Can't Buy Me Love \" – The Beatles (UK) 1965: \" Tears \" – Ken Dodd (UK) 1966: \" Green, Green Grass of Home \" – Tom Jones (UK) 1967: \" Release Me \" – Engelbert Humperdinck (UK) 1968: \" Hey Jude \" – The Beatles (UK) 1969: \" Sugar, Sugar \" – The Archies 1970–1989 1970: \" The Wonder of You \" – Elvis Presley 1971: \" My Sweet Lord \" – George Harrison (UK) 1972: \" Amazing Grace \" – The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band (UK) 1973: \" Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree \" – Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974: \" Tiger Feet \" – Mud (UK) 1975: \" Bye Bye Baby \" – Bay City Rollers (UK) 1976: \" Save Your Kisses for Me \" – Brotherhood of Man (UK) 1977: \" Mull of Kintyre \" / \" Girls' School \" – Wings (UK) 1978: \" Rivers of Babylon \" / \" Brown Girl in the Ring \" – Boney M. 1979: \" Bright Eyes \" – Art Garfunkel 1980: \" Don't Stand So Close to Me \" – The Police (UK) 1981: \" Don't You Want Me \" – The Human League (UK) 1982: \" Come On Eileen \" – Dexys Midnight Runners (UK) 1983: \" Karma Chameleon \" – Culture Club (UK) 1984: \" Do They Know It's Christmas? \" – Band Aid (UK) 1985: \" The Power of Love \" – Jennifer Rush 1986: \" Don't Leave Me This Way \" – The Communards (UK) 1987: \" Never Gonna Give You Up \" – Rick Astley (UK) 1988: \" Mistletoe and Wine \" – Cliff Richard (UK) 1989: \" Ride on Time \" – Black Box 1990–2009 1990: \" Unchained Melody \" – The Righteous Brothers 1991: \" (Everything I Do) I Do It for You \" – Bryan Adams 1992: \" I Will Always Love You \" – Whitney Houston 1993: \" I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That) \" – Meat Loaf 1994: \" Love Is All Around \" – Wet Wet Wet (UK) 1995: \" Unchained Melody \" – Robson & Jerome (UK) 1996: \" Killing Me Softly \" – Fugees 1997: \" Something About the Way You Look Tonight \" / \" Candle in the Wind 1997 \" – Elton John (UK) 1998: \" Believe \" – Cher 1999: \" ...Baby One More Time \" – Britney Spears 2000: \" Can We Fix It? \" – Bob the Builder (UK) 2001: \" It Wasn't Me \" – Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK) 2002: \" Anything Is Possible \" / \" Evergreen \" – Will Young (UK) 2003: \" Where Is the Love? \" – The Black Eyed Peas 2004: \" Do They Know It's Christmas? \" – Band Aid 20 (UK) 2005: \" Is This the Way to Amarillo \" – Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK) 2006: \" Crazy \" – Gnarls Barkley 2007: \" Bleeding Love \" – Leona Lewis (UK) 2008: \" Hallelujah \" – Alexandra Burke (UK) 2009: \" Poker Face \" – Lady Gaga 2010–present 2010: \" Love the Way You Lie \" – Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011: \" Someone Like You \" – Adele (UK) 2012: \" Somebody That I Used to Know \" – Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013: \" Blurred Lines \" – Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014: \" Happy \" – Pharrell Williams 2015: \" Uptown Funk \" – Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars 2016: \" One Dance \" – Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK) Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blurred_Lines&oldid=809287353 \" Categories : 2013 singles APRA Award winners Robin Thicke songs T.I. songs Pharrell Williams songs Songs written by Robin Thicke Songs written by T.I. Songs written by Pharrell Williams Songs written by Marvin Gaye Song recordings produced by Pharrell Williams Number-one singles in Australia Number-one singles in Austria Number-one singles in Germany Number-one singles in New Zealand Number-one singles in Poland Polish Dance Club Singles Chart number-one singles South African Airplay Chart number-one singles Number-one singles in Switzerland Irish Singles Chart number-one singles UK Singles Chart number-one singles Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles Record Report Pop Rock General number-one singles Music videos directed by Diane Martel Interscope Records singles Star Trak Entertainment singles 2013 controversies 2013 songs Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) number-one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number-one singles Obscenity controversies in music Songs about sexuality Works involved in plagiarism controversies Music video controversies Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 Danish-language sources (da) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) Wikipedia pages move-protected due to dispute Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Luxembourgdigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Portugaldigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017, at 05:48. 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{ "text": "Trial & Error (TV series) - Wikipedia Trial & Error (TV series) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Not to be confused with Trial and Error (TV series) , a 1988 American sitcom that aired on CBS. Trial & Error Genre Sitcom Mockumentary Surreal comedy Created by Jeff Astrof Matt Miller Starring Nicholas D'Agosto Jayma Mays Steven Boyer Krysta Rodriguez Sherri Shepherd John Lithgow Amanda Payton Kristin Chenoweth Composer(s) John Swihart Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 2 No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Jeffrey Blitz Matt Miller Jeff Astrof Producer(s) Marlis Pujol Production location(s) Burbank, California (season 1) Vancouver (season 2) Editor(s) Yana Gorskaya Dane McMaster Camera setup Single-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company(s) Other Shoe Productions Good Session Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 14, 2017 ( 2017-03-14 ) – August 23, 2018 ( 2018-08-23 ) External links Website Trial & Error is an American sitcom television series created by Jeff Astrof and Matt Miller for NBC and is produced by Warner Bros. Television . It stars Nicholas D'Agosto , Jayma Mays , Steven Boyer , and Sherri Shepherd , with Krysta Rodriguez and John Lithgow also starring in the first season. The series, which spoofs documentaries and reality legal shows , follows New York City lawyer Josh Segal (portrayed by D'Agosto) and his eccentric local associates (portrayed by Boyer and Shepherd) in a fictional small town in South Carolina called East Peck as he represents accused local citizens. The first season premiered on March 14, 2017, and was met with positive reviews. On May 20, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a 10-episode second season, with the entire cast, except Lithgow and Rodriguez, returning. The season features the subtitle Lady, Killer , and premiered on July 19, 2018. Kristin Chenoweth joined the cast as Lavinia Peck-Foster, the main suspect in the new case. Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 (2017) 3.2 Season 2: Lady, Killer (2018) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 7 Ratings 7.1 Season 1 (2017) 7.2 Season 2 (2018) 7.3 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Premise [ edit ] A comedic legal mockumentary about a young bright-eyed New York lawyer Josh Segal who settles in the fictional, small Southern town of East Peck, South Carolina with an oddball defense team and solves cases from behind a taxidermy shop. In the first season, they defend a compulsively eccentric poetry professor, Larry Henderson, accused of the bizarre murder of his beloved wife and it becomes challenging when his client is always making himself look guilty and the prosecutor Carol Anne Keane is determined to use the case as a stepping stone to greater local power. Cast and characters [ edit ] Main [ edit ] Season 2 poster with the cast of the season. Nicholas D'Agosto as Josh Segal, [1] a defense lawyer from New York who finds his first experience of murder trials in East Peck, South Carolina. He has to put up with the antics of his team members much to his chagrin. He becomes involved in a love triangle between Carol Anne and Nina during Season 2. Jayma Mays as Carol Anne Keane, [2] Assistant District Attorney of East Peck and Josh's rival as well as love interest. She becomes pregnant in Season 2, expecting a baby by an unknown father. Steven Boyer as Dwayne Reed, [3] Josh's lead investigator and a former police officer in East Peck. He rejoins the police force in Season 2, while simultaneously working for the defense team. Sherri Shepherd as Anne Flatch, [4] Josh's assistant/head researcher who has rare and bizarre disorders. Krysta Rodriguez as Summer Henderson (season 1), [5] the daughter of Larry Henderson who later joins Josh's team. Like Josh, she is serious and the least nonsensical of the group. John Lithgow as Larry Henderson (season 1), [4] a poetry professor and the suspect on trial for the murder of his wife. Amanda Payton as Nina Rudolph (season 2), a stylish podcast host who moves to East Peck from New York to follow the trial of Lavinia Peck Foster and ends up tangled in a love triangle. [6] Kristin Chenoweth as Lavinia Peck-Foster (season 2), an eccentric heiress of East Peck. She hires Josh and his associates after finding her husband stuffed in a suitcase in the back of her car. [7] Recurring [ edit ] Bob Gunton as Jeremiah Jefferson Davis, a tobacco businessman, Margaret's brother, and hence Larry's brother-in-law. Cristine Rose as Josie Jefferson Davis, the quiet, alcoholic wife of Jeremiah and the sister-in-law of Larry and Margaret Henderson. Angel Parker as Heidi Baker, a local TV journalist who reports on the investigation of Larry Henderson. Dave Allen as Dave, a taxidermist who owns a shop next to Josh's office. Kevin Daniels as Alfonzo Prefontaine, Larry's fitness trainer and lover. Patricia Belcher as E. Horsedich (pronounced Hi-sen-dich , with a soft \"c\" on the last syllable), the judge who presides over the case of People v. Larry Henderson . Kevin Durand as Rutger Hiss, a local police officer who leads the investigation of Larry Henderson. Despite his comatose state, he is elected mayor of East Peck in Season 2. Julie Hagerty as Madame Rhonda, a pet psychic who later becomes Juror 9 in the trial of People v. Larry Henderson . Michael Hitchcock as Jesse Ray Beaumont (season 2), a horologist that was tried and convicted for the murder of Lavinia's brother Chet nine years ago. [8] Joel McCrary as Judge Alexander Kamiltow (season 2), the judge for Lavinia's trial. Unlike Horsedich, his name is pronounced the way it is spelled. After trying to stop a chaotic outburst in Jesse Ray Beaumont's trial, he lost his voice, and now speaks in unintelligible gibberish, yet everyone but Josh understands him perfectly. Shannon Chan-Kent as Clem Tuckett (season 2), an anchorwoman covering the investigation of Lavinia Peck-Foster. Serge Houde as Milton The Houseboy (season 2), Lavinia's Loyal Manservant and Long-suffering Confidant. Jaleel White as Atticus Ditto, Jr. (season 2), the prosecutor who took over Beaumont's first Trial when Carol Anne was removed, and Carol Anne's rival for the D.A. election. Andy Thompson as Dr Rock n' Law (season 2), Beaumont's defense attorney in his original trial, and aspiring rock musician. Guest [ edit ] Andrew Daly as Thom Hinkle, a DNA expert who suffers from a bizarre type of OCD . It is revealed in season 2 that he is now decommissioned because of his bizarre OCD. Marla Gibbs as Mrs. Kratt, Larry's antipathetic neighbor. Fred Melamed as Howard Mankiewicz, a founding partner of the firm where Josh works. Andie MacDowell as Margaret Henderson, Larry's deceased wife whose murder becomes the subject of the first season of the mockumentary. Adam Campbell as Dr. Shinewell, veterinarian/OBGYN for East Peck Episodes [ edit ] Season 1 (2017) [ edit ] No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 1 1 \"Pilot\" \"Chapter 1: A Big Crime in a Small Town\" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof & Matt Miller March 14, 2017 ( 2017-03-14 ) T11.10106 5.92 [9] Northeastern junior attorney Josh Segal arrives in East Peck, South Carolina to represent local poetry professor Larry Henderson, who is accused of murdering his current wife, Margaret, only during pre-trial. The case proves challenging as the client is somehow always making himself look guilty, and Josh quickly finds himself in competition with the determined, no holds barred prosecutor, Carol Anne Keane. Later, a shocking discovery regarding Larry's faithfulness causes his brother-in-law to turn on him and decide to finance the prosecution instead—forcing Josh alone to fully represent him—and everyone, except his daughter Summer, to (further) doubt his innocence. 2 2 \"Chapter 2: A Wrench in the Case\" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof March 14, 2017 ( 2017-03-14 ) T12.15452 4.58 [9] Josh starts his first duties as Larry's lead defense attorney: investigating the bloody handprint found in Larry's house, where Margaret was found dead, with the help of a DNA expert whom Anne brings and who suffers from a type of OCD ; and sending Dwayne to Roanoke, Virginia to retrieve the body of Larry's first wife, who was allegedly murdered in the same manner as was Margaret, in order to get a proper autopsy ... which ultimately becomes impossible to happen. 3 3 \"Chapter 3: The Other Man\" Jeffrey Blitz Bill Callahan March 21, 2017 ( 2017-03-21 ) T12.15453 5.29 [10] It is discovered that Margaret was having an affair, and the identity of the other man proves to be a shocker to everyone. Meanwhile, Larry becomes publicly humiliated at Margaret's funeral. 4 4 \"Chapter 4: An Unwelcome Distraction\" Jennifer Celotta Bill Martin & Mike Schiff March 21, 2017 ( 2017-03-21 ) T12.15454 4.25 [10] After the lead investigator of the murder—who is also the other man—is found comatose, Carol Anne uses this as an opportunity to bring frivolous charges against the defense, who may or may not be responsible for the incident. 5 5 \"Chapter 5: Right-Hand Man\" Jeffrey Blitz Craig Gerard & Matthew Zinman March 28, 2017 ( 2017-03-28 ) T12.15455 4.25 [11] Josh finds evidence that may link Margaret's brother to her murder; Dwayne tries to prove Josh that he can be the latter's valuable \"right-hand man\"; and Summer and Anne help Larry practice his testimony. 6 6 \"Chapter 6: Secrets & Lies\" Ken Whittingham Sherry Bilsing-Graham & Ellen Kreamer March 28, 2017 ( 2017-03-28 ) T12.15456 3.23 [11] Josh focuses on his new suspect; Larry insists on taking a lie detector test; Dwayne becomes a hometown celebrity as the man who found the arm in the lake; the team gets a new benefactor. 7 7 \"Chapter 7: The Case Gets Big\" Dean Holland Amy Aniobi April 4, 2017 ( 2017-04-04 ) T12.15457 3.76 [12] As Josh prepares for trial, his boss, Mr. Mankiewicz, reveals a gigantic hole in Josh's case; unsettled by his rift with his daughter, and Josh's boss being in town, Larry takes matters into his own hands. 8 8 \"Chapter 8: A Change in Defense\" Matt Sohn Story by : Kassia Miller Teleplay by : Patrick Kang & Michael Levin April 4, 2017 ( 2017-04-04 ) T12.15458 3.01 [12] As the trial gets national attention, Josh's boss, Mr. Mankiewicz, decides to take over the case and suggests Larry plead insanity. 9 9 \"Chapter 9: Opening Statements\" Rebecca Asher Bill Callahan April 11, 2017 ( 2017-04-11 ) T12.15459 3.64 [13] Josh's strategy of making another suspect look guilty takes a blow; Anne and Dwayne investigate why Larry's former lover isn't on the prosecution's witness list. 10 10 \"Chapter 10: A Hostile Jury\" Matt Sohn Bill Martin & Mike Schiff April 11, 2017 ( 2017-04-11 ) T12.15460 2.88 [13] Josh tries to show the jury the real Larry when they visit the crime scene inside the Henderson home; Anne and Dwayne search for Margaret's cellphone. 11 11 \"Chapter 11: Unusual Suspect\" Ryan Case Craig Gerard & Matthew Zinman April 13, 2017 ( 2017-04-13 ) T12.15461 2.67 [14] Josh's defense suffers a major setback when Summer turns into a suspect; Josh must decide how much he's willing to sacrifice to get Larry his freedom. 12 12 \"Chapter 12: The Defense Rests\" Matt Sohn Jeff Astrof & Bill Callahan April 18, 2017 ( 2017-04-18 ) T12.15462 3.79 [15] As Josh focuses on making his final case before closing arguments, he takes a huge gamble and puts Larry on the stand. 13 13 \"Chapter 13: The Verdict\" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof April 18, 2017 ( 2017-04-18 ) T12.15463 3.01 [15] The jury has reached a verdict that Larry is guilty. However, Carol Anne Keane changes her mind about the death sentence and instead simply sends Larry to jail. Several months later, Josh is back in New York, still trying to figure out how Larry could actually be innocent. A particular piece of evidence appears that reveals Larry is innocent, and Margaret was in fact killed by a bird knocking her through the window. Season 2: Lady, Killer (2018) [ edit ] No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 14 1 \"Chapter 1: The Suitcase\" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof July 19, 2018 ( 2018-07-19 ) T12.15751 3.21 [16] Josh is hired to represent Lavinia Peck-Foster, the First Lady of East Peck, who is accused of murdering her husband, Edgar, who was found in the trunk of Lavinia's car with freshwater in his lungs. Carol Anne is again the prosecutor, now heavily pregnant; she denies that Josh is necessarily the father, and claims to be uninterested in building a life with Josh, despite secretly obsessing over the details of such a relationship. Josh's investigation suggests that Edgar died during a gala party held in the Peck-Foster home; Lavinia's pool is saltwater, and Josh believes she was framed because she couldn't have drowned Edgar elsewhere during the party. Lavinia's parents and brother are dead; Josh concludes that Lavinia is lonely. Dwayne and Anne discover corpses in Lavinia's hedge maze. 15 2 \"Chapter 2: The Timeline\" Jeffrey Blitz Craig Gerard & Matthew Zinman July 19, 2018 ( 2018-07-19 ) T12.15752 2.66 [16] The corpses are centuries old, those of Dwayne's ancestors who built Lavinia's mansion. Judge Kamiltow requires Lavinia to stand trial, and rules it must be a bench trial due to unavoidable jury bias. Carol Anne posits that Lavinia drowned Edgar in the Peck River, adjacent to their property. Edgar was bludgeoned with a clock; Josh must consult with the town's only clock expert, Edgar's apprentice Jesse Ray Beaumont, who murdered Lavinia's brother Chet. In exchange for being interviewed by Nina Rudolph of popular podcast M-Towne, which is following the case, Jesse identifies the clock as belonging to the Jessup family of East Peck; since Lavinia's clocks are on North Peck time, this solidifies a timeline that would leave her only fifteen minutes to have transported Edgar's body, a seeming impossibility. Carol Anne and Josh have another tryst. 16 3 \"Chapter 3: The Murder Clock\" Jeffrey Blitz Liz Astrof July 26, 2018 ( 2018-07-26 ) T12.15753 2.12 [17] 17 4 \"Chapter 4: A Hole in the Case\" Yana Gorskaya David Booth July 26, 2018 ( 2018-07-26 ) T12.15754 1.76 [17] 18 5 \"Chapter 5: A Change in the Team\" Jeffrey Blitz Patrick Kang & Michael Levin August 9, 2018 ( 2018-08-09 ) T12.15755 1.91 [18] 19 6 \"Chapter 6: New Case, Old Murder\" Jeffrey Blitz Melanie Boysaw & Nora Nolan August 9, 2018 ( 2018-08-09 ) T12.15756 1.37 [18] 20 7 \"Chapter 7: A Family Affair\" Matt Sohn Craig Gerard & Matthew Zinman August 16, 2018 ( 2018-08-16 ) T12.15757 2.16 [19] 21 8 \"Chapter 8: Bad Instincts\" Matt Sohn David Booth August 16, 2018 ( 2018-08-16 ) T12.15758 1.73 [19] 22 9 \"Chapter 9: A Big Break\" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof August 23, 2018 ( 2018-08-23 ) T12.15759 1.99 [20] 23 10 \"Chapter 10: Barcelona\" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof August 23, 2018 ( 2018-08-23 ) T12.15760 1.62 [20] Production [ edit ] Development [ edit ] In August 2015, it was announced that NBC had given the production, then titled The Trail , a put pilot commitment. The episode was set to be written and executive produced by Jeff Astrof and Matt Miller , from Warner Bros. Television . [21] The following January, NBC gave the production an official pilot order, [22] with Jeffrey Blitz set to direct the pilot episode. [23] In May 2016, the production received a series order from NBC, now titled Trial & Error , with Barge Productions and Good Session Productions also serving as production companies. [24] [25] The first season premiered on March 14, 2017. [26] [27] On May 20, 2017, Trial & Error was renewed for a second season consisting of ten episodes. [28] The season features the subtitle Lady, Killer , and premiered on July 19, 2018. [29] On August 7, 2018, NBC's option to renew the series for a potential third season had expired, with the rights reverting to Warner Brothers Television. Although the main cast's contracts had yet to expire, the series was being shopped around to other networks and streaming services. [30] Casting [ edit ] In February 2016, it was announced that Steven Boyer , [3] John Lithgow , Sherri Shepherd , [4] Jayma Mays , [2] Nicholas D'Agosto , [1] and Krysta Rodriguez had joined the main cast of the pilot. [5] The main cast all returned for the second season, except Lithgow, [28] who only had a single season commitment to the series, and Rodriguez. NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt felt there was the potential for Lithgow to appear in a couple episodes of the second season, [31] though his eventual appearances were by way of archived footage from the first season. Kristin Chenoweth was cast in February 2018 as the new character accused of murder and set to stand trial. [7] Amanda Payton also joins the cast for the second season as the host of a podcast covering the new trial. [6] Filming [ edit ] The second season filmed from March 19 to May 22, 2018, in Vancouver , after the first season was filmed in Burbank, California . [32] Broadcast [ edit ] Internationally, the series was acquired in Australia by the Seven Network [33] where it premiered on April 30, 2017, [34] and in New Zealand by TVNZ . [35] Reception [ edit ] Critical response [ edit ] On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 85% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \" Trial & Error hilariously parodies the true-crime genre with consistent laughs, irreverently funny 'stupid humor,' and animated characters who populate the show's dependably entertaining narratives.\" [36] On Metacritic , the first season has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". [37] On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 90% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The sites critical consensus reads, \"As a quirky courtroom satire Trial & Error continues to delight, but its best motion may be allowing the singular Kristin Chenoweth to shine in all of her whimsically manic glory as the titular Lady, Killer \". [38] On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". [39] Ratings [ edit ] Season 1 (2017) [ edit ] No. Title Air date Rating/share (18–49) Viewers (millions) DVR (18–49) DVR viewers (millions) Total (18–49) Total viewers (millions) 1 \" Pilot \" March 14, 2017 1.4/5 5.92 [9] N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 \" A Wrench in the Case \" March 14, 2017 1.0/4 4.58 [9] N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 \" The Other Man \" March 21, 2017 1.2/5 5.29 [10] N/A N/A N/A TBD 4 \" An Unwelcome Distraction \" March 21, 2017 1.1/4 4.25 [10] N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 \" Right-Hand Man \" March 28, 2017 1.0/4 4.25 [11] N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 \" Secrets & Lies \" March 28, 2017 0.8/3 3.23 [11] N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 \" The Case Gets Bigger \" April 4, 2017 0.9/3 3.76 [12] N/A N/A N/A N/A 8 \" A Change in Defense \" April 4, 2017 0.7/3 3.01 [12] N/A N/A N/A N/A 9 \" Opening Statements \" April 11, 2017 0.9/3 3.64 [13] N/A N/A N/A N/A 10 \" A Hostile Jury \" April 11, 2017 0.8/3 2.88 [13] N/A N/A N/A N/A 11 \" Unusual Suspect \" April 13, 2017 0.6/2 2.67 [14] N/A N/A N/A N/A 12 \" The Defense Rests \" April 18, 2017 0.9/3 3.79 [15] N/A N/A N/A N/A 13 \" The Verdict \" April 18, 2017 0.7/3 3.01 [15] N/A N/A N/A N/A Season 2 (2018) [ edit ] No. Title Air date Rating/share (18–49) Viewers (millions) DVR (18–49) DVR viewers (millions) Total (18–49) Total viewers (millions) 1 \" The Suitcase \" July 19, 2018 0.6/3 3.21 [16] 0.3 0.76 0.9 3.97 [40] 2 \" The Timeline \" July 19, 2018 0.5/2 2.66 [16] 0.2 0.73 0.7 3.39 [40] 3 \" The Murder Clock \" July 26, 2018 0.4/2 2.12 [17] 0.2 0.58 0.6 2.70 [41] 4 \" A Hole in the Case \" July 26, 2018 0.4/2 1.76 [17] 0.2 0.57 0.6 2.33 [41] 5 \" A Change in the Team \" August 9, 2018 0.4/2 1.91 [18] N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 \" New Case, Old Murder \" August 9, 2018 0.3/1 1.37 [18] N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 \" A Family Affair \" August 16, 2018 0.5/2 2.16 [19] 0.2 0.59 0.7 2.75 [42] 8 \" Bad Instincts \" August 16, 2018 0.4/2 1.73 [19] 0.2 0.55 0.6 2.29 [42] 9 \" A Big Break \" August 23, 2018 0.4/2 1.99 [20] TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 \" Barcelona \" August 23, 2018 0.4/2 1.62 [20] TBD TBD TBD TBD Accolades [ edit ] Year Award Category Recipients and nominees Result 2018 Satellite Awards [43] Best Actor in a Series, Comedy or Musical John Lithgow Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards [44] Episodic Comedy ( For episode \"The Verdict\" ) Jeff Astrof Nominated References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (February 18, 2016). \" ' The Trail' NBC Comedy Pilot Sets Nick D'Agosto As The Lead\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (February 17, 2016). \"Jayma Mays Cast In 'The Trail' NBC Pilot\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 17, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (February 10, 2016). \" ' The Trail' NBC Pilot Casts Steven Boyer\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 10, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Andreeva, Nellie (February 16, 2016). \"John Lithgow & Sherri Shepherd To Co-Star In NBC Comedy Pilot 'The Trail ' \" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (February 29, 2016). \" ' The Trail': NBC Comedy Pilot Casts Krysta Rodriguez; Ward Horton Joins CBS' 'Bunker Hill ' \" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 29, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (March 2, 2018). \" ' Trial & Error': Amanda Payton Joins Season 2 Of NBC Legal Comedy Series\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 2, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie; Petski, Denise (February 22, 2018). \"Trial & Error': Kristin Chenoweth To Star In Season 2 Of NBC Legal Comedy Series\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (April 12, 2018). \" ' Trial & Error': Michael Hitchcock Set to Recur In Season 2 Of NBC Comedy\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (March 16, 2017). \" ' This Is Us' finishes with season highs: Tuesday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (March 22, 2017). \" ' The Voice' and 'The Flash' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (March 29, 2017). \" ' The Flash' adjusts up and avoids new series low, 'Legends of Tomorrow' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (April 5, 2017). \" ' NCIS' and 'The Middle' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (April 12, 2017). \" ' The Middle' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (April 14, 2017). \" ' Grey's Anatomy' and 'Chicago Med' adjust up, 'Scandal' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (April 19, 2017). \" ' The Middle' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Welch, Alex (July 20, 2018). \" ' Big Brother' holds onto season high: Thursday final ratings\" . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 20, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Welch, Alex (July 27, 2018). \" ' Trial and Error,' 'Young Sheldon' rerun adjust down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 27, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Welch, Alex (August 10, 2018). \" ' Trial & Error,' 'Big Brother,' everything else adjusts down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 10, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Welch, Alex (August 17, 2018). \" ' Big Brother,' 'Take Two' and most shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 17, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Welch, Alex (August 24, 2018). \"NFL Preseason and 'SWAT' repeat adjust down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 24, 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 28, 2015). \"Trial Comedy From Jeff Astrof & Matt Miller Gets NBC Put Pilot Commitment\" . Deadline . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 23, 2016). \"NBC Orders Amy Poehler/Charlie Grandy, 'The Trail' & 'Good Fortune' Comedy Pilots\" . Deadline . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (February 2, 2016). \"Rupert Wyatt To Direct 'The Exorcist' Pilot; Jeff Blitz Set For 'The Trail ' \" . Deadline . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 11, 2016). \"DC Comics' 'Powerless' & 'Trial & Error' Comedies Picked Up To Series By NBC\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (May 12, 2016). \"NBC Orders DC Comics Comedy 'Powerless' and John Lithgow's 'Trial & Error' for 2016-17 Season\" . Variety . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (December 8, 2016). \"NBC Midseason Schedule: 'Trial & Error' & 'Great News' Succeed 'This Is Us', 'Shades Of Blue' Moves, DC's 'Powerless' Slotted\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa (February 8, 2017). \"NBC Shuffles 'This Is Us' Season Finale, 'Trial & Error' Launch To Accommodate Donald Trump's \"SOTU\" Address\" . Deadline . Retrieved February 8, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (May 20, 2017). \" ' Trial & Error' Renewed For Season 2 By NBC\" . Deadline . Retrieved May 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans, Greg (April 12, 2018). \" ' Trial & Error' Starring Kristin Chenoweth Gets Season 2 Premiere Date On NBC\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 12, 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 7, 2018). \" ' Trial & Error' To Be Shopped After NBC's Deadline To Pick Up Season 3 Passes\" . Deadline . Retrieved August 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 4, 2017). \" ' Trial & Error': John Lithgow May Return For Arc In Season 2 Of NBC Comedy\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi, Craig (February 5, 2018). \"Filming in Vancouver: The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, Salvation, Trial and Error, Valley of the Boom\" . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved March 5, 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox, David (October 26, 2016). \"Upfronts 2017: Seven highlights\" . TV Tonight . Retrieved October 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox, David (April 26, 2017). \"Airdate: Trial and Error\" . TV Tonight . Retrieved May 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Watch Trial and Error Episodes - TVNZ OnDemand\" . TVNZ . TVNZ . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Trial & Error: Season 1 (2017)\" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Trial & Error: Season 1 reviews\" . Metacritic . Retrieved March 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Trial & Error: Lady, Killer (2018)\" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 26, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Trial & Error: Season 2 reviews\" . Metacritic . Retrieved July 25, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (August 2, 2018). \" ' America's Got Talent' and 'The Bachelorette' lead in 18-49 broadcast Live +7 ratings for July 16–22\" . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 2, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Pucci, Douglas (August 7, 2018). \"Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'The 100' Leads Broadcast Network Entries in Adults 18-49 Percentage Gains for its Fourth Consecutive Original Telecast\" . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 7, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (August 31, 2018). \" ' America's Got Talent' leads, 'Bachelor in Paradise' gets big boost in broadcast Live +7 ratings for August 13–19\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31, 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond, Steve. \" ' Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations\" . The Wrap . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Fisher, Kendall (January 4, 2018). \"2018 Writers Guild Awards Nominations: Complete List of Film, Television, New Media and Radio/Audio Nominees\" . E News . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . External links [ edit ] Trial & Error on IMDb Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trial_%26_Error_(TV_series)&oldid=866401117 \" Categories : 2010s American satirical television series 2010s American single-camera sitcoms 2017 American television series debuts American legal television series English-language television programs NBC network shows Television series by Warner Bros. 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{ "text": "Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe, BWV 156 - Wikipedia Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe , BWV 156 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe (I am standing with one foot in the grave), BWV 156 , [a] is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed it in Leipzig for the third Sunday after Epiphany and first performed it on 23 January 1729. [1] The cantata is well known for its opening sinfonia for orchestra and oboe solo. Contents 1 History and text 2 Scoring and structure 3 Music 4 Recordings 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History and text [ edit ] BWV 156 was Bach's fourth and last cantata for the Third Sunday after Epiphany . The prescribed readings for the Sunday were taken from the Epistle to the Romans , rules for life ( Romans 12:17–21 ), and from the Gospel of Matthew , the healing of a leper ( Matthew 8:1–13 ). [2] The librettist was Picander . He incorporated two chorale tunes: \"Machs mit mir, Gott, nach deiner Güt\" by Johann Herman Schein (1628) and \"Herr, wie du willt, so schicks mit mir\" by Kaspar Bienemann (1582). [1] The sinfonia was likely derived from an earlier oboe concerto and was later adapted as part of Bach's Harpsichord Concerto in F minor . [1] Scoring and structure [ edit ] The work is scored for three vocal soloists ( alto , tenor , and bass ), four-part choir , oboe , two violins , viola , and basso continuo . [3] It has six movements : Sinfonia Chorale (soprano) and aria (tenor): Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe Recitative (bass): Mein Angst und Not Aria (alto): Herr, was du willt, soll mir gefallen Recitative (bass): Und willst du, dass ich nicht soll kranken Chorale: Herr, wie du willt, so schicks mit mir Music [ edit ] Sinfonia Arranged for violin and piano, featuring Carrie Rehkopf (violin) Problems playing this file? See media help . The opening sinfonia is scored for oboe, strings, and continuo. It is in F major and common time . [1] Compared to the later version for harpsichord , the melody is straightforward and unembellished, and is harmonically conceived to prepare the second movement. [4] The second movement is a combined tenor aria and soprano chorale with obbligato strings. Unusually, it begins with a syncopated continuo line under unison strings. [1] [5] The movement also features sequences and harmonic contrasts. [4] Both bass recitatives are secco and in minor mode . [1] The first, the third movement of the cantata, is characterized by a disjunct melodic line and a concluding arioso line. The second, the fifth movement, is comparatively \"lighter in mood and spirit\". [4] It anticipates the melody of the final chorale setting. [6] The alto aria is accompanied by oboe and violin in parallel thirds and sixths. The movement includes several instances of word painting . [1] Formally, the movement is an altered da capo aria . [4] It has a \"generally sunny affect ... only momentarily disturbed by more charged harmonies\". [5] The final movement is a four-part setting of the chorale in C major . [1] The phrase lengths are varied to provide a \"hint of timelessness\". [4] Recordings [ edit ] American Bach Soloists, Jeffrey Thomas. J.S. Bach: Cantatas Volume II . Koch International Classics, 1992. Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir , Ton Koopman . J.S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 20 . Antoine Marchand, 2003. Bach Collegium Japan , Masaaki Suzuki . J.S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 49 . BIS, 2010. Figuralchor der Gedächtniskirche Stuttgart / Bach-Collegium Stuttgart , Helmuth Rilling . Die Bach Kantate . Hänssler , 1973. Holland Boys Choir / Netherlands Bach Collegium , Pieter Jan Leusink . Bach Edition Vol. 11 . Brilliant Classics, 1999. Monteverdi Choir / English Baroque Soloists , John Eliot Gardiner . J.S. Bach: Cantatas for the 3rd Sunday of Epiphany . Archiv Produktion , 2000. Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"BWV\" is Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis , a thematic catalogue of Bach's works. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Traupman-Carr, Carol (2005). \"Cantata 156, Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe \" . Bach Choir of Bethlehem . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Cantata BWV 156\" . bach-cantatas . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ \"BWV 156\" . University of Alberta . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mincham, Julian. \"Chapter 40 BWV 156\" . jsbachcantatas . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"BWV 156\" . Emmanuel Music . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Cantata No. 156\" . Allmusic . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . External links [ edit ] Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe, BWV 156 : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe BWV 156; BC A 38 / Sacred cantata (3rd Sunday of Epiphany) Leipzig University BWV 156 Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe : English translation, University of Vermont Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe, BWV 156 : performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information) BWV 156.6 bach-chorales.com show v t e Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach Before Leipzig Early : BWV 4 131 71 106 196 150 143 Weimar : BWV 61 70a 186a 132 174a 63 152 155 18 54 80a 182 31 12 172 165 21 185 199 161 162 163 Köthen: BWV Anh. 5 First cycle (1723–24) Between Trinity and Advent: BWV 75 76 24 167 147 186 136 105 46 179 69a 77 25 138 95 148 48 109 89 60 90 70 From Advent to Trinity : BWV 40 64 190 153 65 154 73 81 83 144 181 22 23 66 134 67 104 166 86 37 44 59 184 Second cycle (& chorale cantatas ) Chorale cantatas between Trinity and Easter: BWV 20 2 7 135 10 93 107 178 94 101 113 33 78 99 8 130 114 96 5 180 38 115 139 26 116 62 91 121 133 122 41 123 124 3 111 92 125 126 127 1 Continuation of the second cycle: BWV 6 42 85 103 108 87 128 183 74 68 175 176 Later additions to the chorale cantata cycle: BWV 80 137 129 58 112 140 177 9 14 Other late chorale cantatas: BWV 117 192 100 97 Third cycle After Trinity 1725: BWV 168 164 79 Liturgical year 1725–26: BWV 110 57 151 28 16 32 13 72 146 43 39 88 170 187 45 102 35 17 19 27 47 169 56 49 98 55 52 1727: BWV 82 84 34 173 Later and other Picander cycle : BWV 149 188 197a 171 156 159 145 174 Late parodies : BWV 36 30 191 200 1083 Council election: BWV 119 193 Anh. 3 29 120 69 Wedding: BWV 34a 195 120a 197 Funeral: 157 244a Other: 194 190a 120b 51 158 50 248/VIa Doubtful: 53 142 189 217 220 221 223 224 Bach cantata List of Bach cantatas Discography: Monteverdi Choir / Koopman / Teldec show v t e Cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach by BWV number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ( oratorio ) 12 13 14 15 ** 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 30a 31 32 33 34 34a 35 36 36a 36b 36c 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 ( 53 ) * 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 66a 67 68 69 69a 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 80a 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 ( motet ) 119 120 120a 120b 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 ( 131a ) * 132 133 134 134a 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 ** ( 142 ) * 143 144 145 146 147 147a 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 ** 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 173a 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 ( 189 ) * 190 190a 191 192 193 193a 194 195 196 197 197a 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 205a 206 207 207a 208 209 210 210a 211 212 213 214 215 216 216a ( 217 ) * 218 ** 219 ** ( 220 ) * ( 221 ) * 222 ** 223 224 244a 248a 249a 249b 1040 1045 1083 1127 Anh. 3 Anh. 5 Anh. 9 Anh. 11 Anh. 18 — * ( Doubtful ) ** Spurious Lists: Compositions Cantatas ; Church cantatas : Chorale cantatas Early Weimar 1st cycle 2nd cycle 3rd cycle Picander cycle Late ; Secular cantatas Authority control WorldCat Identities BNE : XX3385912 BNF : cb13909508f (data) LCCN : n83152526 VIAF : 186726046 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ich_steh_mit_einem_Fuß_im_Grabe,_BWV_156&oldid=844895534 \" Categories : Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach 1729 compositions Hidden categories: Articles containing German-language text Articles with hAudio microformats Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Afrikaans Català Français Italiano עברית Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018, at 22:27 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe, BWV 156", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ich_steh_mit_einem_Fu%C3%9F_im_Grabe,_BWV_156&oldid=844895534" }

{ "text": "Kim Possible - Wikipedia Kim Possible From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Kim Possible Genre Comedy Action Adventure Created by Bob Schooley Mark McCorkle Voices of Christy Carlson Romano Will Friedle John DiMaggio Nicole Sullivan Nancy Cartwright Tahj Mowry Theme music composer Cory Lerios George Gabriel Opening theme \"Call Me, Beep Me\" performed by Christina Milian Composer(s) Adam Berry Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 4 No. of episodes 87 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Bob Schooley Mark McCorkle Running time 22 minutes Production company(s) Walt Disney Television Animation Distributor Buena Vista Television (2002–2007) (seasons 1–4 first-run) Disney–ABC Domestic Television (2007-present) (season 4 first-run) Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 1080i ( 16:9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Surround (seasons 1–3) Dolby Digital 5.1 (season 4) Original release June 7, 2002 ( 2002-06-07 ) – September 7, 2007 ( 2007-09-07 ) External links Website Kim Possible is an American animated action comedy - adventure [1] [2] [3] [4] television series created by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle that originally aired on Disney Channel from June 7, 2002 to September 7, 2007. The show revolves around eponymous high school student Kim Possible , a teenager tasked with fighting crime on a regular basis while coping with everyday issues commonly associated with adolescence. Kim is aided by her best friend and clumsy sidekick Ron Stoppable , his pet naked mole rat Rufus , and 10 year-old computer genius Wade . Known collectively as Team Possible, Kim and Ron's missions primarily require them to thwart the evil plans of the mad scientist–supervillain duo Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego , though they encounter several other enemies as well throughout the show. Veteran Disney Channel writers Schooley and McCorkle were recruited by the network to develop an animated series that could attract both older and younger audiences, and conceived Kim Possible as a show about a talented action heroine and her less competent sidekick. Inspired by the scarcity of female-led animated series at the time, the episodes, some of which are based on the creators' own high school experiences, combine elements of action, adventure, drama , romance and comedy to appeal to both girls and boys, while parodying the James Bond franchise, spy and superhero films , and teen sitcoms . Distinct from other Disney Channel shows in its use of self-referential humor , Schooley and McCorkle developed fast-paced sitcom -style dialogue to cater to adult viewers. Set in the fictional town of Middleton, USA, the show's setting and locations exhibit a retro -influenced aesthetic. With a strong emphasis on modern-day technology and the Internet , the series also explores themes such as girl power , feminism , and relationships . It receives heavy comparisons to other female-driven action shows such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Alias , and The Powerpuff Girls . Kim Possible was the second animated Disney Channel Original Series , following the release of The Proud Family in 2001, and the first series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation . Defying initially low expectations, the show premiered to critical acclaim and continued to be praised for its humor, writing, and animation. Maintaining strong ratings since 2002, Kim Possible ' s premiere was the most-watched of any Disney Channel Original Series. Originally canceled at the end of its third season in 2005, Disney Channel unprecedentedly ordered a fourth installment of the series to appease devoted fans. Nominated for eight Emmy Awards , Kim Possible won one, for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing - Live Action and Animation, in 2005. Lasting four seasons and 87 episodes , the show is considered to be one of Disney Channel's greatest and most successful, and remained the network's longest-running series until it was surpassed by Phineas and Ferb in 2012. The success of the series spawned two television films based on the show, Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time (2003) – the first animated Disney Channel Original Movie – and Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama (2005), as well as a video game series starting in 2002. On February 7, 2018, Disney announced on Twitter that they are moving forward in making a live-action Kim Possible Disney Channel Original Movie. [5] [6] A theatrically released live-action Kim Possible feature film is also being considered. Contents 1 Premise 2 Characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception and main characters 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing and development 3.4 Design and animation 3.5 Music 4 Style and themes 5 Broadcast 6 Episodes 6.1 Lilo & Stitch crossover 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Awards and nominations 8 Related media 8.1 Films 8.2 Video games and merchandise 8.3 Epcot attraction 8.4 DVD releases 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Premise [ edit ] Promotional artwork for \"Crush\", the series' pilot, featuring (counter-clockwise from upper left) Shego (in green), Ron , Kim , Rufus , and Dr. Drakken (upper-right, in blue) Kim Possible takes place primarily within the fictional United States town of Middleton, and focuses on the life and adventures of Kim Possible , an accomplished high school student who fights crime on a regular basis, assisted by her best friend and sidekick, Ron Stoppable , and Rufus , his pet naked mole rat . [7] Ron's personal fears, insecurities, and clumsiness tend to jeopardize the success of their own missions. [8] Kim and Ron are aided remotely by Wade , a 10 year-old computer genius who seldom leaves his bedroom and communicates with the duo via a device he invented himself known as a Kimmunicator. [9] Together, the foursome is known as Team Possible. [10] The majority of Kim's missions involve her traveling to various destinations around the world to rescue citizens from harm and fight a variety of enemies and villains, [7] the most frequent of whom are Dr. Drakken , a mad scientist constantly plotting world domination , and his superpowered sidekick Shego , who possesses the ability to generate powerful energy blasts and emit them from her hands, making her the heroine's most dangerous opponent. [10] [11] Not yet of age to drive herself to most of her missions, Kim often relies on favors from various people and friends she has assisted in the past for transportation. [10] [12] Attending Middleton High School alongside Ron, her best female friend Monique and rival classmate Bonnie Rockwaller , Kim lives with her family: father James , a rocket scientist, and Ann , a brain surgeon, [13] as well as her younger brothers, identical twins Jim and Tim , both of whom possess genius-level intellect . Fully aware of their daughter's occupation, Kim's parents remain completely supportive of her crime-fighting endeavors so long as she continues to obey curfew , but tend to be more-so concerned about the character's performance in school, as well as her love life. [14] Lacking a secret identity , Kim is world famous and her profession is constantly acknowledged by both her classmates and teachers. [7] Captain of her high school's cheerleading squad, Kim Possible also explores the highs and lows of Kim's life as a high school student attempting to navigate dating, academics, homework, exams and eventually learning to drive, [15] all the while striving to maintain a healthy work-life balance ; [16] fighting crime typically comes to Kim more naturally than the more standard components of adolescence. [17] As revealed in Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time , Kim became involved in crime-fighting rather unintentionally. [17] [18] In a series of events prior to the beginning of the series, a pre-adolescent Kim, in search of a job, creates her own website, kimpossible.com, [18] to promote her burgeoning babysitting and lawn mowing services, [17] promoting it using the slogan \"I can do anything\". [19] When he becomes trapped by his own laser security system, a billionaire accidentally contacts Kim while he was attempting to reach Team Impossible , to whose aid she immediately rushes. [18] As news of the character's heroism spreads, her website is soon flooded with e-mails from around the globe requesting her assistance, [19] and Kim ultimately decides to use her talents help the world, becoming a superhero. [9] Characters [ edit ] Main article: List of Kim Possible characters Kimberly Ann \"Kim\" Possible (voiced by Christy Carlson Romano ): [10] a confident, adventurous, and popular high school student who moonlights as a crime-fighter , dividing much of her time between saving the world and attending cheerleading practice. [8] Although protecting the world comes to her quite naturally, Kim actually finds growing up as a teenager much more challenging, struggling with everyday personal issues that range from schoolwork to bullying, embarrassment, relationships, [7] and self-doubt, continuing to become flustered around boys she likes despite her own good looks, multiple talents, and heroics. [8] [10] [20] A straight-A student, [21] Kim is also a perfectionist . [7] Kim's catchphrases include \"No big\", [22] \"So not the drama\", and \"What's the sitch?\", [23] short for \"situation\". [24] Combined, her first and last names are a pun of the word \"impossible\". [18] Ronald \"Ron\" Stoppable (voiced by Will Friedle ): Kim's sidekick; her childhood best friend (and boyfriend as of season four) who, [16] unlike Kim, is cowardly, [25] socially awkward , clumsy, and unpopular with his peers. [10] [21] Although Ron is far less competent within the realm of crime-fighting than Kim, he has proven his merit as a teammate on multiple occasions, gradually maturing and gaining confidence over the course of the series. [10] Known for his catchphrase \"Booyah\", [26] Ron suffers from a severe fear of monkeys and serves as the show's main source of comic relief . [7] [10] [16] The character's first and last names create a pun of the word \"unstoppable\". [18] Rufus (voiced by Nancy Cartwright ): Ron's pet naked mole rat who accompanies Kim and Ron on their missions, traveling in his owner's pocket. [24] Wade Load (voiced by Tahj Mowry ): [11] a 10-year-old computer genius who informs Kim and Ron about upcoming missions from his bedroom, [10] remotely assisting, guiding and equipping them with useful tools, weapons and gadgets, including Kim's Kimmunicator, via which he communicates and provides his teammates with vital information. [13] Wade is also responsible for maintaining Kim's website. [8] Dr. Drakken (voiced by John DiMaggio ): born Drew Theodore P. Lipsky, [16] Drakken is Kim's archnemesis and most resilient adversary. [10] He is a mad scientist plotting world domination , [11] although most of his schemes fail at the hands of Kim because he lacks both the patience and intelligence to perfect his ideas, [16] which often suffer as a result of his own mistakes and oversights. [27] His skin has permanently been turned blue as a result of a laboratory accident. [10] Additionally, Drakken is a former college roommate of Kim's father James. [28] Shego (voiced by Nicole Sullivan ): Kim's primary combatant and most dangerous opponent; [10] a supervillain with the superhuman ability to generate powerful green energy blasts from her hands. Shego is Drakken's sarcastic – but far more intelligent – sidekick, who openly mocks the scientist with little regard for his seniority. [7] The character finds herself making up for Drakken's incompetence on multiple occasions. [11] Originally the lone female member of a team of superheroes known as Team Go alongside her four brothers, Shego eventually makes a full conversion to villainy after ultimately growing attracted to the evil she once fought against (in addition to finding her brothers annoying). [10] Smart, athletic, and attractive, Shego is essentially a \"dark reflection\" of Kim, [16] as well as the only character the heroine truly has reason to fear, although the two archrivals share a mutal respect for each other at the same time. [27] [11] Some episodes revolve around characters other than Kim and Ron, particularly villains, who have been provided with nearly as much back story as the heroes. [15] Other significant recurring characters include Kim's parents, Drs. James and Ann Possible ( Gary Cole and Jean Smart , respectively), and her younger brothers, twin geniuses Jim and Tim ( Shaun Fleming , seasons 1–3; Spencer Fox , season 4), to whom she refers as \"Tweebs\" (a portmanteau of \"twin\" and \"dweebs\"); the twins speak their own made up language known as \"Twinnish\". [10] Kim shares a bitter rivalry with fellow cheerleader Bonnie Rockwaller ( Kirsten Storms ), who, unlike Kim, is selfish, inconsiderate, superficial, and has a tendency to be mean when angry – her \"polar opposite\", [16] essentially representing the kind of person Kim could have been if not for her humility. [18] Kim's best female friend is Monique ( Raven-Symoné ), who is occasionally forced into accompanying Kim on select missions when Ron is unavailable. With her fashion and pop culture expertise, Monique bridges the worlds between Kim's high school and crime-fighting lives, [10] also serving as something of a guidance counselor. [16] Although Drakken and Shego are Kim and Ron's most frequent opponents, the characters occasionally battle a diverse cast of other villains, namely Monkey Fist ( Tom Kane ), who Ron particularly dislikes due to his fear of monkeys; [21] Scottish golfer Duff Killigan ; father-son billionaires Señor Senior, Sr. and Señor Senior, Jr , who treat villainy as a hobby out of boredom, [21] and Professor Dementor ( Patton Oswalt ). [29] Production [ edit ] Conception and main characters [ edit ] Long-time collaborators and veteran Disney writers, Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle had already been writing for Disney Channel for several years, contributing to the network's male-led animated series Aladdin , Hercules and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command , each one spin-offs of their respective feature-length animated films. [12] [30] Although they had enjoyed working on those projects, Schooley and McCorkle were becoming interested in contributing to \"something original\". [30] At the same time, the writers learned that Disney Channel had become interested in developing a show featuring ordinary children in extraordinary circumstances. [12] Thus, the network commissioned Schooley and McCorkle to create an animated series geared towards the nine to 14 year-old demographic that was also capable of entertaining older audiences at the same time. [2] While traveling in an elevator on their way back to their office from their lunch break, [20] McCorkle said to Schooley, \"Kim Possible. She can do anything\", to which Schooley responded, \"Ron Stoppable, he can’t\", and nearly the entire premise of Kim Possible naturally unfolded thereafter. [12] According to Schooley and McCorkle, both lead characters' names indicate that Kim Possible \"is going to be an arched show that is a little bit over the top, but also that the girl is going to be the action lead and the guy is going to be funny.\" [12] Conceiving all main characters themselves, [4] Rufus and Wade were eventually created and added to the roster, but the series essentially remains about Kim \"who is incredibly competent in the action world but challenged in the real world\" while \"Ron would be challenged everywhere.\" [20] With its main duo finally established, Kim Possible became the easiest show Schooley and McCorkle had ever developed. [20] One of Disney Channel's earliest forays into developing an entirely original animated series \"from scratch\", [30] Kim Possible was born out of the creators' realization that there were few animated series starring strong female characters at the time and created Kim as \"a character that ... girls can look up to\", inspired by their own young daughters. [31] The creators were also influenced by their own childhood heroes James Bond and Captain Kirk from Star Trek , and wanted Kim to resemble a character their daughters could idolise similarly. [12] Despite being a \"strong female role model\", Schooley maintained that heroism \"doesn't help [Kim] a bit when she comes face-to-face with her latest school crush.\" [17] Unlike traditional superheroes, Kim is entirely devoid of both superpowers and a secret identity; the creators avoided making the character \"impervious\" like most comic book superheroes tend to be because they wanted both her and Ron to remain relatable to younger viewers. [12] Working completely independently from government spy organizations, [32] Kim's crime-fighting abilities are drawn from real-life activities such as cheerleading and gymnastics, \"something that any kid…in the world could do\", according to the creators. [12] Casting [ edit ] Christy Carlson Romano , voice of Kim Possible. Much of Kim Possible ' s cast consists of Disney Channel and ABC alumnae, [20] [33] as well as actors known for their roles on other popular animated and comedy series. [21] [34] The lead role of Kim was originally offered to Anneliese van der Pol , [35] who declined in favor of appearing as Chelsea Daniels on the Disney Channel teen sitcom That's So Raven . [36] After auditioning several actresses to voice the title character, [28] then-16 year-old Christy Carlson Romano was finally cast as Kim after first being introduced to Schooley and McCorkle by Disney Channel executives. [28] [30] Romano had already been well known to Disney Channel audiences for her portrayal of Ren Stevens on the series Even Stevens , and began voicing Kim while completing her stint on the show. [37] [38] Her first voice acting role, [24] Romano immediately identified with her character because both were \"dealing with teenage issues\" at the same time, comparing Kim's challenge of battling both her personal life and villains to herself balancing schoolwork with her budding acting career; [20] [24] the actress was forced to forfeit her own senior prom due to Kim Possible commitments. [9] Describing her character as \"very ambitious, very skilled, very smart,\" Romano told The New York Times \"I've tried to make her a good role model. Her confidence and her sincerity really shine through.\" [9] One episode in particular, \" Blush \", was inspired by Romano's modesty and tendency to blush at the slightest compliment. [38] [39] Romano's performance as Kim was nominated for an Emmy Award . [40] Recognized for his ability to play \"over-the-top characters\", [26] Will Friedle , best remembered for his performance as Eric Matthews on the sitcom Boy Meets World , was cast as Ron. [20] Actor Neil Patrick Harris had auditioned for the role, as did actor John Cena before he decided to pursue a professional wrestling career. [41] Schooley attributes much of the show's success to Romano and Friedle's chemistry, explaining, \"they add something to this that makes it more than a typical gag-oriented cartoon.\" [30] The role of Shego was created for Nicole Sullivan , with whom Schooley and McCorkle had previously worked. To prepare herself for the role of Rufus, Nancy Cartwright , best known for her long-running voice work as Bart Simpson on The Simpsons , [42] researched naked mole rats extensively to the point of which she became \"a font of useless trivia\" and knowledge. [43] Cartwright cites Rufus among her two most difficult characters to voice due to the constant use of her diaphragm required to produce 18 mole rat sound effects. [43] Her performance earned her a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program . [43] John DiMaggio was cast as Drakken based on his vocal performance as Bender on the animated sitcom Futurama . The creators mused, \"Drakken is as funny as he is because of how funny John is. Like any of the great voiceover guys, he can do multiple voices. He also just has a terrific comedic sense \", [28] while director and animator Steve Loter described both Friedle and DiMaggio as \"experts in ad-libbing .\" [44] Schooley and McCorkle had previously worked with Nicole Sullivan on Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and thus created the role of Shego with her in mind. [12] Sullivan's first recording session opposite DiMaggio established a chemistry between the two voice actors and their respective characters, out of which Shego's signature sarcasm was introduced and eventually expanded upon. [12] During the show's inaugural season, the actors generally recorded separate from each other, but Friedle, DiMaggio and Sullivan experienced opportunities to record together during the second season. [26] Having been attending high school in New York at the time, Romano would mostly work remotely and usually be \"phone patched in\" whenever necessary; there is only one occasion during which the entire main cast recorded together. [26] The Simpsons ' Nancy Cartwright , voice of Rufus. Tahj Mowry , who plays T.J. Henderson on the sitcom Smart Guy , voices Wade. [20] In terms of recurring and guest roles, Designing Women ' s Jean Smart voices Kim's mother Ann. [9] [34] Kirsten Storms voiced Kim's high school rival Bonnie while portraying Belle on the soap opera Days of Our Lives . [45] Prior to Kim Possible , Storms had starred in Disney Channel's Zenon film series. [46] That's So Raven ' s Raven-Symoné voices Kim's female best friend Monique, [47] cast based on her reputation as a comedic actress and ability to deliver a punchline . [28] Señor Senior, Sr. and Señor Senior, Jr. are voiced by Ricardo Montalban and Nestor Carbonell , respectively. [9] Friedle's Boy Meets World co-star Rider Strong voices Brick Flag , Bonnie's boyfriend. [20] Ashley Tisdale of Disney Channel's High School Musical film series and sitcom The Suite Life of Zack and Cody was offered the role of Season 4 villain Camille Leon . [28] [44] Van der Pol would eventual voice a guest role in the series in the episode \"And The Mole Rat Will Be CGI\" as Heather, an actress hired to play Kim in a film adaptation of her life, serving as her first voice-acting role. [41] Loter had always been interested in working with the cast of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer but this idea never came to fruition; one particularly famous actor refused a villainous guest role in Season 4 because he was insulted to have been asked to voice an animated character on a television series. [44] Writing and development [ edit ] Serving as executive producers in addition to writers throughout the entire series, Schooley and McCorkle oversaw the show for its entire duration to maintain consistency. [12] As executive producers, Schooley and McCorkle were mostly involved in the writing process, focusing mainly on plot and dialogue, while storyboarding was chiefly handled by Loter. [30] The writing staff consisted of both Disney Channel employees and freelance writers . [44] Much of the series is based on both Schooley and McCorkle's own experiences growing up as teenagers in high school. [31] Although essentially a comedy series , Schooley and McCorkle also combined elements of adventure , relationships , and humor in order to appeal to both boys, who are primarily interested in action, and girls, who are more-so attracted to relationships and character development , aware of \"ancient truisms \" surrounding the belief that boys are generally less likely to watch a series starring a female lead, [12] while girls seldom exhibit such reservations when the casting situation is reversed. [48] Without alienating younger viewers, to whom the show refuses to \"talk down\", [49] the writing in Kim Possible is \"a little older than\" that of traditional Disney animated series. [20] While avoiding adult references , Schooley and McCorkle opted for a fast-paced sitcom -style dialogue and rhythm that attracted adult viewers instead, ultimately resulting in teleplays that were typically five pages longer than traditional Disney Channel scripts. [30] Additionally, the show heavily parodies the popular James Bond films . [12] Kim Possible 's showrunners were heavily influenced by Marvel Comics , particularly the Spider-Man , Fantastic Four , and X-Men comic book series. [41] One particularly strong influence is found in Dr. Drakken and James Possible's former friendship, whose relationship closely mirrors that of the Fantastic Four 's Victor von Doom/Doctor Doom and Reed Richards/Mr. Fantastic , respectively. [41] Some of the show's plots and ideas are drawn from the lives of both creators' daughters; the decision to have Ron eventually join his school's football team was inspired by Schooley's daughter being involved in her high school band, which resulted in them attending several school football matches. [31] Citing Ron as his favorite character, McCorkle admitted that he reminds him of his high school self. [31] Although not as strong an action hero as Kim, at the same time the creators were careful to highlight Ron's courage and attributes by emphasizing the fact that he constantly finds himself in dangerous situations. [12] By the fourth and final season, the writers had taken into consideration male fans' requests to see Ron succeed more often than he had in earlier seasons, [12] developing him into a more confident character as he gradually \"come[s] into his own\" and becomes more of a partner than a sidekick. [28] [44] Drakken and Shego's relationship \"weirdly\" mirrors Kim and Ron's to some extent, with the female character remaining smarter and more competent than her fumbling male teammate. [12] Initially envisioned as a \"standard sidekick\", Sullivan's sarcastic interpretation of Shego ultimately inspired Schooley and McCorkle to expand upon the humor revolving around the fact that Shego is barely able to tolerate Drakken. [12] The creators had always intended for Kim and Ron to eventually become romantically involved but avoided this storyline in fear of \"paint[ing] ourselves in a corner\", citing Sam and Diane 's ill-fated relationship in the sitcom Cheers as an example. [50] Throughout the first three seasons, the idea of Ron having feelings for Kim is alluded to, but he never pursues them for various reasons. [50] Production on new episodes of Kim Possible had virtually ceased by the end of Season 3 when Kim and Ron finally become a couple, which McCorkle felt had ended the series perfectly in the film Kim Possible: So the Drama , thus initially eliminating any need to determine how they were to proceed with them as a new couple. [50] However, when the series was surprisingly renewed for a fourth season, Schooley and McCorkle were forced to confronted the challenge of writing for Kim and Ron as a couple for the first time but eventually grew to appreciate their \"new dynamic\", which provided the show with \"new life\" while allowing the writers to explore previously uncharted comedic territory. [28] [50] In fact, fans' interest in the new power couple 's relationship was one of the main reasons the show was renewed. [41] Schooley and McCorkle returned from other projects they had begun working on to complete the series. [41] Schooley and McCorkle approached the challenge of portraying dating in a way that would appeal to both younger and older children by having the villains, particularly Shego, [44] react to news of Kim and Ron's relationship with disbelief since \"Ron is painfully aware that he is the luckiest man in the world ... for landing Kim\", according to Schooley. [50] Approaching their romantic relationship much like they did their friendship, the writers refused to treat the storyline like a soap opera in which the couple constantly breaks up and reunites, keeping their romance realistic by quickly abandoning \"the lovey-dovey phase\". [50] To avoid alienating younger audiences, Schooley and McCorkle only slightly acknowledged the relationship, maintaining that Kim \"still saves the world. We still have the villains, and we have the comedy with the villains and their bizarre schemes and how they get foiled.\" [50] The fourth season introduces new villains such as Camille Leone , a shapeshifting celebrity heiress, Warmonga , and a more serious villain who possesses \"No funny clownish behavior, just evil.\" [28] [44] The villains also work together against Kim in different combinations. [28] Kim is also given her own car while her brothers, having skipped several grades due to their intelligence, join her in high school despite being only 12 years-old, [50] much to Kim's chagrin. [28] Wade ventures outside his bedroom more often, [28] occasionally assisting Kim and Ron in person. [51] The recurring character Monique, who was created because Schooley and McCorkle felt that Kim would be more realistic if she were to have a female best friend in addition to Ron, [28] is expanded from that of simply an observer of Kim and Ron's lives to a more involved member of Team Possible, broadening the ensemble. [28] Ron's home life is also explored as he welcomes a younger sibling. [51] The series ends with Kim and Ron graduating. [7] Several Season 4 episodes were edited and shortened for time because they would run up to five minutes too long, forcing Loter to eliminate some sub plots and characters. [44] Design and animation [ edit ] Creating the Kim Possible universe and environment was very much a collaborative process between Schooley and McCorkle, Disney Channel, the character designers, and the cast, who were also encouraged to contribute their own ideas. [12] Although Schooley and McCorkle participated in designing Kim, the majority of that particular task was the combined efforts of Loter, inaugural season director Chris Bailey , art director Alan Bodner and character designer Stephen Silver , [12] each of whom had worked together on previous animated projects. [44] Due to their extensive animation experience, Schooley and McCorkle were aware that \"Kim had to be an appealing character\", while Ron would be more-so \"goofy-appealing\". [12] Evolving dramatically over the course of three months, Kim, who had originally been designed to resemble a \"standard\" athletic-looking blonde heroine, underwent several changes. [12] At one point, the character's appearance was based on that of video game character Lara Croft from the Tomb Raider franchise until Disney Channel abandoned this concept in favor of one more akin to that of a 14 year-old girl as opposed to a bombshell . [12] Admitting that Kim would have been their dream girl in high school, the creators joked, \"She would have been way out of our class though.\" [12] A super suit designed for the character was introduced in early Season 4 but quickly abandoned once the writers realized that the costume would detract from the character's established \"she can do anything\" reputation. [44] However, her original mission outfit consisting of a crop top and cargo pants is permanently replaced by a T-shirt and pants. [52] Meanwhile, the outfits of Team Impossible were influenced by the X-Men's \"classic\" blue and gold uniforms. [41] Loter typically visualized whatever script he was provided with after they had been written. [44] With characters drawn with large heads and eyes, [8] the show's colorful, \"hip and retro\" style is reminiscent of \"campy\" spy films released during the 1960s and 1970s. [53] The New York Times observed that the show's retro setting is more similar to that of The Jetsons than The Simpsons . [54] Using a limited animation style, [55] the characters wear a wide variety of costumes and hairstyles. [15] Opting for a \"simplicity that was the hallmark of\" the 1960s, some of the architecture in Kim Possible is reminiscent of lairs owned by James Bond villains, while Bodner was inspired by the graphic design of posters Disney used during the same decade, as well a Chuck Jones and Maurice Noble . [28] In Season 4, some episodes were intentionally filmed in multiplane to achieve a more cinematic image. [44] Additionally, Disney Channel's animated series American Dragon: Jake Long inspired the animators and artists to approach Kim Possible ' s final season with an \"edgier\" design. [44] Director Steve Loter declared that Season 4 was the \"most international season\" because Kim and Ron travel to more exotic countries. [44] Four different animation studios animated the series: Rough Draft Korea , Starburst Animation Studios, Toon City and Hanho Heung-Up Co., Ltd. [44] Music [ edit ] R&B singer Christina Milian recorded the show's theme song \"Call Me, Beep Me\", which she also credits with benefiting her own career as a recording artist. Written by musicians Cory Lerios and George Gabriel , the show's theme song \"Call Me, Beep Me\" (also known as \"Call Me, Beep Me! (The Kim Possible Song)\" or simply \"The Kim Possible Song\") [56] is performed by American recording artist Christina Milian . [57] Having already been working for Disney Channel at the time, appearing as a correspondent on the network's miniseries Movie Surfers after declining an offer to appear on their variety show The Mickey Mouse Club , [58] [59] Milian learned about Kim Possible from Disney when the studio called her in recruitment of an artist to record the new show's theme song. [60] After meeting with the songwriters, who then proceeded to write the song, for the first time, Milian returned to the studio to record \"Call Me, Beep Me\" one week later. [60] Romano also contributed vocals to the song. [61] Described as a Motown -influenced R&B and teen pop track, [57] [62] \"Call Me, Beep Me\" is heard during the show's opening title sequence , encouraging viewers and listeners to contact Kim for assistance should they ever find themselves in difficult situations, [57] featuring the lyrics \"Danger or trouble, I'm there on the double.\" [24] The sounds of mobile devices and modern-day technology are incorporated throughout the song. [56] Although \"Call Me, Beep Me\" begins \"I'm your basic, average girl\" in reference to Kim, these lyrics are paradoxical because there is little basic or average about its protagonist. [63] A music video was released for \"Call Me, Beep Me\", which features Milian and Romano recording the song in the recording studio interspersed with short scenes from the series. [61] \"Call Me, Beep Me\" (2002) Theme song \"Call Me, Beep Me\", written by Cory Lerios and George Gabriel , and performed by recording artist Christina Milian . The song is a teen pop and R&B number about Kim Possible's devotion to helping those in need. Problems playing this file? See media help . \"Call Me, Beep Me\" became a Radio Disney hit, remaining at number one for 12 weeks. [64] The song's success ultimately benefited Milian's career as a performer; she explained, \"I never realized that show would give me so much exposure. It's great because people have grown with me, even with that damn song. Didn’t know so many people were watching Kim Possible like that. Because of that song, it actually inspired me to do my own musical animated artist because a lot of people thought I was Kim Possible.\" [65] Milian has yet to perform the song live in concert but has expressed interest in recording a remix for fans. [60] \"Call Me, Beep Me\" was the first song Lerios and Gabriel wrote together, and the songwriting duo has since gone on to collaborate on both scoring and writing songs for several other major television networks and programs. [66] Composer Adam Berry was responsible for scoring the entire series. While the music in Kim Possible is mostly guitar-driven, Berry's scoring experience prior to the show had been exclusively orchestral, composing scores using only a keyboard. [62] A guitarist since the age of six, Berry himself provided all the guitar and bass musical cues in Kim Possible . [62] Although discussing whether or not popular music featured in the series should be stylistically similar to the score, Disney decided to avoid limiting the show to then-current musical trends because, according to Berry, \"trying to be current is one of the best ways to sound dated.\" [62] While themes of electronic music are heard during the scene's fight sequences, guitar riffs of \"Call Me, Beep Me\" are reprised throughout episodes. [15] Smash Mouth lead singer Steve Harwell made a guest appearance in the Season 2 episode \" Queen BeBe \" in December 2003. [67] The third season introduced several character-specific songs. [15] The title sequence was almost entirely updated with the premiere of the fourth season, though \"Call Me, Beep Me\" remained unchanged. [68] An official Kim Possible soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on July 1, 2003, featuring \"Call Me, Beep Me\" and \"Could it Be\", [69] in addition to other musical contributions from the cast of Kim Possible in addition to various Disney recording artists, including Aaron Carter . [62] Romano also recorded a new song entitled \"Say the Word\" for the album. [70] A combination of teen pop, pop rock , power pop and R&B music, [70] [71] [72] the soundtrack also features appearances by musical groups A-Teens , Jump5 (performing a cover of Kool & the Gang 's \" Celebration \"), LMNT and Smash Mouth , and Will Friedle and Nancy Cartwright's \"Naked Mole Rap\", [71] a rapped tribute to Ron's pet Rufus, [73] ultimately concluding with a \"work-you-up remix\" of the theme song by Tony Phillip. [70] [73] Aimed primarily at the show's young fan base, [72] AllMusic writer Heather Phares reviewed the album as \"a better than average children's soundtrack .\" [71] Style and themes [ edit ] Episodes typically adhere to a simple, similar format, featuring a power-hungry villain who Kim and Ron must somehow prevent from taking over the world . [27] Although primarily an action-comedy series, [47] Music in Television: Channels of Listening author James Deaville observed that Kim Possible adheres to the long-standing tradition of combining adventure with comedy in animated television. [62] According to Telebisyon , \"The show is fairly action-oriented, but also has a strong, light-hearted comedic atmosphere\". [68] In addition to action, comedy and adventure, Kim Possible ' s storylines also explore elements of romance and drama . [27] [74] According to The Artifice , the show's unique brand of humor distinguishes itself from the slapstick style associated with most of Disney Channel's sitcoms, namely Phil of the Future and That's so Raven , [15] although Ron can be considered a slapstick character. [75] With a tendency to not take itself seriously, [20] Kim Possible both parodies and pays homage to the spy , action hero, and superhero genres, [68] its comedy benefiting from the show's emphasis on \"over-the-top plots\" and circumstances; [7] Shego's own family of superheroes, Team Go, is a deliberate parody of the Marvel superhero team the Fantastic Four . [28] Self-referential in its humor that avoids talking down to its viewers, [75] [76] the series also parodies the teen sitcom genre, [55] teenage fads and trends in general, and sometimes even makes fun of its own plot holes and oversights, [15] while occasionally adopting common cartoon and sitcom tropes . [10] In addition to other \"mainstays\" of modern-day youth , technology serves an important role in the series, specifically the Internet and Kim's gadgets, the most significant of which is a cell phone-like device known as a Kimmunicator, designed to help Kim communicate with Wade and allow her access to virtually any information she desires. [17] McCorkle elaborated on the show's emphasis on technology: \"Using the Internet theme in the series became an easy launching pad partially because it is such a major part of the fabric of teen life and the interactive possibilities are endless ... It's as though we get to play James Bond's ' Q ' for each episode -- the more imaginative the toy, the better.\" [17] Particularly desirable to younger viewers, [8] technology allows Kim to travel around the world effortlessly and to some extent mirrors children's ability to speak to anyone anywhere in the world via the Internet. [12] Kim's ability to travel virtually anywhere around the world within a short period of time is left largely unexplained; [21] BuzzFeed referred to Wade as an \"example that sitting in front of your computer all day is actually the most powerful position to be in.\" [23] The fact that Wade never leaves his bedroom could potentially indicate that he suffers from agoraphobia . [16] Kim is raised in a nuclear family . [24] Unlike popular animated sitcoms such as The Simpsons and Family Guy , both of Kim's parents are intelligent, accomplished and attractive; [75] Kim's own intelligence is often attributed to the fact that she is born to a rocket scientist father and neurosurgeon mother. [63] Kim's inherent confidence is a Possible family trait ; her father James, who views women as equals, [16] proudly reiterates the phrase \"Nothing is impossible for a Possible\" on numerous occasions. [18] In her younger years, Kim's grandmother \"Nana\" Possible fought crime much like Kim herself. [10] Kim Possible approaches the subject of the friend zone via Kim and Ron's relationship, [10] [23] discussing male-female friendship in a manner reminiscent to that of the romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally... (1989). [75] According to Sarah Freymiller of Bustle , the protagonists friendship evokes that of Batman and the Joker , \"Kim holds the functional and social power, while Ron exerts more of a calming, occasionally slapstick influence on the show ... he is the intelligent, kind chaos in her highly-organized life.\" [75] Kim and Ron are solely platonic friends for the show's first three seasons and remain best friends even after they start dating in Season 4, defying the popular belief that \"being romantically involved is worth more than being in a friendship.\" [77] The series avoids the popular \" Will they or won’t they? \" trope often used in television shows, keeping them as a couple for the remainder of the series. [76] Having grown up together and learned from each other's mistakes, Kim and Ron ultimately make up for each other's shortcomings. [77] According to Feminist Fairytales, \"Ron has a very relaxed attitude towards life which often provides a balance to Kim's assertive nature and perfectionism, while Kim helps Ron become much more independent and self-reliant.\" [77] Freymiller also believes Ron might have been conceived because \"the creators sensed that television would only be able to accept a strong female character if she had a male counterpart,\" eliminating fears Kim might be perceived as too bitchy, complementing her actions as opposed to dominating. [75] Hosting a diverse cast of strong female characters while confronting gender norms and barriers , [7] [23] [77] Kim Possible explores feminist themes, [21] specifically third-wave feminism . [75] Alongside several other female-led animated series that premiered throughout the decade, which had been experiencing a steady influx in media starring \"Teenage Action Chicks with special powers\", [78] Kim Possible is considered to be an example of both girl power and power feminism . [79] Similar to the animated shows Totally Spies , Atomic Betty , and The Life and Times of Juniper Lee , Kim Possible revolves around an attractive, intelligent, and strong female character whose public identity is meant to indicate that she should be received as a positive role models for young girls. [63] According to Betsy Wallace of Common Sense Media, Kim Possible \"capitalizes on the female villain-fighting craze that sparked with Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Alias \", albeit simplifying the genre for a younger generation. [53] Agreeing that the series adopted the then-new \"crime-fighting female\" formula, Tracey McLoone of PopMatters admitted that Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Alias and The Powerpuff Girls comparisons are inevitable, but at the same time observed that Kim is more confident than her predecessors, incorporating cheerleading and acrobatics into her fights against enemies, while using traditionally \"girly\" accessories such as lip gloss and makeup to her advantage in battle. [8] In comparison to Buffy, Kim also approaches her complicated lifestyle more joyfully. [54] Meanwhile, Nicole Rogers of the Wisconsin State Journal believes that Kim resembles what Sydney Bristow of Alias would be like had she been depicted as an animated high school student. [80] According to MTV 's Monique Steele, Kim Possible is \"all about how girls kick butt\"; [33] Kim constantly rescues Ron, saving him from peril on numerous occasions throughout the series. [81] Writing for Wewomen.com, Carla Cain Walther observed that the series \"scoffed at the ' damsel in distress ' trope used in action films\" by having Kim save Ron \"using her ingenuity and strength\", reinforcing the idea that girls are capable of helping themselves. [82] Identifying Kim as a postfeminist heroine because she is intelligent in addition to being \"shaped like Barbie \" and having a male assistant similar to female executives, The New York Times ' Julie Salamon joked that \"Kim's job seems to be making the world safe for cheerleaders again, following the path forged by Reese Witherspoon in Legally Blonde on behalf of sorority girls .\" [54] Tor.com's Sarah Gailey observed that while Shego proudly spends much of her time lounging poolside and deciding what she does and does not want to do, Kim is forced \"to leap into action regardless of whether she's tired or sad or sick or, heaven forbid, too busy\". [83] Bustle ' s Sarah Freymiller wrote that \"Kim offers a model for femininity that both bolsters and works against the typical 'high school cheerleader' stereotype\", citing cheerleading as an outlet the character chooses willingly. [75] Kim is not a tomboy ; [77] Julia Pugachevsky of BuzzFeed credits the series with \"show[ing] that you could be traditionally feminine and strong at the same time.\" [23] Conversely, Geek Chic: Smart Women in Popular Culture author S. Inness argued that Kim Possible reinforces that \"girls can do anything they choose\" but must look a certain way in order to do so since its female character participate in consumerism and normative femininity that its male characters do not, such as shopping and spending much time on their appearance. [63] Inness also felt that show's feminist potential is compromised by the fact that Kim mostly surrounds herself with male companions as opposed to female, \"contradict[ing] the messages of female solidarity \". [63] Broadcast [ edit ] Produced by Walt Disney Television Animation , Kim Possible ' s episodes are typically 22 minutes in length and occupy half-hour time slots . [25] Season 1 included a total of 21 episodes; [4] the first , \" Crush \", premiered on Disney Channel on June 7, 2002, [19] followed by the airing of two back-to-back episodes, occupying the evening's 5:30 pm to 7:00 pm time slot . [24] In total, three half-hour episodes premiered back-to-back. [19] A ratings success, [84] Kim Possible ' s premiere became the most-watched of any Disney Channel Original Series. [17] Following its premiere, Disney Channel aired one new episode of the series Friday nights at 6:30 pm. [19] By 2005, the show's time slot had been changed to Friday evenings at 5:30 pm. [51] Episodes were also broadcast in syndication on several Disney -affiliated television networks including Toon Disney , weekdays at 7:30 am and weekends at 3:00 pm and 4:00 pm, and ABC 's ABC Kids Saturday mornings at 11:00 am, [51] ultimately becoming the \"lynchpin\" of that particular segment. [85] Internationally, Kim Possible aired on the Family Channel in Canada, while broadcasting on CCTV 12 in China, Dubai TV in Dubai in their respective local languages, Mandarin and Arabic and on ABS-CBN in the Philippines in Filipino language. [68] The show proved particularly popular in Germany and Japan. [41] In terms of ratings, Kim Possible continued to perform consistently well into its second and third seasons. [74] [86] Typically, series that originate on Disney Channel seldom exceed three seasons and 65 episodes before they are canceled. [22] Disney's \"65th Episode Rule\" had been established during the late 90s. [87] In 2005, production on Kim Possible ended following the premiere of its television film Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama after airing three seasons and 65 episodes. [68] However, the success of So the Drama increased the show's popularity overseas and ultimately encouraged Disney Channel executives to renew the series for a fourth and final season. [30] [50] In December 2005, Disney Channel ordered 22 new episodes of Kim Possible in response to the series' success and popular demand from fans, [68] [51] who had been heavily petitioning online for the show's renewal, [22] constantly begging the creators and Disney for another season via e-mail. [31] Kim Possible joined an elite handful of television series to have been brought back from cancellation by its cult following in addition to becoming the first Disney Channel Original Series to avoid the networks' 65th Episode Rule; [87] its order to fulfill 22 new episodes as opposed to the usual 13 to 18 was also unprecdented for a revived series. [41] After a year-long hiatus, [52] Season 4 initially premiered exclusively on Disney Channel website before finally returning to Disney Channel on February 10, 2007, [18] prior to which an image featuring a watch-sized rendition of the Kimmunicator had been leaked onto the internet. [44] Originally, the episodes were not aired in chronological order, a decision Loter detested. [44] Ratings remained strong into the final season. [1] After running five years, four seasons and 84 episodes (87 including the films), [25] the hour-long series finale, \" Graduation \", aired on September 7, 2007, ending Kim Possible . [88] Steve Loter documented the production of the final episode of season four, and thus the completion of the Kim Possible franchise , in a blog titled \"So the Finale\" hosted on Blogger . It included behind-the-scenes and production information from the perspective of the crew as well as production sketches from one of several alternative endings that had been scripted. \"So the Finale\" maintained an open comment system allowing fans to express their views on the franchise and its closure. [89] Kim Possible aired weekdays on Disney XD in the United States. When the series returned to Disney XD in February 2014, fans flocked to Twitter to voice their approval. [75] The series also airs on Disney-affiliated channels around the world in countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, India, South Africa, and several Eastern European countries. On May 2, 2016, the series began airing on Disney's Freeform network as part of the late-night That's So Throwback block. [90] The series began airing on Disney XD in 2017, though only including random episodes from Seasons 1 and 4. Eventually, the reruns shifted to include episodes from all four seasons, still out of order, beginning with reruns aired beginning and after July 30, 2018. In addition to maintaining consistently high ratings throughout its four-season run, Kim Possible was the longest-running Disney Channel Original Series until it was surpassed by Phineas and Ferb in 2012. [25] [91] Episodes [ edit ] Main article: List of Kim Possible episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 1 21 June 7, 2002 ( 2002-06-07 ) May 16, 2003 ( 2003-05-16 ) 2 30 July 18, 2003 ( 2003-07-18 ) August 5, 2004 ( 2004-08-05 ) 3 14 September 25, 2004 ( 2004-09-25 ) June 10, 2006 ( 2006-06-10 ) Special August 26, 2005 ( 2005-08-26 ) 4 22 February 10, 2007 ( 2007-02-10 ) September 7, 2007 ( 2007-09-07 ) Lilo & Stitch crossover [ edit ] A crossover episode of Lilo & Stitch: The Series and Kim Possible aired on August 26, 2005 as part of the former show's second season. Entitled \"Rufus\", Season 2, Episode 20 features Lilo contacting Kim and Ron to help her rescue Stitch , who has been captured by Drakken and Shego in a partnership with Dr. Hamsterviel to clone Stitch for an army of obedient monsters. Meanwhile, Jumba mistakes Rufus for one of his missing experiments. [92] Reception [ edit ] Critical response [ edit ] In the days leading up to Kim Possible ' s premiere, television critics speculated whether or not the show would attract a large enough male audience to be successful despite its female lead, [93] attributing failure to achieve this feat to the early cancellation of the animated series Madeline . [48] Ultimately, Kim Possible premiered to both widespread acclaim and strong viewership. [84] The series continued to garner critical acclaim throughout its run, [68] [25] [50] [41] [94] earning significant praise for its dialogue, humor and animation. [68] Describing the show as \"infectious\", Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote, \"Blessed with a modern sense of humor and hip -- but not too hip -- vocabulary, Kim Possible should appeal to the tweens (ages 9-13) it clearly targets\", while crowning Rufus the series' breakout star . [14] Writing for The New York Times , Julie Salamon also enjoyed Rufus' role, penning, \"I probably would have liked Kim Impossible even if one of its lead characters hadn't been a naked mole rat. But the cheerful presence of Rufus (the mole rat) in this new animated series from Disney signals that the show's executive producer and director, Chris Bailey, doesn't mind getting cute in obvious ways.\" [54] In his book The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present , television historian Tim Brooks appreciated the series for having \"a marvelous sense of humor about itself .\" [22] Scott D. Pierce of the Deseret News praised Kim Possible for being \"an entertaining show that should indeed appeal to tweens, younger kids and even their parents\" that \"plays with the superhero format in a way that doesn't take itself too seriously but doesn't play down to the viewers.\" [20] Tracy McLoone of PopMatters reviewed, \" Kim Possible includes adult-friendly humor, in the event that parents feel the need to watch tv (sic) with their kids. But nobody in or watching the series will ever be offended or over-stimulated, or even surprised.\" [8] While accepting Kim as a positive role model and acknowledging that the series teaches \"good lessons\" at times, Besty Wallace of Common Sense Media expressed concern about the show's use of action sequences and violence, explaining, \"lessons may get muddled and nearly lost as the heroes shimmy up rope ladders dangling from helicopters and dodge spinning tops of doom.\" Wallace concluded, \"As long as you're not expecting too much in the way of educational value, you'll probably have plenty of fun with this one.\" [53] Writing for Bustle , Sarah Freymiller opined, \"Ultimately, Kim Possible was just a solid show. It didn't skimp on plot or dialogue in favor of Wile E. Coyote explosions, and its tongue-in-cheek humor allowed it to be self-aware and hip at the same time.\" [75] Conversely, Girlfighting: Betrayal and Rejection Among Girls author Lyn Mikel Brown was less receptive towards Kim herself, criticizing the show for promoting the beautiful and thin heroine as \"your basic average girl\" and apparent reliance on Ron's intelligence, as well as the fact that her \"biggest threat\" is Bonnie as opposed to evil. According to Brown, \"Being the kind of girl who's accepted or befriended by boys underscores a girl's power and sets her against other girls.\" [95] One of Disney Channel's most popular and successful original shows, [25] [41] [94] Kim Possible remains the project for which Schooley and McCorkle are best known. [30] Few anticipated Kim Possible would become as successful as it ultimately did, [27] proving popular among both male and female audiences. [31] Explaining Kim Possible ' s universal appeal, the creators said, \"Whenever there's an action complement to a show, boys get excited, and when Kim does her martial arts and when she's doing one of these incredible stunts, boys love to watch it ... And one of the things that we’ve always found is that boys of any age ... love humour and characters that are a little goofy, sort of silly and weird. When we tested it, the kids were like: 'Oh, Ron's stupid funny' and that became sort of a buzz phrase.\" [31] Ron's role helped maintain a strong male audience throughout the series. [41] Kim Possible was greeted with a level of enthusiasm that had not been experienced since the Disney Afternoon Lineup, [96] becoming Disney Channel's most successful post-1990s show. [87] Disney Channel Worldwide President Rich Ross extolled Kim Possible as a \"stand-out\" among both the network's live-action and animated catalogue. [97] The series maintains \"legions\" of devoted fans. [98] A poll conducted by Disney Channel revealed that Kim Possible viewers voted for Season 3's \" Emotion Sickness \" as their favorite episode of the series. [50] Entertainment Weekly ranked Kim Possible fourth on its list of the 25 greatest Disney Channel Original Series, calling it an \"animated gem\". [99] Kim Possible was placed at number nine on TV Guide 's ranking of \"The Best Disney Channel Shows\". [100] MTV ranked Kim Possible 13th in its article \"15 Disney Channel Series We Wish We Could Watch Again\". [33] The theme song \"Call Me, Beep Me\" became so popular among fans of both the show and Milian herself that several of them proceeded to download it as their own cell phone ringtones . [65] Awards and nominations [ edit ] In its first season, Kim Possible was nominated for its first and only Primetime Emmy Award in 2003, for Outstanding Animated Program . [101] In 2004, the series was nominated for two Daytime Emmy Awards in the categories Outstanding Children's Animated Program and Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program . [102] In 2005, Kim Possible was nominated for a record-breaking total of five Daytime Emmy Awards, the highest number of Emmy Award nominations ever received by the series. [97] The amount of nominations was also the highest received by any animated series recognized that year. [103] [41] Nominated for Outstanding Children's Animated Program , Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program (for Romano), Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing and Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing - Live Action and Animation, [103] Kim Possible ultimately won award, for Outstanding Sound Mixing — Live Action and Animation . [68] Kim Possible 's popularity at the Emmy Awards is credited with further proving that the show was popular among both children and adults. [41] In addition to one Emmy Award win and eight nominations, [94] Kim Possible has also won Parents' Choice Awards and Annie Awards for Best Program and Best TV Series for Children, respectively. [51] Related media [ edit ] Films [ edit ] The success of Kim Possible spawned two animated—as well as a live action— television films based on the series, becoming the first animated series to be adapted into a Disney Channel Original Movie . [102] The first, Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time , is science fiction -themed and premiered on Disney Channel on November 28, 2003, following Kim as she travels both back in time and into the future to save the world. [74] Dubbed an \"extended episode\", [86] the film also explores the character's origin , revealing how both she and Ron became crime fighters, and features an all-star cast . [44] [74] The second, Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama , was released in 2005 and was originally going to be the series finale , but due to popular demand the series was renewed for another season. On February 7, 2018, Disney announced on Twitter that they are moving forward in making a live-action Kim Possible Disney Channel Original Movie and were beginning casting. [104] [105] On April 25, 2018 Disney Channel announced on its Public Relations Twitter account that the movie is set to premiere sometime in 2019 and that Sadie Stanley and Sean Giambrone will portray Kim Possible and Ron Stoppable respectively. [106] On May 25, 2018, TVLine revealed casting for six key roles in the movie including Alyson Hannigan as Dr. Ann Possible, Connie Ray as Nana Possible, Todd Stashwick as Drakken, Taylor Ortega as Shego, Ciara Wilson as Athena and Erika Tham as Bonnie. [107] On June 22, 2018, it is announced that Issac Ryan Brown will portray Wade. [108] In August 2018, it was announced Christy Carlson Romano had joined the cast of the film, with Patton Oswalt reprising his role as Professor Dementor. [109] A theatrically released live-action Kim Possible movie is also being considered. Video games and merchandise [ edit ] The success of Kim Possible spawned its own video game series; a total of six video games were released, supported by various gaming consoles and platforms: Disney's Kim Possible: Revenge of Monkey Fist (GBA) – released, November 13, 2002 Disney's Kim Possible 2: Drakken's Demise (GBA) – released, September 15, 2004 Disney's Kim Possible 3: Team Possible (GBA) – released, August 21, 2005 Disney's Kim Possible: Kimmunicator (DS) – released, November 9, 2005 Disney's Kim Possible: Legend of the Monkeys Eye (PC) – released, May 16, 2006 Disney's Kim Possible: What's the Switch? (PS2) – released, October 19, 2006 Disney's Kim Possible: Global Gemini (DS) – released, February 9, 2007 In 2003, Disney began using the popularity of both Disney Channel's Kim Possible and Lizzie McGuire in an attempt to revive the company's struggling merchandising division, which had been suffering from a declining interest in movie and television tie-ins . [110] In June 2004, McDonald 's customers received Kim Possible memorabilia ranging from action figures to spy gear and accessories with their purchase of a Happy Meal . [102] Customers were given a choice of eight different interactive toys to choose from, including a magnetic drawing tablet designed to resemble the Kimminucator and action figures of Kim, Ron, Rufus, Shego, and Monkey Fist. [111] Epcot attraction [ edit ] Based on the series, the Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure was an interactive attraction that took place in several of Epcot 's World Showcase pavilions in Walt Disney World . The attraction is an electronic scavenger hunt that has guests using special \"Kimmunicators\" (in actuality, modified cell phones ) to help Kim Possible and Ron Stoppable solve a \"crime\" or disrupt an evil-doer's \"plans for global domination.\" The \"Kimmunicator\" is able to trigger specific events within the pavilion grounds that provide clues to completing the adventure. Launched in January 2009 and presented by Verizon Wireless , the Adventure is included in park admission. [112] The attraction was closed on May 18, 2012 to make way for a similar attraction themed around the character of \"Agent P\" from Disney Channel animated television show Phineas and Ferb . The new attraction, now called Disney's Phineas and Ferb's Agent P World Showcase Adventure , opened in June 2012. [113] DVD releases [ edit ] Season Episodes Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 1 21 Volume 1: The Secret Files : September 2, 2003 Episodes : \"Crush\" (1), \"Downhill\" (5) and \"Attack of the Killer Bebes\" (9) Volume 3: The Villain Files : December 7, 2004 Episodes : \"Number One\" (7) and \"Animal Attraction\" (18) The Complete First Season : 2010 (Disney Movie Rewards exclusive) Episodes : All episodes from season one Monkey Business : November 5, 2007 Episodes : \"Monkey Fist Strikes\" (13) and \"Monkey Ninjas in Space\" (19) 2 30 Volume 1: The Secret Files : September 2, 2003 Episodes : \"Partners\" (44) Volume 2: A Sitch in Time : November 28, 2003 Episodes : \"A Sitch in Time\" (35-36) Volume 3: The Villain Files : December 7, 2004 Episodes : \"Blush\" (43) Disney Channel Holiday : October 31, 2005 Episodes : \"A Very Possible Christmas\" (37) The Complete Second Season : 2010 (Disney Movie Rewards exclusive) Episodes : All episodes from the second season Monkey Business : November 5, 2007 Episodes : \"The Full Monkey\" (42) 3 14 Volume 3: The Villain Files : December 7, 2004 Episodes : \"Showdown at the Crooked D\" (56) Volume 4: So the Drama : May 10, 2005 Episodes : \"So the Drama\" (58-60) plus \"Gorilla Fist\" (64) Monkey Business : November 5, 2007 Episodes : \"Gorilla Fist\" (64) See also [ edit ] Disney portal Television portal References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Heldenfels, Akron (February 4, 2007). \"Kim Possible is back\" . 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Jump up ^ \" ' Kim Possible' Live-Action Movie In Works At Disney Channel\" . Deadline.com. February 7, 2018. Jump up ^ @DisneyChannelPR (25 April 2018). \"Sadie Stanley and @TheGoldbergsABC's Sean Giambrone (@seangiambrone1) will star as Kim Possible and Ron Stoppable in the live-action #KimPossible Disney Channel Original Movie set to debut in 2019\" (Tweet) – via Twitter . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (25 May 2018). \"Kim Possible Movie: Alyson Hannigan Playing Mom, 5 Other Key Roles Cast\" . TVLine . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ \" ' Kim Possible': 'Raven's Home' Star Issac Ryan Brown Joins Cast Of Disney Channel Movie\" . Deadline . Retrieved June 24, 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas, Esme (August 11, 2018). \"Original Kim Possible Christy Carlson Romano and Patton Oswalt join live-action movie\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Hernandez, Greg (February 20, 2003). \"MISSION: KIM POSSIBLE FOR DISNEY COMPANY LOOKS TO TV ARM.(Business)\" . Daily News . Retrieved December 21, 2016 – via HighBeam Research. Jump up ^ \"McDonald's(R) Happy Meal(R) Is Unstoppable With Disney's Kim Possible\" . PR Newswire . September 2, 2003. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017 . Retrieved December 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Disney's Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure\" . Walt Disney World . Disney. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009 . Retrieved December 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bevil, Dewayne (July 5, 2012). \"Disney World: Agent P at Disney World's Epcot - Orlando Sentinel\" . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved October 13, 2017 . External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Kim Possible Official website Kim Possible on IMDb Disney's Kim Possible at the Big Cartoon DataBase Kim Possible at TV.com show v t e Kim Possible General Characters Kim Possible Shego Episodes Animated films Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama Live-action film Kim Possible (2019) Merchandising Video games Soundtrack show v t e Disney Channel original programming Current Mickey Mouse (since 2013, short-form) Bunk'd (since 2015) Bizaardvark (since 2016) Tangled: The Series (since 2017) Andi Mack (since 2017) Hotel Transylvania: The Series (since 2017) Raven's Home (since 2017) Big Hero 6: The Series (since 2017) DuckTales (since 2018) Big City Greens (since 2018) Bug Juice: My Adventures at Camp (since 2018) Star Wars Resistance (since 2018) Coop & Cami Ask the World (since 2018) Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward (1995–97) Bug Juice (1998–2001) The Famous Jett Jackson (1998–2001) So Weird (1999–2001) The Jersey (1999–2004) 2000s debuts Totally Circus (2000) Even Stevens (2000–03) In a Heartbeat (2000–01) Totally Hoops (2001) Lizzie McGuire (2001–04) The Proud Family (2001–05) Kim Possible (2002–07) Totally in Tune (2002) That's So Raven (2003–07) Lilo & Stitch: The Series (2003–06) Phil of the Future (2004–06) Dave the Barbarian (2004–05) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers (2004–06) American Dragon: Jake Long (2005–07) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005–08) The Buzz on Maggie (2005–06) The Emperor's New School (2006–08) Hannah Montana (2006–11) Disney Channel Games (2006–11) The Replacements (2006–09) Shorty McShorts' Shorts (2006–07) Cory in the House (2007–08) As the Bell Rings (2007–09) Phineas and Ferb (2007–15) Wizards of Waverly Place (2007–12) The Suite Life on Deck (2008–11) Sonny with a Chance (2009–11) Jonas (2009–10) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie (2010–14) Fish Hooks (2010–14) Shake It Up (2010–13) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb (2010–11) A.N.T. 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(2019) Milo Murphy's Law (2019) Star vs. the Forces of Evil (2019) Amphibia (2019) The Owl House (2019) See also It's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas show v t e ABC Kids Disney's One Saturday Morning (1997–2002) 101 Dalmatians: The Series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Doug DuckTales Even Stevens Hercules Disney's House of Mouse Jungle Cubs Lizzie McGuire Lloyd in Space Mary-Kate and Ashley in Action! Mickey Mouse Works Pepper Ann Recess Sabrina: The Animated Series Science Court Teacher's Pet Teamo Supremo The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show The Weekenders ABC Kids (2002–2011) Even Stevens (2002–2005) Fillmore! 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(2004–2005) Related topics Children's programming on the American Broadcasting Company Disney's One Too Saturday morning programming on Disney Channel Jambalaya Studios Disney Television Animation Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Possible&oldid=866210865 \" Categories : Kim Possible 2000s American animated television series 2000s American comedy television series 2002 American television series debuts 2007 American television series endings ABC Kids American children's animated action television series American children's animated adventure television series American children's animated comedy television series American children's animated fantasy television series Teen superhero television programs Disney Channel shows Disney XD shows English-language television programs Espionage television series Family Channel shows Television series by Disney Television Animation Television series created by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle American television series revived after cancellation Toon Disney Hidden categories: Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018, at 00:13 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "State Board of Equalization (California) - Wikipedia State Board of Equalization (California) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2014) The State Board of Equalization (BOE) is a public agency charged with tax administration and fee collection in the state of California in the United States . The authorities of the Board fell into four broad areas: sales and use taxes , property taxes , special taxes, and acting as an appellate body for franchise and income tax appeals (which are collected by the Franchise Tax Board ). [1] The BOE is the only publicly elected tax commission in the United States. [2] The board is made up of four directly elected members, each representing a district for four-year terms, along with the State Controller , who is elected on a statewide basis, serving as the fifth member. In June 2017, Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation stripping the Board of many of its powers, returning the agency to its original core responsibilities (originating in the State Constitution in 1879). Contents 1 History 2 Equalization districts 2.1 First district 2.2 Second district 2.3 Third district 2.4 Fourth district 3 Members of the Board of Equalization 4 Tax and fee programs 4.1 Sales and Use Tax Programs 4.2 Special Tax and Fee Programs 4.3 Property Tax Programs 4.4 Tax Appellate Programs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History [ edit ] The State Board of Equalization was created in 1879 by ratification of the second Constitution of California . Its original mandate was to ensure that property tax assessments were uniform and equal across all counties in the state. [1] Prior to the creation of the state income tax , sales tax , and fuel taxes in the 1930s, California's state government was almost completely supported by property taxes , which were and still are assessed at the county level by elected tax assessors. Assessors were tempted to boost their popularity with county voters by undervaluing voters' property (and thereby lowering their taxes). This presented the risk of counties with honest assessors paying more than their fair share of the burden of operating the state government, so the Board of Equalization was created to equalize the burden. The California Franchise Tax Board and the Employment Development Department are separately also responsible for collecting taxes. [3] Some have criticized this as inefficient. [4] Efforts to reform the Board were made in the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1990s, and 2000s. [3] In 1994, Governor Pete Wilson vetoed a plan by the legislature to abolish the Franchise Tax Board and give its responsibilities to the Board of Equalization, explaining in his veto message that the state should have done the opposite. [3] In 2004, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger released a 2,500-page report seeking to merge the Board with other agencies and then promoted a bill by Assemblywomen Lois Wolk to do just that. [3] The effort failed. [3] In 2008, the agency employed approximately 3,950 people throughout the state. [5] By 2017, the Board had expanded to collecting $60 billion a year. [3] It collected sales and use taxes, hazardous waste fees, jet fuel taxes, marijuana taxes, and over 30 additional taxes. [3] That year, the Board had 4,700 employees and a $617 million annual budget. [3] Board members are paid a $137,000 annual salary and are each allowed to hire a 12 member staff. [3] Each year, the Board spends at least $3 million on education events where elected members appear before their constituents. [3] In March 2017, an audit by the California Department of Finance revealed missing funds and signs of nepotism , leading to calls for the governor to put the Board under a public trustee. [6] [7] In June 2017, the California Department of Justice began a criminal investigation into the members of the Board. [8] On June 27, 2017, Governor Jerry Brown signed into law legislation stripping the Board of its powers. [9] The legislation created two new departments controlled by the governor responsible for the Board’s statutory duties, the California Department of Tax Fee Administration and the California Office of Tax Appeals . [9] The Board still has its constitutional powers to review property tax assessments, insurer tax assessment, alcohol excise tax, and pipeline taxes. [10] The Board will retain 400 employees, with the rest of its 4,800 workers being shifted to the new departments. [9] Equalization districts [ edit ] District map (effective January 1, 2015) First District Second District Third District Fourth District For the purposes of tax administration, the BOE divides the state into four Equalization districts , each with its own elected board member. [11] Following the 2011 redistricting, the new districts have been in effect since January 1, 2015. [12] First district [ edit ] The first Equalization District is made up of the following counties: Alpine , Amador , Butte , Calaveras , El Dorado , Fresno , Inyo , Kern , Kings , Lassen , Madera , Mariposa , Merced , Modoc , Mono , Nevada , Placer , Plumas , Sacramento , San Joaquin , Shasta , Sierra , Siskiyou , Stanislaus , Sutter , Tulare , Tuolumne , Yuba , a portion of Los Angeles , and a portion of San Bernardino . Before 2015, most of this area was the second district. Second district [ edit ] The second Equalization District is made up of the following counties: Alameda , Colusa , Contra Costa , Del Norte , Glenn , Humboldt , Lake , Marin , Mendocino , Monterey , Napa , San Benito , San Francisco , San Luis Obispo , San Mateo , Santa Clara , Santa Cruz , Solano , Sonoma , Tehama , Trinity , Yolo , and Santa Barbara . Before 2015, most of this area was the first district. Third district [ edit ] The third Equalization District is made up of Ventura County and a portion of Los Angeles County , including the cities of Agoura Hills , Alhambra , Arcadia , Artesia , Avalon , Baldwin Park , Bell , Bell Gardens , Bellflower , Beverly Hills , Burbank , Calabasas , Carson , Cerritos , City of Industry , Commerce , Compton , Covina , Cudahy , Culver City , Diamond Bar , Downey , El Monte , El Segundo , Gardena , Glendale , Glendora , Hawaiian Gardens , Hawthorne , Hermosa Beach , Hidden Hills , Huntington Park , Inglewood , La Cañada Flintridge , La Habra Heights , La Mirada , La Puente , Lakewood , Lawndale , Lomita , Long Beach , Los Angeles , Lynwood , Malibu , Manhattan Beach , Maywood , Monrovia , Montebello , Monterey Park , Norwalk , Paramount , Pasadena , Pico Rivera , Redondo Beach , Rosemead , San Gabriel , San Marino , Santa Fe Springs , Santa Monica , Sierra Madre , Signal Hill , South El Monte , South Gate , South Pasadena , Temple City , Torrance , Vernon , Walnut , West Covina , West Hollywood , Westlake Village , and Whittier . Fourth district [ edit ] The fourth Equalization District is made up of the following counties: Imperial , Orange , Riverside , San Diego , a portion of Los Angeles , and a portion of San Bernardino . Members of the Board of Equalization [ edit ] The current board members are: George Runner (R) (First District) Fiona Ma (D) (Second District) Jerome Horton (D) (Third District) Diane Harkey (R) (Fourth District) Betty Yee (D) (State Controller) The terms of all five members, including the State Controller, began on January 5, 2015. [13] Year 1st District 2nd District 3rd District 4th District State Controller 1879 James L. King Moses M. Drew Warren Dutton Tyler D. Heiskel Daniel M. Kenfield 1880 1881 1882 1883 Charles Gildea L. C. Morehouse C. E. Wilcoxon John Markley John P. Dunn 1884 1885 1886 1887 Gordon E. Sloss John T. Gaffey 1888 1889 1890 1891 J. S. Swan Richard H. Beamer James R. Hebbron Edward P. Colgan 1892 1893 1894 1895 A. Chesebrough George L. Arnold 1896 1897 1898 1899 J. G. Edwards Alexander Brown Thomas O. Toland 1900 1901 1902 1903 William H. Alford Frank Mattison 1904 1905 1906 A. B. Nye 1907 Joseph H. Scott Richard E. Collins Jeff McElvaine 1908 1909 1910 1911 Edward M. Rolkin John Mitchell 1912 1913 John S. Chambers 1914 1915 John C. Corbett 1916 1917 1918 1919 Phillip D. Wilson 1920 1921 Ray L. Riley 1922 1923 Harvey G. Cattell 1924 1925 1926 1927 John C. Corbett Fred E. Stewart 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Orfa Jean Shnotz 1936 1937 Harry B. Riley 1938 1939 George R. Reilly Eric Mont 1940 1941 1942 1943 James H. Quinn 1944 1945 1946 Thomas Kuchel 1947 Jerrold L. Seawell 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 Robert C. Kirkwood 1954 Paul R. Leake 1955 Robert E. McDavid 1956 1957 1958 1959 John W. Lynch Richard Nevins Alan Cranston 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Houston I. Flournoy 1968 1969 1970 1971 William M. Bennett 1972 1973 1974 1975 Kenneth Cory 1976 Iris G. Sankey 1977 1978 1979 Ernest J. Dronenburg Jr. 1980 1981 1982 1983 Conway H. Collis 1984 1985 1986 1987 William M. Bennett Conway H. Collis Ernest J. Dronenburg, Jr. Paul B. Carpenter Gray Davis 1988 1989 1990 1991 Brad Sherman Matt Fong 1992 1993 1994 1995 Johan Klehs Dean Andal Brad Sherman Kathleen Connell 1996 1997 John Chiang 1998 1999 Claude Parrish 2000 2001 2002 2003 Carole Migden Bill Leonard Steve Westly 2004 2005 Betty Yee 2006 2007 Michelle Park Steel Judy Chu John Chiang 2008 2009 2010 Barbara Alby / Sean Wallentine Steve Shea / Jerome Horton 2011 George Runner Jerome Horton 2012 2013 2014 2015 George Runner Fiona Ma Jerome Horton Diane Harkey Betty Yee 2016 2017 2018 Tax and fee programs [ edit ] The State Board of Equalization administers the following tax and fee programs: [14] [15] Sales and Use Tax Programs [ edit ] For more information on sales and use taxes in California, see the \" California \" section of Sales taxes in the United States . Sales and Use Tax Bradley-Burns Uniform Local Sales and Use Tax District Transactions (Sales) and Use Tax Special Tax and Fee Programs [ edit ] Electronic Waste Recycling Fee Environmental Fees Hazardous Substances Tax Marine Invasive Species Fee (formerly Ballast Water Management Fee) Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Fee Excise Taxes Alcoholic Beverages Tax Alternative Cigarette Tax Stamp Program (ACTS) California Tire Fee Cigarette and Tobacco Products Tax Cigarette and Tobacco Products Licensing Program Emergency Telephone Users Surcharge Energy Resources Surcharge Insurance Tax Integrated Waste Management Fee Natural Gas Surcharge Fuel Taxes Aircraft Jet Fuel Tax Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Fee Diesel Fuel Tax International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA) Interstate User Diesel Fuel Tax Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax Oil Spill Response, Prevention, and Administration Fees Underground Storage Tank Maintenance Fee Use Fuel Tax Property Tax Programs [ edit ] County Assessed Properties Division Private Railroad Car Tax State-Assessed Property Program Timber Yield Tax Tax Appellate Programs [ edit ] Bank and Corporation Tax Law Personal Income Tax Homeowner and Renter Property Tax Assistance Law Publicly Owned Property Assessment Review Program Taxpayers' Bill of Rights Law See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to State Board of Equalization (California) . Districts in California References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b State Board of Equalization, About BOE Jump up ^ State Board of Equalization, Board Members ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Ashton, Adam (23 April 2017). \"For 90 years, Californians have tried to kill this tax board. This is why they failed\" . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel L. Simmons, California Tax Collection: Time for Reform , 48 Santa Clara L. Rev. 279 (2008). Jump up ^ State Board of Equalization, 2007-2008 Annual Report, Profile , \"Governance\" p. 3. Jump up ^ Ashton, Adam (24 March 2017). \"Audit: California tax collectors on 'parking lot duty' for promotional events as politicos push boundaries\" . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashton, Adam (31 March 2017). \"Here's the audit shaking up the Board of Equalization\" . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashton, Adam (20 June 2017). \"Criminal investigation targets California tax board leaders\" . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c McGreevy, Patrick (27 June 2017). \"In massive shakeup, Gov. Jerry Brown breaks up California's scandal-plagued tax collection agency\" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ \"California – Bill shifts nearly all tax administration and appeal functions from the BOE to two new tax organizations\" . PricewaterhouseCoopers . June 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/maps-final-draft-board-of-equalization-districts.html Jump up ^ http://www.boe.ca.gov/info/new_boundaries.htm Jump up ^ \"California State Board of Equalization Members Assume Office\" . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ State Board of Equalization, 2007-2008 Annual Report, Profile , \"Tax and Fee Programs, 2007-2008\" pp. 2. Jump up ^ State Board of Equalization. \"Special Taxes\" . Retrieved May 21, 2006 . External links [ edit ] Board of Equalization Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Board_of_Equalization_(California)&oldid=847717962 \" Categories : State agencies of California Taxation in California Revenue services Government agencies established in 1879 Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018, at 09:06 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "State Board of Equalization (California)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=State_Board_of_Equalization_(California)&oldid=847717962" }

{ "text": "Active transport - Wikipedia Active transport From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article is about transport in cellular biology. For human transport systems, see active transportation . Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—in the direction against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. There are two types of active transport – primary active transport that uses ATP , and secondary active transport that uses an electrochemical gradient. An example of active transport in human physiology is the uptake of glucose in the intestines . Contents [ hide ] 1 Cellular transportation mechanisms 2 History 3 Background 4 Primary active transport 4.1 Model of active transport 5 Types of primary active transporters 6 Secondary active transport 6.1 Antiporter 6.2 Symporter 7 Bulk transport 8 See also 9 References 10 Notes 11 External links Cellular transportation mechanisms [ edit ] Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—in the direction against the concentration gradient or other obstructing factor (often a concentration gradient ). Unlike passive transport , which uses the kinetic energy and natural entropy of molecules moving down a gradient, active transport uses cellular energy to move them against a gradient, polar repulsion, or other resistance. Active transport is usually associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions , glucose and amino acids . If the process uses chemical energy, such as from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it is termed primary active transport. Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient . Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants. [1] History [ edit ] In 1848, the German physiologist Emil du Bois-Reymond suggested the possibility of active transport of substances across membranes. [2] Rosenberg (1948) formulated the concept of active transport based on energetic considerations, [3] but later it would be redefined. In 1997, Jens Christian Skou , a Danish physician [4] received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research regarding the sodium-potassium pump [5] One category of cotransporters that is especially prominent in research regarding diabetes treatment [6] is sodium glucose cotransporters. These transporters were discovered by scientists at that National Health Institute. [7] These scientists had noticed a discrepancy in the absorption of glucose at different points in the kidney tubule of a rat. The gene was then discovered for intestinal glucose transport protein and linked to these membrane sodium glucose cotransport systems. The first of these membrane transport proteins was named SGLT1 followed buy the discovery of SGLT2 . [8] Robert Krane also played a prominent role in this field. Background [ edit ] Specialized transmembrane proteins recognize the substance and allow it to move across the membrane when it otherwise would not, either because the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane is impermeable to the substance moved or because the substance is moved against the direction of its concentration gradient . [9] There are two forms of active transport, primary active transport and secondary active transport. In primary active transport, the proteins involved are pumps that normally use the chemical energy in the form of ATP. Secondary active transport, however, makes use of potential energy, which is usually derived through exploitation of an electrochemical gradient. The energy created from one ion moving down its electrochemical gradient is used to power the transport of another ion moving against its electrochemical gradient. [10] This involves pore-forming proteins that form channels across the cell membrane . The difference between passive transport and active transport is active transport requires energy, and moves substances against their respective concentration gradient, whereas passive transport requires no energy and moves substances in the direction of their respective concentration gradient. [11] In an antiporter , one substrate is transported in one direction across the membrane while another is cotransported in the opposite direction. In a symporter , two substrates are transported in the same direction across the membrane. Antiport and symport processes are associated with secondary active transport , meaning that one of the two substances is transported against its concentration gradient, utilizing the energy derived from the transport of another ion (mostly Na + , K + or H + ions) down its concentration gradient. If substrate molecules are moving from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration [12] (i.e., in the opposite direction as, or against the concentration gradient), specific transmembrane carrier proteins are required. These proteins have receptors that bind to specific molecules (e.g., glucose ) and transport them across the cell membrane. Because energy is required in this process, it is known as 'active' transport. Examples of active transport include the transportation of sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell by the sodium-potassium pump. Active transport often takes place in the internal lining of the small intestine . Plants need to absorb mineral salts from the soil or other sources, but these salts exist in very dilute solution . Active transport enables these cells to take up salts from this dilute solution against the direction of the concentration gradient . For example, the molecules chlorine (Cl^-) and nitrate NO3- exist in the cytosol of plant cells, and need to be transported into the vacuole. While the vacuole has channels for these ions, transportation of them is against the concentration gradient, and thus movement of these ions is driven by hydrogen pumps, or proton pumps [13] Primary active transport [ edit ] The action of the sodium-potassium pump is an example of primary active transport. Primary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane. [14] Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by primary active transport include metal ions, such as Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ . These charged particles require ion pumps or ion channels to cross membranes and distribute through the body. Most of the enzymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane ATPases . A primary ATPase universal to all animal life is the sodium-potassium pump , which helps to maintain the cell potential . The sodium-potassium pump maintains the membrane potential by moving three Na+ ions out of the cell for every two [15] K+ ions moved into the cell. Other sources of energy for Primary active transport are redox energy and photon energy ( light ). An example of primary active transport using Redox energy is the mitochondrial electron transport chain that uses the reduction energy of NADH to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane against their concentration gradient. An example of primary active transport using light energy are the proteins involved in photosynthesis that use the energy of photons to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane and also to create reduction power in the form of NADPH . Model of active transport [ edit ] ATP hydrolysis is used to transport hydrogen ions against the electrochemical gradient (from low to high hydrogen ion concentration). Phosphorylation of the carrier protein and the binding of a hydrogen ion induce a conformational (shape) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient. Hydrolysis of the bound phosphate group and release of hydrogen ion then restores the carrier to its original conformation. [16] Types of primary active transporters [ edit ] P-type ATPase : sodium potassium pump , calcium pump , proton pump F-ATPase : mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP synthase V-ATPase : vacuolar ATPase ABC ( ATP binding cassette ) transporter: MDR, CFTR, etc. Secondary active transport [ edit ] Secondary active transport In secondary active transport, also known as coupled transport or cotransport , energy is used to transport molecules across a membrane; however, in contrast to primary active transport , there is no direct coupling of ATP ; instead it relies upon the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions in/out of the cell. [17] Permitting one ion or molecule to move down an electrochemical gradient, but possibly against the concentration gradient where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated increases entropy and can serve as a source of energy for metabolism (e.g. in ATP synthase ). The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport. In humans, sodium (Na + ) is a commonly co-transported ion across the plasma membrane, whose electrochemical gradient is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or molecule against its gradient. [18] In bacteria and small yeast cells, a commonly cotransported ion is hydrogen. [19] Hydrogen pumps are also used to create an electrochemical gradient to carry out processes within cells such as in the electron transport chain , an important function of cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondrion of the cell. [20] In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption. [21] Crane's discovery of cotransport was the first ever proposal of flux coupling in biology. [22] [23] Cotransporters can be classified as symporters and antiporters depending on whether the substances move in the same or opposite directions. Antiporter [ edit ] Function of symporters and antiporters . In an antiporter two species of ion or other solutes are pumped in opposite directions across a membrane. One of these species is allowed to flow from high to low concentration which yields the entropic energy to drive the transport of the other solute from a low concentration region to a high one. An example is the sodium-calcium exchanger or antiporter , which allows three sodium ions into the cell to transport one calcium out. [24] This antiporter mechanism is important within the membranes of cardiac muscle cells in order to keep the calcium concentration in the cytoplasm low. [25] Many cells also possess calcium ATPases , which can operate at lower intracellular concentrations of calcium and sets the normal or resting concentration of this important second messenger . [26] But the ATPase exports calcium ions more slowly: only 30 per second versus 2000 per second by the exchanger. The exchanger comes into service when the calcium concentration rises steeply or \"spikes\" and enables rapid recovery. [27] This shows that a single type of ion can be transported by several enzymes, which need not be active all the time (constitutively), but may exist to meet specific, intermittent needs. Symporter [ edit ] A symporter uses the downhill movement of one solute species from high to low concentration to move another molecule uphill from low concentration to high concentration (against its concentration gradient ). Both molecules are transported in the same direction. An example is the glucose symporter SGLT1 , which co-transports one glucose (or galactose ) molecule into the cell for every two sodium ions it imports into the cell. [28] This symporter is located in the small intestines, [29] heart, [30] and brain. [31] It is also located in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule in each nephron in the kidneys . [32] Its mechanism is exploited in glucose rehydration therapy [33] This mechanism uses the absorption of sugar through the walls of the intestine to pull water in along with it. [34] Defects in SGLT2 prevent effective reabsorption of glucose, causing familial renal glucosuria . [35] Bulk transport [ edit ] Main articles: Endocytosis and Exocytosis Endocytosis and exocytosis are both forms of bulk transport that move materials into and out of cells, respectively, via vesicles . [36] In the case of endocytosis, the cellular membrane folds around the desired materials outside the cell. [37] The ingested particle becomes trapped within a pouch, known as a vesicle, inside the cytoplasm . Often enzymes from lysosomes are then used to digest the molecules absorbed by this process. Substances that enter the cell via signal mediated endocytosis include proteins, hormones and growth factors. [38] Viruses enter cells through a form of endocytosis that involves their outer membrane fusing with the membrane of the cell. This forces the viral DNA into the host cell. [39] Biologists distinguish two main types of endocytosis: pinocytosis and phagocytosis . [40] In pinocytosis, cells engulf liquid particles (in humans this process occurs in the small intestine, where cells engulf fat droplets). [41] In phagocytosis, cells engulf solid particles. [42] Exocytosis involves the removal of substances through the fusion of the outer cell membrane and a vesicle membrane [43] An example of exocytosis would be the transmission of neurotransmitters across a synapse between brain cells. See also [ edit ] ATP-binding cassette transporter Countercurrent exchange Protein targeting Translocation References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"The importance of homeostasis\" . Science . me . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Du Bois-Reymond, E. (1848–84). Untersuchungen über thierische Elektricität Berlin: Reimer. (Vol. 1, Part 1, 1848; Vol. 1, Part 2, 1849; Vol. 2, Part 1, 1860; Vol. 2, Part 2, 1884). Jump up ^ Rosenberg, T. (1948). On accumulation and active transport in biological systems. I. Thermodynamic considerations. Acta Chem. Scand. 2, 14-33, [1] . Jump up ^ \"Jens C. Skou - Biographical\". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 11 Nov 2017 Jump up ^ \"Jens C. Skou - Biographical\". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 11 Nov 2017 Jump up ^ Inzucchi, Silvio E et al. “SGLT-2 Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk: Proposed Pathways and Review of Ongoing Outcome Trials.” Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research 12.2 (2015): 90–100. PMC. Web. 11 Nov. 2017 Jump up ^ Story of Discovery: SGLT2 Inhibitors: Harnessing the Kidneys to Help Treat Diabetes.” National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.niddk.nih.gov/news/research-updates/Pages/story-discovery-SGLT2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes.aspx. Jump up ^ Story of Discovery: SGLT2 Inhibitors: Harnessing the Kidneys to Help Treat Diabetes.” National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.niddk.nih.gov/news/research-updates/Pages/story-discovery-SGLT2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes.aspx. Jump up ^ Active Transport Process . Buzzle.com (2010-05-14). Retrieved on 2011-12-05. Jump up ^ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 15.6, Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21687/ Jump up ^ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Chapter 15, Transport across Cell Membranes. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21525/ Jump up ^ Active Transport Archived August 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine .. Biologycorner.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-05. Jump up ^ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 15.6, Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21687 Jump up ^ Physiology: 7/7ch05/7ch05p11 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ Reese, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Tenth Edition, Campbell's Biology . United States: Pearson Education Inc. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-321-77565-8 – via Tenth edition. Jump up ^ Cooper, Geoffrey (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach . Washington, DC: ASM PRESS. p. 65. ISBN 9780878933006 . Jump up ^ Physiology: 7/7ch05/7ch05p12 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Carrier Proteins and Active Membrane Transport. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26896/ Jump up ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Carrier Proteins and Active Membrane Transport. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26896/ Jump up ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Electron-Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26904/ Jump up ^ Crane, Robert K. ; Miller, D.; Bihler, I. (1961). \"The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars\". In Kleinzeller, A.; Kotyk, A. Membrane Transport and Metabolism. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague, August 22–27, 1960 . Prague: Czech Academy of Sciences . pp. 439–449. Jump up ^ Wright EM, Turk E (February 2004). \"The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5\". Pflügers Arch . 447 (5): 510–8. doi : 10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6 . PMID 12748858 . Crane in 1961 was the first to formulate the cotransport concept to explain active transport [7]. Specifically, he proposed that the accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelium across the brush border membrane was coupled to downhill Na + transport cross the brush border. This hypothesis was rapidly tested, refined and extended [to] encompass the active transport of a diverse range of molecules and ions into virtually every cell type. Jump up ^ Boyd CA (March 2008). \"Facts, fantasies and fun in epithelial physiology\". Exp. Physiol . 93 (3): 303–14. doi : 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.037523 . PMID 18192340 . p. 304. “the insight from this time that remains in all current text books is the notion of Robert Crane published originally as an appendix to a symposium paper published in 1960 ( Crane et al. 1960). The key point here was 'flux coupling', the cotransport of sodium and glucose in the apical membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell. Half a century later this idea has turned into one of the most studied of all transporter proteins (SGLT1), the sodium–glucose cotransporter. Jump up ^ Yu, SP; Choi, DW (June 1997). \"Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange currents in cortical neurons: concomitant forward and reverse operation and effect of glutamate\". The European Journal of Neuroscience . 9 (6): 1273–81. doi : 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01482.x . PMID 9215711 . Jump up ^ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 15.6, Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21687/ Jump up ^ Strehler, EE; Zacharias, DA (January 2001). \"Role of alternative splicing in generating isoform diversity among plasma membrane calcium pumps\". Physiological Reviews . 81 (1): 21–50. PMID 11152753 . Jump up ^ Patterson, M; Sneyd, J; Friel, DD (January 2007). \"Depolarization-induced calcium responses in sympathetic neurons: relative contributions from Ca2+ entry, extrusion, ER/mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release, and Ca2+ buffering\" . The Journal of General Physiology . 129 (1): 29–56. doi : 10.1085/jgp.200609660 . PMC 2151609 . PMID 17190902 . Jump up ^ Wright, EM; Loo, DD; Panayotova-Heiermann, M; Lostao, MP; Hirayama, BH; Mackenzie, B; Boorer, K; Zampighi, G (November 1994). \" ' Active' sugar transport in eukaryotes\". The Journal of Experimental Biology . 196 : 197–212. PMID 7823022 . Jump up ^ Dyer, J; Hosie, KB; Shirazi-Beechey, SP (July 1997). \"Nutrient regulation of human intestinal sugar transporter (SGLT2) expression\" . Gut . 41 (1): 56–9. doi : 10.1136/gut.41.1.56 . PMC 1027228 . PMID 9274472 . Jump up ^ Zhou, L; Cryan, EV; D'Andrea, MR; Belkowski, S; Conway, BR; Demarest, KT (1 October 2003). \"Human cardiomyocytes express high level of Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT2)\". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry . 90 (2): 339–46. doi : 10.1002/jcb.10631 . PMID 14505350 . Jump up ^ Poppe, R; Karbach, U; Gambaryan, S; Wiesinger, H; Lutzenburg, M; Kraemer, M; Witte, OW; Koepsell, H (July 1997). \"Expression of the Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in neurons\". Journal of Neurochemistry . 69 (1): 84–94. doi : 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69010084.x . PMID 9202297 . Jump up ^ Wright EM (2001). \"Renal Na + -glucose cotransporters\". Am J Physiol Renal Physiol . 280 (1): F10–8. PMID 11133510 . Jump up ^ Loo, DD; Zeuthen, T; Chandy, G; Wright, EM (12 November 1996). \"Cotransport of water by the Na+/glucose cotransporter\" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 93 (23): 13367–70. doi : 10.1073/pnas.93.23.13367 . PMC 24099 . PMID 8917597 . Jump up ^ Loo, Donald D.; Zeuthan, Thomas; Chandy, Grischa; Wright, Ernest M. (1996-11-12). \"Cotransport of water by Na+/glucose cotransporter\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 93 (23): 13367-13370. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 8917597 . Jump up ^ Wright EM, Hirayama BA, Loo DF (2007). \"Active sugar transport in health and disease\". Journal of internal medicine . 261 (1): 32–43. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01746.x . PMID 17222166 . Jump up ^ Reece, Jane; Urry, Lisa; Cain, Michael; Wasserman, Steven; Minorsky, Peter; Jackson, Robert (2014). Tenth Addition Campbell Biology . United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-321-77565-8 – via Tenth Addition. Jump up ^ Transport into the Cell from the Plasma Membrane: Endocytosis – Molecular Biology of the Cell – NCBI Bookshelf . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2011-10-03). Retrieved on 2011-12-05. Jump up ^ Paston, Ira; Willingham, Mark C. (1985). Endocytosis. Springer, Boston, MA. pp 1-44. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6904-6_1. ISBN 9781461569060 . Jump up ^ Jahn, Reinhard, and Thomas C Sudhof. “Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis.” Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis | Annual Review of Biochemistry, Annual Review of Biochemistry, July 1999, www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.863. Jump up ^ Cell : Two Major Process in Exchange Of Materials Between Cell And Environment Archived August 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine .. Takdang Aralin (2009-10-26). Retrieved on 2011-12-05. Jump up ^ Pinocytosis: Definition . biology-online.org Jump up ^ Phagocytosis . Courses.washington.edu. Retrieved on 2011-12-05. Jump up ^ Jahn, Reinhard, and Thomas C Sudhof. “Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis.” Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis | Annual Review of Biochemistry, Annual Review of Biochemistry, July 1999, www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.863. Notes [ edit ] Lodish H.; Berk A.; Zipursky S.L.; Matsudaira P.; Baltimore D.; Darnell J. (2000). \"Section 15.6 Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters\" . Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3136-3 . External links [ edit ] Secondary Active Transport [ hide ] v t e Membrane transport Mechanisms for chemical transport through biological membranes Passive transport Simple diffusion (or non- mediated transport ) Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Channels Carriers Active transport Uniporter Symporter Antiporter Primary active transport Secondary active transport Cytosis Endocytosis Efferocytosis Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Potocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Transcytosis Exocytosis Degranulation Authority control NDL : 00570452 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Active_transport&oldid=837540262 \" Categories : Membrane biology Biological matter Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kreyòl ayisyen Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018, at 13:40. 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{ "text": "The Nutcracker - Wikipedia The Nutcracker From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the ballet and the music by Tchaikovsky. For other uses, see Nutcracker (disambiguation) . \"The Nutcracker Suite\" redirects here. For the albums, see The Nutcracker Suite (Tim Sparks album) and The Nutcracker Suite (Duke Ellington album) . Ballets by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Swan Lake (1876) Sleeping Beauty (1889) The Nutcracker (1892) List of all compositions v t e The Nutcracker ( Russian : Щелкунчик, Балет-феерия / Shchelkunchik, Balet-feyeriya listen ( help · info ) ; French : Casse-Noisette, ballet-féerie ) is a two-act ballet , originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (op. 71). The libretto is adapted from E. T. A. Hoffmann 's story \" The Nutcracker and the Mouse King \", by way of Alexandre Dumas ' adapted story \"The Nutcracker\". It was given its premiere at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg on Sunday, December 18, 1892, on a double-bill with Tchaikovsky's opera Iolanta . [1] Although the original production was not a success, the 20-minute suite that Tchaikovsky extracted from the ballet was. However, the complete Nutcracker has enjoyed enormous popularity since the late 1960s and is now performed by countless ballet companies, primarily during the Christmas season, especially in North America. [2] Major American ballet companies generate around 40% of their annual ticket revenues from performances of The Nutcracker . [3] [4] Tchaikovsky's score has become one of his most famous compositions, in particular the pieces featured in the suite. [5] Among other things, the score is noted for its use of the celesta , an instrument that the composer had already employed in his much lesser known symphonic ballad The Voyevoda . Contents [ hide ] 1 Composition 2 History 2.1 St. Petersburg premiere 2.2 Subsequent productions 3 Roles 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 4 Synopsis 5 The music 5.1 From the Imperial Ballet's 1892 program 5.2 Structure 5.3 Instrumentation 5.4 Tchaikovsky's sources and influences 5.5 Concert excerpts and arrangements 5.5.1 Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker Suite, Op. 71a 5.5.2 Grainger: Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky’s Flower Waltz , for solo piano 5.5.3 Pletnev: Concert suite from The Nutcracker , for solo piano 5.6 Selected discography 5.7 Contemporary arrangements 6 In popular culture 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Video games 6.4 Children's recordings 6.5 Journalism 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Composition [ edit ] After the success of The Sleeping Beauty in 1890, Ivan Vsevolozhsky , the director of the Imperial Theatres, commissioned Tchaikovsky to compose a double-bill program featuring both an opera and a ballet. The opera would be Iolanta . For the ballet, Tchaikovsky would again join forces with Marius Petipa, with whom he had collaborated on The Sleeping Beauty. The material Petipa chose was an adaptation of E. T. A. Hoffmann's story \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\" by Alexandre Dumas père called \"The Tale of the Nutcracker\". [1] The plot of Hoffmann's story (and Dumas' adaptation) was greatly simplified for the two-act ballet. Hoffmann's tale contains a long flashback story within its main plot titled \"The Tale of the Hard Nut\", which explains how the Prince was turned into the Nutcracker. This had to be excised for the ballet. [6] Petipa gave Tchaikovsky extremely detailed instructions for the composition of each number, down to the tempo and number of bars. [1] The completion of the work was interrupted for a short time when Tchaikovsky visited the United States for twenty-five days to conduct concerts for the opening of Carnegie Hall . [7] Tchaikovsky composed parts of The Nutcracker in Rouen, France . [8] History [ edit ] St. Petersburg premiere [ edit ] ( Left to right ) Lydia Rubtsova as Marianna, Stanislava Belinskaya as Clara and Vassily Stukolkin as Fritz, in the original production of The Nutcracker (Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, 1892) The original production of The Nutcracker , 1892 Olga Preobrajenska as the Sugar Plum Fairy and Nikolai Legat as Prince Coqueluche in the Grand pas de deux in the original production of The Nutcracker . Imperial Mariinsky Theatre , St. Petersburg, c. 1900 The first performance of the ballet was held as a double premiere together with Tchaikovsky's last opera, Iolanta , on 18 December [ O.S. 6 December] 1892, at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg , Russia . Although the libretto was by Marius Petipa , who exactly choreographed the first production has been debated. Petipa began work on the choreography in August 1892; however, illness removed him from its completion and his assistant of seven years, Lev Ivanov , was brought in. Although Ivanov is often credited as the choreographer, some contemporary accounts credit Petipa. The performance was conducted by Riccardo Drigo , with Antonietta Dell'Era as the Sugar Plum Fairy, Pavel Gerdt as Prince Coqueluche, Stanislava Belinskaya as Clara, Sergei Legat as the Nutcracker-Prince, and Timofey Stukolkin as Drosselmeyer. The children's roles, unlike many later productions, were performed by real children rather than adults (with Belinskaya as Clara, and Vassily Stukolkin as Fritz), students of Imperial Ballet School of St. Petersburg . The first performance of The Nutcracker was not deemed a success. [9] The reaction to the dancers themselves was ambivalent. While some critics praised Dell'Era on her pointework as the Sugar Plum Fairy (she allegedly received five curtain-calls), one critic called her \"corpulent\" and \"podgy\". [10] Olga Preobrajenskaya as the Columbine doll was panned by one critic as \"completely insipid\" and praised as \"charming\" by another. [10] Alexandre Benois described the choreography of the battle scene as confusing: \"One can not understand anything. Disorderly pushing about from corner to corner and running backwards and forwards – quite amateurish.\" [10] The libretto was criticized as \"lopsided\" [11] and for not being faithful to the Hoffmann tale. Much of the criticism focused on the featuring of children so prominently in the ballet, [12] and many bemoaned the fact that the ballerina did not dance until the Grand Pas de Deux near the end of the second act (which did not occur until nearly midnight during the program). [11] Some found the transition between the mundane world of the first scene and the fantasy world of the second act too abrupt. [1] Reception was better for Tchaikovsky's score. Some critics called it \"astonishingly rich in detailed inspiration\" and \"from beginning to end, beautiful, melodious, original, and characteristic\". [13] But even this was not unanimous as some critics found the party scene \"ponderous\" and the Grand Pas de Deux \"insipid\". [14] Subsequent productions [ edit ] Main article: List of productions of The Nutcracker In 1919, choreographer Alexander Gorsky staged a production which eliminated the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier and gave their dances to Clara and the Nutcracker Prince, who were played by adults instead of children. This was the first production to do so. An abridged version of the ballet was first performed outside Russia in Budapest (Royal Opera House) in 1927, with choreography by Ede Brada. [15] In 1934, choreographer Vasili Vainonen staged a version of the work that addressed many of the criticisms of the original 1892 production by casting adult dancers in the roles of Clara and the Prince, as Gorsky had. The Vainonen version influenced several later productions. [1] The first complete performance outside Russia took place in England in 1934, [9] staged by Nicholas Sergeyev after Petipa's original choreography. Annual performances of the ballet have been staged there since 1952. [16] Another abridged version of the ballet, performed by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo , was staged in New York City in 1940, [17] Alexandra Fedorova – again, after Petipa's version. [9] The ballet's first complete United States performance was on 24 December 1944, by the San Francisco Ballet , staged by its artistic director, Willam Christensen , and starring Gisella Caccialanza as the Sugar Plum Fairy. [9] After the enormous success of this production, San Francisco Ballet has presented Nutcracker every Christmas Eve and throughout the winter season, debuting new productions in 1944, 1954, 1967, and 2004. The New York City Ballet gave its first annual performance of George Balanchine 's staging of The Nutcracker in 1954. [9] Beginning in the 1960s, the tradition of performing the complete ballet at Christmas eventually spread to the rest of the United States. Since Gorsky, Vainonen and Balanchine's productions, many other choreographers have made their own versions. Some institute the changes made by Gorsky and Vainonen while others, like Balanchine, utilize the original libretto. Some notable productions include those by Rudolf Nureyev for the Royal Ballet , Yuri Grigorovich for the Bolshoi Ballet , Mikhail Baryshnikov for the American Ballet Theatre , Kent Stowell for Pacific Northwest Ballet starting in 1983, and Peter Wright for the Royal Ballet and the Birmingham Royal Ballet . In recent years, revisionist productions, including those by Mark Morris , Matthew Bourne , and Mikhail Chemiakin have appeared; these depart radically from both the original 1892 libretto and Vainonen's revival, while Maurice Bejart 's version completely discards the original plot and characters. In addition to annual live stagings of the work, many productions have also been televised and/or released on home video. [2] Roles [ edit ] The following extrapolation of the characters (in order of appearance) is drawn from an examination of the stage directions in the score. [18] Act I [ edit ] Herr Stahlbaum His wife His children, including: Clara, his daughter, sometimes known as Marie or Masha Fritz, son Louise, his daughter Children Guests Parents dressed as incroyables Herr Drosselmeyer His nephew (in some versions) who resembles the Nutcracker Prince and is played by the same dancer Dolls (spring-activated, sometimes all three dancers instead): Harlequin and Columbine, appearing out of a cabbage (1st gift) Vivandière and a Soldier (2nd gift) Nutcracker (3rd gift, at first a normal-sized toy, then full-sized and \"speaking\", then a Prince) Owl (on clock, changing into Drosselmeyer) Mice Sentinel (speaking role) The Bunny Soldiers (of the Nutcracker) Mouse King Snowflakes (sometimes Snow Crystals, sometimes accompanying a Snow Queen & King) Act II [ edit ] Angels Sugar Plum Fairy Clara Nutcracker Prince 12 Pages Eminent members of the court Spanish dancers (Chocolate) Arabian dancers (Coffee) Chinese dancers (Tea) Russian dancers (Candy Canes) Danish shepherdesses/French mirliton players (Marzipan) Mother Ginger Polichinelles (Mother Ginger's Children) Dewdrop Flowers Sugar Plum Fairy's Cavalier Synopsis [ edit ] Konstantin Ivanov 's original sketch for the set of The Nutcracker (1892) Below is a synopsis based on the original 1892 libretto by Marius Petipa. The story varies from production to production, though most follow the basic outline. The names of the characters also vary. In the original E. T. A. Hoffmann story, the young heroine is called Marie Stahlbaum and Clara (Klärchen) is her doll 's name. In the adaptation by Dumas on which Petipa based his libretto, her name is Marie Silberhaus. [6] In still other productions, such as Baryshnikov's, Clara is Clara Stahlbaum rather than Clara Silberhaus. Act I Scene 1: The Stahlbaum Home It is Christmas Eve. Family and friends have gathered in the parlor to decorate the beautiful Christmas tree in preparation for the party. Once the tree is finished, the children are sent for. They stand in awe of the tree sparkling with candles and decorations. The party begins. A march is played. Presents are given out to the children. Suddenly, as the owl-topped grandmother clock strikes eight, a mysterious figure enters the room. It is Drosselmeyer, a local councilman, magician, and Clara's godfather. He is also a talented toymaker who has brought with him gifts for the children, including four lifelike dolls who dance to the delight of all. He then has them put away for safekeeping. Clara and Fritz are sad to see the dolls being taken away, but Drosselmeyer has yet another toy for them: a wooden nutcracker carved in the shape of a little man, used for cracking nuts. The other children ignore it, but Clara immediately takes a liking to it. Fritz, however, breaks it. Clara is heartbroken. During the night, after everyone else has gone to bed, Clara returns to the parlor to check on her beloved nutcracker. As she reaches the little bed, the clock strikes midnight and she looks up to see Drosselmeyer perched atop it. Suddenly, mice begin to fill the room and the Christmas tree begins to grow to dizzying heights. The nutcracker also grows to life size. Clara finds herself in the midst of a battle between an army of gingerbread soldiers and the mice, led by their king. They begin to eat the soldiers. The nutcracker appears to lead the soldiers, who are joined by tin ones and dolls who serve as doctors to carry away the wounded. As the Mouse King advances on the still-wounded nutcracker, Clara throws her slipper at him, distracting him long enough for the nutcracker to stab him. Scene 2 : A Pine Forest The mice retreat and the nutcracker is transformed into a handsome Prince. He leads Clara through the moonlit night to a pine forest in which the snowflakes dance around them, beckoning them on to his kingdom as the first act ends. Act II Scene 1: The Land of Sweets Clara and the Prince travel to the beautiful Land of Sweets, ruled by the Sugar Plum Fairy in the Prince's place until his return. He recounts for her how he had been saved from the Mouse King by Clara and transformed back into himself. In honor of the young heroine, a celebration of sweets from around the world is produced: chocolate from Spain, coffee from Arabia, tea from China, and candy canes from Russia all dance for their amusement; Danish shepherdesses perform on their flutes; Mother Ginger has her children, the Polichinelles, emerge from under her enormous hoop skirt to dance; a string of beautiful flowers perform a waltz. To conclude the night, the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier perform a dance. A final waltz is performed by all the sweets, after which the Sugar Plum Fairy ushers Clara and the Prince down from their throne. He bows to her, she kisses Clara goodbye, and leads them to a reindeer drawn sleigh. It takes off as they wave goodbye to all the subjects who wave back. In the original libretto, the ballet's apotheosis \"represents a large beehive with flying bees, closely guarding their riches\". [19] Just like Swan Lake , there have been various alternative endings created in productions subsequent to the original. The music [ edit ] From the Imperial Ballet's 1892 program [ edit ] Titles of all of the numbers listed here come from Marius Petipa's original scenario, as well as the original libretto and programs of the first production of 1892. All libretti and programs of works performed on the stages of the Imperial Theatres were titled in French, which was the official language of the Imperial Court, as well as the language from which balletic terminology is derived. Casse-Noisette . Ballet-féerie in two acts and three tableaux with apotheosis. Act I 0 1. Petite ouverture 0 2. Scène: Une fête de Noël 0 3. Marche et petit galop des enfants 0 4. Danse des incroyables et merveilleuses 0 5. Entrée de Drosselmeyer 0 6. Danses des poupées mécaniques— a. Le Soldat et la vivandière b. Arlequin et Colombine (originally composed for a She-devil and a He-devil) 0 7. Le Casse-Noisette—Polka et la berceuse 0 8. Danse \"Großvater\" 0 9. Grand scène fantastique: la métamorphose du salon 10. La bataille de Casse-Noisette et du Roi des souris 11. Le voyage 12. Valse des flocons de neige Act II 13a. Entr'acte 13b. Grand scène de Confiturembürg Grand divertissement— 14. \"Chocolat\"—Danse espagnole 15. \"Café\"—Danse arabe 16. \"Thé\"—Danse chinoise 17. Danse des Bouffons 18. Danse des mirlitons 19. La mère Gigogne et les polichinelles 20. Grand ballabile (a.k.a. Waltz of the Flowers ) 21. Pas de deux— a. Adage b. Variation du Prince Coqueluche (M. Pavel Gerdt) c. Variation de la Fée-Dragée (Mlle Antoinetta Dell'Era) d. Coda 22. Coda générale 23. Apothéose: Une ruche Ivan Vsevolozhsky's original costume designs for Mother Gigogne and her Polichinelle children, 1892 Variation of the Sugar Plum Fairy Problems playing this file? See media help . Structure [ edit ] List of acts, scenes (tableaux) and musical numbers, along with tempo indications . Numbers are given according to the original Russian and French titles of the first edition score (1892), the piano reduction score by Sergei Taneyev (1892), both published by P. Jurgenson in Moscow, and the Soviet collected edition of the composer's works, as reprinted Melville, New York: Belwin Mills [n.d.] [20] Scene No. English title French title Russian title Tempo indication Notes Act I Miniature Overture Ouverture miniature Увертюра Allegro giusto Tableau I 1 Scene (The Christmas Tree) Scène (L'arbre de Noël) Сцена (Сцена украшения и зажигания ёлки) Allegro non troppo – Più moderato – Allegro vivace scene of decorating and lighting the Christmas tree 2 March (also March of the Toy Soldiers) Marche Марш Tempo di marcia viva 3 Children's Gallop and Dance of the Parents Petit galop des enfants et Entrée des parents Детский галоп и вход (танец) родителей Presto – Andante – Allegro 4 Dance Scene (Arrival of Drosselmeyer) Scène dansante Сцена с танцами Andantino – Allegro vivo – Andantino sostenuto – Più andante – Allegro molto vivace – Tempo di Valse – Presto Drosselmeyer's arrival and distribution of presents 5 Scene and Grandfather Waltz Scène et danse du Gross-Vater Сцена и танец Гросфатер Andante – Andantino – Moderato assai – Andante – L'istesso tempo – Tempo di Gross-Vater – Allegro vivacissimo 6 Scene (Clara and the Nutcracker) Scène Сцена Allegro semplice – Moderato con moto – Allegro giusto – Più allegro – Moderato assai departure of the guests 7 Scene (The Battle) Scène Сцена Allegro vivo Tableau II 8 Scene (A Pine Forest in Winter) Scène Сцена Andante a.k.a. \"Journey through the Snow\" 9 Waltz of the Snowflakes Valse des flocons de neige Вальс снежных хлопьев Tempo di Valse, ma con moto – Presto Act II Tableau III 10 Scene (The Magic Castle in the Land of Sweets) Scène Сцена Andante introduction 11 Scene (Clara and Nutcracker Prince) Scène Сцена Andante con moto – Moderato – Allegro agitato – Poco più allegro – Tempo precedente arrival of Clara and the Prince 12 Divertissement a. Chocolate (Spanish Dance) b. Coffee (Arabian Dance) c. Tea (Chinese Dance) d. Candy Canes (Russian Dance) e. Marzipan (Dance of the Reed Flutes) f. Mother Ginger and the Polichinelles Divertissement a. Le chocolat (Danse espagnole) b. Le café (Danse arabe) c. Le thé (Danse chinoise) d. Trépak (Danse russe) e. Les Mirlitons (Danse des Mirlitons) f. La mère Gigogne et les polichinelles Дивертисмент a. Шоколад (Испанский танец) b. Кофе (Арабский танец) c. Чай (Китайский танец) d. Трепак (Русский танец) e. Танец пастушков f. Полишинели Allegro brillante Commodo Allegro moderato Tempo di trepak, molto vivace Andantino Allegro giocoso – Andante – Allegro vivo e. a.k.a. \"Dance of the Reed Pipes\" f. a.k.a. \"Mother Ginger and Her Children\", \"Dance of the Clowns\", or \"Polichinelles\" 13 Waltz of the Flowers Valse des fleurs Вальс цветов Tempo di Valse 14 Pas de Deux Intrada (Sugar Plum Fairy and Her Cavalier) Variation I: Tarantella Variation II: Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy Coda Pas de deux La Fée-Dragée et le Prince Orgeat Variation I: Tarantelle (Pour le danseur) Variation II: Danse de la Fée-Dragée (Pour la danseuse) Coda Па-де-дё Танец принца Оршада и Феи Драже Вариация I: Тарантелла Вариация II: Танец Феи Драже Кода Andante maestoso Tempo di Tarantella Andante ma non troppo – Presto Vivace assai a.k.a. \"Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier\" for the male dancer for the female dancer 15 Final Waltz and Apotheosis Valse finale et Apothéose Финальный вальс и Апофеоз Tempo di Valse – Molto meno Instrumentation [ edit ] Woodwinds 3 flutes (2nd & 3rd doubling on piccolo ), 2 oboes , cor anglais , 2 clarinets in B ♭ and A, bass clarinet in B ♭ , and 2 bassoons Brass 4 French horns in F, 2 trumpets in A and B ♭ , 3 trombones (2 tenor , 1 bass ), and tuba Percussion timpani , snare drum , cymbals , bass drum , triangle , tambourine , castanets , tam-tam , glockenspiel , and \"toy instruments\" ( rattle , trumpet, drum, cuckoo, quail, cymbals, and rifle) Keyboard celesta Voice SA chorus Strings 2 harps , first and second violins , violas , violoncellos , and double basses Tchaikovsky's sources and influences [ edit ] Ivan Vsevolozhsky's original costume sketch for The Nutcracker (1892) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Nutcracker is one of the composer's most popular compositions. The music belongs to the Romantic Period and contains some of his most memorable melodies, several of which are frequently used in television and film. (They are often heard in TV commercials shown during the Christmas season . [21] ) The Trepak , or Russian dance , is one of the most recognizable pieces in the ballet, along with the famous Waltz of the Flowers and March , as well as the ubiquitous Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy . The composer's reverence for Rococo and late 18th-century music can be detected in passages such as the Overture, the \"Entrée des parents\", and \" Tempo di Grossvater \" in act 1. Tchaikovsky is said to have argued with a friend who wagered that the composer could not write a melody based on a one-octave scale in sequence. Tchaikovsky asked if it mattered whether the notes were in ascending or descending order, and was assured it did not. This resulted in the Adagio from the Grand pas de deux , which, in the ballet, nearly always immediately follows the Waltz of the Flowers . A story is also told that Tchaikovsky's sister had died shortly before he began composition of the ballet, and that his sister's death influenced him to compose a melancholy, descending scale melody for the adagio of the Grand Pas de Deux. [22] One novelty in Tchaikovsky's original score was the use of the celesta , a new instrument Tchaikovsky had discovered in Paris. He wanted it genuinely for the character of the Sugar Plum Fairy to characterize her because of its \"heavenly sweet sound\". It appears not only in her \"Dance\", but also in other passages in act 2. (However, he first wrote for the celesta in his symphonic ballad The Voyevoda the previous year.) Tchaikovsky also uses toy instruments during the Christmas party scene. Tchaikovsky was proud of the celesta's effect, and wanted its music performed quickly for the public, before he could be \"scooped.\" Although the original ballet is only about 85 minutes long if performed without applause or an intermission, and therefore much shorter than either Swan Lake or The Sleeping Beauty , some modern staged performances have omitted or re-ordered some of the music, or inserted selections from elsewhere, thus adding to the confusion over the suites. In fact, most of the very famous versions of the ballet have had the order of the dances slightly re-arranged, if they have not actually altered the music. For instance, the 1954 George Balanchine New York City Ballet version adds to Tchaikovsky's score an entr'acte that the composer wrote for act 2 of The Sleeping Beauty , but which is now seldom played in productions of that ballet. It is used as a transition between the departure of the guests and the battle with the mice. Nearly all of the CD and LP recordings of the complete ballet present Tchaikovsky's score exactly as he originally conceived it. Tchaikovsky was less satisfied with The Nutcracker than with The Sleeping Beauty . (In the film Fantasia , commentator Deems Taylor observes that he \"really detested\" the score.) Tchaikovsky accepted the commission from Vsevolozhsky but did not particularly want to write the ballet [23] (though he did write to a friend while composing it: \"I am daily becoming more and more attuned to my task\"). [24] Concert excerpts and arrangements [ edit ] Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker Suite, Op. 71a [ edit ] Tchaikovsky made a selection of eight of the numbers from the ballet before the ballet's December 1892 première, forming The Nutcracker Suite , Op. 71a, intended for concert performance. The suite was first performed, under the composer's direction, on 19 March 1892 at an assembly of the St. Petersburg branch of the Musical Society. [25] The suite became instantly popular, with almost every number encored at its premiere, [26] while the complete ballet did not begin to achieve its great popularity until after the George Balanchine staging became a hit in New York City. [27] The suite became very popular on the concert stage, and was featured in Disney 's Fantasia . The Nutcracker Suite should not be mistaken for the complete ballet. The outline below represents the selection and sequence of the Nutcracker Suite culled by the composer. II I. Miniature Overture I II. Danses caractéristiques a. Marche b. Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy [ending altered from ballet-version] c. Russian Dance ( Trepak ) d. Arabian Dance e. Chinese Dance f. Reed Flutes III. Waltz of the Flowers Grainger: Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky’s Flower Waltz , for solo piano [ edit ] The Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky’s Flower Waltz is a successful piano arrangement from one of the movements from The Nutcracker by the pianist and composer Percy Grainger . Pletnev: Concert suite from The Nutcracker , for solo piano [ edit ] The pianist and conductor Mikhail Pletnev adapted some of the music into a virtuosic concert suite for piano solo: a. March b. Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy c. Tarantella d. Intermezzo (Journey through the Snow) e. Russian Trepak f. Chinese Dance g. Andante maestoso (Pas de Deux) Selected discography [ edit ] Many recordings have been made since 1909 of the Nutcracker Suite , which made its initial appearance on disc that year in what is now historically considered the first record album . [28] This recording was conducted by Herman Finck and featured the London Palace Orchestra. [29] But it was not until the LP album was developed that recordings of the complete ballet began to be made. Because of the ballet's approximate hour and a half length when performed without intermission, applause, or interpolated numbers, it fits very comfortably onto two LPs. Most CD recordings take up two discs, often with fillers. An exception is the 81-minute 1998 Philips recording by Valery Gergiev that fits onto one CD because of Gergiev's somewhat brisker speeds. 1954, the year in which Balanchine first staged his production of it, was also the year that the first complete recording of the ballet appeared – a 2-LP album set in mono sound released by Mercury Records . The cover design was by George Maas and featured illustrations by Dorothy Maas. [30] The music was performed by the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Antal Doráti . Dorati later re-recorded the complete ballet in stereo, with the London Symphony Orchestra in 1962 for Mercury and with the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1975 for Philips Classics . According to Mercury Records, the 1962 recording was made on 35mm magnetic film rather than audio tape, and used album cover art identical to that of the 1954 recording. [31] [32] Dorati is the only conductor so far to have made three different recordings of the complete ballet. Some have hailed the 1975 recording as the finest ever made of the complete ballet. [33] It is also faithful to the score in employing a boys' choir in the Waltz of the Snowflakes . Many other recordings use an adult or mixed choir. In 1956, the conductor Artur Rodziński and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra made a complete recording of the ballet on stereo master tapes for Westminster Records , but because stereo was not possible on the LP format in 1956, the recording was issued in stereo on magnetic tape , and only a mono 2-LP set was issued. (Recently, the Rodziński performance was issued in stereo on CD .) Rodziński had previously made a 78-RPM mono recording of the Nutcracker Suite for Columbia Masterworks in 1946, a recording which was reissued in 1948 as part of Columbia's first collection of classical LP's. [34] According to some sources, Rodziński made two complete recordings of the ballet, one with the Royal Philharmonic and one with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. [35] However, the conductor died only two years after making his 1956 Nutcracker recording, so it is possible that there may have been a mislabeling. In 1959, the first stereo LP album set of the complete ballet, with Ernest Ansermet conducting the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande , appeared on Decca Records in the UK and London Records in the US. The first complete stereo Nutcracker with a Russian conductor and a Russian orchestra appeared in 1960, when Gennady Rozhdestvensky 's recording of it, with the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra, was issued first in the Soviet Union on Melodiya , then imported to the U.S. on Columbia Masterworks . It was also Columbia Masterworks' first complete Nutcracker . [36] With the advent of the stereo LP coinciding with the growing popularity of the complete ballet, many other complete recordings of it have been made. Notable conductors who have done so include Maurice Abravanel , André Previn , Michael Tilson Thomas , Mariss Jansons , Seiji Ozawa , Richard Bonynge , Semyon Bychkov , Alexander Vedernikov , Ondrej Lenard , Mikhail Pletnev , and most recently, Simon Rattle . [37] A CD of excerpts from the Tilson Thomas version had as its album cover art a painting of Mikhail Baryshnikov in his Nutcracker costume; perhaps this was due to the fact that the Tilson Thomas recording was released by CBS Masterworks, and CBS had first telecast the Baryshnikov \"Nutcracker\". [38] The soundtrack of the 1977 television production with Mikhail Baryshnikov and Gelsey Kirkland , featuring the National Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Kenneth Schermerhorn , was issued in stereo on a CBS Masterworks 2 LP-set, but it has not appeared on CD. The LP soundtrack recording was, for a time, the only stereo version of the Baryshnikov Nutcracker available, since the show was originally telecast only in mono, and it was not until recently that it began to be telecast with stereo sound. The sound portion of the DVD is also in stereo. The first complete recording of the ballet in digital stereo was issued in 1985, on a two-CD RCA set featuring Leonard Slatkin conducting the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra . This album originally had no \"filler\", but it has recently been re-issued on a multi-CD set containing complete recordings of Tchaikovsky's two other ballets, Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty . This three-ballet album has now gone out of print. There have been two major theatrical film versions of the ballet, made within seven years of each other, and both were given soundtrack albums. The first theatrical film adaptation, made in 1985, is of the Pacific Northwest Ballet version , and was conducted by Sir Charles Mackerras . The music is played in this production by the London Symphony Orchestra . The film was directed by Carroll Ballard , who had never before directed a ballet film (and hasn't since). Patricia Barker played Clara in the fantasy sequences, and Vanessa Sharp played her in the Christmas party scene. Wade Walthall was the Nutcracker Prince. The second film adaptation was a 1993 film of the New York City Ballet version, titled George Balanchine's The Nutcracker , with David Zinman conducting the New York City Ballet Orchestra. The director was Emile Ardolino , who had won the Emmy, Obie, and Academy Awards for filming dance, and was to die of AIDS later that year. Principal dancers included the Balanchine muse Darci Kistler , who played the Sugar Plum Fairy, Heather Watts , Damian Woetzel , and Kyra Nichols . Two well-known actors also took part: Macaulay Culkin appeared as the Nutcracker/Prince, and Kevin Kline served as the offscreen narrator. The soundtrack features the interpolated number from The Sleeping Beauty that Balanchine used in the production, and the music is heard on the album in the order that it appears in the film, not in the order that it appears in the original ballet. [39] Notable albums of excerpts from the ballet, rather than just the usual Nutcracker Suite , were recorded by Eugene Ormandy conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra for Columbia Masterworks , and Fritz Reiner and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for RCA Victor. Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra (for RCA), as well as Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra (for Telarc ) have also recorded albums of extended excerpts. The original edition of Michael Tilson Thomas 's version with the Philharmonia Orchestra on CBS Masterworks was complete, but is out of print; [40] the currently available edition is abridged. [41] Neither Ormandy, Reiner, nor Fiedler ever recorded a complete version of the ballet; however, Kunzel's album of excerpts runs 73 minutes, containing more than two-thirds of the music. Conductor Neeme Järvi has recorded act 2 of the ballet complete, along with excerpts from Swan Lake . The music is played by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra . [42] Very many famous conductors of the twentieth century made recordings of the suite, but not of the complete ballet. These include such luminaries as Arturo Toscanini , Sir Thomas Beecham , Claudio Abbado , Leonard Bernstein , Herbert von Karajan , James Levine , Sir Neville Marriner , Robert Shaw , Mstislav Rostropovich , Sir Georg Solti , Leopold Stokowski , Zubin Mehta , and John Williams , among many others. In 2007, Josh Perschbacher recorded an organ transcription of the Nutcracker Suite . Contemporary arrangements [ edit ] In 1942, Freddy Martin and his orchestra recorded The Nutcracker Suite for Dance Orchestra on a set of 4 10-inch 78-RPM records. An arrangement of the suite that lay between dance music and jazz, it was released by RCA Victor. [43] In 1947, Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians recorded \"The Nutcracker Suite\" on a two-part Decca Records 12-inch 78 RPM record with one part on each side as Decca DU 90022, [44] packaged in a picture sleeve. This version had custom lyrics written for Waring's chorus by among others, Waring himself. The arrangements were by Harry Simeone . In 1960, Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn composed jazz interpretations of pieces from Tchaikovsky's score, recorded and released on LP as The Nutcracker Suite . [45] In 1999, this suite was supplemented with additional arrangements from the score by David Berger for The Harlem Nutcracker , a production of the ballet by Donald Byrd set during the Harlem Renaissance . [46] In 1960, Shorty Rogers released The Swingin' Nutcracker , featuring jazz interpretations of pieces from Tchaikovsky's score. In 1962, American poet and humorist Ogden Nash wrote verses inspired by the ballet, [47] and these verses have sometimes been performed in concert versions of the Nutcracker Suite . It has been recorded with Peter Ustinov reciting the verses, and the music is unchanged from the original. [48] In 1962 a novelty boogie piano arrangement of the \"Marche\", titled \" Nut Rocker \", was a No.1 single in the UK, and No.21 in the USA. Credited to B. Bumble and the Stingers , it was produced by Kim Fowley and featured studio musicians Al Hazan (piano), Earl Palmer (drums), Tommy Tedesco (guitar) and Red Callender (bass). \"Nut Rocker\" has subsequently been covered by many others including The Shadows , Emerson, Lake & Palmer , The Ventures , Dropkick Murphys , The Brian Setzer Orchestra , and the Trans-Siberian Orchestra . The Ventures' own instrumental rock cover of \"Nut Rocker\", known as \"Nutty\", is commonly connected to the NHL team, the Boston Bruins , from being used as the theme for the Bruins' telecast games for over two decades, from the late 1960s. In 2004, The Invincible Czars arranged, recorded, and now annually perform the entire suite for rock band. The Trans-Siberian Orchestra 's first album, Christmas Eve and Other Stories , includes an instrumental piece titled \"A Mad Russian's Christmas\", which is a rock version of music from The Nutcracker. On the other end of the scale is the humorous Spike Jones version released in December 1945 and again in 1971 as part of the long play record Spike Jones is Murdering the Classics , one of the rare comedic pop records to be issued on the prestigious RCA Red Seal label. The Disco Biscuits , a trance-fusion jam band from Philadelphia, have performed \"Waltz of the Flowers\" and \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\" on multiple occasions. The Los Angeles Guitar Quartet (LAGQ) recorded the Suite arranged for four acoustic guitars on their CD recording Dances from Renaissance to Nutcracker (1992, Delos). In 1993, guitarist Tim Sparks recorded his arrangements for acoustic guitar on The Nutcracker Suite . The Shirim Klezmer Orchestra released a klezmer version, titled \"Klezmer Nutcracker,\" in 1998 on the Newport label. The album became the basis for a December 2008 production by Ellen Kushner , titled \"The Klezmer Nutcracker\" and staged off Broadway in New York City . [49] In 2002, The Constructus Corporation used the melody of Sugar Plum Fairy for their track Choose Your Own Adventure . In 2008 a progressive metal / instrumental rock version of The Nutcracker Suite was released by Christmas at the Devil's House . It includes Overture Miniature , March , Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy , Russian Dance , Chinese Dance , Arabian Dance , Dance of the Reed Flutes , and Waltz of the Flowers . In 2009, Pet Shop Boys used a melody from the Nutcracker Suite for their track \"All Over the World\", taken from their album Yes . In 2010, Belgian rapper Lunaman had a hit single \"Nutcracka\", whose chorus quoted portions of the \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\". In 2012, jazz pianist Eyran Katsenelenbogen released his renditions of Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy , Dance of the Reed Flutes , Russian Dance and Waltz of the Flowers from the Nutcracker Suite . In 2012, Duo Symphonious recorded an extended version of the Suite arranged for two classical guitars on their debut album \"The Portable Nutcracker\". Their version includes \"A Pine Forest in Winter\" as well as the entire \"Pas de Deux\". In 2014, Canadian electronic music producer Brado Popcorn released three versions of the song, titled \"The Distorted Dance of The Sugarplum Fairy\" on his \"A Tribute to the Music of Tetris\" album. [50] In 2014, Pentatonix released an a cappella arrangement of \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\" on the holiday album That's Christmas to Me and received a Grammy Award on 16 February 2016 for best arrangement. In 2016, Jennifer Thomas included an instrumental version of \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\" on her album Winter Symphony . In 2017, Lindsey Stirling released her version of \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\" on her holiday album Warmer in the Winter . [51] In popular culture [ edit ] For a comprehensive list of stage, film and television adaptations of The Nutcracker , see: List of productions of The Nutcracker Film [ edit ] Several films having little or nothing to do with the ballet or the original Hoffmann tale have used its music: The 1940 Disney animated film Fantasia features a segment using The Nutcracker Suite . This version was also included both as part of the 3-LP soundtrack album of Fantasia (since released as a 2-CD set), and as a single LP, with Dance of the Hours , another Fantasia segment, on the reverse side. [52] [53] The Spirit of Christmas , a 1950 marionette made-for-TV featurette in color narrated by Alexander Scourby , utilizes the poem A Visit from St. Nicholas , and this sequence also includes music from The Nutcracker . A 1951 thirty-minute short, Santa and the Fairy Snow Queen , issued on DVD by Something Weird Video , features several dances from The Nutcracker . [54] A 1954 16mm short subject version of The Little Match Girl features a dream sequence in which music from The Nutcracker is played. The Nutcracker (1973) features a nameless girl (slightly similar to Clara) who works as a maid . She befriends and falls in love with a nutcracker ornament, who was a young prince cursed by the three headed Mouse King. Sanrio released a stop-motion adaptation of The Nutcracker entitled Nutcracker Fantasy in 1979. A 1990 animated film titled The Nutcracker Prince uses cuts of the music throughout and its story is based heavily on that of the ballet. In 2001, Barbie appeared in her first film, Barbie in the Nutcracker . It used excerpts by Tchaikovsky, which were performed by the London Symphony Orchestra. Though it heavily altered the story, it still made use of ballet sequences which had been rotoscoped using real ballet dancers. [55] In the 2006 remake of Black Christmas , 'Dance of the sugar plum fairy' appears numerous times throughout the movie including being the ringtone of the protagonist's cellphone, a music box and playing during the end credits. In 2007, Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale also used 'The Nutcracker' excerpts, which were performed by The Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia. In 2010, The Nutcracker in 3D ( Elle Fanning ) abandoned the ballet and most of the story, retaining much of Tchaikovsky's music with lyrics by Tim Rice . The $90 million film became the year's biggest box office bomb . In 2013, Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie the ending scene is a reference to the Nutcracker Witch. Disney is developing a live-action adaptation titled The Nutcracker and the Four Realms , Lasse Hallström would direct from a script by Ashleigh Powell. [56] Television [ edit ] A 1954 Christmas episode of General Electric Theater featured Fred Waring and his choral group, the Pennsylvanians, singing excerpts from The Nutcracker with specially written lyrics. While the music was being sung, the audience saw ballet dancers performing. [57] The episode was hosted by Ronald Reagan . A 1996 episode of The Magic School Bus (\"Holiday Special\", season 3, episode 39), Wanda is planning to see a performance of The Nutcracker . Some of the music for this episode was based on the score of the ballet. [58] Princess Tutu , a 2002 anime series that uses elements from many ballets as both music and as part of the storyline, uses the music from The Nutcracker in many places throughout its run, including using an arranged version of the overture as the theme for the main character. Both the first and last episodes feature The Nutcracker as their 'theme', and one of the main characters is named Drosselmeyer. A 2002 episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog titled \"The Nutcracker\", set in a junkyard, portrayed the title character using a broken nutcracker to defend his masters against two enormous rats intent on devouring them. A House of Mouse special, Snowed in at the House of Mouse , included an animated short, starring Mickey Mouse as the Nutcracker, Minnie Mouse as Maria, Ludwig von Drake as a character based on Herr Drosselmeyer, Goofy as the Sugar Plum Fairy and Donald Duck as the \"Duck-stroke-Mouse-stroke-King-type-person\" (or the Mouse King), and portrayed a brief overview of the story, sarcastically narrated by John Cleese . The story ran with modern rock -style adaptations of Tchaikovsky's music. The \"Toon TV\" episode of Tiny Toon Adventures and The Plucky Duck Show features a song called \"Video Game Blues\", set to the melodies of \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\" and the \"Russian Dance\". A 2005 episode of The Simpsons called \" Simpsons Christmas Stories \" (Season 17, episode 9), features a montage in which are seen residents of Springfield on Christmas, singing to the tune of pieces from The Nutcracker Suite. [59] The Wonder Pets on Nick Jr. includes a Christmas themed episode called \"Save the Nutcracker\", featuring the Nutcracker and Mouse King from the original ballet, as well as much of the music. An episode of the PBS Kids series Super Why features the Mouse King as a central character. In an episode of Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps , Angelina sees a performance of The Nutcracker . The Animaniacs cartoon Nutcracker Slappy featured Slappy and Skippy trying to crack open a walnut in various ways only to find it was empty, all to the music of The Nutcracker . A two part episode of the Care Bears cartoon series in the 1980s features the Care Bears as the main characters, with Beastley as the Rat King. During the Christmas music special of Beavis and Butt-head , one of the incidental bits of music they hear is the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy , at which Beavis is impressed (saying it's like Ozzy ) and he even chants along to the tune before humming Iron Man . The song also appears in the episode The Mystery Of Morning Wood while they sleep and the Morning Wood Fairy comes out of the TV. In the 2009 MythBusters Demolition Derby Special , Adam and Jamie are testing the \" Need for Speed \" myth. As Adam and Jamie are preparing the bus for testing, Adam is aggressively preparing the bus to the sound of heavy metal , while Jamie is gently preparing the roll cage to the tune of “Dance of the Reed Flutes.” Monty Python's Flying Circus , episode 25 ( series 2 , episode 12) titled, \" Spam .\" Within this episode is the \"Hospital for Over-Actors\" sketch, which includes several patients acting as the Mouse King. In the early 1980s, a commercial for the breakfast cereal Smurfberry Crunch used a portion of The Nutcracker Suite as music for an advertising jingle sung by Smurfs . [60] The season 1 episode of SpongeBob SquarePants , \" Suds \", \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\" is heard in its background music soundtrack a number of times. In episode 9 of Time Bokan 24 , \"Dance of the Reed Flutes\" plays when the Akudama Trio holds signs in Space to get Gagarin to say \"The Earth is Blue\". Video games [ edit ] In the Game Boy version of Tetris , \"Russian Dance\". In the NES version of Tetris , the \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\" is available as background music (referred to in the settings as \"Music 1\"). In the NES game, Winter Games , \"Waltz of the Flowers\" is used as the music for the figure skating event. In the game BioShock , the main character Jack meets an insane musician named Sander Cohen who tasks Jack with killing and photographing four of Sander's ex-disciples. When the third photograph is given to Sander, in a fit of pique he unleashes waves of splicer enemies to attack Jack while playing \"Waltz of the Flowers\" from speakers in the area. In the original Lemmings \"Dance of the Reed Flutes\" and \"Miniature Overture\" is used in several levels. In Weird Dreams , there is also a fat ballerina dancing to the \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\" in the Hall of Tubes. In the Baby Bowser levels of Yoshi's Story , a variation of the \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\" is used as the background music. In Mega Man Legends , the \"Waltz of the Flowers\" can be heard in the Balloon Fantasy minigame. In the Wii Winter Olympics game, a piece from \"The Nutcracker\" is used as background music for a figure skating event. [61] In Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance the \"Waltz of Flowers\", \"The Arabian Dance\", \"The Russian Dance\", \"The Dance of the Reed Flutes\" and \"The Chinese Dance\" are the background themes that play when Riku is in the world based on Disney's Fantasia . In Hatoful Boyfriend , the \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\" is used as the character theme for Iwamine Shuu. In a TV advertisement for Army Men: Sarge's Heroes 2 , the plastic army men work together using a train playset to move a firecracker under the Christmas tree and place it between the Nutcracker doll's legs, while \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\" plays. In Fantasia: Music Evolved , a medley of \"The Nutcracker\" is listed and consists of the \"Marche\", \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\", and \"Trepak\"; besides the original mix, there is also the \"D00 BAH D00\" mix and the \"DC Breaks\" mix. In Dynamite Headdy , the \"March\" is used in the Mad Dog boss battle. In Grand Theft Auto V one of the classical horns, that can be bought for cars, plays the \"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy\". [62] The \"Waltz of the Flowers\" appears during a baby's death scene in What Remains of Edith Finch . In Rainbow Six: Siege, the piece: The Nutcracker, Miniature Overture, composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky can be overheard playing in the Cigar Lounge on the second floor of Kafe Dostoyevsky. Children's recordings [ edit ] There have been several recorded children's adaptations of the E.T.A. Hoffmann story (the basis for the ballet) using Tchaikovsky's music, some quite faithful, some not. One that was not was a version titled The Nutcracker Suite for Children , narrated by Metropolitan Opera announcer Milton Cross , which used a two-piano arrangement of the music. It was released as a 78-RPM album set in the 1940s. [63] For the children's label Peter Pan Records , actor Victor Jory narrated a condensed adaptation of the story with excerpts from the score. It was released on one side of a 45-RPM disc. [64] A later version, titled The Nutcracker Suite , starred Denise Bryer and a full cast, was released in the 1960s on LP and made use of Tchaikovsky's music in the original orchestral arrangements. It was quite faithful to Hoffmann's story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King , on which the ballet is based, even to the point of including the section in which Clara cuts her arm on the glass toy cabinet, and also mentioning that she married the Prince at the end. It also included a less gruesome version of \"The Tale of the Hard Nut\", the tale-within-a-tale in Hoffmann's story. It was released as part of the Tale Spinners for Children series. [65] Another children's LP, The Nutcracker Suite with Words , featured Captain Kangaroo 's Bob Keeshan narrating the story, and sung versions of the different movements, with special lyrics. [66] Journalism [ edit ] In 2009, Pulitzer Prize –winning dance critic Sarah Kaufman wrote a series of articles for The Washington Post criticizing the primacy of The Nutcracker in the American repertory for stunting the creative evolution of ballet in the United States: [67] [68] [69] That warm and welcoming veneer of domestic bliss in The Nutcracker gives the appearance that all is just plummy in the ballet world. But ballet is beset by serious ailments that threaten its future in this country... companies are so cautious in their programming that they have effectively reduced an art form to a rotation of over-roasted chestnuts that no one can justifiably croon about... The tyranny of The Nutcracker is emblematic of how dull and risk-averse American ballet has become. There were moments throughout the 20th century when ballet was brave. When it threw bold punches at its own conventions. First among these was the Ballets Russes period, when ballet – ballet – lassoed the avant-garde art movement and, with works such as Michel Fokine 's fashionably sexy Scheherazade (1910) and Léonide Massine 's Cubist -inspired Parade (1917), made world capitals sit up and take notice. Afraid of scandal? Not these free-thinkers; Vaslav Nijinsky 's rough-hewn, aggressive Rite of Spring famously put Paris in an uproar in 1913... Where are this century's provocations? Has ballet become so entwined with its \"Nutcracker\" image, so fearfully wedded to unthreatening offerings, that it has forgotten how eye-opening and ultimately nourishing creative destruction can be? [68] — Sarah Kaufman, dance critic for The Washington Post In 2010, Alastair Macaulay , dance critic for The New York Times (who had previously taken Sarah Kaufman to task for her criticism of The Nutcracker [70] ) began The Nutcracker Chronicles , a series of blog articles documenting his travels across the United States to see different productions of the ballet. [71] Act I of The Nutcracker ends with snow falling and snowflakes dancing. Yet The Nutcracker is now seasonal entertainment even in parts of America where snow seldom falls: Hawaii, the California coast, Florida. Over the last 70 years this ballet – conceived in the Old World – has become an American institution. Its amalgam of children, parents, toys, a Christmas tree, snow, sweets and Tchaikovsky’s astounding score is integral to the season of good will that runs from Thanksgiving to New Year... I am a European who lives in America, and I never saw any Nutcracker until I was 21. Since then I’ve seen it many times. The importance of this ballet to America has become a phenomenon that surely says as much about this country as it does about this work of art. So this year I'm running a Nutcracker marathon: taking in as many different American productions as I can reasonably manage in November and December, from coast to coast (more than 20, if all goes well). America is a country I’m still discovering; let The Nutcracker be part of my research. [72] — Alastair Macauley, dance critic for The New York Times See also [ edit ] Parade of the Wooden Soldiers References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Anderson, J. (1958). The Nutcracker Ballet , New York: Mayflower Books. ^ Jump up to: a b Fisher, J. (2003). Nutcracker Nation: How an Old World Ballet Became a Christmas Tradition in the New World , New Haven: Yale University Press. Jump up ^ Agovino, Theresa (December 23, 2013). \"The Nutcracker brings big backs to ballet companies\" . Crain's New York Business . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakin, Daniel J. (November 30, 2009). \"Coming Next Year: Nutcracker Competition\" . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Morin, A. (2001). The Third Ear Essential Listening Companion to Classical Music , Backbeat Books. ^ Jump up to: a b Hoffmann, E. T. A., Dumas, A., Neugroschel, J. (2007). Nutcracker and Mouse King, and the Tale of the Nutcracker , New York Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Donald (22 November 2009). \"Tchaikovsky's 'Nutcracker' a rite of winter thanks to its glorious music and breathtaking dances\" . Cleveland.com . Cleveland . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Tchaikovsky\" . Balletalert.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e \"Nutcracker History\" . Balletmet.org. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Fisher (2003): p. 15. ^ Jump up to: a b Fisher (2003): p. 16. Jump up ^ Fisher (2003): p. 14–15. Jump up ^ Fisher (2003): p. 17. Jump up ^ Wiley, Roland John. (1991). Tchaikovsky's Ballets: Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker , Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jump up ^ \"Ballet Talk [Powered by Invision Power Board]\" . Ballettalk.invisionzone.com. 26 November 2008 . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . [ unreliable source? ] Jump up ^ Craine, Debra (8 December 2007). \"Christmas cracker\" . The Times . London. Jump up ^ \"Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo records, 1935–1968 (MS Thr 463): Guide\" . Jump up ^ Soviet ed., where they are printed in the original French with added Russian translation in editorial footnotes) Jump up ^ Wiley, 1991: p. 220. Jump up ^ Tchaikovsky, P. (2004). The Nutcracker: Complete Score , Dover Publications. Jump up ^ Schwarm, Betsy. \"The Nutcrack, OP. 71\" . Encyclopaedia Britannica . The Music Alliance . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Nutcracker Nation: How an Old World ... – Google Books . Google Books . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Tchaikovsky By David Brown W. W. Norton & Company, 1992 page 332 Jump up ^ \"The KEZ Christmas Countdown: Day 19 – The Nutcracker | David Appleford\" . Kfyi.com. 2008-12-19. Archived from the original on 2012-01-12 . Retrieved 2012-12-18 . Jump up ^ Alexander Poznansky, Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man , p. 544 Jump up ^ Brown, David. Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885-1893 . London, 1991; corrected edition 1992: p. 386 Jump up ^ \"The Nutcracker Profile: The History of The Nutcracker\" . Classicalmusic.about.com. 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Recording Technology History\" . History.sandiego.edu. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 18 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Macaulay, Alastair. \" ' The Nutcracker' Chronicles: Listening to the Score\" . Jump up ^ \"Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker (Complete Ballet); Serenade for Strings – Credits on MSN Music\" . Music.msn.com . Retrieved 2012-12-18 . Jump up ^ \"Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky, Antal Dorati, Harold Lawrence, London Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia Hungarica, London Symphony Orchestra Chorus – Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker (Complete Ballet); Serenade in C Major – Amazon.com Music\" . Jump up ^ Styrous®. \"The Styrous® Viewfinder\" . Jump up ^ \"Nutcracker\" . Classicalcdreview.com . Retrieved 18 December 2008 . Jump up ^ \"Tchaikovsky / Artur Rodzinski, 1946: Щелкунчик / Nutcracker Suite , Part 1 – NYPO\" . YouTube. 2011-09-05 . Retrieved 2012-12-18 . Jump up ^ Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker Ballet (1991-08-24). \"Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker Ballet: Tchaikovsky, Rodzinski, Phil Symphony Orchestra: Music\" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012-12-18 . Jump up ^ \"Tchaikovsky, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Bolshoi Theater Orchestra – Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker (Complete) – Amazon.com Music\" . Jump up ^ \"Tchaikovsky: the Nutcracker: Sir Simon Rattle, Tchaikovsky, Berliner Philharmoniker: Music\" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Michael Tilson Thomas, The Philharmonia Orchestra, Ambrosian Singers – Tchaikovsky: Music From The Nutcracker (Highlights) – Amazon.com Music\" . Jump up ^ \"The Nutcracker (1993 Motion Picture Soundtrack): Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky, David Zinman, New York City Ballet Orchestra: Music\" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012-12-18 . Jump up ^ \"Archived copy\" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker (Complete): Music\" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012-12-18 . Jump up ^ \"Tchaikovsky: Nutcracker, Act II/ Swan Lake\" . AllMusic . Jump up ^ \"Freddy Martin And His Orchestra – Tschaikowsky's Nutracker Suite In Dance Tempo\" . Discogs . Jump up ^ \"Fred Waring & the Pennsylvanians – Nutcracker Suite \" . Jump up ^ \"A Duke Ellington Panorama\" . Depanorama.net . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ \"The Harlem Nutcracker\" . Susan Kuklin . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ \"The New Nutcracker Suite and Other Innocent Verses: Ogden Nash, Ivan Chermayeff: Amazon.com: Books\" . Jump up ^ Ogden Nash. \"THE NEW NUTCRACKER SUITE & Other Innocent Verses\" . Kirkus Reviews . Jump up ^ \"blogcritics.org\" . blogcritics.org . Retrieved 2012-12-18 . Jump up ^ \"A Tribute to the Music of Tetris by Brado Popcorn on Apple Music\" . Jump up ^ \"Lindsey Stirling Talks Joining 'Dancing With the Stars' & Shares First Holiday Album Track: Premiere\" . Billboard . September 14, 2017 . Retrieved October 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Disney (All) The Nutcracker Suite/Dance Of The Hours – Sealed USA LP RECORD (284287)\" . Eil.com. 21 April 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker Suite Also Ponchielli's Dance Of The Hours Philadelphia Orchestra Leopold Stokowski Conducting: Leopold Stokowski: Music\" . Amazon.com. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Santa and the Fairy Snow Queen : A Sid Davis Production : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive\" . Archive.org. 2001-03-10 . Retrieved 2012-12-18 . Jump up ^ daflauta (2 October 2001). \"Barbie in the Nutcracker (Video 2001)\" . IMDb . Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (March 4, 2016). \"Lasse Hallstrom to Direct Live-Action 'Nutcracker' for Disney\" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ \" \" General Electric Theater\" Music for Christmas (TV Episode 1954)\" . IMDb . 19 December 1954. Jump up ^ \" \" The Magic School Bus\" The Family Holiday Special (TV Episode 1996)\" . IMDb . 25 December 1996. Jump up ^ \"The Simpsons: Simpsons Christmas Stories Episode Summary on\" . Tv.com . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Smurf Berry Crunch Cereal\" . MrBreakfast.com . Retrieved 2012-12-18 . Jump up ^ \"Super Mario Wiki/Figure Skating\" . Mariowiki.com. 2012-09-10 . Retrieved 2012-12-18 . Jump up ^ \"GTA5 Classical horn 3\" . youtube.com. 2015-05-08 . Retrieved 2016-05-16 . Jump up ^ \"Week 50\" . Kiddierecords.com . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ \"11 The Nutcracker Suite : Victor Jory\" . SoundCloud . Jump up ^ \"Tale Spinners for Children\" . Artsreformation.com. 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ronnie Falcao, LM MS. \"The Nutcracker Suite with Words\" . Gentlebirth.org . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman, Sarah (13 September 2009). \"Here Come Those Sugar Plums and Chestnuts\" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Kaufman, Sarah (22 November 2009). \"Breaking pointe: 'The Nutcracker' takes more than it gives to world of ballet\" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (14 December 2009). \"Sugar Plum Overdose: The Case Against 'The Nutcracker ' \" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Macauley, Alastair (16 November 2010). \"A 'Nutcracker' Lover Explains Himself\" . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Macauley, Alastair (10 November 2010). \"The 'Nutcracker' Chronicles: The Marathon Begins\" . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Macauley, Alastair (10 November 2010). \"The Sugarplum Diet\" . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Nutcracker . The Nutcracker : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Tchaikovsky Research The Nutcracker ballet [ show ] v t e Ballets by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Swan Lake, Op. 20 Sleeping Beauty, Op. 66 The Nutcracker, Op. 71 List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky [ show ] v t e The ballets and *revivals of Marius Petipa in Russia 1847–59 Paquita (*1847, *1881) Le Diable amoureux (as \"Satanella\") (*1848) Leda, the Swiss Milkmaid (1849) Giselle (*1850, *1884, *1899, *1903) The Star of Granada (1855) The Rose, the Violet, and the Butterfly (1857) Le Corsaire (*1858, *1863, *1868, *1885, *1899) A Marriage During the Regency (1858) The Parisian Market (1859, *1861) 1860–79 The Blue Dahlia (1860, *1875) Terpsichore (1861) The Pharaoh's Daughter (1862, *1885, *1898) The Beauty of Lebanon (1863) The Traveling Dancer (1864) Florida (1866) Titania (1866) Faust (*1867) The Benevolent Cupid (1868) The Slave (1868) Le Roi Candaule (1868, *1891, *1903) Don Quixote (1869, *1871) Trilby (1870) Catarina (*1870) The Two Stars (1871) La Péri (*1872) Camargo (1872) Le Papillon (*1874) Ondine (as \"The Naiad and the Fisherman\") (*1874, *1892) The Bandits (1875) The Adventures of Peleus (1876, *1897) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1876) La Bayadère (1877, *1900) Roxana (1878) Ariadne (1878) The Daughter of the Snows (1879) Frizak the Barber (1879) Mlada (1879, *1896) 1880–99 La Fille du Danube (*1880) Zoraiya (1881) La Vivandière (as \"Markitenka\") (*1881) Pâquerette (*1882) The Night and the Day (1883) Pygmalion (1883) Coppélia (*1884) Giselle (*1884, 1899, 1903) Le Diable à Quatre (as \"The Willful Wife\") (*1885) La Fille Mal Gardée (*1885) The Magic Pills (1886) The King's Command (1886, *1887, *1900) La Esmeralda (*1886, *1899) The Sacrifices to Cupid (1886) * Fiametta (1887) The Vestal (1888) The Talisman (1889, *1895) The Enchanted Forest (*1889) The Caprices of a Butterfly (1889, *1895) The Sleeping Beauty (1890) Nénuphar (1890) Kalkabrino (1891) A Fairy Tale (1891) La Sylphide (*1892) The Nutcracker (1892) Cinderella (1893) The Awakening of Flora (1894) Swan Lake (*1895) The Little Humpbacked Horse (as \"The Tsar Maiden\") (*1895) The Calvary Halt (1896) The Pearl (1896) Bluebeard (1896) Raymonda (1898) 1900–03 Les Ruses d'Amour or The Trial of Damis (1900) The Seasons (1900) Harlequinade (1900) The Heart of the Marquis (1902) The Magic Mirror (1903) The Romance of the Rosebud and the Butterfly (never presented) [ show ] v t e Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Operas The Voyevoda Undina The Oprichnik Vakula the Smith Eugene Onegin The Maid of Orleans Mazepa (or Mazeppa) Cherevichki The Enchantress The Queen of Spades Iolanta Ballets Swan Lake The Sleeping Beauty The Nutcracker Symphonies No. 1 in G minor ( \"Winter Daydreams\" ) No. 2 in C minor ( \"Little Russian\" ) No. 3 in D major ( \"Polish\" ) No. 4 in F minor Symphony in B minor ( \"Manfred\" ) No. 5 in E minor No. 6 in B minor ( \"Pathétique\" ) No. 7 in E ♭ major (unfinished) Concertante Piano Concerto No. 1 in B ♭ minor Piano Concerto No. 2 in G major Piano Concerto No. 3 in E ♭ major Concert Fantasia Andante and Finale Sérénade mélancolique Valse-Scherzo Violin Concerto in D major Variations on a Rococo Theme Pezzo capriccioso Cello Concerto Orchestral works Romeo and Juliet The Tempest Hamlet Capriccio Italien Francesca da Rimini The Storm Fatum The Voyevoda 1812 Overture Marche slave Festival Overture on the Danish National Anthem Festival Coronation March Orchestral Suite No. 1 in D minor Orchestral Suite No. 2 in C major Orchestral Suite No. 3 in G major Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G major ( \"Mozartiana\" ) Serenade for Strings Vocal music Liturgy of St John Chrysostom All-Night Vigil Moscow Six Romances (Op. 38) Chamber music Quartet Movement in B ♭ major String Quartet No. 1 in D major String Quartet No. 2 in F major String Quartet No. 3 in E ♭ minor Souvenir d'un lieu cher Piano Trio in A minor String Sextet in D minor ( Souvenir de Florence ) Piano music Scherzo à la russe Souvenir de Hapsal The Seasons (Les saisons) Piano Sonata No. 2 in C ♯ minor Grand Piano Sonata in G major Portrayals Tchaikovsky (1969 film) Music competitions International Tchaikovsky Competition International Tchaikovsky Competition for Young Musicians Related articles Antonina Miliukova Belyayev circle Death Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky Musical style Nadezhda von Meck Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in popular media Symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Tchaikovsky State House-Museum The Five Vladimir Davydov Book:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Category:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky [ show ] v t e E. T. A. Hoffmann 's The Nutcracker and the Mouse King (1816) Ballet The Nutcracker (Tchaikovsky) The Nutcracker (Balanchine) The Nutcracker (Christensen) Music The Nutcracker Suite (Ellington) The Nutcracker Suite (Sparks) \" Nut Rocker \" Animation The Nutcracker (1973) Nutcracker Fantasy (1979) Care Bears Nutcracker Suite (1988) The Nutcracker Prince (1990) The Nuttiest Nutcracker (1999) Barbie in the Nutcracker (2001) Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007) Live action Nutcracker: The Motion Picture (1986) The Nutcracker in 3D (2010) The Nutcracker and the Four Realms (2018) Other The Hard Nut Indian nutcracker Trepak The Slutcracker Holiday for Shoestrings Fantasia List of productions [ show ] v t e Fantasia Fantasia (1940) Fantasia 2000 (1999) Conductors Leopold Stokowski ( Fantasia ) Irwin Kostal (1982 digital re-recording) James Levine ( Fantasia 2000 ) Segments Fantasia Toccata and Fugue in D minor The Nutcracker Suite The Sorcerer's Apprentice The Rite of Spring Symphony No. 6 Dance of the Hours Night on Bald Mountain / Ave Maria Fantasia 2000 Symphony No. 5 Pines of Rome Rhapsody in Blue Piano Concerto No. 2 The Carnival of the Animals The Sorcerer's Apprentice Pomp and Circumstance Marches The Firebird Suite Characters Mickey Mouse Donald Duck Daisy Duck Chernabog Yen Sid Video games Fantasia (1991) Disney Magical World (2013) Disney Infinity (2013) Fantasia: Music Evolved (2014) Related A Corny Concerto (1943 film) Gumbasia (1955 film) Allegro Non Troppo (1977 film) Destino (2003) Lorenzo (2004) Fantasia Gardens Fantasmic! Fantasound The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010) Sorcerer's Hat Disney Fantasia: Live in Concert Kingdom Hearts Epic Mickey Once Upon a Time Ten Pieces Deems Taylor See also : Category Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Nutcracker&oldid=817963059 \" Categories : The Nutcracker 1892 ballet premieres 1892 compositions Adaptations of works by E. T. A. Hoffmann Ballets by Lev Ivanov Ballets by Marius Petipa Germany in fiction Russian ballet Segments from Fantasia Sentient toys in fiction Suites by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Christmas onstage Hidden categories: All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2009 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Articles containing Russian-language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing French-language text Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча/tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017, at 17:00. 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{ "text": "Uniform Monday Holiday Act - Wikipedia Uniform Monday Holiday Act From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search U.S. stamp commemorating the quadricentennial of the landing of Christopher Columbus . The Uniform Monday Holiday Act ( Pub.L. 90–363 ) is an Act of Congress that amended the federal holiday provisions of the United States Code to establish the observance of certain holidays on Mondays. The Act was signed into law on June 28, 1968, and took effect on January 1, 1971. [1] Contents [ hide ] 1 Effects 2 Other holidays 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Effects [ edit ] The Act moved Washington's Birthday (February 22), Memorial Day (May 30), and Veterans Day (November 11) from fixed dates to designated Mondays, and established as a federal holiday Columbus Day —which had previously been celebrated in some states on October 12—to a designated Monday. The Act was designed to increase the number of three-day weekends for federal employees, a favorite goal of the travel industry. [2] Veterans Day was removed from this list of \"always-on-Monday\" holidays when it was moved back to its traditional date of November 11, by act of Congress in 1975 , [3] effective 1978. The Act did not officially establish \" Presidents Day \", nor did it combine the observance of Lincoln's Birthday with Washington's Birthday . [4] The perception stems from the fact that the act placed federal observance of Washington's \"birthday\" in the week of February 15 to 21 and, since that week always falls between Lincoln's birthday (February 12) and Washington's (February 22), but never includes either date, popular references have given rise to the title, which recognizes both Presidents. [1] [2] As of 1998 [update] , a dozen U.S. states officially refer to the holiday as \"Presidents' Day.\" [4] The Monday holiday dates this act established are: Washington's Birthday : third Monday in February (formerly February 22) Memorial Day : last Monday in May (formerly May 30) Labor Day : first Monday in September Columbus Day : second Monday in October (formerly observed in some states on October 12) Veterans Day : fourth Monday in October (formerly November 11; subsequently returned to November 11 effective 1978 [5] ) Other holidays [ edit ] Though the holiday was not in existence at the time, Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birthday (established 1983) is celebrated on the third Monday in January, which falls on January 15–21, instead of King's actual birth date, January 15, for the same reasons, as well as to provide additional distance between it and the Christmas/New Years holidays. [ citation needed ] The law relocated the date of Columbus Day to the same date as Thanksgiving in Canada . Several Canadian provinces would later establish Family Day which coincides with Washington's Birthday. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Happy Monday System (similar legislation in Japan) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b \"Uniform Monday Holiday Act\" . National Archives and Records Administration. January 15, 1968. ^ Jump up to: a b \"Presidents Day\" . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Snopes.com. February 17, 2008. Jump up ^ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-89/pdf/STATUTE-89-Pg479.pdf ^ Jump up to: a b Hoyle, John Christian (February 13, 1998). \"Presidents' Day: Long-Standing Misnomer\" . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved February 18, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"United States Law Section 6103\" – via Justia. External links [ edit ] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Public Law 90-363 Federal holiday provisions of the United States Code, 5 U.S.C. 6103 Holidays of United States Code, 5 U.S.C. 6103 Text of the Act from the U.S. National Archives Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act&oldid=845906130 \" Categories : 1968 in law United States federal legislation Monday Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from May 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikisource Languages 한국어 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018, at 23:02 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Uniform Monday Holiday Act", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act&oldid=845906130" }

{ "text": "Marco Polo (game) - Wikipedia Marco Polo (game) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Marco Polo Players 2 or more Setup time < 1 minute Playing time no limit Random chance Low Skill(s) required swimming , sound localization The game Marco Polo / ˈ m ɑːr k oʊ ˈ p oʊ l oʊ / ( listen ) is a form of tag played in a swimming pool . [1] The origin of the game is unknown. [2] Contents [ hide ] 1 Rules 2 History 3 Analysis 4 References Rules [ edit ] One player is chosen as \"It\". This player closes his or her eyes and tries to find and tag the other players without the use of vision. The player who is \"It\" shouts \"Marco\" and the other players must respond by shouting \"Polo\", which \"It\" uses to try to find them. If a player is tagged, then that player becomes \"It.\" [3] The game can also be played on land, with slightly modified rules, or played with the addition of rules from Fish out of Water and others. It is similar to blind man's bluff , where one person is blindfolded while others choose hiding places around the room. History [ edit ] The game shares its name with the 13th-century Venetian trader and explorer Marco Polo . [4] Some etymological sources say it was named after him, but there are no documented reasons why he would be seen as connected with it. According to one whimsical explanation, \"legend has it that the famed explorer didn't really have a clue as to where he was going, much like [the \"It\" person]\". [5] WiseGeek says, \"No one seems to know what the origins of the name are, although there are a number of apocryphal stories,\" adding \"There does not appear to be any real link between the game of Marco Polo and the explorer of the same name, despite the creative efforts by some people, and it is hard to determine when the first game of Marco Polo was played.\" [6] The game has similar traits with blind man's bluff (essentially the same game played on dry land) and can be considered an offshoot. Wisegeek notes, \"Blind man's bluff dates back to at least the 1500s, and it was once a very popular parlor game, especially with ladies.\" [6] Marco Polo was known as a water game in America by the 1960s. Between 1965 and 1970, some respondents to a Dictionary of American Regional English survey, when asked to name a game played in the water, responded with \"Marco Polo.\" [7] Although water polo was another popular pool game at the time, the name of the game 'Marco Polo' is apparently unrelated. [8] In modern times, Marco Polo has been played worldwide. Various regions have their own versions of the game, [6] with names such as Mermaid on the Rocks and Alligator. [9] The term \"marco polo game\" is sometimes used to describe an online game where a similar call-and-response system of gameplay is adopted. [9] Analysis [ edit ] Marco Polo is an \"easily modifiable game\", and is based on the notion of call-and-response. [9] Marco Polo is not a location-based game because players are confined to a set space and because players must locate each other using auditory clues. [9] Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society argues \"there is bipolarity in the reversal of roles...there are repeated actions, a routine to be repeated, rules to be observed, and verbal signs to be used\". [9] Playing this game can allow children to experiment with different social roles, for example learning what it means to be an outcast in the role of \"It\" (isolated, confined to a space, and unable to see others). [9] According to the Nevada Regional Medical Center, \"Marco Polo is not only fun, it can be a good workout. It also puts less stress on your bones and joints because the water makes your body float.\" [10] References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Bittarello, Maria Beatrice (2009). \"Marco Polo\". In Rodney P. Carlisle. Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society . SAGE. ISBN 1-4129-6670-1 . Jump up ^ editor, Rodney P. Carlisle, general (2009). Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society . Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 376. ISBN 978-1-4129-6670-2 . Retrieved August 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey, Phillip; Mike Blackstock; Matthias Finke; Anthony Tang; Rodger Lea; Meghan Deutscher; Kento Miyaoku. \"Chasing the Fugitive on Campus: Designing a Location-based Game for Collaborative Play\" . Proceedings of CGSA 2006 Symposium . Canadian Games Study Association. Jump up ^ \"Marco Polo\" . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Marco Polo - Retroland\" . Retroland . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"What Is the Game Marco Polo?\" . wiseGEEK . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Games Played In The Water Dictionary of American Regional English Survey. Jump up ^ \"Polo / Marco Polo\" . Word Detective. September 15, 2010 . Retrieved August 30, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f \"Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society - Google Books\" . Google Books . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ \"The Nevada Daily Mail - Google News Archive Search\" . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . [ hide ] v t e Gym , outdoor and playground games Tag Ante Over British Bulldog Capture the flag Cooties Duck, duck, goose Four corners Kho kho Marco Polo Pie Steal the Flingsock Catch Chinese jump rope Dodgeball Four square Hide-and-seek Hopscotch Kick the can Leapfrog Marbles Playground songs list Red Rover Skipping rope Double Dutch Rhymes Skully Statues Tag The floor is lava Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marco_Polo_(game)&oldid=804716438 \" Categories : Hide-and-seek variants Swimming pool games Tag variants Hidden categories: Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations (English) Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Afrikaans Deutsch Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 18:16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view", "title": "Marco Polo (game)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Marco_Polo_(game)&amp;oldid=804716438" }

{ "text": "Veronica Cartwright - Wikipedia Veronica Cartwright From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Veronica Cartwright Cartwright in May 2006 Born Veronica A. Cartwright ( 1949-04-20 ) 20 April 1949 (age 69) Bristol , England Occupation Actress Years active 1958–present Spouse(s) Richard Gates (1968–1972; divorced) Stanley Goldstein (1976–1980; divorced) Richard Compton (1982–2007; his death) Veronica A. Cartwright (born 20 April 1949) is an English-born American actress who has worked mainly in American film and television in a career spanning six decades. As a child actress she appeared in supporting roles in The Children's Hour and The Birds . She is perhaps best known for her roles in the science fiction films Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) and Alien (1979), for which she won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress . Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Mid-1960s to present 3 Family 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Early life [ edit ] Cartwright was born in Bristol and grew up in Los Angeles , having emigrated to America shortly after the birth of her younger sister, actress Angela Cartwright . Her career as a child actress began in 1958 with a role in In Love and War . Among her early appearances were repeated roles in the television series Leave It to Beaver (as Beaver's classmates Violet Rutherford and, later, Peggy MacIntosh) and episodes of One Step Beyond \"The Haunting\" (1960) and The Twilight Zone \" I Sing the Body Electric \" (1962). She guest starred twice in 1963 in NBC 's medical drama about psychiatry , The Eleventh Hour , in the episodes \"The Silence of Good Men\" and \"My Name is Judith, I'm Lost, You See.\" Cartwright appeared in the films The Children's Hour (1961) and Alfred Hitchcock 's The Birds (1963), which were both highly successful. In The Birds , she was cast along with her TV father from Leave It To Beaver , Richard Deacon , although the two were not on screen together. She played daughter Jemima Boone in the first two seasons of NBC's Daniel Boone from 1964 until 1966, with co-stars Fess Parker , Patricia Blair , Darby Hinton , Ed Ames , and Dallas McKennon . She won a regional Emmy for the 1964 TV movie Tell Me Not in Mournful Numbers . [1] [2] Mid-1960s to present [ edit ] Cartwright achieved successes with Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) and Alien (1979), the latter performance winning her a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. She was originally cast as Alien' s heroine Ellen Ripley, but director Ridley Scott switched her role with Sigourney Weaver 's just prior to shooting the film. Other film roles include: Spencer's Mountain with Henry Fonda and Kym Karath (1963), Inserts (1974), Goin' South (1978), The Right Stuff (1983), Flight of the Navigator (1986), The Witches of Eastwick (1987), Money Talks (1997), Scary Movie 2 (2001), Kinsey (2004) and Straight-Jacket (2004). A frequent performer in television, she has played guest roles in such series as The Mod Squad , Miami Vice , Baywatch , L.A. Law , ER , The X-Files , Chicago Hope , Will & Grace , Touched by an Angel , Judging Amy , Six Feet Under , The Closer , and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit . Cartwright has received three Emmy Award nominations, one for her work in ER in 1997, and two for her work on The X-Files in 1998 and 1999. Veronica Cartwright also starred as Mrs. Olive Osmond in the made-for-TV film Inside the Osmonds . She co-starred in the fourth version of Invasion of the Body Snatchers , The Invasion (2007). She appears on the cover art for the Scissor Sisters ' 2006 single \" I Don't Feel Like Dancin' \" as well as on their second album Ta-Dah . In 2014, Cartwright reprised her role as Joan Lambert for DLC episodes in Alien: Isolation based on the original film, and appeared in the remake of The Town That Dreaded Sundown . [3] Family [ edit ] Cartwright is the older sister of actress Angela Cartwright , who appeared in The Sound of Music (1965) and as a regular in the television series Lost in Space and Make Room for Daddy . Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1958 In Love and War Allie O'Neill (uncredited) 1961 Children's Hour, The The Children's Hour Rosalie Wells 1963 Birds, The The Birds Cathy Brenner 1963 Spencer's Mountain Becky Spencer (uncredited) 1963 One Man's Way Mary 1975 Inserts Harlene 1978 Kid from Not-So-Big, The The Kid from Not-So-Big Corinne 1978 Goin' South Hermine 1978 Invasion of the Body Snatchers Nancy Bellicec 1979 Alien Joan Lambert Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress 1983 Nightmares Claire Houston Segment: \"Night of the Rat\" 1983 Right Stuff, The The Right Stuff Betty Grissom 1985 My Man Adam Elaine Swit 1986 Flight of the Navigator Helen Freeman 1987 Wisdom Samantha Wisdom 1987 Witches of Eastwick, The The Witches of Eastwick Felicia Alden Nominated- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress 1989 Valentino Returns Patricia 'Pat' Gibbs 1990 False Identity Vera Errickson 1991 Walking the Dog Short film 1992 Man Trouble Helen Dextra 1994 Two Over Easy Molly Short film 1994 Mirror, Mirror 2: Raven Dance Sister Aja 1994 On Hope Woman in Grocery Short film 1995 Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh Octavia Tarrant 1996 Shoot the Moon Mrs. Thomas 1997 Money Talks Connie Cipriani 1997 Sparkler Dottie Delgato 1998 My Engagement Party Sarah Salsburg 1999 Slipping-Down Life, A A Slipping-Down Life Mrs. Casey 1999 Trash Principal Evans 2001 In the Bedroom Minister on Television 2001 Critic's Choice Watkins Short film 2001 Scary Movie 2 Mother 2002 Mackenheim Eleanor Short film 2003 Just Married Mrs. 'Pussy' McNerney (uncredited) 2004 Twisted Landlady (uncredited) 2004 Straight-Jacket Jerry Albrecht 2004 Kinsey Sara Kinsey 2005 Barry Dingle Eleanor Dingle 2007 Mommy's House Mommy Short film 2007 Invasion, The The Invasion Wendy Lenk 2009 Call of the Wild Sheriff Taylor 2010 Neowolf Mrs. Belakov Video 2011 Montana Amazon Margaret 2011 InSight Patricia 2012 Yellow Wallpaper, The The Yellow Wallpaper Catherine Sayer 2012 Adventures of the Dunderheads Margaret 2013 The Odd Way Home Francine 2014 The Town That Dreaded Sundown Lillian Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1959 Zane Grey Theater Sarah Butler Episode: \"The Lone Woman\" 1959 Make Room for Daddy Girl in Play Episode: \"Bob Hope and Danny Become Directors\" 1959–1960 Leave It to Beaver Violet Rutherford Episode: \"The Tooth\" Episode: \"Beaver and Violet\" 1960 Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond Gillian Episode: \"The Haunting\" 1960 Betty Hutton Show, The The Betty Hutton Show Fake Foster Child (uncredited) Episode: \"Gullible Goldie\" 1960–1961 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Judy Davidson Episode: \"The Schwartz-Metterklume Method\" Episode: \"Summer Shade\" 1961 Make Room for Daddy Veronica Episode: \"Teacher for a Day\" 1961 Leave It to Beaver Violet Rutherford Episode: \"Beaver's Rat\" 1962 Route 66 Miriam (age 9) Episode: \"Love Is a Skinny Kid\" 1962 Twilight Zone Anne Rogers - age 11 Episode: \" I Sing the Body Electric \" 1963 Dick Powell Theatre, The The Dick Powell Theatre Episode: \"The Third Side of a Coin\" 1963 Leave It to Beaver Peggy MacIntosh Episode: \"Don Juan Beaver\" 1963 Eleventh Hour, The The Eleventh Hour Judith Cameron Jan Ellendale Episode: \"My Name Is Judith, I'm Lost, You See\" Episode: \"The Silence of Good Men\" 1964 Tell Me Not in Mournful Numbers TV film 1964–1966 Daniel Boone Jemima Boone 36 episodes 1965 Dr. Kildare Nancy Hiller Episode: \"Take Care of My Little Girl\" 1965 Who Has Seen the Wind? Kiri Radek TV film 1968 Mannix Mrs. Goldberg (uncredited) Episode: \"Edge of the Knife\" 1968 Name of the Game, The The Name of the Game Nancy Robins Episode: \"High on a Rainbow\" 1969 Family Affair Jo-Ann Episode: \"Flower Power\" 1969 Dragnet 1967 Melissa Stevens Episode: \"Personnel: The Shooting\" 1969 Mod Squad Gail Whitney Episode: \"The Girl in Chair Nine\" 1970 Death Valley Days Episode: \"Simple Question of Justice\" 1970 Bold Ones: The Lawyers, The The Bold Ones: The Lawyers Mary Episode: \"Point of Honor\" 1970 Then Came Bronson Petey Traine Episode: \"Still Waters\" 1970 My Three Sons Ruth Fletcher Episode: \"The Honeymoon\" 1973 Here We Go Again Nancy Episode: \"Sunday, Soggy Sunday\" 1976 Bernice Bobs Her Hair Marjorie TV film 1976 Serpico Lucy Episode: \"Dawn of the Furies\" 1980 Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones Marceline 'Marcy' Jones TV film 1981 Big Black Pill, The The Big Black Pill Sister Theresa TV film 1982 Prime Suspect Janice Staplin TV film 1985 New Leave It to Beaver, The The New Leave It to Beaver Violet Rutherford Episode: \"Violet Rutherford Returns\" 1985 Robert Kennedy & His Times Ethel Skakel Kennedy TV miniseries 1986 Intimate Encounters Emily TV film 1987 Miami Vice Society Dame Episode: \"By Hooker by Crook\" 1988 Tanner '88 Molly Hark 10 episodes 1989 Desperate for Love Betty Petrie TV film 1989 Baywatch Mrs. Harris (uncredited) Episode: \"Panic at Malibu Pier\" 1989–1992 L.A. Law A.D.A. Margaret Flanagan 9 episodes 1990 Son's Promise, A A Son's Promise Dorothy Donaldson TV film 1990 Hitler's Daughter Patricia Benedict TV film 1991 CBS Schoolbreak Special Caroline Morris Episode: \"Abby, My Love\" 1991 Dead in the Water Victoria Haines TV film 1992 Lincoln & Seward TV film 1992 Lincoln and the War Within TV film 1993 It's Nothing Personal Barbara TV film 1993 Triumph Over Disaster: The Hurricane Andrew Story Carla Hulin TV film 1994 Dead Air The Caller TV film 1995 My Brother's Keeper Pat TV film 1996 American Gothic Angela Episode: \"Dr. Death Takes a Holiday\" 1996 Lottery, The The Lottery Maggie Dunbar TV film 1996 Sliders The Flame (voice) Episode: \"The Fire Within\" 1997 ER Norma Houston Episode: \"Whose Appy Now?\" Episode: \"Faith\" Nominated- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series 1997 Boston Common Betty Episode: \"Here's to You, Mrs. Byrnes\" 1997 Quicksilver Highway Myra TV film 1997 George & Leo Anna Episode: \"The Wedding\" 1998 George & Leo Anna Episode: \"The Nine Wives of Leo Wagonman\" 1998 Rat Pack, The The Rat Pack Rocky Cooper TV film 1998–1999, 2018 [4] X-Files, The The X-Files Cassandra Spender 4 episodes Nominated- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series (1998-1999) 1999 Last Man on Earth, The The Last Man on Earth Director Elizabeth Riggs TV film 1999 Chicago Hope Karen Flanders Episode: \"Team Play\" 1999 Will & Grace Judith McFarland Episode: \"Homo for the Holidays\" 2001 Inside the Osmonds Olive Osmond TV film 2001 Touched by an Angel Shirlee Gibbons Episode: \"Famous Last Words\" 2002 Family Law Norma Benson Episode: \"Arlene's Choice\" 2002 Judging Amy Dorothea Mitchell Episode: \"A Pretty Good Day\" 2003 Without a Trace Mrs. Beckworth Episode: \"There Goes the Bride\" 2004 Dr. Vegas Evelyn Episode: \"All In\" 2004 Six Feet Under Peg Kimmel Episode: \"Falling into Place\" Episode: \"The Black Forest\" 2005 Six Feet Under Peg Kimmel Episode: \"A Coat of White Primer\" 2005 Closer, The The Closer Vera Mathers Episode: \"Good Housekeeping\" 2005 Without a Trace Susan Episode: \"John Michaels\" 2005 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Virginia Kennison Episode: \"Starved\" 2005 Nip/Tuck Mother Mary Claire Episode: \"Quentin Costa\" 2005–2006 Invasion Valerie Shenkman 5 episodes 2006 Boston Legal Judge Peggy Zeder Episode: \"Helping Hands\" 2006 Cold Case Mary Ryan Episode: \"Dog Day Afternoons\" 2006 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Diane Chase Episode: \"Rashomama\" 2006 7th Heaven Ms. Fitzhenry Episode: \"A Pain in the Neck\" 2006 Nine, The The Nine Barbara Dalton Episode: \"Brother's Keeper\" 2007 Nine, The The Nine Barbara Dalton Episode: \"Confessions\" Episode: \"The Inside Man\" 2007 October Road Lynn Farmer Episode: \"Deck the Howls\" 2009 Eastwick Bun Waverly 11 episodes 2010 Drop Dead Diva Marian Porter Episode: \"Back from the Dead\" 2010 Memphis Beat Miranda Episode: \"I Shall Not Be Moved\" 2010–2012 Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil Ms. Dominic (voice) 3 episodes 2012 Revenge Judge Elizabeth Blackwell Episode: \"Scandal\" Episode: \"Justice\" 2013 Non-Stop Rose TV Film 2014 Resurrection Helen Edgerton 6 episodes 2015 Bosch Irene Saxon 4 episodes 2016 The Loud House Sue Voice \"The Old and the Restless\" 2016 Criminal Minds Flora Martin Episode: \"The Bond\" 2017 Mommy, I Didn't Do It Judge Tannin TV film Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ ClassicFilmTVCafe.com interview , February 2014 Jump up ^ IMDB.com page for Veronica Cartwright Jump up ^ The Town That Dreaded Sundown Jump up ^ \"Ben L Maden on Twitter\" . Twitter . Retrieved 2018-04-30 . References [ edit ] Alien (The Director's Cut) : DVD 20th Century Fox 2006. ASIN: B00011V8IQ UPC: 024543098508. Interview with Veronica Cartwright External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Veronica Cartwright . Official website Veronica Cartwright interview at Classic Film & TV Cafe Veronica Cartwright on IMDb Veronica Cartwright at the TCM Movie Database [ show ] v t e Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress Ida Lupino (1974/75) Bette Davis (1976) Susan Tyrrell (1977) Dyan Cannon (1978) Veronica Cartwright (1979) Eve Brent (1980) Frances Sternhagen (1981) Zelda Rubinstein (1982) Candy Clark (1983) Polly Holliday (1984) Anne Ramsey (1985) Jenette Goldstein (1986) Anne Ramsey (1987) Sylvia Sidney (1988) Whoopi Goldberg (1989/90) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Isabella Rossellini (1992) Amanda Plummer (1993) Mia Sara (1994) Bonnie Hunt (1995) Alice Krige (1996) Gloria Stuart (1997) Joan Allen (1998) Patricia Clarkson (1999) Rebecca Romijn-Stamos (2000) Fionnula Flanagan (2001) Samantha Morton (2002) Ellen DeGeneres (2003) Daryl Hannah (2004) Summer Glau (2005) Famke Janssen (2006) Marcia Gay Harden (2007) Tilda Swinton (2008) Sigourney Weaver (2009) Mila Kunis (2010) Emily Blunt (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Scarlett Johansson (2013) Rene Russo (2014) Jessica Chastain (2015) Tilda Swinton (2016) Authority control WorldCat Identities BNF : cb13892221t (data) GND : 141207051 ISNI : 0000 0001 1875 8723 LCCN : no95020373 SNAC : w6x47qwk SUDOC : 072284595 VIAF : 49407528 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veronica_Cartwright&oldid=838928229 \" Categories : 1949 births Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses American voice actresses English child actresses English emigrants to the United States Actresses from Bristol Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from March 2015 Use British English from March 2015 BLP articles lacking sources from December 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Čeština Corsu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018, at 05:16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Veronica Cartwright", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Veronica_Cartwright&amp;oldid=838928229" }

{ "text": "Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar? - Wikipedia Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search \"Cookie Jar Song\" redirects here. For the Gym Class Heroes song, see Cookie Jar (song) . \"Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar?\" or the Cookie Jar Song is a sing along and game of children's music . The song is an infinite-loop motif , where each verse directly feeds into the next. The game begins with the children sitting or standing, arranged in an inward-facing circle . The song usually begins with the group leader asking who stole a cookie from an apocryphal (or sometimes real) cookie jar , followed by the name of one of the children in the circle. The child questions the \"accusation,\" answered by an affirmation from the \"accuser,\" followed by continued denial from the \"accused.\" The accuser asks who stole the cookie, followed by the name of another child in the circle. The call-and-answer is potentially infinitely recursive , limited only by the number of participants or the amount of time the participants wish to spend on it. Sometimes, a clapping or snapping beat is used by the children in the circle. Sometimes, the other children in the group sing along with the \"accuser\" after the \"accused\" has been identified. Some variations on the theme include the use by teachers of the song as a lesson in keeping with a beat and improvisation . As with many children's songs, there can be many variations on the execution of the performance. The song's lyrics are usually: Accuser: Who stole/took the cookie/cookies from the cookie jar? ( name of a child in the circle ) stole/took the cookie/cookies from the cookie jar. Accused: Who, me? Accuser/Group: Yes, you!/Yeah, you! Accused: Couldn't be!/Not me!/Wasn't me! Accuser/Group: Then who? This is followed by the \"accused\" saying the name of someone else, as \"( name of a child in the circle ) stole the cookie from the cookie jar,\" and the subsequent back-and-forth lines are repeated. The song may be repeated ad infinitum or it may end - if it is being performed as part of a game, where members of the group are eliminated by failing to keep up with the prescribed beat or eliminated as a result of being chosen as one of the accused. The song, and game, is featured as one of the sequences in Grandpa's Magical Toys ; the only accusation that is missing is that of the Dutch Girl, and she reveals that she got all the toys and the last cookie. The song was also done on three episodes of Barney & Friends . A variation of the song has been used in Smart4life commercials in the US beginning in 2009. The song was also used in the Family Guy episode \" When You Wish Upon a Weinstein .\" The song was used in The Simpsons episode \"Kamp Krustier\" where Chief Wiggum arrests two kids after they sing it in a group activity. See also [ edit ] The Priest of the Parish External links [ edit ] Example of a lesson plan used by teachers, with lyrics, and appropriate grade level. A variation on the performance of the piece, noting the importance of keeping to a rhythm. [ hide ] v t e Nursery rhymes ( list ) \" A-Tisket, A-Tasket \" \" Baa, Baa, Black Sheep \" \" Did You Ever See a Lassie? \" \" Hey Diddle Diddle \" \" Hickory Dickory Dock \" \" Hot Cross Buns \" \" Humpty Dumpty \" \" I'm a Little Teapot \" \" It's Raining, It's Pouring \" \" Jack and Jill \" \" Little Bo Peep \" \" Little Boy Blue \" \" Little Jack Horner \" \" Little Miss Muffet \" \" Mary Had a Little Lamb \" \" Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary \" \" Old King Cole \" \" Old MacDonald Had a Farm \" \" Old Mother Hubbard \" \" Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe \" \" Peter Piper \" \" Polly Put the Kettle On \" \" Poor Mary \" \" Pop Goes the Weasel \" \" Pussy Cat Pussy Cat \" \" Rain Rain Go Away \" \" Roses Are Red \" \" Rub-a-dub-dub \" \" Simple Simon \" \" Sticks and Stones \" \" The Grand Old Duke of York \" \" The Queen of Hearts \" \" Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star \" \" Two Little Dickie Birds \" Clapping \" A Sailor Went to Sea \" \" Down Down Baby \" \" Mary Mack \" \" Miss Susie \" \" Miss Lucy \" \" Pat-a-cake \" \" Pretty Little Dutch Girl \" \" Pease Porridge Hot \" Counting \" Duck, duck, goose \" \" Eeny, meeny, miny, moe \" \" One, Two, Buckle My Shoe \" \" One, Two, Three, Four, Five \" \" This Old Man \" \" Tinker, Tailor \" Finger- plays \" Five Little Monkeys \" \" Five Little Speckled Frogs \" \" Itsy Bitsy Spider \" \" Little Robin Redbreast \" \" Round and round the garden \" \" This Little Piggy \" Games \" London Bridge \" \" The Muffin Man \" \" Mulberry Bush \" \" Oranges and Lemons \" \" Ring a Ring o' Roses \" \" The Farmer in the Dell \" Riddle \" As I was going to St Ives \" Lullabies \" Hush, Little Baby \" \" Rock-a-bye Baby \" Rounds \" Ding Dong Bell \" \" Frère Jacques \" \" Kookaburra \" \" Row, Row, Row Your Boat \" \" Scotland's Burning \" \" Three Blind Mice \" Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Stole_the_Cookie_from_the_Cookie_Jar%3F&oldid=778906704 \" Categories : Children's songs Music education Year of song unknown Nursery rhymes Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 5 May 2017, at 22:04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar?", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Who_Stole_the_Cookie_from_the_Cookie_Jar%3F&amp;oldid=778906704" }

{ "text": "List of My Korean Jagiya episodes - Wikipedia List of My Korean Jagiya episodes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search My Korean Jagiya ( Hangul : 한국인 자기야 ; RR : Hanguk-in Jagiya ) is a 2017 Philippine television drama comedy romance series directed by Mark A. Reyes , starring Heart Evangelista and Alexander Lee . The series premiered on GMA Network 's GMA Telebabad primetime block and aired worldwide on GMA Pinoy TV on August 21, 2017, replacing I Heart Davao . NUTAM (Nationwide Urban Television Audience Measurement) People in television homes ratings are provided by AGB Nielsen Philippines . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 August 2017 2.2 September 2017 2.3 October 2017 2.4 November 2017 2.5 December 2017 2.6 January 2018 3 References Series overview [ edit ] Month Episodes Monthly averages August 9 6.6% September 21 6.4% October 22 7.3% November 22 7.5% December 21 6.7% January 10 6.8% Total 105 6.9% Episodes [ edit ] In the tables below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings. August 2017 [ edit ] Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref. Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank 1 \"Pilot\" August 21, 2017 #MyKoreanJagiya 6.6% #1 #7 [1] 2 \"Pinagtagpo\" (Coming Together) August 22, 2017 #MKJPinagtagpo 6.3% #2 #8 [2] 3 \"Jun Ho Meets Pao\" August 23, 2017 #MKJJunHoMeetsPao 5.8% #2 #8 [3] 4 \"The Proposal\" August 24, 2017 #MKJTheProposal N/A 5 \"Gia Saves Jun Ho\" August 25, 2017 #MKJGiaSavesJunHo 6.9% #1 #7 [4] 6 \"Fan Girl Goals\" August 28, 2017 #MKJFanGirlGoals 6.3% #2 #8 [5] 7 \"Problem Child\" August 29, 2017 #MKJProblemChild 6.7% #2 #8 [6] 8 \"We Meet Again\" August 30, 2017 #MKJWeMeetAgain 6.5% #1 #7 [7] 9 \"First Fight\" August 31, 2017 #MKJFirstFight 7.4% #1 #6 [8] September 2017 [ edit ] Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref. Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank 10 \"Gia To The Rescue\" September 1, 2017 #MKJGiaToTheRescue 7.0% #2 #8 [9] 11 \"Dear Jun Ho\" September 4, 2017 #MKJDearJunHo 5.3% #2 #8 [10] 12 \"Gia You Are Fired\" September 5, 2017 #MKJGiaYouAreFired 6.0% #2 #8 [11] 13 \"Second Chance\" September 6, 2017 #MKJSecondChance 5.8% #2 #8 [12] 14 \"Gia is Back\" September 7, 2017 #MKJGiaIsBack 6.5% #2 #8 [13] 15 \"Adoption\" September 8, 2017 #MKJAdoption 6.6% #2 #8 [14] 16 \"Gia Will You Marry Me\" September 11, 2017 #MKJGiaWillYouMarryMe 6.7% #2 #11 [15] 17 \"Gias Final Answer\" September 12, 2017 #MKJGiasFinalAnswer 6.1% #2 #14 [16] 18 \"Gia JunHo Back in Korea\" September 13, 2017 #MKJGiaJunHoBackInKorea 6.3% #2 13 [17] 19 \"Seoul Search\" September 14, 2017 #MKJSeoulSearch 7.2% #2 #12 [18] 20 \"Wedding Blues\" September 15, 2017 #MKJWeddingBlues 7.2% #2 #8 [19] 21 \"Tuloy Ang Kasal\" (Wedding) September 18, 2017 #MKJTuloyAngKasal 6.2% #2 #12 [20] 22 \"Mr and Mrs Kim Jun Ho\" September 19, 2017 #MKJMrAndMrsKimJunHo N/A 23 \"About Last Night\" September 20, 2017 #MKJAboutLastNight N/A 24 \"Feeling Wife\" September 21, 2017 #MKJFeelingWife 6.0% #2 #14 [21] 25 \"Monster in Law\" September 22, 2017 #MKJMonsterInLaw 6.3% #2 #13 [22] 26 \"Fam Bam Blues\" September 25, 2017 #MKJFamBamBlues 6.1% #2 #12 [23] 27 \"In Love Ka Na Ba\" (You're in love) September 26, 2017 #MKJInLoveKaNaBa 6.8% #1 #8 [24] 28 \"First Real Kiss\" September 27, 2017 #MKJFirstRealKiss 7.3% #1 #7 [25] 29 \"Fall or Fail\" September 28, 2017 #MKJFallOrFail 6.6% #2 #11 [26] 30 \"Paasa\" (Hopeful) September 29, 2017 #MKJPaasa 6.4% #1 #11 [27] October 2017 [ edit ] Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref. Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank 31 \"Enough is Enough\" October 2, 2017 #MKJEnoughIsEnough 7.5% #1 #7 [28] 32 \"The Wrong Mr Right\" October 3, 2017 #MKJTheWrongMrRight 6.9% #1 #9 [29] 33 \"Its Complicated\" October 4, 2017 #MKJItsComplicated 6.7% #1 #7 [30] 34 \"Jealous Jun Ho\" October 5, 2017 #MKJJealousJunHo 6.5% #1 #11 [31] 35 \"Fake News\" October 6, 2017 #MKJFakeNews 6.1% #2 #9 [32] 36 \"Swimsuit Showdown\" October 9, 2017 #MKJSwimsuitShowdown 8.0% #1 #8 [33] 37 \"Hopya Paasa Wasak\" (Rely in love) October 10, 2017 #MKJHopyaPaasaWasak 7.6% #1 #8 [34] 38 \"Gusto pa rin kita\" (i still like you) October 11, 2017 #MKJGustoPaRinKita 7.3% #1 #8 [35] 39 \"Taguan ng feelings\" (Secret Feelings) October 12, 2017 #MKJTaguanNgFeelings 7.4% #1 #8 [36] 40 \"Fighting\" October 13, 2017 #MKJFighting 8.0% #1 #9 [37] 41 \"Sorry Na\" (Sorry) October 16, 2017 #MKJSorryNa 7.2% #1 #10 [38] 42 \"Hinahanap hanap kita\" (I'm looking for you) October 17, 2017 #MKJHinahanaphanapKita 7.6% #1 #9 [39] 43 \"Challenge Accepted\" October 18, 2017 #MKJChallengeAccepted 7.1% #1 #9 [40] 44 \"Epal Alert\" (Bumping Alert) October 19, 2017 #MKJEpalAlert 7.0% #1 #10 [41] 45 \"Sopas Ala Gia\" (Soup Ala Gia) October 20, 2017 #MKJSopasAlaGia 7.6% #1 #9 [42] 46 \"Team Jun Ho vs. Team Ryan\" October 23, 2017 #MKJTeamJunHoVsTeamRyan 7.8% #1 #8 [43] 47 \"Ang Halik Mo\" (Your Kiss) October 24, 2017 #MKJAngHalikMo 8.2% #1 #8 [44] 48 \"Lugaw o Ligaw\" (Gruel or Wooing) October 25, 2017 #MKJLugawOLigaw 6.6% #1 #10 [45] 49 \"Pwede Ba Kitang Ligawan?\" (May I Woo You?) October 26, 2017 #MKJPwedeBaKitangLigawan 8.2% #1 #8 [46] 50 \"Fever\" October 27, 2017 #MKJFever 6.7% #1 #9 [47] 51 \"Aalagaan Kita\" (I'll Take Care of You) October 30, 2017 #MKJAalagaanKita 7.3% #2 #11 [48] 52 \"Royal Rambol\" (Royal Rumble) October 31, 2017 #MKJRoyalRambol 8.2% #1 #8 [49] November 2017 [ edit ] Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref. Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank 53 \"Sino Pipiliin Ko?\" (Who I Choose?) November 1, 2017 #MKJSinoPipiliinKo 6.9% #1 #10 [50] 54 \"My Crazy Girl\" November 2, 2017 #MKJMyCrazyGirl 8.6% #1 #8 [51] 55 \"Gusto Kita\" (I Like You) November 3, 2017 #MKJGustoKita 8.7% #1 #7 [52] 56 \"Team Ampalaya\" (Team Bitter) November 6, 2017 #MKJTeamAmpalaya 7.8% #1 #8 [53] 57 \"Worried si Gia\" (Worried Gia) November 7, 2017 #MKJWorriedSiGia 7.6% #2 #10 [54] 58 \"Pogi Problems\" (Handsome Problems) November 8, 2017 #MKJPogiProblems 7.2% #2 #10 [55] 59 \"Family Bonding\" November 9, 2017 #MKJFamilyBonding 7.4% #1 #10 [56] 60 \"Matamis na Oo\" (Sweet Yes) November 10, 2017 #MKJMatamisNaOo 7.8% #1 61 \"Laban, Gia\" (Fight, Gia) November 13, 2017 #MKJLabanGia 7.7% #1 #8 [57] 62 \"Cindy Kato\" (Cindy' Syndicate) November 14, 2017 #MKJCindyKato 6.9% #1 #9 [57] 63 \"Strong Girl Gia\" November 15, 2017 #MKJStrongGirlGia 7.0% #2 #10 [57] 64 \"Attack Mode\" November 16, 2017 #MKJAttackMode 6.8% #2 #10 [57] 65 \"Secret ni Cindy\" (Cindy's Secret) November 17, 2017 #MKJSecretNiCindy 7.8% #1 #7 [57] 66 \"Miss na Kita\" (I Miss You) November 20, 2017 #MKJMissNaKita 7.5% #1 #7 [58] 67 \"Huli Ka, Cindy\" (I Caught You, Cindy) November 21, 2017 #MKJHuliKaCindy 7.3% #1 #8 [58] 68 \"Drug Test\" November 22, 2017 #MKJDrugTest 6.6% #2 #10 [58] 69 \"Arestado\" (Arrested) November 23, 2017 #MKJArestado 7.2% #1 #6 [58] 70 \"Welcome Gong-woo\" November 24, 2017 #MKJWelcomeGongWoo 8.2% #1 #7 [59] 71 \"Frenemies\" November 27, 2017 #MKJFrenemies 8.0% #1 72 \"Bahay-Bahayan\" (Playhouse) November 28, 2017 #MKJBahayBahayan 7.9% #1 73 \"Bed Scene\" November 29, 2017 #MKJBedScene 7.9% #1 [60] 74 \"Operation Kilig\" (Operation Romantic Excitement) November 30, 2017 #MKJOperationKilig 7.5% #1 [61] December 2017 [ edit ] Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref. Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank 75 \"Couple Goals\" December 1, 2017 #MKJCoupleGoals 8.0% #1 [62] 76 \"Asar Talo\" (Annoying Loser) December 4, 2017 #MKJAsarTalo 7.0% #2 #11 [63] 77 \"Shookt\" December 5, 2017 #MKJShookt 7.5% #2 #10 [63] 78 \"Jun-ho, Please Explain\" December 6, 2017 #MKJJunHoPleaseExplain 7.3% #2 #9 [63] 79 \"Mahal Pa Rin Kita\" (I Still Love You) December 7, 2017 #MKJMahalPaRinKita 7.3% #2 #8 [64] 80 \"Simbang Gabi Wish\" (Evening Mass Wish) December 8, 2017 #MKJSimbangGabiWish 7.5% #2 #8 [64] 81 \"Monito Monita\" December 11, 2017 #MKJMonitoMonita 6.5% #2 #10 [65] 82 \"Malaya Ka Na\" (You're Free) December 12, 2017 #MKJMalayaKaNa 7.2% #1 #9 [65] 83 \"Want You Back\" December 13, 2017 #MKJWantYouBack 7.0% #2 #8 [65] 84 \"One Call Away\" December 14, 2017 #MKJOneCallAway 6.6% #2 #12 [65] 85 \"Kerwin's Mission\" December 15, 2017 #MKJKerwinsMission 6.3% #2 #12 [65] 86 \"Werpa Gia\" (Power Gia) December 18, 2017 #MKJWerpaGia 6.9% #1 #8 [66] 87 \"Sepanx\" December 19, 2017 #MKJSepanx 7.9% #1 #9 [66] 88 \"Pasabog\" (Petard) December 20, 2017 #MKJPasabog 7.6% #1 #7 [66] 89 \"Miss Kita, Miss Mo 'Ko?\" (I Miss You, Do You Miss Me?) December 21, 2017 #MKJMissKitaMissMoKo 7.0% #2 #11 [66] 90 \"Beast Mode\" December 22, 2017 #MKJBeastMode 7.3% #1 #11 [66] 91 \"It's a Trap\" December 25, 2017 #MKJItsATrap 5.1% #2 #10 [66] 92 \"Saranghae, Gia\" (I Love You, Gia) December 26, 2017 #MKJSaranghaeGia 6.8% #2 #10 [66] 93 \"Missing My Crazy Girl\" December 27, 2017 #MKJMissingMyCrazyGirl 7.2% #2 #10 [66] 94 \"Gia, Where na U?\" (Gia, Where Are You?) December 28, 2017 #MKJGiaWhereNaU 7.3% #2 #10 [66] 95 \"Fight for Gia\" December 29, 2017 #MKJFightForGia 7.1% #2 #8 [66] January 2018 [ edit ] Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref. Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank 96 \"Jun-ho vs. Gong-woo\" January 1, 2018 #MKJJunHoVsGongWoo 6.3% #1 #9 [67] 97 \"Tagay Tayo\" (Let's Drink) January 2, 2018 #MKJTagayTayo 6.3% #2 #13 [67] 98 \"Karma ni Cindy\" (Cindy's Karma) January 3, 2018 #MKJKarmaNiCindy 6.8% #2 #12 [67] 99 \"Reunited\" January 4, 2018 #MKJReunited 7.6% #1 #7 [67] 100 \"Follow Your Dream\" January 5, 2018 #MKJFollowYourDream 7.3% #1 #8 [67] 101 \"One Kilig Day\" (One Romantic Excitement Day) January 8, 2018 #MKJOneKiligDay 6.8% #2 #9 [68] 102 \"Welcome Back, Gia\" January 9, 2018 #MKJWelcomeBackGia 6.1% #2 #12 [68] 103 \"Drunk in Love\" January 10, 2018 #MKJDrunkInLove 6.5% #2 #10 [68] 104 \"JuGia Forever\" January 11, 2018 #MKJJuGiaForever 6.7% #2 #11 [68] 105 \"Kilig Finale\" (The Romantic Finale) January 12, 2018 #MKJKiligFinale 8.5% #1 #6 [69] References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"August 21 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-08-21 . Jump up ^ \"August 22 (Tue) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-08-22 . Jump up ^ \"August 23 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-08-23 . Jump up ^ \"August 25 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-08-25 . Jump up ^ \"August 28 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-08-28 . Jump up ^ \"August 29 (Tue) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-08-29 . Jump up ^ \"August 30 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-08-30 . Jump up ^ \"August 31 (Thu) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-08-31 . Jump up ^ \"September 1 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-01 . Jump up ^ \"September 4 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-04 . Jump up ^ \"September 5 (Tue) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-05 . Jump up ^ \"September 6 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-06 . Jump up ^ \"September 7 (Thu) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-07 . Jump up ^ \"September 8 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-08 . Jump up ^ \"September 11 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-11 . Jump up ^ \"September 12 (Tue) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-12 . Jump up ^ \"September 13 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-13 . Jump up ^ \"September 14 (Thup) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-14 . Jump up ^ \"September 15 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-15 . Jump up ^ \"September 18 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-18 . Jump up ^ \"September 21 (Thu) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-21 . Jump up ^ \"September 22 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-22 . Jump up ^ \"September 25 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-25 . Jump up ^ \"September 26 (Tue) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-26 . Jump up ^ \"September 27 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . Jump up ^ \"September 28 (Thu) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-28 . Jump up ^ \"September 29 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-09-29 . Jump up ^ \"October 2 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-02 . Jump up ^ \"October 3 (Tue) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-03 . Jump up ^ \"October 4 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-04 . Jump up ^ \"October 5 (Thu) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-05 . Jump up ^ \"October 6 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-06 . Jump up ^ \"October 9 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-09 . Jump up ^ \"October 10 (Tue) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-10 . Jump up ^ \"October 11 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-11 . Jump up ^ \"October 12 (Thu) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-12 . Jump up ^ \"October 13 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-13 . Jump up ^ \"October 16 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-16 . Jump up ^ \"October 17 (Tue) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-17 . Jump up ^ \"October 18 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-18 . Jump up ^ \"October 19 (Thu) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-19 . Jump up ^ \"October 20 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-20 . Jump up ^ \"October 23 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-23 . Jump up ^ \"October 24 (Tue) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-24 . Jump up ^ \"October 25 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-25 . Jump up ^ \"October 26 (Thu) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-26 . Jump up ^ \"October 27 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-27 . Jump up ^ \"October 30 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-30 . Jump up ^ \"October 31 (Tue) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-10-31 . Jump up ^ \"November 1 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-01 . Jump up ^ \"November 2 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-02 . Jump up ^ \"November 3 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-03 . Jump up ^ \"November 6 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-06 . Jump up ^ \"November 7 (Tue) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-07 . Jump up ^ \"November 8 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-08 . Jump up ^ \"November 9 (Thu) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-09 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e \"November 13–19 TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-13 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d \"November 20–24 TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-27 . Jump up ^ \"November 24 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-24 . Jump up ^ \"November 29 (Wed) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-29 . Jump up ^ \"November 30 (Thu) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-11-30 . Jump up ^ \"December 1 (Friday) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-12-01 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"December 01–06 TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-12-17 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"December 07–10 TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2017-01-07 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e \"December 11–17 TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2018-01-14 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j \"December 18–30 TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved 2018-01-21 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e \"January 01–07 TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved February 14, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d \"January 08–14 TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved February 14, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"January 12 (Fri) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\" . Retrieved January 16, 2018 . Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_My_Korean_Jagiya_episodes&oldid=850628955 \" Categories : Lists of Philippine drama television series episodes Lists of South Korean television series episodes Hidden categories: Articles containing Korean-language text Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018, at 01:49 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "List of My Korean Jagiya episodes", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_My_Korean_Jagiya_episodes&amp;oldid=850628955" }

{ "text": "Westfield Liverpool - Wikipedia Westfield Liverpool From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Westfield Liverpool Location Liverpool, New South Wales , Australia Coordinates 33°55′11″S 150°55′28″E  /  33.919767°S 150.924307°E  / -33.919767; 150.924307 Coordinates : 33°55′11″S 150°55′28″E  /  33.919767°S 150.924307°E  / -33.919767; 150.924307 Opening date 1971 Management Scentre Group Owner Scentre Group (50%) AMP (50%) No. of stores and services 340 No. of anchor tenants 6 Total retail floor area 83,365 m 2 (897,333 sq ft) No. of floors 3 (Top is Event Cinemas) Parking 3,558 Bays Website www .westfield .com /liverpool / Information from Scentre Group [1] Westfield Liverpool is a major shopping centre, located in Liverpool , a suburb of Sydney . Contents [ hide ] 1 History and development 1.1 Redevelopments 2 Transport 3 Image gallery 4 References 5 External links History and development [ edit ] Westfield Liverpool was opened in 1971. The centre has a current trade area population of 614,000 people, with 14.9 million annual customer visits. [1] The total annual retail sales at the centre were A$ 515.5 million. [1] Redevelopments [ edit ] The centre has been extended and redeveloped three times in its life, the first in 1991, again in 1993, and more recently in 2006. [2] By its 1993 extension, the centre was jointly owned by Westfield and Rodamco , and had 57,664 m 2 (620,690 sq ft) of GLA . [2] The 2006 extensions brought the GLA to 83,365 m 2 (897,333 sq ft). [1] These extensions were valued at an estimated $200 million (2006). [3] In 2011, another redevelopment occurred in the shopping centre which included widening of the mall, new flooring, lighting and furniture, as well as the relocation of existing retailers. [4] Transport [ edit ] The centre can be accessed by multiple transport options, including public bus, and is within walking distance of Liverpool railway station . [5] Image gallery [ edit ] Entrance opposite Macquarie Street Mall View from west Elizabeth Street entranc References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d \"Westfield Liverpool\" . Scentre Group . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Spike Boydell (July 1998). \"An analysis of the investment appraisal of enclosed regional shopping centres : An Australian perspective\" (PDF) : 130,303 . Retrieved 2007-07-18 . Jump up ^ \"Liverpool City Centre\" . NSW Department of Planning, Government of New South Wales . Retrieved 2007-07-17 . Jump up ^ \"Westfield Liverpool to get facelift\" . Liverpool Leader . Retrieved 2011-07-22 . Jump up ^ \"Public Transport - Westfield Liverpool\" . The Westfield Group . Archived from the original on 2007-09-30 . Retrieved 2007-07-17 . External links [ edit ] Westfield Liverpool website [ show ] v t e Westfield shopping centres in Australia ACT Belconnen Woden NSW Bondi Junction Burwood Chatswood Eastgardens Hornsby Hurstville Kotara Liverpool Miranda Mount Druitt Parramatta Penrith Sydney Tuggerah Warringah Mall VIC Doncaster Fountain Gate Knox Geelong Plenty Valley Southland QLD Carindale Chermside Garden City Helensvale North Lakes SA Marion Tea Tree Plaza West Lakes WA Carousel Innaloo Whitford City Scentre Group [ show ] v t e Shopping centres in New South Wales Central Coast Erina Fair Westfield Tuggerah Hunter Charlestown Square Stockland Glendale Stockland Green Hills Westfield Kotara Illawarra Dapto Mall Stockland Shellharbour Warrawong Plaza Wollongong Central Sydney Bankstown Central Shopping Centre Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre Broadway Shopping Centre Burwood Plaza Carlingford Court Castle Towers Chatswood Chase Chatswood Interchange Chatswood Mall Eastgate Bondi Junction Harbourside Shopping Centre Hurstville Central Lidcombe Shopping Centre Macarthur Square Macquarie Centre Mid City Centre Queen Victoria Building Rhodes Waterside Roselands Rouse Hill Town Centre Soul Pattinson Building St Ives Shopping Village Stockland Glasshouse Strathfield Plaza The Strand Arcade The Galeries Victoria Top Ryde City Warriewood Square Westfield Bondi Junction Westfield Burwood Westfield Chatswood Westfield Eastgardens Westfield Hornsby Westfield Hurstville Westfield Liverpool Westfield Miranda Westfield Parramatta Westfield Sydney Westfield Warringah Mall Westpoint Blacktown World Square South Western New South Wales Lavington Square Shopping Centre Wagga Wagga Marketplace List of shopping centres in Australia Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westfield_Liverpool&oldid=801182133 \" Categories : Shopping centres in Sydney Shopping malls established in 1971 Hidden categories: Coordinates on Wikidata Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017, at 04:31. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view", "title": "Westfield Liverpool", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Westfield_Liverpool&amp;oldid=801182133" }

{ "text": "Savings and loan association - Wikipedia Savings and loan association From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Not to be confused with Savings bank . Part of a series on financial services Banking Types of banks [hide] Advising Banq Central Commercial Community development Cooperative Credit union Custodian Depository Direct Export credit agency Investment Industrial Merchant Mutual savings National Offshore Participation Postal savings Private Public Retail Savings Savings and loan Universal Lists of banks Accounts · Cards [show] Accounts Christmas club Deposit Money-market Savings Time deposit (Bond) Transaction (checking / current) Cards ATM Credit Debit Funds transfer [show] Electronic bill payment Wire Cheque SWIFT Automated Clearing House Giro Terms [show] Automated teller machine Bank regulation Loan Money creation Bank secrecy Ethical banking Fractional-reserve banking Islamic banking Private banking Related topics [show] Financial market ( participants ) Corporate finance Personal finance Public finance Financial law Financial regulation List of banks v t e This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States of America Regulation Monetary policy Banking charters [show] Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank Lending [show] Credit card Deposit accounts [show] Checking Money-market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUA) Payment and transfer [show] Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer (EFT) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check Automated Clearing House (ACH) Bill payment United States portal v t e A savings and loan association ( S&L ), or thrift institution , is a financial institution that specializes in accepting savings , deposits, and making mortgage and other loans. The terms \"S&L\" or \"thrift\" are mainly used in the United States ; similar institutions in the United Kingdom , Ireland and some Commonwealth countries include building societies and trustee savings banks . They are often mutually held (often called mutual savings banks ), meaning that the depositors and borrowers are members with voting rights, and have the ability to direct the financial and managerial goals of the organization like the members of a credit union or the policyholders of a mutual insurance company. While it is possible for an S&L to be a joint-stock company , and even publicly traded; in such instances it is no longer truly a mutual association, and depositors and borrowers no longer have membership rights and managerial control. By law, thrifts can have no more than 20 percent of their lending in commercial loans — their focus on mortgage and consumer loans makes them particularly vulnerable to housing downturns such as the deep one the U.S. has experienced since 2007. Contents [ hide ] 1 Early history 2 U.S. savings and loan in the 20th century 2.1 Mortgage lending 2.2 Further advantages 2.3 Decline 2.4 Consequences of U.S. government acts and reforms 3 Characteristics 3.1 Differences from savings banks 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early history [ edit ] At the beginning of the 19th century, banking was still something only done by those who had assets or wealth that needed safekeeping. The first savings bank in the United States, the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society , was established on December 20, 1816, and by the 1830s such institutions had become widespread. In the United Kingdom , the first savings bank was founded in 1810 by the Reverend Henry Duncan , Doctor of Divinity , the minister of Ruthwell Church in Dumfriesshire , Scotland . It is home to the Savings Bank Museum, in which there are records relating to the history of the savings bank movement in the United Kingdom , as well as family memorabilia relating to Henry Duncan and other prominent people of the surrounding area. However the main type of institution similar to U.S. savings and loan associations in the United Kingdom is not the savings bank, but the building society and had existed since the 1770s. U.S. savings and loan in the 20th century [ edit ] The savings and loan association became a strong force in the early 20th century through assisting people with home ownership, through mortgage lending, and further assisting their members with basic saving and investing outlets, typically through passbook savings accounts and term certificates of deposit. The savings and loan associations of this era were famously portrayed in the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life . Mortgage lending [ edit ] The earliest mortgages were not offered by banks, but by insurance companies, and they differed greatly from the mortgage or home loan that is familiar today. Most early mortgages were short with some kind of balloon payment at the end of the term, or they were interest-only loans which did not pay anything toward the principal of the loan with each payment. As such, many people were either perpetually in debt in a continuous cycle of refinancing their home purchase, or they lost their home through foreclosure when they were unable to make the balloon payment at the end of the term of that loan. The US Congress passed the Federal Home Loan Bank Act in 1932, during the Great Depression . It established the Federal Home Loan Bank and associated Federal Home Loan Bank Board to assist other banks in providing funding to offer long term, amortized loans for home purchases. The idea was to get banks involved in lending, not insurance companies, and to provide realistic loans which people could repay and gain full ownership of their homes. Savings and loan associations sprang up all across the United States because there was low-cost funding available through the Federal Home Loan Bank Act. Further advantages [ edit ] Savings and loans were given a certain amount of preferential treatment by the Federal Reserve inasmuch as they were given the ability to pay higher interest rates on savings deposits compared to a regular commercial bank . This was known as Regulation Q (The Interest Rate Adjustment Act of 1966) and gave the S&Ls 50 basis points above what banks could offer. The idea was that with marginally higher savings rates, savings and loans would attract more deposits that would allow them to continue to write more mortgage loans , which would keep the mortgage market liquid, and funds would always be available to potential borrowers. However, savings and loans were not allowed to offer checking accounts until the late 1970s. This reduced the attractiveness of savings and loans to consumers, since it required consumers to hold accounts across multiple institutions in order to have access to both checking privileges and competitive savings rates. In the 1980s the situation changed. The United States Congress granted all thrifts in 1980, including savings and loan associations, the power to make consumer and commercial loans and to issue transaction accounts. The Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (DIDMCA) of 1980 [1] was designed to help the banking industry to combat disintermediation of funds to higher-yielding non-deposit products such as money market mutual funds. It also allowed thrifts to make consumer loans up to 20 percent of their assets, issue credit cards, and provide negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) accounts to consumers and nonprofit organizations. Over the next several years, this was followed by provisions that allowed banks and thrifts to offer a wide variety of new market-rate deposit products. For S&Ls, this deregulation of one side of the balance sheet essentially led to more inherent interest rate risk inasmuch as they were funding long-term, fixed-rate mortgage loans with volatile shorter-term deposits. In 1982, the Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act [2] was passed and increased the proportion of assets that thrifts could hold in consumer and commercial real estate loans and allowed thrifts to invest 5 percent of their assets in commercial, corporate, business, or agricultural loans until January 1, 1984, when this percentage increased to 10 percent. [3] Decline [ edit ] During the Savings and Loan Crisis , from 1986 to 1995, the number of federally insured savings and loans in the United States declined from 3,234 to 1,645. [4] Analysts mostly attribute this to unsound real estate lending. [5] The market share of S&Ls for single family mortgage loans went from 53% in 1975 to 30% in 1990. [6] The following is a detailed summary of the major causes for losses that hurt the S&L business in the 1980s according to the United States League of Savings Associations: Lack of net worth for many institutions as they entered the 1980s, and a wholly inadequate net worth regulation. Decline in the effectiveness of Regulation Q in preserving the spread between the cost of money and the rate of return on assets, basically stemming from inflation and the accompanying increase in market interest rates. Inability to vary the return on assets with increases in the rate of interest required to be paid for deposits. Increased competition on the deposit gathering and mortgage origination sides of the business, with a sudden burst of new technology making possible a whole new way of conducting financial institutions generally and the mortgage business specifically. A rapid increase in investment powers of associations with passage of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (the Garn-St Germain Act), and, more important, through state legislative enactments in a number of important and rapidly growing states. These introduced new risks and speculative opportunities which were difficult to administer. In many instances management lacked the ability or experience to evaluate them, or to administer large volumes of nonresidential construction loans. Elimination of regulations initially designed to prevent lending excesses and minimize failures. Regulatory relaxation permitted lending, directly and through participations, in distant loan markets on the promise of high returns. Lenders, however, were not familiar with these distant markets. It also permitted associations to participate extensively in speculative construction activities with builders and developers who had little or no financial stake in the projects. Fraud and insider transaction abuses, especially in the case of state-chartered and regulated thrifts, where regulatory supervision at the state level was lax, [ citation needed ] thinly-spread, and/or insufficient (e.g.: Texas, Arizona). A new type and generation of opportunistic savings and loan executives and owners — some of whom operated in a fraudulent manner — whose takeover of many institutions was facilitated by a change in FSLIC rules reducing the minimum number of stockholders of an insured association from 400 to one. Dereliction of duty on the part of the board of directors of some savings associations. This permitted management to make uncontrolled use of some new operating authority, while directors failed to control expenses and prohibit obvious conflict of interest situations. A virtual end of inflation in the American economy, together with overbuilding in multifamily, condominium-type residences and in commercial real estate in many cities. In addition, real estate values collapsed in the energy states — Texas , Louisiana , Oklahoma particularly due to falling oil prices — and weakness occurred in the mining and agricultural sectors of the economy. Pressures felt by the management of many associations to restore net worth ratios. Anxious to improve earnings, they departed from their traditional lending practices into credits and markets involving higher risks, but with which they had little experience. The lack of appropriate, accurate, and effective evaluations of the savings and loan business by public accounting firms, security analysts, and the financial community. Organizational structure and supervisory laws, adequate for policing and controlling the business in the protected environment of the 1960s and 1970s, resulted in fatal delays and indecision in the examination/supervision process in the 1980s. Federal and state examination and supervisory staffs insufficient in number, experience, or ability to deal with the new world of savings and loan operations. The inability or unwillingness of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board and its legal and supervisory staff to deal with problem institutions in a timely manner. Many institutions, which ultimately closed with big losses, were known problem cases for a year or more. Often, it appeared, political considerations delayed necessary supervisory action. [7] While not specifically identified above, a related specific factor was that S&Ls and their lending management were often inexperienced with the complexities and risks associated with commercial and more complex loans as distinguished from their roots with \"simple\" home mortgage loans. Consequences of U.S. government acts and reforms [ edit ] As a result, the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) dramatically changed the savings and loan industry and its federal regulation not the regulation at all. Here are the highlights of this legislation, signed into law on August 9, 1989: [8] The Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) were abolished. The Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS), a bureau of the United States Treasury Department , was created to charter, regulate, examine, and supervise savings institutions. The Federal Housing Finance Board (FHFB) was created as an independent agency to oversee the 12 Federal Home Loan Banks (also called district banks), formerly overseen by the FHLBB. The Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF) replaced the FSLIC as an ongoing insurance fund for thrift institutions. (Like the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), FSLIC was a permanent corporation that insured savings and loan accounts up to $100,000.) SAIF was administered by the FDIC alongside its sister fund for banks, Bank Insurance Fund (BIF) until 2006 when the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 (effective February 2006) provided, among other provisions, that the two funds merge to constitute the Depositor Insurance Fund (DIF), which would continue to be administered by the FDIC. The Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC) was established to dispose of failed thrift institutions taken over by regulators after January 1, 1989. FIRREA gave both Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae additional responsibility to support mortgages for low- and moderate-income families. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 had also eliminated the ability for investors to reduce regular wage income by so-called \"passive\" losses incurred from real estate investments, e.g., depreciation and interest deductions. This caused real estate value to decline as investors pulled out of this sector. Characteristics [ edit ] The most important purpose of savings and loan associations is to make mortgage loans on residential property. These organizations, which also are known as savings associations, building and loan associations, cooperative banks (in New England ), and homestead associations (in Louisiana ), are the primary source of financial assistance to a large segment of American homeowners. As home-financing institutions, they give primary attention to single-family residences and are equipped to make loans in this area. Some of the most important characteristics of a savings and loan association are: It is generally a locally owned and privately managed home financing institution. It receives individuals' savings and uses these funds to make long-term amortized loans to home purchasers. It makes loans for the construction, purchase, repair, or refinancing of houses. It is state or federally chartered. [3] Differences from savings banks [ edit ] Accounts at savings banks were insured by the FDIC. When the Western Savings Bank of Philadelphia failed in 1982, it was the FDIC that arranged its absorption into the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society (PSFS). [ citation needed ] Savings banks were limited by law to only offer savings accounts and to make their income from mortgages and student loans. Savings banks could pay one-third of 1% higher interest on savings than could a commercial bank. PSFS circumvented this by offering \"payment order\" accounts which functioned as checking accounts and were processed through the Fidelity Bank of Pennsylvania. [ citation needed ] The rules were loosened so that savings banks could offer automobile loans, credit cards, and actual checking accounts. [ citation needed ] In time PSFS became a full commercial bank. Accounts at savings and loans were insured by the FSLIC. Some savings and loans did become savings banks, such as First Federal Savings Bank of Pontiac in Michigan. What gave away their heritage was their accounts continued to be insured by the FSLIC. Savings and loans accepted deposits and used those deposits, along with other capital that was in their possession, to make loans. What was revolutionary was that the management of the savings and loan was determined by those that held deposits and in some instances had loans. The amount of influence in the management of the organization was determined based on the amount on deposit with the institution. The overriding goal of the savings and loan association was to encourage savings and investment by common people and to give them access to a financial intermediary that otherwise had not been open to them in the past. The savings and loan was also there to provide loans for the purchase of large ticket items, usually homes, for worthy and responsible borrowers. The early savings and loans were in the business of \"neighbors helping neighbors\". See also [ edit ] Cooperative banking Credit union References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Pub.L. 96–221 , H.R. 4986 , 94 Stat. 132 , enacted March 31, 1980 Jump up ^ Pub.L. 97–320 , H.R. 6267 , 96 Stat. 1469 , enacted October 15, 1982 ^ Jump up to: a b Mishler, Lon; Cole, Robert E. (1995). Consumer and business credit management . Homewood, Ill: Irwin. pp. 123–124. ISBN 0-256-13948-2 . Jump up ^ Curry, Timothy; Shibut, Lynn (December 2000). \"The Cost of the Savings and Loan Crisis: Truth and Consequences\" (PDF) . FDIC Banking Review . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). 13 (2): 26–35. Jump up ^ Seidman, L. William; Litan, Robert E.; White, Lawrence J.; Silverberg, Stanley C. (January 16, 1997). Symposium Proceedings: Panel 3 – Lessons of the 1980s: What Does the Evidence Show? (PDF) . History of the Eighties - Lessons for the Future . II . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), Division of Research and Statistics. pp. 55–85. Jump up ^ Diamond, Jr.,, Douglas B.; Lea, Michael J.; Gabriel, Stuart A. (1992). \"Housing Finance in Developed Countries: An International Comparison of Efficiency, Chapter 6. United States\" (PDF) . Journal of Housing Research . Fannie Mae. 3 (1): 145–170. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-13. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Strunk, Norman; Case, Fred (1988). Where deregulation went wrong: a look at the causes behind savings and loan failures in the 1980s . Chicago: United States League of Savings Institutions. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9780929097329 . OCLC 18220698 . Jump up ^ \"FIRREA – It's Not a New Sports Car\" . Credit World . International Credit Association (ICA): 20. September–October 1989. ISSN 0011-1074 . External links [ edit ] Office of Thrift Supervision [ hide ] v t e Cooperative banking Types Building society Credit union Mutual savings bank Savings and loan association See also Co-operative Party Co-operatives UK Consumers' co-operative International Co-operative Alliance List of cooperatives List of cooperative federations List of worker cooperatives Purchasing cooperative Worker cooperative Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savings_and_loan_association&oldid=841505277 \" Categories : Cooperative banking Mutual organizations Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Հայերեն Lietuvių 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018, at 07:55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Savings and loan association", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Savings_and_loan_association&amp;oldid=841505277" }

{ "text": "List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 2015–present - Wikipedia List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 2015–present From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The following list contains the members, parties, states of origin or representation, and constituencies of all the members of Nigeria's 8th House of Representatives as of the 2015 general election . [1] [2] [3] Member Party State Constituency Ossy Prestige APGA Abia State Aba North/South Uko Ndokwe Nkole PDP Abia State Arochukwu-Ohafia Solomon Ezinwa O. Adaelu PDP Abia State Obingwa/Osisioma/Ugwunagbo Onyejeocha Nkeruka Chiduben [4] PDP Abia State Umunneochi/Isuikwuato Nnenna Elendu Ukeje PDP Abia State Bende Samuel Ifeanyi Onuigbo PDP Abia State Ikwuano/Umuahia Nkem Uzoma PDP Abia State Ukwa East/Ukwa West Darlington Nwokocha PDP Abia State Isiala Ngwa North/South Adamu Kamale PDP Adamawa State Madagali/Michika Yusuf Buba APC Adamawa State Hong/Gombi Abdulrazak Namdas APC Adamawa State Mayo Belwa/Toungo/Jada/Ganye Abubakar Lawal APC Adamawa State Girei/Yola North/Yola South Talatu Yohanna APC Adamawa State Lamurde/Numan/Demsa Shuaibu Abdulraman APC Adamawa State Maiha/Mubi N/ Mu S Philip Ahmad APC Adamawa State Shelleng/Guyuk Sadiq Ibrahim APC Adamawa State Song/Fufore Samuel Ikon PDP Akwa Ibom Nsit Ibom/Nsit Ubium/Etinan Owoidighe Ekpoatai PDP Akwa Ibom Eket/Esit Eket/Onna/Ibeno Okon Michael PDP Akwa Ibom Uruan/Uyo/Nsit Ata/Ibeskip Asutan Iboro Ekanem PDP Akwa Ibom Ini/Ikono Nse Ekpenyong PDP Akwa Ibom Oron/Mbo/Okobo/UrueOffong/Oruko/Udung-Uko Emmanuel Ukoete PDP Akwa Ibom Ukanafun/Orukanam Emmanuel Akpan PDP Akwa Ibom Ikor Ekpene/Essien Udim/Obot Akara Emmanuel Ekon PDP Akwa Ibom Abak/Etim Ekpo/Ika Francis Uduyok PDP Akwa Ibom Ikot Abasi/Mkpat Enin/Eastern Obolo Henry Archibong PDP Akwa Ibom Itu/Ibiono Ibom Samuel Ikon PDP Akwa Ibom Etinan/Nsit Ibom/Nsit Ubium Owoidighe Ekpoatai PDP Akwa Ibom Eket/Onna/Esit Eket/Ibeno Okon Michael PDP Akwa Ibom Uyo/Uruan/Nsit Ata/Ibeskip Asutan Chukwuka Onyema PDP Anambra State Ogbaru Okechukwu Eze PDP Anambra State Anaocha/Njikoka/Dunukofia Emeka Idu PDP Anambra State Onitsha North/South Chukwuemeka Anohu PDP Anambra State Ihiala Chidoka Obinna PDP Anambra State Idemili North/South Azubago Ifeanyi PDP Anambra State Nnewi North/South/Ekwusigo Gabriel Onyenwife All Progressives Grand Alliance Anambra State Oyi/Ayamelum Peter Madubueze APC Anambra State Anambra East/West Anayo Nnebe PDP Anambra State Awka North/South Eucharia Okwunna PDP Anambra State Aguta Sopuluchukqu Ezeonwuka PDP Anambra State Orumba North/South Omar Tata APC Bauchi State Zaki Dogara Yakubu APC Bauchi State Bogoro/Dass/Tafawa Balewa Isa Mohammed APC Bauchi State Jama'are/Itas-Gadau Muhammad Abdu APC Bauchi State Alkaleri/Kirfi Adamu Gurai APC Bauchi State Shira/Glade Zakari Salisu APC Bauchi State Ningi/Warji Ibrahim Baba APC Bauchi State Katagum Gumau Yahaya APC Bauchi State Toro Jika Haliru APC Bauchi State Darazo/Gunjuwa Shehu Musa APC Bauchi State Bauchi Ahmed Yerima APC Bauchi State Misau/Dambam Agbedi Yeitiemone PDP Bayelsa State Sagbama/Ekeremor Sodaguno Festus-Omoni PDP Bayelsa State Ogbia Douye Diri PDP Bayelsa State Yenagoa/Kolokuna/Opokuma Jephthah PDP Bayelsa State Brass/Nembe Ofongo Henry PDP Bayelsa State Southern Ijaw Ochepo Adamu PDP Benue State Apa/Agatu Iorember Wayo APC Benue State Kwande/Ushongo Orker-jev Yisa APC Benue State Buruku Memga Emmanuel PDP Benue State Katsina-Ala/Ukum/Logo Dickson Tarkighir APC Benue State Makurdi/Guma Adabah Christian PDP Benue State Ado/Obadigbo/Opkokwu Awulu Adaji PDP Benue State Otukpo/Ohimini Mark Gbillah APC Benue State Gwer East/Gwer West Aja Samson PDP Benue State Oju/Obi Herman Hembe APC Benue State Vandeikya/Konshisha John Dyegh APC Benue State Gboko/Tarka Mahhud Maina APC Borno State Dikwa/Mafaf/Konduga Shriff Mohammed APC Borno State Bama/Ngala/Kalabalge Mohammed Sanda APC Borno State Kaga/Gubio/Magumeri Asabe Bashir APC Borno State Damboa/Gwoza/Chibok Mohammed Monguno APC Borno State Jere Mallam Gana APC Borno State Kukawa/Mobbar/Abadam/Guzamalai Abdukadir Rahis APC Borno State Maiduguri (Metropolitan) Jibrin Santumari APC Borno State Askira-Uba/Hawul Aliyu Muktar APC Borno State Biu/Bayo/Shani/Kwaya Kusar Idagbo Ochiglegor PDP Cross River State Bekwarra/Obudu/Obanliku Irom Michael PDP Cross River State Obubra/Etung Effiong Daniel PDP Cross River State Akamkpa/Biase Essien Ayi PDP Cross River State Akpabuyo/Bakassi/Calabar South Edim Eta PDP Cross River State Calabar Municipal/Odukpani Ngoro Adigbe PDP Cross River State Ikom/Boki Bassey Ewah PDP Cross River State Yakurr/Abi Agom Jarigbe PDP Cross River State Ogoja Yala Evelyn Omavowan PDP Delta State Opke/Sapele/Uvwie Joan Mrakpor PDP Delta State Aniocha North/Aniocha South/Oshimili N&S Solomon Ahwinahwi PDP Delta State Ughelli North/South/Udu Ederin Idisi PDP Delta State Ethiope Daniel Reyenieju PDP Delta State Warri Nwokolo Victor PDP Delta State Ika Ogor Okuweh PDP Delta State Isoko North/South Nicholas Mutu PDP Delta State Bomadi/Patani Nicholas Ossai PDP Delta State Ndokwa/Ukwani Julius Pondi PDP Delta State Burutu Iduma Igariwey PDP Ebonyi State Afikpo North/Afikpo South Lazarus Ogbee PDP Ebonyi State Ikwo/Ezza South Sylvester Ogbaga PDP Ebonyi State Abakaliki/Izzi Chukwuma Nwazunku PDP Ebonyi State Ohaukwu/Ebonyi Edwin Anayo PDP Ebonyi State Ezza North/Ishielu Linus Okorie PDP Ebonyi State Ohaukwu/Ebonyi Aisowieren Patrick APC Edo State Orhionmwon/Uhunmwode Sergius Ogun PDP Edo State Esan 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North/South Chime Oji PDP Enugu State Nkanu East/Nkanu West Angulu Zakari APC FCT Kuje/Abaji/Gwagwalada/Kwali Zaphaniah Jisalo PDP FCT Abuja Municipal /Bwari Barambu Kawuwa APC Gombe State Akko Yunusa Abubkar APC Gombe State Yamaltu-Deba Khamsiu Ahm Ahmed APC Gombe State Gombe,kwami &Funakaye Binta Bello PDP Gombe State Kaltungo/Shongom Ismaila Hassan APC Gombe State Akko Federal Constituency Aishattu Dukku APC Gombe State Dukku / Nafada Ali Isa PDP Gombe State Balanga/Billiri Eke Bede PDP Imo State Aboh Mbaise/Ngor Okpala Goodluck Opiah PDP Imo State Oguta/Ohaji-Egbema/Oru West Henry Nwawuba PDP Imo State Mbaitolu/ikeduru Jones Onyereri PDP Imo State Isu/Njaba/Nkwerre/Nwangele Oninubuariri Obinna PDP Imo State Isiala Mbano/Okigwe/Onuimo Igbokwe Nnanna PDP Imo State Ahiazu Mbaise/Ezinihitte Alagboso Jerry PDP Imo State Orlu/Oru East/Orsu Chukwukere Austine APC Imo State Ideato North /South Onyewuchi Ezenwa APGA Imo State Owerri Municipal/Owerri North/West Okafor John APC Imo State Ehimembano/ihitte Uboma/Obowo Usman Ibrahim APC Jigawa State Hadejia/Kafin Hausa/Auyo Rabiu Garba APC Jigawa State Mallam Madori/Kaugama Da'u Magaji APC Jigawa State Birnin-Kudu/Buji Ibrahim Abdullahi APC Jigawa State Dutse/Kiyawa Muhammed Gudaji APC Jigawa State Kazaure/Roni/Gwiwa/Yankwashi Muhammad Boyi APGA Jigawa State Ringim/Taura Hassan Yuguda APC Jigawa State Gwaram Adamu Muhammadu APC Jigawa State Babura/Garki Fulata Abubakar APC Jigawa State Birniwa/Guri/Kiri-Kasamma Sani Mohammed APC Jigawa State Gumel/Maigatari/Sule Tankarkar/Gagarawa Simon Arabo PDP Kaduna State Kauru Muhammad Soba APC Kaduna State Soba Umar Yakubu PDP Kaduna State Chikum/Kajuru Ahmed Rufai APC Kaduna State Kaduna South Adams Jagaba APC Kaduna State Kachia/Kagarko Bala Yusuf APC Kaduna State Ikara/Kubau Garba Muhammad APC Kaduna State Sabon Gari Muhammad Usman APC Kaduna State Makarfi/Kudan Gideon Gwani PDP Kaduna State Kaura Samaila Suleiman APC Kaduna State Kaduna North Nicholas Shehu PDP Kaduna State 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Jump up ^ http://www.nigeriagalleria.com . \"Nigerian House of Representatives, Members of House of Representativess in Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide\" . www.nigeriagalleria.com . Jump up ^ Assembly, Nigerian National. \"National Assembly - Federal Republic of Nigeria\" . www.nassnig.org . Jump up ^ Assembly, Nigerian National. \"National Assembly - Federal Republic of Nigeria\" . www.nassnig.org . Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Nigeria,_2015–present&oldid=855928563 \" Categories : Government of Nigeria Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018, at 19:27 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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{ "text": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? - Wikipedia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (disambiguation) . This article is about the general, international franchise. For the original version, see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show) . For other versions, see International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Genre Game show franchise Created by David Briggs Mike Whitehill Steven Knight Theme music composer Keith Strachan Matthew Strachan Country of origin United Kingdom Production Running time 30–120 minutes (depending on the version) Production company(s) Celador (1998–2007) 2waytraffic (2007–2014) Sony Pictures Television (2008–present) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original release 4 September 1998 ( 1998-09-04 ) – 11 February 2014 ( 2014-02-11 ) External links Official UK version website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (abbreviated WWTBAM and informally known as simply Millionaire ) is an international television game show franchise of British origin, created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight . In its format, currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television , large cash prizes are offered for correctly answering a series of multiple-choice questions of increasing (or, in some cases, random) difficulty. The maximum cash prize (in the original British version ) was one million pounds . Most international versions offer a top prize of one million units of the local currency. The original British version of the show debuted on 4 September 1998, and aired on ITV with Chris Tarrant as its host until 11 February 2014. International variants have aired in around 160 countries worldwide. The show's format is a twist on the game show genre—only one contestant plays at a time (similar to some radio quizzes), and the emphasis is on suspense rather than speed. In most versions there are no time limits to answer the questions, and contestants are given the question before they must decide whether to attempt an answer. Contents [ hide ] 1 Gameplay 1.1 Original rules 1.2 New formats and variations 1.3 Lifelines 1.4 Top prize winners 2 International versions 2.1 Australia 2.2 United States 2.3 Russia, Netherlands, Japan 2.4 India 2.5 Philippines 2.6 Other versions 3 Production 3.1 Creation 4 Hallmarks 4.1 Music 4.2 Set 4.3 Catchphrase 5 Reception 5.1 Awards, accolades and honours 5.2 Controversies 6 Other media 6.1 Merchandise 6.2 Disney Parks attraction 7 References 8 External links Gameplay [ edit ] Original rules [ edit ] The contestants must first play a preliminary round, called \"Fastest Finger First\" (or, in the U.S. version, simply \"Fastest Finger\"), where they are all given a question and four answers from the host and are asked to put those four answers into a particular order; in the first series of the British version and in pre-2003 episodes of the Australian version, the round instead required the contestants to answer one multiple-choice question correctly as quickly as possible. The contestant who does so correctly and in the fastest time goes on to play the main game for the maximum possible prize (often a million units of the local currency). In the event that two or more contestants are tied for the fastest time, those contestants play another question to break the tie. If no one gets the question right, that question is discarded and another question is played in the same manner. If any contestants are visually impaired, the host reads the question and four choices all at once, then repeats the choices after the music begins. Main game contestants are asked increasingly difficult general knowledge questions by the host. Questions are multiple choice: four possible answers are given (labelled A, B, C and D), and the contestant must choose the correct one. The 'D' answer on the first question (except in the Shuffle format like in the US version) is always incorrect and humorous. Upon answering a question correctly, the contestant wins a certain amount of money. In most versions, there is no time limit to answer a question; a contestant may (and often does) take as long as they need to ponder an answer. After the first few questions, the host will ask the contestant if that is their \"final answer\". When a contestant says \"final\" in conjunction with one of the answers, it is official, and cannot be changed. The first five questions usually omit this rule, because the questions are generally so easy that requiring a final answer would significantly slow the game down; thus, there are five chances for the contestant to leave with no money if they were to provide a wrong answer before obtaining the first guaranteed amount; going for 1,000 units of currency after winning 500 units is the last point in the game at which a contestant can still leave empty-handed. Subsequent questions are played for increasingly large sums, roughly doubling at each turn. The first few questions often have some joke answers. On episodes of the UK version aired between 1998 and 2007, the payout structure was as follows: first going from £ 100 to £300 in increments of £100, then from £500 to £64,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question, and finally from £125,000 to £1,000,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question. [1] After viewing a question, the contestant can leave the game with the money already won rather than attempting an answer. If the contestant answers a question incorrectly, then all of their winnings are lost, except that the £1,000 and £32,000 prizes are guaranteed: if a player gets a question wrong above these levels, then the prize drops to the previous guaranteed prize. Answering the £2,000 and £64,000 questions wrong does not reduce the prize money. The prizes are generally non-cumulative; that is, answering a question correctly does not result in the amount being played for being added to the amount already won, rather the amount already won is written off and replaced by a larger sum, usually twice as large. The game ends when the contestant answers a question incorrectly, decides not to answer a question, or answers all questions correctly. New formats and variations [ edit ] When the U.S. Millionaire ' s syndicated version debuted in 2002, Fastest Finger was eliminated for the reduced episode length (30 minutes as opposed to the previous network version's length of 60 minutes). Thus, contestants immediately take the Hot Seat, each of them called in after their predecessors' games end. Contestants are required to pass a more conventional game show qualification test at auditions; however, when the U.S. Millionaire revived its primetime version for specials, it also restored the Fastest Finger round; this was done in 2004 for the Super Millionaire series which raised the top prize to $10,000,000 [2] and in August 2009 for an eleven-night special that celebrated the U.S. version's tenth anniversary. Long after the U.S. version eliminated its Fastest Finger round, numerous other versions (including the Australian, Italian, Turkish, British, Russian, Dutch and French versions) followed suit by eliminating their respective Fastest Finger First rounds; additionally, some versions (such as the British, Dutch, French and Russian versions) have eliminated their respective Fastest Finger First rounds for special events wherein celebrities play for charity. In 2007, it was announced that the UK version was changing its format, reducing the number of questions in the game from fifteen to twelve. The new payout structure was as follows: first going from £500 to £2,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question, then from £5,000 to £20,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question, then to £50,000, £75,000 and £150,000, and finally from £250,000 to £1,000,000 with the prize value doubling for each new question. Whereas the first safe haven remained at £1,000, the second safe haven was moved to £50,000. The new rules debuted in an episode that aired on 18 August 2007. [3] Within a period of four years following its introduction to the British Millionaire , the 12-question format was subsequently carried over to a number of international versions, including the Arab, Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Polish, Spanish, and Turkish versions. In 2007, the German version modified its format, so that contestants would be allowed to choose the option of playing in a new variant called \"Risk Mode\". If the contestant chooses to play this variant, they are given access to a fourth lifeline that allows them to discuss a question with a volunteer from the audience, but the tenth-question safe haven is forfeited. This means that if the contestant answers any of questions 11–15 incorrectly, they drop all the way to the guaranteed winnings gained by answering question 5 correctly. If the contestant chooses to the play the classic format, they keep the second safe haven. The risk format was subsequently adopted by such markets as Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and Venezuela. In 2008, the U.S. version changed its format so that contestants were required to answer questions within a set time limit. [4] The time limits were 15 seconds for questions 1–5, 30 seconds for questions 6-10, and 45 seconds for questions 11-14. After each of the 14 questions were answered correctly, the remaining time after giving an answer was banked for the million-dollar question. The clock for each question began counting down immediately after all of the question was revealed, and was temporarily paused when a lifeline was used. Contestants who exceeded the time limit were forced to walk away with any prize money they had won up to that point. The clock was later adopted by other international versions; for example, the British version adopted it on 3 August 2010, [5] and the Indian version adopted it on 11 October the same year. [6] In November 2008, the Norway version introduced a new format, called the \"Hot Seat format\", wherein 6 contestants play at once, with each taking turns to climb the money tree. Contestants are allowed to \"pass\" the onus of answering the question to the next contestant in line, who is unable to re-pass to the next contestant for that question. Also added were time limits on every question, with 15 seconds allocated for the first five questions, 30 for the middle five, and 45 for the last five. In addition, the option of walking away is eliminated, rendering several questions' values pointless, as they cannot be won. Also, if a player fails to give an answer within the time limit, it is considered an automatic pass. If a contestant cannot pass on or correctly answer a question, he or she is eliminated and the highest value on the money tree is removed. The game ends either when all contestants are eliminated, or when the question for the highest value in the money tree is answered. If the final question is answered correctly, the answering player receives the amount of money; if it is answered incorrectly or all contestants are eliminated before the final question is reached, the last contestant to be eliminated receives either nothing, or a smaller prize if the fifth question milestone is reached. This format was later introduced to various markets (including Italy, Hungary, Vietnam, [7] Indonesia, Australia, Chile [8] and Spain) over the course of a four-year period from 2009 to 2012. In 2017, Australia's Hot Seat brought back the Fastest Finger First round, while the winner may select one of the lifelines - \"50:50\", \"Ask a Friend\" or \"Switch the Question\". On 13 September 2010, the U.S. version adopted its \"shuffle format\". Ten questions are asked in round one, each assigned one of ten different money amounts. The dollar values are randomised at the beginning of the game. The contestant is then shown the original order of difficulty for the ten questions as well as their categories, and those are then randomised as well. This means that the difficulty of the question is not tied to its value. The dollar values for each question remain hidden until a contestant either provides a correct answer or chooses to \"jump\" their question. In this format, the value of each question answered correctly is added to the contestant's bank, for a maximum total of $68,600. A contestant who completes the round successfully can walk at any subsequent point with all the money in their bank, or can walk before the round is completed with half that amount (e.g., a contestant who banked $30,000 would leave with $15,000). Contestants who give an incorrect answer at any point in the round leave with $1,000. [9] After completing round one, the contestant moves on to a second round of gameplay (the \"Classic Millionaire\" round), in which four non-categorised questions are played for set non-cumulative values and a correct answer augments the contestant's winnings to that point, as in the older formats. [9] The contestant is now allowed to walk away with all the money in their bank; an incorrect answer drops their winnings to $25,000. The shuffle format was replaced with a modified version of the original format (with only 14 questions) for the fourteenth syndicated season; the values of the last four questions remain unchanged. Lifelines [ edit ] Contestants are given a series of lifelines to aid them with difficult questions. After using a lifeline, the contestant can either answer the question, use another lifeline, or walk away and keep the money (although using the \"Double Dip\" lifeline requires the contestant to immediately answer and using the \"Jump the Question\" lifeline naturally prevents them from continuing with that question). Except for the first three seasons of the \"Jump the Question\" lifeline's use, each lifeline can only be used once. In the Hot Seat format, the concept of lifelines is discarded in favor of the option to pass. The show's original three lifelines are \"50/50\", in which the computer eliminates two of the incorrect answers; \"Phone a Friend\", in which the contestant makes a thirty-second call to one of a number of friends (who provide their phone numbers in advance) and reads them the question and answer choices, after which the friend provides input; and \"Ask the Audience\", in which audience members use touch pads to designate what they believe the correct answer to be, after which the percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant. In countries where the show is broadcast live, friends selected for Phone-a-Friend are alerted when their contestant begins to play the main game, and are told to keep the phone free and to wait for three rings before answering. [10] Phone-a-Friend was removed from the U.S. version beginning with the episode that aired on 11 January 2010, after it was determined that there was an increasing trend of contestants' friends using web search engines and other Internet resources to assist them, which unfairly privileged individuals who had computer access over those who did not, and that it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline, by which friends were supposed to provide assistance based on what they already knew. [11] From 2004 to 2008, the U.S. version had a fourth lifeline called \"Switch the Question\", [4] earned upon answering question ten, in which the computer replaced, at the contestant's request, one question with another of the same monetary value; however, any lifelines used on the original question were not reinstated for the new question. Switch the Question returned as Cut the Question for a special week of shows with child contestants aired in 2014 (in the latter case, it could only be used on the first ten questions). During the U.S. Millionaire ' s Super Millionaire spin-off, two new lifelines were introduced: \"Double Dip\", which allowed the contestant to make two guesses at a question, but required them to play out the question, forbidding them to walk away or use any further lifelines; and \"Three Wise Men\", in which the contestant was allowed to ask a sequestered panel of three people chosen by the producers (one of which was usually a former Millionaire winner and at least one being female), appearing via face-to-face audio and video feeds, which answer they believed was correct, within a time limit of thirty seconds. When the clock format was implemented, Double Dip replaced the 50:50 lifeline, [4] and the show also introduced a new lifeline called \"Ask the Expert\", similar to Three Wise Men but only had one person (usually a celebrity or a former Millionaire contestant) functioning as an expert instead of a panel of three people, lacked the time limit of its predecessor, and allowed the contestant and expert to discuss the question. Ask the Expert was originally available after the fifth question, [12] but was moved to the beginning of the game after Phone-a-Friend was removed. In fact, the Hong Kong version introduced the \"Ask the Expert\" lifeline in an extra-length celebrity special in a one-off basis in 2001 (once again in 2018 celebrity special over two episodes), while the celebrity contestants may ask a panel of the experts instead of the original Phone-a-Friend lifeline; however, unlike the American version's Ask the Expert, the experts were present in the audience, and the questions are visible to them. The U.S. version sometimes used corporate sponsorship for its lifelines. Phone-a-Friend was sponsored by the original AT&T throughout the run of the ABC primetime show and in the first season of the syndicated version, then by the current AT&T for the 2009 primetime episodes. From 2004 to 2006, Ask the Audience was sponsored by AOL , which allowed users of its Instant Messenger to add the screen name MillionaireIM to their contact list and receive an instant message with the question and the four possible answers, to which the users replied with their choices. [13] In addition, the Ask the Expert lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds. [12] The German Millionaire ' s risk format features an extra lifeline called \"Ask One of the Audience\", in which the host will reread the question and ask the audience who think they would be able to answer that question to stand up. The contestant may choose one of these (judging by looks only) and discuss the question at length with said audience member. He may or may not choose an answer after that. If he chooses the suggested answer and it proves to be correct, the audience member will also receive a prize of €500. This lifeline is also implemented in the Costa Rican version, after the first milestone is reached. Starting in its thirteenth season, the U.S. syndicated version uses a variant of this lifeline, called \"Plus One\", which allows the contestant to bring a companion with them for help, rather than having them select their companion from the audience. The U.S. Millionaire ' s shuffle format introduced a new lifeline, \"Jump the Question\", which was able to be used twice in a single game for seasons nine through twelve of the syndicated version. At any point prior to selecting a final answer, a contestant could use Jump the Question to skip the current question and move on to the next one, thus reducing the number of questions they had to correctly answer. However, if the contestant uses Jump the Question, they do not gain any money from the question they choose to skip [9] (for example, a contestant with a bank of $68,100 may jump the $100,000 question, but will still have only $68,100 instead of the typical $100,000 when they face the $250,000 question). Unlike other lifelines throughout the show's history, this lifeline cannot be used on the $1 million question, since it is the final question in the game. The introduction of Plus One reduced the number of Jump the Question lifelines available from two to one. On occasional specially designated weeks, starting with a Halloween-themed week that aired from 29 October to 2 November 2012, the shuffle format uses a special lifeline called \"Crystal Ball\", which allows the contestant to see the money value of a round one question prior to giving an answer. [14] Jump the Question was removed from the show at the end of the thirteenth syndicated season. Top prize winners [ edit ] Main article: List of top prize winners of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Out of all contestants that have played the game, few have been able to win the top prize on any international version of the show. The first was John Carpenter , who won the top prize on the U.S. version on 19 November 1999. Carpenter did not use a lifeline until the final question, using his Phone-a-Friend not for help but to call his father to tell him he had won the million. [15] Other notable top prize winners include Judith Keppel , the first winner of the UK version; [16] Kevin Olmstead from the U.S. version, who won a progressive jackpot of $2.18 million; [17] Martin Flood from the Australian version, who was investigated by producers after suspicions that he had cheated, much like Charles Ingram , but was later cleared; [18] and Sushil Kumar from the Indian version, who is often referred to in Western media as the \"real-life Slumdog Millionaire \". [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] Of all the international versions, the Japanese version has produced the most number (38) of top prize winners, including juniors. The most recent Millionaire winner is Yevgeny Malischuk from the Kazakh version, winning 10,000,000 tenge in the episode broadcast on 24 March 2018. International versions [ edit ] Main article: International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Chris Tarrant, host of the original British version The original British version of Millionaire , hosted by Chris Tarrant , debuted on the ITV network on 4 September 1998. At its peak in 1999, one edition of the show was watched by over 19 million viewers (one out of every three Britons). [24] Originally the contestants were predominantly members of the general public, but in the show's later years, only celebrities appeared on the show, in special live editions that coincided with holidays and the like. On 22 October 2013, Tarrant decided to quit the show after 15 years, and ITV decided to cancel the show after his contract finished, stating that there would not be any further specials beyond the ones that had already been planned. [25] [26] Tarrant's final live celebrity edition aired on 19 December 2013, and the final episode, a clip show entitled \"Chris' Final Answer\", aired on 11 February 2014. [27] Four years later, ITV announced that there will be a special 7-episode revived series being broadcast in 2018 with Jeremy Clarkson presenting, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme. Australia [ edit ] The Australian version of the show debuted on the Nine Network on 18 April 1999, and was hosted by Eddie McGuire until he became the CEO of the Nine Network, a position that required him to sacrifice his on-air commitments. [28] The final episode of the original Australian series aired on 3 April 2006; [29] however, after his resignation as Nine Network CEO, [30] McGuire resumed his duties as Millionaire host for subsequent versions. Millionaire returned to Australia in 2007, [31] as six episodes with a new format aired during October and November of that year. This was followed by an abbreviated version called Millionaire Hot Seat which debuted on 20 April 2009. [32] [33] United States [ edit ] The U.S. version of Millionaire premiered in primetime on ABC on 16 August 1999, and was originally hosted by Regis Philbin . [34] The original network version was the highest-rated of all television shows in the 1999–2000 season, reaching an average audience of approximately 29 million viewers, [35] but before long, ABC overexposed the primetime series and the audience tired of the show, [36] which ultimately grilled it to cancellation, with its final episode airing on 27 June 2002. [37] A daily syndicated version of the programme debuted on 16 September 2002, and was launched by Meredith Vieira , [38] who remained host for 11 seasons, with her final first-run episodes airing in May 2013. [39] Later hosts after Vieira's departure included Cedric the Entertainer and Terry Crews , who each held one-season tenures as host in 2013 and 2014 respectively; [40] [41] and Chris Harrison , who became host in the autumn of 2015. Russia, Netherlands, Japan [ edit ] A Russian version of Millionaire debuted as О, счастливчик! (\"Oh, lucky man!!!\") on NTV from 1 October 1999 to 28 January 2001. [42] On 19 February 2001, the show was relaunched as Кто хочет стать миллионером? (\"Who wants to become a millionaire?\"), which aired on Channel One and was hosted by Maxim Galkin before 2008, and Dmitry Dibrov after that. [43] A Dutch version of the show, titled Lotto Weekend Miljonairs , first aired on SBS 6 from 1999 to 2006 with Robert ten Brink as its host, then was moved to RTL 4 , where it aired until 2008 (later to be revived in 2011) with Jeroen van der Boom hosting. A Japanese version called Quiz $ Millionaire , hosted by Monta Mino , was launched by Fuji Television on 20 April 2000; [44] it was a regular weekly programme for its first seven years, after which it only aired in occasional specials. [45] India [ edit ] An Indian version of the program in Hindi , titled Kaun Banega Crorepati (\"Who will become a millionaire\"), debuted on 3 July 2000, with Amitabh Bachchan hosting in his first appearance on Indian television. [46] Subsequent seasons of the show aired in 2005–06, [47] 2007, and every year since 2010. [48] The Indian version was immortalised by director Danny Boyle in his 2008 drama film Slumdog Millionaire , [49] adapted from the 2005 Indian novel Q & A by Vikas Swarup , [50] which won eight U.S. Academy Awards (including Best Picture and Best Director ) [51] and seven BAFTA Awards . Another Indian version in Malayalam titled Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran debuted on 9 April 2012 with Suresh Gopi as the anchor. [52] Other Indian remakes include Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi in Tamil , Kannadada Kotyadhipati in Kannada, and Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu in Telugu. Philippines [ edit ] A Filipino version of Millionaire was broadcast from 2000 to 2002 by the government-sequestered Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation , produced by Viva Television , [53] [54] and was hosted by Christopher de Leon . On 23 May 2009, the show returned with a new home on TV5 , [55] with Vic Sotto as the new host. [56] [57] The show aired its season finale on 7 October 2012 to give way to another game show hosted by Sotto, The Million Peso Money Drop (the Philippine version of The Million Pound Drop Live created by Endemol ). However, the show returned to the air on 15 September 2013 for a new season together with Pinoy Explorer and Wow Mali! Pa Rin after the cancellation of the talent show Talentadong Pinoy (which would be revived just one year later). Other versions [ edit ] Millionaire has also existed in many other countries, including a Chinese version aired in 2007 and 2008 with Lǐ Fán as its host; a French version on TF1 , which debuted on 3 July 2000 and is hosted by Jean-Pierre Foucault ; a German version launched by RTL Television on 3 September 1999, hosted by Günther Jauch ; a Hong Kong version called Baak Maan Fu Yung , which was broadcast by Asia Television from 2001 to 2005, with actor Kenneth Chan as its host; and a Sri Lankan version called O bada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi , which premiered in 2010 on Sirasa TV of Maharaja Network. In total, over 100 different international variations of Millionaire have been produced since the original UK version made its 1998 debut. [58] Production [ edit ] In March 2006, original producer Celador announced that it was seeking to sell the worldwide rights to Millionaire , together with the rest of its British programme library, as the first phase of a sell-off of the company's format and production divisions. Millionaire and all of Celador's other programmes were ultimately acquired by Dutch company 2waytraffic . Two years later, Sony Pictures Entertainment purchased 2waytraffic for £137.5 million. [59] The format of the show is currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television ; however, the U.S. version is distributed not by Sony but by the Walt Disney Company 's in-home sales and content distribution firm, Disney–ABC Domestic Television . The idea to transform the UK programme into a global franchise was conceived by British television producer Paul Smith. He laid out a series of rules that the international variants in the franchise were to follow: for example, all hosts were required to appear on-screen wearing Armani suits, as Tarrant did in the UK; producers were forbidden from hiring local composers to create original music, instead using the same music cues used by the British version; and the lighting system and set design were required to adhere faithfully to the way they were presented on the British version. [60] However, some of Smith's rules have been slightly relaxed over the years as the franchise's history has progressed. Creation [ edit ] The format of the show was created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight, who had earlier created a number of the promotional games for Tarrant's morning show on Capital FM radio, such as the bong game . Tentatively known as Cash Mountain , [61] the show takes its finalised title from a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society , in which it was sung by Frank Sinatra and Celeste Holm . Since the original version launched, several individuals have claimed that they originated the format and that Celador had breached their copyright . Sponsored by the Daily Mail , Mike Bull, a Southampton -based journalist, took Celador to the High Court in March 2002, claiming authorship of the lifelines, but Celador settled out of court with a confidentiality clause. In 2003, Sydney resident John J. Leonard claimed to have originated a format substantially similar to that of Millionaire , but without the concept of lifelines. [62] [63] In 2004, Alan Melville sued ITV for using the opening phrase \"Who wants to be a millionaire?\" from his ideas for a game show based on the lottery, called Millionaires' Row , for which he had sent his documents to Granada Television ; ITV counter-claimed, and the parties reached an out-of-court agreement/settlement. In 2002, John Bachini started a claim against Celador, ITV, and five individuals who claimed that they had created Millionaire . Bachini claimed they had used ideas from his 1982 board game format, a two-page TV format concept known as Millionaire dating from 1990, and the telephone mechanics from another of his concepts, BT Lottery , also dating from 1990. Bachini submitted his documents to Paul Smith, from a sister company of Celador's, in March 1995 and again in January 1996, and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV in January 1996. Bachini claimed that they used 90% of his Millionaire format, which contained all of the same procedures as the actual British Millionaire' s pilot: twenty questions, three lifelines, two safe havens (£1,000 and £32,000), and even starting from £1.00. Bachini's lifelines were known by different names; he never claimed he coined the phrase phone-a-friend , but Bull and Tim Boone claimed they did. Celador claimed the franchise originated from a format known as The Cash Mountain , a five-page document created by either Briggs or his wife Jo Sandilands in October 1995. The defendants brought Bachini to a summary hearing, and lost. Bachini won the right to go to trial, but could not continue at trial due to serious illness, so Celador reached an out-of-court settlement with Bachini. [64] Hallmarks [ edit ] Music [ edit ] The musical score most commonly associated with the franchise was composed by father-and-son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . The Strachans' score provides drama and tension, and unlike older game show musical scores, Millionaire ' s musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show. The Strachans' main Millionaire theme song takes inspiration from the \"Mars\" movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and their question cues from the £2,000 to the £32,000/£25,000 level, and then from the £64,000/£50,000 level onwards, take the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question, in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game. [65] On Game Show Network (GSN)'s Gameshow Hall of Fame special, the narrator described the Strachan tracks as \"mimicking the sound of a beating heart\", and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder, the music is \"perfectly in tune with their ever-increasing pulse\". [61] The Strachans' Millionaire soundtrack was honoured by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers with numerous awards, the earliest of them awarded in 2000. [65] The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the U.S. version's clock format in 2008; for example, the question cues were synced to the \"ticking\" sounds of the game clock. Even later, the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010, in favour of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams, co-founders of the Los Angeles-based company Ah2 Music . [66] Set [ edit ] TV studio of ¿Quién quiere ser millonario? , the Salvadorian version of the show. The basic set design used in the Millionaire franchise was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley , and is the most reproduced scenic design in television history. [60] Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant(s) feel at ease, Millionaire ' s set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable, so that the programme feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show. [61] The floor is made of Plexiglas [60] beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper. [61] The main game typically has the contestant and host sit in \"Hot Seats\", [61] which are slightly-modified, 3 foot (0.91 m)-high Pietranera Arco All chairs situated in the center of the stage; an LG computer monitor directly facing each seat displays questions and other pertinent information. The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game. There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights, oil is vaporised, creating a haze effect. Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson , a professor at Syracuse University , stated that the show's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside a prison while an escape was in progress. [61] When the U.S. Millionaire introduced its shuffle format, the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium and as a result, the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage. According to Vieira, the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat, which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous, actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer. [67] Also, two video screens were installed–one that displays the current question in play, and another that displays the contestant's cumulative total and progress during the game. In September 2012, the redesigned set was improved with a modernised look and feel, in order to take into account the show's transition to high-definition broadcasting , which had just come about the previous year. The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones, having twice as many projectors as the previous screens; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one; and light-emitting diode (LED) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colours and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel. [68] Catchphrase [ edit ] Millionaire has made catchphrases out of several lines used on the show. The most well-known of these catchphrases is the host's question \"Is that your final answer?\", asked whenever a contestant's answer needs to be verified. [69] The question is asked because the rules require that the contestants must clearly indicate their choices before they are made official, the nature of the game allowing them to ponder the options before committing to an answer. Regularly on tier-three questions, a dramatic pause occurs between the contestant's statement of their answer and the host's acknowledgement of whether or not it is correct. Many parodies of Millionaire have capitalised on the \"final answer\" catchphrase. In the United States, the phrase was popularised by Philbin during his tenure as the host of that country's version, [37] to the extent that TV Land listed it in its special 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases , which aired in 2006. [70] On the Australian versions, McGuire replaces the phrase with \"Lock it in?\"; likewise, the Indian version's hosts have used varying \"lock\" catchphrases. There are also a number of other non-English versions of Millionaire where the host does not ask \"[Is that your] final answer?\" or a literal translation thereof. [71] Besides the \"final answer\" question, other catchphrases used on the show include the contestants' requests to use lifelines, such as \"I'd like to phone a friend\"; and a line that Tarrant spoke whenever a contestant was struggling with a particular question, \"Some questions are only easy if you know the answer.\" [69] Reception [ edit ] Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? has been credited with single-handedly reviving interest in, and breaking new ground for, the television game show. [61] It revolutionised the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system, dramatic music cues, and futuristic set. The show also became one of the most popular game shows in television history, and is credited by some with paving the way for the phenomenon of reality programming. [61] Awards, accolades and honours [ edit ] In 2000, the British Film Institute honoured the UK version of Millionaire by ranking it number 23 on its \"BFI TV 100\" list, which compiled what British television industry professionals believed were the greatest programmes to have ever originated from that country. [72] The UK Millionaire also won the 1999 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Programme, and four National Television Awards for Most Popular Quiz Programme from 2002 to 2005. The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001. Philbin was honoured with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001, while Vieira received one in 2005 and another in 2009, making her the second woman to win an Emmy Award for hosting a game show, and the first to win multiple times. [73] TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire No. 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time, [74] and later ranked it No. 6 on its 2013 \"60 Greatest Game Shows\" list. [75] GSN ranked Millionaire No. 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time, [76] and later honoured the show in January 2007 on its first, and so far only, Gameshow Hall of Fame special. [61] Controversies [ edit ] Charles Ingram and his wife Diana in August 2006 In April 2003, British Army Major Charles Ingram , his wife Diana, and college lecturer Tecwen Whittock were convicted of using fraudulent means to win £1 million on the UK version of the show when Ingram was a contestant on the show in September 2001. The allegation was that when Tarrant asked a question, Whittock, one of that episode's nine other Fastest Finger First contestants, would cough to guide Ingram to the correct answer. Ingram won the £1 million top prize, but members of the production staff raised suspicions over Whittock's coughing along with the Ingrams' behaviour after the recording, and the police were called in to investigate. The defence claimed that Whittock simply suffered from allergies; however, all three were found guilty and given suspended sentences. [77] After the trial, ITV aired a documentary about the scandal, along with Ingram's entire game, complete with Whittock's coughing sounds. As a joke, Benylin cough syrup paid to have the first commercial shown during the programme's commercial break. [78] In 2006, a screenshot from the UKGameshows.com site [79] was digitally altered and used in a piece on the satire site BS News. The image was also widely circulated as an email [80] in which it was purported to show contestant Fiona Wheeler from the UK version, failing to answer her £100 question correctly after using all three lifelines because she was too sceptical of the assistance that was given; the image was actually a digitally altered screenshot of Wheeler's answering a different question from a higher tier; in the actual screenshot, Wheeler is shown about to win her eventual prize of £32,000. [79] The hoax, an exaggeration of real-life incidents of contestants losing horribly, might have been inspired by an infamous moment from the French version of the show, in which a contestant requested help from the audience on a €3,000 question which asked which celestial body orbits the Earth: the Moon, the Sun, Mars, or Venus. The majority of the audience provided the answer of \"the Sun\", [80] although the correct answer is the Moon, and the contestant ended up leaving with only €1,500 as a result. The hoax also borrows elements from a number of infamous moments on the U.S. version, where numerous unlucky contestants won nothing after submitting a wrong answer to one of the first five questions. Other media [ edit ] Merchandise [ edit ] Three board game adaptations of the UK Millionaire were released by Upstarts in 1998, and a junior edition recommended for younger players was introduced in 2001. The U.S. version also saw two board games of its own, released by Pressman Toy Corporation in 2000. [81] [82] Other Millionaire board games have included a game based on the Australian version's Hot Seat format, which was released by UGames; [83] a game based on the Italian version released by Hasbro ; [84] and a game based on the French version which was released by TF1's games division. [85] An electronic tabletop version of the game was released by Tiger Electronics in 2000. [86] Six different DVD games based on the UK Millionaire , featuring Tarrant's likeness and voice, were released by Zoo Digital Publishing [87] and Universal Studios Home Entertainment between 2002 and 2008. In 2008, Imagination Games released a DVD game based on the U.S. version, based on the 2004–08 format and coming complete with Vieira's likeness and voice, [88] as well as a quiz book [89] and a 2009 desktop calendar. [90] The UK Millionaire saw five video game adaptations for personal computers and Sony 's PlayStation consoles, produced by Hothouse Creations and Eidos Interactive . Between 1999 and 2001, Jellyvision produced five games based on the U.S. network version for PCs and the PlayStation, all of them featuring Philbin's likeness and voice. The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive , while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio. Of the five games, three featured general trivia questions, [91] [92] [93] one was sports-themed, [94] and another was a \"Kids Edition\" featuring easier questions. [95] Two additional U.S. Millionaire games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011; the first of these was a game for Nintendo 's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the 2008–10 clock format, [96] with the Wii version offered on the show as a consolation prize to audience contestants during the 2010–11 season. The second, for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , was based on the shuffle format [97] and was offered as a consolation prize during the next season (2011–12). Ludia also made a Facebook game based on Millionaire available to players in North America from 2011 to 2016. This game featured an altered version of the shuffle format, condensing the number of questions to twelve—eight in round one and four in round two. Contestants competed against eight other Millionaire fans in round one, with the top three playing round two alone. There was no \"final answer\" rule; the contestant's responses were automatically locked in. Answering a question correctly earned a contestant the value of that question, multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly. Contestants were allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one, and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question. [98] Disney Parks attraction [ edit ] Main article: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It! The building housing the California version after its 2004 closure A theme park attraction based on the show, known as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It! , appeared at Disney's Hollywood Studios (when it was known as Disney-MGM Studios ) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim, California . Both the Florida and California Play It! attractions opened in 2001; the California version closed in 2004, [99] and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania! The format in the Play It! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it. When a show started, a \"Fastest Finger\" question was given, and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show. However, the main game had some differences: for example, contestants competed for points rather than dollars, the questions were set to time limits, and the Phone-a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction's theatre who would find a guest to help. After the contestant's game was over, they were awarded anything from a collectible pin, to clothing, to a Millionaire CD game, to a 3-night Disney Cruise . [100] References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Showbiz (13 August 2007). \"Fewer – and Harder – Questions on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? \" . Evening Standard . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ \" Super Millionaire Is Looking for a Few Fast Fingers \" . Fox News . 17 February 2004 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkes, Neil (13 August 2007). \"New prize levels for Millionaire \" . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \" ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire' Kicks Off Seventh Season by Introducing New Changes to the Game, Creating New Levels of Excitement, Emotional Drama and Heart-Pounding Tension for Both Viewers and Contestants\" . The Futon Critic . 18 August 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly, Daniel (23 June 2010). \"Format changes ahead for 'Millionaire ' \" . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ \"KBC to give away Rs 50 mn in 60 minutes\" . Business Standard. 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Ai là triệu phú phiên bản mới sẽ ra mắt vào ngày 7/9\" . VTV.vn (in Vietnamese). 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Jump up ^ Canal13.cl ^ Jump up to: a b c \"The New Season of \"Millionaire\" is a Real Game-Changer\" . Disney-ABC Domestic Television. 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Sweating Bullets on the Hot Seat as a Know-It-All Phone-a-Friend\" . latimes.com. 25 April 2001 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. version). Season 8. Episode 66. 11 January 2010. Syndicated. ^ Jump up to: a b Grosvenor, Carrie. \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Ask the Expert Lifeline\" . about.com . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ \"America Online and Buena Vista Television Break New Ground by Expanding 'Ask the Audience' Lifeline beyond the 'Millionaire' Studio via Instant Messaging\" . Business Wire. 23 August 2004. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (24 October 2012). \" ' Who Wants to be a Millionaire' Celebrates Halloween With an Added \"Crystal Ball\" Lifeline, A Spooky Set Makeover and a Contestant in Drag\" . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Vigoda, Arlene (22 November 1999). \"Million-dollar winner untaxed by celebrity\". USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ \"Wilson: Millionaire win 'planned ' \" . BBC News . 22 November 2000 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ \"Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire\" . BBC News. 11 April 2001 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Second Aussie 'Millionaire' winner emerges\" . The Sydney Morning Herald . 15 November 2005 . Retrieved 2014-03-22 . Jump up ^ Burke, Jason (27 October 2011). \" ' Real Slumdog Millionaire' is first to win $1m on Indian gameshow\" . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanglin, Douglas (3 November 2011). \"Real-life 'Slumdog Millionaire' wins $1M in India\" . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Indian man becomes real life Slumdog Millionaire as he wins game show\" . The Telegraph . 3 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Magnier, Mark (28 October 2011). \"Indian from modest background becomes TV game show millionaire\" . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Beard, Lanford (27 October 2011). \" ' Slumdog Millionaire' comes to life for Sushil Kumar\" . Entertainment Weekly PopWatch . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Millionaire: A TV phenomenon\" . BBC News. 3 March 2003 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leigh, Rob (22 October 2013). \"Who Wants To Be A Millionaire axed as host Chris Tarrant decided 'it is time to take a break ' \" . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Millionaire axed as Tarrant quits\" . u.tv . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ \" ' I've loved every minute': An emotional Chris Tarrant bids farewell as Who Wants To Be A Millionaire bows out after 16-years\" . Daily Mail . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan, Jesse (9 February 2006). \"McGuire CEO show live on air\" . The Age . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Gibson, Joel (4 April 2006). \"No McGuire, no Millionaire\" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 5 August 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Harrison, Dan (18 May 2007). \" ' I wasn't given the flick ' \" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ \"Nine boss David Gyngell puts Eddie McGuire to work\" . Herald Sun . 5 October 2007. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Knox, David (7 April 2009). \"Game on. It's Eddie v Andrew\" . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 11 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Devlyn, Darren (8 April 2009). \"Eddie McGuire and Andrew O'Keefe to go head to head\" . Herald Sun . Retrieved 11 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (9 August 2009). \" Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Returns for its Ten Year Anniversary\" . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ \"TV Ratings 1999–2000\" . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter, Bill (29 November 2001). \"ABC's Millionaire May Not Survive Beyond the Current Season\" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b \" Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : ABC Game Show Returning to primetime\" . TV Series Finale. 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 2 March 2010 . Jump up ^ \" Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Kicks Off Coast to Coast Bus Tour\" . BusinessWire. 23 July 2002 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . [ permanent dead link ] Jump up ^ Stelter, Brian (11 January 2013). \"Vieira to leave \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire \" \" . The New York Times Media Decoder . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Cedric the Entertainer Will Host \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire,\" Replace Meredith Vieira\" . The Huffington Post. 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (7 May 2014). \"Terry Crews Named New Host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire \" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ The history of the game \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\" on Russian TV schastlivchik.com (in Russian) Jump up ^ Kto khochet stat' millionerom?: Information on the project Channel One official site. (in Russian) Jump up ^ Tomoko, Yamakawa. \"Japan, Power Exporter of Program Formats\" . Webzine . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Visiware and Sony successfully launched the 2nd-screen application for Fuji-TV's Who Wants to Be A Millionaire in Japan\" . Visiware . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Saxena, Poonam (19 November 2011). \"Five crore question: What makes KBC work?\" . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original (Article, Interview with Amitabh Bachchan ) on 22 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"India scraps millionaire TV show\" . BBC News . 25 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ \"KBC 4 beats Bigg Boss 4 in its final episode\" . One India . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson, Tasha (26 November 2008). \"Danny Boyle interview\" . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ The New York Times (11 November 2008). \"Danny Boyle's \"Slumdog Millionaire\" Captures Mumbai, a City of Extremes - NYTimes\" . Somini Sengupta . Jump up ^ \"The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners\" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Ningalkkum Akam Kodeeswaran's debut\" . Kerala TV . 26 March 2012. Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be A Millionaire: Feature Show Archived retrieved via www.viva.com.ph 04-05 2009 Jump up ^ WWTBAM Feature Article coutesy of www.telebisyon.net retrieved via www.telebisyon.net 04-05-2009 Jump up ^ Fragment of the old show retrieved via www.youtube.com 04-05-2009 Jump up ^ http://www.pep.ph/news/21758/Vic-Sotto-hosts-his-first-game-show-via-%3Cem%3EWho-Wants-To-Be-A-Millionaire%3C-em%3E Jump up ^ Who Wants to be a Millionaire on TV5 hosted by Vic Sotto retrieved via www.tv5.com.ph 05-16-2009 Jump up ^ \"Millionaire dominates global TV\" . BBC News . 12 April 2005 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Tryhorn, Chris (13 March 2008). \"Sony to buy Millionaire firm for £137.5m\" . The Guardian . London. ^ Jump up to: a b c \"Millionaire\" . Andy Walmsley, Production Designer . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\". Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN. 21 January 2007. Jump up ^ Leonard, John J. (2005). \"Millionaire 2nd Edition.qxd\" (PDF) . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Dasey (30 March 2003). \"The show that should have made me a million\" . The Sydney Sun-Herald. Jump up ^ Birmingham Sunday Mercury , 28 August 2005 ^ Jump up to: a b Smurthwaite, Nick (21 March 2005). \"Million Pound Notes: Keith Strachan\" . The Stage . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Jump up ^ \"Ah2 Music Marks 10th Anniversary\" . TrailerMusicVibe. 21 August 2014. Jump up ^ \"Season 23, Episode 8\". Live! with Regis and Kelly . 15 September 2010. Syndicated. Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (10 September 2012). \" Anderson Live , Wendy Williams , Rachael Ray Among Syndicated Shows Getting Set Makeovers (Photos)\" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Commentary provided by Tarrant on the DVD Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?: Magic Moments and More . Jump up ^ The Star Ledger. 11 December 2006 Jump up ^ Certain non-English Millionaire shows' hosts, in their \"final answer\" phrases, translate these words as \"definitive answer\", \"final decision\", etc. Jump up ^ \"The BFI TV 100 at the BFI website\" . British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009. Jump up ^ \"Meredith Vieira biography\" . www.hollywood.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ \"TV Guide Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time\". TV Guide . 27 January – 2 February 2001. Jump up ^ Fretts, Bruce (17 June 2013). \"Eyes on the Prize\". TV Guide . pp. 14–15. Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . 31 August 2006. GSN. Jump up ^ \"Millionaire trio escape jail\" . BBC News . 8 April 2003 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Day, Julian (22 April 2003). \"The cough carries it off\" . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Who Wants to be a Millionaire?\" . UKGameshows . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Urban Legends Reference Pages\" . Snopes.com. 30 October 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\" . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (2nd Edition)\" . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Hot Seat - Australia Board Game\" . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Chi Vuol Essere Milionario - Italy Board Game\" . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Qui Veut Gagner des Millions - France Board Game\" . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/Who_Wants_to_be_a_Millionaire,_Tabletop.pdf Millionaire Tabletop instructions Jump up ^ \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? DVD Game - UK\". Myreviewer.com. Missing or empty |url= ( help ); |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) Jump up ^ \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire: DVD Game\" . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Millionaire: Quiz Book\" . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Millionaire 2009 Desktop Calendar\" . Desk Calendar Pad . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? [1999]\" . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Second Edition\" . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? 3rd Edition\" . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Sports Edition\" . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Kids Edition\" . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Ubisoft Releases Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Video Game for Wii and DS\" . IGN. 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? 2012 Edition\" . GameFAQs . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ The rules of the Facebook game are sourced from the following page: \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire on Facebook\" . Ludia . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaffer, Joshua C. (2010). Discovering the Magic Kingdom: An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide . Author House. p. 207. ISBN 9781452063133 . Jump up ^ Marx, Jennifer and Dave (29 December 2006). \"Who Wants to Be a Winner? Passport Tips for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire - Play It! \" . PassPorter.com. External links [ edit ] Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? at the National Film and Sound Archive Original United Kingdom version Official website at itv.com Challenge TV Classic WWTBAM website Who Wants to be a Millionaire? at Ukgameshow.com Major Charles Ingram affair in detail Internet Movie Database pages Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (US - 1999-2002) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (US - current) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire (US) on IMDb ¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Argentina) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australia) on IMDb Die Millionenshow (Austria) on IMDb Qui sera millionnaire? (Belgium - in French) on IMDb Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Belgium - in Dutch) on IMDb Tko želi biti milijunaš? (Croatia) on IMDb Hvem vil være millionær? (Denmark) on IMDb Haluatko miljonääriksi? (Finland) on IMDb Qui veut gagner des millions? (France) on IMDb Wer wird Millionär? (Germany) on IMDb Ποιος Θέλει Να Γίνει Εκατομμυριούχος (Greece) on IMDb 百萬富翁 (Hong Kong) on IMDb Legyen ön is milliomos! (Hungary) on IMDb Viltu vinna milljón? (Iceland) on IMDb ?מי רוצה להיות מיליונר (Israel) on IMDb Kaun Banega Crorepati (India) on IMDb Chi vuol essere milionario? (Italy) on IMDb クイズ$ミリオネア (Japan) on IMDb Lotto Weekend Miljonairs (Netherlands) on IMDb Vil du bli millionær? (Norway) on IMDb Milionerzy (Poland) on IMDb ¿Quiere ser millonario? (Spain) on IMDb Vem vill bli miljonär? (Sweden) on IMDb [ hide ] v t e Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? National variants and hosts Top prize winners Play It! 50–50 Slumdog Millionaire Millionaire Hot Seat Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F&oldid=835273248 \" Categories : Quiz shows Television series by Sony Pictures Television Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? 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{ "text": "Packed red blood cells - Wikipedia Packed red blood cells From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Packed red blood cells Bag of packed red blood cells. Clinical data Synonyms stored packed red blood cells, packed cells, red cell concentrate Routes of administration IV ATC code B05AX01 ( WHO ) Identifiers ChemSpider none Packed red blood cells , also known as red cell concentrate and packed cells , are red blood cells that have been separated for blood transfusion . [1] They are typically used in anemia that is either resulting in symptoms or when the hemoglobin is less than 70–80 g/L (7–8 g/dL). [1] [2] One unit brings up hemoglobin levels by about 10 g/L (1 g/dL). [3] Repeated transfusions may be required in people receiving cancer chemotherapy or who have hemoglobin disorders . [1] Cross matching is typically required before the blood is given. [1] It is given by injection into a vein . [4] Side effects include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis , red blood cell breakdown , infection , volume overload , and lung injury . [1] With current preparation methods in the developed world the risk of viral infections such as hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS are less than one in a million. [1] Packed red blood cells are gotten from whole blood or by apheresis . [5] They typically last for three to six weeks. [5] The widespread use of packed red blood cells began in the 1960s. [6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . [7] In the United Kingdom they cost about 120 pounds per unit. [8] A number of other versions also exist including whole blood, leukocyte reduced red blood cells , and washed red blood cells . [1] Contents [ hide ] 1 Medical uses 2 Side effects 3 Compatibility testing 4 Collection, processing, and use 5 Name 6 See also 7 References Medical uses [ edit ] Blood transfusion is typically recommended when hemoglobin levels reach 70 g/L (7 g/dL) in those who have stable vital signs. For those with heart disease or having surgery it is recommended at 8 g/dL. [9] RBCs are used to restore oxygen-carrying capacity in people with anemia due to trauma or other medical problems, and are by far the most common blood component used in transfusion medicine . Historically they were transfused as part of whole blood, are now typically used separately as RBCs and plasma components. The process of identifying a compatible blood product for transfusion is complicated. Side effects [ edit ] Side effects can include allergic reactions including anaphylaxis , red blood cell breakdown , infection , and lung injury . [1] Giving incompatible RBCs to a person can be fatal. [10] Compatibility testing [ edit ] To avoid transfusion reactions, the donor and recipient blood are tested, typically ordered as a \"type and screen\" for the recipient. The \"type\" in this case is the ABO and Rh type, specifically the phenotype , and the \"screen\" refers to testing for atypical antibodies that might cause transfusion problems. The typing and screening are also performed on donor blood. The blood groups represent antigens on the surface of the red blood cells which might react with antibodies in the recipient. The ABO blood group system has four basic phenotypes: O, A, B, and AB. In the former Soviet Union these were called I, II, III, and IV, respectively. There are two important antigens in the system: A and B. Red cells without A or B are called type O, and red cells with both are called AB. Except in unusual cases like infants or seriously immunocompromised individuals, all people will have antibodies to any ABO blood type that isn't present on their own red blood cells, and will have an immediate hemolytic reaction to a unit that is not compatible with their ABO type. In addition to the A and B antigens, there are rare variations which can further complicate transfusions, such as the Bombay phenotype . The Rh blood group system consists of nearly around 50 different antigens, but the one of the greatest clinical interest is the \"D\" antigen, though it has other names and is commonly just called \"negative\" or \"positive.\" Unlike the ABO antigens, a recipient will not usually react to the first incompatible transfusion because the adaptive immune system does not immediately recognize it. After an incompatible transfusion the recipient may develop an antibody to the antigen and will react to any further incompatible transfusions. This antibody is important because it is the most frequent cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn . Incompatible red blood cells are sometimes given to recipients who will never become pregnant, such as males or postmenopausal women, as long as they do not have an antibody, since the greatest risk of Rh incompatible blood is to current or future pregnancies. [11] For RBCs, type O negative blood is considered a \"universal donor\" as recipients with types A, B, or AB can almost always receive O negative blood safely. Type AB positive is considered a \"universal recipient\" because they can receive the other ABO/Rh types safely. These are not truly universal, as other red cell antigens can further complicate transfusions. There are many other human blood group systems and most of them are only rarely associated with transfusion problems. A screening test is used to identify if the recipient has any antibodies to any of these other blood group systems. If the screening test is positive, a complex set of tests must follow to identify which antibody the recipient has by process of elimination. Finding suitable blood for transfusion when a recipient has multiple antibodies or antibodies to extremely common antigens can be very difficult and time-consuming. Because this testing can take time, doctors will sometimes order a unit of blood transfused before it can be completed if the recipient is in critical condition. Typically two to four units of O negative blood are used in these situations, since they are unlikely to cause a reaction. [12] A potentially fatal reaction is possible if the recipient has pre-existing antibodies, and uncrossmatched blood is only used in dire circumstances. Since O negative blood is not common, other blood types may be used if the situation is desperate. Collection, processing, and use [ edit ] Most frequently, whole blood is collected from a blood donation and is spun in a centrifuge. The red blood cells are denser and settle to the bottom, and the majority of the liquid blood plasma remains on the top. The plasma is separated and the red blood cells are kept with a minimal [ clarification needed ] amount of fluid. Generally, an additive solution of citrate, dextrose, and adenine is mixed with the cells to keep them alive during storage. This process is sometimes done as automated apheresis , where the centrifuging and mixing take place at the donation site. [13] Red blood cells are sometimes modified to address specific patient needs. The most common modification is leukoreduction, where the donor blood is filtered to remove white cells , although this is becoming increasingly universal throughout the blood supply (over 80% in the US, 100% in Europe). The blood may also be irradiated, which destroys the DNA in the white cells and prevents graft versus host disease , which may happen if the blood donor and recipient are closely related, and is also important for immunocompromized patients. Other modifications, such as washing the RBCs to remove any remaining plasma, are much less common. With additive solutions, RBCs are typically kept at refrigerated temperatures for up to 45 days. [14] In some patients, use of RBCs that are much fresher is important; for example, US guidelines call for blood less than seven days old to be used for neonatals, to \"ensure optimal cell function\". However, the phenomenon of RBC storage lesion and its implications for transfusion efficacy are complex and remain controversial (see blood bank and blood transfusion articles). With the addition of glycerol or other cryoprotectants, RBCs can be frozen and thus stored for much longer (this is not common). Frozen RBCs are typically assigned a ten-year expiration date, though older units have been transfused successfully. The freezing process is expensive and time-consuming and is generally reserved for rare units such as ones that can be used in patients that have unusual antibodies. Since frozen RBCs have glycerol added, the added glycerol must be removed by washing the red blood cells using special equipment, such as the IBM 2991 cell processor in a similar manner to washing RBCs. The processing (often termed \"manufacture\", since the end result is deemed a biologic biopharmaceutical product) and the storage can occur at a collection center and/or a blood bank . RBCs are mixed with an anticoagulant and storage solution which provides nutrients and aims to preserve viability and functionality of the cells (limiting their so-called \"storage lesion\"), which are stored at refrigerated temperatures for up to 42 days (in the US), except for the rather unusual long-term storage in which case they can be frozen for up to 10 years. The cells are separated from the fluid portion of the blood after it is collected from a donor , or during the collection process in the case of apheresis . The product is then sometimes modified after collection to meet specific patient requirements. Name [ edit ] The product is typically abbreviated RBC, pRBC, PRBC, and sometimes StRBC or even LRBC (the latter being to indicate those that have been leukoreduced, which is now true for the vast majority of RBC units). The name \"Red Blood Cells\" with initial capitals indicates a standardized blood product in the United States . [15] Without capitalization, it is simply generic without specifying whether or not the cells comprise a blood product, patient blood, etc. (with other generic terms for it being \"erythrocyte\" and \"red cell\"). See also [ edit ] Blood bank Blood donation References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Connell, NT (December 2016). \"Transfusion Medicine\". Primary care . 43 (4): 651–659. doi : 10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.004 . PMID 27866583 . Jump up ^ Carson, JL; Guyatt, G; Heddle, NM; Grossman, BJ; Cohn, CS; Fung, MK; Gernsheimer, T; Holcomb, JB; Kaplan, LJ; Katz, LM; Peterson, N; Ramsey, G; Rao, SV; Roback, JD; Shander, A; Tobian, AA (15 November 2016). \"Clinical Practice Guidelines From the AABB: Red Blood Cell Transfusion Thresholds and Storage\". JAMA . 316 (19): 2025–2035. doi : 10.1001/jama.2016.9185 . PMID 27732721 . Jump up ^ Plumer, Ada Lawrence (2007). Plumer's Principles and Practice of Intravenous Therapy . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 423. ISBN 9780781759441 . Archived from the original on 2017-09-14. Jump up ^ Linton, Adrianne Dill (2015). Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing . Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 287. ISBN 9781455776412 . Archived from the original on 2017-09-14. ^ Jump up to: a b Parsons, Polly E.; Wiener-Kronish, Jeanine P. (2012). Critical Care Secrets5: Critical Care Secrets . Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 385. ISBN 0323085008 . Archived from the original on 2017-09-14. Jump up ^ Das, P. C.; Smit-Sibinga, C. T. h; Halie, M. R. (2012). Supportive therapy in haematology . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 190. ISBN 9781461325772 . Archived from the original on 2017-01-10. Jump up ^ \"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)\" (PDF) . World Health Organization . April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Yentis, Steven M.; Hirsch, Nicholas P.; Ip, James (2013). Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A-Z: An Encyclopedia of Principles and Practice . Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 147. ISBN 9780702053757 . Archived from the original on 2017-01-12. Jump up ^ Carson, Jeffrey L.; Guyatt, Gordon; Heddle, Nancy M.; Grossman, Brenda J.; Cohn, Claudia S.; Fung, Mark K.; Gernsheimer, Terry; Holcomb, John B.; Kaplan, Lewis J.; Katz, Louis M.; Peterson, Nikki; Ramsey, Glenn; Rao, Sunil V.; Roback, John D.; Shander, Aryeh; Tobian, Aaron A. R. (12 October 2016). \"Clinical Practice Guidelines From the AABB\". JAMA . doi : 10.1001/jama.2016.9185 . Jump up ^ \"Complications of Transfusion: Transfusion Medicine: Merck Manual Professional\" . Archived from the original on 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Guidelines for Blood Component Substitution in Adults\" (PDF) . Provincial Blood Coordinating Program, Newfoundland and Labrador. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells\" (PDF) . National Health Service . Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Circular of information for the use of human blood and blood components\" (PDF) . AABB . p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Circular of information for the use of human blood and blood components\" (PDF) . AABB . p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"21 CFR 640.10\" . GPO . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . [ show ] v t e Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test (direct and indirect) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido-Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK P Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T-Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes [ show ] v t e Intravenous therapy Infused substances Blood-based product Whole blood PF24 / Fresh frozen plasma ( Cryosupernatant + Cryoprecipitate ) Blood substitute Hemoglobin-based Volume expander Lactated Ringer's Normal saline Sugar solution Buffers Lactated Ringer's , Sodium bicarbonate Medications Intravenous immunoglobulin Parenteral nutrition Sugar Other Drug injection Access points Peripheral venous catheter Peripherally inserted central catheter ( Seldinger technique ) Central venous catheter Other equipment Infusion pump CVC SLC MLC PICC Implantable catheters Ports Thermodilution catheters Hemodialysis catheters Specific risks Air embolism Extravasation Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Packed_red_blood_cells&oldid=832354209 \" Categories : Blood cells Blood products Hematology Transfusion medicine World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories: Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without EBI source Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Drugs with no legal status Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 RTT Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018, at 13:46. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Packed red blood cells", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Packed_red_blood_cells&amp;oldid=832354209" }

{ "text": "Genus - Wikipedia Genus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search \"Genera\" redirects here. For the operating system, see Genera (operating system) . For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation) . The hierarchy of biological classification 's eight major taxonomic ranks . A family contains one or more genera. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown. A genus ( / ˈ dʒ iː n ə s / , pl. genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology . In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family . In binomial nomenclature , the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. E.g. Felis catus and Felis silvestris are two species within the genus Felis . Felis is a genus within the family Felidae . The composition of a genus is determined by a taxonomist . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, [1] including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. phylogenetic analysis should clearly demonstrate both monophyly and validity as a separate lineage [2] ). reasonable compactness – a genus should not be expanded needlessly; and distinctness – with respect to evolutionarily relevant criteria, i.e. ecology , morphology , or biogeography ; DNA sequences are a consequence rather than a condition of diverging evolutionary lineages except in cases where they directly inhibit gene flow (e.g. postzygotic barriers ). Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. [3] Contents [ hide ] 1 Name 2 Use 2.1 Binomial nomenclature 2.2 Type 2.3 Identical names (synonyms and homonyms) 2.4 Higher classifications 3 Size 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Name [ edit ] The term comes from the Latin genus (\"origin; type; group; race\"), [4] a noun form cognate with gignere (\"to bear; to give birth to\"). Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered \"the founder of the modern concept of genera\". [5] Use [ edit ] The scientific name of a genus may be called the generic name or generic epithet : it is always capitalized. It plays a pivotal role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms . Binomial nomenclature [ edit ] Main articles: Binomial nomenclature , Trinomen , and Infraspecific names The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the Nomenclature Codes , which are employed by the speakers of all languages, giving each species a single unique Latinate name. The standard way of scientifically describing species and other lower-ranked taxa is by binomial nomenclature . The generic name forms its first half. For example, the gray wolf 's binomial name is Canis lupus , with Canis (Lat. \"dog\") being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Lat. \"wolf\") being the specific name particular to the wolf. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . Especially with these longer names, when the generic name is known from context, it is typically shortened to its initial letter. Because animals are typically only grouped within subspecies, it is simply written as a trinomen with a third name. For example, because dogs are still so similar to wolves as to form part of their species but so distinct as to require separate treatment, they are described as C. lupus familiaris (Lat. \"domestic\"), while the \"wolves\" form many distinct subspecies , including the common wolf ( C. lupus lupus ) and the dingo ( C. lupus dingo ) . Dog breeds , meanwhile, are not scientifically distinguished. There are several divisions of plant species and therefore their infraspecific names generally include contractions explaining the relation. For example, the genus Hibiscus (Lat. \" marshmallow \") includes hundreds of other species apart from the Rose of Sharon or common garden hibiscus ( H. syriacus , from Lat. \" Syrian \"). Rose of Sharon doesn't have subspecies but has cultivars that carry desired traits, such as the bright red H. syriaca 'Diana'. [6] \" Hawaiian hibiscus \", meanwhile, includes several separate species. Since not all botanists agree on the divisions or names between species, it is common to specify the source of the name using author abbreviations . For example, H. arnottianus A.Gray was first specified in a work by Asa Gray . [7] Sister Roe identified an immaculate white hibiscus on Molokai as a separate species, [8] but D.M. Bates later reclassified it as a subspecies of H. arnottianus . [9] It thus now appears as H. arnottianus ssp. immaculatus or as H. arnottianus A.Gray subsp. immaculatus (M.J.Roe) D.M.Bates . When it is considered a mere variety of H. arnottianus , it is written H. arnottianus var. immaculatus . Type [ edit ] See also: type genus , type species , and type specimen Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this is the type species and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. Identical names (synonyms and homonyms) [ edit ] Within the same kingdom one generic name can apply to only one genus. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example, the platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia, the name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called \"homonyms\". Although this is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, Anura is the name of the order of frogs but also is the name of a non-current genus of plants; Aotus is the generic name of both golden peas and night monkeys ; Oenanthe is the generic name of both wheatears and water dropworts ; Prunella is the generic name of both accentors and self-heal ; and Proboscidea is the order of elephants and the genus of devil's claws . The name of the genus Paramecia (an extinct red algae) is also the plural of the name of the genus Paramecium (which is in the SAR supergroup), which can also lead to confusion. A list of generic homonyms has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) [10] Higher classifications [ edit ] The type genus forms the base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae (\"Canids\") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora (\"Carnivores\"). Size [ edit ] Number of reptile genera with a given number of species. Most genera have only one or a few species but a few may have hundreds. Based on data from the Reptile Database (as of May 2015). The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera, the most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5-10 species, ~200 have 11-50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species (see figure). [11] However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. Which species are assigned to a genus is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be \"similar\" there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists whether large, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance, the lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. [12] See also [ edit ] List of the largest genera of flowering plants Genus–differentia definition References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Gill, F. B.; Slikas, B.; Sheldon, F. H. (2005). \"Phylogeny of titmice (Paridae): II. Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene\". Auk . 122 (1): 121–143. doi : 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0121:POTPIS]2.0.CO;2 . Jump up ^ De la Maza-Benignos, M., Lozano-Vilano, M.L., & García-Ramírez, M. E. (2015). Response paper: Morphometric article by Mejía et al. 2015 alluding genera Herichthys and Nosferatu displays serious inconsistencies. Neotropical Ichthyology, 13(4), 673-676. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1679-62252015000400673&script=sci_arttext Jump up ^ De la Maza-Benignos, M., Lozano-Vilano, M. L., & García-Ramírez, M. E. (2015). Response paper: Morphometric article by Mejía et al. 2015 alluding genera Herichthys and Nosferatu displays serious inconsistencies. Neotropical Ichthyology, 13(4), 673-676. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1679-62252015000400673&script=sci_arttext Jump up ^ Merriam Webster Dictionary Jump up ^ Stuessy, T. F. (2009). Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780231147125 . Jump up ^ \" Hibiscus syriacus 'Diana ' \" , Plants , Royal Horticultural Society, 2015 , retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. , Vol. XV: Botany , Pt. I , Philadelphia, 1854 . Jump up ^ Roe, Margaret James (1961), \"A Taxonomic Study of the Indigenous Hawaiian Species of the Genus Hibiscus (Malvaceae)\" (PDF) , Pacific Science , Vol. 15, No. 1 . Jump up ^ Bates, David Martin (1989), Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethology and Natural History , Vol. 29, No. 104 . Jump up ^ \"IRMNG - Homonyms\" . www.irmng.org . Retrieved 2016-11-17 . Jump up ^ The Reptile Database Jump up ^ Nicholson, K. E.; B. I. Crother, C. Guyer & J.M. Savage (2012) It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa 3477: 1–108 External links [ edit ] Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) Nomenclator Zoologicus : Index of all genus and subgenus names in zoological nomenclature from 1758 to 2004. Fauna Europaea Database for Taxonomy [ hide ] v t e Taxonomic ranks Domain /Superkingdom Kingdom Subkingdom Infrakingdom/Branch Superphylum/Superdivision Phylum/Division Subphylum Infraphylum Microphylum Superclass Class Subclass Infraclass Parvclass Legion Cohort Magnorder Superorder Order Suborder Infraorder Parvorder Section ( zoo. ) Superfamily Family Subfamily Supertribe Tribe Subtribe Genus Subgenus Section ( bot. ) Series ( bot. ) Species Subspecies Variety Form Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genus&oldid=812405778 \" Categories : Genera Botanical nomenclature Plant taxonomy Zoological nomenclature Bacterial nomenclature Hidden categories: Articles containing Latin-language text Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча/tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon West-Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017, at 18:10. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Genus", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Genus&amp;oldid=812405778" }

{ "text": "Once Upon a Time (TV series) - Wikipedia Once Upon a Time (TV series) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the 2011 American series. For the various French animated TV series, see Once Upon a Time... Once Upon a Time Genre Drama Fantasy Mystery Adventure Created by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Starring Ginnifer Goodwin Jennifer Morrison Lana Parrilla Josh Dallas Jared S. Gilmore Raphael Sbarge Jamie Dornan Robert Carlyle Eion Bailey Emilie de Ravin Meghan Ory Colin O'Donoghue Michael Raymond-James Michael Socha Rebecca Mader Sean Maguire Andrew J. West Dania Ramirez Gabrielle Anwar Alison Fernandez Mekia Cox Composer(s) Mark Isham Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 155 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Steve Pearlman David H. Goodman Andrew Chambliss Producer(s) Damon Lindelof Christine Boylan Robert Hull Kalinda Vazquez Jane Espenson Daniel T. Thomsen Brian Wankum Kathy Gilroy Ian Goldberg Liz Tigelaar Samantha Thomas Jerome Schwartz Helga Ungurait Location(s) Steveston, British Columbia [1] Vancouver, British Columbia Cinematography Steven Fierberg Stephen Jackson Tony Mirza Editor(s) Geofrey Hildrew Mark Goldman Scot J. Kelly Joe Talbot Hall Running time 43 minutes Production company(s) ABC Studios Kitsis / Horowitz Distributor Disney–ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( 16:9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release October 23, 2011 ( 2011-10-23 ) – May 18, 2018 ( 2018-05-18 ) Chronology Related shows Once Upon a Time in Wonderland External links Website Once Upon a Time is an American fantasy drama television series on ABC which debuted on October 23, 2011, and concluded on May 18, 2018. The first six seasons are largely set in the fictitious seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine , with the character of Emma Swan serving as the lead, while the seventh and final season takes place in a Seattle, Washington neighborhood called Hyperion Heights, with a new main narrative led by Swan's son, Henry Mills. The show borrows elements and characters from the Disney franchise and popular Western literature, folklore, and fairy tales. Once Upon a Time was created by Lost and Tron: Legacy writers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz . A spin-off series, Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , consisting of 13 episodes which followed the titular character from Alice in Wonderland, premiered on October 10, 2013 and concluded on April 3, 2014. [2] Contents [ hide ] 1 Series overview 1.1 Season 1 (2011–12) 1.2 Season 2 (2012–13) 1.3 Season 3 (2013–14) 1.4 Season 4 (2014–15) 1.5 Season 5 (2015–16) 1.6 Season 6 (2016–17) 1.7 Season 7 (2017–18) 2 Episodes 3 Cast 4 Development and production 4.1 Conception 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Setting 5.1 Main settings 5.2 Expanded settings 6 Cultural references 7 Music 8 Broadcast 9 Reception 9.1 Critical response 9.2 Ratings 9.3 Awards and nominations 10 Tie-in material 10.1 Novels 10.2 Comic books 11 Spin-off 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Series overview [ edit ] For the first six seasons, the series originally took place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine , in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales and other stories that were transported to the real world town and robbed of their original memories by the Evil Queen Regina ( Lana Parrilla ) who used a powerful curse obtained from Rumplestiltskin ( Robert Carlyle ). The residents of Storybrooke, where Regina is mayor, have lived an unchanging existence for 28 years, unaware of their own lack of aging. The town's only hope lies with a bail-bonds person named Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ), the daughter of Snow White ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) and Prince Charming ( Josh Dallas ), who was transported from the Enchanted Forest to the real world via a magic tree as an infant before she could be cursed. As such, she is the only person who can break the curse and restore the characters' lost memories. She is aided by her son, Henry ( Jared S. Gilmore ), with whom she was recently reunited after giving him up for adoption upon his birth, and his Once Upon a Time book of fairy tales that holds the key to breaking the curse. Henry is also the adopted son of Regina, providing a source of both conflict and common interest between the two women. In the seventh season reboot, an adult Henry Mills ( Andrew J. West ), along with Regina, Captain Hook ( Colin O'Donoghue ) and Rumplestiltskin, are found years later in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, where characters from a different realm were brought under a new curse. Hoping to restore her family's memories, Lucy (Alison Fernandez) must convince her parents, Henry and Cinderella ( Dania Ramirez ), of the true nature of Hyperion Heights, in the midst of emerging dangers involving Lady Tremaine ( Gabrielle Anwar ) and Mother Gothel ( Emma Booth ). Episodes usually have one segment that details the characters' past lives that, when serialized, adds a piece to the puzzle about the characters and their connection to the events that preceded the curse and its consequences. The other, set in the present day, follows a similar pattern with a different outcome but also offers similar insights. Season 1 (2011–12) [ edit ] See also: Once Upon a Time (season 1) The first season premiered on October 23, 2011. The Evil Queen interrupts the wedding of Snow White and Prince Charming to announce that she will cast a curse on everyone that will leave her with the only happy ending. As a result, the majority of the characters are transported to the town of Storybrooke, Maine, where they have been stripped of their original memories and identities as fairy tale characters. On her 28th birthday, Emma Swan, the daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming, is brought to Storybrooke by her biological son Henry Mills in the hopes of breaking the curse cast by his adoptive mother, the Evil Queen Regina. In the Enchanted Forests \"flashbacks\", it's shown that Snow White and Prince Charming went to The Dark One to ask how to stop the curse. He told them their unborn child would be the savior, and break the curse. Season 2 (2012–13) [ edit ] See also: Once Upon a Time (season 2) The second season premiered on September 30, 2012. [3] Despite Emma having broken the curse, the characters are not returned to the fairy tale world, and must deal with their own dual identities. With the introduction of magic into Storybrooke by Mr. Gold, the fates of the two worlds become intertwined, and new threats emerge in the form of Captain Hook ( Colin O'Donoghue ), Regina's mother Cora ( Barbara Hershey ), also known as the Queen of Hearts , and sinister operatives from the real world with an agenda to destroy magic. Season 3 (2013–14) [ edit ] See also: Once Upon a Time (season 3) The third season premiered on September 29, 2013. It was split into two volumes, with the first eleven episodes running from September to December 2013, and the later half from March to May 2014. In the first volume, the main characters travel to Neverland to rescue Henry, who has been kidnapped by Peter Pan ( Robbie Kay ) as part of a plan to obtain the \"Heart of the Truest Believer\" from him. Their increasing power struggle with Pan continues in Storybrooke, which ultimately results in the complete reversal of the original curse. All the characters are returned to their original worlds, leaving Emma and Henry to escape to New York City . In the second volume, the characters are mysteriously brought back to a recreated Storybrooke with their memories of the previous year removed, and the envious Wicked Witch of the West ( Rebecca Mader ) from the Land of Oz appears with a plan to change the past. Once again, Emma is needed to save her family. Season 4 (2014–15) [ edit ] See also: Once Upon a Time (season 4) The fourth season premiered on September 28, 2014. It was also split into two volumes, with the first eleven episodes running from September to December 2014, and the later half from March to May 2015. A new storyline incorporating elements from Frozen was revealed when the time travel events of the previous season lead to the accidental arrival of Elsa ( Georgina Haig ) from the Enchanted Forest of the past to present-day Storybrooke. As she searches for her sister Anna ( Elizabeth Lail ) with the aid of the main characters, they encounter the Snow Queen ( Elizabeth Mitchell ). [4] Meanwhile, Regina seeks the Author of Henry's Once Upon a Time book so that she can finally have her happy ending. However, Mr. Gold, with the help of Cruella De Vil ( Victoria Smurfit ), Maleficent ( Kristin Bauer van Straten ), and Ursula ( Merrin Dungey ), has his own plan to rewrite the rules governing the fates of all heroes and villains. Henry and Emma race to restore reality and the truth before the twisted inversion becomes permanent. However, the price leads to the ultimate sacrifice. Season 5 (2015–16) [ edit ] See also: Once Upon a Time (season 5) The fifth season was announced on May 7, 2015, [5] and premiered on September 27, 2015. It was once again split into two volumes with the first volume ran from September to December 2015, and the second volume from March to May 2016. The characters embark on a quest to Camelot to find the Sorcerer Merlin ( Elliot Knight ) in order to free Emma from the powers of an ancient darkness that threatens to destroy everything. To complicate matters, King Arthur ( Liam Garrigan ) is determined to forever alter the balance between light and darkness using the legendary Excalibur . As history and destiny collide, unsuspected consequences lead the characters to the Underworld where they encounter souls of those with unfinished business and must face Hades ( Greg Germann ). In an attempt to restore order to the chaos that has culminated, the characters' dangerous manipulations of magic lead to an exacerbation of the war between light and darkness, with the separation of Regina and her Evil Queen persona, as well as the arrival of Dr. Jekyll ( Hank Harris ) and Mr. Hyde ( Sam Witwer ). Season 6 (2016–17) [ edit ] See also: Once Upon a Time (season 6) The sixth season was announced on March 3, 2016, and premiered on September 25, 2016. The characters must defend Storybrooke from the combined threat of Mr. Hyde and an unleashed Evil Queen and the mysterious fate of saviors leads to Emma learning about Aladdin ( Deniz Akdeniz ). [6] The ongoing war between light and darkness ultimately leads to the arrival of the Black Fairy ( Jaime Murray ) as well as the final battle that was prophesied before the casting of the original curse. Season 7 (2017–18) [ edit ] See also: Once Upon a Time (season 7) In May 2017, the series was renewed for a final seventh season consisting of 22 episodes, [7] which marks the beginning of a soft reboot . [8] [9] [10] [11] Years later, Lucy ( Alison Fernandez ) arrives in the fictional neighborhood of Hyperion Heights in Seattle, Washington with her Once Upon a Time book to find her father Henry Mills ( Andrew J. West ) who is needed by his family. [12] [13] [14] Characters from the New Enchanted Forest [15] were brought to Hyperion Heights under a new curse and are caught in a rising conflict involving Cinderella ( Dania Ramirez ) and Lady Tremaine ( Gabrielle Anwar ) whose dangerous history with Mother Gothel ( Emma Booth ) is revealed. Episodes [ edit ] See also: List of Once Upon a Time episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers (millions) Viewers rank 18–49 rating/share 18-49 rank 1 22 October 23, 2011 ( 2011-10-23 ) May 13, 2012 ( 2012-05-13 ) 11.71 28 [16] 4.1/10 18 [17] 2 22 September 30, 2012 ( 2012-09-30 ) May 12, 2013 ( 2013-05-12 ) 10.24 35 [18] 3.6/9 18 [19] 3 22 September 29, 2013 ( 2013-09-29 ) May 11, 2014 ( 2014-05-11 ) 9.38 35 [20] 3.3/8 12 [21] 4 22 September 28, 2014 ( 2014-09-28 ) May 10, 2015 ( 2015-05-10 ) 8.98 50 [22] 3.2/7 17 [22] 5 23 September 27, 2015 ( 2015-09-27 ) May 15, 2016 ( 2016-05-15 ) 6.32 69 [23] 2.2/7 34 [23] 6 22 September 25, 2016 ( 2016-09-25 ) May 14, 2017 ( 2017-05-14 ) 4.39 105 [24] 1.5/5 70 [24] 7 22 October 6, 2017 ( 2017-10-06 ) May 18, 2018 ( 2018-05-18 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA Once Upon a Time ' s first season received \"generally favorable\" reviews from critics. Metacritic gave it a score of 66 out of 100 based on 26 reviews. The pilot episode was watched by 12.93 million viewers and achieved an adult 18–49 rating/share of 4.0/10. The second season premiered on September 30, 2012, to an audience of 11.36 million viewers, while the third season began on September 29, 2013, opening to 8.52 million viewers. In May 2014, ABC renewed the show for its fourth season , premiering in September 2014 to an audience of 9.47 million viewers. The series was renewed for a fifth season in May 2015 and for a sixth season in March 2016. [25] On May 11, 2017, ABC renewed the series for a 22-episode seventh season. [7] In February 2018, it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series. [11] Cast [ edit ] Main article: List of Once Upon a Time characters Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard (seasons 1–6) [26] [27] Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan (seasons 1–6; recurring season 7) [26] [27] [28] Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni [26] [29] Josh Dallas as Pauper [30] / Prince Charming / David Nolan (seasons 1–6) [26] [27] Jared S. Gilmore as Henry Mills (main seasons 1–6; recurring season 7) [27] [31] Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archibald Hopper (main season 1; recurring seasons 2–3, 6) Jamie Dornan as Huntsman / Sheriff Graham Humbert (season 1) Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Crocodile / Beast / Mr. Gold [26] / Weaver Eion Bailey as Pinocchio / August Wayne Booth (main season 1; recurring seasons 2, 4, 6) Emilie de Ravin as Belle / Lacey (main seasons 2–6; recurring season 1, 7) [26] [27] [32] Meghan Ory as Red Riding Hood / Wolf / Ruby (main season 2; recurring seasons 1, 3, 5) [33] Colin O'Donoghue as Killian Jones / Captain Hook / Rogers (seasons 2–7) [26] Michael Raymond-James as Baelfire / Neal Cassidy (main season 3; recurring season 2) Michael Socha as Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts / White King (season 4) Rebecca Mader as Zelena / Wicked Witch of the West / Kelly West (main seasons 5–6; recurring seasons 3–4, 7) [26] [34] [35] Sean Maguire as Robin Hood (main season 5; recurring seasons 3–4, 6-7) [26] [34] Andrew J. West as Henry Mills (season 7) Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Vidrio (season 7) Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey (season 7) Alison Fernandez as Lucy (season 7) Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine (season 7) Development and production [ edit ] Conception [ edit ] Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis conceived the show in 2004 before joining the writing staff of Lost , but wanted to wait until that series was over to focus on this project. [36] The idea is to take these characters that we all know collectively and try to find things about them that we haven't explored before. Sometimes it's a story point, sometimes it's a thematic connection, sometimes it's a dilemma they face in both worlds that is similar. We are not generally retelling the exact same story as the fairy tale world. “ ” — Executive producer Adam Horowitz [37] Eight years before the Once Upon a Time pilot (the two had just completed their work on Felicity , in 2002), Kitsis and Horowitz became inspired to write fairy tales out of a love of \"mystery and excitement of exploring lots of different worlds.\" [38] They presented the premise to networks, but were refused because of its fantastic nature. [39] From their time on Lost, the writers learned to look at the story in a different way, [39] namely that \"character has to trump mythology.\" [37] They explained, \"As people, you've got to see what the void in their heart or in their lives is to care about them ... For us, this was as much about the character journeys and seeing what was ripped from them in coming to Storybrooke – going at it that way as opposed to making it the 'break-the-curse show. ' \" [40] Despite the comparisons and similarities to Lost , the writers intend them to be very different shows. [39] To them, Lost concerned itself with redemption, while Once Upon a Time is about \"hope\". [41] Lost co-creator Damon Lindelof aids in the development of the series as a consultant, but has no official credit on the show. Kitsis and Horowitz have called him a \"godfather\" to the series. [42] [43] To differentiate the storytelling from what the audience already knew, the writing staff decided to begin the pilot with the end of the typical Snow White fairytale. [40] Themes concerning family and motherhood were emphasized, in contrast to the focus on fatherhood in Lost . Kitsis and Horowitz sought to write strong female characters, rather than the classic damsel in distress . Horowitz stated their desire to approach each character the same way, asking themselves, \"How do we make these icons real, make them relatable?\" [39] The pilot is meant to be the \"template of the series\". [38] Kitsis confirmed that every week will contain flashbacks between both worlds, [37] as they \"love the idea of going back and forth and informing what the character is missing in their life.\" [44] The writers' desire to present a \"mash up\" of many small characters can be seen in a scene of the pilot, in which there is a war council featuring Geppetto, Pinocchio, and Grumpy. Horowitz elaborated, \"One of the fun things for us coming up with these stories is thinking of ways these different characters can interact in ways they never have before.\" [39] Since then, the creators have added more elements, and given its ties to Disney, have managed to expand the universe to include more recent material, by throwing out hints that they might look ahead at incorporating characters from Brave and Frozen in future episodes, if they get the green light from Disney. [45] The Season 3 finale introduced Elsa in the final minutes of the episode. [46] The general premise, importing the Snow White core characters into the \"real world\", was previously seen on ABC television in the short-lived 1980s comedy The Charmings . The show also has a similar premise to Bill Willingham 's ten-year-old comic series Fables , to which ABC bought the rights in 2008 but never made it past planning stages. After Fables fans raised controversy over possible appropriation, the show writers initially denied a link, but later said they may have \"read a couple issues\" of the comic book but while the two concepts are \"in the same playground\", they are \"telling a different story.\" [44] Bill Willingham responded to the controversy in an interview, where he stated he did not feel the show was plagiarism and said: \"Maybe they did remember reading Fables back then, but didn't want to mention it because we've become a very litigious people.\" [44] [47] Casting [ edit ] The cast as they appeared in season three. Secondary character casting director, Samuel Forsyth, started the casting process in 2010. Horowitz stated that everyone they initially wanted for roles in the series accepted their roles after being sent a script. [38] [39] Ginnifer Goodwin was cast as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard, [48] who appreciated that she would be playing a strong character that was fleshed out for the audience. Goodwin had stated in interviews that she would love to play Snow White, and called her acceptance of the role \"a no-brainer.\" [49] Both Kitsis and Horowitz are self-described big fans of Goodwin's previous series, Big Love , and wrote the part of Snow White with her in mind. [39] Josh Dallas , who portrays Prince Charming / David Nolan, was pleased the writers took \"some dramatic license\" with his character, believing the prince had become more real. He explained, \"Prince Charming just happens to be a name. He's still a man with the same emotions as any other man. He's a Prince, but he's a Prince of the people. He gets his hands dirty. He's got a kingdom to run. He has a family to protect. He has an epic, epic love for Snow White. He's like everybody else. He's human.\" [49] Jennifer Morrison was hired for the part of Emma Swan . [50] The actress explained her character as someone who \"help[s] her son Henry whom she abandoned when he was a baby and who seems like he's a little bit emotionally dysfunctional\", but noted that Emma does not start out believing in the fairytale universe. [49] Ten-year old Jared Gilmore, known for his work on Mad Men , took the role of her son, Henry. [50] The role of The Evil Queen/ Regina was given to Lana Parrilla . [51] \"There's always two stories being told when playing Regina. There's the threat of her knowing she's an evil queen and then there's just the pure simple fact that the biological mother has stepped into her world and the threat of losing her son is just enormous. That's a fear that I think any adopted mother would have. I think that's going to really help the audience relate to Regina in some level.\" — Lana Parrilla [49] The role of Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold was given to Robert Carlyle , [52] after having been written with him in mind, though the writers initially thought he would not accept the part. [37] Horowitz recalled Carlyle's prison sequence, which was the actor's first day on the set as \"mind-blowing ... You could see Ginny actually jump, the first time he did that character. It was fantastic!\" [38] Jamie Dornan portrayed the Huntsman / Sheriff Graham [53] as a series regular before being killed off in the seventh episode, [54] while Eion Bailey was cast as Pinocchio / August Wayne Booth [53] in a recurring role, [55] starting in the show's ninth episode, \"True North\", where he was credited as \"Stranger\", he was promoted to series regular status for the fifteenth episode, \"Red-Handed\". [56] Raphael Sbarge portrayed Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper. [53] For the second season, Meghan Ory and Emilie de Ravin were promoted to series regulars as Red Riding Hood / Ruby [57] and Belle / Lacey [58] respectively, while Bailey made guest appearances in two episodes after departing the series [59] [60] and Sbarge joined the recurring cast. [61] Colin O'Donoghue was cast as Captain Killian \"Hook\" Jones , [62] and was upped to series regular for the fourteenth episode of the season. [63] For the third season, Michael Raymond-James was promoted to a series regular as Neal Cassidy, [64] while Ory did not return as a series regular due to commitments to the TV series, Intelligence . [65] For the fourth season, Michael Socha was brought onto the show as Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts from the show's spin-off, Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , [66] [67] while Raymond-James was dropped from the regular cast [68] when the writers decided to kill off his character. [68] Bailey returned in a recurring arc towards the end of the season after being absent from the show since the second season. [69] For the fifth season, Rebecca Mader [34] and Sean Maguire [34] were announced to have been promoted to series regulars as Zelena / Wicked Witch of the West and Robin Hood respectively, while Socha was confirmed to not be returning as a series regular. [70] Ory also returned to the series in a recurring capacity after being absent since the third-season finale. [33] Before the series was renewed for a seventh season, Jennifer Morrison announced that, if the series were to be renewed, she would not be returning as a series regular for that season but agreed to return for one episode to wrap up Emma Swan's storyline. [71] Later that week, actress Rebecca Mader announced that she would also be leaving the series after the sixth season wrapped. It was later announced that Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared S. Gilmore and Emilie de Ravin would also be leaving the show after the sixth season's finale aired. Along with departures, Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced to be joining the seventh season of the show as series regulars after guest starring in the previous season's finale. They will portray an older Henry Mills and his daughter Lucy respectively. In July 2017, actresses Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced to be joining the cast of the seventh season as series regulars, playing new iterations of Cinderella and Lady Tremaine , respectively. In September 2017, Mekia Cox , who portrays Tiana , was promoted to a series regular. [72] Filming [ edit ] Steveston, BC doubles as the town of Storybrooke, Maine for the series' six seasons. Principal photography for the series takes place in Vancouver, British Columbia . [73] [74] Steveston Village in the adjacent city of Richmond doubles as Storybrooke for the series, with props and exterior sets disguising the existing businesses and buildings. During filming, all brightly-colored objects (flowers, etc.) are hidden to reinforce the story village's spell-subdued character. Certain sets are additionally filmed in separate studios, including the interior of Mr. Gold's pawn shop and the clock tower, which are not found in Steveston. [75] Setting [ edit ] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main settings [ edit ] During the first six seasons, the Enchanted Forest and Storybrooke, Maine are the main settings of the series. The Enchanted Forest is a realm within Fairy Tale Land, but the actual spread and scope of the realm is not known. However, they are later united during the Ogre Wars, which played a part in the formation of the War Council that is formed by Prince Charming and served as the catalysts in the backstories involving Rumpelstiltskin and the Evil Queen. Several independent kingdoms are implied by an array of different rulers. Most of the stories detailed their earlier lives before ascension to power and being influenced by their mentors through their upbringings. Meanwhile, Storybrooke serves as an isolated town separated from the rest of the Land Without Magic, where the cursed inhabitants are trapped by various forces. During the seventh season, the New Enchanted Forest [15] is shown as the main setting, alongside with Hyperion Heights, Seattle . As a realm in New Fairy Tale Land, the New Enchanted Forest is divided into several independent kingdoms with different rulers. The inhabitants are in-conflict with each other, most notably between Lady Tremaine, Cinderella, Drizella, a resistance led by Tiana, and the Coven of the Eight led by Mother Gothel. Most flashbacks shown are involving events happened before the original curse and before the latest curse that brought everyone to Hyperion Heights, where unlike Storybrooke, its cursed inhabitants are living among ordinary people. Expanded settings [ edit ] The show, including its spin-off , have explored beyond the main settings to numerous worlds, each based on fairy tales, literature, and folklore. Known worlds are Fairy Tale Land , [76] the Land Without Magic , [76] Wonderland , [76] the Dreamscape , [77] Land Without Color , [76] the Netherworld , [78] Neverland , [76] Victorian England , [79] the Land of Oz , [76] Kansas , [80] Asgard , [81] 1920s England , [82] the World Within the Book , [83] the Underworld , [84] the Worst Place , [85] Mount Olympus , [86] the Land of Untold Stories, [76] 19th Century France , [87] the World Behind the Mirror , [88] the Dark Realm , [89] the Wish Realm , [89] New Fairy Tale Land , [15] the World Beyond the Bridge, [90] the Mansion Realm, [90] the Edge of Realms, [90] and New Wonderland . [91] All the realms are then merged via a variation of the Dark Curse, known as the United Realms. [92] Cultural references [ edit ] As a nod to the ties between the production teams of Once Upon a Time and Lost , the former show contains allusions to Lost , and is expected to continue alluding to Lost throughout its run. [44] For example, many items found in the Lost universe, such as Apollo candy bars , Oceanic Airlines , Ajira Airways , the TV series Exposé and MacCutcheon Whiskey, can be seen in Once Upon a Time . [93] Music [ edit ] Mark Isham composed the series' theme and music. On February 14, 2012, an extended play album featuring four cues from the score was released by ABC Studios. [94] On May 1, 2012, a full-length 25-track official soundtrack album was released by Intrada Records to accompany season one. [95] On August 13, 2013, another full-length 25-track official soundtrack album was released by Intrada to accompany season two. [96] Since December 2015, Mark Isham had begun to release music that was previously not released from the third, fourth and fifth seasons on his Soundcloud account. [ show ] Season 1 Soundtrack No. Title Length 1. \"Once Upon a Time Orchestral Suite\" 4:13 2. \"Henry's Proposal\" 1:17 3. \"The Queen's Curse\" 2:46 4. \"Jiminy Cricket\" 3:11 5. \"Dealing With Rumplestiltskin\" 3:26 6. \"Belle's Story\" 2:37 7. \"Dwarves\" 2:45 8. \"The Huntsman\" 4:31 9. \"Things Are Changing in Storybrooke\" 1:47 10. \"Cinderella\" 1:44 11. \"Wedding Dance\" 1:21 12. \"Advising Ashley\" 2:26 13. \"If The Shoe Fits\" 1:35 14. \"Unhappy Endings\" 3:46 15. \"Emma And Henry\" 1:43 16. \"The Siren\" 5:07 17. \"The Man with the Wooden Box\" 1:11 18. \"Hope Will Return\" 1:48 19. \"Rumplestiltskin in Love\" 2:19 20. \"The Genie's Wishes\" 1:58 21. \"The Road To True Love\" 2:50 22. \"The Family Compass\" 2:00 23. \"Burn The Witch\" 2:34 24. \"What The Queen Loves Most\" 2:30 25. \"The Clock Moves\" 1:12 [ show ] Season 2 Soundtrack No. Title Length 1. \"Sleeping Beauty\" 2:29 2. \"True Love\" 4:45 3. \"Magic\" 3:12 4. \"We Are Both\" 1:41 5. \"Meet the Jefferson\" 2:37 6. \"Ruby and Granny\" 1:54 7. \"A Real Boy\" 2:26 8. \"The Hedge Maze\" 4:13 9. \"Regina's True Love\" 2:29 10. \"Storybrooke Reunions\" 2:12 11. \"The Duelists\" 1:21 12. \"The Lady Jack\" 0:45 13. \"In a Burning Room\" 4:16 14. \"Tallahassee\" 2:21 15. \"This Boy Will Be Your Undoing\" 2:46 16. \"Science!\" 1:23 17. \"To Neverland!\" 1:58 18. \"Cora's Waltz\" 2:19 19. \"Snow White in Black\" 2:45 20. \"How Magic Is Made\" 3:33 21. \"One Perfect Day After Another\" 2:37 22. \"Bae and the Shadow\" 2:45 23. \"Tamara Shows Her True Colors\" 4:20 24. \"The Adventure Begins\" 2:14 25. \"Main Title\" 0:14 Broadcast [ edit ] The series has been licensed to over 190 countries. [97] In Australia, Once Upon a Time first aired on Seven Network , starting on May 15, 2012. In Canada it airs on CTV from October 23, 2011. It premiered on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom on April 1, 2012. [98] On December 17, 2013, it was confirmed that Channel 5 would not be picking the series up for the third season airing in the UK. [98] On March 14, 2015, Netflix picked up the show in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, subsequently showing all seasons and premiering each new episode on Wednesdays after their initial showing on Sundays on ABC. Reception [ edit ] Critical response [ edit ] Critical response to the first season was generally positive. On Metacritic , it was given a score of 66 out of 100 with \"generally favorable reviews\". [99] E! 's Kristin dos Santos cited the show as one of the five new shows of the 2011–2012 season to watch. [100] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave the show a \"C+\" grade commenting \"From a pair of Lost producers, this is a love-or-hate proposition. The ambition is impressive, as it asks us to imagine Goodwin's Snow White and Parrilla's Evil Queen as moderns. But Morrison is a wooden lead, and the back stories – a random collection of fairy tales -- don't promise to surprise.\" [101] In a review from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch , TV critic Gail Pennington hailed it as one of the \"Most Promising Shows of The Fall\" and, unlike Gilbert, had high marks for Morrison. [102] USA Today ' s Robert Blanco placed the series on its top ten list, declaring that \"There's nothing else on the air quite like it.\" [103] Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times preferred the series to another fairy-tale themed drama, Grimm , citing that the premise takes its time building up the charm and that the producer \"has that part nailed\". She also gave excellent reviews for Morrison's character: \"Her Emma is predictably cynical and prickly – fairy-tale princess, my Aunt Fanny – but she's sharp and lively enough to keep audiences begging for 'just a few more pages' before they go to bed.\" [104] Several feminist outlets were pleased with the show for its feminist twist on fairy tales. Avital Norman Nathman of Bitch stated that she liked the show for \"infusing a feminist sensibility\" into the stories. [105] Genie Leslie at Feministing commented that Emma was a \"badass\", that she liked how Emma was \"very adamant that women be able to make their own decisions about their lives and their children\", and how Emma was a \"well-rounded\" character who was \"feminine, but not 'girly ' \". [106] Natalie Wilson from Ms. praised the show for a strong, \"kick-butt\" female lead, for including multiple strong women who take turns doing the saving with the men, for subverting the fetishization of true love, and for dealing with the idea of what makes a mother in a more nuanced fashion. Wilson went on to state of the lead: \"Her pursuit of a 'happy ending' is not about finding a man or going to a ball all gussied up, but about detective work, about building a relationship with her son Henry, and about seeking the 'truth' as to why time stands still in the corrupt Storybrooke world.\" [107] Ratings [ edit ] The first season premiered as the top-rated drama series. The pilot episode was watched by 13 million viewers and received a 4.0 rating/share among 18- to 49-year-olds. [108] It was the season's highest-rated drama debut among the age range and ABC's biggest debut in five years. [109] [110] With DVR viewers, the premiere climbed to 15.5 million viewers and a 5.2 rating/share in adults 18–49. [111] The show's next three episodes had consistent ratings every week with over 11 million viewers. [112] [113] [114] The series has become the number one non-sports program in the U.S. with viewers and young adults on Sunday nights. [115] Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg. viewers (millions) 18–49 rating (average) Date Viewers (millions) Date Viewers (millions) 1 Sunday 8:00 pm 22 October 23, 2011 ( 2011-10-23 ) 12.93 [116] May 13, 2012 ( 2012-05-13 ) 9.66 [117] 2011–12 28 11.71 [118] 4.1/10 [119] 2 22 September 30, 2012 ( 2012-09-30 ) 11.36 [120] May 12, 2013 ( 2013-05-12 ) 7.33 [121] 2012–13 35 10.24 [122] 3.6/9 [123] 3 22 September 29, 2013 ( 2013-09-29 ) 8.52 [124] May 11, 2014 ( 2014-05-11 ) 6.80 [125] 2013–14 35 9.38 [126] 3.3/8 [127] 4 22 September 28, 2014 ( 2014-09-28 ) 9.47 [128] May 10, 2015 ( 2015-05-10 ) 5.51 [129] 2014–15 50 8.98 [130] 3.2/7 [130] 5 23 September 27, 2015 ( 2015-09-27 ) 5.93 [131] May 15, 2016 ( 2016-05-15 ) 4.07 [132] 2015–16 69 6.32 [23] 2.2 [23] 6 22 September 25, 2016 ( 2016-09-25 ) 3.99 [133] May 14, 2017 ( 2017-05-14 ) 2.95 [134] 2016–17 105 4.39 [135] 1.5/5 [24] 7 Friday 8:00 pm 22 October 6, 2017 ( 2017-10-06 ) 3.26 [136] May 18, 2018 ( 2018-05-18 ) 2.27 [137] 2017–18 TBD TBD TBD Awards and nominations [ edit ] Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time was nominated for a 2012 People's Choice Award for \"Favorite New TV Drama\", but lost to Person of Interest . [138] The show was nominated at the 39th People's Choice Awards in four categories: Favorite Network TV Drama, Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy Show, Favorite TV Fan Following, and Favorite TV Drama Actress ( Ginnifer Goodwin ); it lost to another ABC show Grey's Anatomy in the first category, Supernatural in the second two, and Ellen Pompeo (from Grey's Anatomy ) in the last category. the show was nominated at 40th People's Choice Awards , but lost to Beauty and the Beast and The Vampire Diaries , respectively. The show was also nominated for \"Best Genre Series\" at the 2011 Satellite Awards , but lost to American Horror Story . [139] The show was nominated in this category again at the 2012 Satellite Awards , but lost to The Walking Dead . [140] The program also received three nominations at the 2012 Visual Effects Society Awards , but all lost to Boardwalk Empire , Gears of War 3 , and Terra Nova . [141] At the 38th Saturn Awards , the series received a nomination for Best Network Television Series and Parrilla was nominated for Best Supporting Actress on Television , but lost to Fringe and Michelle Forbes , respectively. [142] The program was nominated for the former award again at the 39th Saturn Awards , but lost to new series Revolution . [143] Jared S. Gilmore was nominated for Best Performance by an Younger Actor on Television at 40th Saturn Awards , but lost to Chandler Riggs for The Walking Dead The show received trophies for \"Favorite New TV Drama\" and \"Favorite Villain\" for Lana Parrilla by the TV Guide . [144] The show was nominated at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , but lost to The Vampire Diaries , Pretty Little Liars and Awkward and the show was also nominated at 2013 Teen Choice Awards , but lost to The Vampire Diaries and Pretty Little Liars . The show was nominated again 2014 Teen Choice Awards , but lost to The Vampire Diaries and Dylan O'Brien , respectively. It was also nominated at the 64th Creative Arts Primetime Emmy Awards , but lost to Game of Thrones and The Walking Dead and the show was nominated again at 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , but lost to The Borgias and Game of Thrones . Tie-in material [ edit ] Novels [ edit ] In 2013, Disney-owned Hyperion Books published Reawakened by Odette Beane, a novelization of storylines from the first season, expanded to include new perspectives. The narrative is from the points-of-view of Emma Swan in Storybrooke and Snow White in the Enchanted Forest. The novel was published on April 28, 2013, as an ebook and May 7, 2013, in paperback form. [145] In 2015, production company Kingswell Teen published Red's Untold Tale , by Wendy Toliver, a novel telling a story of Red's past that was not seen in the show. The novel was published on September 22, 2015 and consisted of 416 pages. [146] In 2017, Kingswell Teen published a second novel, Regina Rising , also written by Wendy Toliver, which depicts the life of a sixteen year old Regina. The novel was published on April 25, 2017. [147] In 2018, Kingswell Teen published a third novel, Henry and Violet , written by Michelle Zink, which follows Henry and Violet on an adventure to New York City. The novel was published on May 8, 2018. [148] Comic books [ edit ] A comic book, titled Once Upon a Time: Shadow of the Queen , was released on September 4, 2013, in both digital and hardcover forms. The story was written by Dan Thomsen and Corinna Bechko, with art by Nimit Malavia, Vasilis Lolos, Mike Del Mundo, Stephanie Hans and Mike Henderson. Shadow of the Queen details what happens after the Evil Queen takes the Huntsman's heart. She forces the Huntsman to commit evil, and try to capture Snow White yet again. The Huntsman faces his past, and also meets Red Riding Hood, who is trying to cope with her beastly alter ego. Together, they team up and try to save Snow White before all is too late. [149] On April 14, 2014, a sequel to the first comic book called Once Upon a Time: Out of the Past was released. [150] Spin-off [ edit ] Main article: Once Upon a Time in Wonderland In February 2013, Kitsis & Horowitz, along with producers Zack Estrin and Jane Espenson , developed a spin-off focusing on Lewis Carroll 's Wonderland . [151] The series was called Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . A \"teaser presentation\" began shooting in April 2013, and the pilot was shot in late July or August. [152] On May 10, 2013, ABC announced that it had approved the spin-off and on May 14, 2013, announced that the spin-off would air in the Thursday night 8:00pm time slot instead of making it a fill-in for the parent series. [153] The series premiered on October 10, 2013, but was cancelled [154] after a single-season thirteen-episode run, and ended on April 3, 2014. [155] See also [ edit ] List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of items in Once Upon a Time List of LGBT characters in television and radio List of Once Upon a Time creatures and races Television in the United States References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"Once Upon A Time\" . Tourism Richmond . Retrieved March 9, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 10, 2013). \" ' Once Upon a Time', 'Revenge', 'Grey's Anatomy', 'Nashville', 'Castle' and 'Scandal' Renewed for New Seasons by ABC\" . TV by the Numbers . zap2it . Retrieved May 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ ABC Announces Fall Premiere and Season Premiere Dates for 2012–13 Season from The Futon Critic (July 26, 2012) Jump up ^ Snetiker, Marc (May 11, 2014). \" ' Once Upon a Time' season finale: 39 burning/freezing questions about [SPOILER]'s introduction!\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12, 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt (May 7, 2015). \"ABC's Once Upon a Time Renewed for Season 5\" . TVLine . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Once Upon a Time Season 6 Premiere Date Announced - Once Upon A Time\" . ^ Jump up to: a b Goldberg, Lesley (May 11, 2017). \" ' Once Upon a Time' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC\" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ \" ' Once Upon A Time': Jennifer Morrison Exits, Others Near Deals For Season 7\" . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ \"Jennifer Morrison\" . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (May 12, 2017). \"Once Upon a Time: Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Emilie de Ravin and Jared Gilmore exit\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Abrams, Natalie (February 6, 2018). \"Once Upon a Time to end after season 7\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6, 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (March 8, 2017). \"Once Upon a Time Casts Walking Dead Alum Andrew J. West in Finale Mystery Role, Possible Season 7 Regular\" . TVLine . Retrieved March 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (March 9, 2017). \"Once Upon a Time adds Jane the Virgin star in mystery role\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (May 16, 2017). \"Once Upon a Time reveals new details on season 7\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 16, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \" ' Once Upon a Time' star Rebecca Mader previews Zelena's return\" . EW.com . Retrieved 2018-05-15 . Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (May 24, 2012). \"Complete List of 2011–12 Season TV Show Viewership: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops, Followed By 'American Idol', 'NCIS' & 'Dancing With The Stars ' \" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25, 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (May 24, 2012). \"Complete List of 2011–12 Season TV Show Ratings: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops, Followed By 'American Idol', 'The Voice' & 'Modern Family ' \" . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 24, 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (May 23, 2013). \"Full 2012–2013 TV Season Series Rankings\" . Deadline . Retrieved May 24, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Complete List Of 2012-13 Season TV Show Ratings: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops, Followed By 'The Big Bang Theory,' 'The Voice' & 'Modern Family' – Ratings – TVbytheNumbers\" . Retrieved January 11, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Full 2013-2014 TV Season Series Rankings\" . Deadline Hollywood . May 22, 2014 . Retrieved December 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Top 50 broadcast TV shows of 2013-14\" . Entertainment Weekly. May 20, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b de Moraes, Lisa (May 21, 2015). \"Full 2014-15 TV Season Series Rankings: Football & 'Empire' Ruled\" . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22, 2015 . Retrieved May 22, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d de Moraes, Lisa (May 26, 2016). \"Full 2015-16 TV Season Series Rankings: 'Blindspot', 'Life In Pieces' & 'Quantico' Lead Newcomers\" . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name \"Season5Ratings\" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page ). ^ Jump up to: a b c de Moraes, Lisa (May 26, 2017). \"Final 2016-17 TV Rankings: 'Sunday Night Football' Winning Streak Continues\" . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26, 2017 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name \"Season6Ratings\" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page ). Jump up ^ Webb Mitvich, Matt (March 3, 2016). \" Once Upon a Time Renewed for Season 6\" . TVLine . United States: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 3, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Ratcliffe, Amy (July 11, 2015). \"COMIC-CON: ONCE UPON A TIME TALKS DARK SWAN AND MERIDA FOR SEASON 5\" . IGN . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mitovich, Matt Webb; Mitovich, Matt Webb (2017-05-12). \"Once Upon a Time Bosses Confirm Six Total Exits: 'We Fervently Believe It Won't Be the Last We See of Them ' \" . TVLine . Retrieved 2017-05-12 . Jump up ^ \"Once Upon a Time season 5 news: Jennifer Morrison is looking forward to playing Dark Emma; Casting call out for Rumplestilskin's mother\" . vinereport.com . Retrieved June 25, 2015 . Jump up ^ Lana Parrilla [@LanaParrilla] (7 July 2015). \"We're baaaaaack!!! ... #OnceIsBack #Season5 #OnceUponATime\" (Tweet) – via Twitter . Jump up ^ Joshua Dallas , Edward Kitsis , Adam Horowitz (2011). Fairy Tales in the Modern World (DVD). Once Upon a Time: The Complete First Season Disc 5: Disney-ABC Domestic Television . Jump up ^ \"(#501) \"The Dark Swan \" \" . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz [@AdamHorowitzLA] (11 June 2015). \"@swansrogers yes\" (Tweet) – via Twitter . ^ Jump up to: a b Mitovich, Matt Webb (September 8, 2015). \"Once Upon a Time: Meghan Ory to Return as Ruby in Season 5\" . TVLine . Retrieved September 8, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Webb Mitovich, Matt (June 9, 2015). \"Once Upon a Time Ups Sean Maguire, Rebecca Mader to Series Regulars\" . TVLine . Retrieved June 9, 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (May 11, 2017). \"Once Upon a Time: Rebecca Mader exiting after season 6\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine, Stuart (October 28, 2010). \"EXCLUSIVE: 'Lost' exec producers Horowitz, Kitsis sell pilot to ABC\" . Variety . Archived from the original on July 16, 2012 . Retrieved August 2, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Keily, Karl (October 15, 2011). \"NYCC – Once Upon a Time – Pilot Screening and Panel\" . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 3, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Radish, Christina (October 23, 2011). \"Co-Creator/Executive Producer Adam Horowitz Once Upon a Time Interview\" . Collider . Retrieved January 3, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Campbell, Josie (August 25, 2011). \"Lost's Kitsis, Horowitz Start at the Beginning With Once Upon A Time\" . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 4, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Phegley, Kiel (December 16, 2011). \"Once Upon a Time Creators Talk Willingham, Lindelof and Icons\" . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 7, 2012 . Retrieved January 3, 2012 . Jump up ^ Hale-Stern, Kaila (October 16, 2011). \"On the TV show Once Upon a Time, all of your favorite fairy tale characters are trapped in Maine\" . io9 . Retrieved January 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (February 1, 2011). \"Lost Writers' Once Upon a Time Among ABC Pilot Orders\" . IGN . Retrieved January 3, 2012 . Jump up ^ Melrose, Kevin (March 7, 2011). \"Robert Carlyle Is Rumplestiltskin in ABC's Once Upon A Time\" . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 4, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Webb Mitovich, Matt; Masters, Megan (August 7, 2011). \"Real Truths Behind ABC's Once Upon a Time (Including That Pesky Fables Comparison)\" . TVLine . Retrieved August 26, 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Once Upon a Time Bosses Want to Do Frozen and Brave Princesses—and Here's Who Should Play Them\" from E! Online (March 10, 2014) Jump up ^ \"39 burning/freezing questions about [SPOILER] on 'Once Upon a Time' | PopWatch | EW.com\" . popwatch.ew.com . Retrieved June 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Bill Willingham on Fables vs Once\" . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 3, 2011). \"Ginnifer Goodwin Joins ABC Drama Pilot 'Once Upon A Time' As Snow White\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 4, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Halterman, Jim (October 21, 2011). \"Interview: \"Once Upon a Time\" Co-Stars Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas & Lana Parrilla\" . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 3, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (March 9, 2011). \"Jennifer Morrison Set as the Lead in ABC Pilot 'Once Upon a Time', 3 Others Cast\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 28, 2011). \"Several Actors Board Broadcast Pilots\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman, Catriona (March 8, 2011). \"Robert Carlyle joins ABC fairytale pilot\" . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 3, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"Once Upon a Time\" . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 19, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Review: Once Upon A Time: \"The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter\" · TV Club · The A.V. Club\" . avclub.com . Retrieved June 19, 2015 . Jump up ^ \" ' Covert Affairs' Eion Bailey Plays the Perfect Stranger on 'Once Upon a Time ' \" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Eion Bailey\" . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 19, 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 14, 2012). \"Meghan Ory Upped To Series Regular on ABC's 'Once Upon A Time ' \" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14, 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt (June 19, 2012). \"Exclusive: Once Upon a Time Promotes Emilie de Ravin to Series Regular for Season 2\" . TVLine . Retrieved June 19, 2012 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt (September 28, 2012). \"Matt's Inside Line: Scoop on Once Upon a Time, Grey's, Revolution's Big Switch, Castle and More\" . TV Line . Retrieved October 1, 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzales, Sandra (February 8, 2013). \" ' Once Upon a Time' scoop: Look who's returning...\" Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"SEASON PREMIERE\" . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ Moorhouse, Drusilla (August 3, 2012). \" ' Once Upon a Time': Colin O'Donoghue cast as Captain Hook\" . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 5, 2012 . Retrieved August 3, 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (October 3, 2012). \" ' Once Upon a Time' upgrades Colin O'Donoghue (Capt. Hook) to series regular – EXCLUSIVE\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan. \" ' Once Upon a Time' star made series regular\" . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ Keck, William. \"Keck's Exclusives: Once Upon a Time Loses Its Little Red to CBS\" . TV Guide . Retrieved May 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Michael Socha to become Series regular\" . Jump up ^ \"Once Upon a Time – WonderCon 2014 Season 3 Spoilers, Videos & Pics | Entertainment Outlook\" . entertainmentoutlook.com . Retrieved June 28, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Abrams, Natalie (April 3, 2014). \"Lightning Round 12: Once Upon a Time Bosses Answer Your Burning Questions\" . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 17, 2014 . Retrieved April 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (December 18, 2014). \"Eion Bailey returning to 'Once Upon a Time ' \" . EW.com . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt (June 11, 2015). \"Matt's Inside Line: Scoop on The Flash, Teen Wolf, Once, Wayward Pines, iZombie, Major Crimes and More\" . TVLine . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt (May 8, 2017). \"Once Upon a Time: Jennifer Morrison Not Returning for Possible Season 7\" . tvline.com . Retrieved May 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (September 6, 2017). \" ' Once Upon A Time': Mekia Cox Upped To Series Regular For Season 7\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Dallas, Josh (April 5, 2013). \"Last day on the finale of #onceuponatime season 2!\" . Twitter . Archived from the original on October 1, 2013 . Retrieved April 5, 2013 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Morrison [@jenmorrisonlive] (5 April 2013). \"Last day of season 2 .... #uglyducklings\" (Tweet) – via Twitter . Jump up ^ \"Start Dates for Vancouver Filming of Fall TV: #Supernatural #OnceuponaTime #Fringe #Arrow #EmilyOwensMD\" . YVRSHOOTS . June 28, 2012 . Retrieved August 10, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Abrams, Natalie (May 16, 2016). \"Visiting the Magical Lands of \"Once Upon a Time \" \" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20160906abc24/ Jump up ^ Busis, Hillary (April 30, 2015). \"Once Upon a Time recap: Into the Deep\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz [@AdamHorowitzLA] (June 8, 2013). \"FICTIONAL Victorian London. Where chars like Alice live. exists concurrently w/ our world so same OUAT timeline remains\" (Tweet) . Retrieved March 15, 2017 – via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz [@AdamHorowitzLA] (April 4, 2016). \"In OUAT, Dorothy exists in a \"fictional Kansas\" realm, like we've seen w/ other stories. Need slippers to get there and back\" (Tweet) . Retrieved March 15, 2017 – via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.hypable.com/once-upon-a-time-season-4-episode-5-recap-temporary-reflections/ Jump up ^ \" \" Sympathy for the De Vil\" - TheFutonCritic\" . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-4-finale/ Jump up ^ Whitney, Alyse (December 7, 2015). \" ' Once Upon a Time' Bosses Discuss \"Unfinished Business\" in Underworld, Potential Rumbelle Baby\" . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-once-upon-a-time-journey-underworld-20160306-story.html Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (February 29, 2016). \"Once Upon a Time Underworld Preview: 'Dangerous' and 'Warm' Reunions, Emma Under Pressure and More\" . TVLine . Retrieved March 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Chambliss [@AndrewChambliss] (October 2, 2016). \"I love the Evil Queen's french flourish. I want to see more of her adventures in Fictional 19th Century France\" (Tweet) . Retrieved March 15, 2017 – via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (November 13, 2016). \"Once Upon a Time Recap: Pain in the Glass — Plus, Did Rumple Go Too Far?\" . TVLine . Retrieved March 15, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Abrams, Natalie (December 3, 2016). \"Once Upon a Time: Hooded figure revealed\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/27/once-upon-a-time-emilie-de-ravin-belle-dead/ Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz [@AdamHorowitzLA] (1 December 2017). \"@I_Love_Lana_Bex Yes\" (Tweet) – via Twitter . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2018/05/18/once-upon-a-time-recap-series-finale-regina-good-queen-realms-merge/ Jump up ^ Carlyle, Robert ; Dallas, Josh ; Goodwin, Ginnifer ; Horowitz, Adam ; Kitsis, Edward ; Morrison, Jennifer ; Parrilla, Lana ; Pearlman, Steve; Sbarge, Raphael (March 4, 2012). \"Paleyfest 2012: A Conversation with the Cast and Creators of Once Upon a Time \" (Panel). Interview with Matt Mitovich. Beverly Hills . Retrieved March 5, 2012 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ \"Once Upon a Time (Music from the TV Series) – EP\" . iTunes . Retrieved May 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Once Upon A Time: Original Television Soundtrack [Soundtrack]\" . Amazon.com/ . Retrieved May 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Once Upon a Time – Season 2 [Soundtrack]\" . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ \" \" U.K.'s Channel 5 buys 'Once Upon a Time ' \" \" . Variety . Retrieved November 19, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Once Upon a Time dropped by Channel 5 after two seasons\" . Retrieved January 11, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Once Upon a Time – Season 1 Reviews, Ratings, Credits and More\" . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ dos Santos, Kristin (August 29, 2011). \"Five Fall Shows We Love: Once Upon a Time Is Magic. Period\" . E! . For Mark Perigard for Boston Herald \"Jennifer Morrison is superb .\" Jump up ^ Gilbert, Matthew (September 4, 2011). \"Which new fall series make the grade?\" . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 25, 2012 . Retrieved September 14, 2011 . Jump up ^ Pennington, Gail (July 24, 2011). \"A sneak peek at the fall TV season\" . St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Jump up ^ Blanco, Robert (September 8, 2011). \"Fall TV preview: The new season's top 10\" . USA Today . Jump up ^ McNamara, Mary (October 22, 2011). \" ' Grimm', 'Once Upon a Time' reviews: Fairy tales all grown up\" . Los Angeles Times . For TV Live , \"Morrison does a nice job of mirroring the viewer's disbelief of this fantastical dilemma – and Emma looks like she could become a worthy adversary for Regina.\" For twitlonger , \"Morrison's performance is great, and she finally gets a chance to lead.\" For Daniel Fienberg, \"Jennifer Morrison is very good in the lead\". Jump up ^ Avital Norman Nathman (November 17, 2011). \"Mom & Pop Culture: Once Upon A Remake\" . Bitch . Retrieved February 13, 2012 . Jump up ^ Genie Leslie (January 19, 2012). \"Once Upon a (Feminist) Time\" . Feministing . Retrieved February 13, 2012 . Jump up ^ Natalie Wilson (November 13, 2011). \"What a Difference a Strong Snow White Makes\" . Ms. Magazine blog . Retrieved April 26, 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 25, 2011). \"Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings For World Series Game 4 & Saints/Colts\" . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 25, 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 24, 2011). \"ABC's 'Once Upon a Time' Opens as the Season's No. 1 New Drama\" . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 25, 2011 . Jump up ^ \"TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Beaten By 'Modern Family' & 'Two and a Half Men' In Week No. 5 Among Teens and Adults 18–49\" . TV by the Numbers. October 25, 2011. Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 7, 2011). \"Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Tops Absolute Gains, 'Private Practice' Tops % Gains In Week 5\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Sunday Final Ratings: 'Cleveland Show' Adjusted Up; 'Pan Am' Adjusted Down + Unscrambled CBS Shows & 'Sunday Night Football ' \" . TV by the Numbers . November 1, 2011 . Retrieved November 1, 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 7, 2011). \"TV ratings: 'Once Upon a Time' solid again Sunday, NFL scores for NBC\" . Zap2it . Archived from the original on December 29, 2012 . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 14, 2011). \"TV ratings: Patriots-Jets gives NBC a Sunday win, 'Once Upon a Time' steady for ABC\" . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 17, 2011 . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (January 23, 2012). \"ABC's 'Once Upon a Time' is Sunday's No. 1 Non-Sports Show\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 24, 2011). \"Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings For World Series Game 4 & Saints/Colts\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sarah (May 15, 2012). \"Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time', Family guy', 'Survivor' Adjusted Up; 'Survivor: Reunion', 'Dateline' Adjusted Down\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16, 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (May 24, 2012). \"Complete List of 2011–12 Season TV Show Viewership: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops, Followed By 'American Idol', 'NCIS' & 'Dancing With The Stars ' \" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25, 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (May 24, 2012). \"Complete List of 2011–12 Season TV Show Ratings: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops, Followed By 'American Idol', 'The Voice' & 'Modern Family ' \" . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 24, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time', 'The Simpsons', 'Bob's Burgers' Adjusted Up; '666 Park Avenue', '60 Minutes' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers\" . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. October 2, 2012 . Retrieved October 2, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Sunday Final Ratings: 'Survivor', 'Once Upon a Time', 'The Simpsons' & 'Revenge' Adjusted Up\" from TV by the Numbers/Zap2It (May 14, 2013) Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (May 23, 2013). \"Full 2012–2013 TV Season Series Rankings\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Complete List Of 2012-13 Season TV Show Ratings: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops, Followed By 'The Big Bang Theory,' 'The Voice' & 'Modern Family' – Ratings – TVbytheNumbers\" . Retrieved January 11, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 1, 2013). \"Sunday Final Ratings: 'The Simpsons' & 'Bob's Burgers' Adjusted Up; 'Revenge' Adjusted Down\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1, 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 13, 2014). \"Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon a Time', 'American Dad' & 'America's Funniet Home Videos' Adjusted Up; 'Revenge', 'Cosmos' & 'Dateline' Adjusted Down\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Full 2013-2014 TV Season Series Rankings\" . Deadline Hollywood . May 22, 2014 . Retrieved December 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Top 50 broadcast TV shows of 2013-14\" . Entertainment Weekly. May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ \"Premiere Week Live+7 Ratings: NBC, CBS Win Network Race, 'Gotham', 'How To Get Away With Murder' Lead DVR Gains\" . Deadline Hollywood . October 13, 2014. Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 12, 2015). \"Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time' & 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' Adjusted Up\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b de Moraes, Lisa (May 21, 2015). \"Full 2014-15 TV Season Series Rankings: Football & 'Empire' Ruled\" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22, 2015 . Retrieved May 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon, Dani (September 29, 2015). \"Sunday Final Ratings: 'Bob's Burgers' Adjusted Down, '60 Minutes' Adjusted Up + 'Sunday Night Football ' \" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 17, 2016). \"Sunday final ratings: 'Once Upon a Time' finale, everything else hold\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 27, 2016). \"Sunday final ratings: 'Once Upon a Time' and 'NCIS: LA' adjust up, FOX shows adjust down\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 16, 2017). \" ' NCIS: Los Angeles' finale adjusts up: Sunday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Final 2016-17 TV Rankings: 'Sunday Night Football' Winning Streak Continues\" . Deadline Hollywood . May 26, 2017 . Retrieved May 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 9, 2017). \" ' Hawaii Five-0' and 'Hell's Kitchen' adjust up, 'Exorcist' adjusts down: Friday final ratings\" . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 21, 2018). \" ' Blindspot,' '20/20,' 'Life Sentence,' 'Harry & Meghan' special all adjust down: Friday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"The People's Choice Award TV Nominations\" . Ology.com . Archived from the original on September 10, 2012 . Retrieved November 8, 2011 . Jump up ^ \"2011 Winners\" . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"2012 Winners\" . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ Beard, Lanford (January 9, 2012). \" ' Tintin', 'Harry Potter', 'Transformers' lead the VES Awards nominees\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Matt (February 29, 2012). \"Saturn Award Nominations Announced; Hugo and Harry Potter Lead with 10 Nominations Each\" . collider.com . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian (February 20, 2013). \" ' The Hobbit' leads Saturn Awards with nine nominations\" . USA Today . Jump up ^ \"TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed!\" . TV Guide . Retrieved May 1, 2012 . Jump up ^ James (March 18, 2013). \" ' Once Upon a Time' laun3ching a novel – EXCLUSIVE\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 20, 2013 . Jump up ^ Gopez, Patty (August 30, 2015). \"Read an Excerpt from \"Once Upon a Time: Red's Untold Tale \" \" . ABC . Retrieved May 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Once Upon a Time: Regina Rising\" . Disney Books . Retrieved May 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Henry and Violet\" . Disney Books . Retrieved May 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ Byrne, Craig (March 28, 2013). \"Marvel Plans A Once Upon A Time Original Graphic Novel\" . KSiteTV . Retrieved March 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Once Upon a Time: Out of the Past: Kalinda Vazquez, Corinna Bechko, Pascal Campion, Betsy Peterschmidt, Vanesa Del Rey, Janet Lee: 9780785191162: Amazon.com: Books\" . amazon.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie. \"Eddy Kitsis & Adam Horowitz’s ‘Once Upon A Time’ Spin-off Set In Wonderland Takes Shape, Zack Estrin & Jane Espenson Join.\" Deadline Hollywood (March 19, 2013) Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (March 28, 2013). \" ' Once Upon a Time' Spin-off 'Wonderland' Casts Its Alice\" . The Hollywood Reporter . Thehollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved March 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 14, 2013). \"ABC 2013–14 Primetime Schedule: 'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' on Tuesday, 'Revenge' Sticks With Sunday, 'Once Upon a Time' Spinoff on Thursday, 'DWTS' Downsized & More\" . TV by the Numbers. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (2014-03-28). \"It's Official: ABC's 'Once Upon a Time in Wonderland' Canceled\" . The Hollywood Reporter. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 28, 2014). \" ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland' Canceled by ABC After One Season\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28, 2014 . External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Once Upon a Time (TV series) Official website Once Upon a Time on IMDb Once Upon a Time at TV.com Creators' podcast [ show ] v t e Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Category [ show ] v t e Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 \" Pilot \" \" The Thing You Love Most \" \" Snow Falls \" \" The Price of Gold \" \" That Still Small Voice \" \" The Shepherd \" \" The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter \" \" Desperate Souls \" \" True North \" \" 7:15 A.M. \" \" Fruit of the Poisonous Tree \" \" Skin Deep \" \" What Happened to Frederick \" \" Dreamy \" \" Red-Handed \" \" Heart of Darkness \" \" Hat Trick \" \" The Stable Boy \" \" The Return \" \" The Stranger \" \" An Apple Red as Blood \" \" A Land Without Magic \" Season 2 \" Broken \" \" We Are Both \" \" Lady of the Lake \" \" The Crocodile \" \" The Doctor \" \" Tallahassee \" \" Child of the Moon \" \" Into the Deep \" \" Queen of Hearts \" \" The Cricket Game \" \" The Outsider \" \" In the Name of the Brother \" \" Tiny \" \" Manhattan \" \" The Queen Is Dead \" \" The Miller's Daughter \" \" Welcome to Storybrooke \" \" Selfless, Brave and True \" \" Lacey \" \" The Evil Queen \" \" Second Star to the Right \" \" And Straight On 'til Morning \" Season 3 \" The Heart of the Truest Believer \" \" Lost Girl \" \" Quite a Common Fairy \" \" Nasty Habits \" \" Good Form \" \" Ariel \" \" Dark Hollow \" \" Think Lovely Thoughts \" \" Save Henry \" \" The New Neverland \" \" Going Home \" \" New York City Serenade \" \" Witch Hunt \" \" The Tower \" \" Quiet Minds \" \" It's Not Easy Being Green \" \" The Jolly Roger \" \" Bleeding Through \" \" A Curious Thing \" \" Kansas \" \" Snow Drifts \" \" There's No Place Like Home \" Season 4 \" A Tale of Two Sisters \" \" White Out \" \" Rocky Road \" \" The Apprentice \" \" Breaking Glass \" \" Family Business \" \" The Snow Queen \" \" Smash the Mirror \" \" Fall \" \" Shattered Sight \" \" Heroes and Villains \" \" Darkness on the Edge of Town \" \" Unforgiven \" \" Enter the Dragon \" \" Poor Unfortunate Soul \" \" Best Laid Plans \" \" Heart of Gold \" \" Sympathy for the De Vil \" \" Lily \" \" Mother \" \" Operation Mongoose \" Season 5 \" The Dark Swan \" \" The Price \" \" Siege Perilous \" \" The Broken Kingdom \" \" Dreamcatcher \" \" The Bear and the Bow \" \" Nimue \" \" Birth \" \" The Bear King \" \" Broken Heart \" \" Swan Song \" \" Souls of the Departed \" \" Labor of Love \" \" Devil's Due \" \" The Brothers Jones \" \" Our Decay \" \" Her Handsome Hero \" \" Ruby Slippers \" \" Sisters \" \" Firebird \" \" Last Rites \" \" Only You \" \" An Untold Story \" Season 6 \" The Savior \" \" A Bitter Draught \" \" The Other Shoe \" \" Strange Case \" \" Street Rats \" \" Dark Waters \" \" Heartless \" \" I'll Be Your Mirror \" \" Changelings \" \" Wish You Were Here \" \" Tougher Than the Rest \" \" Murder Most Foul \" \" Ill-Boding Patterns \" \" Page 23 \" \" A Wondrous Place \" \" Mother's Little Helper \" \" Awake \" \" Where Bluebirds Fly \" \" The Black Fairy \" \" The Song in Your Heart \" \" The Final Battle \" Season 7 \" Hyperion Heights \" \" A Pirate's Life \" \" The Garden of Forking Paths \" \" Beauty \" \" Greenbacks \" \" Wake Up Call \" \" Eloise Gardener \" \" Pretty in Blue \" \" One Little Tear \" \" The Eighth Witch \" \" Secret Garden \" \" A Taste of the Heights \" \" Knightfall \" \" The Girl in the Tower \" \" Sisterhood \" \" Breadcrumbs \" \" Chosen \" \" The Guardian \" \" Flower Child \" \" Is This Henry Mills? \" \" Homecoming \" “ Leaving Storybrooke ” Wonderland \" Down the Rabbit Hole \" \" Trust Me \" \" Forget Me Not \" \" The Serpent \" \" Heart of Stone \" \" Who's Alice \" \" Bad Blood \" \" Home \" \" Nothing to Fear \" \" Dirty Little Secrets \" \" Heart of the Matter \" \" To Catch a Thief \" \" And They Lived... \" Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)&oldid=843634122 \" Categories : Once Upon a Time (TV series) 101 Dalmatians 2010s American drama television series 2011 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American action television series American adventure television series American fantasy television series American time travel television series Dark fantasy television series Demons in television English-language television programs Fairies and sprites in television Feminist television Frozen (franchise) High fantasy television series Magic in television Nonlinear narrative television series Parallel universes in fiction Peter Pan television series The Princess and the Frog Robin Hood television series Romantic fantasy television series Serial drama television series Television programs based on fairy tales Television series about dysfunctional families Television series based on Arthurian legends Television series based on The Wizard of Oz Television series by ABC Studios Television series produced in Vancouver Television series set in the 2010s Television series set in the future Television shows set in Maine Television shows set in Seattle Voodoo in fiction Werewolves in television Witchcraft in television Wizards in television Works based on Cinderella Works based on Snow White Hidden categories: Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list Use mdy dates from July 2013 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 12:27. 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{ "text": "Smoking age - Wikipedia Smoking age From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search The smoking age is the minimum legal age required to purchase or smoke tobacco products. Most countries have laws that restrict those below a minimum age from legally purchasing tobacco products. Contents 1 Smoking age laws by region 1.1 Africa 1.2 Americas 1.3 Asia 1.4 Europe 1.5 Oceania 2 Historical regulations 3 See also 4 References Smoking age laws by region [ edit ] Africa [ edit ] This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Africa as of 2015: Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Legal age to smoke any tobacco products Legal age to buy any tobacco products Algeria None 19 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 19 years. (Chapitre IV sur les problèmes de santé l'article 93: \"la vente de tabac ou produits du tabac aux mineurs est interdite\".) [1] Angola None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18. [2] Benin None 18 [3] Botswana None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18. Any person who sells, by retail, any tobacco product, shall display clearly, for the public, a notice to the effect that the sale of any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years is prohibited. [4] Burkina Faso None 18 [5] Burundi None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes to anyone under the age of 18. Other tobacco products are not regulated. [6] Cameroon 15 Cape Verde 15 Central African Republic 14 Chad 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. Minors and pregnant women may not smoke in public. [7] Comoros None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited. Vendors of tobacco products must visibly and prominently display at their point of sale a notice of prohibition of the sale of tobacco to minors and by minors. [8] Republic of the Congo 18 [9] Democratic Republic of the Congo 18 It is illegal for minors to smoke in public, and for anyone to give or sell tobacco to a minor. ( ARRETE MINISTERIEL N°1250 Article 1: L'usage, la vente, l'achat et la consommation du tabac, de ses produits et de ses dérivés sont strictement interdits aux mineurs. ) [10] Djibouti None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor under the age of 16 years. A notice with the sale restrictions has to be placed at point of sale. [11] Egypt 21 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 21 is prohibited. Equatorial Guinea 18 [12] Eritrea None 18 [13] Ethiopia None 18 \"No person may directly or indirectly give, provide or sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18.\" [14] Gabon None 18 [15] Gambia None Ghana 18 [16] Guinea-Bissau 15 Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to possess tobacco or smoke in public. [17] Lesotho 14 Liberia 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor. Minors may not consume tobacco at any public place. [18] Libya None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years. [19] Madagascar None 18 [20] Malawi 14 Mali None 18 [21] Mauritius 18 A person must be 18 years old to purchase or to smoke cigarettes including any tobacco products as is indicated in Public Health (Restrictions on Tobacco Products) Regulations 1999, Sec. 2(e)(i)) . Morocco 16 Mozambique None 18 [22] Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor. [23] No minimum age prior to 14 April 2010. Niger None 18 (to enter smoking room or facility) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor. Minors may not enter any smoking room or facility where smoking is permitted by law. [24] No minimum age prior to 17 July 2008. Nigeria None 18 It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco products to a minor. [25] Republic of the Congo 14 Rwanda None 18 It is prohibited to involve a person under 18 in, buying, selling and exchanging of tobacco and tobacco products. It is also prohibited for the seller to sell tobacco and tobacco products to a person under 18. [26] São Tomé and Príncipe None 16 [27] Senegal None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. ( Chapitre III.- Accès aux produits du tabac: Article 17 Il est interdit de vendre ou d'offrir aux mineurs ou de faire vendre ou de faire offrir par les mineurs du tabac ou tout produit du tabac. ) [28] Seychelles 18 [29] Somalia 15 South Africa 18 It is illegal to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18. [30] South Sudan 15 Swaziland None 18 It is illegal to sell and give tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. [31] Sudan None 18 (to enter smoking room or facility) 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor. Anyone under the age of 18 may also not handle, store, work or produce with tobacco or within such a facility. [32] Tanzania 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco products to a minor, and to smoke such tobacco products if the individual is younger than 18 years. [33] Togo None 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor. [34] Tunisia None 18 [35] Uganda None 21 It is now illegal for a person below the age of 21 to access cigarettes. [36] Zambia None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under age 16. No minimum age for consumption and possession in public. No minimum age prior to 1 January 1993. [37] Zimbabwe None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18. Minors may not sell tobacco. [38] Americas [ edit ] Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Canada , Greenland , Mexico , and the United States as of January 2018: Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Antigua and Barbuda None Antigua and Barbuda doesn't have any restrictions towards selling tobacco to minors or smoking in general. [39] Argentina None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors. [40] Bahamas None 18 [41] Belize None Bermuda None 18 No person shall sell or supply any cigarettes, tobacco or tobacco products to a minor. A person selling or supplying any cigarettes, tobacco or tobacco products to a person who appears to be under 25 years of age shall, before selling or supplying them, ensure, by requiring photo identification, that the latter person is not a minor. [42] Bolivia None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years is prohibited. [43] Brazil 18 [44] 18 It is illegal to \"sell Products whose ingredients can cause physical or psychic dependence, even if only through improper use\" (…). This also includes tobacco products of any kind. [45] British Virgin Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell or offer to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to purchase, possess or consume tobacco. [46] Canada Regulations by province and territory: Province/territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Federal Government None 18 [47] It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18. The minimum age was 16 years of prior to 1994. [48] Alberta 18 [49] It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18. Further, minors are not permitted to smoke at any public place. British Columbia None 19 [50] Manitoba None 18 [51] It is illegal to sell, give, buy for, lend or otherwise provide tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Parents can provide tobacco products to their children on private property. Further it is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies. New Brunswick None 19 [52] It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. It is also illegal to attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale to, a person under the age of 19 years. Newfoundland and Labrador None 19 [53] It is illegal to sell, give or furnish, directly or indirectly, tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years. Northwest Territories None 18 [54] No person shall sell or supply, or offer to sell or supply, tobacco or a tobacco accessory to a person under the age of 18. No one under the age of 18 years shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco or a tobacco accessory. Nova Scotia 19 [55] 19 [56] No vendor or employee of a vendor shall sell or give tobacco or a tobacco product to a person under the age of nineteen years. No person shall purchase tobacco or a tobacco product on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale or give tobacco or a tobacco product, to a person under the age of nineteen years. No person under the age of nineteen years may possess tobacco. Nunavut None 19 [57] No person shall sell or supply, or offer to sell or supply, tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old. Ontario None 19 [58] No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old. No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who appears to be less than 25 years old unless he or she has required the person to provide identification and is satisfied that the person is at least 19 years old. Prince Edward Island None 19 [59] No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years. No person shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale to, a person under the age of 19 years. It is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies. Quebec None 18 [60] It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not give tobacco to a minor. The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not sell tobacco to an adult, if the operator knows the person is purchasing the tobacco for a minor. Saskatchewan None 18 [61] It is illegal to sell, lend, assign, give or send tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. Yukon 18 (federal law) The territory Yukon has no legislations which restrict the sale of tobacco products to minors. Federal laws apply. Chile None 18 It is illegal to sell any form of tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. [62] Colombia None 18 It is forbidden for any individual or legal entity to directly or indirectly sell tobacco products and its derivatives in any of its presentations to minors under the age of 18 years. In case of question, one must ask each tobacco purchaser to show that he has reached majority age. [63] Costa Rica None 18 Tobacco products may not be sold to minors. Wholesale or retail vendors of products shall have the obligation, at their own expense, to display posters that are visible, clear and prominently placed on the inside of places of sale, stating that the sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited. [64] Cuba None 18 Minors cannot legally buy tobacco, [65] but stores may sell it to those who look 13 or older. [ citation needed ] Cayman Islands None 18 Tobacco Law, 2007 PART V – Section 10: No person shall sell tobacco to a minor. [66] Dominican Republic None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. [67] Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell or let sell tobacco to or by a minor. [68] El Salvador None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor. [69] Falkland Islands None Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Public consumption of tobacco by minors is prohibited. ( El decreto 90-97, Código de Salud, indica en su artículo 50 ) [70] Guyana None 18 No tobacco may be sold or furnished to a minor. [71] Haiti None 18 Honduras None 21 The sale and/or gifting of tobaccoderived products to persons under 21 years of age is prohibited. [72] Jamaica None 18 [73] Mexico None 18 [74] Nicaragua None 18 [75] Panama None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited. [76] Paraguay None 18 It is unlawful to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. [77] Peru 18 The sale of tobacco products to/by minors under the age of 18 is prohibited. [78] Trinidad and Tobago None 18 Tobacco shall not be sold to or by a child under the age of 18 years. [79] United States (50 states and integral territories) The federal law requires states to have a minimum age of 18 years for sale/purchase of tobacco products (21 U.S.C. § 387f. (3)(a)(ii)). State laws may extend this ban and also prohibit supply, possession and consumption to/by person underage, or increase the age beyond 18. However, most states do not directly ban the consumption of tobacco by a minor. The federal law requiring states to have a minimum purchasing age at 18 is enforced by withholding FEMA disaster and non-disaster grants from states that have purchasing ages under 18, and currently no state falls under that category. Regulations by state: State/territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Alabama 19 (including Alabama National Guard Bases) 18 (on military bases under federal law) [80] It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. Minors are prohibited from using and possessing tobacco products. The minimum age was introduced in 1896. [81] Alaska None 19 [82] It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. Possession by minors is prohibited. The minimum age requirement does not apply to a person who is a prisoner at an adult correctional facility. [83] The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1978. The minimum age was raised from 16 to 19 in 1988. [81] American Samoa 18 Arizona None 18 [84] It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products or smoking equipment to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for a minor to be in possession of tobacco or smoking equipment, or to receive them. None 21 [85] [86] Cottonwood and Douglas have raised their tobacco sales age to 21. Arkansas 18 [87] It is illegal to give or sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco products and to smoke in public. 18 21 [88] Helena–West Helena has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21. California 18 [89] 21 [90] As of 9 June 2016, it is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age, with an exception for people in active military service who are 18 years old. Before 9 June, the age to purchase tobacco was 18 years of age. Colorado 18 [91] It is illegal to sell, give or distribute tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors under the age of 18 years are prohibited from being in possession of any tobacco product. 18 21 [92] Aspen has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21. Connecticut None 18 [93] It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under 18. It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public. A minimum age of 16 was introduced in 1902. The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987. [81] Delaware None 18 [94] Selling, giving or otherwhise distributing tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years is illegal. Minors under the age of 18 years are not allowed to attempt to purchase tobacco or to be in the possession of tobacco products. The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1953. The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1992. [81] [95] Florida None 18 [96] The Florida Statutes make it a criminal offence so sell or supply tobacco to an individual under the age of 18 years. Minors may also not be in possession of tobacco products. Georgia None 18 [97] It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public. Minors are allowed to possess tobacco products and to consume those, in private home if permission is given by parents or legal guardian. The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1987. The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1993. [81] [95] Guam 21 The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21, as of 1 January 2018. [98] Hawaii 21 [99] [100] It is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age. It is also illegal for a person under 21 years of age to attempt to purchase tobacco. The minimum age of 15 years was introduced on 11 November 1890. [101] The minimum age was raised from 15 to 18 on 1 January 1988. [102] The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 on 1 January 2016. [103] Idaho 18 [104] [105] Illinois 18 [106] [107] [108] 18 [106] 21 [109] Fourteen cities in Illinois, including Chicago and Naperville , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21. Indiana None 18 [110] Giving, selling, providing and distributing tobacco to minors is illegal. Minors may not possess, accept or purchase tobacco. Minors are not allowed to enter a tobacco business, defined in state law as a business whose primary activity is the sale of tobacco products and accessories. The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1980. The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987. [81] Iowa 18 [111] It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco, to smoke in public or to purchase tobacco products. It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. Kansas None 18 [112] It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor. Minors may not possess or purchase or attempt to possess or purchase tobacco. None 21 [113] Nineteen cities in Kansas, including Overland Park and Olathe , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21. Kentucky None 18 [114] It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase or possess tobacco products. Prior to 1990 Kentucky had no minimum age to purchase tobacco. From 1990 until 1992 the minimum age was 16 years. In 1992 the age was raised from 16 to 18 years of age. [95] Louisiana None 18 [115] It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor. A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco, except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian 21 years of age or older. Prior to 1991 there was no minimum age limit in Louisiana. Maine 18 [116] 21 [117] It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor. A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco, except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian 21 years of age or older. Implementation for 21 and older July 2018. Maryland None 18 [118] [119] Minimum age raised from 16 to 18 in 1989. [95] Massachusetts None 18 [120] It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors. Anyone else than the parents or guardian are prohibited from giving any form of tobacco to a minor. None 21 [121] Over 100 cities in Massachusetts, including Boston , have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years. Michigan 18 [122] It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Minors are permitted to smoke on private premises. 18 21 [123] Ann Arbor and Genesee County have raised their tobacco sales age to 21. Minnesota 18 [124] It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Indian may furnish tobacco to an Indian under the age of 18 years if the tobacco is furnished as part of a traditional Indian spiritual or cultural ceremony. 18 21 [125] Four cities in Minnesota have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21. Mississippi 18 [126] It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. 18 21 [127] Adams County has raised their tobacco sales age to 21. Missouri None 18 [128] It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. It is not illegal to give tobacco to minors on private premises nor is it illegal for minors to smoke in public. Prior to 1992 Missouri did not have a minimum age limit. [95] None 21 [129] Twelve cities in Missouri, including Kansas City , St. Louis and Jefferson City , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21. Montana None 18 [130] Sale or distribution of tobacco products to persons under 18 years of age is prohibited, whether over the counter, by vending machine, or otherwise. Prior to 1993 there was no minimum age limit. [95] Nebraska 18 [131] [132] It is illegal to sell, give or furnish, in any way tobacco to a minor. Minors may not smoke in public. Nevada None 18 [133] New Hampshire 18 [134] It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. New Jersey None 21 [135] No person shall sell, give or furnish to a person under 21 years of age, any cigarettes made of tobacco. The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1904. The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988. The minimum age was raised from 18 to 19 in 2005. The minimum age was raised from 19 to 21 on 1 November 2017. [81] New Mexico None 18 [136] Prior to 1991 New Mexico had no minimum age. New York None 18 [137] It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. None 21 [138] Fourteen cities in New York, including New York City , have raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21. North Carolina None 18 [139] It is illegal for anyone under age 18 to buy, attempt to buy, to receive, or to use a false or misleading proof of age for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product or cigarette wrapping papers. The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1891. The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991. [81] [95] North Dakota 18 [140] Northern Mariana Islands 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor. Ohio 18 [141] None 21 [142] Nine cities in Ohio, including Cleveland and Columbus , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21. Oklahoma None 18 [143] It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. The minimum age of 18 years was introduced in 1915. Oregon None 21 [144] It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years since 1 January 2018. Pennsylvania None 18 [145] It is illegal to sell, furnish, give or otherwise provide tobacco to a minor. Minors may not purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products. The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1972. The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990. [81] [95] Puerto Rico None 18 Rhode Island 18 [146] [147] No person under eighteen years of age shall purchase, nor shall any person sell, give, or deliver to any person under eighteen years of age, any tobacco products. No person under eighteen years of age shall use or possess, tobacco in any public street, place, or resort, any tobacco and/or electronic nicotine delivery system in any form. The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1896. The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988. [81] 18 21 [148] Barrington and Central Falls have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years. South Carolina None 18 [149] It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, or attempt to possess a tobacco product, or present or offer proof of age that is false or fraudulent for the purpose of purchasing or possessing a tobacco product. South Dakota None 18 Prior to 1989 South Dakota didn't regulate the sale of cigarettes to minors. Only smokeless tobacco products could not be sold to minors. Tennessee None 18 [150] It is unlawful for a person who has not attained 18 years of age to possess a tobacco product, to purchase or accept receipt of a tobacco product, or to present or offer to any person any purported proof of age which is false, fraudulent, or not actually that person's own for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product. Texas 18 [151] It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Exception: The individual younger than 18 years of age possessed the cigarette or tobacco product in the presence of an adult parent, a guardian, or a spouse of the individual or an employer of the individual, if possession or receipt of the tobacco product is required in the performance of the employee's duties as an employee. The minimum age to purchase, possess and consume tobacco was 16 years of age from 1899 to 1989. [95] 18 21 [152] San Antonio has raised its sales age for tobacco products to 21. United States Virgin Islands None 18 [153] Utah 19 [154] It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products or smoking devices to anyone under the age of 19 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 19 years to possess, consume, purchase any tobacco product. Vermont None 18 [155] It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products. The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1888. The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991. [81] [95] Virginia 18 [156] It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products. Prior to 1991 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age. [95] Washington None 18 [157] It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Washington, D.C. None 21 [158] It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Tobacco use is prohibited at organized sporting events. The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1891. The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990. [81] [95] The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 in 2016. West Virginia 18 [159] It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess, consume or purchase tobacco products. Wisconsin None 18 [160] It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Wyoming 18 [161] It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess, consume or purchase tobacco products. Prior to 1991 Wyoming had no minimum purchase/sale age for tobacco products. [95] Uruguay None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. A clearly legible notice with the sale ban to under anyone under the age of 18 years has to be placed inside and outside the premises. [162] Venezuela None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor. [163] Asia [ edit ] This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Afghanistan 18 It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal to smoke or the use of tobacco in public buildings such as hospitals, schools and restaurants. [164] Bhutan Illegal In 2004, Bhutan became the first country to ban the sale, cultivation, and production of tobacco. People 18 and over may bring a limited amount of tobacco into Bhutan if they pay import duties. Brunei 18 It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to possess, buy or consume tobacco products. [165] Bangladesh 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 16 years. Any police-officer in uniform or any other person or class of persons duty authorized by the Government has the power to seize and destroy tobacco products of anyone under the age of 16 years whom he finds smoking in public. [166] Cambodia None 18 Any act of selling or distributing all types of tobacco products to persons aged under 18 years or to pregnant women whose pregnancy is obvious or is realized must be punished with six days to one month in prison and a fine of 100,000 riel to 1 million riel. [167] China None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors. No one shall smoke on school or education premises. Weakly enforced to not enforced. No age limit prior to 29 December 2006. [168] Hong Kong 18 It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. [169] India None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years. It is illegal to sell tobacco within a radius of one hundred yards of any educational institution. [170] Indonesia None 18 It is illegal to sell an supply tobacco products to pregnant women anyone under the age of 18 years. [171] Iran None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation will result in confiscation of tobacco from the minor and a fine for the salesperson. [172] Iraq 14 Israel None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor. No minimum age prior to 12 November 2004. [173] Jordan None 18 (consumption of water pipes on premises) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. It is also illegal to provide water pipes in cafes, restaurants and similar places. [174] Japan 20 It is illegal to supply tobacco to persons under 20 years. It is punishable by a ¥10,000 fine. [175] Kazakhstan None 18 [176] Kuwait None 21 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years. [177] Kyrgyzstan None 18 No minor shall sell or be sold tobacco products. [178] Lebanon 18 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor. [179] Macau None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for a minor to smoke or to obtain tobacco from a person of the legal age. [180] Malaysia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor. [181] Maldives None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. The retailer must ensure that the buyer is at least 18 years of age. Furthermore, a clearly legible notice has to be displayed at point of sale stating that tobacco sales to minors are illegal. [182] Mongolia 21 Nepal None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco products to minors and pregnant women. [183] North Korea None 17 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor. [184] (The tobacco law does not define the word \"minor\", but age of majority is reached at the age of 17 years). Oman 18 Pakistan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. A clearly legible notice with the sale restriction has to be placed at point of sale. [185] Palestine 14 Philippines 18 Only people over 18 may buy cigarettes and tobacco due to the \"STOP for Health Act\". (Stop Tobacco and Other Products for Health) [186] Qatar None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco to a person unter the age of 18 years. [187] Saudi Arabia 18 Singapore 18 Smoking age in Singapore is currently 18, increasing to 19 by 2019 and 21 by 2021. It is illegal to sell or give, directly or indirectly any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years. No minor is allowed to consume or possess any tobacco product in public. [188] South Korea 19 20 [189] Sri Lanka None 21 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 21 years. [190] Syria None 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. [191] Taiwan 18 It is illegal to sell or provide tobacco to persons under the age of 18 years. It is illegal to force, induce or use other means to cause a pregnant woman to smoke. It is illegal for a pregnant women or a minor to smoke. No penalty is provided for pregnant women who smoke. [192] Tajikistan 14 Thailand None 18 [193] Turkmenistan Illegal In January 2016, President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedow reportedly banned tobacco sales in Turkmenistan. [194] United Arab Emirates 18 Vietnam 18 It is illegal for people less than 18 years of age use, buy, and sell tobacco products. It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco product to people less than 18 years of age. [195] Yemen 14 Europe [ edit ] Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Europe as of 2015: Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 Depending on jurisdiction Note: Regulation by canton in Switzerland is below. Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Switzerland by canton as of 2015: Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Albania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years. [196] Armenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors may not sell tobacco products. [197] No minimum age prior to 24 December 2004. Austria 16 The minimum age is regulated by each federal state, but is nationwide 16 years. It is illegal in every state to sell or give tobacco products to a person under the age of 16 years as well as the consumption by a person under the age of 16 years in any public place. [198] Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. The packaging of tobacco products must contain a warning that sale to minors is prohibited. [199] No minimum age prior to 1 January 2002. Belarus None 18 (Decree No. 28 of 2002 Section 32. \" It is banned to sell tobacco products to citizens (by citizens) of the Republic of Belarus, foreign citizens and individuals with no citizenship under 18 years old. \" ) [200] Belgium None 16 ( \" It is forbidden to sell tobacco products to young people under the age of 16 and advertising for tobacco products is forbidden. \" ) [201] Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 It is illegal to sell and gift tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors under the age of 18 years to gift, sell and consume tobacco products. [202] The minimum age was 15 years prior to 28 September 2004. No minimum age prior to 9 March 1998. [203] Bulgaria None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. [204] Croatia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors. It is the responsibility of any salesperson to ensure that no tobacco is sold to minors and therefore to request an ID to make sure that the purchaser is at least 18 years of age. Minors may not sell tobacco products. [205] Cyprus None 18 It is illegal to sell or otherwise provide tobacco products to a minor. \" (…)any person who provides a tobacco product to a minor is guilty of offense and in any case of his/her conviction, he/she shall be subject to a penalty not exceeding one thousand pounds or to incarceration not exceeding six months and/or to both penalties. \" [206] Czech Republic None 18 Selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 is prohibited. Sale of tobacco products and tobacco through vending machines is permitted if the tobacco purchase age is not violated. The seller shall place a clearly visible notice displaying the sale restrictions of tobacco to person under the age of 18. A person selling tobacco must be 18 years or older, unless the minor is preparing for a future career in the hotel or tourism industry, as a cook-waiter or salesman. However, it is very easy to get tobacco products for minors as many sellers don't check the age. [207] The minimum age was 16 years prior to 2 September 1999. [208] Denmark None 18 The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 September 2008. [209] Estonia 18 The minimum age to purchase tobacco products or to smoke in public is set at 18. Minors may not be in possession of, or handle tobacco products. [210] Finland 18 Prior to October 2010 it was not illegal for minors to smoke in public. The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 March 1995. [211] France None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors under the age of 18 years may not smoke in any school or on school property. [212] Vending machines outside a tobacco shop is prohibited. Prior to 21 July 2009 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age. Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 18. [213] Germany 18 The Protection of Young Persons Act states that children and young people under 18 years of age shall not be sold tobacco products nor should they be permitted to smoke in public. This does not apply to married adolescents. [214] Minimum age was 18 from 10 June 1943 until 1 January 1952. [215] Minimum age was 16 from 1 January 1952 to 1 September 2007. [216] Gibraltar 18 It is illegal to sell and furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Any police officer may confiscate tobacco from a minor in public. [217] The minimum age was 16 years prior to 7 July 2006. [218] Greece None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors. [219] Hungary 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18. It is illegal to smoke under the age of 18. The sale of tobacco is prohibited within 200 m of schools and health care units. Iceland None 18 It is illegal to sell or deliver tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors may not handle or sell tobacco products. [220] No minimum age prior to 1 January 1985. The minimum age was 16 years from 1 January 1985 to 1 October 1996. [221] Ireland 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal. It is illegal to buy or smoke cigarettes if you are under the age of 18. [222] The minimum age was 16 years prior to 27 March 2002. [223] Italy None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation is punished with a fine between €250.00 and €1000.00. If the law is violated more than once the fine is increased to €500.00 and €2,000.00 and a revocation of the tobacco license for at least 3 months. [224] [225] Minimum age for electronic cigarettes was 16 prior to 1 May 2013. [226] Kosovo [a] None [227] Latvia 18 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited. [228] Liechtenstein 16 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to possess or consume tobacco products. [229] Lithuania 18 No minimum age to smoke prior to 1 May 2015. Luxembourg None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. [230] [231] No minimum age prior to 1 January 2006. Minimum purchase age increased from 16 to 18 on 1 August 2017. Macedonia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. [232] Malta None 18 \"No person shall sell, supply or distribute by way of compensation or otherwise, any cigarettes, cigars, tobacco, tobacco products or smoking requisites to any person who is under the age of 18 years, or in any manner induce such person to smoke.\" [233] Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. [234] Montenegro None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18. A poster with the sale restrictions must be placed at point of sale. [235] Netherlands None 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal. [236] Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport. As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke-free environment. All forms of tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship are prohibited. Smoking remains prevalent in the Netherlands despite these efforts. Tobacco can be bought at every supermarket and at other stores. Norway None 18 No age limit for use of tobacco but no sales of cigarettes or Swedish snus to people under 18 by law. [237] Vending machines are only allowed when they are cited inside an approved store, with a demand of buying a receipt from the cashier first. [237] and imitation tobacco products are not allowed. Cigarette commercials are also strictly forbidden by law. As of June 2004, smoking is prohibited in all public places, including restaurants, pubs and work places. Poland None 18 Minors are not allowed to buy tobacco products. [238] Portugal 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor as well as the consumption of a tobacco product in any public place by a minor. There is a proposition to ban vending machines in places accessible to people younger than 18. [239] Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 2008. Romania None 18 There is a ban on sale of tobacco to those younger than 18. Vending machines selling tobacco are banned. There is no minimum legal age of smoking. Russia None 18 Retail sales of tobacco products to any person under the age of 18 years are an offence. [240] Serbia None 18 The sale to persons under 18 is prohibited. Contrary to that, a lot of salesmen sell cigarettes to minors in Serbia. Acquiring tobacco products is very easy for minors despite the law. Slovakia None 18 Tobacco sales to under 18 year olds are prohibited. [241] Slovenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18. ID-Card or passport has to be shown if requested. [242] Spain None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product or other smoking substances (e.g. electronic cigarettes) to a person under the age of 18 years. [243] Minimum age was 16 in most regions prior to 1 January 2006. Sweden None 18 It is illegal to sell or commercially distribute tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. [244] No minimum age prior to 1 January 1997. Switzerland Regulations by canton: States/territories Smoking age Purchase age Notes Aargau None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply (except for Parents) any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age. [245] Appenzell Ausserrhoden None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age. [246] Appenzell Innerrhoden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors. [247] Basel-Landschaft None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID. [248] Basel-Stadt None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID. [249] Bern None 18 (to enter smoking facility or premises) 18 Selling or giving any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID. [250] Fribourg None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID. [251] Geneva None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors. [247] Glarus None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID. [252] Graubünden None 16 [253] Jura None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor. [254] Luzern None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. [255] Neuchâtel None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. [256] Nidwalden None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. [257] Obwalden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors. [247] Schaffhausen None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. [247] Schwyz None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors. [247] Solothurn None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. [258] St. Gallen None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID. [259] Thurgau None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID. [260] Ticino None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. [247] Uri None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. [261] Valais None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. Currently the cantonal government is planning to raise the minimum age to 18 years. [262] Vaud None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. [263] Zug None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. [264] Zürich None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID. [265] Turkey None 18 Ukraine 14 18 United Kingdom 18 (purchase de jure) 16 (public possession & purchase de facto) England and Wales : It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18. [266] The minimum age to smoke in public is 16 and authorities have the duty to seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 16. [267] Minimum age to purchase was 16 from 1908 to 1 October 2007. No minimum age prior to 1908. 18 Scotland : A person who sells a tobacco product or cigarette papers to a person under the age of 18 commits an offence. Any person under the age of 18 who buys or attempts to buy a tobacco product or cigarette papers commits an offence as well as an adult who knowlingly buys a tobacco product or cigarette papers on behalf of a person under the age of 18. [268] Any constable who has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person in a public place is under the age of 18, and in possession of a tobacco product or cigarette papers may require the person to surrender the tobacco product. [269] Minimum age was 16 prior to 30 September 2007. 18 Northern Ireland : A person who sells to a person under the age of 18 any tobacco or cigarette papers, whether for his own use or not, shall be guilty of an offence. A member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland may seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 18 whom he finds smoking in any street or public place. [270] Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 September 2008. ^ Disputed. Oceania [ edit ] This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Australia Regulations by state/territory: Province/territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Australian Capital Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years. [271] Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor. [272] New South Wales None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years. [273] Northern Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors. It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present. [274] [275] Queensland None 18 It is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years; however, a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child. [276] South Australia None 18 It is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years. [277] Tasmania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 1997. [278] Victoria None 18 It is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor. Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence. [279] Western Australia None 18 It is illegal to sell, deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor. Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited. [280] [281] Fiji None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor. [282] Micronesia, Federated States of 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor. New Zealand None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor under 18 years. [283] No minimum age prior to 1903. Minimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988. Minimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998. [284] [285] ' Palau None 18 21 (Only rolling papers and elaus) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years, ID must be checked before sale. It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products. It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years. [286] Papua New Guinea None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. [287] Samoa 21 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years. It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public. [288] Solomon Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor. [289] Tonga None 18 It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor. [290] Tokelau 16 It is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco. [291] Vanuatu 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18. It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco. [292] Historical regulations [ edit ] Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the European Union as of 1995: Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the USA as of 1989: [293] Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age See also [ edit ] Age of candidacy Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcoholism Amethyst Initiative Choose Responsibility Legal drinking age Legal drinking age controversy Mature minor doctrine National Minimum Drinking Age Act National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap (alcohol) The Century Council Youth Youth rights Youth suffrage References [ edit ] ^ \"Le projet de la loi relative à la santé interdit la vente du tabac et des boissons alcoolisées aux mineurs\" . aps.dz (in French). Algérie Presse Service. 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . ^ \"Lei n° 1/07 de 14 de Maio 2007 das Actividades Comerciais – Artigo 36 º - q) \" . wipo.int . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ \"Law No. 2006-12 Concerning Regulation of the Production, Commercialization and Consumption of Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Article 22: Prohibition \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. p. 6 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ \"Control of Smoking Act, 1992: CHAPTER 65:04 – PART II – 8. \" (PDF) . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ \"Law No. 040-2010/Concerning Tobacco Control in Burkina Faso (as promulgated by Decree N° 2010-823) Article 23 \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS. 25 November 2011. p. 9 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ \"Decree No. 630/3007/CAB/2011\" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org (in French). 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ \"Law No. 010/PR/2010 on Tobacco Control\" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Chad. 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ \"Law No. 11-002/AU of 27 March 2011 on Tobacco Control CHAPTER IV.- Article 11 \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . UNION OF THE COMOROS. 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ \"Law No. 12-2012 on Tobacco Control\" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND THE SENATE. 4 July 2012. p. 1 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ \"ARRETE MINISTERIEL N°1250 /CAB/MIN/SP/~f.:/A0/2007 DU, /l~./07/2007 PORTANT MESURES APPLICABLES A L'USAGE ET A LA CONSOMMATION DU TABAC ET SES DERIVES Article 1. \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org (in French). LE MINISTRE DE LA SANTE PUBLIQUE. 19 July 2007. p. 2 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ \"Law No. 175-AN-07 on Tobacco Control Article 23 and Article 24 \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Djibouti. 2 December 2007. p. 5 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . ^ \"Decree No. 3/1988\" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org (in Spanish) . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ \"Proclamation No. 143/2004 to Provide for Tobacco Control Article 6. Distribution \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Eritrea . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ \"Tobacco Control Directive 17. Protection of minors from tobacco products \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Ethiopian Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority. 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ \"Law No. 006/2013 on Tobacco Control Article 17 \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Official Journal of the Republic of Gabon . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ \"Public Health Act, 2012 (Act 851) 65. Minimum age restrictions \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . 9 October 2012. p. 33 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ \"The Tobacco Control Act, 2007 15. Supply to and by young persons. \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Parliament. 2007. p. 12 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ \"The Tobacco Regulations\" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . 1 September 2011. p. 3 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ \"Decision No. (206) for 2009 by the General People's Committee Approving Rulings on the Control of Smoking, Tobacco and All Tobacco Products Article (10) \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . General People's Committee. 2009. p. 4 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ \"Interministerial Order No. 18171/2003 Art. 9 \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . MINISTRY OF ECONOMY, FINANCE AND BUDGET – MINISTRY OF INDUSTRIALIZATION, TRADE AND PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT – MINISTRY OF HEALTH. 20 January 2004. p. 4 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ \"Law No. 10-033 of July 12, 2010 on the Sale and Consumption of Tobacco and Tobacco Products Article 8: Access to tobacco products \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . National Assembly. 12 July 2010. p. 2 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ \"Decree No. 11/2007 Artigo 12 \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org (in Portuguese) . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ \"Tobacco Products Control Act, 2010 PART 4 Section 18. \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER. 14 April 2010. p. 15 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ \"Establishing the modes of enforcement of n° 2006-12 of May 15, 2006 relative to tobacco control Article 10 \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Council of Ministers. 2006. p. 4 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ \"Tobacco Control Bill 2008 5.- Supply of Tobacco Products \" . docs.google.com . Minister of Health. 2008 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ \"Law No. 08/2013 of 01/03/2013 Relating to the Control of Tobacco Article 10: Involving a child in the business of tobacco and tobacco products \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . 1 March 2013. p. 16 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ \"Law No. 3/2014, Tobacco Control Law\" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ \"Loi relative à la fabrication, au conditionnement, l'étiquetage, à la vente et à l'usage du tabac Chapitre III.- Accès aux produits du tabac: Article 17 \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org (in French). L'Assemblée nationale. 2 June 2009. p. 15 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ \"TOBACCO CONTROL ACT, 2009 Section 7. \" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . President and National Assembly. 19 August 2009. p. 5 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ \"Tobacco Products Control Act, 1993 4. 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Parliament of Greece. 23 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . ^ \"Tobacco Control Act No.6/2002\" (PDF) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Ministry of Welfare. 2002. p. 3 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . ^ Þorgrímur Þráinsson. \"Tóbaksvarnastarf á Íslandi síðustu ár\" (PDF) . velferdarraduneyti.is (in Icelandic). Sviðsstjóri tóbaksvarna Lýðheilsustöð. p. 3 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . ^ \"Public Health (Tobacco) Act, 2002\" . Irish Statute Book . Government of Ireland . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . ^ \"Tobacco (Health Promotion and Protection) Act, 1988 – 3.-\" . Irish Statute Book . Government of Ireland . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . ^ \"Legge 8 novembre 2012, n. 189 Art. 7 \" (PDF) . federsanita.it (in Italian). 28 November 2012. p. 95 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ \"Divieto vendita minori: nuove regole!\" . tabaccai.it (in Italian). Federazione Italiana Tabaccai. 1 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ \"Tabacco e Minori\" . iss.it (in Italian). Istituto Superiore di Sanità . 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Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ \"TOBACCO ACT 1927 - Division 1 Juvenile smoking\" . legislation.nsw.gov.au . ^ \"TOBACCO CONTROL ACT SECT 42 Sale to children prohibited \" . austlii.edu.au . AustLII . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ \"TOBACCO CONTROL ACT SECT 43 Supply to, or purchase for, children prohibited \". austlii.edu.au . AustLII. Missing or empty |url= ( help ); |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) ^ \"Tobacco and Other Smoking Products Act 1998\" (PDF) . legislation.qld.gov.au . 1998 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ \"Tobacco Products Regulation Act 1997\" (PDF) . legislation.sa.gov.au . p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ \"History of tobacco laws in Tasmania\" . dhhs.tas.gov.au . Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ \"TOBACCO ACT 1987 SECT 12 Supplying tobacco to person under 18 years \" . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 1987 . 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{ "text": "Better Off Alone - Wikipedia Better Off Alone From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search \"Better Off Alone\" Orbit Records German cover Single by Alice Deejay from the album Who Needs Guitars Anyway? Released 1998 [1] Format 12\" CD [2] Cassette Recorded 1997 [3] Studio Violent Studios (Studio 4045), Hilversum, Netherlands [4] Genre Eurodance trance Length 3 : 34 Label Violent Music B.V./Violent Records [4] Songwriter(s) Sebastiaan Moljin Eelke Kahlberg [5] [4] Producer(s) Jürgen Rijkers Sebastiaan Moljin Eelke Kahlberg [4] Alice Deejay singles chronology \" Better Off Alone \" (1998) \" Back in My Life \" (1999) \" Better Off Alone \" (1998) \" Back in My Life \" (1999) Music video \"Better Off Alone\" on YouTube DJ Jurgen version Violent Records DJ Jurgen single Audio sample 21 second excerpt where the song's primary line is featured. file help \" Better Off Alone \" is a song by Alice Deejay , the trance music project of Dutch producer Jürgen Rijkers ( DJ Jurgen ) in collaboration with Sebastiaan Moljin and Eelke Kahlberg (Pronti & Kalmani). In 1998, the song was released as an instrumental by DJ Jurgen on Violent Records. Later releases of the track included vocals by Judith Pronk , who would later become a seminal part of the Alice Deejay project. The song was later included on Alice Deejay's debut album Who Needs Guitars Anyway? (2000). The song is known for playing a key role in the development of the commercial trance sound, and has since been considered an electronic/trance music classic. Contents [ hide ] 1 Production 2 Composition 3 Release 3.1 Single 3.2 Music videos 4 Response 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Cover versions and samples 5 Track listing 5.1 DJ Jurgen singles 5.2 Alice Deejay singles 5.3 Laidback Luke remixes 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year-end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Production [ edit ] The song was initially an instrumental track composed in 1997 by Jürgen \"DJ Jurgen\" Rijkers , Sebastiaan \"Pronti\" Moljin, and Eelke \"Kalmani\" Kahlberg at the Violent Studios 4045 complex in Hilversum, Netherlands . [5] [3] [4] [1] Violent Music and Violent Studios owners Dennis \"Danski\" Van Der Driesschen and Wessel \"Delmundo\" van Diepen had previously offered studio space for Pronti and Kalmani next to their 4045 complex. [1] Before the production of \"Better Off Alone\", Pronti and Kalmani had worked on composing music for the label's other project the Vengaboys . [1] In post-production of the instrumental, Sebastiaan Molijn stated he invented the lyric \"Do you think you're better off alone?\" after his romantic partner had left him. Molijn stated that \"I started humming the vocal melody while the track was playing and we decided to add vocals. It made the emotion of the song as real as it gets.\" [5] Judith Pronk later served as singer for the Alice Deejay compositions of the song. [6] Pronti and Kalmani's official biography once stated that DJ Jurgen, \"wanted to stay the underground DJ that he was, so the group Alice Deejay was formed.\" [1] In 1999, the \"Radio Edit\" was produced. [1] Later in 1999, Sebastiaan Moljin and Eelke Kahlberg produced several remixes of the song which included the \"Vocal Clubmix\", \"Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix\", and the \"Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub\". [1] Composition [ edit ] \"Better Off Alone\" is written in the key of B major , but recorded in E Lydian as E is the root bass note. B is not played as a bass note. Fourth scale degree in E Major is equal to E Lydian as it shares the same notes as B Major. The song is set in common time with a fast tempo of 137 beats per minute. The song follows a chord progression of E–D ♯ m–G ♯ m–F ♯ , and the vocals span from B 3 to G ♯ 4 . [7] With the turn of the century, \"Better Off Alone\" has been described as a turning point in the development of a commercialized trance sound. This sound shared by related compositions such as \" Blue (Da Ba Dee) \" by Eiffel 65 that surfaced around the same time. [8] Co-founder of Dash Berlin Jeffrey Sutorious stated, \"It became such a huge chart hit around the world that many people categorised it as Euro Dance, when in fact it started out as vocal trance \". Eelke Kalberg and Sebastiaan Molijn are Dash Berlin's other co-founders. [3] Entertainment Weekly described the song as \" techno-pop \" while Spin described it as a \"trance-fueled Eurodance \". [6] [9] Release [ edit ] Single [ edit ] The single was initially released as an instrumental single by DJ Jurgen in 1998 on Violent Music B.V.'s label Violent Records. [1] Upon its release, there were only 500 vinyls pressed. [3] After the single established credibility under DJ Jurgen's name, the vocal versions got re-released as \"DJ Jurgen Presents Alice Deejay\" as well as \"Alice Deejay Featuring DJ Jurgen\" in some countries. The vocal single later came to be of just Alice Deejay. [10] [11] The track was released to dance clubs and became an international hit in clubs reaching number 2 on the Billboard club charts and a top ten club chart worldwide. The song then became a hit reaching number 2 in Canada, number 27 in the U.S. and number 2 in the UK. It went on to sell over 600,000 copies in the UK and become one of the country's best-selling singles of 1999, despite the radio edit not being on the commercial CD release. [12] The song was in the top 100 best-selling singles in Australia for 2000 as compiled by the Australian Recording Industry Association . [13] Music videos [ edit ] \"Better Off Alone\" is notable for having two versions of its music video. The original music video was released in 1999, directed by Olaf van Gerwen through the studio Blood Simple – who at the time directed videos for Sebastian Molijn and Eelke Kalberg's other music project the Vengaboys . [14] [15] In the first version of the video, a man travels in a Jeep through the desert. His car stalls and is forced to walk on foot. In parallel, a woman is sitting on a couch in a living room singing the lyrics to the song. The man gets lost in the desert and eventually dies and gets covered in sand. The second version was directed by \"Cousin Mike\" from the 1711 Production Group. The second video was shot in Miami for Republic and Universal . [16] The second version is interspersed with desert scenes from the original, but with added scenes where Judith Pronk, Mila Levesque and Angelique Versnel are dancing in a room with oriental decor. Sometimes just Pronk alone, wearing a blue dress with a veil. Response [ edit ] Critical reception [ edit ] The song was initially received with passiveness by some critics. Entertainment Weekly gave the song a B rating, describing the song as having \"catchy, throwaway results\" with \"barely there lyrics\". [9] In retrospect the song garnered acclaim. Vibe magazine considering the song \"a timeless track\" in their 30 Dance Tracks from The '90s That Changed the Game . [17] Complex magazine stated the song, \"perfectly embodies the 1990s Eurodance/euro trance sound that took over clubs, and today we're hearing the big room house scene build upon what was started here\" in their 10 Essential Eurodance Classics . Complex also stated that Sebastiaan Moljin and Eelke Kahlberg's production of trance music project Dash Berlin, is directly reflective of the song's influence on the modern day electronic music scene. [18] Dash Berlin honorarily included the song in their top 5 greatest trance classics. [3] Critic George McCarthy has described the song as being 'full of life: displaying an extensive range of raw emotional vulnerabilities that are unmatched by any other modern dance track, is a banger'. Meagan Garvey of MTV referenced the song as an example of \"Eurodance Nostalgia\" and that the cult status of the song is \"mostly retroactive\". Garvey stated that songs such as \"Better Off Alone\", \"left you with an aching sensation, as if something had been left unsaid. The undercurrent of melancholy seemed more akin to mid-'90s tracks like La Bouche 's \" Where Do You Go \" or Haddaway 's \" What Is Love ,\" dance tracks built around unanswerable questions.\" [19] Cover versions and samples [ edit ] In 2007, New Jersey rock group Paulson released a rock cover of the song on their Calling on You EP. [20] In 2008, the main melody of the song was sampled by producer Johnny Juliano in \" Say Yeah \" by Wiz Khalifa , which added the Roland-808 as well as drum machine claps to the existing melody. [21] Hip hop and trap producer AraabMuzik stated that sampling the song was initially what led him to sampling \"trance and really upbeat dance music\". The song was sampled by him in \"South Beach\" by 40 Cal featuring Duke Da God . [22] In 2011, Dutch DJ and producer Laidback Luke introduced an electro house remix of the song in the compilation Cream Ibiza: Super You & Me , marketed as a 2011 \"Summer anthem\". [23] French producer David Guetta was authorized to use the main melody or \"hook\" of the song. [24] The main melody of the song was sampled in David Guetta 's 2013 song \" Play Hard \" featuring Ne-Yo and Akon . The recording was later included in the reboot album Nothing but the Beat 2.0 . Some sources have described this \"heavy\" sampling as an example of the \"gray area in the world of music plagiarism\". Despite the authorized use of the melody, some sources have stated that this poses the question of \"How much sampling is too much sampling?\". [25] Track listing [ edit ] DJ Jurgen singles [ edit ] Netherlands 12\" vinyl [26] (Violent Records) VIO 1116 A: Better Off Alone (Vocal Mix) B: Better Off Alone (Club Dub) Netherlands CD single [27] (Violent Records) VIO 1117 Better Off Alone (Hitradio Mix) (3:36) Better Off Alone (Clubmix) (6:50) Netherlands 12\" vinyl [28] (Violent Records) VIO 1118 A1: Better Off Alone (Signum Rmx) (7:46) A2: Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix) (7:04) B1: Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Club-Dub) (6:46) B2: Better Off Alone (Mark Van Dale with Enrico Rmx) (9:27) Netherlands CD maxi-single [29] (Violent Records) VIO 1118 Better Off Alone (Radio Edit) (3:38) Better Off Alone (Vocal Clubmix) (6:53) Better Off Alone (Signum RMX) (7:49) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal RMX) (7:07) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub) (6:52) Better Off Alone (Mark Van Dale with Enrico RMX) (9:28) Alice Deejay singles [ edit ] UK Promo CD single [30] ( Positiva ) CDTIVDJ-113 Better Off Alone (Radio Edit) (3:38) Better Off Alone (UK Short Cut) (2:54) UK 12-inch vinyl [31] (Positiva) 12TIV-113 A1: Better Off Alone (Vocal Club Mix) (6:36) A2: Better Off Alone (Signum Remix) (6:21) B1: Better Off Alone (DJ Jam X And De Leon's DuMonde Mix) (6:42) UK 12-inch promo vinyl [32] ( Positiva ) 12TIVDJ113 A1: Better Off Alone (Vocal Club Mix) A2: Better Off Alone (Mark Van Dale With Enrico Remix) UK cassette single [33] (Positiva) TCTIV-113 A1: Better Off Alone (UK Short Cut) (2:53) A2: Better Off Alone (Vocal Club Mix) (6:36) A3: Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix) (7:04) B1: Better Off Alone (UK Short Cut) (2:53) B2: Better Off Alone (Vocal Club Mix) (6:36) B3: Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix) (7:04) Scandinavia CD single [34] ( Jive ) 0580292 Better Off Alone (Radio Edit) (3:36) Better Off Alone (Vocal Clubmix) (6:36) Scandinavia CD Maxi-single [4] (Jive) 0523562 Better Off Alone (Radio Edit) (3:36) Better Off Alone (Vocal Clubmix) (6:36) Better Off Alone (Signum Rmx) (7:46) Better Off Alone (Pronti + Kalmani Vocal Rmx) (7:04) Better Off Alone (Pronti + Kalmani Club Dub) (6:46) Better Off Alone (Mark Van Dale With Enrico Rmx) (9:27) Australia & New Zealand CD single [35] (X-Over) XOVER017 Better Off Alone (Radio Edit) (3:36) Better Off Alone (Vocal Club Mix) (6:53) Better Off Alone (Signum RMX) (7:46) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix) (7:04) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub) (6:46) Better Off Alone (Mark Van Dale With Enrico Remix) (9:27) France CD single [36] (Hot Tracks) SHT 3468-1 Better Off Alone (Radio Edit) (3:36) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix) (7:06) Italy CD Maxi-single [37] (Time Records) TIME 151 Better Off Alone (Radio Edit) (3:36) Better Off Alone (Vocal Club Mix) (6:36) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix) (7:04) Better Off Alone (Mark Van Dale with Enrico Remix) (9:27) Italy 12-inch vinyl [38] (Time Records) TIME 151 A1: Better Off Alone (Radio Edit) (3:36) A2: Better Off Alone (Vocal Club Mix) (6:36) B1: Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix) (7:04) B2: Better Off Alone (Marc Van Dale With Enrico Remix) (9:27) Spain 12-inch vinyl [39] ( Vale Music ) VLMX 0295 A1: Better Off Alone (Vocal Club Mix) (6:51) A2: Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Rmx) (7:04) B1: Better Off Alone (Marc Van Dale with Enrico Rmx) (9:26) B2: Better Off Alone (Signum Rmx) (7:46) Spain CD Maxi-single [40] (Vale Music) VCDX 295 Better Off Alone (Radio Edit) (3:35) Better Off Alone (Vocal Club Mix) (6:51) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix) (7:04) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub) (6:50) Better Off Alone (Signum Remix) (7:46) Better Off Alone (Mark Van Dale with Enrico Remix) (9:27) Netherlands CD Maxi-single [41] (Violent Music BV) 0523562 Better Off Alone (Radio Edit) (3:36) Better Off Alone (Vocal Club Mix) (6:36) Better Off Alone (Signum Remix) (7:46) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix) (7:04) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub) (6:46) Better Off Alone (Mark Van Dale with Enrico Remix) (9:27) Canada CD Maxi-single [41] (ISBA) ISB-SI-7021 Better Off Alone (Radio Edit) (3:38) Better Off Alone (Vocal Clubmix) (6:53) Better Off Alone (Signum RMX) (7:49) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal RMX) (7:07) Better Off Alone (Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub) (6:52) Better Off Alone (Mark Van Dale with Enrico RMX) (9:28) Germany 12-inch promo (Remixes) [42] (Orbit Records) B927118-01 A1: Better Off Alone (DJ Jam X & De Leon's DuMonde Remix) (6:42) B1: Better Off Alone (Signum Remix) (6:21) iTunes single [43] (Violent Music BV) \"Better Off Alone\" (Radio Edit) – (3:36) \"Better Off Alone\" (Vocal Club Mix) – (6:53) \"Better Off Alone\" (Signum Remix) – (7:46) \"Better Off Alone\" (DJ Jam X & De Leon Dumonde RMX) – (6:44) \"Better Off Alone\" (Pronti & Kalmani Vocal RMX) – (7:04) \"Better Off Alone\" (Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub) – (6:46) \"Better Off Alone\" (Mark Van Dale with Enrico RMX) – (9:27) \"Better Off Alone\" (Instrumental Mix) – (6:36) Laidback Luke remixes [ edit ] \"Better Off Alone (Laidback Luke Remix)\" Single by Laidback Luke remixing and remastering Alice Deejay from the album Cream Ibiza: Super You&Me Released 20 June 2011 Format List of formats [show] 192 kbps MP3 320 kbps MP3 WAV FLAC ALAC AIFF CD maxi-single [44] Genre Electro house , trance [44] Label Violent Music B.V./Violent Records [44] Songwriter(s) Sebastiaan Moljin, and Eelke Kahlberg [5] [4] Producer(s) Laidback Luke remixing and remastering Jürgen Rijkers , Sebastiaan Moljin, and Eelke Kahlberg [4] Laidback Luke singles chronology \" Turbulence \" (2011) \" Better Off Alone (Laidback Luke Remix) \" (2011) \" Natural Disaster \" (2011) \" Turbulence \" (2011) \" Better Off Alone (Laidback Luke Remix) \" (2011) \" Natural Disaster \" (2011) Digital Netherlands single, multi-format [44] (Violent Music) VIO2011 \"Better Off Alone\" (Laidback Luke Hit Radio Remix) – (2:46) \"Better Off Alone\" (Laidback Luke Dance Radio Remix) – (3:15) \"Better Off Alone\" (Laidback Luke Full Length Remix) – (5:03) \"Better Off Alone\" (1999 Original Radio Edit Remastered) – (3:35) \"Better Off Alone\" (1999 Original Mix Remastered) – (6:51) CD maxi-single [45] (Violent Music) \"Better Off Alone\" (Laidback Luke Remix) - Hitradio – (2:48) \"Better Off Alone\" (Laidback Luke Remix) - Dance Radio – (3:16) \"Better Off Alone\" (Laidback Luke Remix) - Full Length – (5:04) \"Better Off Alone\" (1999 Original Hit Radio) – (3:38) Digital Australian single, multi-format [46] (Central Station Australia) DN 0182 \"Better Off Alone\" (Laidback Luke Hitradio Remix) – (2:48) \"Better Off Alone\" (Laidback Luke Dance Radio Remix) – (3:16) \"Better Off Alone\" (Laidback Luke Full Length Remix) – (5:04) \"Better Off Alone\" (Remastered 1999 Original Hit Radio Mix) – (3:35) \"Better Off Alone\" (Remastered 1999 Original Mix) – (6:51) Charts and certifications [ edit ] Weekly charts [ edit ] Chart (1998–2000) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) [47] 4 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) [48] 57 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) [49] 2 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) [50] 16 France ( SNEP ) [51] 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) [52] 32 Ireland ( IRMA ) [53] 3 Italy ( FIMI ) [54] 17 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) [55] 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) [56] 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) [57] 11 Norway ( VG-lista ) [58] 3 Scotland (Official Charts Company) [59] 1 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) [60] 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [61] 28 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [62] 2 UK Dance (Official Charts Company) [63] 1 US Billboard Hot 100 [64] 27 US Billboard Pop Songs [64] 20 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs [64] 3 Year-end charts [ edit ] Chart (1999) Position UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [65] 11 Chart (2000) Position US Billboard Hot 100 [66] 88 Certifications [ edit ] Region Certification Certified units /Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) [67] Platinum 600,000 ^ ^ shipments figures based on certification alone References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h \"Pronti & Kalmani\" . August 9, 2004. Archived from the original ( URL masked index page) on August 9, 2004 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . . Jump up ^ \"Better Off Alone - Alice Deejay, DJ Alice, DJ Jurgen\" . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 29, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Nick Jarvis (January 23, 2014). \"Dash Berlin's top five trance classics\" . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (Compact disc). Scandinavia: Jive Records ; Violent Records. 0523562. ^ Jump up to: a b c d DJ Ron Slomowicz. \"Pronti & Kalmani Interview\" . Retrieved January 29, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"ALICE DEEJAY - \"BETTER OFF ALONE\" | SPIN | Animal Collective Centipedia\" . SPIN. 2012-09-05 . Retrieved 2014-01-29 . Jump up ^ \"Better Off Alone\" . www.musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2015-10-27 . Jump up ^ \"A History of Trance\" . Ministry of Sound Australia . February 15, 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, Beth (June 23, 2000). \"Better Off Alone\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Better Off Alone\" . Violent Records . 2001. Archived from the original on February 7, 2001 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Alice Deejay\" . Hypergirl Entertainment Magazine . May 1, 2001. Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p398650/charts-awards/billboard-singles Jump up ^ \"ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2000\" . Archived from the original on 2010-07-27 . Retrieved 2006-10-03 . Jump up ^ \"Alice Deejay\" . Orbit Records . 2001. Archived from the original on February 15, 2001 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Alice Deejay Video\" . Orbit Records . 2001. Archived from the original on October 18, 2000 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Music Videos\" . 1711 Production Group. Jump up ^ \"Before EDM: 30 Dance Tracks From The '90s That Changed The Game\" . Vibe . July 22, 2013. Jump up ^ \"10 Essential Eurodance Classics\" . Complex . July 5, 2013. Jump up ^ Garvey, Meagan (September 29, 2016). \"BETTER OFF ALONE: MINING THE DEPTHS OF EURODANCE NOSTALGIA\" . MTV.com . MTV . Retrieved February 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"iTunes Store\" . Phobos.apple.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-09 . Retrieved 2012-10-05 . Jump up ^ \"The 10 Most Well-Known Techno Samples in Rap Tracks\" . Complex . 2013 . Retrieved September 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"AraabMuzik | Pitchfork\" . Pitchfork.com . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 2016-11-17 . Jump up ^ \"Cream Ibiza 2011 - Laidback Luke - Super You&Me - Win Cds\" . Ibiza-Voice.com . 2011 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Alice DJ\" . Alice DJ . Retrieved September 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ Sprankles, Julie (2016). \"31 songs you didn't know were (allegedly) plagiarized\" . SheKnows . Retrieved September 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ D.J. Jurgen (1999). Better Off Alone (12\" vinyl record). Netherlands: Violent Records. VIO 1116. Jump up ^ DJ Jurgen (1999). Better Off Alone (Compact disc). Netherlands: Violent Records. VIO 1117. Jump up ^ DJ Jurgen (1999). Better Off Alone (12\" vinyl record). Netherlands: Violent Records. VIO 1118. Jump up ^ DJ Jurgen (1999). Better Off Alone (Compact disc). Netherlands: Violent Records. VIO 1118. Jump up ^ Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone ( Compact disc ). DJ Jurgen . United Kingdom: Positiva Records . CDTIVDJ-113. Jump up ^ DJ Jurgen Presents Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (12\" vinyl record). United Kingdom: Positiva Records . 12TIV-113. Jump up ^ DJ Jürgen Presents Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (12\" vinyl record). United Kingdom: Positiva Records . 12TIVDJ113. Jump up ^ DJ Jurgen Presents Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (Cassette). United Kingdom: Positiva Records . TCTIV-113. Jump up ^ Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (Compact disc). Scandinavia: Jive Records ; Violent Records. 0580292. Jump up ^ Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (Compact disc). Australia; New Zealand: X-Over Recordings. XOVER017. Jump up ^ Alice Deejay feat. DJ Jurgen (1999). Better Off Alone (Cassette). France: Hot Tracks; Violent Records. SHT 3468-1. Jump up ^ Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (Compact disc). Italy: Time Records. TIME 151. Jump up ^ Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (12\" vinyl record). Italy: Time Records. TIME 151. Jump up ^ Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (12\" vinyl record). Spain: Vale Music. VLMX 0295. Jump up ^ Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (CD maxi-single). Spain: Vale Music. VLMX 295. ^ Jump up to: a b Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (CD maxi-single). Netherlands: Violent Music. 0523562. Jump up ^ Alice Deejay (1999). Better Off Alone (12\" vinyl pressing). Germany: Orbit Records. B927118-01. Jump up ^ \"Better Off Alone (Single)\" . iTunes . 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b c d \"BETTER OFF ALONE - LAIDBACK LUKE REMIX\" . Beatport . Violent Records. 2011 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Alice Deejay , remixed by Laidback Luke (2011). Better Off Alone (Laidback Luke Remix) (CD maxi-single). Netherlands: Violent Music. Jump up ^ \"Better Off Alone (Laidback Luke remixes)\" . Juno Download . Central Station Australia. August 20, 2011 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ \" Australian-charts.com – Alice Deejay – Better Off Alone\" . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ \"Brazil\" (PDF) . ABPD . October 6, 2001 . Retrieved April 1, 2014 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie Wilson. \"Alice Deejay - Awards - AllMusic\" . AllMusic . Jump up ^ \" Alice Deejay: Better Off Alone\" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ \" Lescharts.com – Alice Deejay – Better Off Alone\" (in French). Les classement single . Jump up ^ \" Musicline.de – Alice Deejay Single-Chartverfolgung\" (in German). Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH. Jump up ^ \"Back In My Life by Alice Deejay Chart performance in Ireland\" . Irishcharts. Archived from the original on 2010-01-05 . Retrieved 2009-09-12 . Jump up ^ \"Billboard\" . google.ca . Jump up ^ \" Nederlandse Top 40 – DJ Jurgen presents Alice Deejay\" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ \" Dutchcharts.nl – DJ Jurgen presents Alice Deejay – Better Off Alone\" (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ \" Charts.org.nz – Alice Deejay – Better Off Alone\" . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ \" Norwegiancharts.com – Alice Deejay – Better Off Alone\" . VG-lista . Jump up ^ \"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\" . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ \" Swedishcharts.com – Alice Deejay – Better Off Alone\" . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ \" Swisscharts.com – Alice Deejay – Better Off Alone\" . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ \"Official Singles Chart Top 100\" . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ \"Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40\" . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"Better Off Alone by Alice Deejay Chart performance in America\" . AllMusic . Retrieved 2009-09-12 . Jump up ^ \"Yearly Best Selling Singles\" (PDF) . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Billboard Top 100 - 2000\" . Archived from the original on 2009-03-04 . Retrieved 2010-08-31 . Jump up ^ \"British single certifications – Alice DeeJay – Better Off Alone\" . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter Better Off Alone in the search field and then press Enter. External links [ edit ] Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide v t e Alice Deejay Ilona DJ Jurgen Sebastiaan Molijn Eelke Kalberg Marc Lee-Smith Wessel van Diepen Dennis van den Driesschen Judith Pronk Mila Levesque Angelique Versnel Studio albums Who Needs Guitars Anyway? Singles \" Better Off Alone \" \" Back in My Life \" \" Will I Ever \" Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Better_Off_Alone&oldid=844458146 \" Categories : 1998 songs 1998 singles Alice DeeJay songs Debut singles Songs about loneliness Universal Records singles Number-one singles in Scotland Hidden categories: Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018, at 01:44. 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{ "text": "Aging of wine - Wikipedia Aging of wine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Bottles of wine aging in an underground cellar The aging of wine (American spelling) or ageing of wine (British spelling) is potentially able to improve the quality of wine . This distinguishes wine from most other consumable goods. While wine is perishable and capable of deteriorating, complex chemical reactions involving a wine's sugars , acids and phenolic compounds (such as tannins ) can alter the aroma , color , mouthfeel and taste of the wine in a way that may be more pleasing to the taster. The ability of a wine to age is influenced by many factors including grape variety , vintage , viticultural practices, wine region and winemaking style. The condition that the wine is kept in after bottling can also influence how well a wine ages and may require significant time and financial investment. [1] [2] The quality of an aged wine varies significantly bottle-by-bottle, depending on the conditions under which it was stored, and the condition of the bottle and cork, and thus it is said that rather than good old vintages, there are good old bottles. There is a significant mystique around the aging of wine, as its chemistry was not understood for a long time, and old wines are often sold for extraordinary prices. However, the vast majority of wine is not aged, and even wine that is aged is rarely aged for long; it is estimated that 90% of wine is meant to be consumed within a year of production, and 99% of wine within 5 years. [3] Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Aging potential 2.1 Little to no aging potential 2.2 Good aging potential 3 Factors and influences 3.1 Wine constituents 3.2 Storage factors 3.3 Bottling factors 3.3.1 Bottle shock 3.3.2 Cork taint 3.4 Dumb phase 4 Effects on wine 5 Coates Law of Maturity 5.1 Example 6 Artificial aging 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History [ edit ] The development of glass bottles with cork closure made it possible to more consistently age wine. The Ancient Greeks and Romans were aware of the potential of aged wines. In Greece, early examples of dried \" straw wines \" were noted for their ability to age due to their high sugar contents. These wines were stored in sealed earthenware amphorae and kept for many years. In Rome, the most sought after wines— Falernian and Surrentine —were prized for their ability to age for decades. In the Book of Luke , it is noted that \"old wine\" was valued over \"new wine\" ( Luke 5:39 ). The Greek physician Galen wrote that the \"taste\" of aged wine was desirable and that this could be accomplished by heating or smoking the wine, though, in Galen's opinion, these artificially aged wines were not as healthy to consume as naturally aged wines. [4] Following the Fall of the Roman Empire , appreciation for aged wine was virtually non-existent. Most of the wines produced in northern Europe were light bodied , pale in color and with low alcohol. These wines did not have much aging potential and barely lasted a few months before they rapidly deteriorated into vinegar . The older a wine got the cheaper its price became as merchants eagerly sought to rid themselves of aging wine. By the 16th century, sweeter and more alcoholic wines (like Malmsey and Sack ) were being made in the Mediterranean and gaining attention for their aging ability. Similarly, Riesling from Germany with its combination of acidity and sugar were also demonstrating their ability to age. In the 17th century, two innovations occurred that radically changed the wine industry's view on aging. One was the development of the cork and bottle which allowed producers to package and store wine in a virtually air-tight environment. The second was the growing popularity of fortifying wines such as Port , Madeira and Sherries . The added alcohol was found to act as a preservative, allowing wines to survive long sea voyages to England , The Americas and the East Indies . The English, in particular, were growing in their appreciation of aged wines like Port and Claret from Bordeaux . Demand for matured wines had a pronounced effect on the wine trade. For producers, the cost and space of storing barrels or bottles of wine was prohibitive so a merchant class evolved with warehouses and the finances to facilitate aging wines for a longer period of time. In regions like Bordeaux, Oporto and Burgundy , this situation dramatically increased the balance of power towards the merchant classes. [4] Aging potential [ edit ] The Italian wine Tignanello is a blend of Sangiovese, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet franc —varieties which usually have aging potential. There is a widespread misconception that wine always improves with age, [3] or that wine improves with extended aging, or that aging potential is an indicator of good wine. Some authorities state that more wine is consumed too old than too young. [5] Aging changes wine, but does not categorically improve it or worsen it. Fruitness deteriorates rapidly, decreasing markedly after only 6 months in the bottle. [5] Due to the cost of storage, it is not economical to age cheap wines, but many varieties of wine do not benefit from aging, regardless of the quality. Experts vary on precise numbers, but typically state that only 5–10% of wine improves after 1 year, and only 1% improves after 5–10 years. [3] [5] In general, wines with a low pH (such as Pinot Noir and Sangiovese ) have a greater capability of aging. With red wines, a high level of flavor compounds, such as phenolics (most notably tannins), will increase the likelihood that a wine will be able to age. Wines with high levels of phenols include Cabernet Sauvignon , Nebbiolo and Syrah . [4] The white wines with the longest aging potential tend to be those with a high amount of extract and acidity. The acidity in white wines, acting as a preservative, has a role similar to that of tannins in red wines. The process of making white wines, which includes little to no skin contact, means that white wines have a significantly lower amount of phenolic compounds, though barrel fermentation and oak aging can impart some phenols. Similarly, the minimal skin contact with rosé wine limits their aging potential. [1] [2] [5] After aging at the winery most wood-aged Ports, Sherries, Vins doux naturels , Vins de liqueur , basic level Ice wines and sparkling wines are bottled when the producer feels that they are ready to be consumed. These wines are ready to drink upon release and will not benefit much from aging. Vintage Ports and other bottled-aged Ports & Sherries will benefit from some additional aging. [4] Champagne and other sparkling wines are infrequently aged, and frequently have no vintage year (no vintage, NV), but vintage champagne may be aged. [4] Aged champagne has traditionally been a peculiarly British affectation, and thus has been referred to as le goût anglais \"the English taste\", [6] though this term also refers to a level of champagne sweetness . In principle champagne has aging potential, due to the acidity, and aged champagne has increased in popularity in the United States since the 1996 vintage. [7] A few French winemakers have advocated aging champagne, most notably René Collard (1921–2009). [8] In 2009, a 184-year-old bottle of Perrier-Jouët was opened and tasted, still drinkable, with notes of \"truffles and caramel\", according to the experts. [9] Little to no aging potential [ edit ] A guideline provided by Master of Wine Jancis Robinson [5] German QBAs Asti and Moscato Spumante Rosé and blush wines like White Zinfandel Branded wines like Yellow Tail , Mouton Cadet , etc. European table wine American jug & box wine Inexpensive varietals (with the possible exception of Cabernet Sauvignon ) The majority of Vin de pays All Nouveau wines Vermouth Basic Sherry Tawny Ports Kit wines made from mostly concentrated grape juice [10] Good aging potential [ edit ] A guideline provided by Master of Wine Jancis Robinson. Note that vintage, wine region and winemaking style can influence a wine's aging potential so Robinson's suggestion of years are very rough estimates of the most common examples of these wines. [5] Botrytized wines (5–25 yrs) Chardonnay (2–6 yrs) Riesling (2–30 yrs) Hungarian Furmint (3–25 yrs) Loire Valley Chenin blanc (4–30 yrs) Hunter Valley Semillon (6–15 yrs) Cabernet Sauvignon (4–20 yrs) Merlot (2–10 yrs) Nebbiolo (4–20 yrs) Pinot noir (2–8 yrs) Sangiovese (2–8 yrs) Syrah (4–16 yrs) Zinfandel (2–6 yrs) Classified Bordeaux (8–25 yrs) Grand Cru Burgundy (8–25 yrs) Aglianico from Taurasi (4–15 yrs) Baga from Bairrada (4–8 yrs) Hungarian Kadarka (3–7 yrs) Bulgarian Melnik (3–7 yrs) Croatian Plavac Mali (4–8 yrs) Georgian Saperavi (3–10 yrs) Madiran Tannat (4–12 yrs) Spanish Tempranillo (2–8 yrs) Greek Xynomavro (4–10 yrs) Vintage Ports (20–50yrs) [11] Factors and influences [ edit ] Wine constituents [ edit ] The ratio of sugars , acids and phenolics to water is a key determination of how well a wine can age. The less water in the grapes prior to harvest , the more likely the resulting wine will have some aging potential. Grape variety, climate, vintage and viticultural practice come into play here. Grape varieties with thicker skins, from a dry growing season where little irrigation was used and yields were kept low will have less water and a higher ratio of sugar, acids and phenolics. The process of making Eisweins , where water is removed from the grape during pressing as frozen ice crystals, has a similar effect of decreasing the amount of water and increasing aging potential. [2] [5] In winemaking, the duration of maceration or skin contact will influence how much phenolic compounds are leached from skins into the wine. Pigmented tannins, anthocyanins , colloids , tannin- polysaccharides and tannin- proteins not only influence a wine's resulting color but also act as preservatives. During fermentation adjustment to a wine's acid levels can be made with wines with lower pH having more aging potential. Exposure to oak either during fermentation or after (during barrel aging) will introduce more phenolic compounds to the wines. Prior to bottling, excessive fining or filtering of the wine could strip the wine of some phenolic solids and may lessen a wine's ability to age. [1] [4] Storage conditions can influence a wine's aging ability. Storage factors [ edit ] Main article: Storage of wine The storage condition of the bottled wine will influence a wine's aging. Vibrations and heat fluctuations can hasten a wine's deterioration and cause adverse effect on the wines. In general, a wine has a greater potential to develop complexity and more aromatic bouquet if it is allowed to age slowly in a relatively cool environment. The lower the temperature, the more slowly a wine develops. [4] On average, the rate of chemical reactions in wine double with each 18 °F (8 °C) increase in temperature. Wine expert Karen MacNeil recommends keeping wine intended for aging in a cool area with a constant temperature around 55 °F (13 °C). Wine can be stored at temperatures as high as 69 °F (20 °C) without long term negative effect. Professor Cornelius Ough of the University of California, Davis believes that wine could be exposed to temperatures as high as 120 °F (49 °C) for a few hours and not be damaged. However, most experts believe that extreme temperature fluctuations (such as repeated transferring a wine from a warm room to a cool refrigerator) would be detrimental to the wine. The ultra-violet rays of direct sunlight should also be avoided because of the free radicals that can develop in the wine and result in premature oxidation . [2] [12] Wines packaged in large format bottles, such as magnums and 3 liter Jeroboams, seem to age more slowly than wines packaged in regular 750 ml bottles or half bottles. This may be because of the greater proportion of oxygen exposed to the wine during the bottle process. The advent of alternative wine closures to cork, such as screw caps and synthetic corks have opened up recent discussions on the aging potential of wines sealed with these alternative closures. Currently there are no conclusive results and the topic is the subject of ongoing research. [1] [4] Bottling factors [ edit ] Bottle shock [ edit ] Main article: Bottle-shock One of the short-term aging needs of wine is a period where the wine is considered \"sick\" due to the trauma and volatility of the bottling experience. During bottling the wine is exposed to some oxygen which causes a domino effect of chemical reactions with various components of the wine. The time it takes for the wine to settle down and have the oxygen fully dissolve and integrate with the wine is considered its period of \"bottle shock\". During this time the wine could taste drastically different from how it did prior to bottling or how it will taste after the wine has settled. While many modern bottling lines try to treat the wine as gently as possible and utilize inert gases to minimize the amount of oxygen exposure, all wine goes through some period of bottle shock. The length of this period will vary with each individual wine. [2] [5] Cork taint [ edit ] Main article: Cork taint The transfer of off-flavours in the cork used to bottle a wine during prolonged aging can be detrimental to the quality of the bottle. The formation of cork taint is a complex process which may result from a wide range of factors ranging from the growing conditions of the cork oak, the processing of the cork into stoppers, or the molds growing on the cork itself. [1] [2] Dumb phase [ edit ] During the course of aging, a wine may slip into a \"dumb phase\" where its aromas and flavors are very muted. In Bordeaux this phase is called the age ingrat or \"difficult age\" and is likened to a teenager going through adolescence . The cause or length of time that this \"dumb phase\" will last is not yet fully understood and seems to vary from bottle to bottle. [12] Effects on wine [ edit ] As vintage Port matures, sediments develop in the wine that are often left in the bottle when the wine is decanted. As red wine ages, the harsh tannins of its youth gradually give way to a softer mouthfeel . An inky dark color will eventually lose its depth of color and begin to appear orange at the edges, and then later eventually turning brown. These changes occur due to the complex chemical reactions of the phenolic compounds of the wine. In processes that begin during fermentation and continue after bottling, these compounds bind together and aggregate. Eventually these particles reach a certain size where they are too large to stay suspended in the solution and precipitate out. The presence of visible sediment in a bottle will usually indicate a mature wine. The resulting wine, with this loss of tannins and pigment, will have a paler color and taste softer, less astringent. The sediment, while harmless, can have an unpleasant taste and is often separated from the wine by decanting . [5] During the aging process, the perception of a wine's acidity may change even though the total measurable amount of acidity is more or less constant throughout a wine's life. This is due to the esterification of the acids, combining with alcohols in complex array to form esters . In addition to making a wine taste less acidic, these esters introduce a range of possible aromas. Eventually the wine may age to a point where other components of the wine (such as a tannins and fruit) are less noticeable themselves, which will then bring back a heightened perception of wine acidity. Other chemical processes that occur during aging include the hydrolysis of flavor precursors which detach themselves from glucose molecules and introduce new flavor notes in the older wine and aldehydes become oxidized. The interaction of certain phenolics develop what is known as tertiary aromas which are different from the primary aromas that are derived from the grape and during fermentation. [2] [4] An aged Malmsey Madeira shows the color change that white wines go through as they age. As a wine starts to mature, its bouquet will become more developed and multi-layered. While a taster may be able to pick out a few fruit notes in a young wine, a more complex wine will have several distinct fruit, floral, earthy, mineral and oak derived notes. The lingering finish of a wine will lengthen. Eventually the wine will reach a point of maturity, when it is said to be at its \"peak\". This is the point when the wine has the maximum amount of complexity, most pleasing mouthfeel and softening of tannins and has not yet started to decay. When this point will occur is not yet predictable and can vary from bottle to bottle. If a wine is aged for too long, it will start to descend into decrepitude where the fruit tastes hollow and weak while the wine's acidity becomes dominant. [4] The natural esterification that takes place in wines and other alcoholic beverages during the aging process is an example of acid-catalysed esterification. Over time, the acidity of the acetic acid and tannins in an aging wine will catalytically protonate other organic acids (including acetic acid itself), encouraging ethanol to react as a nucleophile. As a result, ethyl acetate – the ester of ethanol and acetic acid—is the most abundant ester in wines. Other combinations of organic alcohols (such as phenol-containing compounds) and organic acids lead to a variety of different esters in wines, contributing to their different flavours, smells and tastes. Of course, when compared to sulfuric acid conditions, the acid conditions in a wine are mild, so yield is low (often in tenths or hundredths of a percentage point by volume) and take years for ester to accumulate. [1] Coates Law of Maturity [ edit ] Coates Law of Maturity is a principle used in wine tasting relating to the aging ability of wine. Developed by the British Master of Wine , Clive Coates , the principle states that a wine will remain at its peak (or optimal) drinking quality for a duration of time that is equal to the time of maturation required to reach its optimal quality. During the evolution (aging) of a wine certain flavors, aromas and textures appear and fade. Rather than developing and fading in unison , these traits each operate on a unique evolutionary path and time line. The principle allows for the subjectivity of individual tastes because it follows the logic that positive traits that appeal to one particular wine taster will continue to persist along the principle's guideline while for another taster these traits might not be positive and therefore not applicable to the guideline. Wine expert Tom Stevenson has noted that there is logic in Coates' principle and that he has yet to encounter an anomaly or wine that debunks it. [13] Example [ edit ] An example of the principle in practice would be a wine that someone acquires when it is 9 years of age, but finds it dull. A year later the drinker finds this wine very pleasing in texture, aroma and mouthfeel. Under the Coates Law of Maturity the wine will continue to be drunk at an optimal maturation for that drinker until it has reached 20 years of age at which time those positive traits that the drinker perceives will start to fade. [13] Artificial aging [ edit ] There is a long history of using artificial means to try to accelerate the natural aging process. In Ancient Rome a smoke chamber known as a fumarium was used to enhance the flavor of wine through artificial aging. Amphorae were placed in the chamber, which was built on top of a heated hearth , in order to impart a smoky flavor in the wine that also seemed to sharpen the acidity. The wine would sometimes come out of the fumarium with a paler color just like aged wine. [14] Modern winemaking techniques like micro-oxygenation can have the side effect of artificially aging the wine. In the production of Madeira and rancio wines, the wines are deliberately exposed to excessive temperatures to accelerate the maturation of the wine. Other techniques used to artificially age wine (with inconclusive results on their effectiveness) include shaking the wine, exposing it to radiation , magnetism or ultra-sonic waves. [4] More recently, experiments with artificial aging through high-voltage electricity have produced results above the remaining techniques, as assessed by a panel of wine tasters . [15] Other artificial wine-aging gadgets include the \"Clef du Vin\", which is a metallic object that is dipped into wine and purportedly ages the wine one year for every second of dipping. The product has received mixed reviews from wine commentators. [16] See also [ edit ] Ullage (wine) Notes [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f R. Jackson \"Wine Science: Principles and Applications\" Third Edition pgs 431-489, 643-671 Academic Press 2008 ISBN 9780123736468 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g R. Boulton, V. Singleton, L. Bisson, R. Kunkee Principles and Practices of Winemaking pgs 382-424 Springer 1996 New York ISBN 978-1-4419-5190-8 ^ Jump up to: a b c Windows on the World Wine School: Frequently Asked Questions , Kevin Zraly: Q. Are all wines meant to be aged? KZ: No. It's a common misconception that all wines improve with age. In fact, more than 90 percent of all the wines made in the world are meant to be consumed within one year, and less than 1 percent of the world's wines are meant to be aged for more than 5 years. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k J. Robinson (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Wine , Third Edition, pg. 5–7. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-860990-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i J. Robinson Jancis Robinson's Wine Course Third Edition pg 39–41 Abbeville Press 2003 ISBN 0-7892-0883-0 Jump up ^ Vintage Champagne , Giles Fallowfield, Square Meal Magazine Spring 2006 Jump up ^ McInerney, Jay (October 1, 2011). \"The 1996 Champagnes: Great, but Just How Great?\" . Jump up ^ \"Old Champagne\" . rarewineco.com . Retrieved 2015-10-28 . Jump up ^ Julian Joyce (20 March 2009). \"World's oldest champagne opened\" . BBC News Online . Jump up ^ \"Deciphering the differences between kits\" . 2009 . Retrieved 2015-10-28 . Jump up ^ Parker, Robert (October 7, 2008). \"Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide\" (7 ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-7199-8 . ^ Jump up to: a b K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 79–82 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1-56305-434-5 ^ Jump up to: a b T. Stevenson \"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia\" pg 631 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0-7566-1324-8 Jump up ^ Hugh Johnson, Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 72. Simon and Schuster 1989. Jump up ^ Stephanie Pain (17 December 2008). \"How to make cheap wine taste like a fine vintage\" . New Scientist (2687). Jump up ^ \"Clef du Vin: Best Wine Gadget Ever, Or Just Another Expensive One?\" . mattura.com . Retrieved 2015-10-28 . References [ edit ] Suriano, Matthew, \"A Fresh Reading for 'Aged Wine' in the Samaria Ostraca,\" Palestine Exploration Quarterly , 139,1 (2007), 27-33. External links [ edit ] Felicien Breton (2008). \"Storage conditions for keeping wine\" . Retrieved 2015-10-28 . Alexander J. Pandell, Ph. D (1996). \"How storage temperature affects the aging of wines\" . Retrieved 2015-10-28 . \"Deciphering the differences between kits\" . 2009 . Retrieved 2015-10-28 . [ show ] v t e Winemaking Harvest Late harvest wine Noble rot Vintage Pressing Deacidification Destemming Chaptalization Pigeage Wine press Fermentation Carbonic maceration Maceration Malolactic fermentation Sparkling wine production Sugars in wine Süssreserve Traditional method Yeast assimilable nitrogen Yeast in winemaking Aging Oak Solera Storage of wine Bottling Alternative wine closure Bung Clarification and stabilization of wine Cork Muselet Screw cap Ullage Wine bottle History Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Bordeaux Champagne Chianti French Middle East Oldest prehistoric winery Phoenicians Portuguese Rioja Sherry South African Wine press See also Glossary of viticulture terms Glossary of wine terms Glossary of winemaking terms Oenology Viticulture Wine Wine chemistry Wine glass [ show ] v t e Wines and winemaking [ show ] General Acids in wine Aging of wine Annual growth cycle of grapevines Aroma of wine Alternative wine closure Cork History Oak Oenology Screw cap Terroir Vineyard Viticulture Wine and food matching Wine fault Wine personalities Wine tasting Wine tasting descriptors [ show ] Styles and methods of production Red Rosé White Orange Sparkling Dessert Ice Straw Kosher Organic Biodynamic Table Fortified Aromatized [ show ] Grape varieties International White Chardonnay Chenin blanc Gewürztraminer Muscat Riesling Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Red Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Pinot noir Syrah / Shiraz Regional White Agh Shani Albariño Aligoté Arneis Assyrtiko Chinuri Furmint Garganega Glera Grüner Veltliner Kerner Khikhvi Krakhuna Krstač Manata Marsanne Mtsvani Müller-Thurgau Pinot blanc Pinot gris / Pinot grigio Ribolla Gialla Rkatsiteli Roussanne Shesh i Bardhë Silvaner Smederevka Tamjanika Tetra Torrontés Ugni blanc / Trebbiano Tsitska Tsolikouri Verdejo Verdicchio Vermentino Viognier Red Aglianico Aladasturi Aleksandrouli Alicante Bouschet Asuretuli Barbera Blaufränkisch Bobal Cabernet Franc Carignan Carménère Cinsaut Corvina Dolcetto Dzvelshava Frappato Gamay Gibrita Grenache / Garnacha Izabella Kadarka Lagrein Madrasa Malbec Mencía / Jaen Mujuretuli Mourvèdre / Monastrell / Mataro Nebbiolo Negroamaro Nero d'Avola Ojaleshi Petit Verdot Petite sirah / Durif Pinot Meunier Pinotage Plavac Mali Poulsard Prokupac Sagrantino Sangiovese Saperavi Shesh i Zi Tannat Tavkveri Tempranillo Touriga Nacional Trollinger Usakhelauri Vranac Zinfandel / Primitivo Zweigelt [ show ] Wine-producing countries and regions Australia New South Wales South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec Chile Aconcagua Atacama Central Valley Coquimbo Southern Chile Croatia Coastal wine region Continental wine region France Alsace Beaujolais Bordeaux Burgundy Champagne Jura Languedoc-Roussillon Loire Provence Rhône South West Georgia Abkhazia Imereti Kakheti Kartli Racha Germany Baden Franconia Mittelrhein Mosel Nahe Pfalz Rheingau Rheinhessen Hungary Balaton Duna Eger ~ Egri Bikavér Észak-Dunántúl Pannon Sopron Tokaj ~ Tokaji Italy Abruzzo Friuli-Venezia Giulia Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Veneto ~ Marsala Portugal Dão Douro Bairrada Port Vinho Verde ~ Madeira Romania Cotnari ~ Grasă de Cotnari Dealu Mare Huși ~ Busuioacă de Bohotin Jidvei Murfatlar Panciu Odobeşti Cotești Recaș Târnave Spain Catalonia Galicia Penedès ~ Sherry Priorat Ribera del Duero Rioja United States California Idaho New York Oregon Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Other Albania Argentina Austria Brazil Bulgaria China Crimea Cyprus Czech Republic Greece Israel Japan Jordan Lebanon Macedonia Moldova New Zealand Poland Russia Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Glossary Outline Drink portal Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aging_of_wine&oldid=807509625 \" Categories : Wine Wine chemistry Hidden categories: Articles containing French-language text Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Català Deutsch Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017, at 12:35. 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{ "text": "Concerto for Two Violins (Bach) - Wikipedia Concerto for Two Violins (Bach) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Concerto for Two Violins BWV 1043 by J. S. Bach Key D minor Composed 1717 ( 1717 ) –1723 Movements 3 Instrumental Two solo violins strings continuo Double Violin Concerto in D minor, BWV 1043 1. Vivace Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with David Perry and Roxana Pavel Goldstein (violins). For another version, see here . 2. Largo ma non tanto Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with David Perry and Roxana Pavel Goldstein (violins) 3. Allegro Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with David Perry and Roxana Pavel Goldstein (violins) Problems playing these files? See media help . The Concerto for Two Violins, Strings, and Continuo in D minor , BWV 1043, also known as the Double Violin Concerto , is perhaps one of the most famous works by J. S. Bach and considered among the best examples of the work of the late Baroque period. Bach may have written it between 1717 and 1723 when he was the Kapellmeister at the court of Anhalt-Köthen, Germany, [1] though the work's performance materials for the Ordinaire Concerten that Bach ran as the Director of the Collegium Musicum in Leipzig are dated c. 1730–31. [2] Later in 1739, in Leipzig , he created an arrangement for two harpsichords , transposed into C minor , BWV 1062 . [1] In addition to the two soloists, the concerto is scored for strings and basso continuo . The concerto is characterized by the subtle yet expressive relationship between the violins throughout the work. The musical structure of this piece uses fugal imitation and much counterpoint . The concerto comprises three movements : Vivace Largo ma non tanto Allegro References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Steinberg, M. The Concerto: A Listener's Guide , p. 17–19, Oxford (1998) ISBN 0-19-513931-3 Jump up ^ Wolff, C. Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician, p. 357., W.W. Norton (2000) ISBN 0-393-04825-X External links [ edit ] Concerto for Two Violins (Bach) at the Mutopia Project Double Violin Concerto : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Yehudi Menuhin and David Oistrakh playing it on YouTube (VIDEO) [2] Olga Kholodnaya and Marino Colina (VIDEO), performing in the Berliner Philharmonie ( Olga Show ) [ hide ] v t e Chamber music and orchestral works by, and transcriptions after, Johann Sebastian Bach Solo Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin, BWV 1001–1006 (Partita No. 1 , No. 2 , No. 3 ) Cello Suites, BWV 1007–1012 Partita for Solo Flute, BWV 1013 Ensemble Six Sonatas for Violin and Harpsichord, BWV 1014–1019 Sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord, BWV 1027–1029 Flute Sonatas: in B minor, BWV 1030 , in E ♭ major, BWV 1031 (doubtful), in A major, BWV 1032 , in C major, BWV 1033 (doubtful), in E minor, BWV 1034 , in E major, BWV 1035 Sonata for two flutes and continuo, BWV 1039 Canonic Trio Sonata, BWV 1040 Concertos Violin Concerto in A minor, BWV 1041 Violin Concerto in E major, BWV 1042 Concerto for Two Violins, BWV 1043 Triple Concerto , BWV 1044 Sinfonia for violin and orchestra, BWV 1045 Brandenburg Concertos , BWV 1046–1051 ( No. 5 ) Keyboard concertos, BWV 1052–1065 Suites Orchestral Suites, BWV 1066–1069 Orchestral Suite in G minor, BWV 1070 (doubtful) Fugal The Musical Offering , BWV 1079 The Art of Fugue , BWV 1080 ( discography ) Adaptations Air on the G String \" Alphabet \" \" Ave Maria \" Bach-Busoni Editions \" Everything's Gonna Be Alright \" Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring \" Lady Lynda \" \" They \" Albums Bach's Greatest Hits Back to Bach Jazz Sebastian Bach Switched-On Bach Switched-On Bach II List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach Authority control BNF : cb13909430b (data) This article about a concerto is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . v t e Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concerto_for_Two_Violins_(Bach)&oldid=807037781 \" Categories : Concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach Double violin concertos Compositions for string orchestra Compositions in D minor 1723 compositions Concerto stubs Hidden categories: Articles with hAudio microformats Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers All stub articles Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Occitan Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017, at 14:10. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Concerto for Two Violins (Bach)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Concerto_for_Two_Violins_(Bach)&amp;oldid=807037781" }

{ "text": "Love It or List It - Wikipedia Love It or List It From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Love It or List It Genre Reality renovations , upgrading Created by Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Directed by Various Starring Hilary Farr David Visentin Narrated by Jacqueline Hennessy Theme music composer Lou Pomanti Country of origin Canada United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 130 ( List of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Producer(s) Maria Armstrong Production location(s) Toronto, Ontario , Canada, Raleigh–Durham, North Carolina , United States Running time 44 minutes Production company(s) Big Coat Productions Release Original network W Network HGTV Original release September 8, 2008 – present External links Website Production website Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV , W Network , and on OWN Canada , and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise . The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario , Canada. The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8, 2008, and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States. In September 2014, the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina . [1] In September 2017, HGTV ordered 20 additional episodes of the program. The next season is to start airing in June 2018. [2] Contents 1 Format 2 Host and crew 3 Episodes 4 Franchise 5 International syndication 6 Reception 7 Controversy 8 References 9 External links Format [ edit ] This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (November 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula. A couple (usually, but not in all cases) presents their living situation in the current house that they own. In most episodes, the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house. Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple's home before meeting with them. The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given. At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show, both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple's desires are. Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project. David, meanwhile, is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget. Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners, often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes. Common issues for David, meanwhile, depend on the homeowners' desires; for instance, the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change, or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace. After Hilary's renovation is complete, the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish. After the tour, David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home's current market value following the renovations. He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home. After a moment to deliberate, Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners. They must choose to either Love It, meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations, or to List It, meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home. After they reveal their decision, the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David (who, if they decided to Love It, reacts with incredulity) before bidding them farewell. Host and crew [ edit ] Hosts Hilary Farr – Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto , Ontario. She has lived in Australia, England , California , and New York City . Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, New York and Toronto. When she first moved back to Toronto, she became the first designer to \"stage\" properties for sale. She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties. [3] David Visentin – David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited. He has been practicing since 1987. [4] Assistant Designer Desta Ostapyk (Canadian episodes) – Desta is a Toronto-based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design, and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry. She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV's hit series My Parents House . She soon became the Design Stylist for the show. [5] Contractors Eric Eremita (North Carolina episodes) – General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV's \"Love It or List It\" U.S. version, after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its \"Brother vs. Brother\" reality show. Eddie Richardson (Canadian episodes) – Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business. Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman. Fergus McLaren (Canadian episodes) – Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company, R-Mac Solutions, 10 years ago. Behind the Scenes Architect: Simon West Senior Production Coordinator: Linda Johnstone Construction Coordinator: David Violante Construction Assistants: Chris Blinn, Adam Dalgarno, Ahren Mrowietz, Dale George Design Coordinator: Kaaveh Shoman Episodes [ edit ] Main article: List of Love It or List It episodes Season Start date End date Episodes Hilary wins David wins 1 September 8, 2008 January 5, 2009 12 9 3 2 April 6, 2009 December 7, 2009 18 10 8 3 May 3, 2010 November 8, 2010 21 9 12 4 March 14, 2011 November 11, 2011 19 12 7 5 February 20, 2012 November 19, 2012 18 10 8 6 January 19, 2013 July 1, 2013 14 8 6 7 January 8, 2014 April 9, 2014 14 11 3 8 September 8, 2014 January 19, 2015 16 8 8 9 March 9, 2015 December 7, 2015 22 13 9 Total 154 90 64 Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay. Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home. Franchise [ edit ] Main article: Love It or List It (franchise) Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs. The first, [6] known as Love It or List It Vancouver (or Love it or List it Too in the US), was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot . The second spin-off, a British version known as Love It or List It UK , debuted in 2015, [7] is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer . The third spin off, Love It or List It Vacation Homes [8] debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke . A fourth spin off, Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin. [9] The fifth spin off, Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker. [10] International syndication [ edit ] Country / Region Name Television Network Dubbing / Subtitles Australia Love It or List It Lifestyle Home N/A Canada Love It or List It W Network N/A USA Love It or List It HGTV [11] N/A Spain Tu casa a juicio Divinity Spanish Brazil Ame-a ou Deixe-a Discovery Home & Health Portuguese Norway Bolighjelpen TV 2 (Norway) Norwegian Bulgaria Podnovi ili proday Fox Life (Bulgaria) Bulgarian Italy Prendere o lasciare Cielo dubbed in Italian Poland Pokochaj lub sprzedaj Vancouver WP lector |} Reception [ edit ] On August 31, 2010, Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards : Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series. When HGTV premiered the show on the network, the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson's Candice Tells All . [12] In 2012, New York Times' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's favorite TV show. [13] [14] According to Collins, Clinton finds the show \"very calming\" [15] after being interviewed about her departure from politics. [16] [17] [18] In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine, Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs. [19] Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail . [20] [21] According to the Wall Street Journal , the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada's beloved reality series. [22] Controversy [ edit ] In April 2016, homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV, as well as the North Carolina contractor (Aaron Fitz Construction) [23] who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home. The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed, and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality. [24] Moreover, the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process, and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent. Big Coat TV has commented that they \"do intend to vigorously defend what [they] consider to be false allegations.\" [25] The suit was settled in April 2017. [26] The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement. [27] Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel, slander and product disparagement; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat. After the agreements had been concluded, both suits were dismissed. [28] References [ edit ] Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatproductions.com/blog/post/love-it-or-list-it-is-on-the-move-to-the-us . Big Coat Productions. Retrieved 12 December 2014 Jump up ^ \"HGTV Orders 20 New Episodes of Hit Series 'Love It or List It' | Scripps Networks Interactive Newsroom\" . newsroom.scrippsnetworksinteractive.com . Retrieved 2018-01-02 . Jump up ^ Host Bios; Hilary Farr \"Archived copy\" . Archived from the original on July 18, 2011 . Retrieved June 10, 2011 . Jump up ^ Host Bios; David Visentin \"Archived copy\" . Archived from the original on July 18, 2011 . Retrieved June 10, 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Big Coat Productions\" . Big Coat Productions. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013 . Retrieved March 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ Love it or List it launches new spin off Jump up ^ \"Kirstie and Phil's Love It or List It will return for a second series:Channel 4 orders six more episodes of the show to air in 2016\" . Digital Spy . 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatmedia.com/ Jump up ^ http://www.hgtv.ca/tags/love-it-or-list-it-vacation-homes/ Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/i-fear-pineapples-are-very-much-the-new-owls-love-it-or-list-it-hosts-kiss-and-tell-on-renos/news-story/935d73b586c68943a6a455f02354bef9 Jump up ^ Vlessing, Etan (November 28, 2011). \"HGTV Acquires Canadian Lifestyle Series 'Love It Or List It ' \" . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ W Network's Top Rated Show; http://corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=2323 Jump up ^ Maga, Carly (March 29, 2012). \"Hillary Clinton's favorite show is Canada's 'Love It Or List It ' \" . Ca.omg.yahoo.com . Retrieved March 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller, Julie. \"Hillary Clinton's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed\" . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Vanity Fair: Hillary Clinton's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed\" . Huffingtonpost.com. November 13, 2012 . Retrieved March 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Hillary Clinton likes 'Love It or List It ' \" . Politico.Com . Retrieved March 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Love it or list it News, Video and Gossip\" . Jezebel. November 11, 2012 . Retrieved March 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins, Gail (November 10, 2012). \"Hillary's Next Move\" . The New York Times . Jump up ^ \"Q&A WITH VANNA WHITE\" . Las Vegas Magazine. September 13, 2013. Jump up ^ Daily Mail . London http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-2376232/Julianne-Moore-My-50s-important-years.html . Missing or empty |title= ( help ) Jump up ^ \"Julianne Moore Opens Up About Her Family\" . KatieCouric.com . Retrieved August 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"W Network Announces Return of Home-grown Favourites in Fall 2013 Lineup\" . The Wall Street Journal . July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html Jump up ^ CNN, Lisa Respers France. \" ' Love It or List It' homeowners file suit\" . CNN . Retrieved 2016-05-03 . Jump up ^ \" ' Love It Or List It' homeowners sue over Raleigh renovation\" . miamiherald . Retrieved 2016-05-03 . Jump up ^ \" \" Raleigh property owners settle lawsuit with 'Love It or List It'\"\" . News & Observer . Retrieved 2017-11-26 . Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article150134792.html Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html External links [ edit ] Love It or List It on HGTV Love It or List It on W Network Love It or List It at the Internet Movie Database hide v t e Love It or List It franchise Love It or List It Hosts Hilary Farr David Visentin Other Episodes Love It or List It Vancouver Hosts Jillian Harris Todd Talbot Love It or List It UK Hosts Kirstie Allsopp Phil Spencer Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_It_or_List_It&oldid=856317714 \" Categories : Love It or List It 2008 Canadian television series debuts 2000s Canadian reality television series Television series produced in Toronto 2010s Canadian reality television series Hidden categories: Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018, at 11:05 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Love It or List It", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Love_It_or_List_It&amp;oldid=856317714" }

{ "text": "Baton (conducting) - Wikipedia Baton (conducting) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Stamp from Deutsche Post AG from 1998 A baton is a stick that is used by conductors primarily to enlarge and enhance the manual and bodily movements associated with directing an ensemble of musicians. Contents [ hide ] 1 Description 2 Usage 3 History 3.1 Ancient history 3.2 16th–18th centuries 3.3 19th century 3.4 Jazz batons 4 References 5 External links Description [ edit ] Modern batons are generally made of a lightweight wood, fiberglass or carbon fiber which is tapered to a comfortable grip called a \"bulb\" that is usually made of cork, oak, walnut, rosewood, or occasionally aluminum and that may be tailored to a conductor's needs. Professional conductors often have personal specifications for a baton based on their own physical demands and the nature of the performance: Sir Henry Wood and Herbert von Karajan are some examples. [1] Historic examples of their construction include one given to the French composer Louis-Antoine Jullien in the mid 1850s prior to his first visit to the United States: it is described as \"a gorgeous baton made of maplewood, richly mounted in gold and set with costly diamonds.\" [2] Batons used by Arturo Toscanini , on display at a Smithsonian museum. Batons have normally varied in length from about 10 to 24 inches (250 to 610 mm) though a range of between 12 and 26 inches (300 and 660 mm) is more commonly used; Henry Wood once requested the use of a 24-inch baton. [3] When Gaspare Spontini arrived in Dresden in 1844, Wagner had a baton made from a thick ebony staff with ivory knobs at either end. Spontini purportedly held the baton in the center with a fist, using it like a marshall's staf—not for beating time but rather for commanding the opera. [4] Usage [ edit ] Igor Stravinsky conducting with a baton (1929). Conductors view their gestures as the primary means to communicate musical ideas, whether or not they choose to use batons. Leonard Bernstein is quoted as saying, \"If one [the conductor] uses a baton, the baton itself must be a living thing, charged with a kind of electricity, which makes it an instrument of meaning in its tiniest movement.\" [ citation needed ] The usual way of holding the baton is between the thumb and the first two fingers with the grip in against the palm of the hand. The baton is usually held in the right hand though some left-handed conductors hold it in the left. Young left-handed conductors are, however, sometimes encouraged to learn right-handed conducting. [5] Some conductors like Pierre Boulez , Georges Prêtre , Leopold Stokowski and Dimitri Mitropoulos , however, choose not to hold a baton, preferring to conduct only with their hands. This method is common with smaller groups and choral conductors. [3] If the conductor does not use a baton, their hands must do the job with equal clarity, and the gestures must be first and always meaningful in terms of the music. [6] According to Gustav Meier , most conductors use a baton to \"increase the visibility of the beat information\". [7] History [ edit ] John Philip Sousa conducting with a baton (1911). Before the use of the baton, orchestral ensembles were conducted from the harpsichord or the first violin lead. Conductors first began to use violin bows or rolled pieces of paper before the modern baton was introduced. Ancient history [ edit ] The first reported use of the conducting staff in a performance dates back to 709 BCE, during which the leader, \"Pherekydes of Patrae , giver of rhythm\" had, ...stationed himself in the centre and had placed himself on a high seat, waving a golden staff, and the players on the flute and cythara were...placed in a circle around him...now when Pherekydes with his golden staff gave the signal, all the art-experienced men began in one and the same time... [8] 16th–18th centuries [ edit ] J. B. Lully by Paul Mignard On 8 January 1687, Jean-Baptiste Lully was conducting a Te Deum to celebrate Louis XIV of France 's recent recovery from illness. As was the common practice, he was beating time by banging a long staff (a precursor to the baton; the French word bâton actually meaning \"staff\") against the floor when he struck his toe, creating an abscess . The wound turned gangrenous , but Lully refused to have his toe amputated and the infection spread, resulting in his death on 22 March. 19th century [ edit ] The baton began to gain in popularity between 1820 and 1840. The first batons were narrow and conical wooden wands that had an engraving of three rings near the bottom that indicated the handle. The Hallé Orchestra reported that Daniel Turk used a baton in 1810, with motions so exuberant that he occasionally hit the chandelier above his head and showered himself with glass. [9] Louis Spohr claimed to have introduced the baton to England on 10 April 1820, while conducting his second symphony with the Philharmonic Society in London . Witnesses noted that the conductor \"sits there and turns over the leaves of the score but after all, he cannot, without ... his baton, lead on his musical army\". [10] It is more likely that he used his baton in rehearsal than in concert. It was 1825 when George Smart reported that he sometimes 'beat time in front with a short stick'. [11] When Felix Mendelssohn returned to London in 1832, despite objections from violin leaders, he was encouraged to go on with his baton. [12] Despite the initial disagreement, the baton was in regular use at the Philharmonic a year later. Jazz batons [ edit ] In the early 1940s, while big band jazz music was on the rise, the use of a conductor became paramount to the success of the ensemble. To accommodate this, these conductors started using specialized \"jazz batons.\" These specialized batons were slightly shorter than standard batons, ranging from 6 to 9 inches in length. Several famous jazz conductors that used these specific batons include Quincy Jones, Gunther Schuller and Richard Rogers. Although they are rarely used today, many accomplished jazz conductors use them during ballads. References [ edit ] Jump up ^ José Antonio Bowen et al., The Cambridge Companion to Conducting (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003) pp. 3–4 Jump up ^ Nancy Newman (2010), Good Music for a Free People: The Germania Musical Society in Nineteenth-century America , University Rochester, p. 279, ISBN 978-1-58046-345-4 ^ Jump up to: a b José Antonio Bowen et al., The Cambridge Companion to Conducting (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003) Jump up ^ José Antonio Bowen; et al. (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Conducting . Cambridge University. p. 104. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael Miller (4 October 2005), The Complete Idiot's Guide to Conducting Music , DK, p. 97, ISBN 978-1-101-58875-8 Jump up ^ Leonard Bernstein, The Art of Conducting in The Joy of Music (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1960) p. 150 Jump up ^ 1929-2016, Meier, Gustav (2009). The score, the orchestra, and the conductor . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780195326369 . OCLC 707922727 . Jump up ^ Professor Murchard, [?] \"Discovery of Ancient Greek Tablets Relevant to Music,\" Harmonicon 3, (April–May 1825): 56, 76 Jump up ^ Charles Hallé, The Autobiography of Charles Hallé with Correspondence and Diaries ed. Michael Kennedy (London: Paul Elek Books, 1972) p. 116 Jump up ^ Ignaz Moscheles, The Life of Moscheles with Selections from his Diaries and Correspondence tr. A.D. Coleridge (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1873) vol. 1 p. 76 Jump up ^ H. Bertram Cox et al., Leaves from the Journals of Sir George Smart (London: Longmans Green and Co., 1907) p. 212 Jump up ^ John Ella (1802–1888), supplement to 'Musical Union Record' (London) June 11, 1867. Family papers, pedigrees and early pictures of this musician are held at the Record Office in Leicester, archive collection MISC1260 and MISC1294, also DE6612 and at The East Riding of Yorkshire Archives in Beverley, collection DDX551. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baton (conducting) . [ hide ] v t e Conducting and directing Bandleader Bandmaster Concertmaster Conductor ( baton ) Director Kapellmeister Maestro Prompter Répétiteur Cheironomy Conductorless orchestra Articulation Beat / Meter Cadence / Resolution Cue Dynamics Phrasing Tempo Black conductors Women conductors List of principal conductors by orchestra Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baton_(conducting)&oldid=835789232 \" Categories : Musical instrument parts and accessories Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018, at 19:45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Baton (conducting)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Baton_(conducting)&amp;oldid=835789232" }

{ "text": "The Longest Day (film) - Wikipedia The Longest Day (film) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see The Longest Day . The Longest Day Original movie poster Directed by Ken Annakin (British & French exteriors) Andrew Marton (American exteriors) Bernhard Wicki (German episodes) Gerd Oswald (Parachuting Scenes, uncredited) Darryl F. Zanuck (uncredited) Produced by Darryl F. Zanuck Screenplay by Cornelius Ryan Romain Gary James Jones David Pursall Jack Seddon Based on The Longest Day by Cornelius Ryan Starring John Wayne Henry Fonda Robert Mitchum Sean Connery Eddie Albert Curd Jürgens Richard Todd Richard Burton Peter Lawford Rod Steiger Irina Demick Gert Fröbe Edmond O'Brien Kenneth More Music by Maurice Jarre (score) Paul Anka (theme) Cinematography Jean Bourgoin Walter Wottitz Edited by Samuel E. Beetley Production company Darryl F. Zanuck Productions, Inc. Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date September 25, 1962 ( 1962-09-25 ) (France, U.S.) October 4, 1962 ( 1962-10-04 ) (Canada) October 23, 1962 ( 1962-10-23 ) (Germany, Mexico, UK) Running time 178 minutes Country United States Language English German French Budget $7.75 million [1] Box office $50,100,000 [2] Stuart Whitman Richard Burton The Longest Day is a 1962 epic war film based on Cornelius Ryan 's 1959 book The Longest Day (1959), [3] about the D-Day landings at Normandy on June 6, 1944, during World War II . The film was produced by Darryl F. Zanuck , who paid author Ryan $175,000 for the film rights. [4] The screenplay was by Ryan, with additional material written by Romain Gary , James Jones , David Pursall and Jack Seddon. It was directed by Ken Annakin (British and French exteriors), Andrew Marton (American exteriors), and Bernhard Wicki (German scenes). The Longest Day , which was made in black and white, features a large ensemble cast including John Wayne , Kenneth More , Richard Todd , Robert Mitchum , Richard Burton , Steve Forrest , Sean Connery , Henry Fonda , Red Buttons , Peter Lawford , Eddie Albert , Jeffrey Hunter , Stuart Whitman , Tom Tryon , Rod Steiger , Leo Genn , Gert Fröbe , Irina Demick , Bourvil , Curt Jürgens , George Segal , Robert Wagner , Paul Anka and Arletty . Many of these actors played roles that were essentially cameo appearances . In addition, several cast members – including Fonda, Genn, More, Steiger and Todd – saw action as servicemen during the war; Todd was among the first British officers to land in Normandy in Operation Overlord , and he participated in the assault on Pegasus Bridge . The film employed several Axis and Allied military consultants who had been actual participants on D-Day. Many had their roles re-enacted in the film. These included Günther Blumentritt (a former German general), James M. Gavin (an American general), Frederick Morgan (Deputy Chief of Staff at SHAEF ), John Howard (who led the airborne assault on the Pegasus Bridge ), Lord Lovat (who commanded the 1st Special Service Brigade), Philippe Kieffer (who led his men in the assault on Ouistreham ), Marie-Pierre Kœnig (who commanded the Free French Forces in the invasion), Max Pemsel (a German general), Werner Pluskat (the major who was the first German officer to see the invasion fleet), Josef \"Pips\" Priller (the hot-headed pilot) and Lucie Rommel (widow of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel ). A colorized version of this film was released on VHS in 1994, the 50th anniversary of the invasion. The movie won two Academy Awards and was nominated for three others. Contents [ hide ] 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 American 2.2 British 2.3 Canadian 2.4 French 2.5 German 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Casting 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 6.3 Bibliography 7 External links Plot [ edit ] The movie is filmed in the style of a docudrama. Beginning in the days leading up to D-Day, it concentrates on events on both sides of the channel, such as the Allies waiting for the break in the poor weather and anticipating the reaction of the Axis forces defending northern France. The film pays particular attention to the decision by Gen. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of SHAEF , to go after reviewing the initial bad-weather reports as well as reports about the divisions within the German High Command as to where an invasion might happen or what the response to it should be. Numerous scenes document the early hours of June 6 when Allied airborne troops were sent in to take key locations inland from the beaches. The French resistance is also shown reacting to the news that an invasion has started. The Longest Day chronicles most of the important events surrounding D-Day, from the British glider missions to secure Pegasus Bridge , the counterattacks launched by American paratroopers scattered around Sainte-Mère-Église , the infiltration and sabotage work conducted by the French resistance and SOE agents to the response by the Wehrmacht to the invasion and the uncertainty of German commanders as to whether it was a feint in preparation for crossings at the Pas de Calais (see Operation Fortitude ), where the senior German staff had always assumed it would be. Set-piece scenes include the parachute drop into Sainte-Mère-Église, the advance inshore from the Normandy beaches, the U.S. Ranger Assault Group 's assault on the Pointe du Hoc , the attack on Ouistreham by Free French Forces and the strafing of the beaches by two lone Luftwaffe pilots. The film concludes with a montage showing various Allied units consolidating their beachheads before they advance inland to reach Germany by crossing France. Cast [ edit ] American [ edit ] Actor Role Eddie Albert Colonel Thompson, 29th Infantry Division Paul Anka Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion Richard Beymer Private Arthur 'Dutch' Schultz, 82nd Airborne Division Red Buttons Private John Steele , 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Gary Collins Officer on destroyer bridge (uncredited) John Crawford Colonel Eugene Caffey, Commander, 1st Engineer Special Brigade (uncredited) Mark Damon Private Harris (uncredited) Ray Danton Captain Frank, 29th Infantry Division Fred Dur Major, 2nd Ranger Battalion Fabian Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion Mel Ferrer Major General Robert Haines, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) Henry Fonda Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. , Assistant Commander, 4th Infantry Division Steve Forrest Captain Harding, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Henry Grace (dubbed by Allen Swift ) General Dwight D. Eisenhower , Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Forces (uncredited) Peter Helm Young private, 29th Infantry Division Jeffrey Hunter Sergeant John H. Fuller, combat engineer, 29th Infantry Division Alexander Knox Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith , Chief of Staff, SHAEF Mickey Knox Downed Airman , (uncredited) Dewey Martin Private Wilder, 4th Infantry Division (scenes deleted) Roddy McDowall Private Morris, 4th Infantry Division John Meillon Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk , Commander, U.S. Naval Forces (uncredited) Sal Mineo Private Martini, 82nd Airborne Division Robert Mitchum Brigadier General Norman Cota , Assistant Commander, 29th Infantry Division Tony Mordente Cook, 82nd Airborne Division (uncredited) Bill Nagy Major, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Edmond O'Brien Major General Raymond O. Barton , Commander, 4th Infantry Division Ron Randell Joe Williams, war correspondent Robert Ryan Brigadier General James M. Gavin , Assistant Commander, 82nd Airborne Division Tommy Sands Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion George Segal Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion Bob Steele Paratrooper, 82nd Airborne Division (uncredited) Rod Steiger Destroyer commander, United States Navy Nicholas Stuart Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley , Commander, First Army (uncredited) Tom Tryon Lieutenant Wilson, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Robert Wagner Private, 2nd Ranger Battalion Joe Warfield Army medic (uncredited) John Wayne Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin H. Vandervoort , CO, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Stuart Whitman Lieutenant Sheen, 2nd Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment British [ edit ] Actor Role Patrick Barr Group Captain J. M. Stagg , meteorologist (uncredited) Lyndon Brook Lieutenant Walsh, \"D\" Company, 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (uncredited) Richard Burton Flying Officer David Campbell, Royal Air Force fighter pilot Bryan Coleman Ronald Callen, war correspondent (uncredited) Sean Connery Private Flanagan, 3rd Infantry Division Richard Dawson British soldier (uncredited) Jack Hedley 6th Airborne Division briefing officer (uncredited) Leslie de Laspee Piper Bill Millin , 1st Special Service Brigade (uncredited) Frank Finlay Private Coke (uncredited) Harry Fowler Soldier, 6th Airborne Division (uncredited) Bernard Fox Lance-Corporal Hutchinson, Royal Armoured Corps (uncredited) Leo Genn Major-general at SHAEF Harold Goodwin Soldier in glider (uncredited) John Gregson Padre , 6th Airborne Division Walter Horsbrugh Rear-Admiral George Creasy , Chief of Staff to Admiral Ramsay (uncredited) Donald Houston RAF fighter pilot in mess Patrick Jordan British officer (uncredited) Simon Lack Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory , Commander-in-Chief, Allied Expeditionary Air Force (uncredited) Harry Landis British soldier (uncredited) Peter Lawford Brigadier Lord Lovat , Commander, 1st Special Service Brigade Victor Maddern Cook (uncredited) Howard Marion-Crawford Major Jacob Vaughan, Medical Officer, 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (uncredited) Michael Medwin Private Watney, Universal Carrier driver, 3rd Infantry Division Kenneth More Acting Captain Colin Maud , Royal Navy Beachmaster, Juno Beach Louis Mounier Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder , Deputy Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Forces (uncredited) Leslie Phillips RAF officer with French Resistance Siân Phillips Wren assistant to Stagg (uncredited) Trevor Reid General Sir Bernard Montgomery , Commander-in-Chief, Allied Armies (uncredited) John Robinson Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay , Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief (uncredited) Norman Rossington Lance-Corporal Clough, 3rd Infantry Division Richard Todd Major John Howard , OC, \"D\" Company, 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry Richard Wattis Major, 6th Airborne Division Canadian [ edit ] Actor Role Neil McCallum Canadian medical officer (uncredited) French [ edit ] Actor Role Arletty Madame Barrault, resident of Sainte-Mère-Église Jean-Louis Barrault Father Louis Roulland, parish priest of Sainte-Mère-Église Yves Barsacq French Resistance man, Caen (uncredited) André Bourvil Alphonse Lenaux, Mayor of Colleville-sur-Mer Pauline Carton Louis's housekeeper Jean Champion French Resistance man, Caen (uncredited) Irina Demick Janine Boitard, French Resistance, Caen Bernard Fresson Fusilier Marin Commando (uncredited) Clément Harari Arrested man (uncredited) Fernand Ledoux Louis, elderly farmer Christian Marquand Capitaine de Corvette Philippe Kieffer , CO, 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos Maurice Poli Jean, French Resistance, Caen (uncredited) Madeleine Renaud Mother superior in Ouistreham Georges Rivière Second-Maître Guy de Montlaur , 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos Jean Servais Contre-amiral Robert Jaujard , Commander, 4th Cruiser Division, Free French Naval Forces Alice Tissot Lenaux's housekeeper (uncredited) Georges Wilson Alexandre Renaud, Mayor of Sainte-Mère-Église Dominique Zardi Spitfire pilot (uncredited) German [ edit ] Actor Role Hans Christian Blech Major Werner Pluskat , 352nd Artillery Regiment, 352nd Infantry Division Wolfgang Büttner Generalleutnant Dr. Hans Speidel , Chief of Staff, Army Group B Eugene Deckers German Major in church (uncredited) Robert Freitag Meyer's aide (uncredited) Gert Fröbe Unteroffizier \"Kaffeekanne\" (\"coffee pot\") Walter Gotell SS General (uncredited) Paul Hartmann Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt , Commander, OB West Ruth Hausmeister Lucie Rommel, Rommel's wife (uncredited) Michael Hinz Manfred Rommel , Rommel's son (uncredited) Werner Hinz Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel , Commander, Army Group B Karl John Generalleutnant Wolfgang Häger, Luftwaffe Kommando West Curt Jürgens General der Infanterie Günther Blumentritt , Chief of Staff, OB West Til Kiwe Hauptmann Helmuth Lang, ADC to Rommel (uncredited) Wolfgang Lukschy Generaloberst Alfred Jodl , Chief of Operations, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (uncredited) Kurt Meisel Hauptmann Ernst Düring (uncredited) Richard Münch General der Artillerie Erich Marcks , Commander, LXXXIV Army Corps Rainer Penkert Leutnant Fritz Theen, 352nd Artillery Regiment, 352nd Infantry Division (uncredited) Wolfgang Preiss Generalleutnant Max Pemsel , Chief of Staff, 7th Army Hartmut Reck Oberfeldwebel Bernhard Bergsdorf, pilot, Jagdgeschwader 26 (uncredited) Heinz Reincke Oberstleutnant Josef Priller , Kommodore, Jagdgeschwader 26 (uncredited) Paul Edwin Roth Oberst Schiller (uncredited) Dietmar Schönherr Häger's aide (uncredited) Ernst Schröder Generaloberst Hans von Salmuth , Commander, 15th Army (uncredited) Hans Söhnker Pemsel's staff officer (uncredited) Heinz Spitzner Oberstleutnant Helmuth Meyer, Chief of Intelligence, 15th Army (uncredited) Peter van Eyck Oberstleutnant Ocker, Commander, 352nd Artillery Regiment, 352nd Infantry Division Vicco von Bülow Pemsel's adjutant (uncredited) Production [ edit ] Development [ edit ] French producer Raoul Lévy signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to purchase the filming rights to Cornelius Ryan 's book The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 D-Day on March 23, 1960. After finishing The Truth , Lévy set up a deal with the Associated British Picture Corporation and got director Michael Anderson attached. Ryan would receive $100,000, plus $35,000 to write the adaptation's screenplay. Lévy intended to start production in March 1961, filming at Elstree Studios and the English and French coasts. But the project went into a halt once ABPC could not get the $6 million budget Lévy expected. Eventually former 20th Century Fox mogul Darryl F. Zanuck learned about the book while producing The Big Gamble , and in December purchased Lévy's option for $175,000. [5] Zanuck's editor friend Elmo Williams wrote a film treatment , which piqued the producer's interest and made him attach Williams to The Longest Day as associate producer and coordinator of battle episodes. Ryan was brought in to write the script, but had conflicts with Zanuck as soon as the two met. Williams was forced to act as a mediator; he would deliver Ryan's script pages to Zanuck, then return them with the latter's annotations. [6] While Ryan developed the script, Zanuck also brought in other writers for cleanups, including James Jones and Romain Gary . As their contributions to the finished screenplay were relatively minor, Ryan managed to get the screenplay credit after an appeal to the Writers Guild arbitration , [7] but the four other writers are credited for \"additional scenes\" in the closing credits. During pre-production, producer Frank McCarthy , who had worked for the United States Department of War during World War II, arranged for military collaboration with the governments of France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Zanuck also realized that with eight battle scenes, shooting would be accomplished more expediently if multiple directors and units worked simultaneously. He contracted with German directors Gerd Oswald and Bernhard Wicki , the British Ken Annakin , and the American Andrew Marton . [8] Zanuck's son Richard D. Zanuck was reluctant about the project, particularly the high budget. [9] Filming [ edit ] The film was shot at several French locations including the Île de Ré , Saleccia beach in Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse , Port-en-Bessin-Huppain filling in for Ouistreham , Les Studios de Boulogne in Boulogne-Billancourt and the actual locations of Pegasus Bridge near Bénouville, Calvados , Sainte-Mère-Église and Pointe du Hoc . [10] During the filming of the landings at Omaha Beach, the extras appearing as American soldiers did not want to jump off the landing craft into the water because they thought it would be too cold. Robert Mitchum , who played Gen. Norman Cota , became disgusted with their trepidation. He jumped in first, at which point the extras followed his example. The Rupert paradummies used in the film were far more elaborate and lifelike than those actually used in the decoy parachute drop ( Operation Titanic ), which were simply canvas or burlap sacks filled with sand. The dummies dressed in American jumpsuits were used in filming the Sainte-Mère-Église sequence. [10] In the real operation, six Special Air Service soldiers jumped with the dummies and played recordings of loud battle noises to distract the Germans. With a budget of $10,000,000, this was the most expensive black-and-white film made until 1993, when Schindler's List was released. [4] In the scenes where the paratroopers land, the background noise of frogs croaking \"ribbit ribbit\" was incorrect for northern French frog species and showed that the film probably used an American recording of background night noises. Darryl Zanuck hired several former military personnel to aid in direction. The director of American exteriors was Andrew Marton , director of British exteriors was Ken Annakin , director of German exteriors was Bernhard Wicki . This was to ensure the most authentic military procedures. Colin Maud loaned Kenneth More the shillelagh he carried ashore in the actual invasion (More had served as an officer in the Royal Navy during World War II, albeit not as a Beachmaster); similarly Richard Todd wore the D-Day helmet worn by his character, Maj. John Howard . In the film, three Free French Special Air Service paratroopers jump into France before British and American airborne landings. This is accurate. Thirty-six Free French SAS (4 sticks) jumped into Brittany ( Plumelec and Duault ) on June 5 at 23:30, ( operation Dingson ). The first Allied soldiers killed in action were Lt. Den Brotheridge of the 2nd Ox & Bucks Light Infantry as he crossed Pegasus Bridge at 00:22 on June 6 and Corporal Emile Bouétard of the 4th Free French SAS battalion, at the same time in Plumelec, Brittany . The United States Sixth Fleet extensively supported the filming and made available many amphibious landing ships and craft for scenes filmed in Corsica, though many of the ships were of (then) modern vintage. The Springfield and Little Rock , both World War II light cruisers (though extensively reconfigured into guided missile cruisers ) were used in the shore bombardment scenes, though it was easy to tell they did not resemble their wartime configuration. Gerd Oswald was the uncredited director of the parachute drop scenes into Sainte-Mère-Église. Darryl F. Zanuck said that he himself directed some uncredited pick-ups with American and British interiors. [11] Elmo Williams was credited as associate producer and coordinator of battle episodes. He later produced another historical World War II film, Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970), for Zanuck. Like The Longest Day , it used a docudrama style, although it was in color. It depicted the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Casting [ edit ] John Wayne in The Longest Day Charlton Heston actively sought the role of Lt. Col. Benjamin H. Vandervoort , but the last-minute decision of John Wayne to take the role prevented Heston's participation. At 55 Wayne was 28 years older than Vandervoort at the time of action (and 10 years older in real life). While everyone else accepted $25,000 as payment, Wayne insisted on $250,000 to punish producer Zanuck for referring to him as \"poor John Wayne\" regarding Wayne's problems with his lavish movie The Alamo . [12] Zanuck hired more than 2,000 legitimate soldiers for the film as extras. Sgt. Kaffeekanne (played by Gert Fröbe )'s name is German for \"coffee pot\", which he always carries. It is a common misconception that Bill Millin , the piper who accompanies Lord Lovat to Normandy with his bagpipes , played himself in the film. He was actually portrayed by Pipe Major Leslie de Laspee, the official piper to the Queen Mother in 1961. [13] [14] In Sainte-Mère-Église , Pvt. John Steele from the 82nd Airborne (played by Red Buttons ) has been memorialised by the local population with a dummy hanging from a parachute from the church tower on which he accidentally landed. Richard Todd , who played Maj. John Howard , leader of the British airborne assault on the Pegasus Bridge , took part in the real bridge assault on D-Day . He was offered the chance to play himself but took the part of Maj. Howard instead. Joseph Lowe landed on Omaha Beach and scaled the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc on D-Day . He repeated the climb for the cameras 17 years later as a serving member of the 505th Airborne Battle Group who provided US Army film extras . Former US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was considered for the role of himself in the film, and he indicated his willingness. However, it was decided that makeup artists couldn't make him appear young enough to play his World War II self. The role of Gen. Eisenhower went to Henry Grace , a set decorator with no acting experience but who had been in the film industry since the mid-1930s. He was a dead ringer for the younger Eisenhower, though his voice differed. The film marked the last film appearance of Sean Connery before he was cast in the role of James Bond . Gert Fröbe (Sgt. Kaffeekanne) and Curd Jürgens (Gen. Günther Blumentritt ) would later go on to play Bond villains Auric Goldfinger ( Goldfinger (1964) ) and Karl Stromberg ( The Spy Who Loved Me ) respectively. Connery would later play Maj. Gen. Roy Urquhart in the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far , which was also based on a book by Cornelius Ryan. (Likewise Wolfgang Preiss played Maj. Gen. Max Pemsel in The Longest Day and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt in A Bridge Too Far .) Mel Ferrer was originally signed to play the role of Gen. James M. Gavin but withdrew from the role due to a scheduling conflict. [10] According to the 2001 documentary Cleopatra : The Film That Changed Hollywood , Richard Burton and Roddy McDowall were so bored having not been used for several weeks while filming in Rome that they phoned Zanuck begging to do \"anything\" on his film. They flew themselves to the location and each did a day's filming for their cameo-performances for free. Release [ edit ] The film premièred in France on September 25, 1962, followed by the United States on October 4 and 23 for the United Kingdom. Given Fox was suffering with the financial losses of Cleopatra , the studio was intending for The Longest Day to have a wide release to reap quick profits. Zanuck forced them to do a proper Roadshow theatrical release , even threatening to sell distribution to Warner Bros. if Fox had refused to do so. [15] The Longest Day eventually became the box office hit Fox needed, with $30 million in worldwide rentals on a $7.5 million budget. [1] There were special-release showings of the film in several United States cities. Participants in D-Day were invited to see the film with their fellow soldiers—in Cleveland, Ohio, this took place at the Hippodrome Theater. [ citation needed ] Unique for British- and American-produced World War II films of the time, all French and German characters speak in their own languages with subtitles in English. Another version, which was shot simultaneously, has all the actors speaking their lines in English (this version was used for the film's trailer , as all the Germans deliver their lines in English). However, this version saw limited use during the initial release. It was used more extensively during a late 1960s re-release of the film. [ citation needed ] The Longest Day was released on DVD on November 6, 2001. [16] Reception [ edit ] Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref. 1963 Academy Award Best Art Direction Ted Haworth , Léon Barsacq , Vincent Korda and Gabriel Béchir Nominated [17] Best Cinematography Jean Bourgoin and Walter Wottitz Won Best Editing Samuel E. Beetley Nominated Best Picture Darryl F. Zanuck Nominated Best Special Effects Robert MacDonald and Jacques Maumont Won Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture – Drama Darryl F. Zanuck Nominated [18] Best Cinematography - Black and White Henri Persin, Walter Wottitz, and Jean Bourgoin Won Eddie Awards 1 Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic Samuel E. Beetley Won [19] David di Donatello Best Foreign Production Darryl F. Zanuck Won [20] Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing – Feature Film Ken Annakin , Andrew Marton , and Bernhard Wicki Nominated [21] References [ edit ] Notes [ edit ] ^ The Eddie Awards are not archived. The website refers people to IMDb. Citations [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Solomon, Aubrey (1989). Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series) . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1 . Jump up ^ \"The Longest Day – Box Office Data\" . The Numbers . 2015 . Retrieved April 5, 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan, Cornelius (1959). The Longest Day (1st ed.). New York City : Simon & Schuster . ASIN B002YJG2WU . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Operation Overblown\". TIME . October 19, 1962. |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) Jump up ^ Rubin 1981 , p. 91. Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 138-40. Jump up ^ Lev 2013 , p. 234. Jump up ^ Rubin 1981 , p. 93. Jump up ^ Gussow 1971 , p. 198-9. ^ Jump up to: a b c \"Notre jour le plus long\" [Our longest day]. La Presse de la Manche . Cherbourg, France. 2012. Jump up ^ \"The Longest Day\" . American Film Institute . 2015 . Retrieved April 5, 2015 . Jump up ^ Wills, Garry (1997). John Wayne's America: The Politics of Celebrity . Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-80823-9 . Jump up ^ \"Piper Bill Millin\" . The Pegasus Archive . Retrieved November 1, 2007 . Jump up ^ \"D-Day Piper – Bill Millin\" . The Miniatures Page. August 3, 2006 . Retrieved November 1, 2007 . Jump up ^ The Last Movie Tycoon , New York Magazine Jump up ^ The Longest Day ( DVD ). Century City, Los Angeles : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . November 6, 2001. ASIN B00005PJ8S . Retrieved January 17, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"The Longest Day (1962) Awards\" . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 30, 2008 . Jump up ^ \"Winners & Nominees 1963\" . Golden Globe Award . United States: Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved January 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"American Cinema Editors, USA – 1963 Awards\" . IMDb . United States: Amazon . Retrieved January 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"David di Donatello Awards 1963\" . FilmAffinity (in Spanish). Madrid : Movie Soulmates . Retrieved January 19, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"DIRECTORS GUILD OF AMERICA 1963\" . MUBI . United States: MUBI, Inc . Retrieved January 19, 2018 . Bibliography [ edit ] Gussow, Mel (1971). Darryl F. Zanuck: Don't Say Yes Until I Finish Talking . Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306801329 . Lev, Peter (2013). Twentieth Century-Fox: The Zanuck-Skouras Years, 1935–1965 . University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292744471 . Rubin, Steven Jay (1981). Combat Films: American Realism, 1945–2010 . McFarland. ISBN 0786486139 . Williams, Elmo (2006). Elmo Williams: A Hollywood Memoir . McFarland. ISBN 0786426217 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Longest Day (film) . Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Longest Day (film) The Longest Day on IMDb The Longest Day at Rotten Tomatoes The Longest Day at the TCM Movie Database The Longest Day at AllMovie The Longest Day at the American Film Institute Catalog The Longest Day at Box Office Mojo The Longest Headache show v t e Works based on Operation Overlord Films I See a Dark Stranger (1946) Breakthrough (1950) The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel (1951) Red Ball Express (1952) D-Day the Sixth of June (1956) Screaming Eagles (1956) The Longest Day (1962) The Americanization of Emily (1964) 36 Hours (1965) Up from the Beach (1965) Is Paris Burning? (1966) Hell in Normandy (1968) Where Eagles Dare (1968) Overlord (1975) The Big Red One (1980) Eye of the Needle (1981) D-Day Remembered (1994) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Ike: Countdown to D-Day (2004) Plays Pressure (2014) TV Series The World at War, Episode 17 (1974) Band of Brothers (2001) Video Games Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30 (2005) Company of Heroes (2006) show v t e Films directed by Ken Annakin It Began on the Clyde (1946) Fenlands (1946) Holiday Camp (1947) Miranda (1948) Broken Journey (1948) Here Come the Huggetts (1948) Vote for Huggett (1949) The Huggetts Abroad (1949) Landfall (1949) Double Confession (1950) Trio (1950) Hotel Sahara (1951) The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952) The Planter's Wife (1952) The Sword and the Rose (1953) You Know What Sailors Are (1954) The Seekers (1954) Value for Money (1955) Loser Takes All (1956) Three Men in a Boat (1956) Across the Bridge (1957) Nor the Moon by Night (1958) Third Man on the Mountain (1959) Swiss Family Robinson (1960) Very Important Person (1961) The Hellions (1961) The Fast Lady (1962) The Longest Day (1962) Crooks Anonymous (1962) The Informers (1963) Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines (1965) Battle of the Bulge (1965) The Long Duel (1967) The Biggest Bundle of Them All (1968) Monte Carlo or Bust! (1969) The Call of the Wild (1972) Paper Tiger (1975) The Pirate (1978) The Fifth Musketeer (1979) Cheaper to Keep Her (1981) The Pirate Movie (1982) The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking (1988) show v t e Films directed by Andrew Marton Two O'Clock in the Morning (1929) The Night Without Pause (1931) Johnny Steals Europe (1932) North Pole, Ahoy (1934) Demon of the Himalayas (1935) Wolf's Clothing (1936) Secret of Stamboul (1936) School for Husbands (1937) A Little Bit of Heaven (1940) Gentle Annie (1944) Gallant Bess (1946) King Solomon's Mines (1950) Storm Over Tibet (1951) The Wild North (1952) Prisoner of War (1954) Men of the Fighting Lady (1954) Green Fire (1954) Seven Wonders of the World (1956) Underwater Warrior (1958) Oh Islam (1961) It Happened in Athens (1962) The Longest Day (1962) 55 Days at Peking (1963) The Thin Red Line (1964) Crack in the World (1965) Clarence, the Cross-Eyed Lion (1965) Around the World Under the Sea (1966) Birds Do It (1966) Africa Texas Style (1967) show v t e Films directed by Bernhard Wicki Die Brücke (1959) The Miracle of Father Malachia (1961) The Longest Day (1962) The Visit (1964) Morituri (1965) The Conquest of the Citadel (1977) Spider's Web (1989) show v t e Cornelius Ryan World War II trilogy The Longest Day ( film adaptation ) The Last Battle A Bridge Too Far ( film adaptation ) Other Cornelius Ryan Award show v t e Darryl F. Zanuck Producer Old San Francisco (1927) The First Auto (1927) The Jazz Singer (1927) Tenderloin (1928) The Show of Shows (1929) Three Faces East (1930) The Doorway to Hell (1931) Little Caesar (1931) Illicit (1931) The Public Enemy (1931) The Man Who Played God (1932) The Rich Are Always with Us (1932) Doctor X (1932) Life Begins (1932) The Cabin in the Cotton (1932) Three on a Match (1932) 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932) Parachute Jumper (1933) 42nd Street (1933) The Working Man ' (1933) Ex-Lady (1933) The Bowery (1933) Blood Money (1933) Moulin Rouge (1934) Looking for Trouble (1934) Born to Be Bad (1934) Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back (1934) The Mighty Barnum (1934) Folies Bergère de Paris (1935) Les Misérables (1935) Cardinal Richelieu (1935) Call of the Wild (1935) Metropolitan (1935) Thanks a Million (1935) The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo (1935) Professional Soldier (1935) The Prisoner of Shark Island (1936) It Had to Happen (1936) A Message to Garcia (1936) Under Two Flags (1936) The Road to Glory (1936) Poor Little Rich Girl (1936) Sing, Baby, Sing (1936) Pigskin Parade (1936) Seventh Heaven (1937) Slave Ship (1937) Wee Willie Winkie (1937) Wake Up and Live (1937) Thin Ice (1937) Lancer Spy (1937) In Old Chicago (1938) Happy Landing (1938) International Settlement (1938) Kentucky Moonshine Always Goodbye (1938) Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938) Just Around the Corner (1938) Little Miss Broadway (1938) My Lucky Star (1938) Submarine Patrol (1938) Jesse James (1939) Tail Spin (1939) Wife, Husband and Friend (1939) The Story of Alexander Graham Bell (1939) Rose of Washington Square (1939) Stanley and Livingstone (1939) The Rains Came (1939) Hollywood Cavalcade (1939) Swanee River (1939) The Little Princess (1939) The Grapes of Wrath (1940) Little Old New York (1940) The Man I Married (1940) The Return of Frank James (1940) Brigham Young (1940) Down Argentine Way (1940) The Mark of Zorro (1940) Hudson's Bay (1941) Tobacco Road (1941) The Great American Broadcast (1941) Blood and Sand (1941) A Yank in the R.A.F. (1941) How Green Was My Valley (1942) Son of Fury: The Story of Benjamin Blake (1942) Sex Hygiene (Short) (1942) To the Shores of Tripoli (1942) This Above All (1942) Thunder Birds (1942) The Purple Heart (1944) Wilson (1944) Winged Victory (1944) The Razor's Edge (1946) Gentleman's Agreement (1947) Fury at Furnace Creek (1948) The Snake Pit (1948) Pinky (1949) Twelve O'Clock High (1949) No Way Out (1950) All About Eve (1950) David and Bathsheba (1951) People Will Talk (1951) Viva Zapata! (1952) The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952) The Egyptian (1954) The View from Pompey's Head (1955) The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1956) Island in the Sun (1957) The Sun Also Rises (1957) The Roots of Heaven (1958) Crack in the Mirror (1960) Sanctuary (1961) The Big Gamble (1961) The Longest Day (1962) The Chapman Report (1962) The Visit (1964) Writer as Mark Canfield The Desired Woman (1927) (story) Maybe It's Love (1930) Baby Face (1933) (story) Crack in the Mirror (1960) as Melville Crossman Tenderloin (story) (1928) State Street Sadie (story) (1928) Thanks a Million (story) (1935) A Yank in the R.A.F. (story) (1941) Thunder Birds (original story) (1942) China Girl (story) (1942) The Purple Heart (story) (1944) as Gregory Rogers Find Your Man ( Rin Tin Tin story) (1924) The Lighthouse by the Sea ( Rin Tin Tin story) (1924) Three Weeks in Paris (story, screenplay as Darryl Zanuck) (1925) The Midnight Taxi (story) (1928) as self A Broadway Butterfly (1925) Red Hot Tires (1925) Hogan's Alley (1925) The Caveman (scenario) (1926) The Little Irish Girl (adaptation) (1926) The Social Highwayman (1926) Footloose Widows (1926) Across the Pacific (adaptation) (1926) The Better 'Ole (screenplay) (1926) Tracked by the Police ( Rin Tin Tin story) (1927) Old San Francisco (1927) The First Auto (story) (1927) Good Time Charley (story) (1927) Noah's Ark (story) (1928) My Man (story) (1928) Hardboiled Rose (story) (1929) Madonna of Avenue A (story) (1929) Say It with Songs (story) (1929) The Life of the Party (1930) Little Caesar (story – uncredited) (1931) The Dark Horse (story) (1932) Lady Killer (story – uncredited) (1933) Folies Bergère de Paris (contributing writer – uncredited) (1935) G Men (story) (1935) This Is My Affair (story – uncredited) (1937) Alexander's Ragtime Band (contributing writer – uncredited) (1938) The Great Profile (story – uncredited) (1940) Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942) People Virginia Fox (wife) Richard D. Zanuck (son) Dean Zanuck (grandson) Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Longest_Day_(film)&oldid=841654831 \" Categories : 1962 films 1960s war films American films American war films American epic films American black-and-white films English-language films French-language films German-language films War epic films World War II films Operation Overlord films World War II films based on actual events Films about the French Resistance Films based on non-fiction books Films set in 1944 Films shot in Haute-Corse Films set on beaches Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award 20th Century Fox films Films directed by Andrew Marton Films directed by Bernhard Wicki Films directed by Ken Annakin Films produced by Darryl F. Zanuck Films scored by Maurice Jarre Epic films based on actual events Seafaring films based on actual events Cultural depictions of Dwight D. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "The Longest Day (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Longest_Day_(film)&amp;oldid=841654831" }

{ "text": "Fast Times at Ridgemont High - Wikipedia Fast Times at Ridgemont High From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search \"Ridgemont High\" redirects here. For high schools called Ridgemont High, see Ridgemont High School (disambiguation) . Fast Times at Ridgemont High Theatrical release poster Directed by Amy Heckerling Produced by Irving Azoff Art Linson Screenplay by Cameron Crowe Based on Fast Times at Ridgemont High: A True Story by Cameron Crowe Starring Sean Penn Jennifer Jason Leigh Judge Reinhold Phoebe Cates Brian Backer Robert Romanus Ray Walston Cinematography Matthew F. Leonetti Edited by Eric Jenkins Production company Refugee Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date August 13, 1982 ( 1982-08-13 ) Running time 90 minutes [1] Country United States Language English Budget $5 million [2] Box office $27.1 million (domestic) or $50 million [2] Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a 1982 American coming-of-age comedy film directed by Amy Heckerling and written by Cameron Crowe , adapted from his 1981 book of the same name. Crowe went undercover at Clairemont High School in San Diego and wrote about his experiences. [3] The film was the directorial debut of Amy Heckerling and chronicles a school year in the lives of freshmen Stacy Hamilton ( Jennifer Jason Leigh ) and Mark Ratner ( Brian Backer ), and their respective older friends Linda Barrett ( Phoebe Cates ) and Mike Damone ( Robert Romanus ), both of whom believe themselves wiser in the ways of romance than their younger counterparts. The ensemble cast of characters form two subplots with Jeff Spicoli ( Sean Penn ), a perpetually stoned surfer , facing off against uptight history teacher Mr. Hand ( Ray Walston ), and Stacy's older brother, Brad ( Judge Reinhold ), a senior who works at a series of entry-level jobs in order to pay off his car, and who is pondering ending his two-year relationship with his girlfriend, Lisa ( Amanda Wyss ). In addition to Penn, Reinhold, Cates and Leigh, the film marks early appearances by several actors who later became stars, including Nicolas Cage , Forest Whitaker , Eric Stoltz , and Anthony Edwards . Among these actors, Penn, Cage, and Whitaker would later win the Academy Award for Best Actor , with Penn winning twice. In 2005, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Television spin-off 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot [ edit ] Brad Hamilton is a popular senior at Ridgemont High School and is looking forward to his final year of school and almost has his 1960 Buick LeSabre paid off. He has a job at All-American Burger, where his girlfriend Lisa also works; Brad is eventually fired for lashing out at an obnoxious customer. When trying to tell Lisa how much he needs her, she informs Brad that she wants to break up with him in order to date other guys. Brad then quits his job at Captain Hook Fish & Chips because of the humiliation of having to wear a pirate costume when delivering food. Brad's sister Stacy is a 15-year-old sophomore and also a virgin. She works at a pizza parlor at the Ridgemont Mall alongside her outspoken friend, the popular and sexually active Linda Barrett. One night at work, Stacy takes an order from Ron Johnson, a 26-year-old stereo salesman who asks her out after she tells him she's 19 years old. She later sneaks out of her house to meet him and they have sex in a dugout at a softball field. Stacy never hears from Ron again, revealing to Linda the loss of her virginity. Mike Damone, a somewhat smooth-talking know-it-all, who earns money taking bets and scalping concert tickets, fancies himself a sagacious and worldly ladies' man. Mike's shy but amiable friend Mark Ratner works at the movie theater across from the pizza parlor at the mall. When Mark proclaims his love for Stacy to him, Mike lets Mark in on his five secrets for picking up girls. Mike later convinces Mark to ask Stacy out on a date to a German restaurant. Afterwards, at her home, Stacy invites Mark into her bedroom, where they look at Stacy's photo album together. They begin to kiss, but Mark abruptly leaves after Stacy attempts to seduce him. Stacy mistakenly interprets Mark's shyness as disinterest. Eventually Stacy becomes interested in Damone and she invites him to have a swim in her pool, which leads to them having sex in the pool house. Stacy later informs Damone that she is pregnant, and tells him she's scheduled an abortion and wants him to pay half of the bill. On the day of her appointment, embarrassed at being unable to raise the money for his half of the bill, Damone begins to ignore Stacy. Stacy asks Brad to drive her to a bowling alley to meet friends, but Brad sees Stacy enter the abortion clinic across the street. Brad waits for Stacy and he confronts her about the abortion. Stacy has Brad promise not to tell their parents. When Stacy tells Linda, Linda becomes angry at Damone, leading to an almost physical confrontation between Damone and Mark in the boys' locker room until it is broken up by the gym teacher. Jeff Spicoli is a stoner and surfer who runs afoul of strict history teacher Mr. Hand, who is intolerant of Spicoli's disregard of the rules of his classroom. One night, Spicoli wrecks the 1979 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 of Ridgemont star football player Charles Jefferson, during a joyride with Jefferson's younger brother. Spicoli decides to park the car in front of the school with slurs painted on it, supposedly written by Ridgemont's rival, Lincoln High. When Ridgemont plays Lincoln, Jefferson (furious about his car) thrashes several of Lincoln's players and wins the game for Ridgemont. On the evening of the graduation dance, Mr. Hand shows up at Spicoli's house and informs him that since he has wasted eight hours of class time over the past year, Mr. Hand intends to make up for it that night. They have a one-on-one session that lasts until Mr. Hand is satisfied that Spicoli has understood the lesson. In the end, Mark and Stacy get back together. Brad takes a job at a convenience store and is promoted to manager after foiling a robbery. Spicoli saves Brooke Shields from drowning and then spends the reward money hiring Van Halen to play at his birthday party. Linda gets accepted to UC Riverside and moves in with her Abnormal Psychology professor. Damone gets arrested for scalping Ozzy Osbourne tickets and gets a job at 7-Eleven , and Mr. Hand still believes everyone is \"on dope\". Cast [ edit ] Sean Penn as Jeff Spicoli Judge Reinhold as Brad Hamilton Jennifer Jason Leigh as Stacy Hamilton Robert Romanus as Mike Damone Phoebe Cates as Linda Barrett Brian Backer as Mark Ratner Amanda Wyss as Lisa Ray Walston as Mr. Hand Forest Whitaker as Charles Jefferson Vincent Schiavelli as Mr. Vargas Lana Clarkson as Mrs. Vargas Eric Stoltz as Stoner Bud Anthony Edwards as Stoner Bud Nicolas Cage as Brad's Bud Pamela Springsteen as Dina Phillips Kelli Maroney as Cindy Production [ edit ] Development [ edit ] The film is adapted from a book Crowe wrote after a year spent at Clairemont High School in San Diego, California. He went undercover to do research for his 1981 book Fast Times at Ridgemont High: A True Story , about his observations of the high school and the students he befriended there, including then-student Andy Rathbone , on whom the character \"Rat\" was modeled. [4] [5] Casting [ edit ] Nicolas Cage made his feature-film debut, portraying an unnamed co-worker of Brad's at All-American Burger, credited as \"Nicolas Coppola.\" [6] It was also the film debut for Eric Stoltz and provided early roles for Anthony Edwards and Forest Whitaker . Crowe's future wife Nancy Wilson of Heart has a cameo as the \"Beautiful Girl in Car\" who laughs at Brad at the red light in his Captain Hook uniform. Soundtrack [ edit ] Fast Times at Ridgemont High: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by various artists Released July 30, 1982 Genre Rock , Pop Length 65 : 50 ( Label Elektra Records Producer various artists Singles from Fast Times at Ridgemont High: Music from the Motion Picture \" Somebody's Baby \" Released: July 1982 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic [7] The soundtrack album, Fast Times at Ridgemont High: Music from the Motion Picture , peaked at #54 on the Billboard album chart. [8] The soundtrack features the work of many quintessential 1980s rock artists. Several of the movie's songs were released as singles, including Jackson Browne 's \" Somebody's Baby \", which reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. [9] Other singles were the title track by Sammy Hagar , a cover of The Tymes ' \" So Much in Love \" by Timothy B. Schmit , \"Raised on the Radio\" by the Ravyns and \"Waffle Stomp\" by Joe Walsh . In addition to Schmit and Walsh, the album features solo tracks by two other members of the Eagles , Don Henley and Don Felder . The soundtrack also included \"I Don't Know (Spicoli's Theme)\" by Jimmy Buffett and \"Goodbye Goodbye\" by Oingo Boingo (led by Danny Elfman ). Five tracks in the film, but not included on the soundtrack, are: \" Moving in Stereo \" by the Cars , \" American Girl \" by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , \" We Got the Beat \" by the Go Go's , which is the movie's opening theme; Led Zeppelin 's \" Kashmir \", and \" Jingle Bell Rock \" by Bobby Helms . In addition, the live band at the prom dance during the end of the film played two songs also not on the soundtrack: The Eagles' \" Life in the Fast Lane \" and Sam the Sham 's \" Wooly Bully \". The Donna Summer track, \"Highway Runner\", was initially recorded in 1981 for her double album entitled I'm a Rainbow ; however, the album was shelved by Summer's then-label, Geffen Records , but ultimately released in 1996 by Mercury Records . Todd Rundgren also recorded the song, \"Attitude\", for the film at Crowe's request. It was not included in the film, but was later released on Rundgren's Demos and Lost Albums in 2001. A track titled \"Fast Times\" was recorded by Heart but was not used in the film. The track ended up on their 1982 album Private Audition . In some countries, the album was (also) released as a single LP with ten tracks. [10] Heckerling, in the DVD audio commentary, states that the 1970s \" classic rock \" artists, like the Eagles, were introduced by one of the film's producers. Coincidentally, Irving Azoff , one of the film's producers, was the personal manager for the Eagles and Stevie Nicks . [11] No. Title Writer(s) Performer Length 1. \" Somebody's Baby \" Browne, Danny Kortchmar Jackson Browne 4:05 2. \"Waffle Stomp\" Walsh Joe Walsh 3:40 3. \"Love Rules\" Henley, Kortchmar Don Henley 4:05 4. \"Uptown Boys\" Goffin, Janna Allen Louise Goffin 2:45 5. \" So Much in Love \" George Williams, Bill Jackson, Roy Straigis Timothy B. Schmit 2:25 6. \"Raised on the Radio\" Rob Fahey The Ravyns 3:43 7. \"The Look In Your Eyes\" McMahon Gerard McMahon 4:00 8. \"Speeding\" Jane Wiedlin , Charlotte Caffey The Go-Go's 2:11 9. \"Don't Be Lonely\" Marv Ross Quarterflash 3:18 10. \"Never Surrender\" Felder, Kenny Loggins Don Felder 4:15 11. \"Fast Times (The Best Years of Our Lives)\" Squier Billy Squier 3:41 12. \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High\" Hagar Sammy Hagar 3:36 13. \"I Don't Know (Spicoli's Theme)\" Buffett, Michael Utley Jimmy Buffett 3:00 14. \"Love Is the Reason\" Nash Graham Nash 3:31 15. \"I'll Leave It Up To You\" Rusty Young Poco 2:55 16. \"Highway Runner\" Giorgio Moroder , Summer Donna Summer 3:18 17. \"Sleeping Angel\" Nicks Stevie Nicks 4:43 18. \"She's My Baby (And She's Outta Control)\" Dave Palmer, Phil Jost Palmer/Jost 2:53 19. \"Goodbye, Goodbye\" Danny Elfman Oingo Boingo 4:34 [12] Reception [ edit ] Box office [ edit ] Universal gave the film a limited theatrical release on August 13, 1982, opening in 498 theaters. It earned $2.5 million in its opening weekend. The release was later widened to 713 theaters, earning $3.25 million. The film ranked 29th among US releases in 1982, ultimately earning more than $27 million, [13] six times its $4.5 million budget, and later gaining popularity through television and home video releases. Over the years the film has obtained an iconic status. In an interview, Penn stated: \"None of us had any idea it would take on a life of its own.\" Critical response [ edit ] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"While Fast Times at Ridgemont High features Sean Penn's legendary performance, the film endures because it accurately captured the small details of school, work, and teenage life.\" [14] Metacritic , another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". [15] Roger Ebert called it a \"scuz-pit of a movie\", though he praised the performances by Leigh, Penn, Cates, and Reinhold. [16] Janet Maslin wrote that it was \"a jumbled but appealing teen-age comedy with something of a fresh perspective on the subject.\" [17] Accolades [ edit ] Crowe's screenplay was nominated for a WGA Award for best comedy adapted from another medium. The film ranks #15 on Bravo 's \"100 Funniest Movies\", [18] and #2 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the \"50 Best High School Movies\". [19] The film is also recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: 2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #87 [20] Television spin-off [ edit ] Main article: Fast Times The film inspired a short-lived 1986 television series for CBS called Fast Times . Ray Walston and Vincent Schiavelli reprised their roles as Hand and Vargas on the show. Other characters from the movie were played by different actors. See also [ edit ] Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Comedy portal Fast Times at Barrington High , an album by the band The Academy Is... is a play on the title of the film. \" Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr. High \", a Family Guy episode from Season 4 Fast Times at Fairmont High , a novella by Vernor Vinge , is named in reference to the film. \" Stacy's Mom \", a song by Fountains of Wayne which pays homage to the film. The Last American Virgin , a remake of Lemon Popsicle and a film released in the same year with similar themes. References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \" FAST TIMES (X)\" . British Board of Film Classification . September 9, 1982 . Retrieved May 15, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b WE'RE TALKING GROSS, TACKY AND DUMB Brown, Peter H. Los Angeles Times 20 Jan 1985: 6. Jump up ^ \"15 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Fast Times At Ridgemont High\" . IFC.com . October 13, 2014 . Retrieved November 19, 2015 . Jump up ^ Fast Times at Ridgemont High on IMDb Jump up ^ Russell, Lisa (March 13, 1995). \"Geek God: Once the Butt of Fast Times at Ridgemont High, Best-Selling Author Andy Rathbone Becomes a Computer Guru\" . People . Retrieved April 20, 2011 . Jump up ^ Lauren Schutte (14 February 2012). \"Nicolas Cage on Turning Down 'Dumb & Dumber,' Winning Another Oscar and the Movie that Made Him Change His Name\" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fast Times at Ridgemont High (Original Soundtrack) , Allmusic Jump up ^ Mike Duquette (4 March 2011). \"Friday Feature: \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High \" \" . The Second Disc . WordPress.com . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Charts and Awards , Allmusic. Jump up ^ \"Soundtrack versions at discogs.com\" . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Irving Azoff - Biography & History - AllMusic\" . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Discogs (2012). \"Various – Fast Times At Ridgemont High • Music From The Motion Picture\" . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Box Office Mojo (retrieved on December 6, 2006). Jump up ^ \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982)\" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ \" Fast Times at Ridgemont High reviews\" . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (1982). \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High\" . Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved December 6, 2006 . Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet . September 3, 1982. \"Ridgemont High\" , New York Times (retrieved via registered-user account on December 6, 2006). Jump up ^ \"Bravo's 100 Funniest Movies List is Laughable\" Archived December 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ., Manroomonline.com, June 2, 2006. Jump up ^ \"50 Best High School Movies\" . Filmsite.org. September 15, 2006 . Retrieved April 20, 2011 . Jump up ^ \"AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs\" (PDF) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 21, 2016 . External links [ edit ] Quotations related to Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Wikiquote Fast Times at Ridgemont High on IMDb Fast Times at Ridgemont High at AllMovie Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Box Office Mojo Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Metacritic Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Rotten Tomatoes show v t e Films directed by Amy Heckerling Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982) Johnny Dangerously (1984) National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985) Look Who's Talking (1989) Look Who's Talking Too (1990) Clueless (1995) Loser (2000) I Could Never Be Your Woman (2007) Vamps (2012) show v t e Cameron Crowe filmography Director Say Anything... (1989) Singles (1992) Jerry Maguire (1996) Almost Famous (2000) Vanilla Sky (2001) Elizabethtown (2005) Pearl Jam Twenty (2011) The Union (2011) We Bought a Zoo (2011) Aloha (2015) Writer only Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982) The Wild Life (1984) Television Roadies (2016) Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High&oldid=852081280 \" Categories : 1982 films English-language films 1980s coming-of-age films 1980s high school films 1980s sex comedy films 1980s teen comedy films American coming-of-age films American films American high school films American sex comedy films American teen comedy films Directorial debut films Films about abortion Films about suburbia Films about virginity Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Amy Heckerling Films set in California Films shot in Los Angeles Films set in San Diego Films about proms Screenplays by Cameron Crowe Teenage pregnancy in film United States National Film Registry films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikiquote Languages العربية Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018, at 14:06 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Fast Times at Ridgemont High", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High&amp;oldid=852081280" }

{ "text": "European Community number - Wikipedia European Community number From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Not to be confused with Enzyme Commission number . The European Community number ( EC Number ) is a unique seven-digit identifier that was assigned to substances for regulatory purposes within the European Union by the European Commission. The EC Inventory comprises three individual inventories, EINECS, ELINCS and the NLP list. [1] European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS) Contents [ hide ] 1 Structure 2 EC Inventory 3 List numbers 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure [ edit ] The EC Number may be written in a general form as: NNN-NNN-R, [2] where R is a check digit and N represents integers. The check digit is calculated using the ISBN method. According to this method, the check digit R is the following sum modulo 11: R = ( N 1 + 2 N 2 + 3 N 3 + 4 N 4 + 5 N 5 + 6 N 6 ) mod 11 {\\displaystyle R=(N_{1}+2N_{2}+3N_{3}+4N_{4}+5N_{5}+6N_{6})\\mod 11} If the remainder R is equal to 10, that combination of digits is not used for an EC number. To illustrate, the EC number of dexamethasone is 200-003-9. N 1 is 2, N 2 through N 5 are 0, and N 6 is 3. 2 + 2 × 0 + 3 × 0 + 4 × 0 + 5 × 0 + 6 × 3 11 = 20 11 = 1 + 9 11 {\\displaystyle {\\frac {2+2\\!\\times \\!0+3\\!\\times \\!0+4\\!\\times \\!0+5\\!\\times \\!0+6\\!\\times \\!3}{11}}={\\frac {20}{11}}=1+{\\frac {9}{11}}} The remainder is 9, which is the check digit. There is a set of 181 ELINCS numbers (EC numbers starting with 4) for which the checksum by the above algorithm is 10 and the number has not been skipped but issued with a checksum of 1. EC Inventory [ edit ] The EC Inventory includes the substances in the following inventories. The content of these inventories is fixed and official. Inventory Scope Format No. of entries (if fixed No. of entries) European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS) Substances, excluding polymers, that were recorded as being commercially available in the EU from 1 January 1971 to 18 September 1981. [3] These were considered registered under Article 8(1) of the Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC) . They are considered phase-in substances under the REACH Regulation . 2xx-xxx-x 3xx-xxx-x 100,102 [3] European List of Notified Chemical Substances (ELINCS) Substances notified under the Dangerous Substances Directive Notification of New Substances (NONS) that became commercially available after 18 September 1981. [ citation needed ] 4xx-xxx-x 4,381 No Longer Polymers (NLP) The definition of polymers was changed in April, 1992 [4] with the result that substances previously considered to be polymers were no longer regarded as polymers. Consequently, a list, called the NLP-list (No Longer Polymer), was made of such substances that were not covered by the polymer definition but were placed on the market between after 18 September 1981 and 31 October 1993. [5] 5xx-xxx-x 703 List numbers [ edit ] European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) also applies the EC number format to what it calls \"List number\". [6] The number are assigned under the REACH Regulation without being legally recognised. Hence, they are not official because they have not been published in the Official Journal of the European Union . List numbers are administrative tools only and shall not be used for any official purposes. Scope Format Automatically assigned, e.g. to pre-registrations of substances with a CAS No. 6xx-xxx-x Assigned to substances after inquiries by the ECHA Substance ID Team 7xx-xxx-x Automatically assigned to substances identified only with a CAS No. (continuation of the 6xx-xxx-x series) 8xx-xxx-x Automatically assigned, e.g. to pre-registrations without a CAS No. or other numerical identifier (including reaction masses of more than one substance) 9xx-xxx-x See also [ edit ] Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals European chemical Substances Information System CAS registry number References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"Guidance for identification and naming of substances under REACH and CLP\" (pdf) . European Chemicals Agency. May 2017. p. 106 . Retrieved 2017-08-28 . Jump up ^ \"Commission Directive 2001/59/EC of 6 August 2001 adapting to technical progress for the 28th time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances\" (pdf) . Official Journal of the European Communities . European Commission (L 225): 4. 21 August 2001 . Retrieved 2011-12-18 . ^ Jump up to: a b Geiss, F.; Del Bino, G.; Blech, G.; Nørager, O.; Orthmann, E.; Mosselmans, G.; Powell, J.; Roy, R.; Smyrniotis, T.; Town, W. G. (1992). \"The EINECS inventory of existing chemical substances on the EC market\". Toxicological . 37 (1–2): 21–33. doi : 10.1080/02772249209357850 . Jump up ^ \"Council Directive 92/32/EEC of 30 April 1992 amending for the seventh time Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances\" (pdf) . Official Journal of the European Communities . European Commission (L 154): 1–29. 30 April 1992 . Retrieved 2009-01-25 . Jump up ^ \"Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006\" (pdf) . Official Journal of the European Communities . European Commission (L 353): 329. December 31, 2008 . Retrieved 2009-01-24 . Jump up ^ Registered substances at European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) External links [ edit ] Wikidata has the property: EINECS numbers (P232) (see talk ; uses ) Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Community_number&oldid=797649796 \" Categories : Chemical numbering schemes European Union law Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Galego Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Norsk Polski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017, at 12:30. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "European Community number", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=European_Community_number&amp;oldid=797649796" }

{ "text": "Bilal ibn Rabah - Wikipedia Bilal ibn Rabah From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Bilal ibn Rabah بلال بن رباح Titles: al-Habashi ( التمار ) and Sayyid al-Muʾaḏḏin An Islamic miniature from Siyer-i Nebi (16th century, Turkey), depicting Bilal giving the call to prayer Born ( 580-03-05 ) March 5, 580 AD Birthplace Mecca , Hejaz Ethnicity Abyssinian people or Ethiopian [1] Known For Being a loyal companion of Muhammad and the first muezzin in Islam [2] [3] Occupation Secretary of Treasure of The Islamic State of Medina Died March 2, 640 ( 640-03-02 ) (aged 57) AD Father Rabah Mother Hamamah Wife Hind Religion Islam Bilal ibn Rabah [4] ( Arabic : بلال ابن رباح ‎‎ (580–640 AD) also known as Bilal al- Habashi , Bilal ibn Riyah, and ibn Rabah ), was one of the most trusted and loyal Sahabah (companions) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . He was born in Mecca and is considered as the first muezzin , chosen by Muhammad himself. [2] [5] [6] [7] He was known for his beautiful voice with which he called people to their prayers . He died in 640, when he was just 57 years old. Contents [ hide ] 1 Birth and early life 2 Bilal's appearance 3 Conversion to Islam 3.1 Persecution of Bilal 3.2 Treasury 4 Adhan 4.1 Sunni View 4.2 Shia View 5 Military campaigns during Muhammad's era 6 After prophet Mohammed 6.1 Sunni view 6.2 Shia View 6.3 Sufism 7 Death 8 Descendants 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 References 12 Books 13 External links Birth and early life [ edit ] Bilal ibn Rabah was born in Mecca in the Hejaz in the year 580 AD. [8] His father Rabah was an Arab slave from the clan of Banu Jumah while his mother, Hamamah, was a former princess of Abysinna (modern day Ethiopia) who was captured after the event of Amul-Fill (the attempt to destroy the Kaaba ) and put into slavery. Being born into slavery, Bilal had no other option but to work for his master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf . Through hard work, Bilal became recognised as a good slave and was entrusted with the keys to the Idols of Arabia. However, racism and sociopolitical statutes of Arabia prevented Bilal from achieving a lofty position in society. [8] Bilal's appearance [ edit ] Muhammad Abdul-Rauf in his book, Bilal ibn Rabah , states, \"He [Bilal] was of a handsome and impressive stature, dark brown complexion with sparkling eyes, a fine nose and bright skin. He was also gifted with a deep, melodious, resonant voice. He wore a beard which was thin on both cheeks. He was endowed with great wisdom and a sense of dignity and self esteem.\" [9] Similarly, William Muir in his book, The Life of Muhammad , states, \"He (Bilal) was tall, dark, and with African feature and bushy hair.\" [10] Muir also states that noble members of the Quraysh despised Bilal and called him ibn Sauda (son of the black woman). [10] Conversion to Islam [ edit ] When Muhammad announced his prophethood and started to preach the message of Islam , Bilal renounced idol worship, becoming one of the earliest converts to the faith. [11] Persecution of Bilal [ edit ] When Bilal's master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf, found out, he began to torture Bilal. [8] At the instigation of Abu Jahl , Umayyah bound Bilal and had him dragged around Mecca [11] as children mocked him. [11] Bilal refused to renounce Islam, instead repeating \"Ahad Ahad\" (God is absolute/one). [11] Incensed at Bilal's refusal, Umayyah ordered that Bilal be whipped and beaten while spread-eagled upon the Arabian sands under the desert sun, his limbs bound to stakes. When Bilal still refused to recant, Umayyah ordered that a hot boulder be placed on Bilal's chest. [8] However, Bilal remained firm in belief and continued to say \"Ahad Ahad\". [8] News of this slave reached some of Muhammad's companions, who informed the prophet. Muhammad sent Abu Bakr to negotiate for the emancipation of Bilal in exchange for three of Abu Bakr's slaves (a pagan male and his wife and daughter). [8] [11] [12] [13] Treasury [ edit ] Bilal rose to prominence in the Islamic State of Medina, as Muhammad appointed him minister of the Bayt al-Mal (treasury). [14] [14] In this capacity, Bilal distributed funds to widows, orphans, wayfarers, and others who could not support themselves. [14] [15] Adhan [ edit ] Muhammad chose Bilal as the first muezzin. [16] Sunni View [ edit ] Sunnis believed that Muhammad specifically chose Bilal to become the Muezzin (caller to prayer) of Islam. [15] He personally taught Bilal how to call the Muslims to prayer. [15] However, other Sunni traditions suggest that a companion suggested to Muhammad that they should blow a trumpet or ring a bell in order to alert the Muslims before the time of each prayer. [15] According to the Sunni traditions Muhammad did not accept this suggestion because he did not want to adopt the Jewish or Christian customs. [15] One day, Abdullah ibn Ziyad, a citizen of Yathrib (Medina), came to see Muhammad. [15] Abdullah ibn Ziyad explained to him that while he was half-awake or half-asleep, a man appeared before him in his dream and told him that the human voice ought to be used to call the Muslims to prayer. [15] In addition, the man also taught Abdullah the Adhan along with the manner of saying it. [15] The Sunni historians state that Muhammad was pleased with the idea and adopted it. [15] After adopting the Adhan, Muhammad called Bilal and taught the Adhan to him. [15] Shia View [ edit ] Shias on the other hand, do not accept Abdullah ibn Ziyad’s story. [15] They state that the Adhan was revealed to Muhammad just as the Qur'an al-Majid was revealed to him. [15] Shias believe that the Adhan could not be left to the dreams or reveries. [15] Furthermore, Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy states, \"If the Prophet could teach the Muslims how to perform lustrations, and how, when, and what to say in each prayer, he could also teach them how and when to alert others before the time for each prayer.\" According to the Shia traditions, the angel who taught Muhammad how to perform lustrations preparatory to prayers and how to perform prayers also taught him the Adhan. [15] Military campaigns during Muhammad's era [ edit ] [ show ] v t e Campaigns of Muhammad Ghazwah (expeditions where he took part) Abwa Buwat Safwan Dul 1st Badr Kudr Sawiq Qaynuqa Thi Bahran Uhud Asad Nadir 2nd Nejd 2nd Badr Jandal Trench Qurayza Lahyan Mustaliq Treaty Khaybar Fadak Qura Dhat Baqra Mecca Hunayn Autas Ta'if Tabouk Main article: List of expeditions of Muhammad He participated in the Battle of Badr . Muhammad's forces included Abu Bakr , Umar, Ali , Hamza , Mus`ab ibn `Umair , Az-Zubair bin Al-'Awwam , Ammar ibn Yasir , and Abu Dharr al-Ghifari . The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses, meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel. [17] However, many early Muslim sources indicate that no serious fighting was expected, [18] and the future Caliph Uthman stayed behind to care for his sick wife Ruqayyah , the daughter of Muhammad. [19] Salman the Persian also could not join the battle, as he was still not a free man. [20] [21] After prophet Mohammed [ edit ] Sunni view [ edit ] In the Sīrat Abī Bakr Al-Ṣiddīq that compiled many narrations and compiled historical circumstances regarding the rule of Caliph Abu Bakr was recorded that after Muhammad's death, Bilal accompanied the Muslim armies, under the commands of Said ibn Aamir al-Jumahi , to Syria. [22] Shia View [ edit ] After Muhammad died in 632 AD, Bilal was one of the people who did not give bay'ah (oath of allegiance) to Abu Bakr . [3] [23] [24] [25] It is documented that when Bilal did not give bay'ah (oath/pledge of allegiance) to Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab grabbed Bilal by his clothes and said, \"Is this the reward of Abu Bakr; he emancipated you and you are now refusing to pay allegiance to him?\" [3] To which Bilal replied, \"If Abu Bakr had emancipated me for the pleasure of Allah , then let him leave me alone for Allah; and if he had emancipated me for his service, then I am ready to render him the services required. But I am not going to pay allegiance to a person whom the Messenger of God had not appointed as his caliph.\" [3] Similarly, al-Isti'ab , a Sunni source, states that Bilal told Abu Bakr: \"If you have emancipated me for yourself, then make me a captive again; but if you had emancipated me for Allah, then let me go in the way of Allah.\" This was said when Bilal wanted to go for Jihad.Abu Bakr then let him go\" [3] [26] The following is a poem by Bilal on his refusal to give Abu Bakr bay'ah: By Allah! I did not turn towards Abu Bakr, If Allah had not protected me, hyena would have stood on my limbs. Allah has bestowed on me good and honoured me, Surely there is vast good with Allah. You will not find me following an innovator, Because I am not an innovator, as they are. [3] Being exiled from Medina by Umar and Abu Bakr, Bilal migrated to Syria . [3] Shaykh Abu Ja'far al-Tusi , a Shia scholar, has also stated in lkhtiyar al-Rijal that Bilal refused to pay allegiance to Abu Bakr. [3] Sufism [ edit ] A Sufi poet whose, works originated from the Mughal Empire , named Purnam Allahabadi , composed a Qawwali in which he mentioned how time had stopped when some companions blocked Bilal from delivering the Azan (which he had seen in his dream), and appealed that it was incorrect. [27] Because the companion Bilal was of an Abyssinian origin, he could not pronounce the letter \"Sh\" (Arabic: Shin ش ). A hadith of Muhammad reports that he said, \"The 'seen' of Bilal is 'sheen' in the hearing of Allah,\" meaning God does not look at the external but appreciates the purity of heart. [28] [ better source needed ] Death [ edit ] Grave of Bilal in Bab al-Saghir cemetery, Damascus . Bilal's death is disputed between historians. Some believe that he died in 638 AD. While others believe he died in 642 AD. It is said that Bilal was 63 years old when he died. The Sunni scholar al-Suyuti in his Tarikh al-khulafa wrote: He (Bilal) died in Damascus in 17 or 18 AH , but some say 20 AH, or even 21 AH when he was just over sixty years old. Some said he died in Medina, but that is wrong. That is how it is in al-Isabah and other works such as the Tahdhib of an-Nawawi . [29] When Bilal's wife realized that death was approaching Bilal, she became sorrowful. [30] It is documented that she cried and said, \"What a painful affliction!\" [30] However, Bilal objected his wife's opinion by stating, \"On the contrary, what a happy occasion! Tomorrow I will meet my beloved Muhammad and his host (hizb)!\" [30] Descendants [ edit ] The descendants of Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi are said to have migrated to the land of Ethiopia in Africa . [31] Legacy [ edit ] Bilal's tomb in Amman , Jordan Though there are some disagreements concerning the hard facts of Bilal's life and death, his importance on a number of levels is incontestable. Muezzin guilds, especially those in Turkey and Africa , have traditionally venerated the original practitioner of their noble profession. The story of Bilal is the most frequently cited demonstration of Islam's views of measure people not by their nationality nor social status nor race, but measuring people by their Taqwah (piety). [ additional citation needed ] Which is demonstrated in Muhammad's The Farewell Sermon in Mina: O people! Your Lord is one Lord, and you all share the same father. There is no preference for Arabs over non-Arabs, nor for non-Arabs over Arabs. Neither is their preference for white people over black people, nor for black people over white people. Preference is only through righteousness. — Muhammad, The Farewell Sermon [32] [33] [ full citation needed ] In 1874, Edward Wilmot Blyden , a former slave of African descent, wrote: The eloquent Adzan or Call to Prayer, which to this day summons at the same hours millions of the human race to their devotions, was first uttered by a Negro, Bilal by name, whom Mohammed, in obedience to a dream, appointed the first Muezzin or Crier. And it has been remarked that even Alexander the Great is in Asia an unknown personage by the side of this honoured Negro. [34] See also [ edit ] List of non-Arab Sahabah Zayd ibn Harithah Keita Dynasty List of expeditions of Muhammad Bilal (film) References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Coughlin, Kathryn M. (2006). \"Ethiopia\". Muslim Cultures Today: A Reference Guide . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313323867 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b \" Slavery in Islam .\" BBC News. BBC, 2009. Web. 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Riz̤vī, Sayyid Sa'eed Ak̲h̲tar. Slavery: From Islamic & Christian Perspectives. Richmond, British Columbia: Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation, 1988. Print. ISBN 0-920675-07-7 Pg. 35-36 Jump up ^ *Bilal stands for \"wetting, moistening\" in Arabic. Jump up ^ Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam , p.68. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810861615 . Jump up ^ Robinson, David. Muslim Societies in African History . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Print. Jump up ^ Levtzion, Nehemia, and Randall Lee Pouwels. The History of Islam in Africa . South Africa: Ohio UP, 2000. Print. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Janneh, Sabarr. Learning from the Life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW): Peace and Blessing of God Be upon Him. Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse, 2010. Print. ISBN 1467899666 Pgs. 235-238 Jump up ^ Abdul-Rauf, Muhammad. Bilāl Ibn Rabāh: A Leading Companion of The Prophet Muhammad (SAW). Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications, 1977. Print. ISBN 0892590084 Pg.5 ^ Jump up to: a b Muir, Sir William. The Life of Mohammad From Original Sources. Edinburgh: J. Grant, 1923. Print. ISBN 0404563066 Pg. 59 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sodiq, Yushau. Insider's Guide to Islam. Bloomington, Indiana: Trafford, 2011. Print. ISBN 1466924160 Pg. 23 Jump up ^ , Ibn Hisham, Sirah, V. 1, p. 339-340 Jump up ^ Ibn Sa’d, Tabaqat, V. 3, p. 232 ^ Jump up to: a b c Charbonneau, Joshua (Mateen). The Suffering of the Ahl-ul-bayt and Their Followers (Shi'a) throughout History. Washington, D.C.: J. M. Charbonneau, 2012. Print. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Razwy, Ali A. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims 570 to 661 CE. Stanmore, Middlesex, U.K.: World Federation of K S I Muslim Communities Islamic Centre, 1997. Print. Pg. 553 Jump up ^ Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam , p.68. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810861615 . Quote: \"Bilal, ..., was the first muezzin.\" Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 138–139 Jump up ^ \"Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 287\" . Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 4, Book 53, Number 359\" . Usc.edu. Archived from the original on July 20, 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Witness-pioneer.org\" . Witness-pioneer.org. 16 September 2002. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 286\" . Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Dr. Ali Muhammad As-Sallaabee The Biography of Abu Bakr As-Sideeq. Riyadh: Maktaba Dar-us-Salaam, 2007. Print. ISBN 9960-9849-1-5 Jump up ^ Shustari, Nurullah, Majalisu'1-Mu'minin (Tehran, 1268 AH) p. 54; and also see Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., vol. III:1, pg. 169. Jump up ^ Ahmed, A.K. The Hidden Truth About Karbala. Ed. Abdullah Al-shahin. Qum, Iran: Ansariyan Publications, n.d. Print. ISBN 978-964-438-921-4 Pg. 307 Jump up ^ Meri, Josef W., and Jere L. Bacharach. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge, 2006. Print. ISBN 0415966914 Pg. 109 Jump up ^ Abdullah, Ysuf. al-Isti'ab. Print. Pg.150 Jump up ^ http://www.hamzashad.com/bhar-do-jholi/ Jump up ^ Bilal Ibn Rabah Al-Habashi Jump up ^ \" Rijal: Narrators of the Muwatta of Imam Muhammad .\" Bogvaerker. N.p., 08 Jan. 2005. Web. 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b c Qušairī, Abd-al-Karīm Ibn-H̲awāzin Al-, and Abu'l-Qasim al-Qushayri. al-Qushayri's Epistle on Sufism: al-Risala al-Qushayriyya Fi 'ilm al-Tasawwuf. Trans. Alexander D. Knysh. Lebanon: Garnet & Ithaca Press, 2007. Print. ISBN 1859641865 Pg.313 Jump up ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. New York, New York: HarperCollins, 2009. Print. ISBN 0061746606 Pg. 92 Jump up ^ Zawadi, Bassam, and Mansur Ahmed. \" Rebuttal to Answering Islam's Article \"Mohammed Claimed To Be A Warner Only For Arabia \" Call-To-Monotheism. N.p., n.d. Web. 2013. Jump up ^ Musnad Ahmad Hadith. 22391 Jump up ^ \" Mohammedanism and The Negro Race .\" Fraser's Magazine July Dec. 1875: 598-615. Print. Books [ edit ] H.M. Ashtiyani . Bilâl d’Afrique, le muezzin du Prophète, Montréal, Abbas Ahmad al-Bostani, la Cité du Savoir, 1999 ISBN 2-9804196-4-8 (in French) İbn Sa'd . et-Tabakâtü'l-Kübrâ, Beyrut 1960, III, s. 232 Avnu'l-Ma'bud . Şerh Ebû Dâvud, III,185, İbn Mâce, Ezan, 1, 3 А. Али-заде . Билал аль-Хабаши // Исламский энциклопедический словарь . – М.: Издательский дом Ансар, 2007. — 400 с. ISBN 5-98443-025-8 (in Russian) External links [ edit ] Medieval Islamic Civilization Omar H. Ali, \"Arabian Peninsula,\" Schomburg Center, The New York Public Library al-islam.org – Slaves in the History of Islam The First Muezzin Hadith/Narrations in which Bilal ibn Ribah was mentioned – www.SearchTruth.com [ show ] v t e Companions of Ali ibn Abi Talib Abd Allah ibn Abbas Abdullah ibn Hashim Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali Abu al-Heysam ibn Tayyahan Abu Dhar al-Ghifari Adi ibn Hatim Ammar ibn Yasir Amr ibn al-Humq al-Khaza'i Asbagh ibn Nubatah Bilal ibn Rabah Habib ibn Madhahir Hamam ibn Shurayh Harith al-Hamdani Hashim ibn Utbah Hujr ibn 'Adi Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman Ja'far ibn Abi Talib Jabir ibn Abd Allah John bin Huwai Jundab ibn Abdullah Khuzaima ibn Thabit Kumayl ibn Ziyad Malik al-Ashtar Maytham al-Tammar Mikhnaf ibn Sulaym Miqdad ibn Aswad Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Qays ibn Sa'd Qambar Sa'sa'a bin Sohan Salman the Persian Sulaym ibn Qays Sulayman ibn Surad Umm Salama Uthman ibn Hunaif Uwais al-Qarani Zayd ibn Suhan Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 137836635 LCCN : n81033497 GND : 119158620 BNF : cb13778182m (data) Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilal_ibn_Rabah&oldid=807121067 \" Categories : Sahabah favored by Shias Muezzins 580 births 630s deaths 640s deaths Arabian slaves and freedmen Non-Arab Sahabah Sahabah participated in battle of Badr Muhajirun Male Sahabah Hidden categories: Articles containing Arabic-language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from January 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with French-language external links Articles with Russian-language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages አማርኛ العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Română Русский Shqip Simple English Soomaaliga Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча/tatarça Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017, at 01:21. 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{ "text": "Joseph Swan - Wikipedia Joseph Swan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For other people named Joseph Swan, see Joseph Swan (disambiguation) . This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs. If the {{ Cite book }} or {{ citation }} templates are in use, you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . (December 2017) Sir Joseph Wilson Swan Photograph of Swan, circa 1900 Born Joseph Wilson Swan ( 1828-10-31 ) 31 October 1828 Bishopwearmouth , Sunderland , County Durham , England , United Kingdom Died 27 May 1914 ( 1914-05-27 ) (aged 85) Warlingham , Surrey , England, United Kingdom Nationality British Known for Incandescent light bulb Photographic process Awards Hughes Medal (1904) Albert Medal (1906) Scientific career Fields Physics , Chemistry Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS (31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was a British physicist, chemist, and inventor. He is known as an independent early developer of a successful incandescent light bulb , and is the person responsible for developing and supplying the electric lights used in the world's first homes and public buildings (including the Savoy Theatre , London in 1881 ) to be lit with electric light bulbs. [1] [2] In 1904 , Swan was knighted by King Edward VII , awarded the Royal Society's Hughes Medal , and was made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society . He had received the highest decoration in France, the Légion d'honneur , when he visited an international exhibition [ which? ] in Paris in 1881 . The exhibition included exhibits of his inventions, and the city was lit with his electric lighting. [3] Swan was the maternal grandfather of Christopher Morcom , [4] Alan Turing 's close friend and first love during their studies at the Sherborne boarding school . [5] Contents [ hide ] 1 Early life 2 Electric light 3 Conjunction with Edison 3.1 Ediswan 4 Photography 5 Later life 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early life [ edit ] Joseph Wilson Swan was born in 1828 at Pallion Hall in Pallion , in the Parish of Bishopwearmouth , Sunderland , County Durham . His parents were John Swan and Isabella Cameron. [6] Swan was apprenticed for six years to a Sunderland firm of druggists , Hudson and Osbaldiston . [3] However, it is not known if Swan completed his six-year apprenticeship, as both partners subsequently died. [3] He was said to have had an enquiring mind, [3] even as a child. He augmented his education with a fascination of his surroundings, the industry of the area, and reading at Sunderland Library. [3] He attended lectures at the Sunderland Atheneum. [7] Swan subsequently joined Mawson's, a firm of manufacturing chemists in Newcastle upon Tyne , started in the year of Swan's birth by John Mawson [3] (9 September 1819 – 17 December 1867), the husband of his sister, Elizabeth Swan (22 Nov 1822 – 2 August 1905). In 1846 , Swan was offered a partnership at Mawson's. [3] This company subsequently existed as Mawson, Swan and Morgan until 1973 , formerly located on Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne, near Grey's Monument . The premises, now occupied by burger chain restaurant Byron , can be identified by a line of Victorian -style electric street lamps in front of the store on Grey Street. Swan lived at Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead , a large house on Kells Lane North, where he conducted most of his experiments in the large conservatory . [8] The house was later converted into a private fee paying, grant aided co-educational grammar school named Beaconsfield School. [9] Here, students could still find examples of Swan's original electrical fittings. [9] Electric light [ edit ] Carbon filament lamp (E27 socket, 220 volts , approx. 30 watts, left side: running with 100 volts) In 1850 , Swan began working on a light bulb using carbonised paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb. By 1860 , he was able to demonstrate a working device, and obtained a British patent covering a partial vacuum , carbon filament incandescent lamp. [ citation needed ] However, the lack of a good vacuum and an adequate electric source resulted in an inefficient light bulb with a short lifetime. In 1875 , Swan returned to consider the problem of the light bulb with the aid of a better vacuum and a carbonised thread as a filament. The most significant feature of Swan's improved lamp was that there was little residual oxygen in the vacuum tube to ignite the filament, thus allowing the filament to glow almost white-hot without catching fire. However, his filament had low resistance, thus needing heavy copper wires to supply it. [10] Swan first publicly demonstrated his incandescent carbon lamp at a lecture for the Newcastle upon Tyne Chemical Society on 18 December 1878 . However, after burning with a bright light for some minutes in his laboratory, the lamp broke down due to excessive current. On 17 January 1879 , this lecture was successfully repeated with the lamp shown in actual operation; Swan had solved the problem of incandescent electric lighting by means of a vacuum lamp. On 3 February 1879, he publicly demonstrated a working lamp to an audience of over seven hundred people in the lecture theatre of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne , Sir William Armstrong of Cragside presiding. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament, and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread', and obtained British Patent 4933 on 27 November 1880 . [11] From that time he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England. Blue plaque commemorates Swan's invention of the electric light bulb and Underhill as the first house in the world to have electric lighting installed His house, Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead , was the world's first to have working light bulbs installed. [12] The Lit & Phil Library in Westgate Road, Newcastle , was the first public room lit by electric light during a lecture by Swan on 20 October 1880 . [13] [14] In 1881 , he founded his own company, The Swan Electric Light Company, [15] and started commercial production. [16] The Savoy , a state-of-the-art theatre in the City of Westminster , London, was the first public building in the world lit entirely by electricity. [2] [17] Swan supplied about 1,200 incandescent lamps, powered by an 88.3 kilowatts (118.4 horsepower ) generator on open land near the theatre. [18] [19] The builder of the Savoy, Richard D'Oyly Carte , explained why he had introduced Swan's electric light: \"The greatest drawbacks to the enjoyment of the theatrical performances are, undoubtedly, the foul air and heat which pervade all theatres. As everyone knows, each gas-burner consumes as much oxygen as many people, and causes great heat beside. The incandescent lamps consume no oxygen, and cause no perceptible heat.\" [20] The first generator proved too small to power the whole building, and though the entire front-of-house was electrically lit, the stage was lit by gas until 28 December 1881. At that performance, Carte stepped onstage and broke a glowing lightbulb before the audience to demonstrate the safety of Swan's new technology. On 29 December 1881, The Times described the electric lighting as superior, visually, to gaslight. [21] The first private residence, other than the inventor's, lit by the new incandescent lamp was that of his friend, Sir William Armstrong at Cragside , near Rothbury , Northumberland. Swan personally supervised the installation there in December 1880. Swan had formed 'The Swan Electric Light Company Ltd' with a factory at Benwell, Newcastle, and had established the first commercial manufacture of incandescent lightbulbs by the beginning of 1881. Swan's carbon rod lamp and carbon filament lamp, while functional, were still relatively impractical due to low resistance (needing very expensive thick copper wiring) and short running life. [10] [22] While searching for a better filament for his light bulb, Swan inadvertently made another advance. In 1881, he developed and patented a process for squeezing nitro-cellulose through holes to form conducting fibres. His newly established company (which by merger eventually became the Edison and Swan United Company) used Swan's cellulose filaments in their bulbs. The textile industry has also used this process. [6] [23] The first ship to use Swan's invention was The City of Richmond , owned by the 'Inman Line'. She was fitted with incandescent lamps in June 1881. The Royal Navy also introduced them to their ships soon after; with HMS Inflexible having the new lamps installed in the same year. [24] Swan was one of the early developers of the electric safety lamp for miners, exhibiting his first in Newcastle upon Tyne at the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers on 14 May 1881. [25] This required a wired supply, so the following year, he presented one with a battery [26] and other improved versions followed. [27] By 1886 , a lamp with better light output than a flame safety lamp was in production by the Edison-Swan Company. [28] However, it suffered from problems of reliability and was not a success. It took development by others over the next 20 years or so before effective electric lamps were in common use. [29] Conjunction with Edison [ edit ] Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company, otherwise known as 'Ediswan' In what is considered to be independent lines of inquiry, Swan's incandescent electric lamp was developed at the same time Thomas Edison was working on his incandescent lamp [30] with Swan's first successful lamp and Edison's lamp both patented in 1879 . [31] Edison's goal in developing his lamp was for it to be used as one part of a much larger system: a long-life high-resistance lamp that could be connected in parallel to work economically with the large-scale electric-lighting utility he was creating. [32] [30] Swan's original lamp design, with its low resistance (the lamp could only be used in series ) and short life span, was not suited for such an application. [30] Ediswan [ edit ] Swan's strong patents in Great Britain led, in 1883 , to the two competing companies merging to exploit both Swan's and Edison's inventions, [24] with the establishment of the Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company . Known commonly as Ediswan , the company sold lamps made with a cellulose filament that Swan had invented in 1881 , while the Edison Company continued using bamboo filaments outside of Britain. In 1892 , General Electric (GE) began exploiting Swan's patents to produce cellulose filaments, until they were replaced in 1904 by a GE developed 'GEM' ( General Electric Metallized ) baked cellulose filaments. [33] In 1886 , Ediswan moved production to a former jute mill at Ponders End , North London. [34] In 1916 , Ediswan set up the UK's first radio thermionic valve factory at Ponders End. This area, with nearby Brimsdown subsequently developed as a centre for the manufacture of thermionic valves, cathode ray tubes , etc., and nearby parts of Enfield became an important centre of the electronics industry for much of the 20th century. Ediswan became part of British Thomson-Houston and Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) in the late 1920s. [35] Photography [ edit ] Stone tablet of Sir Joseph Wilson Swan in Pilgrim Street, Newcastle upon Tyne , on former Electricity Board building When working with wet photographic plates, Swan noticed that heat increased the sensitivity of the silver bromide emulsion. By 1871 , he had devised a method of using dry plates, and substituting nitro-cellulose plastic for glass plates, thus initiating the age of convenience in photography. Eight years later, he patented bromide paper , developments of which are still used for black-and-white photographic prints. In 1864 , Swan patented the transfer process for making carbon prints , a permanent photographic process. By adding the transfer step, Swan was able to easily make photographs with a full tonal range. Later life [ edit ] In 1894 , Swan was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), [36] and in September 1901 , he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from the University of Durham . [37] In 1904 , he was knighted , awarded the Royal Society's Hughes Medal , and made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society. Swan died in 1914 at Warlingham in Surrey. In 1945 , the London Power Company commemorated Swan by naming a new 1,554 GRT coastal collier SS Sir Joseph Swan . [24] [38] References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Kenneth E. Hendrickson III, The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3, Rowman & Littlefield - 2014, page 564 [ ISBN missing ] ^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . pp. 434–435. ISBN 0-304-35730-8 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g \"Pharmacy - the mother of invention? — Sir Joseph Swan (1828–1914)\" . RPSGB.org.uk . Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB). Archived from the original on 24 September 2006 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Swan made groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of electric lighting and photography. He had already received the Legion of Honour when he visited an international exhibition in Paris in 1881. The exhibition included exhibits of his inventions, and the city was lit with electric light, thanks to Swan's invention. Jump up ^ Hodges, Andrew (2012). Alan Turing: The Enigma (The Centenary Edition) . UK; US: Princeton University Press . p. 38. ISBN 978-0-691-15564-7 . Jump up ^ \"Turing biography\" . MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Davidson, Michael W. and The Florida State University. \"Molecular expressions. Science, optics and you. Pioneers in optics. Joseph Swan (1828–1914) .\" Last modification 26 February 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2009 Jump up ^ Plumley, Jon. \"Joseph Swan: Biography\" . www.kstc.co.uk . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Newton, Douglas (1978) New Scientist, 26 October 1978 Retrieved 30 December 2010 ^ Jump up to: a b Electrical times, Volume 145 p. 220. Retrieved 30 December 2010 ^ Jump up to: a b \"Lighting A Revolution: Joseph W. Swan\" . americanhistory.si.edu . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Swan K. R. Sir Joseph Swan and the Invention of the incandescent electric lamp . London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1946 pp. 21–25 [ ISBN missing ] Jump up ^ \"Tale of tragedy behind the triumphs of Joseph Swan\" . The Journal. 11 December 2016. Jump up ^ Glover, Andrew (8 February 2011). \"Alexander Armstrong in appeal to save Lit and Phil\" . The Journal . Archived from the original on 15 February 2011 . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . The society's lecture theatre was the first public room to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Sir Joseph Swan on October 20, 1880. Jump up ^ History in pictures – The Lit & Phil , BBC . Retrieved 8 August 2011 Jump up ^ Ideafinder.com, Light Bulb History , accessed 17 July 2012 Jump up ^ Chirnside, R.C. Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS Newcastle upon Tyne: Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne 1979 Jump up ^ Burgess, Michael. \"Richard D'Oyly Carte\", The Savoyard , January 1975, pp. 7–11 [ ISBN missing ] Jump up ^ \"The Savoy Theatre\", The Times , 3 October 1881 Jump up ^ Gooday, Graeme. Domesticating electricity: technology, uncertainty and gender, 1880–1914 . Pickering & Chatto, 2008, p.107, accessed 30 November 2010 [ ISBN missing ] Jump up ^ \"Richard D'Oyly Carte\" Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine ., at the Lyric Opera San Diego website, June 2009 Jump up ^ Description of lightbulb experiment in The Times , 29 December 1881 Jump up ^ \"Dec. 18, 1878: Let There Be Light — Electric Light\" . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Joseph Wilson Swan\" . Timmonetk . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sir Josepth Swan and the Invention of the Incandescent Electric Lamp by Kenneth R. Swan 1948 Jump up ^ Swan. J.W. Swan's electric light Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 30, 1881, 149–159 Jump up ^ Swan, J.W. On an electric safety lamp, with portable secondary battery Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 31 1881-2, 117–9 Jump up ^ Swan, J.W. On an improved electric safety lamp for miners Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 36 1886-7, 3–11 Jump up ^ Discussion on electric lamps Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 36 1886-7 55 – 59 Jump up ^ Jones, A. V. and Tarkenter, R. P. Electrical technology in mining: the dawn of a new age . London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd, 1993. [ ISBN missing ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Maury Klein, The Power Makers: Steam, Electricity, and the Men Who Invented Modern America, Bloomsbury Publishing USA - 2010, Chapter 9 - The Cowbird, The Plugger, and the Dreamer Jump up ^ Kenneth E. Hendrickson III, The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3, Rowman & Littlefield - 2014, page 564 Jump up ^ David O. Whitten, Bessie Emrick Whitten, Handbook of American Business History: Manufacturing, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990, pages 315-316 Jump up ^ Incandescent Lamps, History of the Incandescent Light (1802 - today) , EdisonTechCenter.org Archived 28 January 2013 at WebCite Jump up ^ Pam, D. (1977), The New Enfield: Stories of Enfield Edmonton and Southgate, a Jubilee History , London Borough of Enfield Libraries, Arts & Entertainment Dept Jump up ^ Lewis J.(2001), London's Lea Valley: more secrets revealed , Phillimore, ISBN 1-86077-190-4 Jump up ^ \"Library and Archive Catalogue\" . Royal Society . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . [ permanent dead link ] Jump up ^ \"University intelligence\". The Times (36573). London. 30 September 1901. p. 4. Jump up ^ Anderson, James B (2008). Sommerville, Iain, ed. \"Ships built by the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company Ltd: arranged by date of launch\" . Welcome to Burntisland . Iain Sommerville . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Further reading [ edit ] Swan, M.E. and Swan, K.R. (1929). Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS: inventor and scientist . London : Ernest Benn , reprinted with an appendix, Newcastle upon Tyne : Oriel Press , 1968. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) [ ISBN missing ] Clouth, D.E. (1979). Joseph Swan 1828–1914: A pictorial account of a North Eastern scientist's life and work . Gateshead : Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council , Dept of Education. [ ISBN missing ] External links [ edit ] Tyne & Wear Archives Service Joseph Swan collection \" Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson \". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. Gilman, D. C. ; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). \" Swan, Joseph Wilson \". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 15100261 LCCN : no2003111194 ISNI : 0000 0000 7849 0127 GND : 117679186 BNF : cb15726389b (data) ULAN : 500061787 SNAC : w6fx92h4 PIC : 300951 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Swan&oldid=825020537 \" Categories : 1828 births 1914 deaths People from Sunderland, Tyne and Wear 19th-century English people English inventors English chemists English physicists Knights Bachelor Légion d'honneur recipients People associated with electricity Fellows of the Royal Society Hidden categories: Pages with missing ISBNs Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty Use British English from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles lacking ISBNs Articles with hCards All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Македонски Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018, at 00:46. 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{ "text": "United Nations peacekeeping - Wikipedia United Nations peacekeeping From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search United Nation Peacekeeping UNPK logo Founded 1948 Website United Nations Peacekeeping Leadership Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations Jean-Pierre Lacroix Manpower Active personnel 90,905 uniformed, 111,512 total [1] Expenditures Budget $7.9 billion [2] Related articles History United Nations peacekeeping missions Peacekeeping by the United Nations is a role held by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations as \"a unique and dynamic instrument developed by the organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace.\" [3] It is distinguished from peacebuilding , peacemaking , and peace enforcement although the United Nations does acknowledge that all activities are \"mutually reinforcing\" and that overlap between them is frequent in practice. [4] Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they may have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Accordingly, UN peacekeepers (often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel. The United Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations through Chapter VII authorizations. [5] Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself, with troops serving under UN operational control. In these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent \"UN army,\" as the UN does not have such a force. In cases where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), [5] the Economic Community of West African States , or coalitions of willing countries to undertake peacekeeping or peace-enforcement tasks. Mr. Jean-Pierre Lacroix is the Head of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. He took over from the former Under-Secretary-General Mr. Hérve Ladsous on 1 April 2017. DPKO's highest level doctrine document, entitled \"United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines\" was issued in 2008. [6] Contents [ hide ] 1 Process and structure 2 Formation 2.1 Financing 2.2 Structure 3 History 3.1 Cold War peacekeeping 3.2 Since 1991 4 Participation 5 Results 6 Crimes by peacekeepers 6.1 Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution 6.2 Human rights violations in United Nations missions 7 Proposed reform 7.1 Brahimi analysis 7.2 Rapid reaction force 7.3 Restructuring of the UN secretariat 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Process and structure [ edit ] In 2007, a peacekeeper volunteer was required to be over the age of 25 with no maximum age limit. [7] Peacekeeping forces are contributed by member states on a voluntary basis. As of 31 December 2013, the total size of the peacekeeping force is 98,200 police, troops, and military experts. European nations contribute nearly 6,000 units [ clarification needed ] to this total. Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh are among the largest individual contributors with around 8,000 units each. African nations contributed nearly half the total, almost 44,000 units. [8] Every peacekeeping mission is authorized by the Security Council. Formation [ edit ] Guard of Honor during UN Medal Awarding Parade at Bunia, Orientale. Republique democratique du Congo by Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force A multinational UN battalion at the 2008 Bastille Day military parade Once a peace treaty has been negotiated, the parties involved might ask the United Nations for a peacekeeping force to oversee various elements of the agreed upon plan. This is often done because a group controlled by the United Nations is less likely to follow the interests of any one party, since it itself is controlled by many groups, namely the 15-member Security Council and the intentionally diverse United Nations Secretariat . If the Security Council approves the creation of a mission, then the Department of Peacekeeping Operations begins planning for the necessary elements. At this point, the senior leadership team is selected. The department will then seek contributions from member nations. Since the UN has no standing force or supplies, it must form ad hoc coalitions for every task undertaken. Doing so results in both the possibility of failure to form a suitable force, and a general slowdown in procurement once the operation is in the field. Romeo Dallaire , force commander in Rwanda during the Rwandan Genocide there, described the problems this poses by comparison to more traditional military deployments: He told me the UN was a \"pull\" system, not a \"push\" system like I had been used to with NATO, because the UN had absolutely no pool of resources to draw on. You had to make a request for everything you needed, and then you had to wait while that request was analyzed... For instance, soldiers everywhere have to eat and drink. In a push system, food and water for the number of soldiers deployed is automatically supplied. In a pull system, you have to ask for those rations, and no common sense seems to ever apply. — ( Shake Hands With the Devil , Dallaire, pp. 99–100) While the peacekeeping force is being assembled, a variety of diplomatic activities are being undertaken by UN staff. The exact size and strength of the force must be agreed to by the government of the nation whose territory the conflict is on. The Rules of Engagement must be developed and approved by both the parties involved and the Security Council. These give the specific mandate and scope of the mission (e.g. when may the peacekeepers, if armed, use force, and where may they go within the host nation). Often, it will be mandated that peacekeepers have host government minders with them whenever they leave their base. This complexity has caused problems in the field. When all agreements are in place, the required personnel are assembled, and final approval has been given by the Security Council, the peacekeepers are deployed to the region in question. Financing [ edit ] Australian peacekeepers in East Timor The financial resources of UN Peacekeeping operations are the collective responsibility of UN Member States. Decisions about the establishment, maintenance or expansion of peacekeeping operations are taken by the Security Council. According to UN Charter every Member State is legally obligated to pay their respective share for peacekeeping. Peacekeeping expenses are divided by the General Assembly based upon a formula established by Member States which takes into account the relative economic wealth of Member States among other things. [9] In 2017, the UN agreed to reduce the peacekeeping budget by $600 million after the US initially proposed a larger cut of approximately $900 million. [10] Year Funding sources by country/source Description Total 2015-2016 $8.3bn [11] 2016-2017 US 28.57% China 10.29% Japan 9.68% Germany 6.39% France 6.31% United Kingdom 5.80% Russian Federation 4.01% Italy 3.75% Canada 2.92% Spain 2.44% Less than 0.5% of world military expenditures (estimated at $1,747 billion in 2013). The resources financed 14 of the 16 United Nations peacekeeping missions with the two remaining ones getting financed through the UN regular budget. Many countries have also voluntarily made additional resources available to support UN Peacekeeping efforts such as by transportation, supplies, personnel and financial contributions beyond their assessed share of peacekeeping costs. [9] $7.87bn [9] 2017-2018 While many have praised the Ivory Coast UN peacekeeping mission 's stabilizing effects on the country, the mission was ended on 30 June 2017. [12] $7.3bn [10] Structure [ edit ] A United Nations peacekeeping mission has three power centers. The first is the Special Representative of the Secretary-General , the official leader of the mission. This person is responsible for all political and diplomatic activity, overseeing relations with both the parties to the peace treaty and the UN member-states in general. They are often a senior member of the Secretariat. The second is the Force Commander, who is responsible for the military forces deployed. They are a senior officer of their nation's armed services, and are often from the nation committing the highest number of troops to the project. Finally, the Chief Administrative Officer oversees supplies and logistics, and coordinates the procurement of any supplies needed. History [ edit ] Main article: History of United Nations peacekeeping Cold War peacekeeping [ edit ] Peacekeepers' Panhard armoured car in the Musée des Blindés , Saumur , France . These vehicles have served with the UN since the inception of UNFICYP . A Pakistani UNOSOM armed convoy making the rounds in Mogadishu. United Nations peacekeeping was initially developed during the Cold War as a means of resolving conflicts between states by deploying unarmed or lightly armed military personnel from a number of countries, under UN command, to areas where warring parties were in need of a neutral party to observe the peace process. Peacekeepers could be called in when the major international powers ( the five permanent members of the Security Council ) tasked the UN with bringing closure to conflicts threatening regional stability and international peace and security. These included a number of so-called \" proxy wars \" waged by client states of the superpowers . As of February 2009, there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations since 1948, with sixteen operations ongoing. Suggestions for new missions arise every year. The first peacekeeping mission was launched in 1948. This mission, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), was sent to the newly created State of Israel , where a conflict between the Israelis and the Arab states over the creation of Israel had just reached a ceasefire . The UNTSO remains in operation to this day, although the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict has certainly not abated. Almost a year later, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) was authorized to monitor relations between the two nations, which were split off from each other following the United Kingdom's decolonization of the Indian subcontinent . As the Korean War ended with the Korean Armistice Agreement in 1953, [13] UN forces remained along the south side of demilitarized zone until 1967, when American and South Korean forces took over. [ citation needed ] Returning its attention to the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the United Nations responded to Suez Crisis of 1956, a war between the alliance of the United Kingdom , France , and Israel , and Egypt , which was supported by other Arab nations. When a ceasefire was declared in 1957, Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs [14] (and future Prime Minister) Lester Bowles Pearson suggested that the United Nations station a peacekeeping force in the Suez in order to ensure that the ceasefire was honored by both sides. Pearson had initially suggested that the force consist of mainly Canadian soldiers, but the Egyptians were suspicious of having a Commonwealth nation defend them against the United Kingdom and her allies. In the end, a wide variety of national forces were drawn upon to ensure national diversity. Pearson would win the Nobel Peace Prize for this work, and he is today considered a father of modern peacekeeping. [ citation needed ] In 1988, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations peacekeeping forces. The press release stated that the forces \"represent the manifest will of the community of nations\" and have \"made a decisive contribution\" to the resolution of conflict around the world. Since 1991 [ edit ] Norwegian Peacekeeper during the Siege of Sarajevo , 1992 - 1993. Indian soldiers patrol under UN mission in Congo, Africa Indian Army doctors attend to a child in Congo The end of the Cold War precipitated a dramatic shift in UN and multilateral peacekeeping. In a new spirit of cooperation, the Security Council established larger and more complex UN peacekeeping missions, often to help implement comprehensive peace agreements between belligerents in intra-State conflicts and civil wars . Furthermore, peacekeeping came to involve more and more non-military elements that ensured the proper functioning of civic functions, such as elections. The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations was created in 1992 to support this increased demand for such missions. By and large, the new operations were successful. In El Salvador and Mozambique , for example, peacekeeping provided ways to achieve self-sustaining peace. Some efforts failed, perhaps as the result of an overly optimistic assessment of what UN peacekeeping could accomplish. While complex missions in Cambodia and Mozambique were ongoing, the Security Council dispatched peacekeepers to conflict zones like Somalia , where neither ceasefires nor the consent of all the parties in conflict had been secured. These operations did not have the manpower, nor were they supported by the required political will, to implement their mandates. The failures—most notably the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the 1995 massacre in Srebrenica and Bosnia and Herzegovina —led to a period of retrenchment and self-examination in UN peacekeeping. That period led, in part, to the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission , which works to implement stable peace through some of the same civic functions that peacekeepers also work on, such as elections. The Commission currently works with six countries, all in Africa. [15] Participation [ edit ] Alpine Helicopters contract Bell 212 on UN peacekeeping duty in Guatemala , 1998. San Martin Camp in Cyprus . The Argentine contingent includes troops from other Latin American countries. Indian Army T-72 tanks with UN markings as part of Operation CONTINUE HOPE . The UN Charter stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world, all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities. Since 1948, close to 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations. While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available, it is estimated that up to one million soldiers, police officers and civilians have served under the UN flag in the last 56 years. As of June 2013, 114 countries were contributing a total 91,216 military observers, police, and troops to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. As of 29 February 2016, 124 countries were contributing a total of 105,314 personnel in Peacekeeping Operations, with Ethiopia leading the tally (8,324), followed by India (7,695) and Bangladesh (7,525). [16] In June 2013. Pakistan contributed the highest number overall with 8,186 personnel, followed by India (7,878), Bangladesh (7,799), Ethiopia (6,502), Rwanda (4,686), Nigeria (4,684), Nepal (4,495), Jordan (3,374), Ghana (2,859), and Egypt (2,750). [17] As of 28 February 2015, 120 countries were contributing a total of 104,928 personnel in Peacekeeping Operations, with Bangladesh leading the tally (9446). [18] As of March 2008, in addition to military and police personnel, 5,187 international civilian personnel, 2,031 UN Volunteers and 12,036 local civilian personnel worked in UN peacekeeping missions. [19] A peacekeeping soldier of Poland in Syria Through April 2008, 2,468 people from over 100 countries have been killed while serving on peacekeeping missions. [20] Many of those came from India (127), Canada (114) and Ghana (113). Thirty percent of the fatalities in the first 55 years of UN peacekeeping occurred in the years 1993-1995. About 4.5% of the troops and civilian police deployed in UN peacekeeping missions come from the European Union and less than one percent from the United States (USA). [21] The rate of reimbursement by the UN for troop-contributing countries per peacekeeper per month include: $1,028 for pay and allowances; $303 supplementary pay for specialists; $68 for personal clothing, gear and equipment; and $5 for personal weaponry. [22] Results [ edit ] According to scholar Page Fortna, there is strong evidence that the presence of peacekeepers significantly reduces the risk of renewed warfare; more peacekeeping troops leads to fewer battlefield deaths; and more peacekeeping troops leads to fewer civilian deaths. [23] There is also evidence that the promise to deploy peacekeepers can help an international organizations bring combatants to the negotiation table and increase the likelihood that they will agree to a cease-fire. [24] However, there have been several reports during UN peacekeeping missions of human rights abuse by UN soldiers, notably in Central African Republic in 2015. Cost of these missions is also significant, with UNMISS in South Sudan costing $1 billion per year for 12,500 UN soldiers unable to prevent the country's movement towards civil war. Often missions require approval from local governments before deploying troops which can also limit effectiveness of UN missions. [25] Nicholas Sambanis asserts that the presence of a UN peacekeeping mission is correlated with a positive effect on the achievement of peace, especially in the short-term. However, he notes that this effect is lessened over time. Thus, the longer that peacekeepers remain in a country, the greater the likelihood that peace will maintain. Acknowledging the success that UN peacekeeping operations have achieved in increasing political participation, Sambanis claims that a greater focus on economic development would further increase the efficacy of peacekeeping efforts. [26] Another study suggests that doubling the peacekeeping operation budget stronger peacekeeping operation mandates and a doubling of the PKO budget would reduce armed conflicts by up to two thirds relative to a scenario without PKOs. [27] Crimes by peacekeepers [ edit ] Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution [ edit ] Further information: Peacekeeping § Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution Reporters witnessed a rapid increase in prostitution in Cambodia and Mozambique after UN peacekeeping forces moved in. In the 1996 UN study \"The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children\", former first lady of Mozambique Graça Machel documented: \"In 6 out of 12 country studies on sexual exploitation of children in situations of armed conflict prepared for the present report, the arrival of peacekeeping troops has been associated with a rapid rise in child prostitution.\" [28] Gita Sahgal spoke out in 2004 with regard to the fact that prostitution and sex abuse crops up wherever humanitarian intervention efforts are set up. She observed: \"The issue with the UN is that peacekeeping operations unfortunately seem to be doing the same thing that other militaries do. Even the guardians have to be guarded.\" [29] Human rights violations in United Nations missions [ edit ] Brazilian Army participating in a UN peacekeeping mission in Haiti . The following table chart illustrates confirmed accounts of crimes and human rights violations committed by United Nations soldiers, peacekeepers, and employees. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] A comparison of incidents involving United Nations peacekeepers, troops, and employees. Conflict United Nations Mission Sexual abuse 1 Murder 2 Extortion/Theft 3 Second Congo War United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo 150 3 44 Somali Civil War United Nations Operation in Somalia II 5 24 5 Sierra Leone Civil War United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone 50 7 15 Eritrean-Ethiopian War United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea 70 15 0 Burundi Civil War United Nations Operation in Burundi 80 5 0 Rwanda Civil War United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda 65 15 0 Second Liberian Civil War United Nations Mission in Liberia 30 4 1 Second Sudanese Civil War United Nations Mission in Sudan 400 5 0 Côte d'Ivoire Civil War United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire 500 2 0 2004 Haitian coup d'état United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti 110 57 0 Kosovo War United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo 800 70 100 Israeli–Lebanese conflict United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 0 6 0 Proposed reform [ edit ] Brahimi analysis [ edit ] In response to criticism, particularly of the cases of sexual abuse by peacekeepers, the UN has taken steps toward reforming its operations. The Brahimi Report was the first of many steps to recap former peacekeeping missions, isolate flaws, and take steps to patch these mistakes to ensure the efficiency of future peacekeeping missions. The UN has vowed to continue to put these practices into effect when performing peacekeeping operations in the future. The technocratic aspects of the reform process have been continued and revitalised by the DPKO in its \"Peace Operations 2010\" reform agenda. This included an increase in personnel, the harmonization of the conditions of service of field and headquarters staff, the development of guidelines and standard operating procedures, and improving the partnership arrangement between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), African Union and European Union. 2008 capstone doctrine entitled \"United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines\" [6] incorporates and builds on the Brahimi analysis. Rapid reaction force [ edit ] One suggestion to account for delays such as the one in Rwanda, is a rapid reaction force: a standing group, administered by the UN and deployed by the Security Council, that receives its troops and support from current Security Council members and is ready for quick deployment in the event of future genocides. [42] Restructuring of the UN secretariat [ edit ] The UN peacekeeping capacity was enhanced in 2007 by augmenting the DPKO with the new Department of Field Support (DFS). Whereas the new entity serves as a key enabler by co-ordinating the administration and logistics in UN peacekeeping operations, DPKO concentrates on policy planning and providing strategic directions. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] United Nations portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations peacekeeping missions . UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers List of United Nations peacekeeping missions List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers Multinational Force and Observers Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions List of non-UN peacekeeping missions NATO peacekeeping White Helmets Commission PKSOI International security Responsibility to protect Security-related bills References [ edit ] Jump up ^ UN Peacekeeping Fact Sheet: 30 June 2013 ; accessed: August 7, 2013 Jump up ^ \"Financing peacekeeping\" . Jump up ^ United Nations Peacekeeping Jump up ^ \"Peace and Security\" . United Nations . Retrieved 2017-05-18 . ^ Jump up to: a b Nau, Henry (2015). Perspectives on International Relations . Washington DC: CQ Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-4522-4148-7 . ^ Jump up to: a b DPKO Capstone Doctrine Jump up ^ http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/UNDPKO.html Jump up ^ \"United Nations troop and police contributors archive (1990 - 2013)\" . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"Financing peacekeeping. United Nations Peacekeeping\" . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017-05-31 . ^ Jump up to: a b Nichols, By Michelle. \"U.N. states agree $7.3 bln peacekeeping budget, U.S. share cut 7.5 pct\" . Reuters . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ \"General Assembly Authorizes $8.3 billion for 15 Peacekeeping Operations in 2015/16 as It Adopts 25 Resolutions, 1 Decision in Reports of Fifth Committee | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases\" . www.un.org . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ \"UN ends peacekeeping mission in Ivory Coast after 13 years\" . ABC News . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ \"The Korean War armistice\" . BBC News . 2015-03-05 . Retrieved 2017-02-09 . Jump up ^ \"Lester B. Pearson: 1957 Nobel Peace Prize Recipient\" . Jump up ^ \"Beyond Peace Deals: The United Nations Experiment in \"Peacebuilding \" \" . Jump up ^ \"Contribution to United Nations peacekeeping operations, 29th February, 2016\" (PDF) . Jump up ^ Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations accessed August 7, 2013. Jump up ^ Monthly Summary of Contributions (Police, UN Military Experts on Mission and Troops)accessed February, 2015. Jump up ^ Background Note – United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Jump up ^ United Nations peacekeeping – Fatalities By Year up to 31 Dec 2008 Jump up ^ \"Peacekeeping Fact Sheet\" . United Nations . Retrieved 2010-12-20 . Jump up ^ United Nations Peacekeepers - How are peacekeepers compensated? Jump up ^ \"Enough with the Pessimism about Peacekeeping\" . Political Violence @ a Glance . Retrieved 2015-10-22 . Jump up ^ Lundgren, Magnus (2016). \"Which international organizations can settle civil wars?\" . Review of International Organizations . DOI 10.1007/s11558-016-9253-0. Jump up ^ \"Peacekeepers in name only\" . The Economist . Retrieved 2017-11-14 . Jump up ^ Sambanis, Nicholas (2008). \"Short- and Long-Term Effects of United Nations Peace Operations\". The World Bank Economic Review . 22 : 9–32. Jump up ^ \"Evaluating the conflict-reducing effect of UN peacekeeping operations\" (PDF) . Jump up ^ The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children Jump up ^ \"Sex charges haunt UN forces; In places like Congo and Kosovo, peacekeepers have been accused of abusing the people they're protecting,\" Christian Science Monitor , 26 November 2004, accessed 16 February 2010 Jump up ^ 1 : compiled from the corresponding Wikipedia articles. When a range was given, the median was used. Jump up ^ 2 http://www.unwire.org/unwire/20030411/33133_story.asp United Nations Foundation. Jump up ^ 3 https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52333-2005Mar20.html Congo's Desperate 'One-Dollar U.N. Girls' Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm UN troops face child abuse claims Jump up ^ http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/081zxelz.asp The U.N. Sex Scandal Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/un-troops-buy-sex-from-teenage-refugees-in-congo-camp-756666.html UN troops buy sex from teenage refugees in Congo camp Jump up ^ http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/199/40816.html UN Peacekeepers Criticized Jump up ^ http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/190/32956.html Global Rules Now Apply to Peacekeepers Jump up ^ http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3113&context=expresso Victims of Peace: Current Abuse Allegations against U.N. Peacekeepers and the Role of Law in Preventing Them in the Future Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/27_05_08_savethechildren.pdf No One to Turn To - BBC Analysis Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1538476/UN-staff-accused-of-raping-children-in-Sudan.html UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan Jump up ^ https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2002/bosnia/ TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND GIRLS TO POST-CONFLICT BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA FOR FORCED PROSTITUTION - Human Rights Watch Jump up ^ Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations , 2000. Further reading [ edit ] Bureš, Oldřich (June 2006). \"Regional Peacekeeping Operations: Complementing or Undermining the United Nations Security Council?\". Global Change, Peace & Security . 18 (2): 83–99. doi : 10.1080/14781150600687775 . Fortna, Virginia Page (2004). \"Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War\". International Studies Quarterly . 48 (2): 269–292. doi : 10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00301.x . Goulding, Marrack (July 1993). \"The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping\". International Affairs . International Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 3. 69 (3): 451–64. doi : 10.2307/2622309 . JSTOR 2622309 . Pushkina, Darya (June 2006). \"A Recipe for Success? Ingredients of a Successful Peacekeeping Mission\". International Peacekeeping . 13 (2): 133–149. doi : 10.1080/13533310500436508 . Worboys, Katherine (2007). \"The Traumatic Journey from Dictatorship to Democracy: Peacekeeping Operations and Civil-Military Relations in Argentina, 1989-1999\" . Armed Forces & Society . 33 (2): 149–168. doi : 10.1177/0095327X05283843 . Dandeker, Christopher; Gow, James (1997). \"The Future of Peace Support Operations: Strategic Peacekeeping and Success\" . Armed Forces & Society . 23 (3): 327–347. doi : 10.1177/0095327X9702300302 . Blocq, Daniel. 2009. \"Western Soldiers and the Protection of Local Civilians in UN Peacekeeping Operations: Is a Nationalist Orientation in the Armed Forces Hindering Our Preparedness to Fight?\" Armed Forces & Society , abstract Bridges, Donna and Debbie Horsfall. 2009. \"Increasing Operational Effectiveness in UN Peacekeeping: Toward a Gender-Balanced Force.\" Armed Forces & Society , May 2009. abstract Howard, Lise Morjé. 2008. UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. abstract Fortna, Virginia Page; Lise Morjé, Howard (2008). \"Pitfalls and Prospects in the Peacekeeping Future\". Annual Review of Political Science . 11 : 283–301. doi : 10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.041205.103022 . Reed, Brian; Segal, David (2000). \"The Impact of Multiple Deployments on Soldiers' Peacekeeping Attitudes, Morale and Retention\" . Armed Forces & Society . 27 : 57–78. doi : 10.1177/0095327X0002700105 . Sion, Liora (2006). \" ' Too Sweet and Innocent for War'?: Dutch Peacekeepers and the Use of Violence\" . Armed Forces & Society . 32 (3): 454–474. doi : 10.1177/0095327X05281453 . [ show ] v t e United Nations António Guterres , Secretary-General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary-General Miroslav Lajčák , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary-General Deputy Secretary-General Under-Secretary-General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary-General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Sexual Violence in Conflict Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP-WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSSC UNU UNU-OP UNU-CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno-Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary-General (2006 2016) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President (2012 2016) Security Council (2015 2016) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years UN laissez-passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series (1964–1966) In popular culture [ show ] v t e Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901–1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926–1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951–1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel-Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976–2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae-jung 2001–present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons [ show ] v t e United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Africa MINURSO MINUSCA MINUSMA MONUSCO UNAMID UNISFA UNMIL UNIMISS UNOCI UNSMIL Americas MINUSTAH Asia UNAMA UNMOGIP Europe UNFICYP UNPROFOR UNMIK Middle East UNDOF UNIFIL UNTSO Category Portal Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 137884650 GND : 2092726-5 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_peacekeeping&oldid=835329104 \" Categories : United Nations peacekeeping Hidden categories: Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns-list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018, at 01:09. 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{ "text": "American System (economic plan) - Wikipedia American System (economic plan) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article is part of a series about Henry Clay Early life Legal career Speaker of the House War of 1812 American System Missouri Compromise Second Bank of the United States Bid for the Presidency (1824) Secretary of State Corrupt Bargain Charlotte Dupuy U.S. Senator from Kentucky Nullification Crisis Bid for the Presidency (1832) Whig Party Bid for the Presidency (1844) Compromise of 1850 Death Lying in State v t e The Monkey System or Every One For Himself Henry Clay says \"Walk in and see the new improved grand original American System!\" The cages are labeled: \"Home, Consumption, Internal, Improv\". This 1831 cartoon ridiculing Clay's American System depicts monkeys, labeled as being different parts of a nation's economy, stealing each other's resources (food) with commentators describing it as either great or a humbug. The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century . Rooted in the \" American School \" ideas of Alexander Hamilton , the plan \"consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster care; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other ' internal improvements ' to develop profitable markets for farmculture\". [ attribution needed ] [1] Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the \"American System\". Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Main points 3 Annual Message of 1815 (Seven Points) 4 See also 5 Further reading 5.1 Modern Books 5.2 Other/older Books 6 Sources and Notes History [ edit ] A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System, was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay , John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams . The System ran counter to federalism and included: Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales Clay protested that the West , which opposed the tariff, should support it since urban factory workers would be consumers of western foods. In Clay’s view, the South (which also opposed high tariffs) should support them because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills. This last argument was the weak link. The South never strongly supported the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton exports. Portions of the American System were enacted by the United States Congress . The Second Bank of the United States was rechartered in 1816 for 20 years. High tariffs were first suggested by Alexander Hamilton in his 1791 Report on Manufactures but were not approved by Congress until the Tariff of 1816 . Tariffs were subsequently raised until they peaked in 1828 after the so-called Tariff of Abominations . After the Nullification Crisis in 1833, tariffs remained the same rate until the Civil War. However, the national system of internal improvements was never adequately funded; the failure to do so was due in part to sectional jealousies and constitutional squabbles about such expenditures. The American System did not enjoy universal success, however; in 1830, President Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky. Jackson's Maysville Road veto was due to both his personal conflict with Clay and his ideological objections. Main points [ edit ] The establishment of a protective tariff, a 20%–25% tax on imported goods, would protect a nation’s business from foreign competition. Congress passed a tariff in 1816 which made European goods more expensive and encouraged consumers to buy relatively cheap American-made goods. The establishment of a national bank would promote a single currency, making trade easier, and issue what was called sovereign credit , i.e., credit issued by the national government, rather than borrowed from the private banking system. In 1816, Congress created the Second Bank of the United States . The improvement of the country’s infrastructure , especially transportation systems, made trade easier and faster for everyone. Poor roads made transportation slow and costly. This program became the leading tenet of the Whig Party of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster . It was opposed by the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson , Martin Van Buren , James K. Polk , Franklin Pierce , and James Buchanan prior to the Civil War, often on the grounds that the points of it were unconstitutional. Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System was the Cumberland Road . Henry Clay's \"American System,\" devised in the burst of nationalism that followed the War of 1812 , remains one of the most historically significant examples of a government-sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation's agriculture, commerce, and industry. This \"System\" consisted of three mutually reenforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other \"internal improvements\" to develop profitable markets for agriculture. Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands. Clay argued that a vigorously maintained system of sectional economic interdependence would eliminate the chance of renewed subservience to the free-trade , laissez-faire \"British System.\" — United States Senate website [1] Annual Message of 1815 (Seven Points) [ edit ] Funds for national defense Frigates for the Navy A standing army and federal control of the militia Federal aid for building roads and canals A protective tariff to encourage manufacturers Re-establishing the National Bank Federal assumption of some state debt See also [ edit ] American School (economics) Friedrich List , German-American economist Import substitution industrialization , a key feature of the American System adopted in much of the Third World during the twentieth century Lincoln's expansion of the federal government's economic role National Policy , a similar economic plan used by Canada circa 1867–1920s Further reading [ edit ] Modern Books [ edit ] Michael, Diaz , The Promise of American Life (2005-reprint) Joseph Dorfman. The Economic Mind in American Civilization, 1606-1865 (1947) 2 vol Eckes,Jr. Alfred E. \"Opening America's Market-U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since (1995) University of North Carolina Press Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (1970) Gill, William J. Trade Wars Against America: A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy (1990) Carter Goodrich, Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800-1890 (Greenwood Press, 1960 ) Goodrich, Carter. \"American Development Policy: the Case of Internal Improvements,\" Journal of Economic History , 16 ( 1956), 449-60. in JSTOR Goodrich, Carter. \"National Planning of Internal Improvements,\" Political Science Quarterly , 63 (1948), 16-44. in JSTOR John Lauritz Larson. Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States (2001) Lively, Robert A. \"The American System, a Review Article,\" Business History Review, XXIX (March, 1955), 81-96. recommended starting point Lind, Michael Hamilton's Republic: Readings in the American Democratic Nationalist Tradition (1997) Lind, Michael What Lincoln Believed: The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President (2004) Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union , 1991 Edward Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in the 19th Century (1903; reprint 1974), 2 vols., favors protectionism Charles M. Wiltse, John C. Calhoun: Nationalist, 1782-1828 (1944) Other/older Books [ edit ] G. B. Curtiss, Protection and Prosperity: an ; W. H. Dawson, Protection in Germany (London, 1904) Alexander Hamilton, Report on the Subject of Manufactures, communicated to the House of Representatives, 5 December 1791 H. C. Carey, Principles of Social Science (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1858–1859), Harmony of Interests Agricultural, Manufacturing and Commercial (Philadelphia, 1873) Friedrich List, Outlines of American Political Economy (1980-reprint) Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy (1994-reprint) A. M. Low, Protection in the United States (London, 1904); H. 0. Meredith, Protection in France (London, 1904) Ellis H. Roberts, Government Revenue, especially the American System, an argument for industrial freedom against the fallacies of free trade (Boston, 1884) J. P. Young, Protection and Progress: a Study of the Economic Bases of the American Protective System (Chicago, 1900) Clay, Henry. The Papers of Henry Clay, 1797-1852. Edited by James Hopkins Sources and Notes [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Classic Senate Speeches: Henry Clay In Defense of the American System at the US Senate website The American System: Speeches on the Tariff Question and Internal Improvements by Congressman Andrew Stewart [ show ] v t e John Quincy Adams United States House of Representatives, 1831–1848 6th President of the United States, 1825–1829 8th U.S. Secretary of State, 1817–1825 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, 1814–1817 1st U.S. Minister to Russia, 1809–1814 Massachusetts State Senate, 1803–1808 U.S. Minister to Prussia, 1797–1801 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands, 1794–1797 Presidency Inauguration American System Internal improvements Tariff of 1828 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Treaty of Fond du Lac Treaty of Limits United States Naval Observatory Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori State of the Union Address, 1825 1827 1828 Federal judiciary appointments Other events Monroe Doctrine, author Treaty of Ghent Adams–Onís Treaty Treaty of 1818 Smithsonian Institution United States v. The Amistad Mendi Bible President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences President, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences Writings Lifelong diary Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Life and homes Early life Abigail Adams Cairn John Quincy Adams and abolitionism Adams National Historical Park Birthplace and family home Peacefield Presidential Library United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election, 1824 Corrupt Bargain United States presidential election, 1828 Legacy Adams Memorial Adams House at Harvard University U.S. Postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Popular culture Profiles in Courage (1957 book 1965 television series) The Adams Chronicles (1976 miniseries) Mutiny on the Amistad (1987 book) Amistad (1997 film) John Adams (2001 book 2008 miniseries) Adams family Quincy family Louisa Adams (wife) George W. Adams (son) Charles Adams Sr. (son) John Adams II (son) Henry Adams (grandson) Brooks Adams (grandson) John Quincy Adams II (grandson) John Adams father presidency Abigail Adams mother First Lady Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith (sister) Charles Adams (brother) Thomas Boylston Adams (brother) John Adams Sr. (paternal grandfather) Susanna Boylston (paternal grandmother) Elihu Adams (paternal uncle) John Quincy (great-grandfather) Related National Republican Party Republicanism Quincy Patriot ← James Monroe Andrew Jackson → Category [ show ] v t e Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army, 1799–1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury, 1789–1795 Delegate, Congress of the Confederation, 1782–1783, 1788–1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress (1774) The Farmer Refuted (1775) Delegate, 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated, main author, The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine (United States Coast Guard) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 \"First Report on the Public Credit\", 1790 Funding Act of 1790 \"Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports\", 1790 \"Second Report on Public Credit\", a.k.a. \"Report on a National Bank\", 1790 \"Report On Manufactures\", 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles: Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington's Aide-de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr–Hamilton duel Founder, Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder, Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor, George Washington's Farewell Address President-General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder, New-York Evening Post Hamilton–Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton (Fraser statue) Alexander Hamilton (Ceracchi bust) Alexander Hamilton (Conrads statue) Alexander Hamilton (Trumbull portrait) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School (Los Angeles) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall (Columbia University) Hamilton Hall (Salem, Massachusetts) Hamilton Heights, Manhattan Hamilton, Ohio Hamilton-Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten-dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton (2015 musical) Hamilton (1917 play) Alexander Hamilton (1931 film) Liberty! (1997 documentary series) Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series) John Adams (2008 miniseries) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall (New Jersey) New York Manumission Society African Free School \"American System\" economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton (oldest son) Angelica Hamilton (daughter) Alexander Hamilton Jr. (son) James Alexander Hamilton (son) John Church Hamilton (son) William S. Hamilton (son) Eliza Hamilton Holly (daughter) Philip Hamilton (youngest son) Schuyler Hamilton (grandson) Alexander Hamilton, Jr. (grandson) Allan McLane Hamilton (grandson) Robert Ray Hamilton (great-grandson) Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_System_(economic_plan)&oldid=796974784 \" Categories : Economic history of the United States Great Triumvirate Henry Clay Political history of the United States Presidency of John Quincy Adams Economic nationalism United States economic policy United States public land law Hidden categories: Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2016 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017, at 05:53. 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{ "text": "Skill - Wikipedia Skill From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search A skill is the ability to carry out a task with determined results often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain -general and domain-specific skills. For example, in the domain of work, some general skills would include time management , teamwork and leadership, self-motivation and others, whereas domain-specific skills would be used only for a certain job. Skill usually requires certain environmental stimuli and situations to assess the level of skill being shown and used. People need a broad range of skills to contribute to a modern economy. A joint ASTD and U.S. Department of Labor study showed that through technology, the workplace is changing, and identified 16 basic skills that employees must have to be able to change with it. [1] Contents [ hide ] 1 Labor skills 2 Life skills 3 People skills 4 Social skills 5 Soft skills 6 Hard skills 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Labor skills [ edit ] Main article: Skill (labor) Skilled workers have long had historical import ( see Division of labor ) as electricians , masons , carpenters , blacksmiths , bakers , brewers , coopers , printers and other occupations that are economically productive. Skilled workers were often politically active through their craft guilds . [2] Life skills [ edit ] Main article: Life skills An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carryout complex activities or job functions involving ideas (cognitive skills), things (technical skills), and/or people (interpersonal skills). See also competence. People skills [ edit ] Main article: People skills According to the Portland Business Journal , people skills are described as: [3] understanding ourselves and moderating our responses talking effectively and empathizing accurately building relationships of trust , respect and productive interactions. A British definition is \"the ability to communicate effectively with people in a friendly way, especially in business.\" [4] The term is not listed yet in major US dictionaries. [5] The term people skills is used to include both psychological skills and social skills but is less inclusive than life skills . Social skills [ edit ] Main article: Social skills Social skill is any skill facilitating interaction and communication with others. Social rules and relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways. The process of learning such skills is called socialization . Soft skills [ edit ] Main article: Soft skills Soft skills are a combination of interpersonal people skills, social skills, communication skills, character traits, attitudes, career attributes and emotional intelligence quotient (EQ) among others. [6] Hard skills [ edit ] Hard skills are any skills relating to a specific task or situation. These skills are easily quantifiable unlike soft skills which are related to one's personality. [7] See also [ edit ] Communication skills Deskilling DISCO - European Dictionary of Skills and Competences Dreyfus model of skill acquisition Game of skill Online skill-based game Transferable skills analysis Procedural knowledge Relationship between skills and core-competencies in education [8] References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"Publications and Research Search Results, Employment & Training Administration (ETA) - U.S. Department of Labor\" . wdr.doleta.gov . Archived from the original on 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Cowan, Ruth Schwartz (1997), A Social History of American Technology , New York: Oxford University Press, p. 179, ISBN 0-19-504605-6 Jump up ^ Rifkin, H. “Invest in people skills to boost bottom line” Archived 18 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2009-10-14 Jump up ^ “Macmillan Dictionary” Archived 5 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2009-08-18 Jump up ^ Dictionary.com definition . Retrieved on 2009-08-18 Jump up ^ Marcel M. Robles, Executive Perceptions of the Top 10 Soft Skills Needed in Today’s Workplace Archived 12 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine ., Business Communication Quarterly, 75(4) 453–465. Jump up ^ Staff, Investopedia (15 May 2010). \"Hard Skills\" . investopedia.com . Archived from the original on 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryu, Cheong-san (2017). \"Educational Significance of Soft Skills and Hard Skills\". The Journal of Korean Practical Arts Education . 23(1): 1–17. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skills . American Society for Training & Development Australian National Training Authority NCVER's Review of generic skills for the new economy SKILLS EU Research Integrated Project Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skill&oldid=843327240 \" Categories : Skills Learning Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2018 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 12:01. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Skill", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Skill&amp;oldid=843327240" }

{ "text": "Tao - Wikipedia Tao From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search \"Dao\" redirects here. For other uses, see Dao (disambiguation) and Tao (disambiguation) . Not to be confused with Tau . Part of a series on Taoism Theories [show] Dao (Tao) De (Te) Wuji Taiji Yin-Yang Wu wei Ziran Xian Wu Xing Qi Practices [show] Three Treasures Taoist meditation Taoist diet Neidan Taoist sexual practices Texts [show] I Ching Laozi ( Tao Te Ching ) Zhuangzi Liezi Daozang Deities [show] Hongjun Laozu Three Pure Ones Guan Shengdi Eight Immortals Yellow Emperor Li Hong Xiwangmu Jade Emperor Other deities People [show] Laozi Zhuangzi Zhang Daoling Zhang Jue Ge Hong Chen Tuan Schools [show] Way of the Taiping Wudoumi Tianshi Shangqing Lingbao Quanzhen ( Longmen ) Zhengyi Wuliu Yao Taoism Holy places [show] Taoist temple Grotto-heavens Mount Penglai Organisations [show] Chinese Taoist Association Celestial Master Taoist priests Portal Taoism v t e Tao ( / t aʊ / ) or Dao ( / d aʊ / DOW ; from Chinese : 道 ; pinyin : Dào [tâu] ( listen ) ) is a Chinese word signifying 'way', 'path', 'route', 'road' or sometimes more loosely 'doctrine', 'principle' or 'holistic science ' [1] . Within the context of traditional Chinese philosophy and religion, Tao is the natural order of the universe whose character human intuition must discern in order to realize the potential for individual wisdom. This intuitive knowing of \"life\" cannot be grasped as just a concept but is known through actual living experience of one's everyday being. Laozi in the Tao Te Ching explains that the Tao is not a 'name' for a 'thing' but the underlying natural order of the Universe whose ultimate essence is difficult to circumscribe due to it being non conceptual yet evident' in one's being of aliveness. [ citation needed ] The Tao is \"eternally nameless\" (Tao Te Ching-32. Laozi ) and to be distinguished from the countless 'named' things which are considered to be its manifestations, the reality of life before its descriptions of it. The Tao lends its name to the religious tradition ( Wade–Giles , Tao Chiao ; Pinyin , Daojiao ) and philosophical tradition (Wade–Giles, Tao chia ; Pinyin, Daojia ) that are both referred to in English with the single term Taoism . Contents [ hide ] 1 Description and uses of the concept 1.1 De 2 Religious, philosophical, and cultural interpretations 2.1 Taoist interpretations 2.1.1 Diversity of views 2.2 Confucian interpretations 2.3 Buddhist interpretations 2.4 Neo-Confucian interpretations 2.5 Christian Interpretations 3 Linguistic aspects 3.1 Characters 3.2 Etymology 3.3 Meanings 3.4 Etymologies 3.5 Loanwords 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Citations 7 Bibliography 7.1 Further reading Description and uses of the concept [ edit ] The ba gua , a symbol commonly used to represent the Tao and its pursuit. The word \"Tao\" (道) has a variety of meanings in both ancient and modern Chinese language. Aside from its purely prosaic use to mean road, channel, path, principle, or similar, [2] the word has acquired a variety of differing and often confusing metaphorical, philosophical and religious uses. In most belief systems, the word is used symbolically in its sense of 'way' as the 'right' or 'proper' way of existence, or in the context of ongoing practices of attainment or of the full coming into being, or the state of enlightenment or spiritual perfection that is the outcome of such practices. [3] Some scholars make sharp distinctions between moral or ethical usage of the word \"Tao\" that is prominent in Confucianism and religious Taoism and the more metaphysical usage of the term used in philosophical Taoism and most forms of Mahayana Buddhism ; [4] others maintain that these are not separate usages or meanings, seeing them as mutually inclusive and compatible approaches to defining the principle. [5] The original use of the term was as a form of praxis rather than theory – a term used as a convention to refer to something that otherwise cannot be discussed in words – and early writings such as the Tao Te Ching and the I Ching make pains to distinguish between conceptions of the Tao (sometimes referred to as \"named Tao\") and the Tao itself (the \"unnamed Tao\"), which cannot be expressed or understood in language. [notes 1] [notes 2] [6] Liu Da asserts that the Tao is properly understood as an experiential and evolving concept, and that there are not only cultural and religious differences in the interpretation of the Tao, but personal differences that reflect the character of individual practitioners. [7] The Tao can be roughly thought of as the flow of the Universe , or as some essence or pattern behind the natural world that keeps the Universe balanced and ordered. [8] It is related to the idea of qi , the essential energy of action and existence. The Tao is a non-dualistic principle – it is the greater whole from which all the individual elements of the Universe derive. Keller considers it similar to the negative theology of Western scholars, [9] but the Tao is rarely an object of direct worship, being treated more like the Hindu concepts of karma or dharma than as a divine object. [10] The Tao is more commonly expressed in the relationship between wu (void or emptiness, in the sense of wuji ) and yinyang (the natural dynamic balance between opposites), leading to its central principle of wu wei (non-action, or action without force). The Tao is usually described in terms of elements of nature, and in particular as similar to water. Like water it is undifferentiated, endlessly self-replenishing, soft and quiet but immensely powerful, and impassively generous. [11] Much of Taoist philosophy centers on the cyclical continuity of the natural world, and its contrast to the linear, goal-oriented actions of human beings. In all its uses, the Tao is considered to have ineffable qualities that prevent it from being defined or expressed in words. It can, however, be known or experienced , and its principles (which can be discerned by observing Nature) can be followed or practiced. Much of East Asian philosophical writing focuses on the value of adhering to the principles of the Tao and the various consequences of failing to do so. The Tao was shared with Confucianism , Chán and Zen Buddhism and more broadly throughout East Asian philosophy and religion in general. In Taoism, Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism, the object of spiritual practice is to 'become one with the Tao' (Tao Te Ching) or to harmonise one's will with Nature (cf. Stoicism ) in order to achieve 'effortless action' ( Wu wei ). This involves meditative and moral practices. Important in this respect is the Taoist concept of De (德; virtue). In Confucianism and religious forms of Taoism, these are often explicitly moral/ethical arguments about proper behavior, while Buddhism and more philosophical forms of Taoism usually refer to the natural and mercurial outcomes of action (comparable to karma ). The Tao is intrinsically related to the concepts yin and yang ( pinyin : yīnyáng ), where every action creates counter-actions as unavoidable movements within manifestations of the Tao, and proper practice variously involves accepting, conforming to, or working with these natural developments. De [ edit ] Main article: De (Chinese) De ( 德 \"power; virtue; integrity\") is the term generally used to refer to proper adherence to the Tao; De is the active living or cultivation of the way. [12] Particular things (things with names) that manifest from the Tao have their own inner nature that they follow, in accordance with the Tao, and the following of this inner nature is De. Wuwei ( Pinyin : wúwéi ) or ' naturalness' are contingent on understanding and conforming to this inner nature, which is interpreted variously from a personal, individual nature to a more generalized notion of human nature within the greater Universe. [13] Historically, the concept of De differed significantly between Taoists and Confucianists. Confucianism was largely a moral system emphasizing the values of humaneness, righteousness, and filial duty, and so conceived De in terms of obedience to rigorously defined and codified social rules. Taoists took a broader, more naturalistic/metaphysical view on the relationship between humankind and the Universe, and considered social rules to be at best a derivative reflection of the natural and spontaneous interactions between people, and at worst calcified structure that inhibited naturalness and created conflict. This led to some philosophical and political conflicts between Taoists and Confucianisms. Several sections of the works attributed to Chuang Tzu are dedicated to critiques of the failures of Confucianism. Religious, philosophical, and cultural interpretations [ edit ] Taoist interpretations [ edit ] See also: Taoism [Tao] means a road, path, way; and hence, the way in which one does something; method, doctrine, principle. The Way of Heaven, for example, is ruthless; when autumn comes 'no leaf is spared because of its beauty, no flower because of its fragrance'. The Way of Man means, among other things, procreation; and eunuchs are said to be 'far from the Way of Man'. Chu Tao is 'the way to be a monarch', i.e. the art of ruling. Each school of philosophy has its tao , its doctrine of the way in which life should be ordered. Finally in a particular school of philosophy whose followers came to be called Taoists, tao meant 'the way the universe works'; and ultimately something very like God, in the more abstract and philosophical sense of that term. [14] The Tao is what gives Taoism its English name, in both its philosophical and religious forms. The Tao is the fundamental and central concept of these schools of thought. Taoism perceives the Tao as a natural order underlying the substance and activity of the Universe. Language and the \"naming\" of the Tao is regarded negatively within Taoism; the Tao fundamentally exists and operates outside the realm of differentiation and linguistic constraints. [15] Diversity of views [ edit ] The Tao causes the people to be fully in accord with the ruler. — Sun Tzu , Art of War There is no single orthodox Taoist view of the Tao. All forms of Taoism center around Tao and De, but there is a broad variety of distinct interpretations among sects and even individuals within the same sect. Despite this diversity, there are some clear, common patterns and trends within Taoism and its branches. [16] The diversity of Taoist interpretations of the Tao can be seen across four texts representative of major streams of thought within Taoism. All four texts are used in modern Taoism with varying acceptance and emphasis among sects. The Tao Te Ching is the oldest text and representative of a speculative and philosophical approach to the Tao. The Tao T'i Lun is an eighth century exegesis of the Tao Te Ching , written from a well-educated and religious viewpoint, that represents the traditional scholarly perspective. The devotional perspective of the Tao is expressed in the Ch'ing Ching Ching , a liturgical text that was originally composed during the Han dynasty and is used as a hymnal in religious Taoism, especially among eremites . The Zhuangzi (also spelled Chuang Tzu) uses literary devices such as tales, allegories, and narratives to relate the Tao to the reader, illustrating a metaphorical method of viewing and expressing the Tao. [17] A Taoist monk practicing Chinese calligraphy with water on stone. Water calligraphy, like sand mandalas , evokes the ephemeral nature of physical reality. The forms and variations of religious Taoism are incredibly diverse. They integrate a broad spectrum of academic, ritualistic, supernatural, devotional, literary, and folk practices with a multitude of results. Buddhism and Confucianism particularly affected the way many sects of Taoism framed, approached, and perceived the Tao. The multitudinous branches of religious Taoism accordingly regard the Tao, and interpret writings about it, in innumerable ways. Thus, outside of a few broad similarities, it is difficult to provide an accurate yet clear summary of their interpretation of the Tao. [18] A central tenet within most varieties of religious Taoism is that the Tao is ever-present, but must be manifested, cultivated, and/or perfected in order to be realized. It is the source of the Universe and the seed of its primordial purity resides in all things. The manifestation of the Tao is De, which rectifies and invigorates the world with the Tao's radiance. [16] Alternatively, philosophical Taoism regards the Tao as a non-religious concept; it is not a deity to be worshiped, nor is it a mystical Absolute in the religious sense of the Hindu Brahman . Joseph Wu remarked of this conception of the Tao, \"Dao is not religiously available; nor is it even religiously relevant.\" The writings of Lao Tzu and Chang Tzu are tinged with esoteric tones and approach humanism and naturalism as paradoxes. [19] In contrast to the esotericism typically found in religious systems, the Tao is not transcendent to the self nor is mystical attainment an escape from the world in philosophical Taoism. The self steeped in the Tao is the self grounded in its place within the natural Universe. A person dwelling within the Tao excels in themselves and their activities. [20] However, this distinction is complicated by hermeneutic (interpretive) difficulties in the categorization of Taoist schools, sects and movements. [21] Some scholars believe that there is no distinction between Daojia and Daojiao . [22] According to Kirkland, \"most scholars who have seriously studied Daoism, both in Asia and the West, have finally abandoned the simplistic dichotomy of Dàojiā and Dàojiào , 'philosophical Daoism' and 'religious Daoism.'\" [23] Confucian interpretations [ edit ] See also: Confucianism The Dao , or Way, of Confucius can be said to be 'Truth'. Confucianism regards the Way, or Truth, as concordant with a particular approach to life, politics, and tradition. It is held as equally necessary and well regarded as De ( virtue ) and ren ( humanity ). Confucius presents a humanistic 'Dao'. He only rarely speaks of the t'ien Dao (Way of Heaven). An influential early Confucian, Hsiin Tzu, explicitly noted this contrast. Though he acknowledged the existence and celestial importance of the Way of Heaven, he insisted that the Dao principally concerns human affairs. [24] As a formal religious concept in Confucianism, Dao is the Absolute towards which the faithful move. In Zhongyong (The Doctrine of the Mean), harmony with the Absolute is equivalent to integrity and sincerity. The Great Learning expands on this concept explaining that the Way illuminates virtue, improves the people, and resides within the purest morality. During the Tang dynasty , Han Yu further formalized and defined Confucian beliefs as an apologetic response to Buddhism . He emphasized the ethics of the Way. He explicitly paired 'Dao' and 'De', focusing on humane nature and righteousness. He also framed and elaborated on a \" dàotǒng \" (tradition of the Way) in order to reject the traditions of Buddhism. [24] Buddhist interpretations [ edit ] See also: Chinese Buddhism and Zen Buddhism first started to spread in China during the first century AD and was experiencing a golden age of growth and maturation by the fourth century AD. Hundreds of collections of Pali and Sanskrit texts were translated into Chinese by Buddhist monks within a short period of time. Dhyana was translated as ch'an (and later as zen), giving Zen Buddhism its name. The use of Chinese concepts, such as Dao, that were close to Buddhist ideas and terms helped spread the religion and make it more amenable to the Chinese people. However, the differences between the Sanskrit and Chinese terminology led to some initial misunderstandings and the eventual development of East Asian Buddhism as a distinct entity. As part of this process, many Chinese words introduced their rich semantic and philosophical associations into Buddhism, including the use of 'Dao' for central concepts and tenets of Buddhism. [25] Pai-chang Huai-hai told a student who was grappling with difficult portions of suttas , \"Take up words in order to manifest meaning and you'll obtain 'meaning'. Cut off words and meaning is emptiness. Emptiness is the Dao. The Dao is cutting off words and speech.\" Ch'an (Zen) Buddhists regard the Dao as synonymous with both the Buddhist Path ( marga ) and the results of it; the Eightfold Path and Buddhist enlightenment ( satori ). Pai-chang's statement plays upon this usage in the context of the fluid and varied Chinese usage of 'Dao'. Words and meaning are used to refer to rituals and practice. The 'emptiness' refers to the Buddhist concept of sunyata . Finding the Dao and Buddha-nature is not simply a matter of formulations, but an active response to the Four Noble Truths that cannot be fully expressed or conveyed in words and concrete associations. The use of 'Dao' in this context refers to the literal 'way' of Buddhism, the return to the universal source, dharma , proper meditation, and nirvana , among other associations. 'Dao' is commonly used in this fashion by Chinese Buddhists, heavy with associations and nuanced meanings. [26] Neo-Confucian interpretations [ edit ] See also: Neoconfucianism During the Song dynasty , Neo-Confucians regarded Dao as the purest thing-in-itself . Shao Yong regarded the Dao as the origin of heaven, earth, and everything within them. In contrast, Zhang Zai presented a vitalistic Dao that was the fundamental component or effect of ch'i , the motive energy behind life and the world. A number of later scholars adopted this interpretation, such as Tai Chen during the Qing Dynasty . [24] Zhu Xi , Cheng Ho , and Cheng Yi perceived the Dao in the context of li (Principle) and t'ien li (the Principle of Heaven). Cheng Hao regarded the fundamental matter of li, and thus Dao, to be humaneness. Developing compassion, altruism, and other humane virtues is the following of the Way. Cheng Yi followed this interpretation, elaborating on this perspective of Dao through teachings about yin-yang interactions , the cultivation and preservation of life; and the axiom of a morally just universe. [24] In total, the Dao is equated with the Absolute. Wang Fuzhi expressed the Dao as the tai chi , The Great Ultimate, as well as the road leading to it. Nothing exists apart from the Principle of Heaven in Neo-Confucianism. The Way is contained within all things. Thus, the religious life is not an elite or special journey for Neo-Confucians. The normal, mundane life is the path that leads to the Absolute, because the Absolute is contained within the mundane objects and events of daily life. [24] Christian Interpretations [ edit ] See also: Christianity Noted Christian author C.S. Lewis used the word Tao to describe \"the doctrine of objective value, the belief that certain attitudes are really true, and others really false, the kind of thing the Universe is and the kind of things we are.\" [27] He asserted that every religion and philosophy contains foundations of universal ethics as an attempt to line up with the Tao—the way mankind was designed to be. In Lewis' thinking, God created the Tao and fully displayed it through the person of Jesus Christ . Also the Greek word used in the New Testament for the Way is ὁδός (hodos). Here the Way refers to the path of righteousness and salvation as revealed through Christ. In Chinese translations of the New Testament, λόγος ( logos ) is translated with the Chinese word dao (道) (e.g. John 1:1), indicating that the translators considered the concept of Tao to be somewhat equivalent to logos in Greek philosophy . Linguistic aspects [ edit ] The term dao 道 is analyzable in terms of Chinese characters, alternate dào \"way\" or dǎo \"guide\" pronunciations and meanings, a possible Proto-Indo-European etymology , and loanwords such as English Dao or dao . Bronze script for dao 道 Large seal script for dao 道 Small seal script for dao 道 Characters [ edit ] Dao is written with the Chinese character 道 in both Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese . It typifies the most common Chinese character classification of \"radical-phonetic\" or \"phono-semantic\" graphs, which compound a \" radical \" or \"signific\" (roughly providing semantic information) with a \" phonetic \" (suggesting ancient pronunciation). Dao 道 graphically combines the chuo 辶 (or 辵 ) \"go\" radical and shou 首 \"head\" phonetic. Furthermore, dao 道 is the phonetic element in dao 導 \"guide; lead\" (with the cun 寸 \"thumb; hand\" radical) and dao 檤 \"a tree name\" (with the mu 木 \"tree; wood\" radical). The traditional interpretation of the 道 character, dating back to the (121 CE) Shuowen Jiezi dictionary, was a rare huiyi 會意 \"compound ideogram\" or \" ideogrammic compound \". The combination of chuo 辶 \"go\" and shou 首 \"head\" (numbers 162 and 185 in the Kangxi radicals ) signified a \"head going\" or \"to lead the way\". Dao is graphically distinguished between its earliest nominal meaning of dao 道 \"way; road; path;\" and the later verbal sense of \"say\". It should also be contrasted with dao 導 \"lead the way; guide; conduct; direct; \". The Simplified character 导 for dao 導 has si 巳 \"6th of the 12 Earthly Branches \" in place of dao 道. The earliest written forms of dao are bronzeware script and seal script characters from Zhou Dynasty (1045–256 BCE) bronzes and writings. These ancient dao characters more clearly depict the shou 首 \"head\" element as hair above a face. Some variants interchange the chuo 辵 \"go; advance\" radical with the xing 行 \"go; road\" radical, with the original bronze \"crossroads\" depiction written in the seal character with two 彳 and 亍 \"footprints\". Bronze scripts for dao 道 occasionally include an element of shou 手 \"hand\" or cun 寸 \"thumb; hand\", which occurs in dao 導 \"lead\". The linguist Peter A. Boodberg explained, This \" tao with the hand element\" is usually identified with the modern character導 tao < d'ôg , \"to lead,\" \"guide,\" \"conduct,\" and considered to be a derivative or verbal cognate of the noun tao , \"way,\" \"path.\" The evidence just summarized would indicate rather that \" tao with the hand\" is but a variant of the basic tao and that the word itself combined both nominal and verbal aspects of the etymon. This is supported by textual examples of the use of the primary tao in the verbal sense \"to lead\" (e. g., Analects 1.5; 2.8) and seriously undermines the unspoken assumption implied in the common translation of Tao as \"way\" that the concept is essentially a nominal one. Tao would seem, then, to be etymologically a more dynamic concept than we have made it translation-wise. It would be more appropriately rendered by \"lead way\" and \"lode\" (\"way,\" \"course,\" \"journey,\" \"leading,\" \"guidance\"; cf. \"lodestone\" and \"lodestar\"), the somewhat obsolescent deverbal noun from \"to lead.\" [28] These Confucian Analects citations of dao verbally meaning \"to guide; to lead\" are: \"The Master said, 'In guiding a state of a thousand chariots, approach your duties with reverence and be trustworthy in what you say\" and \"The Master said, 'Guide them by edicts, keep them in line with punishments, and the common people will stay out of trouble but will have no sense of shame.\" [29] Etymology [ edit ] In Modern Standard Chinese , dao 道's pronunciations are tonally differentiated between 4th falling tone dào \"way; path\" and 3rd dipping tone dǎo (usually written 導) \"guide; lead\". Besides these common 4th and 3rd tonal specifications dào 道 \"way\" and dǎo 道 (or 導) \"guide\", 道 has a rare 1st level tone dāo pronunciation in the regional idiomatic expression shénshendāodāo 神神道道 \"odd; bizarre\". This reduplication of shen 神 \"spirit; god\" and dao occurs in Northeast China speech. In Middle Chinese (ca. 6th–10th centuries CE) tone name categories, 道 and 道/導 were qusheng 去聲 \"departing tone\" and shangsheng 上聲 \"rising tone\". Historical linguists have reconstructed Middle 道 \"way\" and 導 \"guide\" as d'âu- and d'âu: ( Bernhard Karlgren ), [30] dau and dau (Zhou Fagao), [31] daw ' and daw h ( Edwin G. Pulleyblank , \"Early Middle\"), [32] dawX and daws (William H. Baxter), [33] and dâu B and dâu C (Axel Schuessler). [34] In Old Chinese (ca. 7th–3rd centuries BCE) pronunciations, reconstructions for 道 \"way\" and 道/導 \"guide\" are * d'ôg (Karlgren), * dəw (Zhou), * dəgwx and * dəgwh ( Li Fanggui ), [35] * luʔ (Baxter), and * lûʔ and * lûh (Schuessler). Meanings [ edit ] The word dao 道 has many meanings. For example, the Chinese Hanyu Da Zidian dictionary defines 39 meanings for dào 道 \"way; path\" and 6 for dǎo 道 (導) \"guide; lead\". [36] John DeFrancis 's exemplary Chinese-English dictionary gives twelve meanings for dào 道 \"way; path; say\", three for dǎo 道 (or 導) \"guide; lead\", and one for dāo 道 in an \"odd, bizarre\" idiomatic expression . Note that brackets clarify abbreviations and ellipsis marks omitted usage examples. 2 dào 道 N. [ noun ] road; path ◆M. [nominal measure word ] ① (for rivers/topics/etc.) ② (for a course (of food); a streak (of light); etc.) ◆V. [ verb ] ① say; speak; talk (introducing direct quote, novel style) … ② think; suppose ◆B.F. [bound form, bound morpheme ] ① channel ② way; reason; principle ③ doctrine ④ Daoism ⑤ line ⑥〈hist.〉 [history] ⑦ district; circuit canal; passage; tube ⑧ say (polite words) … See also 4 dǎo , 4 dāo 4 dǎo 导/道[導/-] B.F. [bound form] ① guide; lead … ② transmit; conduct … ③ instruct; direct … 4 dāo 道 in shénshendāodāo … 神神道道 R.F. [ reduplicated form] 〈topo.〉[non-Mandarin form] odd; fantastic; bizarre [37] Etymologies [ edit ] The etymological linguistic origins of dao \"way; path\" depend upon its Old Chinese pronunciation, which scholars have tentatively reconstructed as * d'ôg , * dəgwx , * dəw , * luʔ , and * lûʔ . Boodberg noted that the shou 首 \"head\" phonetic in the dao 道 character was not merely phonetic but \"etymonic\", analogous with English to head meaning \"to lead\" and \"to tend in a certain direction,\" \"ahead,\" \"headway\". Paronomastically, tao is equated with its homonym 蹈 tao < d'ôg , \"to trample,\" \"tread,\" and from that point of view it is nothing more than a \"treadway,\" \"headtread,\" or \"foretread \"; it is also occasionally associated with a near synonym (and possible cognate) 迪 ti < d'iôk , \"follow a road,\" \"go along,\" \"lead,\" \"direct\"; \"pursue the right path\"; a term with definite ethical overtones and a graph with an exceedingly interesting phonetic, 由 yu < djôg ,\" \"to proceed from.\" The reappearance of C162 [辶] \"walk\" in ti with the support of C157 [⻊] \"foot\" in tao , \"to trample,\" \"tread,\" should perhaps serve us as a warning not to overemphasize the headworking functions implied in tao in preference to those of the lower extremities. [38] Victor H. Mair proposes a Proto-Indo-European etymology for dao 道, supported by numerous cognates in Indo-European languages , and semantically similar Arabic and Hebrew words. The archaic pronunciation of Tao sounded approximately like drog or dorg . This links it to the Proto-Indo-European root drogh (to run along) and Indo-European dhorg (way, movement). Related words in a few modern Indo-European languages are Russian doroga (way, road), Polish droga (way, road), Czech dráha (way, track), Serbo-Croatian draga (path through a valley), and Norwegian dialect drog (trail of animals; valley). …. The nearest Sanskrit (Old Indian) cognates to Tao ( drog ) are dhrajas (course, motion) and dhraj (course). The most closely related English words are \"track\" and \"trek\", while \"trail\" and \"tract\" are derived from other cognate Indo-European roots. Following the Way, then, is like going on a cosmic trek. Even more unexpected than the panoply of Indo-European cognates for Tao ( drog ) is the Hebrew root d-r-g for the same word and Arabic t-r-q , which yields words meaning \"track, path, way, way of doing things\" and is important in Islamic philosophical discourse. [39] Axel Schuessler's etymological dictionary presents two possibilities for the tonal morphology of dào 道 \"road; way; method\" < Middle Chinese dâu B < Old Chinese * lûʔ and dào 道 or 導 \"to go along; bring along; conduct; explain; talk about\" < Middle dâu C < Old * lûh . [40] Either dào 道 \"the thing which is doing the conducting\" is a Tone B ( shangsheng 上聲 \"rising tone\") \"endoactive noun\" derivation from dào 導 \"conduct\", or dào 導 is a Later Old Chinese ( Warring States period ) \"general tone C\" ( qusheng 去聲 \"departing tone\") derivation from dào 道 \"way\". [41] For a possible etymological connection, Schuessler notes the ancient Fangyan dictionary defines yu < * lokh 裕 and lu < * lu 猷 as Eastern Qi State dialectal words meaning dào < * lûʔ 道 \"road\". Loanwords [ edit ] Many languages have borrowed and adapted Chinese dao 道 \"the way\" as a loanword . In Chinese , this character 道 is pronounced as Cantonese dou6 and Taiwanese to7 . In Sino-Xenic languages, 道 is pronounced as Japanese dō , tō , or michi ; Korean do or to ; and Vietnamese đạo , dạo , or nhạo . Since 1982, when the International Organization for Standardization adopted Pinyin as the standard romanization of Chinese , many Western languages have changed from spelling this loanword tao in national systems (e.g., French EFEO Chinese transcription and English Wade–Giles ) to dao in Pinyin. The tao / dao \"the way\" English word of Chinese origin has three meanings, according to the Oxford English Dictionary . 1. a. In Taoism, an absolute entity which is the source of the universe; the way in which this absolute entity functions. 1. b. = Taoism , taoist 2. In Confucianism and in extended uses, the way to be followed, the right conduct; doctrine or method. The earliest recorded usages were Tao (1736), Tau (1747), Taou (1831), and Dao (1971). A derivative, Daoshi ( Chinese : 道士 , \"Daoist priest\"), was used already by the Jesuits Matteo Ricci and Nicolas Trigault in their De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas , rendered as Tausu in the original Latin edition (1615), [42] and Tausa in an early English translation published by Samuel Purchas (1625). [43] See also [ edit ] Look up 道 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Look up tao in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Taoism portal Daoism–Taoism romanization issue Dharma Logos Fard Rta God Absolute (philosophy) Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ Tao Te Ching , Chapter 1. \"It is from the unnamed Tao That Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but The Mother of the ten thousand creatures.\" Jump up ^ I Ching , Ta Chuan (Great Treatise). \"The kind man discovers it and calls it kind; the wise man discovers it and calls it wise; the common people use it every day and are not aware of it.\" Citations [ edit ] Jump up ^ Dr Zai, J. Taoism and Science: Cosmology, Evolution, Morality, Health and more . Ultravisum, 2015. Jump up ^ DeFrancis (1996) p. 113 Jump up ^ LaFargue (1992), pp. 245–7. Jump up ^ Chan (1963) p. 136 Jump up ^ Hansen (2000), p. 206. Jump up ^ Liu (1981), pp. 1-3. Jump up ^ Liu (1981), pp. 2–3. Jump up ^ Cane (2002), p. 13. Jump up ^ Keller (2003), p. 289. Jump up ^ LaFargue (1994) p. 283. Jump up ^ Water is soft and flexible, yet possesses an immense power to overcome obstacles and alter landscapes, even carving canyons with its slow and steady persistence. It is viewed as a reflection of, or close in action to, the Tao. The Tao is often expressed as a sea or flood that cannot be dammed or denied. It flows around and over obstacles like water, setting an example for those who wish to live in accord with it.Ch'eng and Cheng (1991), pp. 175–7. Jump up ^ Maspero (1981), p. 32. Jump up ^ Bodde & Fung (1997), pp. 99–101. Jump up ^ Arthur Waley , The way and its power: a study of the Tao tê ching and its place in Chinese thought (Grove Press, 1958). ISBN 0-8021-5085-3 Jump up ^ Kohn (1993), p. 11. ^ Jump up to: a b Kohn (1993), pp. 11–12. Jump up ^ Kohn (1993), p. 12. Jump up ^ Fowler (2005), pp. 5–7. Jump up ^ Moeller (2006) pp. 133–145. Jump up ^ Fowler (2005), pp. 5–6. Jump up ^ Mair (2001) p. 174 Jump up ^ Robinet (1997), p. 3. Jump up ^ Kirkland (2004) p. 2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Taylor & Choy (2005), p. 589. Jump up ^ Dumoulin (2005), pp. 63–65. Jump up ^ Hershock (1996), pp. 67–70. Jump up ^ Lewis, C.S., The Abolition of Man ; pg 18 Jump up ^ Boodberg (1957), p. 599 Jump up ^ 1.5 and 2.8, tr. Lau (1979), p. 59 and p. 63. Jump up ^ Karlgren (1957). Jump up ^ Zhou (1972). Jump up ^ Pulleyblank (1991). Jump up ^ Baxter (1992). Jump up ^ Schuessler (2007). Jump up ^ Li (1971). Jump up ^ Hanyu Da Zidian 漢語大字典 (1989), pp. 3864–3866. Jump up ^ DeFrancis (2007), pp. 172, 829. Jump up ^ Boodberg (1957), p. 602. Jump up ^ Mair (1990), p. 132. Jump up ^ Schuessler (2007), p. 207 Jump up ^ Schuessler (2007), p. 48 and 41. Jump up ^ De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu , Book One, Chapter 10, p. 125. Quote: \"sectarii quidam Tausu vocant\". Chinese gloss in Pasquale M. d' Elia , Matteo Ricci. Fonti ricciane: documenti originali concernenti Matteo Ricci e la storia delle prime relazioni tra l'Europa e la Cina (1579-1615) , Libreria dello Stato, 1942; can be found by searching for \"tausu\" at https://books.google.com/books?id=zRw8AAAAMAAJ . Louis J. Gallagher ( China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matteo Ricci ; 1953), apparently has a typo ( Taufu instead of Tausu ) in the text of his translation of this line (p. 102), and Tausi in the index (p. 615) Jump up ^ A discourse of the Kingdome of China, taken out of Ricius and Trigautius, containing the countrey, people, government, religion, rites, sects, characters, studies, arts, acts ; and a Map of China added, drawne out of one there made with Annotations for the understanding thereof (excerpts from De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas , in English translation) in Purchas his Pilgrimes , Volume XII, p. 461 (1625). Quote: \"... Lauzu ... left no Bookes of his Opinion, nor seemes to have intended any new Sect, but certaine Sectaries, called Tausa, made him the head of their sect after his death...\" Can be found in the full text of \"Hakluytus posthumus\" on archive.org. The book also appears on Google Books , but only in snippet view. Bibliography [ edit ] Baxter, William H. A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology (Mouton de Gruyter, 1992). Bodde, Derk & Fung, Yu-Lan. A short history of Chinese philosophy (Simon and Schuster, 1997). ISBN 0-684-83634-3 . Boodberg, Peter A. \"Philological Notes on Chapter One of the Lao Tzu \" ( Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , 1957, 20:598–618). Cane, Eulalio Paul. Harmony: Radical Taoism Gently Applied (Trafford Publishing, 2002). ISBN 1-4122-4778-0 . Chang, Dr. Stephen T. The Great Tao. Tao Publishing, imprint of Tao Longevity LLC. 1985. ISBN 0-942196-01-5 . Ch'eng, Chung-Ying & Cheng, Zhongying. New dimensions of Confucian and Neo-Confucian philosophy (SUNY Press, 1991). ISBN 0-7914-0283-5 . Chan Wing-tsit. A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy (Princeton, 1963). ISBN 0-691-01964-9 . DeFrancis, John (ed.). ABC Chinese-English Dictionary: Alphabetically Based Computerized (ABC Chinese Dictionary) (University of Hawaii Press, 1996). ISBN 0-8248-1744-3 . DeFrancis, John, (ed.). ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary . (University of Hawaii Press, 2003). Dumoulin, Henrik (Heisig, James & Knitter, Paul; tr.). Zen Buddhism: a History: India and China (World Wisdom, 2005). ISBN 0-941532-89-5 . Fowler, Jeaneane. An introduction to the philosophy and religion of Taoism: pathways to immortality (Sussex Academic Press, 2005). ISBN 1-84519-085-8 . Hansen, Chad D. A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought: A Philosophical Interpretation (Oxford University Press, 2000). ISBN 0-19-513419-2 . Hershock, Peter. Liberating intimacy: enlightenment and social virtuosity in Ch'an Buddhism (SUNY Press, 1996). ISBN 0-7914-2981-4 . Karlgren, Bernhard. Grammata Serica Recensa (Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1957). Keller, Catherine. The Face of the Deep: A Theology of Becoming (Routledge, 2003). ISBN 0-415-25648-8 . Kirkland, Russell. Taoism: The Enduring Tradition (Routledge, 2004). ISBN 978-0-415-26321-4 Kohn, Livia. The Taoist experience (SUNY Press, 1993). ISBN 0-7914-1579-1 . Komjathy, Louis. Handbooks for Daoist Practice. 10 vols. Hong Kong: Yuen Yuen Institute, 2008. LaFargue, Michael. Tao and Method: A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching (SUNY Press, 1994) ISBN 0-7914-1601-1 . LaFargue, Michael. The tao of the Tao te ching: a translation and commentary (SUNY Press, 1992). ISBN 0-7914-0986-4 . Lau, D. C., tr. The Analects (Lun yu) , (Penguin, 1979). Li Fanggui 李方桂. Shanggu yin yanjiu 上古音研究 ( Tsinghua Journal of Chinese Studies 1971, 9:1–61). (in Chinese) Liu, Da. The Tao and Chinese culture (Taylor & Francis, 1981). ISBN 0-7100-0841-4 . Mair, Victor H. Tao Te Ching: The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way, by Lao Tzu; an entirely new translation based on the recently discovered Ma-wang-tui manuscripts (Bantam Books, 1990). Martinson, Paul Varo. A theology of world religions: Interpreting God, self, and world in Semitic, Indian, and Chinese thought (Augsburg Publishing House, 1987). ISBN 0-8066-2253-9 . Maspero, Henri. Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Taoism and Chinese Religion (University of Massachusetts Press, 1981). ISBN 0-87023-308-4 . Moeller, Hans-Georg. The Philosophy of the Daodejing. (Columbia University Press, 2006). ISBN 0-231-13679-X . Pulleyblank, E.G. \"Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin\" (UBC Press, 1991). Schuessler, Axel. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese (University of Hawaii Press, 2007). Sharot, Stephen. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion (New York: NYU Press, 2001). ISBN 0-8147-9805-5 . Taylor, Rodney Leon & Choy, Howard Yuen Fung. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism: N-Z, Volume 2 of The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism (Rosen Publishing Group, 2005). ISBN 0-8239-4081-0 . Watts, Alan Wilson. Tao: The Watercourse Way with Al Chung-liang Huang (Pantheon, 1977). ISBN 0-394-73311-8 . Zhou Fagao 周法高 . \"Shanggu Hanyu he Han-Zangyu 上古漢語和漢藏語\" ( Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong 1972 5:159–244). (in Chinese) Further reading [ edit ] [1] Translation of the Tao te Ching by Derek Lin http://ctext.org/dao-de-jing Translation of the Dao de Jing by James Legge https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/216 Legge translation of the Tao Teh King at Project Gutenberg Gia-Fu Feng & Jane English (translators). 1972. Laozi/Dao De Jing . New York: Vintage Books. Komjathy, Louis. Handbooks for Daoist Practice. 10 vols. Hong Kong: Yuen Yuen Institute, 2008. Robinet, Isabelle. Taoism: Growth of a Religion (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997 [original French 1992]) page 14,20. ISBN 0-8047-2839-9 . Dao entry from Center for Daoist Studies The Tao of Physics , Fritjof Capra, 1975 [ show ] v t e Chinese philosophy Schools of Thought Agriculturalism Confucianism Taoism Han learning Huang-Lao Legalism Mohism Neo-Confucianism Neo-Taoism New Confucianism Chinese Marxist Philosophy School of Diplomacy School of Names School of Naturalists Yangism See also: Hundred Schools of Thought Philosophers Confucius Gaozi Gongsun Long Han Feizi Huan Tan Huang Zongxi Jin Yuelin Laozi Li Si Lu Jiuyuan Mencius Mozi Shang Yang Su Qin Sunzi Tu Weiming Wang Chong Wang Fuzhi Wang Yangming Xu Xing Xunzi Yang Zhu Zhang Yi Zhu Xi Zhuangzi Zou Yan Concepts Dào : Way Dé : Virtue Fǎ : Model Jiān ài : Universal Love Jing : Reverence Jìngzuo : Meditation Lĭ : Ritual propriety Li : Law Mìng : Mandate or fate Qì : Energy Qing : Essence Rén : Humaneness Shén : Spirit Si : Reflection Tǐ : Substance Tiān : Divine force Wú wéi : Nonaction Xiào : Filial piety Xin : Disposition or intuition Xing : Human nature Yì : Righteousness Yīnyáng : Interdependent opposites Yòng : Function Zhèngmíng : Rectification of names Zhì : Intention or will; Wisdom or cleverness Zìrán : Self-so or natural Topics Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics ( Role ethics State consequentialism ) Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Social philosophy Theology Regional schools Lingnan Confucianism [ show ] v t e Religion [ show ] Major religious groups and religious denominations Abrahamic Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Conservative Reform Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Haymanot Christianity Catholicism Eastern Catholic Churches Eastern Christianity Church of the East Assyrian Church of the East Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Ethiopian Orthodoxy Independent Catholicism Old Catholicism Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Presbyterianism Congregationalism Continental Reformed Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism Evangelicalism Nontrinitarianism Jehovah's Witnesses Mormonism 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Confucianism Dongbaism Faism Hmongism Jeungsanism Luoism Meishanism Mileism Muism Neo-Confucianism Ryukyuan religion Shenism Shigongism Shinto Taoism Tenrikyo Wuism Yiguandao Southeast Asian Burmese Satsana Phi Malaysian Indonesian Marapu Kaharingan Kebatinan Philippine Vietnamese Caodaism Đạo Mẫu Hoahaoism African Traditional Akan Akamba Baluba Bantu Berber Bushongo Cushitic Dinka Efik Fon and Ewe Guanche Igbo Isoko Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti San Serer Tumbuka Waaq Yoruba Zulu Diasporic Candomblé Kumina Obeah Quimbanda Palo Santería Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other groups Bathouism Bongthingism Donyi-Polo Kiratism Sanamahism Sarnaism Aboriginal Australian Native American Mesoamerican Hawaiian Polynesian Recent Discordianism Eckankar Jediism New Age New Thought Pastafarianism Raëlism Satanism Scientology Thelema Unitarian Universalism Wicca [ show ] Historical religions Prehistoric Paleolithic Near East Arabian Egyptian Mesopotamian Semitic Canaanite Yahwism Indo-European Asia 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{ "text": "Flint water crisis - Wikipedia Flint water crisis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings . (May 2018) Flint water crisis Time 21 April 2014 ; 4 years ago ( 21 April 2014 ) – present Duration Ongoing Location Flint, Michigan , United States Coordinates 43°0′36″N 83°41′24″W  /  43.01000°N 83.69000°W  / 43.01000; -83.69000 Coordinates : 43°0′36″N 83°41′24″W  /  43.01000°N 83.69000°W  / 43.01000; -83.69000 Type Water contamination: Coliform bacteria THMs Lead Legionnaires' disease outbreak Participants Residents of Flint, Michigan Outcome 6,000–12,000 children exposed to lead [1] Public health state of emergency Several lawsuits Several investigations Four resignations Four firings Five suspensions Fifteen criminal indictments Deaths 12 (from Legionnaires' disease ) [2] The Flint water crisis first started in 2014 when the drinking water source for the city of Flint, Michigan was changed from Lake Huron and the Detroit River to the cheaper Flint River . Due to insufficient water treatment , lead leached from the lead water pipes into the drinking water, exposing over 100,000 residents. After a pair of scientific studies proved lead contamination was present in the water supply, a federal state of emergency was declared in January 2016 and Flint residents were instructed to use only bottled or filtered water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and bathing. As of early 2017, the water quality had returned to acceptable levels; however, residents were instructed to continue to use bottled or filtered water until all the lead pipes have been replaced, which is expected to be completed no sooner than 2020. Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Timeline of the crisis 2.1 Pre-switch 2.2 2014 2.3 2015 2.4 2016 2.5 2017 2.6 2018 3 Background 3.1 Financial emergency 3.2 Switching to a new water source 4 Early water contamination 4.1 Return to Detroit water 5 Lead exposure findings 5.1 Studies 5.1.1 Hurley Medical Center study 5.1.2 Virginia Tech water study 5.1.3 Hurley Medical Center study II 6 Possible link to Legionnaires' disease spike 7 Inquiries, investigations, resignations, and release of documents 8 Legislative hearings 8.1 Federal 8.2 State 9 State of emergency and emergency responses 9.1 Local 9.2 State 9.3 Federal 10 Criminal cases 11 Lawsuits 12 Infrastructure repairs and medical treatment 12.1 Long term effects of lead poisoning 13 Political responses 13.1 Federal government 13.2 State legislature 13.3 Presidential candidates 13.3.1 Hillary Clinton 13.3.2 Donald Trump 14 Other responses 14.1 Lead poisoning and aging infrastructure problems in other cities 14.2 Accusations of environmental racism 14.3 Media responses 14.4 Groups 14.5 Prominent figures 14.6 Education and research 14.7 Other possible causes and responses 15 Prevention 16 Indirect mental health impact 17 Donations of water and money 17.1 Celebrity and corporate donations 17.2 Donations from religious organizations and groups 17.3 Fundraising events 18 In popular culture 18.1 Film and television 18.2 Books 18.3 Music 18.4 Theater 19 See also 20 References 21 Further reading 22 External links Synopsis [ edit ] Governor Rick Snyder and his administration have been widely blamed for the mistakes that led to the crisis, with numerous people calling for his resignation. This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . The specific problem is: This section is redundant. Use the article's intro section to concisely summarize the article, and incorporate this sections details into the article's body. Please help improve this section if you can. (June 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Flint drinking water contamination issue started in April 2014 when Flint changed its water source from treated Detroit Water and Sewerage Department water (sourced from Lake Huron and the Detroit River ) to the Flint River . Officials failed to apply corrosion inhibitors to the water. As a result, there was a series of problems that culminated with lead contamination , creating a serious public health danger. [3] The Flint River water that was treated improperly caused lead from aging pipes to leach into the water supply, leading to extremely elevated levels of the heavy metal neurotoxin . In Flint, between 6,000 and 12,000 children have been exposed to drinking water with high levels of lead and they may experience a range of serious health problems. [1] Due to the change in water source, the percentage of Flint children with elevated blood-lead levels may have risen from about 2.5% in 2013 to as much as 5% in 2015. [4] The water change is also a possible cause of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in the county that has killed 10 people and affected another 77. [5] Several lawsuits have been filed against government officials on the issue, and several investigations have been opened. On January 5, 2016, the city was declared to be in a state of emergency by the Governor of Michigan, Rick Snyder , before President Barack Obama declared it to be in a federal state of emergency, authorizing additional help from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Homeland Security less than two weeks later. [6] Four government officials—one from the city of Flint, two from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), and one from the Environmental Protection Agency —resigned over the mishandling of the crisis, and one additional MDEQ staff member was fired. There have also been fifteen criminal cases filed against local and state officials in regards to the crisis. [7] Snyder issued an apology to the citizens and promised to fix the problem, and then sent $28 million to Flint for supplies, medical care, and infrastructure upgrades, [8] and later budgeted an additional $30 million to Flint that will give water bill credits of 65% for residents and 20% for businesses. [9] Another $165 million for lead pipe replacements and water bill reimbursements was approved by Snyder on June 29, 2016. [10] A $170 million stopgap spending bill for repairing and upgrading the city of Flint's water system and helping with healthcare costs was approved by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 8, 2016. [11] The Senate approved it the next day. [12] $100 million of the bill is for infrastructure repairs, $50 million for healthcare costs, and $20 million to pay back loans related to the crisis. [13] On January 6, 2017, Snyder signed a bill that accelerates the public notice requirement for lead in drinking water to three business days, from the previous time of 30 days. [14] On January 24, 2017 the MDEQ told Flint Mayor Karen Weaver that the lead content of Flint water had fallen below the federal limit. The 90th percentile of lead concentrations in Flint was 12 parts per billion from July 2016 through December 2016—below the \"action level\" of 15 ppb. It was 20 ppb in the prior six-month period. [15] On the next day, Flint Spokeswoman Kristin Moore said that anywhere from 18,000 to 28,000 homes in the city still needed service lines replaced, and that the city was planning to complete 6,000 homes per year through 2019. [16] On March 7, 2017, it was reported Flint water sampled by the state in February registered below the federal threshold for lead with 90 percent of samples at or below eight parts per billion, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality says. The MDEQ said February's water tests mark the seventh straight month in which city water was below the 15 ppb level enforced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. February's testing also showed 95.8 percent of samples taken at homes at risk of high lead levels were at or below 15 ppb. [17] Timeline of the crisis [ edit ] This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate . Editing help is available. (June 2018) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . The specific problem is: This section should be merged with the rest of the article. Please help improve this section if you can. (June 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a sequence of events of the Flint water crisis. [18] Pre-switch [ edit ] 1967–2013 – Officials for the City of Flint operate under a plan to use the Flint River as a backup emergency water source. November 29, 2011 - After the city declared a state of financial emergency three weeks earlier, Governor Snyder appointed Michael Brown as the city's Emergency Manager on November 29, effective December 1. [19] He was the first of four such managers who effectively took the place of the Mayor until 2015, when a Receivership Transition Advisory Board was appointed. [20] March 22, 2012 – County officials announce plans for a new pipeline to reduce costs by delivering water from Lake Huron to Flint. April 16, 2013 – The city approves the KWA contract. April 17, 2013 - Detroit terminates its water service contract. [21] 2014 [ edit ] April 21 – After construction delays, the water source switch to the Flint River is completed. This date is considered the start of the water crisis. [22] August 14 – The city announces a water boiling advisory for parts of the city. The advisory is lifted on August 20. A second warning is issued in September. [23] October 2014 – Flint’s General Motors Flint Truck Assembly plant discontinues using Flint tap water due to corroding engine parts from high levels of chlorine. [23] 2015 [ edit ] January 12 – City officials decline an offer to reconnect to Lake Huron water, concerned of higher water rates. [23] January 21 – Flint residents complain of health issues caused by city water. Residents bring bottles of discolored tap water to a community meeting. [23] February 26 – EPA manager Miguel Del Toral detects that lead levels in the water at the home of Flint resident Lee-Anne Walters is seven times greater than the EPA's acceptable limit. [23] March 23 – Flint City Council members vote to reconnect with Detroit water. Emergency manager Jerry Ambrose overrules the vote. [23] June 24 – EPA manager Miguel Del Toral states in a memo that Virginia Tech scientists, led by water expert Dr. Marc Edwards , found extremely high lead levels in four homes. [23] July 9 – Flint Mayor Dayne Walling drinks Flint tap water on local television in an attempt to dispel residents’ fear of drinking the water. [23] July 13 – In response to Del Toral's memo, a Michigan Department of Environmental Quality official tells Michigan Radio , “ Anyone who is concerned about lead in the drinking water in Flint can relax .” [23] September 8 – Virginia Tech’s water study team reports that 40% of Flint homes have elevated levels of lead. [23] September 9 – MDEQ spokesman Brad Wurfel states that Flint needs to upgrade its infrastructure but is skeptical about Virginia Tech’s water study. [23] September 11 – Virginia Tech recommends that the state of Michigan declare that the water in Flint is not safe for drinking or cooking. [23] September 24 – Hurley Medical Center pediatrician Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha releases her study showing increased number of children with high lead-blood levels after the water source switch to the Flint River. [23] October 15 – Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signs a bill for $9.35 million to re-connect to Detroit water and provide relief. The switch is made the following day. [23] December 15 – Flint Mayor Karen Weaver declares a state of emergency. [23] December 29 – MDEQ Director Dan Wyant resigns. [23] 2016 [ edit ] January 5 – Governor Snyder declares a state of emergency in Genesee County. [23] January 12 – The Michigan National Guard is mobilized to help distribute water in Flint. [23] January 13 – Governor Snyder announces an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease occurred in the Flint area between June 2014 and November 2015. [23] January 14 – Governor Snyder asks President Barack Obama to declare a disaster in Flint. [23] January 16 – President Obama declares a state of emergency in Flint and authorizes $5 million in aid. [23] February 3 – The House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform holds a hearing on the Flint water crisis. [23] February 8 – Governor Snyder turns down a second invitation to testify at congressional hearing on the crisis. [23] March 17 – Governor Snyder testifies before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. [23] April 20 – Criminal charges are filed against government employees Mike Glasgow, Stephen Busch, and Mike Prysby. [23] May 4 – President Obama visits Flint and drinks a glass of filtered Flint water. [23] July 29 – Six state workers are criminally charged as investigations continue. [23] December 20 – Four officials are charged with felonies of false pretenses and conspiracy. [23] 2017 [ edit ] January 24 – The MDEQ declares the city’s water tested below the federal limit in a six-month long study. February 8 – State official Richard Baird informs Flint residents that the year long state water bill subsidy will end, effective March 1, 2017. [24] February 16 – The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) finds the first genetic link from Legionnaires' disease to Flint's water supply. [25] February 20 – State considers ending bottled water distribution in the City of Flint. [26] March 1 – State officially ends water bill subsidies for residents of Flint. [27] March 15 – President Donald Trump meets with Flint Mayor Karen Weaver to discuss infrastructure funding for Flint. [28] March 16 – Snyder creates the Child Lead Exposure Elimination Commission in an effort to avoid future lead poisoning outbreaks. [29] March 28 – A federal judge approves $97 million in funding for Michigan to examine and replace lead water service lines for 18,000 Flint homes to be completed in a three-year time frame. [30] April 18 – Weaver recommends staying with the Great Lakes Water Authority , which would reverse a 2012 decision that kickstarted the water crisis. [31] Governor Snyder agreed with her decision. [32] April 20 – Six people are arrested at a town hall meeting regarding the crisis at a Flint church for disorderly conduct and interfering with police. The meeting was criticized as violating Michigan's Opening Meetings Act. [33] April 28 – Weaver announces the city has plans to remove lead piping at 6,000 homes by the end of the year. The project is funded by a $100 million grant approved by Congress earlier that week. [34] May 3 – A notice warning 8,000 residents that their water will be turned off due to lack of payment causes a controversy in the city. [35] May 17 – It is reported that 128 blood tests in Flint may have registered falsely low lead levels. [36] June 14 – Attorney General Bill Schuette charges five officials with involuntary manslaughter , and a sixth with obstruction of justice and lying to a police officer. [37] June 20 – MDEQ threatens Flint with legal action if a water contract is not approved by June 26, 2017. Mayor Weaver calls for the Flint city council to approve a 30-year contract with the Great Lakes Water Authority. [38] June 26 – After several hours of debate, city council decides to postpone the vote on whether to approve the 30-year GLWA contract until September 2017. [39] June 28 – Michigan sues Flint alleging that the city council's failure to approve a recommendation to buy water long term from the GLWA is endangering the public. [40] Flint hired an attorney to fight the charges and renegotiate the contract with the state. [41] July 24 – The Flint Fast Start initiative announces that over 2,500 of the approximately 30,000 homes needing new water service lines have completed pipe replacement. [42] August 11 – MDEQ releases a letter stating that Flint has \"significant deficiencies\", which among other issues include source water, financial, distribution system, management and operations. [43] August 29 – A study published in the American Chemical Society 's publication Environmental Science & Technology says the Flint River was \"a likely trigger contributing to the increase in Legionnaires' disease incidence.\" [44] September 15 – Water tested from 138 Flint homes last month by Virginia Tech has registered lead levels well below the federal guidelines. Dr. Marc Edwards states it is likely the last time such sampling coordinated by Virginia Tech will be necessary in Flint. [45] September 20 – A study conducted by professors David Slusky and Daniel Grossman is released demonstrating fertility rates decreased by 12 percent among Flint women and fetal death rates increased by 58 percent since the switch to the Flint river in 2014. [46] October 9 – State prosecutors announce that Dr. Eden Wells, Michigan's top medical official, will be charged with involuntary manslaughter for her role in the water crisis, which was linked to an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease that caused at least 12 deaths. [47] October 9 – Flint city council hires a North Dakota-based environmental consultant for $150,000 to conduct an analysis of the city's potential future water sources. [48] October 10 – A Michigan Department of Health and Human Services study finds that the Flint River water did not contribute to the increase in infant deaths and stillbirths in Flint. [49] October 17 – A federal judge orders the City of Flint to choose a long-term water source by October 23, 2017. [50] October 26 – An EPA report finds fault with Michigan's oversight of Flint drinking water system, placing the most blame with the Michigan DEQ. [51] October 31 - City council votes to extend its contract with the GLWA for another 30 days while a long term deal is still pending. [52] November 21 – City council votes 5–4 to sign the 30–year contract with GLWA. [53] 2018 [ edit ] January 8 – MDEQ official Eric Oswald, DEQ's Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance Division director, tells the EPA he also has concerns about \"long-term, technical, managerial and financial capacity\" to handle the responsibility and that \"the city faces numerous challenges in staffing its limited water treatment plant.\" [54] January 12 – An MDEQ study for the first half of 2017 claims 90% of water samples were at or below 7 ppb of lead, with an official stating the city's \"water quality is restored.\" Over 30,000 Flint water samples had been tested during the crisis. [55] [56] [57] February 5 – A Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences study on the causes of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Flint in 2014 and 2015 found that low chlorine levels were the cause. [58] Chlorine, which kills microbes responsible for the disease, also reacts with heavy metals like lead and iron. High levels of lead and iron in Flint's water may be responsible for the decreased amount of chlorine available. [59] March 12 - New data from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality shows the spike in samples from Flint elementary schools that tested above 15 parts per billion of lead, the threshold under the Lead and Copper Rule. [60] March 26 - A study published in The Journal of Pediatrics shows blood lead levels in Flint children ages 5 and younger hit an all-time low in 2016. [61] April 2 - A new study by the MDEQ reports that elevated lead levels were found in 4 percent of final water samples from Flint Community Schools . One school's results show lead levels at 100 ppb, six times the federal action level. [62] April 6 - The state announces the distribution of free bottled water in the city is ending. Water distribution centers will be closing in the next few days, although water and replacement cartridges will still be available. [63] In response Mayor Weaver says the city plans to sue the state so it can continue. The program was funded through the $450 million federal loan, which had not run out. The reasoning Michigan planned to end the distribution was due to testing of water resulting in low lead levels. The distribution continued until the supply ran out. April 7 - Hundreds of Flint residents fled to water bottle distribution centers to gather remaining free water bottles. Residents were still worried about drinking water from taps, since not all of the pipelines had been switched. [64] April 12 - A federal judge approves a $4.1M settlement to be used to test Flint children for lead poisoning. [65] April 13 - The Natural Resources Defense Council announced the results of tests of 92 homes with lead service lines showed the 90th percentile for lead was 4 parts per billion. [66] April 23 - Flint resident LeeAnne Walters is awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize for her role in exposing the water crisis. [67] [68] April 26 - The EPA approves a $1.9 million grant to Virginia Tech professor Marc Edwards for nationwide research of lead contamination in drinking water. A groundbreaking step, resulting from the Flint Water Crisis, to ensure of the safety of future generations. [69] May 10 - Mayor Karen Weaver announces that Nestle will donate 1.6 million bottles of water (100,000 bottles of water per week) until Labor Day, September 3, 2018. Water will be available to Flint residents at distribution centers located throughout the city. [70] May 16 - Flint Department of Public Works Director Robert Bincsik sends a letter to the EPA saying there are still 14,000 lead service lines in the city, 15% more than previous projections. [71] June 15 - George Krisztian, an assistant director of DEQ's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance, said that Flint's 90th percentile for lead was 6 ppb in the first six months of the year, up since the state stopped bottled water deliveries to the city in April. The MDEQ also said it's ready to turn the testing program back over to the city. [72] July 11 - Elon Musk states on Twitter: \"Please consider this a commitment that I will fund fixing the water in any house in Flint that has water contamination above FDA levels. No kidding.\" [73] July 30 - The DEQ announced that in June and July 2018, of the 420 filtered water samples from Flint Public Schools tested, 100 percent were below 15 parts per billion of lead, and more than 99 percent met the 5 ppb bottled water standard. [74] Background [ edit ] Some water service lines in Flint were installed between 1901 and 1920. [75] As with many other municipalities at the time, all of the service lines from the cast iron water mains to end users' homes were constructed of lead, because it was relatively inexpensive and easy to work. Lead pipes can leach lead into the water, especially if certain contaminants are present. However, the water from the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department, where Flint had obtained its water since 1967, had been treated well enough that the leaching from the lead pipes was at levels considered acceptable by state and federal environmental protection agencies. [76] There are an estimated 43,000 service lines in the city; these include 3,500 lead lines, 9,000 known galvanized lines, and 9,000 unknown service lines. [77] Lead exposure across the U.S. has fallen dramatically since the 1980s, but no blood-lead level is considered completely safe. Children under age five, and especially infants and unborn children, bear the greatest risk of deleterious and irreversible health outcomes. [4] From 2012 to 2016, the CDC set a \"reference level\" of 5 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL), in order to target for case management the 2.5% of young American children with the highest blood-lead levels. At 45 µg/dL, chelation therapy is considered. [78] Among the many ways lead can enter a modern American's bloodstream is through lead plumbing. Acidic water makes it easier for the lead found in pipes, leaded solder, and brass faucets to dissolve and to enter a home's drinking water. Therefore, public water treatment systems are legally required to use control measures to make water less acidic. Plumbing that contains lead is often found in buildings constructed in the 1980s and earlier. [79] Financial emergency [ edit ] See also: Flint, Michigan § Second financial emergency: 2011–present From 2011 to 2015, Governor Snyder appointed four emergency managers to control Flint’s finances. [80] After 2015, the city continued to receive financial guidance under the lesser oversight of a Receivership Transition Advisory Board . [81] Switching to a new water source [ edit ] Main article: Karegnondi Water Authority In 2011, Genesee County initiated the switch to the Karegnondi Water Authority (KWA); the KWA would supply water to both Genesee County and Flint. [82] On March 25, 2013, the purchase of 16 million gallons per day from the KWA was approved by the Flint City Council. [83] The KWA informed the council that they could dig to Lake Huron (the new water supply) in 30 months using a bored tunnel. [84] Ed Kurtz, Flint’s emergency manager , along with Mayor Dayne Walling and Flint City Council, approved the action and awaited the State Treasurer’s approval. [85] Following this decision, the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD) negotiated with Flint officials by offering to restructure water payments. Flint refused, insisting that KWA was the best water supplier. DWSD argued that Flint could not spend more money on a new water system and that Lake Huron’s system was more efficient. [86] On April 1, 2013, the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department demanded that the state deny Flint's request, as it would start a water war , which would essentially hurt DWSD. This press release also provided an option for Flint: the sale of raw, untreated water. Drain Commissioner Wright of Genesee County, accused the DWSD of media negotiation and then replied, \"It would be unprecedented for the state to force one community to enter into an agreement with another, simply to artificially help one community at the other's expense...this is exactly what the [Detroit Water and Sewerage Department] is arguing...\" [87] On April 15, 2013, State Treasurer , Andy Dillon , approved the water purchase contract with the KWA. [88] Emergency Manager Kurtz signed the KWA water purchase agreement the following day. [89] On April 17, the Detroit Water and Sewer Department delivered its one-year termination notice after Flint rejected their last offer. The DWSD expected that Flint would reimburse the investments for the water system that benefited regional customers. Flint and Genesee County rejected such responsibility, but indicated their willingness to purchase pipelines. In April 2014, to save about $5 million in under two years, [89] [90] [91] Flint started treating water from the Flint River instead of purchasing Lake Huron water from Detroit. Previously, the Flint River was the backup water source. [92] [93] In June 2014, Flint’s emergency manager, Darnell Earley , finalized the sale of a nine-mile section of water pipeline to Genesee County for $3.9 million. This pipeline fed Detroit water into the county, and after the Huron pipeline was active, would service the eastern part of the county, as well. [94] By December 2014, the city had already invested $4 million into its water plant. [95] On July 1, 2014, Flint emergency manager, Darnell Earley, gave operational authority to Mayor Dayne Walling over two city departments, including Public Works. [96] It was later reported that by not adding a corrosion inhibitor, Flint was going to save about $140 per day. [97] Early water contamination [ edit ] After the permanent switch to the Flint River , city residents began complaining about the color, taste, and odor of their water. In August and September 2014, city officials detected levels of coliform bacteria, so residents were advised to boil their water. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality determined that cold weather, aging pipes, and a population decline were the cause of this bacteria. According to Stephen Busch, a DEQ district supervisor, the city took appropriate measures to limit a recurrence. General Motors (GM) made the first complaint about the corrosivity of the water. GM stopped using Flint water in October 2014, after reporting that the water was corroding car parts. [98] General Motors requested to switch back to the Detroit Water source, which was later approved by city officials. [99] Prior to August 2014, additional chlorine had been added to eliminate bacteria from the Flint River. This is likely the cause of a spike in THMs , an unsafe chlorine byproduct, in one of eight water locations. [100] Long-term exposure to this chemical has been linked to cancer and other diseases. Following this test, the DEQ placed Flint on violation notice, but did not reveal the information to residents until January 2015. The employees of the Flint Public Library declared the water undrinkable after noticing that it was discolored, despite the city’s claim that the water was safe. Since 2014, the library has provided safe water for the public alongside the state's most prominent bottled water provider. [101] January and February 2015 tests showed that the city water met all health and safety standards. [102] Nevertheless, the Detroit water system offered to reconnect Flint, waiving a $4 million connection fee, but was declined by emergency manager Jerry Ambrose. DEQ officials indicated that there is no \"imminent threat to public health,” as the nature of the issue was \"communicated poorly.\" [98] Return to Detroit water [ edit ] In March 2015, Flint voted to switch back to the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department. This vote was motivated by residential complaints and recommendations from Veolia North America to prevent the city from further violating the Safe Drinking Water Act . Jerry Ambrose, Flint’s emergency manager and financial supervisor, disagreed with the reintroduction of the Detroit water source. Ambrose argued, \"Flint water today is safe by all Environmental Protection Agency and Michigan Department of Environmental Quality standards, and the city is working daily to improve its quality.\" [102] On March 2, 2016, Michigan declared that returning to the Detroit water system must be approved by the State. When approved, the city was granted an emergency loan of $7 million. [103] In August 2015, local organizations observed that high concentrations of chloride caused the water to be orange and that the water contained high levels of lead. The lead levels were caused by the omission of orthophosphate; this caused excessive corrosion of the iron pipes. Consequently, the three organizations, \"...delivered more than 26,000 online petition signatures to Mayor Dayne Walling , demanding the city end its use of the Flint River and reconnect to the Detroit water system.\" [104] Flint’s water supply was switched back to Detroit water systems in October 2015. [105] [106] Subsequently, Flint started adding additional orthophosphate to the water to rebuild the pipe lining. [107] On October 8, 2015, Snyder requested that Michigan Legislators contribute $6 million of the $12 million for Flint to return to Lake Huron water. The City of Flint would pay $2 million, and the Flint-based Charles Stewart Mott Foundation would pay $4 million. [108] [109] Jim Ananich , the State Senator representing Flint, demanded that the state refund the $2 million to the city. Ananich also requested further emergency funding from the state and long-term funding to address the effects of the lead contamination. [110] On September 27, 2016, Flint officials announced that the city will continue to use Detroit water until a new stretch of pipeline is constructed and the Flint River is tested and treated by the KWA. [111] On December 9, 2016 the MDEQ reported that more than 96 percent of water samples in Flint residencies were now below the EPA lead threshold of 15 parts per billion. [112] On March 15, 2017, the Genesee County Water and Waste Services Advisory Board voted to construct a new pipeline; it would be a 7-mile, 42-inch connector to the KWA pipeline. The pipeline would allow the treatment of raw Lake Huron water, so the city of Flint can continue to buy pre-treated water from the Great Lakes Water Authority . The $12 million project will allow Flint to remain a customer of the GLWA until at least 2019. [113] Lead exposure findings [ edit ] See also: Lead poisoning and Blood lead level In January 2015, a public meeting was held, where citizens complained about the \"bad water.\" [114] Residents complained about the taste, smell, and appearance of the water for 18 months before a Flint physician found highly elevated blood lead levels in the children of Flint. During that time period, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality had insisted the water was safe to drink. [115] A study by Virginia Tech researchers (see section below) determined that the river water, which, due to higher chloride concentration, is more corrosive than the lake water, was leaching lead from aging pipes. [104] Dr. Mozhgan Savabieasfahani, an environmental toxicologist based in Ann Arbor, Michigan said this level of lead exposure is comparable with what the Iraqi people have experienced since the U.S. occupation in 2003. [116] While the local outcry about Flint water quality was growing in early 2015, Flint water officials filed papers with state regulators purporting to show that \"tests at Flint's water treatment plant had detected no lead and testing in homes had registered lead at acceptable levels.\" [117] The documents falsely claimed that the city had tested tap water from homes with lead service lines, and therefore the highest lead-poisoning risks; in reality, the city does not know the locations of lead service lines, which city officials acknowledged in November 2015 after the Flint Journal / MLive published an article revealing the practice, using documents obtained under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act. The Journal /MLive reported that the city had \"disregarded federal rules requiring it to seek out homes with lead plumbing for testing, potentially leading the city and state to underestimate for months the extent of toxic lead leaching into Flint's tap water.\" [118] In a new report released March 1, 2016, 37 of the 423 recently tested sentinel sites had results above the 15 ppb limit. Eight of the samples exceeded 100 ppb. [119] A recent study however showed that significantly more samples exceeded the 15 ppb limit in the voluntary or homeowner-driven sampling program whereby concerned citizens decided to acquire a testing kit and conduct sampling on their own (non-sentinel sites). [120] Studies [ edit ] See Education and research section for later studies. Hurley Medical Center study [ edit ] Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha led the Hurley Medical Center lead poisoning study. On September 24, 2015, Hurley Medical Center in Flint released a study, led by Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha , the program director for pediatric residency at Hurley Children's Hospital, confirming that the proportion of infants and children with elevated levels of lead in their blood had nearly doubled since the city switched from the Detroit water system to using the Flint River as its water source. [117] [121] Using hospital records, Hanna-Attisha found that a steep rise in blood-lead levels corresponded to the city's switch in water sources. [117] The study was initially dismissed by Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) spokesman Brad Wurfel, who repeated a familiar refrain: \"Repeated testing indicated the water tested within acceptable levels.\" [117] Later, Wurfel apologized to Hanna-Attisha. [117] The team's study appears in the February 2016 issue of American Journal of Public Health . [4] Hanna-Attisha's research found that the average proportion of Flint children with elevated blood-lead levels (above five micrograms per deciliter, or 5 × 10 –3 grams per 100 milliliters of blood) rose from 2.4% (2013, before the change in water source) to 4.9% (2015, after the change in water source), and in some hotspot areas rose from 4% to 10.6%. Michigan Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program data agree an increase occurred, suggesting an increase from 2.2% of children (May 2013 – April 2014) to 3.0% (May 2014 – April 2015). Hanna-Attisha's data were taken from hospital laboratory records for children less than five years old. Hanna-Attisha's sample numbers were large, both for the pre-switch and post-switch time periods and for Flint children (1,473) and for children not exposed to Flint water (2,202). Elevated lead levels in children's blood was shown to be correlated with elevated lead levels in Flint water. Because lead screening is not completed for all children, such data may be skewed toward higher-risk children and thus overestimate lead exposure, especially in non–high-risk areas. [4] Hanna-Attisha and Flint resident LeeAnne Walters were awarded PEN America's Freedom of Expression Courage Award on May 16, 2016. [122] Virginia Tech water study [ edit ] Dr. Marc Edwards led the Virginia Tech Flint water study. In September 2015 a team from Virginia Tech arrived in Flint. Led by professor Dr. Marc Edwards , an expert on municipal water quality, the team came to perform lead level testing on the Flint water supply, working under a National Science Foundation grant. Edwards had been contacted by Flint resident, Lee-Anne Walters, whose family suffered from extreme health problems, almost immediately following the switch to the Flint River water. Walters had attempted to act locally, but she was repeatedly ignored by city, state, and EPA officials. [123] The study found that Flint water was \"very corrosive\" and \"causing lead contamination in homes\". It concluded in its report that \"Flint River water leaches more lead from plumbing than does Detroit water. This is creating a public health threat in some Flint homes that have lead pipe or lead solder.\" [104] [124] [125] Edwards was shocked by the extent of the contamination, but even more so by the inaction of the proper authorities after being made well aware of the contamination. Edwards and his team found that at least a quarter of Flint households had levels of lead above the federal level of 15 parts per billion (ppb) and that in some homes, lead levels were at 13,200 ppb. Edwards said, \"It was the injustice of it all and that the very agencies that are paid to protect these residents from lead in water, knew or should've known after June at the very very latest of this year, that federal law was not being followed in Flint, and that these children and residents were not being protected. And the extent to which they went to cover this up exposes a new level of arrogance and uncaring that I have never encountered.\" [125] Edwards' team created a website, called \" Flint Water Study \", with the main purpose of informing, and creating support for Flint residents during the crisis. The site also summarized study results and became a comprehensive public database for all information related to the study. [126] On January 11, 2016, the Virginia Tech research team led by Edwards announced that it had completed its work. Edwards said, \"We now feel that Flint's kids are finally on their way to being protected and decisive actions are under way to ameliorate the harm that was done.\" Edwards credited the Michigan ACLU and the group Water You Fighting For with doing the \"critical work of collecting and coordinating\" many water samples analyzed by the Virginia Tech team. Although the labor of the team (composed of scientists, investigators, graduate students , and undergraduates) was free, the investigation still spent more than $180,000 for such expenses as water testing and payment of Michigan Freedom of Information Act costs. A GoFundMe campaign has raised over $116,000 of the $150,000 needed for the team to recover its costs. [127] [128] On January 27, the city of Flint retained Dr. Edwards to monitor the city's water testing efforts. [129] On March 1, 2016, the Virginia Tech team was given $80,000 from an EPA grant to re-test the lead levels in 271 Flint homes. [130] On August 11, 2016, Kelsey Pieper, a member of Dr. Edwards' research team, said 45 percent of residents that collected samples in July for the lead testing program had no detectable level of particulate lead in their water supply. She added the study yielded a lead reading of 13.9 ppb, just below the federal action level of 15 ppb. However, Pieper acknowledged the sampling, which was conducted by volunteer residents, does not fulfill the testing requirements of the federal Lead and Copper Rule. State testing of the most-recent six month monitoring period, which began January 1 and complied with Lead and Copper Rule regulations, showed a 90th percentile lead reading of 20 ppb, which exceeds the federal action level. Roughly 93 percent of samples from the third round of expanded state sentinel site testing showed results below the lead action level. Dr. Edwards called the results the \"beginning of the end\" of the public health disaster associated with the water crisis. [131] On December 2, 2016, Dr. Edwards said lead wasn't detected in 57 percent of 154 Flint homes tested in November 2016 – up from 44 percent in July 2016. He also advised people to continue using filters. [132] Hurley Medical Center study II [ edit ] In June 2018 the Journal of Pediatrics published [133] a much expanded study of blood lead levels\nmeasured at Hurley Medical Center. The original 2015 study of Hurley records involved a\ntotal of 1473 children \"younger than 5 years\" whose address could be mapped to a site\ninside Flint in two pre/post 8.5 month periods. The 2018 study, led\nby Hernán F. Gómez, involved 15817 children \"aged ≤5 years\" over the 11 year period 2006–2016.\nData for 2012–2016 were available from center's Epic EMR system; records for earlier years\nwere scrounged from legacy systems. The results show an increase in the fraction of\nchildren with elevated lead blood levels immediately pre/post the water switch (from 2.2% to 3.7%); \ninvoking a Bonferroni correction , Gómez argues the change is not\nstatistically significant. These results are consistent with a CDC report [134] which found that\nthe fraction of \"all children under age 6\" with elevated lead blood level \n\"was nearly 50 percent higher after the switch to Flint River water.\"\nThe striking result of Gómez et al. however is that during the 11 year period, the\nyears with high lead levels in water are actually the third and fourth lowest years\nfor lead blood levels. That is, the upward blip during the water switch sits\non a rapid declining curve (persumably due to the many lead migigation projects\nthat have been initiated nationally) so that blood lead levels during the crisis\nare actually lower than those two years earlier. Possible link to Legionnaires' disease spike [ edit ] See also: Legionnaires' disease On January 13, 2016, Snyder said that 87 cases of Legionnaires' disease , a waterborne disease , were reported in Genesee County from June 2014 – November 2015, resulting in 12 deaths (two more people later died from the disease). Although the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) said that there is no evidence of a clear link between the spike in cases and the water system change, [5] Edwards stated the contaminated Flint water could be linked to the spike. [135] In a second report released January 21, state researchers had still not pin-pointed the source of the outbreak. [136] The next day, an official at McLaren Regional Medical Center in Flint confirmed that there was a spike in Legionella cases in Flint and elsewhere in Genesee County, but noted that there was \"no definitive data to support that McLaren Flint is the source of exposure for any patient testing positive for the Legionella antigen.\" [137] The family of one of the people who died of Legionnaires has filed a $100 million lawsuit against McLaren. [138] The Flint Journal obtained documents via the Michigan Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) on the Legionnaires' outbreak and published an article on them on January 16, 2016. The documents indicated that on October 17, 2014, employees of the Genesee County Health Department and the Flint water treatment plant met to discuss the county's \"concerns regarding the increase in Legionella cases and possible association with the municipal water system.\" By early October 2014, the Michigan DEQ were aware of a possible link between the water in Flint and the Legionnaires' outbreak, but the public was never informed, and the agency gave assurances about water safety in public statements and at public forums. An internal January 27, 2015 email from a supervisor at the health department said that the Flint water treatment plant had not responded in months to \"multiple written and verbal requests\" for information. In January 2015, following the complete breakdown in communication between the city and the county on the Legionnaires' investigation, the county filed a FOIA request with the city, seeking \"specific water testing locations and laboratory results ... for coliform , E-coli , heterotrophic bacteria and trihalomethanes \" and other information. In April 2015, the county health department contacted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and in April 2015 a CDC employee wrote in an email that the Legionnaire's outbreak was \"very large, one of the largest we know of in the past decade and community-wide, and in our opinion and experience it needs a comprehensive investigation.\" However, MDHHS told the county health department at the time that federal assistance was not necessary. [139] Emails obtained by Progress Michigan in February 2016 indicate Snyder's office knew about the outbreak since March 2015, despite Snyder's claim he was only informed in January 2016. [140] On March 11, 2016, Governor Snyder ordered an investigation of the MDHHS regarding the outbreak. [141] On February 16, 2017, it was reported the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention discovered the first genetic links between city water and patients diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease in Genesee County. \"The presence of Legionella in Flint was widespread,\" said Dr. Janet Stout, a research associate professor at the University of Pittsburgh and a national expert on the disease. \"The (laboratory) results show that strains (of the bacteria) were throughout the water system.\" Virginia Tech researcher Amy Pruden published a study that found Legionella levels up to 1,000 times higher than normal tap water in Flint, and said finding a patient whose clinical isolates—or bacteria—matched the McLaren water sample without having been hospitalized there \"suggests that same strain may have been elsewhere.\" [142] [143] On March 10, 2017, affidavits filed by experts in court supported the conclusion that Flint water was connected to the Legionnaires' disease outbreak. Dr. Janet Stout wrote in an affidavit: \"(It) is my opinion to a reasonable degree of probability that the source water change and the subsequent management of the municipal water system caused conditions to develop within the municipal water distribution system that promoted Legionella growth and dispersion, amplification, and the significant increases in cases of Legionnaires' disease in Genesee County in 2014 and 2015.\" J. David Krause, director of Forensic Analytical Consulting Services, and Dr. Hung K. Cheung, a doctor specializing in environmental and occupational medicine agreed with her claims. [144] On February 5, 2018, a study published in the journals Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and mBio concluded that the 2014-2015 outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Flint was due to low levels of chlorine which, at higher levels, would have made it difficult for bacteria to replicate. [58] Because chlorine reacts with heavy metals like lead and iron, high levels of both in Flint's water may have been responsible for the decreased amount of chlorine available. [59] Inquiries, investigations, resignations, and release of documents [ edit ] This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . The specific problem is: Choppy list of events needs to be reorganized into subsections on specific topics. Please help improve this article if you can. (May 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One focus of inquiry is when Snyder became aware of the issue, and how much he knew about it. [145] In a July 2015 email, Dennis Muchmore (then Snyder's chief of staff ) wrote to a Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) official, \"I'm frustrated by the water issue in Flint. I really don't think people are getting the benefit of the doubt. These folks are scared and worried about the health impacts and they are basically getting blown off by us (as a state we're just not sympathizing with their plight).\" [145] [146] In a separate email sent on July 22, 2015, MDHHS local health services director Mark Miller wrote to colleagues that it \"Sounds like the issue is old lead service lines.\" These emails were obtained under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act by Virginia Tech researchers studying the crisis, and were released to the public in the first week of January 2016. [146] In October 2015, it was reported that the city government's data on lead water lines in the city was stored on 45,000 index cards (some dating back a century) located in filing cabinets in Flint's public utility building. [147] [148] The Department of Public Works said that it was trying to transition the data into an electronic spreadsheet program, but as of October 1, 2015, only about 25% of the index card information had been digitized . [147] On October 21, 2015, Snyder announced the creation of a five-member Flint Water Advisory Task Force, consisting of Ken Sikkema of Public Sector Consultants and Chris Kolb of the Michigan Environmental Council (co-chairs) and Dr. Matthew Davis of the University of Michigan Health System , Eric Rothstein of the Galardi Rothstein Group and Dr. Lawrence Reynolds of Mott Children's Health Center in Flint. [149] On December 29, 2015, the Task Force released its preliminary report, saying that the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) bore ultimate blame for the Flint water crisis. [150] [151] The task force wrote that the MDEQ's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance (ODWMA) adopted a \"minimalist technical compliance approach\" to water safety, which was \"unacceptable and simply insufficient to the task of public protection.\" The task force also found that \"Throughout 2015, as the public raised concerns and as independent studies and testing were conducted and brought to the attention of MDEQ, the agency's response was often one of aggressive dismissal, belittlement, and attempts to discredit these efforts and the individuals involved. We find both the tone and substance of many MDEQ public statements to be completely unacceptable.\" The task force also found that the Michigan DEQ has failed to follow the federal Lead and Copper Rule (LCR). That rule requires \"optimized corrosion control treatment,\" but MDEQ staff instructed City of Flint water treatment staff that corrosion control treatment (CCT) would not be necessary for a year. The task force found that \"the decision not to require CCT, made at the direction of the MDEQ, led directly to the contamination of the Flint water system.\" [150] The task force's findings prompted the resignation of MDEQ director Dan Wyant and communications director Brad Wurfel. [152] [153] Flint Department of Public Works director Howard Croft also resigned. [154] The Flint Water Advisory Task Force's final report, released March 21, 2016, found the MDEQ, MDHHS, Governor's office, and the state-appointed emergency managers \"fundamentally accountable\" for the crisis, saying the people of Flint were \"needlessly and tragically\" exposed to toxic levels of lead and other hazards. [155] [156] [157] On January 8, 2016, the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Michigan said that it was investigating. [91] A month later, they said they were working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation , the EPA's Office of Inspector General, the EPA's Criminal Investigation Division, and the Postal Inspection Service on the investigation. [158] The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) \"battled Michigan's Department of Environmental Quality behind the scenes for at least six months over whether Flint needed to use chemical treatments to keep lead lines and plumbing connections from leaching into drinking water\" and \"did not publicize its concern that Flint residents' health was jeopardized by the state's insistence that such controls were not required by law\". [159] In 2015, EPA water expert Miguel A. Del Toral \"identified potential problems with Flint's drinking water in February, confirmed the suspicions in April and summarized the looming problem\" in an internal memo [160] circulated on June 24, 2015. [159] Despite these \"dire warnings\" from Del Toral, [161] the memo was not publicly released until November 2015, after a revision and vetting process. [159] In the interim, the EPA and the Michigan DEQ engaged in a dispute on how to interpret the Lead and Copper Rule . According to EPA Region 5 Administrator Susan Hedman, the EPA pushed to immediately implement corrosion controls in the interests of public health , while the Michigan DEQ sought to delay a decision on corrosion control until two six-month periods of sampling had been completed. [159] Meanwhile, MDEQ spokesman Brad Wurfel called Del Toral a \"rogue employee\" for his whistle-blowing efforts. [162] Dr. Marc Edwards, who investigated the lead contamination, wrote that Del Toral had made a \"heroic effort\" that was stymied by the EPA and MDEQ spending months \"wrangling over jurisdiction, technicalities and legalities.\" [163] In an interview with the Detroit News published on January 12, 2016, Hedman said that \"the recommendation to DEQ (regarding the need for corrosion controls) occurred at higher and higher levels during this time period. And the answer kept coming back from DEQ that 'no, we are not going to make a decision until after we see more testing results.'\" Hedman said the EPA did not go public with its concerns earlier because (1) state and local governments have primary responsibility for drinking water quality and safety; (2) there was insufficient evidence at that point of the extent of the danger; and (3) the EPA's legal authority to compel the state to take action was unclear, and the EPA discussed the issue with its legal counsel, who only rendered an opinion in November. Hedman said the EPA discussed the issue with its legal counsel and urged the state to have MDHHS warn residents about the danger. [159] On January 21, Hedman's resignation (effective February 1) was accepted. [164] Assessments of the EPA's action varied. Edwards said that the assessment in Del Toral's original June memo was \"100 percent accurate\" and criticized the EPA for failing to take more immediate action. State Senate Minority Leader Jim Ananich , Democrat of Flint, said, \"There's been a failure at all levels to accurately assess the scale of the public health crisis in Flint, and that problem is ongoing. However, the EPA's Miguel Del Toral did excellent work in trying to expose this disaster. Anyone who read his memo and failed to act should be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law.\" [159] Del Toral later told The Flint Journal , \"I was stunned when I found out they did not have corrosion control in place. In my head, I didn't believe that. I thought: That can't be true...that's so basic.\" He also confirmed that unfiltered Flint water is still unsafe to drink, and doesn't know when that will change. [165] On January 15, 2016, Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette announced that his office would open an investigation into the crisis, saying the situation in Flint \"is a human tragedy in which families are struggling with even the most basic parts of daily life.\" [166] [167] To oversee the AG Office's probe, Schuette appointed Todd Flood as special prosecutor and Andrew Arena as chief investigator, who lead a team of nine full-time investigators. At a media roundtable in February 2016, Flood said that the investigation could result in involuntary manslaughter charges, if there was gross negligence leading to a death. Critics have questioned the objectivity of the investigation. [168] In his annual State of the State address on January 19, 2016, Snyder announced that he would release all of his emails from 2014 and 2015 regarding the crisis. [169] The following day, the governor's office released 274 pages of emails. The New York Times summarized, \"the documents provide a glimpse of state leaders who were at times dismissive of the concerns of residents, seemed eager to place responsibility with local government and, even as the scientific testing was hinting at a larger problem, were reluctant to acknowledge it.\" [80] Later that month in a class action lawsuit related to the crisis, Snyder and the MDEQ were served subpoenas for the release of additional emails dating back to the beginning of 2011. [170] Emails highlighted by Progress Michigan in January 2016 indicate that Michigan state officials were trucking in bottled water to some of their own employees stationed in Flint as early as January 2015 in regards to the unsafe levels of trihalomethanes , or THMs, a by-product of chlorine that had been added to the water to kill Coliform bacteria . [171] On February 12, 2016, Governor Snyder released additional emails between his office and the MDEQ which about the Legionnaires' outbreak. [172] On February 26, Snyder's office released several thousand more emails regarding the crisis that date back to 2011. [173] An additional batch of emails was released on March 10. [174] On January 22, 2016, two MDEQ employees (Liane Shekter Smith, former chief of the department's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance; and Steve Busch, former district supervisor in the division) were suspended, pending an investigation, as a result of questions regarding actions related to water testing in Flint. In response, Snyder said, \"Michiganders need to be able to depend on state government to do what's best for them and in the case of the DEQ that means ensuring their drinking water is safe. Some DEQ actions lacked common sense and that resulted in this terrible tragedy in Flint. I look forward to the results of the investigation to ensure these mistakes don't happen again.\" [161] [175] Smith was fired on February 5, 2016. [176] On July 13, 2016, the Mackinac Center for Public Policy sued the MDEQ over the department's 121-day delay in responding to Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests surrounding Flint, including a request for all emails from Shekter-Smith and Bush from 2013 through 2015 containing the word “Flint” and a list of “any employees transferred, reassigned, or suspended as a result of the Flint water issues.” [177] The case was settled in November 2017, with a joint statement saying in part, \"The parties also note there are circumstances for which the\nFOIA currently lacks certainty when documents must be provided. This lack of clarity can foster litigation over what response times are reasonable.\" [178] On January 25, 2016, the Genesee County Commission approved a request from Genesee County Prosecuting Attorney David Leyton for $25,000 to conduct an investigation into the crisis. The money will be used to hire two special prosecutors . [179] [180] On March 4, 2016, a report released by the Michigan Auditor General's office called the MDEQ's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance \"not sufficient\" in its oversight of the state's Community Water Supply Program. [181] Legislative hearings [ edit ] Federal [ edit ] On January 14, 2016 U.S. Representative Brenda Lawrence , Democrat, of Southfield , formally requested congressional hearings on the crisis, saying: \"We trust our government to protect the health and safety of our communities, and this includes the promise of clean water to drink.\" [182] The House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform began their hearings on the crisis on February 3. Democratic U.S. Representative Dan Kildee from Flint gave an opening statement. The first witnesses were EPA acting deputy assistant administrator Joel Beauvais, Dr. Marc Edwards, new MDEQ Director Keith Creagh, and Flint resident LeeAnne Walters (who alerted EPA water expert Miguel A. Del Toral to the problem). [183] [184] On March 15, the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee examining the Flint water crisis reveals the EPA, state, and municipal officials attempted to fix the situation behind the scenes according to hearing witness and former EPA regional administrator, Susan Hedman, who cited legal and enforcement challenges as the causes for her actions. Ex-Emergency Financial Manager Darnell Earley, Former Fint Mayor Dayne Walling , and Professor Marc Edwards also testified on that date's hearing. [185] Governor Snyder and EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy testified before that committee on March 17. [186] On February 10, 2016, a separate committee, the U.S. House Democratic Steering and Policy Committee , held a hearing on the crisis in which Hurley Medical Center pediatrician Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha; Yanna Lambrinidou, president of Parents for Nontoxic Alternatives, an environmental health group; Flint schools Superintendent Bilal Kareem Tawwab; Eric Scorsone, an expert in local government finances from Michigan State University, and Flint Mayor Karen Weaver testified. [187] On April 13, 2016, the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Environment and the Economy and Energy Subcommittee on Health held a joint hearing on the crisis in which Keith Creagh of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Nick Lyon from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, and Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha of Hurley Medical Center testified. [188] [189] State [ edit ] On February 23, 2016, the Michigan State Legislature started a committee to investigate the crisis. [190] On March 1, one of its members, Senator Jim Ananich of Flint, introduced a resolution that would grant state lawmakers probing the Flint water crisis subpoena power over the Governor's office, which is immune to the state Freedom of Information Act. [191] The committee's first hearing was on March 15, 2016. [192] On March 29, 2016, the state's Joint Committee on the Flint Water Public Health Emergency held a hearing on the crisis in Flint during which residents and local experts testified. [193] State of emergency and emergency responses [ edit ] This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . The specific problem is: Too much use of proseline: \"On DATE X, Y occurred\" Please help improve this section if you can. (June 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Local [ edit ] Flint Mayor Karen Weaver declared the city to be in a state of emergency on December 15, 2015. On December 15, 2015, Mayor Weaver declared the water issue as a citywide public health state of emergency to prompt help from state and federal officials. [121] Weaver's declaration said that additional funding will be needed for special education , mental health , juvenile justice , and social services because of the behavioral and cognitive impacts of high blood lead levels. [91] It was subsequently declared a countywide emergency by the Genesee County Board of Commissioners. [194] Starting on January 7, 2016, Genesee County Sheriff Robert Pickell had work crews of offenders sentenced to community service begin delivering bottled water, water filters and replacement cartridges, primarily to residents living in homes built between 1901 and 1920, whose plumbing systems are most likely leaching lead into the water. The next week, he ordered his department to begin using reverse 911 to advise homebound residents on how to get help. [75] On January 10, Mayor Weaver stressed to residents that it was important to also pick up the testing kits, as the city would like to receive at least 500 water test samples per week. [195] On January 12, officers from the Michigan State Police and Genesee County Sheriff's Department started delivering cases of water, water filters, lead testing kits and replacement cartridges to residents who needed them. [196] The American Red Cross has also been deployed to Flint to deliver bottled water and filters to residents. [197] On January 14, it was announced Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha will lead a Flint Pediatric Public Health Initiative that includes experts from the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine , Hurley Children's Hospital, the Genesee County Health Department, and the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services to help Flint children diagnosed with lead poisoning. [198] State [ edit ] On January 5, 2016, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder declared Genesee County to be in a state of emergency. [199] On January 6, Snyder ordered the Michigan Emergency Operations Center, operated by the Michigan State Police Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division, to open a Joint Information Center to coordinate public outreach and field questions from the residents about the problems caused by the crisis. [200] The State Emergency Operations Center recommended that all Flint children under six years old get tested for lead levels as soon as possible, either by a primary care physician or the Genesee County Health Department. [201] The state has set up water resource sites at several public buildings around Flint where residents can pick up bottled water, water filters, replacement cartridges, and home water testing kits. They also advised residents to call the United Way to receive additional help if needed. [202] On January 11, Snyder signed an executive order creating a new committee to \"work on long-term solutions to the Flint water situation and ongoing public health concerns affecting residents.\" [203] On January 13, Snyder activated the Michigan Army National Guard to assist the American Red Cross, starting the next day, [204] with thirty soldiers planned to be in Flint by January 15. [205] The National Guard doubled their number of soldiers deployed to Flint by January 18. [206] On January 19, Snyder ordered more soldiers to Flint by the next day, for a total of 200. [169] On January 27, Snyder announced the establishment of the new 17-member Flint Water Interagency Coordinating Committee to \"make recommendations regarding the health and welfare of people exposed to lead, study Flint's water infrastructure and determine potential upgrades, review Flint Water Task Force recommendations, and establish ways to improve communication between local and state government.\" [207] On March 2, Snyder announced the state will partner with the employment agency Michigan Works! Association to hire 81 Flint residents to work at water distribution sites throughout the city. [208] On March 21, Governor Snyder released a 75-point relief plan for addressing the crisis, which includes programs in the fields of health and human services, education, water supply and infrastructure replacements, and jobs and economic development. [209] On April 6, 2016, the state began offering up to $100,000 in grant money from the Disaster and Emergency Contingency Fund to local governments affected by the water crisis. [210] On March 16, 2017, Governor Snyder created the Child Lead Exposure Elimination Commission and appointed Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha of Flint's Hurley Medical Center, Rebecca Meuninck of Ann Arbor, deputy director of the Ecology Center; Paul Haan of Grand Rapids, executive director of the Healthy Homes Coalition of West Michigan, Inc.; and Lyke Thompson of Ann Arbor, director of the Center for Urban Studies at Wayne State University as its members. \"Eliminating the risk of child lead exposure will require the coordination and expertise of people across all sectors,\" Snyder said in the announcement. \"Creating this permanent commission will help advance the strategies recommended to better protect Michigan children from lead exposure.\" [29] On the same day, Governor Snyder said will lower Michigan's \"action level\" from 15 parts per billion—the federal limit—to 10 ppb. [211] On June 9, 2017, the MDEQ reported their May 2017 testing showed 90 percent of Tier I samples at or below 6 parts per billion of lead with 93.1 percent of the samples at or below 15 ppb. [212] Federal [ edit ] On January 9, 2016, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent two liaison officers to the Michigan Emergency Operations Center to work with the state to monitor the situation. [213] [214] On January 15, Snyder asked President Obama to grant a federal emergency/major disaster designation for Genesee County, seeking federal financial aid for emergency assistance and infrastructure repair in order to \"protect the health, safety and welfare of Flint residents.\" [205] [215] [216] The following day, Obama signed an emergency declaration giving Flint up to $5 million in federal aid to handle the crisis. [217] FEMA released a statement that said: The President's action authorizes the Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), to coordinate all disaster relief efforts which have the purpose of alleviating the hardship and suffering caused by the emergency on the local population, and to provide appropriate assistance for required emergency measures, authorized under Title V of the Stafford Act , to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety, and to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in Genesee County. FEMA is authorized to provide equipment and resources to alleviate the impacts of the emergency. Emergency protective measures, limited to direct federal assistance, will be provided at 75 percent federal funding. This emergency assistance is to provide water, water filters, water filter cartridges, water test kits, and other necessary related items for a period of no more than 90 days. [218] After Snyder's request for a \"Major Disaster Declaration\" status was turned down, FEMA Administrator W. Craig Fugate wrote a letter to Snyder saying that the water contamination \"does not meet the legal definition of a 'major disaster'\" under federal law because \"[t]he incident was not the result of a natural catastrophe , nor was it created by a fire, flood or explosion.\" [219] In response, Snyder asked Obama for emergency funding under FEMA's Individuals and Households Program, which provides housing assistance and replacement of personal property. He will also ask for money and emergency protective measures, according to the release. [220] On March 3, 2016, Governor Snyder filed a second appeal for federal help to replace lead pipes and provide medical support and supplies for affected residents which said the estimated economic impact of the Flint water crisis is beginning to exceed $140 million. [221] FEMA rejected his request again on March 16. [222] The federal response is being led by the Department of Health and Human Services , with assistance from FEMA, the Small Business Administration , the EPA, the Department of Housing and Urban Development , the Department of Agriculture , the Office of Preparedness and Response , and the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps . [223] Dr. Nicole Lurie , Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Preparedness and Response, was appointed to coordinate the federal response. [224] [225] The EPA issued a Safe Drinking Water Act Emergency Order and took over collecting and testing of water samples, while ordering state agencies to send them previously collected data, on January 21. [226] A week later they advised residents to continue using water filters and drink only bottled water. [227] On February 12, the USDA extended their nutrition programs for Flint children diagnosed with high blood lead levels. [228] On the next day, Governor Snyder asked for additional help from Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program for affected Flint children. [229] The Department of Health and Human Services granted his request on February 18, providing an additional $500,000 in Medicaid expansion for affected Flint children and pregnant women. [230] On March 3, a waiver request to include pregnant women and people up to 21 years of age was approved. [231] On March 1, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services announced plans to expand its Head Start Program to more Flint children affected by the crisis. [232] On March 23, the U.S. Department of Labor announced up to $15 million in National Dislocated Worker Grants will help provide temporary jobs to assist with Flint's water crisis recovery. About 400 temporary jobs at water distribution centers throughout the city will be created through the grant. The workers will take the place of the Michigan National Guard soldiers who have been in place since January. [233] On March 25, 2016, the EPA and FEMA extended the federal emergency until August 14, 2016. [234] The state took over the emergency response after that date. [235] Criminal cases [ edit ] On April 20, 2016, criminal charges were filed against three people in regards to the crisis by Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette . Former MDEQ employees Michael Prysby and Stephen Busch are charged with misconduct in office, conspiracy to tamper with evidence, tampering with evidence, a treatment violation of the Michigan Safe Drinking Water Act, and a monitoring violation of the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act ; [236] former city water plant operator Michael Glasgow was charged with willful neglect of office, a misdemeanor, and felony tampering with evidence. [237] On May 4, 2016 Glasgow accepted a plea deal with prosecutors, admitting to filing false information about lead in Flint water and agreeing to cooperate in other prosecutions. [238] Exactly a year later, the case against Glasgow was dismissed, with prosecutors acknowledging his cooperation and the fact that he was the person who reported the crimes of his colleagues to the MDEQ. [239] On July 29, 2016, Schuette charged six additional people with crimes in the crisis, three from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and three from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services . From the MDEQ, Liane Shekter-Smith was charged with misconduct in office and willful neglect of duty; Adam Rosenthal was charged with misconduct in office, conspiracy to tamper with evidence, tampering with evidence, and neglect; Adam Cook was charged with misconduct in office, conspiracy to engage in misconduct in office, and neglect of duty. From the MDHHS, Nancy Peeler, Corinne Miller, and Robert Scott were charged with misconduct in office, conspiracy to commit misconduct in office, and willful neglect of duty. [240] [241] [242] MDEQ and MDHHS released a joint statement later that day indicating Peeler, Scott, Cook, and Rosenthal have been suspended without pay. Miller retired in April and Shekter-Smith was fired in February. [243] The cases were consolidated for preliminary hearing purposes on August 9, since the same witnesses will testify against all defendants. The Attorney General's office says it has 10–15 witnesses in each case and roughly 50 exhibits in total. [244] On September 14, 2016, Miller pleaded no contest to the neglect of duty charge and agreed to testify against the other defendants. [245] She was later sentenced to a year probation, 300 hours of community service, and fined $1,200. [246] On December 20, 2016, Schuette filed false pretenses, conspiracy to commit false pretenses, willful neglect of duty and misconduct in office charges against former Emergency Managers Darnell Earley and Jerry Ambrose; and false pretenses and conspiracy to commit false pretenses charges against former Flint Utilities Administrator Daugherty Johnson and former Flint Department of Public Works director Howard Croft. [7] On November 28, 2017, Daugherty Johnson pleaded no contest to failing to furnish water documents to a Genesee County Health Department employee investigating a possible connection between Flint water and Legionnaires' disease outbreaks. He is scheduled to return to court in May 2018 for sentencing, facing up to one year of imprisonment or a fine of not more than $1,000. [247] On June 14, 2017, Schuette announced new involuntary manslaughter charges—15-year felonies—against Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Director Nick Lyon, former Flint emergency manager Darnell Earley, former Flint Department of Public Works director Howard Croft, former Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Office of Drinking Water chief Liane Shekter-Smith and DEQ District Supervisor Stephen Busch. Also charged was Dr. Eden Wells, chief medical executive of DHHS, who faces allegations of obstruction of justice and lying to a police officer. Lyon was also charged with a single count of misconduct in office after being accused of having received notice of the Legionnaires' outbreak at least a year before informing the public and the governor, while Wells is also accused of threatening to withhold funding to the Flint Area Community Health and Environment Partnership unless the partnership ceased its investigation into the source of the Legionnaires' outbreak. [248] On October 9, 2017, Dr. Wells was charged with involuntary manslaughter and misconduct in office. [249] On December 20, 2017, Adam Rosenthal pleaded no contest to a public records charge, a one-year misdemeanor that's expected to be dismissed provided he cooperates in other prosecutions. [250] Lawsuits [ edit ] This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . The specific problem is: Also too much proseline Please help improve this section if you can. (June 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On November 13, 2015, four families filed a federal class-action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan in Detroit against Governor Rick Snyder and thirteen other city and state officials, including former Flint Mayor Dayne Walling and ex- emergency financial manager Darnell Earley , who was in charge of the city when the switch to the Flint River was made. The complaint alleges that the officials acted recklessly and negligently , leading to serious injuries from lead poisoning , including autoimmune disorders , skin lesions , and \" brain fog .\" [251] [252] [253] The complaint says that the officials' conduct was \"reckless and outrageous\" and \"shocks the conscience and was deliberately indifferent to ... constitutional rights.\" [253] The case was dismissed on February 3, 2017, with the judge stating his court has lack of subject-matter jurisdiction in the matter. Their attorneys filed an appeal on February 6. [254] [255] The legal doctrines of sovereign immunity (which protects the state from suit) and official immunity (which in Michigan shields top government officials from personal liability, even in cases of gross negligence ) resulted in comparatively few lawsuits being filed in the Flint case, and caused large national plaintiffs' law firms to be reluctant to become involved with the case. [256] On January 14, 2016, a separate class-action lawsuit against Snyder, the State of Michigan, the City of Flint, Earley, Walling, and Croft was filed by three Flint residents in Michigan Circuit Court in Genesee County. [257] [258] This suit targets lower-level officials who (under Michigan law) do not have immunity from claims arising from gross negligence. [256] A separate suit was filed in January 2016 in the Michigan Court of Claims against the governor and state agencies; that suit alleges violations of the state constitution . [256] In Michigan, the Court of Claims is the only court with subject-matter jurisdiction over claims against the state and its subdivisions. [259] A new federal lawsuit filed on January 27, 2016, seeks the replacement of all lead service lines in Flint at no cost to residents following claims city and state leaders violated federal laws designed to protect drinking water. It is also asking the court to force city and state officials to provide safe drinking water to Flint residents and require them to follow federal regulations for testing and treating water to control for lead. [260] On February 2, 2016, a class action lawsuit in U.S. District Court was filed on behalf of Beatrice Boler, a Flint mother of two, Flint pastor Edwin Anderson with his wife, Alline Anderson, and a company, Epco Sales LLC. against Snyder, the MDEQ, two former state appointed emergency managers and former Flint Mayor Dayne Walling that seeks more than $150 million in refunds and compensation for damages for \"water that was extraordinarily dangerous, undrinkable and unusable.\" [261] It was dismissed on April 19, 2016, after the judge ruled the allegations fall under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act, which prevents challenges to the law being ruled on in U.S. District Court and states they must be addressed by the Environmental Protection Agency, and the case should be re-filed in the Michigan Court of Claims. [262] Also on February 2, a lawsuit was filed in Michigan Circuit Court on behalf of four Genesee County residents who contracted Legionnaires' disease during the Flint water crisis, including one woman who died seven days after entering the emergency room with a headache. The suit names McLaren Regional Medical Center and several Michigan DEQ officials as defendants. Lawyer Geoffrey Fieger represents the plaintiffs. [263] On February 8, 2016 the parents of a two-year-old girl diagnosed with high blood lead levels filed a lawsuit in federal court, naming as defendants the City of Flint, the State of Michigan, Snyder, Earley, and Walling. [264] [265] The case was dismissed on February 7, 2017, with the judge citing his court has a lack of subject matter jurisdiction. [255] On March 3, 2016, a new lawsuit was filed in state court by LeeAnne Walters, the Flint mother who informed the EPA water expert Miguel Del Toral of the health problems her family experienced after the water switch, against multiple corporate entities and three current and former government employees for their role in the city's water crisis. [266] On March 7, 2016, another class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of seven residents alleging that tens of thousands of residents have suffered physical and economic injuries and damages. It argues officials failed to take action over \"dangerous levels of lead\" in drinking water and \"downplayed the severity of the contamination.\" [267] On March 8, 2016, a federal class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of 500 county inmates against the Genesee County Sheriff's Department in regards to the water quality at the Genesee County Jail. The suit seeks only an injunction that will order the sheriff's department to continue to serve inmates only bottled water and dry food that doesn't require water to prepare. [268] On March 24, the City of Flint filed a notice of intent sue in the Court of Claims against the State of Michigan, the MDEQ and four MDEQ employees for their mishandling of the crisis. [269] A week later, Mayor Weaver said she has no intentions to proceed with a lawsuit, and the move is to \"protect the future interest of the city.\" [270] On March 25, a federal lawsuit filed by the ACLU asked for an order requiring water to be delivered to homes of people without access to transportation or who are physically disabled. [271] The case was settled a year later for $87 million (with an additional $10 million in reserve), which will be used to replaced 18,000 lead pipes by 2020. [272] On April 6, 2016, a class action lawsuit brought by 15 Flint residents accused Governor Snyder and several state agencies and government officials of being in violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act in regards to the crisis. [273] On May 18, 2016, the NAACP sued the state of Michigan and Governor Snyder, seeking compensation for property damages, pain and suffering damages, emotional distress damages and medical monitoring for Flint residents and businesses. [274] On June 22, 2016, the Michigan Attorney General's Office filed a civil suit against engineering firms Veolia North America and Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam (LAN) who were hired to consult Flint water plant officials after the switch to the Flint River in April 2015. The lawsuit accuses Veolia and LAN of professional negligence and public nuisance. Veolia is also accused of fraud. Veolia called the accusations \"baseless, entirely unfounded and [appearing] to be intended to distract from the troubling and disturbing realities that have emerged as a result of this tragedy,\" and then added, \"In fact, when Veolia raised potential lead and copper issues, city officials and representatives told us to exclude it from our scope of work because the city and the EPA were just beginning to conduct lead and copper testing.\" [275] On November 15, 2016, Chief Judge Richard B. Yuille, Circuit Court of Genesee County, entered a Case Management Order, wherein he appointed attorney Corey M. Stern, of Levy Konigsberg, L.L.P., “Lead Counsel” for all plaintiffs maintaining claims in the Circuit Court of Genesee County for personal injuries and property damage sustained as a result of the Flint Water Crisis. Attorney Wayne B. Mason, of Drinker, Biddle & Reath, L.L.P., was appointed \"Lead Counsel\" for the Defendants. Judge Yuille called for a small number of lawsuits related to the Flint Water Crisis to serve as bellwethers, cases that will be fully developed and tried to verdict with the idea that they will help attorneys in other cases evaluate whether to settle or take their cases to trial. [276] On January 30, 2017, a class action lawsuit with over 1,700 plaintiffs against the EPA seeking $722.4 million was filed, charging them with a violation of section 1431 of the Safe Drinking Water Act , which states, \"upon receipt of information that a contaminant that is present in or likely to enter a public water system or an underground source of drinking water, or there is a threatened or potential terrorist attack or other intentional act, that may present an imminent and substantial endangerment to the health of persons, the EPA Administrator may take any action she deems necessary to protect human health\". [277] [278] Infrastructure repairs and medical treatment [ edit ] This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . The specific problem is: Choppy list of events needs to be turned into a narrative organized by subtopic. Please help improve this article if you can. (May 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 7, 2016, Flint Mayor Karen Weaver said that estimates of the cost of fixing water infrastructure in Flint, such as aging pipes, range from millions up to $1.5 billion. These figures encompass infrastructure alone, excluding any public health costs of the disaster. DEQ interim director Keith Creagh said that estimation of total costs would be premature. [279] [280] However, in a September 2015 email released by Snyder in January 2016, the state estimated the replacement cost to be $60 million, and said it could take up to 15 years to do. [281] On January 18, 2016 the United Way of Genesee County estimated 6,000–12,000 children have been exposed to lead poisoning and kicked off a fundraising campaign to raise $100 million over a 10–15 year span for their medical treatment. [1] On January 27, 2016 Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha started a fundraiser for the $80,000 needed for the medical treatment of Flint children affected by lead poisoning. Meridian Health Plan of Detroit has agreed to donate up to $40,000 in matching funds to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint for long-term needs Dr. Hanna-Attisha expects to arise from the lead issue. [282] At his annual State of the State address on January 19, Snyder apologized again, and asked the Michigan Legislature to give Flint an additional $28 million in funding for filters, replacement cartridges, bottled water, more school nurses and additional intervention specialists. It also will fund lab testing, corrosion control procedures, a study of water-system infrastructure, potentially help Flint deal with unpaid water bills, case management of people with elevated lead-blood levels, assessment of potential linkages to other diseases, crisis counseling and mental health services, and the replacement of plumbing fixtures in schools, child care centers, nursing homes and medical facilities. [169] The Michigan House Appropriations Committee passed the bill the next day, while the Senate approved it on January 28. [283] [284] Snyder signed it the next day. [8] On January 21, 2016 President Obama gave an $80 million loan to Michigan for infrastructure repairs, but the amount going to Flint is uncertain. [285] [286] On January 28, 2016 Democratic U.S. Senators Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters and Representative Dan Kildee proposed an amendment to pending federal energy legislation to add the special appropriation of up to $400 million to replace and repair the lead service lines in Flint and $200 million more to create a center for lead research in Flint. They also said the state could choose to match up to $400 million for its share of infrastructure repairs in Flint. [287] The newly amended bill was rejected by the Senate on February 4. [288] A new $220 million bill to address the crisis was proposed in the U.S. Senate on February 24. [289] At a news conference on February 9, 2016, Flint mayor Karen Weaver said that the city would remove and replace all of the city's 15,000 water service lines containing lead piping. Work was expected to begin in March 2016. The project will receive technical advice from the Lansing Board of Water and Light, which removed over 13,000 lead pipes in Lansing, Michigan . Lansing mayor Virg Bernero volunteered to provide the assistance. Weaver appointed Michael C.H. McDaniel, a retired National Guard brigadier general , to oversee the group leading the project, the Flint Action and Sustainability Team (FAST). The city government hopes to complete the project within a year, using 32 work crews, with priority given to the most at-risk households. [290] [291] [292] The project is expected to cost $55 million, and the funding sources are not yet secured, but the city plans to seek it from local, state, and federal sources. [292] [293] The crews began working on March 4. [294] On February 16, 2016 the state hired Flint-based engineering firm Rowe Professional Services to begin the process of locating, removing, and eventually replacing lead pipes in the highest risk areas of Flint. [295] On February 18, 2016 the state gave Flint a $2 million grant that will go towards replacing lead service lines. [296] On March 6, 2016 Union Labor Life Insurance Company donated $25 million for lead pipe replacements in the city. [297] On July 18, 2016 city council approved a $500,000 contract with three companies for the second phase of lead pipe replacements: WT Stevens, and Johnson & Wood were awarded $320,000 contracts to do no more than 50 homes each. Goyette was awarded $619,500 to tackle replacing lead lines at 150 Flint homes. The city is using $25 million in funding approved by the Michigan legislature in June that was allocated for replacing Flint lead tainted pipes for Fast Start's third phase which will replace infrastructure at an estimated 5,000 homes in Flint. [298] On October 10, 2016 city council approved contracts to replace pipes at 788 more homes before winter. [299] The third phase will be funded using a portion of $25 million approved by the Michigan Legislature in June that was allocated for replacing Flint lead tainted pipes for Fast Start's third phase, which will replace infrastructure at an estimated 5,000 homes in Flint. Goyette will be paid $1,663,300.60 for replacements at 260 addresses in city wards two, six and eight. WT Stevens will be paid $2,306,384 for replacements at 488 addresses in city wards three, four, eight and nine. [300] On October 17, 2016 the second phase of the program was completed on 218 homes. The project was completed by WT Stevens Construction Inc., Johnson & Wood Mechanical, and Goyette Mechanical. [299] By November 22, 2016, the total number of homes with new pipes was 460. [301] A University of Michigan study released on December 1, 2016 stated a total of 29,100 lead pipes need to be replaced. [302] On January 19, 2017, an engineer at the Flint Water Plant said the facility is in need of $60 million worth of upgrades, which wouldn't be finished until well into 2019. [303] On February 7, 2017, another report said the cost would be $108 million. [304] On February 6, 2017, the Genesee Intermediate School District received $6.5 million for the Early On Genesee program to provide free evaluations to as many as 5,000 children up to 5 years old facing possible lead-related developmental delays from the state of Michigan. [305] On March 17, 2017, Flint received a $100 million grant from the EPA for water infrastructure repairs. [306] On June 30, 2017, the Genesee County Health Department's Healthy Start Program received $15 million to provide health and social services for people who have had or are at risk for lead exposure stemming from Flint water crisis. [307] Long term effects of lead poisoning [ edit ] Childhood lead exposure causes a reduction in intellectual functioning and IQ , academic performance , and problem-solving skills, and an increased risk of attention deficit disorder , aggression, and hyperactivity. According to studies, children with elevated levels of lead in the blood are more likely as adults to commit crimes, be imprisoned, be unemployed or underemployed, or be dependent on government services. [308] [309] [310] In addition, early-life exposure to lead may increase risk of later-life neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease , [311] and this risk is likely to persist into late life long after lead has been removed from the body. [312] A 2014 study by researchers at Risk Science Center at the University of Michigan , completed before the Flint water crisis came to light, estimated the annual cost of childhood lead exposure in Michigan at $330 million ($205 million in decreases in lifetime earnings, $105 million in additional criminal justice system expenditures, $18 million in health expenditures to diagnose lead positioning and lead-linked attention deficit disorder), and $2.5 million in additional special education expenditures. [308] Because the developmental effects of lead exposure appear over a series of years, [313] the total long-term cost of the Flint water crisis \"will not be apparent in the short term.\" [314] However, the cost is expected to be high. Philippe Grandjean of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , an expert in the effects of environmental pollution on brain development, said that \"when calculated from the loss of lifetime income, the societal costs from lead exposure (across the United States) reach billion-dollar amounts.\" [314] Political responses [ edit ] Federal government [ edit ] President Barack Obama sips filtered Flint water following a roundtable on the crisis at Northwestern High School on May 4, 2016. Dan Kildee , Democrat representing Flint in the House of Representatives, along with Republican Michigan Representative Fred Upton , sponsored H.R. 4470, the Safe Drinking Water Act Improved Compliance Awareness Act, which would ensure that the public promptly learns of excessive lead levels in their drinking water by setting forth how and when states, EPA, and public utilities communicate their findings. It has passed the House but has yet to be passed by the Senate. [188] [ needs update ] Among the Michigan congressional delegation , only Representative Justin Amash , Republican of Cascade Township , opposed federal aid for Flint. Amash opined that \"the U.S. Constitution does not authorize the federal government to intervene in an intrastate matter like this one.\" [315] In December 2016, President Barack Obama signed Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act of 2016 (co-sponsored by Debbie Stabenow in the Senate [316] ) which earmarked $170 million to address the Flint water crisis. The first $100 million was released in March 2017, by the US Environmental Protection Agency after President Trump had taken office. [317] President Donald Trump 's plan to fix the crisis in Michigan has been folded into his federal infrastructure plan . [318] Trump's infrastructure plan proposes $1 trillion in spending on new infrastructure by offering corporations who invest in infrastructure projects tax credits, with the corporations investing approximately $167 billion. [319] [320] This plan would require a return of 9–10% to investors to remain feasible. [319] This plan has no direct reference to or specific proposal for the crisis in Flint and as of his election he has not proposed a direct federal intervention. [319] State legislature [ edit ] On January 4, 2016, citing the Flint water crisis, Michigan Representative Phil Phelps , Democrat of Flushing , announced plans to introduce a bill to the Michigan House of Representatives that would make it a felony for state officials to intentionally manipulate or falsify information in official reports, punishable by up to five years' imprisonment and a $5,000 fine. [321] [ needs update ] On March 2, House Democratic leader Tim Greimel called on Governor Snyder to resign, due to his \"negligence and indifference\" in his handling of the Flint water crisis. [322] Also on that date, State Democratic Party Chairman Brandon Dillon called for Michigan Treasurer Nick Khouri to resign due to his role in a loan agreement from April 2015 that blocked Flint from switching back to the Detroit system. [323] Presidential candidates [ edit ] See also: United States presidential election, 2016 Hillary Clinton [ edit ] Democratic Presidential nominee Hillary Clinton repeatedly mentioned the crisis during her campaign, saying: \"The people of Flint deserve to know the truth about how this happened and what Governor Snyder and other leaders knew about it. And they deserve a solution, fast. Thousands of children may have been exposed to lead, which could irreversibly harm their health and brain functioning. Plus, this catastrophe—which was caused by a zeal to save money at all costs—could actually cost $1.5 billion in infrastructure repairs.\" [324] In a subsequent interview, Clinton referred to her work on lead abatement in housing in upstate New York while a U.S. Senator and called for further funding for healthcare and education for children who will suffer the negative effects of lead exposure on behavior and educational attainment. [325] The crisis was also the catalyst for a town hall style debate in Flint between Clinton and Democratic rival Bernie Sanders on March 6, 2016, two days before the Michigan Presidential primary election . It was hosted by CNN anchors Anderson Cooper and Don Lemon . Both candidates called for Governor Snyder to resign during the event. [326] Donald Trump [ edit ] On January 19, 2016, then- Republican-candidate Donald Trump said, \"It's a shame what's happening in Flint, Michigan. A thing like that shouldn't happen.\" [327] After clinching the Republican nomination, Trump visited Flint on September 14, 2016 and toured the water plant and a Flint church, where he promised to fix the water crisis, and in a brief speech there, he blamed NAFTA for General Motors ' abandonment of Flint and the area's subsequent ongoing recession caused by it, saying, \"It used to be that cars were made in Flint and you couldn't drink the water in Mexico. Now cars are made in Mexico, and you can't drink the water in Flint. That's terrible.\" [328] Other responses [ edit ] Lead poisoning and aging infrastructure problems in other cities [ edit ] An investigative report by Reuters released December 19, 2016 found nearly 3,000 areas in the United States with lead poisoning rates at least double those in Flint. [329] The Trump Administration blocked publishing a federal health study on the nationwide water-contamination crisis. [330] The water disaster called attention to the problem of aging and seriously neglected water infrastructure nationwide. [331] [332] The Flint crisis recalled recent lead contamination crises in the tap water in various cities, such as the lead contamination in Washington, D.C. drinking water (2001), Columbia, South Carolina (2005); Durham and Greenville, North Carolina (2006); Jackson, Mississippi (2015); and Sebring, Ohio (2015). The New York Times notes, \"Although Congress banned lead water pipes 30 years ago, between 3.3 million and 10 million older ones remain, primed to leach lead into tap water by forces as simple as jostling during repairs or a change in water chemistry.\" Inadequate regulation was cited as one reason for unsafe lead levels in tap water and \"efforts to address shortcomings often encounter push-back from industries like agriculture and mining that fear cost increases, and from politicians ideologically opposed to regulation.\" The crisis called attention to a \"resource gap\" for water regulators. The annual budget of the EPA's drinking water office declined 15% from 2006 to 2015, with the office losing over 10% of employees, and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators reported in 2013 that \"federal officials had slashed drinking-water grants, 17 states had cut drinking-water budgets by more than a fifth, and 27 had cut spending on full-time employees,\" with \"serious implications for states’ ability to protect public health.\" [332] In the aftermath of the water crisis, it was noted that elevated blood-lead levels in children are found in many cities across Michigan, including Detroit, Grand Rapids , Muskegon , and Adrian . Although statewide childhood lead-poisoning rates have dramatically declined since the removal of lead from gasoline , certain areas of the state (particularly low-income areas with older housing stock) continue to experience lead poisoning, mostly from lead paint in homes built before 1978 and lead residue in dust and soil. Lead abatement efforts are slow. [333] Accusations of environmental racism [ edit ] Civil rights advocates characterized the crisis as a result of environmental racism (Flint's population is 56.6% African American per the 2010 census), [334] a term primarily referring to the disproportionate exposure of ethnic minorities to pollution as a result of \"poverty and segregation that has relegated many blacks and other racial minorities to some of the most industrialized or dilapidated environments.\" [335] Columnist Shaun King , for example, wrote that the crisis was \"a horrific clash of race, class, politics and public health .\" [336] The Michigan Civil Rights Commission later reiterated this belief in a 138-page report titled \"The Flint Water Crisis: Systemic Racism Through the Lens of Flint\". Its writers said of it, \"Policy makers, government leaders, and decision makers at many levels failed the residents of Flint,\" said Agustin Arbulu, Director of the Michigan Department of Civil Rights. \"By not challenging their assumptions, by not asking themselves the tough questions about how policy and decisions play out in different communities, especially communities primarily made up of people of color, those decisions and actions – or in some cases, lack of action – led to the tragedy taking place in Flint.\" \"We strongly believe that the actions that led to the poisoning of Flint's water and the slow response resulted in the abridgement of civil rights for the people of Flint,\" said Arthur Horwitz, co-chair of the Commission during the time of the investigation. \"We are not suggesting that those making decisions related to this crisis were racists, or meant to treat Flint any differently because it is a community of color. Rather, the response is the result of implicit bias and the history of systemic racism that was built into the foundation of Flint. The lessons of Flint are profound. While the exact situation and response that happened in Flint may never happen anywhere else, the factors that led to this crisis remain in place and will most certainly lead to other tragedies if we don't take steps to remedy them. We hope this report is a step in that direction.\" [337] [338] The Governor's office responded: \"Some findings of the report and the recommendations are similar to those of the (Flint Water Advisory Task Force and) the legislative panel and the Flint Water Interagency Coordinating Committee,\" said Gov. Rick Snyder spokeswoman Anna Heaton. \"The Governor takes the reporting of each of these panels very seriously, and appreciates the public input that was shared.\" The findings were no surprise for State Senate Minority Leader Jim Ananich . \"The presence of racial bias in the Flint water crisis isn't much of a surprise to those of us who live here, but the Michigan Civil Rights Commission's affirmation that the emergency manager law disproportionately hurts communities of color is an important reminder of just how bad the policy is. Now is the time to address this flawed law,\" Ananich said. He went on to say, \"The people of Flint deserve the same level of safety, opportunity and justice that any other city in Michigan enjoys\". [339] Media responses [ edit ] On October 8, 2015, the editorial board of the Detroit Free Press wrote that the crisis was \"an obscene failure of government\" and criticized Snyder. [340] On December 31, 2015, the editorial board of the MLive group of Michigan newspapers called upon Snyder to \"drop executive privilege and release all of his communications on Flint water,\" establish a procedure for compensating families with children suffering from elevated lead blood levels, and return Flint to local control. [341] Some of the most important reporting on the crisis was conducted by investigative reporter Curt Guyette, who works not for a news organization but for the American Civil Liberties Union 's Michigan Democracy Watch Project. The work of Guyette and the ACLU was credited with bringing the water contamination to public light. [342] [343] MSNBC host Rachel Maddow has extensively reported on the water crisis on her show since December 2015, keeping it in the national spotlight. [344] [345] She has condemned Snyder's use of emergency managers (which she termed a \"very, very radical\" change \"to the way we govern ourselves as Americans, something that nobody else has done\") and said, \"The kids of Flint, Michigan have been poisoned by a policy decision.\" [345] Maddow visited Flint and hosted a town hall with government officials and other involved experts on her show on January 27. [346] On October 5, 2017, Maddow won an Emmy Award for the special. [347] Groups [ edit ] In January 2016, the watchdog group Common Cause called upon Snyder to release all documents related to the Flint water crisis. The governor's office is not subject to the Michigan Freedom of Information Act. [348] The hacktivist group Anonymous released a YouTube video calling for the arrest of Snyder. [349] Prominent figures [ edit ] Michael Moore , a Gennessee County native and director/producer of several movies related to Flint, called for Snyder's arrest for mishandling the water crisis in an open letter to the governor, writing, \"The facts are all there, Mr. Snyder. Every agency involved in this scheme reported directly to you. The children of Flint didn't have a choice as to whether or not they were going to get to drink clean water.\" A spokesman for the governor called Moore's call \"inflammatory.\" [350] [351] Later, after hearing of the Legionnaires' outbreak, Moore termed the state's actions \"murder.\" [352] Speaking to reporters in Flint, he emphasized that \"this was not a mistake ... Ten people have been killed here because of a political decision. They did this. They knew.\" [353] In a post on her Facebook page, environmental activist Erin Brockovich called the water crisis a \"growing national concern\" and said that the crisis was \"likely\" connected to the Legionnaires' disease outbreak. Brockovich called for the U.S. Environment Protection Agency to become involved in the investigation, saying that the EPA's \"continued silence has proven deadly.\" [352] On January 16, 2016, the Reverend Jesse Jackson met with Mayor Weaver in Flint and said of the crisis, \"The issue of water and air and housing and education and violence are all combined. The problem here obviously is more than just lack of drinkable water. We know the problems here and they will be addressed.\" [354] Jackson called Flint \"a disaster zone\" and a \"crime scene\" during a rally at a Flint church the next day. [355] Jackson, in conjunction with the group Concerned Pastors for Social Action, held a major national march in Flint on February 19 to address the water issue, as well as inner city violence and urban reconstruction. [356] On January 18, Nontombi Naomi Tutu, daughter of Desmond Tutu , said in a speech at the University of Michigan–Flint , \"We actually needed the people of Flint to remind the people of this country what happens when political expediency, when financial concerns, overshadow justice and humanity.\" [357] On January 24, actor and clean drinking water advocate Matt Damon called for Snyder's resignation. [358] On March 7, actor Mark Ruffalo , head of the group Water Defense, visited Flint and called for more federal aid in the emergency and Snyder's resignation while saying, \"It's an absolute outrage, it's a moral indecency.\" [359] Water Defense conducted studies on Flint water in the spring of 2016, claiming it is still unsafe for bathing or showering. Their findings were disputed by Virginia Tech water expert Dr. Marc Edwards on May 31, 2016. [360] In the third episode of the Adult Swim comedy series Million Dollar Extreme Presents: World Peace , Charles Carroll (member of the group of YouTube comedians \" Million Dollar Extreme \") delivers a monologue where he describes how viewers can recreate the contaminated water in Flint. In his monologue, the right wing leaning Carroll discusses the concept of tyrannicide with costars Sam Hyde and Andrew Ruse and claims that the situation in Flint is a situation where the violent murder of Republican leadership in the state of Michigan would be justified. [361] Education and research [ edit ] During its winter 2016 semester, the University of Michigan–Flint offered a one-credit, eight-session series of public forums dedicated to educating Flint residents and students on the crisis. [362] The University of Michigan (Ann Arbor) committed to spending $100,000 to research the crisis and possible ways to address it. [363] Wayne State University in Detroit is leading a separate study with five other schools focusing on the Legionnaires' outbreak called the Flint Area Community Health and Environment Partnership. [364] On October 9, 2017 they released their preliminary analysis, which showed approximately 10 percent of all homes on the Flint municipal water system had chlorine levels less than 0.2 mg/L when measured at the kitchen faucet (bypassing filters when present) after five minutes of flushing. [365] On April 20, 2017 Stephen Estes-Smargiassi, director of planning and sustainability at the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority , told a forum on lead water contamination at the Harvard School of Public Health that a chain-reaction of failures, including those by the financial managers, allowed the water crisis to develop as long as it did. He stated \"What happened in Flint? Well, a firestorm of things that went wrong. (Flint) changed (its) source water, didn't do a good job on corrosion control in their treatment\", and added \"They had, about half of the homes had lead service lines. Money was more important to the emergency manager than people were. That's pretty clear from the evidence,\" and later went on to say, \"State regulators could have picked up on this, but fell down on the job, maybe worse than that. We'll see what happens to those who were indicted. And the federal regulators could have picked up the problem, but didn't until quite late. All of those things, that firestorm of events, resulted in really awful water quality.\" [366] On July 20, 2017, Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha and Professor Marc Edwards won Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's Media Lab Disobedience Award for their work during the crisis. [367] On August 7, 2017, West Virginia University published a study validating the correlation between the intake of lead contaminated water and the increase of fetal deaths along with miscarriages during November 2013 to March 2015. [368] The study was led jointly by Daniel Grossman of West Virginia University and David Slusky of the University of Kansas . The data was constructed over the course of two years focusing on the city of Flint and how the data differs among neighboring cites in Michigan. Data shows that after the city switched the water source to the Flint River, fetal deaths rose 58% among women aged 15–49 compared to control areas. Other possible causes and responses [ edit ] The crisis highlighted a lack of transparency in Michigan government; the state is one of just two states that exempts the governor's office from state freedom-of-information legislation. [369] A number of commentators framed the crisis in terms of human rights , writing that authorities' handling of the issue denied residents their right to clean water . [145] [370] Some have framed it as the end result of austerity measures and given priority over human life. [371] [372] [373] Jacob Lederman, for example, contends that Flint's poisoned water supply, in addition to high crime rates, devastated schools and crumbling infrastructure, can be attributed to neoliberal economic reforms. [374] Robby Soave, writing in Reason magazine, said that administrative bloat in public-sector trade unions was to blame for the crisis: \"Let's not forget the reason why local authorities felt the need to find a cheaper water source: Flint is broke and its desperately poor citizens can’t afford higher taxes to pay the pensions of city government retirees. As recently as 2011, it would have cost every person in Flint $10,000 each to cover the unfunded legacy costs of the city's public employees.\" [375] \"Flint was a government-made disaster from top to bottom. Private companies didn't run the system or profit from it,\" Shikha Dalmia wrote in Reason Magazine . [376] The crisis brought the National Water Infrastructure Conference to Flint in early March 2017. Michigan Governor Rick Snyder and Flint Mayor Karen Weaver spoke on the first day. [377] Dr. Marc Edwards spoke there two days later. [378] Prevention [ edit ] Failed infrastructure and economic decline resulted in the toxic levels of lead in the city's water supply. [379] According to an article published in the American Journal of Public Health , to prevent another contamination crisis, officials such as Governor Snyder should consult \"professionals\" [ who? ] and make \"qualified\" [ clarification needed ] decisions. \"Snyder and his administration introduced a corrosive water source into an aging water filtration system without adequate corrosion control (APHA).\" [380] [381] \"I wonder how many of the individuals who made those bad decisions were professional engineers, licensed plumbers, or water-treatment specialists?\" asked Larry Clark, Sustainable Performance Solutions LLC. [381] In addition to professional consultation, EPA reform of water-testing techniques that concentrate on neighborhoods with lead pipes could \"ensure that all cities get an early warning when lead levels rise to the danger point.\", said Jeff Ruch, executive director of Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER). [ citation needed ] Addressing [ clarification needed ] the government's neglect in Flint's crisis from infrastructure failure due to the city's economic decline could prevent another municipal disaster. [382] Upholding the Clean Water Act passed in 1972 would have prevented an outbreak of lead poisoning in Flint. This act \"established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the waters of the United States\". [383] The EPA has also updated its standards and created six goals for improving the drinking water of the nation. This plan was created in November 2016 to decrease the amount of pollution in water. [384] Indirect mental health impact [ edit ] As the water crisis unfolded, residents experienced considerable anxiety over the physical and mental health impacts of lead poisoning on both adults and children, stress, and anger and political leaders. Some adults felt guilty about giving children contaminated water, and in some cases family members stopped visiting. Some residents related the water crisis to depression and even thoughts of suicide; some sought treatment for mental breakdowns. The state government gave a $500,000 grant to the Genesee Health System for free counseling in addition to sending state mobile crisis teams and expanding Medicaid programs for affected residents. Volunteer social workers arrived from across the state, and the United States Public Health Service offered training. [385] Donations of water and money [ edit ] This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . The specific problem is: This section should be condensed to summarize total donations and their impact, and focus less on individual events or donations. Please help improve this article if you can. (June 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Flint water crisis has attracted a substantial amount of philanthropic support from a wide variety of individuals and organizations, with donations often focused on bottled water or money. Celebrities including the singers Cher and Bruno Mars , rapper Meek Mill , comedians Dave Chappelle and Jimmy Fallon , and many others have made high profile donations to assist Flint. [386] [387] [388] [389] [390] A group made up of actor Mark Wahlberg and rappers Sean Combs , Eminem , and Wiz Khalifa donated 1 million bottles of water to Flint. [391] [392] [393] Support has also come from numerous companies, including Detroit based Faygo , grocer Meijer , The Dow Chemical Company of nearby Midland , Ball Corporation , among many others. [394] [395] [396] [397] As of September 8, 2017, the Ruth Mott Foundation and the Community Foundation of Greater Flint have directed a combined $33,480,494 to various programs to aid both children and adults affected by Flint’s water crisis. This total reflects donations from many of the celebrities mentioned in this section, as well as from other groups and organizations. This money has gone to fund not only immediate aid for the Flint crisis (such as bottled water distribution), but also to build community organizations and infrastructure in Flint. This money has not gone to actually repairing the Flint water system, which remains the responsibility of local and state governments. The Ruth Mott foundation says much of their work is going towards helping Flint's children, in the form of programs for health, nutrition, and education. [398] Celebrity and corporate donations [ edit ] The United Auto Workers union donated drinking water to Flint via a caravan of trucks to local food banks, and an AmeriCorps team announced that it would deploy to Flint to assist in response efforts. [399] The Flint Firebirds ' rivals in the Ontario Hockey League made donations: the Windsor Spitfires donated 40,000 bottles of water, and the Sarnia Sting donated 15,000 bottles of water. [400] Singer Aretha Franklin said she will provide hotel rooms and food for 25–50 Flint residents. [401] The Little River Band of Ottawa Indians donated $10,000 to the Genesee County Sheriff's Department. [402] Detroit Lions defensive end Ziggy Ansah donated 94,000 bottles to Flint, [403] and Terrance Knighton and his Washington Redskins teammates donated 3,600 bottles of water to Flint's Catholic Charities USA. [404] On the same day, rock band Pearl Jam and a large group of musicians donated $300,000 to the United Way of Genesee County, and started a CrowdRise fundraiser for donations from its fans. [405] Additionally, fundraising website GoFundMe promised to donate an additional $10,000 to the fund of the winner of a week-long contest that ended on January 29 between a large number of groups trying to raise money for Flint, [406] while Anheuser-Busch donated 51,744 cans of water to the Food Bank of Eastern Michigan. [407] The Detroit Pistons donated $500,000 to the United Way of Genesee County from their FlintNOW fundraising campaign from the previous night's game. [408] Walmart , The Coca-Cola Company , Nestlé and PepsiCo announced that they would collectively donate a total of 176 truckloads of water (up to 6.5 million bottles) through the end of 2016. [409] [410] On the same day, singer Madonna (a native of nearby Bay City ) donated $10,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint, [411] and singer Kem donated $10,000 to the Salvation Army of Genesee County. [412] Also, rapper The Game donated $1,000,000 in water bottles to Flint, [413] while FedEx , along with the city of Memphis, Tennessee donated 12,000 bottles of water to the Food Bank of Eastern Michigan. [414] A group of nine banks collectively donated $600,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint. [415] Craigslist founder Craig Newmark donated $50,000 and 25,000 cases of water to the United Way of Southeastern Michigan. [416] The Michigan State Medical Society donated $10,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint. [417] The LaPorte County, Indiana Sheriff's Office donated 2,300 cases of water to a church in Flint, [418] the Northwest Indiana Truck Club donated 3,500 cases of water to Flint, [419] and NFL player and Flint native Brandon Carr donated $100,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint and $10,000 to the Safe Water Safe Homes Fund. [420] The police fraternity Brothers Before Others donated 330 cases of water bottles, 361 one-gallon (1.3 m³) water jugs and $1,000 to the Flint Police Department. [421] The charity Resources Unite of Dubuque, Iowa collected 300,000 bottles of water for Flint. [422] A group of students from Ohio State University donated 10,000 pounds of water to Flint's Catholic Charities USA. [423] Amtrak donated 30,000 bottles of water to Flint. [424] Consumers Energy , the area's gas and electricity provider, has donated $50,000 during the crisis ($25,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint and $25,000 to the United Way of Genesee County), and its employees are delivering water to Flint homes. It is also matching donations from employees and retirees, up to $25,000. [425] The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation donated $100,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint. [426] The Dr Pepper Snapple Group donated 41,000 bottles of water to the Food Bank of Eastern Michigan. [427] Platinum Equity 's FlintNOW Foundation, in conjunction with Huntington Bank , started a $25 million economic development program that will loan aid money to Flint businesses affected by the water crisis. [428] Two prisons in Northern Michigan donated 29,000 bottles of water to the Genesee Intermediate School District. [429] The Kresge Foundation donated $2 million to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint. [430] Donations from religious organizations and groups [ edit ] Tabernacle Baptist Church in Knoxville, Tennessee donated 70,000 pounds of water to Flint. [431] The United Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ, two Flint-area Protestant denominations worked together to launch a water distribution effort. [432] Flint Jewish Federation worked in partnership with the American Red Cross to help get clean water to homes. [432] In January 2016, Muslim organizations, including Who is Hussain, Life for Relief and Development, Islamic Relief USA, and the Michigan Muslim Community Council donated and distributed thousands of bottles of water to Flint-area residents. [432] By May, Michigan's Muslim community had donated more than one million bottles of water to Flint-area residents. [433] [434] Fundraising events [ edit ] Comedians George Lopez , Eddie Griffin , Cedric the Entertainer , Charlie Murphy , and D. L. Hughley performed stand up comedy in Flint's Dort Federal Credit Union Event Center as part of The Comedy Get Down Tour, with the proceeds to go to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint. [435] $50,000 raised at the Meridian Winter Festival in Detroit was donated to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint. [436] On February 28, 2016, coinciding with the 88th Academy Awards ceremony, Creed director Ryan Coogler and Selma director Ava DuVernay held a charity event at the Whiting Auditorium in Flint. The event, titled #JusticeForFlint , was live-streamed by Sean Combs ' Revolt.tv network. Hosted by comedian Hannibal Buress , it featured singers Janelle Monáe and Ledisi , as well as actor-activists Jesse Williams and Jussie Smollett , amongst others. [437] The event raised $156,000. [438] A telethon led by Detroit TV station WDIV and simulcast on Michigan's other NBC affiliates raised $566,982 for the Community Foundation of Greater Flint. [439] Detroit Pistons owner and Flint native Tom Gores matched the amount, doubling the amount raised to $1,133,964. [440] A benefit concert to support children affected by the crisis presented by Flint country music station Nash FM 95.1 featuring Granger Smith and Tegan Marie was held at the Dort Federal Center in Flint on April 7, with the proceeds going to Hurley's Children Hospital. [441] A charity celebrity basketball game called Hoop 4 Water featuring former Michigan State Spartans players Morris Peterson (from Flint), Zach Randolph and Jason Richardson , Coach Tom Izzo , and rapper Snoop Dogg was played in Flint on May 22. [442] Izzo and Snoop Dogg agreed to return to Flint for the same event in 2017, along with other celebrities, held on May 20. [443] Fight for Flint was a boxing fundraiser at Flint's Dort Federal Event Center featuring Tommy \"The Hitman\" Hearns , along with brothers Andre Dirrell and Anthony Dirrell ; Mike Hernandez, Troy Albrine Jr., Rakim Johnson; and female boxers Jackie Kallen , Fatuma Zarika and Alicia Ashley . It was sponsored by Don Elbaum Promotions and the Catholic Charities of Shiawassee and Genesee Counties. [444] A fundraiser called Fashion For Flint held in late January 2017 helped raised money to purchase 10,000 bottles of water. [445] In popular culture [ edit ] This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . The specific problem is: Instead of having a paragraph for each work, consolidate into short listings in \"Further reading\" section, and remove redundant works that don't add anything beyond this article and other works listed. Please help improve this article if you can. (May 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film and television [ edit ] The Flint crisis has been the subject of many documentaries, as well as fictional dramatizations. Flint , a television film based on the crisis starring Queen Latifah , Betsy Brandt , Jill Scott , Marin Ireland and Rob Morrow premiered in October 2017. [446] Lead and Copper , a documentary on the Flint water contamination crisis, was released in 2017. [447] On March 8, 2016, the American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan released \"Here's to Flint 2016\" about the water crisis. [448] On June 8, 2016, Russian channel RT Documentary released \"Murky Waters of Flint. How a whole city was poisoned\" about the crisis. [449] On March 8, 2017, television station WDIV-TV in Detroit aired a documentary called \"Failure In Flint: The Crisis Continues\". [450] On May 31, 2017, the PBS show Nova aired an episode about the water crisis called \"Poisoned Water\". [451] The Flint Institute of Arts screened the episode early, on May 23. [452] On March 2, 2018, Netflix released Flint Town which covers the Flint water crisis. [453] Books [ edit ] On June 22, 2016, Bridge Magazine , The Center for Michigan, and Mission Point Press published a book about the crisis called \"Poison on Tap\". It has been described as a \"riveting, authoritative account of the government blunders, mendacity and arrogance\" that caused the crisis. [454] In May 2016, it was announced that Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha was in the process of writing a \"dramatic first-hand account\" of the Flint Water Crisis. [455] The book, titled, \"What the Eyes Don't See: A Story of Crisis, Resistance, and Hope in an American City\" was released on June 19, 2018 by Random House imprint One World by editor-in-chief Chris Jackson . [456] [457] Anonymous Content optioned the book rights to make a movie, to be produced by Michael Sugar and Rosalie Swedlin, and written/directed by Cherien Dabis . [458] Music [ edit ] On January 28, 2016, rapper Jon Connor from Flint released a song titled \"Fresh Water for Flint\" about the crisis and how it has affected his family. [459] In the spring of 2016, Associate professor of conducting at the University of Colorado Boulder , Andrea Ramsey, in reaction to the Flint water crisis, composed a choral song titled, \"But a Flint Holds Fire\". Children choirs throughout the country have performed the song. Many of the lyrics for the piece come from Christina Rossetti 's 19th-century poem, titled “Flint.” [460] Theater [ edit ] Michigan native and actor Jeff Daniels directed a play called Flint , a \"heartfelt and brutally honest story of two couples struggling to endure and believe in the American dream\" set in 2014, at his Purple Rose Theatre in Chelsea, Michigan . It ran from January 18 through March 10, 2018. [461] See also [ edit ] Ecology portal Environment portal Michigan portal Water portal Drinking water quality in the United States Environmental racism Lead contamination in Washington, D.C. drinking water Hinkley groundwater contamination 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak Toxic hotspots Water treatment Water pollution Lawsuits References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c United Way estimates cost of helping children $100M WNEM-TV, 18 January, 2016 Jump up ^ State: McLaren Flint was primary source of Legionnaires' outbreak The Detroit Free Press , May 30, 2018 Jump up ^ Clearfield, Chris; Tilcsik, András (2018). Meltdown: Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It . New York: Penguin Press. pp. 121–128. ISBN 9780735222632 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hanna-Attisha, Mona; LaChance, Jenny; Sadler, Richard Casey; Champney Schnepp, Allison (December 21, 2015). \"Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated With the Flint Drinking Water Crisis: A Spatial Analysis of Risk and Public Health Response\" . American Journal of Public Health . 106 (2): 283–290. doi : 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003 . ISSN 0090-0036 . PMC 4985856 . PMID 26691115 . ^ Jump up to: a b Al Hajal, Khalil (January 13, 2016). \"87 cases, 10 fatal, of Legionella bacteria found in Flint area; connection to water crisis unclear\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 30, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"President Obama Signs Michigan Emergency Declaration\" (Official White House press release). January 16, 2016 . Retrieved January 16, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Two former Flint emergency managers charged with water crisis crimes The Flint Journal via MLive.com, December 20, 2016 ^ Jump up to: a b Lawler, Emily (January 29, 2016). \"Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder signs $28M aid bill for Flint water crisis\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Gov. Snyder signs $30 million budget bill\" . WJRT-TV. February 27, 2016 . Retrieved February 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Michigan governor signs budget with $165M more for Flint\" . WJRT-TV. June 29, 2016 . Retrieved June 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Halfway there: U.S. House approves spending bill, Flint water funding The Flint Journal via MLive.com, December 9, 2016 Jump up ^ Senate passes bills containing aid for Flint The Detroit News , December 10, 2016 Jump up ^ $170 million federal funding package for Flint, communities affected by lead WJRT-TV, December 15, 2016 Jump up ^ In Flint, Gov. Rick Snyder signs contaminated water public notice bill The Detroit Free Press, January 6, 2017 Jump up ^ Flint water has fallen below federal lead limit The Associated Press via MLive.com, January 24, 2017 Jump up ^ Officials say it may take 3 more years to replace Flint's water pipes The Flint Journal via MLive.com, January 25, 2017 Jump up ^ State says February testing showed Flint water met EPA lead rule The Flint Journal via MLive.com, March 7, 2017 Jump up ^ CNN Library (February 2, 2017). \"Flint Water Crisis Fast Facts\" . www.cnn.com . Retrieved February 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Longley, Kristin (November 29, 2011). \"Former Acting Mayor Michael Brown named Flint's emergency manager\" . Flint Journal . Retrieved November 29, 2011 . Jump up ^ Powers returned to Flint mayor, no staffing changes announced The Flint Journal via MLive, January 22, 2016 Jump up ^ Adams, Dominic (April 25, 2014). \"Closing the valve on history: Flint cuts water flow from Detroit after nearly 50 years\" . Flint Journal . MLive Media Group . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . Detroit terminated its contract with the city effective April 17 last year when Flint decided to purchase water through the KWA. Jump up ^ \"Lead-Laced Water In Flint: A Step-By-Step Look At The Makings Of A Crisis\" . NPR.org . Retrieved May 8, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Library, CNN. \"Flint Water Crisis Fast Facts\" . CNN . Retrieved May 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ Oosting, Jonathan (February 13, 2017). \"Flint urging state to reverse water bill credit cutoff\" . www.detroitnews.com . Retrieved February 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Ron, Fonger (February 16, 2017). \"CDC finds first genetic link between Legionnaires' outbreak, Flint water\" . www.mlive.com . Retrieved February 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ CARMODY, STEVE (February 20, 2017). \"It's unclear how much longer the state will distribute bottled water in Flint\" . www.michiganradio.org . Retrieved February 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ KENNEDY, MERRIT (March 1, 2017). \"Michigan Ends Water Subsidies To Flint Despite Mayor's Opposition\" . www.npr.org . Retrieved March 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ Flint Mayor to meet with President during MI trip WNEM-TV, March 17, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b Gov. Snyder creates child lead exposure commission The Flint Journal via MLive.com, March 16, 2017 Jump up ^ Kennedy, Merrit (March 28, 2017). \"Judge Approves $97 Million Settlement To Replace Flint's Water Lines\" . www.npr.org . Retrieved March 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Eggert, David (April 18, 2017). \"Developing – In reversal, Flint mayor recommends staying with Detroit water system for long haul. Says risky to switch water source again\" . www.twitter.com . Jump up ^ Gov. Snyder supports Flint mayor's recommendation to stay on Detroit water The Flint Journal via MLive.com, April 18, 2017 Jump up ^ DePaolo, Joe (April 21, 2017). \"Police Arrest Six at Flint Water Crisis Town Hall\" . www.mediaite.com . Retrieved April 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Service line replacement work about to ratchet up in Flint The Flint Journal via MLive.com, April 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Flint residents warned they could lose their homes for unpaid water bills The Flint Journal via MLive.com, May 5, 2017 Jump up ^ 128 blood tests in Flint may have registered falsely low lead levels The Flint Journal via MLive.com, May 17, 2017 Jump up ^ Glenza, Jessica (June 14, 2017). \"Flint water crisis: five officials charged with involuntary manslaughter\" . The Guardian . Retrieved June 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Future of Flint water in the air as deadline to decide looms closer The Flint Journal via MLive.com, June 20, 2017 Jump up ^ Council approves short-term Flint water contract following fiery debate The Flint Journal via MLive.com, June 26, 2017 Jump up ^ Michigan sues Flint for not approving water deal WJRT-TV (ABC 12), June 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Mount Morris attorney to rep Flint City Council in state water lawsuit The Flint Journal via MLive.com, July 20, 2017 Jump up ^ \"FAST Start Initiative\" . www.cityofflint.com . July 24, 2017. Jump up ^ State says Flint water system is riddled with 'significant deficiencies' The Flint Journal via MLive.com, August 18, 2017 Jump up ^ Study pinpoints Flint River as a 'likely trigger' of Legionnaires' outbreak The Flint Journal via MLive.com, August 29, 2017 Jump up ^ Flint water still meeting EPA lead limits, new Virginia Tech testing shows The Flint Journal via MLive.com, September 15, 2017 Jump up ^ Researchers: Flint's fertility rates fell, fetal death rates climbed during water crisis WJRT-TV (ABC 12), September 20, 2017 Jump up ^ Szekely, Peter (October 10, 2017). \"Michigan to charge top medical official in Flint water deaths\" . MSN news . Jump up ^ Flint council signs off on $150K contract for analysis of city's water options The Flint Journal via MLive.com, October 10, 2017 Jump up ^ State study says Flint water didn't raise infant deaths, stillbirths The Flint Journal via MLive.com, October 10, 2017 Jump up ^ \"Federal judge tells Flint to pick long-term drinking water source by Monday\" . www.clickondetroit.com . October 17, 2017 . Retrieved October 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ EPA report finds fault with Michigan oversight of Flint drinking water system The Flint Journal via MLive.com, October 26, 2017 Jump up ^ Flint gets green light to remain on GLWA water for the next month The Flint Journal via MLive.com, October 31, 2017 Jump up ^ Flint council votes yes on 30-year water contract with GLWA The Flint Journal via MLive.com, November 22, 2017 Jump up ^ State tells EPA: We're also worried about Flint's capacity to run water system The Flint Journal via MLive.com, January 9, 2018 Jump up ^ 'Flint's water quality is restored' after latest testing, state says The Flint Journal via MLive.com, January 12, 2018 Jump up ^ \"SOM - Flint Water Quality Restored, Testing Well Below Federal Action Level and Comparable to Other Cities Across the State\" . www.michigan.gov . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ LaFond, Kaye. \"Infographic: More than 30,000 water samples have been tested in Flint since the crisis\" . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Zahran, Sammy; McElmurry, Shawn P.; Kilgore, Paul E.; Mushinski, David; Press, Jack; Love, Nancy G.; Sadler, Richard C.; Swanson, Michele S. (February 1, 2018). \"Assessment of the Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Flint, Michigan\" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences : 201718679. doi : 10.1073/pnas.1718679115 . ISSN 0027-8424 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Lethal Pneumonia Outbreak Caused By Low Chlorine In Flint Water\" . NPR.org . Retrieved February 6, 2018 . Jump up ^ More water samples have elevated lead in latest testing of Flint elementary schools The Flint Journal via MLive.com, March 12, 2018 Jump up ^ Study shows blood lead levels in Flint children at all time low The Flint Journal via MLive.com, March 26, 2018 Jump up ^ Elevated lead found in 4 percent of final water samples from Flint schools The Flint Journal via MLive.com, April 2, 2018 Jump up ^ \"State of Michigan: No more free bottled water for Flint residents\" . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 7, 2018 . Jump up ^ Flint threatens to sue state over decision to stop water distribution The Flint Journal via MLive.com, April 16, 2018 Jump up ^ 10, News. \"Settlement in Flint water crisis leads way for children to be tested for lead\" . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ Independent tests show Flint water improving, lead below federal action limit The Flint Journal via MLive.com, April 13, 2018 Jump up ^ Watts, Jonathan (April 23, 2018). \"Goldman environmental prize: top awards dominated by women for first time\" . The Guardian . Retrieved April 23, 2018 . Jump up ^ Glenza, Jessica (April 25, 2018). \"Flint crisis, four years on: what little trust is left continues to wash away\" . The Guardian . Retrieved April 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN, Sara Ganim,. \"EPA funds research to find lead in water\" . CNN . Retrieved April 27, 2018 . Jump up ^ Byrd, Ayana (May 14, 2018). \"ICYMI: Nestlé to Donate Water to Flint | Colorlines\" . Colorlines . Retrieved May 14, 2018 . Jump up ^ Flint estimates 14,000 lead water service lines still in the ground The Flint Journal via MLive.com, May 27, 2018 Jump up ^ Flint water lead levels stable as state turns testing over to city The Flint Journal via MLive.com, June 18, 2018 Jump up ^ Tweet by Elon Musk, July 11 2018 Jump up ^ All tests of filtered water in Flint schools below federal threshold for lead The Flint Journal via MLive.com, July 30, 2018 ^ Jump up to: a b Young, Molly (January 11, 2016). \"Sheriff uses reverse 911 for Flint residents who need water help\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Snyder, Richard D. ; Calley, Brian (January 20, 2016). \"The City of Flint Police Department Crime Reduction Strategy\" (PDF) . Flint Water Study . Retrieved August 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"City officials set to accept proposals to replace lead lines in Flint\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. May 31, 2016 . Retrieved May 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Update on Blood Lead Levels in Children\" . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved April 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Lead\" (PDF) . Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. August 2007 . Retrieved April 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bosman, Bosman; Davey, Monica; Smith, Mitch (January 20, 2016). \"As Water Problems Grew, Officials Belittled Complaints From Flint\" . New York Times . Retrieved March 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (April 29, 2015). \" ' A heavy burden' lifted from Flint as Gov. Rick Snyder declares end of financial emergency\" . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved July 18, 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (May 10, 2011). \"DTE Energy tells new regional authority it may want 3 million gallons of Lake Huron water daily\" . Flint Journal . Retrieved December 6, 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams, Dominic (March 25, 2013). \"Flint council supports buying water from Lake Huron through KWA\" . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Karegnondi Water Authority prepares to drill 1.5 miles into Lake Huron for new water pipeline to Flint The Flint Journal via MLive.com, November 26, 2013 Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (March 29, 2013). \"Flint emergency manager endorses water pipeline, final decision rests with state of Michigan\" . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ How Flint's water crisis unfolded Detroit Free Press Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (April 2, 2013). \"Detroit 'water war' claims 'wholly without merit,' Genesee County drain commissioner says\" . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (April 19, 2013). \"Detroit gives notice: It's terminating water contract covering Flint, Genesee County in one year\" . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Winston, Samuel (October 7, 2015). \"How the Flint water crisis emerged\" . Flint Journal . p. 2 . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"City switch to Flint River water slated to happen Friday\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. April 24, 2014 . Retrieved April 24, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Botelho, Greg; Jorgensen, Sarah; Netto, Joseph (January 5, 2016). \"Water crisis in Flint, Michigan, draws federal investigation\" . CNN . Retrieved January 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (February 25, 2015). \"Detroit offers Flint alternative to using river for long-term water backup\" . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Schuch, Sarah (October 7, 2015). \"How the Flint water crisis emerged\" . Flint Journal . p. 4 . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron, Fonger (June 12, 2014). \"Emergency manager accepts $3.9 million Genesee County offer to buy Flint-owned pipeline\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved June 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ Winston, Samuel (October 7, 2015). \"How the Flint water crisis emerged\" . Flint Journal . p. 3 . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (June 4, 2014). \"Flint Mayor Dayne Walling gets new authority from emergency manager\" . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ The Science Behind the Flint Water Crisis: Corrosion of Pipes, Erosion of Trust Elsevier Sci Tech Connect, January 20, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b Lin, Jeremy C.F.; Rutter, Jean; Park, Haeyoun (January 21, 2016). \"Events That Led to Flint's Water Crisis\" . New York Times . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ Pulido, Laura (July 2, 2016). \"Flint, Environmental Racism, and Racial Capitalism\" . Capitalism Nature Socialism . 27 (3): 1–16. doi : 10.1080/10455752.2016.1213013 . ISSN 1045-5752 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (January 2, 2015). \"City warns of potential health risks after Flint water tests revealed too much disinfection byproduct\" . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwarts, K. (2016). \"Letter from Flint Public Library about Lead in Water Crisis to PUBLIB\" . Retrieved August 14, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Emergency manager calls City Council's Flint River vote 'incomprehensible ' \" . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group. March 25, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ Egan, Paul (March 2, 2016). \"Dems say state blocked Flint return to Detroit water\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved March 2, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Fonger, Ron (September 2, 2015). \"Lead leaches into 'very corrosive' Flint drinking water, researchers say\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved September 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanna, Jason; Shortell, David (October 8, 2015). \"Flint returning to Detroit water amid lead concerns\" . CNN . Retrieved December 30, 2015 . Jump up ^ Carr, Ada (October 9, 2015). \"Contaminants Found in Flint, Michigan, Drinking Water; City to Reconnect to Detroit Water Supply\" . The Weather Channel . Retrieved December 30, 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (December 10, 2015). \"Flint will pay for independent water tests, added phosphate treatment\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Brush, Mark (October 8, 2015). \"Gov. Snyder moves to come up with $12 million to switch Flint's water back to Detroit's supply\" . Michigan Radio . Retrieved October 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Wisely, John (October 8, 2015). \"Snyder announces $12-million plan to fix Flint water\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved October 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Parkinson, Stephanie (January 13, 2016). \"Sen. Ananich calls for emergency funding from the state to address Flint water crisis\" . WEYI-TV . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint to stay on Detroit water for another year Detroit Free Press , September 27, 2016 Jump up ^ State says 96 percent of Flint homes met federal lead standards in November The Flint Journal via MLive.com, December 9, 2016 Jump up ^ County will build new connector, allowing Flint to stay on Detroit water The Flint Journal via MLive.com, March 16, 2017 Jump up ^ \"Flint city councilman: 'We got bad water ' \" . Detroit Free Press . Associated Press. January 14, 2015 . Retrieved December 30, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"A timeline of the water crisis in Flint, Michigan\" . Washington Post . January 16, 2016. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016 . Retrieved January 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogers, Lisa John (February 3, 2016). \"What Will Happen with the Flint Water Crisis Once the Cameras Leave?\" . Broadly . Vice . Retrieved February 3, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Erb, Robin (October 10, 2015). \"Flint doctor makes state see light about lead in water\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (November 12, 2015). \"Documents show Flint filed false reports about testing for lead in water\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved November 19, 2015 . Jump up ^ Ridley, Gary (March 1, 2016). \"Some Flint water test sites still showing high lead levels\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Goovaerts, Pierre. \"The drinking water contamination crisis in Flint: Modeling temporal trends of lead level since returning to Detroit water system\" . Science of The Total Environment . 581-582: 66–79. doi : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.207 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wang, Yanan (December 15, 2015). \"In Flint, Mich., there's so much lead in children's blood that a state of emergency is declared\" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved December 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"2016 PEN Literary Gala & Free Expression Awards\" . PEN America . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Kozlowski, Kim (January 24, 2016). \"Virginia Tech expert helped expose Flint water crisis\" . Detroit News . Retrieved January 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Engineering's Marc Edwards heads to Flint as part of study into unprecedented corrosion problem\" . Virginia Tech. September 14, 2015 . Retrieved December 30, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lazarus, Oliver. \"In Flint, Michigan, a crisis over lead levels in tap water\" . Public Radio International . Retrieved January 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"The Virginia Tech Research Team\" . www.flintwaterstudy.org . 2017 . Retrieved February 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ Carmody, Steve (January 11, 2016). \"Virginia Tech ending Flint water investigation\" . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Egan, Paul (January 12, 2016). \"Virginia Tech wrapping up its work on Flint water\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley, Gary (January 27, 2016). \"Virginia Tech researcher hired by Flint to test water\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (March 1, 2016). \"Virginia Tech gets EPA grant to re-test Flint water for lead\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley, Gary (August 11, 2016). \" ' Beginning of the end' for Flint water crisis health disaster, Edwards says\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved August 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Researchers: Flint water improving, but stick with filters WEYI-TV, December 2, 2016 Jump up ^ Gómez, Hernán; Borgialli, Dominic (June 2018). \"Blood Lead Levels of Children in Flint, Michigan: 2006-2016\". The Journal of Pediatrics . 197 : 158–164. doi : 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.063 . [1] Jump up ^ [2] Jump up ^ \"VA Tech Professor says Flint River water and Legionnaires Disease could be linked\" . WJRT-TV. January 13, 2016 . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Source of deadly Flint Legionnaires' outbreak still unknown, new report says\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. January 21, 2016 . Retrieved January 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Officials confirm Legionella bacteria found in Flint's McLaren Hospital's water supply in 2014\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. January 22, 2016 . Retrieved January 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Attorney Geoffrey Fieger seeks $100 million in Flint Legionnaires' lawsuit\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. February 2, 2016 . Retrieved February 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (January 16, 2016). \"Public never told, but investigators suspected Flint River tie to Legionnaires' in 2014\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Officials were warned of Flint water, Legionnaires' link months before public\" . Michigan Live. Associated Press. February 4, 2016 . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Governor wants investigation into MDHHS in handling of Legionnaires' outbreak\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 11, 2016 . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ CDC finds first genetic link between Legionnaires' outbreak, Flint water The flint Journal via MLive.com, February 16, 2017 Jump up ^ New tests raise questions about the source of Legionnaires Disease outbreak , Michigan Radio , February 16, 2017 Jump up ^ Experts' affidavits point to Flint water as source of Legionnaires' outbreak The Flint Journal via MLive.com, May 7, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b c Graham, David A. (January 9, 2016). \"What Did the Governor Know About Flint's Water, and When Did He Know It?\" . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 9, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wisely, John (January 7, 2016). \"Were Flint water fears 'blown off' by state?\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 7, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Fonger, Ron (October 1, 2015). \"Flint data on lead water lines stored on 45,000 index cards\" . Flnt Journal . MLive . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith, Lindsey (December 16, 2015). \"After ignoring and trying to discredit people in Flint, the state was forced to face the problem\" . Michigan Radio . Retrieved December 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Gov. Rick Snyder announces Flint Water Task Force to review state, federal and municipal actions, offer recommendations\" (Office of the Governor press release). October 21, 2015 . Retrieved October 21, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, Jiquanda (December 30, 2015). \"Four takeaways from the Flint Water Advisory Task Force preliminary report\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 30, 2015 . Jump up ^ Duffy, Vincent (December 29, 2015). \"Task force lays most blame for Flint water crisis on MDEQ\" . Michigan Radio . Retrieved December 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawler, Emily (December 29, 2015). \"Director Dan Wyant resigns after task force blasts MDEQ over Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawler, Emily (December 30, 2015). \"DEQ spokesman also resigns over Flint water crisis, says city 'didn't feel like we cared ' \" . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 30, 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (November 16, 2015). \"Howard Croft, Flint official responsible for water oversight, resigns\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved November 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Inquiry: State \"fundamentally accountable\" for Flint crisis\" . WJRT-TV. March 23, 2016 . Retrieved March 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint Water Advisory Task Force Final Report\" (PDF) . Flint Water Advisory Task Force . March 21, 2016 . Retrieved March 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ Roy, Siddhartha (March 23, 2016). \"Flint Water Advisory Task Force (Final Report)\" . Flint Water Study Updates . Retrieved March 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"FBI, others involved in federal Flint water investigation\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. February 2, 2015 . Retrieved February 2, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lynch, Jim (January 12, 2016). \"EPA stayed silent on Flint's tainted water\" . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Del Toral, Miguel (June 24, 2015). \"Memorandum: High Levels of Lead in Flint, Michigan – Interim Report (Original)\" (PDF) . US EPA and ACLU Michigan . Retrieved January 17, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Emery, Amanda (January 22, 2015). \"Two Michigan DEQ officials involved in Flint water testing suspended\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith, Lindsey (January 21, 2016). \"After blowing the whistle on Flint's water, EPA \"rogue employee\" has been silent. Until now\" . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ Edwards, Marc (January 13, 2016). \"Del Toral's Heroic Effort Was Ultimately Vetted in the Blood Lead of Flint's Children\" . Flint Water Study Updates . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Burke, Melissa Nann; Lynch, Jim (January 21, 2016). \"Top EPA official in Midwest resigning amid Flint crisis\" . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"EPA official 'stunned' by failure to treat Flint water for lead leaching\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. January 21, 2015 . Retrieved January 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette plans to open investigation on Flint water crisis\" . WXYZ-TV. Associated Press. January 15, 2016 . Retrieved January 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Atkinson, Scott; Haimerl, Amy; Pérez-Peña, Richard (January 15, 2016). \"Anger and Scrutiny Grow Over Poisoned Water in Flint, Michigan\" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Oosting, Jonathan (February 9, 2016). \"Special counsel: Manslaughter charge possible in Flint\" . The Detroit News . Retrieved February 9, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"What Gov. Snyder plans to do about Flint water crisis\" . WJRT-TV. January 19, 2016 . Retrieved January 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley, Gary (January 26, 2016). \"Subpoenas served for Gov. Rick Snyder's Flint water emails\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack, Liam (January 29, 2016). \"Michigan Gave State Employees Purified Water as It Denied Crisis, Emails Show\" . New York Times . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Gov. Rick Snyder releases departmental emails produced regarding Flint water crisis\" (State of Michigan official site press release). February 12, 2016 . Retrieved February 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Snyder releases thousands of Flint water crisis e-mails\" . The Detroit Free Press . February 26, 2016 . Retrieved February 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Snyder releases more Flint water emails, private email release planned\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 10, 2016 . Retrieved March 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (January 26, 2016). \"DEQ memo names Michigan drinking water officials suspended over Flint water\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Snyder fires former head of DEQ water quality unit\" . WJBK. February 5, 2016 . Retrieved February 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch, Jim (July 13, 2016). \"Suit accuses DEQ of not complying with open records law\" . Detroit News . Retrieved November 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Mackinac Center Settles Transparency Lawsuit with DEQ\" . Mackinac Center for Public Policy . November 8, 2017 . Retrieved November 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Ridley, Gary (January 27, 2016). \"County prosecutor gets green light to investigate Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley, Gary (January 27, 2016). \"County prosecutor gets green light to investigate Flint water crisis\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"DEQ oversight of Flint water criticized in state auditor general report\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 4, 2016 . Retrieved March 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (January 14, 2016). \"Congresswoman makes formal request for federal Flint water hearings\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (February 2, 2016). \"Former EM removed from witness list for Congressional hearing on Flint water\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta, Roberto (February 12, 2016). \"Flint water probe by Congress puts Snyder on witness list in March\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernstein, Lenny (March 15, 2016). \"Ex-EPA official defends agency's work in Flint water crisis at Capitol Hill hearing\" . MSN. The Washington Post . Retrieved March 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Gov. Snyder, EPA chief testify in front of Congress\" . WJRT-TV. March 17, 2016 . Retrieved March 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (February 10, 2016). \"Flint mayor, doctor to testify on water crisis\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 10, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bondy, Dave (April 6, 2016). \"Another Flint water hearing scheduled in Washington D.C.\" WEYI-TV . Retrieved April 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolan, Matthew (April 13, 2016). \"Congress hearing probes lessons from Flint crisis\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley, Gary (February 23, 2016). \"Flint water crisis to get fresh probe by state lawmakers\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley, Gary (March 1, 2016). \"Senator wants subpoena power for Flint water crisis probe\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler, Emily (March 11, 2016). \"Legislative committee examining Flint water crisis starts meetings next week\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler, Emily (March 28, 2016). \"State legislative panel to meet in Flint, hear from residents on water crisis\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (December 18, 2015). \"Genesee County chairman says he can send Flint disaster request to governor\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 18, 2015 . Jump up ^ Acosta, Roberto (January 10, 2016). \"Flint water resource teams to cover city, mayor stresses test kit importance\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta, Roberto (January 12, 2016). \"Crisis teams hit Flint streets with filters and water for frustrated residents\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Zarowny, Natalie (January 12, 2016). \"Red Cross volunteers come to help Flint from across the state, country\" . WJRT-TV . Retrieved January 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint organizations announce Pediatric Public Health Initiative\" . WJRT-TV. January 14, 2016 . Retrieved January 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (January 5, 2016). \"Governor declares state of emergency over lead in Flint water\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ Emery, Amanda (January 6, 2016). \"State launches information center for Flint following emergency declaration\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler, Emily (January 7, 2016). \"43 Flint residents identified with elevated lead levels so far, urged to take precautions\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"New water resource sites now open in Flint\" . WJRT-TV. January 10, 2016 . Retrieved January 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (January 11, 2016). \"Gov. Snyder signs executive order to create new Flint water committee\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (January 12, 2016). \"Governor activates National Guard to deal with Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 12, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dolan, Matthew (January 15, 2016). \"Snyder seeks federal emergency status over Flint water\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"National Guard doubles troops handing out water in Flint\" . WJRT-TV. January 18, 2016 . Retrieved January 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Snyder taps mayor, crusading doctor, professor for Flint water committee\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. January 27, 2016 . Retrieved January 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"State partners with Michigan Works! to hire Flint residents at water sites\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 2, 2016 . Retrieved March 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"State unveils big plans for Flint recovery after water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 21, 2016 . Retrieved March 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Grants up to $100,000 offered to communities affected by Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. April 6, 2016 . Retrieved April 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ Governor Snyder to drop Michigan lead limit below federal cap The Associated Press via MLive.com, March 16, 2017 Jump up ^ Water testing in Flint shows 93.1% of homes below lead threshold The Flint Journal via MLive.com, June 9, 2017 Jump up ^ Emery, Amanda (January 9, 2016). \"Federal Emergency Management Agency to monitor Flint's water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ Egan, Paul (January 9, 2016). \"Federal disaster agency monitoring Flint water crisis\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley, Gary (January 14, 2016). \"Snyder asks Obama to declare federal emergency for Flint water\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ Livengood, Chad; Oosting, Jonathan; Burke, Melissa Nann (January 15, 2016). \"White House to decide soon on Flint emergency request\" . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Southall, Ashley (January 17, 2016). \"State of Emergency Declared Over Man-Made Water Disaster in Michigan City\" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ Acost, Roberto (January 16, 2016). \"President Obama signs emergency declaration over Flint's water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Livengood, Chad; Oosting, Jonathan (January 18, 2016). \"Snyder to appeal Obama's denial of Flint disaster zone\" . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Snyder seeking additional federal aid in Flint water crisis after appeal rejected\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. January 22, 2016 . Retrieved January 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Snyder launches 2nd appeal for federal money to replace Flint water pipes\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 3, 2016 . Retrieved March 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"FEMA denies request for federal aid for Flint for a second time\" . WJRT-TV. March 16, 2016 . Retrieved March 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"U.S. Health and Human Services to lead federal response of Flint water crisis\" . WEYI-TV. January 19, 2016 . Retrieved January 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Wakefield, Mary K. (January 19, 2016). \"On the Ground This Week: HHS to Lead Federal Response in Flint\" . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved January 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Dr. Nicole Lurie leading federal response in Flint , WNEM. Archived January 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ \"EPA orders state action, takes over testing of Flint water\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. January 21, 2016 . Retrieved January 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"EPA says Flint residents should use filters, continue drinking bottled water\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. January 28, 2016 . Retrieved January 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Feds to expand nutrition programs in Flint to fight lead poison damage\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. February 12, 2016 . Retrieved February 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Snyder seeks expanded health coverage, lead abatement in Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. February 14, 2016 . Retrieved February 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Additional $500,000 in federal money to fight lead damage in Flint children\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. February 18, 2016 . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Pregnant women, kids affected by Flint water crisis covered under Medicaid waiver\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 3, 2016 . Retrieved March 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Feds to expand Flint's Head Start program to help fight lead damage in kids\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 2, 2016 . Retrieved March 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint water crisis could net city $15M in fed labor grants\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 23, 2016 . Retrieved March 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"EPA extends federal emergency declaration for Flint\" . WJRT-TV. March 25, 2016 . Retrieved March 25, 2016 . [ dead link ] Jump up ^ \"State will pick up entire Flint water crisis response tab in mid-August\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. June 2, 2016 . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Two state DEQ workers arraigned on criminal charges in Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. April 20, 2016 . Retrieved April 20, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Accused Flint employee 'not in same league' as DEQ, says Virginia Tech professor\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. April 20, 2016 . Retrieved April 20, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Accused water plant operator takes plea deal in Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. May 4, 2016 . Retrieved May 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ Case dismissed against official who sounded warning about Flint water The Flint Journal via MLive.com, May 4, 2017 Jump up ^ \"New charges announced in Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. July 29, 2016 . Retrieved July 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen, Robert (July 29, 2016). \"6 state employees criminally charged in Flint water crisis\" . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved July 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Householder, Mike; Karoub, Jeff (July 29, 2016). \"6 More Michigan Public Workers Charged in Flint Water Crisis\" . ABC News . Retrieved July 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Schuette charges 6 state workers in Flint water crisis\" . The Detroit News. July 29, 2016 . Retrieved July 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"No 'smoking gun' against ex-state water chief in Flint crisis, lawyer says\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. July 29, 2016 . Retrieved July 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Former state epidemiologist takes plea deal in Flint water crisis prosecution The Flint Journal via MLive.com, September 14, 2016 Jump up ^ Former state health worker sentenced to probation in Flint water crisis WJRT-TV (ABC 12), March 13, 2017 Jump up ^ Former city official takes plea, third to make deal in Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive.com, November 28, 2017 Jump up ^ Schuette ups the ante in Flint water crisis with new manslaughter charges The Flint Journal via MLive.com, June 14, 2017 Jump up ^ Charges upgraded against Michigan chief medical executive Dr. Eden Wells WJRT-TV (ABC 12), October 9, 2017 Jump up ^ Fourth Flint water defendant takes misdemeanor plea deal with prosecutors The Flint Journal via MLive.com, December 20, 2017 Jump up ^ Pitt, Michael L.; McGehee, Cary S.; Rivers, Beth M. (November 13, 2015). \"Melisa Mays, et. al. vs. Governor Rick Snyder, et. al\" (PDF) . Pitt Law PC. 2:15-cv-14002-JCO-MKM . Retrieved November 16, 2015 . Defendants’ conduct in exposing Flint residents to toxic water was so egregious and so outrageous that it shocks the conscience. Jump up ^ \"4 families sue over lead in Flint water\" . The Detroit News . November 15, 2015 . Retrieved November 15, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bethencourt, Daniel (November 13, 2015). \"After Flint water crisis, families file lawsuit\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved November 13, 2015 . Jump up ^ Flint water lawsuit dismissed by judge The Detroit News , February 3, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b Two Flint water lawsuits dismissed by same federal court judge The Flint Journal via MLive.com, February 7, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b c Pierson, Brendan (January 25, 2016). \"Plaintiffs' lawyers wary of taking on Flint water scandal\" . Reuters . Retrieved January 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"3 people file class action lawsuit against Gov. Snyder, Flint\" . WJRT-TV. January 14, 2016 . Retrieved January 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"State of Michigan, Gov. Snyder sued in class action lawsuit over Flint water crisis\" . WDIV-TV . January 14, 2016 . Retrieved January 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Why is Court of Claims handling DPS, Flint water crisis lawsuits?\" . Michigan Radio. January 25, 2016 . Retrieved January 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"New Flint water lawsuit seeks replacement of lead service lines\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. January 27, 2016 . Retrieved January 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Lawsuit seeks water bill refunds for Flint residents\" . The Detroit Free Press . February 2, 2016 . Retrieved February 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"$150 million Flint water class-action lawsuit dismissed\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. April 19, 2016 . Retrieved April 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Wisely, John; Dixon, Jennifer (February 2, 2016). \"Fieger files $100-million suit over Flint Legionnaires' disease cases\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Connor, Tracy (February 8, 2016). \"Parents of 'Tragic' 2-Year-Old With Lead Poisoning Sue Flint\" . NBC News . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ Stafford, Katrease (February 8, 2016). \"Family of lead-poisoned Flint girl, 2, files suit\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint mother at center of lead water crisis files lawsuit\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 3, 2016 . Retrieved March 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Class action suit filed over Flint water crisis\" . WNEM-TV. March 7, 2016 . Retrieved March 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Inmates suing over water quality at Flint jail\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 9, 2016 . Retrieved March 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint to sue state, DEQ over water source switch\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. April 1, 2016 . Retrieved April 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint mayor says she has no plans to sue state but keeping option open\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. April 1, 2016 . Retrieved April 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Groups ask federal judge to order city, state to deliver bottled water to homes\" . WJRT-TV. March 25, 2016 . Retrieved March 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Settlement guarantees Flint service line replacements, not water deliveries The Flint Journal via MLive.com, March 27, 2017 Jump up ^ \"Gov. Rick Snyder target of RICO lawsuit over Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. April 6, 2016 . Retrieved April 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"NAACP sues Michigan, governor over Flint lead-tainted water\" . WJRT-TV. May 18, 2016 . Retrieved May 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint water firm said it was told to 'exclude' lead and copper issues\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. June 23, 2016 . Retrieved June 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge banks on bellwether trials to expedite hundreds of Flint water lawsuits The Flint Journal via MLive.com, November 16, 2016 Jump up ^ Class action lawsuit seeks $722 million from EPA WJRT-TV, January 30, 2017 Jump up ^ Lawsuit seeks more than $720M for 1,700 Flint residents over water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive.com, January 30, 2017 Jump up ^ Lawler, Emily (January 7, 2016). \"Flint infrastructure fix could cost up to $1.5B, mayor Karen Weaver says\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Cost to fix Flint water infrastructure could reach $1.5 billion: reports\" . Reuters. January 7, 2016 . Retrieved January 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"15 years and $60M needed to replace Flint's lead water lines, emails show\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. January 20, 2016 . Retrieved January 20, 2016 . Jump up ^ Burns, Gus (January 27, 2016). \"Doctor says lead testing data underestimates long-term damage to Flint kids\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggert, David (January 28, 2016). \"Michigan lawmakers approve $28M more for Flint water crisis\" . WNEM-TV. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016 . Retrieved January 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ Oosting, Jonathan (January 28, 2016). \"$28M Flint supplemental bill heads to Snyder\" . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Obama gives $80 million to Michigan for Flint\" . The Detroit News . January 21, 2016 . Retrieved January 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"$80 million announced in connection with Flint water is revolving loan fund\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. January 23, 2016 . Retrieved January 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"State, feds should share $800 million Flint water-fix bill, lawmakers say\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. January 28, 2016 . Retrieved January 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Demanding Flint money, Senate Dems stop energy bill\" . The Detroit Free Press . February 4, 2016 . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"U.S. Senate plan could send $100 million, loans to Flint\" . The Detroit Free Press . February 24, 2016 . Retrieved February 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Stafford, Katrease (February 9, 2016). \"Flint mayor: Pipe replacement to begin next month\" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ Carah, Jacob; Livengood, Chad (February 9, 2016). \"Flint mayor announces lead pipe removal plan\" . The Detroit News . Retrieved February 9, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Acosta, Roberto (February 9, 2016). \"Funding still needed for new $55M plan to replace lead service lines\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fantz, Ashley; Sgueglia, Kristina (February 9, 2016). \"Flint mayor says $55 million needed to replace lead pipes\" . CNN . Retrieved February 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint to begin first lead service line replacement amid water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. March 3, 2016 . Retrieved March 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Process under way to locate, replace lead pipes in Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. February 16, 2016 . Retrieved February 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint gets $2 million from state to start lead service water replacements\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. February 18, 2016 . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint Mayor Weaver announces $25 million committed to help remove lead pipes\" . WJRT-TV. March 7, 2016 . Retrieved March 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint plan to replace the city's lead-tainted pipes moves forward\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live. July 19, 2016 . Retrieved July 19, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"City set to announce next Flint neighborhoods to receive new pipes\" . MLive.com . Retrieved November 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint council approves contracts for nearly 750 more pipe replacements The Flint Journal via MLive.com, October 10, 2016 Jump up ^ Crews nearly half way to 1,000 homes having new pipes in Flint before winter The Flint Journal via MLive.com, November 22, 2016 Jump up ^ Number of homes that need new water pipes in Flint has doubled, study says The Flint Journal via MLive.com, December 1, 2016 Jump up ^ Flint water plant needs nearly $60 million worth of upgrades WJRT-TV, January 19, 2017 Jump up ^ Consultant puts cost of Flint water plant fixes at $108 million The Flint Journal' via MLive.com, February 7, 2017 Jump up ^ State provides $6.5M to aid Flint children at risk for lead-related delays The Flint Journal via MLive.com, February 6, 2017 Jump up ^ EPA grants $100M for Flint water system repairs CNN, March 17, 2017 Jump up ^ $15M from US going to Flint for water crisis health response Associated Press via WEYI-TV (NBC 25), June 30, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b Mack, Julie (February 1, 2015). \"Lead levels elevated for thousands of Michigan children outside of Flint\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ Barker, Kathryn M.; Qureshi, Farah (February 4, 2016). \"Lead poisoning: Sources of exposure, health effects and policy implications\" . Journalist's Resource . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ Carroll, Aaron E. (February 8, 2016). \"What the Science Says About Long-Term Damage From Lead\" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lahiri, Debomoy K.; Maloney, Bryan (April 1, 2011). \"The \"LEARn\" (Latent Early–life Associated Regulation) model integrates environmental risk factors and the developmental basis of Alzheimer's disease, and proposes remedial steps\" . Experimental Gerontology . Atlanta, Georgia, USA: Elsevier. 45 (4): 291–296. doi : 10.1016/j.exger.2010.01.001 . PMC 2881328 . Jump up ^ Basha, M. Riyaz; Wei, Wei; Bakheet, Saleh A.; Benitez, Nathalie; Siddiqui, Hasan K.; Ge, Yuan-Wen; Lahiri, Debomoy K.; Zawia, Nasser H. (January 26, 2005). \"The Fetal Basis of Amyloidogenesis: Exposure to Lead and Latent Overexpression of Amyloid Precursor Protein and β-Amyloid in the Aging Brain\" . Journal of Neuroscience . Washington DC, USA: Society for Neuroscience (USA). 25 (4): 823–829. doi : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4335-04.2005 . Jump up ^ Goodnough, Abby (January 29, 2016). \"Flint Weighs Scope of Harm to Children Caused by Lead in Water\" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 29, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Feldscher, Karen (January 26, 2016). \"Flint's water crisis 'infuriating' given knowledge about lead poisoning\" . Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . Retrieved January 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Reens, Nate (January 19, 2016). \"Justin Amash stood alone opposing Flint water federal aid bid\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Senate To Vote To Give More Funds Toward Flint's Drinking Water Crisis Jump up ^ Did President Trump Bestow $100 Million Upon Flint, Michigan? Jump up ^ \"Donald Trump believes the United States can get $1 trillion in new roads — for free\" . Washington Post . Retrieved November 17, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Ross, Wilbur , Navarro, Peter (October 27, 2016). \"Trump Versus Clinton On Infrastructure\" (PDF) . Jump up ^ \"Trump says he can fix Flint's pipes for free. Here's who would really be paying\" . Washington Post . Retrieved November 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler, Emily (January 4, 2016). \"Bill inspired by Flint water crisis would make data manipulation by Michigan officials a felony\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ McVicar, Brian (March 2, 2016). \"Michigan lawmaker calls on Gov. Rick Snyder to resign over 'indifference' to Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (March 2, 2016). \"Democrats call for state treasurer to resign for role in Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Hillary Clinton speaks out on Flint's water emergency\" . WJRT-TV. January 11, 2016 . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Emery, Amanda (January 14, 2016). \"Hillary Clinton infuriated by Flint water crisis, outraged by Gov. Snyder\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ Democrats Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders debate in Flint: What you need to know The Flint Journal via MLive.com, March 1, 2016 Jump up ^ Nelson, Colleen McCain; Meckler, Laura (January 19, 2016). \"Donald Trump, Rubio Try to Stay Clear of Flint Water Crisis\" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Donald Trump visits Flint church, asked to leave politics out of speech The Flint Journal via MLive.com, September 14, 2016 Jump up ^ Pell, M.B. and Joshua Schneyer (December 16, 2016). \"Off the Charts – The thousands of U.S. locales where lead poisoning is worse than in Flint\" . Reuters . Archived from the original on May 2, 2017 . Retrieved May 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Annie Snider (May 14, 2018). \"White House, EPA headed off chemical pollution study\" . Politico.com . Retrieved May 17, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Lead Poisoning In Michigan Highlights Aging Water Systems Nationwide\" (Interview with Robert Puentes, director of the Metropolitan Infrastructure Initiative at the Brookings Institution ). NPR. Weekend Edition Saturday . January 2, 2016 . Retrieved January 2, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wines, Michael; Schwartz, John (February 8, 2016). \"Unsafe Lead Levels in Tap Water Not Limited to Flint\" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Mike (January 28, 2016). \"Kids' lead levels high in many Michigan cities\" . Bridge Magazine . Retrieved January 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Flint (city), Michigan\" . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016 . Retrieved May 13, 2012 . Jump up ^ Eligon, John (January 21, 2016). \"A Question of Environmental Racism in Flint\" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ King, Shaun (January 11, 2016). \"King: Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder did nothing as Flint's water crisis became one of the worst cases of environmental racism in modern American history\" . The New York Daily News . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Racism played a role in Flint water crisis, says state report The Flint Journal via MLive.com, February 17, 2017 Jump up ^ The Flint Water Crisis: Systemic Racism Through the Lens of Flint Michigan Civil Rights Commission, February 17, 2017 Jump up ^ Racism playing a role in Flint water crisis is not new, officials say The Flint Journal via MLive.com, February 17, 2017 Jump up ^ \"Flint water crisis: An obscene failure of government\" . The Detroit Free Press . October 8, 2015 . Retrieved October 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Gov. Rick Snyder needs to do more than just apologize for Flint water crisis\" . Michigan Live. December 31, 2015 . Retrieved December 31, 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan, Margaret (January 27, 2016). \"Should The Times Have Been a Tougher Watchdog in Flint?\" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark, Ann (November 3, 2015). \"How an investigative journalist helped prove a city was being poisoned with its own water\" . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger, Ron (December 23, 2015). \"MSNBC's Rachel Maddow keeps national spotlight on water crisis in Michigan\" . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 23, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Rachel Maddow Slams Rick Snyder For 'Poisoning Flint's Children' With Water Crisis\" . CBS Detroit. December 19, 2015 . Retrieved December 19, 2015 . Jump up ^ Emery, Amanda (January 22, 2016). \"Rachel Maddow bringing MSNBC town hall to Flint to discuss water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Rachel Maddow wins Emmy for Flint water crisis coverage The Flint Journal via MLive.com, October 7, 2017 Jump up ^ Carmody, Steve (January 6, 2016). \"Watchdog group asks Gov. Snyder to release all Flint water crisis documents\" . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ Papenfuss, Mary (January 22, 2016). \"US: Anonymous vows politicians linked to toxic Flint Michigan water 'won't go unpunished ' \" . The International Business Times . Retrieved January 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Michael Moore calls for arrest of Gov. Snyder\" . The Detroit News . January 7, 2016 . Retrieved January 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleszar, Chris (January 7, 2016). \"Michael Moore calls for Snyder's arrest for Flint water\" . The Detroit Free Press . WZZM 13 . Retrieved January 7, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Devereaux, Brad (January 14, 2016). \"Erin Brockovich, Michael Moore join outcry about Flint area Legionnaires' spike\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bethencourt, Daniel (January 16, 2016). \"Michael Moore, in Flint, says crisis 'not a mistake ' \" . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackman, Caresse (January 16, 2016). \"Mayor Weaver and Rev. Jesse Jackson discuss emergency declaration and water emergency\" . WJRT-TV . Retrieved January 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta, Roberto (January 17, 2016). \"Rev. Jesse Jackson calls Flint a \"disaster zone,\" asks for federal help\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta, Roberto (February 2, 2016). \"Rev. Jesse Jackson planning 'major national march' in Flint\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta, Roberto (January 18, 2016). \"Daughter of Desmond Tutu speaks on Flint water crisis at MLK Day event\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ Stern, Marlow (January 24, 2016). \"Matt Damon Calls on Michigan Governor Rick Snyder to Resign Over Flint Water Crisis\" . The Daily Beast . Retrieved January 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta, Roberto (March 7, 2016). \"Mark Ruffalo urges President Obama to act on Flint water crisis\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta, Roberto (May 31, 2016). \"Watch live as Virginia Tech professor discusses Flint water test results\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved May 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ Million Dollar Extreme Presents World Peace Episode 3 \"3 Down 47 to Go Countdown to Mass Funeral\" Jump up ^ \"UM-Flint kicks off first of 8 forums dedicated to the Flint Water Crisis\" . WJRT-TV. January 22, 2016 . Retrieved January 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Calfas, Jennifer (January 25, 2016). \"UM to spend $100K researching solutions to Flint water crisis\" . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Wayne State University researchers plan Flint water study\" . WJRT-TV. Associated Press. March 1, 2016 . Retrieved March 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ FACHEP concludes random Legionella sampling in Flint, Genesee County and Wayne County Wayne State University, October 9, 2017 Jump up ^ Expert at Harvard forum says Flint EMs cared more about money than people The Flint Journal via MLive.com, May 5, 2017 Jump up ^ Announcing the winners of the Media Lab Disobedience Award Massachusetts Insinuate of Technology, July 20, 2017 Jump up ^ Grossman, Daniel; Slutsky, David (August 7, 2017). \"The Effect of an Increase in Lead in the Water System on Fertility and Birth Outcomes: The Case of Flint, Michigan\" (PDF) . College of Business and Economics Working Paper Series . No.17-25: 1–64 . Retrieved November 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ Zarowny, Natalie (January 25, 2016). \"Flint water crisis highlights lack of transparency with Michigan government\" . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Spoer, Benjamin (January 9, 2016). \"Flint's water crisis is a human rights violation\" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved January 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ Isquith, Elias (January 9, 2016). \"When money matters more than lives: The poisonous cost of austerity in Flint, Michigan\" . Salon . Retrieved January 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ Nichols, John (January 17, 2015). \"Outcry Over the Austerity Crisis in Flint Grows\" . The Nation . Retrieved January 17, 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiore, Mark (January 21, 2016). \"Video: Austerity Man\" . Truthdig . Retrieved January 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lederman, Jacob (January 22, 2016). \"Flint's Water Crisis Is No Accident. It's the Result of Years of Devastating Free-Market Reforms\" . In These Times . Retrieved January 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Soave, Robby (January 21, 2016). \"The Government Poisoned Flint's Water—So Stop Blaming Everyone Else\" . Reason . Retrieved January 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ Dalmia, Shikha (February 11, 2016). \"What To Do About Flint? Evacuate The Residents And Turn it Into a Landfill for Liberal Good Intentions\" . Reason . Retrieved February 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint's lead water crisis part of infrastructure conference WNEM-TV, March 7, 2017 Jump up ^ Dr. Marc Edwards speaks on current state of the Flint Water Crisis WJRT-TV (ABC 12), March 10, 2017 Jump up ^ McGlashen, Andy. \"Flint water crisis: Policy changes needed to restore public trust\" . Michigan Distilled . Retrieved October 8, 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanna-Attisha, Mona. \"Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated With the Flint Drinking Water Crisis: A Spatial Analysis of Risk and Public Health Response\" . AJPH . American Public Health Association . Retrieved November 21, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lyons, Jessica. \"How to Prevent Another Flint Water Crisis\" . environmental leader . Business Sector Media, LLC . Retrieved February 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernstein, Lenny. \"Flint's water crisis reveals government failures at every level\" . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ EPA,OA,OP,ORPM,RMD, US. \"History of the Clean Water Act | US EPA\" . US EPA . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ EPA,OW, US. \"Drinking Water Action Plan | US EPA\" . US EPA . Jump up ^ A Potent Side Effect to the Flint Water Crisis: Mental Health Problems The New York Times , April 30, 2016 Jump up ^ Cher to donate 181,000 bottles of water to help out Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive (January 16, 2016). Jump up ^ Truckloads of water to be delivered to Flint senior centers Archived January 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ., WJRT-TV (January 15, 2016). Jump up ^ Meek Mill Promises to Donate Money to Flint Water Crisis, Asks 50 Cent to Help , XXL Magazine (January 18, 2016). Jump up ^ Rappers Big Sean, Meek Mill pledge aid to Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive (January 19, 2016) Jump up ^ Jimmy Fallon donates $10,000 to Flint water cause, calls on others to donate The Flint Journal via MLive, January 24, 2016 Jump up ^ Diddy, Mark Wahlberg, Eminem and Wiz Khalifa to send 1M bottles of water to Flint WEYI-TV, January 24, 2016 Jump up ^ Bruno Mars to donate $1 million towards Flint water crisis relief The flint Journal via MLive.com, August 13, 2017 Jump up ^ Dave Chappelle donates $50K to Flint a year after skipping water crisis benefit The Flint Journal via MLive.com, June 8, 2017 Jump up ^ Faygo teams with The United Way to bring Flint clean water , Faygo Beverages Facebook (January 21, 2016). Jump up ^ Meijer Inc. donating $500,000 for Flint water crisis relief , WNDU (February 4, 2016). Jump up ^ Dow Chemical helping with Flint water relief effort The Flint Journal via MLive, March 24, 2016 Jump up ^ Oskar Blues sent 50,000 cans of water to Flint, Mich., more on the way The Denver Post , January 18, 2016 Jump up ^ See how $33.4M in Flint water crisis grants, donations have been spent The Flint Journal via MLive.com, September 8, 2017 Jump up ^ Associated Press, UAW members donate drinking water to Flint residents; Americorps to begin effort (January 9, 2016). Jump up ^ Support for Flint goes International as Ontario Hockey League teams pitch in , WEYI-TV (January 21, 2016) Jump up ^ Aretha Franklin donating hotel stays, food to Flint residents , CBS News (January 27, 2016). Jump up ^ Little River Band tribe offers $10,000 donation to help Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive (January 19, 2016). Jump up ^ Lions’ Ziggy Ansah delivers 94,000 bottles of drinking water to Flint Sports Illustrated , January 22, 2016 Jump up ^ Washington Redskins players jump in for help with Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive (January 20, 2016). Jump up ^ Adam Graham, Pearl Jam donates $300,000 to Flint water crisis , Detroit News (January 22, 2016). Jump up ^ GoFundMe to give $10,000 to highest earning Flint water crisis campaign The Flint Journal via MLive, January 22, 2016 Jump up ^ Anheuser-Busch sending 51,744 cans of water to aid in Flint's water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive, January 23, 2016 Jump up ^ Detroit Pistons legend recalls 'bustling town' before Flint water crisis , The Flint Journal via MLive (February 5, 2015). Jump up ^ Matthew Dolan, Walmart, others promise Flint up to 6.5M water bottles , Detroit Free Press (January 26, 2016) Jump up ^ Lindsey Bever, Amid Flint crisis, Walmart, Coca-Cola, Nestlé and PepsiCo to donate millions of water bottles , Washington Post (January 26, 2016). Jump up ^ Madonna donates $10,000 to help with Flint water emergency WJRT-TV, January 26, 2016 Jump up ^ Recording artist, Detroit native Kem donates to Flint water emergency WJRT-TV, January 26, 2016 Jump up ^ UPDATE: The Game Pledges To Donate $1,000,000 To Flint, Michigan Amid Current Water Crisis; Rapper Shares Photo Of Bank Wire The Urban Daily , January 26, 2016 Jump up ^ Memphis, FedEx Team Up To Donate Water To Flint WWJ, January 26, 2016 Jump up ^ Financial institutions offer $600,000 to Flint water crisis relief efforts The Flint Journal via MLive, February 16, 2016 Jump up ^ Craigslist founder launches Flint water match campaign The Detroit News , January 25, 2016 Jump up ^ MSMS donates $10,000 to help children affected by Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive, February 6, 2016 Jump up ^ Indiana sheriff's office delivers semi-truck load of water to Flint The Flint Journal via MLive, February 15, 2016 Jump up ^ Indiana truck club delivers 80 tons of bottled water to Flint WJRT-TV, February 15, 2016 Jump up ^ Flint native, Dallas Cowboys star announces donations for Flint water emergency WJRT-TV, February 15, 2016 Jump up ^ Law enforcement organization donating water to Flint police in water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive, March 3, 2016 Jump up ^ Dubuque to Send Almost 300, 000 Water Bottles to Flint, MI KCRG, February 26, 2016 Jump up ^ Group from Ohio State University delivers water to Flint WJRT-TV, March 16, 2016 Jump up ^ Amtrak makes special water delivery donation to Flint WJRT-TV, March 21, 2016 Jump up ^ Consumers Energy employees volunteer amid Flint water crisis WNEM-TV, March 22, 2016 Jump up ^ Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation donates $100,000 to Community Foundation of Greater Flint WJRT-TV, March 22, 2016 Jump up ^ Dearborn woman trades Twitter handle for donation in Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive, March 30, 2016 Jump up ^ Details of $25 million program to help businesses impacted by Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive, March 30, 2016 Jump up ^ Inmates give back to those in Flint WPBN/WTOM, March 23, 2016 Jump up ^ $2M grant from Kresge to help fight the effects of lead in Flint children The Flint Journal via MLive.com, December 2, 2016 Jump up ^ 70,000 pounds of water donated to Flint from Knoxville, Tennessee WJRT-TV, March 22, 2016 ^ Jump up to: a b c Michigan groups help Flint with water Detroit Free Press , January 10, 2016 Jump up ^ Muslims Respond to Flint water crisis Muslims for American Progress Jump up ^ ISPU Case Study: Muslims Give to Flint Muslims for American Progress] May 5, 2016 Jump up ^ Flint water crisis no laughing matter for comedian George Lopez The Flint Journal via MLive, February 17, 2016 Jump up ^ Winter festival raises $50,000 for Flint water crisis Associated Press/WJRT-TV, February 18, 2016 Jump up ^ Massie, Victoria M. (February 28, 2016). \"Ava DuVernay and Ryan Coogler are hosting #JusticeForFlint benefit concert. Here's why it matters\" . Vox . Retrieved February 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta, Roberto (March 1, 2016). \"Justice for Flint benefit show raises $156,000 for water crisis relief Justice for Flint benefit show raises $156,000 for water crisis relief\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Multi-city telethon raises over $1M for families affected by Flint's water crisis WEYI-TV, March 15, 2016 Jump up ^ Flint water crisis telethon raises $1.1M with match from Pistons owner The Flint Journal via MLive, March 17, 2016 Jump up ^ Benefit concert to help children affected by Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive, April 1, 2016 Jump up ^ Snoop Dogg, Morris Peterson Jr., bringing 'Hoop 4 Water' to Flint WJRT-TV, May 21, 2016 Jump up ^ Acosta, Roberto (April 16, 2017). \"Snoop Dogg returning to Flint for celebrity basketball fundraiser\" . www.mlive.com . Retrieved April 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas Hearns, Dirrell brothers, Jackie Kallen join Fight for Flint The Flint Journal via MLive.com, October 2, 2016 Jump up ^ Fashion For Flint show raises money for bottled water purchase The Flint Journal via MLive.com, January 30, 2017 Jump up ^ Saraiya, Sonia (October 27, 2017). \"TV Review: Lifetime's 'Flint' Starring Queen Latifah\" . Variety . Jump up ^ Oscar-winning director working on Flint water crisis documentary, report says The Flint Journal via MLive.com, February 5, 2017 Jump up ^ Here's to Flint 2016 American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan Official YouTube Channel, March 8, 2016 Jump up ^ Murky Waters of Flint. How a whole city was poisoned RT Documentary Official YouTube Channel, June 8, 2016 Jump up ^ Local 4 special 'Failure In Flint' WDIV-TV, March 8, 2017 Jump up ^ NOVA probes chemistry and engineering behind Flint water crisis May 31 The Flint Journal via MLive.com, May 22, 2017 Jump up ^ PBS shows special screening of NOVA's \"Poisoned Water\" WJRT-TV, May 23, 2017 Jump up ^ Holpuch, Amanda (March 3, 2018). \"Flint Town: Netflix docu-series shines light on the harsh reality of US policing\" . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20, 2018 . Jump up ^ Flint water crisis book focuses on government failures, those who fought back The Flint Journal via MLive.com, June 21, 2016 Jump up ^ Wilson, Kristian (May 20, 2016). \"Who Is Mona Hanna-Attisha? The Flint Activist Just Signed A Book Deal\" . Bustle . Retrieved November 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Dr. Mona tells CBS 'Sunday Morning' she still doesn't drink Flint tap water The Flint Journal via MLive.com, June 18, 2018 Jump up ^ Hanna-Attisha, Mona (June 19, 2018). What the Eyes Don't See: A Story of Crisis, Resistance, and Hope in an American City . S.l.: One World. ISBN 9780399590832 . Jump up ^ Funes, Yessenia (May 1, 2017). \"A Film On the Flint Doctor Who Exposed the Water Crisis\" . ColorLines . Retrieved November 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Acosta, Roberto (January 28, 2016). \"Rapper Jon Connor releases 'Fresh Water For Flint' in XXL Magazine article\" . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ KUTA, SARAH (Feb 11, 2017). \"Composer pens song to highlight Flint water crisis\" . www.trib.com . Retrieved February 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ 'Flint' play by Jeff Daniels about water crisis to premiere in 2018 The Flint Journal via MLive.com, October 9, 2017 Further reading [ edit ] Clark, Anna (2018). The Poisoned City: Flint's Water and the American Urban Tragedy . New York: Metropolitan Books (Henry Holt and Company). ISBN 978-1-250-12514-9 . Venkataraman, Bhawani (2018). \"The Paradox of Water and the Flint Crisis\" . Environment . No. January/February. Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. External links [ edit ] External media Audio \"Figuring Flint Out\" , On the Media , January 22, 2016 Political decisions, racism, ineptitude: Digging into the origins of the Flint water crisis Stateside , April 25, 2017 ( Michigan Radio ) Video Water crisis in Flint, Michigan, draws federal investigation , CNN, Greg Botelho, Sarah Jorgensen and Joseph Netto, January 9, 2016 How Flint, Michigan, Saved Money and Poisoned Its Children: City Declares Water Emergency , Democracy Now , December 17, 2015 Flint Water Crisis: Who Is To Blame? The Young Turks , January 27, 2016 The House Oversight and Governmental Reform Committee's first hearing on the contaminated drinking water in Flint, MI (February 3, 2016) Full video from C-SPAN The House Oversight and Governmental Reform Committee's second hearing on the contaminated drinking water in Flint, MI (March 15, 2016) Full video from C-SPAN The House Oversight and Governmental Reform Committee's third hearing on the contaminated drinking water in Flint, MI (March 17, 2016) Full video from C-SPAN Taking Action on Flint Water – official Michigan Department of Environmental Quality website on the crisis EPA documents related to Flint drinking water – from the official EPA website Flintwaterstudy.org – official website of Dr. Marc Edwards' Virginia Tech Research Team, which investigated the lead contamination Articles on the Flint water crisis from MLive Articles on the Flint water crisis from Detroit Free Press Five Things – Flint Water Crisis Lawsuits (CNN) \"But A Flint Holds Fire\" by Andrea Ramsey performed by The Michigan State University Children's Choir at the MSU Community Music School Fall 2016 choir concert Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint_water_crisis&oldid=854030547 \" Categories : 2014 disasters in the United States 2014 health disasters 2014 in Michigan 2014 in the environment 2015 disasters in the United States 2015 health disasters 2015 in Michigan 2015 in the environment 2016 disasters in the United States 2016 health disasters 2016 in Michigan 2016 in the environment 2017 disasters in the United States 2017 health disasters 2017 in Michigan 2017 in the environment April 2014 events in the United States Cover-ups Economy of Flint, Michigan Environment of Michigan Environmental disasters in the United States Flint, Michigan Health disasters in the United States Health in Michigan Lead poisoning incidents Water supply and sanitation in the United States Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list Articles that may be too long from May 2018 Use mdy dates from June 2018 Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles needing cleanup from June 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2018 Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2018 Articles needing cleanup from May 2018 Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Simple English Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018, at 13:54 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "2014 FIFA World Cup Group B - Wikipedia 2014 FIFA World Cup Group B From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Group B of the 2014 FIFA World Cup consisted of Spain , the Netherlands , Chile , and Australia . This group contained the finalists of the previous World Cup in 2010 : Spain (reigning champion) and the Netherlands (runners-up). Play began on 13 June and ended on 23 June 2014. The Netherlands and Chile progressed to the knockout stage, while Australia and Spain were eliminated after suffering two defeats in their opening two matches. Chile was eliminated by Brazil in the second round after penalties, while the Netherlands made their way to the semi-finals in which they lost to Argentina on penalties. The third place match was won by the Netherlands with a convincing 3–0 victory against Brazil . Contents 1 Teams 2 Standings 3 Matches 3.1 Spain vs Netherlands 3.2 Chile vs Australia 3.3 Australia vs Netherlands 3.4 Spain vs Chile 3.5 Australia vs Spain 3.6 Netherlands vs Chile 4 References 5 External links Teams [ edit ] Draw position Team Confederation Method of qualification Date of qualification Finals appearance Last appearance Previous best performance FIFA Rankings October 2013 [nb 1] June 2014 B1 (seed) Spain UEFA UEFA Group I winners 15 October 2013 14th 2010 Winners ( 2010 ) 1 1 B2 Netherlands UEFA UEFA Group D winners 10 September 2013 10th 2010 Runners-up ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 8 15 B3 Chile CONMEBOL CONMEBOL third place 15 October 2013 9th 2010 Third place ( 1962 ) 12 14 B4 Australia AFC AFC Fourth Round Group B 2nd runners-up 18 June 2013 4th 2010 Round of 16 ( 2006 ) 57 62 Notes Jump up ^ The rankings of October 2013 were used for seeding for the final draw . Standings [ edit ] Pos Team [ v t e ] Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Netherlands 3 3 0 0 10 3 +7 9 Advance to knockout stage 2 Chile 3 2 0 1 5 3 +2 6 3 Spain 3 1 0 2 4 7 −3 3 4 Australia 3 0 0 3 3 9 −6 0 Source: FIFA Rules for classification: Tie-breaking criteria Netherlands advanced to play Mexico (runner-up of Group A ) in the round of 16 . Chile advanced to play Brazil (winner of Group A ) in the round of 16 . Matches [ edit ] Spain vs Netherlands [ edit ] Further information: List of 2014 FIFA World Cup controversies § Spain vs Netherlands The two teams had met in 9 previous matches, including in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final , won by Spain 1–0 after extra time. [1] This was the first time in the FIFA World Cup that the previous finalists met in the group stage. Halfway into the first half, the referee judged that Diego Costa caught a trailing leg from Stefan de Vrij 's attempted tackle. Xabi Alonso scored the penalty kick for Spain, shooting into the bottom-right corner with his right foot, putting them into the lead. They were unable to keep the lead until half time though, with Robin van Persie scoring a 15-yard diving looping header after a long ball from Daley Blind from the left after he spotted Iker Casillas slightly off his line. [2] In the second half, Blind assisted another goal for Netherlands, this time setting up Arjen Robben who controlled the pass before coming inside to finish with his left foot from ten yards out. Twelve minutes later, Netherlands scored again, as De Vrij headed the ball in from a tight angle from a Wesley Sneijder free kick on the left. Spanish goalkeeper Iker Casillas protested that he had been fouled by Van Persie, but the goal was allowed to stand and Casillas received a yellow card for his protest. Not long after this, a backpass from Sergio Ramos was miscontrolled by Casillas with his left leg, resulting in Van Persie gathering the ball and scoring into an empty net for his second goal of the game. The fifth goal for Netherlands was a solo effort from Robben. Having received the ball near the halfway line from a Wesley Sneijder pass, he outran Ramos, Jordi Alba and Casillas, before slotting the ball into the net from 10 yards out with his left foot. [3] [4] [5] The 5–1 scoreline was the biggest loss margin for a defending champion in the FIFA World Cup, and also Spain's second biggest loss in the World Cup after their 6–1 thrashing against Brazil in 1950. [6] With their goals, Van Persie and Robben became the first Dutch players to score in three World Cups. [7] Casillas and Xavi joined Andoni Zubizarreta as the only Spanish players to appear in four World Cups. [8] 13 June 2014 16:00 UTC−3 Spain 1–5 Netherlands Alonso 27' ( pen. ) Report Van Persie 44' , 72' Robben 53' , 80' De Vrij 64' Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova , Salvador Attendance: 48,173 Referee: Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) [9] Spain Netherlands GK 1 Iker Casillas ( c ) 65' RB 22 César Azpilicueta CB 3 Gerard Piqué CB 15 Sergio Ramos LB 18 Jordi Alba RM 8 Xavi CM 16 Sergio Busquets LM 14 Xabi Alonso 62' RW 21 David Silva 78' LW 6 Andrés Iniesta CF 19 Diego Costa 62' Substitutions: FW 9 Fernando Torres 62' FW 11 Pedro 62' MF 10 Cesc Fàbregas 78' Manager: Vicente del Bosque GK 1 Jasper Cillessen CB 2 Ron Vlaar CB 3 Stefan de Vrij 41' 77' CB 4 Bruno Martins Indi RWB 7 Daryl Janmaat LWB 5 Daley Blind CM 6 Nigel de Jong CM 8 Jonathan de Guzmán 25' 62' AM 10 Wesley Sneijder CF 9 Robin van Persie ( c ) 66' 79' CF 11 Arjen Robben Substitutions: MF 20 Georginio Wijnaldum 62' DF 13 Joël Veltman 77' FW 17 Jeremain Lens 79' Manager: Louis van Gaal Man of the Match: Robin van Persie (Netherlands) Assistant referees : Renato Faverani ( Italy ) Andrea Stefani ( Italy ) Fourth official : Svein Oddvar Moen ( Norway ) Fifth official : Kim Haglund ( Norway ) Chile vs Australia [ edit ] The two teams had met in five previous matches, including in the 1974 FIFA World Cup group stage, a 0–0 draw. [10] Chile took a 2–0 lead within the first 15 minutes. First, Alexis Sánchez controlled an Eduardo Vargas header in the penalty area to slot home. Two minutes later, Jorge Valdivia 's shot from a Sánchez pass doubled the lead. Australia pulled one back through a Tim Cahill header from a cross by Ivan Franjic before half time. [11] Australia could not find the equaliser in the second half, and in stoppage time, Chilean substitute Jean Beausejour converted the rebound after Mauricio Pinilla 's shot was saved by Mathew Ryan . [12] With their respective goals, Cahill became the first Australian player to score in three World Cups, [13] while Beausejour became the first Chilean player to score in two World Cups. [14] 13 June 2014 18:00 UTC−4 Chile 3–1 Australia Sánchez 12' Valdivia 14' Beausejour 90+2' Report Cahill 35' Arena Pantanal , Cuiabá Attendance: 40,275 Referee: Noumandiez Doué ( Ivory Coast ) [9] Chile Australia GK 1 Claudio Bravo ( c ) RB 4 Mauricio Isla CB 17 Gary Medel CB 18 Gonzalo Jara LB 2 Eugenio Mena RM 20 Charles Aránguiz 86' CM 21 Marcelo Díaz LM 8 Arturo Vidal 60' RF 7 Alexis Sánchez CF 10 Jorge Valdivia 68' LF 11 Eduardo Vargas 88' Substitutions: MF 16 Felipe Gutiérrez 60' MF 15 Jean Beausejour 68' FW 9 Mauricio Pinilla 88' Manager: Jorge Sampaoli GK 1 Mathew Ryan RB 2 Ivan Franjic 49' CB 22 Alex Wilkinson CB 6 Matthew Špiranović LB 3 Jason Davidson CM 15 Mile Jedinak ( c ) 58' CM 5 Mark Milligan 67' RW 7 Mathew Leckie AM 23 Mark Bresciano 78' LW 11 Tommy Oar 68' CF 4 Tim Cahill 44' Substitutions: DF 19 Ryan McGowan 49' MF 10 Ben Halloran 68' MF 14 James Troisi 78' Manager: Ange Postecoglou Man of the Match: Alexis Sánchez (Chile) Assistant referees : Songuifolo Yeo ( Ivory Coast ) Jean-Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Fourth official : Roberto Moreno ( Panama ) Fifth official : Eric Boria ( United States ) Australia vs Netherlands [ edit ] The two teams had met in three previous matches, all in friendlies, most recently in 2009. [15] The Netherlands took the lead after Arjen Robben collected a Daley Blind headed pass at the halfway line, burst into the penalty area and scored with a low shot to the goalkeepers left. Soon after the restart, Australia equalised through Tim Cahill 's left-foot volley into the goal from the underside of the bar from Ryan McGowan 's cross. [16] Australia took the lead in the second half with Mile Jedinak 's penalty, awarded for a handball by Daryl Janmaat , but Robin van Persie equalised after he received substitute Memphis Depay 's pass and scored. Ten minutes later, Memphis Depay received a pass from Jonathan de Guzmán and his long range effort beat Australia goalkeeper Mathew Ryan . [17] With his goal Depay became the youngest ever Dutch scorer in the World Cup at the age of 20. [18] 18 June 2014 13:00 UTC−3 Australia 2–3 Netherlands Cahill 21' Jedinak 54' ( pen. ) Report Robben 20' Van Persie 58' Depay 68' Estádio Beira-Rio , Porto Alegre Attendance: 42,877 Referee: Djamel Haimoudi ( Algeria ) Australia Netherlands GK 1 Mathew Ryan RB 19 Ryan McGowan CB 22 Alex Wilkinson CB 6 Matthew Špiranović LB 3 Jason Davidson CM 15 Mile Jedinak ( c ) CM 17 Matt McKay RW 7 Mathew Leckie AM 23 Mark Bresciano 51' LW 11 Tommy Oar 77' CF 4 Tim Cahill 43' 69' Substitutions: MF 13 Oliver Bozanić 51' MF 10 Ben Halloran 69' FW 9 Adam Taggart 77' Manager: Ange Postecoglou GK 1 Jasper Cillessen CB 2 Ron Vlaar CB 3 Stefan de Vrij CB 4 Bruno Martins Indi 45+3' RM 7 Daryl Janmaat CM 8 Jonathan de Guzmán 78' CM 6 Nigel de Jong LM 5 Daley Blind AM 10 Wesley Sneijder CF 9 Robin van Persie ( c ) 47' 87' CF 11 Arjen Robben Substitutions: MF 21 Memphis Depay 45+3' MF 20 Georginio Wijnaldum 78' FW 17 Jeremain Lens 87' Manager: Louis van Gaal Man of the Match: Arjen Robben (Netherlands) Assistant referees : Rédouane Achik ( Morocco ) Abdelhak Etchiali ( Algeria ) Fourth official : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Fifth official : Evarist Menkouande ( Cameroon ) Spain vs Chile [ edit ] The two teams had met in ten previous matches, including twice in the FIFA World Cup group stage, both won by Spain ( 1950 : 2–0; 2010 : 2–1 ). [19] Chile opened the scoring when Charles Aránguiz squared a pass to Eduardo Vargas to score home in the penalty area. Near the end of the first half Alexis Sánchez 's free kick was parried by Spanish goalkeeper Iker Casillas to Aránguiz who put in the rebound. [20] Spain, which needed at least a point to stay alive in the competition, had its best chance in the second half which fell to Sergio Busquets , but he missed from close range. [21] Spain's loss confirmed the qualification of both Chile and the Netherlands into the knockout stage, and eliminated both Spain and Australia. Spain became the fifth defending champions to be knocked out in the group stage, and the first since 1950 to be eliminated after only two games (Italy were drawn into a three-team group and only played two games in 1950). [22] 18 June 2014 16:00 UTC−3 Spain 0–2 Chile Report Vargas 20' Aránguiz 43' Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance: 74,101 Referee: Mark Geiger ( United States ) Spain Chile GK 1 Iker Casillas ( c ) RB 22 César Azpilicueta CB 4 Javi Martínez CB 15 Sergio Ramos LB 18 Jordi Alba CM 16 Sergio Busquets CM 14 Xabi Alonso 41' 46' RW 21 David Silva AM 6 Andrés Iniesta LW 11 Pedro 76' CF 19 Diego Costa 64' Substitutions: MF 17 Koke 46' FW 9 Fernando Torres 64' MF 20 Santi Cazorla 76' Manager: Vicente del Bosque GK 1 Claudio Bravo ( c ) CB 17 Gary Medel CB 5 Francisco Silva CB 18 Gonzalo Jara RM 4 Mauricio Isla CM 20 Charles Aránguiz 64' CM 21 Marcelo Díaz LM 2 Eugenio Mena 61' AM 8 Arturo Vidal 26' 88' CF 11 Eduardo Vargas 85' CF 7 Alexis Sánchez Substitutions: MF 16 Felipe Gutiérrez 64' MF 10 Jorge Valdivia 85' MF 6 Carlos Carmona 88' Manager: Jorge Sampaoli Man of the Match: Eduardo Vargas (Chile) Assistant referees : Sean Hurd ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Fourth official : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Fifth official : Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Australia vs Spain [ edit ] The two teams had never met before. [23] Australia forward Tim Cahill was suspended for the match due to accumulation of yellow cards. [24] In a match between two already-eliminated teams, Spain went in front in the 36th minute after Andrés Iniesta threaded a pass down the right to overlapping full-back Juanfran , who then crossed the ball low to David Villa to finish with a back flick of his right foot low to the net. [25] In the second half, Fernando Torres scored Spain's second with a low finish from the left of the penalty area after a pass from Iniesta, before substitute Juan Mata , receiving a pass from Cesc Fàbregas , scored from the right of the penalty area with a low shot between the goalkeeper's legs. [26] Villa's goal was his ninth career World Cup goal. Already Spain's record World Cup goalscorer, he also joined Fernando Hierro , Raúl and Julio Salinas as Spanish players who had scored in three World Cups. [27] 23 June 2014 13:00 UTC−3 Australia 0–3 Spain Report Villa 36' Torres 69' Mata 82' Arena da Baixada , Curitiba Attendance: 39,375 Referee: Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Australia Spain GK 1 Mathew Ryan RB 19 Ryan McGowan CB 6 Matthew Špiranović 88' CB 22 Alex Wilkinson LB 3 Jason Davidson CM 17 Matt McKay CM 15 Mile Jedinak ( c ) 90+2' CM 13 Oliver Bozanić 72' RW 7 Mathew Leckie CF 9 Adam Taggart 46' LW 11 Tommy Oar 61' Substitutions: MF 10 Ben Halloran 46' MF 14 James Troisi 61' MF 23 Mark Bresciano 72' Manager: Ange Postecoglou GK 23 Pepe Reina RB 5 Juanfran CB 2 Raúl Albiol CB 15 Sergio Ramos ( c ) 62' LB 18 Jordi Alba CM 14 Xabi Alonso 83' CM 17 Koke AM 6 Andrés Iniesta RW 20 Santi Cazorla 68' LW 7 David Villa 56' CF 9 Fernando Torres Substitutions: MF 13 Juan Mata 56' MF 10 Cesc Fàbregas 68' MF 21 David Silva 83' Manager: Vicente del Bosque Man of the Match: David Villa (Spain) Assistant referees : Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Ebrahim Saleh ( Bahrain ) Fourth official : Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) Fifth official : Aden Marwa ( Kenya ) Netherlands vs Chile [ edit ] The two teams had never met before. [28] Netherlands forward Robin van Persie was suspended for the match due to accumulation of yellow cards. [24] With both teams already assured of qualifying for the knockout stage after their first two matches, this match would decide which team would win the group: the Netherlands needed only a draw while Chile needed a win. The Netherlands went in front in the 77th minute with a header from six yards by substitute Leroy Fer after a Daryl Janmaat cross from the right. Another substitute Memphis Depay got the second in injury time, when he scored from close range after Arjen Robben had made a run down the left before crossing from the byline. [29] With this win the Netherlands won Group B with a perfect record of three wins out of three, while Chile finished as group runners-up. [30] 23 June 2014 13:00 UTC−3 Netherlands 2–0 Chile Fer 77' Depay 90+2' Report Arena de São Paulo , São Paulo Attendance: 62,996 Referee: Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Netherlands Chile GK 1 Jasper Cillessen RB 7 Daryl Janmaat CB 2 Ron Vlaar CB 3 Stefan de Vrij LB 5 Daley Blind 64' RM 20 Georginio Wijnaldum CM 6 Nigel de Jong LM 15 Dirk Kuyt 89' AM 10 Wesley Sneijder 75' SS 11 Arjen Robben ( c ) CF 17 Jeremain Lens 69' Substitutions: MF 21 Memphis Depay 69' MF 18 Leroy Fer 75' DF 14 Terence Kongolo 89' Manager: Louis van Gaal GK 1 Claudio Bravo ( c ) CB 17 Gary Medel CB 5 Francisco Silva 25' 70' CB 18 Gonzalo Jara RWB 4 Mauricio Isla LWB 2 Eugenio Mena CM 20 Charles Aránguiz CM 21 Marcelo Díaz AM 16 Felipe Gutiérrez 46' CF 7 Alexis Sánchez CF 11 Eduardo Vargas 81' Substitutions: MF 15 Jean Beausejour 46' MF 10 Jorge Valdivia 70' FW 9 Mauricio Pinilla 81' Manager: Jorge Sampaoli Man of the Match: Arjen Robben (Netherlands) Assistant referees : Evarist Menkouande ( Cameroon ) Felicien Kabanda ( Rwanda ) Fourth official : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Fifth official : William Torres ( El Salvador ) References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"2014 FIFA World Cup – Statistical Kit\" (PDF) . FIFA.com. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"Spain humiliated as rampant Holland blast five in World Cup shock\" . Guardian . 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Spain 1-5 Netherlands\" . BBC Sport. 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Spain v Holland, World Cup 2014: as it happened\" . The Telegraph. 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Spain v Holland: World Cup 2014 – as it happened\" . The Guardian. 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe, Sid (13 June 2014). \"Spain suffer not just a defeat but a World Cup disaster against Holland\" . The Guardian. Jump up ^ \"Manchester United Striker Robin Van Persie Sets New Dutch World Cup Goal-Scoring Record\" . Caughtoffisde.com. 14 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"These are the players who have defended Spain in more World Cups\" . sefutbol.com. 28 June 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b \"Referee designations for matches 1-4\" (PDF) . FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). 10 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"2014 FIFA World Cup – Statistical Kit\" (PDF) . FIFA.com. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"Australia's fighting spirit not enough as Alexis Sánchez fires up Chile\" . Guardian . 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Chile 3 Australia 1\" . BBC Sport. 13 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"World Cup 2014: Battling Socceroos take Chile to the wire\" . The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"A place in history for returning Beausejour\" . FIFA.com. 14 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"2014 FIFA World Cup – Statistical Kit\" (PDF) . FIFA.com. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"Holland come from behind to beat brave Australia in Group B classic\" . Guardian . 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Australia 2 Netherlands 3\" . BBC Sport. 18 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"Eagles down, but not out -Ameobi\" . The Sun. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Jump up ^ \"2014 FIFA World Cup – Statistical Kit\" (PDF) . FIFA.com. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"Spain crash out as irresistible Chile prove too much of a handful\" . Guardian . 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Spain 0 Chile 2\" . BBC Sport. 18 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"Taxi for tiki-taka! Spain become the fifth World Cup holders to crash out in the group stage after Brazil, France and Italy (twice)\" . Daily Mail. 18 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"2014 FIFA World Cup – Statistical Kit\" (PDF) . FIFA.com. p. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b \"Van Persie and Cahill earn suspensions\" . ESPN FC . 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ \"David Villa helps Spain salvage some pride with victory over Australia\" . Guardian . 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Australia 0 Spain 3\" . BBC Sport . 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ \"David Villa se despide marcando\" (in Spanish). Yahoo! Deportes. 24 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"2014 FIFA World Cup – Statistical Kit\" (PDF) . FIFA.com. p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Jump up ^ \"Holland top Group B after Leroy Fer header helps break Chile's resolve\" . Guardian . 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Netherlands 2 Chile 0\" . BBC Sport . 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2014 group B . 2014 FIFA World Cup Group B , FIFA.com show v t e 2014 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Brazil v Germany Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Matches Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues Official symbols 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil (video game) Adidas Brazuca (ball) Caxirola (musical instrument) Fuleco (mascot) One Love, One Rhythm (album) We Are One (Ole Ola) (song) show v t e 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners-up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter-finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_B&oldid=850026027 \" Categories : 2014 FIFA World Cup Spain at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Netherlands at the 2014 FIFA World Cup 2013–14 in Chilean football 2014 in Australian soccer Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Use dmy dates from July 2014 EngvarB from July 2014 Pages using Template:Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Latviešu Magyar मराठी 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018, at 02:25 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "List of high schools in Florida - Wikipedia List of high schools in Florida From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This is a list of high schools in the U.S. state of Florida . Contents 1 Alachua County 2 Baker County 3 Bay County 4 Bradford County 5 Brevard County 6 Broward County 6.1 Public 6.2 Charter 6.3 Private 7 Calhoun County 8 Charlotte County 9 Citrus County 9.1 Public 9.2 Charter 10 Clay County 11 Collier County 12 Columbia County 13 DeSoto County 14 Dixie County 15 Duval County 15.1 Public 15.2 Magnet 15.3 Alternative 15.4 Charter 15.5 Private 16 Escambia County 17 Flagler County 18 Franklin County 19 Gadsden County 19.1 Private 20 Gilchrist County 21 Glades County 22 Gulf County 23 Hamilton County 24 Hardee County 25 Hendry County 26 Hernando County 27 Highlands County 28 Hillsborough County 29 Holmes County 30 Indian River County 31 Jackson County 32 Jefferson County 33 Lafayette County 34 Lake County 34.1 Private 34.2 Charter 35 Lee County 35.1 Charter 35.2 Private 36 Leon County 37 Levy County 38 Liberty County 39 Madison County 40 Manatee County 40.1 Private Schools 41 Marion County 41.1 Public 41.2 Private 42 Martin County 42.1 Public 42.2 Private 43 Miami-Dade County 43.1 Public 43.2 Private 43.3 Magnet 43.4 Charter 44 Monroe County 45 Nassau County 46 Okaloosa County 47 Okeechobee County 48 Orange County 48.1 Private 49 Osceola County 50 Palm Beach County 51 Pasco County 52 Pinellas County 53 Polk County 54 Putnam County 55 St. Johns County 55.1 Public 55.2 Private 55.3 State 56 St. Lucie County 56.1 Public Schools 56.2 Private Schools 57 Santa Rosa County 58 Sarasota County 58.1 Private schools 58.2 Charter schools 59 Seminole County 59.1 Private 60 Sumter County 61 Suwannee County 62 Taylor County 63 Union County 64 Volusia County 64.1 Public 64.2 Private 65 Wakulla County 66 Walton County 67 Washington County 68 References 69 See also Alachua County [ edit ] F. W. Buchholz High School , Gainesville Eastside High School , Gainesville Gainesville High School , Gainesville Hawthorne Middle/High School , Hawthorne Loften High School , Gainesville Newberry High School , Newberry P. K. Yonge Developmental Research School , Gainesville St. Francis High School , Gainesville (private) Santa Fe High School , Alachua Oak Hall High School , Gainesville (private) Resilience Charter School , Gainesville (public charter) Baker County [ edit ] Baker County High School , Glen St. Mary Bay County [ edit ] A. Crawford Mosley High School , Lynn Haven A.D. Harris High School , Panama City J.R. Arnold High School , Panama City Beach Bay High School , Panama City Covenant Christian School , (Private K-12), Panama City Deane Bozeman School , Panama City Haney Technical High School , Panama City Rutherford High School , Panama City Panama City Advanced School , Panama City Newpoint Bay High School , Panama City Bradford County [ edit ] Bradford High School , Starke Brevard County [ edit ] Astronaut High School , Titusville Bayside High School , Palm Bay, Florida Cocoa Beach High School , Cocoa Beach Cocoa High School , Cocoa Covenant Christian School (Private K-12), Palm Bay Eau Gallie High School , Melbourne Edgewood Junior/Senior High School , Merritt Island Florida Preparatory Academy , Melbourne Heritage High School , Palm Bay Holy Trinity Episcopal Academy , Melbourne Liberty High School, Palm Bay Melbourne Central Catholic High School , Melbourne Melbourne High School , Melbourne Merritt Island Christian School , Merritt Island Merritt Island High School , Merritt Island Palm Bay Senior High School , Melbourne Rockledge High School , Rockledge Satellite High School , Satellite Beach Space Coast Junior/Senior High School , Cocoa Titusville High School , Titusville Viera High School , Viera West Shore Junior - Senior High School , Melbourne Broward County [ edit ] Public [ edit ] Atlantic Technical Center , Coconut Creek Blanche Ely High School , Pompano Beach Boyd H. Anderson High School , Lauderdale Lakes Charles W. 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Taravella High School , Coral Springs West Broward High School , Pembroke Pines Western High School , Davie Charter [ edit ] Pembroke Pines Charter High School , Pembroke Pines College Academy at Broward Community College , Davie Coral Springs Charter School , Coral Springs International School of Broward , Hollywood Parkway Academy , Miramar Pivot Charter School , Tamarac, Florida Sheridan Technical Center , Hollywood Somerset Academy Charter Private [ edit ] Academy High School, Coral Springs American Heritage School , Plantation Americana School , Deerfield Beach Archbishop Edward A. McCarthy High School , Fort Lauderdale Calvary Christian Academy , Fort Lauderdale Cardinal Gibbons High School , Fort Lauderdale Chaminade-Madonna College Preparatory School , Hollywood Conservatory Prep Senior High School , Davie Coral Springs Christian Academy , Coral Springs David Posnack Hebrew Day School , Plantation Fort Lauderdale Preparatory School , Fort Lauderdale Highlands Christian Academy , Deerfield Beach North Broward Preparatory School , Coconut Creek Paladin Academy High School , Hollywood Pine Crest School , Fort Lauderdale Sagemont Upper School , Weston St. Thomas Aquinas High School , Fort Lauderdale Sheridan Hills Christian School, Hollywood University School of Nova Southeastern University , Davie Westminster Academy , Fort Lauderdale The Hollywood Christian Academy , Hollywood Calhoun County [ edit ] Altha Public School , (K-12), Altha Blountstown High School , Blountstown Charlotte County [ edit ] Charlotte High School , Punta Gorda Lemon Bay High School , Englewood Port Charlotte High School , Port Charlotte Citrus County [ edit ] Public [ edit ] Citrus High School , Inverness Crystal River High School , Crystal River Cypress Creek Academy , Lecanto Lecanto High School , Lecanto Withlacoochee Technical Institute , Inverness Charter [ edit ] Academy of Environmental Science , Crystal River Clay County [ edit ] Clay High School , Green Cove Springs Fleming Island High School , Orange Park Keystone Heights Junior-Senior High School , Keystone Heights Middleburg High School (Middleburg, Florida) , Middleburg Orange Park High School , Orange Park Ridgeview High School , Orange Park Oakleaf High School , Orange Park St. Johns Country Day School , Orange Park Collier County [ edit ] Barron G. Collier High School , Naples The Community School of Naples , Naples Rhodora J. Donahue Academy of Ave Maria , Ave Maria Everglades High School , Everglades City Golden Gate High School , Naples Gulf Coast High School , Naples Immokalee High School , Immokalee Lely High School , Naples Lorenzo Walker Technical High School , Naples Naples High School , Naples Palmetto Ridge High School , Naples St. John Neumann High School , Naples Seacrest Country Day School , Naples First Baptist Academy High School (Naples, Florida) , Naples Columbia County [ edit ] Challenge Learning Center , Lake City Columbia High School , Lake City Fort White High School , Fort White Lake City Christian Academy , Lake City DeSoto County [ edit ] DeSoto High School (Arcadia, Florida) , Arcadia Heritage Baptist Academy , Arcadia Life Christian Academy , Arcadia Peace River Valley Church Academy , Arcadia Dixie County [ edit ] Dixie County High School , Cross City Duval County [ edit ] Public [ edit ] Douglas Anderson School of the Arts , Jacksonville Atlantic Coast High School , Jacksonville Baldwin Middle-Senior High , Baldwin Englewood High School , Jacksonville First Coast High School , Jacksonville Duncan U. Fletcher High School , Neptune Beach Andrew Jackson High School , Jacksonville Robert E. Lee High School , Jacksonville Terry Parker High School , Jacksonville Frank H. Peterson Academies of Technology , Jacksonville William M. Raines High School , Jacksonville A. Philip Randolph Academies of Technology , Jacksonville Jean Ribault High School , Jacksonville Sandalwood High School , Jacksonville Edward H. White High School , Jacksonville Samuel W. Wolfson High School , Jacksonville Westside High School , Jacksonville Magnet [ edit ] Mandarin High School , Jacksonville Stanton College Preparatory School , Jacksonville Paxon School for Advanced Studies , Jacksonville Darnell-Cookman School of the Medical Arts , Jacksonville Alternative [ edit ] Grand Park Center, Jacksonville Marine Science Education Center , Atlantic Beach Charter [ edit ] Duval Charter High School at Baymeadows Pathways Academy River City Science Academy School for Integrated Academics and Technology SOS Academy Charter Wayman Academy of the Arts Private [ edit ] Arlington Country Day School , Jacksonville Bishop Kenny High School , Jacksonville Bishop Snyder High School , Jacksonville Bolles School , Jacksonville Christian Heritage Academy, Jacksonville Christ's Church Academy , Jacksonville Episcopal High School , Jacksonville First Coast Christian School , Jacksonville Jacksonville Country Day School , Jacksonville Parson's Christian Academy, Jacksonville Potter's House Christian Academy, Jacksonville Providence School , Jacksonville Seacoast Christian Academy , Jacksonville Trinity Christian Academy, Jacksonville University Christian School , Jacksonville West Meadows Baptist Academy, Jacksonville Escambia County [ edit ] East Hill Christian School, Pensacola Escambia Charter School , Gonzalez Escambia High School , Pensacola Ruby J. Gainer Charter School , Pensacola Northview High School , Century Pensacola Catholic High School , Pensacola Pensacola High School , Pensacola Pensacola School Of Liberal Arts , Pensacola Pine Forest High School , Pensacola J. M. Tate High School , Gonzalez Booker T. Washington High School , Pensacola West Florida High School of Advanced Technology , Pensacola Woodham High School , Pensacola (is currently being used as a middle school) Flagler County [ edit ] Flagler Palm Coast High School , Palm Coast Matanzas High School , Palm Coast Franklin County [ edit ] Franklin County School , Eastpoint Gadsden County [ edit ] East Gadsden High School , Havana West Gadsen High School , Greensboro Private [ edit ] Tallavana Christian School , Havana Gilchrist County [ edit ] Bell High School (Bell, Florida) , Bell Trenton High School , Trenton Glades County [ edit ] Moore Haven Junior/Senior High School , Moore Haven Gulf County [ edit ] Port St. Joe High School , Port St. Joe Wewahitchka High School , Wewahitchka Hamilton County [ edit ] Corinth Christian Academy, Jasper Hamilton County High School , Jasper Hardee County [ edit ] Hardee Senior High School , Wauchula Hendry County [ edit ] Ahfachkee Day School , Clewiston Clewiston High School , Clewiston LaBelle High School , LaBelle International Christian Academy , LaBelle Hernando County [ edit ] Central High School (Brooksville, Florida) , Brooksville Hernando High School , Brooksville Spring Hill Christian Academy , Spring Hill Frank W. Springstead High School , Spring Hill Hernando Christian Academy , Brooksville Nature Coast Technical High School , Brooksville West Hernando Christian School, Spring Hill Weeki Wachee High School , Weeki Wachee Highlands County [ edit ] Avon Park High School , Avon Park Heartland Christian School, Sebring Lake Placid High School (Lake Placid, Florida) , Lake Placid Sebring High School (Sebring, Florida) , Sebring Walker Memorial Academy , Avon Park Hillsborough County [ edit ] Academy of the Holy Names (all-female) , Tampa Braulio Alonso High School , Tampa Armwood High School , Seffner Bayshore Christian School , Tampa Bell Creek Academy , Riverview Berkeley Preparatory School , Tampa Bloomingdale High School , Valrico Brandon High School , Brandon Brooks-DeBartolo Collegiate High School , Tampa Carrollwood Day School , Carrolwood Central Baptist School, Brandon George D. Chamberlain High School , Tampa Durant High School , Plant City East Bay High School , Gibsonton Faith Baptist School, Brandon Falkenburg Academy , Tampa Florida College Academy , Temple Terrace Freedom High School , Tampa Foundation Christian Academy , Valrico George S. Middleton High School , Tampa Grace Christian School, Valrico Hillsborough Baptist School, Seffner Hillsborough High School , Tampa Henry B. Plant High School , Tampa Heritage Academy Howard W. Blake High School , Tampa Thomas Jefferson High School , Tampa Jesuit High School of Tampa (all-male) , Tampa Earl J. Lennard High School , Ruskin C. Leon King High School , Tampa Legacy Christian Academy, Seffner A. P. Leto High School , Tampa Millburn High School, Tampa Joe E. Newsome High School , Lithia Pepin Academy , Tampa Plant City High School , Plant City Paul R. Wharton High School , Tampa Pivot Charter School , Riverview Providence Christian School, Riverview Riverview High School , Riverview Thomas Richard Robinson High School , Tampa Seffner Christian Academy , Seffner Seminole Heights Charter School , Tampa Sickles High School , Tampa Spoto High School , Riverview St. Stephen Catholic School , Lithia Steinbrenner High School , Lutz Tampa Baptist Academy , Tampa Tampa Bay Technical High School , Tampa Tampa Catholic High School , Tampa Tampa Preparatory School , Tampa Tropical Acres Christian Academy , Riverview Vivian Gaither High School , Tampa West University Charter School , Tampa Holmes County [ edit ] Bethlehem High School , Bonifay Holmes County High School , Bonifay Ponce de Leon High School , Ponce de Leon Poplar Springs High School , Graceville Indian River County [ edit ] Indian River Charter High School , Vero Beach Saint Edwards School , Vero Beach Sebastian River High School , Sebastian Vero Beach High School , Vero Beach Jackson County [ edit ] Cottondale High School , Cottondale Graceville High School , Graceville Grand Ridge High School , Grand Ridge Hope School (Marianna, Florida) , Marianna Jackson Academy of Applied Technology , Marianna Malone High School , Malone Marianna High School , Marianna Sneads High School , Sneads Jefferson County [ edit ] Aucilla Christian Academy , Monticello Jefferson County High School (Monticello, Florida) , Monticello Lafayette County [ edit ] Lafayette High School (Mayo, Florida) , Mayo Lighthouse Christian School, Mayo Lake County [ edit ] East Ridge High School , Clermont Eustis High School , Eustis Lake Minneola High School , Minneola, Florida Leesburg High School , Leesburg Mount Dora High School , Mount Dora South Lake High School , Groveland Tavares High School , Tavares Umatilla High School, Umatilla Private [ edit ] Christian Home & Bible School , aka Mount Dora Bible, Mount Dora Faith Lutheran School, Eustis First Academy High School , Leesburg Montverde Academy , Montverde Charter [ edit ] Alee Academy Charter, Umatilla The Villages Charter High School , The Villages Lee County [ edit ] Cape Coral High School , Cape Coral Cypress Lake High School , Fort Myers Dunbar High School , Fort Myers East Lee County High School , Lehigh Acres Estero High School , Estero Fort Myers Senior High School , Fort Myers Ida S. Baker High School , Cape Coral Island Coast High School , Cape Coral Lee County High Technical Center Central, Fort Myers Lee County High Technology Center North, Cape Coral Lehigh Senior High School , Lehigh Acres Mariner High School , Cape Coral North Fort Myers High School , North Fort Myers Riverdale High School , Fort Myers South Fort Myers High School , Fort Myers Charter [ edit ] Florida SouthWestern Collegiate High School , Fort Myers Gateway Charter High School , Fort Myers Oasis Charter High School , Cape Coral Pivot Charter High School , Fort Myers Private [ edit ] Bishop Verot High School , Fort Myers Canterbury School (Fort Myers, Florida) , Fort Myers Cape Coral Christian School, Cape Coral Evangelical Christian School , Fort Myers Richard Milburn Academy , Fort Myers Southwest Florida Marine Institute , Fort Myers Leon County [ edit ] Lawton Chiles High School , Tallahassee Amos P. Godby High School , Tallahassee John Paul II Catholic High School , Tallahassee Christ Classical Academy School, Tallahassee Leon High School , Tallahassee Lincoln High School , Tallahassee Maranatha Christian School, Tallahassee James S. Rickards High School , Tallahassee Lighthouse Christian Academy, Tallahassee Florida State University School /Florida High, Tallahassee Maclay School , Tallahassee North Florida Christian High School , Tallahassee SAIL High School , Tallahassee Community Christian School, Tallahassee Florida Agricultural and Mechanical High School , Tallahassee Ecclesia Christian Academy, Tallahassee Woodland Hall Academy , Tallahassee Levy County [ edit ] Bronson High School , Bronson Cedar Key School , Cedar Key Chiefland High School , Chiefland New Hope Charter School, Chiefland Williston High School , Williston Liberty County [ edit ] Liberty County High School , Bristol Madison County [ edit ] Madison County High School (Madinson, Florida) , Madison Manatee County [ edit ] Bayshore High School , Bradenton Braden River High School , Bradenton Lakewood Ranch High School , Bradenton Manatee High School , Bradenton Manatee School for the Arts , Palmetto Richard Milburn Academy , Bradenton PAL Opportunity Charter School , Bradenton Palmetto High School , Palmetto Southeast High School , Bradenton Bradenton Christian School, Bradenton Private Schools [ edit ] St. Stephen's Episcopal School , Bradenton Community Christian School, Bradenton Marion County [ edit ] Public [ edit ] Belleview High School , Belleview CFCC Academy , Belleview Dunnellon High School , Dunnellon Forest High School , Ocala Lake Weir High School , Ocala Marion Technical Institute , Ocala North Marion High School , Citra Vanguard High School , Ocala West Port High School , Ocala Private [ edit ] Ocala Christian Academy, Ocala St. John Lutheran School, Ocala Trinity Catholic High School , Ocala Martin County [ edit ] Public [ edit ] Clark Advanced Learning Center, dual enrollment high school, Stuart Jensen Beach High School , Jensen Beach Martin County High School , Stuart South Fork High School , Stuart Private [ edit ] Hobe Sound Christian Academy, Hobe Sound Community Christian Academy, Stuart The Pine School , Hobe Sound /Stuart Miami-Dade County [ edit ] Public [ edit ] Alonzo and Tracy Mourning Senior High Biscayne Bay Campus , North Miami American High School , Miami Barbara Goleman High School , Miami Lakes Booker T. Washington High School , Miami Coral Gables High School , Coral Gables Dr. Michael M. Krop High School , Miami Felix Varela High School , Miami G. Holmes Braddock High School , Miami Hialeah High School , Hialeah Hialeah Gardens High School , Hialeah Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School , Hialeah/Miami Lakes Homestead High School , Homestead John A. Ferguson High School , Miami Miami Beach High School , Miami Beach Miami Carol City High School , Miami Gardens Miami Central High School , Miami Miami Coral Park High School , Miami Miami Edison Senior High School , Miami Miami Jackson High School , Miami Miami Killian High School , Miami Miami Norland High School , Miami Gardens Miami Northwestern High School , Miami Miami Palmetto High School , Pinecrest Miami High School , Miami Miami Southridge High School , Cutler Bay Miami Springs High School , Miami Springs Miami Sunset High School , Miami North Miami Senior High School , North Miami North Miami Beach High School , North Miami Beach Ronald W. Reagan Doral High School , Doral South Dade High School , Homestead South Miami High School , South Miami Southwest Miami High School , Miami Westland Hialeah High School , Hialeah Young Men's Preparatory Academy (all-boys) , Miami Private [ edit ] AIU High School , North Miami Beach Archbishop Coleman F. Carroll High School , Miami Archbishop Curley-Notre Dame High School , Miami Belen Jesuit Preparatory School (all-boys) , Miami Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart (all-girls) , Miami Champagnat Catholic, Hialeah Christopher Columbus High School (all-boys) , Miami Colonial Christian School of Homestead, Homestead Dade Christian School , Miami Lakes Edison Private School, Hialeah Florida Christian School , Miami Greater Miami Academy , Miami Gulliver Preparatory School , Miami Immaculata-Lasalle High School , Miami International Studies Charter High School , Coral Gables La Progresiva Presbyterian School , Miami Miami Christian School , Miami Miami Country Day School , Miami Monsignor Edward Pace High School , Miami Northwest Christian Academy, North Miami Our Lady of Lourdes Academy (all-girls) , Miami Palmer Trinity School , Palmetto Bay Palmetto Bay Academy , Palmetto Bay Princeton Christian School , Homestead Rabbi Alexander S. Gross Hebrew Academy , Miami Beach Ransom Everglades School , Miami Riviera Schools , Miami Samuel Scheck Hillel Community Day School , North Miami Beach St. Brendan High School , Miami Westminster Christian School , Miami Westwood Christian Day Schools, Miami Yeshiva Toras Chaim Jewish School , Miami Beach Magnet [ edit ] Coral Reef High School , Miami - (Magnet) Design and Architecture High School , Miami - (Architecture Magnet) José Marti Math and Science Technology (MAST) 6-12 Academy - (Math, Science and Technology Magnet) MAST Academy , Miami - (Maritime and Science Technology Magnet) Miami Lakes Educational Center , Miami Lakes - (Technical Magnet) New World School of the Arts , Miami - (Music, Visual Arts, Dance, and Theater Magnet) Robert Morgan Educational Center , Miami - (Vocational Magnet) School for Advanced Studies , Miami - (College Prep. Magnet) School for Applied Technologies, Miami - (Magnet) TERRA Environmental Research Institute , Miami - (Magnet) William H. Turner Technical Arts High School , Miami - (Technical Magnet) Charter [ edit ] Academy of Arts & Minds , Miami Archimedean Upper Conservatory , Miami Corporate Academy North , Miami Corporate Academy South , Miami Doctors Charter School of Miami Shores , Miami Shores Doral Academy High School , Doral Doral Performing Arts & Entertainment Academy , Doral International Studies Charter High School , Miami Keys Gate Charter High School , Homestead Life Skills Center Miami-Dade County , Miami Mater Academy East High School , Miami Mater Academy Charter High School , Miami Mater Performing Arts & Entertainment Academy , Miami Miami Arts Charter School , Miami School for Integrated Academics & Technologies (SIATech), Miami Somerset Academy Charter High School , Miami Transitional Learning Academy, Miami Monroe County [ edit ] Coral Shores High School , Plantation Key Island Christian School, Plantation Key Key West High School , Key West Marathon High School , Marathon Nassau County [ edit ] Fernandina Beach High School , Fernandina Beach Hilliard Middle-Senior High School , Hilliard West Nassau High School , Callahan Yulee High School , Yulee Okaloosa County [ edit ] Baker K-12 School , Baker Choctawhatchee Academy, Fort Walton Beach Choctawhatchee Senior High School , Fort Walton Beach Calvary Christian Academy, Fort Walton Beach Crestview High School , Crestview Crestview Vocational-Technical Center, Crestview Fort Walton Beach High School , Fort Walton Beach Niceville High School , Niceville Okaloosa Applied Technology Center, Fort Walton Beach Okaloosa-Walton Collegiate High School , Niceville Rocky Bayou Christian School, Niceville Laurel Hill School (K-12), Laurel Hill Okeechobee County [ edit ] New Endeavor High School , Okeechobee Okeechobee Alternative High School, Okeechobee (8 - 12 Grade) Okeechobee High School , Okeechobee (10 - 12 Grade) Orange County [ edit ] Apopka High School , Apopka William R. Boone High School , Orlando Colonial High School , Orlando Cypress Creek High School , Orlando Dr. Phillips High School , Orlando Edgewater High School , Orlando East River High School (Orlando, Florida) , Orlando Maynard Evans High School , Orlando Freedom High School , Orlando Geneva School (Winter Park, Florida) , Winter Park Robert Hungerford Preparatory High School , Eatonville Jones High School , Orlando Lake Nona High School , Orlando O-Tec Middle Florida Technology School, Orlando O-Tec Westside Technology School, Winter Garden Oak Ridge High School, Orlando Ocoee High School , Ocoee Olympia High School , Orlando St. Lillie V. High School , Orlando Timber Creek High School , Orlando University High School , Orlando West Orange High School , Winter Garden Wekiva High School ,Apopka Winter Park High School , Winter Park Private [ edit ] Agape Christian Academy, Orlando American School of Leadership , Orlando Bishop Moore High School , Orlando Lake Highland Preparatory School , Orlando Pine Castle Christian Academy The First Academy, Orlando Orlando Lutheran Academy , Orlando Central Florida Christian Academy, Orlando Faith Christian Academy Real Life Christian Academy, Clermont Orangewood Christian School, Maitland Osceola County [ edit ] Celebration High School , Celebration Gateway High School , Kissimmee Harmony High School , Harmony Heritage Christian School , Kissimmee Liberty High School , Kissimmee New Dimensions High School, Kissimmee Osceola County School For The Arts , Kissimmee Osceola High School , Kissimmee Poinciana High School , Kissimmee Professional and Technical High School, Kissimmee St. Cloud High School , St. Cloud Palm Beach County [ edit ] Atlantic Community High School , Delray Beach The Benjamin School , North Palm Beach Boca Raton Christian School, Boca Raton Boca Raton Community High School , Boca Raton Boynton Beach Community High School , Boynton Beach Cardinal Newman High School , West Palm Beach Coastal Middle & Senior High School , Lake Park Delray Youth Vocational, Delray Beach Alexander W. Dreyfoos, Jr. School of the Arts , West Palm Beach William T. Dwyer High School , Palm Beach Gardens Everglades Preparatory Academy , Pahokee Forest Hill Community High School , West Palm Beach Forest Trail Academy Online High School, Wellington G-STAR School of the Arts for Motion Pictures and Television , West Palm Beach Goliath Academy High School Traditional and Online High School, Wellington Glades Central High School , Belle Glade Grandview Preparatory School , Boca Raton Gulfstream Goodwill Career Academy , Boca Raton Harid Conservatory , Boca Raton Inlet Grove Community High School, Riviera Beach Jupiter Christian School , Jupiter Jupiter Community High School , Jupiter The King's Academy , West Palm Beach Matlock Academy Private Prep High School , West Palm Beach Life Skills Center of Palm Beach County, Boca Raton Toussaint L'Ouverture High School for Arts and Social Justice , Delray Beach Lake Worth Community High School , Lake Worth Lake Worth Christian School, Boynton Beach John I. Leonard High School , Greenacres Olympic Heights Community High School , Boca Raton Oxbridge Academy , West Palm Beach Pahokee High School , Pahokee Palm Beach Central High School , Wellington Palm Beach Gardens Community High School , Palm Beach Gardens Palm Beach Lakes Community High School , West Palm Beach Park Vista Community High School , Lake Worth Pope John Paul II High School , Boca Raton Royal Palm Beach Community High School , Royal Palm Beach Santaluces Community High School , Lantana Seminole Ridge Community High School , Loxahatchee South Technical Academy , Boynton Beach Spanish River Community High School , Boca Raton St. Andrew's School , Boca Raton Suncoast Community High School , Riviera Beach Survivors, West Palm Beach Survivors Charter School of Boynton Beach Wellington Community High School , Wellington West Boca Raton Community High School , Boca Raton West Technical Education Center, Belle Glade Weinbaum Yeshiva High School , Boca Raton Pasco County [ edit ] Anclote High School , Holiday East Pasco Adventist Academy , Dade City Fivay High School , Hudson Genesis Preparatory School, New Port Richey Gulf High School , New Port Richey Hudson High School , Hudson Richard Milburn Academy , New Port Richey J. W. Mitchell High School , New Port Richey Land O' Lakes High School , Land O' Lakes Pasco High School , Dade City Ridgewood High School , New Port Richey River Ridge High School , New Port Richey Sunlake High School , Land O' Lakes Wesley Chapel High School , Wesley Chapel Wiregrass Ranch High School , Wesley Chapel Zephyrhills High School , Zephyrhills F. K. Marchman Technical Center, New Port Richey Pinellas County [ edit ] Anchor Academy, Dunedin Bayside High School , Clearwater Boca Ciega High School , Gulfport Calvary Christian High School , Clearwater Canterbury School of Florida , St. Petersburg Clearwater Central Catholic High School , Clearwater Clearwater High School , Clearwater Countryside High School , Clearwater Dunedin High School , Dunedin Dunedin Academy , Dunedin East Lake High School , Tarpon Springs Gibbs High School , St. Petersburg Dixie M. Hollins High School , St. Petersburg Indian Rocks Christian School, Largo Keswick Christian School , St. Petersburg Lakewood High School , St. Petersburg Largo High School , Largo Lift Academy , Seminole Newpoint Pinellas , Clearwater Northeast High School (St. Petersburg, Florida) , St. Petersburg Northside Christian School, St. Petersburg Osceola High School , Seminole Palm Harbor Community School , Palm Harbor Palm Harbor University High School , Palm Harbor Pinellas County Center for the Arts , St. Petersburg Pinellas Park High School , Largo Shorecrest Preparatory School , St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Catholic High School , St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Christian School , St. Petesrsburg St. Petersburg Collegiate High School , St. Petersburg St. Petersburg High School , St. Petersburg Schiller Academy, Dunedin Seminole High School , Seminole Seminole Vocational Education Center, Seminole Tarpon Springs High School , Tarpon Springs Veritas Academy , Largo Polk County [ edit ] All Saints' Academy , Winter Haven ARC-Academic Research Center, Lakeland Auburndale High School , Auburndale Bartow High School , Bartow Chain of Lakes Collegiate High School , Winter Haven Collegiate High School , Lakeland Frostproof Middle-Senior High School , Frostproof Daniel Jenkins Academy of Technology , Haines City Fort Meade High School , Fort Meade Gause Academy of Leadership and Applied Technology , Bartow George W. Jenkins High School , Lakeland Haines City High School , Haines City Lois Cowles Harrison Center for the Visual and Performing Arts , Lakeland Kathleen High School , Lakeland Lake Gibson High School , Lakeland Lake Region High School , Eagle Lake Lake Wales High School , Lake Wales Lakeland Christian School, Lakeland Lakeland High School , Lakeland Maynard E. Traviss Technical Center, Lakeland McKeel Academy of Technology , Lakeland Mulberry High School , Mulberry Ridge Community High School , Davenport, Florida Ridge Technical Center, Winter Haven Santa Fe Catholic High School , Lakeland Summerlin Military Academy , Bartow The Vanguard School , Lake Wales Winter Haven High School , Winter Haven Putnam County [ edit ] Crescent City High School , Crescent City Interlachen High School , Interlachen Palatka High School , Palatka St. Johns County [ edit ] Public [ edit ] Bartram Trail High School , St. Johns Creekside High School , St. Johns First Coast Skills Academy, St. Augustine First Coast Technical High School, St. Augustine Pedro Menendez High School , St. Augustine Allen D. Nease Senior High School , Ponte Vedra Ponte Vedra High School , Ponte Vedra St. Augustine High School , St. Augustine Private [ edit ] St. Gerard Campus School, St. Augustine St. Joseph Academy , St. Augustine State [ edit ] Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind , St. Augustine St. Lucie County [ edit ] Public Schools [ edit ] Fort Pierce Central High School , best Fort Pierce Fort Pierce Westwood High School , Fort Pierce Port St. Lucie High School , Port St. Lucie St. Lucie West Centennial High School , Port St. Lucie Lincoln Park Academy , Fort Pierce Treasure Coast High School , Port St. Lucie Private Schools [ edit ] John Carroll Catholic High School , Fort Pierce Morningside Academy, Port St. Lucie Victory Forge Military Academy , Port St. Lucie Faith Baptist School , Fort Pierce Santa Rosa County [ edit ] Central High School (Milton, Florida) , Milton Gulf Breeze High School , Gulf Breeze Jay High School , Jay Locklin Technical Center, Milton Milton High School , Milton Navarre High School , Navarre Pace High School , Pace Victory Christian Academy, Jay Sarasota County [ edit ] Booker High School , Sarasota North Port High School , North Port Pine View School , Osprey Riverview High School , Sarasota Sarasota High School , Sarasota Venice High School , Venice Suncoast Polytechnical High School Sarasota, Florida Private schools [ edit ] Sarasota Christian School Julie Rohr Academy Lutheran Ascension School Out-of-Door Academy NewGate School The GAP School Bishop Nevins School Cardinal Mooney High School Charter schools [ edit ] Sarasota Military Academy Seminole County [ edit ] Crooms Academy of Information Technology , Sanford Paul J. Hagerty High School , Oviedo Lake Brantley High School , Altamonte Springs Lake Howell High School , Winter Park Lake Mary High School , Lake Mary Lyman High School , Longwood Oviedo High School , Oviedo Quest Academy (Sanford, Florida) , Sanford, Florida Seminole High School , Sanford Winter Springs High School , Winter Springs Private [ edit ] Altamonte Christian School, Altamonte Springs Bear Lake Christian School, Apopka Champion Preparatory Academy, Altamonte Springs Forest Lake Academy, Apopka Lighthouse Baptist Academy, Winter Park Liberty Christian School, Sanford Lawton Chiles Preparatory School , Winter Springs New Life Christian Academy, Sanford Orangewood Christian School, Maitland The Geneva School, Winter Park RiverWalk Christian Academy, Sanford The Master's Academy, Oviedo The Trinity School, Fern Park The Regent Academy, Casselberry Trinity Preparatory School , Winter Park Sumter County [ edit ] South Sumter High School , Bushnell Wildwood Middle High School , Wildwood The Villages Charter High School , The Villages Suwannee County [ edit ] Branford High School , Branford Suwannee High School , Live Oak Suwannee-Hamilton Area Vocational-Technical Center, Live Oak The School Without Walls , Live Oak Taylor County [ edit ] Taylor County Area Vocational-Technical & General School, Perry Taylor County High School , Perry Union County [ edit ] Union County High School , Lake Butler Volusia County [ edit ] Public [ edit ] Atlantic High School , Port Orange DeLand High School , DeLand Deltona High School , Deltona Mainland High School , Daytona Beach New Smyrna Beach High School , New Smyrna Beach Pine Ridge High School , Deltona Seabreeze High School , Daytona Beach Spruce Creek High School , Port Orange University High School , Orange City Private [ edit ] Father Lopez Catholic High School , Daytona Beach Lighthouse Christian Preparatory Academy, DeLand Trinity Christian Academy , Deltona Warner Christian Academy , South Daytona Calvary Christian Academy, Ormond Beach Wakulla County [ edit ] Wakulla High School , Crawfordville Walton County [ edit ] Freeport High School , Freeport Walton Career Development Center, DeFuniak Springs Walton Senior High School , DeFuniak Springs South Walton High School , Santa Rosa Beach Washington County [ edit ] Chipley High School , Chipley Vernon High School (Vernon, Florida) , Vernon References [ edit ] See also [ edit ] List of school districts in Florida Online High Schools in Florida show v t e Lists of high schools in the United States by state States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington, D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands show v t e State of Florida Tallahassee (capital) Topics Index Climate Congressional Delegations Districts Education Environment Fauna Flora Geology Government Hurricanes Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Symbols Flag Seal Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida History Timeline Spanish Florida British Rule East Florida West Florida Florida Territory Seminole Wars Slavery Plantations of Leon County Civil War Florida East Coast Railway Florida land boom of the 1920s Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Disney World Geography Beaches Caves Everglades ( Drainage and development ) Keys Lakes Lake Okeechobee Reef Rivers Sinkholes Springs State forests State parks Swamps Major hurricanes Florida Keys (1919) Tampa Bay (1921) Miami (1926) Okeechobee (1928) Florida Keys (1929) Treasure Coast (1933) Labor Day (1935) Dry Tortugas (1944) Homestead (1945) Fort Lauderdale (1947) South Florida (1948) 1949 Florida hurricane Easy (1950) King 1950) Donna (1960) Betsy (1965) Eloise (1975) Elena (1985) Andrew (1992) Opal (1995) Charley (2004) Frances (2004) Ivan (2004) Jeanne (2004) Dennis (2005) Wilma (2005) Irma (2017) Michael (2018) Society African-American Crime Cuban-American culture Miami Tampa Culture Demographics Economy Education Floridians Haitian-American culture Delray Beach Miami Indigenous peoples Everglades Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast Everglades First Coast Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Heartland Keys Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida Panhandle South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral–Fort Myers Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach Gainesville Homosassa Springs Jacksonville Lakeland–Winter Haven Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton Ocala Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville Panama City Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian-Vero Beach Sebring Tallahassee Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater The Villages Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami‑Dade Monroe Mosquito (former county) Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_high_schools_in_Florida&oldid=861676718 \" Categories : High schools in Florida Lists of high schools in the United States by state Florida education-related lists Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018, at 05:16 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "List of high schools in Florida", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_high_schools_in_Florida&amp;oldid=861676718" }

{ "text": "Ross Malinger - Wikipedia Ross Malinger From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Ross Malinger Born Ross Aaron Malinger ( 1984-07-07 ) July 7, 1984 (age 33) Redwood City, California , U.S. Occupation Actor, Business Manager Years active 1990–2006 Ross Aaron Malinger [1] (born July 7, 1984) is an American actor and business manager. He is best known for his roles as Jonah Baldwin in the 1993 movie Sleepless in Seattle , starring Tom Hanks and as Bobby Jameson in the 1997 Disney comedy film Toothless , starring Kirstie Alley . He and Kirstie Alley both co-starred in the 1995 film Peter and the Wolf . He played Adam Lippman, the Bar Mitzvah boy who liked Elaine's \"Shiksa appeal\", in the Seinfeld episode \" The Serenity Now \". Life and career [ edit ] Malinger was born in Redwood City, California , the son of Laura, a producer, and Brian Malinger, a producer and sales representative. [1] Malinger co-starred with Jean-Claude Van Damme in the 1995 film Sudden Death . Though it was a box office disappointment , he earned $1.1 million, [ citation needed ] a contrast from Sleepless in Seattle , for which he only earned $24,000, [ citation needed ] even though it launched his career. He provided the original voice of T.J. Detweiler on the animated series Recess . He did not reprise the role in the next seasons, as he was replaced by Andrew Lawrence . He was a recurring character on the teen drama Party of Five . He also provided the voice for the puppy Spike, part of the \"Riley Gang\" in Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco ; and played the role of Payton Shoemaker in Little Bigfoot . He starred with Shelley Long and Treat Williams on the CBS comedy Good Advice , which lasted two seasons, 1993 to 1994. He was in an episode of Touched by an Angel playing Nick Albright, a troubled teenager after his parents' separation. He appeared in the episode \"Shattered\" on Without a Trace (which aired on April 27, 2006) as Jason McMurphy. As of 2008, Malinger worked as a general manager at Automotive Legends in Malibu. [2] References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Ross Malinger Biography (1984-) Jump up ^ \"The Automotive Genius behind Automotive Legends\". extratv.com . Extral. 2008-08-08. |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) External links [ edit ] Ross Malinger on IMDb Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 66224867 LCCN : no2006058516 ISNI : 0000 0001 1492 8967 GND : 102054984X BNF : cb14202424n (data) Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ross_Malinger&oldid=802128083 \" Categories : 1984 births 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male voice actors Living people Male actors from California People from Redwood City, California Hidden categories: Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017, at 04:35. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view", "title": "Ross Malinger", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ross_Malinger&amp;oldid=802128083" }

{ "text": "The Recombination Hypothesis - Wikipedia The Recombination Hypothesis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search \" The Recombination Hypothesis \" The Big Bang Theory episode Episode no. Season 5 Episode 13 Directed by Mark Cendrowski Story by Chuck Lorre Teleplay by Bill Prady Steven Molaro Production code 3X6863 Original air date January 19, 2012 ( 2012-01-19 ) Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance(s) Jim Turner as Reverend White Episode chronology ← Previous \" The Shiny Trinket Maneuver \" Next → \" The Beta Test Initiation \" The Big Bang Theory (season 5) List of The Big Bang Theory episodes \" The Recombination Hypothesis \" is the 100th episode of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory and the 13th episode of the series' fifth season . [1] It premiered on CBS in the United States on January 19, 2012. [2] In this episode, Leonard impulsively asks Penny out for dinner on a date. The story and concept of the episode was written by series co-creator Chuck Lorre . [3] The teleplay was written by co-creator Bill Prady and writer Steven Molaro . [3] \"The Recombination Hypothesis\" was directed by Mark Cendrowski . [4] The episode received good reviews from television critics who spoke positive about Leonard and Penny trying to rework their relationship. Upon airing, \"The Recombination Hypothesis\" garnered 15.71 million viewers in the United States and 5.3 rating in the 18–49 demographic, according to Nielsen ratings . [5] Contents [ hide ] 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot [ edit ] The episode begins with Sheldon receiving a cardboard cut-out of Spock he ordered, however is dismayed to find it is not the Spock played by Leonard Nimoy but rather Zachary Quinto . While Sheldon complains, Leonard sees Penny and they exchange smiles. Leonard walks over asking her if she has any plans for dinner. Penny looks surprised about being asked out on a date and accepts. Penny is trying on clothes with Amy and Bernadette. Penny acts nervous and Bernadette tells her that everything will work out great since Leonard is crazy about her. Whilst playing Settlers of Catan , Sheldon keeps asking for \"wood\" to build a road causing Howard and Raj to laugh at him not realizing the sexual innuendo. The gang asks Leonard why he is putting himself through another relationship with Penny. During dinner Leonard asks Penny whether there is a name for a first-date with someone you used to date and Penny replies \"awkward.\" They decide to make-believe like they are on a real first date. Leonard tells Penny about his work and that he built a Bat-Signal. Penny laughs and asks him if he is some kind of nerd. Leonard says that he is the \"King of the Nerds\". If anyone displeases him, he will not help them set-up their printer. Leonard then asks Penny whether they are going to get back together. Shocked Penny confesses that she will always have feelings for him and that he always over thinks everything. Back at the apartment, Leonard charges in as his buddies tease him about his date ending at 8:30. Later Leonard is asleep and awakened by a text from Penny who meets him in the hallway, kisses him, takes him into her apartment and tells him to be quiet. Leonard wonders how a bad date ended in sex. Penny thought that things were great until he asked if they were getting back together. Leonard suggests that they treat their relationship like a new version of software, a \"Penny and Leonard 2.0\". They could try being together and not tell their friends until they know it is working. At The Cheesecake Factory, Bernadette is disappointed that things did not work out. Leonard sits down and starts a fight with Penny. Penny counters that he has to always be right. Sheldon thinks that Leonard is wrong more than anyone he knows. Leonard gets another early morning text. She demands to know why he was a jerk at work. They had agreed to be friends, not fight. Leonard heads toward her apartment because their new relationship was about sex after fighting. Later, Leonard asks Penny what exactly they are doing since every relationship scenario he plays out ends badly. Then Leonard hears Sheldon calling him. It turns out that Leonard was imagining everything, and he is still with Sheldon complaining about the Spock cardboard cut-out. Leonard decides that, despite the fact it seems that the relationship will once again end badly, he still wishes to ask Penny out. Penny asks whether he has thought things through. Leonard replies that he has and still thinks they should go ahead with it. Penny therefore agrees and then smiles. In Penny's bedroom, she is again choosing an outfit for her date. Daydreaming she sees herself in a wedding dress and heavily pregnant. Penny rubs her belly and tells Leonard that it is too late to start saying no now. Penny wakes up, apologizes and the dream reminds her to go to the drugstore. Production [ edit ] \"The Recombination Hypothesis\" is the first episode of a two episode arc featuring Leonard and Penny attempting to restart their relationship that has been one of the major plot lines and driving forces of the series. The arc concludes with the next episode \"The Beta Test Initiation\" where Penny and Leonard return from their date. The first scene is a salute to the original pilot where Leonard and Sheldon climb the stairs wearing similar outfits and they spot Penny through her apartment door wearing the same shirt from the pilot. [6] Sheldon is disappointed to discover that a Mr. Spock cardboard stand-up he ordered is a portrayal of Zachary Quinto 's Spock not Leonard Nimoy 's Spock. According to Bill Prady , the co-creator of The Big Bang Theory , approval from Paramount , J.J. Abrams (producer of the new Star Trek series) and Zachary Quinto was required in order to mock Spock. [6] Also, this is the first time that an entire episode is a \"dream-sequence\", a unique style of storytelling, [6] and is the second Chuck Lorre show to achieve the \"dream-sequence\" story, after Two and a Half Men in the episode \" Frodo's Headshots \". Reception [ edit ] Ratings [ edit ] \"The Recombination Hypothesis\" was originally broadcast on January 19, 2012 in the United States between 8:00 p.m. and 8:30 p.m. Upon airing, \"The Recombination Hypothesis\" garnered 15.71 million viewers with the best ever ratings in the adults 25-54, adults 18-49 and adults 18-34 categories. [5] Critical reception [ edit ] \"The Recombination Hypothesis'\" received positive reviews from television commentators. R.L Shaffer of IGN gave the episode a \"really good\" review. The reviewer says the episode \"knocked it out of the park\" even though it started like \"another attempt to tease the anxiety of the Penny/Leonard relationship\" the final twist did show some growth in Leonard’s character that he must not over-think their relationship. [7] Carla Day of TV Fanatic gave a positive review. Day noted that revisiting Leonard and Penny on the 100th episode was the best way to honor the history of the series. Though she was happy to see \"Peonard or Lenny\" back together, she felt that the other guys had the best lines with the \"wood\" jokes. Overall she found the show \"brought us back to the origins of the comedy and what made us fall in love with these nerds and their gorgeous neighbor.\" The Editor Rating was 4.7 out of 5.0. [8] References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \" ' The Big Bang Theory' 100th Episode: Penny And Leonard 2.0 Software Defined\" . January 20, 2012 . Retrieved August 27, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"The Big Bang Theory Episode: \"The Recombination Hypothesis \" \" . TV Guide . Retrieved August 27, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b \" \" The Big Bang Theory\" The Recombination Hypothesis (2012)\" . IMDb . August 27, 2012 . Retrieved August 27, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"The Big Bang Theory - The Recombination Hypothesis\" . CBS Interactive . August 27, 2012 . Retrieved August 27, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b \" \" The Big Bang Theory\" Tops \"American Idol\" in Adults 18-49 and Adults 25-54 in Common Half-Hour\" . The Futon Critic. January 20, 2012 . Retrieved September 7, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"The Recombination Hypothesis (2012) Did You Know?\" . IMDb . July 7, 2012 . Retrieved July 7, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"The Big Bang Theory: \"The Recombination Hypothesis\" Review\" . IGN . January 20, 2012 . Retrieved July 7, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"The Big Bang Theory Review: Penny and Leonard 2.0\" . January 2, 2012 . Retrieved July 7, 2012 . External links [ edit ] \"The Recombination Hypothesis\" on IMDb \"The Recombination Hypothesis\" at TV.com hide v t e The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 \" Pilot \" Season 2 \" The Terminator Decoupling \" Season 3 \" The Jiminy Conjecture \" Season 4 \" The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification \" \" The Hot Troll Deviation \" \" The Love Car Displacement \" \" The Toast Derivation \" \" The Roommate Transmogrification \" Season 5 \" The Skank Reflex Analysis \" \" The Infestation Hypothesis \" \" The Wiggly Finger Catalyst \" \" The Russian Rocket Reaction \" \" The Rhinitis Revelation \" \" The Good Guy Fluctuation \" \" The Isolation Permutation \" \" The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition \" \" The Shiny Trinket Maneuver \" \" The Recombination Hypothesis \" \" The Beta Test Initiation \" \" The Werewolf Transformation \" \" The Hawking Excitation \" \" The Stag Convergence \" \" The Countdown Reflection \" Season 6 \" The Fish Guts Displacement \" \" The Santa Simulation \" \" The Egg Salad Equivalency \" Season 7 \" The Hofstadter Insufficiency \" \" The Convention Conundrum \" Season 8 \" The Locomotion Interruption \" Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts \" Soft Kitty \" Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga (jellyfish) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Category Book Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Recombination_Hypothesis&oldid=848167949 \" Categories : The Big Bang Theory episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from July 2012 Tv.com template using numeric id Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018, at 05:33 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "The Recombination Hypothesis", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Recombination_Hypothesis&amp;oldid=848167949" }

{ "text": "The Only Exception - Wikipedia The Only Exception From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search \"The Only Exception\" Single by Paramore from the album Brand New Eyes Released February 17, 2010 Format Digital download 7\" vinyl CD single Recorded 2009; Lightning Sound Studios ( Hidden Hills, California ) Genre Soft rock [1] folk rock [2] Length 4 : 28 Label Fueled by Ramen Songwriter(s) Hayley Williams Josh Farro Producer(s) Rob Cavallo Paramore singles chronology \" Brick by Boring Brick \" (2009) \" The Only Exception \" (2010) \" Careful \" (2010) \" Brick by Boring Brick \" (2009) \" The Only Exception \" (2010) \" Careful \" (2010) \" The Only Exception \" is a song by American rock band Paramore . It was released by Fueled by Ramen in February 2010 as the third single from the band's third studio album, Brand New Eyes (2009). The song was written by band members Hayley Williams and Josh Farro ; Paramore is also credited as being co-producers to the song. The song was generally well received by music critics; praise of the song was mainly about Williams' vocal performance. Music critics reviewing the song noted that \"The Only Exception\" was a different musical theme for the band. \"The Only Exception\" was the most successful single from Brand New Eyes, having topped the United Kingdom Rock Chart and peaked at No. 13 and No. 17 in New Zealand and Australia respectively. The single has become the band's third of five top forty hits to date on the Billboard Hot 100 . A music video for the song, directed by Brandon Chesbro, was released on February 17, 2010, via the band's official website. The song received a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . It was the band's most successful single until the release of \" Ain't It Fun \" (2014). Contents [ hide ] 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 4.1 Background 4.2 Synopsis 4.3 Reception 5 Live performances 6 The Only Exception EP 6.1 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Charts 8.2 Year-end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 In popular culture 9.1 Live performances 9.2 Other appearances 9.3 Covers 9.4 Glee cover 9.5 Rock Band music gaming platform 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background [ edit ] \"The Only Exception\" was released as the third single from the band's 2009 studio album Brand New Eyes in February 2010. It was noticed by music critics that, Paramore, who usually write and record darker material, mainly of the alternative genre, had, musically, gone in a different direction with \"The Only Exception\". [3] [4] Rolling Stone described the song as \"a subtle, Radiohead -esque ballad.\" [5] The song's lyrics pertain to the protagonist not believing that love exists and trying to live without it, mainly to avoid rejection, but eventually realizing that it does exist, describing the person as being their \"only exception\". Many fans believe that the song was written as an ode to Chad Gilbert from New Found Glory . [5] Incidentally, Williams has declined to comment directly on the issue, merely saying, \"Read a couple blogs, and you'll figure it out.\" [5] Other themes include trying to pursue a relationship, as well as trying to make a relationship last, which can be seen in the lyrics, \"I know you're leaving in the morning, when you wake up/Leave me with some kind of proof it's not a dream\". [4] According to the sheet music published on Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , the single is written in the time signature of 12/8. [6] The song is played in the key of B Mixolydian and is sung in the vocal range of F#3 to D#5. [6] \"The Only Exception\" has a moderately slow tempo of forty eight beats per minute . [6] Critical reception [ edit ] \"The Only Exception\" received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics. Williams' vocal performance was mainly praised by music critics. Mikael Wood, a writer for Spin felt that \"The Only Exception\" was a \"surprisingly soulful acoustic number\" and compared its musical structure to Coldplay 's Parachutes -era. Wood commented that the song was an \"upgrade\" that consisted of \"focus and intensity\". [7] Leonie Cooper of NME noted in his review for Brand New Eyes that Paramore were able to \"showcase their maturity\" with multiple ballad songs, specifying \"The Only Exception\". [8] Cooper commented that while the song's lyrics seemed to be a \"nondescript love song\" that does not \"quite warrant the abrupt change of pace\", he praised Williams' vocals. [8] Cooper further stated, \"[The song] feels like something Katy Perry would dismiss for being too lightweight, with its mechanical, campfire strumming and general uninspiring air. Its saving grace, however, comes with Williams' vocals, which are flawless and sturdy throughout. Even though the song gets soppy, she never does – weakness just ain't in this lady's repertoire, and for that we offer her a hefty high five.\" [8] Marc Hirsh of The Boston Globe listed \"The Only Exception\" as the highlight of Brand New Eyes , crediting the song as being an \"essential\". [9] Hirsh said that \"The Only Exception\" is \"probably the best place to start\" with the album, describing Williams' vocals as \"forging a connection\" rather than \"simply spitting out her feelings\"; he also praised the other band members for locking in at a \"sympathetic simmer\". [9] Channing Freeman of Sputnikmusic felt that \"The Only Exception\" had similarities to \"The Boy Who Blocked His Own Shot\" by Brand New. [10] Freeman stated that on Paramore's All We Know Is Falling , \"My Heart\" was a \"blunt and obvious song\" that focused on a \"climax to be emotional\", but with \"The Only Exception\", Paramore have \"figured out that it doesn't have to finish loud to incite a reaction in the listener\". [10] He also noted that the song shows that Williams' lyrics have \"definitely improved\". [10] Jesse Catalodo of Slant felt that the lyrics to \"The Only Exception\" may be \"irredeemably over-the-top\" but its \"vocal melodies are the stuff of perfect pop\". [11] Commercial performance [ edit ] It peaked at number 12 on the Billboard component chart for Pop Songs ; the song remained on the chart for twenty weeks. [12] However, on the week of June 12, 2010, the song debuted at number ninety on the Billboard Hot 100. It has since peaked at No. 24, becoming (at the time) the most successful Paramore single overall (outside of alternative airplay – Misery Business remains their most-successful alternative-pop airplay single to date). It was their third top forty hit in the US, preceding Still Into You and Ain't It Fun , which became their fourth and fifth top forty hits, respectively. \"The Only Exception\" also became the band's first foray onto Adult Contemporary stations, peaking at number 28 on the component Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. The track was more successful internationally, peaking generally within the top twenty on multiple countries' charts. On the New Zealand RIANZ singles chart, it debuted at number thirty-eight on February 22, 2010. [13] The following week, the song moved up fifteen positions to number twenty-three. [13] The song peaked at number thirteen. [14] After four weeks on the chart, \"The Only Exception\" peaked at number two on the United Kingdom's Rock Chart on March 14, 2010, staying at that position for three weeks [15] but moving up to number one on the chart's issue date of April 5, 2010. [15] The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number eighty on March 28, 2010. [16] It peaked at number thirty-one. [16] The track peaked at number forty-seven in Austria on March 28, 2010. [17] The single also debuted as its peak position, number eighty-four, on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles chart on April 24, 2010. [18] \"The Only Exception\" debuted at number fifty-nine in Brazilian Hot 100 Airplay chart in June 2010, becoming the group's first single to enter the Brazilian charts, [19] achieving the following months the position at No. 32. [20] Music video [ edit ] Background [ edit ] Williams in the song's music video. In the scene Williams is shown lying on Valentine-themed cards while singing the song's chorus. The cards shown in the video were fan-made. Chesbro said that the scene was his favorite part of the video to film. [21] A music video for \"The Only Exception\" was directed by Brandon Chesbro, who had been working with Paramore for over two years. [3] The song's music video was Chesbro's music video directorial debut. [3] Prior to \"The Only Exception\" video, Chesbro had been approached to direct music videos for Brand New Eyes ' two previous singles, but decided against it due to creative opinions. [3] In December 2009, he was asked to direct the music video for \"The Only Exception\". [3] Although the story board process took a while, the video was filmed in four days. [3] The music video premiered on February 17, 2010, on Paramore's website. [21] Williams confirmed that as part of a Valentine's Day theme, the band selected cards that were sent to them by fans and featured them in the video. [21] In an interview with MTV , Chesbro commented on filming the scene involving Williams lying on Valentine's Day's styled-cards during the music video, saying, \"The band has crazy fans. All those cards are so detailed [...] these kids spent serious time on these cards. That's my favorite shot of the whole video. It was the first thing we shot and I thought that if something falls apart and we only have that one shot, that could be the video all by itself and it'd be perfect.\" [3] Synopsis [ edit ] The music video opens with Williams waking up on a couch next to an unnamed sleeping male and writes a note that says \"I'm sorry\". [21] From there, she walks to a room and hugs her father, who is mentioned in song. A conversation ensues with Williams taking a photo of someone presumed to be her mother. [21] The video continues with Williams in her room staring at the photo on a mirror, singing about how love, \"does not exist.\" She moves through a costume closet, into a restaurant set, where a rotating cast of men pose as her date; then, into the next room where there is a wedding. Everyone at the wedding is wearing white, with the other band members in attendance, but Williams arrives dressed in black and she flees the scene from where the bride enters. [21] During the chorus of the song, the clip cuts to the scenes where Williams is lying down on a giant pile of Valentine -themed cards. [21] Throughout the video, clips of Williams singing with the rest of Paramore in a dim-lighted background are shown. In the video's final moments, Williams spots the same male she woke up to at the beginning of the video in the crowd at a rock show. After fantasizing of the two being together through all sets from the start of the video, she makes her way back through the various rooms to the original set in the beginning. When Williams sings \"And I'm on my way to believing\", she returns to the couch where the male is still asleep and hides the note she wrote in her pocket as she lies back down next to him. Reception [ edit ] The music video for \"The Only Exception\" was generally well received by music critics. Kyle Anderson, a writer for MTV , commented that the music video is \"by far the most visually interesting and complex clip the group has ever produced.\" [3] Anderson further stated that \"despite the complexity of the video, the whole process was remarkably efficient\". [3] She remarked that based on the video's outcome that it was \"a little bit surprising\" to know that it was directed by a first-time director. [3] Mike Sheffield of Spin viewed the music video as a \"love story\" and described it as being \"Valentine's Day + epic Emo balladry = Paramore's brand new video for 'The Only Exception'\". [22] Chesbro said that he was happy with the final product of the music video and that directing the video made him become more interested in directing videos, saying, \"I'd really like to do more videos now [...] This video turned out so perfect that I'm worried nothing else will turn out as good. But if this is my only video, I was super-proud to be a part of it.\" [3] Live performances [ edit ] The track has been performed by Paramore on many occasions. The band's first performance of the song was on November 1, 2009 in Nashville . Paramore performed a live version of \"The Only Exception\" for The Ellen DeGeneres Show . [23] The band performed the chorus and outro of the song on the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010. [24] The Only Exception EP [ edit ] The Only Exception EP by Paramore Released September 28, 2010 Genre Soft rock folk rock Length 13 : 27 Label Fueled by Ramen Paramore chronology 2010 Summer Tour EP (2010) 2010 Summer Tour EP 2010 The Only Exception EP (2010) Singles Club (2011) Singles Club 2011 The Only Exception is Paramore's third EP , released exclusively to the iTunes Store on September 28, 2010. [25] [26] Track listing [ edit ] 7\" picture disc [27] No. Title Length 1. \"The Only Exception\" (Album version) 4:28 The Only Exception EP [26] No. Title Length 1. \"The Only Exception\" (Album version) 4:28 2. \"The Only Exception\" (Acoustic) 4:33 3. \"The Only Exception\" (Video) 4:28 Personnel [ edit ] The following personnel contributed to \"The Only Exception\": [28] Production Rob Cavallo - producer Paramore - co-producer Chris Lord-Alge - mixing Ted Jensen - mastering Doug McKean - engineering Jamie Muhoberac - keyboards , organ Paramore Hayley Williams – lead vocals , harmony vocals Josh Farro – rhythm guitar , acoustic guitar , backing vocals Taylor York – lead guitar , acoustic guitar Jeremy Davis – bass guitar Zac Farro – drums , percussion Charts and certifications [ edit ] Charts [ edit ] Chart (2010–11) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) [29] 17 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) [20] 32 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) [30] 25 Canada CHR/Top 40 ( Billboard ) [31] 27 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) [32] 32 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) [18] 72 Ireland ( IRMA ) [33] 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) [34] 13 UK Rock ( The Official Charts Company ) [35] 1 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [36] 31 US Billboard Hot 100 [37] 24 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) [38] 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) [39] 9 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) [40] 28 Year-end charts [ edit ] Charts (2010) Position Australia (ARIA) [41] 75 US Billboard Hot 100 [42] 93 Certifications [ edit ] Country Certification ( sales thresholds ) Sales/Shipments Australia Platinum [43] 70,000 New Zealand Gold [44] 7,500 United Kingdom Silver [45] 200,000 United States Platinum [46] 1,000,000 In popular culture [ edit ] Live performances [ edit ] Paramore performed a live version of \"The Only Exception\" for The Ellen DeGeneres Show . [23] The band performed the chorus and outro of the song on the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010. [24] Paramore performed \"The Only Exception\" in VH1 Divas 2010 [47] with the song \" Misery Business \", \" Decode \" and \"My Hero\" [48] The band performed \"The Only Exception\" at Jingle Ball in Madison Square Garden [49] with the song \"Misery Business\" and \" Brick by Boring Brick \" [50] Other appearances [ edit ] The music video appears in Paramore's Videos. All of Them. Ever . [51] The song appears in 2011 Grammy Nominees by the Nominees in 53rd Grammy Awards . [52] Covers [ edit ] Sam Tsui and Kurt Schneider did an acoustic cover. [53] April Chase did a cover, the Directed an shot is Marco Bercasio [54] Rachel G. Fox did an acoustic cover [55] Chris Ninni and Ben Hazlewood covered the song in The Voice Australia Kelly Clarkson covered the song as part of her Stronger Tour [56] Masha covered \"The Only Exception\" on her popular YouTube channel on March 25, 2012. [57] Julien Áncery did a cover of \"The Only Exception\" for Valentine's Day 2014. Glee cover [ edit ] The song was performed in the Britney Spears -themed episode \" Britney/Brittany \" of the US television series Glee , which aired September 28, 2010. [58] Lea Michele , in character as Rachel Berry , sang the song at the end of the episode as an apology to her boyfriend Finn Hudson , played by Cory Monteith . [59] The performance was praised by most critics, with Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman calling it \"gorgeous and tender\" and Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack praising it as the episode's \"nice, emotional capper\". [60] [61] Williams complimented Michele's vocals on the rendition through her Twitter account. [62] The cover was released as a single and charted at number twenty-two in both Canada and Ireland, twenty-six in the US, and sixty in Australia, with sales of 89,000 copies in the US according to Nielsen SoundScan . [63] [64] [65] [66] Rock Band music gaming platform [ edit ] The song was made available for download on May 15, 2012 to play in Rock Band 3 Basic and PRO mode utilizing real guitar / bass guitar, and MIDI compatible electronic drum kits / keyboards plus vocal harmonies. It is also playable in Rock Band Blitz . See also [ edit ] List of number-one rock hits of 2010 (UK) List of number-one rock hits of 2011 (UK) References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"The 100 Biggest Songs Of 2010: Drinking, Dancing And Da Club\" . NPR . Retrieved November 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Playlist: 15 best Paramore songs, 'Twilight' to now\" . 7 August 2014 . Retrieved December 8, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Kyle Anderson (2010-02-18). \"Paramore's 'The Only Exception' Director 'Super-Proud' Of Video\" . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Conny, Julia (2009-09-30). \"Paramore - brand new eyes\" . Absolute Punk . Muzz Media . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Diehl, Matt (2009-05-28), \"Paramore Move Beyond Pop Punk With 'Riot!' Follow-Up\", Rolling Stone , p. 19 ^ Jump up to: a b c \"The Only Exception – Pararmore Digital Sheet Music (Digital Download)\". MusicNotes.com . Alfred Publishing Co. Inc . |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) Jump up ^ Mikael Wood (2009-09-28). \"Paramore, 'brand new eyes' (Fueled by Ramen)\" . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Leonie Cooper (2009-09-28). \"Album review: Paramore - 'Brand New Eyes ' \" . NME . IPC Media . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Marc Hirsh (2009-09-28). \"Paramore, 'Brand New Eyes ' \" . The Boston Globe . Globe Newspaper Company . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Channing Freeman (2009-09-21). \"Paramore Brand New Eyes\" . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . Jump up ^ Jesse Catalodo (2009-10-01). \"Paramore: Brand New Eyes\" . Slant Magazine . Slant Magazine . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"US Billboard Pop Songs for week May 29, 2010\" . Billboard . May 29, 2010 . Retrieved May 26, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Paramore The Only Exception (song)\" . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"New Zealand Singles Chart: Chart #1711\" . RIANZ . March 9, 2010 . Retrieved March 9, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"UK Top 40 Rock Singles Chart\". BBC News . BBC Online . March 14, 2010. |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) ^ Jump up to: a b \"Paramore - The Only Exception\" . ChartStats.com . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Paramore - The Only Exception (song)\" . Austrian-Charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 7, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Paramore – Chart history\" European Hot 100 for Paramore. Jump up ^ \"Brasil Hot 100 Airplay\". Billboard Brasil (in Portuguese). Brazil: BPP: 79. June 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b \"Brasil Hot 100 Airplay\". Billboard Brasil (in Portuguese). Brazil: BPP: 84. August 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kyle Anderson (2010-02-18). \"Paramore's 'Exception' Video Features Fans' Valentines\" . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Sheffield (2010-02-18). \"Warch: Paramores New Love Story Video\" . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Paramore Perform 'The Only Exception' On 'Ellen' - Music, Celebrity, Artist News\" . MTV. 2010-05-14 . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Paramore\" . TVGuide.com. 2010-09-09. Jump up ^ \"The Only Exception EP out today!\" . Paramore.net. September 28, 2010 . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"The Only Exception - Deluxe Single\" . iTunes Store . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Citysearch\" . Retrieved November 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ Brand New Eyes liner notes Fueled by Ramen (2009). Jump up ^ \" Australian-charts.com – Paramore – The Only Exception\" . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ \"Paramore Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)\" . Billboard . Jump up ^ \"Paramore Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)\" . Billboard . Retrieved February 4, 2018. Jump up ^ \"Paramore Chart History (Canada Hot AC)\" . Billboard . Retrieved February 4, 2018. Jump up ^ \" Chart Track: Week 15, 2010\" . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ \" Charts.org.nz – Paramore – The Only Exception\" . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ \"Archive Chart\" . Theofficialcharts.com. 2011-01-29 . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . Jump up ^ \"Official Singles Chart Top 100\" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2010-10-03. Jump up ^ \"Paramore Chart History (Hot 100)\" . Billboard . Jump up ^ \"Paramore Chart History (Pop Songs)\" . Billboard . Jump up ^ \"Paramore Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)\" . Billboard . Jump up ^ \"Paramore Chart History (Adult Contemporary)\" . Billboard . Jump up ^ \"ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2010\" . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2010-01-09 . Jump up ^ \"Top 100 Music Hits, Top 100 Music Charts, Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100\" . Billboard . Nielsen Company. December 8, 2010 . Retrieved December 9, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2010 Singles\" . Aria.com.au . 2010-12-31 . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . Jump up ^ \"Latest Gold & Platinum Singles > New Zealand\" . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 2010-05-27 . Retrieved 2010-08-14 . Jump up ^ \"Gold and Platinum Database - Paramore\" . bpi.co.uk . Retrieved February 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Paramore RIAA certifications\" . RIAA.com . Retrieved April 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"VIDEOS: PARAMORE AT VH1 DIVAS! - Blog Detail\" . Paramore.net. 2010-12-06 . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . Jump up ^ \" ' VH1 Divas Salute the Troops,' in photos and video | tennessean.com | Tune In Music City\" . Blogs.tennessean.com. 2010-12-06 . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . Jump up ^ \"Paramore Live From Madison Square Garden - Blog Detail\" . Paramore.net. 2010-12-16 . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . Jump up ^ \"VÃdeo: Jingle Bell transmitido en Fuse | Paramore España\" . Paramore.es. 2010-12-19 . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . Jump up ^ \"Paramore's Videos. All of Them. Ever by Paramore - Download Paramore's Videos. All of Them. Ever on iTunes\" . Itunes.apple.com. 2010-05-11 . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . Jump up ^ \"The 53rd Annual GRAMMY Awards 2011\" . 2011grammycd.com. 2011-01-06 . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . Jump up ^ \" \" The Only Exception\" - Paramore (Sam Tsui cover)\" . YouTube . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . Jump up ^ \"April Chase - \"The Only Exception\" Paramore (cover)\" . YouTube . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . Jump up ^ \"Paramore Only Exception cover by Rachel Fox\" . YouTube . Retrieved 2011-03-21 . Jump up ^ \"Kelly Clarkson covers Paramore\" . YouTube . Retrieved June 5, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Paramore - The Only Exception (Cover by Masha)\" . YouTube . Retrieved November 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Oops, they did it again on an all-new \"Glee \" \" (Press release). Fox Broadcasting Company . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson, Kyle (September 29, 2010). \"The Britney Spears 'Glee' Episode Upstaged By Paramore's 'The Only Exception ' \" . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ Futterman, Erica (September 29, 2010). \"Glee Playback: Britney Spears Makes for Mixed Results\" . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ Stack, Tim (September 29, 2010). \" ' Glee' recap: Britney, Baby, One More Time\" . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ Semigran, Aly (September 29, 2010). \"Britney Spears And Hayley Williams React To Last Night's 'Glee' In Today's Tweet Dreams\" . MTV. MTV Networks . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Canadian Hot 100: Week of October 16, 2010 (Biggest Jump)\" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Irish Music Charts Archive: Top 50 Singles, Week Ending 7 October 2010\" . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith; Pietroluongo, Siovio (October 7, 2010). \"Chart Moves: Far East Movement, Bruno Mars, Neon Trees, Lil Wayne\" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Chartifacts - Week Commencing: 4th October 2010\" . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 4, 2010. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010 . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . External links [ edit ] hide v t e Paramore songs Discography All We Know Is Falling \" Pressure \" \" Emergency \" \" All We Know \" Riot! \" Misery Business \" \" Hallelujah \" \" Crushcrushcrush \" \" That's What You Get \" Brand New Eyes \" Ignorance \" \" Brick by Boring Brick \" \" The Only Exception \" \" Careful \" \" Playing God \" Singles Club \" Monster \" \" Renegade \" \" In the Mourning \" Paramore \" Now \" \" Still Into You \" \" Daydreaming \" \" Ain't It Fun \" \" Grow Up \" \" Anklebiters \" \" Hate to See Your Heart Break \" After Laughter \" Hard Times \" \" Told You So \" \" Fake Happy \" \" Rose-Colored Boy \" \" Caught in the Middle \" Other songs \" Decode \" Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Only_Exception&oldid=844896137 \" Categories : 2010 singles Paramore songs Songs written by Hayley Williams Rock ballads Songs written by Josh Farro Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo Torch songs 2009 songs Fueled by Ramen singles 2000s ballads Folk ballads Hidden categories: Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Good articles Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Polski Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018, at 22:33 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "Bahamian cuisine - Wikipedia Bahamian cuisine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Part of a series on the Culture of The Bahamas History Languages [show] Bahamian English Bahamian Creole Haitian Creole Music and performing arts [show] Music Media [show] Television Symbols [show] Flag Coat of arms The Bahamas portal v t e Bahamian Cuisine refers to the foods and beverages of The Bahamas . It includes seafood such as fish, shellfish, lobster, crab, and conch, [1] as well as tropical fruits , rice , peas , pigeon peas , potatoes , and pork. Popular seasonings commonly used in dishes include chilies (hot pepper), lime, tomatoes, onions, garlic, allspice, cinnamon, rum, and coconut. [1] Rum-based beverages are popular on the island. [2] Since the Bahamas consist of a multitude of islands, notable culinary variations exist. Bahamian cuisines are somewhat related to the American South. [3] A large portion of Bahamian foodstuffs are imported ( cf. economy of the Bahamas ). [3] International cuisine is offered, especially at hotels. [3] Many specialty dishes are available at roadside stands, beach side, and in fine dining establishments. In contrast to the offerings in the city of Nassau and in the many hotels, \"shack\" type food stands/restaurants (including Goldies and Twin Brothers) are located at Arawak Cay on West Bay Street about 15 minutes from downtown Nassau and 25 minutes from Atlantis Paradise Island resort.This is a very organized and safe place to enjoy fresh seafood and all local Bahamian dishes. [2] Travellers Rest Restaurant, in Nassau, is known for serving authentic \"local\" foods. [2] [4] Bahamian cuisine is showcased at many large festivals, including Independence Day (Bahamas) on July 10 (during which inhabitants prepare special dishes like guava duff ), Fox Hill Day (second Tuesday in August), and Emancipation Day . Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the Pineapple Fest in Gregory Town, Eleuthera . Bahamian traditions and food have been exported to other countries with emigrants. [5] Coconut Grove , Florida celebrates the Goombay Festival in June, transforming the area's Grand Avenue into a Carnival (Caribbean Carnival) in celebration of Bahamian culture, Bahamian food and music (Junkanoo and 'Rake'N'Scrape' [6] ). [7] Fantasy Fest in Key West , Florida includes a two-day street party known as Goombay held in Key West's Bahama Village neighborhood. [5] It is named after the goombay goatskin drums that generate the party's rhythms and held in celebration of the heritage of Key West's large Bahamian population with food, art, and dancing. [5] Contents 1 Beverages 2 Soups 3 Seafood 4 Meat 5 Side dishes 6 Seasonings 7 Fruit 8 Desserts 9 See also 10 References Beverages [ edit ] Fruit juices, including coconut water , are often used for beverages. Switcha is a \"lemonade\" made with native limes. [3] [8] Goombay Punch is a commercially prepared, highly sweetened soft drink. [9] It differs from the Goombay Smash , which is an alcoholic preparation. Triple B is a non-alcoholic malt drink made by the Bahamian Brewery . [10] Alcoholic beverages include rum , [1] which is sometimes infused with coconut . Rum is also used in mixed drinks such as rum punch . Sky juice is a drink consisting of coconut water blended with condensed milk and gin . [3] [9] [11] The Yellow Bird (cocktail) , the Bahama Mama, the Goombay Smash , and Planter's Punch [2] are popular local drinks. Nassau Royale is a Bahamian liqueur and is used to make the C. C. Rider. [2] The Bahamian Brewery makes beers including: Sands, Bush Crack, High Rock (named for a geographic feature: High Rock ) and Strong Back. [12] Kalik is a Bahamian beer. [3] Soups [ edit ] Bahamians enjoy many soups popular throughout the Caribbean including conch chowder or stewed conch , stewed fish and split pea soup (made with ham). Peas are used in various soups, including a soup made with dumplings and salt beef . Souse is a soup usually made with chicken, lime, potatoes and pepper. [3] , if made with fish it is called boiled fish. These soup dishes are usually served with Johnny cake or grits. Turtle soup was once a mainstay before turtles became endangered. [2] Seafood [ edit ] Seafood is a staple in the Bahamas. Conch , a large tropical mollusk (sea snail) with firm, white flesh, is the national dish of the Bahamas. [2] Conch can be prepared in a number of ways: served raw with lime juice, raw vegetables and even fruit called conch salad. It can be steamed, stewed, deep-fried (\"cracked conch\" or conch fritters), used in soups (especially conch chowder), or served in salads . Other popular shellfish are crab (including the Florida stone crab ), which is often served baked, or another dish called crab fat and dough. The clawless spiny lobster , also known as rock lobster and sometimes referred to as crayfish . [1] [2] Grouper is often served fried, sautéed, grilled or, more traditionally, boiled (called boiled fish) and offered with grits or Johnny cake . [3] Bonefish , found in great numbers in Bahamian waters, is served baked. [2] [13] Fish may be served escabeche style, in a mixture of lime juice or vinegar with seasoning. [1] In escabeche the fish is cooked first, differentiating it from the similarly prepared ceviche. \"Stewed fish\" is a method of preparing fish with celery, onions, potatoes, tomatoes and spices. Meat [ edit ] A dinner entree in the Bahamas Popular meat dishes are made with chicken , [1] pork, and goat (also referred to as mutton ). [1] Iguana is still hunted and eaten, especially in the outlying islands, although some species, such as the Northern Bahamian rock iguana , are endangered. A popular Bahamian dish which is known to locals as a fast and cheap dish is fire engine which is steamed corned beef and white rice. Side dishes [ edit ] Bahamian cuisine shares many side dishes with the American South: grits , baked macaroni and cheese , coleslaw , potato salad , boiled vegetables , fried plantain and johnnycake . Other more traditional Caribbean sides include pigeon peas , peas and rice [3] and cassava bread. [1] Salt pork is also served. Seasonings [ edit ] Bahamian dishes are frequently seasoned with Old Sour sauce especially fish dishes. Fruit [ edit ] Bahamian cuisine incorporates many tropical fruits. [2] Guavas are used to make duff (dessert) . Ice cream is popular, including fruit flavors such as soursop . [2] Puddings are eaten, including a sapodilla pudding. [2] Papaya (called pawpaw or melon tree) is the most famous Bahamian fruit and is used for desserts, chutneys, \"Goombay\" marmalade (made with papaya, pineapple, and green ginger), or simply eaten fresh at breakfast. Papaya is also used as a meat tenderizer, and in tropical drinks such as the Bahama Mama. [2] Melons , pineapples , passion fruit , and mangoes are also grown. [2] Desserts [ edit ] Bahamians enjoy a variety of desserts, including tarts (coconut and pineapple), guava duff , bread pudding , rum cake and cornmeal pudding. [1] Fruit cake is eaten during the Christmas holiday. Benny and peanut cake (which are not cakes at all) are also favorites among Bahamians. See also [ edit ] Caribbean cuisine Caribbean portal Food portal References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Brittin, Helen (2011). The Food and Culture Around the World Handbook . Boston: Prentice Hall. pp. 20–21. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n \"Bahama's Food and Drink\" . Frommers.com . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Bahamas cuisine Bahamas Ministry of Tourism website Jump up ^ Bahamas Restaurants, Find the Best Restaurants in Bahamas, Caribbean | Travel + Leisure ^ Jump up to: a b c \"About the Bahama Goombay Festival\" . Bahama Village Goombay Festival . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Music of the Bahamas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump up ^ \"Goombay Festival -Annual Coconut Grove Tradition\" . Florida Backwoods Travel . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller, Andre. \"Popular Drinks of the Bahamas\" . Bahamas.com . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bennett, Steve. \"Taste of the Caribbean: Bahamas Goombay Punch\" . Uncommoncaribbean.com . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Truly Bahamian\" . Bahamianbrewery.com . Bahamian Brewery Beverage & Co. Ltd . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Vletas, Stephen; Vletas, Kim (April 1, 2005). [ https://books.google.com/books?id=M1hHoYEtOaUC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=coconut+water+blended+with+milk+and+gin+in+the+bahamas+called+what&source=bl&ots=YJpXCjtMX0&sig=KkOW- A cocktail ,created about 40 years ago - in the 70's- by Wifred Sands , who at that time was the bartender at the exclusive Lyford Cay Club in New Providence , Bahamas, became very famous : named \" rum dum \" its recipe comes straight from the creator of the rum sour :1.25 oz of John Watling's pale rum,0,5 oz of John Watling's amber rum,1 oz Egg white,1,25 oz Fresh lemon juice,1tsp Sugar.\nB2wCZnlVCx0E5kLcsaf4_E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DZD6U5uvIZC2ogTG24H4Dw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=coconut%20water%20blended%20with%20milk%20and%20gin%20in%20the%20bahamas%20called%20what&f=false The Bahamas Fly-Fishing Guide ] Check |url= value ( help ) (1st ed.). Lyons Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1592287260 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . line feed character in |url= at position 167 ( help ) Jump up ^ Bush Crack, Truly Cheap Bahamian Beer | Bahamas | Uncommon Caribbean Jump up ^ Klug, Jim; Davis, Ian. \"Bonefish On The Brain: Your Guide to the Best Bonefishing on the Planet\" . Fly Rod & Reel . Archived from the original on 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . hide v t e North American cuisine Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahamian_cuisine&oldid=856697115 \" Categories : Bahamian cuisine Hidden categories: CS1 errors: invisible characters Pages with URL errors Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018, at 00:24 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Bahamian cuisine", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bahamian_cuisine&amp;oldid=856697115" }

{ "text": "The Humane Society of the United States - Wikipedia The Humane Society of the United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search [ hide ] This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings . (March 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Founded November 22, 1954 ; 63 years ago ( 1954-11-22 ) (as National Humane Society) Founders Fred Myers Helen Jones Larry Andrews Marcia Glaser Tax ID no. 53-0225390 [1] Legal status 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization [2] Focus Animal protection , Animal rights , Cruelty to Animals , Humane education , Animal Ethics , Animal law , wildlife conservation Location 1255 23rd Street, NW, Suite 450 Washington, D.C. , U.S. Coordinates 38°54′22″N 77°03′04″W  /  38.906°N 77.051°W  / 38.906; -77.051 Method public education, science-based analysis, training and education, grant-making, litigation, legislation, public policy Acting President and Chief Executive Officer Kitty Block Board Chairman Eric L. Bernthal [1] Revenue (2014) $135,499,050 [1] Expenses (2014) $128,921,223 [1] Endowment $28,155,902 [1] Employees (2014) 528 [1] Volunteers (2014) 1,520 [1] Website humanesociety .org The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ), based in Washington, D.C. , is an American nonprofit organization founded by journalist Fred Myers and Helen Jones, Larry Andrews, and Marcia Glaser in 1954, to address what they saw as animal-related cruelties of national scope, and to resolve animal welfare problems by applying strategies beyond the resources or abilities of local organizations. [3] In 2013, the Chronicle of Philanthropy identified HSUS as the 136th largest charity in the United States in its Philanthropy 400 listing. [4] [5] As of 2001, the group's major campaigns targeted five issues: factory farming , animal fighting , the fur trade , puppy mills , and wildlife abuse. [6] The organization works on a full range of animal issues, including companion animals , wildlife , farm animals , horses and other equines , and animals used in research, testing and education. [7] HSUS reported its revenue as US$129 million and net assets of US$215 million as of December 31, 2014. [1] HSUS pursues its global work through an affiliate, Humane Society International , which listed staff members in 17 nations for 2013. [8] Other affiliated entities include the Doris Day Animal League , founded by the actress Doris Day , and the Fund for Animals, founded by the television and social critic Cleveland Amory . Together with its affiliate, the Fund for Animals, HSUS operates animal sanctuaries in five states. [9] HSUS does not run local shelters or oversee local animal care and control agencies; it promotes best practices and supports such entities throughout the country with a range of services. [10] Contents [ hide ] 1 Overview 2 Rationale 3 History 3.1 Humane slaughter legislation 3.2 Regulation of experimentation upon animals 3.3 Companion animals and shelters 3.4 Exposure of cruelty in the dog trade 3.5 Goals and expansion 3.6 Relationship to animal rights 3.7 Position against the use of violence 4 Recent history 4.1 Animal protection litigation section 4.2 Canadian seal cull campaign 4.3 Corporate expansion 4.4 Corporate social responsibility outreach 4.5 Faith outreach 4.6 Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy 4.7 Hurricane Katrina animal rescue 4.8 Investigation into \"faux\" fur 4.9 Investigation of Westland Meat Packing Company 4.10 Petland puppy mills campaign 4.11 Political and legislative initiatives against animal abuse and cruelty 4.12 United Egg Producers 5 Positions and program work 5.1 Animal fighting 5.2 Animals in research, testing, and education 5.3 Animals used for food 5.3.1 Basic policy 5.3.2 Support for humane farmers and farms 5.4 Companion animals 5.5 Puppy mills 5.6 Wildlife 5.7 Zoos 5.8 Other issues 6 Governance and expenses 7 Grantmaking 8 Affiliated and related entities 8.1 Humane Society International 8.2 Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association 8.3 Humane Society Wildlife Land Trust 8.4 Doris Day Animal League 8.5 The Fund for Animals 8.6 The South Florida Wildlife Center 8.7 Humane Society Legislative Fund 9 Headquarters and regional offices 10 Critics 10.1 Center for Consumer Freedom 10.2 Humane Watch 10.3 Nathan Winograd 10.4 Protect the Harvest 10.5 The United States Association of Reptile Keepers 11 Specific criticism 11.1 Allegations of misappropriation of donations for Hurricane Katrina rescues 11.2 Allegations of misleading fundraising materials 11.3 Allegations of financial malfeasance 11.4 Animal rights agenda 11.5 Charity Navigator 11.6 Charity Watch 11.7 Feld Entertainment litigation 11.8 IRS complaint 11.9 Meat packing investigation 11.10 Michael Vick controversy 11.11 Misrepresentations of Canadian seafood boycott participation 11.12 Oklahoma Attorney General Issues Alert 11.13 Position on horse slaughter 11.14 Other criticisms 12 Animal Charity Evaluators review 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Overview [ edit ] HSUS formed after a schism surfaced in the American Humane Association over pound seizure, rodeo, and other issue of policy. The incorporators of HSUS included four people—Larry Andrews, Marcia Glaser, Helen Jones, and Fred Myers—all of whom were active in the leadership of existing local and national groups, who would become its first four employees. They believed that a new kind of organization would strengthen the American humane movement, and they set up HSUS as the \"National Humane Society,\" in Washington, DC to ensure that it could play a strong role in national policy development concerning animal welfare. HSUS's guiding principle was ratified by its national membership in 1956: \"The Humane Society of the United States opposes and seeks to prevent all use or exploitation of animals that causes pain, suffering, or fear.\" [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] Rationale [ edit ] The values that shaped HSUS's formation in 1954, came in some degree from the humane movement that originated in the 1860s in the United States. The idea of kindness to animals made significant inroads in American culture in the years following the Civil War . The development of sympathy for creatures in pain, the satisfaction of keeping them as pets, and the heightening awareness about the relationship between cruelty to animals and interpersonal violence strengthened the movement’s popular appeal. [17] Albert Schweitzer The most immediate philosophical influence on 1950s-era advocates, including those associated with HSUS, was the reverence-for-life concept advanced by Albert Schweitzer . Schweitzer included a deep regard for nonhuman animals in his canon of beliefs, and animal advocates laboring to give their concerns a higher profile were buoyed by Schweitzer’s 1952 Nobel Peace Prize speech, in which he noted that \"compassion, in which ethics takes root, does not assume its true proportions until it embraces not only man but every living being.\" [18] Myers and his colleagues found another exemplar of their values in Joseph Wood Krutch (1893–1970), whose writings reflected a deep level of appreciation for wilderness and for nonhuman life. With The Great Chain of Life (1957), Krutch established himself as a philosopher of humaneness, and in 1970, HSUS' highest award was renamed in his honor. [19] The growing environmental movement of the early 1970s also influenced the ethical and practical evolution of HSUS. The burgeoning crisis of pollution and wildlife-habitat loss made the public increasingly aware that humans needed to change their behavior toward other living things. By that time, too, the treatment of animals had become a topic of serious discussion within moral philosophy. The debate spilled over into public consciousness with the publication of Peter Singer ’s Animal Liberation (1975). Singer’s book sought to recast concern for animals as a justice-based cause like the movements for civil rights and women’s rights . [20] Most of what Singer wrote concerning the prevention or reduction of animals’ suffering was in harmony with HSUS’s objectives. Singer’s philosophy did not rest upon the rights of animals , and he specifically rejected the framework of rights in favor of a utilitarian assessment that focused on animal sentience. His principal concern, like that of HSUS, was the mitigation and elimination of suffering, and he endorsed the view that ethical treatment sometimes permitted or even required killing animals to end their misery. [20] [21] The 1980s witnessed a flourishing of concern about animals and a proliferation of new organizations, many influenced by the emergence of a philosophy holding that animals had inherent rights. Those committed to the purest form of animal rights rejected any human use of animals. In this changing context, HSUS faced new challenges. As newer animal organizations adopted more radical approaches to achieve their goals, the organization born in anti-establishment politics now found itself identified – and sometimes criticized – as the \"establishment\" group of record. [22] History [ edit ] In 1954, HSUS’s founders decided to create a new kind of animal organization, based in the nation’s capital, to confront national cruelties beyond the reach of local societies and state federations. Humane slaughter became an immediate priority and commanded a substantial portion of the organization’s resources. Myers and his colleagues also viewed this first campaign as a vehicle for promoting movement cohesion. Humane slaughter legislation [ edit ] In 1958, the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act passed, which required the proper use of humane slaughter methods at slaughterhouses subject to federal inspection. [23] Only four years after HSUS’s formation, Myers pointed out that the movement had united, for the first time in eighty-five years, [23] to achieve enactment of federal legislation that would affect the lives of tens of millions of animals. He was encouraged that \"hundreds of local societies could lift their eyes from local problems to a great national cruelty.\" [3] Regulation of experimentation upon animals [ edit ] HSUS also made the use of animals in research, testing, and education an early focus. In the post– World War II era, an increasingly assertive biomedical research community sought to obtain animals from pounds and shelters handling municipal animal control contracts. Local humane societies across the nation resisted. HSUS sought to bolster the movement’s strong opposition to pound seizure, believing that no public pound or privately operated humane society should be compelled by law to provide animals for experimental use. [24] HSUS took the position that animal experimentation should be regulated, and in the 1950s it placed investigators in laboratories to gather evidence of substandard conditions and animal suffering and neglect. [25] The HSUS was not an anti- vivisection society, Myers explained in 1958. Rather, it stood for the principle that \"every humane society … should be actively concerned about the treatment accorded to such a vast number of animals.\" [3] Beginning in the 1990s, HSUS board member David O. Wiebers, a medical doctor associated with the Mayo Clinic , undertook efforts to lessen tensions between animal protection organizations and the scientific community, and to seek to identify areas of common agreement. [26] Companion animals and shelters [ edit ] Service to local animal shelters, with a special focus on solving problems and challenges of importance to every one of the nation's humane societies, was an early priority for HSUS. Its first brochure, \"They Preach Cruelty,\" focused on the tragedy of animal overpopulation. [27] HSUS and its state branches operated animal shelters in Waterford, Virginia, Salt Lake City Utah, and Boulder, Colorado, and elsewhere, during the 1960s, and part of the 1970s. [28] From the early 1960s onward, HSUS worked to promote the most humane methods possible for euthanasia of animals in shelters, using its Waterford, Virginia animal shelter as a model for best practices in this area. [29] HSUS does not currently operate any Animal Shelters. Under Phyllis Wright, HSUS was a driving force behind the shift to use of sodium pentobarbital for animal euthanasia, in opposition to the use of gas chambers and decompression, the standard shelter killing methods until the early 1980s. [30] In 1984, a General Accounting Office report confirmed HSUS allegations of major problems with puppy mills in the United States, setting the stage for proposed legislation to regulate mills in the 1990s. [31] Exposure of cruelty in the dog trade [ edit ] In 1961, HSUS investigator Frank McMahon launched a probe of dog dealers around the country to generate support for a federal law to prevent cruelty to animals destined for use in laboratories. The five-year investigation into the multilayered trade in dogs paid off in February 1966 when Life published a photo-essay of a raid conducted on a Maryland dog dealer’s premises by McMahon and the state police. [32] [33] The Life spread sparked outrage, and tens of thousands of Americans wrote to their congressional representatives, demanding action to protect animals and prevent pet theft. That summer the U.S. Congress approved the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (later renamed the \" Animal Welfare Act of 1966 \"), only the second major federal humane law passed since World War II. [34] Goals and expansion [ edit ] Other broad goals during this time included a reduction in the U.S.’s homeless dog and cat population, the reform of inhumane euthanasia practices, and to regulate pet shops and to end the commercial pet breeding trade. HSUS and its state branches operated animal shelters in Waterford, Virginia, Salt Lake City Utah, and Boulder, Colorado, and elsewhere, during the 1960s, and part of the 1970s. [28] Today, HSUS operates five animal sanctuaries in the states of California, Florida Massachusetts, Oregon, and Texas. [35] HSUS also worked, from the 1960s, to promote humane education of children in the schools. Much of this work was carried out under the auspices of an affiliate, the National Association for the Advancement of Humane Education. In the 1980s, HSUS sponsored several validation studies designed to demonstrate the value of humane education . [36] [37] Relationship to animal rights [ edit ] While HSUS welcomed and benefited from growing social interest in animals, it did not originally embrace the language and philosophy of animal rights. Rather, HSUS representatives expressed their beliefs that animals were \"entitled to humane treatment and to equal and fair consideration.\" [38] Like many of the organizations and individuals associated with humane work, HSUS did try to come to terms with the shift toward rights-based language and arguments. In 1978, attorneys Robert Welborn and Murdaugh Stuart Madden [39] conducted a workshop at the HSUS annual conference, \"Can Animal Rights Be Legally Defined?\", and assembled constituents passed a resolution to the effect that \"animals have the right to live and grow under conditions that are comfortable and reasonably natural... animals that are used by man in any way have the right to be free from abuse, pain, and torment caused or permitted by man... animals that are domesticated or whose natural environment is altered by man have the right to receive from man adequate food, shelter, and care.\" [40] In 1980 the notion of rights surfaced in an HSUS convention resolution which, noting that \"such rights naturally evolve from long accepted doctrines of justice or fairness or some other dimension of morality,\" called for \"pursuit on all fronts... the clear articulation and establishment of the rights of animals\" [41] In 1986, HSUS employee John McArdle declared that \"HSUS is definitely shifting in the direction of animal rights faster than anyone would realize from our literature\". [42] The HSUS fired McArdle shortly thereafter, he alleged, for being an \"animal rights activist.\". [43] At about the same time, former HSUS president John Hoyt stated that \"this new [animal rights] philosophy has served as a catalyst in the shaping of our own philosophies, policies, and goals.\" [44] Position against the use of violence [ edit ] Since 1990 at least, HSUS has expressed a clear opposition to \"the use of threats and acts of violence against people and willful destruction and theft of property.\" [45] [46] [47] In 2008, HSUS offered a reward for information leading to the identification and arrest of parties involved with the firebombing of two University of California animal researchers. [48] Recent history [ edit ] In the spring of 2004, the HSUS board appointed Wayne Pacelle as CEO and president. A former executive director of The Fund for Animals and named in 1997 as \"one of America's most important animal rights activists,\" [49] the Yale graduate spent a decade as HSUS’s chief lobbyist and spokesperson, and expressed a strong commitment to expand the organization’s base of support as well as its influence on public policies that affect animals. [50] Under Pacelle's leadership, HSUS has undertaken several dozen ballot initiative and referendum campaigns in a number of states, concerning issues like unsportsmanlike hunting practices, cruelty in industrial agriculture, greyhound racing , puppy mill cruelty and animal trapping . [51] [52] [53] In August 2014, Pacelle was again named to the NonProfit Times' \"Power and Influence Top 50\" for his achievements in leading HSUS, the fourth time he has been so recognized. [54] Since Pacelle’s appointment, HSUS has claimed successes such as the adoption of \"cage-free\" egg-purchasing policies by hundreds of universities and dozens of corporations; [55] the exposure of an international trophy hunting scam subsequently ended through legislative reform; [56] a number of successful congressional votes to outlaw horse slaughter; progress in securing legislation at the state and federal level to outlaw animal fighting and the interstate transport of fighting implements; [57] the enactment of internet hunting bans in nearly all of the states; [58] announcements by Wolfgang Puck and Burger King that they would increase their use of animal products derived under less abusive standards; [59] and an agreement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to begin enforcement of federal laws concerning the transportation of farm animals. [60] In 2018, The Washington Post reported on an investigation by the Humane Society board into allegations of sexual harassment involving Wayne Pacelle. The investigation found three credible accusations of sexual harassment and female leaders who said their “warnings about his conduct went unheeded.” [61] The board voted to keep Pacelle, but after several board members resigned in protest and high-profile donors revealed they would withhold donations, Pacelle announced his resignation on February 2, 2018. [62] Animal protection litigation section [ edit ] HSUS launched an animal protection litigation section in 2005. The section works with several thousand pro bono attorneys around the country to pursue its docket of cases. Under section leader Jonathan Lovvorn, the animal protection litigation group has won approximately three dozen cases in its first decade of existence, taking a practical approach, which Lovvorn explained in a 2012 interview. \"We look at cases that are going to have a concrete impact on animals but are winnable. You won't see us out asking for courts to declare animals persons. Or to file habeas corpus requests on behalf of animals, or other things that require judges to go way beyond what they're comfortable with.\" In 2010, the section estimated that it had filed more than 50 legal actions in 25 states, and won 80% of its cases, while booking 10,000 hours of pro bono attorney time for a total in-kind contribution of $4 million. [63] [64] [65] [66] Canadian seal cull campaign [ edit ] Seals being clubbed Once launched in 2005, the HSUS's campaign to end the hunting of seals in Canada secured pledges from 300 restaurants and companies, plus 120,000 individuals, to boycott Canadian seafood. [67] By 2014, the campaign claimed more than 6,500 restaurants, grocery stores and seafood supply companies were participants the Protect Seals campaign. [68] Corporate expansion [ edit ] The corporate expansion forged by Pacelle included mergers with The Fund for Animals (2005), founded by social critic and author Cleveland Amory and the Doris Day Animal League (2006), founded by screen actress and singer Doris Day . This made possible the establishment of a separate campaigns department, an equine issues department, a litigation section, the enhancement of signature programs likes Pets for Life [69] and Wild Neighbors, [70] and an expanded range of hands-on care programs for animals. [71] During the first 2½ years of Pacelle’s tenure, overall revenues and expenditures grew by more than 50 percent. [72] In early 2008, HSUS re-organized its direct veterinary care work and its veterinary advocacy under a new entity, the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association, formed through an alliance with the Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights (AVAR). [73] Corporate social responsibility outreach [ edit ] Engagement with major corporations in an effort to persuade them to press for reforms in their supply chains has been a significant priority for HSUS in the last decade, and as a result of its efforts, more than 60 major food suppliers have used their leverage to change production level practices in the pork industry. [74] Shareholder resolutions play a part in HSUS campaigns to generate corporate reform. [75] Faith outreach [ edit ] In 2007, HSUS launched a program designed to advance relationships and awareness within the American faith community at all levels. The program provides speakers, produces videos and other materials, and works with faith leaders to lead discussion of animal issues within the broader religious community. [76] [77] [78] HSUS works on this program with Farm Forward, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that implements innovative strategies to promote conscientious food choices, reduce farmed animal suffering, and advance sustainable agriculture. [79] Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy [ edit ] The Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy (HSISP), founded in 2010, supports the application of scientific and technical analysis and expertise to animal welfare issues and policy questions worldwide. and HSISP is sustained by HSUS's own core group of academic, scientific, and technical experts in animal welfare, as well as outside scientists. HSISP is the manager of the Animal Studies Repository, a digital collection of academic and scientific resources related to animal studies and to animal welfare science. HSISP has held three conferences, the first on purebred dogs and genetic defects,the second on outdoor cats and associated management issues, and the third on sentience as a factor in determining animal welfare policy. [80] [81] [82] Hurricane Katrina animal rescue [ edit ] In September 2005, when thousands of animals were left behind as people evacuated during Hurricane Katrina , HSUS joined other organizations in a massive search-and-rescue effort that saved approximately ten thousand animals, and raised more than $34 million for direct relief, reconstruction, and recovery in the Gulf Coast region. HSUS led the campaign that culminated in the federal passage of the PETS Act in October 2006, requiring all local, state, and federal agencies to include animals in their disaster planning scenarios. [83] In August 2008, Pacelle appeared with Louisiana Attorney General Buddy Caldwell at a press conference marking the enactment of a law prohibiting cockfighting in Louisiana, the last state to do so. The prohibition resulted from a longtime campaign led by HSUS. [84] The HSUS remains active in the Gulf region, funding a number of projects aimed at reducing the area's pet overpopulation problem, and improving access to pet care for the Gulf Coast residents. [85] Investigation into \"faux\" fur [ edit ] In late 2006, HSUS broke the story of its investigation into the sale of coats trimmed with real fur but labeled \"faux\" or fake. Laboratory testing found that the fur came from purpose-bred raccoon dogs in China that were sometimes beaten to death and skinned alive. The story of fur animals beaten to death and skinned alive is disputed by a fur industry trade group. [86] The investigation reportedly prompted several retailers including Macy’s and J.C. Penney to pull the garments from the sale floor. Legislation was introduced in the U.S. Congress to require that all fur jackets be properly labeled, and to ban raccoon dog fur. [87] In 2014, HSUS accused Kohl's department store of selling a men's jacket made with real animal fur as \"faux,\" and issued a warning to consumers. [88] Investigation of Westland Meat Packing Company [ edit ] In February 2008, after an undercover investigation conducted by HSUS at the Westland Meat Packing Company alleged substantial animal abuse, the USDA forced the recall of 143 million pounds of beef, some of which had been routed into the nation's school lunch program. [89] HSUS had been a longtime advocate for the elimination of downer animals from the nation's food supply, and the undercover investigation led to the USDA adopting the policy. [90] In November 2013, the Justice Department reached a $155 million settlement with the firms that operated the plant. [91] Michael Greger , Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture for HSUS at that time, testified before Congress about the matter. [92] Petland puppy mills campaign [ edit ] In the fall of 2008, HSUS also launched a campaign to expose the reliance of the pet store chain Petland on puppy mills where animals are raised under inhumane conditions. [93] However, Jessica Mitler from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the government agency that regulates dog breeders, [94] provided the following response to the HSUS investigation: \"The agency has received no complaints from the Humane Society about a particular kennel or Petland; so they have not investigated this specifically.\" [95] On November 24, 2008, Petland responded to the HSUS campaign video footage of the Petland investigation [96] by stating: \"Petland is outraged that HSUS would intentionally use video footage of unrelated kennels in the report to try to mislead the general public into believing these facilities have a connection to Petland.\" [97] In another statement dated February 19, 2009, Petland stated they turned over death threats and threats of kidnapping generated from the HSUS campaign against Petland to the proper authorities for further investigation. Petland continued by asking HSUS to cease and desist in any actions that may promote malicious intent (directly or indirectly). [98] On March 17, 2009, HSUS launched a class action suit against Petland on behalf of patrons who allegedly purchased sick animals from the chain, under the alleged pretense that the animals had come from the nation's finest breeders. [99] On August 8, 2009, the case was dismissed by a United States District Judge for lack of facts concerning the case. [100] Petland responded to the dismissal by stating: \"The Humane Society of the United States touted the lawsuit in furtherance of its fundraising and media campaign seeking to end the sale of animals through pet stores. Petland denied that it had done anything unlawful, and it believes strongly that consumers have the right to purchase and keep pets.\" [101] The HSUS does not oppose the ownership of pets, but maintains that the desire for profit in commercial pet stores undermines proper care of companion animals. [102] Political and legislative initiatives against animal abuse and cruelty [ edit ] During 2013, HSUS helped to pass 109 animal protection laws at the state level. [103] In 2006, HSUS helped to secure the passage of 70 new state laws on behalf of animals. Two successful November 2006 ballot initiatives conducted with its support outlawed dove hunting in Michigan and, through Proposition 204 , abusive livestock-farming practices in Arizona. [104] In 2008, HSUS helped to pass 91 state animal-welfare laws, including Proposition 2 in California. [105] HSUS was a leader in the Proposition 2 campaign in California, which gained eight million votes on Election Day 2008, more than any other initiative on the ballot. The measure, which prohibits certain intensive confinement practices in agriculture beginning in 2015, passed by a 63.3 to 36.7 percent margin, winning in 46 of 58 counties, and gaining support throughout the state's urban, suburban, and rural areas. It garnered votes from Democrats, Independents, and Republicans alike, as well as among Caucasians, African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Latinos. Nearly 800,000 Californians signed petitions to place the measure on the ballot. [106] HSUS was also a participant in a ballot initiative campaign focusing on inhumane treatment of farm animals in Ohio. The livestock-agriculture initiative was withdrawn from the ballot after a compromise was brokered between HSUS, Ohioans for Humane Farms, the Ohio Farm Bureau, and Ohio Governor Ted Strickland. [107] [108] HSUS led a campaign against puppy mill cruelty in Missouri in 2010. The Puppy Mill Cruelty Prevention Act, known as \"Prop B\", was narrowly passed by Missouri voters. [109] United Egg Producers [ edit ] For several years, HSUS cooperated with the United Egg Producers to secure federal legislation to phase out barren battery cages for all laying hens in the United States. Discussion between HSUS and the United Egg Producers concerning a national standard for egg production began with a meeting between Jerry Crawford, an Iowa resident with ties to the egg production industry, and HSUS's Wayne Pacelle. Crawford recommended a further meeting with the United Egg Producers ' Chad Gregory. The context for the meeting was HSUS's commanding win in Proposition 2 in California, and a shared belief that open warfare would serve no one's purposes. Additional negotiations produced the agreement to pursue federal legislation, the Egg Products Inspection Act of 2013, to support a shift to cage-free housing systems for laying hens, like enriched colony cages. The proposal failed in the Congress, and was not taken up in the 2014 Farm Bill, as a result of opposition by livestock production groups concerned over the precedent of federally-mandated standards for housing. Hog producers in particular recognized their vulnerability in reference to gestation crates [110] [111] [112] [113] Positions and program work [ edit ] Animal fighting [ edit ] In July 2007, HSUS led calls for the National Football League to suspend Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick in the wake of allegations that he had been involved with dog fighting activity. [114] Vick was prosecuted and convicted under state and federal laws. [115] HSUS has backed upgrades of the federal laws concerning animal fighting in 2007, 2008, and in relation to the Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act, from 2011 to the present. [116] [117] [118] Animals in research, testing, and education [ edit ] Beginning in the 1990s, HSUS board member David O. Wiebers, a medical doctor associated with the Mayo Clinic , undertook efforts to lessen tensions between animal protection organizations and the scientific community, and to seek to identify areas of common agreement. [26] The announcement by the NIH that it would no longer fund experiments that relied on Class B dealers marked the end of a long campaign by HSUS and other organizations to halt this channel for the supply of animals [119] In 2013, HSUS worked closely with the Arcus Foundation and other partners in the successful effort to persuade the U.S. government to transfer the remaining chimpanzees it owns to sanctuary over time, and for an end to chimpanzee use in research, testing, and education. [120] Since 2007, HSUS has pressed corporations still using chimpanzees in research to commit to policies of non-use. In 2011, the Institute of Medicine , part of the United States National Academies , recommended the curtailment of chimp use in testing. The IOM said that while genetic similarity made chimps valuable for medical research, such research raised ethical issues and carried a \"moral cost.\" In 2014, Merck, the world's third largest pharmaceutical company, became the largest multinational corporation to make such a commitment. [121] [122] Animals used for food [ edit ] Basic policy [ edit ] HSUS opposes cruelty in the raising and slaughter of animals used for food, and has done so since its inception in 1954. HSUS's policy of the 3 Rs encourages its constituents to reduce their consumption of meat and to choose products from humanely raised animals instead of factory farm products. [123] [124] Support for humane farmers and farms [ edit ] HSUS President and CEO Wayne Pacelle is a board member of the Global Animal Partnership, which recognizes humane producers with an animal welfare ratings standard that measures and rewards commitment to high welfare approaches. [125] Pacelle frequently speaks with the agricultural press to reinforce HSUS's criticism of contemporary factory farming and related issues. [126] Pacelle has toured family farms operating on humane principles as part of building solidarity against factory farming interests. [127] In recent years, HSUS has sought to build bridges with small farmers raising animals under humane conditions. [128] One of those farmers is Joe Maxwell , who has worked for HSUS as vice president for rural affairs. In recent years, farmers committed to raising animals in humane conditions have received greater attention and public support. Via Maxwell and other staff members, HSUS has also forged ties with the global Slow Food Movement in connection with discussion of the sustainability of contemporary meat production. [129] [130] [131] HSUS was involved in the ballot initiative campaign to enact California Proposition 2 (2008) , enacted as the Prevention of Farm Animal Cruelty Act, a law requiring that eggs sold in California be laid by hens raised in cage-free settings. [132] [133] An HSUS-led coalition also pressed for the passage of a California foie gras band that took effect in mid-2012. [134] In 2016, HSUS led the campaign to enact the Massachusetts Conditions for Farm Animals Initiative , which banned the use of small cages to raise animals in agriculture; it received 77.7% of public support . [135] However, farmers who have served on HSUS’s agriculture councils have questioned HSUS motives. Kevin Fulton, a Nebraska cattle rancher, was on HSUS’s national agriculture council but claimed that “abolitionist vegans” at HSUS had tried to reduce the council’s influence. [136] Jim Knopik of the HSUS Nebraska agriculture council said he viewed HSUS’s treatment of farmers as a “stab in the back,” while Missouri farmer Eric Fuchs commented, \"They used us for window dressing.\" [136] Companion animals [ edit ] The HSUS has an entire department devoted to pets, and to services for companion animals. [137] It also has sections working to end dog-fighting, and to provide rescue and emergency services to animals at risk in animal fighting, hoarding, puppy mill enterprises and disasters. [138] The HSUS Pets for Life program uses community-level outreach in a number of American cities, including Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia,to raise retention levels and to improve the lives of companion animals and those who care for them, by providing veterinary services in zones where convenient and low-cost care is lacking. [139] [140] [141] The HSUS is a strong supporter of \"pets in the workplace\" programs. [142] HSUS publishes Animal Sheltering , a bi-monthly magazine for animal sheltering professionals. [143] It also operates the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association, which provides free veterinary services for animals in impoverished communities. [144] In 2013, the HSUS gave its Henry Spira Corporate Progress Award to the Consumer Specialty Products Association to recognize the antifreeze manufacturing industry's commitment to add a bittering agent to products so that animals would not die poisonous deaths, the subject of a long-running campaign by the HSUS. [145] HSUS believes that, in general, wild animals are not suitable as pets, and opposes the general traffic in wild animals. [146] Puppy mills [ edit ] HSUS has been an active opponent of the domestic and global puppy mill industry, and helped law enforcement agencies to confiscate more than 35,000 animals from purported puppy mills since 2007. HSUS has also pressed anti-puppy mill bills in states like Indiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Texas. The number of dog breeders licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture declined from 3,486 in 2009 to 2,205 in 2011. [134] HSUS led the effort to secure adoption of a United States Department of Agriculture rule to prohibit the importation into the United States of dogs from foreign countries for resale unless the animals were in good health, vaccinated and at least 6 months old. [147] Dog breeders opposed another measure supported by HSUS, to regulate the sale of dogs over the Internet. [148] Wildlife [ edit ] HSUS opposes the hunting of any living creature for fun, trophy, or sport. HSUS only supports killing animals for population control when carried out by officials and does not oppose hunting for food or subsistence needs. [149] As a practical matter, HSUS has generally campaigned against abuses found in the treatment of wildlife. Its ballot initiatives focus on things like shooting bear over bait, hunting with hounds, and other forms of hunting the organization believes are unsporting. Together with its global affiliate, Humane Society International , HSUS has waged a decade-long fight to end the Canadian seal hunt. In late 2013, the World Trade Organization upheld the European Union ban on trade in products of commercial seal hunts, rejecting the Canadian and Norwegian challenge. [150] HSUS has waged campaigns on behalf of wolves since the 1970s. In recent years, HSUS has campaigned against the killing of wolves via ballot initiatives, and—with other partners—in litigation. [151] [152] [153] In June 2007, HSUS launched Humane Wildlife Services, a program to encourage and provide humane wildlife-removal services when wild animals intrude on human dwellings. [154] Through its efforts in the United States, and globally through its affiliate Humane Society International , HSUS has helped to achieve prohibitions on shark finning in state and national legislatures and through administrative action here and abroad. [155] [156] [157] The HSUS offers many resources to individuals, organizations and public officials, for helping feral cats and ultimately reducing their numbers in the community. [158] The Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy convened a conference on outdoor cat issues in December 2012, bringing together stakeholders from a range of interested perspectives. [159] Zoos [ edit ] HSUS first took a policy position on zoos in 1975, its board of directors concluding that it would be neither for nor against zoos, but would work against roadside menageries and regular zoos that could not improve. In 1984, HSUS adopted a policy that animals should not be taken from the wild for public display in zoos. [160] Other issues [ edit ] HSUS opposes greyhound racing , animal fighting , and works to limit the use and abuse of animals in certain display and spectacular contexts like zoos , circuses , aquariums , and roadside zoos . [161] HSUS has taken a careful but critical stance concerning practices commonly found in the horse racing industry. [162] On occasion, HSUS has taken a position against particular practices associated with horse racing , such as the use of corticosteroids . [163] HSUS has long opposed the keeping of marine mammals in captivity and played a key longterm role in the campaign to end captive orca performance at SeaWorld. [164] [165] HSUS opposed the Georgia Aquarium's application to the National Marine Fisheries Service to import 18 beluga whales from Russia, an application the NMFS denied. [166] HSUS has long opposed the use of horses for food, and campaigned against their slaughter via litigation and public policy approaches. [167] It has pursued both legislative and litigation channels as part of its campaign to prevent horse slaughter plants in the United States from resuming their operations. [168] HSUS, in addition to its ongoing lobbying against the pet industry, has taken a strong stance against the private ownership of any exotic pet, regardless of species. [169] [170] The HSUS also heavily lobbied for the passing of HB 4393 in West Virginia, [171] which generated a large amount of controversy when its restricted animal list was originally drafted and made illegal the private ownership of common and harmless exotic pets, such as hamsters , hedgehogs , turtles , tortoises , pufferfish , sugar gliders , salamanders , alpacas and domestic hybrid cat breeds. [172] [173] Governance and expenses [ edit ] The Humane Society of the United States headquarters located in the West End neighborhood of Washington, D.C. A nonprofit , charitable organization, HSUS is funded almost entirely by private membership dues, contributions, foundation grants, and bequests. HSUS is governed by a 27-member, independent board of directors. [1] Each director serves as a volunteer and receives no compensation for service. [1] HSUS meets all 21 BBB Wise Giving Alliance financial and administrative standards, [174] and all 20 of the BBB's Standards for Charity Accountability. [175] In 2010, Worth Magazine named the HSUS as one of the 10 Most Fiscally Responsible Charities. [176] In 2012, President and CEO Wayne Pacelle received $347,675 in compensation. [177] In 2014, Charity Navigator issued a \"Donor Advisory\" about HSUS, temporarily removing its rating of the organization. [178] Grantmaking [ edit ] HSUS gave grants to 260 other organizations in the U.S. and abroad during 2011, totaling $6.5 million. [134] According to its IRS Form 990, HSUS makes grants to organizations that meet its mission criteria, and typically to those groups which it has researched, with which it has an existing relationship, or with which its staff members have interacted at events and through other channels. HSUS lists all grants of $500 or more, with details, although the IRS Schedule F requires only that grants surpassing $5,000 need be reported. [1] Affiliated and related entities [ edit ] Humane Society International [ edit ] Founded in 1991, Humane Society International (HSI) seeks to expand the HSUS's activities into Central and South America, Africa, and Asia. HSI's Asian, Australian, Canadian, and European offices carry out field activities and programs. [179] Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association [ edit ] The Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association (HSVMA) was formed in 2008 to encompass both veterinary advocacy and veterinary clinical services work conducted by the HSUS, and to provide a political alternative to the American Veterinary Medical Association for veterinarians of a strong animal welfare orientation. [180] Humane Society Wildlife Land Trust [ edit ] As an affiliate of The Humane Society of the United States since 1993 HSWLT, alone or in partnership with other conservation groups, has participated in the protection and enhancement of more than 3.6 million acres of wildlife habitat in 38 states and nine foreign countries. HSWLT has taken both large and small properties under its protection, through title donations, conservation easements, and formal agreements, to provide sanctuaries for a variety of animal species. [181] [182] In recent years, HSWLT has also sponsored anti-poaching awards as part of its commitment to public awareness and law enforcement work. [183] [184] Doris Day Animal League [ edit ] The Doris Day Animal League , established in 1987 by the actress Doris Day , is a 501(c)(4) organization that focuses the spaying and neutering of companion animals and the development of national, state and local legislation that will minimize the inhumane treatment of animals. The League launched its annual observance of Spay Day USA in 1994, to bring attention to the pet overpopulation problem in the United States. The Fund for Animals [ edit ] The Fund for Animals, founded by the social critic Cleveland Amory in 1967, worked for many years on wildlife issues. Today, it is an entity that manages animal care facilities as an affiliate of HSUS. Its sanctuaries include the Ramona Wildlife Facility, the Cleveland Amory Black Beauty Ranch, the Duchess Horse Sanctuary, and the Cape Wildlife Center. [185] The South Florida Wildlife Center [ edit ] The South Florida Wildlife Center provides direct care to owls, raccoons, opossums, squirrels, ducks, reptiles and other indigenous South Florida wildlife, injured or orphaned. [186] Humane Society Legislative Fund [ edit ] The Humane Society Legislative Fund is a 501(c)(4) organization formed in 2004. The group supports the passage of animal protection laws at the state and federal levels, educates the public about animal protection issues, and supports humane candidates for office. In the 2014 cycle, the Humane Society Legislative Fund has endorsed 38 Republicans and 240 Democrats in races across the country [187] Headquarters and regional offices [ edit ] The Humane Society's national headquarters are in Washington, D.C. It employed 528 employees during 2014. [1] Its international arm, Humane Society International (HSI), has offices in half a dozen nations and a broad range of international animal protection programs. One of the largest veterinary clinics in the Midwest is the Humane Society location in St. Louis, the growth and success of the clinic has been accredited to their Chief of Staff for 55 years- Suzanne Saueressig . The clinic admits around 80,000 patients a year and averages around 17,000 surgeries. [188] Critics [ edit ] Center for Consumer Freedom [ edit ] The Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF), an organization that lobbies on behalf of the food and beverage industry, has criticized HSUS for many years. Experts on non-profit law question CCF's non-profit status. [189] [190] while commentators from Rachel Maddow to Michael Pollan have characterized CCF as an astroturfing group. [191] [192] CCF's founder Richard Berman refuses to disclose its funders, and in 2013 Charity Navigator issued a donor advisory concerning the group. [193] CCF has produced several advertising campaigns alleging various improprieties by HSUS and accusing HSUS of misrepresenting itself to supporters and donors. HSUS has rejected CCF's accusations as \"falsehoods and distortions\" by \"a flack agency and industry front group for tobacco, alcohol, and agribusiness interests.\" [194] Non-profit groups operated by Mr. Berman's public relations firm paid Berman and Company $15 million from 2008 to 2010, an arrangement that may violate Internal Revenue Service rules that prohibit executives from profiting off of the non-profit entities they run. [195] CCF carries out its attacks on HSUS via advertisements and direct mail campaigns targeting HSUS donors and supporters. [196] CCF takes this approach in criticizing HSUS: in 2014, HSUS reported revenue of $135,499,050, and it disbursed $15,843,692 of grants. [1] [197] [198] [199] Humane Watch [ edit ] The Humane Watch website was created by the Center for Consumer Freedom . In 2012, Mother Jones reported the following: \"According to the Center for Consumer Freedom's 2010 tax filing, the group set aside about a million dollars to set up its anti-Humane Society website \"Humane Watch.\" Berman has created a separate group with the oddly Humane Society-sounding name, the Humane Society for Shelter Pets. Its website snarks at the Humane Society for failing to provide more money for animal shelters.\" [200] Nathan Winograd [ edit ] Nathan Winograd , a No Kill advocate, has been critical of HSUS. He has accused the organization of aiding animal abusers by thwarting legislation designed to curtail abuse. He made such claims in a Huffington Post article entitled \"Putting Abusers Before Animals Is Business as Usual at the HSUS.\" [201] Winograd's general claims concerning HSUS and animal sheltering work have been disputed or qualified by other parties. [30] Protect the Harvest [ edit ] Protect the Harvest is an organization founded by trucking magnate Forrest Lucas of Lucas Oil , who uses the group to defend industrial animal agriculture and commercial dog breeders, on whose behalf he has spent hundreds of thousands of dollars nationwide. [202] Protect the Harvest is a 501(c)(4) advocacy organization, and in 2014 formed a Political Action Committee to elect and defeat candidates for office. [203] Executive Director Brian Klippenstein has singled out HSUS as a target of his organization's political activities, and as treasurer of Protect the Harvest PAC he and Lucas campaign against candidates the two groups consider aligned with HSUS. [204] [205] The United States Association of Reptile Keepers [ edit ] The United States Association of Reptile Keepers , or USARK, is a 501(c)(6) organization that lobbies on behalf of the captive bred reptile industry , which is made up of both pet owners and professional breeders of captive reptiles, as well as supporting zoos and sanctuaries. [206] USARK has argued against a national ban that HSUS has lobbied for since its writing in 2009, which was originally intended to ban the import and interstate transport of nine constrictor snake species. [207] However, due to pressure from the reptile keepers association, the U.S. government lessened the ban to include only four of the original nine species. As a response, Wayne Pacelle wrote on his blog in response that \"these large constricting snakes are not suitable as pets,\" continuing with \"they suffer from capture in the wild and long-distance transport for trade; they can injure and kill people who possess or interact with them; and they can wreak havoc on our natural resources as an invasive species, killing native wildlife, including endangered animals.\" [208] In the summer of 2014, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service reopened its admission of comments on whether to list the five remaining species of snakes on the Lacey Act, including Boa constrictors . The HSUS then called upon its proponents to send in replies and letters to support further restriction of the trade in the reptiles. [209] In response, USARK has accused the HSUS of directly telling its advocates to lie to the U.S. government: the reptile keepers association stating on their website that \"HSUS President Wayne Pacelle is even asking HSUS followers to join in and lie to the U.S. Government by sending their sample letter.\" They continue their argument with \"Their deceptive campaign continues because there is not valid, peer-reviewed science to support their claims. They lack credible arguments and instead focus on sensationalized propaganda.\" [210] HSUS has always been against the keeping of snakes in captivity, stating that they are a \"threat to public safety\" and that the welfare of the snakes themselves are at risk, as they \"[require] specialized expertise and care.\" [211] The HSUS is also against the keeping of other reptiles in captivity, such as turtles [212] and iguanas, [213] which is in direct opposition of USARK's interests. [214] Specific criticism [ edit ] Allegations of misappropriation of donations for Hurricane Katrina rescues [ edit ] In 2006, the Attorney General of Louisiana opened an inquiry into the American Red Cross and HSUS after complaints about the misuse of funds raised in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina . [215] This inquiry was part of a wide-ranging effort to ensure that charities providing relief for the victims of the hurricane did not profit from the incident. [216] Neither Attorney General Charles Foti nor his successor Buddy Caldwell took any action, and the inquiry focusing on HSUS ended in early 2008. AR-HR's analysis of the HSUS's 2005, 2006, and 2007 tax returns claimed that 48% of the $34.6 million donated to the HSUS for the purposes of helping animals after Hurricane Katrina was then unaccounted for. [217] For a number of years, HSUS published updates on its Gulf Coast spending, the last of which appeared in 2011. [218] Allegations of misleading fundraising materials [ edit ] Critics including the CCF, AR-HR, and Nathan Winograd have accused HSUS of misleading donors into thinking that their donations directly support local animal shelters, when HSUS has no affiliation with or control over local humane societies. HSUS states on its website that it is not affiliated with local animal shelters, [219] and that the organization's role is to supplement and support the work of local shelters, not duplicate them. The fundraising materials of HSUS do not make the claim that HSUS runs local shelters, or that donations will be applied directly to local animal shelters. Allegations of financial malfeasance [ edit ] According to the \"Pennies for Charity\" report issued by the New York State Attorney General , of the $1.95 million raised in 2008 by fundraisers, only 5.29% went to HSUS. The average return for charities in the report was 39.5%. HSUS actually incurred a net loss of $5,358 (−0.32%) in 2007. Those figures in 2006 and 2005 numbers were more positive, with 7.27% and 19.99% of contributions going to HSUS. [220] In July 2015, the Council of State Governments (CSG) passed a resolution calling on their states' attorneys general to investigate HSUS' fundraising efforts. The resolution highlighted the fact that HSUS' promotional materials give the impression that animals are the main focus, even though only one percent of the money raised goes to pet shelters (and HSUS runs none itself). [221] [222] Animal rights agenda [ edit ] USA Today , The International Herald Tribune and The San Francisco Chronicle have described HSUS as devoted to \"animal rights\", as opposed to \"animal welfare\". [223] [224] [225] Shortly after Wayne Pacelle joined HSUS, he stated in an interview with the Animal People newspaper that his goal was to build \"a National Rifle Association of the animal rights movement\". [226] The IHT describes HSUS as the \"least radical\" of animal rights groups. [227] Feedstuffs, an agribusiness newspaper, has leveled the charge that HSUS is pursuing a vegetarianism and veganism agenda instead of animal welfare. [228] In 2010, one journalist in Oregon also claimed that HSUS \"primarily works on animal rights legislation.\" [229] Charity Navigator [ edit ] In June 2014, Charity Navigator replaced its rating of HSUS with a \"Donor Advisory\" citing a $15.75 million settlement of a lawsuit. [230] A Charity Navigator representative told The Washington Examiner that a Donor Advisory indicates \"extreme concern.\" [178] The advisory has since been removed. At no point did it ever have anything to do with financial metrics, governance, transparency, or the impact and effectiveness of work to protect animals. It came solely as a result of a legal settlement the HSUS and several other parties reached with the owner of Ringling Bros. circus. Charity Navigator’s donor advisory penalized animal welfare organizations for advancing their mission through advocacy work and for defending themselves in court against scurrilous charges. The HSUS was never a plaintiff in the case against Ringling Bros. [ citation needed ] As of 2016, Charity Navigator rated them at 85.09 out of a possible 100. They based this on \"data from FY2014, the most recent 990 received at that time.\" [231] Charity Watch [ edit ] The American Institute of Philanthropy , now called Charity Watch, has been critical of the HSUS. Charity Watch gave the HSUS a \"C-\" in 2013. [232] Charity Watch believes that HSUS spends an insufficient percentage of donations on programs, and an inordinately high percentage on fundraising. Using different estimates of fundraising expenses and efficiency, the American Institute of Philanthropy AIP's rating system heavily penalizes charities for possessing large assets or maintaining more than three years' operating expenses in reserve. [233] Only Charity Watch among all charity evaluation groups believes that organizations should not write off some of their fundraising costs as program expenses. Other evaluators agree with the approach taken under Generally accepted accounting principles , which permit such joint allocation of expenses. The organization maintains a focus on particular financial measurements, strictly interpreting all direct mail, telemarketing and solicitation costs as separate fundraising expenses. Feld Entertainment litigation [ edit ] Feld Entertainment sued HSUS and other animal-rights advocates and advocacy groups under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. Feld asserted HSUS wrongdoing in relation to litigation brought by animal rights activists against Feld alleging abuse of animals in the circus. This litigation was dismissed in 2009, with the judge finding that animal-rights groups had paid the key witness, a former Feld employee, at least $190,000, a significant amount of which was in a check signed by Mr. Pacelle. HSUS's merger and combination with The Fund for Animals drew HSUS into the case. In December 2012, the ASPCA settled the Feld suit and agreed to pay $9.3 million. [234] In May 2014, HSUS and the remaining co-defendants (which included two HSUS employees, the HSUS affiliate Fund for Animals, and parties unaffiliated with HSUS) agreed to pay $15.75 million to settle the litigation. [235] IRS complaint [ edit ] In November 2013, a complaint was filed with the Internal Revenue Service against HSUS by the Center for Consumer Freedom . According to Bloomberg News , the IRS complaint alleges that HSUS \"violated IRS rules by listing as contributions the $17.7 million value of air time for its public service announcements to promote pet adoption. The net effect is to raise the ratio of program expenses to total expenses, which the independent assessor Charity Navigator uses to rank the effectiveness of charities.\" According to Bloomberg News, a tax attorney claims that the \"Humane Society shouldn’t count the public service air time as contributions.\" [236] Meat packing investigation [ edit ] US Agriculture Secretary Ed Schafer questioned the way HSUS handled its Westland/Hallmark Meat Packing Company investigation, stating that HSUS \"sat on four months of production that went out into the marketplace that's now being recalled\". [237] More recently, the debate over forcing animal welfare organizations to release information about cruelty within a specified period of time has prompted criticism from editorial boards and journalists skeptical of the motivations for such calls. [238] Michael Vick controversy [ edit ] The football player Michael Vick was sentenced to prison for running a dogfighting ring; he was found to have buried dogs alive, drowned them, beaten them to death, and pulled out their teeth without anesthetic. After he had completed his sentence, Vick offered to volunteer his time to an HSUS campaign against dogfighting. [239] Pacelle's acceptance of Vick's offer and willingness to appear in public and be photographed alongside Vick caused outrage and led one organization with the words \"Humane Society\" in its name to stress its non-affiliation with the HSUS. [240] Sports Illustrated magazine published a major investigative cover story about Michael Vick 's dogs, and what happened to them after they were seized. The writer, Jim Gorant, was highly critical of the HSUS's immediate call for the pit bulls to be euthanized. Gorant went on to document the animals' rehabilitation, and how one went on to become a therapy dog in a hospital. [241] In 2010, during an interview, Wayne Pacelle pointed out that Vick could own a dog \"two or three years down the line\" [242] after his sentence was completed. Pacelle toured schools with Vick, in the HSUS campaign against dogfighting, and was quoted as saying, \"I have been around him a lot, and feel confident that he would do a good job as a pet owner.\" [243] Vick's sentence did not include a lifetime ban on owning pets, and Pacelle issued a blog post explaining his stance on Vick as a potential dog owner. [244] In October 2012, Michael Vick acquired a pet dog, purchased from a breeder. [245] [246] Additional controversy surrounded the report that HSUS had received a $50,000 grant from Michael Vick's team, the Philadelphia Eagles . [247] The Eagles' donation was made as part of the 2009 launch of its \"Treating Animals With Kindness\" (TAWK) program, which provides grants to animal welfare organizations to protect animals: HSUS received a $50,000 grant, used to launch anti-dogfighting and community intervention programs in Philadelphia. In April 2011, Vick joined HSUS in denouncing the android App \"Dog Wars,\" which involved a simulation of animal fighting. [248] In July 2011, he lobbied on Capitol Hill for passage of the Animal Fighting Spectator Provision Act. [249] Animal fighting experts generally agree that since the Vick case, there has been a significant strengthening of anti-cruelty laws at the state level,making it easier to prosecute wrongdoers. [250] Some have accused HSUS of a misleading fundraising pitch in relation to the Michael Vick dog fighting case. [251] Fundraising material on HSUS's website one day after Vick's indictment states that donations will be used to \"help the Humane Society of the United States care for the dogs seized in the Michael Vick case\" and that donations would be \"put to use right away to care for these dogs.\" [252] It was later revealed that the dogs were not in the care of HSUS and that the group recommended the dogs be euthanized. [253] The donation pitch was altered to remove references to caring for Vick's dogs one week after the initial pitch. [254] Misrepresentations of Canadian seafood boycott participation [ edit ] In 2006, CCF conducted an informal poll of restaurants listed as boycotting Canadian seafood in protest of the slaughter of seals. CCF claims that 62% of the chefs and restaurant managers they spoke to on the phone were unaware that their companies were listed as \"boycotters\" on the HSUS website. In its report, CCF excluded those restaurants that were boycotting Canadian seafood prior to the HSUS boycott, and restaurants that serve any Canadian seafood (regardless of the type or quantity), and drew the conclusion that 78% of the interviewees were not actively participating in the boycott. [255] CCF quotes Loyola Hearn, Canadian Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, as saying: \"Some animal rights groups have been misleading the public for years... it's no surprise at all that the richest of them would mislead the public with a phony seafood boycott.\" [256] Oklahoma Attorney General Issues Alert [ edit ] In March 2014 Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt issued a consumer alert regarding HSUS and other national animal organizations. [257] Pruitt stated that his office had received complaints about HSUS misleading donors following a May 2013 tornado disaster. [258] Position on horse slaughter [ edit ] Veterinarians for Equine Welfare (VEW) [259] and the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) have criticized HSUS and other organizations who lobbied for an end to horse slaughter in the United States, stating that instead of making things better \"horses are being abandoned in the United States or transported to Mexico where, without U.S. federal oversight and veterinary supervision, they are slaughtered inhumanely.\" [260] [261] Other criticisms [ edit ] 1% of the group's budget goes directly to shelters, [197] [198] and in recent years, HSUS has taken criticism for not dispersing enough money, in ratio to what it receives from memberships and donations, to local humane societies and shelters, though the HSUS webpage clearly states they are unaffiliated with local shelters, [262] and is the largest nonprofit organization advocating animal rights in the world. [ citation needed ] [a] Unlike its founding vision which strictly revolved around animal welfare , HSUS has evolved to work towards establishing a broad range of animal rights legislation, including those involving companion animals , wildlife , farm animals , horses and other equines , and animals used in research, testing and education. [ citation needed ] Animal Charity Evaluators review [ edit ] Animal charity evaluator Animal Charity Evaluators has recommended the Humane Society of the United States' Farm Animal Protection Campaign as a Standout Charity since May 2014. [265] ACE designates as Standout Charities those organizations which they do not feel are as strong as their Top Charities, but which excel in at least one way and are exceptionally strong compared to animal charities in general. [266] In their November 2016 review of the HSUS Farm Animal Protection Campaign, ACE cites their strengths as their large reach, strategic approach, and long track record of legal work, corporate outreach, and meat reduction programs. ACE states that their primary concern with the Farm Animal Protection Campaign is that it is unclear the extent to which their budget comes from the HSUS general budget, and whether small donations to the Farm Animal Protection Campaign would be fungible with other HSUS activities. [265] See also [ edit ] Animal Liberation Front (ALF) Animal liberation movement American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) Eco-terrorism People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ The organization's policy statements make clear that the HSUS does not oppose all uses of animals, so it does not fit within the strict animal rights category of organizations from either a philosophical or a practical perspective; rather, it is classified that way by some parties because in everyday parlance, those individuals and groups that advocate for more protections for animals are described as supporting animal rights or being animal rights advocates. [263] [264] References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m \" Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax \". The Humane Society of the United States . Guidestar . December 31, 2014. Jump up ^ \"About Us: Overview: The Humane Society of the United States\" . Humanesociety.org . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Unti, Bernard (February 16, 2005). \"Fred Myers: Co-Founder of The HSUS\" . Washington, D.C. : The Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved April 19, 2011 . After The HSUS formed on November 22, 1954, Myers and the other co-founders—Larry Andrews, Marcia Glaser, and Helen Jones—moved quickly to fulfill their goal of engaging cruelties of a national scope. Jump up ^ \"The Chronicle of Philanthropy – The news and tools you need to change the world\" . philanthropy.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ October 16, 2011. Lists From the Philanthropy 400 . The Chronicle of Philanthropy Jump up ^ \"Campaigns : The Humane Society of the United States\" . Humanesociety.org . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ Simon M. Shane. (Jan. 14 2014). Interview with Wayne Pacelle president of the HSUS . Egg-Cite.com. Jump up ^ \"Annual Report 2013 : The Humane Society of the United States\" . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"The Fund for Animals and The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS): A Partnership for Animals\" . fundforanimals.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Common Questions about Animal Shelters\" . Washington, D.C. : The Humane Society of the United States. 2009-10-26 . Retrieved 2011-04-19 . [W]e serve local animal shelters and other groups by offering... Jump up ^ \" \" A Social History of Postwar Animal Protection\" by Bernard Unti, et al\" . bepress.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Unti, Bernard. Protecting All Animals: A Fifty-Year History of The Humane Society of the United States (2004), idem. Jump up ^ W. Swallow, The Quality of Mercy: History of the Humane Movement in the United States, Boston, 1962, 165. Jump up ^ Vitello, Paul (2012-04-22). \"John A. Hoyt Dies at 80; Guided Humane Society to Prominence\" . The New York Times . Jump up ^ \"History of The Humane Society of the United States – FundingUniverse\" . fundinguniverse.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Humane Society of United States founded\" . famousdaily.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Grier, Katherine C. (2007). Pets in America: A History (1st Harvest ed.). Orlando: Harcourt. pp. 192–197. ISBN 9780156031769 . Jump up ^ Unti, Protecting All Animals, 16. Jump up ^ Unti, Protecting All Animals, 17. ^ Jump up to: a b P. Singer, Animal Liberation: New York, 1975 Jump up ^ Unti, Protecting All Animals, 18. Jump up ^ Bernard Unti, Protecting All Animals: A Fifty-Year History of The Humane Society of the United States (2004). ^ Jump up to: a b Evans, Kim (2009). Animal Rights . Detroit: Gale. ISBN 978-1414433691 . Jump up ^ Protecting All Animals, 64–65. Jump up ^ Animals in a Research Laboratory: Washington, DC, 1961 ^ Jump up to: a b D.Wiebers, \"Vision of a New Era,\" HSUS News Winter 1992, 9. Jump up ^ Unti, Protecting All Animals, 86. ^ Jump up to: a b Unti, Protecting All Animals, 87–90, 182–183. Jump up ^ Unti, Protecting All Animals, 88, 90, 97–99. ^ Jump up to: a b Merritt Clifton. \"Nathan Winograd in perspective\" . Animals 24-7 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Unti, Protecting All Animals, 101–102. Jump up ^ Unti, Bernard. \"Frank McMahon: The Investigator Who Took a Bite Out of Animal Lab Suppliers\" . Washington, D.C. : The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30 . Retrieved 2011-04-19 . The conditions that shocked the troopers were all too familiar to the man who led them on to Brown's property, Frank McMahon (1926–1975), HSUS director of field services. Jump up ^ Wayman, Stan (1966-02-04). \"Concentration camps for dogs\" . Life . 60 (5): 22–29 . Retrieved 2011-04-19 . The raid was at the behest of the Humane Society of the United States, which, in its constant surveillance of places like Brown's around the country, had sent one of its agents to check conditions at Brown's twice within the past year Jump up ^ Unti, Bernard. \" ' Concentration Camps for Lost and Stolen Pets': Stan Wayman's LIFE photo essay and the Animal Welfare Act\" . Washington, D.C. : The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30 . Retrieved 2011-04-19 . ...sparked a public outrage that had a catalytic effect, breaking through the political impasse that had seen one animal welfare bill after another fail in the U.S. Congress. Jump up ^ Chuck Jolley (2012-12-13). \"Jolley: Five minutes with Wayne Pacelle and HumaneWatch\" . Cattlenetwork.com . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ \"Mom, Apple Pie ... and Humane Education,\" Humane Education (March 1983), 7–9 Jump up ^ F. Ascione,Children and Animals: Exploring the Roots of Kindness and Cruelty, 2005, Purdue University Press, ix. Jump up ^ Unti, Protecting All Animals, 27. Jump up ^ \"Murdaugh Stuart Madden: A Half Century's Service, A Lasting Legacy : The Humane Society of the United States\" . Humanesociety.org. 2008-01-13 . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ The Humane Society News (Winter 1979), 16–19 Jump up ^ Humane Society News (Winter 1981), 25 Jump up ^ John McArdle, quoted in Katie McCabe, \"Who Will Live, Who Will Die,\" Washingtonian August 1986, p. 115, as cited in The Humane Society in the US: It's Not about Animal Shelters, Daniel Oliver Jump up ^ \"Prof threatened with libel suit | The Daily Pennsylvanian\" . Media.www.dailypennsylvanian.com. 1990-11-27 . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . [ dead link ] Jump up ^ John Hoyt, quoted in Katie McCabe, \"Katie McCabe Replies,\" Washingtonian October 1986, pp109-110, as cited in The Humane Society in the US: It's Not about Animal Shelters, Daniel Oliver Jump up ^ \"Joint Resolutions for the 1990s,\" HSUS News Spring 1991, 1. Jump up ^ M. Stephens, \"Clarifying Our Position,\" HSUS News Spring 1991, 21–23. Jump up ^ \"Dr. Steve Best, Phd\" . Drstevebest.org . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ Paddock, Richard C.; La Ganga, Maria L. (2008-08-05). \"Officials decry attacks on UC staff\" . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ \"Board of Directors\" . Humaneusa.org . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg, Don (2004-08-09). \"Vegan in The Henhouse\" . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ Initiative and Referendum History – Animal Protection Issues . Humane Society of the United States. Jump up ^ Humane Society of the United States – Ballotpedia.org Jump up ^ Ethan Rouen. \"Wayne Pacelle | Humane Society Of The United States | Leading Lobbyist For Animal Welfare :: American Way Magazine\" . Hub.aa.com . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/8-1-14_Top50PI.pdf Jump up ^ \"2010 HSUS Accomplishments\" . HSUS. Dec 31, 2010 . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lorentzen, Amy (2006-08-06). \"Congress votes to shut down trophy hunting tax scam\" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2008-03-11 . Retrieved 2011-04-11 . The issue came to lawmakers' attention after the Humane Society of the United States conducted a two-year investigation into a scam where they said hunters shot rare animals from around the world, then donated them to phony museums in order to get charitable tax deductions. Jump up ^ Accomplishments in 2008 Sep 30, 2009 Jump up ^ Humane Society, Accomplishments in 2008 Map of Internet Hunting Bans (Aug. 2008) Jump up ^ \"Burger King Shifts Policy on Animals\" . The New York Times . 28 March 2007. Jump up ^ Oct 9, 2006 12:16 PM (2006-10-09). \"28-hour rule-USDA's 28-hour rule-Livestock Transportation Rules\" . Beef-mag.com . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ Paquette, Danielle (January 29, 2018). \"Humane Society CEO is subject of sexual harassment complaints from three women, according to internal investigation\" . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ Paquette, Danielle (February 2, 2018). \"Humane Society CEO resigns after sexual harassment allegations\" . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Cover Story: Animal Law\" . dcbar.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Taking Animals to Court: A Q&A with Jonathan Lovvorn and Peter Petersan\" . enviroshop.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"How The Humane Society Decides Who To Sue\" . Huffington Post . 2012-10-02. Jump up ^ https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/lralvol12_2_p133.pdf Jump up ^ \"Canadian Seafood Boycott Ends Year With Growing Momentum\" . UnderwaterTimes. 2005-12-20 . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"McMenamins joins Protect Seals Campaign\" . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Pets for Life: Helping Pets in the Big Apple |The Humane Society of the United States Archived October 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Sep 22, 2010 Jump up ^ \"Wild Neighbors\" . Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved April 8, 2012 . Jump up ^ Animal Care Centers|The Humane Society of the United States Archived October 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Sep 14, 2011 Jump up ^ View all comments that have been posted about this article. (2006-09-07). \"Merger Adds to Humane Society's Bite\" . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"Humane Society, Veterinarians for Animal Rights Join Forces\" . The Horse . January 15, 2008. Jump up ^ \"Companies Spend More on CSR and Shareholders Reward them\" . institutionalinvestor.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Martin. \"Humane Society Takes Its Fight With Steak 'n Shake to Investors – Businessweek\" . Businessweek.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelsey Dallas (25 October 2014). \"Humane Society emphasizes faith connection in new video series\" . deseretnews.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Christine Gutleben\" . Q . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer, Mark (2011-10-14). \"Pet Ministries Are Growing in Churches\" . The New York Times . Jump up ^ \"Faith in Food: New Ethical Food Initiatives\" . farmforward.com . Retrieved 2016-07-28 . Jump up ^ \"News Dog World Dog World Home\" . dogworld.co.uk . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Archived copy\" . Archived from the original on 2014-11-02 . Retrieved 2014-11-02 . Jump up ^ \"Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy : The Humane Society of the United States\" . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ President Bush Signs Bill to Leave No Pet Behind in Disaster Planning and Evacuation |The Humane Society of the United States Archived August 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Oct 6, 2006 Jump up ^ Saturday, August 16, 2008 By Ed Anderson Capital bureau (2008-08-16). \"Give cockfighting law a chance, advocates say\" . NOLA.com . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Unti, Bernard. August 27, 2011. Six Years After Katrina, HSUS Highly Active in Gulf Coast States The Humane Society of the United States Jump up ^ Ward, Simon (2005-05-25). \"Chinese Fur Farms: Media Wary of Latest Shock Video\" . furcommission.com . Fur Commission USA . Retrieved 2011-09-30 . Jump up ^ Updated 32 minutes ago 3/30/2011 10:03:07 PM +00:00 (2007-03-13). \"Crackdown on dog fur urged - Consumer news- msnbc.com\" . MSNBC . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"Investigators: Kohl's selling real fur as faux\" . wisconsingazette.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kesmodel, David (2008-02-25). \"Meatpacker in Cow-Abuse Scandal May Shut as Congress Turns Up Heat – The Wall Street Journal\" . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"Humane Society finds more downer cattle abuse\" . Reuters . June 25, 2008. Jump up ^ De Atley, Richard K. November 27, 2013. CHINO: Feds announce $155 million settlement in ‘downer’ cow case . The Press-Enterprise. Jump up ^ Schmit, Julie (March 5, 2008). \"Meat plant concerns raised for years\" . USA Today . Jump up ^ \"Humane Society Accuses Petland of Supporting Puppy Mills\" . Consumeraffairs.com. 2008-11-21 . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"Questions and Answers: Regulation of Dog and Cat Breeders and Dealers\" (PDF) . APHIS. February 2012 . Retrieved April 8, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Petland Fights Puppy Mill Allegations\" . NBC 4i. 2008-11-20 . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"Petland Investigation – hsus.org\" . Video.hsus.org. Archived from the original on August 22, 2009 . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"Video footage shown is not from Petland investigation\" . petland.com. 2008-11-24 . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"Petland receives death threats from HSUS campaign\" . petland.com. 2009-02-19 . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090321194657/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090317/ap_on_bi_ge/sick_puppies . Archived from the original on March 21, 2009 . Retrieved March 18, 2009 . Missing or empty |title= ( help ) Jump up ^ Court Order- petland.com Archived September 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ \"Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against Petland\" . petland.com . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"Statement on Companion Animals : The Humane Society of the United States\" . Humanesociety.org . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"The Unionville Times » Pa. improves ranking on animal protection\" . unionvilletimes.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (January 30, 2007). \"The Humane Society Becomes a Political Animal\" . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 4, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Accomplishments in 2008\" . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ csalerno (2008-11-04). \"Prop. 2 passes, farm animals get more room to stretch – Oakland North : North Oakland News, Food, Art and Events\" . Oaklandnorth.net . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"HSUS Drops Ballot Initiative in Ohio\" . AgWired . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Landmark Ohio Animal Welfare Agreement Reached Among HSUS, Ohioans for Humane Farms, Gov. Strickland, and Leading Livestock Organizations : The Humane Society of the United States\" . Humanesociety.org. 2010-12-31 . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"State of Missouri General Election: November 2, 2010 General Election\" . Missouri Secretary of State. November 30, 2010. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011 . Retrieved April 8, 2012 . Jump up ^ Egg bill still alive in Congress . Capital Press Jump up ^ \"Egg Industry Articles\" . egg-cite.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.agweek.com/event/article/id/22738/ [ permanent dead link ] Jump up ^ \"Our Future Without an \"Egg Bill \" \" . egg-cite.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ HSUS Statement on Michael Vick's Sentence Related to State Dogfighting Charges [ permanent dead link ] Nov 25, 2008 Jump up ^ \"Michael Vick Pleads Guilty to Dogfighting Charges in Virginia, Insuring Early Prison Release\" . Fox News . 2008-11-25. Jump up ^ C.J. Ciaramella (2011-07-19). \"Michael Vick calls for stronger laws against animal fighting\" . The Daily Caller . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ Simon, Richard (2013-06-08). \"Animal-fight spectators face stiff penalties under proposed law\" . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Monday, August 26, 2013 11:34 am (2013-08-26). \"Multi-state investigation leads to dog-fighting arrests in county – The Southeast Sun: News\" . The Southeast Sun . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ \"NIH ends funding for experiments using 'random source' dogs\" . sciencemag.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ No author. June 27, 2013. Arcus Welcomes U.S. Agency Decision to Release Lab Chimps Archived February 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine .. Arcus Foundation Jump up ^ \"Merck Joins Companies Ending Chimpanzee Research – ABC News\" . Abcnews.go.com. 2014-01-30 . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ \"Merck Ends Use of Chimpanzees in Research\" . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ \"Archived copy\" . Archived from the original on 2014-10-31 . Retrieved 2014-10-29 . Jump up ^ Statement on Farm Animals and Eating with Conscience July 16, 2009 Jump up ^ \"Global Animal Partnership: Who We Are\" . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenaway, Twilight. May 24, 2013. The Modern Farmer Interview: Wayne Pacelle . Modern Farmer Jump up ^ 15 Minutes with HSUS President Wayne Pacelle . Farm Journal Magazine Jump up ^ Pounding the Pastures at HSUS . Humaneitarian Jump up ^ Greenaway, Twilight (2013-05-24). \"The Modern Farmer Interview: Wayne Pacelle\" . Modern Farmer . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ Strom, Stephanie (2014-01-20). \"Demand Grows for Hogs That Are Raised Humanely Outdoors\" . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Blulab. \"Animal Welfare at the Heart of Sustainability – Food For Thought – Slow Food International – Good, Clean and Fair food\" . slowfood.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon, Richard; Memoli, Michael A. (2014-01-27). \"Farm bill compromise protects California's egg law\" . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Peterson, Kristina; Newman, Jesse (2014-01-29). \"Farm Bill's Path Traces Power Shift in House GOP\" . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"2013 Animal People Watchdog Report, 18\" . Animal People. Archived from the original on 2014-09-07. Jump up ^ Buell, Spencer (November 8, 2016). \"Mass. Passes Question 3 on Animal Confinement\" . Boston Magazine . ^ Jump up to: a b \"The Humane Society's Descent Into Abolitionist Veganism\" . Weekly Standard . 2016-11-01 . Retrieved 2016-12-30 . Jump up ^ May 3, 2013. Common Questions about Animal Shelters . The Humane Society of the United States Jump up ^ Wayne Pacelle. December 23, 2013. Our Top Achievements for Dogs and Cats, at Home and Abroad A Humane Nation . The Humane Society of the United States. Jump up ^ Leslie Smith. April 3, 2013. HSUS's Pets for Life . DogTime Jump up ^ Cathy Rosenthal. January 6, 2014. $50K grant to help low-income pet owners San Antonio Express-News Jump up ^ \"Changing pet owner attitudes means fewer stray animals on the streets of Boyle Heights\" . The Eastsider LA . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Steinberg. Sept. 18, 2013. Around the Water Cooler With The Humane Society's CEO . Money/Careers. U.S. News & World Report Jump up ^ \"Publications\" . AnimalSheltering.org . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ Banse, Tom (2006-10-04). \"Mobile Vet Clinic Treats Poor Pets\" . VOANews.com . Retrieved 2012-09-23 . Jump up ^ No author. 5/02/2013. CSPA Receives Humane Society of the United States Award for Antifreeze Safety Effort Archived January 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine .. Consumer Specialty Products Association. Jump up ^ \"Statement on Wild Animals\" . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Overseas puppy mills: A good new rule to stem a cruel business\" . Los Angeles Times . 2014-08-16. Jump up ^ \" ' Bad rule!' Dog breeders tell USDA about new standards\" . mcclatchydc . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Wild Animals: hunting section\" . Humanesociety.org. July 16, 2009 . Retrieved 2012-08-26 . Jump up ^ Nov 25, 2013. CBC News – Seal product ban upheld on 'ethical' grounds Jump up ^ \"Stopping Michigan wolf hunt the focus of humane society president's Kalamazoo visit\" . MLive.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Stuntz TVN Staff (24 September 2014). \"Federal Judge stops Wyo. wolf hunt\" . Teton Valley News . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker, Kathleen (2014-10-21). \"Bears and wolves find a voice in the wilderness\" . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ \"The Humane Society of the United States Announces Humane Wildlife Solutions to Help People with Wildlife Conflicts – eXtension News\" . Extension.org. 2007-06-30 . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"Massachusetts to ban shark fin trade\" . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"EU closes loopholes in shark finning\" . English pravda.ru . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Shark fin imports to Hong Kong tumble after airlines refuse to carry them\" . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"What You Can Do To Help Feral Cats\" , Humane Society of the United States, July 3, 2013, accessed June 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Results of the Outdoor cat conference , HSUS, March 1, 2013. Jump up ^ J. Grandy, \"Zoos: A Critical Reevaluation,\" HSUS News Summer 1992, 12–14. Jump up ^ Statement on Animals in Entertainment and Competition July 16, 2009 Jump up ^ Hegarty, Matt. 02/23/2012. Q&A: Wayne Pacelle, Humane Society . Daily Racing Form Jump up ^ \"HSUS opposes Florida actions,\" HSUS News Winter 1991, 28. Jump up ^ \"UnderwaterTimes.com – Humane Society: OSHA Sanctions On Seaworld Are Further Evidence That Orcas Are Unsuitable For Captivity\" . underwatertimes.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Ex Sea World trainers speak out in new video\" . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Archived copy\" . Archived from the original on 2014-10-06 . Retrieved 2014-10-05 . Jump up ^ Glionna, John M. November 6, 2013. Horse slaughter: Activists vow long legal battle to save animals . Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ \"U.S. federal appeals court halts horse slaughter\" . USA Today . 2013-11-04. Jump up ^ \"Dangerous Exotic Pets : The Humane Society of the United States\" . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Official: Even chimps in tutus can be vicious - CNN.com\" . CNN . February 20, 2009 . Retrieved May 4, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"West Virginia Legislature Passes the Dangerous Wild Animal Act\" . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Archived copy\" . Archived from the original on 2014-10-06 . Retrieved 2014-09-29 . Jump up ^ \"Charleston Gazette-Mail – Creatures banned, allowed on state's dangerous animal list baffles experts\" . Charleston Gazette-Mail . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Charity Navigator Rating – The Humane Society of the United States\" . Charitynavigator.org . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"Charity Review of Humane Society of the United States\" . Bbb.org. 2007-12-31 . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"The Ten Most Fiscally Responsible Charities\" (PDF) . 2010-01-13 . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . Jump up ^ http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/financials/2012-form-990.pdf ^ Jump up to: a b Richard Pollack. \"Animal rights groups that paid circus $15.7 million file suit against insurers who cancelled them in 2010\" . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2014-07-17 . Jump up ^ \"Humane Society International\" . interaction.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"HSVMA to launch insurance options, recruitment campaign – VIN\" . vin.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Developer donates marsh, woods parcel to Humane Society Back River Neck site is group's first wildlife sanctuary in (P Maryland\" . tribunedigital-baltimoresun . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"West County wildlife area gets permanent protection Former retreat acquired by Humane Society Trust\" . Sonoma West Publishers . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Humane Society boosts poaching reward\" . Aspen Daily News . October 16, 2014. Jump up ^ \"Audubon Society of Portland, the Humane Society of the United States, and the Humane Society Wildlife Land Trust post reward in illegal leg hold trap case\" . audubonportland.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Larry Himmel (3 December 2013). \"The Fund for Animals Wildlife Center: Born to be wild\" . cbs8.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Fagen, Faran (September 18, 2014). \"Delray photographer chronicles animals' return to health\" . Palm Beach Post . Jump up ^ \"Tom MacArthur endorsed by Humane Society Legislative Fund\" . burlcogop.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ross, Gloria (2013-02-13). \"Suzanne Saueressig Riegel: Humane Society chief of veterinary staff for decades\" . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-11-17 . Jump up ^ Preston, Caroline (March 11, 2010). \"Nonprofit Group Attacks Humane Society Over Spending of Donations\" (PDF) . The Chronicle Of Philanthropy . Jump up ^ Drajem, Mark (2012-11-02). \"Union Busting by Profiting From Non-Profit May Breach IRS\" . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Rachel Maddow-Rick Berman_ King of astroturf . YouTube . 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Pollan, Michael (June 4, 2006). \"Attacks on the 'Food Police ' \" . New York Times, the opinion pages. Jump up ^ Michael Kranish. May 19, 2013. Corporations anonymously fund attacks and influence Washington policy through nonprofit groups. The Boston Globe Jump up ^ The HSUS Responds to CCF HSUS, Nov 16, 2009 Jump up ^ Drajem, Mark and Brian Wingfield. Nov 1, 2012. Union Busting by Profiting From Non-Profit May Breach IRS Bloomberg Jump up ^ Beall, Pat. Jan. 18, 2014. Taking on the popular: ‘Dr. Evil’ targets Humane Society . The Palm Beach Post ^ Jump up to: a b The Humane Society of the United States and Pet Shelter Giving . HumaneWatch ^ Jump up to: a b HSUS is Not Your Local Humane Society . HumaneWatch Jump up ^ Douglas Anthony Cooper, 01/23/2014 \"Will the HSUS Make a Killing Off Hurricane Sandy?\" The Huffington Post ( http://www.huffingtonpost.com ) Jump up ^ \"The PR Man Behind the Oscar Night Anti-Humane Society Slam\" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 2016-11-04 . Jump up ^ Winograd, Nathan J. (May 13, 2013). \"Putting Abusers Before Animals Is Business as Usual at the HSUS\" . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ P.J. Huffstutter and Lisa Baertlein (16 April 2012). \" \" Pink Slime\" controversy stokes clash over agriculture\" . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Beckelemail. \" ' Radical animal rights movement' gets new foe\" . Center for Public Integrity . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan Crossingham. \"Protect the Harvest taking the fight to radical animal rights activists\" . Farm and Ranch Guide . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Protect the Harvest PAC Ad Highlights Bruce Braley's Lack of Respect for Iowa Farm Families\" . theiowarepublican.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://usark.org/about/ 'The Reptile Nation' Jump up ^ \"Senate Panel Approves Large Constrictor Snake Trade Ban\" . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://blog.humanesociety.org/wayne/2012/01/constrictor-snake-news.html 'The Way Washington Works' Jump up ^ http://blog.humanesociety.org/wayne/2014/06/constrictor-snakes-2.html 'Time to Tighten Grip on Imports of Constricting Snakes' 6.24.2014 Jump up ^ http://usark.org/2014-blog/hsus-wants-americans-to-lie-to-the-u-s-government 'HSUS wants Americans to Lie to the U.S. Government' 07.02.2014 Jump up ^ \"Dangerous Exotic Pets: Snakes\" . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/exotic_pets/facts/thinking_of_getting_turtle_012609.html 'Thinking of Getting a Pet Turtle?' 8.20.14 Jump up ^ \"Iguanas : The Humane Society of the United States\" . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://usark.org/position-statements/mission/ usark.org Mission statement Jump up ^ Salmon, Jacqueline L. (March 26, 2006). \"Red Cross, Humane Society Under Investigation\" . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 8, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Louisiana attorney general launches HSUS investigation\" . American Veterinary Medical Association. June 1, 2006 . Retrieved April 8, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Money Mysteries Part 1: Hurricane Katrina HSUS Fundraising\" . Retrieved April 20, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Six Years After Katrina, HSUS Highly Active in Gulf Coast States\" . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Common Questions about Animal Shelters : The Humane Society of the United States\" . Humanesociety.org . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ \" \" Pennies for Charity\" – The Attorney General's Report on Fundraisers in New York\" . Retrieved December 9, 2009 . Jump up ^ \"Legislative conference seeks HSUS investigation\" . Brownfield Ag News . Retrieved 2016-01-26 . Jump up ^ http://www.csgmidwest.org/MLC/documents/HSUS-2015.pdf Jump up ^ \"Canadian seal hunt begins amid protests\" . USA Today . March 25, 2006 . Retrieved May 4, 2010 . Jump up ^ Squatriglia, Chuck (April 1, 2003). \"Dolphins hunt for mines in gulf waters / Trained animals helping Navy clear vital port of Umm Qasr\" . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ \"Search – Global Edition – The New York Times\" . International Herald Tribune. 2009-03-29 . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ Humane Society of the United States Archived July 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Activistcash.com Jump up ^ Severson, Kim. \"Animal advocates' new weapon: Video sharing – The New York Times\" . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"6-5-06 pg 26.qxp\" (PDF) . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ Courtesy of the Humane Society (2010-01-05). \"Lynne Terry, The Oregonian\" . Oregonlive.com . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \"Charity Navigator Donor Advisory – The Humane Society of the United States\" . Charitynavigator.org . Retrieved 2014-07-17 . Jump up ^ \"Charity Navigator - Rating for The Humane Society of the United States\" . Charity Navigator . Retrieved 2016-11-04 . Jump up ^ Texas (October 4, 2013). \"HumaneWatch: HSUS nonprofit rating improves to \"C- \" \" . Cattlenetwork.com . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ Daniel Borochoff. \"How American Institute of Philanthropy Rates Charities\" . Charitywatch.org . Retrieved 2011-03-30 . Jump up ^ \" \" Animal rights group pays settlement in circus elephant case,\" Tom Watkins, CNN, December 28, 2012\" . Cnn.com. 2012-12-28 . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ MATTHEW BARAKAT Associated Press (2014-05-16). \" \" Animal-rights groups to pay Ringling circus $16 million,\" Matthew Karakat, The Associated Press, May 16, 2014\" . Stltoday.com . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ \"Latest Salvo in Feud Targets Humane Society's Accounting\" . Bloomberg News. 2013-11-07 . Retrieved 2013-11-21 . Jump up ^ \"Humane Society blasted for late release of video in beef recall - CNN.com\" . CNN . February 21, 2008 . Retrieved May 4, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Agriculture reporting bill more harmful than helpful – SentinelSource.com: Editorial\" . SentinelSource.com. 2014-01-15 . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ \"Michael Vick to work with Humane Society on its campaign against dogfighting\" . Los Angeles Times . 2009-05-20 . Retrieved April 20, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Nevada Humane Society responds to Michael Vick inquiries\" . Retrieved April 20, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"What Happened to Michael Vick's Dogs\" . CNN . 2008-12-23 . Retrieved April 20, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Humane Society president open to Michael Vick owning dogs again\" . CNN . 2010-12-21 . Retrieved April 20, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Dog advocates disagree about whether Vick would be a good owner\" . Retrieved December 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Michael Vick and Having a Pet – Wayne Pacelle: A Humane Nation | HSUS President & CEO\" . Hsus.typepad.com. 2010-12-16 . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ \"Vick on family dog: 'Our pet is well cared for ' \" . Retrieved April 20, 2013 . \"I understand the strong emotions by some people about our family's decision to care for a pet. As a father, it is important to make sure my children develop a healthy relationship with animals,\" Vick's reasoning for getting another dog according to Philly.com. Jump up ^ Mosbergen, Dominique (2012-10-11). \"Michael Vick: Yes, I Have A Dog\" . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ \"Animal rights activists mixed on Vick move\" . Retrieved April 20, 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press. 26, 2011 Michael Vick: Dogfighting Android app is wrong . CBS News Jump up ^ Paul Courson. July 19, 2011. Michael Vick backs bill targeting dog fight spectators . Cable News Network Jump up ^ Williamson, Eric. Oct. 25, 2012 Animal Abuse Laws Stronger After Vick Prosecution, But Still Not Ideal, Experts Say . University of Virginia School of Law Jump up ^ Humane Society of the United States Misled Americans With Fundraising Pitch: Animal Rights Group Falsely Claimed It Would \"Care For\" Michael Vick’s Dogs Archived May 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Center for Consumer Freedom press release Jump up ^ \"Put an End to Animal Fighting\" . Consumer Freedom . Retrieved April 8, 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmidt, Michael S. August 1, 2007. Government Makes a Case, and Holds Dogs as Evidence . The New York Times . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110525040802/http://www.consumerfreedom.com/news_detail.cfm?headline=3420 . Archived from the original on May 25, 2011 . Retrieved September 8, 2008 . Missing or empty |title= ( help ) Jump up ^ \"An Investigation of the Canadian Seafood \"Boycott\" Promoted By the Humane Society of the United States\" (PDF) . Consumerfreedom.com. March 2006 . Retrieved 2011-10-01 . Jump up ^ \"Humane Society of the United States Promotes Phony Canadian-Seafood Boycott\" . Consumerfreedom.com. March 23, 2006 . Retrieved 2011-10-01 . Jump up ^ \" \" AG Pruitt Warns Oklahomans of Misleading Solicitations by National Animal Welfare Organizations,\" Oklahoma Office of the Attorney General, March 12, 2014\" . Oag.ok.gov . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ \" \" State AG's office issues alert against Humane Society of the United States,\" Randy Krehbiel, Tulsa World, March 12, 2014\" . Tulsaworld.com . Retrieved 2014-07-14 . Jump up ^ \"About Us\" . Veterinarians for Equine Welfare . Retrieved April 8, 2012 . Jump up ^ Cruel Deaths in Mexico a Result of Closing U.S. Horse Processing Plants Archived October 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . AVMA press release. October 4, 2007 Jump up ^ U.S. horse slaughter exports to Mexico increase 312% Archived September 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . JAVMA News. January 15, 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.humanesociety.org/animal_community/resources/facts/HSUS_local_shelters.html Jump up ^ \"Our Policies\" . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka, Zoopolis: A Political Theory of Animal Rights, 19. ^ Jump up to: a b Animal Charity Evaluators (November 2016). \"HSUS Farm Animal Protection Campaign\" . Retrieved November 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Allison Smith (June 9, 2016). \"Our Thinking on Standout Organizations\" . Retrieved November 29, 2016 . Further reading [ edit ] Amory, Cleveland , Man Kind? Our Incredible War on Wildlife (1974). Balcombe, Jonathan, The Use of Animals in Higher Education: Problems, Alternatives, and Recommendations (2000). Donaldson, Sue and Will Kymlicka, Zoopolis: A Political Theory of Animal Rights (2012). Donahue, Jesse, and Erik Trump, The Politics of Zoos: Exotic Animals and their Protectors (2006). Hadidian, John A., Wild Neighbors: The Humane Approach to Living With Wildlife 2007. Hoyt, John A., Animals in Peril 1994. Irwin, Paul, Losing Paradise: The Growing Threat to Our Animals, Our Environment, and Ourselves (2000). McGiffin H., and N. Brownley, eds., Animals in Education: The Use of Animals in High School biology Classes and Science Fairs (1980). Morse, Mel, Ordeal of the Animals (1970). Pacelle, Wayne, The Bond: Our Kinship with Animals, Our Call to Defend Them (2009). Russell, William S., and Rex Burch, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (1959). Scully, Matthew, Dominion: The Power of Man, The Suffering of Animals, and The Call to Mercy (2003). Stephens, Martin L., Alternatives to Current Animal Use in Research, Safety, Testing and Education (1986). Unti, Bernard. Protecting All Animals: A Fifty-Year History of The Humane Society of the United States (2004). Unti, Bernard, and Andrew Rowan. \"A Social History of Animal Protection in the Post–World War Two Period.\" In State of the Animals 2001, edited by Deborah J. Salem and Andrew N. Rowan. Washington, D.C.: Humane Society of the United States, 2002. External links [ edit ] Official website HSUS Blog authored by CEO Wayne Pacelle Official YouTube channel [ show ] v t e Animal rights Topics Overview Abolitionism Animal protectionism Animal welfare Speciesism Vegaphobia Veganism more... Issues Ahimsa Anarchism Animal cognition Animal consciousness Animal law Animal model Animal rights and the Holocaust Animal product Animal rights movement Animal testing Animal testing on non-human primates Animals in sport Anthrozoology Anti-hunting Bile bear Bioethics Blood sport Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness Carnism Cosmetics testing Chick culling Christianity and animal rights Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation Cormorant culling Covance Cruelty to animals Deep ecology Ethics of eating meat Fox hunting Fur trade Great ape research ban Green Scare Huntingdon Life Sciences Intensive animal farming Ivory trade Livestock Meat paradox Nafovanny Nonviolence Open rescue Operation Backfire Pain in animals Pain and suffering in laboratory animals Qurbani Primate trade Seal hunting Slaughterhouse Stock-free agriculture Toxicology testing Veganism Vegetarianism Western Australian shark cull more... 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Activists Cleveland Amory Greg Avery Matt Ball Martin Balluch Barbi twins Brigitte Bardot Bob Barker Gene Baur Frances Power Cobbe Rod Coronado Evandro Costa Karen Davis Chris DeRose Robert Enke John Feldmann Bruce Friedrich Juliet Gellatley Jordan Halliday Barry Horne Ronnie Lee Lizzy Lind af Hageby Jo-Anne McArthur Bill Maher Keith Mann Dan Mathews Luísa Mell Ingrid Newkirk Heather Nicholson Jack Norris Alex Pacheco Jill Phipps Craig Rosebraugh Nathan Runkle Henry Spira Kim Stallwood Marianne Thieme Darren Thurston Andrew Tyler Gary Yourofsky more... Movement Groups Animal Aid Animal Legal Defense Fund Animal Liberation Front British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection Centre for Animals and Social Justice Chinese Animal Protection Network Direct Action Everywhere Farm Animal Rights Movement Great Ape Project Hunt Saboteurs Association In Defense of Animals Korea Animal Rights Advocates Last Chance for Animals Mercy for Animals New England Anti-Vivisection Society Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics Oxford Group People for Animals People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals United Poultry Concerns more... Parties AAEVP (Canada) Animal Justice Party (Australia) Animal Welfare Party (UK) PACMA (Spain) Party for the Animals (Netherlands) Partito Animalista Italiano (Italy) Tierschutzpartei (Germany) V-Partei³ (Germany) People–Animals–Nature (Portugal) more... Media Books Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress (1894) Animals, Men and Morals (1971) Animal Liberation (1975) The Case for Animal Rights (1983) The Lives of Animals (1999) Striking at the Roots (2008) An American Trilogy (2009) more... Films The Animals Film (1981) A Cow at My Table (1998) Meet Your Meat (2002) Peaceable Kingdom (2004) Earthlings (2005) Behind the Mask (2006) The Cove (2009) Forks Over Knives (2011) Vegucated (2011) Speciesism: The Movie (2013) The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013) more... 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{ "text": "Christine Baranski - Wikipedia Christine Baranski From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Christine Baranski Baranski at the Metropolitan Opera in 2008 Born Christine Jane Baranski ( 1952-05-02 ) May 2, 1952 (age 66) Buffalo , New York , U.S. Residence Connecticut , U.S. Education Juilliard School ( BFA ) Occupation Actress singer producer Years active 1974–present Spouse(s) Matthew Cowles ( m. 1983; d. 2014) Children 2 Christine Jane Baranski (born May 2, 1952) is an American actress, singer, and producer. She is a 15-time Emmy Award nominee, winning once in 1995 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Maryanne Thorpe in the sitcom Cybill (1995–98). Baranski has received further critical acclaim for her performance as Diane Lockhart in the legal drama series The Good Wife (2009–2016) and its spinoff series The Good Fight (2017–present), as well as her recurring role as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter in the sitcom The Big Bang Theory (2009–present) for which she has received two Emmy nominations. She is also known for her roles in numerous successful TV Films, most notably her portrayal of Kate in To Dance with the White Dog (1993), Prunella Stickler in Eloise at the Plaza , and Eloise at Christmastime (both 2003), and Amanda in Who Is Simon Miller? (2011). Baranski won two Tony Awards for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the original Broadway productions of The Real Thing in 1984 and Rumors in 1989. Her other major Broadway credits include Hide and Seek (1980), Hurlyburly (1984), The House of Blue Leaves (1986), Nick & Nora (1991), and Boeing Boeing (2008). Baranski has starred in numerous films, including 9½ Weeks (1986), Legal Eagles (1986), Reversal of Fortune (1990), Addams Family Values (1993), Jeffrey (1995), The Birdcage (1996), Bulworth (1998), Cruel Intentions (1999), Bowfinger (1999), Dr. Seuss's How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), Chicago (2002), Mamma Mia! (2008), The Bounty Hunter (2010), Into the Woods (2014), A Bad Moms Christmas (2017), and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Stage 2.2 Film 2.3 Television 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life and education [ edit ] Baranski was born in Buffalo, New York , the daughter of Virginia ( née Mazurowski) and Lucien Baranski, who edited a Polish-language newspaper. [1] [2] She is of Polish descent, and her grandparents were actors in the Polish theater. [3] [4] Baranski was raised in a Polish- Catholic neighborhood in Cheektowaga , where she attended high school at the Villa Maria Academy . [5] [6] She then studied at New York City's Juilliard School [7] (Drama Division Group 3 : 1970–1974) [8] where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974. [9] Career [ edit ] Stage [ edit ] Baranski at the Metropolitan Opera 2010 opening night of Das Rheingold Baranski made her Off-Broadway debut in Coming Attractions at Playwrights Horizons in 1980, and has appeared in several Off Broadway productions at the Manhattan Theatre Club , starting with Sally and Marsha in 1982. Baranski made her Broadway debut in Hide & Seek in 1980. For her next Broadway performance, in Tom Stoppard 's The Real Thing , she won the 1984 Tony Award Best Featured Actress in a Play. Other Broadway credits include: Hurlyburly , The House of Blue Leaves , Rumors (for which she won her second Tony), Regrets Only , Nick & Nora , and the Encores! concert staging of Follies . At the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. , Baranski starred as Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd in 2002 [10] (for which she won the 2003 Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical) and as the title character in Mame in 2006. [6] In her first Broadway production since 1991, she was featured as the maid Berthe in the 2008 revival of Boeing Boeing . [11] The show garnered two Tony Awards, one for Best Revival of a Play and the other for Best Actor ( Mark Rylance ). The original cast was Bradley Whitford (Bernard), Kathryn Hahn (Gloria), Christine Baranski (Berthe), Gina Gershon (Gabriella), and Mary McCormack (Gretchen). The show closed on January 4, 2009. She also appeared in a one night only concert benefit performance of Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music for Roundabout Theatre Company as Countess Charlotte Malcolm on January 12, 2009. [12] The cast included Vanessa Redgrave , Natasha Richardson , Victor Garber , and Marc Kudisch , among others. She has won both the Tony and Drama Desk Awards twice. Film [ edit ] Baranski has also starred in various roles in films. Some of her better known roles are as Katherine Archer in The Birdcage (1996), Martha May Whovier in How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), Mary Sunshine in Chicago (2002), and Connie Chasseur in The Ref (2004). She received further recognition for her role as Tanya Chesham-Leigh in the hit musical film Mamma Mia! (2008), and its sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018). She also played Cinderella's stepmother in the 2014 film adaptation of the musical, Into the Woods . [13] Baranski also starred in the films 9½ Weeks (1986), Legal Eagles (1986), Reversal of Fortune (1990), Addams Family Values (1993), Jeffrey (1995), Bulworth (1998), Cruel Intentions (1999), Bowfinger (1999), Chicago (2002), Trolls (2016), and A Bad Moms Christmas (2017). Television [ edit ] Baranski at the 2015 PaleyFest presentation for The Good Wife Though widely reported to have worked as a child actress under the name \"Chris Charney,\" Baranski denies ever having appeared on The Brady Bunch , [14] and states that \"the first real TV show\" that she worked on was the comedy series Cybill . Earlier, she had appeared in short-term roles on various daytime soap operas, including All My Children and Another World . Baranski was featured as Cybill Shepherd 's sarcastic, hard-drinking friend Maryanne Thorpe in the CBS sitcom Cybill , which ran from 1995 until 1998, during which time she hosted Saturday Night Live and won an Emmy Award as Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series along with three other nominations. During this, Baranski portrayed a librarian named Sonja Umdahl in the \"Dick and the Single Girl\" episode of 3rd Rock from the Sun . [15] A few years later, Baranski received an Emmy nomination for a guest starring role as an intimidating radio psychiatrist on an episode of the NBC series Frasier . She had an uncredited role in the series Now and Again as the voice of Roger's overbearing wife Ruth, who was never seen by viewers. Baranski later appeared in the 2000–2001 sitcom Welcome to New York and, with John Laroquette , in the 2003–2004 NBC sitcom Happy Family . She co-starred with Bernadette Peters in a pilot for an ABC sitcom, Adopted , in 2005, which was not picked up. She also played Faith Clancy, the mother of Jim Clancy in Ghost Whisperer . In 2009 Baranski began guest-starring in The Big Bang Theory as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter , a dispassionate psychiatrist and neuroscientist and mother of one of the protagonists, Leonard Hofstadter. She first appeared in the second-season episode \"The Maternal Capacitance\" , for which she received an Emmy nomination. Due to the popularity of her first appearance, Baranski returned in the third season for the Christmas episode \"The Maternal Congruence\" , receiving another Emmy nomination. As of July 2018, she has appeared in eleven more episodes. From 2009 to 2016, she played the role of Diane Lockhart, a top litigator and senior partner of a Chicago law firm on the CBS series The Good Wife . She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for six seasons of the series, in the years 2010 to 2015. Besides her work on The Good Wife and the aforementioned guest appearances on The Big Bang Theory , her other recent appearances include Ugly Betty in 2009 as Victoria Hartley, the haughty mother of Betty 's new boyfriend. Baranski currently stars in a spinoff of The Good Wife , titled The Good Fight . The series began airing on CBS and then CBS All Access starting in February 2017. Her character, Diane Lockhart, joins another law firm after being forced to return to work. [16] Personal life [ edit ] Baranski was married to actor Matthew Cowles from October 1983 until his death on May 22, 2014. [2] [17] They have two daughters, Isabel (born 1984) and Lily (born 1987), who is also an actress. [18] One of her daughters attended law school, passed the New York bar exam , and worked in the Brooklyn district attorney's office during the run of The Good Wife . [19] Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1982 Soup for One Blonde in Bar 1983 Lovesick Nymphomaniac 1984 Crackers Maxine 1986 9½ Weeks Thea 1986 Legal Eagles Carol Freeman 1987 The Pick-up Artist Harriet 1990 Reversal of Fortune Andrea Reynolds 1993 The Night We Never Met Lucy 1993 Life with Mikey Carol 1993 Addams Family Values Becky Martin-Granger 1994 The Ref Connie Chasseur 1994 Getting In Mrs. Margaret \"Maggie\" Higgs 1994 The War Miss Strapford 1995 New Jersey Drive Prosecutor 1995 Jeffrey Ann Marwood Bartle 1996 The Birdcage Katherine Archer Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 1998 The Odd Couple II Thelma 1998 Bulworth Constance Bulworth 1999 Cruel Intentions Bunny Caldwell 1999 Bowfinger Carol 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas Martha May Whovier 2002 The Guru Shantal 2002 Chicago Mary Sunshine Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2003 Marci X Mary Ellen Spinkle 2004 Welcome to Mooseport Charlotte Cole 2005 Scooby Doo! in Where's My Mummy? Amelia Von Butch (voice) 2006 Falling for Grace Bree 2006 Relative Strangers Arleen Clayton 2006 Bonneville Francine 2008 Mamma Mia! Tanya Chesham-Leigh 2010 The Bounty Hunter Kitty Hurley 2012 Foodfight! Hedda Shopper (voice) 2014 Into the Woods [13] Cinderella's Stepmother Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture Nominated — Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble Nominated — Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble 2016 Trolls Chef (voice) 2016 Miss Sloane [20] Evelyn Sumner 2017 A Bad Moms Christmas Ruth 2018 Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Tanya Chesham-Leigh Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1977 Busting Loose Debbie Episode: \"The Decision: Part 1\" 1980 Playing for Time Olga TV movie 1982 A Midsummer Night's Dream Helena TV movie 1982 Another World Beverly Tucker Unknown episodes 1984 All My Children Jewel Maniscalo Unknown episodes 1985 Big Shots in America Cara TV movie 1985 The Equalizer Victoria Baines Episode: \"Mama's Boy\" 1987 The House of Blue Leaves Bunny Flingus TV movie 1988 The Thorns Polly Episode: \"The Maid\" 1991 Law & Order Katherine Masucci Beigel Episodes: \" The Torrents of Greed Parts 1 & 2 \" 1992 Screenplay Blair Bennett Episode: \"Buying a Landslide\" 1993 To Dance with the White Dog Kate TV movie 1994 Law & Order Rose Siegal Episode: \"Nurture\" 1995–98 Cybill Maryanne Thorpe 87 episodes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (1995) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series (1995) Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (1995, 1996) Nominated — Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (1996–98) Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (1995) Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series (1996) 1996 Saturday Night Live Herself (host) Episode: \"Christine Baranski/The Cure\" 1997 3rd Rock from the Sun Sonja Umdahl Episode: \"Dick and the Single Girl\" 1999 Now and Again Ruth Bender (voice) Episode: \"Origins\"; uncredited 1999 Frasier Dr. Nora Fairchild Episode: \"Dr. Nora\" Nominated — Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series 2000–01 Welcome to New York Marsha Bickner 13 episodes 2001 Citizen Baines Glenn Ferguson Baines Welch Episode: \"Three Days in November\" 2002 Presidio Med Dr. Terry Howland Episodes: \"Pick Your Battles\", \"Best of Enemies\" 2003 Eloise at the Plaza Prunella Stickler TV movie 2003 Eloise at Christmastime Prunella Stickler TV movie 2003–04 Happy Family Annie Brennan 22 episodes 2004 Spellbound TV movie 2005 Recipe for a Perfect Christmas Lee Bellmont TV movie 2005 Adopted Judy Rabinowitz TV movie 2005 In the Game TV pilot 2005 Ghost Whisperer Faith Clancy Episodes: \"Voices\", \"The Crossing\" 2006 Inseparable Barbara TV movie 2006 American Dad! Homeless Woman (voice) Episode: \"Failure Is Not a Factory-installed Option\" 2009 Ugly Betty Victoria Hartley 3 episodes 2009 Psych Alice Clayton Episode: \"He Dead\" 2009–2018 The Big Bang Theory Dr. Beverly Hofstadter 13 episodes Nominated — Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (2009, 2010, 2015, 2016) 2009–2016 The Good Wife Diane Lockhart 156 episodes [21] Nominated — Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (2010–15) Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2009, 2010, 2011) 2011 Who Is Simon Miller? Amanda TV movie 2011 Ugly Americans Grimes' mummy (voice) Episode: \"Mummy Dearest\" 2015 BoJack Horseman Amanda Hannity (voice) Episode: \"Hank After Dark\" 2013 Family Guy Herself (voice) Episode: \" Call Girl \" 2017 Regular Show Guardian (voice) Episode: \"A Regular Epic Final Battle\" 2017–present The Good Fight Diane Lockhart 23 episodes 2017 Michael Jackson's Halloween Mrs. Grau (voice) TV special 2017 Spirit Riding Free Miz McDonnell (voice) Episode: \"Lucky and the Long Way Home\" Stage [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1980 Hide & Seek Elly Bart Broadway 1980 Coming Attractions Performer Playwrights Horizons 1982 Sally and Marsha Marsha Manhattan Theatre Club 1984 The Real Thing Charlotte Broadway 1984 Hurlyburly Bonnie Broadway 1986 The House of Blue Leaves Bunny Flingus Broadway 1988 Rumors Chris Gorman Broadway 1991 Nick & Nora Tracy Gardner Broadway 1997 Promises, Promises Marge MacDougall Off-Broadway 2002 Sweeney Todd Mrs. Lovett Kennedy Center 2006 Mame Mame Dennis Kennedy Center 2008 Boeing Boeing Berthe Broadway Video games [ edit ] Year Project Role Notes 2013 Skylanders: Swap Force Kaos' Mother [22] 2017 Steven Universe: Save the Light Hessonite [23] Awards and nominations [ edit ] Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Christine Baranski References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"Christine Baranski – Family and Companions – Yahoo!7 Movies\" Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine . movies.yahoo.com ^ Jump up to: a b \"Christine Baranski Biography (1952–)\" filmreference.com, accessed April 29, 2011 Jump up ^ \"Western New York Public Broadcasting Association\" Archived 2007-08-09 at the Wayback Machine . wned.org Jump up ^ Triplett, William (May 12, 2002). \"For Baranski, A Most Meaty Opportunity; In 'Sweeney Todd,' Actress Sinks Her Teeth Into a Singing Role\" . The Washington Post . HighBeam Research. Jump up ^ Rousuck, J. Wynn (May 21, 2006). \"The lady has it: Christine Baranski stars in 'Mame' for the 2nd time\" . The Baltimore Sun . ^ Jump up to: a b Gans, Andrew (June 16, 2006). \"DIVA TALK: Chatting with Mame's Christine Baranski\" . Playbill .com . Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Jump up ^ Shulman, Randy (June 8, 2006). \"Christine Baranski: TV and stage actress talks about starring in 'Mame' and 'Cybill ' \" . MetroWeekly.com . Jump up ^ \"Alumni News\" . The Juilliard School . September 2009 . Retrieved April 7, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Christine Baranski\" . All Movie Guide . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7, 2012 . Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben. \"Adding Love To the Pies' Time-Tested Recipe\", New York Times , May 15, 2002 Jump up ^ Simonson, Robert . \"PLAYBILL.COM'S BRIEF ENCOUNTER With Christine Baranski\" Archived 2009-01-14 at the Wayback Machine ., playbill.com, May 7, 2008 Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. \"Starry A Little Night Music Concert Presented in Manhattan Jan. 12\" Archived 2009-01-14 at the Wayback Machine ., playbill.com, January 12, 2009 ^ Jump up to: a b WORLD EXCLUSIVE! New Confirmed Casting For the INTO THE WOODS Movie, Starring Streep & Depp Broadway World, Retrieved July 27, 2013 Jump up ^ \"Christine Baranski: Wasn't Me on 'The Brady Bunch'!\" . blog.blogtalkradio.com . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Dick and the Single Girl\" . 11 May 1997 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 – via www.imdb.com. Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James. \"Review: On ‘The Good Fight,’ a Lawyer Claws Her Way Back to Normal\" New York Times , February 16, 2017 Jump up ^ Simonson, Robert. \"Matthew Cowles, Actor and Husband of Christine Baranski, Dies\" Archived 2014-05-27 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com, May 27, 2014 Jump up ^ Klein, Alvin (January 25, 1998). \"THEATER; Being Irish And Being Married\" . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30, 2010 . Jump up ^ Colbert, Stephen (host) (28 April 2016). \"Christine Baranski\" . The Late Show with Stephen Colbert . Season 1. Episode 131. CBS. Jump up ^ ‘Miss Sloane’ review: An intriguing character who needs a more intriguing film Seattle Times, Retrieved December 8, 2016 Jump up ^ \"Filmography by TV series for Christine Baranski\" . IMDb.com . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ Skylanders Swap Force E3 2013 – Epic Interview Pt 2 (Kaos's Mom, TarClops) on YouTube Jump up ^ \"Meet Hessonite, the Villainous New Steven Universe Gem Voiced by Christine Baranski\" . www.themarysue.com . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christine Baranski . Christine Baranski on IMDb Christine Baranski at TV.com Christine Baranski at AllMovie Christine Baranski at the Internet Broadway Database Christine Baranski at the Internet Off-Broadway Database show Awards for Christine Baranski show v t e Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play Frances Sternhagen (1975) Rachel Roberts (1976) Rosemary De Angelis (1977) Eileen Atkins (1978) Pamela Reed (1979) Lois de Banzie (1980) Swoosie Kurtz (1981) Amanda Plummer (1982) Judith Ivey (1983) Christine Baranski (1984) Judith Ivey (1985) Joanna Gleason (1986) Mary Alice (1987) Christine Estabrook (1988) Tovah Feldshuh (1989) Frances Conroy (1990) Irene Worth (1991) Christine Baranski (1992) Madeline Kahn (1993) Jane Adams (1994) Tara Fitzgerald (1995) Elaine Stritch (1996) Dana Ivey (1997) Allison Janney (1998) Anna Friel (1999) Marylouise Burke (2000) Viola Davis (2001) Katie Finneran (2002) Lynn Redgrave (2003) Audra McDonald (2004) Adriane Lenox (2005) Frances de la Tour (2006) Martha Plimpton (2007) Linda Lavin (2008) Angela Lansbury (2009) Viola Davis (2010) Edie Falco (2011) Judith Light (2012) Judith Light (2013) Celia Keenan-Bolger (2014) Annaleigh Ashford (2015) Saycon Sengbloh (2016) Cynthia Nixon (2017) Jamie Brewer (2018) show v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Vivian Vance (1953) Audrey Meadows (1954) Nanette Fabray (1955) Pat Carroll (1956) Ann B. Davis (1957) Ann B. Davis (1959) Alice Pearce (1966) Frances Bavier (1967) Marion Lorne (1968) Karen Valentine (1970) Valerie Harper (1971) Valerie Harper / Sally Struthers (1972) Valerie Harper (1973) Cloris Leachman (1974) Betty White (1975) Betty White (1976) Mary Kay Place (1977) Julie Kavner (1978) Sally Struthers (1979) Loretta Swit (1980) Eileen Brennan (1981) Loretta Swit (1982) Carol Kane (1983) Rhea Perlman (1984) Rhea Perlman (1985) Rhea Perlman (1986) Jackée Harry (1987) Estelle Getty (1988) Rhea Perlman (1989) Bebe Neuwirth (1990) Bebe Neuwirth (1991) Laurie Metcalf (1992) Laurie Metcalf (1993) Laurie Metcalf (1994) Christine Baranski (1995) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1996) Kristen Johnston (1997) Lisa Kudrow (1998) Kristen Johnston (1999) Megan Mullally (2000) Doris Roberts (2001) Doris Roberts (2002) Doris Roberts (2003) Cynthia Nixon (2004) Doris Roberts (2005) Megan Mullally (2006) Jaime Pressly (2007) Jean Smart (2008) Kristin Chenoweth (2009) Jane Lynch (2010) Julie Bowen (2011) Julie Bowen (2012) Merritt Wever (2013) Allison Janney (2014) Allison Janney (2015) Kate McKinnon (2016) Kate McKinnon (2017) Alex Borstein (2018) show v t e Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Helen Hunt (1994) Christine Baranski (1995) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1996) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1997) Tracey Ullman (1998) Lisa Kudrow (1999) Sarah Jessica Parker (2000) Megan Mullally (2001) Megan Mullally (2002) Megan Mullally (2003) Teri Hatcher (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) America Ferrera (2006) Tina Fey (2007) Tina Fey (2008) Tina Fey (2009) Betty White (2010) Betty White (2011) Tina Fey (2012) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2013) Uzo Aduba (2014) Uzo Aduba (2015) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2016) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2017) show v t e Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play Patricia Neal (1947) Shirley Booth (1949) Maureen Stapleton (1951) Marian Winters (1952) Beatrice Straight (1953) Jo Van Fleet (1954) Patricia Jessel (1955) Una Merkel (1956) Peggy Cass (1957) Anne Bancroft (1958) Julie Newmar (1959) Anne Revere (1960) Colleen Dewhurst (1961) Elizabeth Ashley (1962) Sandy Dennis (1963) Barbara Loden (1964) Alice Ghostley (1965) Zoe Caldwell (1966) Marian Seldes (1967) Zena Walker (1968) Jane Alexander (1969) Blythe Danner (1970) Rae Allen (1971) Elizabeth Wilson (1972) Leora Dana (1973) Frances Sternhagen (1974) Rita Moreno (1975) Shirley Knight (1976) Trazana Beverley (1977) Ann Wedgeworth (1978) Joan Hickson (1979) Dinah Manoff (1980) Swoosie Kurtz (1981) Amanda Plummer (1982) Judith Ivey (1983) Christine Baranski (1984) Judith Ivey (1985) Swoosie Kurtz (1986) Mary Alice (1987) L. 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{ "text": "Know Nothing - Wikipedia Know Nothing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Know Nothing Citizen Know Nothing, the Know Nothing Party's nativist ideal First Leader Lewis Charles Levin Founded 1844 ( 1844 ) Dissolved 1860 ( 1860 ) Preceded by Whig Party Succeeded by Constitutional Union Party Headquarters New York City Secret wing Order of the Star Spangled Banner Ideology American nationalism Anti-Catholicism Populism Nativism Republicanism Religion Protestantism Colors Red , white , blue ( American colors ) Politics of United States Political parties Elections The Native American Party , renamed the American Party in 1855 and commonly known as the \"Know Nothing\" movement, was an American nativist political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s. It was primarily anti-Catholic and hostile to immigration, starting originally as a secret society . The movement briefly emerged as a major political party in the form of the American Party. Adherents to the movement were to reply \"I know nothing\" when asked about its specifics by outsiders, thus providing the group with its common appellation. The \"Know Nothings\" believed a \" Romanist \" conspiracy was afoot to subvert civil and religious liberty in America and sought to politically organize native-born Protestants in the defense of traditional religious and political values. It is remembered for this theme because of fears by Protestants that Catholic priests and bishops would control a large bloc of voters. In most places, \"Know Nothingism\" lasted only a year or two before disintegrating because of weak local leaders, few publicly-declared national leaders and a deep split over the issue of slavery. In the South, the party did not emphasize anti-Catholicism, but was the main alternative to the dominant Democratic Party. The collapse of the Whig Party after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act left an opening for the emergence of a new major party in opposition to the Democrats . The Know Nothings elected Congressman Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts and several other individuals in the 1854 elections and created a new party organization known as the American Party. Particularly in the South, the American Party served as a vehicle for politicians opposed to the Democratic Party. Many also hoped that it would seek a middle ground between the pro-slavery positions of many Democratic politicians and the anti-slavery positions of the emerging Republican Party . The American Party nominated former President Millard Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election , although he kept quiet about his membership. [1] Fillmore received 21.5% of the popular vote in the 1856 presidential election, finishing behind the Democratic and Republican nominees. The party declined rapidly after the 1856 election. The 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford further aroused opposition to slavery in the North, where many Know Nothings joined the Republicans. Most of the remaining members of the party supported the Constitutional Union Party in the 1860 presidential election . Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 Name 1.2 Underlying issues 1.3 Rise 1.4 Leadership and legislation 1.5 Violence 1.6 South 1.7 Decline 2 Electoral history 2.1 Congressional elections 2.2 Presidential elections 3 Legacy 4 In popular culture 5 Notable Know Nothings 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 8.1 Primary sources 9 External links History [ edit ] Anti-Catholicism had been a factor in colonial America but played a minor role in American politics until the arrival of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics in the 1840s. [2] It then reemerged in nativist attacks on Catholic immigration. It appeared in New York politics as early as 1843 under the banner of the American Republican Party . [3] The movement quickly spread to nearby states using that name or Native American Party or variants of it. They succeeded in a number of local and Congressional elections, notably in 1844 in Philadelphia, where the anti-Catholic orator Lewis Charles Levin was elected U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania's 1st District. In the early 1850s, numerous secret orders grew up, of which the \"Order of United Americans\" [4] and the Order of the Star Spangled Banner came to be the most important. They merged in New York in the early 1850s as a secret order that quickly spread across the North, reaching non-Catholics, particularly those who were lower middle class or skilled workmen. [5] Name [ edit ] The name \"Know Nothing\" originated in the semi-secret organization of the party. When a member was asked about its activities, he was supposed to reply \"I know nothing\". Outsiders called them \"Know Nothings\" and the name stuck. In 1855, the Know Nothings first entered politics under the American Party label. [6] [7] Underlying issues [ edit ] The immigration of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics to the United States in the period between 1830 and 1860 made religious differences between Catholics and Protestants a political issue. Violence occasionally erupted at the polls. Protestants alleged that Pope Pius IX had put down the failed liberal Revolutions of 1848 and that he was an opponent of liberty , democracy and republicanism . One Boston minister described Catholicism as \"the ally of tyranny, the opponent of material prosperity, the foe of thrift, the enemy of the railroad, the caucus, and the school\". [8] [9] These fears encouraged conspiracy theories regarding papal intentions of subjugating the United States through a continuing influx of Catholics controlled by Irish bishops obedient to and personally selected by the Pope. In 1849, an oath-bound secret society , the Order of the Star Spangled Banner , was created by Charles B. Allen in New York City. At its inception, the Order of the Star Spangled Banner only had about 36 members. [10] Fear of Catholic immigration led to a dissatisfaction with the Democratic Party , whose leadership in many cities included Catholics of Irish descent. Activists formed secret groups, coordinating their votes and throwing their weight behind candidates sympathetic to their cause. Immigration during the first five years of the 1850s reached a level five times greater than a decade earlier. Most of the new arrivals were poor Catholic peasants or laborers from Ireland and Germany who crowded into the tenements of large cities. Crime and welfare costs soared. Cincinnati's crime rate, for example, tripled between 1846 and 1853 and its murder rate increased sevenfold. Boston's expenditures for poor relief rose threefold during the same period. — James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom , p. 131 Rise [ edit ] In spring 1854, the Know Nothings carried Boston, Salem and other New England cities. They swept the state of Massachusetts in the fall 1854 elections, their biggest victory. The Whig candidate for mayor of Philadelphia , editor Robert T. Conrad , was soon revealed as a Know Nothing as he promised to crack down on crime, close saloons on Sundays and to appoint only native-born Americans to office—he won by a landslide. In Washington, D.C., Know Nothing candidate John T. Towers defeated incumbent Mayor John Walker Maury , causing opposition of such proportion that the Democrats, Whigs and Freesoilers in the capital united as the \"Anti-Know-Nothing Party\". In New York, in a four-way race the Know Nothing candidate ran third with 26%. After the 1854 elections, they claimed to have exerted decisive influence in Maine, Indiana, Pennsylvania and California, but historians are unsure due to the secrecy as all parties were in turmoil and the anti-slavery and prohibition issues overlapped with nativism in complex and confusing ways. They helped elect Stephen Palfrey Webb as Mayor of San Francisco and J. Neely Johnson as Governor of California . Nathaniel P. Banks was elected to Congress as a Know Nothing candidate, but after a few months he aligned with Republicans. A coalition of Know Nothings, Republicans and other members of Congress opposed to the Democratic Party elected Banks to the position of Speaker of the House . The results of the 1854 elections were so favorable to the Know Nothings, up to then an informal movement with no centralized organization, that they formed officially as a political party called the American Party, which attracted many members of the now nearly defunct Whig party as well as a significant number of Democrats. Membership in the American Party increased dramatically, from 50,000 to an estimated one million plus in a matter of months during that year. [11] The historian Tyler Anbinder concluded: The key to Know Nothing success in 1854 was the collapse of the second party system , brought about primarily by the demise of the Whig Party. The Whig Party, weakened for years by internal dissent and chronic factionalism, was nearly destroyed by the Kansas–Nebraska Act . Growing anti-party sentiment, fueled by anti-slavery as well as temperance and nativism, also contributed to the disintegration of the party system. The collapsing second party system gave the Know Nothings a much larger pool of potential converts than was available to previous nativist organizations, allowing the Order to succeed where older nativist groups had failed. [12] In San Francisco, California , a Know Nothing chapter was founded in 1854 to oppose Chinese immigration—members included a judge of the state supreme court, who ruled that no Chinese person could testify as a witness against a white man in court. [13] Fillmore – Donelson campaign poster In the spring of 1855, Levi Boone was elected mayor of Chicago for the Know Nothings and barred all immigrants from city jobs. Abraham Lincoln was strongly opposed to the principles of the Know Nothing movement, but did not denounce it publicly because he needed the votes of its membership to form a successful anti-slavery coalition in Illinois. [14] Ohio was the only state where the party gained strength in 1855. Their Ohio success seems to have come from winning over immigrants, especially German American Lutherans and Scots-Irish Presbyterians , both hostile to Catholicism. In Alabama, Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs, malcontented Democrats and other political outsiders who favored state aid to build more railroads. Virginia attracted national attention in its tempestuous 1855 gubernatorial. Democrat Henry Alexander Wise won by convincing state voters that Know Nothings were in bed with Northern abolitionists. With the victory by Wise, the movement began to collapse in the South. [15] [16] Know Nothings scored victories in Northern state elections in 1854, winning control of the legislature in Massachusetts and polling 40% of the vote in Pennsylvania. Although most of the new immigrants lived in the North, resentment and anger against them was national and the American Party initially polled well in the South, attracting the votes of many former southern Whigs. [17] The party name gained wide but brief popularity. Nativism became a new American rage: Know Nothing candy, Know Nothing tea and Know Nothing toothpicks appeared. Stagecoaches were dubbed \"The Know Nothing\". In Trescott , Maine , a shipowner dubbed his new 700-ton freighter \"Know Nothing\". [18] The party was occasionally referred to contemporaneously in a slightly pejorative shortening \"Knism\". [19] Leadership and legislation [ edit ] Historian John Mulkern has examined the party's success in sweeping to almost complete control of the Massachusetts legislature after its 1854 landslide victory. He finds the new party was populist and highly democratic, hostile to wealth, elites and to expertise and deeply suspicious of outsiders, especially Catholics. The new party's voters were concentrated in the rapidly growing industrial towns, where Yankee workers faced direct competition with new Irish immigrants. Whereas the Whig Party was strongest in high income districts, the Know Nothing electorate was strongest in the poor districts. They expelled the traditional upper-class closed political leadership class, especially the lawyers and merchants. In their stead, they elected working class men, farmers and a large number of teachers and ministers. Replacing the moneyed elite were men who seldom owned $10,000 in property. [20] Nationally, the new party leadership showed incomes, occupation and social status that were about average. Few were wealthy, according to detailed historical studies of once-secret membership rosters. Fewer than 10% were unskilled workers who might come in direct competition with Irish laborers. They enlisted few farmers, but on the other hand they included many merchants and factory owners. [21] The party's voters were by no means all native-born Americans, for it won more than a fourth of the German and British Protestants in numerous state elections. It especially appealed to Protestants such as the Lutherans, Dutch Reformed and Presbyterians. [22] The most aggressive and innovative legislation came out of Massachusetts, where the new party controlled all but three of the 400 seats—only 35 had any previous legislative experience. The Massachusetts legislature in 1855 passed a series of reforms that \"burst the dam against change erected by party politics, and released a flood of reforms\". [23] Historian Stephen Taylor says: [In addition to nativist legislation], the party also distinguished itself by its opposition to slavery, support for an expansion of the rights of women, regulation of industry, and support of measures designed to improve the status of working people. [24] It passed legislation to regulate railroads, insurance companies and public utilities. It funded free textbooks for the public schools and raised the appropriations for local libraries and for the school for the blind. Purification of Massachusetts against divisive social evils was a high priority. The legislature set up the state's first reform school for juvenile delinquents while trying to block the importation of supposedly subversive government documents and academic books from Europe. It upgraded the legal status of wives, giving them more property rights and more rights in divorce courts. It passed harsh penalties on speakeasies, gambling houses and bordellos. It passed prohibition legislation with penalties that were so stiff – such as six months in prison for serving one glass of beer – that juries refused to convict defendants. Many of the reforms were quite expensive; state spending rose 45% on top of a 50% hike in annual taxes on cities and towns. Extravagance angered the taxpayers and few Know Nothings were reelected. [25] The highest priority included attacks on the civil rights of Irish Catholic immigrants. After this, state courts lost the power to process applications for citizenship and public schools had to require compulsory daily reading of the Protestant Bible (which the nativists were sure would transform the Catholic children). The governor disbanded the Irish militias and replaced Irish holding state jobs with Protestants. It failed to reach the two-thirds vote needed to pass a state constitutional amendment to restrict voting and office holding to men who had resided in Massachusetts for at least 21 years. The legislature then called on Congress to raise the requirement for naturalization from five years to 21 years, but Congress never acted. [26] The most dramatic move by the Know Nothing legislature was to appoint an investigating committee designed to prove widespread sexual immorality underway in Catholic convents. The press had a field day following the story, especially when it was discovered that the key reformer was using committee funds to pay for a prostitute. The legislature shut down its committee, ejected the reformer and saw its investigation become a laughing stock. [27] [28] [29] [30] The Know Nothings also dominated politics in Rhode Island, where in 1855 William W. Hoppin held the Governorship and five out of every seven votes went to the party, which dominated the Rhode Island legislature. [31] Local newspapers such as The Providence Journal fueled anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment. [31] Violence [ edit ] Know Nothing Party ticket naming party candidates for state and county offices (at the bottom of the page are voting instructions) Fearful that Catholics were flooding the polls with non-citizens, local activists threatened to stop them. Tensions came to a head on 6 August 1855 in Louisville, Kentucky , where in a hotly contested race for the office of Governor 22 were killed and many injured. The Louisville riot was not the only spectacle of violent riots between Know Nothing activists and Catholics in 1855. [32] In Baltimore , the mayoral elections of 1856, 1857 and 1858 were all marred by violence and well-founded accusations of ballot-rigging. In Maine, Know Nothings were associated with the tarring and feathering of a Catholic priest, Father Johannes Bapst , in the coastal town of Ellsworth in 1851 and the burning of a Catholic church in Bath in 1854. [33] South [ edit ] In the South, the American Party was composed chiefly of ex Whigs looking for a vehicle to fight the dominant Democratic Party and worried about both the pro-slavery extremism of the Democrats and the emergence of the anti-slavery Republican party in the North. [17] In the South as a whole, the American Party was strongest among former Unionist Whigs. States-rightist Whigs shunned it, enabling the Democrats to win most of the South. Whigs supported the American Party because of their desire to defeat the Democrats, their unionist sentiment, their anti-immigrant attitudes and the Know Nothing neutrality on the slavery issue. [34] David T. Gleeson notes that many Irish Catholics in the South feared the arrival of the Know-Nothing movement portended a serious threat. He argues: The southern Irish, who had seen the dangers of Protestant bigotry in Ireland, had the distinct feeling that the Know-Nothings were an American manifestation of that phenomenon. Every migrant, no matter how settled or prosperous, also worried that this virulent strain of nativism threatened his or her hard-earned gains in the South and integration into its society. Immigrants' fears were unjustified, however, because the national debate over slavery and its expansion, not nativism or anti-Catholicism, was the major reason for Know-Nothing success in the South. The southerners who supported the Know-Nothings did so, for the most part, because they thought the Democrats who favored the expansion of slavery might break up the Union. [35] In 1855, the American Party challenged the Democrats' dominance. In Alabama, the Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs, malcontented Democrats and other political misfits; they favored state aid to build more railroads. In the fierce campaign, the Democrats argued that Know Nothings could not protect slavery from Northern abolitionists. The Know Nothing American Party disintegrated soon after losing in 1855. [36] In Louisiana and Maryland, the Know Nothings enlisted native-born Catholics. [37] Know Nothing congressman John Edward Bouligny was the only member of the Louisiana congressional delegation to refuse to resign his seat after the state seceded from the Union. [38] In Maryland, the party's influence lasted at least through the Civil War : the American Party's Governor and later Senator Thomas Holliday Hicks , Representative Henry Winter Davis , and Senator Anthony Kennedy , with his brother, former Representative John Pendleton Kennedy , all supported the United States in a State which bordered the Confederate states . Historian Michael F. Holt argues that \"Know Nothingism originally grew in the South for the same reasons it spread in the North – nativism, anti-Catholicism, and animosity toward unresponsive politicos — not because of conservative Unionism\". Holt cites William B. Campbell , former governor of Tennessee, who wrote in January 1855: \"I have been astonished at the widespread feeling in favor of their principles — to wit, Native Americanism and anti-Catholicism — it takes everywhere\". [39] Decline [ edit ] Results by county indicating the percentage for Fillmore in each county The party declined rapidly in the North after 1855. In the presidential election of 1856 , it was bitterly divided over slavery. The main faction supported the ticket of presidential nominee Millard Fillmore and vicepresidential nominee Andrew Jackson Donelson . Fillmore, a former President, had been a Whig and Donelson was the nephew of Democratic President Andrew Jackson , so the ticket was designed to appeal to loyalists from both major parties, winning 23% of the popular vote and carrying one state, Maryland , with eight electoral votes. Fillmore did not win enough votes to block Democrat James Buchanan from the White House. During this time, Nathaniel Banks decided he was not as strongly for the anti-immigrant platform as the party wanted him to be, so he left the Know Nothing Party for the more anti-slavery Republican Party. He contributed to the decline of the Know Nothing Party by taking two-thirds of its members with him. Many were appalled by the Know Nothings. Abraham Lincoln expressed his own disgust with the political party in a private letter to Joshua Speed written August 24, 1855. Lincoln never publicly attacked the Know Nothings, whose votes he needed: I am not a Know-Nothing – that is certain. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation, we began by declaring that 'all men are created equal.' We now practically read it 'all men are created equal, except negroes.' When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read 'all men are created equals, except negroes and foreigners and Catholics.' When it comes to that I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty – to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocrisy. [40] Historian Allan Nevins , writing about the turmoil preceding the American Civil War, states that Millard Fillmore was never a Know Nothing nor a nativist. Fillmore was out of the country when the presidential nomination came and had not been consulted about running. Nevins further states: [Fillmore] was not a member of the party; he had never attended an American [Know-Nothing] gathering. By no spoken or written word had he indicated a subscription to American [Party] tenets. [41] After the Supreme Court's controversial Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling in 1857, most of the anti-slavery members of the American Party joined the Republican Party . The pro-slavery wing of the American Party remained strong on the local and state levels in a few southern states, but by the 1860 election , they were no longer a serious national political movement. Most of their remaining members supported the Constitutional Union Party in 1860. [42] Electoral history [ edit ] Congressional elections [ edit ] United States House of Representatives Election year No. of overall seats won +/– Presidency 1844 6 / 227 6 James K. Polk 1846 1 / 230 5 1848 1 / 233 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 233 1 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 234 Franklin Pierce 1854 52 / 234 52 1856 14 / 237 38 James Buchanan 1858 6 / 238 8 1860 0 / 239 6 Abraham Lincoln United States Senate Election year No. of overall seats won +/– Presidency 1844 0 / 58 James K. Polk 1846 0 / 60 1848 0 / 62 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 62 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 62 Franklin Pierce 1854 1 / 62 1 1856 5 / 66 4 James Buchanan 1858 2 / 66 3 1860 0 / 68 2 Abraham Lincoln Presidential elections [ edit ] Election Candidate Running mate Votes Vote % Electoral votes +/- Outcome of election 1852 Jacob Broom Reynell Coates 2,566 0.1 0 / 294 Democratic Victory 1856 Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson 873,053 21.5 8 / 294 8 Democratic Victory Legacy [ edit ] The Nativist spirit of the Know Nothing movement was revived in later political movements, such as the American Protective Association of the 1890s and the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s. [43] In the late 19th century, Democrats would call the Republicans \"Know Nothings\" in order to secure the votes of Germans as in the Bennett Law campaign in Wisconsin in 1890. [44] [45] A similar culture war took place in Illinois in 1892, where Democrat John Peter Altgeld denounced the Republicans: The spirit which enacted the Alien and Sedition laws , the spirit which actuated the \"Know-nothing\" party, the spirit which is forever carping about the foreign-born citizen and trying to abridge his privileges, is too deeply seated in the party. The aristocratic and know-nothing principle has been circulating in its system so long that it will require more than one somersault to shake the poison out of its bones. [46] The term has become a provocative slur, suggesting that the opponent is both nativist and ignorant. George Wallace 's 1968 presidential campaign was said by Time to be under the \"neo-Know Nothing banner\". Fareed Zakaria wrote that politicians who \"encourage[d] Americans to fear foreigners\" were becoming \"modern incarnations of the Know-Nothings\". [43] In 2006, an editorial in The Weekly Standard by neoconservative William Kristol accused populist Republicans of \"turning the GOP into an anti-immigration, Know-Nothing party\". [47] The lead editorial of the May 20, 2007 edition of The New York Times on a proposed immigration bill referred to \"this generation's Know-Nothings\". [48] An editorial written by Timothy Egan in The New York Times on August 27, 2010 and entitled \"Building a Nation of Know-Nothings\" discussed the birther movement , which falsely claimed that Barack Obama was not a natural-born United States citizen, which is a requirement for the office of President of the United States . [49] In the 2016 United States presidential election , a number of commentators and politicians compared candidate Donald Trump to the Know Nothings due to his anti-immigration policies. [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] In popular culture [ edit ] The American Party was represented in the 2002 film Gangs of New York , led by William \"Bill the Butcher\" Cutting ( Daniel Day-Lewis ), the fictionalized version of real-life Know Nothing leader William Poole , who was also the real life leader of the Bowery Boys . [56] The Know Nothings also play a prominent role in the historical fiction novel Shaman by novelist Noah Gordon . Notable Know Nothings [ edit ] Nathaniel P. Banks , U.S. Congress Speaker of the House from Massachusetts and Union Army general Levi Boone , Mayor of Chicago John Edward Bouligny , U.S. Congressman from Louisiana Henry Winter Davis , U.S. Congressman from Maryland Millard Fillmore , 13th President of the United States Thomas Holliday Hicks , Governor of Maryland William W. Hoppin , Governor of Rhode Island [31] Sam Houston , U.S. Senator from Texas [57] J. Neely Johnson , Governor of California Anthony Kennedy , Senator from Maryland John P. Kennedy , novelist, politician and U.S. Secretary of the Navy under U.S. President Millard Fillmore Lewis Charles Levin , politician and social activist Samuel Morse , politician, painter and inventor of morse code William Poole , politician and a founder and leader of the New York City criminal Nativist gang the Bowery Boys Stephen Palfrey Webb , Mayor of San Francisco See also [ edit ] 71st Infantry Regiment (New York) Bloody Monday Bowery Boys John J. Crittenden James Greene Hardy Samuel Hinks Know-Nothing Riot of 1856 Philadelphia Nativist Riots Thomas Swann Third Party System References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Kemp, Bill (2016-01-17). \" ' Know Nothings' Opposed Immigration in Lincoln's Day\" . The Pantagraph . Retrieved 2016-04-11 . Jump up ^ Francis D. Cogliano, No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England (Greenwood 1995). Jump up ^ Ira M. Leonard, \"The Rise and Fall of the American Republican Party in New York City, 1843–1845.\" New-York Historical Society Quarterly 50 (1966): 151–92. Jump up ^ Louis D. Scisco, Political Nativism in New York State (1901) p. 267. Jump up ^ Bruce Levine, \"Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-Nothing Party.\" Journal of American History (2001): 455–88. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Sean Wilentz. pp. 681–2, 693. Jump up ^ Ray A. Billington. pp. 337, 380–406. Jump up ^ Ray A. Billington. The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860 (1938) p. 242. Jump up ^ John T. McGreevey. Catholicism and American Freedom: A History (2003) pp. 22–5, 34 (quotation). Jump up ^ Tyree, Rene (2008-12-29). \"Order of the Star Spangled Banner\" . wig-wags.worldpress.com . Retrieved 2017-11-15 . Jump up ^ Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery , pp. 75–102. Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder. Nativism and Slavery , p. 95. Jump up ^ Michael C. LeMay (2012). Transforming America: Perspectives on U.S. Immigration . ABC-CLIO. p. 150. ISBN 9780313396441 . Jump up ^ Richard Lawrence Miller (2012). Lincoln and His World: Volume 4, The Path to the Presidency, 1854–1860 . McFarland. pp. 63–4. Jump up ^ Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857 (1947) 2:396–8. Jump up ^ John David Bladek, \"'Virginia Is Middle Ground': The Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855.\" Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (1998): 35–70. in JSTOR ^ Jump up to: a b Carey, Anthony Gene (1995). \"Too Southern to Be Americans: Proslavery Politics and the Failure of the Know-Nothing Party in Georgia, 1854–1856\". Civil War History . 41 (1): 22–40. doi : 10.1353/cwh.1995.0023 . ISSN 1533-6271 . Jump up ^ David Harry Bennett, The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History (1988), p. 15. Jump up ^ William E. Gienapp. \"Salmon P. Chase, Nativism, and the Formation of the Republican Party in Ohio\", pp. 22, 24. Ohio History , p. 93. Jump up ^ John R. Mulkern (1990). The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement . University Press of New England. pp. 74–89. Jump up ^ Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery , pp. 34–43. Jump up ^ William E. Gienapp. Origins of the Republican Party 1852–1856 (1987) pp. 538–42. Jump up ^ Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s (1983) p. 332. Jump up ^ Stephen Taylor, \"Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts\", Historical Journal of Massachusetts (2000) 28, no. 2, pp. 167–84. Jump up ^ Taylor, \"Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts\" pp. 171–2. Jump up ^ Mulkern (1990). The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement . pp. 101–2. Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery (1992), p. 137 Jump up ^ John R. Mulkern, \"Scandal Behind the Convent Walls: The Know-Nothing Nunnery Committee of 1855.\" Historical Journal of Massachusetts 11 (1983): 22–34. Jump up ^ Mary J. Oates, \"'Lowell': An Account of Convent Life in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1852–1890.\" New England Quarterly (1988) pp. 101 – 18 in JSTOR reveals the actual behavior of the Catholic nuns. Jump up ^ Robert Howard Lord, et al., History of the Archdiocese of Boston in the Various Stages of Development, 1604 to 1943 (1944) pp. 686–99 for more details. ^ Jump up to: a b c McLoughlin, William G (1986). Rhode Island: A History . New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 141–142. ISBN 0-393-30271-7 . Jump up ^ Charles E. Deusner. \"The Know Nothing Riots in Louisville\", Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 61 (1963), pp. 122–47. Jump up ^ Maine Historical Society, Maine: A History , (1919) Volume 1 pp. 304–5 online Jump up ^ Broussard, James H. (1966). \"Some Determinants of Know-Nothing Electoral Strength in the South, 1856\". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association . 7 (1): 5–20. JSTOR 4230880 . Jump up ^ David T. Gleeson, The Irish in the South, 1815-1877 (2001) p 78. Jump up ^ Frederick, Jeff (2002). \"Unintended Consequences: The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothing Party in Alabama\" . Alabama Review . 55 (1): 3–33 . Retrieved 2017-01-23 . Jump up ^ Anbinder, Tyler (1992). Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s . New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-19-507233-4 . Jump up ^ Bouligny, John Edward (5 February 1861). Feb. 5, 1861: Secession of Louisiana (PDF) (Speech). Speech in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Holt, Michael F. (1999). The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War . New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 856. ISBN 978-0-19-516104-5 . Jump up ^ Browne, Francis Fisher (1914). The Every-day Life of Abraham Lincoln: A Narrative and Descriptive Biography with Pen-pictures and Personal Recollections by Those who Knew Him . Browne & Howell. p. 153 . Retrieved August 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857 (1947) 2:467 Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s (1992). ^ Jump up to: a b William Safire . Safire's Political Dictionary (2008) pp. 375–76 Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen . The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–96 (1971) pp. 108, 147, 160. Jump up ^ Louise Phelps Kellogg. \"The Bennett Law in Wisconsin\", Wisconsin Magazine of History , Volume 2, #1 (September 1918), p. 13. Jump up ^ Jensen. The Winning of the Midwest , p. 220. Jump up ^ Craig Shirley. \"How the GOP Lost Its Way\", The Washington Post , April 22, 2006, p. A21. Jump up ^ \"The Immigration Deal\" , The New York Times , May 20, 2007. Jump up ^ Egan, Timothy. \"Building a Nation of Know-Nothings\" , The New York Times , August 27, 2010. Jump up ^ John Cassidy \"Donald Trump Isn't a Fascist; He's a Media-Savvy Know-Nothing\" , The New Yorker , 2015-12-28, Retrieved on 2016-01-16 Jump up ^ James Nevius \"Donald Trump is an immigration Know-Nothing, and dangerous for Republicans\" , The Guardian , 2015-08-15, Retrieved on 2016-01-16 Jump up ^ Helen Raleigh \"Is Trump Turning the GOP Into the 'Know Nothing' Party?\" , Townhall ,2015-09-19, Retrieved on 2016-01-16 Jump up ^ Laura Reston \"Donald Trump Isn't The First Know Nothing to Capture American Hearts\" , The New Republic , 2015-07-30, Retrieved on 2016-01-16 Jump up ^ Scott Eric Kaufman \"Former NY Governor George Pataki: Donald Trump is the 'Know Nothing' candidate of the 21st Century\" , Salon (website) , 2015-12-16, Retrieved on 2016-01-16 Jump up ^ Kiedrowski, Jay (2016-09-09). \"Trump: A throwback to the Know-Nothing Party of the 1850s\" . MinnPost . Retrieved 2017-11-15 . Jump up ^ \"Gangs of New York: The History That Inspired the Movie\" . ReelRundown . Retrieved 2017-11-16 . Jump up ^ Cantrell, Gregg (January 1993). \"Sam Houston and the Know-Nothings: A Reappraisal\" . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 96 (3): 327–343. Bibliography [ edit ] Anbinder, Tyler . Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s (1992). Online version; also online at ACLS History e-Book , the standard scholarly study Anbinder, Tyler. \"Nativism and prejudice against immigrants,\" in A companion to American immigration , ed. by Reed Ueda (2006) pp. 177–201 online excerpt Baker, Jean H. (1977), Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland , Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. Baum, Dale. \"Know-Nothingism and the Republican Majority in Massachusetts: The Political Realignment of the 1850s.\" Journal of American History 64 (1977–78): 959–86. in JSTOR Baum, Dale. The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876 (1984) online Bennett, David Harry. The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History (1988) Billington, Ray A. The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism (1938), standard scholarly survey; online Bladek, John David. \"'Virginia Is Middle Ground': the Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855.\" Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 1998 106(1): 35–70. in JSTOR Cheathem, Mark R. \"'I Shall Persevere in the Cause of Truth': Andrew Jackson Donelson and the Election of 1856\". Tennessee Historical Quarterly 2003 62(3): 218–237. ISSN 0040-3261 Donelson was Andrew Jackson's nephew and K-N nominee for Vice President Dash, Mark. \"New Light on the Dark Lantern: the Initiation Rites and Ceremonies of a Know-Nothing Lodge in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania\" Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 2003 127(1): 89–100. ISSN 0031-4587 Gienapp, William E. \"Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War,\" Journal of American History , Vol. 72, No. 3 (Dec., 1985), pp. 529–559 in JSTOR Gienapp, William E. The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (1978), detailed statistical study, state-by-state Gillespie, J. David. Challengers To Duopoly : Why Third Parties Matter In American Two-Party Politics. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2012. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 4 Dec. 2014. Gleeson, David T. The Irish in the South, 1815-1877 Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001 online Holt, Michael F. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (1999) online Holt, Michael F. Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (1992) Holt, Michael F. \"The Antimasonic and Know Nothing Parties\", in Arthur Schlesinger Jr., ed., History of United States Political Parties (1973), I, 575–620. Hurt, Payton. \"The Rise and Fall of the 'Know Nothings' in California,\" California Historical Society Quarterly 9 (March and June 1930). Levine, Bruce. \"Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-nothing Party\" Journal of American History 2001 88(2): 455–488. in JSTOR McGreevey, John T. Catholicism and American Freedom: A History (W. W. Norton, 2003) Maizlish, Stephen E. \"The Meaning of Nativism and the Crisis of the Union: The Know-Nothing Movement in the Antebellum North.\" in William Gienapp, ed. Essays on American Antebellum Politics, 1840–1860 (1982) pp. 166–98 online edition Melton, Tracy Matthew. Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854–1860 . Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society (2005). Mulkern, John R. The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement . Boston: Northeastern UP, 1990. excerpt \"Nathaniel P. Banks.\" National Archives and Records Administration. Ed. National Archives. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. Nevins, Allan . Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 (1947), overall political survey of era Overdyke, W. Darrell . The Know-Nothing Party in the South (1950) online Taylor, Steven. \"Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts\" Historical Journal of Massachusetts (2000) 28#2 online Voss-Hubbard, Mark. Beyond Party: Cultures of Antipartisanship in Northern Politics before the Civil War (2002) Parmet, Robert D. \"Connecticut's Know-Nothings: A Profile,\" Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin (1966), 31 #3, pp. 84–90 Rice, Philip Morrison. \"The Know-Nothing Party in Virginia, 1854–1856.\" Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (1947): 61-75. in JSTOR Scisco, Louis Dow. Political Nativism in New York State (1901) full text online , pp. 84–202 Wilentz, Sean . The Rise of American Democracy. (2005); ISBN 0-393-05820-4 \"\"The First General Order Issued by the Father of His Country after the Declaration of Independence Indicates the Spirit in Which Our Institutions Were Founded and Should Ever Be Defended.\"\" Nathaniel Prentiss (Prentice) Banks. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. Primary sources [ edit ] S. C. Busey Anspach, Frederick Rinehart . The Sons of the Sires: A History of the Rise, Progress, and Destiny of the American Party. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1855. —Work by K-N activist. Bond, Thomas E. \"The 'Know Nothings,'\" from The Wide-Awake Gift: A Know Nothing Token for 1855. New York: J.C. Derby, 1855; pp. 54–63. Busey, Samuel Clagett . Immigration: Its Evils and Consequences (1856) online edition Carroll, Anna Ella . The Great American Battle: Or, The Contest Between Christianity and Political Romanism (1856) online edition Fillmore, Millard. Millard Fillmore Papers Ed. by Frank H. Severance (1907) online edition '' The Wide-Awake Gift: A Know Nothing Token for 1855. New York: J.C. Derby, 1855. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Know Nothing . Nativism in the 1856 Presidential Election Nativism By Michael F. Holt, PhD Lager Beer Riot, Chicago 1855 \"Knownothingism\" . Catholic Encyclopedia . American Party from the Handbook of Texas Online Millard Fillmore Was A Know-Nothing Texts on Wikisource: Know Nothing Platform 1856 \" Know-Nothings \". New International Encyclopedia . 1905. 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{ "text": "Green Lantern - Wikipedia Green Lantern From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the fictional character. For other uses, see Green Lantern (disambiguation) . Green Lantern Cover of Green Lantern: Rebirth #6 (May 2005) Picture left to right: Guy Gardner , Kyle Rayner , Hal Jordan , John Stewart , and Kilowog ; art by Ethan Van Sciver Publisher DC comics First appearance All-American Comics #16 (July 1940 ) Created by John Broome Gil Kane Bill Finger Martin Nodell Gardner Fox Characters Alan Scott Hal Jordan Guy Gardner John Stewart Kyle Rayner Jade Sinestro Simon Baz Jessica Cruz See also Green Lantern Corps Green Lantern is the name of a number of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . They fight evil with the aid of rings that grant them a variety of extraordinary powers. The first Green Lantern character, Alan Scott , was created in 1940 during the initial popularity of superheroes. Alan Scott usually fought common criminals in New York City with the aid of his magic ring. The Green Lanterns are among DC Comics' longer lasting sets of characters. They have been adapted to television, video games, and motion pictures. Contents [ hide ] 1 Publication history 1.1 Golden Age 1.2 Silver Age 1.3 Later developments 1.4 Awards 2 Fictional character biographies 2.1 Golden Age Green Lantern 2.1.1 Alan Scott 2.2 Silver Age Green Lantern 2.2.1 Hal Jordan 2.3 Bronze Age Green Lanterns 2.3.1 Guy Gardner 2.3.2 John Stewart 2.4 Modern Age Green Lantern 2.4.1 Kyle Rayner 2.4.2 Simon Baz 2.4.3 Jessica Cruz 2.5 Others who have headlined as Green Lantern 2.5.1 Jade 2.5.2 Thaal Sinestro 2.5.3 Jediah Caul 3 Powers and abilities 4 Green Lantern Oath 5 In other media 6 See also 7 References Publication history [ edit ] See also: Green Lantern (comic book) Golden Age [ edit ] Main article: Alan Scott Green Lantern's debut in All-American Comics#16 (July 1940). Art by Sheldon Moldoff . Martin Nodell (using the name Mart Dellon) created the first Green Lantern. He first appeared in the Golden Age of comic books in All-American Comics #16 (July 1940), published by All-American Publications , one of three companies that would eventually merge to form DC Comics . This Green Lantern's real name was Alan Scott , a railroad engineer who, after a railway crash, came into possession of a magic lantern which spoke to him and said it would bring power. From this, he crafted a magic ring which gave him a wide variety of powers. The limitations of the ring were that it had to be \"charged\" every 24 hours by touching it to the lantern for a time, and that it could not directly affect objects made of wood. Alan Scott fought mostly ordinary human villains, but he did have a few paranormal ones such as the immortal Vandal Savage and the zombie Solomon Grundy . Most stories took place in New York. As a popular character in the 1940s, the Green Lantern featured both in anthology books such as All-American Comics and Comic Cavalcade , as well as his own book, Green Lantern . He also appeared in All Star Comics as a member of the superhero team known as the Justice Society of America . After World War II the popularity of superheroes in general declined. The Green Lantern comic book was cancelled with issue #38 (May–June 1949), and All Star Comics #57 (1951) was the character's last Golden Age appearance. When superheroes came back in fashion in later decades, Alan Scott was revived, but was forever marginalized by the new Hal Jordan character who had been created to supplant him (see below). Initially, he made guest appearances in other superheroes' books, but eventually got regular roles in books featuring the Justice Society. He never got another solo series. Between 1995 and 2003, DC Comics changed Alan Scott's superhero codename to \"Sentinel\" in order to distinguish him from the newer and more popular science fiction Green Lanterns. In 2011, the Alan Scott character was revamped. His costume was redesigned and the source of his powers was changed to that of the mystical power of nature (referred to in the stories as \"the Green\"). Silver Age [ edit ] In 1959, Julius Schwartz reinvented the Green Lantern character as a science fiction hero named Hal Jordan . Hal Jordan's powers were more or less the same as Alan Scott's, but otherwise this character was completely different and unrelated to the Green Lantern of the 1940s. He had a new name, a redesigned costume, and a rewritten origin story. Hal Jordan received his ring from a dying alien and was commissioned as an officer of the Green Lantern Corps , an interstellar law enforcement agency overseen by the Guardians of the Universe . [1] Cover to Showcase #22 (October 1959), the first appearance of Hal Jordan . Hal Jordan was introduced in Showcase #22 (September–October 1959). Gil Kane and Sid Greene were the art team most notable on the title in its early years, along with writer John Broome. Later developments [ edit ] With issue #76 (April 1970), the series made a radical stylistic departure. Editor Schwartz, in one of the company's earliest efforts to provide more than fantasy, worked with the writer-artist team of Denny O'Neil and Neal Adams to spark new interest in the comic and address a perceived need for social relevance. They added the character Green Arrow (with the cover, but not the official name, retitled Green Lantern Co-Starring Green Arrow ) and had the pair travel through America encountering \"real world\" issues, to which they reacted in different ways — Green Lantern as fundamentally a lawman, Green Arrow as a liberal iconoclast . Additionally during this run, the groundbreaking \" Snowbirds Don't Fly \" story was published (issues #85 and #86) in which Green Arrow's teen sidekick Speedy (the later grown-up hero Red Arrow ) developed a heroin addiction that he was forcibly made to quit. The stories were critically acclaimed, with publications such as The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal , and Newsweek citing it as an example of how comic books were \"growing up\". [2] However, the O'Neil/Adams run was not a commercial success, and the series was cancelled after only 14 issues, though an additional unpublished three installments were finally published as backups in The Flash #217-219. [3] The title would know a number of revivals and cancellations. Its title would change to Green Lantern Corps at one point as the popularity rose and waned. During a time there were two regular titles, each with a Green Lantern, and a third member in the Justice League. A new character, Kyle Rayner , was created to become the feature while Hal Jordan first became the villain Parallax , then died and came back as the Spectre . In the wake of The New Frontier , writer Geoff Johns returned Hal Jordan as Green Lantern in Green Lantern: Rebirth (2004–05). Johns began to lay groundwork for \" Blackest Night \" (released July 13, 2010 [4] ), viewing it as the third part of the trilogy started by Rebirth . Expanding on the Green Lantern mythology in the second part, \" Sinestro Corps War \" (2007), Johns, with artist Ethan van Sciver , found wide critical acclaim and commercial success with the series, which promised the introduction of a spectrum of colored \"lanterns\". Awards [ edit ] The series and its creators have received several awards over the years, including the 1961 Alley Award for Best Adventure Hero/Heroine with Own Book [5] and the Academy of Comic Book Arts Shazam Award for Best Continuing Feature in 1970, for Best Individual Story (\"No Evil Shall Escape My Sight\", Green Lantern vol. 2, #76, by Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams ), [6] and in 1971 for Best Individual Story (\"Snowbirds Don't Fly\", Green Lantern vol. 2, #85 by O'Neil and Adams). [7] Writer O'Neil received the Shazam Award for Best Writer (Dramatic Division) in 1970 for his work on Green Lantern , Batman , Superman , and other titles, while artist Adams received the Shazam for Best Artist (Dramatic Division) in 1970 for his work on Green Lantern and Batman . [6] Inker Dick Giordano received the Shazam Award for Best Inker (Dramatic Division) for his work on Green Lantern and other titles. [6] In Judd Winick 's first regular writing assignment on Green Lantern, he wrote a storyline in which an assistant of Kyle Rayner's emerged as a gay character in Green Lantern #137 (June 2001). In Green Lantern #154 (November 2001) the story entitled \"Hate Crime\" gained media recognition when Terry was brutally beaten in a homophobic attack. Winick was interviewed on Phil Donahue's show on MSNBC for that storyline on August 15, 2002 [8] and received two GLAAD Media Awards for his Green Lantern work. [9] In May 2011, Green Lantern placed 7th on IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time. [10] Fictional character biographies [ edit ] Golden Age Green Lantern [ edit ] Alan Scott [ edit ] Main article: Alan Scott Alan Scott's Green Lantern history originally began thousands of years ago when a mystical \"green flame\" meteor fell to Earth in ancient China . The voice of the flame prophesied that it would act three times: once to bring death (a lamp-maker named Luke Fairclough crafted the green metal of the meteor into a lamp; in fear and as punishment for what they thought sacrilege , the local villagers killed him, only to be destroyed by a sudden burst of the green flame), once to bring life (in modern times, the lamp came into the hands of a patient in a mental institution who fashioned the lamp into a modern lantern; the green flame restored him to sanity and gave him a new life), and once to bring power. By 1940, the lantern passed into the possession of Alan Scott, a young engineer. Following a railroad-bridge collapse of which he was the only survivor, the flame instructed Scott how to fashion a ring from its metal to give him fantastic powers as the superhero Green Lantern. He adopted a colorful costume and became a crime-fighter. Alan was a founding member of the Justice Society of America . After the Crisis on Infinite Earths (although the original origin story was still in continuity), a later Tales of the Green Lantern Corps story was published that brought Scott even closer to the Corps' ranks, when it was revealed that Alan Scott was predated as Earth's Green Lantern by a Green Lantern named Yalan Gur, a resident of China. Not only had the Corps' now-familiar green, black and white uniform motif not yet been adopted, but Yalan Gur altered the basic red uniform to more closely resemble the style of clothing worn by his countrymen. Power ultimately corrupted this early Green Lantern, as he attempted to rule over mankind, which forced the Guardians to cause his ring to manifest a weakness to wood, the material from which most Earth weapons of the time were fashioned. This allowed the Chinese peasants to ultimately defeat their corrupted \"champion\". His ring and lantern were burned and it was during this process that the “intelligence” inhabiting the ring and the lantern and linking them to the Guardians was damaged. Over time, when it had occasion to manifest itself, this \"intelligence\" became known as the mystical 'Starheart' of fable. But that was long gone. He later fought Superman which gave him superhuman powers. Then Deathstroke killed him and ruled the world. Centuries later, it was explained, when Scott found the mystical lantern, it had no memory of its true origins, save a vague recollection of the uniform of its last master. This was the origin of Scott’s distinctive costume. Due to its damaged link to them, the Guardians presumed the ring and lantern to be lost in whatever cataclysm overcame their last owner of record, thus Scott was never noticed by the Guardians and went on to carve a history of his own apart from that of the Corps, sporting a ring with an artificially induced weakness against anything made of wood. Honoring this separate history, the Guardians never moved to force Scott to relinquish the ring, formally join the Corps, or adopt its colors. Some sort of link between Scott and the Corps, however, was hinted at in a Silver Age crossover story which depicts Scott and Hal Jordan charging their rings at the same Power Battery while both reciting the \"Brightest Day\" oath. During the Rann-Thanagar War , it was revealed that Scott is an honorary member of the Corps. On June 1, 2012, DC Comics announced that it would be introducing an alternate version of Alan Scott as a gay man in the title \"Earth 2.\" The New 52 issue was released on June 6, 2012. [11] In its story, Alan Scott and his partner Sam were both passengers aboard a train, but the latter was killed when their train was wrecked in the railroad-bridge collapse that Scott alone survived; a magical green flame found Alan amongst the rubble. Telling him he is to become an avatar of the flame's great power and that he must channel this power through an item of importance to his heart, Alan chooses the engagement ring he was to give his boyfriend, becoming Green Lantern. This alternate version is not a member of the Green Lantern Corps, which doesn't exist in Earth 2, but rather adopts the name Green Lantern for himself, for his powers derives his mystical powers from the Green , the elemental force which connects plant life on Earth. Silver Age Green Lantern [ edit ] Hal Jordan [ edit ] Main article: Hal Jordan The character of Harold \"Hal\" Jordan was a second-generation test pilot , having followed in the footsteps of his father. He was given the power ring and battery (lantern) by a dying alien named Abin Sur , whose spaceship crashed on Earth . Abin Sur used his ring to seek out an individual who was \"utterly honest and born without fear\" to take his place as a member of the corps. At one point, when Hal Jordan was incapacitated, it was revealed that there were two individuals matching the specified criteria on Earth, the other being Guy Gardner , and the ring chose Jordan solely because of his proximity to Abin Sur. Gardner then became listed as Hal's \"backup\", even though he had a strong friendship with Barry Allen (The Flash). Gardner would fill in if Jordan was unavailable or otherwise incapacitated. Later, when Gardner was put into a coma, it turned out that by then there was a third human suitable for the task, John Stewart , who was designated as the Earth Sector's \"backup\" Lantern. Jordan, as Green Lantern, became a founding member of the Justice League of America and as of the mid-2000s is, along with John Stewart, one of the two active-duty Lanterns in Earth's sector of space. Jordan also automatically became a member of the Green Lantern Corps, a galactic \"police\" force which bears some similarities to the \" Lensmen \" from the science fiction series written by E.E. Smith , although both creators Julius Schwartz and John Broome denied ever reading Smith's stories. [12] Nevertheless, the early 1980s miniseries \"Green Lantern Corps\" honors the similarity with two characters in the corps: Eddore of Tront and Arisia . A different interpretation of Jordan and the Corps appears in Superman: Red Son . Following the rebirth of Superman and the destruction of Green Lantern's hometown of Coast City in the early 1990s, Hal Jordan seemingly went insane and destroyed the Green Lantern Corps and the Central Power Battery. Now calling himself Parallax , Hal Jordan would devastate the DC Universe off and on for the next several years. However, after Earth's sun was threatened by a Sun-Eater, Jordan sacrificed his life, expending the last of his vast power to reignite the dying star. Jordan subsequently returned from beyond the grave as the Spectre , the divine Spirit of God's Vengeance, whom Jordan attempted to transform into a Spirit of Redemption, which ended in failure. In Green Lantern: Rebirth , it is revealed that Jordan was under the influence of a creature known as Parallax when he turned renegade. Parallax was a creature of pure fear that had been imprisoned in the Central Power Battery by the Guardians of the Universe in the distant past. Imprisonment had rendered the creature dormant and it was eventually forgotten, becoming known merely as the \"yellow impurity\" in the power rings. Sinestro was able to wake Parallax and encourage it to seek out Hal Jordan as a host. Although Parallax had been trying to corrupt Jordan (via his ring) for some time, it was not until after the destruction of Coast City that it was able to succeed. It took advantage of Jordan's weakened emotional state to lure him to Oa and cause him to attack anyone who stood in his way. After killing several Green Lanterns, Jordan finally entered the Central Power Battery and absorbed all the power, unwittingly freeing the Parallax entity and allowed it to graft onto his soul. The Spectre bonded with Jordan in the hopes of freeing the former Green Lantern's soul from Parallax's taint, but was not strong enough to do so. In Green Lantern: Rebirth , Parallax began to assert control of the Parallax-Spectre-Jordan composite. Thanks to a supreme effort of will, Jordan was able to free himself from Parallax, rejoin his soul to his body and reclaim his power ring. The newly revived (and rejuvenated) Jordan awoke just in time to save Kyle Rayner and Green Arrow from Sinestro. After the Korugarian's defeat, Jordan was able to successfully lead his fellow Green Lanterns in battle against Parallax and with help from Guardians Sayd and Ganthet, imprisoned it within the personal power batteries of Earth's Lanterns, rendering the Green Lantern's rings free of the yellow impurity, provided they had the power of will to do so. Hal Jordan is once again a member of both the Justice League and the Green Lantern Corps, and along with John Stewart is one of the two Corps members assigned to Sector 2814, personally defeating Sinestro in the Sinestro Corps War . Jordan is designated as Green Lantern 2814.1. Post- Sinestro Corps War , DC Comics revisited the origin of Hal Jordan as a precursor to Blackest Night storyline, the next chapter in the Geoff Johns era on Green Lantern . Hal Jordan is the Green Lantern portrayed by Ryan Reynolds in the 2011 Green Lantern film. Bronze Age Green Lanterns [ edit ] Guy Gardner [ edit ] Main article: Guy Gardner (comics) In the late 1960s, Guy Gardner appeared as the second choice to replace Abin Sur as Green Lantern of sector 2814. Gardner was a candidate to receive Abin Sur's ring, but Jordan was closer. This placed him as the \"backup\" Green Lantern for Jordan. But early in his career as a Green Lantern, tragedy struck Gardner as a power battery blew up in his face, putting him in a coma for years. During the Crisis on Infinite Earths , the Guardians split into factions, one of which appointed a newly revived Gardner as their champion. As a result of his years in a coma, Guy was very emotionally unstable, although he still mostly managed to fight valiantly. He has gone through many changes, including wielding Sinestro 's yellow Guardian power ring, then gaining and losing Vuldarian powers, and readmission to the Corps during Green Lantern: Rebirth . He later became part of the Green Lantern Honor Guard, and oversees the training of new Green Lanterns. Gardner is designated as Green Lantern 2814.2 within the Corps. Guy Gardner helped lead the defense of Oa during the events of Blackest Night . Following his outstanding acts of valour, the Guardians appoint Guy to a unique role and highest rank in the Green Lantern Corps-Sentinel, answering directly to the Guardians themselves. John Stewart [ edit ] Main article: John Stewart (comics) In the early 1970s, John Stewart, an architect from Detroit , was selected by the Guardians to replace a comatose Guy Gardner as the backup Green Lantern for Jordan. When Jordan resigned from the Corps for an extended period of time, Stewart served as the regular Lantern, coming into his own as he battled numerous Green Lantern villains and played a key role during the Crisis on Infinite Earths . During that time the Guardians of the Universe assigned Katma Tui to train Stewart, and the two developed romantic feelings for each other. They married, but Katma was soon murdered by longtime Green Lantern villain, Star Sapphire. Stewart was crushed by this, and his life began to unravel. He reached his lowest point when he failed to save the planet Xanshi from destruction during the Cosmic Odyssey . John Stewart redeemed himself during the Mosaic crisis, when an insane Guardian abducted cities from all over the universe and placed them together on Oa. When the Guardian was defeated, the cities remained, as the other Guardians claimed to not have enough energy in the Central Power Battery to send them home. While they gathered the resources, John Stewart was assigned to oversee the jammed together communities. Using his intellect and unconventional thinking, he formed the warring communities into a cohesive society. He was aided by Rose Hardin, a farmer from West Virginia who was trapped on Oa, due to her town being abducted. Stewart once again found love with Rose, and the two of them came to feel more comfortable on their new world than they did back on Earth. Stewart eventually deduced that the Guardians had the energy to send the cities home whenever they wanted, and that they let them remain on Oa as an experiment in cosmic integration, and also as a test for John Stewart. Stewart passed the test, and discovered that he was a figure in Oan prophecy. That was why the Guardians directly chose him instead of allowing a Power Ring to do it, as is standard procedure. John Stewart rose to a new level of awareness and became the first mortal Guardian of the Universe. He was also rewarded with the resurrection of Katma Tui, which caused him to break up with Rose. Stewart's new powers and resurrected wife were taken from him when Hal Jordan went mad and became Parallax, absorbing the power from the Central Power Battery. During this time, the Green Lantern Corps was disbanded, and Stewart went on to lead the Darkstars , a new organization of universal peacekeepers led by the Controllers, offshoots of the Guardians of the Universe. During a battle, Stewart was badly injured and left paralyzed from the waist down. Hal Jordan eventually restored his ability to walk before sacrificing himself to save Earth's sun. Soon after, John Stewart found himself hunted by a serial killer from Xanshi called Fatality . She sought out any remnants of the Green Lantern Corps so that she may kill them in the name of avenging her doomed planet. Stewart fended off Fatality with residual energy he blasted from his body, which was in him due to Hal Jordan healing his crippling condition, however, this left him unable to walk again. Stewart later visited Fatality while she was in custody, and she revealed to him that his back was fine, and he had the ability to walk if he wanted to. Stewart had imposed a psychological block upon himself due to feeling guilty over his sister's death. Stewart overcame this condition and was given a power ring by Kyle Rayner. Rayner departed Earth and Stewart became the Green Lantern of Earth once again, and also a member of the Justice League of America. When the Green Lantern Corps reformed, Stewart begun serving with Jordan as one of his sector's two designated regular-duty Lanterns, designated as Green Lantern 2814.3. Since then, he played key roles in all big Green Lantern events, such as The Sinestro Corps War and Blackest Night . In the New 52 continuity, John Stewart was a U.S. Marine along with being an architect and the son of a social activist. He started a romantic relationship with his longtime enemy Fatality, who by that point had become a Star Sapphire and apparently forgave him for failing to save her world. In the events leading up to the \"Uprising\", Fatality was captured by shape-shifting Durlans, and a Durlan operative replicated her and took her place. John Stewart was at first hesitant about the relationship, but he eventually came to love Fatality, but it turns out that it had been the impostor by that point. In the final battle of the \"Uprising\", the impostor revealed itself as Verrat Din, an eons old Durlan, and destroyed Fatality's Star Sapphire ring, having no use for it after gaining the power of a Daxamite. Though Stewart defeated the powerful threat, he was shaken by having been misled so long, and having been intimate with a Durlan shape-shifter. Stewart immediately set out to find the real Fatality, and when he did, he was astonished to discover that she had reverted to hating him. Fatality revealed that she was forcibly inducted into the Star Sapphires and brainwashed into being one of them. When her ring was destroyed, the spell was broken. Every moment she was with Stewart, she was trapped within herself. She revealed that she never loved John Stewart and departed, leaving Stewart emotionally crushed. John Stewart is notable for being the Green Lantern showcased on the Justice League and Justice League Unlimited cartoon shows, as well as being the primary Green Lantern of the DC Animated Universe . Modern Age Green Lantern [ edit ] Kyle Rayner [ edit ] Main article: Kyle Rayner Kyle Rayner was a struggling freelance artist when he was approached by the last Guardian of the Universe, Ganthet , to become a new Green Lantern with the very last power ring. Ganthet's reasons for choosing Rayner remained a secret for quite some time. Despite not being from the same cloth of bravery and fearlessness as Hal Jordan—or perhaps because of that—Rayner proved to be popular with readers and his fellow characters. Having continually proven himself on his own and with the JLA, he became known amongst the Oans as The Torch Bearer . He briefly operated as Ion after using the power of the entire Green Lantern Corps. He was responsible for the rebirth of the Guardians and the re-ignition of the Central Power Battery, essentially restoring all that Jordan had destroyed as Parallax. Kyle Rayner was chosen to wield the last ring because he knew fear, and Parallax had been released from the Central Power Battery. Ganthet knew this and chose Kyle because his experiences dealing with fear enabled him to resist Parallax. Because Parallax is a manifestation of fear, and yellow, none of the other Green Lanterns, including Hal, could harm Parallax and, therefore, came under his control. Kyle taught them to feel and overcome fear so they could defeat Parallax and incarcerate him in the Central Power Battery once again. Kyle became Ion, who is later revealed to be the manifestation of willpower in the same way Parallax is fear. During the Sinestro Corps War between the Green Lantern Corps and the Sinestro Corps, Ion was imprisoned while Parallax possesses Kyle. In Green Lantern (vol. 4) #24, Parallax consumes Hal Jordan. Hal Jordan enters into Kyle's prison, and with his help, Kyle finally escapes Parallax. Afterward, Ganthet and Sayd trap Parallax in the Lanterns of the four Green Lanterns of Earth. Ganthet asks Kyle to give up his right to be Ion and become a Green Lantern again. Kyle accepts, and Ganthet gives Kyle a power ring. Kyle is outfitted with a new costume including a mask that looks like the one from his first uniform. Kyle is now a member of the Green Lantern Corps Honor Guard, and has been partnered with Guy Gardner. Kyle now shows up mostly as part of the ensemble cast of Green Lantern Corps . Corps rookie Sodam Yat took over the mantle of Ion. Sodam has made an appearance in the Legion of Super Heroes Final Crisis tie-in Legion of Three Worlds as the last surviving Green Lantern/Guardian of the Universe. Kyle is designated as Green Lantern 2814.4 within the Corps. [ citation needed ] Kyle Rayner died in Green Lantern Corps #42 (Jan. 2010) after sacrificing himself to save Oa from an attack by the Black Lantern Corps. The following issue, Kyle is brought back to life by the power of a Star Sapphire who connects Soranik Natu's heart to his heart. Simon Baz as seen on the cover of Green Lantern #0 (November 2012). Simon Baz [ edit ] Main article: Simon Baz Simon Baz is a Lebanese American Muslim from the Detroit suburb of Dearborn, Michigan . He first appeared in The New 52 ! FCBD #1 before making his first full appearance in Green Lantern #0 during the \"Rise of the Third Army\" storyline written by Geoff Johns . He was caught by the police street racing in a stolen car with an armed bomb in the back of the van. While being questioned by authorities, Sinestro's Green Lantern ring chose Simon as its next ring bearer, recruiting him into the Green Lantern Corps. The squirrel-like Lantern B'dg follows, becoming Baz's mentor and friend. The Justice League eventually tracks Baz down and questions him as to how he came into the possession of a Green Lantern ring. Batman tries to disarm him by removing Simon's ring, but self-defense mechanisms of the ring prevent this. [13] Following the events of \"Wrath of The First Lantern\", [14] [15] [16] [17] Simon Baz was offered the opportunity to join Amanda Waller and Steve Trevor's \"Justice League of America\" under the pretense that, his criminal charges would be dropped and his innocence publicly declared after FBI Agent Franklin Fed vouched for him. [18] During the events of the \"Trinity War\" storyline, after Cyborg's (Victor) body was mangled by Crime Syndicate member \"The Grid\", Baz's ring was the only thing preventing Victor from death. [19] During the battle against Relic, when Lantern Guy Gardner and the Red Lantern Corps become the protectors of space sector 2814, Simon was appointed Green Lantern ambassador on earth by Hal Jordan. Additionally per Hal´s request Simon became the protector of Hal Jordan's family. [ citation needed ] In Green Lantern #20, after the fierce battle against the First Lantern, it was revealed that Simon Baz will go on to train the first female Green Lantern of Earth, Jessica Cruz. [17] Jessica Cruz [ edit ] Main articles: Power Ring (DC Comics) and Jessica Cruz First mentioned in Green Lantern #20 as the first female Green Lantern of Earth. Jessica Cruz is a young Latina American woman who was forced to become the unwilling host to the evil Ring of Volthoom after \" Power Ring \" dies in his alternate Earth unverse. Though she is not technically \"Power Ring\", as she is not a member of the Crime Syndicate and has no association with the organization, for namesake purposes she is dubbed \"Power Ring\" while the ring uses her as a host. She is helped by the Justice League and Simon Baz, who help her understand her cursed powers. In the Darkseid War, she becomes trapped inside the Ring of Volthoom, as Volthoom himself takes over Jessica's body. She then battles the previous wearers of the ring with the help of Cyborg, and forces her body in front of the Black Racer (who at the time was controlling the Flash) and kills Volthoom. After the battle, whilst the League mourns her motionless body, a Green Lantern ring appears and Jessica is made the 6th Green Lantern of Earth, to everyone's surprise. In Green Lantern: Rebirth #1, she meets up with Simon Baz to battle a Manhunter. This turns out to be an exercise controlled by Hal Jordan , as he needs them to protect Earth whilst he goes on a mission to find the rest of the Corps. He then fuses both their Lanterns into one, which can only be used when they are together. Hal also gives them membership into the Justice League to help with their training. Others who have headlined as Green Lantern [ edit ] Jade [ edit ] Main article: Jade (comics) The daughter of Alan Scott, Jennifer-Lynn Hayden would discover she shared her father's mystical connection to the Starheart , which gave her the abilities of a Green Lantern. Choosing to follow in her father's footsteps, she became the superheroine Jade. She would later fight a manifestation of the Starheart and lose those abilities. When Jade was fighting an Okaaran monster she was saved by an orange lantern named Cade and fell in love with him. After Jade was stripped of her powers, Kyle Rayner gave her a copy of Hal Jordan's power ring. When Rayner left Earth to restart the Green Lantern Corps, Jade donned the classic Green Lantern uniform and served as the planet's Green Lantern until losing the ring during a battle with the villain Fatality . Later, when the ring was returned to her, she changed her Green Lantern uniform to a modified version of Rayner's. Jade continued to function as a Green Lantern until Rayner, as Ion, used his power to restore her connection to the Starheart. During Infinite Crisis , she died while trying to stop Alexander Luthor, Jr. from destroying the universe to create a new multiverse. Upon her death, Jade returned her Starheart power to Rayner. In the Blackest Night event, her remains have been reanimated as one of the Black Lantern Corps after receiving a black power ring. She was resurrected by the Life Entity along with eleven other Black Lantern Corps members. Thaal Sinestro [ edit ] Main article: Sinestro Sinestro was born on the planet Korugar and became Green Lantern of space sector 1417. He was a friend of Abin Sur and mentor to Hal Jordan. His desire for order was an asset in the Corps, and initially led him to be considered one of the greatest Green Lanterns. As the years passed, he became more and more fixated upon not simply protecting his sector, but on preserving order in the society of his home planet no matter what the cost. Eventually, he concluded that the best way to accomplish this was to conquer Korugar and rule the planet as a dictator. Exposed by Hal Jordan and punished, he later wielded a yellow ring of fear from Qward . Later in league with Parallax, he would establish the Sinestro Corps , which began the War of Light . Following Blackest Night and War of the Green Lanterns Sinestro would once again receive a Green Lantern ring and temporarily headline the monthly Green Lantern following The New 52 . Jediah Caul [ edit ] Premiering in Green Lantern: New Guardians Annual #1, Caul is a deep undercover Green Lantern operative that works in the Tenebrian Dominion. He unwillingly helps Carol Ferris and the New Guardians attempt to petition Lady Styx to send aid against the Third Army. For betraying them, the New Guardians leave Caul behind and he is forced to become part of a reality program called \"The Hunted\", stripped of his powers and with his discharged power ring embedded into his chest. Caul stars as part of an ensemble cast of spacebound DC characters including the Blue Beetle and a new Captain K'rot in the \"Hunted\" main feature of Threshold . Caul received his Green Lantern Ring after he shot and killed its previous bearer, unsure himself why he was then chosen. Caul is able to save Sh'diki Borough on the planet Tolerance after it had been bottled by Brainiac . Caul is later informed that The Hunted has been cancelled and offered the lead role on a new show, Team Cauldron with the rest of his friends and Hunted competitors. Caul agrees to the role, having his power ring re-embedded into his chest. He is granted a meeting with Lady Styx to finalize his new role. However, as soon as Caul materializes at her base, he is killed by multiple gunshots, as planned by Colonel T'omas T'morra . In a glimmernet commercial, it is shown that T'morra replaces Caul in the proposed new show. However Caul is shown alive later along with Captain K'rot in tow when the planet Telos manifests during Convergence investigating it alongside Superman, Supergirl, Guy Gardner and the Red Lanterns. Powers and abilities [ edit ] Main article: Power ring (DC Comics) The ring is powered by willpower. Each Green Lantern wears a ring that grants them a variety of possibilities. The full extent of the ring's ability has never been rigorously defined in the stories, but two consistent traits are that it grants the power of flight and that all its effects are accompanied by a green light. Early Green Lantern stories showed the characters performing all sorts of feats with the ring, from shrinking objects to turning people invisible. Later stories de-emphasized these abilities in favor of constructs. The signature power of all Green Lanterns is the ability to conjure \"constructs:\" solid green objects that the Green Lantern can control telekinetically. These can be anything, such as a disembodied fist to beat a foe, a shield to block an attack, a sword to cut a rope, or chains to bind a prisoner. Whatever their shape or size, these constructs are always pure green in color, unless a Lantern is skillful enough to know how to change the EM spectrum the construct emits. Hal Jordan has shown the ability to have a construct emit kryptonite radiation under Batman's guidance. One downside to this ability to conjure anything that they can imagine is that should a Green Lantern ever believe themselves to be blind or to have some other condition, then their ring might make that true because the wearer believed it to be so. The rings of the Green Lantern Corps allow their bearers to travel very quickly across interstellar distances, fast enough that they can efficiently patrol the universe. They allow the wearer to survive in virtually any environment, and also remove the need to eat, sleep and pass waste. The rings can translate practically any language in the universe. They possess powerful sensors that can identify and analyze objects. Lanterns are granted full access to all Guardian knowledge by their rings, through the Book of Oa. A noteworthy power the rings do not have is the ability to automatically heal injuries, though they can provide shielding. In Hal Jordan's origin story, Abin Sur passed on his ring to Hal because he was unable to treat his own fatal injuries. If the Green Lantern happens to be a skilled physician, then the ring can be invaluable as it can conjure any conceivable medical tool, but it cannot do much for a Lantern who lacks medical expertise. When Hal Jordan breaks his arm, the best he can do is conjure a cast. This is further extended into an ability to replace large sections of one's injured body with constructs, but this too requires detailed biological knowledge of one's body and concentration enough to prolong the construct. Alan Scott's ring is unable to directly affect anything made of wood. Alan can conjure a green shield to block bullets, but a wooden club will pass through it effortlessly. The rings of Hal Jordan and his colleagues originally shared a similar weakness to anything colored yellow, though due to the removal of the yellow impurity from the Central Battery on Oa, more recent stories have removed this weakness. The effectiveness of the ring is tied to the wearer's willpower. A Green Lantern with strong willpower will best a weaker-willed Lantern in a duel. Anything which weakens the Green Lantern's mind, such as a telepathic attack, may render his ring useless. Green Lantern Oath [ edit ] Green Lantern is famous for the oath he recites when he charges his ring. Originally, the oath was: ...and I shall shed my light over dark evil. For the dark things cannot stand the light, The light of the Green Lantern! — Alan Scott This oath is also used by Lanterns Tomar-Re of sector 2813 and Chief Administrator Salaak . [20] In the mid-1940s, this was revised into the form that became famous during the Hal Jordan era: In brightest day, in blackest night, No evil shall escape my sight! Let those who worship evil's might Beware my power, Green Lantern's light! — Hal Jordan/many current Lanterns The oath in this form is credited to Alfred Bester , [21] who wrote many Green Lantern stories in the 1940s. This version of the oath was first spoken by Alan Scott in Green Lantern #9 from the fall of 1943. Scott would revert to reciting his original oath after he was reintroduced during the Silver Age. Many Green Lanterns have a unique personal oath, but some oaths are shared by several Lanterns. They are usually four lines long with a rhyme scheme of “AAAA” or “AABB”. The Pre-Crisis version of Hal Jordan was inspired to create his oath after a series of adventures in which he developed new ways to detect evasive criminals: in the first adventure, he used his ring as radar to find robbers who had blinded him with a magnesium flash; in the second, he tracked criminals in a dark cave by using his ring to make them glow with phosphorescence ; finally, Jordan tracked safecrackers by the faint shockwaves from the explosives they had used. Medphyll , the Green Lantern of the planet J586 (seen in Swamp Thing #61, \"All Flesh is Grass\"), a planet where a sentient plant species lives, has the following oath: In forest dark or glade beferned, No blade of grass shall go unturned! Let those who have the daylight spurned Tread not where this green lamp has burned! Other notable oaths include that of Jack T. Chance , You who are wicked, evil and mean, I'm the nastiest creep you've ever seen! Come one, come all, put up a fight, I'll pound your butts with Green Lantern's light! Yowza! and that of Rot Lop Fan , a Green Lantern whose species lacks sight, and thus has no concepts of brightness, darkness, day, night, color, or lanterns. In loudest din or hush profound, My ears catch evil's slightest sound! Let those who toll out evil 's knell Beware my power, the F-Sharp Bell ! Since Green Lantern: Rebirth and the re-establishment of the Green Lantern Corps, the only oath used has been the Brightest Day, Blackest Night version. In Green Lantern (vol. 4) #27, the Alpha Lanterns use the oath: In days of peace, in nights of war, Obey the Laws forever more! Misconduct must be answered for, Swear us the chosen: The Alpha Corps! In Legion of 3 Worlds , Sodam Yat in the 31st century – the last of the Green Lanterns and the last of the Guardians – recited a new oath: In brightest day, through Blackest Night , No other Corps shall spread its light! Let those who try to stop what's right Burn like my power, Green Lantern's light! In Batman: The Dawnbreaker #1, the Dawnbreaker (an amalgamation of Batman and Green Lantern from the Dark Multiverse's Earth-32) creates and recites his own oath after the death of the Guardians of the Universe and the Green Lantern Corps by his own hands: With darkness black, I choke the light! No brightest day escapes my sight! I turn the dawn to midnight! Beware my power--Dawnbreaker's might! In the video game, Infinite Crisis , Hal Jordan of Earth-13 (the Arcane universe) has his own variation: In forests deep where darkness dwells, In dungeons dank beneath ancient fells, Let those who seek to rule the night Beware my power, the Emerald Light! In the animated TV series Duck Dodgers , Duck Dodgers temporarily becomes a Green Lantern after accidentally picking up Hal Jordan's laundry. In the first part of the episode, he forgets the real quote and makes up his own version: In blackest day or brightest night Watermelon, cantaloupe , yadda yadda, Erm... superstitious and cowardly lot , With liberty and justice for all! In 2011, soon after the release of the Green Lantern movie, a trailer for The Muppets featured Kermit reciting a parody of the oath: [22] In brightest day, in darkest night, No evil shall escape my sight! Let those who laugh at my lack of height Beware my banjo ... Green Froggy's light! The TV show, Mad , included a movie parody called \"RiOa\", a fusion of Green Lantern and Rio . Blu from Rio is turned into a Green Lantern, and recruits Big Bird , the Road Runner , Mordecai from Regular Show , Mumble from Happy Feet , and one of the Angry Birds and turns them into Green Lanterns. In brightest day, in blackest night, Despite our shape, our size, our height, We're birds who walk, which isn't right, But starting now, we will take flight! The phrase \"in the brightest day and in the darkest night\" can also be found in a letter Sullivan Ballou wrote to his wife during the American Civil War , shortly before he was killed in the First Battle of Bull Run (1861). With the exception of Alan Scott, all Lantern oaths are formatted in four lines of Iambic tetrameter . In other media [ edit ] Main article: Green Lantern in other media See also [ edit ] Green Lantern: The Animated Series Doctor Spectrum , a Marvel Comics homage to Green Lantern. The Green Lantern Corps . References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Albert, Aaron. \"Green Lantern - Hal Jordan Profile\" . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright, Bradford W. Comic Book Nation . Johns Hopkins, 2001. p. 227 Jump up ^ Wells, John (December 2010). \"Green Lantern/Green Arrow: And Through Them Change an Industry\". Back Issue! . TwoMorrows Publishing (45): 39–54. Jump up ^ \"Green Lantern: Blackest Night (9781401227869): Geoff Johns, Doug Mahnke: Books\" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012-07-07 . Jump up ^ Joel Hahn (2006). \"1961 Alley Awards\" . Comic Book Awards Almanac . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Joel Hahn (2006). \"1970 Academy of Comic Book Arts Awards\" . Comic Book Awards Almanac . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Joel Hahn (2006). \"1971 Academy of Comic Book Arts Awards\" . Comic Book Awards Almanac . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Melby, Nathan; \"Gay comics characters get media attention: Green Lantern writer Winick focuses on hate crimes, while Marvel’s Rawhide Kid is called out\"; cbgextra.com Archived May 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jonah Weiland (13 June 2003). \"Green Lantern Honored by GLAAD\" . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Hal Jordan (Green Lanter) - #7 Top Comic Book Heroes\" . IGN. May 2011 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel Trotta (June 1, 2012). \"Gay Green Lantern appears in alternate universe\" . Reuters.com . Jump up ^ Thomas, Roy (2001). \"The Lensman Connection\". Alter Ego . 3 (10). p. 24. Jump up ^ Green Lantern v5 #14 (Jan. 2013) Jump up ^ Green Lantern v5 #17 (Jan. 2013) Jump up ^ Green Lantern v5 #18 (Mar. 2013) Jump up ^ Green Lantern v5 #19 (Apr. 2013) ^ Jump up to: a b Green Lantern v5 #20 (May. 2013) Jump up ^ Justice league of America v3 #1 (Feb. 2013) Jump up ^ Justice League #27 (Jan. 2014) Jump up ^ Green Lantern Corps #206 Jump up ^ Schwartz, Julius (2000). Man of Two Worlds: My Life in Science Fiction and Comics . New York: Harper Collins . pp. 67–68. ISBN 0-380-810514 . Jump up ^ \"The Muppets - Being Green Teaser Trailer\" . MuppetsStudio . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . [ show ] v t e Green Lantern [ show ] Media Creators Bill Finger Martin Nodell John Broome Gil Kane Dennis O'Neil Neal Adams Ron Marz Darryl Banks Geoff Johns Doug Mahnke Comics Main series All-American Comics \" Snowbirds Don't Fly \" \" Emerald Twilight \" \" Emerald Knights \" \" Circle of Fire \" \" Green Lantern: Rebirth \" Sinestro Corps War \" \" Secret Origin \" \" Blackest Night \" \" Brightest Day \" \" War of the Green Lanterns \" Other Batman: In Darkest Knight Comic Cavalcade Green Lantern: 1001 Emerald Nights The Green Lantern Chronicles Green Lantern: Emerald Dawn Green Lantern: Evil's Might Green Lantern: Mosaic Green Lantern: New Guardians Green Lantern Corps: Recharge Green Lantern/Superman: Legend of the Green Flame Green Lantern Versus Aliens Planet of the Apes/Green Lantern Star Trek/Green Lantern Related media Television and films Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths . Green Lantern: Emerald Knights Green Lantern Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters Green Lantern: The Animated Series Green Lantern: First Flight In other media Legends of the Superheroes Justice League of America (TV film) Justice League (TV series) Justice League Unlimited Justice League: The New Frontier Batman: The Brave and the Bold DC Universe Online Justice League: Doom Justice League: War The Lego Movie Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Justice League Action [ show ] Universe Characters Main Alan Scott Hal Jordan Guy Gardner John Stewart Kyle Rayner Simon Baz Jessica Cruz Supporting Bleez Controllers Alexandra DeWitt Doiby Dickles Carol Ferris The Flash Green Arrow Guardians of the Universe ( Ganthet , Sayd ) Jade Thomas Kalmaku Molly Mayne Obsidian Jillian Pearlman Donna Troy Saint Walker Zamarons Green Lantern Corps Abin Sur Arisia Rrab Boodikka Ch'p Earth-Man Flodo Span G'nort Graf Toren Green Man Ion Isamot Kol Jack T. Chance Katma Tui Ke'Haan Kilowog Kreon Lar Gand Medphyll Mogo Raker Qarrigat Rond Vidar Salaak Sodam Yat Soranik Natu Stel Tomar-Re Tomar-Tu Turytt Enemies General Doctor Polaris Doctor Ub'x Effigy Evil Star Fatality Gambler Goldface Harlequin Hector Hammond Icicle Krona Larfleeze Major Disaster Major Force Manhunters Nero New Gods Ranx the Sentient City Solomon Grundy Sonar Sportsmaster Star Sapphire Vandal Savage Weaponers of Qward Sinestro Corps Anti-Monitor Arkillo Lyssa Drak Hank Henshaw Karu-Sil Mongul Parallax Thaal Sinestro Superboy-Prime Amon Sur Red Lantern Corps Atrocitus Bleez Zilius Zox Black Lantern Corps Black Hand Nekron Emotional spectrum Red Lantern Corps Agent Orange Sinestro Corps Green Lantern Corps Blue Lantern Corps Indigo Tribe Star Sapphires Black Lantern Corps White Lantern Corps Locations Coast City ( Ferris Aircraft ) Gotham City Korugar Mogo the Living Planet Oa Qward Ranx the Sentient City Miscellany Power ring (equipment) Darkstars The Green Alien Races Source Wall Green Lantern (Great Adventure) Green Lantern Coaster (Warner Bros. Movie World) Green Lantern: First Flight (Magic Mountain) Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 20593939 GND : 123609127 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Lantern&oldid=808900969 \" Categories : All-American Publications characters DC Comics superheroes Comics characters introduced in 1940 Comics characters introduced in 1959 Comics characters introduced in 1968 Comics characters introduced in 1971 Comics characters introduced in 1994 Comics characters introduced in 2012 Characters created by Bill Finger Green Lantern 1940 comics debuts American comics characters American superheroes DC Comics adapted into films Fictional super soldiers Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Infobox comic book title param (addpubcat) Comics infobox image less alt text Set index pop All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with inconsistent citation formats Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017, at 22:26. 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{ "text": "Cricothyrotomy - Wikipedia Cricothyrotomy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Cricothyrotomy In cricothyrotomy, the incision or puncture is made through the cricothyroid membrane in between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage . ICD-9-CM 31.1 MeSH D014140 MedlinePlus 003017 [ edit on Wikidata ] A cricothyrotomy (also called cric , thyrocricotomy , cricothyroidotomy , inferior laryngotomy , intercricothyrotomy , coniotomy or emergency airway puncture ) is an incision made through the skin and cricothyroid membrane to establish a patent airway during certain life-threatening situations, such as airway obstruction by a foreign body , angioedema , or massive facial trauma . Cricothyrotomy is nearly always performed as a last resort in cases where orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation are impossible or contraindicated. Cricothyrotomy is easier and quicker to perform than tracheotomy , does not require manipulation of the cervical spine , and is associated with fewer complications. [1] However, while cricothyrotomy may be life-saving in extreme circumstances, this technique is only intended to be a temporizing measure until a definitive airway can be established. Contents [ hide ] 1 Indications 2 Contraindications 3 Procedure 3.1 Needle cricothyrotomy 4 In popular media 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links Indications [ edit ] A cricothyrotomy is often used as an airway of last resort given the numerous other airway options available including standard tracheal intubation and rapid sequence induction which are the common means of establishing an airway in an emergency scenario. [2] Cricothyrotomies account for approximately 1% of all emergency department intubations, and is used mostly in persons who have experienced a traumatic injury. [2] Some general indications for this procedure include: [2] Inability to intubate Inability to ventilate Inability to maintain spo2 >90% Severe traumatic injury that prevents oral or nasal tracheal intubation Contraindications [ edit ] Inability to identify landmarks ( cricothyroid membrane ) Underlying anatomical abnormality such as a tumor or severe goiter Tracheal transection Acute laryngeal disease due to infection or trauma Small children under 12 years old (a 10–14 gauge catheter over the needle may be used) Procedure [ edit ] The procedure was first described in 1805 by Félix Vicq-d'Azyr , a French surgeon and anatomist. [ citation needed ] A cricothyrotomy is generally performed by making a vertical incision on the skin of the neck just below the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple), then making another transverse incision in the cricothyroid membrane which lies deep to this point. A tracheostomy tube or endotracheal tube with a 6 or 7 mm internal diameter is then inserted, the cuff is inflated, and the tube is secured. The person performing the procedure might utilize a bougie device, a semi-rigid, straight piece of plastic with a one-inch tip at a 30 degree angle, to provide rigidity to the tube and assist with guiding its placement. [2] Confirmation of placement is assessed by bilateral ausculation of the lungs and observation of the rise and fall of the chest. [3] Needle cricothyrotomy [ edit ] A needle cricothyrotomy is similar, but instead of making a scalpel incision, a large over-the-needle catheter is inserted (10- to 14-gauge). This is considerably simpler, particularly if using specially designed kits. This technique provides very limited airflow. The delivery of oxygen to the lungs through an over-the-needle catheter inserted through the skin into the trachea using a high pressure gas source is considered a form of conventional ventilation called percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (PTV). Cricothyrotomy kit In popular media [ edit ] On the TV show M*A*S*H [ specify ] , Father Mulcahy performs an emergency cricothyrotomy on a patient. With the direction of Dr. Pierce via radio, he uses a pen knife and an eye dropper to perform the operation. Needless to say, this would be extremely dangerous in real life. Even under ideal, clinical conditions, a cricothyrotomy is difficult and requires specific tools, preparation and a practiced knowledge of anatomy. There are many major blood vessels and nerves in the neck and cutting there carries a high risk of harming the patient. In the 1980 Nicolas Roeg film Bad Timing , Theresa Russell's character Milena Flaherty has an emergency cricothyrotomy performed following an intentional overdose. In Grey's Anatomy , emergency cricothyrotomy is mentioned in at least three episodes: In “ Owner of a Lonely Heart ,” Cristina almost performs an emergency cricothyrotomy on a patient who swallowed a light bulb. Before she is able to do so, however, Dr. Burke shows up and takes the patient to an operating room where he proceeds to perform an emergency thoracotomy. In “ The Heart of the Matter ,” Izzie performs her first “emergency crike” on Camille, a niece of Chief of Surgery Dr. Richard Webber . In \"I Saw What I Saw\" Alex performs a \"crike\" on the patient who later dies. In the ER episode \"Reason to Believe\" Dr. Kerry Weaver performs an emergency cricothyrotomy on a student. She is shooting a news segment on childhood obesity in an elementary school cafeteria when one of the students begins to choke; after the heimlich maneuver fails, she performs a cricothyrotomy with a kitchen knife and a drinking straw. It is also used many other times, especially in the trauma room, when an airway can't be established. In the film Playing God (1997), David Duchovny plays a famed LA surgeon, stripped of his license due to drug abuse, who finds himself witnessing a gun fight at a bar. He saves a mafia crime figure by performing an emergency cricothyrotomy. This endears him with the mafia family and drives the plot forward. In the BBC3 medical drama Bodies , the main protagonist Rob Lake, a newly appointed obstetrics and gynaecology registrar (played by Max Beesley ), is called to a patient who is having difficulty breathing due to epiglottitis. Lake calls for emergency assistance but help is slow coming, so fearing for the patient's life decides to undertake a cricothyrotomy himself - a procedure he has not been trained in. The procedure is unsuccessful and the patient dies before help arrives. The guilt surrounding the event combined with the covering up by his consultant provides an important backdrop to the further development of the character and his relationship with his consultant. On Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman ; Sully, the white man raised by Indians who is her lover and companion, performs the procedure on one of Dr. Quinn's boys using a bird's feather (the base where it is hollow). During an episode of the National Geographic Channel documentary \"Inside Combat Rescue\", [4] a US Air Force Pararescueman in Afghanistan performs an actual cricothyrotomy on a wounded civilian in a helicopter maneuvering under combat conditions. The procedure is successful and the patient is delivered to Kandahar Regional Medical Hospital. On the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street , Series 21, Episode 5104 / 5105, student doctor Paige Munroe performs a Cricothyrotomy with a pocket knife and pen and saves a woman's life, even though she was not qualified (and nervous). In the novel Night Train to Lisbon by Swiss author Pascal Mercier , one of the protagonists saves the life of his asphyxiating sister by performing a provisional cricothyrotomy with a ballpoint pen. In the 1997 film Anaconda , when the character Dr. Steven Cale ( Eric Stoltz ) is stung in the mouth by a poisonous wasp found in his scuba equipment, Paul Serone ( Jon Voight ) performs the procedure using a pocket knife and rigid plastic tube. See also [ edit ] Laryngotomy Tracheotomy List of surgeries by type Footnotes [ edit ] Jump up ^ M. Gregory Katos; David Goldenberg (June 2007). \"Emergency cricothyrotomy\" . Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology . 18 (2): 110–114. doi : 10.1016/j.otot.2007.05.002 . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d A.,, Marx, John; S.,, Hockberger, Robert; M.,, Walls, Ron; H.,, Biros, Michelle; F.,, Danzl, Daniel; Marianne,, Gausche-Hill,; Andy,, Jagoda,; 1954-, Ling, Louis,; 1950-, Newton, Edward,. Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice . pp. 15–22. ISBN 9781455706051 . OCLC 853286850 . Jump up ^ Markowitz E, Joshua, Kulkarni, Rick. \"Surgical Airway Techniques\" [1] Medscape Reference. Jump up ^ Combat cricothyrotomy inflight -Inside Combat Rescue series | PHARM References [ edit ] Barone, Jeanine. Tracheotomy . health.enotes.com . URL last accessed February 28, 2006. Brookside Associates; US Army Medical department. Cricothyroidotomy . www.brooksidepress.org . URL last accessed February 28, 2006. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary . URL last accessed February 28, 2006. Reis, Carlos. Cricothyroidotomy . www.medstudents.com.br . URL last accessed February 28, 2006. SIAARTI study committee on the difficult airway. SIAARTI guidelines for difficult intubation and for difficult airway management . anestit.unipa.it . URL last accessed February 28, 2006. Mosby's Paramedic Textbook, Edition 3 , Mick J. Sanders. 2005, St. Louis, MI: Elsevier Mosby. External links [ edit ] Smiths Medical Cricothyroidotomy Kits (Cricothyroidotomy products for Adults and Children) Medstudents: Procedures: Cricothyrotomy Trauma Man: Image of Cricothyroidotomy being performed on a simulator [ hide ] v t e Tests, surgery and other procedures involving the respiratory system ( ICD-9-CM V3 21–22, 30–34, ICD-10-PCS 0B ) Upper RT nose Rhinoplasty Septoplasty Somnoplasty Alarplasty Rhinectomy Rhinomanometry Acoustic rhinometry sinus Sinusotomy larynx Laryngoscopy Laryngectomy Laryngotomy Thyrotomy Laryngotracheal reconstruction Lower RT trachea Cricothyrotomy Tracheoesophageal puncture Tracheotomy bronchus Bronchoscopy lung Pneumonectomy Lobectomy Wedge resection Lung transplantation Decortication of lung Heart–lung transplant Chest wall , pleura , mediastinum , and diaphragm pleura / pleural cavity Thoracentesis Pleurodesis Thoracoscopy Thoracotomy Chest tube mediastinum Mediastinoscopy Nuss procedure Medical imaging Bronchography CT pulmonary angiogram High-resolution computed tomography Spiral CT Ventilation/perfusion scan CPRs Pneumonia severity index CURB-65 Lung function test Body plethysmography Spirometry Bronchial challenge test Capnography Diffusion capacity Cytology Sputum culture Bronchoalveolar lavage Respiratory therapy / intubation Artificial respiration CPR Hyperbaric medicine Decompression chamber Heliox Mechanical ventilation Nebulizer Negative pressure ventilator Oxygen therapy Positive pressure ventilation Postural drainage Surgical airway management Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cricothyrotomy&oldid=831292768 \" Categories : Emergency medical procedures Trachea surgery Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018, at 21:02. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Cricothyrotomy", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cricothyrotomy&amp;oldid=831292768" }

{ "text": "Sound film - Wikipedia Sound film From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search \"Talking pictures\" redirects here. For the British television channel, see Talking Pictures TV . 1908 poster advertising Gaumont 's sound films. The Chronomégaphone , designed for large halls, employed compressed air to amplify the recorded sound. [1] A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film . The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before sound motion pictures were made commercially practical. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate. Innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923. The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid- to late 1920s. At first, the sound films which included synchronized dialogue, known as \"talking pictures\", or \" talkies \", were exclusively shorts. The earliest feature-length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects. The first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer , released in October 1927. A major hit, it was made with Vitaphone , which was at the time the leading brand of sound-on-disc technology. Sound-on-film, however, would soon become the standard for talking pictures. By the early 1930s, the talkies were a global phenomenon. In the United States, they helped secure Hollywood's position as one of the world's most powerful cultural/commercial centers of influence (see Cinema of the United States ). In Europe (and, to a lesser degree, elsewhere), the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics, who worried that a focus on dialogue would subvert the unique aesthetic virtues of soundless cinema. In Japan , where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance, talking pictures were slow to take root. In India, sound was the transformative element that led to the rapid expansion of the nation's film industry . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early steps 2 Crucial innovations 2.1 Advanced sound-on-film 2.2 Advanced sound-on-disc 2.3 Fidelity electronic recording and amplification 3 Triumph of the \"talkies\" 3.1 Transition: Europe 3.2 Transition: Asia 4 Consequences 4.1 Technology 4.2 Labor 4.3 Commerce 4.4 Aesthetic quality 4.5 Cinematic form 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 External links 8.1 Historical writings 8.2 Historical films History [ edit ] Early steps [ edit ] Further information: Kinetoscope Image from The Dickson Experimental Sound Film (1894 or 1895), produced by W.K.L. Dickson as a test of the early version of the Edison Kinetophone , combining the Kinetoscope and phonograph . The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as the concept of cinema itself. On February 27, 1888, a couple of days after photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge gave a lecture not far from the laboratory of Thomas Edison , the two inventors privately met. Muybridge later claimed that on this occasion, six years before the first commercial motion picture exhibition, he proposed a scheme for sound cinema that would combine his image-casting zoopraxiscope with Edison's recorded-sound technology. [2] No agreement was reached, but within a year Edison commissioned the development of the Kinetoscope , essentially a \"peep-show\" system, as a visual complement to his cylinder phonograph . The two devices were brought together as the Kinetophone in 1895, but individual, cabinet viewing of motion pictures was soon to be outmoded by successes in film projection. [3] In 1899, a projected sound-film system known as Cinemacrophonograph or Phonorama, based primarily on the work of Swiss-born inventor François Dussaud, was exhibited in Paris; similar to the Kinetophone, the system required individual use of earphones. [4] An improved cylinder-based system, Phono-Cinéma-Théâtre, was developed by Clément-Maurice Gratioulet and Henri Lioret of France, allowing short films of theater, opera, and ballet excerpts to be presented at the Paris Exposition in 1900. These appear to be the first publicly exhibited films with projection of both image and recorded sound. Phonorama and yet another sound-film system—Théâtroscope—were also presented at the Exposition. [5] Three major problems persisted, leading to motion pictures and sound recording largely taking separate paths for a generation. The primary issue was synchronization: pictures and sound were recorded and played back by separate devices, which were difficult to start and maintain in tandem. [6] Sufficient playback volume was also hard to achieve. While motion picture projectors soon allowed film to be shown to large theater audiences, audio technology before the development of electric amplification could not project satisfactorily to fill large spaces. Finally, there was the challenge of recording fidelity. The primitive systems of the era produced sound of very low quality unless the performers were stationed directly in front of the cumbersome recording devices (acoustical horns, for the most part), imposing severe limits on the sort of films that could be created with live-recorded sound. [7] Poster featuring Sarah Bernhardt and giving the names of eighteen other \"famous artists\" shown in \"living visions\" at the 1900 Paris Exposition using the Gratioulet-Lioret system. Cinematic innovators attempted to cope with the fundamental synchronization problem in a variety of ways. An increasing number of motion picture systems relied on gramophone records —known as sound-on-disc technology; the records themselves were often referred to as \"Berliner discs\", after one of the primary inventors in the field, German-American Emile Berliner . In 1902, Léon Gaumont demonstrated his sound-on-disc Chronophone, involving an electrical connection he had recently patented, to the French Photographic Society . [8] Four years later, Gaumont introduced the Elgéphone, a compressed-air amplification system based on the Auxetophone, developed by British inventors Horace Short and Charles Parsons. [9] Despite\nhigh expectations, Gaumont's sound innovations had only limited commercial success—though improvements, they still did not satisfactorily address the three basic issues with sound film and were expensive as well. For some years, American inventor E. E. Norton's Cameraphone was the primary competitor to the Gaumont system (sources differ on whether the Cameraphone was disc- or cylinder-based); it ultimately failed for many of the same reasons that held back the Chronophone. [10] In 1913, Edison introduced a new cylinder-based synch-sound apparatus known, just like his 1895 system, as the Kinetophone; instead of films being shown to individual viewers in the Kinetoscope cabinet, they were now projected onto a screen. The phonograph was connected by an intricate arrangement of pulleys to the film projector, allowing—under ideal conditions—for synchronization. However, conditions were rarely ideal, and the new, improved Kinetophone was retired after little more than a year. [11] By the mid-1910s, the groundswell in commercial sound motion picture exhibition had subsided. [10] Beginning in 1914, The Photo-Drama of Creation , promoting Jehovah's Witnesses ' conception of mankind's genesis, was screened around the United States: eight hours worth of projected visuals involving both slides and live action were synchronized with separately recorded lectures and musical performances played back on phonograph. [12] Meanwhile, innovations continued on another significant front. In 1900, as part of the research he was conducting on the photophone , the German physicist Ernst Ruhmer recorded the fluctuations of the transmitting arc-light as varying shades of light and dark bands onto a continuous roll of photographic film. He then determined that he could reverse the process and reproduce the recorded sound from this photographic strip by shining a bright light through the running filmstrip, with the resulting varying light illuminating a selenium cell. The changes in brightness caused a corresponding change to the selenium's resistance to electrical currents, which was used to modulate the sound produced in a telephone receiver. He called this invention the photographophone , [13] which he summarized as: \"It is truly a wonderful process: sound becomes electricity, becomes light, causes chemical actions, becomes light and electricity again, and finally sound.\" [14] Ruhmer began a correspondence with the French-born, London-based Eugene Lauste , [15] who had worked at Edison's lab between 1886 and 1892. In 1907, Lauste was awarded the first patent for sound-on-film technology, involving the transformation of sound into light waves that are photographically recorded direct onto celluloid . As described by historian Scott Eyman, It was a double system, that is, the sound was on a different piece of film from the picture.... In essence, the sound was captured by a microphone and translated into light waves via a light valve, a thin ribbon of sensitive metal over a tiny slit. The sound reaching this ribbon would be converted into light by the shivering of the diaphragm, focusing the resulting light waves through the slit, where it would be photographed on the side of the film, on a strip about a tenth of an inch wide. [16] In 1908, Lauste purchased a photographophone from Ruhmer, with the intention of perfecting the device into a commercial product. [17] Though sound-on-film would eventually become the universal standard for synchronized sound cinema, Lauste never successfully exploited his innovations, which came to an effective dead end. In 1914, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt was granted German patent 309,536 for his sound-on-film work; that same year, he apparently demonstrated a film made with the process to an audience of scientists in Berlin. [18] Hungarian engineer Denes Mihaly submitted his sound-on-film Projectofon concept to the Royal Hungarian Patent Court in 1918; the patent award was published four years later. [19] Whether sound was captured on cylinder, disc, or film, none of the available technology was adequate for big-league commercial purposes, and for many years the heads of the major Hollywood film studios saw little benefit in producing sound motion pictures. [20] Crucial innovations [ edit ] A number of technological developments contributed to making sound cinema commercially viable by the late 1920s. Two involved contrasting approaches to synchronized sound reproduction, or playback: Advanced sound-on-film [ edit ] In 1919, American inventor Lee De Forest was awarded several patents that would lead to the first optical sound -on-film technology with commercial application. In De Forest's system, the sound track was photographically recorded onto the side of the strip of motion picture film to create a composite, or \"married\", print. If proper synchronization of sound and picture was achieved in recording, it could be absolutely counted on in playback. Over the next four years, he improved his system with the help of equipment and patents licensed from another American inventor in the field, Theodore Case . [21] At the University of Illinois , Polish-born research engineer Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner was working independently on a similar process. On June 9, 1922, he gave the first reported U.S. demonstration of a sound-on-film motion picture to members of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . [22] As with Lauste and Tigerstedt, Tykociner's system would never be taken advantage of commercially; however, De Forest's soon would. Newspaper ad for a 1925 presentation of De Forest Phonofilms shorts, touting their technological distinction: no phonograph. On April 15, 1923, at New York City's Rivoli Theater, came the first commercial screening of motion pictures with sound-on-film, the future standard: a set of shorts under the banner of De Forest Phonofilms , accompanying a silent feature. [23] That June, De Forest entered into an extended legal battle with an employee, Freeman Harrison Owens , for title to one of the crucial Phonofilm patents. Although De Forest ultimately won the case in the courts, Owens is today recognized as a central innovator in the field. [24] The following year, De Forest's studio released the first commercial dramatic film shot as a talking picture—the two-reeler Love's Old Sweet Song , directed by J. Searle Dawley and featuring Una Merkel . [25] However, phonofilm's stock in trade was not original dramas but celebrity documentaries, popular music acts, and comedy performances. President Calvin Coolidge , opera singer Abbie Mitchell , and vaudeville stars such as Phil Baker , Ben Bernie , Eddie Cantor and Oscar Levant appeared in the firm's pictures. Hollywood remained suspicious, even fearful, of the new technology. As Photoplay editor James Quirk put it in March 1924, \"Talking pictures are perfected, says Dr. Lee De Forest. So is castor oil.\" [26] De Forest's process continued to be used through 1927 in the United States for dozens of short Phonofilms; in the UK it was employed a few years longer for both shorts and features by British Sound Film Productions, a subsidiary of British Talking Pictures, which purchased the primary Phonofilm assets. By the end of 1930, the Phonofilm business would be liquidated. [27] In Europe, others were also working on the development of sound-on-film. In 1919, the same year that DeForest received his first patents in the field, three German inventors, Josef Engl (1893–1942), Hans Vogt (1890–1979), and Joseph Massolle (1889–1957), patented the Tri-Ergon sound system. On September 17, 1922, the Tri-Ergon group gave a public screening of sound-on-film productions—including a dramatic talkie, Der Brandstifter ( The Arsonist ) —before an invited audience at the Alhambra Kino in Berlin. [28] By the end of the decade, Tri-Ergon would be the dominant European sound system. In 1923, two Danish engineers, Axel Petersen and Arnold Poulsen, patented a system that recorded sound on a separate filmstrip running parallel with the image reel. Gaumont licensed the technology and briefly put it to commercial use under the name Cinéphone. [29] Domestic competition, however, eclipsed Phonofilm. By September 1925, De Forest and Case's working arrangement had fallen through. The following July, Case joined Fox Film , Hollywood's third largest studio , to found the Fox-Case Corporation. The system developed by Case and his assistant, Earl Sponable, given the name Movietone , thus became the first viable sound-on-film technology controlled by a Hollywood movie studio. The following year, Fox purchased the North American rights to the Tri-Ergon system, though the company found it inferior to Movietone and virtually impossible to integrate the two different systems to advantage. [30] In 1927, as well, Fox retained the services of Freeman Owens, who had particular expertise in constructing cameras for synch-sound film. [31] Advanced sound-on-disc [ edit ] Parallel with improvements in sound-on-film technology, a number of companies were making progress with systems that recorded movie sound on phonograph discs. In sound-on-disc technology from the era, a phonograph turntable is connected by a mechanical interlock to a specially modified film projector , allowing for synchronization. In 1921, the Photokinema sound-on-disc system developed by Orlando Kellum was employed to add synchronized sound sequences to D. W. Griffith 's failed silent film Dream Street . A love song, performed by star Ralph Graves, was recorded, as was a sequence of live vocal effects. Apparently, dialogue scenes were also recorded, but the results were unsatisfactory and the film was never publicly screened incorporating them. On May 1, 1921, Dream Street was re-released, with love song added, at New York City's Town Hall theater, qualifying it—however haphazardly—as the first feature-length film with a live-recorded vocal sequence. [32] There would be no others for more than six years. Poster for Warner Bros. ' Don Juan (1926), the first major motion picture to premiere with a full-length synchronized soundtrack . Audio recording engineer George Groves , the first in Hollywood to hold the job, would supervise sound on Woodstock , 44 years later. In 1925, Sam Warner of Warner Bros. , then a small Hollywood studio with big ambitions, saw a demonstration of the Western Electric sound-on-disc system and was sufficiently impressed to persuade his brothers to agree to experiment with using this system at New York's Vitagraph Studios , which they had recently purchased. The tests were convincing to the Warner Brothers, if not to the executives of some other picture companies who witnessed them. Consequently, in April 1926 the Western Electric Company entered into a contract with Warner Brothers and W. J. Rich, a financier, giving them an exclusive license for recording and reproducing sound pictures under the Western Electric system. To exploit this license the Vitaphone Corporation was organized with Samuel L. Warner as its president. [33] [34] Vitaphone , as this system was now called, was publicly introduced on August 6, 1926, with the premiere of Don Juan ; the first feature-length movie to employ a synchronized sound system of any type throughout, its soundtrack contained a musical score and added sound effects , but no recorded dialogue—in other words, it had been staged and shot as a silent film. Accompanying Don Juan , however, were eight shorts of musical performances, mostly classical, as well as a four-minute filmed introduction by Will H. Hays , president of the Motion Picture Association of America , all with live-recorded sound. These were the first true sound films exhibited by a Hollywood studio. [35] Warner Bros.' The Better 'Ole , technically similar to Don Juan , followed in October. [36] Sound-on-film would ultimately win out over sound-on-disc because of a number of fundamental technical advantages: Synchronization: no interlock system was completely reliable, and a projectionist's error, or an inexactly repaired film break, or a defect in the soundtrack disc could result in the sound becoming seriously and irrecoverably out of sync with the picture Editing: discs could not be directly edited, severely limiting the ability to make alterations in their accompanying films after the original release cut Distribution: phonograph discs added expense and complication to film distribution Wear and tear: the physical process of playing the discs degraded them, requiring their replacement after approximately twenty screenings [37] Nonetheless, in the early years, sound-on-disc had the edge over sound-on-film in two substantial ways: Production and capital cost: it was generally less expensive to record sound onto disc than onto film and the exhibition systems—turntable/interlock/projector—were cheaper to manufacture than the complex image-and-audio-pattern-reading projectors required by sound-on-film Audio quality: phonograph discs, Vitaphone's in particular, had superior dynamic range to most sound-on-film processes of the day, at least during the first few playings; while sound-on-film tended to have better frequency response , this was outweighed by greater distortion and noise [38] [39] As sound-on-film technology improved, both of these disadvantages were overcome. The third crucial set of innovations marked a major step forward in both the live recording of sound and its effective playback: Western Electric engineer E. B. Craft, at left, demonstrating the Vitaphone projection system. A Vitaphone disc had a running time of about 11 minutes, enough to match that of a 1,000-foot (300 m) reel of 35 mm film. Fidelity electronic recording and amplification [ edit ] In 1913, Western Electric , the manufacturing division of AT&T, acquired the rights to the de Forest audion , the forerunner of the triode vacuum tube . Over the next few years they developed it into a predictable and reliable device that made electronic amplification possible for the first time. Western Electric then branched-out into developing uses for the vacuum tube including public address systems and an electrical recording system for the recording industry. Beginning in 1922, the research branch of Western Electric began working intensively on recording technology for both sound-on-disc and sound-on film synchronised sound systems for motion-pictures. The engineers working on the sound-on-disc system were able to draw on expertise that Western Electric already had in electrical disc recording and were thus able to make faster initial progress. The main change required was to increase the playing time of the disc so that it could match that of a standard 1,000 ft (300 m) reel of 35 mm film. The chosen design used a disc nearly 16 inches (about 40 cm) in diameter rotating at 33 1/3 rpm. This could play for 11 minutes, the running time of 1000 ft of film at 90 ft/min (24 frames/s). [40] Because of the larger diameter the minimum groove velocity of 70 ft/min (14 inches or 356 mm/s) was only slightly less than that of a standard 10-inch 78 rpm commercial disc.\nIn 1925, the company publicly introduced a greatly improved system of electronic audio, including sensitive condenser microphones and rubber-line recorders (named after the use of a rubber damping band for recording with better frequency response onto a wax master disc [41] ). That May, the company licensed entrepreneur Walter J. Rich to exploit the system for commercial motion pictures; he founded Vitagraph, in which Warner Bros. acquired a half interest, just one month later. [42] In April 1926, Warners signed a contract with AT&T for exclusive use of its film sound technology for the redubbed Vitaphone operation, leading to the production of Don Juan and its accompanying shorts over the following months. [33] During the period when Vitaphone had exclusive access to the patents, the fidelity of recordings made for Warners films was markedly superior to those made for the company's sound-on-film competitors. Meanwhile, Bell Labs —the new name for the AT&T research operation—was working at a furious pace on sophisticated sound amplification technology that would allow recordings to be played back over loudspeakers at theater-filling volume. The new moving-coil speaker system was installed in New York's Warners Theatre at the end of July and its patent submission, for what Western Electric called the No. 555 Receiver, was filed on August 4, just two days before the premiere of Don Juan . [39] [43] Late in the year, AT&T/Western Electric created a licensing division, Electrical Research Products Inc. (ERPI), to handle rights to the company's film-related audio technology. Vitaphone still had legal exclusivity, but having lapsed in its royalty payments, effective control of the rights was in ERPI's hands. On December 31, 1926, Warners granted Fox-Case a sublicense for the use of the Western Electric system; in exchange for the sublicense, both Warners and ERPI received a share of Fox's related revenues. The patents of all three concerns were cross-licensed. [44] Superior recording and amplification technology was now available to two Hollywood studios, pursuing two very different methods of sound reproduction. The new year would finally see the emergence of sound cinema as a significant commercial medium. Triumph of the \"talkies\" [ edit ] In February 1927, an agreement was signed by five leading Hollywood movie companies: Famous Players-Lasky (soon to be part of Paramount ), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , Universal , First National , and Cecil B. DeMille 's small but prestigious Producers Distributing Corporation (PDC). The five studios agreed to collectively select just one provider for sound conversion. The alliance then sat back and waited to see what sort of results the frontrunners came up with. [45] In May, Warner Bros. sold back its exclusivity rights to ERPI (along with the Fox-Case sublicense) and signed a new royalty contract similar to Fox's for use of Western Electric technology. Fox and Warners pressed forward with sound cinema, moving in different directions both technologically and commercially: Fox moved into newsreels and then scored dramas, while Warners concentrated on talking features. Meanwhile, ERPI sought to corner the market by signing up the five allied studios. [46] Newspaper ad from a fully equipped theater in Tacoma, Washington, showing The Jazz Singer , on Vitaphone, and a Fox newsreel, on Movietone , together on the same bill. The big sound film sensations of the year all took advantage of preexisting celebrity. On May 20, 1927, at New York's Roxy Theater , Fox Movietone presented a sound film of the takeoff of Charles Lindbergh 's celebrated flight to Paris, recorded earlier that day. In June, a Fox sound newsreel depicting his return welcomes in New York and Washington, D.C., was shown. These were the two most acclaimed sound motion pictures to date. [47] In May, as well, Fox had released the first Hollywood fiction film with synchronized dialogue: the short They're Coming to Get Me , starring comedian Chic Sale . [48] After rereleasing a few silent feature hits, such as Seventh Heaven , with recorded music, Fox came out with its first original Movietone feature on September 23: Sunrise , by acclaimed German director F. W. Murnau . As with Don Juan , the film's soundtrack consisted of a musical score and sound effects (including, in a couple of crowd scenes, \"wild\", nonspecific vocals). [49] Then, on October 6, 1927, Warner Bros.' The Jazz Singer premiered. It was a smash box office success for the mid-level studio, earning a total of $2.625 million in the United States and abroad, almost a million dollars more than the previous record for a Warners film. [50] Produced with the Vitaphone system, most of the film does not contain live-recorded audio, relying, like Sunrise and Don Juan , on a score and effects. When the movie's star, Al Jolson , sings, however, the film shifts to sound recorded on the set, including both his musical performances and two scenes with ad-libbed speech—one of Jolson's character, Jakie Rabinowitz (Jack Robin), addressing a cabaret audience; the other an exchange between him and his mother. The \"natural\" sounds of the settings were also audible. [51] Though the success of The Jazz Singer was due largely to Jolson, already established as one of U.S. biggest music stars, and its limited use of synchronized sound hardly qualified it as an innovative sound film (let alone the \"first\"), the movie's profits were proof enough to the industry that the technology was worth investing in. [52] The development of commercial sound cinema had proceeded in fits and starts before The Jazz Singer , and the film's success did not change things overnight. Not until May 1928 did the group of four big studios (PDC had dropped out of the alliance), along with United Artists and others, sign with ERPI for conversion of production facilities and theaters for sound film. Initially, all ERPI-wired theaters were made Vitaphone-compatible; most were equipped to project Movietone reels as well. [53] However, even with access to both technologies, most of the Hollywood companies remained slow to produce talking features of their own. No studio besides Warner Bros. released even a part-talking feature until the low-budget-oriented Film Booking Offices of America (FBO) premiered The Perfect Crime on June 17, 1928, eight months after The Jazz Singer . [54] FBO had come under the effective control of a Western Electric competitor, General Electric 's RCA division, which was looking to market its new sound-on-film system, Photophone . Unlike Fox-Case's Movietone and De Forest's Phonofilm, which were variable-density systems, Photophone was a variable-area system—a refinement in the way the audio signal was inscribed on film that would ultimately become the standard. (In both sorts of systems, a specially-designed lamp, whose exposure to the film is determined by the audio input, is used to record sound photographically as a series of minuscule lines. In a variable-density process, the lines are of varying darkness ; in a variable-area process, the lines are of varying width.) By October, the FBO-RCA alliance would lead to the creation of Hollywood's newest major studio, RKO Pictures . Dorothy Mackaill and Milton Sills in The Barker , First National 's inaugural talkie. The film was released in December 1928, two months after Warner Bros. acquired a controlling interest in the studio. Meanwhile, Warner Bros. had released three more talkies, all profitable, if not at the level of The Jazz Singer : In March, Tenderloin appeared; it was billed by Warners as the first feature in which characters spoke their parts, though only 15 of its 88 minutes had dialogue. Glorious Betsy followed in April, and The Lion and the Mouse (31 minutes of dialogue) in May. [55] On July 6, 1928, the first all-talking feature, Lights of New York , premiered. The film cost Warner Bros. only $23,000 to produce, but grossed $1.252 million, a record rate of return surpassing 5,000%. In September, the studio released another Al Jolson part-talking picture, The Singing Fool , which more than doubled The Jazz Singer' s earnings record for a Warners movie. [56] This second Jolson screen smash demonstrated the movie musical's ability to turn a song into a national hit: inside of nine months, the Jolson number \" Sonny Boy \" had racked up 2 million record and 1.25 million sheet music sales. [57] September 1928 also saw the release of Paul Terry 's Dinner Time , among the first animated cartoons produced with synchronized sound. Soon after he saw it, Walt Disney released his first sound picture, the Mickey Mouse short Steamboat Willie . [58] Over the course of 1928, as Warner Bros. began to rake in huge profits due to the popularity of its sound films , the other studios quickened the pace of their conversion to the new technology. Paramount, the industry leader, put out its first talkie in late September, Beggars of Life ; though it had just a few lines of dialogue, it demonstrated the studio's recognition of the new medium's power. Interference , Paramount's first all-talker, debuted in November. [59] The process known as \"goat glanding\" briefly became widespread: soundtracks, sometimes including a smatter of post-dubbed dialogue or song, were added to movies that had been shot, and in some cases released, as silents. [60] A few minutes of singing could qualify such a newly endowed film as a \"musical.\" (Griffith's Dream Street had essentially been a \"goat gland.\") Expectations swiftly changed, and the sound \"fad\" of 1927 became standard procedure by 1929. In February 1929, sixteen months after The Jazz Singer' s debut, Columbia Pictures became the last of the eight studios that would be known as \" majors \" during Hollywood's Golden Age to release its first part-talking feature, Lone Wolf's Daughter . [61] In late May, the first all-color, all-talking feature, Warner Bros.' On with the Show! , premiered. [62] Yet most American movie theaters, especially outside of urban areas, were still not equipped for sound: while the number of sound cinemas grew from 100 to 800 between 1928 and 1929, they were still vastly outnumbered by silent theaters, which had actually grown in number as well, from 22,204 to 22,544. [63] The studios, in parallel, were still not entirely convinced of the talkies' universal appeal—through mid-1930, the majority of Hollywood movies were produced in dual versions, silent as well as talking. [64] Though few in the industry predicted it, silent film as a viable commercial medium in the United States would soon be little more than a memory. Points West , a Hoot Gibson Western released by Universal Pictures in August 1929, was the last purely silent mainstream feature put out by a major Hollywood studio. [65] Transition: Europe [ edit ] The Jazz Singer had its European sound premiere at the Piccadilly Theatre in London on September 27, 1928. [66] According to film historian Rachael Low , \"Many in the industry realized at once that a change to sound production was inevitable.\" [67] On January 16, 1929, the first European feature film with a synchronized vocal performance and recorded score premiered: the German production Ich küsse Ihre Hand, Madame ( I Kiss Your Hand, Madame ). Dialogueless, it contains only a few songs performed by Richard Tauber . [68] The movie was made with the sound-on-film system controlled by the German-Dutch firm Tobis, corporate heirs to the Tri-Ergon concern. With an eye toward commanding the emerging European market for sound film, Tobis entered into a compact with its chief competitor, Klangfilm, a joint subsidiary of Germany's two leading electrical manufacturers. Early in 1929, Tobis and Klangfilm began comarketing their recording and playback technologies. As ERPI began to wire theaters around Europe, Tobis-Klangfilm claimed that the Western Electric system infringed on the Tri-Ergon patents, stalling the introduction of American technology in many places. [69] Just as RCA had entered the movie business to maximize its recording system's value, Tobis also established its own production operations. [70] During 1929, most of the major European filmmaking countries began joining Hollywood in the changeover to sound. Many of the trend-setting European talkies were shot abroad as production companies leased studios while their own were being converted or as they deliberately targeted markets speaking different languages. One of Europe's first two feature-length dramatic talkies was created in still a different sort of twist on multinational moviemaking: The Crimson Circle was a coproduction between director Friedrich Zelnik's Efzet-Film company and British Sound Film Productions (BSFP). In 1928, the film had been released as the silent Der Rote Kreis in Germany, where it was shot; English dialogue was apparently dubbed in much later using the De Forest Phonofilm process controlled by BSFP's corporate parent. It was given a British trade screening in March 1929, as was a part-talking film made entirely in the UK: The Clue of the New Pin , a British Lion production using the sound-on-disc British Photophone system. In May, Black Waters , a British and Dominions Film Corporation promoted as the first UK all-talker, received its initial trade screening; it had been shot completely in Hollywood with a Western Electric sound-on-film system. None of these pictures made much impact. [71] The Prague-raised star of Blackmail (1929), Anny Ondra , was an industry favorite, but her thick accent became an issue when the film was reshot with sound. Without post- dubbing capacity, her dialogue was simultaneously recorded offscreen by actress Joan Barry. Ondra's British film career was over. [72] The first successful European dramatic talkie was the all-British Blackmail . Directed by twenty-nine-year-old Alfred Hitchcock , the movie had its London debut June 21, 1929. Originally shot as a silent, Blackmail was restaged to include dialogue sequences, along with a score and sound effects, before its premiere. A British International Pictures (BIP) production, it was recorded on RCA Photophone, General Electric having bought a share of AEG so they could access the Tobis-Klangfilm markets. Blackmail was a substantial hit; critical response was also positive—notorious curmudgeon Hugh Castle, for example, called it \"perhaps the most intelligent mixture of sound and silence we have yet seen.\" [73] On August 23, the modest-sized Austrian film industry came out with a talkie: G'schichten aus der Steiermark ( Stories from Styria ), an Eagle Film–Ottoton Film production. [74] On September 30, the first entirely German-made feature-length dramatic talkie, Das Land ohne Frauen ( Land Without Women ), premiered. A Tobis Filmkunst production, about one-quarter of the movie contained dialogue, which was strictly segregated from the special effects and music. The response was underwhelming. [75] Sweden's first talkie, Konstgjorda Svensson ( Artificial Svensson ), premiered on October 14. Eight days later, Aubert Franco-Film came out with Le Collier de la reine ( The Queen's Necklace ), shot at the Épinay studio near Paris. Conceived as a silent film, it was given a Tobis-recorded score and a single talking sequence—the first dialogue scene in a French feature. On October 31, Les Trois masques debuted; a Pathé -Natan film, it is generally regarded as the initial French feature talkie, though it was shot, like Blackmail , at the Elstree studio , just outside London. The production company had contracted with RCA Photophone and Britain then had the nearest facility with the system. The Braunberger-Richebé talkie La Route est belle , also shot at Elstree, followed a few weeks later. [76] Before the Paris studios were fully sound-equipped—a process that stretched well into 1930—a number of other early French talkies were shot in Germany. [77] The first all-talking German feature, Atlantik , had premiered in Berlin on October 28. Yet another Elstree-made movie, it was rather less German at heart than Les Trois masques and La Route est belle were French; a BIP production with a British scenarist and German director, it was also shot in English as Atlantic . [78] The entirely German Aafa-Film production It's You I Have Loved ( Dich hab ich geliebt ) opened three-and-a-half weeks later. It was not \"Germany's First Talking Film\", as the marketing had it, but it was the first to be released in the United States. [79] The first Soviet talkie, Putevka v zhizn ( The Road to Life ; 1931), concerns the issue of homeless youth. As Marcel Carné put it, \"in the unforgettable images of this spare and pure story we can discern the effort of an entire nation.\" [80] In 1930, the first Polish talkies premiered, using sound-on-disc systems: Moralność pani Dulskiej ( The Morality of Mrs. Dulska ) in March and the all-talking Niebezpieczny romans ( Dangerous Love Affair ) in October. [81] In Italy, whose once vibrant film industry had become moribund by the late 1920s, the first talkie, La Canzone dell'amore ( The Song of Love ), also came out in October; within two years, Italian cinema would be enjoying a revival. [82] The first movie spoken in Czech debuted in 1930 as well, Tonka Šibenice ( Tonka of the Gallows ). [83] Several European nations with minor positions in the field also produced their first talking pictures—Belgium (in French), Denmark, Greece, and Romania. [84] The Soviet Union's robust film industry came out with its first sound features in December 1930: Dziga Vertov 's nonfiction Entuziazm had an experimental, dialogueless soundtrack; Abram Room 's documentary Plan velikikh rabot ( The Plan of the Great Works ) had music and spoken voiceovers. [85] Both were made with locally developed sound-on-film systems, two of the two hundred or so movie sound systems then available somewhere in the world. [86] In June 1931, the Nikolai Ekk drama Putevka v zhizn ( The Road to Life or A Start in Life ), premiered as the Soviet Union's first true talking picture. [87] Throughout much of Europe, conversion of exhibition venues lagged well behind production capacity, requiring talkies to be produced in parallel silent versions or simply shown without sound in many places. While the pace of conversion was relatively swift in Britain—with over 60 percent of theaters equipped for sound by the end of 1930, similar to the U.S. figure—in France, by contrast, more than half of theaters nationwide were still projecting in silence by late 1932. [88] According to scholar Colin G. Crisp, \"Anxiety about resuscitating the flow of silent films was frequently expressed in the [French] industrial press, and a large section of the industry still saw the silent as a viable artistic and commercial prospect till about 1935.\" [89] The situation was particularly acute in the Soviet Union; as of May 1933, fewer than one out of every hundred film projectors in the country was as yet equipped for sound. [90] Transition: Asia [ edit ] Director Heinosuke Gosho 's Madamu to nyobo ( The Neighbor's Wife and Mine ; 1931), a production of the Shochiku studio, was the first major commercial and critical success of Japanese sound cinema. [91] During the 1920s and 1930s, Japan was one of the world's two largest producers of motion pictures, along with the United States. Though the country's film industry was among the first to produce both sound and talking features, the full changeover to sound proceeded much more slowly than in the West. It appears that the first Japanese sound film, Reimai ( Dawn ), was made in 1926 with the De Forest Phonofilm system. [92] Using the sound-on-disc Minatoki system, the leading Nikkatsu studio produced a pair of talkies in 1929: Taii no musume ( The Captain's Daughter ) and Furusato ( Hometown ), the latter directed by Kenji Mizoguchi . The rival Shochiku studio began the successful production of sound-on-film talkies in 1931 using a variable-density process called Tsuchibashi. [93] Two years later, however, more than 80 percent of movies made in the country were still silents. [94] Two of the country's leading directors, Mikio Naruse and Yasujirō Ozu , did not make their first sound films until 1935 and 1936, respectively. [95] As late as 1938, over a third of all movies produced in Japan were shot without dialogue. [94] The enduring popularity of the silent medium in Japanese cinema owed in great part to the tradition of the benshi , a live narrator who performed as accompaniment to a film screening. As director Akira Kurosawa later described, the benshi \"not only recounted the plot of the films, they enhanced the emotional content by performing the voices and sound effects and providing evocative descriptions of events and images on the screen.... The most popular narrators were stars in their own right, solely responsible for the patronage of a particular theatre.\" [96] Film historian Mariann Lewinsky argues, The end of silent film in the West and in Japan was imposed by the industry and the market, not by any inner need or natural evolution.... Silent cinema was a highly pleasurable and fully mature form. It didn't lack anything, least in Japan, where there was always the human voice doing the dialogues and the commentary. Sound films were not better, just more economical. As a cinema owner you didn't have to pay the wages of musicians and benshi any more. And a good benshi was a star demanding star payment. [97] By the same token, the viability of the benshi system facilitated a gradual transition to sound—allowing the studios to spread out the capital costs of conversion and their directors and technical crews time to become familiar with the new technology. [98] Alam Ara premiered March 14, 1931, in Bombay. The first Indian talkie was so popular that \"police aid had to be summoned to control the crowds.\" [99] It was shot with the Tanar single-system camera, which recorded sound directly onto the film. The Mandarin-language Gēnǚ hóng mǔdān ( 歌 女 紅 牡 丹 , Singsong Girl Red Peony ), starring Butterfly Wu, premiered as China's first feature talkie in 1930. By February of that year, production was apparently completed on a sound version of The Devil's Playground , arguably qualifying it as the first Australian talking motion picture; however, the May press screening of Commonwealth Film Contest prizewinner Fellers is the first verifiable public exhibition of an Australian talkie. [100] In September 1930, a song performed by Indian star Sulochana , excerpted from the silent feature Madhuri (1928), was released as a synchronized-sound short, the country's first. [101] The following year, Ardeshir Irani directed the first Indian talking feature, the Hindi-Urdu Alam Ara , and produced Kalidas , primarily in Tamil with some Telugu. Nineteen-thirty-one also saw the first Bengali-language film, Jamai Sasthi , and the first movie fully spoken in Telugu, Bhakta Prahlada . [102] [103] In 1932, Ayodhyecha Raja became the first movie in which Marathi was spoken to be released (though Sant Tukaram was the first to go through the official censorship process); the first Gujarati-language film, Narsimha Mehta , and all-Tamil talkie, Kalava , debuted as well. The next year, Ardeshir Irani produced the first Persian-language talkie, Dukhtar-e-loor . [104] Also in 1933, the first Cantonese-language films were produced in Hong Kong— Sha zai dongfang ( The Idiot's Wedding Night ) and Liang xing ( Conscience ); within two years, the local film industry had fully converted to sound. [105] Korea, where pyonsa (or byun-sa ) held a role and status similar to that of the Japanese benshi, [106] in 1935 became the last country with a significant film industry to produce its first talking picture: Chunhyangjeon ( 春香傳 / 춘향전 ) is based on the seventeenth-century pansori folktale \" Chunhyangga \", of which as many as fifteen film versions have been made through 2009. [107] Consequences [ edit ] Technology [ edit ] Show Girl in Hollywood (1930), one of the first sound films about sound filmmaking, depicts microphones dangling from the rafters and multiple cameras shooting simultaneously from soundproofed booths. The poster shows a camera unboothed and unblimped, as it might be when shooting a musical number with a prerecorded soundtrack. In the short term, the introduction of live sound recording caused major difficulties in production. Cameras were noisy, so a soundproofed cabinet was used in many of the earliest talkies to isolate the loud equipment from the actors, at the expense of a drastic reduction in the ability to move the camera. For a time, multiple-camera shooting was used to compensate for the loss of mobility and innovative studio technicians could often find ways to liberate the camera for particular shots. The necessity of staying within range of still microphones meant that actors also often had to limit their movements unnaturally. Show Girl in Hollywood (1930), from First National Pictures (which Warner Bros. had taken control of thanks to its profitable adventure into sound), gives a behind-the-scenes look at some of the techniques involved in shooting early talkies. Several of the fundamental problems caused by the transition to sound were soon solved with new camera casings, known as \"blimps\", designed to suppress noise and boom microphones that could be held just out of frame and moved with the actors. In 1931, a major improvement in playback fidelity was introduced: three-way speaker systems in which sound was separated into low, medium, and high frequencies and sent respectively to a large bass \"woofer\", a midrange driver, and a treble \"tweeter.\" [108] There were consequences, as well, for other technological aspects of the cinema. Proper recording and playback of sound required exact standardization of camera and projector speed. Before sound, 16 frames per second (fps) was the supposed norm, but practice varied widely. Cameras were often undercranked or overcranked to improve exposures or for dramatic effect. Projectors were commonly run too fast to shorten running time and squeeze in extra shows. Variable frame rate, however, made sound unlistenable, and a new, strict standard of 24 fps was soon established. [109] Sound also forced the abandonment of the noisy arc lights used for filming in studio interiors. The switch to quiet incandescent illumination in turn required a switch to more expensive film stock. The sensitivity of the new panchromatic film delivered superior image tonal quality and gave directors the freedom to shoot scenes at lower light levels than was previously practical. [109] As David Bordwell describes, technological improvements continued at a swift pace: \"Between 1932 and 1935, [Western Electric and RCA] created directional microphones, increased the frequency range of film recording, reduced ground noise ... and extended the volume range.\" These technical advances often meant new aesthetic opportunities: \"Increasing the fidelity of recording ... heightened the dramatic possibilities of vocal timbre, pitch, and loudness.\" [110] Another basic problem—famously spoofed in the 1952 film Singin' in the Rain —was that some silent-era actors simply did not have attractive voices; though this issue was frequently overstated, there were related concerns about general vocal quality and the casting of performers for their dramatic skills in roles also requiring singing talent beyond their own. By 1935, rerecording of vocals by the original or different actors in postproduction, a process known as \"looping\", had become practical. The ultraviolet recording system introduced by RCA in 1936 improved the reproduction of sibilants and high notes. [111] Example of a variable-area sound track—the width of the white area is proportional to the amplitude of the audio signal at each instant. With Hollywood's wholesale adoption of the talkies, the competition between the two fundamental approaches to sound-film production was soon resolved. Over the course of 1930–31, the only major players using sound-on-disc, Warner Bros. and First National, changed over to sound-on-film recording. Vitaphone's dominating presence in sound-equipped theaters, however, meant that for years to come all of the Hollywood studios pressed and distributed sound-on-disc versions of their films alongside the sound-on-film prints. [112] Fox Movietone soon followed Vitaphone into disuse as a recording and reproduction method, leaving two major American systems: the variable-area RCA Photophone and Western Electric's own variable-density process, a substantial improvement on the cross-licensed Movietone. [113] Under RCA's instigation, the two parent companies made their projection equipment compatible, meaning films shot with one system could be screened in theaters equipped for the other. [114] This left one big issue—the Tobis-Klangfilm challenge. In May 1930, Western Electric won an Austrian lawsuit that voided protection for certain Tri-Ergon patents, helping bring Tobis-Klangfilm to the negotiating table. [115] The following month an accord was reached on patent cross-licensing, full playback compatibility, and the division of the world into three parts for the provision of equipment. As a contemporary report describes: Tobis-Klangfilm has the exclusive rights to provide equipment for: Germany, Danzig, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Holland, the Dutch Indies, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Finland. The Americans have the exclusive rights for the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and Russia. All other countries, among them Italy, France, and England, are open to both parties. [116] The agreement did not resolve all the patent disputes, and further negotiations were undertaken and concords signed over the course of the 1930s. During these years, as well, the American studios ( Warner Bros. , Universal Pictures (the only film studio in the Classic \"Little Three\" not to use Powers Cinephone at one point), 20th Century Fox , Columbia Pictures , and RKO Radio Pictures ) began abandoning the Western Electric system for RCA Photophone's variable-area approach—by the end of 1936, only Paramount Pictures (originally going to do RCA Photophone (as General Electric Kinegraphone) until getting replaced by ERPI ), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (the only film studio in the Classic \"Big Five\" to use Powers Cinephone at one point), and United Artists still had contracts with ERPI. [117] Labor [ edit ] The unkind cover of Photoplay , December 1929, featuring Norma Talmadge . As movie historian David Thomson puts it, \"sound proved the incongruity of [her] salon prettiness and tenement voice.\" [118] While the introduction of sound led to a boom in the motion picture industry, it had an adverse effect on the employability of a host of Hollywood actors of the time. Suddenly those without stage experience were regarded as suspect by the studios; as suggested above, those whose heavy accents or otherwise discordant voices had previously been concealed were particularly at risk. The career of major silent star Norma Talmadge effectively came to an end in this way. The celebrated German actor Emil Jannings returned to Europe. Moviegoers found John Gilbert 's voice an awkward match with his swashbuckling persona, and his star also faded. [119] Audiences now seemed to perceive certain silent-era stars as old-fashioned, even those who had the talent to succeed in the sound era. The career of Harold Lloyd , one of the top screen comedians of the 1920s, declined precipitously. [120] Lillian Gish departed, back to the stage, and other leading figures soon left acting entirely: Colleen Moore , Gloria Swanson , and Hollywood's most famous performing couple, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford . [121] As actress Louise Brooks suggested, there were other issues as well: Studio heads, now forced into unprecedented decisions, decided to begin with the actors, the least palatable, the most vulnerable part of movie production. It was such a splendid opportunity, anyhow, for breaking contracts, cutting salaries, and taming the stars.... Me, they gave the salary treatment. I could stay on without the raise my contract called for, or quit, [Paramount studio chief B. P.] Schulberg said, using the questionable dodge of whether I'd be good for the talkies. Questionable, I say, because I spoke decent English in a decent voice and came from the theater. So without hesitation I quit. [122] Buster Keaton was eager to explore the new medium, but when his studio, MGM, made the changeover to sound, he was quickly stripped of creative control. Though a number of Keaton's early talkies made impressive profits, they were artistically dismal. [123] Several of the new medium's biggest attractions came from vaudeville and the musical theater, where performers such as Jolson, Eddie Cantor , Jeanette MacDonald , and the Marx Brothers were accustomed to the demands of both dialogue and song. [124] James Cagney and Joan Blondell , who had teamed on Broadway, were brought west together by Warner Bros. in 1930. [125] A few actors were major stars during both the silent and the sound eras: John Barrymore , Ronald Colman , Myrna Loy , William Powell , Norma Shearer , the comedy team of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy , and the incomparable Charlie Chaplin , whose City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) employed sound almost exclusively for music and effects. [126] Janet Gaynor became a top star with the synch-sound but dialogueless Seventh Heaven and Sunrise , as did Joan Crawford with the technologically similar Our Dancing Daughters (1928). [127] Greta Garbo was the one non–native English speaker to retain Hollywood stardom on both sides of the great sound divide. [128] Silent film extra Clark Gable , who had received extensive voice training during his earlier stage career, went on to dominate the new medium for decades. The new emphasis on speech also caused producers to hire many novelists, journalists, and playwrights with experience writing good dialogue. Among those who became Hollywood scriptwriters during the 1930s were Nathanael West , William Faulkner , Robert Sherwood , Aldous Huxley , and Dorothy Parker . [129] As talking pictures emerged, with their prerecorded musical tracks, an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work. [130] More than just their position as film accompanists was usurped; according to historian Preston J. Hubbard, \"During the 1920s live musical performances at first-run theaters became an exceedingly important aspect of the American cinema.\" [131] With the coming of the talkies, those featured performances—usually staged as preludes—were largely eliminated as well. The American Federation of Musicians took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices. One 1929 ad that appeared in the Pittsburgh Press features an image of a can labeled \"Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever\" and reads in part: Canned Music on Trial This is the case of Art vs. Mechanical Music in theatres. The defendant stands accused in front of the American people of attempted corruption of musical appreciation and discouragement of musical education. Theatres in many cities are offering synchronised mechanical music as a substitute for Real Music. If the theatre-going public accepts this vitiation of its entertainment program a deplorable decline in the Art of Music is inevitable. Musical authorities know that the soul of the Art is lost in mechanization. It cannot be otherwise because the quality of music is dependent on the mood of the artist, upon the human contact, without which the essence of intellectual stimulation and emotional rapture is lost. [132] By the following year, a reported 22,000 U.S. moviehouse musicians had lost their jobs. [133] Commerce [ edit ] Premiering February 1, 1929, MGM 's The Broadway Melody was the first smash-hit talkie from a studio other than Warner Bros. and the first sound film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture . In September 1926, Jack L. Warner , head of Warner Bros., was quoted to the effect that talking pictures would never be viable: \"They fail to take into account the international language of the silent pictures, and the unconscious share of each onlooker in creating the play, the action, the plot, and the imagined dialogue for himself.\" [134] Much to his company's benefit, he would be proven very wrong—between the 1927–28 and 1928–29 fiscal years, Warners' profits surged from $2 million to $14 million. Sound film, in fact, was a clear boon to all the major players in the industry. During that same twelve-month span, Paramount's profits rose by $7 million, Fox's by $3.5 million, and Loew's/MGM's by $3 million. [135] RKO, which did not even exist in September 1928 and whose parent production company, FBO, was in the Hollywood minor leagues, by the end of 1929 was established as one of America's leading entertainment businesses. [136] Fueling the boom was the emergence of an important new cinematic genre made possible by sound: the musical. Over sixty Hollywood musicals were released in 1929, and more than eighty the following year. [137] Even as the Wall Street crash of October 1929 helped plunge the United States and ultimately the global economy into depression , the popularity of the talkies at first seemed to keep Hollywood immune. The 1929–30 exhibition season was even better for the motion picture industry than the previous, with ticket sales and overall profits hitting new highs. Reality finally struck later in 1930, but sound had clearly secured Hollywood's position as one of the most important industrial fields, both commercially and culturally, in the United States. In 1929, film box-office receipts comprised 16.6 percent of total spending by Americans on recreation; by 1931, the figure had reached 21.8 percent. The motion picture business would command similar figures for the next decade and a half. [138] Hollywood ruled on the larger stage, as well. The American movie industry—already the world's most powerful—set an export record in 1929 that, by the applied measure of total feet of exposed film, was 27 percent higher than the year before. [139] Concerns that language differences would hamper U.S. film exports turned out to be largely unfounded. In fact, the expense of sound conversion was a major obstacle to many overseas producers, relatively undercapitalized by Hollywood standards. The production of multiple versions of export-bound talkies in different languages (known as \" Foreign Language Version \"), as well as the production of the cheaper \" International Sound Version \", a common approach at first, largely ceased by mid-1931, replaced by post- dubbing and subtitling . Despite trade restrictions imposed in most foreign markets, by 1937, American films commanded about 70 percent of screen time around the globe. [140] Poster for Acabaram-se os otários (1929), performed in Portuguese. The first Brazilian talkie was also the first anywhere in an Iberian language . Just as the leading Hollywood studios gained from sound in relation to their foreign competitors, they did the same at home. As historian Richard B. Jewell describes, \"The sound revolution crushed many small film companies and producers who were unable to meet the financial demands of sound conversion.\" [141] The combination of sound and the Great Depression led to a wholesale shakeout in the business, resulting in the hierarchy of the Big Five integrated companies (MGM, Paramount, Fox, Warners, RKO) and the three smaller studios also called \"majors\" (Columbia, Universal, United Artists) that would predominate through the 1950s. Historian Thomas Schatz describes the ancillary effects: Because the studios were forced to streamline operations and rely on their own resources, their individual house styles and corporate personalities came into much sharper focus. Thus the watershed period from the coming of sound into the early Depression saw the studio system finally coalesce, with the individual studios coming to terms with their own identities and their respective positions within the industry. [142] The other country in which sound cinema had an immediate major commercial impact was India . As one distributor of the period said, \"With the coming of the talkies, the Indian motion picture came into its own as a definite and distinctive piece of creation. This was achieved by music.\" [143] From its earliest days, Indian sound cinema has been defined by the musical— Alam Ara featured seven songs; a year later, Indrasabha would feature seventy. While the European film industries fought an endless battle against the popularity and economic muscle of Hollywood, ten years after the debut of Alam Ara , over 90 percent of the films showing on Indian screens were made within the country. [144] Most of India's early talkies were shot in Bombay , which remains the leading production center, but sound filmmaking soon spread across the multilingual nation. Within just a few weeks of Alam Ara' s March 1931 premiere, the Calcutta -based Madan Pictures had released both the Hindi Shirin Farhad and the Bengali Jamai Sasthi . [145] The Hindustani Heer Ranjha was produced in Lahore , Punjab , the following year. In 1934, Sati Sulochana , the first Kannada talking picture to be released, was shot in Kolhapur , Maharashtra ; Srinivasa Kalyanam became the first Tamil talkie actually shot in Tamil Nadu . [103] [146] Once the first talkie features appeared, the conversion to full sound production happened as rapidly in India as it did in the United States. Already by 1932, the majority of feature productions were in sound; two years later, 164 of the 172 Indian feature films were talking pictures. [147] Since 1934, with the sole exception of 1952, India has been among the top three movie-producing countries in the world every single year. [148] Aesthetic quality [ edit ] In the first, 1930 edition of his global survey The Film Till Now , British cinema pundit Paul Rotha declared, \"A film in which the speech and sound effects are perfectly synchronised and coincide with their visual image on the screen is absolutely contrary to the aims of cinema. It is a degenerate and misguided attempt to destroy the real use of the film and cannot be accepted as coming within the true boundaries of the cinema.\" [149] Such opinions were not rare among those who cared about cinema as an art form; Alfred Hitchcock, though he directed the first commercially successful talkie produced in Europe, held that \"the silent pictures were the purest form of cinema\" and scoffed at many early sound films as delivering little beside \"photographs of people talking\". [150] In Germany, Max Reinhardt , stage producer and movie director, expressed the belief that the talkies, \"bringing to the screen stage plays ... tend to make this independent art a subsidiary of the theater and really make it only a substitute for the theater instead of an art in itself ... like reproductions of paintings.\" [151] Westfront 1918 (1930) was celebrated for its expressive re-creation of battlefield sounds, like the doomful whine of an unseen grenade in flight. [152] In the opinion of many film historians and aficionados, both at the time and subsequently, silent film had reached an aesthetic peak by the late 1920s and the early years of sound cinema delivered little that was comparable to the best of the silents. [153] For instance, despite fading into relative obscurity once its era had passed, silent cinema is represented by eleven films in Time Out ' s Centenary of Cinema Top One Hundred poll, held in 1995. The first year in which sound film production predominated over silent film—not only in the United States, but also in the West as a whole—was 1929; yet the years 1929 through 1933 are represented by three dialogueless pictures ( Pandora's Box [1929], Zemlya [1930], City Lights [1931]) and zero talkies in the Time Out poll. ( City Lights , like Sunrise , was released with a recorded score and sound effects, but is now customarily referred to by historians and industry professionals as a \"silent\"—spoken dialogue regarded as the crucial distinguishing factor between silent and sound dramatic cinema.) The earliest sound film to place is the French L'Atalante (1934), directed by Jean Vigo ; the earliest Hollywood sound film to qualify is Bringing Up Baby (1938), directed by Howard Hawks . [154] The first sound feature film to receive near-universal critical approbation was Der Blaue Engel ( The Blue Angel ); premiering on April 1, 1930, it was directed by Josef von Sternberg in both German and English versions for Berlin's UFA studio. [155] The first American talkie to be widely honored was All Quiet on the Western Front , directed by Lewis Milestone , which premiered April 21. The other internationally acclaimed sound drama of the year was Westfront 1918 , directed by G. W. Pabst for Nero-Film of Berlin. [156] Historian Anton Kaes points to it as an example of \"the new verisimilitude [that] rendered silent cinema's former emphasis on the hypnotic gaze and the symbolism of light and shadow, as well as its preference for allegorical characters, anachronistic.\" [152] Cultural historians consider the French L'Âge d'Or , directed by Luis Buñuel , which appeared late in 1930, to be of great aesthetic import; at the time, its erotic, blasphemous, anti-bourgeois content caused a scandal. Swiftly banned by Paris police chief Jean Chiappe , it was unavailable for fifty years. [157] The earliest sound movie now acknowledged by most film historians as a masterpiece is Nero-Film's M , directed by Fritz Lang , which premiered May 11, 1931. [158] As described by Roger Ebert , \"Many early talkies felt they had to talk all the time, but Lang allows his camera to prowl through the streets and dives, providing a rat's-eye view.\" [159] Cinematic form [ edit ] \"Talking film is as little needed as a singing book.\" [160] Such was the blunt proclamation of critic Viktor Shklovsky , one of the leaders of the Russian formalist movement, in 1927. While some regarded sound as irreconcilable with film art, others saw it as opening a new field of creative opportunity. The following year, a group of Soviet filmmakers, including Sergei Eisenstein , proclaimed that the use of image and sound in juxtaposition, the so-called contrapuntal method, would raise the cinema to \"...unprecedented power and cultural height. Such a method for constructing the sound-film will not confine it to a national market, as must happen with the photographing of plays, but will give a greater possibility than ever before for the circulation throughout the world of a filmically expressed idea.\" [161] So far as one segment of the audience was concerned, however, the introduction of sound brought a virtual end to such circulation: Elizabeth C. Hamilton writes, \"Silent films offered people who were deaf a rare opportunity to participate in a public discourse, cinema, on equal terms with hearing people. The emergence of sound film effectively separated deaf from hearing audience members once again.\" [162] Image of sumo wrestlers from Melodie der Welt (1929), \"one of the initial successes of a new art form\", in André Bazin 's description. \"It flung the whole earth onto the screen in a jigsaw of visual images and sounds.\" [163] On March 12, 1929, the first feature-length talking picture made in Germany had its premiere. The inaugural Tobis Filmkunst production, it was not a drama, but a documentary sponsored by a shipping line: Melodie der Welt ( Melody of the World ), directed by Walter Ruttmann . [164] This was also perhaps the first feature film anywhere to significantly explore the artistic possibilities of joining the motion picture with recorded sound. As described by scholar William Moritz, the movie is \"intricate, dynamic, fast-paced ... juxtapos[ing] similar cultural habits from countries around the world, with a superb orchestral score ... and many synchronized sound effects.\" [165] Composer Lou Lichtveld was among a number of contemporary artists struck by the film: \" Melodie der Welt became the first important sound documentary, the first in which musical and unmusical sounds were composed into a single unit and in which image and sound are controlled by one and the same impulse.\" [166] Melodie der Welt was a direct influence on the industrial film Philips Radio (1931), directed by Dutch avant-garde filmmaker Joris Ivens and scored by Lichtveld, who described its audiovisual aims: To render the half-musical impressions of factory sounds in a complex audio world that moved from absolute music to the purely documentary noises of nature. In this film every intermediate stage can be found: such as the movement of the machine interpreted by the music, the noises of the machine dominating the musical background, the music itself is the documentary, and those scenes where the pure sound of the machine goes solo. [167] Many similar experiments were pursued by Dziga Vertov in his 1931 Entuziazm and by Chaplin in Modern Times , a half-decade later. A few innovative commercial directors immediately saw the ways in which sound could be employed as an integral part of cinematic storytelling, beyond the obvious function of recording speech. In Blackmail , Hitchcock manipulated the reproduction of a character's monologue so the word \"knife\" would leap out from a blurry stream of sound, reflecting the subjective impression of the protagonist, who is desperate to conceal her involvement in a fatal stabbing. [168] In his first film, the Paramount Applause (1929), Rouben Mamoulian created the illusion of acoustic depth by varying the volume of ambient sound in proportion to the distance of shots. At a certain point, Mamoulian wanted the audience to hear one character singing at the same time as another prays; according to the director, \"They said we couldn't record the two things—the song and the prayer—on one mike and one channel. So I said to the sound man, 'Why not use two mikes and two channels and combine the two tracks in printing?'\" [169] Such methods would eventually become standard procedure in popular filmmaking. One of the first commercial films to take full advantage of the new opportunities provided by recorded sound was Le Million , directed by René Clair and produced by Tobis's French division. Premiering in Paris in April 1931 and New York a month later, the picture was both a critical and popular success. A musical comedy with a barebones plot, it is memorable for its formal accomplishments, in particular, its emphatically artificial treatment of sound. As described by scholar Donald Crafton, Le Million never lets us forget that the acoustic component is as much a construction as the whitewashed sets. [It] replaced dialogue with actors singing and talking in rhyming couplets. Clair created teasing confusions between on- and off-screen sound. He also experimented with asynchronous audio tricks, as in the famous scene in which a chase after a coat is synched to the cheers of an invisible football (or rugby) crowd. [170] These and similar techniques became part of the vocabulary of the sound comedy film, though as special effects and \"color\", not as the basis for the kind of comprehensive, non- naturalistic design achieved by Clair. Outside of the comedic field, the sort of bold play with sound exemplified by Melodie der Welt and Le Million would be pursued very rarely in commercial production. Hollywood, in particular, incorporated sound into a reliable system of genre -based moviemaking, in which the formal possibilities of the new medium were subordinated to the traditional goals of star affirmation and straightforward storytelling. As accurately predicted in 1928 by Frank Woods , secretary of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , \"The talking pictures of the future will follow the general line of treatment heretofore developed by the silent drama.... The talking scenes will require different handling, but the general construction of the story will be much the same.\" [171] See also [ edit ] Category:Film sound production for articles concerning the development of cinematic sound recording History of film List of film sound systems Sound stage The American Fotoplayer Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ Wierzbicki (2009), p. 74; \"Representative Kinematograph Shows\" (1907). The Auxetophone and Other Compressed-Air Gramophones explains pneumatic amplification and includes several detailed photographs of Gaumont's Elgéphone, which was apparently a slightly later and more elaborate version of the Chronomégaphone. Jump up ^ Robinson (1997), p. 23. Jump up ^ Robertson (2001) claims that German inventor and filmmaker Oskar Messter began projecting sound motion pictures at 21 Unter den Linden in September 1896 (p. 168), but this seems to be an error. Koerber (1996) notes that after Messter acquired the Cinema Unter den Linden (located in the back room of a restaurant), it reopened under his management on September 21, 1896 (p. 53), but no source beside Robertson describes Messter as screening sound films before 1903. Jump up ^ Altman (2005), p. 158; Cosandey (1996). Jump up ^ Lloyd and Robinson (1986), p. 91; Barnier (2002), pp. 25, 29; Robertson (2001), p. 168. Gratioulet went by his given name, Clément-Maurice, and is referred to thus in many sources, including Robertson and Barnier. Robertson incorrectly states that the Phono-Cinéma-Théâtre was a presentation of the Gaumont Co.; in fact, it was presented under the aegis of Paul Decauville (Barnier, ibid.). Jump up ^ Sound engineer Mark Ulano, in \"The Movies Are Born a Child of the Phonograph\" (part 2 of his essay \"Moving Pictures That Talk\"), describes the Phono-Cinéma-Théâtre version of synchronized sound cinema: This system used an operator adjusted non-linkage form of primitive synchronization. The scenes to be shown were first filmed, and then the performers recorded their dialogue or songs on the Lioretograph (usually a Le Éclat concert cylinder format phonograph) trying to match tempo with the projected filmed performance. In showing the films, synchronization of sorts was achieved by adjusting the hand cranked film projector's speed to match the phonograph. the projectionist was equipped with a telephone through which he listened to the phonograph which was located in the orchestra pit. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), p. 37. Jump up ^ Barnier (2002), p. 29. Jump up ^ Altman (2005), p. 158. If there was a drawback to the Elgéphone, it was apparently not a lack of volume. Dan Gilmore describes its predecessor technology in his 2004 essay \"What's Louder than Loud? The Auxetophone\" : \"Was the Auxetophone loud? It was painfully loud.\" For a more detailed report of Auxetophone-induced discomfort, see The Auxetophone and Other Compressed-Air Gramophones . ^ Jump up to: a b Altman (2005), pp. 158–65; Altman (1995). Jump up ^ Gomery (1985), pp. 54–55. Jump up ^ Lindvall (2007), pp. 118–25; Carey (1999), pp. 322–23. Jump up ^ Ruhmer (1901), p. 36. Jump up ^ Ruhmer (1908), p. 39. Jump up ^ Crawford (1931), p. 638. Jump up ^ Eyman (1997), pp. 30–31. Jump up ^ Crawford (1931), p. 638. Jump up ^ Sipilä, Kari (April 2004). \"A Country That Innovates\" . Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011 . Retrieved December 8, 2009 . \"Eric Tigerstedt\" . Film Sound Sweden . Retrieved December 8, 2009 . See also A. M. Pertti Kuusela, E.M.C Tigerstedt \"Suomen Edison\" (Insinööritieto Oy: 1981). Jump up ^ Bognár (2000), p. 197. Jump up ^ Gomery (1985), pp. 55–56. Jump up ^ Sponable (1947), part 2. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), pp. 51–52; Moone (2004); Łotysz (2006). Note that Crafton and Łotysz describe the demonstration as taking place at an AIEE conference. Moone, writing for the journal of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign's Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, says the audience was \"members of the Urbana chapter of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.\" Jump up ^ Gomery (2005), p. 30; Eyman (1997), p. 49. Jump up ^ Hall, Brenda J. (July 28, 2008). \"Freeman Harrison Owens (1890–1979)\" . Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . Retrieved December 7, 2009 . Jump up ^ A few sources indicate that the film was released in 1923, but the two most recent authoritative histories that discuss the film—Crafton (1997), p. 66; Hijiya (1992), p. 103—both give 1924. There are claims that De Forest recorded a synchronized musical score for director Fritz Lang 's Siegfried (1924) when it arrived in the United States the year after its German debut—Geduld (1975), p. 100; Crafton (1997), pp. 66, 564—which would make it the first feature film with synchronized sound throughout. There is no consensus, however, concerning when this recording took place or if the film was ever actually presented with synch-sound. For a possible occasion for such a recording, see the August 24, 1925, New York Times review of Siegfried Archived April 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ., following its American premiere at New York City's Century Theater the night before, which describes the score's performance by a live orchestra. Jump up ^ Quoted in Lasky (1989), p. 20. Jump up ^ Low (1997a), p. 203; Low (1997b), p. 183. Jump up ^ Robertson (2001), p. 168. Jump up ^ Crisp (1997), pp. 97–98; Crafton (1997), pp. 419–20. Jump up ^ Sponable (1947), part 4. Jump up ^ See Freeman Harrison Owens (1890–1979) , op. cit. A number of sources erroneously state that Owens's and/or the Tri-Ergon patents were essential to the creation of the Fox-Case Movietone system. Jump up ^ Bradley (1996), p. 4; Gomery (2005), p. 29. Crafton (1997) misleadingly implies that Griffith's film had not previously been exhibited commercially before its sound-enhanced premiere. He also misidentifies Ralph Graves as Richard Grace (p. 58). ^ Jump up to: a b Crafton (1997), pp. 71–72. Jump up ^ Historical Development of Sound Films, E.I.Sponable, Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 48 April 1947 Jump up ^ The eight musical shorts were Caro Nome , An Evening on the Don , La Fiesta , His Pastimes , The Kreutzer Sonata , Mischa Elman , Overture \"Tannhäuser\" and Vesti La Giubba . Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), pp. 76–87; Gomery (2005), pp. 38–40. Jump up ^ Liebman (2003), p. 398. Jump up ^ Schoenherr, Steven E. (March 24, 2002). \"Dynamic Range\" . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego. Archived from the original on September 5, 2006 . Retrieved December 11, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: a b Schoenherr, Steven E. (October 6, 1999). \"Motion Picture Sound 1910–1929\" . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007 . Retrieved December 11, 2009 . Jump up ^ History of Sound Motion Pictures by Edward W. Kellogg, Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 64 June 1955 Jump up ^ The Bell \"Rubber Line\" Recorder . Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), p. 70. Jump up ^ Schoenherr, Steven E. (January 9, 2000). \"Sound Recording Research at Bell Labs\" . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego. Archived from the original on May 22, 2007 . Retrieved December 7, 2009 . Jump up ^ Gomery (2005), pp. 42, 50. See also Motion Picture Sound 1910–1929 Archived May 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ., perhaps the best online source for details on these developments, though here it fails to note that Fox's original deal for the Western Electric technology involved a sublicensing arrangement. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), pp. 129–30. Jump up ^ Gomery (1985), p. 60; Crafton (1997), p. 131. Jump up ^ Gomery (2005), p. 51. Jump up ^ Lasky (1989), pp. 21–22. Jump up ^ Eyman (1997), pp. 149–50. Jump up ^ Glancy (1995), p. 4 [online]. The previous highest-grossing Warner Bros. film was Don Juan , which Glancy notes earned $1.693 million, foreign and domestic. Historian Douglas Crafton (1997) seeks to downplay the \"total domestic gross income\" of The Jazz Singer , $1.97 million (p. 528), but that figure alone would have constituted a record for the studio. Crafton's claim that The Jazz Singer \"was in a distinct second or third tier of attractions compared to the most popular films of the day and even other Vitaphone talkies\" (p. 529) offers a skewed perspective. Although the movie was no match for the half-dozen biggest hits of the decade, the available evidence suggests that it was one of the three highest-earning films released in 1927 and that overall its performance was comparable to the other two, The King of Kings and Wings . It is undisputed that its total earnings were more than double those of the next four Vitaphone talkies; the first three of which, according to Glancy's analysis of in-house Warner Bros. figures, \"earned just under $1,000,000 each\", and the fourth, Lights of New York , a quarter-million more. Jump up ^ Allen, Bob (Autumn 1997). \"Why The Jazz Singer ?\" . AMPS Newsletter . Association of Motion Picture Sound. Archived from the original on 1999-10-22 . Retrieved December 12, 2009 . Note that Allen, like many, exaggerates The Jazz Singer ' s commercial success; it was a big hit, but not \"one of the big box office hits of all time\". Jump up ^ Geduld (1975), p. 166. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), p. 148. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), p. 140. Jump up ^ Hirschhorn (1979), pp. 59, 60. Jump up ^ Glancy (1995), pp. 4–5. Schatz (1998) says the production cost of Lights of New York totaled $75,000 (p. 64). Even if this number is accurate, the rate of return was still over 1,600%. Jump up ^ Robertson (2001), p. 180. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), p. 390. Jump up ^ Eames (1985), p. 36. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997) describes the term's derivation: \"The skeptical press disparagingly referred to these [retrofitted films] as 'goat glands' ... from outrageous cures for impotency practiced in the 1920s, including restorative elixers, tonics, and surgical procedures. It implied that producers were trying to put some new life into their old films\" (pp. 168–69). Jump up ^ The first official releases from RKO (which produced only all-talking pictures) appeared still later in the year, but after the October 1928 merger that created it, the company put out a number of talkies produced by its FBO constituent. Jump up ^ Robertson (2001), p. 63. Jump up ^ Block and Wilson (2010), p. 56. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), pp. 169–71, 253–54. Jump up ^ In 1931, two Hollywood studios would release special projects without spoken dialogue (now customarily classified as \"silents\"): Charles Chaplin 's City Lights (United Artists) and F. W. Murnau and Robert Flaherty 's Tabu (Paramount). The last totally silent feature produced in the United States for general distribution was The Poor Millionaire , released by Biltmore Pictures in April 1930. Four other silent features, all low-budget Westerns, were also released in early 1930 (Robertson [2001], p. 173). Jump up ^ As Thomas J. Saunders (1994) reports, it premiered the same month in Berlin, but as a silent. \"Not until June 1929 did Berlin experience the sensation of sound as New York had in 1927—a premiere boasting dialogue and song\": The Singing Fool (p. 224). In Paris, The Jazz Singer had its sound premiere in January 1929 (Crisp [1997], p. 101). Jump up ^ Low (1997a), p. 191. Jump up ^ \"How the Pictures Learned to Talk: The Emergence of German Sound Film\" . Weimar Cinema . filmportal.de. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010 . Retrieved December 7, 2009 . Jump up ^ Gomery (1980), pp. 28–30. Jump up ^ See, e.g., Crisp (1997), pp. 103–4. Jump up ^ Low (1997a), pp. 178, 203–5; Low (1997b), p. 183; Crafton (1997), pp. 432; \" Der Rote Kreis \" . Deutsches Filminstitut. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011 . Retrieved December 8, 2009 . Note also that IMDb.com incorrectly refers to Der Rote Kreis/The Crimson Circle as a British International Pictures (BIP) coproduction (it also spells Zelnik's first name \"Frederic\"). The authentic BIP production Kitty is sometimes included among the candidates for \"first British talkie.\" In fact, the film was produced and premiered as a silent for its original 1928 release. The stars later came to New York to record dialogue, with which the film was rereleased in June 1929, after much better credentialed candidates. See sources cited above. Jump up ^ Spoto (1984), pp. 131–32, 136. Jump up ^ Quoted in Spoto (1984), p. 136. Jump up ^ Wagenleitner (1994), p. 253; Robertson (2001), p. 10. Jump up ^ Jelavich (2006), pp. 215–16; Crafton (1997), p. 595, n. 59. Jump up ^ Crisp (1997), p. 103; \"Epinay ville du cinéma\" . Epinay-sur-Seine.fr . Retrieved December 8, 2009 . Erickson, Hal. \" Le Collier de la reine (1929)\" . Allmovie . NYTimes.com . Retrieved December 8, 2009 . Chiffaut-Moliard, Philippe (2005). \"Le cinéma français en 1930\" . Chronologie du cinéma français (1930–1939) . Cine-studies. Archived from the original on March 16, 2009 . Retrieved December 8, 2009 . In his 2002 book Genre, Myth, and Convention in the French Cinema, 1929–1939 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), Crisp says that Le Collier de la reine was \"'merely' sonorized, not dialogued\" (p. 381), but all other available detailed descriptions (including his own from 1997) mention a dialogue sequence. Note also that Crisp gives October 31 as the debut date of Les Trois masques and Cine-studies gives its release (\"sortie\") date as November 2. Note finally, where Crisp defines in Genre, Myth, and Convention a \"feature\" as being a minimum of sixty minutes long, this article follows the equally common, and Wikipedia-prevalent, standard of forty minutes or longer. Jump up ^ Crisp (1997), p. 103. Jump up ^ Chapman (2003), p. 82; Fisher, David (July 22, 2009). \"Chronomedia: 1929\" . Chronomedia . Terra Media . Retrieved December 8, 2009 . Jump up ^ Hall (1930). Jump up ^ Carné (1932), p. 105. Jump up ^ Haltof (2002), p. 24. Jump up ^ See Nichols and Bazzoni (1995), p. 98, for a description of La Canzone dell'amore and its premiere. Jump up ^ Stojanova (2006), p. 97. According to Il Cinema Ritrovato , the program for XXI Mostra Internazionale del Cinema Libero (Bologna; November 22–29, 1992), the film was shot in Paris. According to the IMDb entry on the film , it was a Czech-German coproduction. The two claims are not necessarily contradictory. According to the Czech-Slovak Film Database , it was shot as a silent film in Germany; soundtracks for Czech, German, and French versions were then recorded at the Gaumont studio in the Paris suburb of Joinville . Jump up ^ See Robertson (2001), pp. 10–14. Robertson claims Switzerland produced its first talkie in 1930, but it has not been possible to independently confirm this. The first talkies from Finland, Hungary, Norway, Portugal, and Turkey appeared in 1931, the first talkies from Ireland (English-language) and Spain and the first in Slovak in 1932, the first Dutch talkie in 1933, and the first Bulgarian talkie in 1934. In the Americas, the first Canadian talkie came out in 1929— North of '49 was a remake of the previous year's silent His Destiny . The first Brazilian talkie, Acabaram-se os otários ( The End of the Simpletons ), also appeared in 1929. That year, as well, the first Yiddish talkies were produced in New York: East Side Sadie (originally a silent), followed by Ad Mosay ( The Eternal Prayer ) (Crafton [1997], p. 414). Sources differ on whether Más fuerte que el deber , the first Mexican (and Spanish-language) talkie, came out in 1930 or 1931. The first Argentine talkie appeared in 1931 and the first Chilean talkie in 1934. Robertson asserts that the first Cuban feature talkie was a 1930 production called El Caballero de Max ; every other published source surveyed cites La Serpiente roja (1937). Nineteen-thirty-one saw the first talkie produced on the African continent: South Africa's Mocdetjie , in Afrikaans. Egypt's Arabic Onchoudet el Fouad (1932) and Morocco's French-language Itto (1934) followed. Jump up ^ Rollberg (2008), pp. xxvii, 9, 174, 585, 669–70, 679, 733. Several sources name Zemlya zhazhdet ( The Earth Is Thirsty ), directed by Yuli Raizman, as the first Soviet sound feature. Originally produced and premiered as a silent in 1930, it was rereleased with a non-talking, music-and-effects soundtrack the following year (Rollberg [2008], p. 562). Jump up ^ Morton (2006), p. 76. Jump up ^ Rollberg (2008), pp. xxvii, 210–11, 450, 665–66. Jump up ^ Crisp (1997), p. 101; Crafton (1997), p. 155. Jump up ^ Crisp (1997), pp. 101–2. Jump up ^ Kenez (2001), p. 123. Jump up ^ Nolletti (2005), p. 18; Richie (2005), pp. 48–49. Jump up ^ Burch (1979), pp. 145–46. Note that Burch misdates Madamu to nyobo as 1932 (p. 146; see above for sources for correct 1931 date). He also incorrectly claims that Mikio Naruse made no sound films before 1936 (p. 146; see below for Naruse's 1935 sound films). Jump up ^ Anderson and Richie (1982), p. 77. ^ Jump up to: a b Freiberg (1987), p. 76. Jump up ^ Naruse's first talking picture, Otome-gokoro sannin shimai ( Three Sisters with Maiden Hearts ), as well as his widely acclaimed Tsuma yo bara no yo ni ( Wife! Be Like a Rose! ), also a talkie, were both produced and released in 1935. Wife! Be Like a Rose! was the first Japanese feature film to receive American commercial distribution. See Russell (2008), pp. 4, 89, 91–94; Richie (2005), pp. 60–63; \"Mikio Naruse—A Modern Classic\" . Midnight Eye. February 11, 2007 . Retrieved December 12, 2009 . Jacoby, Alexander (April 2003). \"Mikio Naruse\" . Senses of Cinema. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010 . Retrieved December 12, 2009 . Ozu's first talking picture, which came out the following year, was Hitori musuko ( The Only Son ). See Richie (1977), pp. 222–24; Leahy, James (June 2004). \" The Only Son ( Hitori Musuko )\" . Senses of Cinema. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009 . Retrieved December 12, 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Freiberg (1987), p. 76. Jump up ^ Quoted in Sharp, Jasper (March 7, 2002). \" A Page of Madness (1927)\" . Midnight Eye . Retrieved December 7, 2009 . Jump up ^ See Freiberg (2000), \"The Film Industry.\" Jump up ^ Quoted in Chatterji (1999), \"The History of Sound.\" Jump up ^ Reade (1981), pp. 79–80. Jump up ^ Ranade (2006), p. 106. Jump up ^ Pradeep (2006); Narasimham (2006); Rajadhyaksha and Willemen (2002), p. 254. ^ Jump up to: a b Anandan, \"Kalaimaamani\". \"Tamil Cinema History—The Early Days: 1916–1936\" . INDOlink Tamil Cinema. Archived from the original on July 11, 2000 . Retrieved December 8, 2009 . Jump up ^ Chapman (2003), p. 328; Rajadhyaksha and Willemen (2002), p. 255; Chatterji (1999), \"The First Sound Films\"; Bhuyan (2006), \" Alam Ara : Platinum Jubilee of Sound in Indian Cinema.\" In March 1934 came the release of the first Kannada talking picture, Sathi Sulochana (Guy [2004]); Bhakta Dhruva (aka Dhruva Kumar ) was released soon after, though it was actually completed first (Rajadhyaksha and Willemen [2002], pp. 258, 260). A few websites refer to the 1932 version of Heer Ranjha as the first Punjabi talkie; the most reliable sources all agree, however, that it is performed in Hindustani. The first Punjabi-language film is Pind di Kuri (aka Sheila ; 1935). The first Assamese-language film, Joymati , also came out in 1935. Many websites echo each other in dating the first Oriya talkie, Sita Bibaha , as 1934, but the most authoritative source to definitively date it—Chapman (2003)—gives 1936 (p. 328). The Rajadhyaksha and Willemen (2002) entry gives \"1934?\" (p. 260). Jump up ^ Lai (2000), \"The Cantonese Arena.\" Jump up ^ Ris (2004), pp. 35–36; Maliangkay, Roald H (March 2005). \"Classifying Performances: The Art of Korean Film Narrators\" . Image & Narrative . Archived from the original on May 28, 2008 . Retrieved December 9, 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee (2000), pp. 72–74; \"What Is Korea's First Sound Film (\"Talkie\")?\" . The Truth of Korean Movies . Korean Film Archive. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010 . Retrieved December 9, 2009 . Jump up ^ Millard (2005), p. 189. ^ Jump up to: a b Allen, Bob (Autumn 1995). \"Let's Hear It For Sound\" . AMPS Newsletter . Association of Motion Picture Sound. Archived from the original on January 8, 2000 . Retrieved December 13, 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordwell (1985), pp. 300–1, 302. Jump up ^ Bordwell and Thompson (1995), p. 124; Bordwell (1985), pp. 301, 302. Note that Bordwell's assertion in the earlier text, \"Until the late 1930s, the post-dubbing of voices gave poor fidelity, so most dialogue was recorded direct\" (p. 302), refers to a 1932 source. His later (coauthored) description, which refers to the viability of looping in 1935, appears to replace the earlier one, as it should: in fact, then and now, most movie dialogue is recorded direct. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), pp. 147–48. Jump up ^ See Bernds (1999), part 1. Jump up ^ See Crafton (1997), pp. 142–45. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), p. 435. Jump up ^ \"Outcome of Paris\" (1930). Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), p. 160. Jump up ^ Thomson (1998), p. 732. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), pp. 480, 498, 501–9; Thomson (1998), pp. 732–33, 285–87; Wlaschin (1979), pp. 34, 22, 20. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), p. 480; Wlaschin (1979), p. 26. Jump up ^ Thomson (1998), pp. 288–89, 526–27, 728–29, 229, 585–86: Wlaschin (1979), pp. 20–21, 28–29, 33–34, 18–19, 32–33. Jump up ^ Brooks (1956). Jump up ^ See Dardis (1980), pp. 190–91, for an analysis of the profitability of Keaton's early sound films. Jump up ^ Thomson (1998), pp. 376–77, 463–64, 487–89; Wlaschin (1979), pp. 57, 103, 118, 121–22. Jump up ^ Thomson (1998), pp. 69, 103–5, 487–89; Wlaschin (1979), pp. 50–51, 56–57. Jump up ^ Thomson (1998), pp. 45–46, 90, 167, 689–90, 425–26, 122–24; Wlaschin (1979), pp. 45–46, 54, 67, 148, 113, 16–17. Jump up ^ Thomson (1998), pp. 281, 154–56; Wlaschin (1979), pp. 87, 65–66. Jump up ^ Thomson (1998), pp. 274–76; Wlaschin (1979), p. 84. Jump up ^ Friedrich, Otto (1997). City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in 1940s (reprint ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 9. ISBN 0520209494 . Jump up ^ \"1920–1929\" . Our History . American Federation of Musicians. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012 . Retrieved December 9, 2009 . \"1927 – With the release of the first 'talkie,' The Jazz Singer , orchestras in movie theaters were displaced. The AFM had its first encounter with wholesale unemployment brought about by technology. Within three years, 22,000 theater jobs for musicians who accompanied silent movies were lost, while only a few hundred jobs for musicians performing on soundtracks were created by the new technology. 1928 – While continuing to protest the loss of jobs due to the use of 'canned music' with motion pictures, the AFM set minimum wage scales for Vitaphone, Movietone and phonograph record work. Because synchronizing music with pictures for the movies was particularly difficult, the AFM was able to set high prices for this work.\" Jump up ^ Hubbard (1985), p. 429. Jump up ^ \"Canned Music on Trial\" . Ad*Access . Duke University Libraries . Retrieved December 9, 2009 . The text of the ad continues: Is Music Worth Saving? No great volume of evidence is required to answer this question. Music is a well-nigh universally beloved art. From the beginning of history, men have turned to musical expression to lighten the burdens of life, to make them happier. Aborigines, lowest in the scale of savagery, chant their song to tribal gods and play upon pipes and shark-skin drums. Musical development has kept pace with good taste and ethics throughout the ages, and has influenced the gentler nature of man more powerfully perhaps than any other factor. Has it remained for the Great Age of Science to snub the Art by setting up in its place a pale and feeble shadow of itself? Jump up ^ Oderman (2000), p. 188. Jump up ^ \"Talking Movies\" (1926). Jump up ^ Gomery (1985), pp. 66–67. Gomery describes the difference in profits simply between 1928 and 1929, but it seems clear from the figures cited that he is referring to the fiscal years that ended September 30. The fiscal year roughly paralleled (but was still almost a month off from) the traditional Hollywood programming year—the prime exhibition season began the first week of September with Labor Day and ran through Memorial Day at the end of May; this was followed by a fourteen-week \"open season\", when films with minimal expectations were released and many theaters shut down for the hot summer months. See Crafton (1997), pp. 183, 268. Jump up ^ Lasky (1989), p. 51. Jump up ^ Bradley (1996), p. 279. Jump up ^ Finler (2003), p. 376. Jump up ^ Segrave (1997) gives the figures as 282 million feet in 1929 compared to 222 million feet the year before (p. 79). Crafton (1997) reports the new mark in this peculiar way: \"Exports in 1929 set a new record: 282,215,480 feet (against the old record of 9,000,000 feet (2,700,000 m) in 1919)\" (p. 418). But in 1913, for instance, the U.S. exported 32 million feet of exposed film (Segrave [1997], p. 65). Note also that Crafton says of the 1929 exports, \"Of course, most of this footage was silent\", though he provides no figures (p. 418). In contrast, if not necessarily contradiction, Segrave points to the following: \"At the very end of 1929 the New York Times reported that most U.S. talkies went abroad as originally created for domestic screening\" (p. 77). Jump up ^ Eckes and Zeiler (2003), p. 102. Jump up ^ Jewell (1982), p. 9. Jump up ^ Schatz (1998), p. 70. Jump up ^ Quoted in Ganti (2004), p. 11. Jump up ^ Ganti (2004), p. 11. Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha and Willemen (2002), p. 254; Joshi (2003), p. 14. Jump up ^ Guy (2004). Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha and Willemen (2002), pp. 30, 32. Jump up ^ Robertson (2001), pp. 16–17; \"Analysis of the UIS International Survey on Feature Film Statistics \" (PDF) . UNESCO Institute for Statistics. May 5, 2009 . Retrieved December 13, 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Agate (1972), p. 82. Jump up ^ Quoted in Chapman (2003), p. 93. Jump up ^ Quoted in Crafton (1997), p. 166. ^ Jump up to: a b Kaes (2009), p. 212. Jump up ^ See, e.g., Crafton (1997), pp. 448–49; Brownlow (1968), p. 577. Jump up ^ Time Out Film Guide (2000), pp. x–xi. Jump up ^ Kemp (1987), pp. 1045–46. Jump up ^ Arnold, Jeremy. \" Westfront 1918 \" . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 13, 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosen (1987), pp. 74–76. Jump up ^ M , for instance, is the earliest sound film to appear in the 2001 Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th Century Archived March 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . poll and the 2002 Sight and Sound Top Ten (among the 60 films receiving five or more votes). See also, e.g., Ebert (2002), pp. 274–78. Jump up ^ Ebert (2002), p. 277. Jump up ^ Quoted in Kenez (2001), p. 123. Jump up ^ Eisenstein (1928), p. 259. Jump up ^ Hamilton (2004), p. 140. Jump up ^ Bazin (1967), p. 155. Jump up ^ There is disagreement on the running time of the film. The Deutsches Filminstitut's webpage on the film Archived March 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine . gives 48 minutes; the 35 Millimeter website's entry gives 40 minutes. According to filmportal.de Archived January 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ., it is \"some 40 minutes\". Jump up ^ Moritz (2003), p. 25. Jump up ^ Quoted in Dibbets (1999), pp. 85–86. Jump up ^ Quoted in Dibbets (1999), p. 85. Jump up ^ See Spoto (1984), pp. 132–33; Truffaut (1984), pp. 63–65. Jump up ^ Milne (1980), p. 659. See also Crafton (1997), pp. 334–38. Jump up ^ Crafton (1997), p. 377. Jump up ^ Quoted in Bordwell (1985), p. 298. See also Bordwell and Thompson (1995), p. 125. Sources [ edit ] Altman, Rick (1995). \"The Sound of Sound\", Cineaste , vol. 21, January 1 (archived online ). Altman, Rick (2005). Silent Film Sound , New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11662-4 Anderson, Joseph L., and Donald Richie (1982). The Japanese Film: Art and Industry , expanded ed. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05351-0 Barnier, Martin (2002). En route vers le parlant: histoire d'une évolution technologique, économique et esthétique du cinéma (1926–1934) . Liège: Editions du Céfal. ISBN 2-87130-133-6 Bazin, André (1967 [1958–65]). \"Cinema and Exploration\", in his What Is Cinema? , trans. and ed. Hugh Gray, pp. 154–163. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Bernds, Edward (1999). Mr. Bernds Goes to Hollywood: My Early Life and Career in Sound Recording at Columbia With Frank Capra and Others . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press (excerpted online ). ISBN 0-8108-3602-5 Bhuyan, Avantika (2006). \"Going, Going, Gone...\", Screen Weekly , March 31 (available online ). Block, Alex Ben, and Lucy Autrey Wilson, eds. (2010). George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-by-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-177889-6 Bognár, Desi Kégl (2000). International Dictionary of Broadcasting and Film , 2d ed. Burlington, Massachusetts: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-80376-0 Bordwell, David (1985). \"The Introduction of Sound\", chap. in Bordwell, Janet Staiger, and Kristin Thompson, The Classical Hollywood Cinema: Film Style & Mode of Production to 1960 , pp. 298–308. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-06054-8 Bordwell, David, and Kristin Thompson (1995 [1993]). \"Technological Change and Classical Film Style\", chap. in Balio, Tino, Grand Design: Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise, 1930–1939 , pp. 109–41. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20334-8 Bradley, Edwin M. (1996). The First Hollywood Musicals: A Critical Filmography of 171 Features, 1927 Through 1932 . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2029-4 Bradley, Edwin M. (2005). The First Hollywood Sound Shorts, 1926–1931 . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1030-2 Brooks, Louise (1956). \"Mr. Pabst\", Image , no. 5, September 7. Brownlow, Kevin (1968). The Parade's Gone By ... Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03068-0 Burch, Noël (1979). To the Distant Observer: Form and Meaning in the Japanese Cinema . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03877-0 Carey, Frances (1999). The Apocalypse and the Shape of Things to Come . Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8325-0 Carné, Marcel (1932). \"Cinema and the World\", trans. Claudia Gorbman, in French Film Theory and Criticism: A History/Anthology, 1907–1939. Volume 2: 1929–1939 , ed. Richard Abel, pp. 102–5. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05518-1 Chapman, James (2003). Cinemas of the World: Film and Society from 1895 to the Present . London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 1-86189-162-8 Chatterji, Shoma A. (1999). \"The Culture-specific Use of Sound in Indian Cinema\", paper presented at International Symposium on Sound in Cinema, London, April 15–18 (available online ). Cosandey, Roland (1996). \"François (or Franz) Dussaud (1870–1953)\", in Who's Who of Victorian Cinema: A Worldwide Survey , ed. Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan. London: BFI Publishing (available online ). ISBN 0-85170-539-1 Crafton, Donald (1997). The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926–1931 . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-19585-2 Crawford, Merritt (1931). \"Pioneer Experiments of Eugene Lauste in Recording Sound\", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , vol. 17, no. 4, October 1931, pp. 632–644. ( available online ). Crisp, Colin G. (1997). The Classic French Cinema, 1930–1960 . Bloomington/London: Indiana University Press/I. B. Tauris. ISBN 0-253-21115-8 Dardis, Tom (1980 [1979]). Keaton: The Man Who Wouldn't Lie Down . Middlesex, England, and New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-005701-3 Dibbets, Karel (1999). \"High-tech Avant-garde: Philips Radio, \" in Joris Ivens and the Documentary Context , ed. Kees Bakker, pp. 72–86. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 90-5356-425-X Eames, John Douglas (1985). The Paramount Story . New York: Crown. 0-517-55348-1 Ebert, Roger (2002). The Great Movies . New York: Broadway Books. ISBN 0-7679-1038-9 Eckes, Alfred E. and Thomas W. Zeiler (2003). Globalization and the American Century . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80409-4 Eisenstein, Sergei et al. (1928). \"A Statement\", in his Film Form: Essays in Film Theory (1957 [1949]), trans. Jay Leyda, pp. 257–60. New York: Meridian (available online ). Eyman, Scott (1997). The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution 1926–1930 . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81162-6 Finler, Joel W. (2003). The Hollywood Story , 3d ed. London and New York: Wallflower. ISBN 1-903364-66-3 Freiberg, Freda (1987). \"The Transition to Sound in Japan\", in History on/and/in Film , ed. Tom O'Regan and Brian Shoesmith, pp. 76–80. Perth: History & Film Association of Australia (available online ). Freiberg, Freda (2000). \"Comprehensive Connections: The Film Industry, the Theatre and the State in the Early Japanese Cinema\", Screening the Past , no. 11, November 1 (available online ). Geduld, Harry M. (1975). The Birth of the Talkies: From Edison to Jolson . Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-10743-1 Glancy, H. Mark (1995). \"Warner Bros. Film Grosses, 1921–51: The William Schaefer Ledger\", Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television , March. Gomery, Douglas (1980). \"Economic Struggle and Hollywood Imperialism: Europe Converts to Sound\", in Film Sound: Theory and Practice (1985), ed. Elisabeth Weis and John Belton, pp. 25–36. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-05637-0 Gomery, Douglas (1985). \"The Coming of Sound: Technological Change in the American Film Industry\", in Technology and Culture—The Film Reader (2005), ed. Andrew Utterson, pp. 53–67. Oxford and New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-31984-6 Gomery, Douglas (2005). The Coming of Sound: A History . New York and Oxon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96900-X Guy, Randor (2004). \"First Film to Talk in Kannada\", The Hindu , December 31 (available online ). Hall, Mordaunt (1930). \" Because I Loved You —Germany's First Talking Film\", The New York Times , January 25 (available online ). [ dead link ] Haltof, Marek (2002). Polish National Cinema . New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-275-X Hamilton, Elizabeth C. (2004). \"Deafening Sound and Troubling Silence in Volker Schlöndorff's Die Blechtrommel \", in Sound Matters: Essays on the Acoustics of German Culture (2004), ed. Nora M. Alter and Lutz Koepnick, pp. 130–41. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-436-1 Hijiya, James A. (1992). Lee De Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio . Cranbury, N.J., and London: Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-934223-23-8 Hirschhorn, Clive (1979). The Warner Bros. Story . New York: Crown. ISBN 0-517-53834-2 Hubbard, Preston J. (1985). \"Synchronized Sound and Movie-House Musicians, 1926–29\", American Music , vol. 3, no. 4, Winter. Jelavich, Peter (2006). Berlin Alexanderplatz: Radio, Film, and the Death of Weimar Culture . Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24363-3 Jewell, Richard B., with Vernon Harbin (1982). The RKO Story . New York: Arlington House/Crown. ISBN 0-517-54656-6 Joshi, Lalit Mohan (2003). Bollywood: Popular Indian Cinema . London: Dakini. ISBN 0-9537032-2-3 Kaes, Anton (2009). Shell Shock Cinema: Weimar Culture and the Wounds of War . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03136-3 Kemp, Philip (1987). \"Josef Von Sternberg\", in World Film Directors, Volume I: 1890–1945 , ed. John Wakeman, pp. 1041–51. New York: H. W. Wilson. ISBN 0-8242-0757-2 Kenez, Peter (2001). Cinema and Soviet Society from the Revolution to the Death of Stalin . London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-632-8 Koerber, Martin (1996). \"Oskar Messter, Film Pioneer: Early Cinema Between Science, Spectacle, and Commerce\", in A Second Life: German Cinema's First Decades , ed. Thomas Elsaesser, pp. 51–61. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 90-5356-172-2 Lai, Linda (2000). \"Hong Kong Cinema in the 1930s: Docility, Social Hygiene, Pleasure-Seeking & the Consolidation of the Film Industry\", Screening the Past , no. 11, November 1 (available online ). Lasky, Betty (1989). RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All . Santa Monica, California: Roundtable. ISBN 0-915677-41-5 Lee, Hyangjin (2000). Contemporary Korean Cinema: Identity, Culture, and Politics . Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6008-7 Liebman, Roy (2003). Vitaphone Films: A Catalogue of the Features and Shorts . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1279-8 Lindvall, Terry (2007). Sanctuary Cinema: Origins of the Christian Film Industry . New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5210-1 Lloyd, Ann, and David Robinson (1986). The Illustrated History of the Cinema . London: Orbis. ISBN 0-85613-754-5 Łotysz, Sławomir (2006). \"Contributions of Polish Jews: Joseph Tykociński–Tykociner (1877–1969), Pioneer of Sound on Film\", Gazeta , vol. 13, no. 3, winter–spring (available online ). Low, Rachael (1997a [1971]). The History of the British Film 1918–1929 (The History of British Film, Volume IV) . Oxford and New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-15649-1 Low, Rachael (1997b [1985]). The History of the British Film 1929–1939: Film Making in 1930s Britain (The History of British Film, Volume VII) . Oxford and New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-15451-0 Millard, Andre J. (2005). America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound , 2d ed. Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83515-1 Milne, Tom (1980). \"Rouben Mamoulian\", in Cinema: A Critical Dictionary , ed. Richard Roud, pp. 658–663. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-22257-7 Moone, Tom (2004). \"Joseph Tykociner: Pioneer of Sound on Film\", Ingenuity , vol. 9, no. 1, March (archived online ). Moritz, William (2003). Optical Poetry: The Life and Work of Oskar Fischinger . Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-86196-634-1 Morton, David (2006). Sound Recording: The Life Story of a Technology . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8398-9 . Narasimham, M. L. (2006). \"A Leader and a Visionary\", The Hindu , September 8 (available online ). Nichols, Nina Da Vinci, and Jana O'Keefe Bazzoni (1995). Pirandello and Film . Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3336-1 Nolletti, Arthur (2005). The Cinema of Gosho Heinosuke: Laughter through Tears . Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34484-0 Oderman, Stuart (2000). Lillian Gish: A Life on Stage and Screen . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0644-5 \"Outcome of Paris: Accord Signed/Total Interchangeability—Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones—Patent Exchange\" (1930), Film-Kurier , July 22 (available online ). Pradeep, K. (2006). \"When the Stars Talked\", The Hindu , March 17 (available online ). Rajadhyaksha, Ashish, and Paul Willemen (2002 [1999]). BFI Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema , rev. ed. Oxford and New York: BFI/Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-85170-669-X Ranade, Ashok Da. (2006). Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries . New Delhi: Promilla/Bibliophile South Asia. ISBN 81-85002-64-9 Reade, Eric (1981 [1979]). History and Heartburn: The Saga of Australian Film, 1896–1978 . East Brunswick, N.J.: Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-3082-0 \"Representative Kinematograph Shows: Singing Pictures at the Hippodrome\" (1907), Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly , September 5. Richie, Donald (1977). Ozu . Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03277-2 Richie, Donald (2005). A Hundred Years of Japanese Film: A Concise History , 2d ed. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 4-7700-2995-0 Ris, Peter Harry (2004). \" Jayu Manse/Hurrah! for Freedom \", in The Cinema of Japan & Korea , ed. Justin Bowyer, pp. 33–40. London: Wallflower Press. ISBN 1-904764-11-8 Robertson, Patrick (2001). Film Facts . New York: Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7943-0 Robinson, David (1997). From Peepshow to Palace: The Birth of American Film . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10338-7 Rollberg, Peter (2008). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-6072-4 Rosen, Miriam (1987). \"Luis Buñuel\", in World Film Directors, Volume I: 1890–1945 , ed. John Wakeman, pp. 71–92. New York: H. W. Wilson. ISBN 0-8242-0757-2 Ruhmer, Ernst (1901). \"The Photographophone\", Scientific American , July 20, 1901, vol. 85, no. 3, p. 36. ( available online ). Ruhmer, Ernst (1908). Wireless Telephony In Theory and Practice (translated from the German by James Erskine-Murray), New York: C. Van Nostrand Company. ( available online ). Russell, Catherine (2008). The Cinema of Naruse Mikio: Women and Japanese Modernity . Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-4312-6 Saunders, Thomas J. (1994). Hollywood in Berlin: American Cinema and Weimar Germany . Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08354-7 Schatz, Thomas (1998). The Genius of the System: Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era . London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19596-2 Segrave, Kerry (1997). American Films Abroad: Hollywood's Domination of the World's Movie Screens from the 1890s to the Present . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0346-2 Sponable, E. I. (1947). \"Historical Development of Sound Films\", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , vol. 48, nos. 4–5, April/May (available online ). Spoto, Donald (1984 [1983]). The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . New York: Ballantine. ISBN 0-345-31462-X Stojanova, Christina (2006). \"Post-Communist Cinema\", in Traditions in World Cinema , ed. Linda Badley, R. Barton Palmer, and Steven Jay Schneider, pp. 95–114. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3873-0 \"Talking Movies: They'll Never Take, Asserts Film Company's Head\" (1926), Associated Press, September 3 (available online ). Thomson, David (1998). A Biographical Dictionary of Film , 3d ed. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-75564-0 Time Out Film Guide (2000). Eighth ed., ed. John Pym. London and New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-028365-X Truffaut, François (1984 [1983]). Hitchcock , rev. ed. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-52601-4 Wagenleitner, Reinhold (1994). Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria After the Second World War , trans. Diana M. Wolf. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2149-7 Wierzbicki, James (2009). Film Music: A History . New York and Oxon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-99198-6 Wlaschin, Ken (1979). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Greatest Movie Stars and Their Films . New York and London: Salamander/Harmony. ISBN 0-517-53714-1 External links [ edit ] Film Sound History well-organized bibliography of online articles and resources; part of the FilmSound website Hollywood Goes for Sound charts showing transition to sound production by Hollywood studios, 1928–1929; part of the Terra Media website Progressive Silent Film List (PSFL)/Early Sound Films comprehensive and detailed listing of first generation of sound films from around the world; part of the Silent Era website Recording Technology History extensive chronology of developments, including subsites, by Steven E. Schoenherr; see, in particular, Motion Picture Sound A Selected Bibliography of Sound and Music for Moving Pictures compiled by Miguel Mera, Royal College of Music, London; part of the School of Sound website The Silent Film Bookshelf links to crucial primary and secondary source documents, a number of which cover the era of transition to sound Sound Stage—The History of Motion Picture Sound informative illustrated survey; part of the American WideScreen Museum website J. Domański \"Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film\" 1913 add for Vivaphone Historical writings [ edit ] \"Asynchronism as a Principle of Sound Film\" 1934 essay by filmmaker and theorist Vsevolod Pudovkin \"Dialogue and Sound\" essay by film historian and critic Siegfried Kracauer ; first published in his book Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality (1960) \"The Film to Come\" essay by producer and composer Guido Bagier; first published in Film-Kurier , January 7, 1928 Handbook for Projectionists technical manual covering all major U.S. systems; issued by RCA Photophone, 1930 \"Historical Development of Sound Films\" chronology by sound-film pioneer E. I. Sponable; first published in Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , April/May 1947 \"Madam, Will You Talk?\" article on the history of Bell Laboratories' early research into sound film, by Stanley Watkins, Western Electric engineer; first published in Bell Laboratories Record , August 1946 \"Merger of the Sound Film Industry—The Founding Agenda of Tobis\" corporate manifesto first published in Film-Kurier , July 20, 1928 \"The Official Communiqué: Foundations of the Sound-Film Accord Sales Prospects for the German Electronics Industry\" article first published in Film-Kurier , July 23, 1930 Operating Instructions for Synchronous Reproducing Equipment technical manual for Western Electric theatrical sound projector system; issued by ERPI, December 1928 \"Outcome of Paris: Accord Signed/Total Interchangeability—Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones—Patent Exchange\" article first published in Film-Kurier , July 22, 1930 \" The Singing Fool \" review by film theorist and critic Rudolf Arnheim , ca. 1929 \"Sound-Film Confusion\" 1929 essay by Rudolf Arnheim \"Sound Here and There\" essay by composer Paul Dessau ; first published in Der Film , August 1, 1929 \"Sound in Films\" essay by director Alberto Cavalcanti ; first published in Films , November 1939 \"Theory of the Film: Sound\" 1945 essay by film theorist and critic Béla Balázs \"What Radio Has Meant to Talking Movies\" prescient essay by Universal sound engineer Charles Feldstead; first published in Radio News , April 1931 Historical films [ edit ] Ben Bernie and All the Lads excerpts from ca. 1924 Phonofilm sound film; on The Red Hot Jazz Archive website A Few Minutes with Eddie Cantor 1924 Phonofilm sound film; on Archive.org Gus Visser and His Singing Duck 1925 Theodore Case sound film ; on YouTube President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Lawn 1924 Phonofilm sound film; on Archive.org hide v t e Film genres By style Action Arthouse Heroic bloodshed Hong Kong action Adventure Survival Art Biographical Christian Comedy Black Commedia all'italiana Commedia sexy all'italiana Bromantic Dramedy Gross out Horror Parody Mo lei tau Thriller Remarriage Romantic Sex Screwball Silent Slapstick Documentary Animated Docudrama Mockumentary Mondo Pseudo Semi Travel Drama Dramedy Historical Legal Melodrama Korean Erotic Commedia sexy all'italiana Pink Sexploitation Thriller Educational Social guidance Epic Sword-and-sandal Experimental Exploitation see Exploitation film template Fantasy Comic Contemporary Dark Fairy tale Fantastique High Historical Magic realism Science Film noir Bad girl Neo-noir Occult detective Pulp noir Tech noir Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Horror Body Cannibal Comedy Eco Fantastique Found footage German underground Ghost Giallo Holiday Japanese Korean Lovecraftian Mumblegore Natural New French Extremity Occult detective Psycho-biddy Psychological Religious Science Fiction Slasher Splatter Satanic Mumblecore Mumblegore Musical Backstage Jukebox Musicarello Operetta Sceneggiata Mystery Giallo Occult detective Pornographic Hardcore pornography Softcore pornography Propaganda Reality Romantic Comedy Bromantic Fantasy Gothic Paranormal Thriller Science fiction Comic Cyberpunk Fantastique Fantasy Gothic Horror Military Mundane New Wave Parallel universe Planetary romance Space opera Steampunk Western Thriller Comedy Conspiracy Erotic Financial Giallo Legal New French Extremity Political Psychological Romantic Techno Transgressive Cinema of Transgression New French Extremity Trick By theme Animals Beach party Blaxploitation Body swap Bourekas Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming-of-age Concert Crime Gentleman thief Gong'an Heist Hood Gangster Mafia Mafia comedy Poliziotteschi Yakuza Gokudō Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Economic Ethnographic Extraterrestrial Food and drink Funny animal Gendai-geki Ghost Goona-goona epic Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Ecchi Girls with guns Harem Hentai Tentacle erotica Lolicon Kaitō Magical girl Mecha Shotacon Yaoi Yuri Homeland Jidaigeki LGBT Luchador Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Wuxia Mecha Mexploitation Monster Giant monster Jiangshi Kaiju Vampire Werewolf Zombie Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Pirate Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Samurai Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shomin-geki Slavery Slice of life Snuff Crush South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword-and-sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Florida Meat pie Northern Ostern revisionist Space Spaghetti Weird Zombie Zombie comedy By movement or period Absolute New Objectivity Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. Rebellion Lettrist Mumblecore Neorealist New French Extremity New German New Generation New Hollywood New Nollywood New Queer No wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Parallel cinema Persian Film Poetic realist Polish Film School Poliziotteschi Praška filmska škola Prussian film Pure Film Movement Remodernist Romanian New Wave Spaghetti Western Socialist realist Social realist Kitchen sink realism Soviet Parallel Structural Surrealist Sword-and-sandal Telefoni Bianchi Third Cinema Yugoslav Black Wave By audience Adult Chick flick Children's Family Guy-cry Stag Teen Woman's By format, technique, approach, or production 3D Actuality Animation anime cartoon computer stop-motion traditional Anthology Art B movie Black-and-white Blockbuster Bollywood Cinéma vérité Classical Hollywood cinema Collage Color Compilation Composite Cult midnight movie Database cinema Docufiction Ethnofiction Experimental Abstract Feature Featurette Film à clef Film noir Film-poem Found footage Grindhouse Hyperlink cinema Independent Guerrilla filmmaking Interstitial art Live action animation Low-budget Major studio Making-of Masala Message picture Meta-film Mockbuster Musical short Mythopoeia Neorealist No budget Paracinema Participatory Poetry Postmodernist Reverse motion Sceneggiata Semidocumentary Serial Shinpa Short Silent Socialist realist Sound Underground Video nasty Z movie Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sound_film&oldid=854649251 \" Categories : Audiovisual introductions in 1900 Exposition Universelle (1900) History of film Film and video technology Film sound production Finnish inventions Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2013 Articles containing Korean-language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Featured articles Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018, at 21:31 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "United States Seventh Fleet - Wikipedia United States Seventh Fleet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Numbered fleet of the United States Navy \"Seventh Fleet\" redirects here. For other uses, see Seventh Fleet (disambiguation) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States Seventh Fleet Seventh Fleet Founded 1943 ; 75 years ago ( 1943 ) Country United States Branch United States Navy Type Fleet Part of United States Pacific Fleet Garrison/HQ United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka Nickname(s) ' Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club ' ( Vietnam War ) Commanders Current commander Vice Adm. Phillip G. Sawyer Notable commanders Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid The Seventh Fleet is a numbered fleet (a military formation ) of the United States Navy . It is headquartered at U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka , in Yokosuka , Japan, with some units based in Japan and South Korea. It is part of the United States Pacific Fleet . At present, it is the largest of the forward-deployed U.S. fleets, with 60 to 70 ships, 300 aircraft and 40,000 Navy and Marine Corps personnel. [1] Its principal responsibilities are to provide joint command in natural disaster or military operations and operational command of all naval forces in the region, in particular in the defense of the Korean Peninsula . Contents 1 History 1.1 Korean War 1.2 Vietnam War 1.3 Bangladesh-Pakistan War of 1971 1.4 Gulf War and 1990s 2 Operations 3 Fleet organization 4 Forward-deployed Seventh Fleet ships 4.1 U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka, Japan 4.2 U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo, Japan 4.3 Apra Harbor, Guam 5 Fleet commanders 6 Citations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History [ edit ] The Seventh Fleet was formed on 15 March 1943 in Brisbane , Australia, during the Second World War, under the command of Admiral Arthur S. \"Chips\" Carpender . It served in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) under General Douglas MacArthur . The Seventh Fleet commander also served as commander of Allied naval forces in the SWPA. Most of the ships of the Royal Australian Navy were also part of the fleet from 1943 to 1945 as part of Task Force 74 (formerly the Anzac Squadron ). The Seventh Fleet—under Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid —formed a large part of the Allied forces at the Battle of Leyte Gulf , the largest naval battle in history . USS Gambier Bay (CVE-73) and escorts at the Battle off Samar in 1944. After the end of the war, the 7th Fleet moved its headquarters to Qingdao , China. As laid out in Operation Plan 13–45 of 26 August 1945, Kinkaid established five major task forces to manage operations in the Western Pacific: Task Force 71, the North China Force with 75 ships; Task Force 72, the Fast Carrier Force, directed to provide air cover to the Marines going ashore and discourage with dramatic aerial flyovers any Communist forces that might oppose the operation; Task Force 73, the Yangtze Patrol Force with another 75 combatants; Task Force 74, the South China Force, ordered to protect the transportation of Japanese and Chinese Nationalist troops from that region; and Task Force 78 , the Amphibious Force, charged with the movement of the III Marine Amphibious Corps to China. After the war, on 1 January 1947, the Fleet's name was changed to Naval Forces Western Pacific . In late 1948, the Fleet moved its principal base of operations to the Philippines, where the Navy, following the war, had developed new facilities at Subic Bay and an airfield at Sangley Point . Peacetime operations of the Seventh Fleet were under the control of Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet, Admiral Arthur W. Radford , but standing orders provided that, when operating in Japanese waters or in the event of an emergency, control would pass to Commander, Naval Forces Far East , a component of General Douglas MacArthur 's occupation force. On 19 August 1949 the force was designated as United States Seventh Task Fleet . On 11 February 1950, just prior to the outbreak of the Korean War, the force assumed the name United States Seventh Fleet , which it holds today. [2] Korean War [ edit ] See also: U.S. Seventh Fleet Korean War order of battle Seventh Fleet units participated in all major operations of the Korean and Vietnamese Wars. The first Navy jet aircraft used in combat was launched from a Task Force 77 (TF 77) aircraft carrier on 3 July 1950. The landings at Inchon, Korea were conducted by Seventh Fleet amphibious ships. The battleships Iowa , New Jersey , Missouri and Wisconsin all served as flagships for Commander, U.S. Seventh Fleet during the Korean War. During the Korean War, the Seventh Fleet consisted of Task Force 70, a maritime patrol force provided by Fleet Air Wing One and Fleet Air Wing Six, Task Force 72, the Formosa Patrol, Task Force 77, and Task Force 79, a service support squadron. Over the next decade the Seventh Fleet responded to numerous crisis situations including contingency operations conducted in Laos in 1959 and Thailand in 1962. During September 1959, in the autumn of 1960, and again in January 1961, the Seventh Fleet deployed multiship carrier task forces into the South China Sea. [3] Although the Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese supporting forces withdrew in each crisis, in the spring of 1961 their offensive appeared on the verge of overwhelming the pro-American Royal Lao Army . Once again the fleet moved into Southeast Asian waters. By the end of April 1961, most of the Seventh Fleet was deployed off the Indochinese Peninsula preparing to initiate operations into Laos. The force consisted of the Coral Sea and Midway carrier battle groups, antisubmarine support carrier Kearsarge , one helicopter carrier, three groups of amphibious ships, two submarines, and three Marine battalion landing teams. At the same time, shorebased air patrol squadrons and another three Marine battalion landing teams stood ready in Okinawa and the Philippines to support the afloat force. Although the administration of President John F. Kennedy already had decided against American intervention to rescue the Laotian government, Communist forces halted their advance and agreed to negotiations. The contending Laotian factions concluded a cease-fire on 8 May 1961, but it lasted only a year. In June 1963 the Seventh Fleet held 'Flagpole '63,' a joint naval exercise with the Republic of Korea. [4] Vietnam War [ edit ] Military humor : Unofficial insignia of the \"Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club\" – aka U.S. 7th Fleet. Seventh Fleet represented the first official entrance of the United States into the Vietnam War , with the Gulf of Tonkin incident . Between 1950 and 1970, the U.S. Seventh Fleet was known by the tongue-in-cheek nickname \" Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club \" since most of the fleet's operations were conducted from the Tonkin Gulf at the time. [5] [6] On 12 February 1965, USS Salisbury Sound (AV-13) became the first U.S. Navy ship to conduct operations inside Vietnam coastal waters. [7] Salisbury Sound set up a seadrome in Da Nang Bay and conducted seaplane patrols in support of Operation Flaming Dart , the bombing of North Vietnamese army camps. Operating primarily from Yankee Station [8] off the north coast of Vietnam and the aptly-named Dixie Station off the south coast of Vietnam in the South China Sea ,Seventh Fleet was organized into a series of task forces, often known by the acronym CTF (Commander Task Force): Task Force 73 included the fleet's logistics support vessels operating as an underway replenishment group (URG) containing an oiler, an ammunition ship, and other supply tenders. [9] Task Force 75 , Surface Combatant Force, contained the fleet's surface combatants and naval gunfire support . These units formed the gun line to bombard enemy forces during Operation Sea Dragon , [10] Operation Custom Tailor , and Operation Lion's Den . [11] The Royal Australian Navy contributed a series of guided missile destroyers to the gun line, including Hobart , Perth , Brisbane , and Vendetta . [12] [13] The naval gun line concept was made possible with deep waters for larger vessels well away from both the shoals and enemy coastal artillery. [14] Task Group 70.8, a cruiser-destroyer subset of the task force, began shelling Vietnam on 27 May 1965. The cruisers and destroyers mostly used 5-inch and 8-inch guns while USS New Jersey opened fire with her 16-inch guns. [15] Task Force 76 was the Amphibious Force, Seventh Fleet. Marines went ashore at Da Nang in March 1965 and patrolled throughout the I Corps area of responsibility during operations Starlite, Dagger Thrust, Double Eagle, and Jackstay. [16] Task Force 77 was the Carrier Battle Force, Seventh Fleet. It would participate in striking North Vietnamese targets, providing air support to US forces in South Vietnam, and mining Hiaphong Harbor . [17] Task Force 78 was the fleet's minesweeper support. After the 1973 cease-fire , it was responsible for Operation End Sweep , removing naval mines dropped in Haiphong harbor only months earlier. [18] Task Forces 116 and 117 were brown-water riverine forces involved in the interdiction efforts Operation Market Time , Operation Game Warden , and Operation Sealords . [19] In 1975, ships and aircraft of the Fleet evacuated thousands of U.S. citizens and refugees from South Vietnam and Cambodia as those countries fell to opposing forces. Since the end of the Vietnam War, the Seventh Fleet has participated in a joint/combined exercise called Team Spirit , conducted with the Republic of Korea armed forces. With capability to respond to any contingency, Fleet operations are credited with maintaining security during the Asian Games of 1986 and the Seoul Olympics of 1988. During 1989, Seventh Fleet units participated in a variety of exercises called PACEX , the largest peacetime exercises since World War II. Bangladesh-Pakistan War of 1971 [ edit ] A carrier task force of the Seventh Fleet, Task Force 74 (TF 74), entered the Bay of Bengal at the height of the war in December 1971. [20] It never had a very clear mission. TF 74 comprised the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Enterprise ; the amphibious assault carrier Tripoli ; the destroyers Decatur , McKean , and Orleck ; the guided-missile escorts Waddell , King , and Parsons ; the nuclear-powered attack submarine Gurnard ; and supply ship Wichita . On 15 December, a day before the surrender of Pakistan, the task force entered the Bay of Bengal, at a distance of some 1,760 km (950 nmi ; 1,090 mi ) from Dhaka . The Soviet Union also dispatched the 10th Operative Battle Group of its Pacific Fleet under the command of Admiral Vladimir Kruglyakov in Vladivostok to the area. [21] Gulf War and 1990s [ edit ] George Washington , Squadron HC-1 during operation \"Desert Shield\" in 1990, U.S. Seventh Fleet. In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990, President George H. W. Bush ordered Commander, U.S. Seventh Fleet to assume additional responsibilities as Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command . The Fleet Commander departed Yokosuka, Japan immediately, heading for the Persian Gulf , and joined the remainder of his staff aboard the flagship Blue Ridge on 1 September 1990. During Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm , Naval Forces Central Command exercised command and control of the largest U.S. Navy armada since the Second World War . At the peak of combat operations, over 130 U.S. ships joined more than 50 allied ships to conduct maritime intercept operations, minesweeping and combat strike operations against enemy forces in Iraq and Kuwait. Naval Forces Central Command included six aircraft carrier battle groups, two battleships ( Missouri and Wisconsin ), two hospital ships, 31 amphibious assault ships, four minesweeping vessels and numerous combatants in support of allied air and ground forces. After a decisive allied victory in the Gulf War , Commander U.S. Seventh Fleet relinquished control of Naval Forces Central Command to Commander, Middle East Force on 24 April 1991 and returned to Yokosuka, Japan to resume his Asia-Pacific duties. In 1996, two aircraft carrier battle groups were sent to the Taiwan Straits under Seventh Fleet control to demonstrate U.S. support for Taiwan during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis . The Nimitz battle group ( CCDG 5 ?) made a high speed transit from the Persian Gulf, while Carrier Group Five , led by Independence , sortied from its Japanese homeports. Operations [ edit ] The then-commander, Vice Admiral Scott R. Van Buskirk in 2010. Of the 50–60 ships typically assigned to Seventh Fleet, 18 operate from U.S. facilities in Japan and Guam . These forward-deployed units represent the heart of Seventh Fleet, and the centerpieces of American forward presence in Asia. They are 17 steaming days closer to locations in Asia than their counterparts based in the continental United States. It would take three to five times the number of rotationally-based ships in the U.S. to equal the same presence and crisis response capability as these 18 forward deployed ships. On any given day, about 50% of Seventh Fleet forces are deployed at sea throughout the area of responsibility. Following the end of the Cold War , the two major military scenarios in which the Seventh Fleet would be used would be in case of conflict in Korea or a conflict between People's Republic of China and Taiwan (Republic of China) in the Taiwan Strait . It was reported on 10 May 2012 that USS Freedom (LCS-1) would be dispatched to Singapore in the northern spring of 2013 for a roughly 10-month deployment. [22] On 2 June 2012 the U.S. and Singaporean Defense Ministers announced that Singapore has agreed 'in principle' to the US request 'to forward deploy up to four littoral combat ships to Singapore on a rotational basis.' [23] Officials stressed however that vessels will not be permanently based there and their crews will live aboard during ship visits. On 21 August 2017, while on a routine visit to Singapore, Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS John S. McCain (DDG-56) was involved in a collision with merchant vessel Alnic MC off the coast of Singapore , east of the Strait of Malacca . [24] [25] The incident left 10 Navy sailors missing and five injured. The US Navy announced that Commander of the Seventh Fleet Vice Adm. Joseph Aucoin had been dismissed and replaced by Vice Adm. Phillip G. Sawyer , who had already been nominated and confirmed to replace the retiring Aucoin. [26] [27] Fleet organization [ edit ] The Seventh Fleet is organized into specialized task forces . George Washington was flagship of Task Force 70 of the U.S. Seventh Fleet before 2017. Task Force 70 – TF 70 is the Battle Force of 7th Fleet and is made up of two distinct components: Surface Combatant Force 7th Fleet, composed of cruisers and destroyers , and Carrier Strike Force 7th Fleet, made up of at least one aircraft carrier and its embarked air wing . The Battle Force is currently centered around Carrier Strike Group Five , the carrier USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) responsible for unit-level training, integrated training, and material readiness for the group's ships and aviation squadrons. As the only continuously forward deployed carrier strike group, the CSG-5 staff does not stand down when the strike group is in Yokosuka, but instead continues to maintain command responsibilities over deploying Carrier Strike Groups and independently deployed cruisers, destroyers, and frigates that operate in the Seventh Fleet operating area. The commander and staff are also responsible for the higher level Task Force 70 duties throughout the year in addition to the CSG-5 duties. The composition of the strike group in immediate proximity of Ronald Reagan varies throughout the year. [28] [29] The CSG 5 Commander also serves as Battle Force Seventh Fleet and Commander, Task Force (CTF 70) for 7th Fleet. In these responsibilities, CSG 5 serves as the Commander of all surface forces (carrier strike groups, independently deploying cruisers, destroyers and frigates) in the 7th Fleet area of responsibility. CTF 70 also serves as the Theater Surface Warfare Commander (TSUWC) and Theater Integrated Air Missile Defense Commander (TIAMDC) for Seventh Fleet. During the Korean War , Captain Charles L. Melson was the commanding officer of the flagship of the Seventh Fleet, the battleship USS New Jersey (BB-62) from 20 October 1952. He also served during that time as Commander, Task Group 70.1. Task Force 71 – TF 71 includes all Naval Special Warfare (NSW) units and Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Units (EODMU) assigned to 7th Fleet. It is based in Guam. Task Force 71 was based in Fremantle , Western Australia in 1941–42, operating submarines under Rear Admiral Charles A. Lockwood . He was relieved by Rear Admiral Ralph W. Christie on 7 March 1943. [30] During the first half of 1965, the Seventh Fleet operationally controlled the Vietnam Patrol Force (Task Force 71), the American component of the Operation Market Time effort. [31] The Naval Advisory Group, headquartered in Saigon, served as the liaison between the fleet, Commander U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam , and the South Vietnamese Navy . On 31 July 1965, formal control of the U.S. Operation Market Time force passed from the Seventh Fleet to the Naval Advisory Group, which in turn activated the Coastal Surveillance Force (Task Force 115). The fleet continued to provide logistic and administrative support. The command function was further refined on 1 April 1966 when Naval Forces, Vietnam, was established, relieving the Naval Advisory Group of responsibility for Market Time operations. Task Force 71 operated the Search and Rescue/Salvage Operations for Korean Air Lines Flight 007 shot down by the Soviets off Sakhalin Island on 1 September 1983. On the day of the shootdown, Rear Admiral William A. Cockell, Commander, Task Force 71, and a skeleton staff, taken by helicopter from Japan, embarked in USS Badger (stationed off Vladivostok at time of the flight) [32] on 9 September for further transfer to the destroyer Elliot to assume duties as Officer in Tactical Command (OTC) of the Search and Rescue (SAR) effort. Surface search began immediately and on into the 13-day of September. U.S. underwater operations began on 14 September. No longer any hope of finding survivors, on 10 September 1983, Task Force 71 mission had been reclassified \"Search and Salvage\" operation from a \"Search and Rescue\". On 17 October 1983, Rear Admiral William Cockell was relieved of command of the Task Force and its Search and Salvage mission, and Rear Admiral Walter T. Piotti, Jr., was placed in command. There were three U.S. search and salvage ships involved—the Coast Guard cutter USCGC Munro , the rescue salvage ship USS Conserver , and the Fleet Tug USNS Narragansett . There were also three Japanese tugs chartered through the U.S. Navy's Far East Salvage Contractor (Selco), these were the Ocean Bull , the Kaiko-Maru 7 , and the Kaiko-Maru 3 . [33] Aside from these vessels, there were the U.S. naval combatants and logistical support ships. These were USS Elliot , USS Badger , USS Sterett , USNS Hassayampa , USS Callaghan , USS Brooke , USS Meyerkord , USS Towers , USS Stark and USS Wichita . In addition to the above ships, there were numerous Japanese Maritime Safety Agency patrol boats and South Korean vessels involved. Task Force 71 also used to fulfill the function of Command and Coordination Force, Seventh Fleet. [34] The Seventh Fleet Command Ship is USS Blue Ridge , based at U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka , Yokosuka, Japan. In 2004, Blue Ridge entered dry dock and the responsibility was transferred temporarily to USS Coronado . Blue Ridge returned to duty 27 September 2004. Task Force 72 – TF 72 is the Patrol and Reconnaissance Force, Seventh Fleet. It is located at Naval Air Facility Misawa ( Misawa Air Base ), Japan. It is mainly composed of anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft and maritime airborne surveillance platforms such as P-3 Orion and Lockheed EP-3 reconnaissance planes operating on land bases. Toward the end of the Korean War, Commander Task Force 72 transferred his flag to USS Pine Island on 7 March and detachments of VP-42 also left USS Salisbury Sound for that seaplane tender. That same day Task Force Seventy-Two was established as the Formosa Patrol Force under Rear Admiral Williamson in Pine Island. [35] Task Force 73/Commander, Logistics Group Western Pacific – 7th Fleet's Logistics Force composed of supply ships and other fleet support vessels. Headquartered in Singapore. Task Force 74 – TF 74 was the designation used for the Enterprise battle group in 1971. Today, it is the Fleet Submarine Force responsible for planning and coordinating submarine operations within 7th Fleet's area of operations. Task Force 75 – Navy Expeditionary Forces Command Pacific is 7th Fleet's primary Expeditionary task force. Located in Camp Covington , Guam, CTF 75 is responsible for the planning and execution of coastal riverine operations, explosive ordnance disposal, diving, engineering and construction, and underwater construction throughout the 7th Fleet area of responsibility. Task Force 76 – Amphibious assault task force currently headquartered at U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo , mainly responsible for supporting Marine landing operations. It is composed of units capable of delivering ship-to-shore assault troops, such as Tarawa -class and Wasp -class amphibious assault ships , and landing craft . Task Force 77 – 7th Fleet Mine Warfare Force composed of mine countermeasure, mine hunter, and mine control ships as well as mine countermeasure helicopters (MH-53). This task force is only activated during specific combat operations and was filled by the Commander of Mine Warfare Command. Mine Warfare Command has now been disestablished and replaced by Navy Mine and Antisubmarine Warfare Command, Naval Base Point Loma , Calif. Task Force 78 – In 1973, Task Force 78 served as the mine clearance force that cleared Haiphong Harbour in Operation End Sweep. Major elements of the U.S. Navy mine warfare force, including Mobile Mine Command (MOMCOM), Mine Warfare Support Group (MWFSG), and HM-12 were airlifted by C-5A to NAS Cubi Point in the Philippines. These specialists formed the nucleus of Task Force 78, under the command of Rear Admiral Brian McCauley, for Operation End Sweep. Commander, Mine Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet had reported to Vice Admiral James L. Holloway III , Commander, Seventh Fleet, in September 1972 as Commander Task Force 78. TF 78 was officially activated in November 1972. [36] However, it became clear more helicopters were needed. Responding to a Navy request for assistance, Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force Pacific (CG FMFPAC) directed that HMH-463 deploy from MCAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii, to NAS Cubi Point, to join Task Force 78. [37] On 27 November 1972, with the efficient support of Col. Bill Crocker's MAG-24, HM-463 embarked at Pearl Harbor aboard USS Inchon , which was en route from Norfolk to augment Seventh Fleet Amphibious Forces and to participate in End Sweep. The ceasefire was signed on 23 January 1973, and the day afterwards, major components of TF 78 deployed from Subic Bay to Haiphong. These included four ocean minesweepers (MSO), USS Inchon , and four amphibious ships, including two with docking capabilities to handle the minesweeping sleds towed by the CH-53Ms. During the six months of Operation End Sweep, ten ocean minesweepers, nine amphibious ships, six fleet tugs, three salvage ships, and nineteen destroyers operated in Task Force 78 in the vicinity of Haiphong.' [38] As of 2010, Commander Naval Forces Korea , an administrative liaison unit between USFK, the ROK Navy, and Seventh Fleet, has been assigned the TF 78 designation. Naval Forces Korea is headquartered at Yongsan and has a base at Chinhae , Commander Fleet Activities Chinhae. Task Force 79 – The Marine expeditionary unit or Landing Force assigned to the fleet, consisting of at least a reinforced Marine battalion and its equipment. This unit is separate from the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) normally embarked in USS Bonhomme Richard Amphibious Readiness Group (ARG). Marine units serving in 7th Fleet are normally drawn from III Marine Expeditionary Force based in Okinawa, Japan. Forward-deployed Seventh Fleet ships [ edit ] U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka, Japan [ edit ] Main article: U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka Carrier Strike Group Five : USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) , USS Antietam (CG-54) and USS Shiloh (CG-67) . USS City of Corpus Christi (SSN-705) , a forward-deployed nuclear submarine of the 7th Fleet. Destroyer Squadron 15 : USS Curtis Wilbur (DDG-54) , USS John S. McCain (DDG-56) , USS Fitzgerald (DDG-62) , USS Stethem (DDG-63) , USS Benfold (DDG 65) , USS McCampbell (DDG-85) and USS Mustin (DDG-89) . USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19) (flagship) U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo, Japan [ edit ] Main article: U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6) USS Green Bay (LPD-20) USS Germantown (LSD-42) USS Ashland (LSD-48) USS Patriot (MCM-7) USS Pioneer (MCM-9) USS Warrior (MCM-10) USS Chief (MCM-14) USS Guppy (MMAV-8675309) Apra Harbor, Guam [ edit ] Main article: Naval Base Guam USS Frank Cable (AS-40) USS Chicago (SSN-721) USS Key West (SSN-722) USS Oklahoma City (SSN-723) USS Topeka (SSN-754) Fleet commanders [ edit ] The USS Blue Ridge , flagship , U.S. Seventh Fleet. The Commander of the 7th Fleet is known as COMSEVENTHFLT . [39] Vice Adm. Arthur S. Carpender 15 March 1943 26 November 1943 Vice Adm. Thomas C. Kinkaid 26 November 1943 20 November 1945 Vice Adm. Daniel E. Barbey 20 November 1945 2 October 1946 Vice Adm. Charles M. Cooke, Jr. 2 October 1946 28 February 1948 Vice Adm. Oscar C. Badger II 28 February 1948 28 August 1949 Vice Adm. Russell S. Berkey 28 August 1949 5 April 1950 Rear Adm. Walter F. Boone 5 April 1950 20 May 1950 Vice Adm. Arthur D. Struble 20 May 1950 28 March 1951 Vice Adm. Harold. M. Martin 28 March 1951 3 March 1952 Vice Adm. Robert P. Briscoe 3 March 1952 20 May 1952 Vice Adm. Joseph. J. Clark 20 May 1952 1 December 1953 Vice Adm. Alfred M. Pride 1 December 1953 9 December 1955 Vice Adm. Stuart H. Ingersoll 19 December 1955 28 January 1957 Vice Adm. Wallace M. Beakley 28 January 1957 30 September 1958 Vice Adm. Frederick N. Kivette 30 September 1958 7 March 1960 Vice Adm. Charles D. Griffin 7 March 1960 28 October 1961 Vice Adm. William A. \"Bill\" Schoech 28 October 1961 13 October 1962 Vice Adm. Thomas H. Moorer 13 October 1962 15 June 1964 Vice Adm. Roy L. Johnson 15 June 1964 1 March 1965 Vice Adm. Paul P. Blackburn 1 March 1965 9 October 1965 Rear Adm. Joseph W. Williams, Jr. 9 October 1965 13 December 1965 Vice Adm. John J. Hyland 13 December 1965 6 November 1967 Vice Adm. William F. Bringle 6 November 1967 10 March 1970 Vice Adm. Maurice F. Weisner 10 March 1970 18 June 1971 Vice Adm. William P. Mack 18 June 1971 23 May 1972 Vice Adm. James L. Holloway III 23 May 1972 28 July 1973 Vice Adm. George P. Steele 28 July 1973 14 June 1975 Vice Adm. Thomas B. Hayward 14 June 1975 24 July 1976 Vice Adm. Robert B. Baldwin 24 July 1976 31 May 1978 Vice Adm. Sylvester Robert Foley, Jr. 31 May 1978 14 February 1980 Vice Adm. Carlisle A.H. Trost 14 February 1980 15 September 1981 Vice Adm. M. Staser Holcomb 15 September 1981 9 May 1983 Vice Adm. James R. Hogg 9 May 1983 4 March 1985 Vice Adm. Paul F. McCarthy, Jr. 4 March 1985 9 December 1986 Vice Adm. Paul D. Miller 9 December 1986 21 October 1988 Vice Adm. Henry H. Mauz, Jr. 21 October 1988 1 December 1990 Vice Adm. Stanley R. Arthur 1 December 1990 3 July 1992 Vice Adm. Timothy W. Wright 3 July 1992 28 July 1994 Vice Adm. Archie R. Clemins 28 July 1994 13 September 1996 Vice Adm. Robert J. Natter 13 September 1996 12 August 1998 Vice Adm. Walter F. Doran 12 August 1998 12 July 2000 Vice Adm. James W. Metzger 12 July 2000 18 July 2002 Vice Adm. Robert F. Willard 18 July 2002 6 August 2004 Vice Adm. Jonathan W. Greenert 6 August 2004 12 September 2006 Vice Adm. William Douglas Crowder 12 September 2006 12 July 2008 Vice Adm. John M. Bird 12 July 2008 10 September 2010 Vice Adm. Scott R. Van Buskirk 10 September 2010 7 September 2011 Vice Adm. Scott H. Swift 7 September 2011 31 July 2013 Vice Adm. Robert L. Thomas Jr. 31 July 2013 7 September 2015 Vice Adm. Joseph Aucoin 7 September 2015 22 August 2017 [40] Vice Adm. Phillip G. Sawyer 22 August 2017 present [41] Citations [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"U.S. 7th Fleet forces\" . U.S. Navy, 7th Fleet . 2014. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Records of U.S. Seventh Fleet Public Affairs\" . Naval History & Heritage Command . 29 April 2005. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Marolda, Edward J. (8 November 1997). \"By Sea, Air, and Land\" . Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Willis, Warren (2009). \"USS Bexar APA-237\" . oldbluejacket.com . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Melson, Charles D.; Arnold, Curtis G. (1991). The War That Would Not End, 1971–1973 . U.S. Marines in Vietnam. United States Marine Corps History and Museums Division. p. 188. LCCN 77604776 . Jump up ^ \"Narrative History of the USS Enterprise (CVA(N)65) 1 Jan – 31 Dec 66\" (PDF) . United States Navy . 10 July 1967: 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2012. The presence of USS Enterprise in the Gulf of Tonkin was well-known around the world by January 1966. Her own prestige as the largest and most powerful warship of the fleet had followed her to Yankee and Dixie Station, and there was more to the emerging legend than this; she and USS Bainbridge , her frigate \"smallboy\", had put a watershed date in naval history merely by being the first nuclear-powered ships to engage in combat. Their unmatched speed, detection systems, and operational capacity potential were proving their worth far beyond the original estimates during the first weeks \"on the line at the Tonki Gulf Yacht Club.\" Jump up ^ \"History of the USS Salisbury Sound (AV-13)\" . USS Salisbury Sound (AV-13) . USS Salisbury Sound Association . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , p. 11. Jump up ^ Holloway, James L. \"Tactical Command and Control of Carrier Operations\" . Naval Historical Foundation . Archived from the original on 2004-05-30. Jump up ^ \"Vietnam War: Afloat and Ashore: Operation Sea Dragon\" . Naval Historical Foundation . Jump up ^ Holloway, James (15 January 2011). Aircraft Carriers at War: A Personal Retrospective of Korea, Vietnam, and the Soviet Confrontation . Naval Institute Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-61251-008-8 . Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , pp. 29,46–49. Jump up ^ Perryman, John (10 August 2006). \"Towing the line\" . Navy . 49 (14). Jump up ^ Bonsall, George (1997). \"The Impact of Advanced Naval Surface Fire Support on Joint Force Fire Coordination\" . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ \"U.S. warships begin bombardment of Viet Cong targets – 27 May 1965\" . This Day in History . 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , pp. 42–45. Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , pp. 24–40. Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , pp. 61. Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , pp. 50–59. Jump up ^ \"CIAO\" . www.ciaonet.org . [ permanent dead link ] Jump up ^ Simha, Rakesh Krishnan (31 August 2013). \"Sweeping mines, salvaging looted gold after the 1971 War\" . Russia & India Report . Archived from the original on 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolf, Jim (10 May 2012). \"U.S. plans 10-month warship deployment to Singapore\" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ \"US sailors to stay off-shore in Singapore deal: officials\" . AsiaOne . 2 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ \"USS John McCain collides with merchant ship east of Singapore, 10 sailors missing, US Navy says\" . ABC News (Australia) . 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith, Alexander; Flanagan, Ed (21 August 2017). \"U.S. Destroyer Collides With Tanker Off Singapore; 10 Missing\" . NBC News . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McKirdy, Euan; Lendon, Brad (23 August 2017). \"US Navy 7th Fleet commander dismissed, Navy says\" . CNN . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Slavin, Erik (17 May 2017). \"Sawyer nominated to head Yokosuka-based 7th Fleet\" . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Carrier Strike Group Five\" . Navy Data . U.S. Navy Outlets. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ \"The Carrier Strike Group\" . Navy Data . U.S. Navy. 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1947–1962). History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. VI: Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, 22 July 1942 – 1 May 1944 . Little, Brown and Company. p. 68. Jump up ^ Marolda, Edward J. (8 November 1997). \"By Sea, Air, and Land\" . Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson, R.W. (1985). Shootdown: Flight 007 and the American Connection . New York: Viking. p. 194. ISBN 9780670812097 . Jump up ^ Pearson, David (1987). KAL 007: the Cover-up . New York: Summit Books. pp. 237, 239. ISBN 978-0671557164 . Jump up ^ Polmar, Norman (2005). Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet (18th ed.). p. 37. ISBN 978-1591146858 . Jump up ^ \"Korean War Naval Chronology, May–July 1953\" . Naval History & Heritage Command . 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Holloway III, James L. (2007). Aircraft carriers at war . Naval Institute Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-1-59114-391-8 . Note that Admiral Holloway appears to have made a mistake with the identification of the CH-53M squadron referred to on page 327. The squadron referred to appears to have been HM-12 . Jump up ^ Van Nortwick, John. \"Operation End Sweep\" . Marine Corps Gazette (May 1974). Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Holloway III, James L. (2007). Aircraft carriers at war . Naval Institute Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-59114-391-8 . Jump up ^ \"Home\" . www.c7f.navy.mil . Archived from the original on 2017-11-29 . Retrieved 2017-11-29 . Jump up ^ Lubold, Gordon (22 August 2017). \"U.S. Navy Relieves Admiral of Command After Collisions\" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Commander, U.S. 7th Fleet, Vice Adm. Phillip G. Sawyer\" . US Navy . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . References [ edit ] The Vietnam War:War at Sea . New York: Marshall Cavendish . 1989. ISBN 0863078648 . Further reading [ edit ] Marolda, Edward J. (2011). Ready Seapower: A History of the U.S. Seventh Fleet . Washington, DC: Naval History & Heritage Command, Department of the Navy. ISBN 9780945274674 . Marolda, Edward J. (1994). By Sea, Air, and Land: An Illustrated History of the U.S. Navy and the War in Southeast Asia . Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center. ISBN 0160359384 . Archived from the original on 1998-07-03. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Seventh Fleet . 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{ "text": "William Still - Wikipedia William Still From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the abolitionist and member of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society. For the African American classical composer, see William Grant Still . For the inventor of the Still hybrid engine, see William Joseph Still . For the Australian cricketer, see William Still (cricketer) . William Still Born ( 1821-10-07 ) October 7, 1821 Shamong Township , Burlington County, New Jersey Died July 14, 1902 ( 1902-07-14 ) (aged 80) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Resting place Eden Cemetery (Collingdale, Pennsylvania) Nationality American Occupation Abolitionist, businessman, philanthropist Known for Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society , The Underground Railroad Records Spouse(s) Letitia George William Still (October 7, 1821 – July 14, 1902) was an African-American abolitionist in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , conductor on the Underground Railroad , businessman, writer, historian and civil rights activist. Before the American Civil War , Still was chairman of the Vigilance Committee of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society , and directly aided fugitive slaves and kept records to help families reunite. After the war, he remained an important businessman and philanthropist, as well as used his meticulous records to write an account of the underground system and the experiences of many refugee slaves, entitled The Underground Railroad Records (1872). Contents [ hide ] 1 Family 2 Marriage and children 3 Activism 3.1 Abolitionism 3.2 Underground Railroad 3.3 American Civil War and aftermath 3.4 Businessman and philanthropist 4 Death, legacy and honors 4.1 Descendants 4.2 National Underground Railroad Network 4.3 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Family [ edit ] William Still was born October 7, 1821 (or November 1819), [1] in Shamong Township , Burlington County, New Jersey to Sidney Still (later renamed Charity) and Levin Still. [2] His parents had come to New Jersey separately. First, his father bought his freedom in 1798 from his master in Caroline County, Maryland on the Eastern Shore and moved north to New Jersey. His mother, Charity, escaped twice from Maryland. The first time, she and four children were all recaptured and returned to slavery. A few months later, Charity escaped again, taking only her two younger daughters with her and reached her husband in New Jersey. Following her escape, Charity and Levin had 14 more children, of whom William was the youngest. Though these children were born in the free state of New Jersey, under Maryland and federal slave law, they were still legally slaves, as their mother was an escaped slave. According to New Jersey law, they were free. [3] However, neither Charity nor Levin could free their older boys, who remained enslaved. Levin, Jr. and Peter Still were sold from Maryland to slave owners in Lexington, Kentucky . Later they were resold to planters in Alabama in the Deep South . Levin, Jr. died from a whipping while enslaved. Peter and most of his family escaped from slavery when he was about age 50, with the help of two brothers named Friedman, who operated mercantile establishments in Florence, Alabama , and Cincinnati, Ohio . They were the subject of a book published in 1856. [4] [5] Peter Still sought help at the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society to find his parents or other members of his birth family. Thus he met William Still, but had no idea they were related. However, William listened to Peter's story, and recognized the history his mother had told him many times. After learning that his older brother Levin was whipped to death for visiting his wife without permission, William shouted, \"What if I told you I was your brother!\" Later Peter and his mother were reunited after having been separated for 42 years. [6] Another of William's brothers was James Still. Born in New Jersey in 1812, James wanted to become a doctor but said he \"was not the right color to enter where such knowledge was dispensed.\" James studied herbs and plants and apprenticed himself to a white doctor to learn medicine. He became known as the \"Black Doctor of the Pines\", as he lived and practiced in the Pine Barrens . James's son, James Thomas Still, completed his dream, graduating from Harvard Medical School in 1871. [3] William’s other siblings included Levin, Jr.; Peter; James; Samuel; Mary, a teacher and missionary in the African Methodist Episcopal Church ; Mahala (who married Gabriel Thompson); and Kitturah, who moved to Pennsylvania. Marriage and children [ edit ] In 1844, William Still moved from New Jersey to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . In 1847, the year he was hired as a clerk for the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, Still married Letitia George. They had four children who survived infancy. [7] Their oldest was Caroline Virginia Matilda Still (1848–1919) , a pioneer female medical doctor. Caroline attended Oberlin College and the Women's Medical College of Philadelphia (much later known as the Medical College of Pennsylvania ). She married Edward J. Wyley and, after his death, the Reverend Matthew Anderson, longtime pastor of the Berean Presbyterian Church in North Philadelphia. She had an extensive private medical practice in Philadelphia and was also a community activist, teacher and leader. William Wilberforce Still (1854–1932) graduated from Lincoln University and subsequently practiced law in Philadelphia. Robert George Still (1861–1896) became a journalist and owned a print shop on Pine at 11th Street in central Philadelphia. Frances Ellen Still (1857–1943) became a kindergarten teacher (she was named after poet Frances Ellen Watkins Harper , who had lived with the Stills before her marriage). According to the 1900 U.S. Census , William W., his wife, and Frances Ellen all lived in the same household as the elderly William Still and his wife, confirming the custom that extended families lived together. [8] Activism [ edit ] Abolitionism [ edit ] In 1847, three years after settling in Philadelphia, Still began working as a clerk for the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society . When Philadelphia abolitionists organized a Vigilance Committee to directly aid escaped slaves who had reached the city, Still became its chairman. [7] By the 1850s, Still was one of the leaders of Philadelphia's African-American community. In 1855, he participated in the nationally covered rescue of Jane Johnson , a slave who sought help from the Society in gaining freedom while passing through Philadelphia with her master John Hill Wheeler , newly appointed US Minister to Nicaragua. Still and others liberated her and her two sons under Pennsylvania law, which held that slaves brought to the free state voluntarily by a slaveholder could choose freedom. Her master sued him and five other African Americans for assault and kidnapping in a high-profile case in August 1855. Jane Johnson returned to Philadelphia from New York and testified in court as to her independence in choosing freedom, winning acquittal for Still and four others, and reduced sentences for the last two. In 1859, Still challenged the segregation of the city's public transit system, which had separate seating for whites and blacks. [9] He kept lobbying and, in 1865, the Pennsylvania legislature passed a law to integrate streetcars across the state. [10] Underground Railroad [ edit ] Often called \"The Father of the Underground Railroad \", Still helped as many as 800 slaves escape to freedom. He interviewed each person and kept careful records, including a brief biography and the destination for each, along with any alias adopted. He kept his records carefully hidden but knew the accounts would be critical in aiding the future reunion of family members who became separated under slavery, which he had learned when he aided his own brother Peter, whom he had never met before. Still worked with other Underground Railroad agents operating in the South, including in Virginia ports, nearby Delaware and Maryland, and in many counties in southern Pennsylvania. His network to freedom also included agents in New Jersey , New York , New England and Canada . Conductor Harriet Tubman traveled through his office with fellow passengers on several occasions during the 1850s. Still also forged a connection with the family of John Brown , and sheltered several of Brown's associates fleeing the 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry . [2] American Civil War and aftermath [ edit ] During the American Civil War , Still operated the post exchange at Camp William Penn , the training camp for United States Colored Troops north of Philadelphia. He also opened a stove store and in 1861 bought a coal yard and operated a coal delivery business, which continued after the war. [10] [11] In 1867, Still published A Brief Narrative of the Struggle for the Rights of Colored People of Philadelphia in the City Railway Cars . [12] In 1872, Still published an account of the Underground Railroad, The Underground Railroad Records , based on the carefully recorded secret notes he had kept in diaries during those years. His book includes his impressions of station masters such as Thomas Garrett , Daniel Gibbons and Abigail Goodwin. It went through three editions and in 1876 was displayed at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition . [8] [13] Historians have since used it to understand how the Underground Railroad worked; both Project Gutenberg [14] and the Internet archive [15] make the text freely available. Businessman and philanthropist [ edit ] After the war, Still continued as an active businessman, philanthropist and social activist in the Philadelphia metropolitan areas. In addition to the ongoing coal business, Still owned considerable real estate, including Liberty Hall, for some time the largest public hall in the U.S. owned by a black man. He also owned stock in the journal the Nation , was a member of Philadelphia's Board of Trade, and financed and was officer of the Social and Civil Statistical Association of Philadelphia (which in part tracked freed people). [12] Still also remained active in the Colored Conventions Movement , having attended national conventions including the New England Colored Citizens' Convention of 1859, where Still advocated equal educational opportunities for all African Americans. [11] He also advocated temperance. He was a member of the Freedmen's Aid Union and Commission, an officer of the Philadelphia Home for the Aged and Infirm Colored Persons, and an elder in the Presbyterian church (where he established Sabbath Schools to promote literacy including among freed blacks). [2] He had a strong interest in the welfare of black youth. He helped to establish an orphanage and the first YMCA for African Americans in Philadelphia. [16] [17] In addition to continuing as member of the board for the Soldiers and Sailors Orphan Home and the Home for the Destitute Colored Children, Still became a trustee at Storer College . Death, legacy and honors [ edit ] William Still died on July 14, 1902, at his home, 726 S. 19th Street in Philadelphia, [18] survived by his wife Letitia and daughter Caroline, as well as grandchildren and other relatives. He was buried in Eden Cemetery in Collingdale , Delaware County, Pennsylvania , as would later be his wife and daughter. [19] Founded just a month before Still's death, Eden Cemetery is now the nation's oldest African-American owned cemetery, and on the National Register of Historic Places since 2010. [20] Descendants [ edit ] Family members donated his papers, including personal papers 1865-1899, to the Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection at Temple University Library, where they remain accessible to researchers. Brothers Peter, James and William Still later moved with their families to Lawnside, New Jersey , a community developed and owned by African Americans in Camden County, New Jersey across the Delaware River from Philadelphia. To this day, their descendants have an annual family reunion every August. Notable members of the Still family include the composer William Grant Still , professional WNBA basketball player Valerie Still , professional NFL defensive end Art Still , and professional NFL defensive tackle Devon Still . National Underground Railroad Network [ edit ] In 1997, Congress passed H.R. 1635, which President Bill Clinton signed into law, and which authorized the United States National Park Service to establish the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program to identify associated sites and popularize the Underground Railroad . [21] This also affirmed Still's national importance as a leading Underground Railroad agent in a major center of abolition. [13] In popular culture [ edit ] Actor Robert Hooks portrayed Still in A Woman Called Moses , the 1978 miniseries that is based upon the life of abolitionist Harriet Tubman . Actor Ron O'Neal portrayed a fictional version of Still in the 1985 miniseries, North and South . Stand by the River (2003), a musical based on Still's life and rescue of Jane Johnson, was written and composed by Joanne and Mark Sutton-Smith. It has been produced in New York and Chicago, and at universities and other venues across the country. Actor Chris Chalk portrayed a fictional version of Still on the WGN America period drama TV series, Underground . \"Underground Railroad: the William Still Story\" is an independent film documentary first shown on the Public Broadcasting System on February 6, 2012. [22] See also [ edit ] List of African-American abolitionists Slave narrative References [ edit ] Jump up ^ 1900 US Census Record. ^ Jump up to: a b c Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner, Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising . GM Rewell & Company, 1887, pp. 149–161. ^ Jump up to: a b \"James Still\" , Still Family, Library, Temple University. Jump up ^ Kate E. R. Pickard, The Kidnapped and the Ransomed: Recollections of Peter Still and his Wife \"Vina,\" After Forty Years of Slavery , (1856), available online at Documenting the American South , University of North Carolina. Jump up ^ \"Peter Still\" Archived 2014-02-04 at the Wayback Machine ., Still Family, Library, Temple University. Jump up ^ Lurey Khan, William Still and the Underground Railroad: Fugitive Slaves and Family Ties , iUniverse, 2010, p. 40. ^ Jump up to: a b \"Archived copy\" . Archived from the original on 2013-05-23 . Retrieved 2013-02-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b Underground Railroad: The William Still Story , PBS. Jump up ^ \"William Still, Darby, and the Desegregation of Philadelphia Streetcars\" , Darby History. ^ Jump up to: a b \"Timeline: The Life and Times of William Still (1821-1902)\" Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine ., William Still: an African-American Abolitionist , Library, Temple University, accessed January 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b Turner, Diane. \"William Still: An African-American Abolitionist\" . Temple University Libraries. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013 . Retrieved January 16, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Archived copy\" . Archived from the original on 2017-03-10 . Retrieved 2017-03-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b Turner, Diane. \"William Still's National Significance\" Archived 2013-05-23 at the Wayback Machine ., William Still: An African-American Abolitionist , website, Temple University, accessed March 1, 2014. Jump up ^ http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15263 Jump up ^ https://archive.org/stream/undergroundrailr00stil/undergroundrailr00stil_djvu.txt Jump up ^ Khan (2010), p. 214. Jump up ^ Chenrow, Fred; Chenrow, Carol (1974). Reading Exercises in Black History , Elizabethtown, PA: The Continental Press, Inc., p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8454-2108-6 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania death certificate, available online at ancestry.com Jump up ^ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/11212035 Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20101223.htm Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/subjects/ugrr/index.htm Jump up ^ http://www.pbs.org/black-culture/shows/list/underground-railroad/home/ Further reading [ edit ] Bentley, Judith. \"Dear Friend\" Thomas Garrett & William Still Collaborators on the Underground Railroad. New York: Cobblehill Books, 1997. Gara, Larry. \"William Still and the Underground Railroad,\" Pennsylvania History 28.1 (January 1961): 33-44. Still, William (1872). Earnest in the cause; John Needles . Philadelphia: Porter & Coates Still, William. Still's Underground Rail Road Records: with a Life of the Author: Narrating the Hardships, Hairbreadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in their Efforts for Freedom: Together with Sketches of Some of the Eminent Friends of Freedom, and Most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road\", Philadelphia: William Still, 1886. Turner, Diane. \" William Still: An African-American Abolitionist .\" Temple University Libraries. External links [ edit ] Library resources about William Still Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By William Still Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Works by William Still at Project Gutenberg Works by or about William Still at Internet Archive Works by William Still at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) The Underground Railroad at Project Gutenberg \"Case Studies of Maryland Freedom Seekers\" , Legacy of Slavery, Maryland State Archives Spartacus Educational: William Still \"William Still\" ( New York News ) at the Wayback Machine (archived February 7, 2005) [ hide ] v t e Underground Railroad People William L. Chaplin Levi Coffin Richard Dillingham Calvin Fairbank Thomas Garrett Laura Smith Haviland Daniel Hughes William Cooper Nell Harriet Forten Purvis Robert Purvis John Rankin Hetty Reckless Gerrit Smith William Still Harriet Beecher Stowe Charles Turner Torrey Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Frances Harper Delia Webster Places List of Underground Railroad sites houses churches Levi Coffin House Bialystoker Synagogue Bilger's Rocks Wilson Bruce Evans House Cyrus Gates Farmstead Sites in Indiana Allen Chapel Town Clock Church Kelton House F. Julius LeMoyne House John Rankin House Gerrit Smith Estate John Freeman Walls Historic Site Events Pearl incident (1848) Jerry Rescue (1851) Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852 book) Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856 book) Oberlin–Wellington Rescue (1858) Thirteenth Amendment (1865) Topics Songs of the Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Abolitionism opponents of slavery African-American opponents publications Fugitive slaves Fugitive slave laws 1850 Quilts Slave catcher The Underground Railroad Records (1872 book) Related National Underground Railroad Freedom Center Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park visitor center The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War (1932 book) A Woman Called Moses (1978 miniseries) Roots of Resistance (1989 documentary) The Quest for Freedom (1992 film) Freedom: The Underground Railroad (2013 board game) Underground (2016 TV series) See also: Slavery in the United States and Slavery in Canada Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 46750048 LCCN : n50011351 ISNI : 0000 0000 8124 5704 BNF : cb10333714n (data) SNAC : w61g0qjt Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Still&oldid=826593706 \" Categories : African-American abolitionists African-American writers American writers Activists for African-American civil rights American abolitionists People from Burlington County, New Jersey People from Lawnside, New Jersey Activists from Philadelphia Underground Railroad people People of New Jersey in the American Civil War Writers from New Jersey 1821 births 1902 deaths African-American businesspeople American businesspeople Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018, at 00:19. 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{ "text": "War (Bob Marley song) - Wikipedia War (Bob Marley song) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Derek R Bullamore ( talk | contribs ) at 15:42, 20 July 2017 (Improved referencing) . The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version. Revision as of 15:42, 20 July 2017 by Derek R Bullamore ( talk | contribs ) (Improved referencing) ( diff ) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the Bob Marley & Faliyo song. For the 1998 painting by Chris Ofili, see No Woman No Cry (painting) . [ hide ] This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (April 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) \"War\" Single by Bob Marley & the Wailers from the album Rastaman Vibration Released 1976 Recorded 1976 Genre Reggae Length 3 : 36 Label Island Songwriter(s) Credited to Carlton Barrett , Allan Cole Bob Marley & the Wailers singles chronology \"Night Shift\" (1976) \" War \" (1976) \"Rat Race\" (1976) \"Night Shift\" (1976) \" War \" (1976) \"Rat Race\" (1976) \" War \" is a song recorded and made popular by Bob Marley . It first appeared on Bob Marley and the Wailers' 1976 Island Records album, Rastaman Vibration , Marley's only top 10 album in the USA. (In UK it reached position 15 May 15, 1976.) The lyrics are almost literally derived from a speech made by Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I before the United Nations General Assembly on 4 October 1963. Contents [ hide ] 1 Songwriting Controversy 2 Background 3 Lyrics 4 The Song 5 Haile Selassie version 6 Cover versions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Songwriting Controversy [ edit ] \"War\" is credited to Allen \"Skill\" Cole (idea) and Carlton Barrett (music); the music was an extension of the one-drop drumming style, which Carlton Barrett had developed and refined, if not invented. The lyrics are a near-exact repetition of a speech in the UN by the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie. However, the two simple guitar chords and the semi-improvised, spirited melody put to Selassie's words is unmistakably Marley's. According to Stephen Davis ' biography \"Bob Marley,\" it also appears that Marley had credited several of his multi-million selling 1974-1976 songs to close friends and relatives because he was under an unfavorable publishing contract, signed in April 1968 with Cayman Publishing, that would have otherwise deprived him of much of his songwriting royalties. Crediting close friends, such as football player Allen \"Skill\" Cole or Wailers drummer Carlton \"Carly\" Barrett therefore enabled Bob Marley to circumvent the law until new, more favorable agreements were made. This practice, along with the practice of rewarding friends who contributed to compositions by crediting them — even if they only contributed with ideas — and Marley's sudden death without leaving a will all combined to create confusion about the copyright status of several songs, including \"War\". Barrett's brother, Wailer musician Aston \"Family Man\" Barrett (who created the bass line, key to the song's efficiency) has since brought lawsuits against the Marley estate (in practice, the widow Rita Marley) for unpaid royalties and credit for songs such as \"War\" that were claimed to have been either written by others and not by Bob Marley, or in collaboration with Marley. [1] One such suit reached a settlement in 1994 in which Barrett was paid $500,000. [2] Barrett later continued to pursue legal action, seeking £60 million ($113.6 million at the time) in a suit against the Island-Universal record label and the Marley family, but the case was dismissed on the grounds that the earlier settlement proscribed any further claim on the estate [1] [2] Bob Marley was a talented song writer, but during the ska-, rocksteady- and the primitive reggae era, only Peter Tosh could play the guitar in The Wailers . Carlton Barrett was considered the most promising young reggae drummer in Jamaica when he belonged to Lee \"Scratch\" Perry 's studio band The Upsetters , and when Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer broke with Perry in 1972, they took the Barrett brothers with them. The Barrett Brothers have a very large part in the development of Bob Marley's special sound, that does not sound like other reggae music. When Tosh and Wailer left 1973, it was Aston Barrett's idea to rearrange the band's music room, to create a rehearsal room, and set it up like a little demo studio to tape the new concept of lyrics, melodies, and music. Bob Marley and the Wailers started to prepare themselves much better musically before they were ready to go into the studio. The first work was the album called Natty Dread 1974 (where \"No Woman No Cry\" and \"Rebel Music\" can be found, and the second album was Rastaman Vibration with the songs \"War\" and \"Want More\" (Aston Barrett). [3] After Marley's death, it was not easy to determine who did what in creating music. The songs grew naturally through rehearsals, etc., but when it came to Bob Marley and the Wailers, the band members were convinced that they were led by a prophet who inspired them all. Bob Marley was extremely charismatic, and after his death in 1981 many of the band members had difficulties making a living, sometimes due to depression and personal crises. The royalty battles are really deeply tragic, but the situation has improved in many ways since Marley's sons David (Ziggy) and Stephen took over the heritage, the copyrights and the responsibility. Background [ edit ] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Selassie's Address to the United Nations As taught by the Original Gong, Leonard P Howell, Marley, along with fellow Rastafari , worship Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia as the incarnation of God, and refer to him as \"Ras Tafari,\" \"Jah\" or \"The Lion of Judah\" which Marley does in many of his songs. To him, Selassie was not only one of the most prominent African leaders of his time, he was also identified as God returning to earth as \"King of Kings, Lord of Lords\" (Revelation 19, 16), imperial titles born both by Selassie I and Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II before him. It was Menelik II, however, who created this self-styled imperial title in the late 19th Century after he succeeded in uniting his country, later known as Ethiopia . Marley did however accept Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity 8 months before his passing. Haile Selassie I gave the \"War\" speech on October 4, 1963, calling for world peace at the 1963 U.N. Conference in New York City . This historical speech was spoken a few weeks after the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was founded in Ethiopian capital city Addis Ababa where Selassie chaired a summit meeting gathering almost every African head of state (The King of Morocco had declined the invitation). This U.N. speech resounded even louder as Haile Selassie I had made a name for himself on the international scene in 1936, when he spoke at The League of Nations in Geneva. It was there that Selassie warned the world that if member state Ethiopia was not militarily supported by other member states to fight the fascist Italian invasion of his country then taking place, as the League of Nations statute guaranteed, the League would then cease to exist as a matter of fact and the rest of the member states were to suffer the same fate as his country. Three years later World War II broke out. This visionary speech granted Selassie much respect around the world, eventually leading to British military support, which helped freeing his country in 1941. Addressing the world again in 1963, Selassie's words bore full weight. In picking this utterance for lyrics, Bob Marley thus projected two dimensions of the Ethiopian Emperor: the head of state as well as the Living God Rastafarian see with him. Lyrics [ edit ] Although credited to Emperor Haile Selassie I , whose Christian name is Tafari Makonen, the real author of the text remains uncertain. It is sometimes believed that it was written by Lorenzo Tazaz, a close contributor who wrote many of the Ethiopian leader's most important speeches, including a historic one given in 1935 to the League of Nations . But Tazaz died in 1947, over fifteen years before the 1963 U.N. utterance. Spoken in Ethiopia's official Amharic language at the U.N. , the 1963 speech was published in English in Important Utterances of H.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie I 1963-1972 . [4] The book gave permission to freely use its contents: \"Any portion of this book could be reproduced by any process without permission.\" The song uses part of Selassie’s speech that calls for equality among all without regard to race, class, or nationality in his hymnal cry for peace. It also asserts, quoting Selassie directly, that until the day of an equal society, there will be war. In the original speech, Selassie urged U.N. officials and country representatives to disarm nuclear weapons , and to end international exploitation (specifically with Africa). The song honors Haile Selassie I while calling for action against racial inequality and international injustice. The part of the speech used by Bob Marley was preceded by the following words: Last May, in Addis Ababa, I convened a meeting of Heads of African States and Governments. In three days, the thirty-two nations represented at that Conference demonstrated to the world that when the will and the determination exist, nations and peoples of diverse backgrounds can and will work together. In unity, to the achievement of common goals and the assurance of that equality and brotherhood which we desire. On the question of racial discrimination, the Addis Ababa Conference taught, to those who will learn, this further lesson: Here is the part of Haile Selassie’s speech put to music by Marley in his original song \"War\" (Bob Marley slightly modified the original words, changing each \"that until\" to \"until\" and added the word \"war\" several times): That until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned; That until there are no longer first-class and second-class citizens of any nation; That until the color of a man's skin is of no more significance than the color of his eyes; That until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to race; That until that day, the dream of lasting peace and world citizenship and the rule of international morality will remain but a fleeting illusion, to be pursued but never attained; And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes that hold our brothers in Angola , in Mozambique and in South Africa in subhuman bondage have been toppled and destroyed; Until bigotry and prejudice and malicious and inhuman self-interest have been replaced by understanding and tolerance and good-will; Until all Africans stand and speak as free beings, equal in the eyes of all men, as they are in the eyes of Heaven; Until that day, the African continent will not know peace. We Africans will fight, if necessary, and we know that we shall win, as we are confident in the victory of good over evil. – Haile Selassie I Here are the lyrics from the Bob Marley and the Wailers at the album Rastaman Vibration: Until the philosophy which hold one race superior / And another / Inferior / Is finally / And permanently / Discredited / And abandoned / -Everywhere is war - / Me say war. That until there no longer / First class and second class citizens of any nation / Until the colour of a man's skin / Is of no more significance / than the colour of his eyes / - Me say war. That until the basic human rights / Are equally guaranteed to all, / Without regard to race / - Dis a war. That until that day / The dream of lasting peace, / World citizenship / Rule of international morality / Will remain in but a fleeting illusion to be pursued, / But never attained / - Now everywhere is war - / War. And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes / that hold our brothers in Angola, / In Mozambique, / South Africa / Sub-human bondage / Have been toppled, / Utterly destroyed / - Well, everywhere is war - / Me say war. War in the east, / War in the west, / War up north, / War down south - / War - war - / Rumours of war. / And until that day, / The African continent / Will not know peace, / We Africans will fight - we find it necessary / - And we know we shall win / As we are confident / In the victory Of good over evil -/ Good over evil, yeah! / Good over evil - / Good over evil, yeah! / Good over evil - / Good over evil, yeah! A different mix, which includes a different horn arrangement, released as a bonus track in the Deluxe Edition (2002) of the Rastaman Vibration album, revealed that Marley had recorded an extra verse also adapted from the original speech: Until bigotry and prejudice, malicious and inhuman self-interest have been replaced by understanding and tolerance and good will, yeah, war. Until all Africans stand and speak as free beings equal in the eyes of the almighty, war. Everywhere is war. In his speech to the U.N., Selassie reminded his listeners that these are only words; their value depends wholly on our will to observe and honor them and give them content and meaning. The Song [ edit ] \"War\" War audio sample Problems playing this file? See media help . The original version of \"War\" was recorded at Harry J's studio in Kingston, Jamaica, by engineer Sylvan Morris. It includes Aston \"Family Man\" Barrett on Fender Jazz bass, his brother Carlton 'Carly' Barrett on drums, Earl \"Chinna\" Smith on guitar, Alvin \"Seeco\" Patterson on percussion and Tyrone Downie on keyboards. Marcia Griffiths, Judy Mowatt and Rita Marley sing harmony vocals as the I Three. It was produced by Bob Marley & The Wailers and mixed at Miami's Criteria studio by Aston \"Family Man\" Barrett and Chris Blackwell with engineer Alex Sadkin. With such potent and meaningful lyrics, the song soon became one of Bob Marley 's greatest classics, carrying the Rastafari message to the world in Haile Selassie I 's own words. As from 1977, when Bob Marley & The Wailers embarked for their first major world tour in June, \"War\" was sung at most concerts until Marley's last show on September 23, 1980 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Two live recordings of the song have since been released officially by Tuff Gong/Island Records. The first one was issued on the 1978 \" Babylon by Bus \" album recorded live at the Pavillon de Paris in Paris, France on June 26, 1978. The second was recorded at the Rainbow Theatre in London, England on June 4, 1977, and was issued on the 2001 Deluxe Edition of the Exodus album. Predating these two is another version, recorded on May 26, 1976 and released in 2003 on Live at the Roxy . Haile Selassie version [ edit ] Two other hit versions of the song featuring Bob Marley & the Wailers can also be heard. A vinyl single released in Jamaica on Bruno Blum 's Human Race label in December 1997 includes samples of Bob Marley 's voice saying \"Rastafari is the prince of Peace.\" But most importantly, the song features the original recording [5] of Haile Selassie I 's Amharic speech done in 1963, overdubbed on a new rhythm track played by Wailers original members. The B-side offers a welcome English translation of the speech by Bruno Blum , whose spoken rendition of War [6] includes the second part of the speech not used by Bob Marley : The basis of racial discrimination and colonialism has been economic, and it is with economic weapons that these evils have been and can be overcome. In pursuance of resolutions adopted at the Addis Ababa summit conference, African states have undertaken certain measures in the economic field which, if adopted by all member states of the United Nations, would soon reduce intransigeance to reason. I ask, today, for adherence to these measures by every nation represented [here] which is truly devoted to the principles enunciated in the charter. We must act while we can, while the occasion exists to exert those legitimate pressures available to us lest time run out and resort be had to less happy means. The great nations of the world would do well to remember that in the modern age even their own fates are not wholly in their hands. Peace demands the united efforts of us all. Who can foresee what spark might ignite the fuse? The stake of each one of us is identical-life or death. We all wish to live. We all seek a world in which men are freed of the burdens of ignorance, poverty, hunger and disease. And we shall all be hard-pressed to escape the deadly rain of nuclear fall-out should catastrophe overtake us. The problems which confront us today are, equally, unprecedented. They have no counterparts in human experience. Men search the pages of history for solutions, for precedents, but there are none. This then, is the ultimate challenge. Where are we to look for our survival, for the answers to the questions which have never before been posed ? We must look, first, to the Almighty God, Who has raised man above the animals and endowed him with intelligence and reason. We must put our faith in Him, that He will not desert us or permit us to destroy humanity which He created in His image. And we must look into ourselves, into the depth of our souls. We must become something we have never been and for which our education and experience and environment have ill-prepared us. We must become bigger than we have been : more courageous, greater in spirit, larger in outlook. We must become members of a new race, overcoming petty prejudice, owing our ultimate allegiance not to nations but to our fellow men within the human community. A second mix of this new recording was also released, charting at the #1 spot in the U.K. Echoes magazine in April 1998. This time it featured samples of Bob Marley & the Wailers' song Selassie Is the Chapel (adapted from Crying in the Chapel ), where Bob and Rita Marley's voices can be heard on a sizeable part of the record, as well as Selassie's original \"foundation lead vocal,\" creating a virtual duet between Haile Selassie I and his apostle Bob Marley. Both new versions were recorded at Kingston Musick Studio in Kingston, Jamaica, engineered by Rudy Thomas. They include Wailers survivors Aston \"Family Man\" Barrett on bass guitar and piano, Mikey \"Boo\" Richards\" on drums and Earl \"Wire\" Lindo on keyboards, along with guitar and backing vocals by Bruno Blum. Percussionist Norbert \"Nono\" Nobour and backing singer Tatiana Prus were later added. The sessions were produced by Bruno Blum and mixed by Thierry Bertomeu at AB Studio in St. Denis, France. Released in Europe on Blum's Rastafari label in early 1998, both \"War\" and \"War/Selassie Is the Chapel\" were successful singles contributing to the \"new roots\" reggae scene where Rastafari themes sung by the likes of Garnett Silk , Luciano and Dennis Brown were popular again after more than a decade of decline. Several singles derived from this new recording were subsequently issued on the label, including Buffalo Bill's War / Warmongers , Big Youth 's We No Want No War and Joseph Cotton's Conflicts backed by Doc Reggae's spoken French version Guerre . [7] A full length CD album entitled The War Album , including all versions, was issued in Europe on the Rastafari label in 2001. A vinyl album was released in Jamaica on the Human Race label in 2004, and the full War Album was reissued in 2010 as part of the Human Race label double CD anthology. Cover versions [ edit ] Jamaican versions (different compositions) based on the \"War\" rhythm include Dillinger 's King Pharaoh Was a Baldhead , Big Youth 's We No Want No War , Joseph Cotton 's Conflicts and Buffalo Bill's Warmongers . Washington, DC hardcore punk band Soulside covered \"War\" on their 1988 Dischord Records release, Trigger . This song was later included on the Soulside partial discography, Soon Come Happy , released in 1990. The Catalan band Sopa de Cabra recorded a Catalan rock and roll version of War - \"Guerra\" - in the live album Ben endins (1991). In 1992 Ruth Joy recorded War on her debut album Pride And Joy . In 1992 Sinéad O'Connor performed War a cappella on Saturday Night Live with slightly modified lyrics, referring to child abuse rather than racism. At the end of this performance, she tore up a photograph of Pope John Paul II to protest child abuse by Catholic priests. In 2005 O'Connor released a studio version of \"War\" on her album Throw Down Your Arms . Alpha Blondy song \"La Guerre\" is a direct translation of \"War\" in French, available on the 1994 EMI album Dieu . In 1996 the song was covered by the Brazilian thrash metal band Sepultura (appeared on Ratamahatta single, the Blood Rooted rarities compilation and the re-issued version of the Roots album). Brazilian band Tribo de Jah also have recorded a Brazilian Portuguese version featuring O Rappa 's lead singer Marcelo Falcão . Buffalo Bill, a roots reggae singer from Trench Town, Kingston, Jamaica, covered the song on a 1998 Bruno Blum produced single released in the European Union (Rastafari Records). All the Blum-produced War versions are available on the Human Race (Patch Work, 2011) double CD anthology of Blum's Jamaican label Human Race Records. Music played by The Wailers. In 1997 Bruno Blum released a spoken English version of \"War\" which includes a large part of the original full length speech, available on the now deleted Jamaican \"War\" vinyl single by Haile Selassie I (Human Race Records) and on The War Album (Rastafari Records, 2001), also deleted. All Blum-produced War versions are available on the Human Race (Patch Work, 2011) double CD anthology of Blum's Jamaican label Human Race Records. Music played by The Wailers. In 1998 Bruno Blum released a spoken French version available on The War Album (Rastafari Records, 2001) as well as the B-side of Joseph Cotton's Conflicts vinyl single (Rastafari Records, 2010). All Blum-produced War versions are available on the Human Race (Patch Work, 2011) double CD anthology of Blum's Jamaican label Human Race Records. Music played by The Wailers. Ben Harper and the Innocent Criminals covered \"War\" along with their own song \"With My Own Two Hands\" on their DVD Live at the Hollywood Bowl . 2007: Dispatch: Zimbabwe: July 13–15, a 3 night reunion concert for Dispatch with special quests Bongo Love and the African Children's Choir. Was a benefit concert to help Zimbabwe with poverty, disease, and famine. In memory of Elias a friend of theirs from Zimbabwe who died because he did not receive the medical attention that he needed. Dispatch played \"War\" but they were not able to put it on the CD of the show because they didn't have legal rights. [ citation needed ] Lauryn Hill occasionally performed the song live, along with the other compositions of Bob Marley, during her shows circa 2007 and 2008. Uruguayan band El Congo [ who? ] recorded a Spanish version of the song on a 1999 album. 2009: War/No more trouble played by street musicians around the world for the \"Playing for Change\" project. [1] In 2009 American metal band Shadows Fall released their album \"Retribution\" which has a rendition of the song on it. The song is not a pure cover, but utilizes about 70% of the lyrics. In 2014 the industrial hip hop group Tackhead covered the song for their album For the Love of Money . [8] Alicia Keys regularly performs the song at her shows, and has performed the song at least once with Marley's son Julian Marley. See also [ edit ] List of anti-war songs References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Miller, Mark and Blum, Bruno, Sur la route avec Bob Marley , page 97. Scali, France, 2007. ^ Jump up to: a b \"Bandmate of Marley loses suit\" . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press. May 16, 2006 . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Obrecht, Jas (2011) \"Aston \"Family Man\" Barrett: A New Interview About Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, and The Wailers\" i Jas Obrecht Muic Archive , 14 feb 2011. Jump up ^ Important Utterances of H.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie I 1963-1972 , The Imperial Ethiopian Ministry of Information, Addis Ababa, 1972 Jump up ^ \"A sample of the hit version of War featuring Haile Selassie I's voice\" (MP3) . Docreggae.com . Retrieved 2017-07-20 . Jump up ^ \"English rendition of \"War\" by Bruno Blum\" (MP3) . Docreggae.com . Retrieved 2017-07-20 . Jump up ^ \"French rendition of Guerre by Bruno Blum\" (MP3) . Docreggae.com . Retrieved 2017-07-20 . Jump up ^ \"Discography: For the Love of Money\" . tackhead.com. 2004 . Retrieved October 1, 2014 . External links [ edit ] Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics [ hide ] v t e Bob Marley and the Wailers Bob Marley ( outline ) Peter Tosh Bunny Wailer Other vocalists: Junior Braithwaite Cherry Smith Beverley Kelso Constantine Walker Rita Marley Marcia Griffiths Judy Mowatt Musicians: Aston Barrett Carlton Barrett Earl Lindo Tyrone Downie Alvin Patterson Al Anderson Earl Smith Donald Kinsey Junior Marvin Studio albums Early The Wailing Wailers (1965) Soul Rebels (1970) Soul Revolution (1971) The Best of The Wailers (1971) Island Catch a Fire (1973) Burnin' (1973) Natty Dread (1974) Rastaman Vibration (1976) Exodus (1977) Kaya (1978) Survival (1979) Uprising (1980) Confrontation (1983) Compilations Island Legend (1984) Rebel Music (1986) Natural Mystic (1995) One Love (2001) Gold (2005) Africa Unite (2005) Others African Herbsman (1973) Rasta Revolution (1974) Other albums Live Live! (1975) Babylon by Bus (1978) Talkin' Blues (1991) Live at the Roxy (2003) Live Forever (2011) Uprising Live! (2014) Easy Skanking In Boston '78 (2015) Remix Chances Are (1981) Chant Down Babylon (1999) B Is for Bob (2009) Box set Songs of Freedom (1992) The Complete Bob Marley & the Wailers 1967–1972 (1997–2002) Performances Catch a Fire Tour (1973) Burnin' Tour (1973) Natty Dread Tour (1975) Rastaman Vibration Tour (1976) Smile Jamaica Concert (1976) Exodus Tour (1977) One Love Peace Concert (1978) Kaya Tour (1978) Babylon by Bus Tour (1979) Survival Tour (1979–1980) Uprising Tour (1980) Associated acts The Skatalites The Upsetters The I Threes Word, Sound and Power The Wailers Band The Original Wailers Related people Chris Blackwell Errol Brown Allan Cole Coxsone Dodd Vincent Ford Neville Garrick Joe Higgs Lee Jaffe Arthur Jenkins King Sporty Leslie Kong Johnny Nash Jimmy Norman Lee \"Scratch\" Perry Mortimer Planno Karl Pitterson Alex Sadkin Related articles Discography Band members Marley Natural Upsetter Records Tuff Gong Bob Marley Museum Tribute to the Legend: Bob Marley Marley ( soundtrack ) Hall of Fame: A Tribute to Bob Marley's 50th Anniversary Time Will Tell: A Tribute to Bob Marley One Love: The Bob Marley Musical Book Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_(Bob_Marley_song)&oldid=791484707 \" Categories : Anti-war songs Rastafari movement Bob Marley songs Sinéad O'Connor songs Songs against racism and xenophobia Works involved in plagiarism controversies Hidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from April 2010 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from April 2010 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2010 Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2009 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2017, at 15:42. 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{ "text": "Computer - Wikipedia Computer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search \"Computer system\" redirects here. For other uses, see Computer (disambiguation) and Computer system (disambiguation) . Computer Computers and computing devices from different eras A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming . Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs . These programs enable computers to perform an extremely wide range of tasks. Computers are used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and consumer devices . This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls , factory devices such as industrial robots and computer-aided design , and also general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones . Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices. Since ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations. Early in the Industrial Revolution , some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms . More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II . The speed, power, and versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then. Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element , typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory . The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information . Peripheral devices include input devices (keyboards, mice, joystick, etc.), output devices (monitor screens, printers, etc.), and input/output devices that perform both functions (e.g., the 2000s-era touchscreen ). Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and they enable the result of operations to be saved and retrieved. Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-20th century 2.2 First computing device 2.3 Analog computers 2.4 Digital computers 2.4.1 Electromechanical 2.4.2 Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits 2.5 Modern computers 2.5.1 Concept of modern computer 2.5.2 Stored programs 2.5.3 Transistors 2.5.4 Integrated circuits 2.6 Mobile computers 3 Types 3.1 Based on uses 3.2 Based on sizes 4 Hardware 4.1 History of computing hardware 4.2 Other hardware topics 4.3 Input devices 4.4 Output devices 4.5 Control unit 4.6 Central processing unit (CPU) 4.7 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) 4.8 Memory 4.9 Input/output (I/O) 4.10 Multitasking 4.11 Multiprocessing 5 Software 5.1 Languages 5.2 Application Software 5.3 Programs 5.3.1 Stored program architecture 5.3.2 Machine code 5.3.3 Programming language 5.3.3.1 Low-level languages 5.3.3.2 High-level languages/third generation language 5.3.4 Fourth-generation languages 5.3.5 Program design 5.3.6 Bugs 6 Firmware 7 Networking and the Internet 8 Unconventional computers 9 Unconventional computing 10 Future 10.1 Computer architecture paradigms 10.2 Artificial intelligence 11 Professions and organizations 12 See also 13 References 14 Notes 15 External links Etymology A computer, with microscope and calculator, 1952 According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first known use of the word \"computer\" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: \"I haue [sic] read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer [sic] breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number.\" This usage of the term referred to a human computer , a person who carried out calculations or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. [1] The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of \"computer\" in the \"1640s, [meaning] \"one who calculates,\"; this is an \"... agent noun from compute (v.)\". The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean \"calculating machine\" (of any type) is from 1897.\" The Online Etymology Dictionary indicates that the \"modern use\" of the term, to mean \"programmable digital electronic computer\" dates from \"... 1945 under this name; [in a] theoretical [sense] from 1937, as Turing machine \". [2] History Main article: History of computing hardware Pre-20th century The Ishango bone Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers . The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick . Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. [3] [4] The use of counting rods is one example. The Chinese Suanpan (算盘) (the number represented on this abacus is 6,302,715,408) The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from devices used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house , a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money. The ancient Greek -designed Antikythera mechanism , dating between 150 and 100 BC, is the world's oldest analog computer. The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog \"computer\", according to Derek J. de Solla Price . [5] It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete , and has been dated to circa 100 BC. Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later. Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. [6] The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus . A combination of the planisphere and dioptra , the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy . An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer [7] [8] and gear -wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan , Persia in 1235. [9] Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe, [10] an early fixed- wired knowledge processing machine [11] with a gear train and gear-wheels, [12] circa 1000 AD. The sector , a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation. The planimeter was a manual instrument to calculate the area of a closed figure by tracing over it with a mechanical linkage. A slide rule The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm . It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials, circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions . Slide rules with special scales are still used for quick performance of routine calculations, such as the E6B circular slide rule used for time and distance calculations on light aircraft. In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz , a Swiss watchmaker , built a mechanical doll ( automata ) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically \"programmed\" to read instructions. Along with two other complex machines, the doll is at the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire of Neuchâtel , Switzerland , and still operates. [13] The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location. The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration , used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators . [14] In a differential analyzer, the output of one integrator drove the input of the next integrator, or a graphing output. The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work. Starting in the 1920s, Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers. First computing device A portion of Babbage's Difference engine . Charles Babbage , an English mechanical engineer and polymath , originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the \" father of the computer \", [15] he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine , designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine , was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards , a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom . For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit , control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops , and integrated memory , making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete . [16] [17] The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand – this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to difficulties not only of politics and financing, but also to his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than anyone else could follow. Nevertheless, his son, Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of the analytical engine's computing unit (the mill ) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906. Analog computers Sir William Thomson 's third tide-predicting machine design, 1879–81 During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers , which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation . However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers. [18] The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine , invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson , the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin. [14] The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer , built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsolescence became obvious. By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remained in use during the 1950s in some specialized applications such as education ( control systems ) and aircraft ( slide rule ). Digital computers It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Digital computer . ( Discuss ) (May 2017) Electromechanical By 1938, the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine . This was the Torpedo Data Computer , which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well. Replica of Zuse 's Z3 , the first fully automatic, digital (electromechanical) computer. Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes . The Z2 , created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer. [19] In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3 , the world's first working electromechanical programmable , fully automatic digital computer. [20] [21] The Z3 was built with 2000 relays , implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz . [22] Program code was supplied on punched film while data could be stored in 64 words of memory or supplied from the keyboard. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating point numbers . Rather than the harder-to-implement decimal system (used in Charles Babbage 's earlier design), using a binary system meant that Zuse's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time. [23] The Z3 was Turing complete . [24] [25] Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers , working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange . Experimental equipment that he built in 1934 went into operation five years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes . [18] In the US, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) in 1942, [26] the first \"automatic electronic digital computer\". [27] This design was also all-electronic and used about 300 vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory. [28] Colossus was the first electronic digital programmable computing device, and was used to break German ciphers during World War II. During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma , was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes . To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-level Army communications, Max Newman and his colleagues commissioned Flowers to build the Colossus . [28] He spent eleven months from early February 1943 designing and building the first Colossus. [29] After a functional test in December 1943, Colossus was shipped to Bletchley Park, where it was delivered on 18 January 1944 [30] and attacked its first message on 5 February. [28] Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. [18] It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete . Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I was converted to a Mk II making ten machines in total). Colossus Mark I contained 1,500 thermionic valves (tubes), but Mark II with 2,400 valves, was both 5 times faster and simpler to operate than Mark I, greatly speeding the decoding process. [31] [32] ENIAC was the first electronic, Turing-complete device, and performed ballistics trajectory calculations for the United States Army . The U.S.-built ENIAC [33] (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus, it was much faster, more flexible, and it was Turing-complete . Like the Colossus, a \"program\" on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches, a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later. Once a program was written, it had to be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches. It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using 200 kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. [34] Modern computers Concept of modern computer The principle of the modern computer was proposed by Alan Turing in his seminal 1936 paper, [35] On Computable Numbers . Turing proposed a simple device that he called \"Universal Computing machine\" and that is now known as a universal Turing machine . He proved that such a machine is capable of computing anything that is computable by executing instructions (program) stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable. The fundamental concept of Turing's design is the stored program , where all the instructions for computing are stored in memory. Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to this paper. [36] Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in theory of computation . Except for the limitations imposed by their finite memory stores, modern computers are said to be Turing-complete , which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine. Stored programs A section of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine , the first stored-program computer. Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. [28] With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program ) that details the computation . The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper. In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer. His 1945 report \"Proposed Electronic Calculator\" was the first specification for such a device. John von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania also circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945. [18] The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby , was the world's first stored-program computer . It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams , Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill , and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. [37] It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube , the first random-access digital storage device. [38] Although the computer was considered \"small and primitive\" by the standards of its time, it was the first working machine to contain all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer. [39] As soon as the SSEM had demonstrated the feasibility of its design, a project was initiated at the university to develop it into a more usable computer, the Manchester Mark 1 . The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1 , the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. [40] Built by Ferranti , it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Shell labs in Amsterdam . [41] In October 1947, the directors of British catering company J. Lyons & Company decided to take an active role in promoting the commercial development of computers. The LEO I computer became operational in April 1951 [42] and ran the world's first regular routine office computer job . Transistors A bipolar junction transistor The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the \"second generation\" of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give off less heat. Silicon junction transistors were much more reliable than vacuum tubes and had longer, indefinite, service life. Transistorized computers could contain tens of thousands of binary logic circuits in a relatively compact space. At the University of Manchester , a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. [43] Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953 , and a second version was completed there in April 1955. However, the machine did make use of valves to generate its 125 kHz clock waveforms and in the circuitry to read and write on its magnetic drum memory , so it was not the first completely transistorized computer. That distinction goes to the Harwell CADET of 1955, [44] built by the electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell . [44] [45] Integrated circuits The next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit . The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence , Geoffrey W.A. Dummer . Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. on 7 May 1952. [46] The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor . [47] Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. [48] In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as \"a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated\". [49] [50] Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby. [51] His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor, it was made of silicon , whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium . This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor . While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term \"microprocessor\", it is largely undisputed that the first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004 , [52] designed and realized by Ted Hoff , Federico Faggin , and Stanley Mazor at Intel . [53] Mobile computers With the continued miniaturization of computing resources, and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s. [54] The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular phones. These so-called smartphones and tablets run on a variety of operating systems and have become the dominant computing device on the market, with manufacturers reporting having shipped an estimated 237 million devices in 2Q 2013. [55] Types Computers are typically classified based on their uses: Based on uses Analog computer Digital computer Hybrid computer Based on sizes Smartphone Microcomputer Workstation Personal computer Laptop Minicomputer Mainframe computer Supercomputer Hardware Main articles: Computer hardware , Personal computer hardware , Central processing unit , and Microprocessor Play media Video demonstrating the standard components of a \"slimline\" computer The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible physical objects. Circuits, computer chips, graphic cards, sound cards, memory (RAM), motherboard, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and \"mice\" input devices are all hardware. History of computing hardware Main article: History of computing hardware First generation (mechanical/electromechanical) Calculators Pascal's calculator , Arithmometer , Difference engine , Quevedo's analytical machines Programmable devices Jacquard loom , Analytical engine , IBM ASCC/Harvard Mark I , Harvard Mark II , IBM SSEC , Z1 , Z2 , Z3 Second generation (vacuum tubes) Calculators Atanasoff–Berry Computer , IBM 604 , UNIVAC 60 , UNIVAC 120 Programmable devices Colossus , ENIAC , Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine , EDSAC , Manchester Mark 1 , Ferranti Pegasus , Ferranti Mercury , CSIRAC , EDVAC , UNIVAC I , IBM 701 , IBM 702 , IBM 650 , Z22 Third generation (discrete transistors and SSI, MSI, LSI integrated circuits ) Mainframes IBM 7090 , IBM 7080 , IBM System/360 , BUNCH Minicomputer HP 2116A , IBM System/32 , IBM System/36 , LINC , PDP-8 , PDP-11 Desktop Computer Programma 101 , HP 9100 Fourth generation (VLSI integrated circuits) Minicomputer VAX , IBM System i 4-bit microcomputer Intel 4004 , Intel 4040 8-bit microcomputer Intel 8008 , Intel 8080 , Motorola 6800 , Motorola 6809 , MOS Technology 6502 , Zilog Z80 16-bit microcomputer Intel 8088 , Zilog Z8000 , WDC 65816/65802 32-bit microcomputer Intel 80386 , Pentium , Motorola 68000 , ARM 64-bit microcomputer [56] Alpha , MIPS , PA-RISC , PowerPC , SPARC , x86-64 , ARMv8-A Embedded computer Intel 8048 , Intel 8051 Personal computer Desktop computer , Home computer , Laptop computer, Personal digital assistant (PDA), Portable computer , Tablet PC , Wearable computer Theoretical/experimental Quantum computer , Chemical computer , DNA computing , Optical computer , Spintronics -based computer Other hardware topics Peripheral device ( input/output ) Input Mouse , keyboard , joystick , image scanner , webcam , graphics tablet , microphone Output Monitor , printer , loudspeaker Both Floppy disk drive, hard disk drive , optical disc drive, teleprinter Computer buses Short range RS-232 , SCSI , PCI , USB Long range ( computer networking ) Ethernet , ATM , FDDI A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit , the memory , and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses , often made of groups of wires . Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch . Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a \"1\", and when off it represents a \"0\" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits. Input devices When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated. The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of input devices are: Computer keyboard Digital camera Digital video Graphics tablet Image scanner Joystick Microphone Mouse Overlay keyboard Real-time clock Trackball Touchscreen Output devices The means through which computer gives output are known as output devices. Some examples of output devices are: Computer monitor Printer PC speaker Projector Sound card Video card Control unit Main articles: CPU design and Control unit Diagram showing how a particular MIPS architecture instruction would be decoded by the control system The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer. [57] Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of execution of some instructions to improve performance. A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter , a special memory cell (a register ) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from. [58] The control system's function is as follows—note that this is a simplified description, and some of these steps may be performed concurrently or in a different order depending on the type of CPU: Read the code for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the program counter. Decode the numerical code for the instruction into a set of commands or signals for each of the other systems. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory (or perhaps from an input device). The location of this required data is typically stored within the instruction code. Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register. If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation. Write the result from the ALU back to a memory location or to a register or perhaps an output device. Jump back to step (1). Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as \"jumps\" and allow for loops (instructions that are repeated by the computer) and often conditional instruction execution (both examples of control flow ). The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program, and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer , which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen. Central processing unit (CPU) The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor . Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Main article: Arithmetic logic unit The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic. [59] The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction, or might include multiplication, division, trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots . Some can only operate on whole numbers ( integers ) whilst others use floating point to represent real numbers , albeit with limited precision. However, any computer that is capable of performing just the simplest operations can be programmed to break down the more complex operations into simple steps that it can perform. Therefore, any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation—although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation. An ALU may also compare numbers and return boolean truth values (true or false) depending on whether one is equal to, greater than or less than the other (\"is 64 greater than 65?\"). Logic operations involve Boolean logic : AND , OR , XOR , and NOT . These can be useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing boolean logic . Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously. [60] Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices . Memory Main article: Computer data storage Magnetic core memory was the computer memory of choice throughout the 1960s, until it was replaced by semiconductor memory. A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered \"address\" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to \"put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357\" or to \"add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595.\" The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers. In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte ). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (2 8 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or −128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight). When negative numbers are required, they are usually stored in two's complement notation. Other arrangements are possible, but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts. A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory. The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory (which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units) greatly increases the computer's speed. Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random-access memory or RAM read-only memory or ROM RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes, therefore the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely. In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset. In embedded computers , which frequently do not have disk drives, all of the required software may be stored in ROM. Software stored in ROM is often called firmware , because it is notionally more like hardware than software. Flash memory blurs the distinction between ROM and RAM, as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable. It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however, so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary. [61] In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories , which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part. Input/output (I/O) Main article: Input/output Hard disk drives are common storage devices used with computers. I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. [62] Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals . [63] On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse , and output devices such as the display and printer . Hard disk drives , floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O. I/O devices are often complex computers in their own right, with their own CPU and memory. A graphics processing unit might contain fifty or more tiny computers that perform the calculations necessary to display 3D graphics . [ citation needed ] Modern desktop computers contain many smaller computers that assist the main CPU in performing I/O. A 2016-era flat screen display contains its own computer circuitry. Multitasking Main article: Computer multitasking While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously. This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn. [64] One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt , which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running \"at the same time\". then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed \"time-sharing\" since each program is allocated a \"slice\" of time in turn. [65] Before the era of inexpensive computers, the principal use for multitasking was to allow many people to share the same computer. Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a \"time slice\" until the event it is waiting for has occurred. This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss. Multiprocessing Main article: Multiprocessing Cray designed many supercomputers that used multiprocessing heavily. Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers , mainframe computers and servers . Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result. Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers. [66] They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation , graphics rendering , and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called \" embarrassingly parallel \" tasks. Software Main article: Computer software Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. Software is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built. Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media . It is often divided into system software and application software]] Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified, such as with BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible computer, it is sometimes called \"firmware\". Operating system /System Software Unix and BSD UNIX System V , IBM AIX , HP-UX , Solaris ( SunOS ), IRIX , List of BSD operating systems GNU / Linux List of Linux distributions , Comparison of Linux distributions Microsoft Windows Windows 95 , Windows 98 , Windows NT , Windows 2000 , Windows ME , Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 , Windows 8.1 , Windows 10 DOS 86-DOS (QDOS), IBM PC DOS , MS-DOS , DR-DOS , FreeDOS Macintosh operating systems Classic Mac OS , macOS (previously OS X and Mac OS X) Embedded and real-time List of embedded operating systems Experimental Amoeba , Oberon / Bluebottle , Plan 9 from Bell Labs Library Multimedia DirectX , OpenGL , OpenAL , Vulkan (API) Programming library C standard library , Standard Template Library Data Protocol TCP/IP , Kermit , FTP , HTTP , SMTP File format HTML , XML , JPEG , MPEG , PNG User interface Graphical user interface ( WIMP ) Microsoft Windows , GNOME , KDE , QNX Photon, CDE , GEM , Aqua Text-based user interface Command-line interface , Text user interface Application Software Office suite Word processing , Desktop publishing , Presentation program , Database management system , Scheduling & Time management, Spreadsheet , Accounting software Internet Access Browser , Email client , Web server , Mail transfer agent , Instant messaging Design and manufacturing Computer-aided design , Computer-aided manufacturing , Plant management, Robotic manufacturing, Supply chain management Graphics Raster graphics editor , Vector graphics editor , 3D modeler , Animation editor , 3D computer graphics , Video editing , Image processing Audio Digital audio editor , Audio playback , Mixing , Audio synthesis , Computer music Software engineering Compiler , Assembler , Interpreter , Debugger , Text editor , Integrated development environment , Software performance analysis , Revision control , Software configuration management Educational Edutainment , Educational game , Serious game , Flight simulator Games Strategy , Arcade , Puzzle , Simulation , First-person shooter , Platform , Massively multiplayer , Interactive fiction Misc Artificial intelligence , Antivirus software , Malware scanner , Installer / Package management systems , File manager Languages There are thousands of different programming languages—some intended to be general purpose, others useful only for highly specialized applications. Programming languages Lists of programming languages Timeline of programming languages , List of programming languages by category , Generational list of programming languages , List of programming languages , Non-English-based programming languages Commonly used assembly languages ARM , MIPS , x86 Commonly used high-level programming languages Ada , BASIC , C , C++ , C# , COBOL , Fortran , PL/1 , REXX , Java , Lisp , Pascal , Object Pascal Commonly used scripting languages Bourne script , JavaScript , Python , Ruby , PHP , Perl Application Software Programs The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed . That is to say that some type of instructions (the program ) can be given to the computer, and it will process them. Modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have machine code in the form of an imperative programming language . In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second ( gigaflops ) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors. Stored program architecture Main articles: Computer program and Computer programming Replica of the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), the world's first stored-program computer , at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England This section applies to most common RAM machine –based computers. In most cases, computer instructions are simple: add one number to another, move some data from one location to another, send a message to some external device, etc. These instructions are read from the computer's memory and are generally carried out ( executed ) in the order they were given. However, there are usually specialized instructions to tell the computer to jump ahead or backwards to some other place in the program and to carry on executing from there. These are called \"jump\" instructions (or branches ). Furthermore, jump instructions may be made to happen conditionally so that different sequences of instructions may be used depending on the result of some previous calculation or some external event. Many computers directly support subroutines by providing a type of jump that \"remembers\" the location it jumped from and another instruction to return to the instruction following that jump instruction. Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention. Comparatively, a person using a pocket calculator can perform a basic arithmetic operation such as adding two numbers with just a few button presses. But to add together all of the numbers from 1 to 1,000 would take thousands of button presses and a lot of time, with a near certainty of making a mistake. On the other hand, a computer may be programmed to do this with just a few simple instructions. The following example is written in the MIPS assembly language : begin: addi $8 , $0 , 0 # initialize sum to 0 addi $9 , $0 , 1 # set first number to add = 1 loop : slti $10 , $9 , 1000 # check if the number is less than 1000 beq $10 , $0 , finish # if odd number is greater than n then exit add $8 , $8 , $9 # update sum addi $9 , $9 , 1 # get next number j loop # repeat the summing process finish : add $2 , $8 , $0 # put sum in output register Once told to run this program, the computer will perform the repetitive addition task without further human intervention. It will almost never make a mistake and a modern PC can complete the task in a fraction of a second. Machine code In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from, each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of these instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program [ citation needed ] , architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches . While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers ( machine language ) and while this technique was used with many early computers, [67] it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember – a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language . Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. A 1970s punched card containing one line from a Fortran program. The card reads: \"Z(1) = Y + W(1)\" and is labeled \"PROJ039\" for identification purposes. Programming language Main article: Programming language Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages , programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter . Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques. Low-level languages Main article: Low-level programming language Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively termed low-level programming languages ) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer. For instance, an ARM architecture computer (such as may be found in a smartphone or a hand-held videogame ) cannot understand the machine language of an x86 CPU that might be in a PC . [68] High-level languages/third generation language Main article: High-level programming language Though considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone. Therefore, most practical programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently (and thereby help reduce programmer error). High level languages are usually \"compiled\" into machine language (or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language) using another computer program called a compiler . [69] High level languages are less related to the workings of the target computer than assembly language, and more related to the language and structure of the problem(s) to be solved by the final program. It is therefore often possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer. This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles . Fourth-generation languages Main article: Fourth-generation programming language Fourth-generation languages (4GL) are less procedural than 3G languages. The benefit of 4GL is that they provide ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer. Program design This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (July 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Program design of small programs is relatively simple and involves the analysis of the problem, collection of inputs, using the programming constructs within languages, devising or using established procedures and algorithms, providing data for output devices and solutions to the problem as applicable. As problems become larger and more complex, features such as subprograms, modules, formal documentation, and new paradigms such as object-oriented programming are encountered. Large programs involving thousands of line of code and more require formal software methodologies. The task of developing large software systems presents a significant intellectual challenge. Producing software with an acceptably high reliability within a predictable schedule and budget has historically been difficult; the academic and professional discipline of software engineering concentrates specifically on this challenge. Bugs Main article: Software bug The actual first computer bug, a moth found trapped on a relay of the Harvard Mark II computer Errors in computer programs are called \" bugs \". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to \" hang \", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash . Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an exploit , code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a computer's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design. [70] Admiral Grace Hopper , an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler , is credited for having first used the term \"bugs\" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947. [71] Firmware Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer. This chip (hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it. Networking and the Internet Main articles: Computer networking and Internet Visualization of a portion of the routes on the Internet Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre . [72] In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA ), and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET . [73] The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web , combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. \"Wireless\" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments. Unconventional computers Main article: Human computer See also: Harvard Computers A computer does not need to be electronic , nor even have a processor , nor RAM , nor even a hard disk . While popular usage of the word \"computer\" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern [74] definition of a computer is literally: \" A device that computes , especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information.\" [75] Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer, especially if the processing is purposeful. [ citation needed ] Unconventional computing Further information: Unconventional computing Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors . However, conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls ( billiard ball computer ); an often quoted example. [ citation needed ] More realistically, modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors . Future There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers , DNA computers , neural computers , and quantum computers . Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function , and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring ) very quickly. Computer architecture paradigms There are many types of computer architectures : Quantum computer vs. Chemical computer Scalar processor vs. Vector processor Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) computers Register machine vs. Stack machine Harvard architecture vs. von Neumann architecture Cellular architecture Of all these abstract machines , a quantum computer holds the most promise for revolutionizing computing. [76] Logic gates are a common abstraction which can apply to most of the above digital or analog paradigms. The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators . The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, any type of computer ( netbook , supercomputer , cellular automaton , etc.) is able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity. Artificial intelligence A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning . Artificial intelligence based products generally fall into two major categories: rule based systems and pattern recognition systems. Rule based systems attempt to represent the rules used by human experts and tend to be expensive to develop. Pattern based systems use data about a problem to generate conclusions. Examples of pattern based systems include voice recognition, font recognition, translation and the emerging field of on-line marketing. Professions and organizations As the use of computers has spread throughout society, there are an increasing number of careers involving computers. Computer-related professions Hardware-related Electrical engineering , Electronic engineering , Computer engineering , Telecommunications engineering , Optical engineering , Nanoengineering Software-related Computer science , Computer engineering , Desktop publishing , Human–computer interaction , Information technology , Information systems , Computational science , Software engineering , Video game industry , Web design The need for computers to work well together and to be able to exchange information has spawned the need for many standards organizations, clubs and societies of both a formal and informal nature. Organizations Standards groups ANSI , IEC , IEEE , IETF , ISO , W3C Professional societies ACM , AIS , IET , IFIP , BCS Free / open source software groups Free Software Foundation , Mozilla Foundation , Apache Software Foundation See also Information technology portal Glossary of computers Computability theory Computer insecurity Computer security Glossary of computer hardware terms History of computer science List of computer term etymologies List of fictional computers List of pioneers in computer science Pulse computation TOP500 (list of most powerful computers) References Jump up ^ \"computer, n. \" . Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ \"computer (n.)\" . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ According to Schmandt-Besserat 1981 , these clay containers contained tokens, the total of which were the count of objects being transferred. The containers thus served as something of a bill of lading or an accounts book. In order to avoid breaking open the containers, first, clay impressions of the tokens were placed on the outside of the containers, for the count; the shapes of the impressions were abstracted into stylized marks; finally, the abstract marks were systematically used as numerals; these numerals were finally formalized as numbers. Eventually ( Schmandt-Besserat estimates it took 4000 years Archived 30 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ) the marks on the outside of the containers were all that were needed to convey the count, and the clay containers evolved into clay tablets with marks for the count. Jump up ^ Robson, Eleanor (2008), Mathematics in Ancient Iraq , ISBN 978-0-691-09182-2 . p. 5: calculi were in use in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200–3000 BCE, with commodity-specific counting representation systems. Balanced accounting was in use by 3000–2350 BCE, and a sexagesimal number system was in use 2350–2000 BCE. Jump up ^ The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project , The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 1 July 2007. Jump up ^ G. Wiet, V. Elisseeff, P. Wolff, J. Naudu (1975). History of Mankind, Vol 3: The Great medieval Civilisations , p. 649. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, UNESCO . Jump up ^ Fuat Sezgin \"Catalogue of the Exhibition of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science (at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University\", Frankfurt, Germany) Frankfurt Book Fair 2004, pp. 35 & 38. Jump up ^ Charette, François (2006). \"Archaeology: High tech from Ancient Greece\" . Nature . 444 : 551–552. doi : 10.1038/444551a . Jump up ^ Bedini, Silvio A.; Maddison, Francis R. (1966). \"Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi\". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . 56 (5): 1–69. doi : 10.2307/1006002 . JSTOR 1006002 . Jump up ^ Price, Derek de S. (1984). \"A History of Calculating Machines\". IEEE Micro . 4 (1): 22–52. doi : 10.1109/MM.1984.291305 . Jump up ^ Őren, Tuncer (2001). \"Advances in Computer and Information Sciences: From Abacus to Holonic Agents\" (PDF) . Turk J Elec Engin . 9 (1): 63–70. Jump up ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1985). \"Al-Biruni's mechanical calendar\", Annals of Science 42 , pp. 139–163. Jump up ^ \"The Writer Automaton, Switzerland\" . chonday.com. 11 July 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b Ray Girvan, \"The revealed grace of the mechanism: computing after Babbage\" Archived 3 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine ., Scientific Computing World , May/June 2003 Jump up ^ Halacy, Daniel Stephen (1970). Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer . Crowell-Collier Press. ISBN 0-02-741370-5 . Jump up ^ \"Babbage\" . Online stuff . Science Museum. 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Let's build Babbage's ultimate mechanical computer\" . opinion . New Scientist. 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d \"The Modern History of Computing\" . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jump up ^ Zuse, Horst. \"Part 4: Konrad Zuse's Z1 and Z3 Computers\" . The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse . EPE Online. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008 . Retrieved 17 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Zuse, Konrad (2010) [1984], The Computer – My Life Translated by McKenna, Patricia and Ross, J. Andrew from: Der Computer, mein Lebenswerk (1984) , Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-642-08151-4 Jump up ^ Salz Trautman, Peggy (20 April 1994). \"A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On\" . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Zuse, Konrad (1993). Der Computer. Mein Lebenswerk (in German) (3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-540-56292-4 . Jump up ^ \"Crash! The Story of IT: Zuse\" . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rojas, R. (1998). \"How to make Zuse's Z3 a universal computer\". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . 20 (3): 51–54. doi : 10.1109/85.707574 . Jump up ^ Rojas, Raúl. \"How to Make Zuse's Z3 a Universal Computer\" (PDF) . Jump up ^ 15 January 1941 notice in the Des Moines Register , Jump up ^ Arthur W. Burks. The First Electronic Computer . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Copeland, Jack (2006), Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers , Oxford: Oxford University Press , pp. 101–115, ISBN 0-19-284055-X Jump up ^ Bletchley's code-cracking Colossus , BBC News, 2 February 2010 , retrieved 19 October 2012 Jump up ^ \"Colossus – The Rebuild Story\" . The National Museum of Computing . Jump up ^ Randell, Brian ; Fensom, Harry; Milne, Frank A. (15 March 1995), \"Obituary: Allen Coombs\" , The Independent , retrieved 18 October 2012 Jump up ^ Fensom, Jim (8 November 2010), Harry Fensom obituary , retrieved 17 October 2012 Jump up ^ John Presper Eckert Jr. and John W. Mauchly, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, United States Patent Office, US Patent 3,120,606, filed 26 June 1947, issued 4 February 1964, and invalidated 19 October 1973 after court ruling on Honeywell v. Sperry Rand . Jump up ^ \"Generations of Computer\" . techiwarehouse.com. Jump up ^ Turing, A. M. (1937). \"On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem\" . Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society . 2. 42 (1): 230–265. doi : 10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 . Jump up ^ \"von Neumann ... firmly emphasized to me, and to others I am sure, that the fundamental conception is owing to Turing—insofar as not anticipated by Babbage, Lovelace and others.\" Letter by Stanley Frankel to Brian Randell , 1972, quoted in Jack Copeland (2004) The Essential Turing , p22. Jump up ^ Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998), \"Computing's Golden Jubilee\" , Resurrection , The Computer Conservation Society (20), ISSN 0958-7403 , retrieved 19 April 2008 Jump up ^ \"Early computers at Manchester University\" , Resurrection , The Computer Conservation Society, 1 (4), Summer 1992, ISSN 0958-7403 , retrieved 7 July 2010 Jump up ^ Early Electronic Computers (1946–51) , University of Manchester, archived from the original on 5 January 2009 , retrieved 16 November 2008 Jump up ^ Napper, R. B. E., Introduction to the Mark 1 , The University of Manchester, archived from the original on 26 October 2008 , retrieved 4 November 2008 Jump up ^ Computer Conservation Society , Our Computer Heritage Pilot Study: Deliveries of Ferranti Mark I and Mark I Star computers , archived from the original on 11 December 2016 , retrieved 9 January 2010 Jump up ^ Lavington, Simon. \"A brief history of British computers: the first 25 years (1948–1973)\" . British Computer Society . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Lavington, Simon (1998), A History of Manchester Computers (2 ed.), Swindon: The British Computer Society, pp. 34–35 ^ Jump up to: a b Cooke-Yarborough, E. H. (June 1998), \"Some early transistor applications in the UK\" , Engineering and Science Education Journal , London, UK: IEE, 7 (3): 100–106, doi : 10.1049/esej:19980301 , ISSN 0963-7346 , retrieved 7 June 2009 (subscription required) Jump up ^ Cooke-Yarborough, E.H. (1957). Introduction to Transistor Circuits . Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. p. 139. Jump up ^ \"The Hapless Tale of Geoffrey Dummer\" Archived 11 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine ., (n.d.), (HTML), Electronic Product News , accessed 8 July 2008. Jump up ^ Kilby, Jack (2000), Nobel lecture (PDF) , Stockholm: Nobel Foundation , retrieved 15 May 2008 Jump up ^ The Chip that Jack Built , (c. 2008), (HTML), Texas Instruments, Retrieved 29 May 2008. Jump up ^ Jack S. Kilby, Miniaturized Electronic Circuits, United States Patent Office, US Patent 3,138,743, filed 6 February 1959, issued 23 June 1964. Jump up ^ Winston, Brian (1998). Media Technology and Society: A History : From the Telegraph to the Internet . Routledge. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-415-14230-4 . Jump up ^ Robert Noyce 's Unitary circuit, US patent 2981877 , \"Semiconductor device-and-lead structure\", issued 1961-04-25, assigned to Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Jump up ^ Intel's First Microprocessor—the Intel 4004 , Intel Corp., November 1971, archived from the original on 13 May 2008 , retrieved 17 May 2008 Jump up ^ The Intel 4004 (1971) die was 12 mm 2 , composed of 2300 transistors; by comparison, the Pentium Pro was 306 mm 2 , composed of 5.5 million transistors, according to Patterson, David; Hennessy, John (1998), Computer Organization and Design , San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann , pp. 27–39, ISBN 1-55860-428-6 Jump up ^ Chartier, David (23 December 2008). \"Global notebook shipments finally overtake desktops\" . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ IDC (25 July 2013). \"Growth Accelerates in the Worldwide Mobile Phone and Smartphone Markets in the Second Quarter, According to IDC\" . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Jump up ^ Most major 64-bit instruction set architectures are extensions of earlier designs. All of the architectures listed in this table, except for Alpha, existed in 32-bit forms before their 64-bit incarnations were introduced. Jump up ^ The control unit's role in interpreting instructions has varied somewhat in the past. Although the control unit is solely responsible for instruction interpretation in most modern computers, this is not always the case. Some computers have instructions that are partially interpreted by the control unit with further interpretation performed by another device. For example, EDVAC , one of the earliest stored-program computers, used a central control unit that only interpreted four instructions. All of the arithmetic-related instructions were passed on to its arithmetic unit and further decoded there. Jump up ^ Instructions often occupy more than one memory address, therefore the program counter usually increases by the number of memory locations required to store one instruction. Jump up ^ David J. Eck (2000). The Most Complex Machine: A Survey of Computers and Computing . A K Peters, Ltd. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-56881-128-4 . Jump up ^ Erricos John Kontoghiorghes (2006). Handbook of Parallel Computing and Statistics . CRC Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8247-4067-2 . Jump up ^ Flash memory also may only be rewritten a limited number of times before wearing out, making it less useful for heavy random access usage. ( Verma & Mielke 1988 ) Jump up ^ Donald Eadie (1968). Introduction to the Basic Computer . Prentice-Hall. p. 12. Jump up ^ Arpad Barna; Dan I. Porat (1976). Introduction to Microcomputers and the Microprocessors . Wiley. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-471-05051-3 . Jump up ^ Jerry Peek; Grace Todino; John Strang (2002). Learning the UNIX Operating System: A Concise Guide for the New User . O'Reilly. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-596-00261-9 . Jump up ^ Gillian M. Davis (2002). Noise Reduction in Speech Applications . CRC Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8493-0949-6 . Jump up ^ However, it is also very common to construct supercomputers out of many pieces of cheap commodity hardware; usually individual computers connected by networks. These so-called computer clusters can often provide supercomputer performance at a much lower cost than customized designs. While custom architectures are still used for most of the most powerful supercomputers, there has been a proliferation of cluster computers in recent years. ( TOP500 2006 ) Jump up ^ Even some later computers were commonly programmed directly in machine code. Some minicomputers like the DEC PDP-8 could be programmed directly from a panel of switches. However, this method was usually used only as part of the booting process. Most modern computers boot entirely automatically by reading a boot program from some non-volatile memory . Jump up ^ However, there is sometimes some form of machine language compatibility between different computers. An x86-64 compatible microprocessor like the AMD Athlon 64 is able to run most of the same programs that an Intel Core 2 microprocessor can, as well as programs designed for earlier microprocessors like the Intel Pentiums and Intel 80486 . This contrasts with very early commercial computers, which were often one-of-a-kind and totally incompatible with other computers. Jump up ^ High level languages are also often interpreted rather than compiled. Interpreted languages are translated into machine code on the fly, while running, by another program called an interpreter . Jump up ^ It is not universally true that bugs are solely due to programmer oversight. Computer hardware may fail or may itself have a fundamental problem that produces unexpected results in certain situations. For instance, the Pentium FDIV bug caused some Intel microprocessors in the early 1990s to produce inaccurate results for certain floating point division operations. This was caused by a flaw in the microprocessor design and resulted in a partial recall of the affected devices. Jump up ^ Taylor, Alexander L., III (16 April 1984). \"The Wizard Inside the Machine\" . TIME . Retrieved 17 February 2007 . (subscription required) Jump up ^ Agatha C. Hughes (2000). Systems, Experts, and Computers . MIT Press . p. 161. ISBN 978-0-262-08285-3 . The experience of SAGE helped make possible the first truly large-scale commercial real-time network: the SABRE computerized airline reservations system ... Jump up ^ \"A Brief History of the Internet\" . Internet Society . Retrieved 20 September 2008 . Jump up ^ According to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed, 2007), the word computer dates back to the mid 17th century, when it referred to \"A person who makes calculations; specifically a person employed for this in an observatory etc.\" Jump up ^ \"Definition of computer\" . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ II, Joseph D. Dumas (2005). Computer Architecture: Fundamentals and Principles of Computer Design . CRC Press. p. 340. ISBN 9780849327490 . Notes Fuegi, J.; Francis, J. (2003). \"Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes ' \". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . 25 (4). doi : 10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887 . a Kempf, Karl (1961). \"Historical Monograph: Electronic Computers Within the Ordnance Corps\" . Aberdeen Proving Ground ( United States Army ). a Phillips, Tony (2000). \"The Antikythera Mechanism I\" . American Mathematical Society . Retrieved 5 April 2006 . a Shannon, Claude Elwood (1940). \"A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits\". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl : 1721.1/11173 . Digital Equipment Corporation (1972). PDP-11/40 Processor Handbook (PDF) . Maynard, MA : Digital Equipment Corporation. Verma, G.; Mielke, N. (1988). \"Reliability performance of ETOX based flash memories\". IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium. Swade, Doron D. (February 1993). \"Redeeming Charles Babbage's Mechanical Computer\". Scientific American . 268 (2): 89. JSTOR 24941379 . Meuer, Hans ; Strohmaier, Erich; Simon, Horst; Dongarra, Jack (13 November 2006). \"Architectures Share Over Time\" . TOP500 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 November 2006 . Lavington, Simon (1998). A History of Manchester Computers (2 ed.). Swindon: The British Computer Society. ISBN 978-0-902505-01-8 . Stokes, Jon (2007). Inside the Machine: An Illustrated Introduction to Microprocessors and Computer Architecture . San Francisco: No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-104-6 . Zuse, Konrad (1993). The Computer – My life . Berlin: Pringler-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-56453-5 . Felt, Dorr E. (1916). Mechanical arithmetic, or The history of the counting machine . Chicago: Washington Institute. Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer . New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-39671-0 . Berkeley, Edmund (1949). Giant Brains, or Machines That Think . John Wiley & Sons. Cohen, Bernard (2000). Howard Aiken, Portrait of a computer pioneer . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53179-5 . Ligonnière, Robert (1987). Préhistoire et Histoire des ordinateurs . Paris: Robert Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-05261-7 . Couffignal, Louis (1933). Les machines à calculer ; leurs principes, leur évolution . Paris: Gauthier-Villars. Essinger, James (2004). Jacquard's Web, How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280577-0 . Hyman, Anthony (1985). Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02377-9 . Cohen, Bernard (2000). Howard Aiken, Portrait of a computer pioneer . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53179-5 . Bowden, B. V. (1953). Faster than thought . New York, Toronto, London: Pitman publishing corporation. Moseley, Maboth (1964). Irascible Genius, Charles Babbage, inventor . London: Hutchinson. Collier, Bruce (1970). The little engine that could've: The calculating machines of Charles Babbage . Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-8240-0043-9 . Randell, Brian (1982). \"From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush\" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . 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{ "text": "Great horned owl - Wikipedia Great horned owl From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy . (December 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Great horned owl Common great horned owl B. v. virginianus Coastal great horned owl, B. v. saturatus Reifel Migratory Bird Sanctuary , Delta, British Columbia , Canada Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) [1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae Genus: Bubo Species: B. virginianus Binomial name Bubo virginianus ( Gmelin , 1788) Subspecies About one dozen, see text Global range (all year) of B. virginianus Synonyms Strix virginiana Gmelin, 1788 and see text The great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ), also known as the tiger owl (originally derived from early naturalists' description as the \"winged tiger\" or \"tiger of the air\") or the hoot owl , [2] is a large owl native to the Americas . It is an extremely adaptable bird with a vast range and is the most widely distributed true owl in the Americas. [3] Its primary diet is rabbits and hares , rats and mice and voles , although it freely hunts any animal it can overtake, including rodents and other small mammals, larger mid-sized mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , and invertebrates . In ornithological study, the great horned owl is often compared to the Eurasian eagle-owl ( Bubo bubo ), a closely related species which, despite the latter's notably larger size, occupies the same ecological niche in Eurasia , and the red-tailed hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ), with which it often shares similar habitat, prey and nesting habits by day and is thus something of a diurnal ecological equivalent. [4] The great horned owl is one of the earliest nesting birds in North America , often laying eggs weeks or even months before other raptorial birds. [5] Contents [ hide ] 1 Description 1.1 Physiology and measurements 1.2 Calls 1.3 Species identification 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Subspecies 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4.1 Territoriality and movements 4.2 Hunting behavior 5 Prey and trophic ecology 5.1 Rodents 5.2 Lagomorphs 5.3 Other mammals 5.4 Birds 5.5 Other prey 5.6 Interspecific predatory relationships 6 Reproduction 7 Mortality and longevity 7.1 Longevity and natural mortality 7.2 Human-related mortality 7.3 Effect on conservation-dependent species 8 Iconography and myth 8.1 Provincial bird 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Description [ edit ] The great horned owl is generally colored for camouflage. [5] The underparts of the species are usually light with some brown horizontal barring; the upper parts and upper wings are generally a mottled brown usually bearing heavy, complex darker markings. All subspecies are darkly barred to some extent along the sides as well. Owl showing much of its camouflage pattern/color There is a variable sized white patch on the throat. The white throat may continue as a streak running down the middle of the breast even when the birds are not displaying, which in particularly pale individuals can widen at the belly into a large white area. South American horned owls typically have a smaller white throat patch, often unseen unless actively displaying, and rarely display the white area on the chest. [4] There are individual and regional variations in overall color, with birds from the subarctic showing a washed-out, light-buff color, while those from the Pacific Coast of North America, Central America and much of South America can be a dark brownish color overlaid with blackish blotching. The skin of the feet and legs, though almost entirely obscured by feathers, is black. Even tropical great horned owls have feathered legs and feet. The feathers on the feet of the great horned owl are the second longest known in any owl (after the snowy owl ). [4] The bill is dark gunmetal-gray, as are the talons. [6] All great horned owls have a facial disc . This can be reddish, brown or gray in color (depending on geographical and racial variation) and is demarked by a dark rim culminating in bold, blackish side brackets. [7] This species' \"horns\" are tufts of feathers, called plumicorns. The purpose of plumicorns is not fully understood, but the theory that they serve as a visual cue in territorial and socio-sexual interactions with other owls is generally accepted. [4] Physiology and measurements [ edit ] The eyes of great horned owls are amongst the largest and most powerfully acute in the animal kingdom. The great horned owl is the heaviest extant owl in Central and South America and is the second heaviest owl in North America, after the closely related but very different looking snowy owl . [5] [6] It is heavily built, with a barrel-shaped body, a large head and broad wings. [6] Its size can vary considerably across its range, with interior Alaska and Ontario populations being largest and populations in California and Texas being smallest, though those from the Yucatán Peninsula and Baja California appear to be even smaller. [8] [9] Adult great horned owls range in length from 43 to 64 cm (17 to 25 in), with an average of 55 cm (22 in), and possess a wingspan of 91 to 153 cm (3 ft 0 in to 5 ft 0 in), with an average of 122 cm (48 in). Females are somewhat larger than males. [10] [11] Mean body weight is 1,608 g (3.545 lb) for females and 1,224 g (2.698 lb) for males. [12] [13] Depending on subspecies, maximum weight can reach 2,503 g (5.518 lb). [14] The wing chord length is 297–400 mm (11.7–15.7 in). [15] The wing loading , the measured wing area in cm 2 calculated against grams of weight, is high, meaning the wings are relatively small in surface area for the bird's weight; the species' wing loading has been described as proportionately the highest among raptors. [7] [16] The tail , being relatively short as is typical of most owls, is 175 to 252 mm (6.9 to 9.9 in) long. Talons, legs and feet Great, Horned Owl (Canada) The legs, feet and talons are large and powerful. Tarsal length is 54–80 mm (2.1–3.1 in). [6] The average foot span of a fully spread foot, from talon to talon, is around 20 cm (7.9 in), as compared to 8 cm (3.1 in) in long-eared owls , 13 to 15 cm (5.1 to 5.9 in) in barn owls and 18 cm (7.1 in) in the great grey owl . [4] [17] Great horned owls can apply at least 300 pounds per square inch (PSI) of crushing power in their talons, a PSI considerably greater than the human hand is capable of exerting. In some big females, the gripping power of the great horned owl may be comparable to much larger raptor species such as the golden eagle . [18] The hard, inflexible bill of the great horned owl is 3.3–5.2 cm (1.3–2.0 in) long, although the culmen , the exposed bill portion as measured along the top of the beak, is only 2.1 to 3.3 cm (0.83 to 1.30 in). [19] The outer ear openings, which are concealed by feathers on the sides of the head, are relatively smaller than that of the Eurasian eagle owl, being 2.3 cm (0.91 in) in vertical axis, with the left ear slightly larger than the right. [20] The great horned owl's eyes, just slightly smaller than the eyes of a human being , are large even for an owl and rank proportionately among the largest eyes of all terrestrial vertebrates. [21] They are visually highly adapted for nocturnal hunting and provide a wide, almost completely binocular field of view, a large corneal surface and a predominantly rod retina . [22] Instead of turning its eyes, an owl must turn its whole head and the great horned owl is capable rotating its neck 270 degrees. The iris is yellow, except in the amber-eyed South American great horned owl ( B. v. nacurutu ). Calls [ edit ] The great horned owl's song is normally a low-pitched but loud ho-ho-hoo hoo hoo (or also transcribed as bu-bubu booh , who-hoo-ho-oo or who-ho-o-o, whoo-hoo-o-o, whoo ) and can either last for five to four syllables. [10] One transliteration is You still up? Me too . [23] The call is resonant and has warranted descriptions as varied as “solemn” and “terrifying”. [4] [5] The female's call is higher and rises in pitch at the end of the call. Female vocalizations are higher in pitch because of a smaller syrinx in the larger sex. [24] Calling seems to peak after rather than before midnight. [25] [26] Usually, territorial hooting decreases in February or March at the onset of egg laying. [27] On occasion, this species exhibits “an indescribable assemblage of hoots, chuckles, screeches and squawks, given so rapidly and disconnectedly that the effect is both startling and amusing”. [28] Descriptions of some of these odd sounds including a growling krrooo-ooo note pair, a laughing Whar, whah, wha-a-a-a-ah , a high-pitched ank, ank, ank ; a weak, soft erk, erk , a cat -like meee-owwwwww , a hawk -like note of ke-yah, ke-yah and a nighthawk -like peent . These vocalizations may be variously uttered when the birds are disturbed and angered at the nest (frequently preceding an attack on an interloping human or other animal), represent the vocal development of young owls, or are given during courtship and during territorial disputes with other owls. [5] [10] [29] Young owls still in the care of their parents make loud, persistent hissing or loud, piercing screeching sounds that are often confused with the calls of the barn owl. [6] Species identification [ edit ] Illustrated comparison of a great horned owl, left, to its closest North American cousin, the snowy owl The combination of the species' bulk, prominent ear-tufts and barred plumage distinguishes it through much of the range, but it may be easily confused with the lesser or Magellanic horned owl ( B. magellanicus ), which may overlap in range. [6] The Magellanic horned owl was once considered a subspecies of the great horned, but is now almost universally considered a distinct species, as is supported by genetic materials, with the great horned being the paraspecies . [6] [7] Overall coloration is similar, but the Magellanic is markedly smaller with smaller feet and a smaller head, with finer but more numerous brownish bars on the underside, rather than the blotchy irregular barring typical of great horned owls. [6] Other eagle-owls may superficially be somewhat similar, but the species is generically allopatric with the exception of wintering snowy owls. More tropical species with ear tufts, the stygian owl ( A. stygius ) and striped owl ( Pseudoscops clamator ), are much smaller. [6] Other large owls lack ear tufts [4] Great horned owl perched on the top of a Joshua Tree in the Mojave desert California, USA Taxonomy [ edit ] The great horned owl is part of the genus Bubo , which may include as many as 25 other extant taxa, predominantly distributed throughout Africa. [7] The great horned owl represents one of the one to two radiations of this genus across the Bering Land Bridge to the Americas . Whereas the Magellanic horned owl clearly divided once the owl had spread through the Americas, the consensus seems to be that the snowy owl and the great horned owl divided back in Eurasia and the snowy then spread back over the Arctic through northernmost North America separately from the radiation of the horned owl. [6] [30] It has been proposed that the great horned and Eurasian eagle owls may in fact be conspecifics, based on similarities in life history, geographic distribution and appearance. [4] In one case, a zoo-kept male great horned owl and female Eurasian eagle owl produced an apparently healthy hybrid (although a case of a hybrid between the only distantly related great grey owl hybridized with a great horned owl is also on record). [31] Genetic testing indicates that the snowy, not the Eurasian eagle owl, is the most closely related living species. [6] Pleistocene Era fossils have been found of Bubo owls in North America, which may either be distinct species or paleosubspecies , from as far east as Georgia but predominantly in the Rocky Mountains and to the west of them. [10] [32] Almost all fossils indicate these owls were larger than modern great horned owls. [33] [34] Subspecies [ edit ] Coastal great horned owl ( B. v. saturatus ) at Grouse Mountain ( Vancouver , BC ) South American great horned owl ( B. v. nacurutu ) with its notably dark eyes Northern great horned owl ( B. v. subarcticus ) in Manitoba Californian great horned owl ( B. v. pacificus ) stretching, Bernal Hill Park, San Francisco A large number of subspecies , more than 20 altogether, have been named. However, many of these are not true races and only examples of individual or clinal variation. Subspecies differences are mainly in color and size and generally follow Gloger's and Bergmann's Rules : [10] The most conservative treatments of great horned owl races may describe as few as 10 subspecies, [6] although an intermediate number is typical in most writings. [10] Common/eastern great horned owl, Bubo virginianus virginianus (Gmelin, 1788) Eastern United States eastwards from at least as far west as Minnesota to Texas ; northeastwards in distribution to southern Quebec , southern Ontario , Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island . Resident all-year. [10] The race B. v. mesembrinus from Central America south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , may be merely a southerly leg of this race, as its coloring is almost exactly the same as virginianus , although with rather smaller body size. However, mesembrinus type owls are discontinuous in range, with only paler owls from pallescens and mayensis found in the in-between range before the northern virginianus reappears back up in South Texas . [6] [9] The “nominate race” is a medium-hued form, neither darkly saturated nor strikingly pale. Darker gray or somewhat paler individuals are known. It tends to be richly tinged with rufous and barred distinctly blackish-brown below with rather soft contrast. The feet can range from tawny to buff to creamy and are the legs are typically barred dark to a moderate extent. The facial disc is often a solid cinnamon-red color. This is mid-to-large race, with a wing chord length of 319–371 mm (12.6–14.6 in), averaging 339 mm (13.3 in), in males and 343–388 mm (13.5–15.3 in), averaging 362.8 mm (14.28 in), in females. [6] [15] [35] Unexpectedly, although it is not the longest-winged, the nominate is the heaviest known race as males weigh from 985 to 1,588 g (2.172 to 3.501 lb), averaging 1,318 g (2.906 lb), and females weigh from 1,417 to 2,503 g (3.124 to 5.518 lb), averaging 1,768.5 g (3.899 lb); the prior figures originally from a huge sample around Michigan . In comparison, B. v. subarcticus , though averaging longer in wing length averages somewhat less heavy. [12] [15] On the contrary, in Costa Rica , within the range of the possibly synonymous mesembrinus , great horned owls average approximately 1,000 g (2.2 lb), the lightest average mass reported anywhere for this species. [36] Other standard measurements of this race are a tail length of 190 to 235 mm (7.5 to 9.3 in), a tarsus length of about 56 to 58 mm (2.2 to 2.3 in) and a bill length of 35 to 50 mm (1.4 to 2.0 in). [6] [12] [15] [35] B. v. virginianus also tends to have relatively the longest ear tufts on any race. [7] South American great horned owl , Bubo virginianus nacurutu ( Vieillot , 1817) A lowland form occurring in disjunct populations from eastern Colombia to the Guyanas ; also from Brazil and Uruguay south of the Amazon Basin to Bolivia , the Buenos Aires Province in northern Argentina and western Paraguay ; resident all-year. Includes the proposed subspecies scotinus , elutus , and deserti . [10] [37] [38] The status of this form, especially the relationships between the scattered subpopulations and with ssp. nigrescens and the Magellanic horned owl, deserves more study. Dull, earthy brownish color is typical; birds from the semiarid interior of Brazil often have much white on uppertail- and ear-coverts against a dull gray background (sometimes separated as deserti ). This race is less fuscous than nigrescens . It is the only subspecies where the iris is amber, not yellow. The Magellanic horned owl, while somewhat similar in coloring, has yellow eyes like other horned owls, not amber eyes. B. v. nacurutu is a medium-sized race, smaller than most in North America but not as small as some of the Mexican races. The wing chord length is 330–354 mm (13.0–13.9 in) in males and 340–376 mm (13.4–14.8 in) in females. The tail in both sexes can range from 184 to 217 mm (7.2 to 8.5 in). Only three birds have had published weights, two males scaling 1,011 and 1,132 g (2.229 and 2.496 lb) and one female weighing 1,050 g (2.31 lb). The most notable feature of this race is its large bill, at 43 to 52 mm (1.7 to 2.0 in), which is the biggest of any horned owl race despite the otherwise moderate size of B. v. nacurutu . [7] [10] [37] Northern/subarctic great horned owl, Bubo virginianus subarcticus (Hoy, 1852) Breeding range from Mackenzie, British Columbia region east to the southern Hudson Bay ; southern limit unclear but at least reaches to Montana and North Dakota . Non-breeding birds are regularly found south to latitude 45°S , i.e. Wyoming or South Dakota , occasionally ranging beyond this limit especially in years with low prey in the north. This race includes the birds described as occidentalis (based on a wintering individual, as was the original subarcticus ) and sclariventris . [39] The older name wapacuthu was occasionally used for this subspecies, but it cannot with certainty be assigned to a recognizable taxon and is thus considered a nomen dubium . [40] The population described as algistus is probably based on wandering individuals and/or various intergrades of subarcticus with other races. [10] [41] This is the palest form of horned owl, with the ground color essentially whitish with a faint buff tinge above; black underside barring variable from indistinct to pronounced, being most often prominent on the upper chest amongst otherwise pale plumage. This race shows no little to no reddish coloration. B. v. subarcticus shows a very high degree of clinal variation, ranging from in the Contiguous United States where owls are often medium-grayish and more heavily marked to the Subarctic zone in Canada where very pale birds with almost non-existent markings are prominent. Very pale birds are similar to a young female snowy owl from a distance. In this race, the feet range from immaculate white to buff, with little or no mottling. [6] [10] In the west of Canada, subarcticus may hybridize with the dark saturatus and may do the same with this similarly dark heterocnemis in the east. In both cases, they may produce intermediate looking hybrids of reddish tone, like a virginianus but with sharper contrasting of colors. [42] This is one of the largest-bodied subspecies. [43] The wing chord length is 323–372 mm (12.7–14.6 in), averaging 346.7 mm (13.65 in), in males and 339–390 mm (13.3–15.4 in), averaging 362.5 mm (14.27 in), in females. Body mass ranges from 865 to 1,460 g (1.907 to 3.219 lb), averaging 1,196.5 g (2.638 lb), in males and from 1,112 to 2,046 g (2.452 to 4.511 lb), averaging 1,556 g (3.430 lb), in females. Tail length is 200 to 225 mm (7.9 to 8.9 in) and 220 to 240 mm (8.7 to 9.4 in) in males and females, respectively. Bill length is 35 to 43 mm (1.4 to 1.7 in) in both and one bird had a tarsus of 66 mm (2.6 in). [4] [8] [13] [15] [44] [45] Californian great horned owl, Bubo virginianus pacificus ( Cassin , 1854) Central and southern California west of the Sierra Nevada except San Joaquin Valley , south to Northwestern Baja California , Mexico . Intergrades with pallescens in San Diego County , California (see also below). Resident all-year. [10] Very rich brown, dark underside barring distinct but less pronounced than in saturatus but more pronounced than in pallescens . Humeral area is black. Feet are mottled dark. The facial disc is often even darkly mottled. [10] This is a fairly small-bodied race, in fact including the lightest wild great horned owl adult ever weighed. The wing chord length is 305–362 mm (12.0–14.3 in), averaging 332.5 mm (13.09 in), in males and 335–375 mm (13.2–14.8 in), averaging 351.4 mm (13.83 in), in females. Body mass ranges from 680 to 1,272 g (1.499 to 2.804 lb), averaging 991.7 g (2.186 lb), in males and from 825 to 1,668 g (1.819 to 3.677 lb), averaging 1,312.7 g (2.894 lb), in females. Tail length is 175 to 218 mm (6.9 to 8.6 in) and 203 to 230 mm (8.0 to 9.1 in) in males and females, respectively. Bill length is 34 to 41 mm (1.3 to 1.6 in) and one bird had a tarsus of 57 mm (2.2 in). [4] [8] [13] [15] Coastal great horned owl, Bubo virginianus saturatus ( Ridgway , 1877) Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska to northern California. Includes the previously described form of B. v. leucomelas . The often recognized race B. v. lagophonus , is often now considered a mere clinal variation of the same race from interior Alaska to Oregon , the Snake River , and northwestern Montana . [10] [42] These forms may be reported in winter as far south as Colorado and Texas , but these are in times of irruption . [38] A dark and overall brownish form with heavily barred and mottled underside, with a dull tawny base. Inland birds ( lagophonus ) tend to have a more grayish base, the coastal owls being more richly brown. Otherwise, inland and coastal owls are practically the same. The facial disc can range from gray to reddish-gray to dark rufous. The feet are fairly dusky gray typically, although some buff-footed individuals are known, and legs are more prominently barred with black than in other North American races. [6] [10] This is a large race going on linear measurements, which in Alaskan owls outmatch those of all other races but for heterocnemis in Ontario (which may itself be a discontinuous eastern wing of this race). The wing chord length is 330–370 mm (13–15 in), averaging 348.3 mm (13.71 in), in males and 339–400 mm (13.3–15.7 in), averaging 374.7 mm (14.75 in), in females. Tail length is 191 to 245 mm (7.5 to 9.6 in) and 196 to 252 mm (7.7 to 9.9 in) in males and females. In both sexes, known bill and tarsal lengths are 35 to 44 mm (1.4 to 1.7 in) and 62 to 70 mm (2.4 to 2.8 in). No weights are known to have been published. [4] [8] [13] [15] North Andean great horned owl, Bubo virginianus nigrescens ( Berlepsch , 1884) Andes ; arid temperate and puna zones from Colombia to northwestern Peru . Resident all-year round. Presumably synonymous with the described columbianus . [6] A dark, cold gray-brown form with heavy fuscous blotching. Arguably this is the darkest colored race on average, though it could be rivaled by individuals from saturatus and elachistus . This race has only minimally the rufous tinge seen in other darkish races, although some nigrescens may have a cinnamon facial disc. [6] The largest winged race of owl in South America, this owl has a wing chord length of 345–365 mm (13.6–14.4 in) in males and 350–382 mm (13.8–15.0 in) in females. The tail in both sexes can range from 185 to 217 mm (7.3 to 8.5 in). Bill length is 40 to 50 mm (1.6 to 2.0 in), again relatively long as in nacurutu and one bird had a tarsal length of 80 mm (3.1 in), indicating relatively long legs in the race. No published weights are known. [4] [37] Apparently, despite its sizeable wing area, nigrescens is notably smaller overall when specimens are compared side-by-side with those from saturatus . [6] Desert great horned owl, Bubo virginianus pallescens (Stone, 1897) San Joaquin Valley southeastwards through arid regions of southeastern California and southern Utah eastwards to western Kansas and southwards to Guerrero and western Veracruz in Mexico ; intergrades with pacificus in San Diego County , if not elswhere; vagrant individuals of saturatus and the Rocky Mountains population, which look similar to intergrades, also seem to occur in its range. Resident all-year. [10] This race is likely synonymous with melanocercus . [6] A pale dusky buff form with indistinct barring, especially on the underside. Darker individuals tend to have a deeper fulvous base to their upper sides. Humeral area is umber in color and the feathers of the feet are white and usually unmarked. [6] A small race, it averages slightly larger in wing length than pacificus but weighs less on average. The wing chord length is 318–367 mm (12.5–14.4 in), averaging 337.2 mm (13.28 in), in males and 332–381 mm (13.1–15.0 in), averaging 348.9 mm (13.74 in), in females. Body mass ranges from 724 to 1,257 g (1.596 to 2.771 lb), averaging 914.2 g (2.015 lb), in males and from 801 to 1,550 g (1.766 to 3.417 lb), averaging 1,142.2 g (2.518 lb), in females. In both sexes, tail length is 190 to 235 mm (7.5 to 9.3 in) and bill length is 33 to 43 mm (1.3 to 1.7 in). [4] [8] [13] [15] Yucatán great horned owl, Bubo virginianus mayensis ( Nelson , 1901) Endemic to the southern two-thirds of the Yucatán Peninsula . Resident all-year. A medium-pale form, fairly similar to pallescens in both hue and ventral markings. Going on linear measurements, B. v. mayensis is smaller than all North American horned owls, even the smallish pallescens , and is only slightly larger at median than the following race. [4] This race has wing chord and tail lengths of 297–340 mm (11.7–13.4 in) and 180 to 198 mm (7.1 to 7.8 in) in males and 303–357 mm (11.9–14.1 in) and 199 to 210 mm (7.8 to 8.3 in) in females. In both sexes, the bill length is 39 to 41 mm (1.5 to 1.6 in) and tarsal length is 54 to 65 mm (2.1 to 2.6 in). [9] Baja California great horned owl, Bubo virginianus elachistus ( Brewster , 1902) Southern Baja California , Mexico . Resident all-year. Similar in color to pacificus but even darker and more heavily barred, like a miniaturized saturatus . It is considerably (5–10%) smaller than pacificus linearly; some size overlap does occur though. On average, it is the smallest known subspecies. Males have a wing chord length of 305 to 335 mm (12.0 to 13.2 in), tail length of 175 to 206 mm (6.9 to 8.1 in) and bill length of 33 to 38 mm (1.3 to 1.5 in). A single female had a wing chord of 330 mm (13 in) and tail of 211 mm (8.3 in). [6] [9] Northeastern great horned owl, Bubo virginianus heterocnemis (Oberholser, 1904) Breeds in eastern Canada (northern Quebec , Labrador , Newfoundland ). It southern breeding range seems to be delineated by the Saint Lawrence River . [42] In winter, this race may disperses southwards throughout Ontario to as far as the Northeastern United States . This subspecies may be synonymous with saturatus , although it is distributed far to the east of that race. B. v. heterocnemis is surrounded by the much paler subarcticus to its west and quite differently marked virginianus to its south, the latter two overlap and possibly hybridize in some of the northeast. [38] A fairly dark and grey, heavily barred form. Feet pale with dusky mottling. Going on median reported linear measurements (since body mass is unknown), this is the largest bodied subspecies on average. Males have a wing chord length of 350 to 365 mm (13.8 to 14.4 in) and females range from 370 to 390 mm (15 to 15 in). In both sexes, the tail is 220 to 250 mm (8.7 to 9.8 in) and the bill is 38 to 48 mm (1.5 to 1.9 in). [4] [10] [42] Rocky Mountains great horned owl, Bubo virginianus pinorum (Dickerman & Johnson, 2008) The Rocky Mountains population breeds south of the Snake River in Idaho south to Arizona , New Mexico , and the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas . Westwards, it is presumed to occur to the Modoc Plateau and Mono Lake of California. This race was included in the presumed subspecies occidentalis , but recently first described and named as distinct subspecies and make up the missing piece in the once muddled distribution of great horned owls in the West and Rockies. Downslope movements into valleys occupied by pallescens might occur, but this needs study. A medium gray form, intermediate in coloring between saturatus and pallescens . Moderately barred and tinged buff or ochraceous on the underside. Feet mottled. This is a largish race, wing chord lengths being inexplicably greater in males, at 350 to 397 mm (13.8 to 15.6 in), than in females, at 327 to 367 mm (12.9 to 14.4 in). Tail length can range from 190 to 233 mm (7.5 to 9.2 in) and a female weighed 1,246 g (2.747 lb). [10] [46] Distribution and habitat [ edit ] Close eyes The breeding habitat of the great horned owl extends high into the subarctic of North America, where they are found up to the northwestern and southern Mackenzie Mountains , Keewatin, Ontario , northern Manitoba , Fort Chimo in Ungava , Okak, Newfoundland and Labrador , Anticosti Island and Prince Edward Island . They are distributed throughout most of North and very spottily in Central America and then down into South America south to upland regions of Argentina , Bolivia and Peru , before they give way to the Magellanic horned owl, which thence ranges all the way to Tierra del Fuego , the southern tip of the continent. It is absent or rare from southern Guatemala , El Salvador , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica to Panama (where only two records) in Central America and the mangrove forests of northwestern South America. The species is also absent from the West Indies , the Queen Charlotte Islands and almost all off-shore islands in the Americas, its ability to colonize islands apparently being considerably less than those of barn owls and short-eared owls . [4] [36] [38] [47] [48] Since the division into two species, the great horned owl is the second most widely distributed owl in the Americas, just after the barn owl. [6] The great horned owl is among the world's most adaptable owls or even bird species in terms of habitat. The great horned owl can take up residence in trees that border all manner of deciduous , coniferous , and mixed forests, tropical rainforests , pampas , prairie , mountainous areas, deserts , subarctic tundra , rocky coasts, mangrove swamp forests, and some urban areas . [6] It is less common in the more extreme areas of the Americas. In the Mojave and Sonora Deserts , they are absent from the heart of the deserts and are only found on the vegetated or rocky fringes. Even in North America, they are rare in landscapes including more than 70% old-growth forest, such as the aspen forest of the Rockies. [10] [49] They have only been recorded a handful of times in true rainforests such as the Amazon rainforest . [4] In the Appalachian Mountains , they appear to use old-growth forest [50] but in Arkansas are actually often found near temporary agricultural openings in the midst of large areas of woodland. [51] Similarly in south-central Pennsylvania , the owls uses cropland and pasture more than deciduous and total forest cover, indicating preference for fragmented landscapes. [52] In prairies, grasslands and deserts, they can successfully live year around as long as there are rocky canyon, steep gullies and/or wooded coulees with shade-giving trees to provide them shelter and nesting sites. [4] [53] In mountainous areas of North America, they are usually absent above the tree line , but great horned owls can be found up to 2,100 m (6,900 ft) in California and 3,300 m (10,800 ft) in the Rockies. [4] [54] In the Andean Mountains, on the other hand, they have adapted to being true montane species, often found at least 3,300 m (10,800 ft) above sea level and are regularly recorded in treeless Puna grassland zones at 4,100 to 4,500 m (13,500 to 14,800 ft) in Ecuador and Peru . [55] They are generally rare in non-tidal wetland habitat, [56] and are replaced in the high Arctic tundra by snowy owls. [6] It prefers areas where open habitats, which it often hunts in, and woods, where it tends to roost and nest, are juxtaposed. [26] [57] [58] Thus lightly populated rural regions can be ideal. This species can occasionally be found in urban or suburban areas. However, it seems to prefer areas with less human activity and is most likely to be found in park-like settings in such developed areas, unlike eastern and western screech owls ( Megascops asio & M. kennicottii ) which may regularly occur in busy suburban settings. On the contrary, though, one nest (a large squirrel nest) was reported in a tree in the middle of a college campus, under which no fewer than 3,000-4,000 people passed directly each day. [59] All mated great horned owls are permanent residents of their territories, but unmated and younger birds move freely in search of company and a territory, and leave regions with little food in winter. [6] Behavior [ edit ] Composite photo of great horned owl flight phases Great horned owls are typically sluggish and passive but aware during daytime. In most aspects of their behavior, great horned owls are typical of owls and most birds of prey. From experimentally raising young owls in captivity, Paul L. Errington felt that they were a bird of “essentially low intelligence” who could only hunt when partially wild and instinctually driven by hunger to hunt whatever they first encounter. He showed captive birds that were provided strips of meat from hatching, rather than having to hunt or to simulate hunting to obtain food, had no capacity to hunt. [60] On the contrary, William J. Baerg compared his captive raised behaviorally great horned owls to parrots , which are famously intelligent birds, although not as often playful “it knows its keeper and usually accepts whatever he wishes to do with a good deal of tolerance”. [61] Arthur C. Bent also noted the variability in temperaments of great horned owls to their handlers, some generally pleasant, though most are eventually aggressive. [5] Most captive specimens, once mature, seem to resent attempts at contact and are often given to attacking their keepers. They will only follow cues when conditioned from an early age but rarely with the same level of success seen in some diurnal birds of prey trained for falconry or entertainment, although this does not necessarily correlate with intelligence as posited by Errington. [60] [61] Carl D. Marti also disagrees with Errington's assessments, noting that their prey selection is not as “completely random as Errington suggested”; while “Great Horned Owls appeared to select their mammalian prey in general relation to the prey populations... Cottontails , appeared to be selected as prey out of relation to their population status.” [17] Like most owls, the great horned owl makes great use of secrecy and stealth. Due to its natural-colored plumage, it is well camouflaged both while active at night and while roosting during the day. During the daytime it roosts usually in large trees (including snags & large hollows but usually thick branches) but may occasionally be in crevices or small caves in rocks or in dense shrubbery. Pine and other coniferous trees may be preferred where available since they are particularly dense and provide cover throughout the year. Typically, males have a favorite roosting site not far from the nest, sometimes used over successive years. [2] While roosting, great horned owls may rest in the “tall-thin” position, where they sit as erect and hold themselves as slim as is possible. The kind of posture is well known as a further method of camouflage for other owls, like long-eared owls or great grey owls, especially if humans or other potential mammalian carnivores approach them. The Eurasian eagle owl rarely, if ever, assumes the tall-thin position. [62] Outside of the nesting season, great horned owls may roost wherever their foraging path ends at dawn. [29] Generally great horned owls are active at night, although in some areas may be active in the late afternoon or early morning. At dusk, the owl utters a few calls before flying to a more open sing-post, i.e. large bare branch or large rocks to deliver song. Normally several perches are used to mark occupied territory or to attract a female. [6] Despite its camouflage and cryptic locations, this species can still sometimes be spotted on its daytime roosts, especially by American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ). Since owls are, next to red-tailed hawks , perhaps the main predator of crows and their young, crows sometimes congregate from considerable distances to mob owls and caw angrily at them for hours on end. When the owls try to fly off to avoid this harassment, they are often followed by the corvids. [63] Territoriality and movements [ edit ] Typically, great horned owls are highly sedentary, often capable of utilizing a single territory throughout their mature lives. [64] Although some species such as snowy owls, northern saw-whet owls , long-eared and short-eared owls are true migrants, most North American owls are not migratory and will generally show fidelity to a single territory year around. [4] In great horned owls, mated pairs occupy territories year-round and long-term. Territories are established and maintained through hooting, with highest activity before egg-laying and second peak in autumn when juveniles disperse, and can range from an average of 16 km 2 (6.2 sq mi) in Yukon to an average of 2.1 km 2 (0.81 sq mi) in Wyoming . [12] [29] Most territorial defense is performed by males, but females frequently assist their partners in hooting contests with neighbors or intruders, even during incubation. [10] On occasion, although territory borders may be successfully maintained via vocalizations alone without even seeing the competing owl, such confrontations may turn physical, with various levels of threats distinguished. The highest threat level involves the spreading of wings, bill-clapping, hissing, higher-pitched screams of longer duration, with general body poised to strike with its feet at intruder. If the intruder continues to press the confrontation, the defending owl will “hop” forward and strike it with feet, attempting to grasp and rake with claws. [10] Territoriality appears to place a limit on the number of breeding pairs in a given area. Individuals prevented from establishing a territory live a silent existence as “floaters”. Radio-telemetry revealed that such floaters concentrate along boundaries of established territories. At Kluane in Yukon , incursions into neighboring territories were observed only twice—by females when neighboring female had died or emigrated, suggesting that territorial defense may be sex specific. At least four dead great horned owls in Kluane were apparently killed by others of their own species in territorial conflicts. [29] Owls killed by other horned owls are sometimes cannibalized, although the origin of the killing may have been territorial aggression. [65] Northern populations occasionally erupt south during times of food shortage, [66] but there is no annual migration even at the northern limits of the great horned owl's range. [29] Hunting behavior [ edit ] Closeup of great horned owl toes and talons Hunting activity tends to peak between 8:30 pm and 12:00 am at night and then can pick back up from 4:30 am to sunrise. [67] Hunting activity tends to be most prolonged during winter by virtue of prey being more scarce. [68] Those owls seen hunting by day over the dazzling light of snowbound fields were probably motivated to do so by great hunger. [69] However, apparently great horned owls can learn to target certain prey during daylight in the afternoon when it is more vulnerable, such as eastern fox squirrels ( Sciurus niger ) while they're building their leaf nests and chuckawallas ( Sauromalus ater ) apparently caught lazily sunning themselves on desert rocks. [70] [71] Owls hunt mainly by watching from a snag, pole or other high perch. During hunting forays, they often fly about 50 to 100 m (160 to 330 ft) from perch to perch, stopping to survey for food at each, until they sense a prey item below. From such vantage points, owls dive down to the ground, often with wings folded, to ambush their prey. [6] Effective maximum hunting distance of an owl from an elevated perch is 90 m (300 ft). [27] Due to their short but broad wings, great horned owls are ideally suited for low speed and maneuverability. [16] Despite reports that they do not hunt on the wing, [72] they also sometimes hunt by flying low over openings on the ground, scanning below for prey activity. [6] Great horned owls can fly at speeds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph) in level flight. [4] Hunting flights are slow, often quartering low above the ground where prey is likely to occur in open country or open woodland. Brief hovering flight (for about 6–18 seconds) have been described, especially in windy areas. [73] On occasion owls may actually walk on the ground in pursuit of small prey or, rarely, inside a chicken coop to prey on the fowl within. [11] Rodents and invertebrates may be caught on foot around the base of bushes, through grassy areas, and near culverts and other human structures in range and farm habitat. [10] The great horned owl is generally a poor walker on the ground; it walks like a starling , with a pronounced side-to-side gait. They have even been known to wade into shallow water for aquatic prey, although this has been only rarely reported. [10] Owls can snatch birds and some arboreal mammals directly from tree branches in a glide as well. The stiff feathering of their wings allows owls to produce minimal sound in flight while hunting. [3] [6] [11] Almost all prey are killed by crushing with the owl's feet or by incidentally stabbing of the talons, often instantly, though some may be bitten about the face as well. Prey is swallowed whole when possible. When prey is swallowed whole, owls regurgitate pellets of bone and other non-digestible bits about 6 to 10 hours later, usually in the same location where the prey was consumed. [6] Great horned owl pellets are dark gray or brown in color and very large, 7.6 to 10.2 cm (3.0 to 4.0 in) long and 3.8 cm (1.5 in) thick, and have been known to contain skulls up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in width inside them. [11] However, not all prey can be swallowed at once, and owls will also fly with prey to a perch and tear off pieces with their bill. Most dietary studies correctly focus on pellets found under perches and around nests, since they provide a more complete picture of the diversity of prey consumed, but prey remains outside of pellets may provide clues to prey excluded from the pellets and a combination of both is recommended. [4] [74] [75] Many large prey items are dismembered. A signature method when dealing with large prey for the great horned owl is to behead the victims before it takes to its nest or eating perch. In a study conducted in Kansas , out of 28 kills, 60% of prey items were found to have been decapitated. [76] The legs may also be removed, as may (in some bird prey) the wings. The great horned owl will also crush the bones of its prey to make it more compact for carrying. [77] On occasion, the owls may return to the kill site to continue eating if the prey is too heavy to fly with even after dismemberment. [5] Many owls will accrue a cache of prey, especially those who are nesting. Caches must be at a safe location, usually the crotch of a tall tree. In northern regions, where large prey is prevalent, an owl may let uneaten food freeze and then thaw it out later using its own body heat. [7] Occasionally, the cached food may become rotten and is disregarded, most especially in times of plenty. [4] In one extraordinary case, 113 brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) carcasses were found around a single owl roost, and all of the rats were relatively intact except that their skull had been cleaved open and their brains had been removed. [5] Hunting success seems to require fairly open understory, and experimental testing of microhabitat proved that open areas provided more hunting success on five species of rodent, with cloudy nights and denser bush foliage both decreasing success. [78] Prey and trophic ecology [ edit ] Painting by Louis Agassiz Fuertes depicting a great horned owl with one of its primary prey species, a snowshoe hare Prey can vary greatly based on opportunity. According to one author, \"Almost any living creature that walks, crawls, flies, or swims, except the large mammals, is the great horned owl's legitimate prey\". [18] In fact, the great horned owl has the most diverse prey profile of any raptor in the Americas. [4] Although some other owls may contain more prey diversity in their nests like the northern pygmy owl ( Glaucidium gnoma ) and barred owl per individual studies, as well as some diurnal raptors, due to its wide distribution, habitat adaptability, indiscriminate hunting and great size and power, the great horned owl easily outmatches other American raptorial birds in overall prey diversity. [79] All told, over 500 species have been identified as great horned owl prey, with dozens more identified only to genus or general type (especially numerous invertebrates ) and presumably several more unknown from their relatively little-studied populations in the neotropics . Mammals (more than 200 species) and, considerably secondarily in general, birds (nearly 300 species) make up the majority of their diet. [4] [74] When summarized, their diet in North America is made up of 87.6% mammals, 6.1% birds, 1.6% reptiles and amphibians with the remaining 4.7% being made up by insects, other assorted invertebrates and fish . [4] Estimated mass of individual prey for the owls has ranged from as little as 0.4 g (0.014 oz) to as much as 6.8 kg (15 lb) [79] [80] Estimated mean weight of prey items found at nests and routine perches in various studies has ranged from 22.9 g (0.81 oz) in one study from Washington , where the primary prey was Perognathus , to 610.4 g (1.346 lb) in the Upper Midwest , where the primary prey was Sylvilagus . [81] [82] West of the Rocky Mountains , the biometric mean prey is typically under 90 g (3.2 oz), i.e. 22.9 to 90 g (0.81 to 3.17 oz), i.e. in Washington , California and Idaho , and over 90 g (3.2 oz) at most points to the east and north of the Rockies in North America. [10] [17] [82] [83] Most prey is the range of 4 g (0.14 oz) ( shrews ) to 2,300 g (5.1 lb) ( jackrabbits ). [79] [84] A single owl requires about 50 to 100 g (1.8 to 3.5 oz) of food per day and can subsist on a large kill over several days. [85] Despite the great diversity of prey taken by these predators, in most of the Continental United States from the East to the Midwest as well as Canada and Alaska , great horned owls largely live off just a handful of prey species: three species of lagomorph : the eastern cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus ), the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ) and the black-tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus ); two species of New World mice : the white-footed mouse and the North American deermouse ( Peromyscus leucopus & maniculatus ), approximately three species of vole : the meadow , prairie and woodland voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus, ochrogaster & pinetorum ) and one introduced pest, the brown rat. [10] [74] [79] Rodents [ edit ] A surprisingly large portion of the great horned owl's food consists of small rodents, such as white-footed mice . Throughout the range, small rodents form the great majority of great horned owl prey by number. Weighing a mere 14 to 31.5 g (0.49 to 1.11 oz) and 20 to 58 g (0.71 to 2.05 oz) on average, the nine species of New World mice in Peromyscus and eight species voles in Microtus recorded in the diet would appear to be overly small to be as important as they are to a predatory bird of this size. The prominence of these genera is undoubtedly due to the abundance of both genera in the wooded edge habitats frequented by great horned owls. It is estimated that a family of owls with two offspring would need to take about a half dozen (voles) to a dozen (mice) of these rodents every night to satisfy their dietary requirements but apparently the accessibility and abundance of these foods is irresistible as their numeric dominance is indisputable. [12] [74] In 14 studies accumulated for comparison from across North America, Microtus and Peromyscus were each the most numerous prey in 5 of the studies (together 10 out of 14). [79] [83] By winter in areas that hold heavy snow, Peromyscus mice often come to outnumber the voles in the diet since the mice tend to travel over the surface of the snow while the voles make tunnels underneath the snow. [12] Other owls, most notably the great grey owl, habitually crash into the surface of the snow to access voles in their tunnels, a habit only rarely recorded in great horned owls presumably due to its less refined hearing. [6] [10] Notably, the house mouse ( Mus musculus ), of about as the same size as the Peromyscus ssp., although taken readily when available, is a relatively minor aspect of the diet as they tend to live much closer to human development than the owls do. Brown rats, despite a similar association with humans and their habitat alterations, also occasionally settle along the fringes of farm fields and meadows and hold much more dietary significance than the house mouse, i.e. the rats were seven times more abundant in pellets from the Upper Midwest . [4] [74] In fact, a healthy family of great horned owls can decimate a colony of field rats, thus potentially performing a key role in controlling a highly destructive pest. [74] In 2134 pellets collected from 17 counties in Pennsylvania , the brown rat was the most common prey species by number, making up to 24%. [86] Great horned owls living in the timbered fringes of garbage or refuse dumps may subsist mostly on rats. [7] In the Rockies , California, the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico , the diversity of this species' diet rises, in sync with the diversity of rodents. Especially important, from Colorado to Washington State is the northern pocket gopher ( Thomomys talpoides ), although assorted other pocket gophers ( Geomys , Cratogeomys , Zygogeomys , Pappogeomys and other Thomomys ssp.) are readily taken. While the northern weighs from 90 to 120 g (3.2 to 4.2 oz), other pocket gophers hunted average from 95 to 545 g (0.209 to 1.202 lb) in mass. When hunting pocket gophers, as compared to the long-eared owl and barn owl, the great horned owl hunted the largest specimens available, while the other two mainly took smaller (predominately younger) gophers. [87] From Washington to Baja California a very important food is the pocket mice , primarily the Great Basin pocket mouse ( Perognathus parvus ). While the Great Basin species is a relative giant at 22 g (0.78 oz), other hunted pocket mice (which may include both Perognathus and Chaetodipus ssp.) can average nearly as light as 8 g (0.28 oz). In East Texas , the 159 g (5.6 oz) hispid cotton rat ( Sigmodon hispidus ) is the most commonly recorded prey species. [88] The same species constituted 75% by number of a small sampling in Oklahoma . [89] In semi-desert and other arid habitats, kangaroo rats become increasingly important prey, ten species have been reported in the diet but most prominently the Ord's and Merriam's kangaroo rats ( Dipodomys ordii & merriami ), both being widespread, numerous and relatively diminutive (at 42 and 48 g (1.5 and 1.7 oz). Eight known larger species of kangaroo rats, including the giant kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ingens ) averaging at 152 g (5.4 oz), are also taken. [90] [91] [92] The squirrels , including ground squirrels , marmots ( Marmota ), prairie dogs ( Cynomys ), chipmunks and tree squirrels , are diurnal and so are largely unavailable to great horned owls as prey. Occasionally though, one will be caught from their leaf nest, nest hole or burrow entrance first thing in the morning or in the late afternoon and, amazingly, approximately 35 species have been successfully predated by these owls. In general larger sized than other rodent families, the species hunting range from the 62 g (2.2 oz) gray-collared chipmunk ( Tamias cinereicollis ) to the 5,775 g (12.732 lb) hoary marmot ( Marmota caligata ); thus, squirrels can be provide a very fulfilling meal. [5] [10] [93] An even larger rodent is sometimes attacked as prey by great horned owls, the North American porcupine ( Erethizon dorsatum ), in which average adults range from 4,500 to 9,000 g (9.9 to 19.8 lb). This has been determined from owls who have porcupine quills imbedded in them, sometimes resulting in death. [5] [94] On occasion, they are successful in killing porcupine, even adults as determined by the size of the quills left behind and prey remains at bloodied kill sites. [85] [95] [96] Other rodents recorded as secondary prey in North America include flying squirrels ( Glaucomys ssp.), the golden mouse ( Ochrotomys nuttalli ), red-backed voles & bog lemmings ( Myodes & Synaptomys ssp.), the muskrat ( Ondatra zibethicus ), the northern grasshopper mouse ( Onychomys leucogaster ), the northern pygmy mouse ( Baiomys taylori ) and jumping mice ( Zapus & Napaeozapus ssp.). [5] [10] Lagomorphs [ edit ] Black-tailed jackrabbits are an important food source for western great horned owls. Although generally no match for rodents in sheer quantity of individuals, in terms of prey biomass, the most significant prey of North American great horned owls are hares and rabbits . Altogether, about a dozen lagomorphs species are known to be hunted by the owl, from the relatively tiny 420 g (0.93 lb) pygmy rabbit to several hares weighing more than 2,000 g (4.4 lb). Two hare species, the black-tailed jackrabbit and snowshoe hare, are so important to the owls as a food source that the local owl populations sharply rise and fall in sync with the hares' cyclical population trends. With adult weights of 800 to 1,900 g (1.8 to 4.2 lb) in adult cottontails, 900 to 2,000 g (2.0 to 4.4 lb) in snowshoe hares and 1,400 to 2,700 g (3.1 to 6.0 lb) in black-tailed jackrabbits, these species are overall the largest regular prey for this species. [4] In Utah , where great horned owls are dependent on the jackrabbits, average brood size rose from 2 at jackrabbit population lows to 3.3 when the jackrabbits were at their peak. At the peak of population cycle, jackrabbits accounted for 90.2% and desert cottontails ( Sylvilagus audubonii ) for another 8.7% of prey biomass. [67] [97] In the short-grass prairie of Colorado , mountain cottontail ( Sylvilagus nuttallii ) and black-tailed jackrabbits predominated in October to December, making up 42.9% by number (and nearly all the biomass), thence dropping to 9.3% by number in April, while voles rose to 32.2% peak in May, down to a minimum of 10.2% by number in June. [4] Further north in Colorado, in the absence of jackrabbits, the mountain cottontails falls to third place by number (12.9%) behind the northern pocket gopher (36.5%) and prairie vole (24.7%) but still dominates the biomass, making up about half. [98] In central Utah , the lagomorphs (black-tailed jackrabbit/desert cottontail) and Ord's kangaroo rat each made up 39% of the food by number, respectively. [67] The mountain cottontail dominates the biomass of prey in the Sierran foothills of California, making up 61.1% of the biomass, although are numerically secondary to desert woodrat. [90] Remarkably, in the Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area of Idaho , individual rodents (1159 counted) were more than 10 times more numerous than lagomorphs (114 counted) by quantity and yet the jackrabbit and mountain cottontail still made up approximately half of the biomass. [99] The dependence on lagomorphs also extends into Mexico , as in Baja California about a quarter of identified prey was black-tailed jackrabbit and either desert or the larger Mexican cottontail ( Sylvilagus cunicularius ). [100] In the northern boreal forest , great horned owls are even more dependent on the snowshoe hare. At the peak of the 10 year hare cycle, snowshoe hares were by far the largest component of both summer and winter diets (77–81% and 90–99%, respectively, in Alberta ; 83–86% and 75–98%, respectively, in Yukon ). At the lowest point of the hare's cycle, summer diets consisted of only 0–16% snowshoe hare in Alberta and 12.7% in Yukon. When hares were scarce, great horned owls in these regions fed mostly on large rodents , mice and voles, grouse and ducks . Because fewer of these alternative prey species are available in boreal forest during winter, owls had to emigrate or suffer high mortalities if they stayed. [101] [102] In Alberta , the local population of great horned owls can increase threefold from hare population lows to peaks. [103] The dependency on the snowshoe hare by the great horned owl extends into Alaska as well. [104] Other mammals [ edit ] Other mammals are taken readily as well. From both the tropics and the United States, several species of opossum may be taken, down to the size of the tiny dwarf fat-tailed mouse opossum ( Thylamys velutinus ). In Brazil , white-eared opossum ( Didelphis albiventris ) were found in 12% of pellets, but all specimens appeared to be juveniles each weighing about 1,000 g (2.2 lb). [105] Quite differently, in Pennsylvania , Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginianus ) made up 6% by number of prey but due to their large size (approximately 2,500 g (5.5 lb)) and that all specimens were adults, they occupied the highest percentage of biomass of any species in a wide study from that state. [86] At least eight species of shrews are taken by opportunity and make up the smallest mammalian prey taken by great horned owls, as specimens of least shrew ( Cryptotis parva ) or masked shrew ( Sorex cinereus ) have had an estimated weight of only 2 g (0.071 oz). [79] One of the more regularly taken shrews, though, is the larger 19.5 g (0.69 oz) northern short-tailed shrew ( Blarina brevicauda ), which was represented in more than 2% of pellets in the Upper Midwest . [74] Moles , of at least four or five species, are also widely but lightly reported as prey. [74] [79] Remnants of armadillo , presumably nine-banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ), have been found around owl nests in the south. [5] 11 species of bat are known to be hunted by great horned owls. [4] [106] [107] [108] One pellet in Texas was found to be composed entirely of Mexican free-tailed bats ( Tadarida brasiliensis ). [109] Smaller species of mammalian carnivore , such as ringtail ( Bassariscus astutus ), American mink ( Neovison vison ), black-footed ferret ( Mustela nigripes ) and various other small weasels ( Mustela ssp.), are sometimes taken as prey. [5] [10] [110] [111] Prey in the form of canids , like foxes or coyotes ( Canis latrans ) are often juveniles presumably snatched from the mouths of dens by night. [5] [10] [112] [113] [114] Kit and swift foxes of up to adult size may taken. [85] [115] [116] Surprisingly, at least two cases of a great horned owl preying on an adult raccoon ( Procyon lotor ) have been reported. [117] [118] One instance of an owl taking a bobcat ( Lynx rufus ) as prey was also reportedly observed. [85] In one case, a great horned owl was the likely killer of an adult female fisher ( Martes pennanti ), though young ones are typically taken. [119] Occasionally, domestic carnivores are also prey. A few cases of young or small dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ) [120] [121] and several of juvenile and adult cats ( Felis silvestris catus ) [122] [123] [124] being killed by great horned owls have been reported. [5] [114] The most infamous predatory association amongst relatively larger carnivores is that with skunks. Due to their poor sense of smell, great horned owls are the only predators to routinely attack these bold mammals with impunity. All six skunk species found in North America are reported as prey, including adult striped skunks ( Mephitis mephitis ), which is some case at least three times as heavy as the attacking owl. [5] [79] [125] In one single nest, the remains of 57 different striped skunks were found. [126] Due to the proclivity of skunk predation, great horned owls nests frequently smell strongly of skunk and occasionally will even stink so powerfully of skunk that they leave the smell at kill sites or on prey remains. [10] [127] Birds [ edit ] American coots are often a favored food source for great horned owls living near wetlands. After mammals, birds rank as the next most important general prey group. Birds are usually considerably secondary in the diet but outnumber the mammals in the diet by diversity, as more than 250 species have been killed in North America alone. Statistically, the most significant avian prey seems to be galliforms , of which they are known to have preyed on 23 species, basically consisting of all of the native species found in the United States . [5] [10] In the Upper Midwest , the ring-necked pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus ) and northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ) were the fifth and sixth (out of 124 identified species) most significant prey species in 4838 pellets. [74] Errington characterized the predatory pressure exerted on bobwhites by great horned owls as “light but continuous pressure”, which may be considered characteristic of the species' hunting of all galliforms. [128] Usually coveys of quail are partially protected by spending the night roosting communally in dense thickets but should a hunting owl be able to track down the communal roost, losses can be fairly heavy until the roost relocates. [12] Similarly, owls may track down sleeping grouse , which also roost in vegetation but more openly than quail. Some grouse, such as greater prairie chicken ( Tympanuchus cupido ), sharp-tailed grouse ( Tympanuchus phasianellus ) and greater sage-grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ), may also been vulnerable to great horned owls while displaying conspicuously in openings on a lek first thing in the morning. [129] In the boreal forest, especially in years where the snowshoe hare experiences population decreases, great horned owls prey fairly heavily (approximately 25% of biomass) on ruffed grouse ( Bonasa umbellus ) and spruce grouse ( Falcipennis canadensis ), enough so in the earlier bird to possibly contribute to population reductions. [101] [130] Larger species of galliform are not immune to predation either. On Protection Island in Washington State , introduced common peafowl ( Pavo cristatus ) are an important prey item. [131] The wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ), 4 to 8 kg (8.8 to 17.6 lb) on average between the sexes, is probably the largest bird the great horned owl hunts in which they kill adults. Both full-grown wild turkeys [132] and adult domestic turkeys [5] have been hunted and killed. Under normal circumstances, domestic chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) will be ignored in favor of wild prey. On occasion, individual owls, especially inexperienced juveniles, will become habitual fowl killers. These errant owls mainly hunt chickens, though will also take domestic guineafowl , turkeys and anything else available. [74] In general, chickens kept in locked cages with enclosed tops overnight are safe from great horned owls; not so chickens left free range or in open enclosures. [5] While galliforms are widely reported, the few cases where great horned owls locally turn to birds as the primary food source over mammals, these may often be local responses to the abundance of breeding water birds or concentrations of roosting water birds, since they tend to roost in relatively open spots. They have been known to predate more than 110 different species of assorted water bird. [4] In prairie wetlands of North Dakota , avian prey, primarily represented by ducks and the American coot ( Fulica americana ) came to represent 65% by number and 83% by biomass of the diet of the local owls, also including secondarily grebes , smaller rails and shorebirds as well as upland-based species like grey partridge ( Perdix perdix ), sharp-tailed grouse and passerines . 77% of the ducks in that study were juveniles, the largest duck being a male mallard ( Anas platyrhnychos ) weighing approximately 1,250 g (2.76 lb), but nearly all the coots were adults. [80] On Protection Island , Washington , where they are no native land mammals, rhinoceros auklets ( Cerorhinca monocerata ), both adults and nestlings, were the most numerous prey, present in 93% of 120 pellets. [131] Species as large as adult Canada geese , snow goose [5] [74] and great blue herons [10] have been successfully killed. The nestlings of even larger species like trumpeter swans ( Cygnus buccinator ), [133] American white pelicans ( Pelecanus eryhtrorhynchos ), [134] brown pelicans ( Pelecanus occidentalis ) [135] and sandhill cranes ( Grus canadensis ) [136] have also been killed by these owls. Other assorted birds are taken seemingly at random opportunity. The predatory effect of this species on other raptorial birds, which is often considerable, is explored in the following section. In Brazil , it was found in a small study that birds overall outnumbered mammals in pellets, although most were not determined to species and the ones that were shown a tremendously diverse assemblage of birds with no obvious dietary preference. [105] Although not usually numerically significant, 86 species of passerine have been taken by great horned owls. Members from most North American families are known as prey, although among smaller types such as chickadees , warblers , sparrows , cardinals , wrens and most tyrant flycatchers only a few species from each have been recorded. Nonetheless, an occasionally unlucky migrant or local breeder is sometimes snatched. [4] [5] [74] Fledgling songbirds are regularly taken in spring and summer. [85] The smallest avian prey known for great horned owls are the 5.8 g (0.20 oz) blue-gray gnatcatcher ( Polioptila caerulea ) and the 6.2 g (0.22 oz) ruby-crowned kinglet ( Regulus calendula ). [74] Somewhat larger bodied families are more prominent, i.e. the corvids (14 species) and icterids (14 species) and, secondarily, the kingbirds ( Tyrannus ssp.), thrushes , mimids and European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ). [4] [5] [74] This is likely due to the fact that the larger passerines usually roost in relatively open spots and have larger, more conspicuous nests. Crows and ravens tend to be grabbed off of their communal roosts by night. [10] Other prey [ edit ] The great horned owl rarely misses an opportunity to hunt reptiles and amphibians . However, lizards are largely unavailable as prey due to their typically diurnal periods of activity. [10] On the other hand, some snakes are partially or largely nocturnal, and more than a dozen species are hunted in North America. Snakes hunted range from small, innocuous garter snakes ( Thamnophis ssp.) and night snakes ( Hypsiglena torquata ) to venomous species like cottonmouths ( Agkistrodon piscivorus ) and prairie rattlesnakes ( Crotalus virdis ) and formidable, large species like common king snakes ( Lampropeltis getula ) and black rat snakes ( Pantherophis obsoletus ), which in mature specimens can rival the owl in mass and sheer predatory power. [5] The capture of the hatchlings of very large reptiles such as loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) and American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis ) by great horned owls has been reported, in both cases likely when the baby reptiles are attempting to make their way to the security of water. [5] [137] On rare occasion, salamanders , frogs and toads are reported as prey. The highest frequency reported was the report of Leptodactylus frogs in 18% of 85 pellets from Brazil . [105] On rare occasions, fish are taken including goldfish ( Carassius auratus ), bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ), bullheads ( Ameiurus ssp.), other catfish , suckers , sunfish , eels and dace and chub . [5] [85] Many types of invertebrates are recorded as prey. These include mainly insects, but also crayfish , crabs , spiders , scorpions and worms . The occasionally invertebrate prey taken largely consists of common, large insects such as various beetles , crickets , grasshoppers , water bugs and katydids , some of which the great horned owl has even reportedly caught via “hawking”, i.e. swooping at on the wing. [5] [10] [138] One owl's stomach in California included at least 43 Jerusalem crickets ( Stenopelmatus fuscus ). [139] In some cases, the content of insects in great horned owl pellets may actually be due to the owls eating other birds which have freshly eaten insects in their own stomachs. [74] It is commonly believed that routine insectivory in great horned owls is mainly restricted to inexperienced young owls too unskilled to graduate to larger prey yet. It is clearly inefficient for owls of this size to attempt to raise young on a diet of foods as small as insects. [17] Although rare, carrion -feeding has been recorded in great horned owls, especially ones wintering in Canada and other northern areas during harsh weather. [140] Road kills are sometimes opportunistically eaten. A case of an owl scavenging a white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) carcass, ultimately tearing off the deer's leg, was captured on a motion capture video camera set out to film wildlife. [141] Interspecific predatory relationships [ edit ] An immature red-tailed hawk eats a vole, one of the many prey items that feed both the competing hawks and great horned owls. Due to their very broad dietary habits, the great horned owls share their prey with many other predators, including avian, mammalian and reptilian ones. Almost every study comparing the diets of North American owls illustrates the considerable overlap in the dietary selection of these species, as all species, besides the primarily insectivorous varieties, rely on many of the same small rodent species for most of their diet, extending from the small northern saw-whet owl and eastern screech owl to the great horned and great grey owls. [17] [79] In a long-term study of a block of Michigan , all nine species of accipitrid, falcon and owl that stayed to breed there were found to be primarily dependent on the same two rodent genera, the meadow vole and the two common Peromyscus species. [12] In the Great Basin , the owls share black-tailed jackrabbit and desert cottontail as the primary prey with golden eagles, red-tailed hawks and ferruginous hawks ( Buteo regalis ); all four species had diets with more than 90% of the biomass is made up of those lagomorphs. Of these, the great horned owl and golden eagle were able to nest most closely to one another because they had the most strongly dissimilar periods of activity. [53] [97] In California, when compared to the local red-tailed hawks and western diamondback rattlesnakes ( Crotalus atrox ), the diets were most similar in that by number about 15-20% of all three species' diets depended on cottontails , but the largest portion was made up of ground squirrels in the hawk and the rattlesnake and desert woodrats and other assorted rodents in the great horned owl. [90] In the boreal forests , the great horned owl's prolificacy as a snowshoe hare hunter places it second only to the Canada lynx ( Lynx canadensis ) among all predators. Although locally dependent on the hares as their main food, northern goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis ), red-tailed hawks and golden eagles apparently do not have as large of an impact on the hares. Nor do mammalian carnivore generalists that also kill many hares, like the fisher , bobcat , wolverine ( Gulo gulo ), coyote and larger varieties (i.e. wolves ( Canis lupus ), cougars ( Puma concolor ) and bears ( Ursus ssp.)). [29] [66] [103] [142] The relationship between great horned owls and other raptorial birds in its range is usually decidedly one-sided. While certain species, such as the red-tailed hawk and northern goshawk , might be seen as potential competition for the owls, most others seem to be regarded merely as prey by great horned owls. The great horned owl is both the most prolific and diverse predator in America of other birds of prey, with other accomplished raptor-hunters such as the goshawk and the golden eagle being more restricted in range, habitat and number in North America and thus having a more minor impact. 21 out of 22 accipitrids , 16 out of 18 owls, 6 out of 7 falcons and 1 out of 3 New World vultures found north of the border to Mexico are known to fall prey to great horned owls. This is not to say that raptors ever comprise a significant portion in any known study of this owl's diet but predation can be seriously detrimental for such prey, as raptors tend to be territorial and sparsely distributed as a rule and thus can be effectively decimated by a small number of losses. [4] [79] In the gray hawk ( Buteo plagiatus ), for example, in a study of one breeding block of Arizona , the owls were observed to visit nests nightly until all the nestlings were gone. [143] Raptorial birds in general tend to have large, conspicuous nests which may make them easier for a hunting owl to locate. The great horned owl gains an advantage by nesting earlier than any other raptor in its range (indeed any bird), as it is able to exploit the other raptors as food while in a more vulnerable state as their own nestlings have become well developed. [12] On average, great horned owls begin nesting about three weeks before red-tailed hawks begin to build nests, although some raptors may locally breed as much as two months after the owls. [10] [144] More so than diurnal varieties of raptor, fairly significant numbers of owls are hunted, as all species are to some extent nocturnal and thus their corresponding activity can attract the horned owl's unwanted attention. The extent of predation on other owls depends on the habitat preferences of the other species. Eastern and western screech owls may be most vulnerable since they prefer similar wooded edge habitat. In a block of Wisconsin , great horned owls were responsible for the failure of 78% of eastern screech owl's nests. [12] Long-eared owls and, to a lesser extent, barn owls tend to hunt in open, sparsely treed habitats more so than great horned owls, but since they may return to wooded spots for nesting purposes, they may be more vulnerable there. The long-eared owl and barn owls are often compared to the great horned owl as these medium-sized species often occur in abutting habitats and often hunt primarily the same vole and mice species, although the alternate prey of the great horned tends to be much larger, including the smaller owls themselves. [15] [72] [145] In a pair of studies from Colorado , the average weight of prey for long-eared owls was 28 to 30 g (0.99 to 1.06 oz), 46 to 57.1 g (1.62 to 2.01 oz) for barn owl and 177 to 220 g (6.2 to 7.8 oz) for the great horned owl. [17] [98] Both young and adult great grey owls, despite their superficially superior size, are apparently hunted with impunity by great horned owls. In the boreal forests, both the northern hawk owl and great grey owl appear to be in greater danger of great horned owl predation in years where the snowshoe hare have low populations. [146] [147] Great horned owls were the leading cause of mortality in juvenile spotted owls (30% of losses) and juvenile great grey owls (65% of losses). [146] [148] Less is known about relations with the snowy owl, which may compete with great horned owls for food while invading south for the winter. Anecdotally, both snowy and great horned owls have rarely been reported to dominate or even kill one another depending on the size and disposition of the individual owls, although the snowy's preference for more open areas again acts as something of a buffer. The snowy may be the one North American owl too formidable for the great horned owl to consider as prey. [30] Whereas owls of any age are freely attacked by great horned owls whether nesting or not, when it comes to diurnal raptors, great horned owls are mainly a danger around the nest. They are often hunt diurnal raptors when they come across their often relatively conspicuous active platform nests during hunting forays in spring and summer, taking numbers of both nestlings and brooding adults. [10] Again, like owls, diurnal raptors are attacked depending on the relative similarity of their habitat preferences to the owl. Cooper's hawks ( Accipiter cooperii ) and red-tailed hawks tend to be most vulnerable, as they prefer the same wooded edges frequented by great horned owls. Other diurnal raptors may be attracted to more enclosed wooded areas, such as sharp-shinned hawks ( Accipiter striatus ) or zone-tailed hawks ( Buteo albonotatus ), or more open plain and meadow areas, such as hen harriers ( Circus cyaneus ) and ferruginous hawks, but this is almost never a total insurance against predation as all of these are recorded prey. [74] [149] [150] [151] In a study of red-shouldered hawks ( Buteo lineatus ) and broad-winged hawk ( Buteo brachyurus )s breeding in New York , despite their nesting in deeper woods than those that host these owls, the main cause of nest failure was great horned owl predation. [127] Similarly, the great horned owl was the primary cause of nesting failure for both desert-dwelling Harris's hawks ( Parabuteo unicinctus ) and forest-dwelling northern goshawk in Arizona (39% and 40% of failures, respectively), wetland-inhabiting osprey ( Pandion haliaetus ) in Delaware (21% of failures) and peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ) in the Western United States (27% of failures). [152] [153] [154] [155] The fact that many of the nests great horned owls use are constructed by accipitrids may lead to localized conflicts, almost always to the detriment of the hawks rather than the owls. While the young of larger diurnal raptors are typically stolen in the night, great horned owls also readily kill large adult raptors both in and out of breeding seasons, including osprey , northern goshawk and rough-legged buzzard . [156] [157] [158] Great horned owls are frequently mobbed by other birds. Most accipitrids will readily mob them, as will falcons. Hen harriers , northern goshawks , Cooper's hawks , Harris's hawks , red-tailed hawks, Swainson's hawks , ferruginous hawks , red-shouldered hawks , American kestrels , peregrine falcons , prairie falcons ( Falco mexicanus ) and common ravens ( Corvus corax ) are among the reported species who have been recorded diving on great horned owls when they discover them. [10] [75] [159] [160] In Arizona and Texas , they may be mobbed by Mexican and western scrub jays ( Aphelocoma wollweberi & californica ) and western and Cassin's kingbirds ( Tyrannus verticalis & vociferans ). [161] [162] The most infamous nemesis of this owl, however, is the American crow , who seems to regard it with great scorn. Several incidences have been recorded of dozens or even hundreds of crows appearing to mob a great horned owl. [5] Such daytime flights normally cover short distances; if the owl flies, it alights to the nearest secluded spot to escape its tormentors. If an owl alights on ground or on exposed branch or ledge, it may respond to swooping and stooping flights of corvids and raptors with threat display and raising of its wings. [10] Reproduction [ edit ] Nestlings of the Rocky Mountains great horned owl ( B. v. pinorum ) in New Mexico Juveniles ( B. v. saturatus ) near Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge , Oregon, United States Great horned owls are some of the earliest-breeding birds in North America, seemingly in part because of the lengthy nightfall at this time of year and additionally the competitive advantage it gives the owl over other raptors. In most of North America, courtship is from October to December and mates are chosen by December to January. [6] This species is strictly monogamous. Despite efforts to find examples of polygamy in an owl population, no such instances were detected. [29] In a 293 km 2 (113 sq mi) area south of Bowling Green, Ohio , there were 37 males and 29 females, determined by their pitch of voice; all 8 lone individuals were males. [163] During courtship in late fall or early winter, the male attracts the attention of his mate by hooting emphatically while leaning over (with the tail folded or cocked) and puffing up his white throat to look like a ball. [6] The white throat may serve as a visual stimuli in the low light conditions typical of when this owl courts. [29] He often flies up and down on a perch, while approaching the potential mate. Eventually, he comes to approach the female and tries to rub his bill against hers while repeatedly bowing. If receptive, the female hoots back when the pair meet but is more subdued in both her hoot and display. The male may convince the female by bringing her freshly caught prey, which they will then share. [5] [6] While males often hoot emphatically for about a month or six weeks towards the end of the year, the period where females also hoot is usually only a week to ten days. [28] Pairs typically breed together year after year and may mate for life, although they associate with each other more loosely when their young become mostly independent. [6] Pairs rekindling their reproductive relationship in the winter may perform a milder courtship to strengthen pair bonds before producing young. [28] Males select nesting sites and bring the females' attention to them by flying to them and then stomping on them. [6] Nests with open access, considering this birds large size, as opposed to enclosed with surrounding branches, are preferred. Like all owls, great horned owls do not build their own nest. They nest in a wider variety of nest sites than any other North American bird. [28] Many nests are in cavernous hollows of dead trees or their branches, especially in southern states in large trees along the edge of old-growth lots. [28] Hollows are more widely and commonly reported to be used by other North American owls, including long-eared owl, eastern screech owls, barn owls, and long-eared owls, all of which can obviously be accommodated by smaller hollows. [4] In mountainous or hilly areas, especially in canyons of the southwest and Rocky Mountains , cliff ledges, small caves, and other sheltered depressions may be used. [28] In Eurasia, Eurasian eagle owls use such sites much more widely and regularly. [4] Owls living in prairie country, in the absence of other animals' nests, riparian trees or non-native trees or the bare ground of tree hollows or man-made structures, will use boulders, buttes, railroad cuts, low bushes and even the bare ground as nest sites. [28] Ground nests have also been recorded in the midst of tall grasses in Florida and in the midsts of brushy spots on the desert ground. [4] Even the burrow entrances of American badger and coyote dens have reportedly been used as nests, in spite of the inherent risk of sharing space with such potentially dangerous co-inhabitants. [28] A brooding female great horned owl ( B. v. virginianus ) on her nest in Louisiana Now, most tree nests used by great horned owls are those constructed by other animals, often from a height of about 4.5 to 22 m (15 to 72 ft) off the ground. They often take over a nest used by some other large bird, sometimes adding feathers to line the nest but usually not much more. Allegedly there have some cases where the owls have reinforced a nest structure or appeared to have reconstructed a nest, but as a rule no owl species has ever been known to actually build a nest. [28] Great horned owls in the southwest may also use nests in cacti , built by Harris's hawk and red-tailed hawk, as well as large hollows in cacti. [164] The nests they use are often made by most larger types of acciptrids, from species as small as Cooper's hawks to bald eagle and golden eagle, though perhaps most often those of red-tailed hawks and other buteonines . Secondly in popularity are crow and raven ( Corvus ssp.) nests. Even Canada goose , black-crowned night heron ( Nycticorax nycticorax ) and great blue heron nests have been used, the latter sometimes right in the midst of an active heronry . [165] [166] The leaf nests of squirrels are also regularly used but in general great horned owls are partial to stick nests since they provide a much firmer, safer foundation. [10] The stage at which eggs are laid is variable across North America. In Southern Florida , eggs may be laid as early as late November to as late as early January, the earliest laying known in North America. In the southeast , from south Texas to Georgia , egg laying may begin from late December to early February. From Southern California to northern Louisiana , egg laying is from early February to late March. The largest swath of egg-laying owls from central California to South Carolina to as far north as Ohio and Massachusetts is from late February to early April. In the Rocky Mountains , Northwestern United States , northern New England and eastern Canada, egg laying is from early March to late April. In the rest of Canada and Alaska, egg laying may be from late March to early May. [28] The latest known date of egg laying was in mid-June in Saskatchewan and the Yukon Territory . [167] In northwestern Utah and north-central Alberta , egg-laying can be 3–4 weeks earlier than usual when food is abundant and weather is favorable. [10] For owls found in more tropical climates, the dates of the breeding season are somewhat undefined. [6] There are usually 2 eggs per clutch, but clutches range in size from 1 to 6 eggs (over 3 is uncommon, over 4 is very rare), depending on environmental conditions. [168] [169] The average egg width is 46.5 mm (1.83 in), the average length is 55 mm (2.2 in) and the average weight is 51 g (1.8 oz), although mass could be slightly higher elsewhere because this figure is from Los Angeles County , CA where the owls are relatively small. [170] The incubation period ranges from 28 to 37 days, averaging 33 days. [171] The female alone usually does all the incubation and rarely moves from the nest, while the male owl captures food and brings it to her, with the first nightly food delivery typically occurring soon after dark. [10] The young weigh around 34.7 g (1.22 oz) at birth on average and can gain an average of about 33.3 g (1.17 oz) a day for the first four weeks of life, with typical weights in the range of 800 or 1,000 g (1.8 or 2.2 lb) by 25–29 days for males and females, respectively. [170] [171] When first hatched the young are covered in whitish gray down, with some brownish about the wings. Gradually the soft juvenal downy plumage comes through the down, being typically a cinnamon-buff color, but with variable hues predicting the eventual color of the mature owls. The extent of down gradually diminishes, developing mature-looking plumage by late summer, although many first year birds still have scattered bits of down into autumn. By late autumn, first-year birds look similar to adults but with a slightly warmer, reddish tinge, less well developed ear tufts and a smaller white throat patch. [5] The nestling owls develop mostly in behavior between two weeks and two months of age, in which time they adapt the ability to defend themselves, grasp foods and climb. Vocally, the young are able to exert weak chips while still in the egg, developing into a raspy chirp shortly after hatching. The calls of the young increase rapidly in intensity, pitch and character, some juvenile males mimicking their father's hooting in fall but usually they conclude with various odd gurgling notes. The earliest competent hooting by juvenile owls is not until January. [10] [172] Young owls move onto nearby branches at 6 weeks and start to fly about a week later. However, the young are not usually competent fliers until they are about 10 to 12 weeks old. [6] The age at which the young leave the nest is variable based on the abundance of food. [103] The young birds stay in an area ranging from 13.1 to 52 ha from the nest into fall, but will usually disperse up to several thousand hectares by the end of fall. [173] [174] The offspring have been seen still begging for food in late October (5 months after leaving the nest) and most do not fully leave their parents territory until right before the parents start to reproduce for the next clutch (usually December to January). [175] Birds may not breed for another year or two, and are often vagrants (\"floaters\") until they establish their own territories. [29] Based on the development of the bursa, great horned owls reach sexual maturity at two years of age. [176] Great horned owls ( B. v. virginianus ) in nest near Madison, Wisconsin Mortality and longevity [ edit ] Longevity and natural mortality [ edit ] Great horned owls seem to be the most long-living owl in North America. Among all owls, they may outrank even the larger Eurasian eagle owl in known longevity records from the wild, [4] with almost 29 years being the highest age for an owl recorded in North America. [177] A more typical top lifespan of a great horned owl is approximately 13 years old. [7] In general, great horned owls are most vulnerable in the early stages of life, although few species press attacks on the owl's nests due to the ferocious defensive abilities of the parents. Occasionally, nestlings and fledglings will fall from the nest too early to escape or to competently defend themselves and have then fallen prey to foxes , bobcat , coyotes , or wild or feral cats . Occasionally raccoons and American black bears consume eggs and nestlings from tree nests and Virginia opossum may take the rare unguarded egg. [4] [10] Crows and ravens have been reported eating eggs and small nestlings. This can normally only happen when owls are driven from the nest by human activity or are forced to leave the nest to forage by low food resources but on occasion huge flocks of crows have been able to displace owls by harassing them endlessly. [5] [10] In general, great horned owls rarely engage in siblicide , unlike many other raptorial birds. Siblicide occurred at 9 of 2,711 nests in Saskatchewan . [66] Most cases where young owls are killed and/or consumed by their siblings or parents appear to occur when the nestling is diseased, impaired or starving or is inadvertently crushed. [74] Adults generally have no natural predators, excepting both North American eagles and other owls of their own species. [5] Occasionally, great horned owls may be killed by their own prey. Although typically able to kill skunks without ill effect, five owls were found blind after getting sprayed in their eyes by skunks. [178] Cases where the quills of porcupines have killed or functionally disabled them have been observed as well. [94] Violent fights have been observed between great horned owls after attempts to capture rat snakes and black racers . [5] [179] [180] When a peregrine falcon repeatedly attacked a great horned owl near its nest along the Hudson River , it was apparently unable to dispatch the larger raptor despite several powerful strikes. [181] During their initial dispersal in fall, juvenile owls have a high mortality rate, frequently more than 50%. [10] For owls in the Yukon Territory , juvenile survival in the 9 weeks after dispersal has dropped from 80% to 23.2% in a span of three years in response of instability of food supply. In the Yukon, adults on territory had an average annual survival rate of 90.5%. [29] Anemia, caused by Leucocytozoon ziemanni and the drinking of blood by swarming, blood-drinking blackflies ( Simulium ssp.), was a leading cause of juvenile mortality in the Yukon. [57] Human-related mortality [ edit ] The great horned owl is not considered a globally threatened species by the IUCN . [1] Including the Magellanic species, there are approximately 5.3 million wild horned owls in the Americas. [7] Most mortality in modern times is human-related, caused by owls flying into man-made objects, including buildings, cars, power lines, or barbed wire. [10] In one study, the leading cause of death for owls was collision with cars, entanglement with wires, flying into buildings and, lastly, electrocution. [182] Among 209 banded nestlings in yet another study, 67% were found dead after independence: 56 were found shot, 41 were trapped, 15 hit by cars, 14 found dead on highways and 14 electrocuted by overhead power lines. [183] Secondary poisoning from pest control efforts is widely reported variously due to anticoagulant rodenticides, strychnine, organophosphates (famphur applied topically to cattle ( Bos primigenius taurus )), organochlorines, and PCBs. [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] Frequently, the species were denominated a pest due to the perceived threat it posed to domestic fowl and potentially small game. The first genuine nature conservationists, while campaigning against the \"Extermination Being Waged Against the Hawks and Owls\", continued to advocate the destruction of great horned owls due to their predatory effect on other wildlife. [4] Thus, small bounties were offered in trade for owl bodies. Around the turn of the 20th century, the great horned owl was considered endangered in the state of Michigan because of a large quantity of poachers who were illegally hunting and collecting it. [190] Hunting and trapping of great horned owls may continue on a small scale but is now illegal in most countries. Effect on conservation-dependent species [ edit ] Occasionally, these owls may prey on threatened species. Following the devastation to its populations from DDT , the reintroduction of the peregrine falcon to the Mississippi and Hudson Rivers was hampered by great horned owls killing both young and adult peregrines at night. [191] Similarly, as mainly recorded in New England , attempts to reintroduce ospreys , after they were also hit hard by DDT, were effected by heavy owl predation on nestlings, and the owls were also recorded to take a large toll locally on the threatened colonies of roseate terns . [10] Where clear-cutting occurs in old-growth areas of the Pacific Northwest , spotted owls have been badly affected by considerable great horned owl predation. [26] [192] While at least the ospreys and peregrines have rebounded admirably nonetheless, bird and mammal species that are much rarer overall sometimes fall prey to great horned owls, many in which even sporadic losses can be devastating. Among the species considered threatened, endangered or critically endangered by the IUCN which are also known to be killed by great horned owls are Townsend's ground squirrels ( Urocitellus townsendii ), [99] Pacific pocket mice ( Perognathus pacificus ), [193] giant kangaroo rats , [194] Stephens' kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys stephensi ), [195] black-footed ferrets , [196] greater and lesser prairie chickens , [197] [198] marbled murrelets ( Brachyramphus marmoratus ), [199] ivory-billed woodpeckers , Florida scrub jays ( Aphelocoma coerulescens ), [200] pinyon jays , [201] Kirtland's warblers ( Setophaga kirtlandii ) [202] and rusty blackbirds ( Euphagus carolinus ). [128] The American Bird Conservancy 's “green list” includes birds with considerable population declines (many classed as near threatened by the IUCN ) or other immediate threats and/or restricted populations. Altogether, great horned owls hunt 50 different species from that list. [4] [203] Iconography and myth [ edit ] Many warrior-based tribes of Native Americans admired the great horned owl for their “strength, courage and beauty”. [85] The Pima of the southwest believed that owls were reincarnations of slain warriors who fly about by night. The Arikara of the Great Plains had mystic owl societies in which initiates were made to adorn facial mask made of the wing and tail feathers of great horned owls. Some Indian nations regarded the great horned owl as a friendly spirit who could aid in matters of love, such as the Passamaquoddy of Maine who felt the call of this species was a magical love flute designed to ignite human passions. The Hopi of the southwest also associated this owl with fertility, albeit of a different kind: they believed the calling of the owls into summer predicted hot weather, which produced good peach crops. During the winter solstice , the Hopi performed a ceremony with great horned owl feathers in hopes of summoning the heat of summer. Tribes in New Mexico were known to use owl wing feathers to produce arrows which could strike their enemies with a minimum of sound. The Zuni held owl feathers in their mouths hoping to gain some of the silence that owls use in ambushes while striking their own enemies from other tribes. The Iroquois felt the origin of the great horned owl was due to an unformed owl annoying Raweno , the almighty creator, while Raweno created the rabbit , causing Raweno to make the owl “covered with mud” (dark camouflage) and doomed to ceaselessly call “whoo whoo”, which he used while harassing Raweno, by night because Raweno was active during the day. 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Jump up ^ Duncan, J.R. & Lane, P.A. 1998. Great Horned Owl Observed Hawking \"Insects\" . Journal of Raptor Research, 22(3):93. Jump up ^ Stoner, E. A. 1931. Feeding of Horned Owl on Jerusalem crickets . Auk 48:425. Jump up ^ Errington, P. L. (1938). The Great Horned Owl as an indicator of vulnerability in prey populations . The Journal of Wildlife Management, 2(4), 190-205. Jump up ^ Mona, K. \"Great Horned Owl on Motion Camera\" . Twin Cities Naturalist . Retrieved 2016-11-29 . Jump up ^ WLM. (1918). Bird Enemies of the Varying Hare . The Auk, 372-373. Jump up ^ Bibles, Brent D., Richard L. Glinski and R. Roy Johnson. 2002. Gray Hawk (Buteo plagiatus) , The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Jump up ^ Dunstan, T. C., & Harrell, B. E. (1973). Spatio-temporal relationships between breeding red-tailed hawks and great horned owls in South Dakota . Raptor Research, 7(2), 49–54. Jump up ^ Barrows, C. W. (1989). Diets of five species of desert owls. Western Birds, 20(1), 1-10. ^ Jump up to: a b Duncan, J. R. 1987. Movement strategies, mortality, and behavior of radio-marked Great Gray Owls in southeastern Manitoba and northern Minnesota . Pages 101-107 in Biology and conservation of northern forest owls: Symposium proceedings, February 3–7, Winnipeg, MB. (Nero, R. W., R. J. Clark, R. J. Knapton, and R. H. Hamre, Eds.) General Technical Report, RM-142. Fort Collins, CO: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Jump up ^ Rohner, C., Smith, J. N., Stroman, J., Joyce, M., Doyle, F. I., & Boonstra, R. (1995). Northern hawk-owls in the nearctic boreal forest: prey selection and population consequences of multiple prey cycles . Condor, 208-220. Jump up ^ Forsman, E. D., Anthony, R. G., Reid, J. A., Loschl, P. J., Sovern, S. G., Taylor, M., & Seaman, D. E. (2002). Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls . Wildlife Monographs, 1-35. Jump up ^ Stoleson, S. H., & Sadoti, G. (2010). Zone-tailed Hawk (Buteo albonotatus) . In: Cartron, Jean-Luc, ed. Raptors of New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. Jump up ^ Sutherland, J. E. 1987. The predation ecology of the Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus hudsonius) on Mallard Island, North Dakota . Master's Thesis. Univ. of N. Dakota, Grand Forks. Jump up ^ Bechard, Marc J. and Josef K. Schmutz. 1995. Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) , The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Jump up ^ Dawson, J. W., & Mannan, R. W. (1991). The role of territoriality in the social organization of Harris' Hawks . The Auk, 661-672. Jump up ^ Steidl, R. J., & Griffin, C. R. (1991). Growth and brood reduction of mid-Atlantic coast ospreys . The Auk, 363-370. Jump up ^ Walton, B. J., & Thelander, C. G. (1988). Peregrine falcon management efforts in California, Oregon, Washington, and Nevada . Peregrine falcon populations: their management and recovery. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA, 587-598 Jump up ^ Boal, C. W., & Mannan, R. W. (1994). Northern goshawk diets in ponderosa pine forests on the Kaibab Plateau . Studies in Avian Biology, 16, 97-102. Jump up ^ Cold, C. W. 1993. Adult male osprey killed at nest by Great Horned Owl . Passenger Pigeon 55:269-270. Jump up ^ Rohner, C. and F. I. Doyle. 1992. Food-stressed Great Horned Owl kills adult goshawk: exceptional observation or community process? Journal of Raptor Research, 26:261-263. Jump up ^ Bechard, Marc J. and Theodor R. Swem. 2002. Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus) , The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Jump up ^ Rohner, C., Krebs, C. J., Hunter, D. B., & Currie, D. C. (2000). Roost site selection of great horned owls in relation to black fly activity: an anti-parasite behavior? The Condor, 102(4), 950-955. Jump up ^ Houston, C. S. and K. A. Wylie. 1985. Peregrine Falcons harass nesting Great Horned Owls. Blue Jay 43:42-43. Jump up ^ Cully, J. F., & Ligon, J. D. (1976). Comparative mobbing behavior of scrub and Mexican jays . The Auk, 116-125. Jump up ^ Ohlendorf, H. M. (1974). Competitive relationships among kingbirds (Tyrannus) in trans-Pecos Texas . Wilson Bulletin, 86(4), 357-373. Jump up ^ Siminski, D. P. 1976. A study of Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) population density with recorded calls in northwestern Ohio . Masters of Science thesis. Bowling Green State University. Bowling Green, OH. Jump up ^ Mader, W. J. 1973. Notes on nesting Great Horned Owls in southern Arizona . Raptor Research, 7:109-111. Jump up ^ Bendire, C. E. 1892. Life histories of North American birds with special reference to their breeding habits and eggs . Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 28:376-389. Jump up ^ Burkholder, G. & Smith, D.G. 1988. Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) nesting in a Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) heronry . Journal of Raptor Research, 22 (2): 62. Jump up ^ Smith, D. G. 1969. Nesting ecology of the Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus . Brigham Young University Science Bulletin Biological Services, 10(4):16-25. Jump up ^ Austing, G. R. 1968. The owls and I . Audubon 70:72-79. Jump up ^ Peck, G. K. and R. D. James. 1983. Breeding birds of Ontario: nidiology and distribution . Vol. 1. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. ^ Jump up to: a b Turner, Jr., J. C. and L. McClanahan, Jr. 1981. Physiogenesis of endothermy and its relation to growth in the Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus . Compilation of Biochemical Physiology, 68A:167-173. ^ Jump up to: a b Hoffmeister, D. F. and H. W. Setzer. 1947. The postnatal development of two broods of Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) . University of Kansas Publishing Museum of Natural History, 1:157-173. Jump up ^ Sumner, Jr., E. L. 1934. The behavior of some young raptorial birds . University of California, Publication on Zoology, 40:331-362. Jump up ^ Dunstan, T. C. 1970. Post-fledging activities of juvenile Great Horned Owls as determined by radio-telemetry . Ph.D. thesis. University of South Dakota, Vermillion. Jump up ^ Fuller, M. R. 1979. Spatiotemporal ecology of four sympatric raptor species . Ph.D. thesis. University of Minnesota, St. Paul. Jump up ^ Houston, C.S. 1971. Brood size of Great Horned Owls in Saskachetwan. Bird-Banding, 42:103-105. Jump up ^ Weller, M. W. 1965. Bursa regression, gonad cycle and molt of the Great Horned Owl . Bird-Banding 36:102-112. Jump up ^ Nero, R. W. 1992. New Great Horned Owl longevity record . Blue Jay 50:91-92. Jump up ^ Garcelon, D. K. 1981. Mortality of Great Horned Owls associated with skunks . Murrelet 62:26. Jump up ^ Peterson, R. T. 1968. The Birds . Time-Life International (Nederland). Jump up ^ Perry, R. W., Brown, R. E., & Rudolph, D. C. (2001). Mutual mortality of great horned owl and southern black racer: a potential risk of raptors preying on snakes . The Wilson Bulletin, 113(3), 345-347. Jump up ^ Herbert, R. A., & Herbert, K. G. S. (1965). Behavior of peregrine falcons in the New York City region . The Auk, 62-94. Jump up ^ Stewart, P. A. (1969). Movements, population fluctuations, and mortality among great horned owls . The Wilson Bulletin, 155-162. Jump up ^ Olendorff, R. R., Miller, A. D., & Lehman, R. N. (1981). Suggested practices for raptor protection on powerlines: the state of the art in 1981 (No. 4) . Published and distributed for the Edison Electric Institute by Raptor Research Foundation. Jump up ^ Mendenhall, V. M. and L. F. Pank. 1980. Secondary poisoning of owls by anticoagulant rodenticides . Wildlife Society Bulletin, 8:311-315. Jump up ^ Cheney, C. D., S. B. Vander Wall, and R. J. Poehlmann. 1987. Effects of strychnine on the behavior of Great Horned Owls and Red-tailed Hawks . Journal of Raptor Research, 21:103-110. Jump up ^ Seidensticker IV, J. C. and H. V. Reynolds III. 1971. The nesting, reproductive performance, and chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the red-tailed hawk and Great Horned Owl in southcentral Montana . Wilson Bulletin, 83:408-418. Jump up ^ Blus, L. J. 1996. Effects of pesticides on owls in North America . Journal of Raptor Research, 30:198-206. Jump up ^ Buck, J. A., L. W. Brewer, M. J. Hooper, G. P. Cobb, and R. J. Kendall. 1996. Monitoring Great Horned Owls for pesticide exposure in southcentral Iowa . Journal of Wildlife Management, 60:321-331. Jump up ^ Keith, J. A. and I. M. Gruchy. 1972. Residue levels of chemical pollutants in North American birdlife . Proceedings of International Congregation of Ornithology, 15:437-452. Jump up ^ Barrows, W. B. 1912. \"Michigan bird life\". Michigan Agricultural College, Lansing. Jump up ^ Cade, T. J., P. T. Redig, and H. B. Tordoff. 1989. Peregrine Falcon restoration: Expectation vs. reality . Loon 61:160-162. Jump up ^ Forsman, E. D., E. C. Meslow, and H. M. Wight. 1984. Distribution and biology of the Spotted Owl in Oregon . Wildlife Monographs, 87. Jump up ^ Brylski, P., Hays, L., & Avery, J. (1998). Recovery Plan for the Pacific Pocket Mouse, Perognathus longimembris pacificus . U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Jump up ^ Grinnell, J. (1932). Habitat relations of the giant kangaroo rat . Journal of Mammalogy, 13(4), 305-320. Jump up ^ Kelt, D. A., Wilson, J. A., & Konno, E. S. (2005). Differential response of two kangaroo rats (Dipodomys) to the 1997-1998 El Niño southern oscillation event . Journal of Mammalogy, 86(2), 265-274. Jump up ^ Breck, S. W., Biggins, D. E., Livieri, T. M., Matchett, M. R., & Kopcso, V. (2006). Does Predator Management Enhance Survival of Reintroduced Black-footed Ferrets? Recovery of the black-footed ferret-progress and continuing challenges, 203-209. Jump up ^ Berger, D. D., Hamerstrom, F., & Hamerstrom Jr, F. N. (1963). The effect of raptors on prairie chickens on booming grounds . The Journal of Wildlife Management, 778-791. Jump up ^ Hagen, C. A., Pitman, J. C., Sandercock, B. K., Robel, R. J., & Applegate, R. D. (2007). Age‐Specific Survival and Probable Causes of Mortality in Female Lesser Prairie‐Chickens . The Journal of wildlife management, 71(2), 518-525. Jump up ^ Nelson, S. K., & Hamer, T. E. (1995). Nest success and the effects of predation on marbled murrelets . Ecology and Conservation of the Marbled Murrelet. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-152. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA, 89-98. Jump up ^ Woolfenden, Glen E. and John W. Fitzpatrick. 1996. Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) , The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology Jump up ^ Balda, R. P., & Bateman, G. C. (1971). Flocking and annual cycle of the pinon jay, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus . Condor, 287-302. Jump up ^ Mayfield, Harold F. 1992. Kirtland's Warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii) , The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology Jump up ^ Chipley, R.M., Fenwick, G.H., Parr, M.J. & Pashley, D.M., editors, 2003. The American Bird Conservancy Guide to the 500 Most Important Bird Areas in the United States: Key Sites for Birds and Birding in All 50 States . Random House Trade Paperbacks, ISBN 0812970365 . Further reading [ edit ] Accordi, Iury Almeida; Barcellos, Andre (June 2006). \"Composição da avifauna em oito áreas úmidas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Lago Guaíba, Rio Grande do Sul\" (PDF) . Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia (in Portuguese and English). 14 (2): 101–115. Banks, R.C.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Kratter, A.W.; Ouellet, H.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Rising, J.A.; Stotz, D.F. (2000). \"Forty-Second Supplement to the AOU Checklist of North American Birds\" (PDF) . The Auk . American Ornithologists' Union. 117 (3): 847–858. doi : 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0847:FSSTTA]2.0.CO;2 . Dickerman, Robert W. (1 July 2002). \"The Taxonomy of the Subarctic Great Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus subarcticus ) Nesting in the United States\". The American Midland Naturalist . 148 (1): 198–199. doi : 10.1674/0003-0031(2002)148[0198:TTOTSG]2.0.CO;2 . Dickerman, Robert W. (29 January 2004). \"Notes on the type of Bubo virginianus sclariventris \" (PDF) . Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . 124 (1): 5–6. Ganey, J. L., W. M. Block, J. S. Jenness, R. A. Wilson (1997). \"Comparative habitat use of sympatric Mexican spotted and great horned owls.\" J. Wildl. Res. 2 (2): 115-123. Holt, Denver W.; Berkley, Regan; Deppe, Caroline; Enríquez Rocha, Paula L.; Olsen, Penny D.; Petersen, Julie L.; Rangel Salazar, José Luis; Segars, Kelley P. & Wood, Kristin L. (1999). \"69. Great Horned Owl\". In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds): Handbook of Birds of the World (Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds) : 185, plate 10. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-25-3 Houston, C. S.; Smith, D. G.; Rohner, C. (1998). Great Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus ). In: Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.): Birds of North America 372 . Academy of Natural Sciences , Philadelphia, PA & American Ornithologists' Union , Washington, D.C. Online version, retrieved 2006-12-05. (HTML preview) Howard, Hildegarde (1947). \"A Preliminary Survey of Trends in Avian Evolution From Pleistocene to Recent Time\" (PDF) . Condor . 49 (1): 10–13. doi : 10.2307/1364422 . Johnson, D. H. (1993). \"Spotted owls, great horned owls, and forest fragmentation in the central Oregon Cascades.\" Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA. Rohner, C. (1997). \"Non-territorial floaters in great horned owls (Bubo virginianus)\" . In: Duncan, JR; Johnson, DH; Nicholls, TH (eds): Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere, 2nd International Symposium . St. Paul, MN: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. pp. 347–362. Rohner, C., and F. I. Doyle (1992). \"Food-stressed great horned owl kills adult goshawk: exceptional observation or community process?\" J. Raptor Res. 26 (4): 261-63. Rohner, Christoph, and Charles J. Krebs (1996). \"Owl predation on snowshoe hares: consequences of antipredator behaviour.\" Oecologia 108 (2): 303-310. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to the great horned owl . Wikispecies has information related to: Bubo virginianus Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Virginian Eared Owl . \"Great Horned Owl media\" . Internet Bird Collection . Information on Owls , a compilation of various sources pertaining to owls Great Horned Owl - Bubo virginianus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Great Horned Owl photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University) Taxon identifiers Wd : Q81515 ADW : Bubo_virginianus BioLib: 22473 EoL : 914958 Fossilworks : 161527 GBIF : 5959118 IBC : great-horned-owl-bubo-virginianus iNaturalist : 20044 ITIS : 177884 IUCN : 61752071 NCBI : 56268 Species+ : 3231 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_horned_owl&oldid=804697041 \" Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Bubo Owls Birds of the Americas Pleistocene birds Provincial symbols of Alberta Birds described in 1788 Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter CS1 errors: dates Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2014 All articles needing style editing Articles with 'species' microformats CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) Articles containing video clips Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Languages العربية Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 15:55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view", "title": "Great horned owl", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Great_horned_owl&amp;oldid=804697041" }

{ "text": "Road Town - Wikipedia Road Town From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Town in British Virgin Islands, United Kingdom Road Town Town Road Town, Tortola Map showing Road Town within the BVI Coordinates: 18°25′53″N 64°37′23″W  /  18.43139°N 64.62306°W  / 18.43139; -64.62306 Coordinates : 18°25′53″N 64°37′23″W  /  18.43139°N 64.62306°W  / 18.43139; -64.62306 Country United Kingdom British Overseas Territory British Virgin Islands Island Tortola Elevation 10 m (30 ft) Population (2012) [1] • Total 12,603 Postal Code VG1110 Road Town , located on Tortola , is the capital of the British Virgin Islands . It is situated on the horseshoe-shaped Road Harbour in the centre of the island's south coast. The population was about 9,400 in 2004. [2] The name is derived from the nautical term \" the roads \", a place less sheltered than a harbour but which ships can easily get to. A 28 hectares (69 acres) development called Wickham's Cay, [3] consisting of two areas that were reclaimed from the sea and a marina, have enabled Road Town to emerge as a haven for yacht chartering and a centre of tourism. [4] [5] This area is the newest part of the city and the hub for the new commercial and administrative buildings of the BVI. The oldest building in Road Town, HM Prison on Main Street, was built in 1774. [6] Contents 1 Climate 2 Transportation and tourism 3 History 4 Geographical limits 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Climate [ edit ] Main article: Climate of the British Virgin Islands The British Virgin Islands enjoy a tropical climate, moderated by trade winds . Temperatures vary little throughout the year. In the capital, Road Town, typical daily maxima are around 32 °C (89.6 °F) in the summer and 29 °C (84.2 °F) in the winter. Typical daily minima are around 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the summer and 21 °C (69.8 °F) in the winter. Rainfall averages about 1,150 mm (45.3 in) per year, higher in the hills and lower on the coast. Rainfall can be quite variable, but the wettest months on average are September to November and the driest months on average are February and March. Hurricanes occasionally hit the islands, with the hurricane season running from June to November. hide Climate data for Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 33 (91) 32 (89) 32 (89) 35 (95) 34 (93) 35 (95) 35 (95) 36 (96) 35 (95) 33 (92) 33 (91) 31 (87) 36 (96) Average high °C (°F) 26 (79) 27 (80) 28 (82) 29 (84) 29 (85) 30 (86) 31 (87) 31 (87) 30 (86) 29 (85) 28 (82) 27 (80) 29 (84) Average low °C (°F) 20 (68) 19 (67) 20 (68) 21 (69) 22 (71) 23 (73) 23 (73) 23 (73) 23 (73) 22 (72) 22 (71) 21 (69) 22 (71) Record low °C (°F) 17 (62) 16 (60) 16 (60) 17 (62) 18 (64) 18 (65) 19 (66) 19 (66) 16 (61) 18 (64) 17 (63) 16 (60) 16 (60) Average precipitation mm (inches) 74.2 (2.92) 63.2 (2.49) 55.4 (2.18) 84.6 (3.33) 116.6 (4.59) 70.6 (2.78) 83.1 (3.27) 112 (4.4) 156 (6.14) 133.4 (5.25) 178.8 (7.04) 112 (4.4) 1,239.9 (48.79) Source: Intellicast [7] Transportation and tourism [ edit ] Road Town is one of the principal centres for bareboating (self-hire yacht chartering) in the Caribbean . Many successful yacht-charter businesses operate from Road Town. Cruise ships can be often seen docked here as well. The Harbour is a popular jumping-off point for many of the ferries servicing the island. The ferry terminal is located at the north-west end of Road Town. Ferries run during the day every day of the week, but rarely at night: it is important to consult an up-to-date ferry timetable in advance. Road Town is served by the British Virgin Islands' only major airport, Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport (IATA: EIS, ICAO: TUPJ), at Beef Island , within a short drive of the city. [8] Only short haul flights are available from this airport, long distance flights are served by Cyril E. King Airport in the US Virgin Islands (IATA: STT ICAO: TIST). \"Buses\" in Tortola refers to full-sized passenger vans, or large modified open-air pick-up trucks with bench seating and a canvas top: these are known locally as \"safaris\". Traveling by bus can be less expensive than having a taxi to oneself, and is often an option when travelling from the airport to Road Town, or from town to either end of the island. History [ edit ] On 1 August 1834, the Emancipation Proclamation was read at the Sunday Morning Well. In 1853, a town-wide fire destroyed nearly every building in Road Town. The fire spread because of angry rioters protested an increase on the cattle tax. Rioters eventually set fire to most of the plantations across the island. On 4 September 2017, The largest and strongest hurricane in history, Hurricane Irma , hit and devastated the island leaving behind multiple casualties in the aftermath. [9] Geographical limits [ edit ] There is some ambiguity as to the precise geographical extent of Road Town. Approaching the town from the west, a sign at the bottom of Slaney Hill greets visitors to Road Town. But traditionalists assert that the town itself only starts from Road Reef and Fort Burt , and that Prospect Reef Hotel (which covers almost all the land in between) is not technically in Road Town. Approaching Road Town from the east, there is similar ambiguity if Road Town begins at the Port Purcell roundabout below Fort George , or whether it also includes Baughers' Bay. Fort Burt and Fort George were the historical markers of the western and eastern limits of the town which benefitted from the protection of the Crown. Gallery [ edit ] Inland portion of the Waterfront Drive, in Road Town, Tortola Old Government House Main Street Harney Westwood & Riegels The old HM Prison Legislative Council Building The old Post Office Conyers Dill & Pearman and Colombian Emeralds b mobile's headquarters in the BVI Shop on Main Street Safari buses See also [ edit ] British Virgin Islands portal Government House , the official residence of the Governor of the British Virgin Islands located in Road Town Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"World Gazetteer\" . Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Jump up ^ United Kingdom – British Virgin Islands Archived 20 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Commonwealth Secretariat Jump up ^ \"Archived copy\" . Archived from the original on 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ \"404\" . www.cruising.org . Jump up ^ John M Bryden. Tourism and Development: a case study of the Commonwealth Caribbean . p. 151. Jump up ^ \"A Visit to HM Prison – The Welcome Guide to the British Virgin Islands\" . www.bviwelcome.com . Jump up ^ \"Virgin Gorda historic weather averages in British Virgin Islands\" . Intellicast . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Airport & Transportation in the British Virgin Islands\" . www.b-v-i.com . Jump up ^ \"Hurricane Irma: Damage mapped\" . BBC News . 2017-09-12 . Retrieved 2018-05-30 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Road Town . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Road Town . Ferry Schedule Tortola Map & Guide Detailed map of Road Town article from Encyclopædia Britannica Real Travel/Frommer's Travel Guide to Road Town show Articles Related to Road Town show Geographic locale Lat. and Long. 18°25′53″N 64°37′23″W  /  18.43139°N 64.62306°W  / 18.43139; -64.62306 show v t e Capitals of North America Dependent territories are in italics Basse-Terre , Guadeloupe (France) Basseterre , St. Kitts and Nevis Belmopan , Belize Bridgetown , Barbados Castries , St. Lucia Charlotte Amalie , U.S. Virgin Islands (US) Cockburn Town , Turks and Caicos (UK) Fort-de-France , Martinique (France) George Town , Cayman Islands (UK) Guatemala City , Guatemala Gustavia , St. Barthélemy (France) Hamilton , Bermuda (UK) Havana , Cuba Kingston , Jamaica Kingstown , St. Vincent and the Grenadines Kralendijk , Bonaire (Netherlands) Managua , Nicaragua Marigot , St. Martin (France) Mexico City , Mexico Nassau , The Bahamas Nuuk , Greenland (Denmark) Oranjestad , Aruba (Netherlands) Oranjestad , Sint Eustatius (Netherlands) Ottawa , Canada Panama City , Panama Philipsburg , Sint Maarten (Netherlands) Plymouth ( de jure ) • Brades ( de facto ) , Montserrat (UK) Port-au-Prince , Haiti Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago Road Town , British Virgin Islands (UK) Roseau , Dominica Saint-Pierre , St. Pierre and Miquelon (France) San José , Costa Rica San Juan , Puerto Rico (US) San Salvador , El Salvador Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic St. George's , Grenada St. John's , Antigua and Barbuda Tegucigalpa , Honduras The Bottom , Saba (Netherlands) The Valley , Anguilla (UK) Washington, D.C. , United States Willemstad , Curaçao (Netherlands) show v t e Capitals of British administrative divisions National capital : London Constituent countries Crown dependencies British Overseas Territories London , England Edinburgh , Scotland Cardiff , Wales Belfast , Northern Ireland Saint Helier , Jersey Saint Peter Port , Guernsey Douglas , Isle of Man Episkopi Cantonment , Akrotiri and Dhekelia The Valley , Anguilla Hamilton , Bermuda Rothera , British Antarctic Territory Diego Garcia , British Indian Ocean Territory Road Town , British Virgin Islands George Town , Cayman Islands Stanley , Falkland Islands Gibraltar , Gibraltar Brades , Montserrat Adamstown , Pitcairn Islands Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha King Edward Point , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Cockburn Town , Turks and Caicos Islands Authority control WorldCat Identities GND : 7543502-0 NARA : 10037394 VIAF : 159489391 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_Town&oldid=851336767 \" Categories : Road Town Populated places in the British Virgin Islands Capitals in North America Capitals in the Caribbean Capitals of British Overseas Territories Roadsteads Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from July 2016 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân-lâm-gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018, at 16:06 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India - Wikipedia Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976 Parliament of India An Act further to amend the Constitution of India. Citation 42nd Amendment Territorial extent India Enacted by Lok Sabha Date passed 2 November 1976 Enacted by Rajya Sabha Date passed 11 November 1976 Date assented to 18 December 1976 Date commenced 3 January 1977 Legislative history Bill introduced in the Lok Sabha The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Bill, 1976 Bill published on 1 September 1976 Introduced by H. R. Gokhale Bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Bill, 1976 Bill published on 4 November 1976 Repealing legislation 43rd and 44th Amendments Summary Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a \"Socialist Secular\" Republic. The 42nd amendment to Constitution of India , officially known as The Constitution (Forty-second amendment) Act, 1976 , was enacted during the Emergency (25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977) by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi . [1] Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in Indian history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws. It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a \"mini-Constitution\" or the \"Constitution of Indira\". [2] Almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty . It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister's Office . [3] The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure. The 42nd Amendment also amended the Preamble and changed the description of India from \" sovereign democratic republic \" to a \"sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic\", and also changed the words \"unity of the nation\" to \"unity and integrity of the nation\". The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public. The Janata Party which had promised to \"restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency\", won the 1977 general elections . The Janata government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent. However, the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objectives. On 31 July 1980, in its judgement on Minerva Mills v. Union of India , the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional two provisions of the 42nd Amendment which prevent any constitutional amendment from being \"called in question in any Court on any ground\" and accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights of individuals respectively. Contents [ hide ] 1 Proposal and enactment 1.1 Ratification 2 Objective 3 Constitutional changes 4 Amendment of the Preamble 5 Aftermath 6 Legal challenges of the amendment 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 11 Further reading Proposal and enactment [ edit ] Prime Minister Indira Gandhi , whose Indian National Congress government enacted the 42nd Amendment in 1976, during the Emergency . Then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi set up a committee in 1976 under the Chairmanship of then Minister of External Affairs Swaran Singh \"to study the question of amendment of the Constitution in the light of experience\". [4] The bill for the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 1 September 1976, as the Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Bill, 1976 (Bill No. 91 of 1976). It was introduced by H. R. Gokhale , then Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs . [5] It sought to amend the Preamble and articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F and the Seventh Schedule. It also sought to substitute articles 103, 150, 192 and 226; and insert new Parts IVA and XIVA and new articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A in the Constitution. [6] In a speech in the Lok Sabha on 27 October 1976, Gandhi claimed that the amendment \"is responsive to the aspirations of the people, and reflects the realities of the present time and the future\". [7] [8] The bill was debated by the Lok Sabha from 25 to 30 October and November 1 and 2. Clauses 2 to 14, 6 to 16, 18 to 20, 22 to 28, 31 to 33, 35 to 41, 43 to 50 and 56 to 59 were adopted in their original form. The remaining clauses were all amended in the Lok Sabha before being passed. Clause 1 of the bill was adopted by the Lok Sabha on 1 November and amended to replace the name \"Forty-fourth\" with \"Forty-second\", and a similar amendment was made on 28 October to Clause 5 which sought to introduce a new article 31D to the Constitution. Amendments to all the other clauses were adopted on 1 November and the bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 2 November 1976. It was then debated by the Rajya Sabha on 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11 November. All amendments made by the Lok Sabha were adopted by the Rajya Sabha on 10 November, and the bill was passed on 11 November 1976. [5] The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on 18 December 1976, and was notified in The Gazette of India on the same date. [5] Sections 2 to 5, 7 to 17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36, 43 to 53, 55, 56, 57 and 59 of the 42nd amendment came into force from 3 January 1977. Sections 6, 23 to 26, 37 to 42, 54 and 58 went into effect from 1 February 1977 and Section 27 from 1 April 1977. [9] Ratification [ edit ] The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: [5] Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Did not ratify: Gujarat Jammu and Kashmir Kerala Meghalaya Nagaland Tamil Nadu Objective [ edit ] The amendment removed election disputes from the purview of the courts. The amendment's opponents described it as a \"convenient camouflage\". [10] Second, the amendment transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure. The third purpose of the amendment was to give Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. [4] [11] The fourth purpose was to make any law passed in pursuance of a Directive Principle immune from scrutiny by the Supreme Court. [12] Supporters of the measure said this would \"make it difficult for the court to upset parliament's policy in regard to many matters\". [4] [11] Constitutional changes [ edit ] Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts [show] Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules [show] First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices [show] I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments [show] List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics [show] Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code v t e Almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. [13] [14] Some of these changes are described below. The Parliament was given unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, [13] without judicial review. [15] This essentially invalidated the Supreme Court's ruling in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala in 1973. [14] The amendment to article 368, [5] prevented any constitutional amendment from being \"called in question in any Court on any ground\". It also declared that there would be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend the Constitution. [5] The 42nd Amendment also restricted the power of the courts to issue stay orders or injunctions. [13] [14] The 42nd Amendment revoked the courts' power to determine what constituted an office of profit . [16] A new article 228A was inserted in the Constitution which would give High Courts the authority to \"determine all questions as to the constitutional validity of any State law\". [5] The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. The 43rd and 44th Amendments reversed these changes. [17] Article 74 was amended and it was explicitly stipulated that \"the President shall act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers \". [1] [16] [17] Governors of states were not included in this article. The interval at which a proclamation of Emergency under Article 356 required approval from Parliament was extended from six months to one year. Article 357 was amended so as to ensure that laws made for a State, while it was under Article 356 emergency, would not cease immediately after the expiry of the emergency, but would instead continue to be in effect until the law was changed by the State Legislature. [16] Articles 358 and 359 were amended, to allow suspension of Fundamental Rights, and suspension of enforcement of any of the rights conferred by the Constitution during an Emergency. [5] The 42nd Amendment added new Directive Principles, viz Article 39A, Article 43A and Article 48A. [16] The 42nd Amendment gave primacy to the Directive Principles, by stating that \"no law implementing any of the Directive Principles could be declared unconstitutional on the grounds that it violated any of the Fundamental Rights\". The Amendment simultaneously stated that laws prohibiting \"antinational activities\" or the formation of \"antinational associations\" could not be invalidated because they infringed on any of the Fundamental Rights. The 43rd and 44th Amendments repealed the 42nd Amendment's provision that Directive Principles take precedence over Fundamental Rights, and also curbed Parliament's power to legislate against \"antinational activities\". The 42nd Amendment also added a new section to the Article on \"Fundamental Duties\" in the Constitution. The new section required citizens \"to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities.\" [17] The 42nd Amendment granted power to the President, in consultation with the Election Commission , to disqualify members of State Legislatures. Prior to the Amendment, this power was power vested in the Governor of the State. [16] Article 105 was amended so as to grant each House of Parliament, its members and committees the right to \"evolve\" their \"powers, privileges and immunities\", \"from time to time\". Article 194 was amended to grant the same rights as Clause 21 to State Legislatures, its members and committees. Two new clauses 4A and 26A were inserted into article 366 of the Constitution, which defined the meaning of the terms \"Central Law\" and \"State Law\" by inserting two new clauses 4A and 26A into article 366 of the Constitution. [5] The 42nd Amendment froze any delimitation of constituencies for elections to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies until after the 2001 Census of India , [16] by amending article 170 (relating to composition of Legislative Assemblies ). [5] The total number of seats in the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies remained the same until the 91st Amendment, passed in 2003, extended the freeze up to 2026. [18] The number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies was also frozen. [16] The amendment extended the term of Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies members from five to six years, [16] by amending article 172 (relating to MLAs ) and Clause(2) of Article 83 (for MPs). The 44th Amendment repealed this change, shortening the term of the aforementioned assemblies back to the original 5 years. [5] Amendment of the Preamble [ edit ] The original text of the Preamble before the 42nd Amendment The 42nd Amendment changed the description of India from a \"sovereign democratic republic\" to a \"sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic\", and also changed the words \"unity of the nation\" to \"unity and integrity of the nation\". B. R. Ambedkar , the principal architect of the Constitution, was opposed to declaring India's social and economic structure in the Constitution. During the Constituent Assembly debates on framing the Constitution in 1946, K.T. Shah proposed an amendment seeking to declare India as a \"Secular, Federal, Socialist\" nation. In his opposition to the amendment, Ambedkar stated, \"My objections, stated briefly are two. In the first place the Constitution... is merely a mechanism for the purpose of regulating the work of the various organs of the State. It is not a mechanism where by particular members or particular parties are installed in office. What should be the policy of the State, how the Society should be organised in its social and economic side are matters which must be decided by the people themselves according to time and circumstances. It cannot be laid down in the Constitution itself, because that is destroying democracy altogether. If you state in the Constitution that the social organisation of the State shall take a particular form, you are, in my judgment, taking away the liberty of the people to decide what should be the social organisation in which they wish to live. It is perfectly possible today, for the majority people to hold that the socialist organisation of society is better than the capitalist organisation of society. But it would be perfectly possible for thinking people to devise some other form of social organisation which might be better than the socialist organisation of today or of tomorrow. I do not see therefore why the Constitution should tie down the people to live in a particular form and not leave it to the people themselves to decide it for themselves. This is one reason why the amendment should be opposed.\" [19] Ambedkar's second objection was that the amendment was \"purely superfluous\" and \"unnecessary\", as \"socialist principles are already embodied in our Constitution\" through Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy. Referring to the Directive Principles, he asked Shah, \"If these directive principles to which I have drawn attention are not socialistic in their direction and in their content, I fail to understand what more socialism can be\". Shah's amendment failed to pass, [19] and the Preamble remained unchanged until the 42nd Amendment. Aftermath [ edit ] See also: Indian general election, 1977 Morarji Desai became Prime Minister after the 1977 elections . During the Emergency, Indira Gandhi implemented a 20-point program of economic reforms that resulted in greater economic growth, aided by the absence of strikes and trade union conflicts. Encouraged by these positive signs and distorted and biased information from her party supporters, Gandhi called for elections in May 1977. [20] However, the Emergency era had been widely unpopular. The 42nd Amendment was widely criticised, and the clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public. [13] In its election manifesto for the 1977 elections, the Janata Party promised to \"restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency and to put rigorous restrictions on the executive 's emergency and analogous powers\". [12] The election ended the control of the Congress (Congress (R) from 1969) over the executive and legislature for the first time since independence. [17] After winning the elections, the Moraji Desai government attempted to repeal the 42nd Amendment. However, Gandhi's Congress party held 163 seats in the 250 seat Rajya Sabha, and vetoed the government's repeal bill. [3] The Janata government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent. [4] Among other changes, the amendments revoked the 42nd Amendment's provision that Directive Principles take precedence over Fundamental Rights, and also curbed Parliament's power to legislate against \"antinational activities\". [17] However, the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objective of restoring the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency. Legal challenges of the amendment [ edit ] The constitutionality of sections 4 and 55 of the 42nd Amendment were challenged in Minerva Mills v. Union of India , when Charan Singh was caretaker Prime Minister. Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment, had amended Article 31C of the Constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy articulated in Part IV of the Constitution over the Fundamental Rights of individuals articulated in Part III . Section 55 prevented any constitutional amendment from being \"called in question in any Court on any ground\". It also declared that there would be no limitation whatever on the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution. After the Indian general election, 1980 , the Supreme Court declared sections 4 and 55 of the 42nd amendment as unconstitutional. It further endorsed and evolved the basic structure doctrine of the Constitution. [15] [21] In the judgement on Section 4, Chief Justice Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud wrote: Three Articles of our Constitution, and only three, stand between the heaven of freedom into which Tagore wanted his country to awake and the abyss of unrestrained power. They are Articles 14, 19 and 21. Article 31C has removed two sides of that golden triangle which affords to the people of this country an assurance that the promise held forth by the preamble will be performed by ushering an egalitarian era through the discipline of fundamental rights, that is, without emasculation of the rights to liberty and equality which alone can help preserve the dignity of the individual. [22] On Section 4, Chandrachud wrote, \"Since the Constitution had conferred a limited amending power on the Parliament, the Parliament cannot under the exercise of that limited power enlarge that very power into an absolute power. Indeed, a limited amending power is one of the basic features of our Constitution and therefore, the limitations on that power can not be destroyed. In other words, Parliament can not, under Article 368, expand its amending power so as to acquire for itself the right to repeal or abrogate the Constitution or to destroy its basic and essential features. The donee of a limited power cannot by the exercise of that power convert the limited power into an unlimited one.\" [22] The ruling was widely welcomed in India, and Gandhi did not challenge the verdict. [10] The Supreme Court's position on constitutional amendments laid out in its judgements in Golak Nath v. State of Punjab , Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala and the Minvera Mills case, is that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its \"basic structure\". [15] [17] On 8 January 2008, a petition, filed by Sanjiv Agarwal of the NGO Good Governance India Foundation, challenged the validity of Section 2 of the 42nd Amendment, which inserted the word \"socialist\" in the Preamble to the Constitution. [23] In its first hearing of the case, Chief Justice K. G. Balakrishnan , who headed the three-judge bench, observed, \"Why do you take socialism in a narrow sense defined by communists ? In broader sense, it means welfare measures for the citizens. It is a facet of democracy. It hasn't got any definite meaning. It gets different meanings in different times.\" [24] Justice Kapadia stated that no political party had, so far, challenged the amendment and everyone had subscribed to it. The court would consider it only when any political party challenged the EC. [25] The petition was withdrawn on 12 July 2010 after the Supreme Court declared the issue to be \"highly academic\". [12] Legacy [ edit ] In the book JP Movement and the Emergency , historian Bipan Chandra wrote, \" Sanjay Gandhi and his cronies like Bansi Lal , Minister of Defence at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years ... In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic civil libertarian structure of the Indian Constitution thorough the 42nd amendment to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional checks and balance between the three organs of the government.\" [26] See also [ edit ] List of amendments of the Constitution of India References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Hart, Henry C. (April 1980). \"The Indian Constitution: Political Development and Decay\". Asia Survey, Vol. 20, No. 4, Apr., 1980 . University of California Press. JSTOR i345360 . Missing or empty |url= ( help ) Jump up ^ Dev, Nitish. \"Constitutional Amendments of India\" . PublishYourArticles.org . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b John R. Walker (June 21, 1977). \"Janata's flaws shown by wins in northern India\" . The Calgary Herald. Southam News Services . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d \"The bill finally cometh\" . The Sunday Indian. August 21, 2011 . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k R.C. Bhardwaj, ed. (1 January 1995). Constitution Amendment in India (Sixth ed.). New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. pp. 76–84;190–196 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Forty Second Amendment\" . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 2013-11-26 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha Debates, Fifth Series, vol. 65, no.3, cols.141-2. Jump up ^ \"Parliament Has Unfettered Right\". Indira Gandhi, Selected Speeches and Writings, vol.3 . pp. 283–91. Jump up ^ \"The Constitution (Amendment) Acts\" . Constitution.org . Retrieved 2013-11-25 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to: a b \"When in doubt, amend\" . Indian Express. 2009-08-21 . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b Granville, Austin. Working A Democratic Constitution - The Indian Experience . p. 371. ^ Jump up to: a b c \" ' Issue too academic', so PIL on socialism in statute withdrawn\" . The Indian Express . 2010-07-13 . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d \"The Rise of Indira Gandhi\" . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 2009-06-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"A living legend\" . The Indian Express . 24 January 1998. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2014-11-21 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"Indian Constitution: Sixty years of our faith\" . The Indian Express . 2010-02-02 . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Prateek Deol. \"42nd Constitutional Amendment: A Draconion Act Of Parliament - Gujarat National Law University\" . Legalserviceindia.com . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f \"India - The Constitution\" . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ \"Delimitation of constituencies\" . The Hindu . 2001-09-17 . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA - VOLUME VII\" . NIC. 15 November 1948 . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Paul R. Brass (1994). The Politics of India Since Independence . Cambridge University Press . pp. 40–50. ISBN 978-0-521-45970-9 . CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Raghav Sharma (2008-04-16). \"Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors: A Jurisprudential Perspective\". Social Science Research Network. SSRN 1121817 . Missing or empty |url= ( help ); |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) ^ Jump up to: a b \"Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors\" . Open Archive. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012-07-17 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ \"Front Page : 'Socialist' tag in statute challenged\" . The Hindu . 2008-01-09 . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . Jump up ^ \"India a socialist nation? SC says keep the tag\" . Ibnlive.in.com. 2008-01-08 . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . Jump up ^ J. Venkatesan (2010-07-13). \"Petition against term \"socialist\" in Constitution rejected\" . The Hindu . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . Jump up ^ \"New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency\" . IBN Live News. 2011-05-30 . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . External links [ edit ] Full text of the 42nd Amendment - NIC Full text of the 42nd Amendment - india.gov.in Further reading [ edit ] G. G. Mirchandani Subverting the Constitution (Abhinav Publications, 1977) Kiruṣṇā Ān̲ant, Vi India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics (Pearson Education India, 2010) [ show ] v t e The Emergency of 1975–77 Personalities Atal Bihari Vajpayee Bansi Lal C. Achutha Menon Charan Singh Devakanta Barua Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed George Fernandes Hans Raj Khanna Harcharan Singh Longowal H. N. Bahuguna Indira Gandhi Jagjivan Ram Jagmohan Jagmohanlal Sinha Jayaprakash Narayan Jivatram Kripalani K. Kamaraj K. Karunakaran Lal Krishna Advani M. G. Ramachandran M. Karunanidhi Morarji Desai Narendra Modi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Pranab Mukherjee Raj Narain Sanjay Gandhi Siddhartha Shankar Ray Zail Singh Organisations Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Lok Dal Communist Party of India (Marxist) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Dravidar Kazhagam Indian National Congress (Organisation) Indian National Congress (R) Indian National Congress Janata Morcha Janata Party People's Union for Civil Liberties Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Shiromani Akali Dal Socialist Party of India Swatantra Party Events State of Emergency in India State of Uttar Pradesh v. 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{ "text": "Fast food restaurant - Wikipedia Fast food restaurant From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search A fast food restaurant in the port of Malinska , Croatia A McDonald's restaurant in Times Square , New York City A fast food restaurant in Hong Kong A fast food restaurant , also known as a quick service restaurant ( QSR ) within the industry, is a specific type of restaurant that serves fast food cuisine and has minimal table service . The food served in fast food restaurants is typically part of a \" meat-sweet diet \", offered from a limited menu, cooked in bulk in advance and kept hot, finished and packaged to order, and usually available for take away , though seating may be provided. Fast food restaurants are typically part of a restaurant chain or franchise operation that provisions standardized ingredients and/or partially prepared foods and supplies to each restaurant through controlled supply channels. The term \"fast food\" was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951. [1] Arguably, the first fast food restaurants originated in the United States with White Castle in 1921 and A&W in 1923. [2] Today, American-founded fast food chains such as McDonald's (est. 1940) and KFC (est. 1952) [3] [4] [5] [6] are multinational corporations with outlets across the globe. Variations on the fast food restaurant concept include fast casual restaurants and catering trucks . Fast casual restaurants have higher sit-in ratios, offering a hybrid between counter-service typical at fast food restaurants and a traditional table service restaurant. Catering trucks (also called food trucks) often park just outside worksites and are popular with factory workers. Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 United States 2 Cuisine 2.1 Value meals 3 Technology 4 Business 4.1 Consumer spending 4.2 Major international brands 4.3 North America 4.4 Australia 4.5 United Kingdom 4.6 Ireland 4.7 Japan 4.8 India 4.9 Nigeria 4.10 Pakistan 4.11 Russia 4.12 South Africa 4.13 Hong Kong 4.14 Israel 4.15 New Zealand 4.16 Philippines 4.17 Franchising 5 Trends 5.1 Health concerns 5.2 Consumer appeal 5.3 Impact of fast food restaurant availability 5.4 Innovations timeline 5.5 Halal 6 Criticisms 7 Legal issues 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading History [ edit ] See also: History of the hamburger , White Castle (restaurant) , and History of McDonald's The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. (April 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States [ edit ] The Big Mac hamburger made its debut in 1967 A Burger King Whopper sandwich Some trace the modern history of fast food in the United States to 7 July 1912, with the opening of a fast food restaurant called the Automat in New York. The Automat was a cafeteria with its pre-prepared foods behind small glass windows and coin-operated slots. Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart had already opened the first Horn & Hardart Automat in Philadelphia in 1902, but their \"Automat\" at Broadway and 13th Street, in New York City, created a sensation. Numerous Automat restaurants were built around the country to deal with the demand. Automats remained extremely popular throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The company also popularized the notion of \"take-out\" food, with their slogan \"Less work for Mother\". Some historians concur that A&W , which opened in 1921 and began franchising in 1923, was the first fast food restaurant (E. Tavares). Thus, the American company White Castle is sometimes considered the second fast-food outlet in Wichita, Kansas in 1921, selling hamburgers for five cents apiece from its inception and spawning numerous competitors and emulators. What is certain, however, is that White Castle made the first significant effort to standardize the food production in, look of, and operation of fast-food hamburger restaurants. William Ingram's and Walter Anderson's White Castle System created the first fast food supply chain to provide meat, buns, paper goods, and other supplies to their restaurants, pioneered the concept of the multi-state hamburger restaurant chain, standardized the look and construction of the restaurants themselves, and even developed a construction division that manufactured and built the chain's prefabricated restaurant buildings. The McDonald's Speedee Service System and, much later, Ray Kroc 's McDonald's outlets and Hamburger University all built on principles, systems and practices that White Castle had already established between 1923 and 1932. The hamburger restaurant most associated by the public with the term \"fast food\" was created by two brothers originally from Nashua, New Hampshire . Richard and Maurice McDonald opened a barbecue drive-in in 1940 in the city of San Bernardino, California . After discovering that most of their profits came from hamburgers, the brothers closed their restaurant for three months and reopened it in 1948 as a walk-up stand offering a simple menu of hamburgers, french fries , shakes , coffee, and Coca-Cola , served in disposable paper wrapping. As a result, they could produce hamburgers and fries constantly, without waiting for customer orders, and could serve them immediately; hamburgers cost 15 cents, about half the price at a typical diner . Their streamlined production method, which they named the \"Speedee Service System\" was influenced by the production line innovations of Henry Ford . By 1954, The McDonald brothers' stand was restaurant equipment manufacturer Prince Castle 's biggest purchaser of milkshake blending machines. Prince Castle salesman Ray Kroc traveled to California to discover why the company had purchased almost a dozen of the units as opposed to the normal one or two found in most restaurants of the time. Enticed by the success of the McDonald's concept, Kroc signed a franchise agreement with the brothers and began opening McDonald's restaurants in Illinois. [7] By 1961, Kroc had bought out the brothers and created what is now the modern McDonald's Corporation . One of the major parts of his business plan was to promote cleanliness of his restaurants to growing groups of Americans that had become aware of food safety issues. As part of his commitment to cleanliness, Kroc often took part in cleaning his own Des Plaines, Illinois outlet by hosing down the garbage cans and scraping gum off the cement. Another concept Kroc added was great swaths of glass which enabled the customer to view the food preparation, a practice still found in chains such as Krispy Kreme . A clean atmosphere was only part of Kroc's grander plan which separated McDonald's from the rest of the competition and attributes to their great success. Kroc envisioned making his restaurants appeal to suburban families. [8] At roughly the same time as Kroc was conceiving what eventually became McDonald's Corporation, two Miami, Florida businessmen, James McLamore and David Edgerton, opened a franchise of the predecessor to what is now the international fast food restaurant chain Burger King . McLamore had visited the original McDonald's hamburger stand belonging to the McDonald brothers; sensing potential in their innovative assembly line -based production system, he decided he wanted to open a similar operation of his own. [9] [10] The two partners eventually decided to invest their money in Jacksonville, Florida -based Insta-Burger King. Originally opened in 1953, the founders and owners of the chain, Kieth J. Kramer and his wife's uncle Matthew Burns, opened their first stores around a piece of equipment known as the Insta-Broiler. The Insta-Broiler oven proved so successful at cooking burgers, they required all of their franchises to carry the device. [9] By 1959 McLamore and Edgarton were operating several locations within the Miami-Dade area and were growing at a fast clip. Despite the success of their operation, the partners discovered that the design of the insta-broiler made the unit's heating elements prone to degradation from the drippings of the beef patties. The pair eventually created a mechanized gas grill that avoided the problems by changing the way the meat patties were cooked in the unit. After the original company began to falter in 1959, it was purchased by McLamore and Edgerton who renamed the company Burger King. [11] While fast food restaurants usually have a seating area in which customers can eat the food on the premises, orders are designed to be taken away , and traditional table service is rare. Orders are generally taken and paid for at a wide counter, with the customer waiting by the counter for a tray or container for their food. A \" drive-through \" service can allow customers to order and pick up food from their cars. Nearly from its inception, fast food has been designed to be eaten \"on the go\" and often does not require traditional cutlery and is eaten as a finger food. Common menu items at fast food outlets include fish and chips , sandwiches , pitas , hamburgers , fried chicken , french fries , chicken nuggets , tacos , pizza , and ice cream , although many fast food restaurants offer \"slower\" foods like chili , mashed potatoes , and salads . Cuisine [ edit ] Modern commercial fast food is highly processed and prepared on a large scale from bulk ingredients using standardized cooking and production methods and equipment. It is usually rapidly served in cartons, bags, or in a plastic wrapping, in a fashion which reduces operating costs by allowing rapid product identification and counting, promoting longer holding time, avoiding transfer of bacteria, and facilitating order fulfillment. In most fast food operations, menu items are generally made from processed ingredients prepared at central supply facilities and then shipped to individual outlets where they are cooked (usually by grill, microwave, or deep-frying) or assembled in a short amount of time either in anticipation of upcoming orders (i.e., \"to stock\") or in response to actual orders (i.e., \"to order\"). Following standard operating procedures, pre-cooked products are monitored for freshness and disposed of if holding times become excessive. This process ensures a consistent level of product quality, and is key to delivering the order quickly to the customer and avoiding labor and equipment costs in the individual stores. Because of commercial emphasis on taste, speed, product safety, uniformity, and low cost, fast food products are made with ingredients formulated to achieve an identifiable flavor, aroma, texture, and \"mouth feel\" and to preserve freshness and control handling costs during preparation and order fulfillment. This requires a high degree of food engineering . The use of additives , including salt, sugar, flavorings and preservatives , and processing techniques may limit the nutritional value of the final product. Value meals [ edit ] A value meal is a group of menu items offered together at a lower price than they would cost individually. A hamburger, side of fries, and drink commonly constitute a value meal—or combo depending on the chain. Value meals at fast food restaurants are common as a merchandising tactic to facilitate bundling , up-selling , and price discrimination . Most of the time they can be upgraded to a larger side and drink for a small fee. The perceived creation of a \"discount\" on individual menu items in exchange for the purchase of a \"meal\" is also consistent with the loyalty marketing school of thought . [12] Technology [ edit ] To make quick service possible and to ensure accuracy and security, many fast food restaurants have incorporated hospitality point of sale systems . This makes it possible for kitchen crew people to view orders placed at the front counter or drive through in real time. Wireless systems allow orders placed at drive through speakers to be taken by cashiers and cooks. Drive through and walk through configurations will allow orders to be taken at one register and paid at another. Modern point of sale systems can operate on computer networks using a variety of software programs. Sales records can be generated and remote access to computer reports can be given to corporate offices, managers, troubleshooters, and other authorized personnel. Food service chains partner with food equipment manufacturers to design highly specialized restaurant equipment, often incorporating heat sensors , timers, and other electronic controls into the design. Collaborative design techniques, such as rapid visualization and computer-aided design of restaurant kitchens are now being used to establish equipment specifications that are consistent with restaurant operating and merchandising requirements. [13] Business [ edit ] Neighboring fast food restaurant advertisement signs in Bowling Green, Kentucky McDonald's fast food restaurant at Kulim , Kedah , Malaysia McDonald's fast food restaurant at Dublin Airport Consumer spending [ edit ] In the United States, consumers spent about US$110 billion on fast food in 2000 (which increased from $6 billion in 1970). [14] The National Restaurant Association forecasts that fast food restaurants in the US will reach $142 billion in sales in 2006, a 5% increase over 2005. In comparison, the full-service restaurant segment of the food industry is expected to generate $173 billion in sales. Fast food has been losing market share to so-called fast casual restaurants , which offer more robust and expensive cuisines . [ citation needed ] Major international brands [ edit ] McDonald's , a fast food supplier, opened its first franchised restaurant in the US in 1955 (1974 in the UK). It has become a phenomenally successful enterprise in terms of financial growth, brand-name recognition, and worldwide expansion. Ray Kroc, who bought the franchising license from the McDonald brothers, pioneered concepts which emphasized standardization. He introduced uniform products, identical in all respects at each outlet, to increase sales. Kroc also insisted on cutting food costs as much as possible, eventually using the McDonald's Corporation's size to force suppliers to conform to this ethos. [ citation needed ] Other prominent international fast food companies include Burger King , the number two hamburger chain in the world, known for promoting its customized menu offerings ( Have it Your Way ). Another international fast food chain is KFC , which sells Chicken-related products and is the number 1 Fast Food company in the People's Republic of China. Multinational corporations typically modify their menus to cater to local tastes, and most overseas outlets are owned by native franchisees. McDonald's in India , for example, uses chicken and paneer rather than beef and pork in their burgers because Hinduism traditionally forbids eating beef. In Israel some McDonald's restaurants are kosher and respect the Jewish Shabbat ; there is also a kosher McDonald's in Argentina . In Egypt , Bangladesh , Indonesia , Morocco , Saudi Arabia , Malaysia , Pakistan , and Singapore , all menu items are halal . North America [ edit ] Animal fries from In-N-Out Burger 's secret menu Many fast food operations have more local and regional roots, such as White Castle in the Midwest United States, along with Hardee's (owned by CKE Restaurants , which also owns Carl's Jr. , whose locations are primarily on the United States West Coast); Krystal , Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits , Cook Out , and Zaxby's restaurants in the American Southeast; Raising Cane's in Louisiana and other mostly Southern states; Hot 'n Now in Michigan and Wisconsin; In-N-Out Burger (in California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and Texas) and Original Tommy's chains in Southern California; Dick's Drive-In in Seattle, Washington and Arctic Circle in Utah and other western states; Halo Burger around Flint, Michigan and Burgerville in the Portland, Oregon area. Also, Whataburger is a popular burger chain in the American South, and Jack in the Box is located in the West and South. Canada pizza chains Topper's Pizza and Pizza Pizza are primarily located in Ontario . Coffee chain Country Style operates only in Ontario, and competes with the famous coffee and donut chain Tim Hortons . Maid-Rite restaurant is one of the oldest chain fast food restaurants in the United States. Founded in 1926, their specialty is a loose meat hamburger. Maid-Rites can be found in the midwest - mainly Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, and Missouri. International brands dominant in North America include McDonald's , Burger King and Wendy's , the number three burger chain in the USA; Dunkin' Donuts , a New England -based chain; automobile oriented Sonic Drive-In 's from Oklahoma City ; Starbucks , Seattle-born coffee-based fast food beverage corporation; KFC and Taco Bell , which are both part of the largest restaurant conglomerate in the world, Yum! Brands ; and Domino's Pizza , a pizza chain known for popularizing home delivery of fast food. Subway is known for their sub sandwiches and are the largest restaurant chain to serve such food items. [15] Quiznos a Denver-based sub shop is another fast-growing sub chain, yet with over 6,000 locations it is still far behind Subway's 34,000 locations. Other smaller sub shops include Blimpie , Jersey Mike's Subs , Mr. Goodcents, Jimmy John's , and Firehouse . A&W Restaurants was originally a United States and Canada fast food brand, but it is currently an International fast food corporation in several countries. In Canada the majority of fast food chains are American owned or were originally American owned but have since set up a Canadian management/headquarters locations such as Panera Bread , Chipotle Mexican Grill , Five Guys , and Carl's Jr. . Although the case is usually American fast food chains expanding into Canada, Canadian chains such as Tim Hortons have expanded into 22 states in the United States, but are more prominent in border states such as New York and Michigan . Tim Hortons has started to expand to other countries outside of North America. The Pita Pit franchise originated in Canada and has expanded to the United States and other Countries. The Canadian Extreme Pita franchise sells low fat and salt pita sandwiches with stores in the larger Canadian cities. Other Canadian fast food chains such as Manchu Wok serve North American style Asian foods; this company is located mainly in Canada and the USA, with other outlets on US military bases on other continents. Harvey's is a Canadian-only burger restaurant chain, present in every province. Australia [ edit ] Australia's fast food market began in the early 1970s, with the opening of several American franchises including McDonald's and KFC. Pizza Hut was introduced in the 1980s, and Burger King followed. However, the Burger King market found that this name was already a registered trademark to a takeaway food shop in Adelaide . [16] Thus, the Burger King Australian market was forced to pick another name, selecting the Hungry Jack's brand name. Prior to this, the Australian fast food market consisted primarily of imports from the UK, fish and chips takeaway. [ citation needed ] United Kingdom [ edit ] In the United Kingdom, many home based fast food operations were closed in the 1970s and 1980s after McDonald's became the number one outlet in the market [ citation needed ] . However, brands like Wimpy still remain, although the majority of branches became Burger King in 1989. Ireland [ edit ] In addition to home-grown chains such as Supermac's , numerous American chains such as McDonald's and Burger King have also established a presence in Ireland. In 2015, a study developed by Treated.com was published in the Irish Times , which named Swords in County Dublin as Ireland's 'fast food capital'. [17] Japan [ edit ] American chains such as Domino's Pizza , McDonald's , Pizza Hut , and KFC have a big presence in Japan, but local gyudon chains such as Sukiya , Matsuya and Yoshinoya also blanket the country. Japan has its own burger chains including MOS Burger , Lotteria and Freshness Burger . India [ edit ] The major fast food chains in India which serve European/American food are KFC, McDonald's, Starbucks, Burger King, Subway, Pizza Hut, and Dominos. Most of these have had to make a lot of changes to their standard menus to cater to Indian food habits and taste preferences. Some emerging Indian food chains include Haldiram's , Faaso's , Chick King, Pitstop and Café Coffee Day . Food habits vary widely across states within India. While typical Idli / Dosa is fast food in Southern India, in Maharashtra it is misal-pav / pav-bhaji / pohe etc. Further north in Punjab/Haryana, Chole-bhature are very popular and in Bihar/Jharkhand litti-chokha is their staple fast food. Maintaining consistency in taste and texture of Indian fast food is a challenge and hence local chains are emerging armed with new food-technology. Nigeria [ edit ] In Nigeria , Mr. Bigg's , Chicken Republic , Tantalizers , and Tastee Fried Chicken are the predominant fast food chains. KFC and Domino's Pizza have recently entered the country. Pakistan [ edit ] Fast food In Pakistan varies. There are many international chains serving fast food, including Nandos , Burger King, KFC, McDonald's, Domino's Pizza , Fatburger , Dunkin' Donuts, Subway, Pizza Hut, Hardees, Telepizza , Steak Escape and Gloria Jean's Coffees . In addition to the international chains, in local cuisine people in Pakistan like to have biryani , bun kebabs , Nihari , kebab rolls etc. as fast food. Russia [ edit ] Most international fast food chains like Subway, McDonald's, Burger King etc. are represented in major Russian cities. There are also local chains like Teremok specializing in Russian cuisine or having elements of it added into their menu. South Africa [ edit ] KFC is the most popular fast food chain in South Africa according to a 2010 Sunday Times survey. [18] Chicken Licken , Wimpy and Ocean Basket along with Nando's and Steers are examples of homegrown franchises that are highly popular within the country. McDonald's, Subway and Pizza Hut have a significant presence within South Africa. Hong Kong [ edit ] A Café de Coral branch in Admiralty In Hong Kong, although McDonald's and KFC are quite popular, three major local fast food chains provide Hong Kong style fast food, namely Café de Coral , Fairwood , and Maxim MX . Café de Coral alone serves more than 300,000 customers daily. [19] Unlike western fast food chains, these restaurants offer four different menus at different times of the day, namely breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, and dinner. Siu mei is offered throughout the day. Dai pai dong and traditional Hong Kong street food may be considered close relatives of the conventional fast food outlet. Israel [ edit ] In Israel , local burger chain Burger Ranch is popular as are McDonald's and Burger King. Domino's Pizza is also a popular fast food restaurant. Chains like McDonald's offer kosher branches. Non-kosher foods such as cheeseburgers are rare in Israeli fast food chains, even in non-kosher branches. There are many small local fast food chains that serve pizza , hamburgers , sushi and local foods such as hummus , falafel and shawarma . New Zealand [ edit ] In New Zealand , the fast food market began in the 1970s with KFC (opened 1971), Pizza Hut (1974), and McDonald's (1976), [20] and all three remain popular today. Burger King and Domino's entered the market later in the 1990s. Australian pizza chains Eagle Boys and Pizza Haven also entered the market in the 1990s, but their New Zealand operations were later sold to Pizza Hut and Domino's. A few fast food chains have been founded in New Zealand, including Burger Fuel (founded 1995), Georgie Pie (founded 1977, but closed 1998 after falling into financial trouble and being bought out by McDonald's) and Hell Pizza (founded 1996). Philippines [ edit ] In the Philippines, fast-food is the same as in the US. However, the only difference is that they serve Filipino dishes and a few American products being served Filipino-style. Jollibee is the leading fast food chain in the country with 1,000 stores nationwide. Franchising [ edit ] A fast food chain restaurant is generally owned either by the parent company of the fast food chain or a franchisee – an independent party given the right to use the company's trademark and trade name. In the latter case, a contract is made between the franchisee and the parent company, typically requiring the franchisee to pay an initial, fixed fee in addition to a continual percentage of monthly sales. Upon opening for business, the franchisee oversees the day-to-day operations of the restaurant and acts as a manager of the store. Once the contract expires, the parent company may choose to \"renew the contract, sell the franchise to another franchisee, or operate the restaurant itself.\" [21] In most fast food chains, the number of franchised locations exceeds the number of company owned locations. Fast food chains rely on consistency and uniformity, in internal operations and brand image, across all of their restaurant locations in order to convey a sense of reliability to their customers. This sense of reliability coupled with a positive customer experience brings customers to place trust in the company. This sense of trust leads to increased customer loyalty which gives the company a source of recurring business. When a person is presented with a choice of different restaurants to eat at, it is much easier for them to stick with what they know, rather than to take a gamble and dive into the unknown. [22] Due to the importance of consistency, most companies set standards unifying their various restaurant locations with a set of common rules and regulations. Parent companies often rely on field representatives to ensure that the practices of franchised locations are consistent with the company's standards. However, the more locations a fast food chain has, the harder it is for the parent company to guarantee that these standards are being followed. Moreover, it is much more expensive to discharge a franchisee for noncompliance with company standards, than it is to discharge an employee for that same reason. As a consequence, parent companies tend to deal with franchisee violations in a more relaxed manner. [22] For the most part, someone visiting a McDonald's in the United States will have the same experience as someone visiting a McDonald's in Japan. The interior design, the menu, the speed of service, and the taste of the food will all be very similar. However, some differences do exist to tailor to particular cultural differences. For example, in October 2005 during a midst of plummeting sales in Japan, McDonald's added a shrimp burger to the Japanese menu. [23] The choice to introduce a shrimp burger was no coincidence, as a 1989 study stated that world consumption of shrimp was \"led by Japan.\" [24] In March 2010, Taco Bell opened their first restaurant in India. Because non-consumption of beef is a cultural norm in light of India's Dharmic beliefs, Taco Bell had to tailor its menu to the dietary distinctions of Indian culture by replacing all of the beef with chicken. By the same token, completely meatless options were introduced to the menu due to the prevalence of vegetarianism throughout the country. [25] Trends [ edit ] Health concerns [ edit ] Some of the large fast food chains are beginning to incorporate healthier alternatives in their menu, e.g., white meat, snack wraps, salads, and fresh fruit. However, some people see these moves as a tokenistic and commercial measure, rather than an appropriate reaction to ethical concerns about the world ecology and people's health. McDonald's announced that in March 2006, the chain would include nutritional information on the packaging of all of its products. [26] In September and October 2000, during the Starlink corn recalls , up to $50 million worth of corn-based foods were recalled from restaurants as well as supermarkets. The products contained Starlink genetically modified corn that was not approved for human consumption. [27] It was the first-ever recall of a genetically modified food . [28] [29] The environmental group Friends of the Earth that had first detected the contaminated shells was critical of the FDA for not doing its own job. Consumer appeal [ edit ] The interior of a fast food restaurant in Sheung Wan , Hong Kong Fast food outlets have become popular with consumers for several reasons. One is that through economies of scale in purchasing and producing food, these companies can deliver food to consumers at a very low cost. In addition, although some people dislike fast food for its predictability, it can be reassuring to a hungry person in a hurry or far from home. [ citation needed ] In the post-World War II period in the United States, fast food chains like McDonald's rapidly gained a reputation for their cleanliness, fast service, and a child-friendly atmosphere where families on the road could grab a quick meal, or seek a break from the routine of home cooking [ citation needed ] . Prior to the rise of the fast food chain restaurant, people generally had a choice between greasy spoon diners where the quality of the food was often questionable and service lacking, or high-end restaurants that were expensive and impractical for families with children [ citation needed ] . The modern, stream-lined convenience of the fast food restaurant provided a new alternative and appealed to Americans' instinct for ideas and products associated with progress, technology, and innovation. [ citation needed ] Fast food restaurants rapidly became the eatery \"everyone could agree on\", with many featuring child-size menu combos, play areas, and whimsical branding campaigns, like the iconic Ronald McDonald , designed to appeal to younger customers. Parents could have a few minutes of peace while children played or amused themselves with the toys included in their Happy Meal . There is a long history of fast food advertising campaigns, many of which are directed at children. Fast food marketing largely focuses on children and teenagers. Popular methods of advertising include television, product placement in toys, games, educational materials, songs, and movies, character licensing and celebrity endorsements, and websites. [30] Advertisements targeting children mainly focus on free toys, movie tie-ins and other giveaways. [31] Fast food restaurants use kid's meals with toys, kid friendly mascots, vibrant colors, and play areas to draw children toward their products. . Children's power over their parents' purchases is estimated to total $300 to $500 billion every year. [32] Fast food has become a part of American culture as a reward for children. To deny a child \"desirable things\" such as the advertised fast food restaurant can cause stigmatization of parents as the \"mean parent\" when it is common among other parents to comply with their child's desires. [32] The major focus on children by the fast food industry has created controversy due to the rising issue of children obesity in America. [33] As a result of this focus, in 2008 a coalition was created and run by the Council of Better Business Bureaus called Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative(CFBAI), to stop ads aimed at children or to promote only what the council dubs \"better-for- you\" products in ads directed towards children. [34] However, it was not until 2011 that Congress requested guidelines be put in place by the CFBAI, FDA, Agriculture Department, and Centers for Disease Control. There are two basic requirements identified in the guidelines for foods that are advertised for children: (1) The food has to include healthful ingredients; (2) The food can't contain unhealthful amounts of sugar, Saturated fat, Trans fat, and salt. The guidelines are voluntary but companies experience heavy pressure to comply. Once a company complies they have 5–10 years to comply with the guidelines. [33] Many fast food industries have started to comply with the guidelines. Although many companies have ways to go. In 2012 the fast food industry spent $4.6 billion to advertise unhealthy products to children and teens according to a report by the Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity. [31] There are points of progress that include healthier sides and beverages in most fast food restaurant kids' meals. [31] The guidelines are interested in a healthier lifestyle for children and the growing problem of American obesity. In other parts of the world, American and American-style fast food outlets have been popular for their quality, customer service, and novelty, even though they are often the targets of popular anger towards American foreign policy or globalization more generally [ citation needed ] . Many consumers nonetheless see them as symbols of the wealth, progress, and well-ordered openness of Western society and they therefore become trendy attractions in many cities around the world, particularly among younger people with more varied tastes. [ citation needed ] Impact of fast food restaurant availability [ edit ] Over time, fast food restaurants have been growing rapidly, especially in urban neighborhoods. According to US research, low-income and predominantly African-American neighborhoods have greater exposure to fast food outlets than higher income and predominantly white areas. [35] This has put into question whether urbanized neighborhoods were targeted, which causes a more unhealthy group of people compared to people from a higher socioeconomic status. It has also been shown that there is a lower chance of finding a fast food restaurant in a suburban neighborhood. In a study of selected US locations, Morland et al. (2002) found the number of fast food restaurants and bars was inversely proportional to the wealth of the neighborhood, and that predominantly African-American residential areas were four times less likely to have a supermarket near them than predominantly white areas. [36] Innovations timeline [ edit ] 1872: Walter Scott of Providence, RI outfitted a horse-drawn lunch wagon with a simple kitchen, bringing hot dinners to workers [37] 1902: First Horn & Hardart Automat opened in Philadelphia 1912: Horn & Hardart opens a second Automat in Manhattan 1916: Walter Anderson built the first White Castle in Wichita, KS in 1916, introducing the limited menu, high volume, low cost, high speed hamburger restaurant [37] 1919: A&W Root Beer took its product out of the soda fountain and into a roadside stand [37] 1921: A&W Root Beer began franchising its syrup [37] 1921: White Castle opens its first restaurant 1926: Maid-Rite opened its first restaurant in Muscatine, Iowa . 1930s: Howard Johnson's pioneered the concept of franchising restaurants, formally standardizing menus, signage, and advertising [37] 1948: In-N-Out Burger begins drive-through service utilizing call-box technology 1967: McDonald's opens its first restaurants outside the US. [38] 1971: McDonald's begins serving breakfast, test-marketing the Egg McMuffin in the US. [38] 1971: The first Starbucks store opens in Seattle, Washington in Pike Place Market to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment 1980: 7-Eleven introduces the 32-US-fluid-ounce (950 ml) Big Gulp 1981: Arby's offers nutritional information 1987: Howard Schultz leads purchase of the Starbucks brand from its founders (who adopted the name Peet's ) and begins offering coffee drinks modeled after those sold in Italian coffee bars 1994: McDonald's begins \"supersizing\" Extra Value Meals 1994: Arctic Circle becomes the first fast food restaurant to sell Angus beef exclusively. 1994: Arby's is first fast food restaurant to implement a no-smoking policy 2002: McDonald's cuts back on the amount of trans fat by 48 percent on french fries 2006: Arby's begins elimination of trans fat oils in french fries Halal [ edit ] The introduction of the halal option by some fast food companies saw the expansion of fast food chains into Muslim majority countries has resulted in a rise of restaurant options in non-western nations and has also increased revenue for some western restaurant chains. [39] Some outlets offering Halal options include KFC, Nando's, Pizza Express, and Subway. McDonald's carried out a trial but decided that the cost of operations would be too high. [40] There have also been court cases involving start-up businesses during attempts to alter the halal-certified method by machine killing, which is against the beliefs of some Muslims. [41] However, the trend towards halal has been unpopular in some communities which have at times resulted in internet petitions. [42] Criticisms [ edit ] The fast food industry is a popular target for critics, from anti-globalization activists like José Bové to vegetarian activist groups such as PETA as well as the workers themselves. A number of fast food worker strikes occurred in the United States in the 2010s. In his best-selling 2001 book Fast Food Nation , investigative journalist Eric Schlosser leveled a broad, socioeconomic critique against the fast food industry, documenting how fast food rose from small, family-run businesses (like the McDonald brothers' burger joint) into large, multinational corporate juggernauts whose economies of scale radically transformed agriculture, meat processing, and labor markets in the late twentieth century. Schlosser argues that while the innovations of the fast food industry gave Americans more and cheaper dining options, it has come at the price of destroying the environment, economy, and small-town communities of rural America while shielding consumers from the real costs of their convenient meal, both in terms of health and the broader impact of large-scale food production and processing on workers, animals, and land. The fast food industry is popular in the United States, the source of most of its innovation, and many major international chains are based there. Seen as symbols of US dominance and perceived cultural imperialism , American fast food franchises have often been the target of Anti-globalization protests and demonstrations against the US government. In 2005, for example, rioters in Karachi , Pakistan , who were initially angered because of the bombing of a Shiite mosque, destroyed a KFC restaurant. [43] Legal issues [ edit ] In 2003, McDonald's was sued in a New York court by a family who claimed that the restaurant chain was responsible for their teenage daughter's obesity and attendant health problems. By manipulating food's taste, sugar and fat content, and directing their advertising to children, the suit argued that the company purposely misleads the public about the nutritional value of its product. A judge dismissed the case, but the fast food industry disliked the publicity of its practices, particularly the way it targets children in its advertising. [44] Although further lawsuits have not materialized, the issue is kept alive in the media and political circles by those promoting the need for tort reform . [45] In response to this, the \" Cheeseburger Bill \" [46] was passed by the US House of Representatives in 2004; it later stalled in the US Senate. The law was reintroduced in 2005, only to meet the same fate. This law was claimed to \"[ban] frivolous lawsuits against producers and sellers of food and non-alcoholic drinks arising from obesity claims.\" The bill arose because of an increase in lawsuits against fast food chains by people who claimed that eating their products made them obese, disassociating themselves from any of the blame. See also [ edit ] Companies portal Food portal Business and economics portal Fast food advertising HACCP List of fast food restaurant chains List of hamburger restaurants List of the largest fast food restaurant chains Roadhouse (facility) Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"Jack In The Box Inc\" . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ \"The Evolution of the Quick Service Restaurant\" . A Management Consultant @ Large . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . [ unreliable source? ] Jump up ^ \"Franchising\" . KFC.com . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Our Story\" . KFC.co.uk . KFC UK . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ \"KFC Thailand\" . fcthailand.com . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ \"KFC founder Colonel Sanders didn't achieve his remarkable rise to success until his 60s\" . Business Insider . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross, Daniel (7 August 1977). Forbes Greatest Business Stories (pdf) . John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 178–192. ISBN 0-471-19653-3 . Retrieved 17 April 2008 . While most restaurants bought one or two Prince Castle Multimixers, which could mix five shakes at once, the McDonald's had purchased eight. And Kroc was curious to see what kind of operation needed the capacity to churn forty milk shakes at one time. Jump up ^ \"Where White Tower (one of the original fast food restaurants) had tied hamburgers to public transportation and the workingman...McDonald's tied hamburgers to the car, children, and the family.\" (Levinstein, p.228-229) ^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Andrew F. (30 August 2006). Encyclopedia of junk food and fast food (1st ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-313-33527-3 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Carlino, Bill (19 August 1996). \"BK co-founder McLamore dead at 70\" . Nation's Restaurant News . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . [ permanent dead link ] Jump up ^ John A. Jakle; Keith A. Sculle (27 March 2002). Fast Food (1st ed.). JHU Press. pp. 116–119. ISBN 0-8018-6920-X . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ \"Will they buy it?\" . Chicago Tribune . 4 March 2004. Jump up ^ \"A Lifecycle Approach to Retail Store Development\" . A Management Consultant @ Large . Retrieved 11 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Schlosser, Eric (2001). Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal . Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-395-97789-4 . Jump up ^ Bramhall, Joe. \"Doctor's Associates\" . Hoovers.com . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Terry, Andrew; Heatrher Forrest (2008). \"Where's the Beef? Why Burger King Is Hungry Jack's in Australia and Other Complications in Building a Global Franchise Brand\". Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business . 28 (2): 171–214. ISSN 0196-3228 . Jump up ^ \"Swords named as fast food capital of Ireland\" . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Fill'er up : Hot, salty, fast and filling - that's how the youth want their food\" . The Sunday Times . 30 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Sun, Nikki (6 July 2016). \"Founder of Café de Coral, Hong Kong's largest fast-food restaurant chain, dies at 101\" . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Dining out - food in New Zealand - NZHistory.net.nz\" . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Krueger, Alan B. (1991). \"Ownership, Agency, and Wages: An Examination of Franchising in the Fast Food Industry\". The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 106 (1): 75–101. doi : 10.2307/2937907 . JSTOR 2937907 . ^ Jump up to: a b Hornsby, Gilpatrick D. (January 2011). \"Consistency between Franchised and Company-Owned Locations. A Study of Sonic Drive-In Food Safety Scores in the State of Oklahoma\" (PDF) . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ \"McDonald's in Japan offers shrimp burger\" . NBC News . 14 October 2005 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferdouse, Fatima. \"WORLD SHRIMP MARKET SITUATION AND OUTLOOK\" . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Novelty Proves a Hit for Taco Bell in India\" . The Wall Street Journal . 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Archived copy\" . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 2008-12-15 . Jump up ^ \"CNN.com - Food Central - News - Scope of biotech corn product recall revealed - November 1, 2000\" . cnn.com . Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Jump up ^ Fulmer, M. (23 September 2000). \"Taco Bell Recalls Shells That Used Bioengineered Corn\" . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ \"CNN.com - Food Central - ConAgra stops producing corn flour at Kansas mill as precaution against genetically modified grain - October 18, 2000\" . cnn.com . Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Jump up ^ Nestle, Marion (2006). \"Food Marketing And Childhood Obesity — A Matter Of Policy\". New England Journal of Medicine . 354 (24): 2527–2529. doi : 10.1056/NEJMp068014 . PMID 16775233 . ^ Jump up to: a b c \"Just give me the FACTS\" . Fast food- Food Advertising to Children and Teen Score . Rudd Center. ^ Jump up to: a b Brownell, Kelly; Harris, Jennifer; Bargh, John (December 2009). \"The Food Marketing Defense Model: Integrating Psychological Research to Protect Youth and Inform Public Policy\" . Social issues and policy review . 3 (1): 211–271. doi : 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01015.x . PMC 2826802 . PMID 20182647 . ^ Jump up to: a b Neuman, William (28 April 2011). \"U.S. Seeks New Limits on Food Ads for Children\" . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Clifford, Stephanie (29 July 2008). \"Tug of War in Food Marketing to Children\" . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Smoyer-Tomic, KE; Spence, JC; Raine, KD; Amrhein, C; Cameron, N; Yasenovskiy, V; Cutumisu, N; Hemphill, E; Healy, J (4). \"The association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and exposure to supermarkets and fast food outlets\". Health & place . 14 (4): 740–54. doi : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.12.001 . PMID 18234537 . Check date values in: |date=, |year= / |date= mismatch ( help ) Jump up ^ Morland, K; Wing, S; Diez Roux, A; Poole, C (2002). \"Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places\" (PDF) . American journal of preventive medicine . 22 (1): 23–9. doi : 10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00403-2 . PMID 11777675 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e \"A Lifecycle Approach to Retail Store Development\" . A Management Consultant @ Large . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Company - history\" . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerging Research on Islamic Marketing and Tourism in the Global Economy, p 123, El-Gohary, Hatem - 2014 Jump up ^ Henley, Jon. \"Which restaurant chains have gone halal – and why?\" . the Guardian . Jump up ^ \"Popeyes in fight over Halal chicken\" . thestar.com . 2 November 2011. Jump up ^ Sapsted, David. \"Halal dispute over Kentucky Fried Chicken\" . thenational.ae . Jump up ^ \"KFC Burned During Riot In Pakistan\" . CBS News . 31 May 2005. Jump up ^ \"McDonald's targeted in obesity lawsuit\" . BBC News . 22 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Fast-Food Update: Where Are the Promised Obesity Lawsuits? - Evan Schaeffer's Legal Underground\" . legalunderground.com . Jump up ^ \"US approves 'Cheeseburger bill ' \" . BBC News . 12 March 2004 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Further reading [ edit ] Find more about Fast food at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Hogan, David. Selling 'em by the Sack: White Castle and the Creation of American Food . New York: New York University Press, 1997. Kroc, Ray and Anderson, Robert Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's . Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1977. Levinstein, Harvey. Paradox of Plenty: a Social History of Eating in Modern America. Berkeley: University of California P, 2003. 228-229. Luxenberg, Stan. Roadside Empires: How the Chains Franchised America . New York: Viking, 1985. Mcginley, Lou Ellen with Stephanie Spurr. \"Honk for Service: A Man, A Tray and the Glory Days of the Drive-In Restaurant\". Tray Days Publishing, 2004 Schlosser, Eric. \"Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All American Meal\" HarperCollins Publishers, 2005 Schultz, Howard and Yang, Dori Jones. \"Pour Your Heart Into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time\". Hyperion, 1999. [ show ] v t e Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl's Jr. Checkers/Rally's Cook Out Cheeburger Cheeburger Dairy Queen Fatburger Five Guys Freddy's Fuddruckers The Habit Hardee's Hwy 55 In-N-Out Jack in the Box Johnny Rockets Krystal McDonald's Red Robin Roy Rogers Shake Shack Smashburger Sonic Steak 'n Shake Wayback Wendy's Whataburger White Castle Asian L&L Hawaiian Barbecue Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P. F. Chang's China Bistro Pick Up Stix Baked goods Au Bon Pain Auntie Anne's Bruegger's Cheesecake Factory Cinnabon Corner Bakery Cafe Duck Donuts Dunkin' Donuts Einstein Bros. Great American Cookies Honey Dew Donuts Insomnia Cookies Krispy Kreme Mrs. Fields Nestlé Toll House Panera Bread Pretzelmaker/Pretzel Time Shipley Do-Nuts Tim Hortons T.J. Cinnamons Wetzel's Winchell's Beverages Argo Tea Biggby Coffee Caribou Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Coffee Beanery Dunn Bros Gloria Jean's Heine Brothers' Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea Jamba Juice Juice It Up! Orange Julius Peet's Planet Smoothie Robeks Seattle's Best Coffee Smoothie King Starbucks Tropical Smoothie Cafe Tully's Frozen desserts Baskin-Robbins Ben & Jerry's Braum's Bruster's Carvel Cold Stone Creamery Culver's Dairy Queen Dippin' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly's Golden Spoon Graeter's Häagen-Dazs Handel's MaggieMoo's Marble Slab Menchie's Oberweis Pinkberry Red Mango Rita's Sweet Frog Tastee-Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan's Famous Portillo's Wienerschnitzel Mexican-style / Tex-Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chipotle Del Taco El Pollo Loco Freebirds Green/Red Burrito La Salsa Moe's Pancheros Qdoba Rubio's Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco del Mar Taco John's Taco Mayo Taco Time Tijuana Flats Wahoo's Fish Taco Other Fazoli's The Halal Guys Noodles & Company Sbarro Skyline Chili Sandwiches Arby's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti's Charley's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne's Erbert & Gerbert's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason's Jerry's Subs Jersey Mike's Jimmy John's Lee's Sandwiches Lenny's Sub McAlister's Deli Miami Subs Newk's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Primo Hoagies Quiznos Rax Sandella's Schlotzsky's Steak Escape Subway Togo's Tubby's Tudor's Biscuit World Which Wich? Seafood Arthur Treacher's Captain D's H. Salt Esquire Ivar's Long John Silver's Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler's Brigham's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther's Henry's Hamburgers Hot 'n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy's Teavana White Tower Zantigo [ show ] v t e Food chains in the United Kingdom Casual dining Angus Steakhouse Ask Beefeater Grill Belgo Bella Italia Bill's Brewers Fayre Byron Hamburgers Café Rouge Carluccio's Chiquito Côte Damon's Dishoom Ed's Easy Diner Franco Manca Frankie & Benny's Giraffe Gourmet Burger Kitchen Harry Ramsden's Harvester Hungry Horse Jimmy's Restaurants Las Iguanas La Tasca Little Chef Loch Fyne Restaurants Nando's OK Diner Pizza Hut PizzaExpress Prezzo Sticks'n'Sushi Strada Table Table T.G.I. Friday's Toby Carvery Tony Roma's Wagamama Wahaca Wildwood Kitchen Zizzi Fast food Barburrito Burger King Chicken Cottage Chipotle Mexican Grill Dixy Chicken Domino's Pizza Five Guys KFC Leon McDonald's Morley's Papa John's Pizza Sam's Chicken Southern Fried Chicken Square Pie Subway Taco Bell Tops Pizza Tortilla Wasabi Wimpy YO! Sushi Baked goods Auntie Anne's Cinnabon Cooplands Dunkin' Donuts Eat Greggs Krispy Kreme Millie's Cookies Patisserie Valerie Poundbakery Pret a Manger Sayers Spudulike Upper Crust The West Cornwall Pasty Company Coffee shops and tea rooms AMT Coffee Betty's Caffè Nero Caffè Ritazza Coffee #1 Coffee Republic Costa Coffee Harris + Hoole Starbucks Dairy Baskin-Robbins Ben & Jerry's Kaspa's Pub chains All Bar One Chef & Brewer O'Neill's Slug and Lettuce Walkabout Wetherspoons Yates's Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_food_restaurant&oldid=841165142 \" Categories : Fast-food restaurants Types of restaurants Fast food Hidden categories: All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors: dates Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2012 USA-centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية تۆرکجه Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk Português Українська 文言 粵語 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018, at 12:00. 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{ "text": "Scandal (season 7) - Wikipedia Scandal (season 7) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2018) Scandal (season 7) Promotional poster Starring Kerry Washington Scott Foley Darby Stanchfield Katie Lowes Guillermo Diaz Jeff Perry Joshua Malina Bellamy Young Joe Morton George Newbern Cornelius Smith Jr. Tony Goldwyn Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network ABC Original release October 5, 2017 ( 2017-10-05 ) – April 19, 2018 ( 2018-04-19 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Scandal episodes The seventh and final season of the American television drama series Scandal was ordered on February 10, 2017 by ABC. [1] It was later announced that the seventh season would be the final season for Scandal . [2] The season began airing on October 5, 2017, [3] and consisted of 18 episodes, adding the total episode count of the show to 124 episodes. [4] Cast member George Newbern was upgraded to a series regular after being a recurring cast member for the past six seasons. [5] The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . The season focuses on Olivia Pope and her new position as Chief of Staff of President Mellie Grant and the Command of B613. It also depicts Quinn Perkins as the boss of her crisis management firm Quinn Perkins & Associates, and its team, as well as staff at the White House in Washington, D.C., in their efforts to deal with and contain political scandals. Season seven had have twelve series regulars, all returning from the previous season, out of which six are part of the original cast of eight regulars from the first season . The season aired on Thursday nights at 9:00 pm until episode 15, where it aired in its original timeslot, Thursday 10:00 pm. Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1.1 Final season 3.1.2 How to Get Away with Murder crossover 3.2 Casting 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Cast [ edit ] Main article: List of Scandal characters Main [ edit ] Kerry Washington as Chief of Staff Olivia Pope Scott Foley as Jake Ballard Darby Stanchfield as Abby Whelan Katie Lowes as Quinn Perkins Guillermo Diaz as Diego \"Huck\" Muñoz Jeff Perry as Vice President Cyrus Beene Joshua Malina as David Rosen Bellamy Young as President Mellie Grant Joe Morton as Elijah \"Eli\"/\"Rowan\" Pope George Newbern as Charlie Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus Walker Tony Goldwyn as President Fitzgerald \"Fitz\" Thomas Grant III Recurring [ edit ] Jay Hernandez as Curtis Pryce Faran Tahir as President Rashad Shaun Toub as Ambassador Marashi Dean Norris as Fenton Glackland Whitney Hice as Hannah Michael O'Neill as Lonnie Mencken Special guest [ edit ] Viola Davis as Annalise Keating Guest [ edit ] Bess Armstrong as Senator Diane Greenwald Caroline Day as Lucy Riccio Medalion Rahimi as Yasmeen Aja Naomi King as Michaela Pratt Tom Irwin as Justice Spivey Khandi Alexander as Maya Lewis Jessalyn Gilsig as Vanessa Ballard Kate Burton as Sally Langston Gregg Henry as Hollis Doyle Tom Amandes as Samuel Reston Brian Letscher as Tom Larsen Episodes [ edit ] See also: List of Scandal episodes No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers (millions) 107 1 \" Watch Me \" Jann Turner Shonda Rhimes October 5, 2017 ( 2017-10-05 ) 701 5.52 [6] The episode begins with a montage depicting Luna's death and Cyrus's rise to the vice-presidency. Jake still has a cabinet position, and is still with Olivia. Olivia works with Cyrus and Mellie to get passed a bill that offers free college education to American citizens while QPA staff battle to find their first client. Olivia's and Jake's uncommitted relationship turns flamboyant when power rises to Olivia's head and she begins to treat him as an employee. Cyrus thinks about becoming the next president, but his ideas fade after Mellie declares how grateful she is for all he has done. Olivia is interviewed by Curtis Pryce and the two end up in an affair. Mellie deals with a situation where a U.S. CIA agent is being held by terrorists in Bashran. Grant can't convice Ambassador Marachi, and Olivia threatens him in exchange of the citizen's return to American soil. 108 2 \"Pressing the Flesh\" Tony Goldwyn Matt Byrne October 12, 2017 ( 2017-10-12 ) 702 5.00 [7] The White House prepares a dinner to welcome the President of Bashran, during which Mellie talks to him to try to reach an agreement on the possession of nuclear weapons in his country through a treaty. Olivia asks Jake to investigate President Rashad and he finds out that Rashad sent his niece to study at a university in the United States, which sounds completely different from what he advocates in his country filled with anti-American people. Olivia threatens him with the information, but the President claims to have expected something like that, saying that his ambassador had warned him that Olivia was \"the devil.\" QPA gets an invitation to the dinner, where they try to socialize with high-profile people and hopefully gather possible scandals. Huck discovers that one of the military men at dinner is actually a killer but is stopped by agents, quickly advised by Olivia, Huck, and Abby. Later, Rashad reveals to Mellie that radicals of his country may be responsible, convincing him to accept the treaty. Curtis Pryce also attends the dinner, and he follows Olivia until she asks him to go to her loft. Arriving there, they run into Fitz, who is expecting Olivia. 109 3 \" Day 101 \" Scott Foley Zahir McGhee October 19, 2017 ( 2017-10-19 ) 703 4.70 [8] Marcus asks Fitz how he would like to have Olivia featured in his Presidential library. Fitz is frustrated with the idea of his Presidency is being reduced to him just being a man who loved a woman. After spending time with Fitz, Marcus finds him entitled and intolerable. Marcus states Fitz's accomplishments are actually Olivia's. He is close to quitting when Mellie assures him he is just going through the stages of Fitz and the best part is yet to come. Meanwhile, Fitz gets a startling visit from Rowan who needs help trying to handle Olivia. 110 4 \"Lost Girls\" Nicole Rubio Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman October 26, 2017 ( 2017-10-26 ) 704 4.88 [9] Fitz is at Olivia's door, and he asks her to help him with a project to find missing girls. She tells him to contact QPA— where they find trouble in identifying the poster girl for missing girls. They later have one of the missing girls' mother start making public statements. Cyrus debates what to do with the painting from Fenton Glackland, prompting him to return it. With his concern over Olivia's power hunger, Rowan warns her that she can't have it all. At a summit, the prime minister of Dacal isn't willing to work with Mellie or Rashad. Mellie and Rashad have a drink together in the oval and have a romantic connection.—arousing Olivia's concerns. Bashran is taken in coup, stripping off Rashad's presidency. Jake tells Olivia that she needs to choose whether or not she is Command. Mellie wants to send in troops to Bashran to help Rashad, but Olivia is against it. Jake gives Olivia information on what Rowan has been up to. 111 5 \"Adventures in Babysitting\" Oliver Bokelberg Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano November 2, 2017 ( 2017-11-02 ) 705 4.89 [10] Olivia and Mellie pushes their power like never before, while Cyrus works on a congressional approval to declare war in Bashran as the QPA keeps a close watch on President Rashad’s niece. 112 6 \"Vampires and Bloodsuckers\" Jann Turner Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano November 9, 2017 ( 2017-11-09 ) 706 5.00 [11] Olivia inform Mellie of Rashad's death, and she immediately wants to send troops into Bashran. Glackland and Cyrus have brunch while Glackland pressures Cyrus for information on what's going on in the White House. Quinn gets ready for her wedding and then meets with Olivia and accuses her of being behind Rashad's death. Huck fusses over Quinn and Charlie's wedding as he is both best man and maid of honor. Meanwhile, Quinn is missing and Olivia is worried that Quinn is going to tell that Olivia is behind Rashad's death. Charlie insists that Quinn didn't get cold feet so QPA starts looking for her. Olivia and Jake work to throw off QPA's search for Quinn by planning to blame it on Glackland. Charlie, convinced that Glackland has Quinn, captures and tortures him, but Huck stops him before he can cut off Glackland's arm. Mellie calls the new regime in Bashran and tells them that America will work with them for peace, under Mellie's terms. Jake and Olivia look at footage of Quinn arriving to her wedding, meaning that she didn't bail to build a case against Olivia, but that she was kidnapped. 113 7 \"Something Borrowed\" Sharat Raju Mark Fish November 16, 2017 ( 2017-11-16 ) 707 4.97 [12] At dinner Rowan reveals to Olivia that he has Quinn, and wants to exchange Quinn's life for his freedom and dinosaur bones. Marcus tries to convince Mellie to work with Fitz's foundation on mass incarceration. During a dispute with his daughter, Rowan leaves his living room and gun shots are heard, leaving Olivia to believe Quinn is dead. 114 8 \"Robin\" Daryn Okada Juan Carlos Fernandez January 18, 2018 ( 2018-01-18 ) 709 5.17 [13] Rowan has a body in a car which he burns. He calls the police to report a fire. QPA and Olivia gets word of Quinn's death. Her DNA was found in a tooth from the car fire, along with a burned piece of her wedding dress. Charlie wants to have Quinn cremated and packed into bullet cases. Huck reads through the coroner's report and finds out about the hairpin from the Smithsonian Olivia gave Quinn. Fitz comes to Olivia's apartment to offer his condolences, but Olivia pushes him off, telling him that they aren't friends. Glackland breaks up with Cyrus thinking that Charlie was Cyrus' hitman. Meanwhile, The gladiators say goodbye to Quinn as each of them says something about Quinn and then fires one of her bullets into the ground. Emotional and still drunk, Olivia goes to Fitz's apartment and they have sex. David and Abby rid Charlie's apartment of baby stuff where they find a hidden flashdrive. Charlie arrives at Rowan's door to ask to be reinstated as a B613 agent when he hears a baby crying. He runs up to the second floor of Rowan's house to find a baby girl, he then starts choking Rowan. 115 9 \"Good People\" Nzingha Stewart Shonda Rhimes, Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini January 25, 2018 ( 2018-01-25 ) 708 5.19 [14] This episode is a flashback to the events that occurred from Quinn's point of view from her abduction to the end of episode 8 where Charlie discovers the baby girl in Rowan's home. Rowan goes to a store to buy a suitcase and makes a friend in one of the employees, Marvin. He kidnaps Quinn from the QPA elevator and puts her in his basement. He goes to dinner with Olivia and says he will trade Quinn for his dinosaur bones, but she declines. Rowan heads to the store and buys a crib, again making conversation with Marvin. They meet in a pub where they have dinner, and Marvin offers Rowan his employee discount. Meanwhile, down in the basement Quinn hallucinates that her colleagues are talking to her. Rowan uses Marvin's employee discount to buy a gun, making it registered in Marvin's name. Olivia arrives at Rowan's home and he barters Quinn for his bones again; overhearing the dispute, Quinn also hears Olivia choose her power over saving Quinn. 116 10 \"The People v. Olivia Pope\" Kerry Washington Ameni Rozsa February 1, 2018 ( 2018-02-01 ) 710 5.62 [15] A distraught Olivia spends the night with Fitz and leads to her agreeing to go with him to Vermont. Once there, she discovers her closest friends are there as well. Olivia is confronted on her role in Quinn and Rashad's deaths. She locks herself in a bedroom as her friends each provide evidence and reasoning why she should step down from her role, offering her an out if she agrees to give up B613. Olivia provides a single-paged statement of resignation from her Chief of Staff role in the White House and alludes to Jake being placed in control of shutting down B613. The crew fly back to Washington and watch the evening's televised press brief for Olivia's formal resignation statement. 117 11 \"Army of One\" Allison Liddi-Brown Austin Guzman February 8, 2018 ( 2018-02-08 ) 711 4.63 [16] Olivia confronts Mellie on her decision to name Jake as her new Chief of Staff; Mellie tells Olivia that she must step down and resign, or be publicly terminated. QPA gains a new client, a government employee being accused of treason with Russian entities. The crew discovers he is in an affair with Jake's wife upon Olivia leaking the information to the media. Cyrus gives Mellie and Jake a way to frame Olivia and spin her media story, but backstabs them when he provides Olivia with the documents proving the President's media coverup—offering her the papers to bring down the Mellie presidency during her scheduled resignation announcenent, but instead brings this information to light with Mellie as she is preparing for the first Presidential Mammogram. Quinn bargains with Rowan for her freedom in exchange for not going after Olivia. Olivia returns home where Quinn shows herself and holds her at gunpoint. Olivia warns Quinn of snipers and continuing to not believe the threat, Olivia is shot in the arm attempting to protect Quinn. Olivia gives her speech at a press conference, initially planning to use the files from Cyrus but instead giving her resignation. Charlie, Quinn, Robin, Huck and Abby reunite. 118 12 \"Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself\" Tony Goldwyn Raamla Mohamed March 1, 2018 ( 2018-03-01 ) 712 4.95 [17] After her dismissal from the White House, Olivia serves as a guest lecturer in a local university. Annalise Keating , a defense attorney asks for her help in her class action. At first, Olivia turns down the offer due to the questionable reputation of Annalise but softens up shortly after. The duo get in touch with Fitz in order to gain mileage. Meanwhile, Mellie and Jake are trying their best to postpone if not sabotage the case through QPA; leaking the reason Olivia lost her post as Chief of Staff. With everything seeming to hit a dead end, Olivia and Annalise decide to work by themselves without any help from the White House. After watching a televised interview of Olivia and Annalise, Quinn has a change of heart, offering the \"dirt\" she has on Justice Spivey—prompting her to persuade—possibly blackmailing the judge in question to change his vote. Therefore, the class action suit is added to the court docket to Mellie's dismay. This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on How to Get Away with Murder season 4 episode 13 . 119 13 \"Air Force Two\" Valerie Weiss Severiano Canales March 8, 2018 ( 2018-03-08 ) 713 4.67 [18] David and Cyrus are on a plane to the Summit when it gets hacked. One of the White House staffers admits that her laptop was stolen and that she accidentally brought the malware onto the plane. Finding a way to get Wi-Fi on the plane, David sends a message to QPA asking for help. Olivia visits Maya, and attempts to celebrate her birthday. Mellie is faced with the decision of whether or not to shoot down the plane per protocol. She is worried that Jake is acting based on his hate of Cyrus. Much to Olivia's dismay, her visit with Maya doesn't bring her any closer to her. As a birthday present, Olivia gets Maya out of jail and givers her a trench coat and a plane ticket to France, as well as enough money to live off of. QPA figures out a way to save the plane. After getting off the plane David goes to Abby, who thought he was going to propose to her. He then tells her he isn't because he knows her and he knows that marriage would make her unhappy. 120 14 \"The List\" Greg Evans Jess Brownell & Juan Carlos Fernandez March 15, 2018 ( 2018-03-15 ) 714 4.74 [19] A man shows up asking Olivia to help him find his missing daughter Alisha, who idolizes Olivia. Alisha, a congressional intern, who found herself on a list of interns that won't sleep with congressman. Because of her placement on the list she wouldn't be able to get a job. Her father blames Olivia for inspiring her to work in D.C., accusing her of sleeping her way to the top. Olivia finds Alisha's housemate, who did sleep with a congressman, and got a job because of it. Olivia convinces her to give a press conference exposing the congressman responsible. In light of Olivia's case, Mellie plans to introduce legislation addressing sexual harassment. Jake expresses a romantic interest in Mellie, but she turns him down. Fitz asks Olivia if she thinks that he crossed the line when they first got together, and she responds that they both crossed the line together. QPA looks into who hijacked the plane, trying to find evidence that Cyrus is responsible. But when Quinn finds out that Olivia was the one who asked Abby to look into Cyrus she orders QPA to stop investigating. The FBI arrest Charlie for the hijacking, leading QPA to believe that he is being framed. 121 15 \"The Noise\" Darby Stanchfield Raamla Mohamed & Jeremy Gordon March 29, 2018 ( 2018-03-29 ) 715 3.71 [20] Charlie is taken into custody by the FBI; Lonnie Mencken tries to persuade him to sign a confession to frame Mellie as the mastermind behind the hijacking of Air Force Two—getting immunity in exchange of his corporation—but he brushes him off. QPA with Fitz's help, try to expedite a solution to have Charlie released. Cyrus tries to blackmail Quinn to convince Charlie into signing the deal but Olivia thinks that it may be a bad idea that might destroy Mellie's presidency. Quinn later declines Cyrus' offer. Fitz tries to warn Mellie on Cyrus' plans but she does not believe him. Cyrus makes an ally out of Jake by promising a position once he takes over the presidency. Jake manages to convince Charlie to sign the confession, putting Mellie in the center of the scandal by threatening to harm his family. Mellie is issued with a subpoena, realizing that Cyrus must have framed her and asks Jake for help in silencing Cyrus but he flatly refuses, confirming his allegiance to Cyrus. Mellie reinstates Olivia as command and orders her to have Cyrus killed. 122 16 \"People Like Me\" Joe Morton Chris Van Dusen April 5, 2018 ( 2018-04-05 ) 716 3.83 [21] Olivia, still reluctant to kill Cyrus, devices a plan to either convince Cyrus to drop his evil plans against Mellie or kill him if the other plan fails. Huck gravely against the first plan tries to convince Olivia to use some other avenue. The scandal has Mellie in tremendous stress with her approval rating dropping drastically. Abby and Quinn try to find the hacker who Cyrus has been sending information to—who is found murdered. This leaves Olivia with the option of poisoning Cyrus with cyanide and a perfect cover-up for the murder. On the verge of taking a sip of the poisoned wine, Jake comes to Cyrus' rescue. Marcus tries to persuade Mellie to address the rumors head on. She later addresses a press briefing refuting the claims that she had an hand in Air Force Two hijacking. Olivia visits Fitz's apartment and they have sex. Vanessa discovers that her husband is in cahoots with Cyrus; he kills her thereafter. Cyrus and Jake restructure their alliance. 123 17 \"Standing in the Sun\" Jann Turner Mark Fish & Matt Byrne April 12, 2018 ( 2018-04-12 ) 717 4.15 [22] Tension is rising in the midst of the developments in Cyrus and Jake's mission to take the White House. Mellie is summoned to testify to the scandalous Air Force Two hijacking. She initially denies any involvement in the hijacking but information on the death of president Rashad, forces her to plead the fifth. In despair, Jake tries to blackmail Olivia into throwing Mellie under the bus—she ends up exposing the existence of B613 to Lonnie Mencken. QPA also seems to have hit a dead end in trying to figure out the way to bring Jake and Cyrus down, only to find they will end up incriminating themselves in the process. Sally Langston comes to their aid by breaking to the nation, through her televised show, on the existence of top secret organization, B613—a consequence that puts Cyrus and Jake's plans in jeopardy. 124 18 \" Over a Cliff \" Tom Verica Shonda Rhimes April 19, 2018 ( 2018-04-19 ) 718 5.46 [23] Due to the recent reveal of B613's existence, Olivia meets with Lonnie Mencken, who says he will make sure they get a proper Senate hearing if Mellie makes gun control her first priority. After Olivia agrees, he shoots himself to ensure the hearing takes place, leaving David in charge. At the senate hearing Olivia admits to ordering Rashad's assassination, Mellie and Fitz admit they knew of B613, Tom confesses to killing Frankie Vargas under Cyrus' orders, and Hollis admits to being a part of election fraud. Everyone starts to deal with their impending imprisonment while helping get Quinn to Charlie so they can get married. After failing to kill David, Jake tells Cyrus he is not going to take his orders anymore. On his quest to have Mellie impeached, Cyrus poisons David and smothers him. The ruling is postponed due to a new witness coming forward: Rowan; he admits to being command. Jake is imprisoned for his actions in B613. An alcoholic Cyrus resigns as vice president. Mellie approves of the bill on gun control to law. Two young girls visit the gallery where there is a portrait of Olivia, an allusion that she had become an important woman in the White House. Production [ edit ] Development [ edit ] Scandal was renewed for a seventh season on February 10, 2017, along with the other ShondaLand dramas. [1] The series continued to air on Thursdays in its 9 p.m. E.T. timeslot like the previous seasons, but unlike the previous season which aired in January, the seventh season premiered in the fall of 2017. [24] ABC announced on June 26, 2017, that the seventh season would consist of 18 episodes. Long-time director Tom Verica shared on Twitter that he would only direct the series finale [25] as well as the fact that Kerry Washington would be directing her first episode. [26] Actress Darby Stanchfield also directed her first episode. [27] Final season [ edit ] Speculations about the seventh season being the final season had started as the sixth season began airing. ABC entertainment president Channing Dungey commented in January 2017 that it had not been much discussion about the show's future after the seventh season, but she would happily keep the show on as long as Rhimes \"feels that she has creative runway to write the show.\" [28] Andy Swift from TVLine said that the show needed to end after the seventh season as he felt \"this once-great drama is simply spinning its wheels, serving us the same old flavors with only slightly different toppings.\" [29] Before the sixth season finale, multiple sources reported that Scandal would be ending next season. [30] ABC confirmed on May 16, 2017, that the seventh season would be the final season for the show. Shonda Rhimes released a statement about the ending of the show calling the seventh season \"Olivia's Swan Song\" as she said: “ Deciding how to end a show is easy. Deciding when to finish is quite simple when the end date is years away. But actually going through with it? Actually standing up to say: ‘This is it?’ Not so much. So, next year we are going all out. Leaving nothing on the table. Creating this world in celebration. We are going to handle the end the way we like to handle the important things in our Scandal family: all together, white hats on, gladiators running full speed over a cliff. [31] ” How to Get Away with Murder crossover [ edit ] On January 3, 2018, Kerry Washington tweeted out a photo to Viola Davis of herself in a \"familiar\" setting, that being a courthouse used for the set of How to Get Away with Murder . [32] Fans began to speculate a possible crossover episode being in the works, which was only heightened when Davis tweeted out a photo in response, that being her on the set of Mellie Grant's ( Bellamy Young ) Oval Office. [33] Later that day, the crossover was officially confirmed through a tweet by Scandal creator Shonda Rhimes . [34] How to Get Away with Murder creator Peter Nowalk later went on to share in an interview with Deadline : “ At the beginning of the season, my writers and I were planning out Viola's entire arc and something in her story organically came up that was very appropriate for Scandal . When I went to Shonda, she heard it. I said, we don't have to do it, Viola's arc doesn't need this, but it's possible that their stories could cross really organically. She actually pulled up a clip of something from Scandal and their side of the story coalesced perfectly. So it was one of those serendipitous things where we both realized it was good for both characters, and it almost felt like we had been planning it since last season. [35] ” Casting [ edit ] In May 2017, actor George Newbern , who has had recurring appearances since the show's beginning as Charlie, was promoted to the regular cast. [36] In August, Jay Hernandez and Shaun Toub were cast in unspecified, recurring roles. [37] Reception [ edit ] Ratings [ edit ] No. Title Air date Rating/share (18–49) Viewers (millions) DVR (18–49) DVR viewers (millions) Total (18–49) Total viewers (millions) 1 \" Watch Me \" October 5, 2017 1.4/5 5.52 [6] 1.1 3.09 2.5 8.61 [38] 2 \" Pressing the Flesh \" October 12, 2017 1.2/4 5.00 [7] 1.1 TBD 2.3 [39] TBD 3 \" Day 101 \" October 19, 2017 1.1/4 4.70 [8] 1.0 2.55 2.1 7.25 [40] 4 \" Lost Girls \" October 26, 2017 1.1/4 4.88 [9] 0.9 2.54 2.0 7.42 [41] 5 \" Adventures in Babysitting \" November 2, 2017 1.1/4 4.89 [10] 1.0 2.61 2.1 7.50 [42] 6 \" Vampires and Bloodsuckers \" November 9, 2017 1.1/4 5.00 [11] 0.9 2.43 2.0 7.43 [43] 7 \" Something Borrowed \" November 16, 2017 1.1/4 4.97 [12] 0.9 2.49 2.0 7.46 [44] 8 \" Robin \" January 18, 2018 1.2/5 5.17 [13] 0.8 [45] 2.43 2.1 7.60 [46] 9 \" Good People \" January 25, 2018 1.3/5 5.19 [14] 0.8 2.33 2.1 7.52 [47] 10 \" The People vs. Olivia Pope \" February 1, 2018 1.4/5 5.62 [15] 0.9 2.40 2.3 8.02 [48] 11 \" Army of One \" February 8, 2018 1.1/4 4.64 [16] 0.9 2.50 2.0 7.14 [49] 12 \" Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself \" March 1, 2018 1.2/5 4.95 [17] 0.9 2.73 2.1 7.70 [50] 13 \" Air Force Two \" March 8, 2018 1.1/4 4.67 [18] 0.8 TBD 1.9 [51] TBD 14 \" The List \" March 15, 2018 1.1/4 4.74 [19] 0.9 2.43 2.0 7.17 [52] 15 \" The Noise \" March 29, 2018 0.8/3 3.71 [20] 0.9 2.65 1.7 6.36 [53] 16 \" People Like Me \" April 5, 2018 0.9/4 3.83 [21] 0.9 2.62 1.8 6.45 [54] 17 \" Standing in the Sun \" April 12, 2018 0.9/4 4.15 [21] 0.9 2.66 1.8 6.82 [55] 18 \" Over a Cliff \" April 19, 2018 1.3/5 5.46 [23] 0.8 2.65 2.1 8.11 [56] Critical response [ edit ] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported a 95% \"certified fresh\" approval rating with an average rating of 8.11/10, based on 20 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: \"With the aptitude that helped change the face of serialized drama, Scandal concludes its fiery run with unpredictability, heart, and an emphasis on cultural affairs.\" [57] Awards and nominations [ edit ] Ceremony Date of ceremony Category Nominee(s) Result Primetime Emmy Awards [58] September 17, 2018 Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Viola Davis (for \"Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself\") Pending References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Holloway, Daniel (May 15, 2017). \"ABC 2017 Upfront Summary\" . Variety . Retrieved May 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Tony Goldwyn Talks the End of Scandal\" . E! News . May 18, 2017 . Retrieved May 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (July 24, 2017). \"ABC Fall Premiere Dates: XL Grey's Return, Scandal's Swan Song and More\" . TVLine . Retrieved July 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael. \"Scandal Farewell Update: Final Season Episode Count Revealed\" . TV Line . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 15, 2017). \"Scandal Promotes George Newbern to Series Regular for Final Season\" . TVLine . Retrieved July 13, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 6, 2017). \" ' Grey's Anatomy' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). \" ' Will & Grace,' 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Gotham' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 20, 2017). \" ' Gotham' and 'Supernatural' adjust up, final NFL numbers: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 27, 2017). \"NFL adjusts up, scripted shows all unchanged: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 3, 2017). \" ' Will & Grace' adjusts up, 'Sheldon' and other CBS shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 10, 2017). \" ' Big Bang Theory' and 'Thursday Night Football' adjust up: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). \" ' Supernatural' and NFL adjust up, 'Young Sheldon' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 22, 2018). \" ' Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'The Four,' 'Scandal' and 'Great News' down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). \" ' Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'Big Bang Theory' rerun adjusts down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 2, 2018). \" ' Big Bang Theory,' 'The Four' adjust up, 'Mom' and 'AP Bio' adjust down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 9, 2018). \"Olympics adjust up: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 2, 2018). \" ' Superstore,' 'SWAT,' 'Scandal' and 'AP Bio' adjust down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 9, 2018). \" ' Young Sheldon,' 'SWAT,' all NBC shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 16, 2018). \"AP Bio' adjusts up, NCAA Tournament adjusts down but ahead of 2017: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 30, 2018). \" ' Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Chicago Fire' adjust up, 'SWAT' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). \" ' Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' adjust up, 'Mom,' 'Supernatural,' 'Arrow' down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 13, 2018). \" ' Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Superstore' adjust up: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 20, 2018). \" ' Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'SWAT,' 'Supernatural' & 'Arrow' adjust down: Thursday final ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20, 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 16, 2017). \"ABC Fall Schedule: Once Bumped to Friday, black-ish Shifts to Tuesday, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. M.I.A.\" TVLine . Retrieved July 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Verica, Tom (July 19, 2017). \"I will be directing the series finale come Feb. #scandal. And I'll still b stoppin by and #peepingtom ing. How about an #askTom to clear up?\" . twitter.com . Retrieved July 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Verica, Tom (July 20, 2017). \"She is...and @tonygoldwyn and I are plotting\" . twitter.com . Retrieved July 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (August 4, 2017). \" ' Scandal' Star Darby Stanchfield to Direct Final Season Episode (Exclusive)\" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway, Daniel (January 26, 2017). \"ABC Chief Channing Dungey Talks 'Scandal' End Plan, TGIT's Future\" . Variety . Retrieved July 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (April 28, 2017). \"Scandal Needs to End With Season 7\" . TVLine . Retrieved July 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (May 10, 2017). \"Scandal to End With Season 7\" . TVLine . Retrieved July 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 16, 2017). \"Scandal Officially Ending, Season 7 Is Olivia's Swan Song: 'We Are Leaving Nothing on the Table,' Says Shonda\" . TVLine . Retrieved July 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Washington, Kerry (January 3, 2018). \"Hey Ms @violadavis ❤️ check it out. This spot look familiar?! Where are you?\" . Twitter . Retrieved January 3, 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis, Viola (January 3, 2018). \"Hey @KerryWashington, guess where I am?!\" . Twitter . Retrieved January 3, 2018 . Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda (January 3, 2018). \"People. It's happening. @petenowalk, you ready for this? #TGITCrossover #HowtoGetAwaywithScandal\" . Twitter . Retrieved January 3, 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 3, 2018). \" ' Scandal'/'How To Get Away With Murder' Crossover: Get Details On Big Shondaland Event From 'HTGAWM' Creator – Q&A\" . Deadline . Retrieved January 3, 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael; Ausiello, Michael (May 16, 2017). \"Scandal Promotes George Newbern to Series Regular for Final Season\" . TVLine . Retrieved July 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (August 1, 2017). \"Scandal Adds Homeland, Nashville Actors in Season 7 Mystery Roles\" . TVLine . Retrieved August 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). \" ' The Orville,' 'Once Upon a Time,' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). \" ' The Good Doctor' is the most-watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). \" ' Chicago PD,' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). \" ' Grey's Anatomy' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). \" ' This Is Us' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 27, 2017). \" ' This Is Us' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). \" \" This Is Us\" and \"The Good Doctor\" both doubled their adults 18-49 ratings in the Live +7 rankings for Jan. 15-21\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ The episode adjusted up to a 1.3 in the weekly finals Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 1, 2018). \" ' This Is Us,' 'The Good Doctor' both double in week 17 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 8, 2018). \" ' This Is Us' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 16, 2018). \"Closing the book on the Super Bowl 'This Is Us': Week 19 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 22, 2018). \" ' The Good Doctor' and 'This Is Us' on top again: Week 20 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). \" ' Agents of SHIELD,' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). \" ' This Is Us' leads the week 24 broadcast Live +7 ratings – by quite a bit\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 29, 2018). \"This Is Us' goes out on top: Week 25 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 11, 2018). \" ' Roseanne' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). \" ' Will & Grace' finale, 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). \" ' New Girl' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 7, 2018). \" ' Scandal' and 'Criminal Minds' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live +7 ratings\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Scandal: Season 7\" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Scandal ABC\" . Emmy.com . Retrieved July 13, 2018 . External links [ edit ] Official website List of Scandal episodes on IMDb hide v t e Scandal Episodes Season 1 \" Sweet Baby \" Season 2 \" Nobody Likes Babies \" \" Whiskey Tango Foxtrot \" \" Boom Goes the Dynamite \" \" Top of the Hour \" \" Snake in the Garden \" \" Molly, You in Danger, Girl \" \" Seven Fifty-Two \" Season 3 \" It's Handled \" \" Guess Who's Coming to Dinner \" \" Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington \" \" Say Hello to My Little Friend \" \" More Cattle, Less Bull \" \" Icarus \" \" Everything's Coming Up Mellie \" \" Vermont is for Lovers, Too \" \" YOLO \" \" A Door Marked Exit \" \" The Price of Free and Fair Elections \" Season 4 \" Randy, Red, Superfreak and Julia \" \" Where the Sun Don't Shine \" \" Run \" \" Where's the Black Lady? \" \" Gladiators Don't Run \" \" No More Blood \" Season 5 \" Heavy is the Head \" \" Dog-Whistle Politics \" \" Baby, It's Cold Outside \" Season 6 \" Transfer of Power \" Season 7 \" Watch Me \" \" Day 101 \" \" Over a Cliff \" Characters Olivia Pope Abby Whelan Quinn Perkins See also Judy Smith How to Get Away with Murder Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandal_(season_7)&oldid=856242788 \" Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Scandal (TV series) Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikiquote Languages Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018, at 21:12 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "Orthostatic hypotension - Wikipedia Orthostatic hypotension From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For the television science series, see Head Rush (TV series) . Orthostatic hypotension Synonyms orthostasis, postural, positional hypotension Pronunciation / ˌ ɔːr θ ə ˈ s t æ t ɪ k ˌ h aɪ p ə ˈ t ɛ n ʃ ə n / Specialty Cardiology [ edit on Wikidata ] Orthostatic hypotension , also known as postural hypotension , [1] occurs when a person's blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up from a lying or sitting position. [2] It is defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg when a person assumes a standing position. It occurs predominantly by delayed constriction of the lower body blood vessels, which is normally required to maintain an adequate blood pressure when changing position to standing. As a result, blood pools in the blood vessels of the legs for a longer period and less is returned to the heart, thereby leading to a reduced cardiac output . Mild orthostatic hypotension is common and can occur briefly in anyone, although it is prevalent in particular among the elderly and those with known low blood pressure. Severe drops in blood pressure can lead to fainting , with a possibility of injury. There are numerous possible causes for orthostatic hypotension, such as certain medications (e.g. alpha blockers ), autonomic neuropathy , decreased blood volume , and age-related blood vessel stiffness. Apart from addressing the underlying cause, orthostatic hypotension may be treated with a recommendation to increase salt and water intake (to increase the blood volume), wearing compression stockings , and sometimes medication ( fludrocortisone , midodrine or others). Contents [ hide ] 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Hypovolemia 2.2 Medication 2.3 Other factors 3 Diagnosis 4 Management 4.1 Non-pharmacological management 4.2 Pharmacological management 5 Prognosis 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Orthostatic hypotension is characterised by symptoms that occur after standing (from lying or sitting), particularly when this is done rapidly. Many report lightheadedness (a feeling that one might be about to faint), sometimes severe . Generalized weakness or tiredness may also occur. Some also report difficulty concentrating, blurred vision , tremulousness, vertigo , anxiety , palpitations (awareness of the heartbeat), feeling sweaty or clammy, and sometimes nausea . A person may look pale . [3] Causes [ edit ] Orthostatic hypotension is caused primarily by gravity-induced blood pooling in the lower extremities, which in turn compromises venous return, resulting in decreased cardiac output and subsequent lowering of arterial pressure. For example, changing from a lying position to standing loses about 700 ml of blood from the thorax , with a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures . [4] The overall effect is an insufficient blood perfusion in the upper part of the body. [ citation needed ] Still, the blood pressure does not normally fall very much, because it immediately triggers a vasoconstriction ( baroreceptor reflex ), pressing the blood up into the body again. (Often, this mechanism is exaggerated and is why diastolic blood pressure is a bit higher when a person is standing up, compared to a person in the horizontal position.) Therefore, a secondary factor that causes a greater than normal fall in blood pressure is often required. Such factors include low blood volume, diseases, and medications. [ citation needed ] Other causes may include staring into one area for a long time and focus off of it. Hypovolemia [ edit ] Orthostatic hypotension may be caused by low blood volume , resulting from bleeding [ citation needed ] , the excessive use of diuretics , vasodilators , or other types of drugs, dehydration , or prolonged bed rest (immobility); as well as occurring in people with anemia . [5] The disorder may be associated with Addison's disease , atherosclerosis (build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries), diabetes , pheochromocytoma , porphyria , [6] and certain neurological disorders, including multiple system atrophy and other forms of dysautonomia . It is also associated with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and anorexia nervosa . It is also present in many patients with Parkinson's disease resulting from sympathetic denervation of the heart or as a side-effect of dopaminomimetic therapy. This rarely leads to fainting unless the person has developed true autonomic failure or has an unrelated heart problem. [ citation needed ] Another disease, dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency , also thought to be underdiagnosed, causes loss of sympathetic noradrenergic function and is characterized by a low or extremely low levels of norepinephrine, but an excess of dopamine. [7] Quadriplegics and paraplegics also might experience these symptoms due to multiple systems' inability to maintain a normal blood pressure and blood flow to the upper part of the body. [ citation needed ] Medication [ edit ] Tetrahydrocannabinol Orthostatic hypotension can be a side-effect of certain antidepressants , such as tricyclics [8] or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). [9] Marijuana and tetrahydrocannabinol can on occasion produce marked orthostatic hypotension. [10] Orthostatic hypotension can also be a side effect of alpha-1 blockers (alpha 1 adrenergic blocking agents). Alpha 1 blockers inhibit vasoconstriction normally initiated by the baroreceptor reflex upon postural change and the subsequent drop in pressure. [11] Other factors [ edit ] Patients prone to orthostatic hypotension are the elderly, post partum mothers, and those having been on bedrest. People suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa often suffer from orthostatic hypotension as a common side-effect. Consuming alcohol may also lead to orthostatic hypotension due to its dehydrating effects. [ citation needed ] Diagnosis [ edit ] Orthostatic hypotension can be confirmed by measuring a person's blood pressure after lying flat for 5 minutes, then 1 minute after standing, and 3 minutes after standing. [12] Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mmHg and/or in the diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mmHg between the supine reading and the upright reading. In addition, the heart rate should also be measured for both positions. A significant increase in heart rate from supine to standing may indicate a compensatory effort by the heart to maintain cardiac output or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). A tilt table test may also be performed. [ citation needed ] Management [ edit ] Non-pharmacological management [ edit ] Apart from treating underlying reversible causes (e.g., stopping or reducing certain medications), there are a number of measures that can improve the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension and prevent episodes of syncope. Even small increases in the blood pressure may be sufficient to maintain blood flow to the brain on standing. [13] In people who do not have a diagnosis of high blood pressure, drinking 2–3 liters of fluid a day and taking 10 grams of salt can improve symptoms, by maximizing the amount of fluid in the bloodstream. [13] Another strategy is keeping the head of the bed slightly elevated. This reduces the return of fluid from the limbs to the kidneys at night, thereby reducing nighttime urine production and maintaining fluid in the circulation. [13] Various measures can be used to improve the return of blood to the heart: the wearing of compression stockings and exercises (\"physical counterpressure manoeuvres\" or PCMs) that can be undertaken just before standing up (e.g., leg crossing and squatting). [13] Pharmacological management [ edit ] The medication midodrine can benefit people with orthostatic hypotension, [13] [14] The main side-effect is piloerection (\"goose bumps\"). [14] Fludrocortisone is also used, although based on more limited evidence. [13] A number of other measures have slight evidence to support their use indomethacin , fluoxetine , dopamine antagonists , metoclopramide , domperidone , monoamine oxidase inhibitors with tyramine (can produce severe hypertension ), oxilofrine , potassium chloride , and yohimbine . [15] Prognosis [ edit ] Orthostatic hypotension may cause accidental falls . [16] It is also linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and stroke. [17] There is also observational data suggesting that orthostatic hypotension in middle age increases the risk of eventual dementia and reduced cognitive function . [18] See also [ edit ] Orthostatic intolerance Orthostatic hypertension Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome Vasovagal response References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \" Orthostatic hypotension \" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ \"Orthostatic Hypotension Information Page | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke\" . www.ninds.nih.gov . Retrieved 2017-03-26 . Jump up ^ Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, James JL, Loscalzo J (2015). Harrison's principles of internal medicine . 2 (19th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. p. 2639. ISBN 978-0-07-180215-4 . Jump up ^ Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension and other Autonomic Failure Syndromes at eMedicine Jump up ^ \"What Causes Hypotension? - NHLBI, NIH\" . www.nhlbi.nih.gov . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sim M, Hudon R. \"Acute intermittent porphyria associated with postural hypotension\" . Can Med Assoc J . 121 : 845–6. PMC 1704473 . PMID 497968 . Jump up ^ \"Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency\" . GeneReviews — NCBI Bookshelf . Jump up ^ Jiang W, Davidson JR (2005). \"Antidepressant therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease\". Am Heart J . 150 (5): 871–81. doi : 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.01.041 . PMID 16290952 . Jump up ^ Delini-Stula A, Baier D, Kohnen R, Laux G, Philipp M, Scholz HJ (1999). \"Undesirable blood pressure changes under naturalistic treatment with moclobemide, a reversible MAO-A inhibitor—results of the drug utilization observation studies\". Pharmacopsychiatry . 32 (2): 61–7. doi : 10.1055/s-2007-979193 . PMID 10333164 . Jump up ^ Jones RT. (2002). \"Cardiovascular system effects of marijuana\". J Clin Pharmacol . 42 (11 Suppl): 58S–63S. doi : 10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06004.x . PMID 12412837 . Jump up ^ Orthostatic Hypotension at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Home Edition Jump up ^ \"STEADI - Measuring Orthostatic Blood Pressure\" (PDF) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Moya, A.; Sutton, R.; Ammirati, F.; et al. (27 August 2009). \"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)\" . European Heart Journal . 30 (21): 2631–2671. doi : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp298 . PMC 3295536 . PMID 19713422 . CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to: a b Izcovich, A.; Gonzalez Malla, C.; Manzotti, M.; Catalano, H. N.; Guyatt, G. (22 August 2014). \"Midodrine for orthostatic hypotension and recurrent reflex syncope: A systematic review\". Neurology . 83 (13): 1170–1177. doi : 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000815 . PMID 25150287 . Jump up ^ Logan, IC; Witham, MD (September 2012). \"Efficacy of treatments for orthostatic hypotension: a systematic review\". Age and ageing . 41 (5): 587–94. doi : 10.1093/ageing/afs061 . PMID 22591985 . Jump up ^ Romero-Ortuno R, Cogan L, Foran T, Kenny RA, Fan CW (2011). \"Continuous noninvasive orthostatic blood pressure measurements and their relationship with orthostatic intolerance, falls, and frailty in older people\". J Am Geriatr Soc . 59 (4): 655–65. doi : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03352.x . PMID 21438868 . Jump up ^ Ricci, F; Fedorowski, A; Radico, F; Romanello, M; Tatasciore, A; Di Nicola, M; Zimarino, M; De Caterina, R (1 July 2015). \"Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality related to orthostatic hypotension: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies\". European Heart Journal . 36 (25): 1609–17. doi : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv093 . PMID 25852216 . Jump up ^ Rawlings, Andreea; et al. (March 2017). Orthostatic Hypotension is Associated With 20-year Cognitive Decline and Incident Dementia: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (PDF) . Epidemiology and Prevention / Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health 2017 Scientific Sessions. Portland, Oregon. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. ( link ) External links [ edit ] Classification V · T · D ICD - 10 : I95.1 ICD - 9-CM : 458.0 MeSH : D007024 DiseasesDB : 10470 Orthostatic hypotension at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) [ show ] v t e Diseases of the autonomic nervous system ( G90 , 337 ) HSAN I II III/Familial dysautonomia IV/Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis V Orthostatic intolerance Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome Orthostatic hypotension Other Horner's syndrome Multiple system atrophy Pure autonomic failure Autonomic dysreflexia Dysautonomia Autonomic neuropathy [ show ] v t e Cardiovascular disease (vessels) ( I70–I99 , 440–456 ) Arteries , arterioles and capillaries Inflammation Arteritis Aortitis Buerger's disease Peripheral artery disease Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Foam cell Fatty streak Atheroma Intermittent claudication Critical limb ischemia Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis Arteriolosclerosis Hyaline Hyperplastic Cholesterol LDL Oxycholesterol Trans fat Stenosis Carotid artery stenosis Renal artery stenosis Other Aortoiliac occlusive disease Degos disease Erythromelalgia Fibromuscular dysplasia Raynaud's phenomenon Aneurysm / dissection / pseudoaneurysm torso : Aortic aneurysm Abdominal aortic aneurysm Thoracic aortic aneurysm Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva Aortic dissection Coronary artery aneurysm head / neck Intracranial aneurysm Intracranial berry aneurysm Carotid artery dissection Vertebral artery dissection Familial aortic dissection Vascular malformation Arteriovenous fistula Arteriovenous malformation Telangiectasia Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Vascular nevus Cherry hemangioma Halo nevus Spider angioma Veins Inflammation Phlebitis Venous thrombosis / Thrombophlebitis primarily lower limb Deep vein thrombosis abdomen Hepatic veno-occlusive disease Budd–Chiari syndrome May–Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor's disease Paget–Schroetter disease head Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Post-thrombotic syndrome Varicose veins Gastric varices Portacaval anastomosis Caput medusae Esophageal varices Hemorrhoid Varicocele Other Chronic venous insufficiency Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency Superior vena cava syndrome Inferior vena cava syndrome Venous ulcer Arteries or veins Angiopathy Macroangiopathy Microangiopathy Embolism Pulmonary embolism Cholesterol embolism Paradoxical embolism Thrombosis Vasculitis Blood pressure Hypertension Hypertensive heart disease Hypertensive emergency Hypertensive nephropathy Essential hypertension Secondary hypertension Renovascular hypertension Benign hypertension Pulmonary hypertension Systolic hypertension White coat hypertension Hypotension Orthostatic hypotension Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthostatic_hypotension&oldid=813867712 \" Categories : Vascular diseases Hypotension Peripheral nervous system disorders Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. Infobox medical condition (new) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017, at 17:39. 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{ "text": "America's Got Talent - Wikipedia America's Got Talent From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For the recently concluded season, see America's Got Talent (season 12) . America's Got Talent Genre Reality Talent contest Created by Simon Cowell [1] Directed by Russell Norman [1] Creative director(s) Brian Friedman Presented by Regis Philbin Jerry Springer Nick Cannon Tyra Banks Judges Piers Morgan David Hasselhoff Brandy Norwood Sharon Osbourne Howard Stern Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 302 Production Executive producer(s) Simon Cowell Sam Donnelly Jason Raff Rob Wade Trish Kinane Richard Wallace Running time 44–104 minutes Production company(s) FremantleMedia North America SYCOtv Distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) (2006–08) HDTV 1080i (2009–present) Original release June 21, 2006 ( 2006-06-21 ) – present ( present ) External links Official website www .nbc .com /americas-got-talent / America's Got Talent (sometimes abbreviated as AGT ) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network , and part of the global Got Talent franchise. It is a talent show that features singers, dancers, magicians, comedians, and other performers of all ages competing for the advertised top prize of one million dollars. The show debuted in June 2006 for the summer television season. From season three (2008) onwards, the prize includes the one million dollars, payable in a financial annuity over 40 years, and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Among its significant features is that it gives an opportunity to talented amateurs or unknown performers, with the results decided by an audience vote. The format is a popular one and has often been reworked for television in the United States and the United Kingdom. This incarnation was created by Simon Cowell , and was originally due to be a 2005 British series called Paul O'Grady 's Got Talent but was postponed due to O'Grady's acrimonious split with broadcaster ITV (later launching as Britain's Got Talent in 2007). [2] Therefore, the U.S. version became the first full series of the franchise. The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan . Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two (2007), and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five (2010). Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven (2012). Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight (2013), while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge. Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven (2016). [3] Regis Philbin was the original host ( season one ), followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons (2007–2008), followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons (2009–2016). Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season (2017). [4] On August 2, 2016, NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season, which premiered on May 30, 2017. The season concluded on September 20, 2017. [5] The series has been renewed through its thirteenth season. [6] Contents [ hide ] 1 Series overview 1.1 Guest judges 2 Selection process 2.1 Producers' auditions 2.2 Judges' Auditions 2.2.1 Golden Buzzer 2.3 Judge cuts 2.4 YouTube auditions 2.5 Live shows 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 (2006) 3.2 Season 2 (2007) 3.3 Season 3 (2008) 3.4 Season 4 (2009) 3.5 Season 5 (2010) 3.6 Season 6 (2011) 3.7 Season 7 (2012) 3.8 Season 8 (2013) 3.9 Season 9 (2014) 3.10 Season 10 (2015) 3.11 Season 11 (2016) 3.12 Season 12 (2017) 4 Post-show 4.1 America's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top-selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series overview [ edit ] Season Duration Winner's prize 2 Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner-up Third place 1 June 21, 2006 August 17, 2006 $ 1,000,000 Bianca Ryan All That The Millers Regis Philbin David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood N/A 1 2 June 5, 2007 August 21, 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne 3 June 17, 2008 October 1, 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin' But Stringz 4 June 23, 2009 September 16, 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion Nick Cannon 5 June 1, 2010 September 15, 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity Howie Mandel 6 May 31, 2011 September 14, 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr. Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14, 2012 September 13, 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close Howard Stern 8 June 4, 2013 September 18, 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose Mel B Heidi Klum 9 May 27, 2014 September 17, 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26, 2015 September 16, 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31, 2016 September 14, 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos Simon Cowell 12 May 30, 2017 September 20, 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance Tyra Banks Notes ^ A fourth judge was added in season eight. ^ Beginning with season three, the prize includes the one million dollars, payable in a financial annuity over 40 years, and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . The length of the headlining stint has varied, with season four's prize including a 10-week schedule [7] and season eleven's lasting three days. [7] A book was released in 2013 titled, Inside AGT: The Untold Stories of America's Got Talent . It describes the seasons, contestants, judges, and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons. [8] Current judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks Guest judges [ edit ] Starting with the tenth season, each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition. The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows. The first guest judge, Neil Patrick Harris , appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten, which aired on July 14, 2015. Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten, which aired on July 21, 2015. Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten, which aired on July 28, 2015. Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten, which aired on August 4, 2015. [9] Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges. [10] This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets. [11] [12] [13] Season Guest Judge (in order of appearance) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne-Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick [14] DJ Khaled [15] Laverne Cox [16] Seal [17] Selection process [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Producers' auditions [ edit ] The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers' auditions held in various cities across the United States, some of which host only the producers' auditions, and some of which also host judges' auditions held in theaters. This round is held several months before the judges' audition. Acts that have made it through the producers' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience. [18] Judges' Auditions [ edit ] Following the producers' auditions, acts audition in front of (as of 2013) four celebrity judges. These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised. Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer, which lights up their corresponding X above the stage. Any performer who receives X's (3 in seasons 1 to 7, or 4 from season 8 onwards) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated. Since season three (2008), large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process, as their reaction to an act's performance may swing or influence a judge's vote. If an act receives three or more \"yes\" votes, they advance to the next round of competition. However, in the majority of seasons, several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance. Golden Buzzer [ edit ] Introduced in season nine, the \"Golden Buzzer\" is located on the center of the judges' desk and may be used once per season by each judge. In season 9, a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination, regardless of the number of X's earned from the other judges. Starting in season 10 and onward, any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show; and in season 11, the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer. The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format. Eliminated at Judgement Week/Judge Cuts Quarterfinalist Reached Semifinals Reached Finals Fifth Place Fourth Place Third Place Runner-up Won season Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Howard Stern 9 N/A Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson N/A Dustin's Dojo 10 Drew Lynch Sharon Irving Arielle Baril Freckled Sky Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 11 Dorothy Williams Grace VanderWaal Laura Bretan Sal Valentinetti Calysta Bevier Season Tyra Banks Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 12 Light Balance Christian Guardino Darci Lynne Farmer Angelina Green Mandy Harvey Judge cuts [ edit ] From season two (2007) to season eight (2013), Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows. This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip . Names for this round in previous seasons have included \"Las Vegas Callbacks\" and \"Vegas Verdicts\". The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges (except for season four in 2009), who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows. An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition, as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as \"wild card\" acts. Prior to the inclusion of this round, the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show. The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week, leaving several acts without the chance to perform. In season nine (2014), acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows. [19] YouTube auditions [ edit ] Jackie Evancho , the first YouTube winner; placed 2nd in season five (2010) From season five (2010) to season seven (2012), acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the \"live shows\" part of the season, prior to the semi-finals. The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho , who went on to place second in season five and after the season ended, became the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum in the U.S. [20] [21] Before the inclusion of this round, the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four (2008–2009) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . [22] Live shows [ edit ] During the live shows, a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 (season two), to as many as 60, compete for viewers' and judges' votes. In the first season, the judges could not end an act's performance, but could either \"check\" or \"X\" the performance during their critique. Since season two (2007), judges have been able to end an act's performance early, and the \"check\" was removed. Generally, acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals. In seasons with YouTube auditions, the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then, as part of these quarterfinals. Then there may be additional shows for \"Wild Card\" acts—acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination. From these shows, the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and/or the judges (depending on the season). Acts then move on to a semifinal round, and even further rounds (such as a \"Top 8\" or a \"Top 10\", depending on the season) through a series of weekly shows, which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote. In the majority of seasons, judges have had no vote from the semifinals. All these rounds culminate in a live final, which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons. The act with the most votes is declared the winner, given $1 million, and, since season three (2008), a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . During seasons one through six (2006–11), the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In season seven (2012), the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . From seasons eight through ten (2013–15), live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York . From season eleven (2016) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre . [23] For seasons five through eight (2010–13), the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show, stopping in 25 cities. [24] [25] For season nine, however (2014), there was no tour; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner-up acts. [26] (See #America's Got Talent Live , below.) Season synopses [ edit ] Season 1 (2006) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 1) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006, NBC announced the new show. The audition tour took place in June. Auditions were held in the following locations: Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however, this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas, should one become a champion. More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere (which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002). The two-hour broadcast was the night's most-watched program on U.S. television and the highest-rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 (the prime-time audience that matters most to advertisers), Nielsen Media Research reported. [27] On the season finale, there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically. Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience, shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below. In season one, the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11-year-old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners-up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 (2007) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 2) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights, with no separate results show, the network changed that, pushing the show back to the summer, where the first season had enjoyed great success. This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular. In AGT' s place, another reality-based talent show, Grease: You're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January. [28] In March, NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show, and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host, [29] with Sharon Osbourne (formerly a judge on Cowell's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge. The season finale was shown Tuesday, August 21, with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner-up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 (2008) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 3) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17, 2008. Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April. A televised MySpace audition also took place. Season three differed from the previous two in many ways. Auditions were held in well-known theaters across the nation, and a new title card was introduced, featuring the American flag as background. The X's matched the ones on Britain's Got Talent as did the judges' table. Like the previous season, the Las Vegas callbacks continued, but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds, instead of twenty. This season also contained several results episodes, but not on a regular basis. The show took a hiatus for two-and-a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26. Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer, was named the winner on October 1. Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist, was runner-up. Season 4 (2009) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 4) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday, June 23, 2009. It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington, D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29–31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7–8 Atlanta auditions. New York and Miami auditions were held during March. Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26. In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape, season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration. This year's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments. [30] The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season, but the 'Las Vegas Callbacks' was renamed 'Vegas Verdicts'. This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis. The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America's Got Talent logo. On September 16, country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season's winner. The grand prize was $1 million and a 10-week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The runner-up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer. [31] Season 5 (2010) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 5) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five, the network had considered moving the show to the fall, after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009. [32] NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show. Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland (Oregon) . Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time, online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show [33] and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show. [34] The show premiered Tuesday, June 1, 2010, at 8 pm ET. Afterward, Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season. [35] On September 15, singer Michael Grimm was named the winner. He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, as well as headline the 25-city America's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner-up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity, Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists. [24] [25] Season 6 (2011) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 6) Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday, May 31, 2011, with a two-hour special. Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively. On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27, 2010, Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three-year contract to stay on Talent . [36] The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC's The Voice premiere on April 26. Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show's run, beginning on May 4. Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9. On Wednesday, September 14, Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr. , a Frank Sinatra-style singer, was named the winner. Dance group Silhouettes was runner-up. Season 7 (2012) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 7) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14, 2012. The first round of auditions, which are judged by producers, were held in New York , Washington, D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012. [37] The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27. Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven, due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , [38] and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City, the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark, New Jersey. [39] In December 2011, Simon Cowell , the show's executive producer, announced that the show would be receiving a \"top-to-bottom makeover\", confirming that there would be new graphics, lighting, theme music, show intro, logo, and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark. [40] On July 2, at the first live performance show of the season, their new location and stage were unveiled in a two-and-a-half-hour live special. A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges' desk and a refreshed design of the \"X\". On August 6, Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America's Got Talent after the current season, in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . [41] On September 13, Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season, becoming the show's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win. Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner-up. Season 8 (2013) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 8) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday, June 4, 2013. [42] The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven's second live show. Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season, [43] but later said that she was staying with the show \"for now.\" [44] Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6, 2012. [45] [46] On February 20, 2013, it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members, Mel B (Melanie Brown), would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge. Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added. [47] On March 3, it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge. [48] An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11, 2012. The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland (Oregon) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus (Ohio) , and Chicago . This season, the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before. [49] America's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight. [50] Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4. The show traveled to New Orleans, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Antonio. [50] On September 18, 2013, martial arts dancer/mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season, the first dance act to win the competition. Stand-up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner-up. Season 9 (2014) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 9) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday, May 27, 2014, at 8 pm ET. [51] The producers' auditions began on October 26, 2013, in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online. [52] Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20–22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven. Judges' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26. [53] The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29. There was also a new twist in the show, where \"Judgment Week\" was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience, but after three acts performed, the producers scrapped the live audience concept. [19] This season also came with the addition of a \"Golden Buzzer,\" which was unveiled on that same year's Britain's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act, typically used when there is a tie. [54] For this season, contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June, and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23, 2014. The performer with the most votes, Cornell Bhangra, filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals. On September 17, magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season, the first magic act to win the competition. Singer Emily West was the runner-up. Season 10 (2015) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 10) Season ten premiered on May 26, 2015. Producer auditions began on November 2, 2014, in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond (Virginia) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted. [55] Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1, 2014, that he might not return, [56] but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season. Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host. [57] On February 9, 2015, Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten [58] and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well. [59] It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning. [60] It was announced on December 4, 2014, that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout. [61] He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes, and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge. Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2, 2015, at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . [62] [63] They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special \"extreme\" audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona, California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges, who were seated at an outdoor stage. During NBC's summer press tour, it was announced that America's Got Talent would be making their \"Golden Buzzer\" more like Britain's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows. [64] An official trailer for the season was released, which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show's official sponsor for the season, with their cups prominently placed on the judges' desk. Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven. On June 24, Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge. Stern said, \"In all seriousness, I’ve told you, I’m just too f*cking busy…something's got to give… NBC's already asked me what my intentions are for next year, whether or not I’d come back, I kind of have told them I think this is my last season. Not I think, this is my last season\". [65] On September 16, Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season, making him the second ventriloquist to win. Comedian Drew Lynch was runner-up, and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place. Season 11 (2016) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 11) America's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1, 2015. [66] The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . [67] As in years past, hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online. [68] On October 22, 2015, it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11. [3] Mel B , Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges, with Nick Cannon returning as host. The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles, due to Stern's departure, [69] at the Dolby Theatre . [70] Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3, 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California . [71] The season premiered on May 31, 2016. [72] On September 14, 12-year-old singer-songwriter and ukulele player, Grace VanderWaal , was announced as the second female and second child to win America's Got Talent (Bianca Ryan, age 11, was first). Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners-up, and magician Jon Dorenbos was placed third. Season 12 (2017) [ edit ] Main article: America's Got Talent (season 12) On August 2, 2016, it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12. [73] Later that year, on October 4, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 (Season 14). [6] On February 13, 2017, Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season, citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC. The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special, Stand Up, Don't Shoot . [74] NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12, [4] which premiered on Tuesday, May 30, 2017. [75] On September 20, Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season, becoming the third ventriloquist, third child act and the third female act to win the competition (second year in a row after VanderWaal's win in 2016). Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner-up, and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place. Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five. Post-show [ edit ] America's Got Talent Live [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America's Got Talent as the main performance. In 2009, America's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten-week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner-up Barbara Padilla and fourth-place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four (2009) finale. Jerry Springer emceed, commuting weekly between Stamford, Connecticut , tapings of his self-named show and Las Vegas. [76] In 2010, on the first live show of season five, the winner headlined America's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, which was part of a 25-city tour that featured the season's finalists. Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show. [77] In 2012, the tour returned, featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman, Joe Castillo, Lightwire Theater, David Garibaldi and his CMYK's , Jarrett and Raja, Tom Cotter, and other fan favorites. In 2013, after the success of the 2012 tour, another tour was scheduled, featuring season eight's winner, Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key, Jimmy Rose, Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers, and Tone the Chiefrocca. [78] Tone hosted the tour. In 2014, America's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight (2013) runner-up, and the top finalists for season nine: Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy, Emil and Dariel, Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip. [26] In 2015, no tour was held. Instead, three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner-up Drew Lynch, and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11, Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants, as well as finalist Tape Face . [79] In 2017, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured winner Darci Lynne , runner-up Angelica Hale , third-placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . [80] Holiday Spectacular [ edit ] NBC broadcast the two-hour America's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19, 2016, hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others, and featuring the Season 11 judges, including Klum, who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti. [81] The special drew 9.5 million viewers. [82] Reception [ edit ] U.S. television ratings [ edit ] Since the show began, its ratings have been very high, ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers, generally averaging around 11 million viewers. The show has also ranked high in the 18–49 demographic, usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run. Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows. Although the show's ratings have been high, the network usually keeps the show's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years, where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks. The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four (2009). The most-watched episode has been the finale of season five (2010), with 16.41 million viewers. The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six (2011) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18–49, both having a 4.6 rating. Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers (in millions) Date Viewers (in millions) 1 June 21, 2006 12.41 Final Performances: August 16, 2006 2005–06 Wednesday 8:00 pm 1 Season Finale: August 17, 2006 12.05 Thursday 9:00 pm 1 2 June 5, 2007 12.93 Final Performances: August 20, 2007 2006–07 Tuesday 8:00 pm 1 Season Finale: August 21, 2007 13.87 3 June 17, 2008 12.80 Final Performances: September 30, 2008 10.23 2007–08 Tuesday 9:00 pm (June 17 – August 5) Tuesday 8:00 pm (after August 26) 1 Season Finale: October 1, 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9:00 pm (after August 27) 1 4 [83] [84] [85] June 23, 2009 11.30 Final Performances: September 15, 2009 13.84 2008–09 Tuesday 9:00 pm 1 Season Finale: September 16, 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9:00 pm 1 5 [86] [87] June 1, 2010 12.35 Final Performances: September 14, 2010 14.60 2009–10 Tuesday 9:00 pm 1 Season Finale: September 15, 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9:00 pm 1 6 [88] [89] [90] May 31, 2011 15.28 Final Performances: September 13, 2011 13.67 2010–11 Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 31 – July 5) Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 5) 12.65 1 Season Finale: September 14, 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9:00 pm (after June 22) 11.49 [91] 1 7 [92] [93] [94] May 14, 2012 10.48 Final Performances: September 12, 2012 11.05 2011-12 Monday 8:00 pm (May 14 – July 3) Tuesday 8:00 pm (after July 3) 10.48 [95] 1 Season Finale: September 13, 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9:00 pm (May 14 – July 3) Wednesday 9:00 pm (after July 3) 10.58 [91] 1 8 [96] [97] [98] June 4, 2013 12.41 Final Performances: September 17, 2013 11.19 2012–13 Tuesday 8:00 pm 11.22 [99] 1 Season Finale: September 18, 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8:00 pm (after July 10) 10.34 [100] 1 9 [101] [102] [103] May 27, 2014 12.00 Final Performances: September 16, 2014 11.46 2013–14 Tuesday 8:00 pm (May 27 – July 15) Tuesday 9:00 pm (after July 22) 10.31 [104] 1 Season Finale: September 17, 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9:00 pm (after July 23) 10.37 [105] 1 10 [106] [107] [108] May 26, 2015 11.09 Final Performances: September 15, 2015 11.33 2014–15 Tuesday 8:00 pm 10.70 [109] 1 Season Finale: September 16, 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8:00 pm (after August 12) 9.07 [110] 1 11 [111] [112] [113] May 31, 2016 11.67 Final Performances: September 13, 2016 13.97 2015–16 Tuesday 8:00 pm 11.71 [114] 1 Season Finale: September 14, 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8:00 pm (after July 5) 10.97 [115] 1 12 [116] [117] [118] May 30, 2017 12.37 Final Performances: September 19, 2017 14.70 2016–17 Tuesday 8:00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale: September 20, 2017 15.64 Wednesday 8:00 pm (after August 9) TBA TBA Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Association Category Result Ref. 2011 People's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated [119] Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated [120] Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated [121] 2012 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated [122] Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated [123] Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated [124] 2013 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated [125] 2014 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated [126] Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated [127] 2015 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated [128] Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated [129] 2016 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won [130] Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated [131] 2017 Critics' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Nominated People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated [130] Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won 2018 Critics' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Pending Top-selling albums by former contestants [ edit ] Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also: RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums 1 Jackie Evancho (season 5, runner-up) 3,000,000+ [132] Prelude to a Dream (2009) No. 121 [133] O Holy Night (2010) No. 2 (Platinum certification) [134] Dream with Me (2011) No. 2 (Gold certification) [134] [135] Heavenly Christmas (2011) No. 11 [134] [136] Songs from the Silver Screen (2012) No. 7 [137] Awakening (2014) No. 17 [138] [139] Someday at Christmas (2016) No. 93 [140] Two Hearts (2017) No. 100 [141] (Evancho's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart) [142] 2 Lindsey Stirling (season 5 quarterfinalist) 856,000+ [143] Lindsey Stirling (2012) No. 23 Shatter Me (2014) No. 2 Brave Enough (2016) No. 5 3 The Texas Tenors (season 4, 4th place) 500,000+ [144] The Texas Tenors (album)|Country Roots, Classical Sound (2009) did not chart The Texas Tenors (album)|Country Roots, Classical Sound: Remastered Special Edition (2011) did not chart O Night Divine (2013) did not chart on Billboard 200; No. 22 Classical Albums chart [145] You Should Dream (2013) did not chart on Billboard 200; No. 5 Classical Albums chart [146] First 5 Years Live (2014) did not chart on Billboard 200; No. 11 Classical Albums chart [147] Rise (2017) No. 111; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart [148] 4 Grace VanderWaal (season 11 winner) 200,000+ [149] Perfectly Imperfect (2016) No. 4 Just the Beginning (2017) No. 22 5 Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr. (season 6 winner) 156,000+ [150] That's Life (2011) No. 34 [151] Christmas Made for Two (2013) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan (season 1 winner) 150,000+ [152] Bianca Ryan (2006) No. 57 Christmas Everyday (2007) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas (2009) did not chart 7 Cas Haley (season 2 runner-up) 40,000+ [153] [154] Cas Haley (2008) No. 8 Connection (2010) did not chart La Si Dah (2013) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm (season 5 winner) 22,000+ [155] Michael Grimm Live (2007) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm (2009) did not chart Leave Your Hat On (2010) No. 101 Michael Grimm (2011) No. 13 9 Neal E. Boyd (season 3 winner) 6,000+ [156] My American Dream (2009) No. 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America's Got Talent , but were ultimately eliminated before the final round, have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows, most notably American Idol and America's Best Dance Crew . American Idol [show] The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on American Idol (AI): AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 1 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner-up 3 2008 Holli Harden 9 2010 Appeared 4 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009, 2014 Kelli Glover 1 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America's Best Dance Crew [show] The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on America's Best Dance Crew (ABDC): AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2 2007 Jabbawockeez 1 2008 Champions 3 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 2010 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008, 2009 SQ Entertainment 1 2008 Runner-up 4 2009 BreakSk8 1 2008 Finished in fourth place 4 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 2010 Rated Next Generation (RNG) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 2010 Strikers All-Stars 3 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 2010 Finished in fifth place, and competed as Saltare Other shows [show] The following America's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on these other shows: AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 1 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero? 1 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul's Drag Race 1 2009 Logo 8th Place 2 2007 Tika \"Sweetie\" Rainn Flavor of Love 1 2006 VH1 8th Place 3 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 2010 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 2010 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 1 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 2010 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero? 2 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 4 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 1 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012, 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 1 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain's Got Talent 10 2010 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain's Got Talent 10 2010 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 1 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 1 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 1 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 2010 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 2010 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 1 2014 TruTV Fourth place, appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller: Fool Us 1 2011 2014 ITV (U.K.) The CW (U.S.) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain's Got Talent 4 2010 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals [157] 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 1 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner [158] International broadcasts [ edit ] In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET. since October 22, 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB . [159] But, since Monday, October 31, in addition to the weekend slot, the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama, the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday, October 28, 2016. [160] In the United Kingdom , TruTV , along with simulcasts on the Made Television network , show America's Got Talent, with TruTV showing it from the tenth season . See also [ edit ] Got Talent The X Factor References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b \"America's Got Talent / About the Show\" . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3, 2015 . Retrieved June 13, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Trade marks – find by number\" . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chan, Anna (October 22, 2015). \"Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America's Got Talent for Season 11\" . USmagazine.com . American Media,Inc. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015 . Retrieved October 22, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b \" ' America's Got Talent' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12\" . March 12, 2017 . Retrieved March 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ King, Bill (September 20, 2017). \" ' America's Got Talent' Season 12 Finale Recap: A New Champion is Crowned\" . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Simon Cowel Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC's 'America's Got Talent' for Next Three Seasons\" . October 4, 2016 . Retrieved October 7, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b \" ' America's Got Talent' Winner Grace VanderWaal Books Vegas Concerts\" . Billboard . Retrieved May 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly, Sean and Ashley Majeski. Inside AGT: The Untold Stories of America's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing (2013) ISBN 1492203602 Jump up ^ \"Four Guest Judges Are Coming to AGT!\" . nbc.com . May 27, 2015. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015 . Retrieved May 31, 2015 . 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Tvbythenumbers.com. March 5, 2010 . Retrieved August 4, 2010 . Jump up ^ Gold, Matea (July 28, 2010). \"Piers Morgan mum on whether he's succeeding Larry King | Show Tracker | Los Angeles Times\" . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2010 . Retrieved August 4, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Audition Cities « Official America's Got Talent Audition Site 2011–2012\" . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved January 20, 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth, Andrei (November 11, 2011). \"Piers Morgan quits America's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show\" . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29, 2011 . Jump up ^ Boedeker, Hal. \"Howard Stern to judge 'America's Got Talent', which will move to New York\" . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16, 2011 . [ permanent dead link ] Jump up ^ McGlone, Peggy (April 8, 2012). \" ' America's Got Talent' to film at NJPAC in Newark\" . The Star-Ledger . 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Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr. Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners-up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr. Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump [ show ] v t e Got Talent franchises National franchises Albania Australia Argentina Azerbaijan Belgium VIER vtm RTL-TVI Bulgaria Cambodia Canada China Croatia Czech Republic & Slovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Moldova Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Philippines Poland Portugal RTP SIC Romania Russia Serbia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam Regional franchises Arab World Asia World's Got Talent (cancelled) [ show ] v t e NBC programming (current and upcoming) Primetime American Ninja Warrior (since 2011) America's Got Talent (since 2006) Better Late Than Never (since 2016) The Blacklist (since 2013) Blindspot (since 2015) The Brave (since 2017) Chicago Fire (since 2012) Chicago Med (since 2015) Chicago P.D. (since 2014) Dateline NBC (since 1992) Ellen's Game of Games (since 2017) First Dates (since 2017) The Good Place (since 2016) Great News (since 2017) Hollywood Game Night (since 2013) Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (since 1999) Law & Order True Crime (since 2017) Little Big Shots (since 2016) Marlon (since 2017) Midnight, Texas (since 2017) Running Wild with Bear Grylls (since 2014) Shades of Blue (since 2016) Spartan: Ultimate Team Challenge (since 2016) Superstore (since 2015) Taken (since 2017) This Is Us (since 2016) Timeless (since 2016) Trial & Error (since 2017) The Voice (since 2011) The Wall (since 2016) Weekend Update Summer Edition (since 2017) Will & Grace (1998–2006; since 2017) World of Dance (since 2017) Daytime Days of Our Lives (since 1965) Megyn Kelly Today (since 2017) Late night 1st Look (since 2008) Last Call with Carson Daly (since 2002) Late Night with Seth Meyers (since 2014) Open House (since 2008) Open House NYC (since 2012) Saturday Night Live (since 1975) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (since 2014) News Dateline NBC (since 1992) Early Today (since 1999) Meet the Press (since 1947) NBC Nightly News (since 1970) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly (since 2017) Today (since 1952) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football Thursday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The Voyager with Josh Garcia Upcoming A.P. Bio (2018) The Awesome Show (TBA) Champions (TBA) Genius Junior (TBA) Good Girls (2018) Making It (TBA) The Reaper (TBA) Reverie (2018) Rise (2018) Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 182955646 LCCN : no2009048452 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent&oldid=817304946 \" Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series America's Got Talent American television series based on British television series American variety television series Competitions English-language television programs Live television programs NBC network shows Television series by FremantleMedia Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017, at 14:33. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "America's Got Talent", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent&amp;oldid=817304946" }

{ "text": "Hey Diddle Diddle - Wikipedia Hey Diddle Diddle From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Hey Diddle Diddle (disambiguation) . \"Hey Diddle Diddle\" Illustration by William Wallace Denslow Nursery rhyme Published c. 1765 Songwriter(s) Unknown In this Randolph Caldecott rendition, a dish, spoon, and other utensils are anthropomorphized while a cat in a red jacket holds a fiddle in the manner of a string bass. \" Hey Diddle Diddle \" (also \" Hi Diddle Diddle \", \" The Cat and the Fiddle \", or \" The Cow Jumped Over the Moon \") is an English nursery rhyme . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19478. [1] Contents 1 Lyrics and music 2 Origins 3 Meaning 4 Melody 5 In popular culture 6 Notes Lyrics and music [ edit ] A common modern version of the rhyme is Hey Diddle Diddle, The cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon. The little dog laughed, To see such sport, And the dish ran away with the spoon. [2] The rhyme is the source of the English expression \" over the moon \", meaning \"delighted, thrilled, extremely happy\". [3] Origins [ edit ] The rhyme may date back to at least the sixteenth century. Some references suggest it dates back in some form a thousand or more years: in early medieval illuminated manuscripts a cat playing a fiddle was a popular image. [4] There is a reference in Thomas Preston 's play A lamentable tragedy mixed ful of pleasant mirth, conteyning the life of Cambises King of Percia , printed in 1569 that may refer to the rhyme: They be at hand Sir with stick and fiddle; They can play a new dance called hey-diddle-diddle. [2] Another possible reference is in Alexander Montgomerie 's The Cherry and the Slae from 1597: But since you think't an easy thing To mount above the moon, Of your own fiddle take a spring And dance when you have done. [5] The name \"Cat and the Fiddle\" was a common name for inns, including one known to have been at Old Chaunge, London by 1587. [5] The earliest recorded version of the poem resembling the modern form was printed around 1765 in London in Mother Goose's Melody with the lyrics: Hey diddle diddle, The Cat and the Fiddle, The Cow jump'd over the Moon, The little dog laugh'd to see such Craft, And the Fork ran away with the Spoon. [2] Meaning [ edit ] There are numerous theories about the origin of the rhyme, including: James Orchard Halliwell 's suggestion that it was a corruption of ancient Greek, probably advanced as a result of a deliberate hoax; that it was connected with Hathor worship; that it refers to various constellations ( Taurus , Canis Minor , etc.); that it describes the Flight from Egypt ; that it depicts Elizabeth, Lady Katherine Grey , and her relationships with the earls of Hertford and Leicester ; that it deals with anti-clerical feeling over injunctions by Catholic priests for harder work; that it describes Katherine of Aragon (Katherine la Fidèle); Catherine, the wife of Peter the Great ; Canton de Fidèle, a supposed governor of Calais and the game of cat ( trap-ball ). [2] This profusion of unsupported explanations was satirised by J.R.R. Tolkien in his fictional explanations of ' The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late '. [6] Most scholarly commentators consider these to be unproven and state that the verse is probably meant to be simply nonsense . [2] Melody [ edit ] The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs (1870). [7] In popular culture [ edit ] There are several variants of the following joke: A pilot returning from a mission could not locate his aircraft carrier and in addition failed to establish secure communication . So he circled around the formation and radioed: \" Rub-a-dub-dub , where is my tub?\" And received: \"Hey Diddle Diddle! Right here in the middle!\" Some memoirs claim it was a real incident. [8] Piggy In The Middle, a song by Beatles pastiche band The Rutles, also include the lyrics 'Hey diddle diddle, the cat and the fiddle'. [9] The children's book Goodnight Moon features a bunny saying \"good night\" to everything around, including \"Goodnight cow jumping over the moon\". Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"Roud Folksong Index S298441 Sing hey , diddle 'diddle, the cat and the fiddle\" . Vaughan Williams Memorial Library . English Folk Dance and Song Society . Retrieved May 20, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 203–4. Jump up ^ Julia Cresswell, Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins (2010, ISBN 0199547939 ), page 279, entry moon Jump up ^ \"Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts\" (Penguin Random House, 2016, 1st ed), Christopher de Hamel, p323 ^ Jump up to: a b C. R. Wilson and M. Calore, Music in Shakespeare: a Dictionary (London: Continuum, 2005), ISBN 0826478468 , p. 171. Jump up ^ S. H. Gale, Encyclopedia of British Humorists: Geoffrey Chaucer to John Cleese (London: Taylor & Francis, 1996), p. 1127. Jump up ^ J. J. Fuld, The Book of World-Famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk (Courier Dover Publications, 5th edn., 2000), ISBN 0486414752 , p. 502. Jump up ^ The Escort Carriers In Action: The Story, In Pictures, Of The Escort Carrier Force, US Pacific Fleet, 1945 ( public domain archive ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKezWLZqRik Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey_Diddle_Diddle&oldid=865403354 \" Categories : English nursery rhymes Cats in literature Dogs in literature Cattle in literature Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikisource Languages Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018, at 19:00 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Hey Diddle Diddle", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hey_Diddle_Diddle&amp;oldid=865403354" }

{ "text": "Political action committee - Wikipedia Political action committee From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about political organizations. For other uses, see PAC . This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2016) In the United States and Canada , a political action committee ( PAC ) is an organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives , or legislation . [1] [2] The legal term PAC has been created in pursuit of campaign finance reform in the United States . This term is quite specific to all activities of campaign finance in the United States . Democracies of other countries use different terms for the units of campaign spending or spending on political competition (see political finance ). At the U.S. federal level, an organization becomes a PAC when it receives or spends more than $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election, and registers with the Federal Election Commission , according to the Federal Election Campaign Act as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain-Feingold Act). [3] At the state level, an organization becomes a PAC according to the state's election laws . Contributions from corporate or labor union treasuries are illegal, though they may sponsor a PAC and provide financial support for its administration and fundraising; Union-affiliated PACs may only solicit contributions from members; Independent PACs may solicit contributions from the general public and must pay their own costs from those funds. Federal multi-candidate PACs may contribute to candidates as follows: $5,000 to a candidate or candidate committee for each election (primary and general elections count as separate elections); $15,000 to a political party per year; and $5,000 to another PAC per year. PACs may make unlimited expenditures independently of a candidate or political party In its 2010 case Citizens United v. FEC , the Supreme Court of the United States overturned sections of the Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain-Feingold Act) that had prohibited corporate and union political independent expenditures in political campaigns. [4] Citizens United made it legal for corporations and unions to spend from their general treasuries to finance independent expenditures related to campaigns, but did not alter the prohibition on direct corporate or union contributions to federal campaigns. [5] [6] Organizations seeking to contribute directly to federal candidate campaigns must still rely on traditional PACs for that purpose. [7] [8] Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Categorization 2.1 Connected PACs 2.2 Non-connected PACs 2.2.1 Leadership PACs 2.2.2 Controversial use of leadership PACs 2.3 Super PACs 2.3.1 2012 presidential election 2.3.2 Disclosure rules 3 2008 election 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History [ edit ] The first PAC was the CIO-PAC , formed in July 1943 under CIO president Philip Murray and headed by Sidney Hillman . Categorization [ edit ] Further information: List of political action committees Federal law formally allows for two types of PACs: connected and non-connected. Judicial decisions added a third classification, independent-expenditure only committees, which are colloquially known as \"Super PACs\". Connected PACs [ edit ] Most of the 4,600 active, registered PACs are \"connected PACs\" established by businesses, labor unions, trade groups, or health organizations. These PACs receive and raise money from a \"restricted class\", generally consisting of managers and shareholders in the case of a corporation and members in the case of a union or other interest group. As of January 2009, there were 1,598 registered corporate PACs, 272 related to labor unions and 995 to trade organizations. [9] Non-connected PACs [ edit ] Groups with an ideological mission, single-issue groups, and members of Congress and other political leaders may form \"non-connected PACs\". These organizations may accept funds from any individual, connected PAC, or organization. As of January 2009, there were 1,594 non-connected PACs, the fastest-growing category. [9] Leadership PACs [ edit ] Elected officials and political parties cannot give more than the federal limit directly to candidates. However, they can set up a Leadership PAC that makes independent expenditures . Provided the expenditure is not coordinated with the other candidate, this type of spending is not limited. [10] Under the FEC ( Federal Election Commission ) rules, leadership PACs are non-connected PACs, and can accept donations from individuals and other PACs. Since current officeholders have an easier time attracting contributions, Leadership PACs are a way dominant parties can capture seats from other parties. A leadership PAC sponsored by an elected official cannot use funds to support that official's own campaign. However, it may fund travel, administrative expenses, consultants, polling, and other non-campaign expenses. [11] [12] [13] Between 2008 and 2009, leadership PACs raised and spent more than $47 million. [14] Controversial use of leadership PACs [ edit ] Former Rep. John Doolittle 's (R) leadership PAC paid 15% to a firm that only employed his wife. Payouts to his wife's firm were $68,630 in 2003 and 2004, and $224,000 in 2005 and 2006. The Doolittle home was raided in 2007. [15] After years of investigation, the Justice Department dropped the case with no charges in June 2010. One Leadership PAC purchased $2,139 in gifts from Bose Corporation . [16] Former Rep. Richard Pombo (R) used his leadership PAC to pay hotel bills ($22,896) and buy baseball tickets ($320) for donors. [17] Former Speaker Nancy Pelosi 's (D) leadership PAC, Team Majority, was fined $21,000 by federal election officials \"for improperly accepting donations over federal limits.\" [18] Super PACs [ edit ] Super PACs, officially known as \" independent-expenditure only committees\", may not make contributions to candidate campaigns or parties, but may engage in unlimited political spending independently of the campaigns. Unlike traditional PACs, they can raise funds from individuals, corporations, unions, and other groups without any legal limit on donation size. [19] Super PACs were made possible by two judicial decisions: the aforementioned Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and, two months later, Speechnow.org v. FEC . In Speechnow.org , the federal Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit held that PACs that did not make contributions to candidates, parties, or other PACs could accept unlimited contributions from individuals, unions, and corporations (both for profit and not-for-profit) for the purpose of making independent expenditures. The result of the Citizens United and SpeechNow.org decisions was the rise of a new type of political action committee in 2010, popularly dubbed the \"super PAC\". [20] In an open meeting on July 22, 2010, the FEC approved two Advisory Opinions to modify FEC policy in accordance with the legal decisions. [21] These Advisory Opinions were issued in response to requests from two existing PACs, Club for Growth , and Commonsense Ten, which later became Senate Majority PAC. The opinions gave a sample wording letter which all Super PACs must submit to qualify for the deregulated status, and such letters continue to be used by Super PACs up to the present date. FEC Chairman Steven T. Walther dissented on both opinions and issued a statement giving his thoughts. In the statement, Walther stated \"There are provisions of the Act and Commission regulations not addressed by the court in SpeechNow that continue to prohibit Commonsense Ten from soliciting or accepting contributions from political committees in excess of $5,000 annually or any contributions from corporations or labor organizations.\" (emphasis in original) [22] The term \"Super PAC\" was coined by reporter Eliza Newlin Carney. [23] According to Politico , Carney, a staff writer covering lobbying and influence for CQ Roll Call , \"made the first identifiable, published reference to 'super PAC' as it’s known today while working at National Journal , writing on June 26, 2010, of a group called Workers’ Voices, that it was a kind of '\"super PAC\" that could become increasingly popular in the post-Citizens United world.'\" [24] According to FEC advisories , Super PACs are not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates or political parties. This restriction is intended to prevent them from operating campaigns that complement or parallel those of the candidates they support or engaging in negotiations that could result in quid pro quo bargaining between donors to the PAC and the candidate or officeholder. However, it is legal for candidates and Super PAC managers to discuss campaign strategy and tactics through the media. [25] [26] 2012 presidential election [ edit ] Super PACs may support particular candidacies. In the 2012 presidential election, Super PACs played a major role, spending more than the candidates' election campaigns in the Republican primaries. [27] As of early April 2012, Restore Our Future —a Super PAC usually described as having been created to help Mitt Romney 's presidential campaign—had spent $40 million. Winning Our Future (a pro– Newt Gingrich group) spent $16 million. [28] Some Super PACs are run or advised by a candidate's former staff or associates. [29] In the 2012 election campaign, most of the money given to super PACs came from wealthy individuals, not corporations. [27] According to data from the Center for Responsive Politics , the top 100 individual super PAC donors in 2011–2012 made up just 3.7% of contributors, but accounted for more than 80% of the total money raised, [30] while less than 0.5% of the money given to \"the most active Super PACs\" was donated by publicly traded corporations . [31] Super PACs have been criticized for relying heavily on negative ads. [32] As of February 2012, according to Center for Responsive Politics , 313 groups organized as Super PACs had received $98,650,993 and spent $46,191,479. This means early in the 2012 election cycle, PACs had already greatly exceeded total receipts of 2008. The leading Super PAC on its own raised more money than the combined total spent by the top 9 PACS in the 2008 cycle. [33] The 2012 figures do not include funds raised by state level PACs. Disclosure rules [ edit ] By January 2010, at least 38 states and the federal government required disclosure for all or some independent expenditures or electioneering communications. [34] These disclosures were intended to deter potentially or seemingly corrupting donations . [35] [36] Yet despite disclosure rules, it is possible to spend money without voters knowing the identities of donors before the election. [37] In federal elections, for example, political action committees have the option to choose to file reports on a \"monthly\" or \"quarterly\" basis. [38] [39] [40] This allows funds raised by PACs in the final days of the election to be spent and votes cast before the report is due. In one high-profile case, a donor to a super PAC kept his name hidden by using an LLC formed for the purpose of hiding their personal name. [41] One super PAC, that originally listed a $250,000 donation from an LLC that no one could find, led to a subsequent filing where the previously \"secret donors\" were revealed. [42] However, campaign finance experts have argued that this tactic is already illegal, since it would constitute a contribution in the name of another. [43] 2008 election [ edit ] In the 2008 election, the top nine PACs spent a total of $25,794,807 (directly, and via their affiliates and subsidiaries) as follows: International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers PAC $3,344,650 AT&T Federal PAC $3,108,200 American Bankers Association (BANK PAC) $2,918,140 National Beer Wholesalers Association PAC $2,869,000 Dealers Election Action Committee of the National Automobile Dealers Association $2,860,000 International Association of Fire Fighters $2,734,900 International Union of Operating Engineers PAC $2,704,067 American Association for Justice PAC $2,700,500 Laborers' International Union of North America PAC $2,555,350 See also [ edit ] List of political action committees 501(c)(4) organizations 527 group Advocacy group Campaign finance in the United States Issue advocacy ads Lobbying in the United States Money loop Politics of the United States Soft money Dark money References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Janda, Kenneth; Berry, Jeffrey M.; Goldman, Jerry (2008-12-19). The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in a Global World (10 ed.). Boston : Cengage Learning. p. 309. ISBN 054720454X . Retrieved 2013-05-13 . Jump up ^ \"Kentucky: Secretary of State - Civics Glossary\" . Sos.ky.gov. 2010-12-20. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07 . Retrieved 2012-01-04 . Jump up ^ 52 U.S.C. § 30101 http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title52-section30101&num=0&edition=prelim . Retrieved 2017-06-03 . Missing or empty |title= ( help ) Jump up ^ Ely, Jr., James W. (2012) [2005]. Hall, Kermit L. , ed. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (Electronic) |format= requires |url= ( help ) (Encyclopedia) (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199916467 . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 441b Jump up ^ https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-637/4637-21.pdf Jump up ^ Murse, Tom. \"What is a Super PAC?\" . About.com U.S. Politics . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"End Citizens United raises $4 million, projects $35 million haul for midterms\" . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017-08-03 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"20090309PACcount\" . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurtzleben, Danielle (September 27, 2010). \"DeMint's PAC Spends $1.5 Million in Independent Expenditures\" . U.S. News and World Report . Jump up ^ Stern, Marcus; LaFleur, Jennifer's (September 26, 2009). \"Leadership PACs: Let the Good Times Roll\" . ProPublica . Retrieved December 10, 2009 . Jump up ^ \"Leadership PACs and Sponsors\" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine .. Federal Election Commission . Jump up ^ \"Congress 101: Political Action Committees\" . Congressional Quarterly . Jump up ^ \"Leadership PACs\" . OpenSecrets.org . Center for Responsive Politics. 2010. Jump up ^ \"FBI raids U.S. Rep. Doolittle's home - politics - NBC News\" . msnbc.com . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Political Action Committees\" . OpenSecrets.org . Center for Responsive Politics . Retrieved 2012-01-04 . Jump up ^ Weisman, Jonathan; Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (July 11, 2006). \"Lawmaker Criticized for PAC Fees Paid to Wife\" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010-05-22 . Jump up ^ \"Pelosi PAC fined $21,000 by federal elections officials\" . USA Today . February 11, 2004 . Retrieved May 22, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Outside Spending (2010)\" . OpenSecrets.org . Center for Responsive Politics. Jump up ^ Cordes, Nancy (June 30, 2011). \"Colbert gets a Super PAC; So what are they?\" . CBS News . Retrieved 2011-08-11 . Jump up ^ \"20100722OpenMtng\" . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ [1] Jump up ^ \"Component Parts\" , Matt Corley, March 14, 2012 Jump up ^ \"How Super PACs got their name\" , Dave Levinthal, January 10, 2012 Jump up ^ Grier, Peter (January 18, 2012). \"Will Jon Stewart go to jail for running Stephen Colbert's super PAC?\" . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ McGlynn, Katla (January 18, 2012). \"Jon Stewart, Stephen Colbert Expose More Super PAC Loopholes Without 'Coordinating ' \" . The Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to: a b Crankocracy In America. Who really benefitted from Citizens United? . Timothy Noah. 29 March 2012. Jump up ^ Winning Our Future . factcheck.org. 5 July 2012. Jump up ^ \"Who's Financing the 'Super PACs ' \" . The New York Times , February 20, 2012 [February 1, 2012] Jump up ^ Can 46 rich dudes buy an election? By Charles Riley @CNNMoney March 26, 2012 Jump up ^ Corporations don't pony up for super PACs By ANNA PALMER and ABBY PHILLIP| politico.com| 3/8/12 Jump up ^ Mooney, Brian C. (February 2, 2012). \"Super PACs fueling GOP attack ads\" . The Boston Globe . 2012-02-02 Jump up ^ \"Super PACs\" . OpenSecrets.org . Center for Responsive Politics . Retrieved 2012-02-04 . Jump up ^ \"Cookies Disabled\" . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ \"An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie\" . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Towards a Madisonian, interest-group-based, approach to lobbying regulation, University of Alabama School of Law, by Anita S. Krishnakumar, Page 10 of 61, February 18, 2007\" (PDF) . Jump up ^ \"Who funds Super PAC? FEC looks into powerful influence\", By Gail Russell Chaddock, The Christian Science Monitor , Feb 02, 2012 Archived 2012-03-08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ \" \" Super PACs\" in Federal Elections: Overview and Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, by R. Sam Garrett, December 2, 2011\" (PDF) . Jump up ^ \"Timely Tips Archive\" . Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ John Blake, CNN (4 February 2012). \"Forgetting a key lesson from Watergate?\" . CNN . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Colbert I. King (13 January 2012). \"How D.C. interests sidestep campaign finance limits\" . Washington Post . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Luo, Michael. \"A Secret Donor Revealed\" . Jump up ^ \"The strange case of W. Spann, LLC\" . Center for Competitive Politics . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . External links [ edit ] FEC.gov - Political Action Committees (PAC) FEC.gov - Speechnow.org v. FEC OpenSecrets.org from the Center for Responsive Politics FactCheck.org Players Guide 2012 FactCheck.org Players Guide 2014 PoliticalMoneyLine dot-com company that offers some free information; detailed info requires a subscription Sunlight Foundation hide v t e Lobbying in the United States Topics Political action committee 527 organization Campaign finance ( reform ) Major industrial and business lobbies Agricultural Energy Health Insurance Organized labor Software Tobacco Transportation Major single-issue lobbies Administration Abortion Environmental Federal leadership Feminism Foreign policy Guns Immigration LGBT \" Homosexual agenda \" Retirees Taxes Diaspora and ethnic lobbies Arab Egypt Libya Saudi Arabia Armenia China Cuba (Anti Castro) Greece Ireland Israel \" Jewish lobby \" Anti-Israel lobby Pakistan Turkey Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_action_committee&oldid=845775078 \" Categories : Campaign finance in the United States Political terminology United States political action committees Lobbying in the United States Hidden categories: Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Simple English 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018, at 01:52. 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{ "text": "List of Game of Thrones characters - Wikipedia List of Game of Thrones characters From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the television series. For the main characters of the novels, see List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters . hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy . (April 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings . (April 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The characters from the American medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones are based on their respective counterparts from author George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels. Set in a fictional universe that has been referred to so far as \"The Known World,\" the series follows a civil war for the Iron Throne of the continent of Westeros , fought between the rival royal and noble families and their respective supporters. [1] Contents [ hide ] 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Eddard \"Ned\" Stark 2.2 Robert Baratheon 2.3 Jaime Lannister 2.4 Catelyn Stark 2.5 Cersei Lannister 2.6 Daenerys Targaryen 2.7 Jorah Mormont 2.8 Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish 2.9 Viserys Targaryen 2.10 Jon Snow 2.11 Sansa Stark 2.12 Arya Stark 2.13 Robb Stark 2.14 Theon Greyjoy 2.15 Brandon \"Bran\" Stark 2.16 Joffrey Baratheon 2.17 Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane 2.18 Tyrion Lannister 2.19 Khal Drogo 2.20 Tywin Lannister 2.21 Davos Seaworth 2.22 Samwell Tarly 2.23 Margaery Tyrell 2.24 Stannis Baratheon 2.25 Melisandre 2.26 Jeor Mormont 2.27 Bronn 2.28 Varys 2.29 Shae 2.30 Ygritte 2.31 Talisa Maegyr 2.32 Gendry 2.33 Tormund Giantsbane 2.34 Gilly 2.35 Brienne of Tarth 2.36 Ramsay Bolton 2.37 Ellaria Sand 2.38 Daario Naharis 2.39 Missandei 2.40 Jaqen H'ghar 2.41 Tommen Baratheon 2.42 Roose Bolton 2.43 The High Sparrow 3 Supporting characters 3.1 House Arryn 3.2 House Baratheon 3.3 House Bolton 3.4 House Frey 3.5 House Greyjoy 3.6 House Lannister 3.7 House Martell 3.8 House Stark 3.9 House Targaryen 3.10 House Tully 3.11 House Tyrell 3.12 People of Essos 3.13 People of Westeros 3.14 Royal court and officials 3.15 Night's Watch 3.16 Beyond the Wall 3.17 Animals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Cast [ edit ] Main cast [ edit ] The following cast members have been credited as main cast in the opening credits : Actor/Actress Character Appearances 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sean Bean 1 Eddard \"Ned\" Stark Main Recurring Guest Mark Addy Robert Baratheon Main Nikolaj Coster-Waldau Jaime Lannister Main [2] Michelle Fairley Catelyn Stark Main Lena Headey 2 Cersei Lannister Main [2] Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Main [2] Iain Glen Jorah Mormont Main [3] Aidan Gillen Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish Main Harry Lloyd Viserys Targaryen Main Kit Harington Jon Snow Main [2] Sophie Turner Sansa Stark Main [4] Maisie Williams Arya Stark Main [5] Richard Madden Robb Stark Main Alfie Allen Theon Greyjoy Main [6] Isaac Hempstead Wright Bran Stark Main Main [7] Jack Gleeson Joffrey Baratheon Main Rory McCann Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane Main Main [8] Peter Dinklage Tyrion Lannister Main [2] Jason Momoa Khal Drogo Main Charles Dance Tywin Lannister Recurring Main Liam Cunningham Davos Seaworth Main [9] John Bradley Samwell Tarly Recurring Main [10] Natalie Dormer Margaery Tyrell Main Stephen Dillane Stannis Baratheon Recurring Main Carice van Houten Melisandre Main [11] James Cosmo Jeor Mormont Recurring Main Jerome Flynn Bronn Recurring Main [12] Conleth Hill Varys Recurring Main [13] Sibel Kekilli Shae Recurring Main Rose Leslie Ygritte Recurring Main Oona Chaplin Talisa Maegyr Recurring Main Joe Dempsie Gendry Recurring Main Main [14] Kristofer Hivju Tormund Giantsbane Recurring Main TBA Hannah Murray Gilly Recurring Main TBA Gwendoline Christie Brienne of Tarth Recurring Main [15] Iwan Rheon Ramsay Bolton Recurring Main Indira Varma Ellaria Sand Recurring Main Michiel Huisman 3 Daario Naharis Recurring Main TBA Nathalie Emmanuel Missandei Recurring Main [16] Tom Wlaschiha 4 Jaqen H'ghar Guest Recurring Main TBA Dean-Charles Chapman 5 Tommen Baratheon Recurring Recurring Main Michael McElhatton Roose Bolton Recurring Main Jonathan Pryce The High Sparrow Recurring Main 1 In seasons 6 and 7, Sebastian Croft portrays Ned Stark as a child and Robert Aramayo portrays him as a young man. 2 In season 5, Nell Williams portrays Cersei Lannister in a flashback scene. 3 In season 3, Daario Naharis is portrayed by Ed Skrein . 4 In season 1, Jaqen H'ghar appears in one scene, portrayed by an uncredited extra. 5 In seasons 1 and 2, Tommen Baratheon is portrayed by Callum Wharry. Supporting cast [ edit ] Additionally the following cast members have appeared in 10 or more episodes of the show while maintaining a 'recurring' status: Actor/Actress Character Appearances 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Julian Glover Grand Maester Pycelle Recurring Ian Beattie Meryn Trant Recurring Kristian Nairn 1 Hodor Recurring Recurring Mark Stanley Grenn Recurring Natalia Tena Osha Recurring Recurring Art Parkinson Rickon Stark Recurring Recurring Esmé Bianco Ros Recurring Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson 2 Gregor Clegane Recurring Recurring [17] Dominic Carter Janos Slynt Recurring Recurring Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister Recurring Recurring Nell Tiger Free 3 Myrcella Baratheon Recurring Recurring Guest Ron Donachie 4 Rodrik Cassel Recurring Recurring Donald Sumpter Maester Luwin Recurring Amrita Acharia Irri Recurring Roxanne McKee Doreah Recurring Ian Gelder Kevan Lannister Recurring Guest Recurring Ian McElhinney Barristan Selmy Recurring Recurring Luke Barnes Rast Recurring Recurring Peter Vaughan Maester Aemon Recurring Guest Recurring Josef Altin Pypar Recurring Guest Recurring Owen Teale Alliser Thorne Recurring Recurring Brian Fortune Othell Yarwyck Recurring Recurring Finn Jones Loras Tyrell Guest Recurring Ben Hawkey Hot Pie Guest Recurring Guest Guest TBA Richard Dormer 5 Beric Dondarrion Guest Recurring Guest Recurring [6] Daniel Portman Podrick Payne Recurring TBA Ben Crompton Eddison Tollett Recurring Guest Recurring [18] Gemma Whelan Yara Greyjoy Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Tara Fitzgerald 6 Selyse Florent Guest Recurring William & James Wilson 7 Little Sam Recurring TBA Jacob Anderson Grey Worm Recurring [16] Anton Lesser Qyburn Recurring TBA Diana Rigg Olenna Tyrell Recurring Kerry Ingram Shireen Baratheon Recurring Ellie Kendrick Meera Reed Recurring Recurring TBA Thomas Brodie-Sangster Jojen Reed Recurring Paul Kaye Thoros of Myr Recurring Guest Recurring Rupert Vansittart Yohn Royce Guest Recurring [16] Brenock O'Connor Olly Recurring Roger Ashton-Griffiths Mace Tyrell Recurring Faye Marsay The Waif Recurring Michael Condron Bowen Marsh Recurring 1 In season 6, Sam Coleman portrays Hodor as a child (originally named Wylis). 2 In season 1, Gregor Clegane is portrayed by Conan Stevens and by Ian Whyte in season 2. 3 In seasons 1 and 2, Myrcella Baratheon is portrayed by Aimee Richardson . 4 In season 6, Rodrik Cassel is portrayed by Fergus Leathem in flashback scenes. 5 In season 1, Beric Dondarrion is portrayed by David Michael Scott. 6 In season 2, Selyse Florent is portrayed by uncredited extra Sarah MacKeever. 7 In seasons 3–5, Little Sam is portrayed by uncredited infant extras. Introduced in Season 1 Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Gethin Anthony as Renly Baratheon Francis Magee as Yoren Elyes Gabel as Rakharo David Bradley as Walder Frey Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Dennis McKeever as an officer of the Night's Watch Steven Blount and John Stahl as Rickard Karstark Susan Brown as Septa Mordane Dar Salim as Qotho Gerard Jordan and uncredited extra as Biter Andy Beckwith and uncredited extra as Rorge Kate Dickie as Lysa Arryn Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel Wilko Johnson as Ilyn Payne Eros Vlahos as Lommy Greenhands Emun Elliott as Marillion Clive Mantle as Greatjon Umber Mia Soteriou as Mirri Maz Duur Miltos Yerolemou as Syrio Forel Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis Jefferson Hall as Hugh of the Vale Margaret John as Old Nan Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga Bronson Webb as Will Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce Dermot Keaney as Gared John Standing as Jon Arryn Rhodri Hosking as Mycah Antonia Christophers as Mhaegen Sahara Knite as Armeca Introduced in Season 2 Josephine Gillan as Marei Sara Dylan as a handmaid Steven Cole as Kovarro Tony Way as Dontos Hollard Robert Pugh as Craster Nonso Anozie as Xaro Xhoan Daxos Ralph Ineson as Dagmer Cleftjaw Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Edward Dogliani and Ross O'Hennessy as the Lord of Bones Ian Hanmore as Pyat Pree Fintan McKeown as Amory Lorch Forbes KB as Lorren Simon Armstrong as Qhorin Halfhand Lucian Msamati as Salladhor Saan Andy Kellegher as Polliver Nicholas Blane as the Spice King Karl Davies as Alton Lannister Roy Dotrice as Hallyne Oliver Ford Davies as Maester Cressen Maisie Dee as Daisy David Coakley as Drennan Peter Ballance as Farlen Paul Caddell as Jacks Aidan Crowe as Quent Tyrone McElhennon as Torrhen Karstark Anthony Morris as the Tickler Slavko Juraga as the Silk King Laura Pradelska as Quaithe David Fynn as Rennick Introduced in Season 3 Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Charlotte Hope as Myranda Noah Taylor as Locke Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Will Tudor as Olyvar Tom Brooke and Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Paul Bentley as the second High Septon Mackenzie Crook as Orell Philip McGinley as Anguy Ciarán Hinds as Mance Rayder Burn Gorman as Karl Tanner Dan Hildebrand as Kraznys mo Nakloz Dean-Charles Chapman as Martyn Lannister Timothy Gibbons as Willem Lannister Alexandra Dowling as Roslin Tully Mark Killeen as Mero Ramon Tikaram as Prendahl na Ghezn Will O'Connell as Todder Pixie Le Knot as Kayla Jamie Michie as Steelshanks Walton Clifford Barry as Greizhen mo Ullhor George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Introduced in Season 4 Joel Fry as Hizdahr zo Loraq Pedro Pascal as Oberyn Martell Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Struan Rodger and Max von Sydow as the Three-eyed Raven Octavia Alexandru and Kae Alexander as Leaf Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris Yuri Kolokolnikov as Styr Reece Noi as Mossador Joseph Gatt as the Thenn Warg Gary Oliver as Ternesio Terys Lu Corfield as the Mole's Town madam Lois Winstone as a Mole's Town prostitute Alisdair Simpson as Donnel Waynwood Paola Dionisotti as Anya Waynwood Deirdre Monaghan as Morag Jane McGrath as Sissy Sarine Sofair as Lhara Introduced in Season 5 Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle-Hughes as Obara Sand Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Malko Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Karsi Zahary Baharov as Loboda J. J. Murphy as Denys Mallister Ali Lyons as Johnna Oengus MacNamara as the thin man Hattie Gotobed as Ghita Meena Rayann as Vala Introduced in Season 6 Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Freddie Stroma and Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Lucy Hayes as Kitty Frey Dean S. Jagger as Smalljon Umber Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy Kevin Eldon as Camello Eline Powell as Bianca Leigh Gill as Bobono Rob Callender as Clarenzo Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Souad Faress as High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Ian McShane as Brother Ray Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Lemoncloak Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee-Williams as Iggo Hannah John-Kamen as Ornella Introduced in Season 7 Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose Brendan Cowell as Harrag Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Harry Grasby as Ned Umber Non-human characters cast Richard Brake and Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Ian Whyte as the giant Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun and various White Walkers Ross Mullan as various White Walkers Tim Loane as a White Walker Ian Whyte as the giant Dongo the Dommed Neil Fingleton as the giant Mag Mar Tun Doh Weg Spencer Wilding as a White Walker Flashbacks cast Jodhi May as Maggy the Frog Nell Williams as young Cersei Lannister Isabella Steinbarth as Melara Hetherspoon Sebastian Croft as child Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as child Benjen Stark Cordelia Hill as child Lyanna Stark Sam Coleman as young Wylis / Hodor Annette Tierney as young Old Nan Fergus Leathem as young Rodrik Cassel Robert Aramayo as young Eddard Stark Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower Leo Woodruff as young Howland Reed Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark David Rintoul as Aerys 'The Mad King' Targaryen Aisling Franciosi as young Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Tom Chadbon as High Septon Maynard Main characters [ edit ] Eddard \"Ned\" Stark [ edit ] Sean Bean Main article: Ned Stark Ned Stark (seasons 1, 6–7) portrayed by Sean Bean as an adult, Sebastian Croft as a child, and Robert Aramayo as a young adult. Eddard \"Ned\" Stark of House Stark, Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North, becomes the Hand of the King after Lord Jon Arryn's death. He is known for his sense of honor and justice. He took part in Robert's Rebellion after his sister Lyanna was kidnapped by Crown Prince Rhaegar Targaryen. When Ned's father and brother went south to reclaim her, the \"Mad King\" Aerys Targaryen burned both of them alive. Ned and Robert Baratheon led the rebellion to unseat him from the throne. As the show opens, Ned has been content to remain in the north, but after the death of Lord Jon Arryn, he is convinced that it is his duty to accept the position of Hand of the King. Ned is not interested in politics, and prefers to rule with honor and follow the law. While investigating the reason for the death of Jon Arryn, he discovers that all three of Robert's children with Queen Cersei were fathered by Cersei's twin brother Jaime. When Ned confronts Cersei about the truth, she has him imprisoned for treason after he publicly denounces Joffrey. Ned is convinced by Varys that if he goes to his death honorably, as he is prepared to do, his daughters will suffer for it. To protect them, he sacrifices his honor and publicly declares that he was plotting to steal the throne and that Joffrey is the true king. Despite Cersei's promise that Ned would be allowed to join the Night's Watch in exile, Joffrey orders Ned's execution for his own amusement and later torments Sansa by forcing her to look at her father's head. His bones are later returned to Catelyn in the Stormlands by Petyr Baelish, who laments Ned's downfall and that he was too honorable to seize power through force, rather insisting the throne pass to Lord Stannis Baratheron, Robert's younger brother. Baelish's preferred course of action, revealed only to Ned, had been to seize Cersei and her children first and rule in Joffrey's name as Regent and Lord Protector. Ned's execution, however, is not in vain, since he notifies Stannis of the truth of Joffrey's parentage, and Stannis informs all of Westeros, which sets into motion the War of Five Kings against House Lannister. Robert Baratheon [ edit ] Mark Addy Main article: Robert Baratheon Robert Baratheon (season 1) portrayed by Mark Addy . Robert Baratheon of House Baratheon, formerly a fierce warrior, became King of the Seven Kingdoms after leading a rebellion against Aerys II Targaryen. He was betrothed to Ned Stark's sister Lyanna and loved her deeply, and she was kidnapped by Rhaegar Targaryen. Her father and another brother were killed when they went to King's Landing to reclaim her, which resulted in Robert and Ned Stark's revolt known as Robert's Rebellion, whereupon the Targaryens were all slaughtered or routed from the Kingdoms. Since Robert's family had closer ties to the former Royal family, this put Robert on the Iron Throne. Now, Robert has grown fat and miserable; he has no more wars to fight, is surrounded by plotters and sycophants, hates and is bored by the constant work needed to manage the Kingdoms properly, and trapped in a political marriage to the scheming Cersei Lannister, whom he has never loved. He is unaware that none of his three children are his, but instead Jaime Lannister's. Under his reign, the realm has been bankrupted, and Robert is deeply in debt to his wife's family. Killed while hunting, he unknowingly leaves no rightful heir behind. His bastards are ordered dead by Joffrey, many of which are killed, and Gendry is subsequently forced to flee the capital. Jaime Lannister [ edit ] Nikolaj Coster-Waldau Main article: Jaime Lannister Jaime Lannister portrayed by Nikolaj Coster-Waldau . Ser Jaime Lannister of House Lannister is a member of the Kingsguard and an exceptionally skilled swordsman . He is the Queen's twin brother and has carried on an incestuous love affair with her all his life, fathering all three of her living children. He truly does love his sister and will do anything, no matter how rash, to stay close to her. He is nicknamed \"Kingslayer\" for killing the previous King, Aerys II, whom he was sworn to protect. He was allowed to keep his post in the current Kingsguard as he and his influential father helped Robert win the war, but no one feels he deserves this post, which frustrates Jaime. Despite Eddard Stark's animosity against him for forsaking his oath to protect the King during Robert's Rebellion, Jaime has great respect for Eddard, whom he considers a great warrior and his equal. Unlike his father and sister, Jaime cares deeply about his younger brother Tyrion. In season two, Catelyn releases and sends Jaime to King's Landing under Brienne of Tarth's watch in exchange for a pledge to send her daughters home. On the journey, they are captured by the violent Locke, a man-at-arms under Roose Bolton, a Northern Lord. On their way to Harrenhal, now held by Bolton, the lowborn Locke cuts off Jaime's sword hand to taunt his position and privilege. Jaime survives and is allowed to depart Harrenhal on condition that he acquits Bolton from any guilt. During his time in Harrenhal, Jaime reveals to Brienne on why he killed King Aerys II. Once freed, Jaime travels to King's Landing with Brienne and disgraced Maester Qyburn, given by Bolton to tend to his injury, in tow. At the end of season three, they arrive at the gates and Jaime reunites with Cersei. In the fourth season, Jaime is fitted with a golden prosthetic hand and given a new sword, and is trained by Bronn in fencing with his left hand. Jaime is one of the few people in King's Landing who believe in Tyrion's innocence in killing Joffrey, and does his best to comfort his younger brother, while outright refusing Cersei's order to kill Tyrion before his trial. When Tyrion is sentenced to death, Jaime frees Tyrion from captivity and arranges for him to be smuggled to Essos with Varys's help. Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back. Myrcella says that she likes it in Dorne and doesn't want to go back to King's Landing. However, she eventually leaves with her uncle and Trystane, after Doran bargains to have his son take his seat on the Small Council. On the journey home, Jaime reveals his incestuous relationship to Cersei to their daughter, who then reveals she knows and is glad that Jaime is her father and hugs him, but moments later Myrcella collapses from poison and dies. In the sixth season, Jaime returns to King's Landing with Myrcella's body and sends Doran a letter requesting the heads of Ellaria, Obara, Nymeria and Tyene, but later hears that both Doran and Trystane were killed by the Sands. In response to Cersei's humiliation by the Faith Militant, Jaime ponders murdering the High Sparrow and marching on the Great Sept of Baelor with the army of House Tyrell to forcibly rescue Margaery from custody. He is foiled, however, when Tommen declares an allegiance between the Faith and the Crown, and dismisses Jaime from the Kingsguard, clearly on the High Sparrow's orders. Jaime is later sent to the Riverlands with Bronn to oversee the surrender of Riverrun. He parleys with Brynden \"The Blackfish\" Tully, to no avail, and then falsely threatens Edmure Tully with the murder of his baby son if he does not get his men to surrender the castle. The castle eventually falls to the Lannisters and Freys. Jaime briefly crosses paths with Brienne and Podrick, but allows them to leave peacefully. He returns to King's Landing shortly after the Great Sept's destruction, and enters the Red Keep to see Cersei being crowned Queen. In the seventh season, he commands the Lannister army, capturing Highgarden but suffering defeat when ambushed by Daenerys' Dothraki forces and dragons. He clashes with Cersei over the threat from the Army of the Dead, and when she breaks her word over sending military support he leaves her and rides north alone. Catelyn Stark [ edit ] Michelle Fairley Main article: Catelyn Stark Catelyn Stark (seasons 1–3) portrayed by Michelle Fairley . Catelyn Stark of House Stark and House Tully (née Tully), Lady of Winterfell, is the wife of Lord Eddard Stark. Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands, she is the elder sister of Lysa Arryn, Lady of the Vale and Mistress of the Eyrie, and Lord Edmure Tully, Lord of Riverrun. After deducing that the Lannisters are responsible for the attempt on Bran Stark's life, she travels to King's Landing to warn Ned, and on her return trip has a chance encounter with Tyrion Lannister. Since Catelyn does not know about Tyrion's complete innocence, she decides to take him captive because she believes that he is behind the attempt on her son's life. She takes him to her sister, Lysa Arryn, so that he can be brought to justice but is not successful, as Tyrion is found innocent after a trial by combat. After her husband is arrested and her eldest son Robb goes to war for his release, she joins her son's war council. Upon learning that her husband was executed by orders of King Joffrey, she vows to her son Robb that the Lannister family will pay with their lives. Throughout the second season, she aids her son Robb in the rebellion by advising him and attempting to broker alliances. While trying to form an alliance with Renly Baratheon, another claimant to the Iron Throne, she takes Brienne of Tarth into her service as an armswoman after Renly's assassination. She frees Jaime Lannister, a valuable hostage to the Starks, in an attempt to exchange him for her captive daughters. Robb, feeling betrayed by what his mother has done, puts her under house arrest. Catelyn travels north with her son to her father's funeral at her childhood home of Riverrun. She is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre after her desperate (and futile) pleas to the Freys to spare her son, threatening to slit Lady Frey's throat if Robb dies. She keeps her promise, and is herself killed moments later when \"Black\" Walder Frey cuts her throat to the bone. In season four, it is stated that her body was stripped naked and thrown into the river after the massacre as a mockery of House Tully's funeral traditions. Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb's death and his ultimately failed rebellion against the Iron Throne, Catelyn and her son are later avenged in the sixth season and the first episode of season seven when her eldest daughter Sansa Stark and Sansa's half brother Jon Snow successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell and Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords, wildlings, and Knights of the Vale, restoring Stark rule in the North in the process, while her youngest daughter Arya Stark returns to Westeros, murders Walder Frey, and later uses his face to disguise herself as him to poison all his sons and male descendants at the Twins, ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey. Cersei Lannister [ edit ] Lena Headey Main article: Cersei Lannister Cersei Lannister portrayed by Lena Headey as an adult and Nell Williams as a child. Cersei Lannister of House Lannister and House Baratheon, Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, is the wife of King Robert Baratheon. Her father arranged the marriage when she was a teenager, initiating himself as a political counselor for King Robert. The Lannisters are the richest family in Westeros, [19] which is why Robert was interested in a marriage between them. Cersei has a twin brother, Jaime, with whom she has been involved in an incestuous affair from early childhood. All three of Cersei's children are Jaime's. [19] Cersei's main character attribute is her desire for power and her deep loyalty to her father, children, and brother Jaime. Cersei learns that her husband Robert is in danger of finding out that the children he sees as his heirs to the throne are not his. Robert meets his end as the result of a boar attack on a hunting trip, before Ned Stark tells him of the truth about his children. Cersei works quickly to instate her oldest son, Joffrey, on the throne, with her as his chief political advisor and Queen Regent. [20] Joffrey quits listening to his mother, and by the beginning of the second season her father decides Cersei does not exercise enough control over her son, and her father sends his youngest son Tyrion as an additional political advisor. Cersei and Tyrion do not get along, and constantly try to undermine each other's authority over the crown. As of the end of the second season, Tyrion has accumulated more sway over the Iron Throne, and has shipped Cersei's only daughter off against Cersei's will to be married to the prince of Dorne. In season three, she takes pleasure in Tyrion's diminished position and taunts him for being forced into a marriage pact with Sansa Stark, only to be told by her father that he intends to marry her to Loras Tyrell. At the end of the season, the two siblings ponder at their respective marriages, and Cersei reunites with Jaime in her bedchamber as he unexpectedly returns from captivity. In season four, she has Tyrion arrested after Joffrey is fatally poisoned. It is implied that she knows Tyrion's guilt is highly unlikely, but just wants to see him dead, though Jaime refuses to carry out the order. [21] Indeed, at Tyrion's trial, it is obvious that Cersei has manipulated the entire procedure so that the only witnesses (herself, Lord Varys, Meryn Trant, Grand Maester Pycelle and Shae) give either incomplete or entirely false testimonies to implicate Tyrion and Sansa further in the murder. When Tyrion demands a trial by combat, Cersei quickly chooses Ser Gregor \"The Mountain\" Clegane as her champion to diminish Tyrion's chances of acquittal, and has Bronn betrothed to a noblewoman so that Tyrion cannot choose him as his champion. Cersei's wish comes true when Tyrion's champion, Oberyn Martell, is killed by Clegane, but she still refuses to marry Loras, even threatening her father with revealing the truth about her relationship with Jaime and the parentage of her children. Tywin rebuffs her threats, though he himself is killed by an escaping Tyrion soon afterwards. Cersei attends Tywin's funeral and later orders a bounty on Tyrion's head. Cersei and Jaime receive a message from Dorne: a small viper statue with a necklace in its fangs. Cersei tells Jaime that the necklace belongs to their daughter, Myrcella, who was sent to Dorne by Tyrion. Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back. Cersei meets with two hunters who have brought her a severed head, though she is disappointed to find that it is not Tyrion's head. Qyburn lays claim to the head for his research and the two walk to a small council meeting. With the office of Hand of the King vacant, Cersei tells the council that she will stand in temporarily until Tommen chooses a new Hand. She appoints Mace Tyrell as the new Master of Coin and Qyburn as the new Master of Whisperers. When Cersei tries to appoint her uncle Kevan as the Master of War, he declines, telling her that as the queen mother she holds no power, and has no interest in serving in a council filled with her sycophants. In defiance of Cersei's \"orders\", Kevan states that he will return to Casterly Rock until he hears direct word from Tommen that he is required. Tommen soon weds Margaery Tyrell. Under Margaery's influence, Tommen drops hints that he would like Cersei to return to Casterly Rock, but she refuses, and confronts Margaery, who insults her. Cersei catches the High Septon being punished for entering a brothel by her cousin Lancel, who has become a member of the Faith Militant, an extremist group that worships the Seven. Cersei talks to their leader, the High Sparrow, and instates him as the new High Septon. The Faith Militant then aggressively puncture all barrels of wine and trash Petyr Baelish's brothel. They also arrest Margaery's brother Loras on the grounds of his homosexuality. Tommen, at Margaery's insistence, tries to get Cersei to release Loras, but Cersei swears she had nothing to do with it. After a trial, Loras is arrested after a prostitute named Olyvar testifies against Loras. Margaery is also arrested for lying about Loras' sexual orientation, and both are put in dungeons. All of this delights Cersei, who goes to see Margaery in her cell and brings her a bowl of venison stew. Cersei has one final talk with the High Sparrow about the accomplishments of the pair, but he soon reveals that Lancel has confessed everything (in season one, Cersei had sex with him in Jaime's absence). Cersei is subsequently arrested for adultery, incest, and murder (it was her plan to get Robert drunk so that he would injure himself while hunting). She is only visited in her cell by Qyburn, who tells her that Grand Maester Pycelle has seized power of the throne, and that Kevan is serving as hand of the king. Cersei is distraught to learn that Tommen, anguished over his wife's and mother's arrests, has not been eating. Cersei is also visited by a septa, who orders her to confess to her sins. Cersei refuses, and she is hit by the septa. Weakened, Cersei is forced to lick the water off the floors of the cell. She eventually agrees to reveal herself to the High Septon, confessing her incestuous relationship to Lancel Lannister but refusing to admit more serious offences, which would be harder for the Faith to prove. The High Sparrow allows her to leave captivity in favor of house arrest in the Red Keep, pending the trial, but only if she agrees to do \"atonement\" for her sins by being shaved and walking naked through the streets of King's Landing. Cersei endures the walk with great resolve, bleeding and covered in filth as she eventually reaches the Keep, where she reunites with her uncle Kevan, now Hand of the King, and Qyburn, who introduces her to the newest member of the Kingsguard, a freakishly large, silent giant implied to be the reanimated corpse of Gregor Clegane. In the sixth season, Cersei remains under house arrest and is not allowed to attend the funeral of Myrcella, who was ultimately killed by Ellaria Sand. Though her initial plan is to demand a trial by combat and name Gregor as her champion, she is foiled when Tommen falls under the control of the High Sparrow and abolishes the practice, stripping Cersei of her trump card. In desperation, Cersei has Qyburn look into an \"old rumour\", which turns out to be the Mad King's wildfire caches. On the day of her and Loras's trial, Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor with the wildfire and kills hundreds of people, including Margaery, Loras, Mace Tyrell, Kevan, Lancel, the High Sparrow and the entire Faith Militant, and also has Grand Maester Pycelle killed in his chambers. With her enemies out of the way, Cersei crowns herself Queen and names Qyburn as her Hand. In season seven, Cersei consolidates her position through alliances with the Tarlys and with Euron Greyjoy, who help her to capture Highgarden, destroy much of Daenerys' fleet and take revenge on Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes. She tells Jaime she is pregnant and it pleases him when she says that she will name him as the father. Cersei agrees to Tyrion's request for a parley with the Targaryen party, and is visibly shocked by the wight that has been brought south. She agrees to send a military force north to help the fight against the Army of the Dead, but reveals to Jaime that she has no intention of keeping her word. Jaime argues, and although Cersei threatens to have him killed she takes no action against him as he leaves her to go north. Daenerys Targaryen [ edit ] Emilia Clarke Main article: Daenerys Targaryen Daenerys Targaryen portrayed by Emilia Clarke . Daenerys Targaryen is the exiled princess of the Targaryen dynasty . Also called \"the Stormborn\", she and her brother Viserys were smuggled to Essos during the end of Robert's Rebellion. For seventeen years, she has been under the care of Viserys, whom she fears, as he is abusive to her whenever she displeases him. In exchange for an army, Viserys marries her to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo, making her a Khaleesi, a queen of the Dothraki. Daenerys is at first afraid of her new husband but after learning the Dothraki language, she manages to get past their barriers. She begins to understand him and genuinely falls in love with him after learning Drogo is an intelligent leader and a kind man. After embracing the Dothraki culture, she becomes stronger and rebels against her brother. She later becomes pregnant with Drogo's son who is prophesied by the Dothraki to be the \"Stallion Who Mounts the World\". After her brother's death and an assassination attempt by Robert Baratheon, Drogo vows to Daenerys that he will conquer the Seven Kingdoms for her and their unborn son. However, during their journey Drogo suffers from blood poisoning due to an infected wound incurred during a fight with a Dothraki tribesman. Daenerys is forced to seek the help of healer Mirri Maz Duur to save his life using blood magic. Mirri tricks Daenerys by using her unborn son's life as a sacrifice to heal Drogo, leaving him in a permanent catatonic state, and forcing Daenerys to end her husband's life. Losing both her husband and son, Daenerys punishes Mirri by having her burnt at the stake. She also lays the three dragon eggs she received as a wedding gift onto Khal Drogo's body, then steps into the burning funeral pyre. After the fire extinguishes itself, the Khaleesi and three baby dragons, named Drogon, Rhaegal, and Viserion, are found alive and unharmed. Daenerys takes the baby dragons and the remaining tribe to gather new allies and reclaim the Iron Throne. She becomes the first female Dothraki leader. In season two, she is lost in the Red Waste, a stretch of barren land. She and her khalasar eventually make it to Qarth, where the nobles are more interested in her dragons than her conquering Westeros. When her dragons are stolen by Pyat Pree, she goes into the House of the Undying and retrieves them, killing Pyat Pree. In the second season finale, she imprisons her host Xaro Xoan Daxos for having helped Pyat Pree. Her horde loot Xaro's mansion to buy a ship. Daenerys travels from Qarth to Astapor, a city in Slaver's Bay, where she negotiates the purchase of elite eunuch soldiers called the Unsullied. She also meets the famed knight Ser Barristan Selmy, and accepts him into her queensguard. On her departure from the city, she frees the slaves and has Drogon torch its elders. By the end of the third season, although her power has not yet been tested, she has acquired the loyalty of tens of thousands of freed slaves from Astapor and Yunkai, her remaining Dothraki brethren (and two former Westerosi soldiers whom she encountered through the Dothraki, who advise her) 2,000 Second Sons cavalrymen, 8,000 Unsullied elite infantry, and three rapidly growing dragons. The stay in Slaver's Bay has made her question her motives, however, and she takes up the cause of ending slavery as well, donning the honorific \"Breaker of Chains\" as the slaves hold her to the sky, praising her as their Mhysa , or \"Mother\". Daenerys later frees the slaves from Meereen, the last of the slave cities in Slaver's Bay, but realizes that she is slowly losing control of her dragons, especially when Drogon shows signs of aggression towards her when she tries to break up a fight between them over food. Aware that she does not have enough men to conquer Westeros just yet, Daenerys resolves to remain in Slaver's Bay and rule as Queen for the time being. She eventually learns of Jorah's original purpose, which was to spy on her for Robert Baratheon, and orders him to leave Meereen on threat of execution. After she receives too many complaints about her dragons, Daenerys, locks Rhaegal and Viserion of them in the catacombs beneath Meereen before searching for Drogon. Meanwhile, Daenerys faces a new threat to her rule in the form of the Sons of the Harpy, a resistance movement against her and the Unsullied. She considers freeing her dragons, but they attempt to attack her, making her realize that they are no longer loyal to her. After Daario and Grey Worm arrest a member of the Sons of the Harpy, Mossador implores Daenerys to execute their captive, but Barristan tells her of the Mad King's actions against his enemies, which included burning them with wildfire while laughing. He asks her not to execute the captive without a fair trial, and she agrees with him. Mossador goes against her wishes, and kills the captive Son of the Harpy. Daenerys has him publicly executed, which leads a riot to break out between the old masters and the freed slaves. At night, Daenerys finds that Drogon has returned, but when she tries to touch his face, he flies away. Soon afterward, a group of Unsullied patrolling the streets of Meereen are stopped by a crying woman who points them to an alleyway. The Unsullied head in to investigate, but it is revealed that the entire affair was a set up after they are soon cornered by a group of the Sons of the Harpy. The Unsullied attempt to fight back, but the Sons of the Harpy kill many of them. Barristan Selmy sees the commotion and tries to help, killing many of the Sons of the Harpy, but gets badly wounded, and dies. Grey Worm also sustains serious but nonfatal injuries. Daenerys is furious after learning what has happened to Barristan, and rounds up the leaders of the great Meereenese houses. She takes them into the catacombs where she randomly has one of them shoved forward. The Meereenese lord is promptly killed by dragonfire from Rhaegal, and he and Viserion eat him. Daenerys then has all the lords arrested, including her former adviser Hizdahr zo Loraq, whom she decides to marry to win over the Meereenese nobles. To respect the culture of the region, she agrees to have the fighting pits reinstated (she had previously declined due to her distaste for killing for sport). Hizdahr convinces Daenerys to go to one of the pits to see the contestants battling over who will go to the final competition. Daenerys is sickened by the bloodshed, and gets up to leave, but her attention is turned by one masked competitor who defeats all of the other competitors without killing any of them. This competitor turns out to be Jorah Mormont, who is trying to win over Daenerys' favor after being banished. Daenerys orders the Unsullied to take him away, but Jorah announces that he has brought her a gift, and Tyrion Lannister reveals himself to Daenerys. After a round of questioning, Daenerys banishes Jorah once again, but takes Tyrion on as her adviser. On the great opening of Daznak's Pit, Jorah resurfaces as a voluntary contender on the arena, but Daenerys refuses to stop the games to spare his life. Jorah eventually prevails and saves her life by impaling with his spear an attacker from the Sons of the Harpy, who appear in legions and attack Daenerys' guards. Cornered at the midst of the arena, defeat seems immediate when Drogon returns, killing many Sons of the Harpy despite being wounded by several of their spears. Daenerys manages to rekindle their bond and climbs his back, riding off into the distance to a stunned crowd. She roams the Great Steppe north of the city, where Drogon seems reluctant to obey her commands or even hunt for food. Strolling about on her own, Daenerys is faced with an incoming Dothraki khalasar of great numbers, and after dropping a ring to the ground to leave a trail, she is surrounded. In season six, the Dothraki take her to Vaes Dothrak, where she identifies herself to Khal Moro as Drogo's former wife. Out of respect for Dothraki traditions, they take Daenerys to join the Dosh Khaleen, which consisted of the wives of deceased khals. Daenerys refuses and instead burns the temple down with herself and all the khals still inside. She emerges unscathed, and the awed Dothraki accept her as their new leader. She returns to Meereen with her new army and destroys the slaver fleet assaulting the city with her dragons. In the aftermath, Daenerys meets with Theon and Yara Greyjoy, who offer their support for her claim so that they can overthrow their uncle Euron. Daenerys accepts their aid and secures help from the Reach and Dorne, names Tyrion as her hand, but breaks up with Daario, ordering him to stay behind and govern Slaver's Bay in her absence. With her new army, Daenerys finally sets sail for Westeros. In the seventh season, Daenerys finally uses her dragons in battle, annihilating a Lannister force and their baggage train with fire. Daenerys welcomes Jon Snow to Dragonstone, seeing him as a friend and ally, insisting that he bend the knee to her but exhibiting patience with his refusal. She believes his tales of white walkers and agrees to let him mine dragonglass (obsidian) from her land. When Jon's expedition north of the Wall gets into trouble Daenerys takes her dragons to rescue them, and is devastated when the Night King kills the dragon Viserion. On the ship back to Dragonstone, she and Jon make love. Jorah Mormont [ edit ] Iain Glen Main article: Jorah Mormont Jorah Mormont portrayed by Iain Glen . Ser Jorah Mormont of House Mormont is an exiled knight in the service of Daenerys Targaryen and the son of Jeor Mormont of the Night's Watch. To fund his wife's extravagant lifestyle, he sold poachers on his land to slave traders, which is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms. Rather than face punishment by Lord Stark, he fled to Essos and learned the lifestyle of the Dothraki who embrace him as one of their own and know him as \"Jorah The Andal\". Jorah serves as an adviser to the Targaryens on both political and cultural matters of both the Seven Kingdoms and Essos. Jorah is actually spying on the Targaryens for Lord Varys in exchange for a pardon on his crimes. But after learning more about Daenerys, Jorah falls in love with her and decides to protect and help her regain the Iron Throne. After she is widowed, he remains with her and becomes the first knight of her Queensguard. He serves Daenerys as an adviser throughout the second season and tries to help her claim her birthright as queen of the Seven Kingdoms. In season three, he plays an important part in the capture of Yunkai, together with Unsullied commander Grey Worm and Daario Naharis, Lieutenant and leader of the Second Sons. Led by Daario, the trio infiltrates the city and kills a number of Yunkish guards to open a gate, ensuring the capture of Yunkai. Jorah later assists Daenerys and her army in conquering Meereen, and later informs her of Joffrey's death, but at the same time dissuades her from invading King's Landing, since she is not strong enough to take all of Westeros yet. When Daenerys appears to begin a romantic relationship with Daario, Jorah voices his disapproval. Daenerys eventually discovers that Jorah's original mission was to spy on her for the \"usurper\" Robert Baratheon, which led to her and her unborn son almost being killed by the wine merchant in Vaes Dothrak, and exiles him from Meereen on the threat of death. Jorah subsequently departs alone. He runs into Tyrion Lannister in Volantis, kidnapping him to deliver to \"the Queen\", meaning Daenerys. Sailing through the ruins of Valyria, the couple are assaulted by stone men long decayed by greyscale, and Jorah is seemingly infected by the disease as one of the stone men touches his hand. He drags Tyrion safely to land, where the couple are captured by pirates. Tyrion convinces them to take them to Meereen to be sold as slaves in the fighting pits, where they are bought by master Yezzan zo Qaggaz, and successfully escape during a tourney. Upon seeing Jorah again, Daenerys orders him taken away. Tyrion manages to convince her of his worth and urges her to take him as her adviser, upon which he advises her, correctly in his opinion, to have Ser Jorah banished for his treason, having concealed the true nature of his service to her although he had several chances of doing so. Jorah is exiled a second time, and returns to Yezzan, wishing to fight in the pits before the Queen to see. He does so, and eventually emerges as the victor; brandishing his spear, he impales an assassin from the Sons of the Harpy about to stab Daenerys, and protects her as she is forced to flee into the pit as more harpies emerge. They are eventually saved by Drogon, who absconds Daenerys on his back, and Jorah resolutely decides to track her into the wild to wherever she has gone, joined by Daario Naharis, while Tyrion stays behind to govern Meereen. They track her to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys kill all the khals and take control of the Dothraki. Daenerys, however, learns of Jorah's greyscale infection, and orders him to find a cure and then rejoin her cause. At the Citadel in Oldtown, Samwell Tarly defies orders to subject Jorah to a dangerous and painful cure. It is successful and Jorah returns to Daenerys, who revokes his banishment. Jorah goes north of the Wall with Jon Snow to capture a wight. He refuses Jon's attempt to gift him Longclaw, the Mormonts' ancestral valerian steel sword, as he had brought dishonour on the Mormont name. Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish [ edit ] Aidan Gillen Main article: Petyr Baelish Petyr Baelish (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Aidan Gillen . Lord Petyr Baelish, nicknamed \"Littlefinger,\" is the Master of Coin in King Robert Baratheon's Small Council. He grew up with Catelyn Tully and fought Ned's brother Brandon for her hand. Petyr is a master manipulator who knows the ongoing affairs within the Seven Kingdoms thanks to his spies. While Petyr at first is assumed to be an ally of Ned, he secretly resents him for marrying Catelyn and so he betrayed him when he tried to arrest Joffrey and Cersei. Despite that, Petyr aims to take the Iron Throne to punish the powerful nobles who used to look down on him. In the second season, he convinces Catelyn to release Jaime in exchange for her daughters and brokers an alliance between House Lannister and House Tyrell. He then returns to King's Landing with the Tyrell army in time to rescue the city. For his efforts, he is made Lord of Harrenhal, though the castle is held by Northmen. In season three, he discovers Ros is secretly working for Varys and gives her to Joffrey to be killed before departing to the Eyrie, where he is to marry Lysa Arryn to secure her loyalty to the Iron Throne. He will thence be Lord Paramount of both the Vale (as Lysa Arryn's consort) and the Riverlands (after the downfall of the Tullys at the Red Wedding), though he has yet to see Harrenhal. In season four, Littlefinger returns in secret to the area around King's Landing. He has spent weeks in the Vale, and is confirmed to be getting married to Lysa. Petyr helps Olenna Tyrell orchestrate the assassination of King Joffrey at his wedding to Margaery, something Olenna wanted very badly as it would save her granddaughter from Joffrey's beastly nature. This serves to strengthen his new alliance with House Tyrell. Petyr also gets Sansa Stark – Ned and Catelyn's eldest surviving daughter – out of King's Landing by ordering court fool and former knight Dontos Hollard to bring her to him. Under the guise of making payment, Petyr has Dontos killed by his archers to silence him. He also begins acting as a mentor for her, and promises Sansa she is safe with him. When asked what he wants by her, he simply says \"everything\". When they arrive in the Vale, it is revealed that he and Lysa have been having an affair for quite some time, and that it was Lysa who poisoned Jon Arryn on Petyr's request. Petyr and Lysa marry that same day, and loudly consummate their marriage. However, Petyr later confides to Sansa that the reason he had Joffrey killed was to avenge Catelyn, and goes as far as to kiss her, with Lysa looking on unnoticed. When confronted by Lysa, who in a rage attempted to kill Sansa, Petyr kills Lysa instead, calmly pushing her through the Moon Door – a hole in the floor looking down hundreds of feet to the rocks below the Eyrie, and the preferred method of execution in the Vale of Arryn, incidentally – to her death on the rocks below. Sansa stands up for Petyr when he is questioned by other lords and ladies of the Vale on the matter of Lysa's apparent \"suicide,\" and confirms that Lysa did indeed kill herself, however, and he is cleared of all charges. As the new Lord Paramount of the Vale, Petyr then begins talking the lords and ladies into supporting Lysa's sickly and mentally challenged son, Robin Arryn, though it is implied that his real intention is for Robin to die. In the fifth season, Petyr and Sansa depart the Eyrie for a place that Petyr promises Sansa that Cersei will never find her, leaving Robin in the care of Yohn Royce. At an inn Podrick Payne along with Brienne of Tarth sees Petyr and Sansa eating in the back of the inn, guarded by knights. Brienne approaches and pledge her life to Sansa but Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon's murder, Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis's face. Sansa tells Brienne that she doesn't want her protection, and asks her to leave. Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody, but she flees with Podrick, stealing a horse and releasing several others. Petyr arranges a marriage between Sansa Stark and Ramsay Bolton so that Sansa can return to Winterfell, though Ramsay brutally rapes Sansa on their wedding night despite Ramsay's promise to never harm her. After dropping Sansa off at Winterfell, he leaves for King's Landing, where he provides a prostitute named Olyvar for Cersei to convict Loras Tyrell of his homosexuality. He also promises to march North with the strength of the Vale in his back to depose whatever victor comes out of the struggle between Roose Bolton and Stannis Baratheon, and swears to Cersei to bring her Sansa's head if he succeeds. In return, Cersei promises to make him Warden of the North in addition to already claimed titles of Lord of Harrenhal and Lord Paramount of the Vale. However, Baelish later betrays Cersei by providing Olenna Tyrell with information about her affair with Lancel Lannister, which Olenna then uses to have Cersei arrested by the High Sparrow. In season six, after hearing of Sansa's escape from Winterfell, Baelish rides North to her aid and apologises for having underestimated Ramsay, but Sansa refuses to believe him and sends him away. However, Baelish later receives a call for help from Sansa to aid her and Jon Snow in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay, and he and the Vale Knights arrive in time to smash the Bolton army and secure victory for the Starks. He later approaches Sansa and admits that he desires to sit on the Iron Throne with Sansa as his Queen, but she turns him down. As Jon is declared the new King in the North, Baelish glares sinisterly at Sansa, clearly intending to take action against them. In the seventh season, he remains at Winterfell, where he continues to mentor Sansa in political intrigue. He sees Arya as a threat and through manipulation and poisoned words he encourages Sansa and Arya to think the worst of each other. He does not see the threat from Bran, who can see all of his past actions. Baelish is startled to be put on trial for treason and murder. Sansa accuses him of murdering Jon and Lysa Arryn and setting family member against family member. Bran tells that the dagger with which he was nearly killed was Baelish's, and that Baelish put a knife to Ned Stark's throat. Arya waits for Sansa's judgement and then slit's Baelish's throat. Viserys Targaryen [ edit ] Harry Lloyd Main article: Viserys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen (season 1) portrayed by Harry Lloyd . Viserys Targaryen is the exiled prince and heir of the Targaryen dynasty. Known as \"The Beggar King\" for his search for an army to recapture his throne. A narcissist, he is arrogant and self-centered, caring only about himself and looking down on others especially to his sister Daenerys. In exchange for an army to help regain the Iron Throne, Viserys marries off his sister to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo and follows his horde's journey to the Dothraki capital to ensure Drogo will keep his end of the bargain. But as they journey, it becomes evident that Viserys does not have leadership skills to reclaim the throne as his arrogance and disrespect for the Dothraki does not win him any hearts. Furthermore, Daenerys, who he has always threatened throughout his life, starts to stand up to him. Realizing that Daenerys is loved by the Dothraki and her and Drogo's unborn son is prophet to unite the world, Viserys realizes that it is not he but Daenerys who will reclaim the Iron Throne. In a fit of drunken rage, he threatens Drogo to give him his army now or he will kill his unborn son. Having enough of his behavior, Drogo kills Viserys by giving him a \"Golden Crown\"; molten gold poured over his head. Daenerys listlessly watches her brother's agonizing death, proclaiming that he wasn't a true dragon, as \"fire cannot kill a dragon\". Daenerys later names one of her dragons Viserion, as a tribute to Viserys. Jon Snow [ edit ] Main article: Jon Snow (character) Jon Snow portrayed by Kit Harington . Kit Harington Jon Snow of House Stark and the Night's Watch is the secret son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark, though raised as the bastard son of Lyanna's brother, Ned Stark. In the first season, Jon joins the Night's Watch. Jon is a talented fighter, but his sense of compassion and justice brings him into conflict with his harsh surroundings. Ned claims that Jon's mother was a wet nurse named Wylla. His dire wolf is called Ghost due to his albinism and quiet nature. Jon soon learns that the Watch is no longer a glorious order, but is now composed mostly of society's rejects, including criminals and exiles. Initially, he has only contempt for his low-born brothers of the Watch, but he puts aside his prejudices and befriends his fellow recruits, especially Samwell Tarly, after they unite against the cruel master-at-arms, Ser Alliser Thorne. He chooses to take his vows before the Old Gods of the North, and to his disappointment he is made steward to Lord Commander Jeor Mormont rather than a ranger. He eventually realizes that he is being groomed for command. He saves Mormont's life by slaying a wight, a corpse resurrected by the White Walkers. In return, he receives Longclaw, the ancestral blade of House Mormont. When Eddard is arrested for treason, Jon is torn between his family and his vows. After Eddard's execution, he tries to join Robb's army but is convinced to come back by his friends. Shortly after, he joins the large force Mormont leads beyond the Wall. Jon is part of a small scouting party in the second season. When the party is overtaken by wildlings, Jon is ordered to appear to defect and join the wildlings so he can discover their plans. On affirming his loyalty to the King-Beyond-the-Wall, Mance Rayder, he travels toward the Wall with the wildlings and is seduced by one, the flame-haired Ygritte. Upon crossing the wall, he refuses to behead a farmer whose escape might alert the Night's Watch of their coming, and is subsequently branded an enemy of the wildlings. Ygritte shields him from her comrades but ultimately confronts and injures Jon when he stops to drink. He manages to escape back to the wall, injured by three arrows, where he reunites with his comrades and informs the commanders of Mance Rayder's plans. Jon subsequently resumes his training at the Wall and suggests an expedition to Craster's Keep in order to kill the Night's Watch mutineers who may tell Mance of the Wall's weak defences if caught. Jon's request is granted and he bands together a group of rangers to aid him, among them the new recruit Locke, who has actually come to kill Jon on Roose Bolton's orders. Jon successfully attacks Craster's Keep and kills the mutineers, while Locke is killed by Hodor during an attempt to kill Bran, who was captive at Craster's Keep. However, Jon's proposal to barricade the entrance to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering is denied. He survives the wildling attack on Castle Black, personally killing Styr and taking Tormund Giantsbane prisoner. In the aftermath, he departs Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder, giving his sword to Sam. He quickly locates Mance on the pretence of parleying, but he is found out. Before he is killed, however, Jon is saved by the timely arrival by Stannis Baratheon, who places Mance and his men under arrest, and accompanies Jon back to Castle Black. Jon later burns Ygritte's body in the woods. In season five, Stannis attempts to use Jon as an intermediary between himself and Mance, hoping to rally the wildling army to help him retake the North from Roose Bolton and gain Jon's support in avenging his family. Jon fails to convince Mance, and when Mance is burned at the stake by Stannis' red priestess Melisandre, Jon shoots him from afar to give him a quick death. After that Jon is chastised by Stannis for showing mercy to Mance. Stannis shows Jon a letter he received from Bear Island, stating that former Lord Commander Jeor Mormont's relatives will only recognize a Stark as their King. Ser Davos tells Jon that the Night's Watch will elect a new Lord Commander that night, and that it is almost assured that Ser Alliser will win. Stannis asks Jon to kneel before him and pledge his life to him, and in exchange he will legitimize Jon, making him Jon Stark, and giving him Winterfell. In the great hall, Jon tells Sam that he will refuse Stannis's offer, as he swore an oath to the Night's Watch. After Ser Alliser and Denys Mallister are announced as possible candidates, Sam gives a speech imploring his brothers to vote for Jon, reminding them all how he led the mission to Craster's Keep to avenge Commander Mormont's death and how he led the defense of Castle Black. After the voting is complete, the ballots are tallied and show a tie between Jon and Ser Alliser. Maester Aemon casts the deciding vote in favor of Jon, making him the new Lord Commander of the Night's Watch. To lessen the animosity between the two, Jon makes Ser Alliser First Ranger. Melisandre takes an interest in Jon, visiting him in his quarters and trying to have sex with him. Jon refuses, out of respect for Ygritte and his Night's Watch vows. Jon makes plans to give the wildlings the lands south of the wall, known as \"the gift.\" He wants the Night's Watch and the wildlings to unite against the threat of the White Walkers. These more liberal views are not taken well by the men of the Night's Watch, in particular Ser Alliser and a young boy named Olly, whose village was massacred by wildlings. Jon then makes a trip north of the Wall to the wildling village of Hardhome, where he hopes to get the wildlings to join his cause. However, before many of them can get on boats to leave, a massive group of White Walkers arrives on the scene. A massive battle ensues, in which many wildlings are killed. The last remaining Night's Watchmen and wildlings, including Jon, depart from Hardhome, defeated. As they return to the Wall, they are let in by Ser Alliser Thorne, who disapproves of his drastic action of joining forces with the wildlings. Shortly after, Jon sends Sam and Gilly to safety in Oldtown, approving of their relationship and Sam's motives of keeping her safe. He is later approached by Davos asking for men, and later Melisandre, whose silence confirms Stannis's defeat. That evening, Jon is met by Olly who claims that a range has arrived with knowledge of Jon's uncle Benjen. However, Jon discovers that he has been fooled and a group of mutineers, led by Ser Alliser Thorne, stab Jon repeatedly, with Olly dealing the final blow, leaving him to die in the snow. In the six season, Jon's body is discovered and protected by Davos and his loyal brothers. After the mutineers are dealt with, Jon is resurrected by Melisandre and has the mutineers executed before resigning from the Night's Watch. Shortly afterwards, he is reunited with Sansa, who fled for the Wall to escape from Ramsay Bolton. Though initially reluctant, Jon decides to take Winterfell back from Ramsay after Ramsay sends him a threatening letter demanding Sansa's return on threat of murdering Rickon. Securing help from several Northern houses, Jon attacks Winterfell and manages to overcome the Bolton army thanks to the Knights of the Vale, though Rickon is killed in the process. Jon breaches Winterfell and almost kills Ramsay, but takes him prisoner and leaves Sansa to finish him. In the aftermath, Jon is named the new King in the North by the Northern Lords. In season seven, Jon refuses to be as ruthless as Sansa and other lords expect, letting the children of the treacherous Northern Lords who had fought for the Boltons keep their ancestral homes. Believing that the North is not strong enough to stand alone against the White Walkers and their army, he goes to Dragonstone to persuade Daenerys Targaryen to help. She is hospitable and interested in an alliance but his refusal to bend the knee to her as a condition of the alliance is a sticking point. Jon meets Theon and wants to kill him but restrains himself because Theon had eventually helped Sansa to escape the Boltons. Later Jon appears to forgive Theon, telling the conflicted Theon that he can be both Greyjoy and Stark. Jon decides that the only way to convince Daenerys and the other houses of Westeros of the White Walker threat is to capture a wight and display it in the south. He takes a group of comrades north of the Wall and they capture a wight but are surrounded by an army too large to fight. Jon orders a raven to be sent and they wait on an island while thousands of wights line the shore waiting for the water to freeze. Daenerys arrives and most of the party climb on her dragon and are saved, but they are forced to leave while Jon is still fighting. Expecting to die, he is saved by the arrival of his uncle Benjen who sacrifices himself to send Jon to safety. Jon wakes on Daenerys' ship, and tells her he will bend the knee. They make love. Meanwhile at Winterfell Sam and Bran share pieces of information until they both realise that Jon is the legitimate son of Rhaegar Targaryen and his willing bride Lyanna Stark, and that this makes him the rightful heir to the Iron Throne. Sansa Stark [ edit ] Sophie Turner Main article: Sansa Stark Sansa Stark portrayed by Sophie Turner . Sansa Stark of House Stark is the first daughter and second child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark. She was also the future bride of Prince Joffrey, and thus the future Queen of the Seven Kingdoms as well. Her direwolf is called Lady, she is the smallest of the pack. Sansa is naive and wants to live the life of a fairy tale princess and is unwilling to see the harsh realities of the kingdom's politics and rivalries. Her fantasy begins to shatter when Lady is killed, and the situation continues to worsen when her father is arrested for treason. She becomes a hostage to the Lannisters in order for them to have a legitimate claim for the North. Her naïveté is finally shattered when King Joffrey executes her father despite promising her that he would spare him. Sansa is forced to put up an act or endure Joffrey's cruelty. Throughout the second season, she suffers under Joffrey's abuse until Tyrion puts a stop to it. By the season two finale, Joffrey breaks his engagement with Sansa to marry Margaery Tyrell. However, she is still a hostage; but Petyr Baelish promises to help her return to Winterfell. In season three, she is married to Tyrion to secure the Lannisters the North should Robb Stark die. The marriage is unhappy and yet to be consummated, and after Robb's death – upon which Joffrey insists to be given his head to present to Sansa, a request coldly ignored by his grandfather – she is unable to speak to him. In season four, Sansa has been mourning her family for weeks and is starving herself in depression. She attends Joffrey's wedding with Tyrion and witnesses Joffrey's death. Dontos Hollard immediately spirits her away from the wedding, moments ahead of Cersei's orders to have her and Tyrion arrested. Dontos brings Sansa to a ship concealed in fog, and she is greeted by Petyr Baelish. Under the guise of making payment, Petyr has the fool killed by his archers, with Petyr explaining that killing Dontos was the only way to ensure his silence – her disappearance when Joffrey died, the execution of her father, deaths of her family and years of torment at the king's hand, will all be considerable motive for Sansa helping Tyrion murder Joffrey. Currently, a thousand of the City Watch are searching for her, Cersei thirsts for vengeance, and Tyrion himself stands trial. Sansa is assured she has finally escaped King's Landing and is safe with Lord Baelish, who takes her to her Aunt Lysa for shelter. Lysa takes Sansa in warmly and has her betrothed to her son, Robin. However, Sansa realises the worst is far from over when Lysa, who is smitten with Petyr, accuses Sansa of trying to seduce him, and she discovers that Robin is a spoiled and rude child, slapping him at one point. When Petyr unexpectedly kisses Sansa, Lysa becomes enraged and nearly pushes Sansa through the castle's Moon Door, but Petyr intervenes by pacifying Lysa and then pushing her through the Moon Door to her death before Sansa's eyes, making Sansa realise that Petyr may have romantic or lustful feelings for her. Sansa speaks up for Petyr when he is questioned about his involvement in Lysa's death, but Sansa reaffirms Petyr's claim that Lysa killed herself due to her own instability and insecurities. Afterward she told Petyr that her reason to protect him in the hearing was because she knew he was the only person she could count on to protect her, demonstrated by his initiative in getting her out of King's Landing while everyone else in power there only wanted to use her as a pawn. In season five, she and Petyr leave the Eyrie for a place Petyr promises where Cersei will never find her. At an In, Brienne of Tarth materializes unexpectedly and declares herself for Sansa. Petyr doubts that Sansa would want a sworn shield who let both of her previous masters die, even when Brienne reveals the true, somewhat unbelievable circumstances of Renly's death. Sansa seems inclined to agree, pointing out that Brienne was present at Joffrey's wedding, to which the warrior replies that neither of them wanted to be there. Sansa rejects Brienne's offer of service and watches as she handily defeats the guards and escapes. Petyr tells her that he has arranged for her to be married to Ramsay Bolton, the son of Lord Roose Bolton. This will put her back in Winterfell, which the Boltons now occupy as a reward for their role in the deaths of Robb and Catelyn. Though Ramsay initially seems interested in Sansa, his psychopathic nature quickly shows through, and Sansa is disgusted. She is also antagonized by Myranda, the kennelmaster's daughter, who is in a sexual relationship with Ramsay. Myranda frequently makes veiled threats to Sansa, and shows her what has become of Theon Greyjoy, who was Eddard Stark's ward and whom she grew up with. Sansa is horrified to find that after Ramsay emasculated him, he has taken on a submissive, sullen persona called Reek. After Sansa and Ramsay are wed, he brutally rapes her while forcing Reek to watch. Later, Sansa attempts to talk to Reek, who is unresponsive to her attempts to make him act like his old self by repeatedly calling him Theon instead of Reek. At one point, Reek mistakenly lets slip that her younger brothers, Bran and Rickon, are alive, when she had assumed that they were dead. This realization gives Sansa hope in the midst of her unfortunate situation. As Stannis Baratheon's army sneaks up on Winterfell and is greeted by the bulk of the Bolton forces, Sansa manages to escape her chamber but is stopped by Myranda, who threatens her with a bow. Reminding Sansa that she has nothing left to live for in Ramsay's custody, she is unexpectedly saved by Reek, who breaks his spell of subjugation by throwing Myranda over the bannister. The Bolton's return to Winterfell and, knowing the dire consequences Ramsay would have in place for the both of them when he finds Myranda's body, the couple flee to the wall in terror, where they make the jump off the ledge. In the sixth season, Sansa makes it to the Wall with help from Brienne and Podrick and reunites with Jon, while Theon returns home. After Jon receives a threatening letter from Ramsay demanding Sansa back, Sansa and Jon decide to fight back against Ramsay and retake the North. Sansa briefly meets with Petyr Baelish, but turns him down for his role in handing her to the Boltons. Realizing that with their meager forces they are still outnumbered, Sansa writes to Baelish for help and he arrives in time with the Vale Knights to smash the Bolton army and help Jon secure victory. After Ramsay is killed, Baelish admits to Sansa that he wants her to rule alongside him as his Queen, but Sansa turns him down. When Jon is named the new King in the North, Sansa notices Baelish glaring at her. In season seven, Sansa finds some of Jon's decisions infuriating but remains loyal to him. She maintains her support of Jon even when he leaves Winterfell against her advice and the Northern Lords' objections, and even when some of them hint that they're ready to drop their support of Jon and name her their ruler. Sansa is overjoyed to see Arya and Bran return to Winterfell, though she is unnerved by how much they have changed: Bran's loss of humanity and Arya's ruthlessness. Petyr Baelish sees Arya as a threat to his influence with Sansa and attempts to drive a wedge between the sisters. He appears at first to be succeeding but at some point the three Starks realise what Baelish is doing. Sansa pretends to believe Baelish as he insinuates that Arya is plotting her murder. Then to his surprise she accuses him of various crimes in front of the Northern Lords, before finding him guilty and allowing Arya to execute him. Arya Stark [ edit ] Maisie Williams Main article: Arya Stark Arya Stark (season 1–present) portrayed by Maisie Williams . Arya Stark of House Stark is the younger daughter and third child of Lord Eddard and Catelyn Stark of Winterfell. Ever the tomboy , Arya would rather be training to use weapons than sewing with a needle. Her direwolf is called Nymeria. When Ned is arrested for treason, her \"dancing master\" Syrio Forel helps her escape the Lannisters. She is later disguised as an orphan boy by Yoren, a Night's Watch recruiter, in hopes of getting her back to Winterfell. From then on, she takes the name Arry. During Season 2, Yoren's convoy is attacked by the Lannisters who are under orders by King Joffrey to find and kill Robert's bastard children. Before she is captured, she releases the prisoner Jaqen H'ghar and two others, saving their lives. She and the rest of the captured recruits are sent to Harrenhal under Gregor Clegane who cruelly tortures and kills prisoners everyday. At the same time, she follows the advice of the late Yoren and makes a list of those she wants dead like a prayer. When Tywin Lannister arrives at Harrenhal, he orders the killing of prisoners stopped and makes Arya his cup bearer after figuring out she is a girl. Tywin forms an unlikely friendship with Arya due to her intelligence while remaining unaware of her true identity. Arya reunites with Jaqen who offers to kill three lives in exchange for the three lives she saved. The first two she picks, the Tickler, Harrenhal's torturer and Ser Amory Lorch, after he catches Arya reading one of Tywin's war plans and tries to inform Tywin. After she fails to find Jaqen to kill Tywin, after he heads out to face Robb's forces, she forces Jaqen to help her, Gendry and Hot Pie escape Harrenhal after choosing Jaqen as her third name, for which she promises to \"unname\" him if he helps them. After successfully escaping, Jaqen gives her an iron coin and tells her to give it to any Braavosi and say \"Valar morghulis\" if she ever needs to find him. Arya, Gendry and Hot Pie head north for Riverrun and Arya's mother Lady Stark, but are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners and taken to the Inn at the Crossroads. There, Arya is horrified to be reunited with the vile Sandor Clegane, one of the Brotherhood's prisoners. Arya and Gendry travel with the Brotherhood to meet their leader, now friends with them as they know Arya is Ned Stark's daughter. She escapes them after the Brotherhood acquits Sandor Clegane of murder after a trial by combat and selling Gendry to Melisandre to be sacrificed. Captured by Sandor, she is taken to the Twins to be ransomed to her brother, only to see his wolf and forces slaughtered and her brother paraded headless on a horse. Sandor knocks her unconscious and saves her from the ensuing slaughter, and she subsequently kills her first man when falling upon a party of Freys, boasting of how they mutilated her brother's corpse. In season 4, Sandor decides to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn in the Vale. With Sandor's help, Arya later retrieves her sword, Needle (a gift from Jon Snow), and kills the sadistic soldier Polliver, who stole it from her. Along the way, Arya slowly begins to bond with Sandor, helping to heal one of his wounds when they are attacked. They eventually arrive at the Vale, but are told that Lysa Arryn killed herself three days prior. Arya laughs with disbelief. Later, Arya and Sandor are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne. Arya refuses to leave with Brienne, assuming her to be an agent of the Lannisters. In the ensuing fight between Brienne and Sandor, Sandor is wounded and begs Arya to kill him, but she just steals his silver and leaves him to die. She then manages to catch a boat to Braavos, befriending the Braavosi captain by showing him the coin Jaqen gave her outside Harrenhal. In Season 5 Arya arrives in Braavos, and the ship's captain, Ternesio takes her to the House of Black and White. She is turned away by the doorman, even after showing the iron coin given to her by Jaqen H'ghar. After spending the night sitting in front of the House, she throws the coin into the water and leaves. Later, after killing a pigeon, Arya is confronted by a group of thieves in the street. Arya prepares to fight them, but the thieves flee when the doorman appears. He walks her back to the House of Black and White, and gives her the iron coin. He then changes his face to Jaqen, and informs Arya that she must become no one before taking her inside the House. Arya's training progresses, during which she gets better and better at lying about her identity. Jaqen eventually gives her her first new identity, as Lana, a girl who sells oysters on the streets of Braavos. She eventually encounters Meryn Trant, who she tortures and executes in retaliation for Syrio's death, revealing her identity and motive in the process. When she returns to the House of Black and White she is confronted by Jaqen H'ghar and the Waif, who tell her that Meryn's life was not hers to take and that a debt must be paid. Arya screams as she begins to lose her eyesight. In season 6, she briefly lives as a beggar in the streets of Braavos, regularly beaten and abused by the Waif, until Jaqen has her trained without her sight and ultimately returns her sight to her. Arya is tasked with assassinating an actress, Lady Crane, but becomes reluctant when she discovers Crane is a decent person and the one who wants her dead is a jealous, less-talented actress. She ultimately botches the assassination and is almost killed by the Waif in retaliation, but seeks shelter with Crane to recover. The Waif tracks her down and a chase ensues throughout Braavos until Arya lures her to her hideout and kills her. She adds the Waif's face to the Hall of Faces, impressing Jaqen, but Arya ends her training with the Faceless Men and returns to Westeros, where she resumes her vengeance by murdering Walder Frey. At the start of season 7 we see Walder Frey hosting a feast for every male Frey and asking them to drink a toast. As they start to choke, he tells them it was a mistake to leave any Starks alive, and as they die of poison Walder reveals to the servants and wives present that he is really Arya Stark. Arya heads for King's Landing to kill Cersei, but on learning that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell she turns around and heads north. She and Sansa have a happy but awkward reunion. Arya is also reacquainted with Brienne, who she insists spar with her. Brienne is surprised by Arya's skill and needs to raise her effort in order to match Arya, but Arya still scores victories in the brief fight. When Sansa refuses the suggestion of some of the Northern Lords' that she should be the ruler of the North and not Jon she disagrees with them but does not punish them. Arya is angry, saying to Sansa that she should have executed them for treason. Arya is suspicious of Petyr Baelish and spies on him hiding a message, unaware perhaps that he hid it while he knew she was watching. The message is years old, written to Robb by Sansa when she thought she could save her father by obeying Cersei, but Arya tells Sansa it is a betrayal. Sansa finds Arya's bag of faces and is shocked. At some point, the girls realise that Baelish is playing them against each other. With Baelish lulled into thinking his plan is working well, Sansa publicly accuses him of murder and treason. Arya waits for the guilty verdict and executes him. Robb Stark [ edit ] Richard Madden Main article: Robb Stark Robb Stark (season 1–3) portrayed by Richard Madden . Robb Stark of House Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell. His dire wolf is called Grey Wind. Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father, Ned Stark, is arrested for treason. Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands. Eventually, crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary. To win permission to cross, Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey, Lord of the Twins. Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime. After Ned is executed, the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King, \"The King in The North\". He wins a succession of battles in Season 2, earning him the nickname the Young Wolf. However, he feels that he botched the political aspects of war. He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy, Theon's father. In exchange for Greyjoy support, Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands' independence. He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon, both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king. Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions, and Balon launches an invasion of the North. Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr, a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit. Despite his mother's protest, Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd-season finale. On news of his grandfather, Lord Hoster Tully's, death, Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral, where the young king is reunited with his great-uncle, Ser Brynden \"Blackfish\" Tully, and his uncle, Edmure Tully, the new lord of Riverrun. While at Riverrun, Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters, a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance. He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre, after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their child. Lord Bolton personally executes Robb, stabbing him through the heart while taunting that \"the Lannisters send their regards\", in fact a promise made to Jaime (who had no knowledge of Bolton's impending treason) when leaving for the Twins. His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons. Theon Greyjoy [ edit ] Alfie Allen Main article: Theon Greyjoy Theon Greyjoy (season 1–present) portrayed by Alfie Allen . Theon Greyjoy of House Greyjoy is the youngest son of Lord Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands. He is the hostage and ward of Lord Eddard Stark, stemming from the failed Greyjoy Rebellion. Despite his position, he remains loyal to Eddard and is good friends with his sons Robb and Jon. While he has never questioned his position, he soon begins to have doubts after Tyrion tells him he is nothing more than a servant to the Starks and not everyone respects him. Nevertheless, Theon initially remains loyal to Robb after he goes to war with the Lannisters and supports his decision to have the North secede from the Seven Kingdoms and form their own kingdom. He is sent to the Iron Islands in Season 2 to seek a Stark alliance with the Greyjoys. However, his father criticizes Theon for accepting the northern lifestyle and rejects Robb's proposal. Wishing to prove to his father that he is a true Ironborn, he joins his family's invasion of the North. To gain the respect of his men, he ignores his orders to raid the shores and captures Winterfell. The situation worsens for Theon when he is forced to kill his old mentor Ser Rodrik Cassel and fakes the deaths of Bran and Rickon Stark to the people of Winterfell after they escape by killing two orphans. Regretting what he has done and with no help coming from his family, Theon decides to die fighting with his men defending Winterfell from a Stark force led by Roose Bolton's bastard son. However, he is betrayed by his men due to Robb's offer of clemency and safe return to the Iron Islands if they give up Theon. Theon is taken captive and kept in an unknown castle, where he is briefly tortured, but later manages to escape with the help of a serving boy who claims to works for his sister Yara. He is brought back to the very castle he escaped from, the serving boy proving to actually be his captor and torturer, Ramsay Snow, Lord Bolton's sadistic bastard. Theon is subsequently brutally tortured, flayed and eventually emasculated by Ramsay, who forces him to rename himself Reek, and beats him until he submits to his new name (before his emasculation he told Ramsay that he regretted betraying Robb and calls Ned Stark his \"real father\"). Theon's penis is sent in a box to his father, with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North, which Balon refuses. He states that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell, claiming him a \"fool\" and \"not a man anymore\", to which Yara responds she intends to save her brother of her own accord. In season 4, Theon has been freed from his restraints by Ramsay, but is forced to work for him as a servant and answer to the name Reek. Roose Bolton later orders Ramsay to launch an attack on Moat Cailin, an Ironborn-occupied fortress that is preventing him from entering the Northern lands, and to take Theon with him. Before they leave, however, the Dreadfort is attacked by Yara and a group of men, but Theon refuses to flee with her, believing it may be another trick on Ramsay's part, forcing Yara to leave without him. As a reward, Ramsay gives Theon a bath and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin. Theon masquerades as himself and tricks the Ironborn into opening Moat Cailin, leading to them all being flayed by the Bolton army, and subsequently accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell. In Winterfell, he rekindles his relationship with Sansa, who is to be married to Ramsay. On their wedding night Sansa is raped by Ramsay, who forces Theon to watch. Sansa tries to get Theon to save her from Ramsay, but he refuses and eventually admits that he did not kill her brothers. As the Baratheon army arrives at Winterfell to fight the Boltons, he helps her escape by killing Ramsay's sadistic lover, Myranda, as she threatens Sansa with a bow. The couple climb the crest of the wall, and jump. In season 6, after they are reunited with Brienne and Podrick, Theon returns to the Iron Islands, where he discovers that his father has been killed. He endorses Yara to succeed their father, but are usurped by their uncle, Euron, the one responsible for murdering Balon. Theon and Yara flee the Iron Islands for Meereen, offering their support to Daenerys Targaryen in return for her aiding them in overthrowing Euron. In season 7 Daenerys sends Yara's fleet, with Theon and the Sand Snakes, to invade Westeros, but the fleet is set upon with fire by Euron Greyjoy. Euron boards Yara's ship and captures her as Theon watches. He taunts Theon and challenges him to rescue Yara, but Theon jumps into the sea instead. Theon is found by some Iron Islanders, supporters of Yara who are disgusted with Theon for running away when his sister was taken. He returns to Dragonstone and meets Jon, who is furious at Theon's many betrayals and only lets him live because of his eventual help for Sansa. Later Theon tells Jon how hard it was to be torn between his Greyjoy and his Stark allegiances. Jon, softening to Theon, tells him he is both Stark and Greyjoy. Theon meets Euron at the parley in the Dragonpit, an Euron taunts him that he still has Yara. When the few remaining Iron Islanders on Dragonstone announce they are planning on sailing off to be independent pirates, Theon urges them to help him to free Yara instead. Their leader is contemptuous and beats Theon, but Theon refuses to stay down, fights, and eventually prevails. The Iron Islanders, a dozen or so men, agree to help Theon rescue Yara. Brandon \"Bran\" Stark [ edit ] Isaac Hempstead Wright Main article: Bran Stark Bran Stark (season 1–4, 6–present) portrayed by Isaac Hempstead Wright . Brandon \"Bran\" Stark of House Stark is the second son and fourth child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark. He was named after his deceased uncle, Brandon. His dire wolf is called Summer. During the King's visit to Winterfell, he accidentally came across Cersei and Jaime Lannister engaging in sex, following which Bran is shoved from the window by Jaime, permanently crippling his legs. An assassin tries to kill Bran, but Summer, the direwolf companion, kills the assassin. Bran, when he awakens, finds that he is crippled from the waist down, forced to be carried everywhere by Hodor, and he cannot remember the events immediately before his fall. Slowly, he realizes that he has gained the ability to assume Summer's consciousness, making him a warg or a skinchanger. After his older brother, Robb, is crowned King in the North, Bran becomes Robb's heir and the Lord of Winterfell. After Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell, Bran goes into hiding. To cement his claim on Winterfell, Theon kills two orphan boys and tells the people of Winterfell that Bran, and his younger brother Rickon Stark , are dead. After Theon's men betray him and Winterfell is sacked, Bran, Rickon, Hodor, Osha and their direwolves head north to find his older brother Jon Snow for safety. They ultimately stumble upon Jojen and Meera Reed, two siblings who aid them in their quest. After coming close to the wall, Osha departs with Rickon for Last Hearth while Bran insists on following his visions beyond the Wall. He also encounters Sam and Gilly, who tries to persuade him not to, but Bran claims it is his destiny and leaves through the gate with Hodor and the Reeds. Along the way, Bran and the others stumble across Craster's Keep, where they are captured and held hostage by the Night's Watch mutineers led by Karl. Night's Watch rangers led by Jon eventually attack Craster's Keep to kill the mutineers, but Locke, a new recruit but secretly a spy for Roose Bolton, attempts to take Bran away and kill him elsewhere. Bran wargs into Hodor and kills Locke by snapping his neck, but Bran and his group are forced to continue on their journey without alerting Jon, whom Jojen claims would stop them. They eventually reach the three-eyed raven in a cave, who claims he cannot restore Bran's legs, but will make him fly instead. In season 6, Bran experiences several visions, such as the origins of the White Walkers, the origin of Hodor, and the truth behind the parentage of Jon Snow. After an attack by the White Walkers which results in the deaths of the Three-eyed raven and Hodor, Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Bran's undead uncle, Benjen, who takes them back to the Wall. He later sees a vision of Jon Snow's birth, learning that he is actually the child of Lyanna Stark. In season 7 Bran appears to have lost much of his personality. He arrives back at Winterfell. Meera says she must leave and is upset by Bran's cold reaction. Sansa is glad to see Bran but is unnerved by his assertion that he is now the Three Eyed Raven. He spends most of his time in the Winterfell Godswood by the Heart Tree. He meets Petyr Baelish and looks into Baelish's past. He testifies when Sansa puts Baelish on trial that Baelish betrayed Ned and sent the assassin to kill Bran. Sam Tarly arrives at Winterfell, and Bran tells Sam that Jon is Jon Sand, having been born to Lyanna Stark in Dorne. Sam replies that the High Septon had secretly married Lyanna to Rhaegar Targaryen, and asks Bran if he can confirm it. Bran directs his visions to Lyanna and Rhaegar's wedding and confirms that Jon Snow was named Aegon Targaryen and is the rightful heir to the Iron Throne. Joffrey Baratheon [ edit ] Jack Gleeson Main article: Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon (season 1–4) portrayed by Jack Gleeson . Joffrey Baratheon of House Baratheon is the Crown Prince of the Seven Kingdoms. He is the eldest of Cersei Lannister's children and heir to the Iron Throne. Vicious and cruel, he has a short temper and believes he can do anything he wants. He is also a coward when confronted by those who aren't afraid of him. Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father – who, in reality, is Jaime Lannister. After Robert's death, the Lannisters make Joffrey the King against his father's will, and Joffrey becomes a cruel ruler and a Puppet King used by his mother. Joffrey makes a mistake when, against Cersei's and Sansa's wishes, he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned; instead, Joffrey has him executed. His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters' war effort as Jaime is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne. He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa. His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father's bastard children in King's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed. When Stannis attacks King's Landing, Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting. When the battle eventually turns in Stannis' favor, Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle, damaging the morale of his army. The battle is only won by his grandfather Tywin and the forces of House Tyrell. To cement the alliance between their families, Joffrey's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell. Upon the end of Season 3, the marriage is yet to take place, and rifts are growing between Joffrey and his uncle and grandfather, who are (in their respective ways) rebutting his cruelty. He also seems to take little interest in his bride, but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people's favor, in which he takes part. In Season 4, Joffrey finally marries Margaery, but he dies at the wedding after being poisoned, and his uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested. It is confirmed, however, he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell, with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard, as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa. Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry \"that beast\". Following Joffrey's funeral, his younger brother and heir, Tommen, is crowned King. Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane [ edit ] Rory McCann Main article: Sandor Clegane Sandor Clegane (season 1–4, 6–present) portrayed by Rory McCann . Sandor Clegane, nicknamed \"The Hound ,\" for his savage nature, is the younger brother of Ser Gregor Clegane and a retainer to House Lannister. He is also Joffrey Baratheon's personal bodyguard. The right side of his face was grievously burned when he was only a boy after his brother accused him of stealing one of his toys and pushed Sandor's face into a brazier, leaving the right side of his face hideously scarred, and a lifelong fear of fire. He is taciturn and brutal, but not without compassion. He is protective towards Sansa after she is captured by the Lannisters. After Joffrey becomes King, Sandor is made a member of the Kingsguard. Although he is still faithful to Joffrey, he frequently defends Sansa from Joffrey's attempts to shame and physically abuse her. During the siege on King's Landing, when wildfire is used to destroy Stannis' ships, Sandor succumbs to his fear of fire and abandons the fight, insulting Joffrey as he leaves. Before fleeing the city, he seeks out Sansa and offers to take her along. She refuses but she recognizes that he had been afraid in the battle. Sandor is later captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners, and is reunited with Arya at the Inn of the Kneeling Man. He is acquitted from murdering Mycah in a trial by combat with the leader of the Brotherhood, Beric Dondarrion, and released. Taking Arya Stark prisoner, he travels to the Twins hoping to ransom her, but arrives just as the slaughter of the Starks at The Red Wedding begins and rides off with a shocked Arya in tow. When she attacks a pack of Frey soldiers and stabs one of them to death, he intervenes on her behalf and disposes of the rest. Sandor then decides to take Arya to the Vale instead, to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn. The two kill several Lannister soldiers as he leaves, causing Tywin Lannister to place a bounty on his head. Sandor and Arya are attacked by Lannister soldiers seeking the bounty and Sandor is bitten on the neck, which Arya heals after the attackers are killed. They eventually arrive at the Vale, but are told that Lysa Arryn is dead. They subsequently stay near the Vale, but are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne, who are searching for the Stark girls. Assuming Brienne to be a Lannister agent after the bounty, Sandor refuses to hand Arya over and a fight ensues between him and Brienne. Brienne eventually bites Sandor's ear off and beats him off a cliff. He survives the fall, but is mortally wounded. He is found by Arya, whom he attempts to provoke into killing him, but she just stares blankly and then steals his silver and leaves him to die, screaming for Arya to kill him. Sandor is presumed dead, yet it is revealed in the sixth season that he was rescued by Ray ( Ian McShane ) who takes him to live with his colony of pacifists. After the colony is slaughtered by renegades from the Brotherhood without Banners, Sandor is the sole survivor, and he hunts down the men responsible. He tracks the Brotherhood, but finds the perpetrators being executed by Beric Dondarrion for their actions. After reminiscing over past events, Beric and Thoros persuade Sandor to join them, as they are heading North to aid Jon Snow in the coming battle against the White Walkers. They reach Eastwatch By Sea and are imprisoned by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane. Jon Snow arrives on a mission to capture a wight and Sandor, with Beric, Thoros and Tormund join him. Sandor then travels with Jon and the wight to King's Landing for the parley in the Dragonpit, and shows the wight to Cersei. There, Sandor has an uneasy but peaceful reacquaintance with Brienne, and a hostile one with his brother Gregor, telling him that one day he (Sandor) will kill Gregor. Tyrion Lannister [ edit ] Peter Dinklage Main article: Tyrion Lannister Tyrion Lannister (season 1–present) portrayed by Peter Dinklage . Nicknamed \"The Imp \" or \"Halfman\", Tyrion Lannister of House Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister. He is a dwarf ; and his mother died during his birth, for which his father, Tywin Lannister , blames him. While not physically powerful, Tyrion has a cunning mind and often uses to his advantage the fact that others constantly underestimate him. In Season Three, Tyrion is given the job of Master of Coin, a role that he is unprepared and inexperienced for. Tyrion is commanded by his father to marry Sansa Stark; however, on the wedding night, Tyrion refuses to consummate his marriage and instead lets Sansa sleep alone, promising not to touch her unless she wanted him to. The death of her brother Robb, in which Tyrion took no part, causes a further rift between the couple and between Tyrion and his father, who he claims can't distinguish between his interests and his often-praised ideal of devotion to family. Tywin bitterly claims that he had wanted to drown Tyrion upon birth, but stayed himself for the sake of duty. In season 4, Tyrion welcomes Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne to King's Landing for Joffrey's wedding to Margaery Tyrell, though Oberyn implies to Tyrion that his true purpose is to seek vengeance for his sister, who was murdered by Ser Gregor Clegane on Tywin's orders. When Joffrey is fatally poisoned, Tyrion is framed and arrested. Tyrion, however, implies that Cersei knows of his innocence and just wants him dead. At Tyrion's trial, he demands a trial by combat. Tyrion is approached by Oberyn, who volunteers to be his champion in order to fight Cersei's champion, Ser Gregor Clegane. When Oberyn loses the fight and is killed, Tyrion is sentenced to death. Jaime, however, frees Tyrion and arranges for him to escape King's Landing. Tyrion goes to confront Tywin in his chambers but finds Shae, who testified against him and is now Tywin's lover. After a brief struggle, Tyrion strangles Shae to death, and Tyrion shoots Tywin to death with Joffrey's crossbow. Tyrion is then placed in a crate and smuggled off to Essos with help from Varys. They arrive in Pentos, where Varys manages to convince Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne. Tyrion is bound and gagged by Jorah Mormont, who says that he will take him to Daenerys. Daenerys takes them both to her home in the Great Pyramid of Meereen and asks Tyrion why he is here. Tyrion tells her everything, including Varys' plan. He initially counsels her to stay in Meereen, but Daenerys makes it plain to him that her eyes are still on Westeros. Tyrion tells Daenerys how hard it will be to win the love of both the common people and the nobles. He later joins her at the opening celebrations of Daznak's Pit, where Jorah unexpectedly reappears to defeat every other foe on the arena. As the Sons of the Harpy attack, Tyrion manages to survive by fleeing to the midst of the arena, where they are rescued by Drogon, while Daenerys is spirited away on his back. In season 6, Tyrion struggles to maintain peace in Meereen, particularly when the Sons of the Harpy burn the entire Meereenese Navy, stranding them in Slaver's Bay. Following an alliance with Theon and Yara Greyjoy, Tyrion advises Daenerys to break up with Daario so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros. In gratitude for Tyrion's loyalty, Daenerys names him her official Hand, and he accompanies her back to Westeros. In season 7 Tyrion's advice to Daenerys often conflicts with her views, and he has mixed success in directing her actions. He sneaks into King's Landing and meets with Jamie to set up a meeting between Cersei and Daenerys, which eventually happens in the Dragonpit outside the city. At the meeting a captured wight is produced to convince Cersei that the worst threat is from beyond the Wall. When Cersei is not convinced, Tyrion risks execution to meet with his sister to try again to persuade her. He is unexpectedly allowed to leave Cersei's presence alive, and thinks he has secured an agreement from her to help with the fight against the Wight Walkers. Khal Drogo [ edit ] Jason Momoa Main article: Khal Drogo Khal Drogo (season 1–2) portrayed by Jason Momoa . Khal Drogo is a warlord of the Dothraki people. He is to marry Daenerys Targaryen, as arranged by her brother Viserys. He is undefeated in battle. Viserys Targaryen conspired with Magister Illyrio to marry Daenerys to Drogo in order to get his support in an invasion of Westeros. Though Daenerys was initially unhappy with the arrangement, Drogo proves to be a sensitive husband and lover despite his fearsome behavior with his men. After a failed poisoning attempt on Daenerys' life, he promises to invade Westeros to reclaim the Seven Kingdoms for the Targaryens, but Viserys's impertinence ultimately causes Drogo to kill him. Drogo maintains his promise for the benefit of his wife, but is wounded by an enemy khal before he could begin the invasion. The wound festers and Drogo becomes so sick that he is unable to ride his horse, a sign of weakness to the Dothraki. Most of his khalasar abandons him, but Daenerys unknowingly sacrifices their unborn child for a spell to revive him. The spell works, but leaves him a brain-dead husk of his former self. Daenerys smothers him out of pity, and the flames of his funeral pyre ultimately hatch her dragon eggs. Tywin Lannister [ edit ] Charles Dance Main article: Tywin Lannister Tywin Lannister (season 1–5) portrayed by Charles Dance . Lord of Casterly Rock, Shield of Lannisport and Warden of the West, Tywin of House Lannister is a calculating, ruthless, and controlling man. He is also the former Hand of King Aerys II. He is the father of Cersei, Jaime, and Tyrion. After Eddard Stark's arrest, Joffrey names him Hand of the King once more, but after Jaime is taken captive by the Starks, Eddard is unexpectedly executed by Joffrey, and Renly and Stannis Baratheon challenge Joffrey's claim to the throne; Tywin elects to remain in the field commanding his forces until he wins his war, and in the meantime gives the position of Hand of the King to Tyrion. Tywin continues the war through Season 2 at Harrenhal where he criticizes his commanders for losing and underestimating the Stark army led by King Robb Stark. While there, he forms an unlikely friendship with his cup bearer, unaware that she is actually Arya Stark. Originally, he was about to attack Robb's forces while they are distracted by the Greyjoys seizing Winterfell, but changes his mind and helps the defenders of King's Landing drive Stannis Baratheon's forces away. He assumes his position of Hand of the King once again and arranges for Joffrey to marry Margaery Tyrell to secure an alliance between the Lannisters and Tyrells. In the third season, as Hand of the King, he fortifies his position as de facto leader of the Seven Kingdoms, and he successfully defeats Robb Stark, the King in the North, by forging an alliance with the lords Frey and Bolton, who betray and kill Stark and his men. The crown subsequently pardons and rewards them with Riverrun and the North, respectively, though Tywin is criticized by Tyrion for winning the war through such an unscrupulous scheme. He also has to deal with an increasingly belligerent Joffrey, who chides his grandfather as a coward who \"hid under Casterly Rock\" while Robert Baratheon led the rebellion against Aerys Targaryen, and complicated relations with his children as he forces them into marriage alliances with Sansa Stark and Loras Tyrell, to secure the support of the Tyrells and Lannister dominion in the North (now Sansa's heirdom, as all her brothers are presumed dead). In the fourth season, Tywin is present at the royal wedding where Joffrey dies, and has King's Landing closed off to prevent Sansa from escaping (although she escapes with help from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard). He grooms Joffrey's younger brother, Tommen, to becoming the new King, and appears determined to make sure Tommen becomes a much better King than Joffrey was. The presence of Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne poses a new problem, however, as he resurfaces the Martell–Lannister antagonism over the rape and murder of his sister Elia by Gregor \"The Mountain\" Clegane during the Robert's Rebellion; Oberyn believes the deed was done on Tywin's order. Tywin denies the allegations and promises Oberyn justice in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the judges at Tyrion's trial. At the trial, when several supposed witnesses give false statements regarding Tyrion's supposed guilt, Tywin promises Jaime in private that if Tyrion is found guilty and pleads for mercy, he will exile him to the Night's Watch but only if Jaime ceases to be a Kingsguard and takes his place as heir to House Lannister. However, Tyrion loses his composure, lashes out at Tywin and demands a trial by combat, to Tywin's anger. When Tyrion's champion, Oberyn, loses the fight and is killed, Tywin sentences his son to death. Later, when Jamie helps Tyrion escape, Tyrion discovers that Tywin was having an affair with Shae, Tyrion's former lover, who falsely testified against him at his trial. Tywin is ambushed by Tyrion while in a privy, wielding Joffrey's crossbow. Tywin attempts to reason with Tyrion, swearing that he would never have had him executed, but also – upon Tyrion showing regret for Shae's death – taunts him as \"afraid of a dead whore\". In rage, Tyrion shoots Tywin twice in the chest, killing him. His body is discovered shortly afterwards, and a grand funeral is held in the Sept of Baelor. As revealed by Davos Seaworth, he was 67 years old. Tywin's death heralds instability in the Seven Kingdoms, with the arrival of the Sparrows in the capital, and rivalry rising between Cersei, who aspires to her father's position but lacks many of his statesmanlike qualities, and the Tyrells. The Boltons also lose the potential Lannister military support just when they are faced with Stannis Baratheon planning to take Winterfell on his way to the Iron Throne. Davos Seaworth [ edit ] Liam Cunningham Main article: Davos Seaworth Davos Seaworth (season 2–present) portrayed by Liam Cunningham . Ser Davos Seaworth, also known as \"The Onion Knight\", is a former smuggler and knight in the service of Stannis Baratheon; he serves as one of Stannis's most trusted advisers. In his smuggling days, he was said to handle a ship at night better than anyone. Before the events of the series, he earned his knighthood by smuggling fish and onions to the besieged Stannis Baratheon and his army during Robert Baratheon's rebellion. Before knighting him, Stannis removed the last joints from four fingers on his right hand as punishment for his years of smuggling; believing these joints bought his family a better future, Davos keeps them in a pouch around his neck for luck. In Season 2, he loyally supports Stannis' claim on the throne and his honesty and willingness to voice his unaltered opinion makes him Stannis' most trusted adviser, though Stannis often dislikes what he hears. An agnostic, he doesn't accept the priestess Melisandre and her god R'hllor but does not object to her because Stannis is also a follower of R'hllor. He fights in the Battle of the Blackwater, where his ships are caught in a giant explosion of wild fire. His son Matthos is killed and Davos is thrown out to sea. He is picked up by the pirate Salladhor Saan, who returns him to King Stannis. Upon attacking Melisandre for the loss of his son, he is imprisoned and later condemned to death for releasing Gendry. Stannis had intended to sacrifice the boy to R'hllor and hence regards Davos' actions as treason, but Davos shows him a letter from Maester Aemon from the Night's Watch, detailing the death of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont and Samwell Tarly witnessing the growing army of White Walkers. Stannis pardons Davos upon Melisandre's request, as she claims R'hllor calls them to travel to the Wall to help the Night's Watch protect the kingdom from the White Walkers. In season 4, Davos is still at odds with Stannis for releasing Gendry (as Stannis claims that Robb Stark and Joffrey Baratheon are dead thanks to Gendry's blood) and failing to find him a suitable army, but Davos decides to write a letter to the Iron Bank of Braavos so that they may provide them with the currency to purchase an army to aid the Night's Watch against the 100,000 strong wildling army led by Mance Rayder. Despite the Iron Bank's reluctance to back Stannis, Davos manages to convince them and they acquire the loan. Davos then tracks Salladhor Saan to aid them in exchange for gold. He and Stannis arrive at the Wall in time to save Jon Snow from Mance Rayder. In season 5, Davos remains at the Wall with Stannis to help him in his campaign to retake the North from Roose Bolton. Davos is aware that the Night's Watch will choose a new Lord Commander and believes that Ser Alliser Thorne will win. He tries to convince Jon Snow to accept Stannis's offer of legitimization since Thorne will most likely punish Jon for showing Mance Rayder mercy during the execution. Later, Davos departs from the Wall with Stannis, to help him take Winterfell. As the army becomes snowbound, he is returned to the Wall on Stannis' command, sharing a heartfelt moment with Shireen, where he thanks her for learning him to read and promises to be back within days. Arriving at the Wall, he unsuccessfully tries to convince Jon of their cause, when the couple is suddenly joined by a lone Melisandre, whose sullen demeanour is enough to tell Jon and Davos that Stannis and Shireen are dead. In season 6, after Jon is killed in a mutiny, Davos leads Jon's loyal friends against the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne and they achieve victory thanks to the wildlings' help. Davos later persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon, which she succeeds in doing, and becomes one of Jon's top lieutenants in his campaign to retake Winterfell from the Boltons, successfully persuading Lyanna Mormont to supply them with men. He takes part in the Battle of the Bastards and survives, but in the process learns that Shireen was actually burned at the stake by Melisandre. He confronts her about it in front of Jon and she admits her role in Shireen's death, and he demands permission from Jon to execute Melisandre, though Jon has her exiled instead. Davos later joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North. In season 7 Davos travels with Jon to Dragonstone. He helps Tyrion Lannister to sneak into King's Landing for a meeting with Jamie Lannister. While in King's Landing he seeks out Gendry and finds him in a smithy, and brings him back to Dragonstone. Samwell Tarly [ edit ] John Bradley Main article: Samwell Tarly Samwell Tarly (season 1–present) portrayed by John Bradley . Samwell Tarly of House Tarly and the Night's Watch is the eldest son and former heir of Lord Randyll Tarly, is a new recruit to the Night's Watch. He was sent to the Wall by his father, who disowned him for his cowardice. He becomes Jon's best friend after Jon conspires with the others in their trainee class to go easy on him. While not a warrior, he is very smart and insightful. He is inducted into the Stewards and assigned to Maester Aemon. He travels beyond the Wall in place of Aemon and falls in love with Gilly, one of Craster's daughter-wives. Later in Season 2, he finds obsidian \"Dragon glass.\" At the end of the season he becomes a witness to the numerous army of White Walkers and Wights marching to the Fist of the First Men. He manages to escape with a few Night's Watch Men including Lord Commander Jeor Mormont , and they make it back to Craster's Keep. Escaping the slaughter of the Nights Watch mutineers – which ended in Lord Mormont's death – Sam is attacked by a White Walker when making a fire but manages to kill it using the Dragonglass. Alongside Gilly, he manages to cross the Wall and return to Castle Black to bring news of Mormont's death and reunite with Jon. In season 4, fearing for Gilly's safety, Sam takes her to work in an inn in Mole's Town, but later regrets his decision, especially after Mole's Town is attacked by wildlings (though he is unaware that Gilly was spared by Ygritte). He reunites with Gilly, however, when she returns to Castle Black unharmed, and he locks her in the food storage for her safety when the wildlings attack, kissing her for the first time. Sam himself participates in the battle, at one point shooting a huge Thenn through the head with a crossbow and holding the dying Pyp in his arms. In the aftermath, he discovers Janos Slynt to have hidden himself in the food storage with Gilly, and is given Jon's sword to look after as Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder. He is later present at the burning of the bodies of those who were killed in the battle for The Wall. In season 5, he expresses concern that if Ser Alliser Thorne is elected the new Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, Gilly and the other wildlings will be executed. At Mance Rayder's execution he comforts Gilly as she couldn't bare to watch. Sam is reading a book on previous Lord Commanders while Princess Shireen Baratheon teaches Gilly how to read. He also learns how the young princess survived Greyscale and that Gilly also had sisters who perished from the disease. At the choosing for the 998th Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, Jon Snow reveals Stannis's offer of legitimization to Sam. Jon states that it was always his dream to be Lord of Winterfell, but he reveals that he will decline the king's offer, much to Sam's surprise. When Maester Aemon asks if there are any more candidates wishing to run against Ser Alliser Thorne and Ser Denys Mallister, Sam puts Jon's name forward as a candidate. Janos Slynt mocks Sam by calling him \"Slayer\" and pointing out his love for Gilly being similar to Jon's love for Ygritte, and Sam retaliates by publicly mocking Slynt for hiding in the pantry with Gilly and her baby during the wildling attack. Sam reminds all of the black brothers present that Jon was Jeor Mormont's personal steward, that he led the force to deal with the mutineers at Craster's Keep, and took command of Castle Black's garrison during the wildling attack when Thorne was wounded. Sam's speech ultimately results in Jon being chosen as the new Lord Commander of the Night's Watch. Events at the wall go on as normal, until the death of Maester Aemon of old age. Sam is present at the maester's death. Shortly afterward, he catches two Night's Watchmen attempting to rape Gilly. He attempts to defend her, but the two harshly beat him, and he is only saved by Jon's direwolf, Ghost. While tending Sam's wounds, Gilly has sex with Sam. He later leaves with her, convincing Jon that he will aid the Watch much more as a trained maester in Oldtown. His self-confessed motive, however, is to spirit Gilly and her baby – now named \"Sam\" after her lover – away to safety, of which Jon approves. In season 6, Sam and Gilly briefly stop at Horn Hill, where Sam contemplates leaving Gilly and little Sam with his family, but after an uneasy reunion with his father, Sam decides to take Gilly and the baby with him, and steals the House Tarly Valyrian steel sword, Heartsbane, to learn the secrets behind Valyrian steel. He reaches the citadel in the season finale. In season 7 Sam is a skivvy for the Archmaester, collecting chamber pots and rescribing old scrolls. He meets Jorah Mormont, nearly lost to the disease greyscale, and cures him using a painful and risky treatment in defiance of the Archmaester's orders. Sam is frustrated that the Archmaester will not take the White Walker threat seriously. Eventually he helps himself to scrolls he thinks may be important from the library and heads back north with Gilly and little Sam. Gilly finds in a High Septon's diary that Prince Rhaegar annulled his marriage to Ella Martell of Dorne; Sam ignores this at first but by the time he reaches Winterfell and meets Bran he has read for himself that the High Septon went on to marry Rhaegar to Lyanna Stark in secret. Sam and Bran put their information together to conclude that Jon Snow was born legitimate, named Aegon Targaryen, and the rightful heir to the Iron Throne. Margaery Tyrell [ edit ] Natalie Dormer Main article: Margaery Tyrell Margaery Tyrell (season 2–6) portrayed by Natalie Dormer . Margaery of House Tyrell is the only daughter of Lord Mace Tyrell, and has recently married the late King Robert's brother, Renly Baratheon, as part of House Tyrell’s support for his bid to seize the Iron Throne from King Joffrey. Somewhere in her mid to late twenties, she is surprisingly canny and cunning. She is aware of her husband's homosexual orientation and inclinations towards her brother. Despite her knowledge of this, she actively attempts to become pregnant as to secure the alliance between their families. When Renly is killed, the Tyrells ally with House Lannister and she is planned to marry to King Joffrey. In a departure from her characterization in the novels, where her personal motivations are unclear, Margaery's naked ambition is made obvious. Upon arriving at King's Landing, she offers Sansa to marry her brother Loras, but the plot is thwarted and Sansa is married to Tyrion Lannister to secure the North should Robb Stark die. At the end of Season 3, her marriage to Joffrey is impending, though her influence over him appears to grow, causing friction between her and Queen Regent Cersei. Cersei coldly implies she could have her killed at any time. In season 4, Margaery and Joffrey are married, but Joffrey dies at the wedding after being poisoned. Since Margaery still cannot become queen this way, she is betrothed to Joffrey's younger brother and heir, Tommen, and visits him one night in his chamber to get to know him better. She is among the many people in King's Landing who believe Tyrion Lannister is not responsible for Joffrey's death, and her grandmother, Olenna Tyrell, confirms to her that it was she who orchestrated it, leaving Margaery visibly shocked, until Olenna claims that it was to protect her from Joffrey's abuse (which he had quite clearly inflicted on Sansa while she was betrothed to him). Margaery is later present at Tyrion's trial, where she is visibly uncomfortable at the possibility of Tyrion being punished for the crime her grandmother committed. After Tyrion kills Tywin and escapes, Margaery attends Tywin's funeral. Margaery marries Tommen soon afterward, as Tommen is now the king. The wedding suffers no problems, and Margaery finally becomes a queen. After consummating the marriage with Tommen, Margaery, who has him completely in her thrall, suggests that Tommen send Cersei back to Casterly Rock. Tensions between Cersei and Margaery increase as Cersei confronts her about Tommen. Margaery insults Cersei, angering her. Cersei then has Margaery's brother, Loras, arrested by the extremist religious movement the Sparrows for homosexual activities. At a trial, Margaery testifies that Loras is not guilty. However, when evidence is procured, Loras gets arrested, along with Margaery, as she lied in her testimony. The High Sparrow reveals that she and Loras will face trial, but that they may receive the \"mother's mercy\" if they were to confess their crimes. Margaery later feigns surrender to protect her family, and joins Tommen in making an alliance with the Faith. On the day of Cersei's trial, however, Margaery is killed in the explosion which destroys the Great Sept of Baelor. Stannis Baratheon [ edit ] Stephen Dillane Main article: Stannis Baratheon Stannis Baratheon (season 2–5) portrayed by Stephen Dillane . Stannis Baratheon of House Baratheon, Lord of Dragonstone, is the elder of Robert Baratheon's younger brothers. A brooding, humorless man known for a hard and unyielding sense of justice, he is obsessed with slights real and imagined. With Robert dying, Ned sends him a letter appointing him as the legitimate heir and becomes another challenger for the Iron Throne after his nephew Joffrey becomes King. By Season 2, he has fallen under the influence of Melisandre, a priestess of R'hllor. After Robert's death, Stannis claims himself the true heir to the Iron Throne as Cersei's children are illegitimate and names himself King of the Seven Kingdoms. However, most of the Baratheon bannermen support the claim of the more charismatic Renly. When Renly is mysteriously slain, many of Renly's bannermen immediately swear allegiance to Stannis. He then attacks King's Landing by sailing up the Blackwater Bay. However, due to Tyrion's plan using wild fire and reinforcements by the Lannisters and Tyrell Cavalry, he loses the Battle of Blackwater. Despite this setback, he is convinced to continue fighting by Melisandre, and is further convinced by her magic as she lets him see a vision of a battle in the flames. He acquires one of Robert's bastards, Gendry, from the Brotherhood Without Banners and plans to sacrifice him to further his quest for the Iron Throne. After Davos questions his course of action, Stannis has three leeches drawn with Gendry's blood and throws them into a fire, calling for the death of Robb Stark, Balon Greyjoy and Joffrey Baratheon. Upon the news of Robb's death, Davos releases Gendry to prevent him from being burned. Stannis subsequently sentences his Hand to death but is swayed by Melisandre, who encourages him to travel North to aid the Night's Watch against the threat emerging from beyond the Wall. In season 4, Stannis hears of Joffrey's death and chastises Davos again for releasing Gendry and not finding him a suitable army, prompting Davos to write to the Iron Bank of Braavos in Stannis's name to help pay for an army. The Iron Bank very nearly refuses Stannis' request, even subtly belittling him in the process, but Davos manages to convince them that Stannis is easily the only one they can turn to since Tywin Lannister is nearing old age. Stannis and his army arrive at the Wall shortly after the Battle for Castle Black, interrupting a supposed parley between Jon Snow and Mance Rayder. Stannis learns that Jon is Ned Stark's son, and on Jon's advice, he places Mance and his men under arrest. He is later present at the funeral of the Night's Watch brothers who died during the Battle for Castle Black. In season 5, Stannis begins plans to retake the North from Roose Bolton, hoping to recruit Mance's wildling army, if Mance will bend the knee to him. Mance refuses, and Stannis orders him burned at the stake. Although Stannis was not pleased that Jon interfered with Mance's execution, he presents Jon an enticing offer. If Jon bends the knee and swears his loyalty to Stannis, the king will legitimize him as Jon Stark, making him the Lord of Winterfell. Stannis, after receiving a message from Lyanna Mormont, knows that having a Stark on his side is the best chance of rallying the Northerners to his cause. Stannis departs from the Wall soon afterward, on a mission to take Winterfell from the Boltons. However, his party is delayed by a large snowstorm that ravages the North, and Ramsay Bolton and his men sabotage his supplies by burning them. He eventually agrees, most reluctantly, to sacrifice his daughter to the Lord of Light, sending Davos to the Wall to find supplies as he knows he would never approve of this most drastic action. Conferring with his daughter before her sacrifice, he admits that he will hate himself forever, but goes through with the act, witnessing tearfully as his daughter succumbs. The next day, the blizzard has lifted, though half his army, including all the sellswords have mutinied, taking all the horses to join the Boltons. Selyse is found hanged in a woods, having broken and relented the sacrifice of their child in the last minute and taken her own life. Stannis decides to finish the march on Winterfell by foot, where his greatly diminished army is greeted by a massive cavalry force led by Ramsay which defeats him. Fending off remaining Bolton soldiers in a nearby grove, Stannis succumbs by a tree, where he is greeted by Brienne of Tarth, reminding him of his fratricide. Stannis accepts responsibility and tells Brienne to fulfil her duty, and she lifts her sword and swings. Melisandre [ edit ] Carice van Houten Main article: Melisandre Melisandre (season 2–present) portrayed by Carice van Houten . Also known as \" The Red Woman\", a priestess of R'hllor in service to Stannis Baratheon. Melisandre has prophetic powers that give her partial knowledge of future events. Unlike many other people in Westeros with access to prophecy, Melisandre has absolute faith in her own interpretation. Melisandre believes Stannis is the chosen one who will convert the people of Westeros into followers of R'hllor. She convinces Stannis of this by using various methods, including seduction. Many, most notably Stannis' trusted adviser Davos Seaworth, believe she is leading their king astray. She has magical powers which help her survive Maester Cressen's attempt to kill her with poison. She also gives birth to a shadow demon which is sent to kill Renly Baratheon and tries to convince Stannis to sacrifice Gendry, the bastard son of Robert Baratheon, because he has king's blood, claiming R'hllor will reward the gift with an easier path to the Iron Throne. After Gendry's escape, she intercepts a letter from the Night's Watch, seeing the prophetic \"Other\" as the force behind the White Walkers' march on the wall, and insists that Stannis takes up the cause of stopping them. She dismisses \"this war of five kings\" (now actually three) as unimportant and insists that Stannis take the help of Davos Seaworth, despite his betrayal. In season 4, Melisandre accompanies Stannis, Davos and their army to the Wall, narrowly saving Jon Snow from Mance Rayder. At the funeral of the Night's Watch brothers who fell during the Battle for Castle Black, Melisandre exchanges a knowing glance with Jon. In season 5, she remains at the Wall with Stannis and shows interest in Jon. She attempts to seduce Jon, but he refuses to have sex with her. Eventually, she departs from the Wall with Stannis and Davos on their mission to take Winterfell. When a large snowstorm delays them, Melisandre suggests that Stannis sacrifice his daughter Shireen, but Stannis refuses. After a Bolton raiding party kills many of the horses and burns their supplies, he eventually gives in and allows the priestess to burn his only child. Melisandre declares soon after that the blizzard has been lifted, but after half of Stannis' forces desert him, dismayed and disgusted, she rides for the Wall, where she is accosted by Jon and Davos. In season 6, after persuasion by Davos, Melisandre attempts to resurrect Jon, who was killed in a mutiny, and succeeds, restoring her faith in the Lord of Light. She remains at Jon's side through his campaign to retake the North from the Boltons, and witnesses the Bolton banners being lowered to the ground as in one of her visions. However, she is accused of murdering Shireen by Davos. With obvious regret, she admits what she did, but pleads with Jon not to execute her, claiming that she can help in the coming battle against the Night King. Remembering her role in resurrecting him, Jon does not execute Melisandre, but has her exiled from the North. In season 7 she arrives at Dragonstone and urges Daenerys to make an ally of Jon Snow. She tells Varys she is leaving Westeros but that she will return, as it is her destiny to die there. Jeor Mormont [ edit ] James Cosmo Main article: Jeor Mormont Jeor Mormont (season 1–3) portrayed by James Cosmo . Jeor Mormont, the 997th Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, is the estranged father of Ser Jorah. He gave up his lands to serve the Night's Watch. His son's shaming of their house weighs heavily on him. He personally requests that Jon Snow be made his personal steward, and gives him the Hand-and-a-Half sword (also known as a bastard sword) of their house, Longclaw. He has the pommel reshaped into a wolf's head. To investigate the return of wights, the disappearance of several Rangers, and rumors of a wildling army, Jeor leads an expeditionary force beyond the Wall in Season 2. In Season 3, after returning to Craster's Keep, he is slain by Rast in the ensuing mutiny, but manages to strangle him before succumbing to his wounds. His death ignites Maester Aemon's call for the lords of Westeros to aid the Night's Watch, which convinces Stannis Baratheon the time is ripe to fight the onslaught of the White Walkers. His corpse is apparently desecrated afterwards, as in season 4, Karl Tanner is shown drinking wine from a skull he claims is Jeor's. Bronn [ edit ] Jerome Flynn Main article: Bronn (character) Bronn (season 1–present) portrayed by Jerome Flynn . Bronn is a sellsword with a sardonic sense of humor. He initially serves under Catelyn Stark and aids her in arresting Tyrion Lannister and taking him to the Vale to stand trial for the murder of Jon Arryn and attempted murder of Bran Stark. During the trial, Bronn realises that Tyrion will most likely be executed by the insane Lysa Arryn despite the impossibility of his guilt, and volunteers to fight for Tyrion when he demands a trial by combat. Bronn defeats Lysa Arryn's champion and becomes Tyrion's companion and protector, accompanying him back to King's Landing. After they arrive, Bronn's service to Tyrion earns him a position as Commander of the City Watch after Janos Slynt is revealed to be accepting bribes from the Lannisters. When Stannis Baratheon attacks the city by sailing up the Blackwater Bay, he shoots a flaming arrow to a ship containing wild fire which destroys half of Stannis' fleet, and kills several of the attackers in defence of the city. However, Bronn is stripped of his position after Tywin Lannister takes his seat as Hand of The King, but is knighted taking the name Ser Bronn of the Blackwater for his service. He subsequently demands more gold for protecting Lord Tyrion and remains his confidante, though discord is increasing between the two. When Tyrion is forced to marry Sansa Stark, Bronn claims he desires her sexually, which Tyrion takes as a grave insult. In Season 4, Tyrion pays him to train Jaime Lannister in fencing with his left hand, as well as get Shae out of King's Landing, which he assures was completed. Bronn later implores Jaime to visit and help Tyrion after he is accused of murdering Joffrey, telling Jaime that Tyrion originally named him as his defender while on trial in the Vale before Bronn volunteered. Bronn is later betrothed to a rich woman by Cersei in order to stop Tyrion from naming him as his champion. Bronn visits Tyrion in his cell to inform him, and tells him that he most likely would not have been prepared to fight Ser Gregor Clegane, Cersei's champion, anyway. He bids Tyrion farewell and they part ways as friends. In Season 5, Bronn is taking a stroll with his betrothed, Lollys Stokeworth, just outside Castle Stokeworth. Lollys talks at length about the upcoming wedding, but Bronn seems uninterested about discussing it. He does comfort Lollys when she talks about her sister Felyse, saying that mean people will always get what they deserve. The two are interrupted when they see Jaime near the castle. Jaime intends to bring Myrcella Baratheon back from Dorne to King's Landing and wants Bronn to help him. He also reveals that Cersei has arranged for Willas Bracken to wed Lollys instead of him, which angers Bronn, as he and Cersei had an agreement. Jaime tells Bronn that he will get a much better girl and a much better castle once they return from Dorne. Bronn and Jaime infiltrate the Water Gardens and find Myrcella with Trystane Martell, but are intercepted by the Sand Snakes, Oberyn Martell's bastard daughters, who seek to kill Myrcella as revenge against Cersei for Oberyn's death. Bronn sustains a cut while fighting Tyene Sand before they are all arrested by the Dornish guard. While in custody, Bronn almost dies from poison due to Tyene's blade being coated in it, though she gives him the antidote. Though he struck Trystane during the struggle, Bronn is ultimately spared and allowed to return to King's Landing with Jaime, after Areo Hotah strikes him across the face in retribution for harming Trystane. In season six, he accompanies Jaime to the Riverlands to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully for the Freys, and returns to King's Landing afterwards. In season seven he accompanies Jamie to capture Highgarden, reminding Jamie that he is still owed a highborn wife and a castle by the Lannisters. When the baggage train and force of soldiers he and Jamie are travelling with is attacked by Daenerys' Dothraki and dragons he attempts to use a scorpion (giant crossbow) to shoot down Daenerys' dragon. One of his shots wings the dragon but does not kill it, and the scorpion is destroyed by fire. Bronn sees Jamie about to make a suicidal charge at Daenerys and shoves him into the water just as the dragon is about to incinerate him. In King's Landing Bronn leads Jamie down into the lower levels of the Red Keep, ostensibly to practice with swords, before revealing he had been asked by Tyrion to bring Jamie to a meeting. Cersei describes this as treason, but Jamie takes no action against Bronn. Varys [ edit ] Conleth Hill Main article: Varys Varys (season 1–present) portrayed by Conleth Hill . Varys, sometimes called The Spider, is a major character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons. He initially appeared as a recurring character in the first season and debuted in \"Lord Snow\". Varys is bald and tends towards fat, due to his castration. Varys is a eunuch and the Master of Whisperers on the king's small council. He is the Master of Whisperers, the King's foremost spymaster and intelligence agent. He holds no inherited title, castle or lands in Westeros, but is called \"Lord\" as a courtesy due to his position on the council, which traditionally is made up of high lords. He is a skilled manipulator and commands a network of informants across two continents. He often puts on the public persona of being nothing more than a pudgy man well suited to the pleasantries of court life; humble, obsequious, fawning, and a little effeminate. This is simply a facade that Varys has developed, which often leads those who do not know him well to underestimate him as a cheerful and vapid flatterer. In reality he is a cunning and ruthless manipulator of court politics, on-par with Master of Coin Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish, with whom he frequently spars. Unlike Baelish, Varys insists that his goals are to achieve what he honestly feels is best for the realm, though of course, what he and the current king feel is best might be two separate things. Varys was born across the Narrow Sea in Lys. He was born a slave, and as a child he traveled with a troupe of actors all around the different Free Cities until a sorcerer in the city of Myr made an offer Varys' master couldn't refuse. Varys was sold to the sorcerer, who gave him a potion that made him unable to move or speak but didn't dull his perceptions or sense of pain, and emasculated him (cutting off his testes and penis both) to use his sexual organs in a magical ritual, burning them in a brazier. Afterward the sorcerer had no use for Varys and threw him in the streets to die. Instead Varys resolved to live no matter what: begging, stealing, and selling the sexual use of what parts remained to him, doing anything to survive. He also became an excellent thief, but soon learned that stolen information was often a far more valuable commodity than any physical goods, and he worked his way up from the slums of Myr. He became a master spy and information trafficker, and his influence and reputation grew so great that he eventually found himself as a member of the small council in the Seven Kingdoms. His experience at the hands of the sorcerer had also left him with a bitter hatred for magic and its practitioners. Varys's true loyalties remain a mystery, though he claims to serve \"the realm\", and abhors the suffering and political instability brought by the war. After Littlefinger's confidante Ros is severely beaten by Joffrey's guards and he fails to intervene, Varys takes her into his service as a spy. Littlefinger finds out and has her killed, taunting Varys that he couldn't protect her. Varys affirms his course as a means to prevent chaos befalling the realm, claiming that Littlefinger \"would see the Seven Kingdoms burn, if he could be king over the ashes.\" Varys later informs Tyrion that Cersei has discovered his relationship with Shae. Though he claims he will not lie for him, he implores Tyrion to send Shae away for her own safety. Varys later testifies against Tyrion at his trial for murdering Joffrey, but when Tyrion is convicted, Jaime enlists Varys's help in smuggling Tyrion out of King's Landing to Essos. As Varys prepares to go back, he hears the tolling bells, making him realise that Tyrion's escape has been discovered (along with his murder of Tywin), so he stays on the boat with Tyrion. In Season 5, he and Tyrion arrive in Pentos, where he convinces Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne. Travelling to Volantis, Varys and Tyrion discuss the former's brief tenure as Hand of the King. Tyrion laments not leaving King's Landing with Shae when he had the chance, but tells Varys that he enjoyed serving as Hand. Varys eventually surfaces in Meereen, where he confers with Tyrion about the future of the city and the Seven Kingdoms. In season 6, after helping Tyrion broker an alliance with the slave masters, he departs Meereen to find new friends in Westeros, and secures help from Olenna Tyrell and Ellaria Sand to aid Daenerys. In season 7 he is challenged by Daenerys over having served Robert Baratheon after Robert took her father's throne, and over his role in the attempt on her life in season 1. She pardons him. Varys is told by Mellisandre that both she and he are destined to die in Westeros. Shae [ edit ] Sibel Kekilli Shae (season 1–4) portrayed by Sibel Kekilli . Shae is a young camp follower in whom Tyrion Lannister takes particular interest. She is from Lorath, one of the Free Cities across the Narrow Sea. Tyrion falls in love with her and in order to hide her from his father, Tyrion appoints Shae to be Sansa's handmaiden. As her handmaiden, Shae is the only person Sansa trusts and confides to her about her problems and what she really thinks about the Lannisters. In turn, Shae becomes protective of Sansa and attempts to help her in any way she can. In Season 3, she becomes jealous of Tyrion after his marriage to Sansa and is confronted by Varys, who urges her to leave the Seven Kingdoms, which she refuses to do, thinking that Tyrion has something to do with Varys talking to her. In Season 4, Tyrion is forced to send Shae away from King's Landing on a ship after her presence is discovered by Cersei and his father is told, insulting her in the process. Shae, however, does not leave King's Landing, and resurfaces at Tyrion's trial for murdering Joffrey, where she falsely claims that both Tyrion and Sansa were responsible for Joffrey's death. It is revealed, however, that Shae was having an affair with Tywin. After Tyrion is freed by Jaime, he finds Shae sleeping in Tywin's bed, making him realise the horrible truth. Shae attempts to kill Tyrion with a knife, but he strangles her to death both in self-defence and out of anger for her betrayal. Ygritte [ edit ] Rose Leslie Main article: Ygritte Ygritte (season 2–4) portrayed by Rose Leslie . A Wildling girl with red hair (\"kissed by fire\", a sign of luck among the Wildlings) and a follower of Mance Rayder. In Season 2, she is captured in the Skirling Pass by Jon Snow and Qhorin Halfhand. She manages to escape, but is recaptured by Jon, separating him from his brothers in the process. Later she leads him into Rattleshirt's ambush. After this they lead Jon to Mance Rayder's wildling camp, where he pretends to defect to the Wildlings to discover their plans. She then travels with him to the wall, and during this journey she seduces him. However, when confronted with killing an innocent horse farmer for the watch who scaled the wall, Jon escapes the wildling's clutches on horseback. But while resting, Ygritte manages to catch up with Jon at which point she confesses her love for him and then, blinded by tears, shoots him multiple times while he escapes towards the wall. In Season 4, Ygritte starts raiding villages south of the wall with her group, clearly thirsting for vengeance against Jon, although Tormund suspects she let him go. When the wildlings attack Mole's Town, Ygritte slaughters all the women present, but notices Gilly hiding with her baby son, and spares her life. When the wildlings finally reach Castle Black and attack, Ygritte kills many Night's Watch brothers with her archery skills, among them Pyp. When confronted by Jon, however, she cannot bring herself to shoot him, and is shot in the back by Olly, a boy whose father Ygritte previously killed. Ygritte subsequently dies in Jon's arms, and her body is later burned by Jon himself, separately from the other soldiers, in her homeland, north of the Wall. Talisa Maegyr [ edit ] Oona Chaplin Talisa Maegyr (season 2–3) portrayed by Oona Chaplin . Talisa Maegyr is a healer working on the battlefields of the War of the Five Kings. She claims to be from the Free City of Volantis. No character named Talisa appears in the books. Oona Chaplin was originally announced to play a character called Jeyne, which many thought to mean she would play Jeyne Westerling , a character from the books. Talisa follows Robb Stark's army camp as it moves. One day as they talk they are interrupted by news that Catelyn has released Robb's key prisoner Jaime Lannister. Talisa later goes to comfort Robb. After she reveals more of her past to him, they admit their shared feelings for one another and sleep together. Talisa and Robb marry in secret before a septon. In season 3, Talisa reveals that she is pregnant, although she and her unborn child are stabbed to death by Lothar Frey in the Red Wedding Massacre, the first in the hall to be attacked. Gendry [ edit ] Joe Dempsie Main article: Gendry Gendry (season 1–3, 7–present) portrayed by Joe Dempsie . Gendry is an apprentice blacksmith in King's Landing and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert. During Season 1, Eddard tells the smith that if Gendry ever shows interest in wielding a sword to send him to Eddard. Gendry shows promise as a smith and makes a helmet in the shape of a bull's head; Eddard compliments the helmet, offering to purchase it. Gendry refuses, to the shame of the master smith. After Eddard Stark's fall and eventual execution, arrangements are made for Yoren of the Night's Watch to take Gendry to the Wall with him; he travels North with Yoren and other recruits, including Arry, Lommy Greenhands, Hot Pie and Jaqen H'ghar. During their journey, they are stopped by the Goldcloaks, who demand that Yoren give up Gendry as King Joffrey wants all of his father's bastards killed but are forced to leave by Yoren. Later, Gendry reveals to Arry that he knows she is a girl disguised as a boy all along and is surprised to learn she is Arya, Ned Stark's daughter. After the Goldcloaks get help from Ser Amory Lorch and his men who kill Yoren, Gendry's life is saved by Arya when she lies to the Goldcloaks that Lommy, who was killed during the attack, was Gendry. Gendry and the rest of recruits are sent to Harrenhal where Ser Gregor Clegane arbitrarily has many of the prisoners tortured and killed. Gendry was about to suffer this fate but is saved by the arrival of Lord Tywin Lannister, who chides Clegane's men for their reckless behavior. Thanks to Jaqen, Arya, Gendry and Hot Pie are able to escape Harrenhal. As they head towards the Riverlands, the group encounters the Brotherhood Without Banners, a group of Outlaws that defend the weak. Inspired, he decides to join the Brotherhood but is betrayed by them when they sell him to Lady Melisandre as ordered by the Lord of Light. Melisandre later reveals to Gendry that King Robert was his father and she is bringing him to meet his uncle, King Stannis. But in truth, Melisandre and Stannis planned to use him for her blood magic where Stannis uses his nephew's blood to make a death curse on the usurpers to his throne, Joffrey, Robb, and Balon Greyjoy. Before they can use him as a sacrifice, Davos Seaworth helps Gendry escape and puts him on a boat to King's Landing. Unable to swim or row, Gendry is nevertheless convinced that the Red Woman has a surer death in spare for him, and Davos asks him to \"have a bowl'o brown for me\" when returning to Flea Bottom. In Season 7 Davos, on a clandestine visit to King's Landing, seeks out Gendry and finds him working as a smith. Gendry needs no persuading to go with Davos to Dragonstone. There he meets Jon Snow and volunteers to go with Jon on a mission north of the Wall to capture a wight. During the mission he is sent back to the Wall to summon help. He gets word to Daenerys, and later leaves with the others on the Targaryen ship. Tormund Giantsbane [ edit ] Kristofer Hivju Main article: Tormund Giantsbane Tormund Giantsbane (season 3–7) portrayed by Kristofer Hivju . A wildling raider known for his many titles, \"Giantsbane\" being foremost. Loud and gregarious, he is one of Mance's top generals, fierce and terrible in combat. Tormund takes a liking to Jon after he joins them and even gives him advice over his relationship with Ygritte. Tormund leads a group of wildlings south of the Wall to await the signal of Mance Rayder to attack the Night's Watch. He later leads the attack on Mole's Town. When the army reaches Castle Black, he duels and severely wounds Ser Alliser Thorne, but is brought down by several arrows and taken prisoner for questioning. After his wounds are healed by Maester Aemon, Jon briefly approaches him, and he tells Jon that Ygritte loved him, citing Ygritte's apparent desire to kill him as proof. He is later present at Mance's execution, and is visibly saddened at his friend's death. He is eventually freed by Jon, who he accompanies to Hardhome, where he attempts to convince the local wildlings to join the Night's Watch in the battle against their common enemy. As Hardhome is overrun by wights and white walkers, Tormund ferociously fights them off and escapes to the boats with Jon. He later passes through the Wall and into the Seven Kingdoms along with the rest of the wildlings. In season 6, after hearing of Jon's murder, he rushes back to Castle Black to bring down the ones responsible, and later witnesses Jon's resurrection and execution of the mutineers. From there on, Tormund becomes one of Jon's lieutenants in his campaign to retake the North from Ramsay Bolton. In the ensuing battle, he fights and kills Smalljon Umber, and witnesses Jon defeat Ramsay after Ramsay shoots Wun Wun dead. He is later present when Jon is named the new King in the North. In season 7 Tormund and a group of Free Folk go to Eastwatch at the end of the Wall, expecting the Army of the Dead to approach the Wall at that point. When Jon arrives there on his way north to capture a wight, Tormund volunteers to go along. Tormund is enamoured of Brienne of Tarth and says he hopes to make big monstrous babies with her. Tormund is at Eastwatch-by-the-Sea with Beric Dondarrion when the Night King attacks with Viserion, now resurrected as a wight dragon, or \"ice dragon\". Following the breaching of the Wall, it is uncertain if Tormund and Beric made it out alive as they were last seen running for their lives. Gilly [ edit ] Hannah Murray Main article: Gilly (A Song of Ice and Fire) Gilly (season 2–present) portrayed by Hannah Murray . A young wildling girl who lives north of the Wall, Gilly is one of many daughters of Craster, a wildling who takes all his daughters as wives once they grow up into women. She has a son with her father Craster. Samwell falls for her and becomes protective of her. After Craster is killed and Commander Mormont's rangers turn on each other, Samwell runs with Gilly and her son to Castle Black. Along their journey, Gilly becomes fascinated with Samwell over his knowledge and his bravery of defending her son from a White Walker. After the three of them manage to reach Castle Black, Maester Aemon allows Gilly and her son to stay with them. In gratitude for Samwell helping them, Gilly names her son after Sam. In Season 4, Gilly settles in a nearby inn close to Castle Black, with Sam's assistance. The Inn is later attacked by wildlings, but Gilly hides with her son. They are found by Ygritte, who spares them. They make it back to Castle Black safely, where Sam hides them in the food storage, and kisses Gilly for the first time in case he dies. She is also visibly surprised when Janos Slynt hides in the food storage as well. Gilly remains unharmed throughout the battle, and reunites with Sam in the aftermath. In season 5, she expresses concern of being sent away or executed if Ser Alliser Thorne becomes the new Lord Commander. She is later present at Mance Rayder's execution. Gilly has begun to learn letters from Princess Shireen Baratheon, with Samwell watching over the two. Gilly also reveals to Shireen that she had sisters that also had Greyscale, but they were quarantined away from the other women at Craster's Keep and eventually succumbed to the disease. After Maester Aemon's death, during Jon's absence in Hardhome, she is almost sexually assaulted by two members of the Watch, but is saved by Sam and Ghost, after which she willingly makes love to him. She and her baby later leave Castle Black for Oldtown with Sam on Jon Snow's orders. Along the way, they stop at Horn Hill, where Sam initially intends to leave Gilly and the baby with his family, but despite Randyll Tarly allowing them to stay, Sam decides to take them with him to the Citadel in Oldtown. In the sixth-season finale, they arrive. Later in Oldtown Gilly enthusiastically makes use of her newfound literacy, and in the diaries of a former High Septon she learns that a prince named Rhaegar Targaryen had his marriage annulled in Dorne. At the end of season seven she has gone back north with Sam and Little Sam and reached Winterfell. Brienne of Tarth [ edit ] Gwendoline Christie Main article: Brienne of Tarth Brienne of Tarth (season 2–present) portrayed by Gwendoline Christie . A former member of Renly Baratheon's Kingsguard. She is a highly trained and skilled warrior made dangerous by the fact that men underestimate her. She is considered ugly because she is abnormally large in height and build, androgynous, and stronger than most men. She wishes to prove her valor in a worthy cause to win respect and acceptance. She becomes infatuated with Renly after he shows her kindness and courtesy, and she wins a place in his Kingsguard after winning a tournament melee against Ser Loras. Renly trusts Brienne because of her loyalty and her willingness to die for him. She is present at Renly's death and is falsely accused of his murder. She flees with Catelyn Stark and enters her service. Later Catelyn decides to release Jaime Lannister in exchange for her daughters Sansa and Arya, Brienne is sent to protect Jaime on the journey and to escort the Stark girls back. On the journey back to King's Landing, both are captured by the violent Roose Bolton, who holds them at Harrenhal. While there, Brienne learns the truth behind Jaime's murder of the Mad King, but is forced to stay behind while Bolton's men accompany Jaime back to King's Landing, although Jaime rescues Brienne from Harrenhal upon learning that Bolton's unruly henchman, Locke, intends to feed her to his bear. Brienne succeeds in getting Jaime home safely. In Season 4, Brienne remains in King's Landing sworn to Jaime, and tensions arise between them again when Jaime refuses to uphold his promise to return Arya and Sansa to Catelyn, on the basis that Catelyn is dead, Arya is missing and Sansa is married to Tyrion. Brienne is later present at Joffrey and Margaery's wedding, where Cersei implies that Brienne has fallen in love with Jaime, an accusation she answers with silence. Brienne is eventually sent on a mission by Jaime to find and protect Sansa. Jaime provides her with Joffrey's sword, which she names \"Oathkeeper\", new armour and Podrick Payne to serve as her new squire. As she leaves, she almost breaks down in tears, and looks back at Jaime while on her horse, which causes Jaime to realise her feelings for him. On the way, Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn and meet Hot Pie, who tells them that Arya Stark may still be alive. They eventually find Arya and Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane near the Vale. Brienne and Arya initially bond over both being women who prefer to fight, but her sword causes Arya and Sandor to believe she may be a Lannister agent after the bounty on Sandor's head. A fight ensues between Brienne and Sandor, in which Sandor injures Brienne, but Brienne manages to bite Sandor's ear off and hit him off a cliff to his apparent death. Arya disappears during the fight, and Brienne and Podrick set out to search for her, though she is visibly distraught that Arya refused her help. Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn. While eating, Podrick sees Sansa and Petyr Baelish eating in the back of the inn, guarded by knights. Brienne orders Podrick to secure more horses, and then moves toward Petyr and Sansa. After Petyr allows her to approach, Brienne pledges her life to Sansa. When Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon's murder, Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis's face. Sansa tells Brienne that she doesn't want her protection, and asks her to leave. Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody, but she flees with Podrick, stealing a horse and releasing several others. The guards give chase, and Brienne and Podrick are separated. After evading her pursuers, Brienne sees Sansa and Petyr fleeing. She searches for Podrick, and saves him from two of the knights. Podrick suggests that they stop pursuing Sansa as she refused their help, but Brienne is adamant that she will not be safe with Lord Baelish. She follows the couple to Moat Cailin and then to Winterfell, where she watches the high tower from a village outside, with Sansa promised escape if she lights a candle in the highest tower. As Stannis Baratheon's army approaches, Sansa lights the candle and Brienne prepares to get her, only to find Stannis gravely wounded on the battlefield. She asks him for the truth about Renly's death, to which he confesses guilt, and executes him with her sword. Shortly afterwards, she and Podrick rescue Sansa and Theon Greyjoy after they flee Winterfell, and Sansa accepts Brienne into her service. She takes her to Jon Snow at Castle Black, but later heads to the Riverlands to recruit Brynden Tully's help in for Jon and Sansa to retake Winterfell from Ramsay, but is unsuccessful. She also shares an uneasy reunion with Jaime in the process. When Riverrun falls, Brienne escapes with Podrick in a boat. Back at Winterfell in season 7, Brienne meets Arya again. Arya demands that Brienne spar with her, and Brienne soon finds that she cannot easily beat Arya, who manages to point a sword at her throat. Brienne is sent by Sansa to the parley at the Dragonpit, where she meets The Hound, who she thought she had killed.. Ramsay Bolton [ edit ] Iwan Rheon Main article: Ramsay Bolton Ramsay Bolton (season 3–6) portrayed by Iwan Rheon . The illegitimate son of Roose Bolton , Ramsay Snow of House Bolton is cruel, sadistic and very cunning. After the Ironborn captures Winterfell, he marches on the castle's token garrison and offers it safe passage for surrender; after the gates are opened, he captures Theon and flays the other defenders. At the Dreadfort, Theon is put through gruesome physical and psychological torture on Ramsay's instigation, though he himself watches in guise of a cleaning boy. He helps Theon Greyjoy escape from captivity, claiming to be a servant of Theon's sister, Yara, and promises to help him reach her, but ends up only leading Theon back to his original place of imprisonment to taunt him further. He tortures Theon by flaying his fingers and forces him to beg to have them cut off. He ultimately emasculates him and has his manhood sent in a box to the Iron Islands to press Balon to evacuate the North, suggesting he could dismember Theon slowly and send him home in boxes if his demands are not met. He forces Theon to become his new servant, who is now called Reek, and beats him until he accepts the name. In Season 4, Ramsay along with his now slave servant, Reek, hunt down a servant girl named Tansy. Ramsay hunts her for sport and in the end feeds her to his dogs (bastards girls). Ramsay has followed his father in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters, and remains Acting Lord of the Dreadfort until Roose and his men arrive (having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn). Ramsay warmly greets his father, new stepmother \"Fat\" Walda Frey, and friend Locke, but he is chastised by his father for torturing Theon, who would have proved a valuable hostage. Roose enlists his son in his plans to reconquer the North from the invading Ironborn – his father assigns Ramsay, \"Reek\" and what men Ramsay has to capture Moat Cailin from the Ironborn, in exchange for Roose considering legitimizing Ramsay as a full member of his family, a prospect that delights Ramsay. When Yara and some Ironborn killers attack the Dreadfort and attempt to take Theon, Ramsay confronts her in the dungeons and sets the hounds on her, forcing her to flee without Theon, who refused to go with her believing it was another trick of Ramsay's, and too broken and frightened to take the risk. As a reward for Theon's loyalty, Ramsay gives him a bath, bathing Theon himself, and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin. Ramsay sends Reek into Moat Cailin with a peace banner and a letter promising safe passage to the Stoney Shore. Reek pretends to be his former self, Theon Greyjoy, and convinces the ironborn to surrender. Ramsay breaks his promise and flays the Ironborn living and displays their bodies on stakes. As a reward, Ramsay is legitimized by his father and takes the name, Ramsay Bolton, discarding the surname \"Snow\" for good, much to Ramsay's delight. Ramsay and the rest of the Bolton forces then march on towards Winterfell, the Boltons' new home. To solidify their claim for legitimacy, he is provided Sansa Stark as a suitable bride, who he promises never to harm before Baelish, but nevertheless brutally rapes her on their wedding night. He later skins a woman alive for attempting to light a candle in the high tower of Winterfell, which would signal to Brienne (waiting in the village outside the walls) that Sansa was in need of rescue. At the battle of Winterfell between Baratheon and Bolton forces, he rides out to greet Stannis, destroying his army and killing most of his men but meanwhile, Reek rebels against his master and kills his lover, Myranda, escaping with Sansa in the process. With his position as Roose's heir in question following Sansa's disappearance and the birth of Roose's baby boy, Ramsay kills Roose, Walda and the baby and becomes the new Lord of Winterfell, securing help from House Karstark and House Umber, the latter giving him Rickon Stark as a hostage. He kills Osha and sends a letter to Jon Snow demanding Sansa's return, but Jon and Sansa decide to challenge Ramsay and retake Winterfell. Ramsay parleys with Jon and refuses his offer to a one-on-one duel. On the day of the battle, Ramsay lures Jon and his men into a trap by murdering Rickon, but his forces are smashed by the Knights of the Vale. Ramsay flees back to Winterfell, where Jon beats him severely and orders him locked up as a prisoner. That night, Ramsay is fed to his own hounds, bringing House Bolton to extinction. Ellaria Sand [ edit ] Indira Varma Main article: Ellaria Sand Ellaria Sand (season 4–7) portrayed by Indira Varma . The sexually promiscuous paramour of Oberyn Martell, she is the mother of the four youngest Sand Snakes. She is later present at Tyrion's trial by combat, where Oberyn fights Gregor Clegane in Tyrion's name, and is horrified when Oberyn is killed. In Season 5 Ellaria arrives at Dorne at the Water Gardens, Ellaria, still in mourning clothes, observes Trystane Martell and Myrcella Baratheon from a distance. She approaches Prince Doran Martell, but her path is initially blocked by Captain Areo Hotah. Ellaria threatens Areo before the captain is ordered by Doran to stand down. Angrily, Ellaria scolds Doran for his apparent inaction at the news of Oberyn's death. Doran plans to bury and mourn his beloved brother, but Ellaria and Oberyn's daughters want the Dornish people to take up arms and avenge their fallen prince. She also voices her contempt for Myrcella and wants to harm her in order to send Cersei Lannister a message. Doran strictly forbids this, stating that under his rule, they will not mutilate little girls for revenge. Ellaria voices doubts that Doran will remain in power if he continues to do nothing and leaves. She meets up with Oberyn's three bastard daughters, the Sand Snakes (Obara, Nymeria, and Tyene), and tells them that they must capture Myrcella and kill her out of revenge for Oberyn's death. However, when the Sand Snakes attempt this, both them and Ellaria are captured by Doran's guard. She pleads for mercy and is forgiven, being explicitly warned by Doran that he \"never gives anyone a third chance\". She says goodbyes to Myrcella Baratheon, who forgives her and shares an unexpected kiss, concealing a sinister induction of poison into the girl's mouth. Ellaria watches the ship sail and administers the antidote to herself while contemplating what will come when Doran realises what she has done. In Season 6, apparently having made amends with Doran, she strolls with him in the Water Gardens while reminiscing about Oberyn. When the maester brings a letter from Jaime Lannister with the news of Myrcella's death, Doran realizes it was Ellaria's work, but she stabs him to death before he can react. Ellaria taunts a dying Doran for his weak rule and inaction at the deaths of Elia and Oberyn. With his dying breath, Doran begs Ellaria to spare Trystane's life, but she refuses, telling him that both him and his son are weak and weak men will never rule Dorne again before leaving him to die on the floor. Later, Ellaria sends Obara and Nymeria to King's Landing to kill Trystane, bringing the extinction of House Martell and usurping power over Dorne. After hearing of the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor, Cersei's work which claimed the lives of almost all of House Tyrell, Ellaria invites Olenna Tyrell to Dorne to discuss an alliance against Cersei, and reveals that through Varys, she has declared for Daenerys Targaryen. In Season 7, Ellaria and her daughter Tyene are captured by Euron Greyjoy and brought to Cersei. Taking the Sands to the dungeons, Cersei taunts Ellaria, and kisses Tyene with the same poison used to kill Myrcella. She leaves Ellaria to watch Tyene die, telling Ellaria she will be kept alive until her daughter's body is completely decomposed. Daario Naharis [ edit ] Michiel Huisman Main article: Daario Naharis Daario Naharis (season 3–6) portrayed by Ed Skrein in season 3, and by Michiel Huisman from season 4 onwards. Daario is a confident and seductive warrior who is a lieutenant in the Second Sons, a group of 2000 mercenaries . Daario has an unusual code of honor: he won't sleep with sex workers or kill innocents as he believes in making love with women who want to make love with him and killing those who want to kill him. Under the leadership of his Captain Mero and second in command Prendhal na Ghezn, the Second Sons were hired by the Slaver city Yunkai to fight against Daenerys' army. Smitten with Daenerys, Daario refused to obey his superiors when they decided to assassinate her, which forced him to kill Mero and Prendhal in self-defense. With the Second Sons under his command, Daario and his men pledge their allegiance to Daenerys. In season 4, Daario attempts to romance Daenerys by offering her flowers and lecturing her about the special use of these flowers, as he claims it is important to know the land she is going to rule. At the gate of Meereen, Daario volunteers to fight Meereen's champion in single combat after Daenerys rejects the rest of her inner circle from fighting. Daario declines the use of a horse, noting that they aren't as intelligent as humans. Daario ends the duel with ruthless efficiency, striking down the horse with his stiletto and decapitating the dazed champion with his arakh. Later on after conquering Meereen, Daario sneaks into Daenerys' private chambers and gives her more flowers. As Daenerys initially refuses him, he tells her he only has two talents in his life: war and women, and that in Meereen he serves no purpose. Daario asks her to let him do what he does best, killing her enemies. Instead, Daenerys focuses on the other thing Daario claims to be good at and orders him to take off his clothes. The morning after, Daenerys informs Jorah that she has sent Daario, Hizdahr zo Loraq and the Second Sons to Yunkai in order to bargain with the masters who retaken control of the city. In season 5, Daario returns with Hizdahr zo Loraq, informing Daenerys that the mission was successful, but the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return. Daenerys refuses, and while in bed, Daario attempts to convince her otherwise, claiming that it was his early life in the fighting pits that led him to join the Second Sons and meet Daenerys in the first place. After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm left near death, Daenerys heeds Daario's advice and reopens the pits, but refuses Daario's advice on publicly executing all the slave masters. Daario is present on the opening day of the fighting games, and banters with Hizdahr and Tyrion Lannister about who will win the competition. He fights to protect Daenerys when the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack and watches her fly away on Drogon. In the aftermath, Daario advises Tyrion, Grey Worm and Missandei to stay in Meereen and hold the city together while he and Jorah depart to search for Daenerys. In season 6, they finally track Daenerys to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys slaughter the khals and become the new ruler of the Dothraki. Daario leads the Dothraki back to Meereen to slaughter the Sons of the Harpy once and for all, but on Tyrion's advice, Daenerys breaks up with Daario and leaves him to govern Slaver's Bay so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros. Daario reluctantly accepts while proclaiming his love for Daenerys. Missandei [ edit ] Nathalie Emmanuel Main article: Missandei Missandei (season 3-present) portrayed by Nathalie Emmanuel [22] Personal servant to Daenerys Targaryen. She was freed from being a slave working as translator for Kraznys mo Nakloz when Daenerys insisted during negotiations with Kraznys mo Nakloz that Missandei be given to her as a gift. She effectively serves as the replacement of Doreah after she betrayed Daenerys in Qarth. She later begins to teach Grey Worm how to speak the common tongue, and they develop romantic feelings for each other, despite Grey Worm being an Unsullied who was castrated at youth. She is visibly saddened when another Unsullied, White Rat, is killed in a brothel by the Sons of the Harpy. After Grey Worm is almost killed in an attack, Missandei kisses him after he reveals that for the first time, he felt fear, since he thought he would never see her again. On the opening day of the fighting games, the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack. Missandei is narrowly saved by Tyrion Lannister, and watches as Daenerys flies away on Drogon. She later remains in Meereen with Tyrion and Grey Worm to help keep the city together. Despite an attack by the slaver masters' fleet, Meereen is saved when Daenerys returns with the Dothraki and unleashes her dragons on the fleet, which Missandei witnesses. She later accompanies Daenerys on her voyage back to Westeros. She makes love with Grey Worm and worries for him when he is sent to attack Casterly Rock. Jaqen H'ghar [ edit ] Tom Wlaschiha Main article: Jaqen H'ghar \"Jaqen H'ghar\" (season 2, 5–6) portrayed by Tom Wlaschiha . Sly, enigmatic, and a dangerous criminal, Jaqen is part of Yoren’s group of recruits taken from King’s Landing to join the Night’s Watch. A foreigner from Braavos, though he originally claims Lorath, he speaks in third person, referring to himself as \"A man\". On the journey, he meets Arya Stark. When the group is attacked by Lannister bannermen, Arya frees him and two other prisoners, saving them from a fire. He finds Arya again at Harrenhal, where he has since disguised himself as a Lannister guard. He asks her to name three people for him to kill to repay the three deaths she stole from the Many-Faced God, but he refuses to help her in any other way. She chooses two of her enemies, the Tickler, the torturer of Harrenhal, and Ser Amory Lorch, the man who killed Yoren and tried to expose her to Tywin Lannister, and chooses Jaqen himself as the third. Arya \"unnames\" him after he agrees to help her escape. After the break-out, he gives Arya an iron coin, instructing her to give it to any Braavosi and say \"Valar Morghulis\" (\"All Men Must Die\" in High Valyrian) should she need more help. He then magically changes his appearance, assumes a new identity, and departs. He and Arya are reunited when she arrives at the House of Black and White in Braavos and he begins training her to become a Faceless Man, though the task proves difficult since Arya is still too attached to her past as a Stark. Jaqen later tasks her with assassinating a fraudulent insurance broker, but she reneges on her mission and instead steals one of the masks to murder Meryn Trant, the Kingsguard who killed Syrio Forel, Arya's first mentor. In retribution, Jaqen confronts Arya and condemns her to lose her eyesight. In the sixth season, Jaqen brings Arya back to the House of Black and White and eventually returns her sight. He orders her to assassinate Lady Crane, and reluctantly orders her death when Arya botches the assassination, but is impressed upon learning that Arya killed the Waif instead. Though he tells her she is now \"No One\", she asserts her identity as Arya Stark and leaves Braavos. Tommen Baratheon [ edit ] Dean-Charles Chapman Main article: Tommen Baratheon Tommen Baratheon (season 1–2, 4–6) portrayed by Callum Whaary in seasons 1 and 2, and by Dean-Charles Chapman from season 4 onwards. Tommen Baratheon of House Baratheon is the prince presented as the youngest son of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister. Like his older siblings Joffrey and Myrcella his actual father is his uncle Ser Jaime Lannister. Like his sister he is good-natured and passive in contrast to his brother Joffrey and is fond of his uncle Tyrion. In Season 2, when Myrcella was shipped off to Dorne as part of a marriage alliance between the Lannisters and Dorne, Tommen wept when his sister left for which Joffrey chastises him. During the battle of the Black Water, he sits with Cersei as she prepares to give him night shade drops for a quick, painless death rather than a brutal one, until Tywin announces that they won the battle. In Season 4 he is present at Joffrey and Margaery's wedding, he also attended Joffrey's funeral for which Tywin proceeds to tell Tommen what makes a good king, ignoring Cersei's angry glares. Margaery later visits Tommen one night where he reveals his pet cat Ser Pounce, as well as the fact that he and Joffrey didn't get along and he and Margaery bond over their mutual relief that they are free of him. Tommen agrees that he'd like Margaery to visit him again. Margaery departs, but not before giving him a kiss on the forehead. A ceremony is held in the Red Keep where the High Septon officially crowns Tommen as king. At Tyrion's trial Tommen excuses himself from the trial, possibly on Tywin's advice. In Season 5 during the wake of his grandfather, Tommen is approached by Margaery, who shares a few close words with the king and holds his hand briefly. All of this is observed by Cersei from afar. Tommen and Margaery later marry and consummate that same night, whereupon Margaery begins to manipulate Tommen into trying to send Cersei home. When he does, Cersei immediately begins scheming to get rid of the Tyrells. After Loras Tyrell is arrested for his homosexuality, Tommen furiously confronts Cersei and demands Loras's release, and tries to speak with the High Septon, though he is impeded by the Faith Militant and refuses to allow bloodshed in front of the Great Sept of Baelor. When Margaery is arrested for lying on Loras's behalf, Tommen considers attacking the Sept to free his wife and brother-in-law, but Cersei persuades him to stand down, and when Cersei herself is arrested, Tommen falls into a depression and goes on a hunger strike, refusing to see anyone. In the sixth season, Tommen attends Myrcella's funeral and confronts the High Sparrow, demanding him to allow Cersei to see her daughter. Later, he officially announces an alliance between the Crown and the Faith, and abolishes trial by combat, having effectively fallen under the High Sparrow's influence. When Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor, killing thousands of people, including Margaery, Loras, Mace, Kevan and the High Sparrow, Tommen witnesses it from his quarters, and, unable to do anything as the Mountain blocks the doorway, he commits suicide by jumping through the window, leaving his crown on the table before doing so. His body is later burned and buried beneath the Sept's ruins, with Tywin, Joffrey and Myrcella. Roose Bolton [ edit ] Main article: Roose Bolton Roose Bolton (season 2–6) portrayed by Michael McElhatton . A Bannerman of the North and Lord of the Dreadfort. The Bolton family have a nasty history of keeping to very old, and barbaric ways, including flaying their enemies alive, and Roose is no exception, being suspected of not feeling any emotion. His cunning makes him a valuable ally, but his unpredictable nature makes him a dangerous one. In Season 2, Roose has declared for the King in the North and serves as a chief member of Robb Stark's war council. In secret, Roose feels the Stark cause is lost due to the fact Robb never once listened or heeded his advice, and so acts to secure Bolton predominance in the North – he sends his bastard son Ramsay to take Winterfell from the Ironborn (for his own amusement, Ramsay burns the castle to the ground and flays the defenders after offering them safe passage), and afterwards claims the Ironborn destroyed the castle and apparently killed Robb's younger brothers Bran and Rickon. In Season 3, Roose works with Walder Frey at Tywin Lannister's request to betray the Starks at Edmure Tully's wedding at the Twins. The ambush results in the destruction of the Stark forces by Bolton and Frey men, and deaths of all three Starks and Northern lords present in Walder Frey's hall – Roose personally kills the King in the North with a single stab through the heart, chiding that \"the Lannisters send their regards\". For his loyalty he is named Warden of the North by the crown (although Tywin Lannister intends to reclaim the title by marrying his son Tyrion to Sansa Stark, the presumed heir to Winterfell). In Season 4, Roose and his men return to the North where he chastises Ramsay for having tortured Theon, as he was a valuable hostage. He also plans to reconquer his new lands from the invading Ironborn, since Tywin is refusing to help him, while ordering his man-at-arms, Locke, to hunt down and kill the remaining Stark boys and Jon Snow (although Locke is killed by Bran Stark in the attempt). With help from Ramsay and Theon Greyjoy, Roose manages to drive the remaining Ironborn out of the Northern lands, and Roose legitimizes Ramsay as his true son. The Bolton's make their way to Winterfell, although they still face opposition from the Northerners – who are furious with the Boltons for betraying the Starks – and Stannis Baratheon, who aims to rally the North as a springboard against House Lannister rule and bring the Boltons down in the process. Roose has Ramsay married to Sansa Stark the true heir of Winterfell. As Stannis eventually nears, snowbound trapped by a blizzard, he approves of Ramsay's raiding of the Baratheon camp, where they successfully destroys most of their supplies and siege engines, diminishing Baratheon chances of taking the North. Stannis ultimately perishes in the ensuing battle, but Sansa escapes from Winterfell with Theon's help. Roose threatens Ramsay with being disinherited if Sansa is not found. When news reaches him of Sansa's disappearance and the birth of his son with Walda, Roose is killed by Ramsay. The High Sparrow [ edit ] Jonathan Pryce Main article: High Sparrow The High Sparrow (season 5–6) portrayed by Jonathan Pryce . A devout and pious man, the High Sparrow came to King's Landing after Tywin Lannister's death to serve the poor, downtrodden and infirm. He quickly amasses a large following, including Cersei's cousin and former lover Lancel, who swarm over the city, ministering to the needy and denouncing corruption. He is first noticed by Cersei Lannister when his followers assault and humiliate the High Septon at a brothel. Although she considers capturing and executing him, Cersei decides to use him in her schemes against the Tyrell family. She pretends to agree with his religious views and appoints him as the new High Septon. She also reinstates what had been a long-defunct military order called the Faith Militant, giving them the legal authority to pursue, torture and imprison anyone whom they believed was defying religious principles, no matter their rank or wealth. She tells him of Ser Loras Tyrell's homosexuality, which leads to his arrest by the Faith an inquest presided over by the High Sparrow. Loras's lover Olyvar gives incriminating testimony, so the High Sparrow has both Ser Loras and his sister, Queen Margaery, incarcerated, the latter for perjuring herself when she lied to protect her brother. Loras and Margaery's grandmother, Lady Olenna, attempts to bribe the High Sparrow into offering clemency and is surprised to find that he is uninterested. After Lancel confesses of his and Cersei's affair and of her role in Robert Baratheon's death, the High Sparrow turns on the Queen mother and has her arrested and imprisoned. When Cersei decides to plead for mercy, the High Sparrow listens to her confession of adultery and, on the condition that she stand for trial for her other sins, permits her to return to the Red Keep but only after she performs a walk of Atonement, in which her hair is cut and she must walk naked through the mob. The High Sparrow soon brings Tommen and Margaery under his influence, effectively becoming the new ruler of King's Landin, but he is ultimately killed when Cersei rigs the Great Sept of Baelor with wildfire and detonates it with thousands of people inside. Supporting characters [ edit ] House Arryn [ edit ] Robin Arryn [note 1] (season 1, 4–6) portrayed by Lino Facioli . Lino Facioli Robin Arryn, Lord of the Eyrie and Defender of the Vale, is the only child of Jon and Lysa Arryn and a sickly boy doted on by his mother. He is still breastfed despite being well into pre-adolescence, and is mentally and socially maladjusted. He enjoys seeing people executed by defenestration , whether they are guilty or not (of note, Robin seems to enjoy seeing anything fall through the moon door, since the first thing he does when Petyr Baelish brings him a toy is to gleefully throw it through the moon door). In Season 1, he is present at Tyrion Lannister's trial, but shows little to no interest in the details and continuously begs his mother to make the \"little Lannister baby-man\" fly, which would mean Tyrion being executed, although Tyrion is acquitted. In Season 4, he greets Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish as \"Uncle Petyr\" and meets his cousin, Sansa Stark, for the first time. Lysa later mentions in conversation that Robin and Sansa are to be betrothed. However, tensions arise between them when Robin ruins Sansa's snow castle of Winterfell and Sansa slaps Robin in retaliation. After Lysa is killed, Petyr proposes that Robin be taken on several tours of the Vale so as to prepare him for ruling it one day as its new Lord, though Petyr implies that his intention is for Robin to be killed in the process. In season 5, Robin is being trained in the art of fighting, but lacks the skill and determination due to his upbringing. Petyr leaves him in the care of Yohn Royce. In season 6, Robin is informed of Sansa's escape from House Bolton, and through Petyr's manipulations, Robin gives the order for the Knights of the Vale to aid her and Jon Snow against Ramsay Bolton. Yohn Royce (season 4–present) portrayed by Rupert Vansittart . Rupert Vansittart Yohn Royce, known as \"Bronze Yohn\", is the head of House Royce of Runestone, a powerful vassal house of House Arryn. Like Lady Waynwood, he suspects Petyr Baelish of having murdered Lysa Arryn, but her death is eventually ruled a suicide. In season 5, he takes Robin Arryn in as his ward. In the sixth season, he is summoned by Baelish to lead the Knights of the Vale to aid Sansa Stark and Jon Snow against the Boltons. In the aftermath, after voicing his disapproval of the wildlings, Yohn joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North. When Baelish is accused by Sansa of Lysa's murder, Yohn supports Sansa's decision to try Baelish. Anya Waynwood (season 4) portrayed by Paola Dionisotti . Lady Anya Waynwood is the head of House Waynwood, a powerful vassal house of House Arryn. She suspects Petyr Baelish of murdering Lysa Arryn, but the death is ruled a suicide. Lysa Arryn (season 1, 4) portrayed by Kate Dickie . Kate Dickie Lysa Arryn (née Tully), currently Mistress of the Eyrie, is the widow of Lord Jon Arryn. Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands, she is the younger sister of Catelyn Stark, Lady of Winterfell, and the older sister of Lord Edmure Tully, Lord of Riverrun. She has grown mentally unstable since the death of her husband, and is convinced that as long as she stays boarded up in the Eyrie she will be safe. Justice for her husband rarely crosses her mind, unless exacting it doesn't mean bestirring herself or her guards from her castle. She is also overly protective of her son, Robin Arryn, which has made him a weak and spoiled child. In season 1, Lysa sends Catelyn a letter suggesting that the Lannisters were responsible for the death of Jon Arryn, which prompts Catelyn to investigate. Tyrion Lannister is later taken before Lysa to face justice for attempting to murder Bran Stark. Though Tyrion is innocent, Lysa appears uninterested in the details and even accuses him of murdering Jon. Lysa loses when Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Tyrion's champion, Bronn, wins. She later receives word that Robb Stark is marching on King's Landing to rescue Ned Stark, who has been wrongfully imprisoned, but fails to tell Catelyn. Catelyn confronts her and pleads for help, but Lysa refuses to provide Catelyn with more men, since her only concern is Robin's safety. By season 3, the Vale has remained untouched by the war, and she is betrothed to Littlefinger, who travels to the Vale to marry her. In season 4, it is revealed that Lysa and Littlefinger have been having an affair for quite some time, and are the ones responsible for poisoning Jon Arryn and (though indirectly) Joffrey Baratheon. When Littlefinger returns from King's Landing with Sansa Stark, Lysa greets her niece warmly and insists on marrying Littlefinger that same day. Later, however, Lysa accuses Sansa of seducing Littlefinger, but when Sansa insists that she did not, Lysa immediately calms down and tells Sansa that she is to marry Robin. However, Lysa catches Petyr kissing Sansa and angrily confronts Sansa about it, threatening to push her through the moon door, but Petyr intervenes and pacifies Lysa, before telling her that the one woman he only truly ever loved was Catelyn, and pushing her through the moon door to her death. Her death is ruled a suicide thanks to lies by Petyr and Sansa. House Baratheon [ edit ] Myrcella Baratheon (season 1–2, 5–6) portrayed by Aimee Richardson on season 1 and 2, and by Nell Tiger Free on seasons 5 and 6. Aimee Richardson The Royal Princess , Myrcella is the younger sister of Prince Joffrey and only daughter of Cersei Lannister. She, like her brothers, is also the child of her mother's brother, Jaime, though she remains unaware of this. Unlike her older brother Joffrey, Myrcella is a kind and good person and enjoys being with her uncle Tyrion who in turn dotes on his niece. As part of an alliance between House Lannisters and Martell, Myrcella is betrothed to Trystane Martell, son of Prince Doran Martell of Dorne, and sent to Dorne as a ward of House Martell. For over two years, she has been a guest and ward of Prince Doran, betrothed to his son, but her position has become tenuous with the death of Oberyn Martell, the Prince’s brother. In season 5, Myrcella is shown at the Water Gardens with her betrothed, with whom she seems to have a good relationship. Unbeknownst to her, she has become a part of Ellaria Sand's plans for revenge although Prince Doran refuses that the young princess be hurt as part of their revenge against the Lannisters. Myrcella is nearly taken by the Sand Snakes but is rescued by the Prince's Guard. She later tells her uncle that she now considers Dorne her home and wants to marry Trystane. A while later, Prince Doran allows her to return to the capital with Jaime on the condition that Trystane accompany them, where he will become a member of the Small Council. On the jetty, about to board the ship, she forgives Ellaria Sand, who unexpectedly gives her a kiss on the mouth. On board the ship, Jaime awkwardly attempts to explain the true nature of his relationship with her mother, to which Myrcella responds that she already knows, having \"felt\" it for a long time. Jaime embraces his daughter, only to discover in horror that she is bleeding from a poison imbued orally by Ellaria. She collapses and dies in his arms. In season 6, her body is returned to King's Landing and laid to rest in the Great Sept of Baelor. Her funeral is attended only by Jaime and Tommen. Selyse Florent (season 2–5) portrayed by Tara Fitzgerald . Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Baratheon (née Florent) is the wife of Stannis Baratheon who is kept locked in a tower on Dragonstone. She married Stannis sometime before the events of Robert's Rebellion. Selyse is a fervent worshiper of R'hllor and a supporter of Melisandre. She keeps the preserved corpses of her stillborn sons in jars in her chambers, seemingly even to Stannis's disgust, but expresses resentment over their daughter, Shireen, who suffers from greyscale and who Selyse sees as a demon, though she is only stopped from abusing her by Stannis. She later accompanies her husband to the Wall, and is present at the funeral of the Night's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black. She later witnesses Mance Rayder's execution and accompanies her husband on the march to Winterfell. After their army becomes trapped in a blizzard, she accepts Melisandre's advice to have Shireen sacrificed as a gift to the Lord of Light, only to recant in the last moments, refusing to stand by as her daughter burns to death. Restrained by Baratheon soldiers, she collapses in screams of agony. The next morning, Selyse hangs herself out of grief. Shireen Baratheon (season 3–5) portrayed by Kerry Ingram . Kerry Ingram Shireen is the young daughter of Stannis Baratheon and Selyse Florent. Her face is disfigured by the disease Greyscale, but she is not yet crippled by it. She is a friend of Davos Seaworth and visits him during his captivity at Dragonstone with books, convincing him to teach himself to read, which he does. Though she does not get on well with Melisandre and has a bleak relationship with her mother, she shares a strong bond with her father, who loves her dearly. She later accompanies her father to the Wall, where she witnesses the funeral of the Night's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black, as well as the execution of Mance Rayder, and also becomes friends with Gilly and Samwell Tarly. She is sacrificed to the Red God, when Stannis' army is stuck in a snow storm on the way to Winterfell, crying out for her parents who witness her death in tears. This leads to the departure of half of Stannis's army and Stannis losing the battle against the Boltons. Renly Baratheon (season 1–2) portrayed by Gethin Anthony . Renly Baratheon, Lord of Storm's End, is the youngest brother of King Robert and Master of Laws in the Small Council. He is popular with the people because he is handsome, jovial, and throws extravagant balls and masquerades. He is not fond of fighting or bloodshed, and would rather make friends than kill enemies. He is secretly the lover of Ser Loras Tyrell, the Knight of the Flowers, who convinces him that those qualities make him better ruling material than either of his older brothers. While Robert lies dying, Renly attempts to convince Ned of this, and that the two of them should kidnap Joffrey and rule the realm themselves. However, Ned refuses, so Renly, Loras, and their followers flee south. Once Joffrey becomes King and has Ned executed, Renly challenges his nephew's claim to the throne. Renly declares himself King of the Seven Kingdoms during Season 2 and wins the support of the Baratheon bannermen and the support of other houses, despite Stannis' better claim. He also seals an alliance with the powerful House Tyrell and its bannermen (including Randyll Tarly, father of Samwell Tarly) by marrying Margaery Tyrell. He leads his massive army slowly through southern Westeros, biding his time. Catelyn Stark tries to convince Renly and Stannis to put aside their differences and unite against the Lannisters but it fails as both brothers refuses to give their claim for the throne. On the night before a battle between his and Stannis' forces, Renly agrees to Catelyn to allow the North and Riverlands be an independent kingdom if they allied with him, but on the condition that Robb Stark swear fealty to him. However, Renly is assassinated by Melisandre, who gives birth to a shadow demon and sends it to kill Renly in order to remove him from Stannis' path. Stannis is initially unaware of the nature of Melisandre's crime, and is later visibly shocked and saddened of the role he played in his brother's death, which he visibly regrets. Salladhor Saan (season 2–4) portrayed by Lucian Msamati . | Lucian Msamati The Prince of the Narrow Sea, Salladhor is a notorious pirate , trader , and smuggler from Lys. An old friend of Davos, he now sails for Stannis Baratheon on his ship, the Valyrian and his fleet of thirty ships. He has little patience for those that worship R'hollor – Melisandre's God – since he has traveled the world and seen many gods and has come to the conclusion the only true god is between a woman's legs. He agrees to work with Stannis after Davos promises him and his pirates they will be paid in gold and plunder from King's Landing. Salladhor even goes as far as to request the chance to bed Cersei Lannister after the battle, but Davos refuses, unsure if Cersei will be alive at the time. After the Battle of the Blackwater, he finds Davos stranded on a rock and rescues him, but considers his allegiance broken and departs from Stannis' cause after dropping Davos off at Dragonstone, warning him that the Red Woman will pose a threat to him. In season 4, Davos tracks him in Braavos, and offers him gold in exchange for his help in gathering a new army to help them aid the Night's Watch. Matthos Seaworth (season 2) portrayed by Kerr Logan. Davos' son and second-in-command on his father's ship, Black Betha . Matthos is a devout follower of the Lord of Light and continually tries to convince his father to convert. During the Battle of Blackwater, the Black Betha is caught in a wildfire explosion, killing Matthos. Maester Cressen (season 2) portrayed by Oliver Ford-Davies . Oliver Ford Davies Cressen is the aged Maester of Dragonstone, and skeptical of Melisandre's predictions and the ambitions she has instilled in Lord Stannis to proclaim himself king, claiming \"since that boar killed his brother, every lord wants a coronation\". He is disgusted when Melisandre sets idols of the Seven gods on fire in the name of her god – R'hollor. He dies in a suicidal attempt to kill Melisandre, offering to share a poisoned cup of wine that didn't affect her, but killed the aged Cressen almost instantly. House Bolton [ edit ] \"Fat\" Walda Bolton (season 4–6) portrayed by Elizabeth Webster . Walda Bolton (née Frey) is a granddaughter of Lord Walder Frey. She is the new wife of Roose Bolton, the Lord of the Dreadfort. During the wedding feast of Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey, Lord Bolton recounts to Catelyn Stark and Ser Brynden \"Blackfish\" Tully how Lord Walder Frey proposed him to marry one of his granddaughters and offered her weight in silver as dowry. Lord Bolton then adds he chose the fattest bride available and she has made him very rich. In Season 4, she arrives at the Dreadfort with her new husband and his men (having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn) and is greeted warmly by Ramsay Snow as \"mother\". She accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell, and receives Sansa Stark and Petyr Baelish along with her husband and stepson. In season 5 it is revealed that she is pregnant, which makes Ramsay feel threatened for his position as Roose's heir. In season 6, after she gives birth to a boy, she and her baby are mauled to death by Ramsay's hounds, shortly after Ramsay kills his father. Harald Karstark (season 6) portrayed by Paul Rattray. The lord of Karhold and the son of Rickard Karstark, who was executed by Robb Stark. He declares for House Bolton in order to counter any Stark force that Sansa may muster after escaping Winterfell, and witnesses Ramsay kill Roose. In the subsequent battle between the Bolton forces and Jon Snow's army, Harald leads the Karstark men into battle, but he disappears in the ensuing conflict. Although his death is not shown, Jon Snow confirms it in the season 7 premiere. Jon Umber (season 6) portrayed by Dean S. Jagger. \"Smalljon\" Umber is the son of Greatjon Umber, one of House Stark's most powerful banner men. \"Smalljon\" became Lord of Last Hearth, the northernmost of the castles in the North, after his father's death. Smalljon, however, chooses to side with the Boltons by handing his father's wards, Rickon Stark and Osha, to Ramsay Snow as an alliance gift, to gain Ramsay's help in countering Jon Snow and his wildling army. In the subsequent battle between Ramsay's forces and Jon Snow's army, he leads the Umber forces into battle and fights Tormund Giantsbane. Though it seems as if he will win, Smalljon is momentarily distracted by the arrival of the Knights of the Vale, long enough for Tormund to bite his throat out and stab him to death. Myranda (season 3–6) portrayed by Charlotte Hope . Myranda is a servant of House Bolton. She is one of Ramsay Snow's bedwarmers and assists in his sadistic schemes, such as seducing Theon Greyjoy in order to give him an erection so Ramsay can castrate him, and helping Ramsay hunt a peasant girl with Ramsay's hounds solely because she was more attractive than her. She later accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell, and is present when Sansa Stark arrives with Petyr Baelish, eyeing Sansa with jealousy and anger. During Sansa's stay at Winterfell, Myranda encounters her again with Theon and torments her with stories of Ramsay's sadism. When Sansa refuses to be bullied, Myranda points an arrow to her, preparing to injure her while leaving her usable for Ramsay to father a child. However, this tips Theon into finally rebelling against the Boltons and he saves Sansa by disarming Myranda and pushing her off the castle wall to her death. Her body is found shortly afterwards by Ramsay, who pays his respects to her before having her fed to the hounds. Locke (season 3–4) portrayed by Noah Taylor . Noah Taylor A man-at-arms sworn to House Bolton, and acts as Roose Bolton's personal bounty hunter. He captures Brienne of Tarth and Jaime Lannister who were on their way to King's Landing, Locke later cuts off Jaime's sword-hand on route to Harrenhal and tries to feed Brienne to a bear rather than hold her ransom, further demonstrating his contempt for wealth and nobility. He holds Harrenhal in Roose Bolton's name until former Master of Coin Lord Petyr Baelish is been proclaimed Lord of Harrenhal and the Riverlands. In Season 4, Locke has followed Lord Bolton in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters, and arrives at the Dreadfort with Roose and his men (having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn). Locke warmly greets Roose's bastard Ramsay – the two are friends and share mutual interests in flaying and mutilation of their enemies. When Roose learns Bran and Rickon Stark are alive, and may pose a threat to his new title as Warden of the North, he commands Locke to go on a hunt to find the boys, in exchange for a thousand acres of land and a holdfast of his own. Locke eventually arrives at the Wall and becomes acquainted with Jon Snow, Bran and Rickon's half-brother, who he apparently plans to kill as per Ramsay's suggestion. Locke is one of the few who join Jon on his mission to kill the Night's Watch mutineers at Craster's Keep, and in the ensuing battle, he escapes the fray and locates Bran Stark held captive with Jojen Reed, Meera Reed and Hodor. Locke attempts to kidnap Bran and kill him unseen, but Bran uses his warg abilities to enter Hodor's mind, and kills Locke by snapping his neck. His body is brought back to Craster's Keep by Eddison Tollett, and burned along with the rest of the slain. House Frey [ edit ] Walder Frey (season 1, 3, 6–7) portrayed by David Bradley . David Bradley Lord Walder Frey, nicknamed the \"Late Lord Frey\", is the head of House Frey, Lord of the Crossing and bannerman to House Tully. He is known for outliving his many wives (now on his 8th) and siring over 100 children (both bastard and trueborn). Because the use of the Twins became a strategic necessity for Robb's host, Walder was able to negotiate marriage contracts for his children to Robb and Arya Stark. But during Season 2 Robb broke his word and married Lady Talisa. For this slight, and willing to take advantage of the war's changing fortunes, he conspires with Tywin Lannister and Roose Bolton to betray Robb Stark at the wedding of his liege Edmure Tully, which he insists in return for support of his men. Frey hosts the infamous \"Red Wedding\" at which Robb Stark, his wife and mother are all murdered, refusing to spare Robb even as Catelyn holds Lady Frey hostage and threatens to slit her throat, which she does. He is subsequently granted Riverrun and its lands (though the title Lord Paramount of the Riverlands passes to Harrenhal and House Baelish) and expresses delight to take another young wife, but his house is irredeemably tarnished by the betrayal and House Tully's vassals refuse to submit to his rule. In Season 6, he is outraged when he hears of the Blackfish recapture' of Riverrun and blames his sons Lothar and Black Walder for allowing him to escape. He then orders them to retake the castle using Edmure Tully as a hostage. Though they successfully retake Riverrun with the help of a Lannister host led by Jaime Lannister, Walder is ambushed shortly afterwards by Arya Stark, who slits his throat in revenge for the Red Wedding. In Season 7, Arya uses Walder's face to deceive and poison the rest of his family. “Lame” Lothar Frey (season 3, 6) portrayed by Tom Brooke in season 3, and by Daniel Tuite in season 6. One of Lord Walder Frey's many sons, nicknamed “Lame Lothar” because of his twisted leg. He and his half-brother Black Walder are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark's campaign against the Lannisters. He is one of the first to commence the \"Red Wedding\", stabbing Talisa Stark in the womb several times and killing her and her unborn child. In the sixth season, he is ordered by Walder to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully. Though they succeed with Lannister help, he is killed by Arya Stark, who subsequently bakes him into a pie. “Black” Walder Rivers (season 3, 6) portrayed by Tim Plester . One of Lord Walder Frey's many bastard sons, nicknamed “Black Walder” for his dark demeanor. He and his half-brother Lame Lothar are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark's campaign against the Lannister. He kills Catelyn Stark at the Red Wedding, after she slits Lady Frey's throat in retaliation for her son's death. In the sixth season, he takes part in the siege of Riverrun. Though the Freys reclaim the castle with the help of a Lannister host, Black Walder is killed shortly afterwards along with Lothar by Arya Stark, who bakes them both into a pie. House Greyjoy [ edit ] Yara Greyjoy [note 2] (season 2–4, 6–present) portrayed by Gemma Whelan . Gemma Whelan The daughter of Balon Greyjoy and his wife Alannys Harlaw, and elder sister of Theon. She is fierce and proud, and defies traditional ironborn gender roles by commanding her own ship, the Black Wind . When her brother Theon takes Winterfell, Yara tries to convince him to go back with her to the Iron Islands, but Theon refuses. Theon is betrayed by his own men and given to Ramsay Snow, lord Bolton's sadistic bastard son, who brutally tortures and eventually castrates him. Ramsay sends Theon's penis in a box to Balon, with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon more unless the Ironmen leave the North, whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living. Balon refuses this, but Yara intends to save her brother of her own accord, taking one ship and fifty of the best killers on the Iron islands with her. In season 4, Yara and her men attack the Dreadfort, but find that Ramsay has broken Theon so badly that he refuses to leave with her and even insists that his name is Reek. Ramsay and his men confront Yara in the dungeon and a battle ensues in which Ramsay frees the hounds and sets them on Yara, who is forced to flee the Dreadfort without Theon, telling her men that Theon is dead. In season 6, Yara contests the Kingsmoot to decide Balon's successor and appears to sway the Ironborn by declaring that she will build the world's largest fleet, but is defeated by Euron, who plans to forge an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen to conquer Westeros. Correctly suspecting that Euron will have them killed, Yara and Theon flee the Iron Islands with their loyalists and the bulk of the Iron Fleet, and head to Meereen to forge an alliance with Daenerys first. After explaining the situation, Yara pledges her forces to Daenerys in return for the Iron Islands' independence. Yara is ordered to sail to attack King's Landing. Her fleet is set upon by ships under Euron's command and she is captured and led in chains through King's Landing. Euron Greyjoy (season 6–present) portrayed by Pilou Asbæk . Pilou Asbæk A brother of King Balon Greyjoy, and the uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy. Euron is an infamous pirate who has terrorized seas all around the world. He is cunning, ruthless, with a touch of madness. He kills Balon Greyjoy by throwing him off a rope bridge, declaring that Balon's time is past and that it is time for a new king. At the Kingsmoot he confesses to killing Balon, but convinces the Ironborn that Balon was a poor military commander and declares that he will seduce Daenerys Targaryen and give her the Iron Fleet to conquer Westeros. The Ironborn declare Euron as their king, but before Euron can put Theon and Yara to death he discovers they have fled with the best ships of the Iron Fleet. Undeterred, he orders the Ironborn to begin constructing a new fleet. He uses this fleet to attack Yara's fleet with fire. He kills two Sand Snakes and captures Yara, Ellaria Sand and Tyene Sand. He gives the Sands to Cersei and keeps Yara prisoner. When he meets Theon he taunts him over his captive sister. Aeron Greyjoy (season 2, 6) portrayed by Michael Feast . Michael Feast A brother of King Balon Greyjoy, and an uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy. Aeron is a Drowned Priest in service to the Drowned God. When Theon returned to the Iron Islands, Aeron reinitiated him into the faith of the Drowned God. After Balon's death, Aeron held a Kingsmoot to determine Balon's successor. Euron Greyjoy wins the election and is baptized by Aeron. Balon Greyjoy (season 2–3, 6) portrayed by Patrick Malahide , is the Lord of the Iron Islands and the father of Theon and Yara. Balon wished to continue the conquering ways of his people, which led him to rebel against the Iron Throne 9 years prior to the start of the series. He lost, with two of his three sons killed in the war; his youngest, Theon, was taken as a ward at Winterfell as a way to keep him from attempting another rebellion. After Theon returns to the Iron Islands with an offer from King Robb Stark for an alliance against the Lannisters, Balon refuses and instead launches beach raids against the North, proclaiming himself King of the Iron islands and the North. Theon, however, is captured and brutally tortured by the sadistic Ramsay Snow, lord Bolton's bastard, who eventually castrates him. Ramsay sends Theon's penis in a box to Balon, with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North, whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living. Balon refuses, stating that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell, claiming him a \"fool\" and \"not a man anymore\", to which Yara responds she intends to save her little brother of her own accord. In Season 6, he is confronted by his younger brother, Euron, who declares that Balon has ruled for too long and throws him from a rope bridge to his death. Dagmer Cleftjaw (season 2) portrayed by Ralph Ineson . Ralph Ineson Dagmer is an Ironborn Raider and Theon Greyjoy's first mate on the Sea Bitch . He suggests that Theon prove himself by taking Winterfell, and persuades him to commit further atrocities to shore up his rule, such as executing Ser Rodrik Cassel for defying Theon and killing two children to pass off as Bran and Rickon Stark. However, when Robb Stark sends Ramsay Snow with an offer to spare the Ironborn if they surrender Winterfell and Theon, he knocks Theon out to hand him over and fatally wounds Maester Luwin. It is revealed in the season three finale that Dagmer and the other ironborn were instead flayed alive by Ramsay Snow and his men. Lorren (season 2) portrayed by Forbes KB. An infamous Ironborn raider better known as Black Lorren. He is considered among the fiercest Ironborn warriors. He is under Theon's command while taking Winterfell. He is ultimately flayed alive by Ramsay Snow, along with the other Ironborn at Winterfell. House Lannister [ edit ] Gregor Clegane (season 1–2, 4–present) portrayed by Conan Stevens in season 1, by Ian Whyte in season 2, and by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson from season 4 onwards. Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson, the third and latest actor to portray Ser Gregor Clegane Ser Gregor Clegane is a huge knight and the elder brother of Sandor Clegane. Called \"The Mountain That Rides\", he is known for his incredibly cruel nature and uncontrollable temper. His size and strength make him a fearsome warrior, and he has earned a reputation for cruelty and brutality. He is able to wield a two-handed sword one handed. When they were children, Gregor shoved Sandor's face into a brazier, gruesomely scarring him. In Season 1, Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands. Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor. When war breaks out, Gregor is given command of Tywin's vanguard and left flank and leads his men through intimidation. In Season 2 he is left to command Harrenhal in Tywin's absence and to find and destroy \"The Brotherhood Without Banners\", invoking the escape of Arya, Gendry and Hot Pie from Harrenhal. He later abandons the castle after slaughtering the prisoners and is defeated by Edmure Tully at the Stone Mill, but manages to escape back to the Westerlands. Robb chides his uncle, having planned to draw the Mountain into a trap of his own making to be captured or killed. In season 4, Gregor is chosen as Cersei's champion for Tyrion's trial by combat, and fights Oberyn Martell, Tyrion's champion who wants to kill Clegane as revenge for the needless murder of his sister, Elia Martell Targaryen. Oberyn sustains several serious injuries to Clegane with a weapon that is laced with poison, but Clegane kills Oberyn by crushing his skull, while admitting that he did rape Elia, killed her children and enjoyed it, before collapsing from his own injuries. It is later revealed that Clegane has been poisoned with manticore venom, a poison that Oberyn had laced his weapon with, and that he is slowly dying. Cersei enlists ex-maester Qyburn to save him, though Qyburn claims that the procedure will \"change\" Clegane. The procedure is a seemingly a success, as Gregor has become active again and joins the Kingsguard as a personal knight for Cersei, though the procedure has changed his physical appearance and his behavior. In the sixth season, he continues to act as Cersei's bodyguard to intimidate all those who may bother or mock her. After Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor and retakes power, she has Gregor torture Septa Unella in revenge for Unella torturing her during her time in prison. Kevan Lannister (season 1–2, 5–6) portrayed by Ian Gelder . Lord Tywin's younger brother, Captain of his Guard, Ser Kevan Lannister is a skilled warrior but overshadowed by his brother Tywin to whom he is deeply loyal and obedient. Unlike his older brother, Kevan is very amiable and cares more about the safety of his family members even if it will humiliate the family's honour. In Season 1, he is present when Tyrion returns from the Vale and informs him on Jaime's military victories against Tully bannermen. After Jaime's capture, he suggests to his brother that they \"should sue for peace\" which is immediately refuted by Tyrion who reminds that Ned Stark's beheading prevents it. In Season 2, he sits on a war council in Harrenhal, surmising (correctly) that Robb Stark would not march on Casterly Rock until \"at full force\" and also suggests that Cersei and her children leave King's Landing before Stannis Baratheon sacks the city but the proposition is countered by Tywin, refusing to surrender the Iron Throne. In season 5, he returns to King's Landing to attend Tywin's funeral alongside his only surviving son, Lancel, who has joined the Sparrows movement, which Kevan disapproves. He later refuses to serve on Cersei's Small Council, in spite her offering him the position of \"Master of War\", questioning her authority, and returning to Casterly Rock until the King himself calls for him. When his niece is arrested by the Faith Militant for sleeping with his son among other sins, Grand Maester Pycelle summons him back to offer him the position of Hand of the King. He later is present at Cersei's return to the Red Keep, immediately after her enduring Walk of Atonement. In the sixth season, Kevan continues to serve as Tommen's Hand while attempting to deal with the High Sparrow without bloodshed and spurning Cersei's attempts to regain influence in the royal court. On the day of Cersei's trial, Kevan is killed when Cersei has the Great Sept of Baelor destroyed with wildfire. Lancel Lannister (season 1–2, 5–6) portrayed by Eugene Simon . Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister is the eldest son of Kevan Lannister and cousin of Cersei, Jaime, and Tyrion Lannister. He served as King Robert's squire ; in which he is clumsy and incompetent in his duties leading Robert to dislike him intensely. In Season 2, Cersei knights him for his part in Robert's death. When Jaime goes to war, Cersei takes Lancel as a lover because he resembles her brother. Tyrion eventually discovers the affair and blackmails Lancel into spying for him. During an attack on King's Landing, Lancel guards Cersei's son King Joffrey Baratheon and takes a serious wound in the fighting, causing him to retreat. When Joffrey later abandons the battle out of cowardice, Lancel pleads with Cersei to let him take Joffrey back to the battle in order to inspire the troops, but Cersei, clearly more concerned for Joffrey than the city, refuses to listen. In season 5, he and his father return to King's Landing to attend Tywin's funeral. Lancel joins the sparrows, a devout religious movement, and apologises to Cersei for the sins they committed together, such as their affair and conspiracy to murder Robert Baratheon. With the re-establishment of the Faith Militant, Lancel abandons his family name and leads the sparrows on a rampage throughout King's Landing, arresting Ser Loras Tyrell in the process. Later, on Littlefinger and Olenna Tyrell's urging, he confesses his own sins to the High Sparrow, which leads to Cersei's arrest. In the sixth season, Lancel continues to serve in the Faith Militant. On the day of Cersei and Loras's trial, he is lured by one of Qyburn's little birds to the catacombs underneath the Great Sept of Baelor, where he is stabbed in the spine, rendering him unable to use his legs. He spots a cache of wildfire rigged to explode and crawls towards it, but is too late to stop the detonation and is the first to die. Polliver (season 2, 4) portrayed by Andy Kellegher. A Lannister man-at-arms who comes into possession of Arya Stark's sword; Needle. He captures Arya – believing her to be a recruit of the Night's Watch called \"Arry\" and takes her sword which he then uses to kill a crippled Lommy after he asks Polliver to carry him. In Season 4, he inadvertently crosses paths with Arya and Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane in an inn in the north. After a brief exchange of insults, a fight breaks out and Polliver's comrades are slain by Clegane. Arya wounds Polliver from behind, retrieves Needle and kills him in exactly the same manner that he killed Lommy. Alton Lannister (season 2) portrayed by Karl Davies . A cousin of Cersei, Jaime and Tyrion Lannister, and a captive of Robb Stark. In the books there is no character by this name. Here the character Cleos Frey, also a cousin to the Lannisters, has the role of being a captive of House Stark and delivering terms to House Lannister. While held prisoner in the same cell he talks with his cousin Jaime at Stark's camp, he talks about the time he was allowed to prove himself by squiring for Jaime in a tourney, however during this encounter he is killed by Jaime in an attempt to escape. Amory Lorch (season 2) portrayed by Fintan McKeown . Ser Amory Lorch is a knight and loyal but brutal bannerman of House Lannister. He catches Arya in stealing a parchment containing war orders concerning her brother Robb Stark. She manages to escape him, then finds and hurries the assassin Jaqen H'ghar, to kill Ser Amory to repay the second of the three \"lives\" he owes her. Before Ser Amory can denounce Arya, he drops dead on the doorstep of Tywin's chambers with a poisoned dart lodged in his neck, as Tywin (who comes to believe the attempt was on his life) raises the alarm. The Mountain subsequently kills a number of Lannister soldiers in his hunt for the culprit, but Jaqen leaves Harrenhal without being captured. Lord Leo Lefford (season 2) portrayed by Vinnie McCabe . Lord Lefford is a powerful Bannerman to Lord Tywin, who fought for him against House Stark. He is Head of House Lefford and Lord of The Golden Tooth. House Martell [ edit ] Tyene Sand (season 5–7) portrayed by Rosabell Laurenti Sellers . Rosabell Laurenti Sellers Tyene Sand is the daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell by Ellaria Sand. Tyene is fiercer than she looks, especially with her twin daggers. She assists her mother in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei, whose actions led to Oberyn's death. In the ensuing fight with Jaime Lannister and Bronn, she poisons Bronn by striking him with a poison-coated dagger before they are all arrested. In the cells, she strips in front of Bronn to hasten his heartbeat as well as the poison's effects, though she shows him mercy and gives him the cure. She later synthesises a similar poison for Ellaria, who uses it to poison Myrcella. She gives Ellaria the antidote before she too is killed. When Doran finds out, Tyene kills Areo Hotah while Ellaria stabs Doran in the chest. Tyene subsequently watches her own uncle die without remorse. She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen, where she is silenced by Olenna before she can speak. While journeying to Sunspear with her sisters and Ellaria aboard Yara Greyjoy's ship, Tyene is captured by Euron Greyjoy while defending her mother and taken as a captive aboard his flagship, Silence . Given as a gift to Cersei, Tyene is chained with her mother in a dungeon. Cersei uses a version of the poison on Tyene and leaves her chained in front of her mother so that Ellaria can watch her daughter not just die but decompose. Nymeria Sand (season 5–7) portrayed by Jessica Henwick . Jessica Henwick Nym Sand is the second eldest of Prince Oberyn’s bastard daughters. Her mother was an Eastern noblewoman who brought Nym up to be cultured, graceful and deadly with a whip. She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister, whose actions led to Oberyn's death. Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery, Ellaria murders Myrcella, and Nym joins her in her coup by ambushing and murdering Trystane Martell. She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen, where she is silenced by Olenna. In Season 7, Nymeria accompanies Ellaria, Yara and Theon Greyjoy, and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone. After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet, both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria. After the Lord Reaper of the Iron Islands kills Obara, an enraged Nymeria attacks him with her whip, only to be choked to death and then hung from the prow of the ship with her weapon, next to her sister. Obara Sand (season 5–7) portrayed by Keisha Castle-Hughes . Keisha Castle-Hughes A fearsome warrior, Obara Sand is the eldest bastard daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell. Her mother was a Dornish peasant girl who caught the eye of the Prince. She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to kill Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister, whose actions led to Oberyn's death. Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery, Ellaria kills Myrcella, and Obara joins her in her coup by personally murdering Trystane Martell, her own cousin. She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen, where she is silenced by Olenna. In Season 7, Obaara accompanies Ellaria, Yara and Theon Greyjoy, and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone. After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet, both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria. Ultimately, Euron proves to be a more skillful fighter and ultimately stabs her in the stomach with her own spear. She is impaled at the front of the ship with her spear, next to her hanging sister, Nymeria. Trystane Martell (season 5–6) portrayed by Toby Sebastian . Toby Sebastian Trystane Martell is Prince Doran’s son and heir to Dorne. His father betrothed him to Myrcella Baratheon as part of the alliance offered by Tyrion Lannister, then acting as Hand of the King. He and Myrcella later grow to love each other and Trystane offers to ask his father if they can marry immediately. He is struck by Bronn when he and Jaime Lannister arrive to take Myrcella back, but Trystane later shows Bronn mercy and decides not to have him mutilated, satisfied with having Areo Hotah strike him in a similar manner instead. Doran allows Trystane to accompany Myrcella back to King's Landing to take his uncle Oberyn's place on the Small Council, but Trystane's life is put in danger when Ellaria Sand secretly poisons Myrcella just as their boat leaves Dorne. Though Jaime prepares to send him back to Dorne unharmed, Trystane refuses to leave, insisting on being present for Myrcella's funeral, so Jaime instructs him to stay on the boat for his own safety. However, as he is painting funeral stones for Myrcella, he is ambushed and killed by Obara and Nymeria Sand, his own cousins, sent by Ellaria Sand to kill him as part of her coup, though most believe his death was Cersei's doing. Doran Martell (season 5–6) portrayed by Alexander Siddig . Alexander Siddig Doran Martell is the ruling lord of Dorne and older brother to the late Prince Oberyn Martell. Unlike his brother, Doran is even-tempered and deliberate. In season 4, he is invited to the wedding of Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell, but due to suffering from gout , he is unable to attend and sends Oberyn in his stead. After Oberyn is slain by Gregor Clegane, Doran grieves but takes no action, claiming that Oberyn suffered a self-imposed death in a trial by combat, a legal act, and coldly rebutts Ellaria's proposal to harm Myrcella Baratheon to exact revenge on the Lannisters. However, after a skirmish in which Jaime Lannister and Bronn fight with the Sand Snakes over possession of Myrcella, Doran orders all locked up, including Ellaria. He later grants Jaime an audience and agrees to allow Myrcella to return to King's Landing along with his son, Trystane Martell, Myrcella's betrothed, while threatening Ellaria and the Sand Snakes with severe consequences should they defy him again. However, Ellaria later secretly poisons Myrcella despite Doran's warning. In the sixth season, Doran finds out about Myrcella's assassination, but he is immediately killed by Ellaria, while his men stand and watch as he dies. Areo Hotah (season 5–6) portrayed by DeObia Oparei . Areo Hotah is the long-serving captain of Doran Martell’s palace guard, renowned for his loyalty and his longaxe. He arrests Jaime Lannister, Bronn, Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes following their battle over Myrcella Baratheon, but releases them all on Doran's request. As retribution for striking Trystane Martell, Areo strikes Bronn across the face. In the sixth season, after Doran finds out about Myrcella's death at Ellaria's hands, he is stabbed and poisoned by Tyene Sand, and dies immediately. Oberyn Martell (season 4) [23] portrayed by Pedro Pascal . Pedro Pascal Prince of Dorne, known as the Red Viper . He is the hot-headed younger brother of Doran Martell, Prince of Dorne and Lord of Sunspear. A renowned warrior and traveler, Oberyn has eight bastard daughters, called the Sand Snakes. His sister, Elia Targaryen, was raped and killed during the Sack of King's Landing by Ser Gregor Clegane. In season 4, Oberyn arrives in King's Landing with his paramour, Ellaria Sand, to attend Joffrey's wedding in his brother's stead, and his meeting with Tyrion makes it clear that he has actually come to take revenge against the Lannisters for their role in the deaths of his sister, nephew and niece. At the wedding, Joffrey dies after being poisoned, and Tywin initially suspects Oberyn of having a hand in the murder since Oberyn has a past with poison chemistry, while Oberyn denies involvement and accuses Tywin of ordering Gregor Clegane to rape and murder Elia. The two reach a settlement when Tywin promises Oberyn a meeting with Clegane in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the three judges at Tyrion's trial. At the trial, Oberyn implies that he is not convinced of Tyrion's guilt, and openly questions Cersei's testimony and asks Shae why Tyrion would tell her about all of his plans to murder Joffrey if he was the perpetrator. When Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Gregor Clegane is chosen as Cersei's champion, Oberyn volunteers to fight for Tyrion, proclaiming that he will exact his vengeance, starting with Ser Gregor. Martell valiantly fights Clegane, his superior speed making up for Clegane's size, and manages to wound him in the shoulder and the leg, flooring him. Refusing to kill him immediately, Oberyn furiously demands that Clegane admit to raping and killing Elia and her children, and that the order came from Tywin himself. Distracted for a moment, Oberyn is floored by Clegane, who – in a manner self-admittedly paraphrasing the murder of Elia – knocks out his teeth, straddles him and slowly gouges out his eyes, admitting to the rape and murder of Elia before crushing his skull. Tyrion is subsequently sentenced to death, but Oberyn's objective of vengeance was not in vain, since his spear is revealed to have been laced with the deadly venom of the manticore, which is slowly killing Clegane. Oberyn's death, however, throws House Martell into chaos, since Ellaria is driven insane to the point that she kills Myrcella Baratheon, Doran Martell and Trystane Martell (Oberyn's own brother and nephew, respectively) to get revenge against the Lannisters. House Stark [ edit ] Robett Glover (season 6–present) portrayed by Tim McInnerny . Tim McInnerny Robett is the brother of Galbart Glover, the Master of Deepwood Motte. He succeeded him after Galbart's death in the War of the Five Kings. House Glover were bannermen of House Stark but this changed after the Boltons helped him take Deepwood Motte back from the Ironborn who had captured it. He refuses Jon and Sansa's request for aid against the Boltons, citing his brother's death fighting for Robb, the fact that Robb marching to war in the south provided an opportunity for the Ironborn to capture his castle, in the process killing his subjects and imprisoning his family, and finally the fact that Jon's army is composed primarily of Wildings, who the Northern houses have been fighting for generations. However, after Jon Snow and Sansa Stark successfully recapture Winterfell from the Boltons, with help from Littlefinger and the Knights of the Vale, House Glover becomes sworn to House Stark once more, with Lord Glover apologizing for his previous refusal of aid and crowning Jon the King in the North. Meera Reed (season 3–4, 6–present) portrayed by Ellie Kendrick . [22] Ellie Kendrick Jojen's elder sister and daughter of Lord Howland Reed, Eddard Stark's old friend from Robert's Rebellion. In season 3 Meera and her brother join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three-eyed Raven. In season 4, they stumble across Craster's Keep and are captured by the Night's Watch mutineers led by Karl. Meera is almost raped by Karl, but is saved when Bran reveals his identity in order to protect her. Karl later tries again to rape her, but an attack by Night's Watch rangers saves her, and they manage to escape during the fray. They eventually reach the three-eyed raven in a cave, but are attacked by reanimated skeletons outside it. Jojen is fatally stabbed, and Meera performs a mercy killing on him. In season 6, she continues to mourn for Jojen. After the cave is attacked by White Walkers, she pulls Bran to safety until the wights catch up. They are rescued by Bran's uncle, Benjen Stark, who ultimately takes them back to the Wall. When she leaves Bran to go back south to her home, she is devastated that he gives no acknowledgement of her sacrifices or her brother's. Lyanna Mormont (season 6–present) portrayed by Bella Ramsey . Lyanna Mormont is the 10-year-old head of House Mormont of Bear Island. She is the niece of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont of the Night's Watch and cousin of Ser Jorah Mormont . In the fifth season, she refuses Stannis Baratheon's request to aid him in his campaign to overthrow the Boltons and rally the North to help him retake the Iron Throne, asserting her loyalty to House Stark. In the sixth season, she is approached by Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Davos Seaworth for help in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton. Though Lyanna is ready to refuse, citing Jon as a bastard and Sansa as a Lannister/Bolton wife, she is persuaded to offer help when Davos informs her of the coming battle against the Night King. She accompanies the Mormont forces and witnesses the subsequent battle between Jon and Ramsay's armies. After the castle is retaken, Lyanna admonishes Wyman Manderly and Robett Glover for refusing Jon's calls for help, and is the first to proclaim Jon the new King in the North. As Jon and the Northern Lords plan for the coming war she insists that girls as well as boys should be taught military skills. Maester Wolkan (season 6–present) portrayed by Richard Rycroft. Richard Rycroft A member of the Order of Masters who is in service to House Bolton at Winterfell. He witnesses Ramsay kill Roose and reluctantly summons Walda and the baby for Ramsay to murder as well. After the Boltons' defeat, he serves the Starks. He unwillingly helps Petyr Baelish cause friction between Sansa and Arya Stark. He builds a wheelchair for Bran. Lyanna Stark (season 6–7) portrayed by Cordelia Hill as a child, and by Aisling Franciosi as an adult. Aisling Franciosi Lyanna is the sister of Ned Stark, she was promised to wed Robert Baratheon, but she was supposedly kidnapped and raped by Rhaegar Targaryen. During the tourney at Harrenhal, Rhaegar rode past his wife, Elia Martell, and placed a crown of winter roses in Lyanna's lap. Lyanna in fact loved Rhaegar, and was married to him in secret. At the Tower of Joy, Lyanna is being protected by several members of the Kingsguard when Ned arrives to try to find her. Defeating Ser Arthur Dayne of the Kingsguard, Ned enters the Tower of Joy where he finds Lyanna in a bed of blood, but still alive. Lyanna asks Ned to promise to protect her son, who is revealed to be Jon Snow, and prevent Robert from killing him by hiding his Targaryen lineage. Rickon Stark (season 1–3, 6) portrayed by Art Parkinson . Rickon Stark is Lord Eddard & Lady Catelyn's youngest child, naturally aggressive and strong-willed. His black dire wolf Shaggydog shares these qualities also. When Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell in Season 2, Rickon hides in the crypts. After Winterfell is sacked and burned, he, Bran, Hodor, the Wildling woman Osha and the direwolves travel through the North. In Season 3 before they reach the Wall, Rickon, his direwolf and Osha split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth, the seathouse of the Umbers. In Season 6, Rickon and Osha are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons following Greatjon Umber's death, and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton. At the beginning of a grand showdown between the Boltons and the Northern rebels led by Jon Snow, Rickon is released by Ramsay and told to run towards Jon, unaware that it is merely a trap to lure Jon into the open. Just before he can reach Jon, Rickon is shot and killed by Ramsay. Following Ramsay's defeat, Jon orders Rickon's body buried in the Winterfell crypt. Hodor (season 1–4, 6) portrayed by Kristian Nairn . Kristian Nairn Hodor is a huge, physically strong and intellectually disabled stablehand at Winterfell who can only say the word \"Hodor\". He hides in the crypts along with Osha, Bran and Rickon, faking their escape out of the castle. They eventually leave the crypts only to find the castle destroyed. After speaking to the dying Maester Luwin, it is decided that they must go to the Wall. In Season 3 Bran decides to go beyond the Wall to find the Three-eyed-raven and Hodor helps him alongside with Meera and Jojen Reed after the departure of Rickon and Osha. In season 4, they stumble across Craster's Keep, where they are captured by the Night's Watch mutineers led by Karl. Hodor is chained to a post and abused by some mutineers, who poke him with spears and eventually stab him in the leg to stop him intervening on Bran's behalf. Hodor is later chained in a hut with the other prisoners, and when Bran is abducted by Locke, Bran wargs into Hodor and uses him to kill Locke by snapping his neck. Hodor frees the others and they escape, eventually reaching the three-eyed raven in his cave. During Season 6, Bran learns through visions of the past that, as a boy, Hodor was named Wyllis and possessed normal abilities of speech. When the cave is overrun by White Walkers and wights while Bran is viewing the past, Bran simultaneously wargs into Hodor to induce him to carry Bran to safety. Once they exit through a passageway, Meera orders Hodor to \"hold the door\" against the wights; in the past, Wyllis collapses and repeats this phrase until it slurs into \"Hodor.\" In the present, Hodor is killed as the wights eventually tear through the door, but Meera escapes with Bran. Hodor only ever says one word: \"Hodor\". However, according to Kristian Nairn's interview to Vulture, [24] he has developed 70 ways to say it. [25] Osha (season 1–3, 6) portrayed by Natalia Tena . Natalia Tena Osha is a Wildling woman captured by Robb and held captive at Winterfell. Osha works in the kitchens, often giving Bran advice when she bathes in the godswood. After Winterfell is taken by the turncloak Theon Greyjoy, Osha bends the knee to Theon. After the Sack of Winterfell, Osha helps Bran and Rickon escape, along with their direwolves and Hodor. She gives a mercy kill to wounded Maester Luwin. Later, she and her companions travel to the Wall to seek help. In Season 3 before they reach the Wall, Osha, Rickon and his direwolf split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth, the seathouse of the Umbers. In Season 6, they are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons after Greatjon Umber dies, and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton. Osha later attempts to kill Ramsay, but is instead killed herself. Jojen Reed (season 3–4) portrayed by Thomas Sangster . [22] Thomas Sangster A boy with special insights and son of Lord Howland Reed, Eddard Stark's old friend from Robert's Rebellion. In season 3 Jojen and his sister join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three-eyed Raven. In season 4, they stumble across Craster's Keep and are captured by the Night's Watch mutineers led by Karl, during which time Jojen suffers from a seizure. Jojen and the others are freed when Bran wargs into Hodor and has him kill Locke and cut them all loose, but Jojen stops Bran from reuniting with his brother, Jon Snow, since he knows Jon would try and stop their journey. Once they reach their destination, however, they are attacked by reanimated skeletons, and Jojen is stabbed in the ensuing fight. Meera finishes him out of mercy. Rickard Karstark (season 1–3) portrayed by Steven Blount in season 1, and by John Stahl from season 2 onwards. Rickard Karstark is a Bannerman of the North, Lord of Karhold and he is a chief member of Robb Stark's war council. The Karstarks are distant cousins of the Starks of Winterfell. Karstark's sons Harrion and Torrhen was killed by Jaime Lannister and Karstark vows retribution. He is enraged when Catelyn Stark decides to free Jaime in an attempt to secure the safety of her daughters. When Karstark discovers that Edmure Tully has defeated the Lannisters in battle near Riverrun and taken two of his young relatives hostage, Karstark orders his men to kill them. Karstark is subsequently sentenced to death by Robb, and he cryptically warns Robb that his actions will eventually lead to his own demise, just before he is executed. Maester Luwin (season 1–2) portrayed by Donald Sumpter . Donald Sumpter Luwin, Maester of Winterfell, is a chief advisor to Lord Stark. He is one of the few Maesters to have studied magic and the occult. With Robb Stark's departure, the day-to-day rule of the North falls to Ser Rodrik Cassel and Maester Luwin, acting with Bran's voice. After Winterfell is taken by Theon, Luwin must advise him because of his valour to serve to the ruler of Winterfell. When Ramsay Snow launches an attack on Winterfell to drive the Ironborn away, Luwin advises Theon to flee to the Wall and join the Night's Watch, where his crimes will be pardoned, but Theon instead rallies his few remaining men to face Ramsay, and betrayed by his own men. Luwin, in an attempt to save Theon, is stabbed by Dagmer. Bran Stark and his party emerge from hiding to find Winterfell sacked by Ramsay and his men and Luwin dying in the Godswood, where he declares his loyalty and love for the Starks before having Osha perform a mercy killing on him, out of sight of Bran and Rickon. Rodrik Cassel (season 1–2) portrayed by Ron Donachie . Ron Donachie Ser Rodrik Cassel is the Master-at-Arms at Winterfell. After the discovery of the origin of the knife from the attempted assassination of Bran Stark, he accompanies Lady Catelyn Tully to King's Landing. Later Lady Catelyn decides to join Robb at Moat Cailin, and names Ser Rodrik castellan of Winterfell. When the Ironmen attack Torrhen's Square, Ser Rodrik gathers a force to expel them, including most of the Winterfell garrison. The Ironborn under Theon Greyjoy then attack and take Winterfell, and Ser Rodrik is captured while defending himself. Ser Rodrik refuses to swear allegiance to Theon, and spits in his face. Theon orders him thrown into the dungeons, but Dagmer insists that Theon execute him in order to gain respect. Theon executes Ser Rodrik himself, but it takes several blows of the sword to behead him and only gains more contempt and hatred from the Northerners. Jory Cassel (season 1) portrayed by Jamie Sives . Jory Cassel was Captain of the Guard at Winterfell and the nephew of Ser Rodrik. Killed by Jaime Lannister during a fight between Jaime's men and Eddard Stark over Tyrion Lannister's abduction by Eddard's wife. Septa Mordane (season 1) portrayed by Susan Brown . Septa Mordane was a priestess of the Faith of the Seven Gods (of which Catelyn Stark is an observer) and governess to the young ladies of Winterfell. She was killed by the Lannisters after Eddard Stark's failed attempt to arrest King Joffrey and Queen Regent Cersei. Old Nan (season 1) portrayed by Margaret John . Old Nan was an old serving woman at Winterfell who tells the Stark children stories from beyond the Wall. She is the great-grandmother of Hodor. Margaret John died before the filming of Season 2 and the writers decided that Old Nan died between seasons instead of recasting the role. Jon Umber (season 1) portrayed by Clive Mantle . Clive Mantle Called \"the Greatjon\", Lord Umber is the Lord of Last Hearth and a Bannerman of the North. In Season 1 he joins Robb Stark in the war and is the first one calling him The King in the North. In Season 3, the North loses the war after the death of King Robb, but his youngest brother Rickon heads to the seat of House Umber to seek refuge. In between the third and sixth seasons, Rickon and Osha arrive at Last Hearth, but at some point, Greatjon dies under unknown circumstances and his lands pass to his son, Smalljon Umber, who betrays Rickon and Osha to Ramsay Snow. House Targaryen [ edit ] Grey Worm (season 3–present) portrayed by Jacob Anderson . Jacob Anderson A captain of the Unsullied, a group of eunuch slave soldiers. His name is pronounced \"Torgo Nudho\" in Valyrian and was chosen by his Astapor slave masters, who choose new names for the Unsullied which are designed to humiliate them and make them think they are not human. Despite this, Grey Worm chose to keep his current name because it was his name on the day Daenerys freed the Unsullied, so he considers it to be a lucky name. He is loyal to Daenerys and doesn't like those who insult her. He develops feelings for Missandei, which appear to be reciprocated, and has a friendly rivalry with Daario Naharis. He is gravely injured in Meereen in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy, but ultimately survives. After Daenerys's disappearance, Grey Worm partially recovers from his injuries and remains in Meereen to help Tyrion Lannister govern the city and maintain peace with the slave masters. When the slave masters go back on the deal and attack Meereen with ships, only to be countered by Daenerys's dragons, Grey Worm kills Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion, and later accompanies Daenerys and her retinue on their voyage to Westeros. From her stronghold on Dragonstone, Daenerys sends Grey Worm and his army to take Casterly Rock. The night before Grey Worm admits to Missandei that now he has her to love, he has begun to know what fear is. They make love. Grey Worm expects Casterly Rock to be hard to win and is surprised to find it barely manned: the capture is effected with ease. He then takes his army east and is outside King's Landing when Daenerys and Cersei meet in the Dragonpit. Barristan Selmy (season 1, 3–5) portrayed by Ian McElhinney . Ian McElhinney Ser Barristan Selmy is the Lord Commander of the Kingsguard and a member of the Small Council. Known as \"Barristan the Bold,\" he is considered one of the most famous knights of the Seven Kingdoms. Ned has a tremendous respect for Barristan as he remained loyal to protect the Mad King, Aerys II. He sustained injuries at the Trident which prevented Selmy from taking place in the final battles of the war which ultimately lead to his survival and pardon. When Ned attempts to arrest Cersei and Joffrey, he informs Ser Barristan of Robert's will and tells his men not to harm him. After Joffrey becomes King and has Ned arrested, Cersei and Joffrey force Ser Barristan into retirement despite the Kingsguard being meant to serve for life, and much to his anger, his position of Commander is to be given to Jaime. His honor insulted, Ser Barristan refuses their offer of a castle and servants in recognition of his service and leaves King's Landing. Ser Barristan returns in season 3 where he offers his service to Daenerys as a member of her Queensguard to redeem himself for failing her family. He and Ser Jorah Mormont tend to conflict over what actions Daenerys should use with the former preferring honorable choices while the latter preferring pragmatic choices. Barristan later discovers that Jorah's original purpose was to spy on Daenerys for Robert and Lord Varys, and informs Daenerys, fearing for her safety and leading her to exile Jorah from Meereen on threat of execution. When a resistance movement, the Sons of the Harpy, openly hostile to Daenerys's conquest and politics, arise, Barristan advises the Queen to remain just with her enemies and tells of her own father's crimes and cruel attitude which led to his downfall. He eventually sustains mortal injuries in a fight with a group of Sons of the Harpy alongside Grey Worm even though he managed to slay most of them with prowess. He is mourned by Daenerys as she considered him a loyal friend and his death causes her to retaliate on the Great Masters. Hizdahr zo Loraq (season 4–5) portrayed by Joel Fry . Joel Fry Hizdahr is a slave-trader from the city of Meereen, on the coast of Slaver's Bay, and a scion of the House of Loraq, an ancient and proud line of slavers. He claims to Daenerys Targaryen that his father, who Daenerys ordered crucified, was actually against the crucifixion of children, and requests permission to give his father a proper funeral, which she accepts. Daenerys later has Hizdahr sent to Yunkai along with Daario Naharis as her ambassador to persuade the wise masters there to submit to her rule. In season 5, he returns with Daario claiming to have succeeded, although the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return, which she refuses, though she grants him a position on her Small Council. After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm seriously injured in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy, Daenerys agrees to reopen the pits and marry Hizdahr to bring about peace, though Daario insinuates that Hizdahr is working with the Sons of the Harpy. On the opening day of the Great Games, however, the Sons of the Harpy attack again and Hizdahr is killed, revealing that he was loyal to Daenerys the entire time. Mossador (season 4–5) portrayed by Reece Noi . Mossador is a former slave who joined the rebellion against the masters of Meereen. In season 5, after the Sons of the Harpy rise and kill and Unsullied, Mossador advocates hunting them down and killing them without mercy, arguing that Meereen is not like Westeros and the only language the Meereenese understand is blood and violence. He is executed by Daario Naharis after murdering a captive Son without Daenerys's consent. Kovarro (season 2) portrayed by Steven Cole . Kovarro is a Dothraki Bloodrider sworn to Daenerys Targaryen. His character does not appear in the books because Kovarro is created for the TV series. He finds Qarth and leads Daenerys there, following the betrayal of Pyat Pree he goes into hiding alongside Jorah Mormont and Daenerys until Daenerys reclaims her dragons. The only thing that interests him in Qarth is stealing all the gold and jewels from Xaro Xoan Daxos. Doreah (season 1–2) portrayed by Roxanne McKee . Roxanne McKee Doreah is a slave bought in order to school Daenerys in the art of love. She was sold to a brothel when she was nine, by her mother. She is bought by Viserys Targaryen and is shown to pleasure him as he tells her stories about the dragons of Westeros. In Season 2 after arriving in Qarth, Doreah is convinced by Xaro Xoan Daxos that Daenerys wouldn't leave the city and she steals Daenerys dragons and becomes Xaro's lover. After revealing the plans of Xaro, Daenerys locks him and Doreah alive in a vault. Irri (season 1–2) portrayed by Amrita Acharya . Irri is a slave, bought in order to school Daenerys in Dothraki riding. She's in love with Rakharo and is deeply distressed by his death and the desecration of his corpse. She and Doreah are shown to be at odds, due to Irri valuing tradition and mythical beliefs of the Dothraki over Doreah's foreign ideals. In Season 2 she is killed in Qarth during the stealing of the dragons. In a deleted scene it is shown she is strangled to death by Doreah. Rakharo (season 1–2) portrayed by Elyes Gabel . Elyes Gabel Rakharo is a young Bloodrider, favored by, and sworn to Khal Drogo and later Daenerys Targaryen. Deep into the Red Waste while facing starvation Daenerys sends Rakharo, Aggo, and Kovarro to scout in three different directions, using the last remaining horses. Later Rakharo's horse comes back with his head. It's assumed that Rakharo is killed by some other Khal. Irri fears that without his head, Rakharo's soul will become lost and will not find its way to the Night Lands. Rhaegar Targaryen (Season 7) portrayed by Wilf Scolding. Prince Rhaegar Targaryen was the eldest son and heir of King Aerys II Targaryen, and was the Prince of Dragonstone. He was the elder brother of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen, and the husband of Elia Martell, a distant cousin with whom he had two children, Rhaenys and Aegon Targaryen. However, he annulled his marriage to Elia, and he secretly married Lyanna Stark with whom he has a child, Jon Snow. The parentage of Jon is kept a secret, and he is raised by Lyanna’s brother, Eddard Stark as his bastard to protect him from the enemies of House Targaryen. Rhaegar was the assumed instigator of Robert’s Rebellion after allegedly kidnapping Lyanna, Lord Robert Baratheon’s betrothed. [26] House Tully [ edit ] Edmure Tully (season 3, 6) portrayed by Tobias Menzies . [22] Tobias Menzies Catelyn and Lysa's younger brother and the Lord of Riverrun after their father Hoster dies during Season 3. A brash but good-hearted man, Edmure is not a good tactician but a skilled politician . To restore the alliance with Walder Frey, and to make amends with Robb Stark for unwittingly curtailing his plan to draw Tywin Lannister into battle, Edmure is promised to one of Frey's daughters, Roslin. Edmure and Roslin are wed and carried off for a \"bedding ceremony\", after which the Freys slaughter the Stark family in the \"Red Wedding\". He becomes a prisoner of the Freys after the death of his sister Catelyn and nephew Robb. When his uncle Brynden retakes Riverrun from the Freys, Edmure is used as a hostage to coerce Brynden into surrendering, but he refuses, while the Freys also refuse to kill Edmure. Jaime Lannister later meets with Edmure and falsely threatens his wife and baby child with death if he does not persuade Brynden to stand down. He is subsequently released and allowed into Riverrun, where he gives the order to surrender. The Lannisters and Freys retake the castle and Edmure is taken captive once more to ensure the Tullys' loyalty. Brynden Tully (season 3, 6) portrayed by Clive Russell . [22] Clive Russell Commonly known as \"The Blackfish\", Ser Brynden is the uncle of Catelyn, Lysa, and Edmure, and a seasoned war veteran. He returns to Riverrun during season 3 before his older brother's death to make amends. He serves as both an adviser and confidant for both his niece Catelyn and grandnephew King Robb Stark. At Edmure's wedding to Roslin Frey at the Twins, Brynden excuses himself from the feast to \"find a tree to piss on\", and by so doing narrowly escapes the ensuing Red Wedding massacre when the Freys and Boltons betray the Starks. Lord Frey is visibly untouched by the man's absence, while Roose Bolton appears disturbed, aware that Brynden is capable of holding Riverrun (which has been granted to Lord Frey as payment) against the Iron Throne even with its technical lord, Edmure, in captivity. Brynden indeed retakes Riverrun from the Freys and holds it in Robb's name, refusing to surrender even when Edmure's life is threatened. The castle eventually falls when Edmure is allowed inside and gives the order to stand down. Brynden, however, refuses to surrender and chooses to fight to the death. He is later reported dead. Roslin Frey (season 3) portrayed by Alexandra Dowling . Roslin Tully (née Frey) is Lord Walder Frey's daughter and considered the most beautiful one. She was previously the intended bride for Robb Stark, who was unaware of her beauty and went on to marry Talisa Maegyr instead. She is married to Lord Edmure Tully as compensation at what becomes known as the Red Wedding. In the sixth season, it is mentioned that Roslin has given birth to Edmure's child. House Tyrell [ edit ] Olenna Tyrell (season 3–7) portrayed by Diana Rigg . [22] Diana Rigg Lady Olenna, better known as \"The Queen of Thorns\", is the sharp-witted grandmother of Loras and Margaery. Considered Tywin Lannister's female counterpart, Olenna is a matriarch and the real power behind House Tyrell. She has very progressive views where she feels women should be more involved in politics and is accepting of Loras' homosexuality where the people of Reach have no problems with it. After learning the abuses Sansa suffered by Joffrey, Olenna figured out that Margaery could avoid the same fate by using Joffrey's love of violence. Because she is fond of Sansa, and to prevent the other nobles from using her as heir of the North, Olenna secretly plots to have Sansa marry Loras. But her plan is foiled by Loras himself, who accidentally reveals it to Littlefinger's spy. Tywin Lannister gets wind of the plot and stops it by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and, to secure the Reach, orders Cersei to marry Loras. Lady Olenna is at first against Loras marrying Cersei because she is too old and because of the scandal of her incestual affair with her twin brother, Jaime. Tywin threatens to make Loras join the celibate Kingsguard, which would make Joffrey and Margaery's children the heirs of Reach, Olenna admits defeat and praises Tywin for getting the best of her. In season 4, Olenna conspires with Petyr Baelish to have Joffrey poisoned, to protect Margaery from Joffrey's beastly nature, and advises Margaery to become acquainted with her new match, Tommen Baratheon, Joffrey's younger brother and heir. She returns to Highgarden shortly afterwards. When Loras is arrested by the recently reinstated Faith Militant for his homosexuality, Margaery writes to her grandmother who returns to the capital in order to protect her grandchildren from Cersei's schemes. But, mistakenly believing Loras's arrest was simply meant to humiliate House Tyrell, she helplessly assists to Olyvar's testimony which incriminates her grandson, as well as to Margaery's incarceration for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect her brother. She later confronts the High Sparrow without results and has a secret meeting with Littlefinger who, blackmailed by Olenna for his part in Joffrey's death and in order to placate his role in her grandchildren's imprisonment in providing Olyvar to Cersei, gives valuable information about Lancel and Cersei's adulterous relationship. This results in the latter's arrest by the Faith Militant. In the sixth season, Olenna takes steps to free Margaery from the High Sparrow and retake power from the Faith Militant, but the plan is thwarted when Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith and becomes the High Sparrow's new puppet. Margaery feigns loyalty and manages to instruct Olenna to leave the city when the High Sparrow threatens her life. After hearing of the Great Sept of Baelor's destruction, which killed Mace, Loras and Margaery, Olenna vows revenge. She accepts an invitation to Dorne by Ellaria Sand, who reveals that she has followed Theon Greyjoy in declaring for Daenerys Targaryen. Seeking vengeance against Cersei for her slain family, Olenna pledges the Tyrell forces to Daenerys as well. When the Lannisters, supported by the turncoat Tarly forces formerly loyal to the Tyrells, attack Highgarden, they win with ease. Jamie Lannister finds Olenna in her tower, ready to be taken cative or killed. Jamie tells Olenna that Cersei had dreamed up horrible deaths for her but that he had persuaded his sister to let him offer Olenna poison instead. After drinking the poison Olenna confesses proudly to Joffrey's murder. Mace Tyrell (season 4–6) portrayed by Roger Ashton-Griffiths , Roger Ashton-Griffiths is the Lord of Highgarden, Defender of the Marches, High Marshal of the Reach, and Warden of the South, he is the buffoonish father of Loras and Margaery, and Lady Olenna's son. Lady Olenna has a low opinion of Mace, whom she calls \"Lord Oaf\". Originally Hand of the King to Renly Baratheon before the latter's death during the War of the Five Kings, Mace agrees to a Lannister-Tyrell alliance as proposed by Petyr Baelish. He is named Master of Ships on Joffrey's Small Council, and attends Joffrey and Margaery's wedding. After Joffrey's death, Mace serves as one of the judges at the trial of his accused murderer, Tyrion Lannister. He is later present at Tywin Lannister's funeral and at Tommen and Margaery's wedding, and, in spite of offering himself as Hand of the King to Tommen, he is instead named Master of Coin by Cersei who, in the aim of keeping him away from the capital while she schemes against his daughter, sends him to renegotiate the royal debt with the Iron Bank of Braavos. He later arrives in Braavos, and is unsuccessful in his attempt to win over Tycho Nestoris, who is unimpressed with his buffoonish ways. In the sixth season, he returns to King's Landing with the Tyrell army to free Margaery from the Faith Militant alongside Jaime Lannister, but is foiled when Tommen forges an alliance with the High Sparrow. He is later killed in the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor after being horrified, but unable to protect his son as he was mutilated by the Faith Militant. Loras Tyrell (season 1–6) portrayed by Finn Jones . Finn Jones Ser Loras Tyrell, known as the \"Knight of Flowers,\" is a highly skilled knight and jouster. Known across Westeros for his beauty, he is Renly Baratheon's former squire and secretly his lover. He is widely known throughout Westeros for defeating Jaime Lannister in a jousting match. In Season 1, he charms Sansa Stark before his jousting match with Ser Gregor \"The Mountain\" Clegane, but even though he wins, Clegane attacks him in a blind rage and he is only saved by Clegane's brother, Sandor, who Loras names as the champion in gratitude. In private, while shaving Renly, Loras makes it clear that he disapproves of both Joffrey and Stannis as Robert's closest heirs, and tells Renly that he would make a great king. In Season 2 when Renly makes his claim for the Iron Throne, Loras and the rest of House Tyrell back his claim and cement their support by marrying Loras's sister Margaery to Renly. Loras and Renly remain inseparable even after Renly's wedding. After Renly's assassination, Loras goes berserk and vows vengeance against Stannis, but secretly blames himself for having pushed Renly to make his claim even though he was lawfully behind Stannis. When the Tyrells join the Lannister cause against Stannis, Loras fights wearing Renly's armor in honour of the fallen king at the Battle of the Blackwater. During season 3, his family plots to have him marry Sansa for Sansa and his family's benefit. However, he accidentally reveals this plot to his new lover and squire, Olyvar, who is actually a spy for Lord Baelish. Tywin stops the Tyrell plot by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and engages Loras to his daughter Cersei. In season 4, at Joffrey and Margaery's wedding, Loras exchanges banter with Jaime, who warns Loras that if he marries Cersei, she will likely kill him in his sleep, and that he will never marry her. Loras counters that Jaime will not marry Cersei either, implying that he knows of his incestuous relationship with Cersei. He is later present at Tyrion's trial for murdering Joffrey, though he is apparently unaware that his grandmother, Olenna Tyrell, is the true killer. In season 5, he attends Tywin's funeral and offers his condolences to Cersei. He continues his sexual relationship with Olyvar, flirtatiously suggesting that they should move to Dorne, where homosexuality is more tolerated, and expresses doubt that to Margaery that he is still obliged to marry Cersei with Tywin gone. He is later present at Tommen and Margaery's wedding and, during a training session, is suddenly arrested for his homosexuality by the recently reinstated Faith Militant. He denies all of the Faith's allegations against him, including his affair with Renly, during an inquest presided by the High Sparrow, but eventually loses his temper when Olyvar testifies against him, citing his birthmark \"in the shape of Dorne\" he has on his thigh as proof. This prompts the Faith to incarcerate both him and his sister, the latter for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect him, and to open formal trials for them. In the sixth season, after being tortured for almost a year, Loras admits to his \"crimes\" on the day of his trial and joins the Faith Militant in order to survive and a seven-pointed star is carved on his forehead. Though he is accepted into their ranks, he is killed when the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed by wildfire on Cersei's orders. Randyll Tarly (season 6–7) portrayed James Faulkner , is the Lord of Horn Hill and the head of House Tarly, a vassal family of House Tyrell of Highgarden. Randyll is the father of Samwell Tarly , and one of the greatest soldiers in Westeros. He has a humorless martinet, is severe and intimidating. He demands martial discipline in the field and in his home. He forces Sam to join the Night's Watch on threat of death. In the sixth season, he is not pleased when Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and his supposed son with her, and enraged when he realizes Gilly is a wildling. Despite his hatred for the wildlings, Randyll agrees to let Gilly work in the kitchens and raise the baby as a bastard of House Tarly, on the condition that Sam never again set foot in Horn Hill when he leaves for Oldtown. Sam ultimately takes Gilly and the baby with him, and takes House Tarly's ancestral Valyrian steel sword, Heartsbane. In the seventh season Jamie Lannister persuades Lord Randyll to side with the Lannisters against the Tyrells. This goes well initially as the Tarlys help capture Highgarden, but when Daenerys ambushes the Tarly and Lannister forces they are soundly defeated. Daenerys demands that the Tarlys and their few surviving soldiers, now captives, bend the knee. Randyll refuses and is executed by dragonfire. Melessa Tarly (season 6) portrayed by Samantha Spiro . Lady Melessa of House Florent is the wife Lord Randyll Tarly of Horn Hill and mother of Samwell Tarly of the Night's Watch. She is a sweet, plump, and adoring mother, and has a soft spot for Samwell. When Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on the way to Oldtown, she greets him warmly, and becomes infuriated when Randyll insults Sam and Gilly during dinner. Talla Tarly (season 6) portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Lady Talla is a kind, friendly and unpretentious woman, and is the sister of Samwell Tarly . She greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on his way to Oldtown. Dickon Tarly (season 6–7) portrayed by Freddie Stroma in season 6, and by Tom Hopper in season 7. Tom Hopper Dickon is athletic, a good hunter, an excellent swordsman, manly, not particularly bright but the favorite child of his father, Lord Randyll. He is the younger brother of Samwell Tarly , but was pronounced heir when Samwell was sent to the Night's Watch. He greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on their way to Oldtown, but his dismissal of Sam's claims that he killed a White Walker is what leads Randyll to realize Gilly is a wildling. Dickon acquits himself well enough in his first real battle, but his second - against Daenerys, her Dothraki and her dragon - ends in defeat. Captured, he is urged by his father to bend the knee to Daenerys and save himself, but instead he stands with his father in refusing. He is executed by dragonfire. People of Essos [ edit ] Tycho Nestoris (season 4–5, 7-present) portrayed by Mark Gatiss . Mark Gatiss Tycho Nestoris is a representative of the Iron Bank of Braavos. He initially refuses to loan Stannis Baratheon money to help him hire mercenaries, but Davos Seaworth changes his mind. In season 5, Tycho greets Mace Tyrell, who has been sent to renegotiate the royal debt. In season 7 he arrives in King's Landing to collect the debt, expecting to be met with a default. He is impressed when Cersei, newly enriched by the captured Tyrell treasury, pays the debt in full and he agrees to Cersei's request for further funding. Izembaro (season 6) portrayed by Richard E. Grant . | Richard E. Grant Izembaro is the manager of a Braavosi troupe of actors, in which he also acts. He portrays King Robert Baratheon and Lord Tywin Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . He is outwardly dismissive to his actors, and witnesses Arya Stark foil an assassination attempt on one of his actresses, Lady Crane. He subsequently kicks Bianca, the actress who ordered Crane's death, out of the troupe. Lady Crane (season 6) portrayed by Essie Davis . Lady Crane is the leading actress in Izembaro's Braavosi theater troupe. She portrays Queen Cersei Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . She becomes a target of the Faceless Men on the request of her jealous co-star, Bianca. She is almost killed by Arya Stark, who poisons her rum but briefly speaks with her, realizing she is an innocent women who is a mere victim of someone else's selfishness, and thwarts the assassination, warning her about Bianca. Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca's face and has her expelled from the troupe. Shortly after, she finds Arya severely wounded as retribution for the assassination and cares for her, but is herself killed by the Waif, who was sent to kill Arya. The Waif (season 5–6) portrayed by Faye Marsay . Faye Marsay The Waif is a sadistic young woman who lives in the House of Black and White, a temple to the Many-faced God, in Braavos. She participates in Arya's training but repeatedly deems her unfit to become a Faceless Man (assassin). After Arya is struck blind for her unsanctioned killing of Ser Meryn Trant, the Waif repeatedly beats and abuses Arya, though Arya learns how to fight without her eyesight and her vision is soon returned to her. When Arya refuses to kill an innocent target, Lady Crane, the Waif is sent to kill her. Though she stabs Arya multiple times, Arya survives. The Waif then kills Lady Crane and pursues the wounded Arya all over Braavos before cornering her in her hideout. Arya, however, extinguishes the room's only candle and manages to kill the Waif in the ensuing fight. Arya rips her face off and adds it to the Hall of Faces. Yezzan zo Qaggaz (season 5–6) portrayed by Enzo Cilenti . Enzo Cilenti Yezzan zo Qaggaz is a slave-trader from the city of Meereen, on the coast of Slaver's Bay, and one of the Great Masters, the former ruling elite of the city. He buys Jorah Mormont and Tyrion Lannister after they are captured by Malko and takes them to a fighting pit to train as gladiators , though he loses both Tyrion and Jorah when they are accepted into Daenerys Targaryen's inner circle. He, along with Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion, negotiates with Tyrion in Daenerys's absence and they reach an accord to end slavery throughout seven years in exchange for ordering the Sons of the Harpy to stand down, but they go back on their word and order a naval assault on Meereen. When Daenerys's dragons defeat the slaver fleet, Yezzan is betrayed by Razdal and Belicho and handed over to be killed by Grey Worm, who kills the other two instead. Tyrion instructs Yezzan to warn his friends about angering Daenerys further. Razdal mo Eraz (season 3, 6) portrayed by George Georgiou , is a slave-trader from the city of Yunkai, on the coast of Slaver's Bay, and one of the Wise Masters, the ruling elite of the city. He attempts to parley with Daenerys for her to leave Yunkai, but she refuses and takes the city. Later, he helps fund the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys's rule over Slaver's Bay and breaks a peace treaty with Tyrion Lannister. He is killed by Grey Worm when the slavers' attack on Meereen is thwarted. Belicho Paenymion (season 6) portrayed by Eddie Jackson, is a prominent noble of the Free City of Volantis, and a member of the \"Old Blood\", descendants of the original Valyrian settlers of the city. Like most of the Volantene nobility, Belicho is involved in the slave trade and funds the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys. After breaking a peace pact with Tyrion Lannister, his throat is slit by Grey Worm when their attack on Meereen fails. Kinvara (season 6) portrayed by Ania Bukstein, is the High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis, one of the high-ranking leaders in the religion of R'hllor, the Lord of Light. Tyrion Lannister and Varys enlist her help in acquiring the common peoples' support for Daenerys, whom she believes to be the Prince that Was Promised, destined to defeat the Night King. Vala (season 5–6) portrayed by Meena Rayann, is a prostitute in Meereen who is secretly in league with the Sons of the Harpy, a resistance movement against Daenerys Targaryen. Her actions cause the death of several Unsullied and Ser Barristan Selmy. She is later captured by Varys and forced reveal who are funding the Sons of the Harpy on pain of death and her son becoming an orphan. She cooperates and is sent to Pentos with her son to live peacefully. Camello (season 6) portrayed by Kevin Eldon . Kevin Eldon Camello is a member of Izembaro's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos. He portrays Eddard Stark in the production of \"The Bloody Hand\". Bobono (season 6) portrayed by Leigh Gill, is a member of Izembaro's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos. He portrays Tyrion Lannister in the production of \"The Bloody Hand\". Bianca (season 6) portrayed by Eline Powell, is a member of Izembaro's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos. She portrays Sansa Stark in the production of \"The Bloody Hand\". Though she is far less skilled than the lead actress, Lady Crane, she is consumed by jealousy and desires to replace her. She contracts the Faceless Men to have her assassinated, but the assassin, Arya Stark, instead warns Lady Crane about Bianca's intentions. Lady Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca's face and Izembaro kicks her out of the troupe. Clarenzo (season 6) portrayed by Rob Callender, is a member of Izembaro's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos. He portrays Joffrey Baratheon in the production of \"The Bloody Hand\". Khal Moro (season 6) portrayed by Joe Naufahu . A Dothraki Khal. His khalasar finds Daenerys after she flees Meereen on Drogon's back. Out of respect for Khal Drogo, Moro takes Daenerys to the Temple of the Dosh Khaleen to live the rest of her life with the widows of former Khals. When Daenerys refuses to submit, Moro and the other Khals threaten her with being raped and killed. Daenerys responds by burning the temple down with the Khals inside and taking over the entire khalasar. High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen (season 6) portrayed by Souad Faress . The high priestess is the leader of the dosh khaleen, the widows of former Khals. Ornella (season 6) portrayed by Hannah John-Kamen , is a young member of the Dosh khaleen who befriends Daenerys Targaryen. Kraznys mo Nakloz (season 3) portrayed by Dan Hildebrand . [27] A wealthy slaver from the Ghiscari city of Astapor. Sexist and rude, he repeatedly insults to Daenerys in Valyrian, not realizing she speaks the language. He agrees to sell Daenerys 8,000 slave-soldiers called the Unsullied in exchange for one of her dragons, throwing in his translator, Missandei, as a bonus. Daenerys reveals she speaks Valyrian and orders her new army to kill the Astapori slavers. Kraznys is killed by Drogon. Quaithe (season 2) portrayed by Laura Pradelska. Quaithe of the Shadow is an enigmatic priestess of Asshai whom Daenerys meets in Qarth, where she warns Daenerys about the local warlocks. Xaro Xhoan Daxos (season 2) portrayed by Nonso Anozie . Nonso Anozie A rich merchant \"prince\" of Qarth who vouches for Daenerys when she and her then-starving entourage wish to enter the city. He claims extremely humble background, having worked his way to wealth from nothing. He repeatedly asks Daenerys to marry him, but she refuses. Xaro eventually betrays Daenerys, allowing the warlocks to kidnap her dragons and kill several of her people, and crowns himself \"King of Qarth\" as part of a plan to render the city less isolationist . After Daenerys rescues her dragons and returns, she locks him alive in his own vault, finding it to have been empty the whole time. Pyat Pree (season 2) portrayed by Ian Hanmore . Ian Hanmore Pyat Pree is a warlock from the city of Qarth. He tries to lure Daenerys to the House of the Undying, the warlocks' lair, by stealing her dragons but Daenerys defeats him, rescues her dragons and escapes. The Spice King (season 2) portrayed by Nicholas Blane , is the leader of the Ancient Guild of Spicers, one of the merchant groups vying in Qarth. In the Song of Ice and Fire novels there is no character specifically called 'the Spice King'. However, there is an 'Ancient Guild of Spicers' in the city of Qarth. The Spice King is one of many powerful Qarthites whom Daenerys asks for ships and funding to mount a campaign in Westeros, but he is rude to Daenerys in a polite way by pointing out that without an army, she cannot regain the Iron Throne. He is killed by the warlock Pyat Pree as part of his coup with Xaro Xoan Daxos. Illyrio Mopatis (season 1) portrayed by Roger Allam . Roger Allam Illyrio Mopatis is a wealthy magister of the free city of Pentos. Illiyrio hosts the Targaryens after their escape from Westeros. He arranges Daenerys' marriage to Khal Drogo and conspires with Lord Varys for the returning of the Targaryens to power. In season 5, Varys and Tyrion Lannister take shelter in his mansion when they flee Westeros after the murder of Tywin Lannister. Mirri Maz Duur (season 1) portrayed by Mia Soteriou . Mirri Maz Duur was a \"Maegi\", or witch -woman, held captive by Khal Drogo's horde. Before her capture, she had been a godswife (priestess) in the Temple of the Great Shepherd. When Drogo and his men attack her town and take her prisoner, Daenerys gives Mirri and the other victims protection from further attacks. When Khal Drogo is wounded in a fight, Daenerys asks for Mirri's help to cure it, but Mirri betrays her in revenge for the attack on her village, leaving Drogo in a permanent vegetative state and causing the then-pregnant Daenerys to miscarry her son Rhaego. In revenge, Daenerys has Mirri burned to death on Drogo's funeral pyre. Qotho (season 1) portrayed by Dar Salim . Qotho is a fierce and hot-tempered bloodrider under Khal Drogo. After Drogo's incapacitation, some of the bloodriders try to stop Daenerys from taking him to the witch Mirri Maz Duur. Qotho kills Quaro in the ensuing fight and is in turn killed by Ser Jorah Mormont. People of Westeros [ edit ] Podrick Payne (season 2–present) portrayed by Daniel Portman , Daniel Portman is a young squire assigned to Tyrion Lannister. In Season 2, he fights alongside Tyrion at the Battle of the Blackwater and saves him from an assassination by Ser Mandon Moore. In Season 4, Podrick is anonymously offered a knighthood in exchange for testifying against Tyrion at his trial for the murder of King Joffrey, but he does not accept or reject the offer – Tyrion orders Podrick to leave King's Landing before he is killed. Tyrion makes his brother, Jaime, assure Podrick's safety, who assigns him to serve Brienne of Tarth. Podrick initially appears to be incompetent but slowly wins Brienne's trust. Podrick and Brienne eventually find Arya Stark and Sandor Clegane near the Vale. A brawl ensues between Brienne and Sandor, and Podrick loses sight of Arya, much to Brienne's annoyance. Podrick and Brienne then search for Sansa, finding her with Petyr Baelish and some Vale knights in an inn. A fight ensues, and Podrick is only barely rescued by Brienne. They decide to follow Sansa and Baelish north. During their journey, Brienne slowly opens up to Podrick, and offers to teach him how to use a sword and defend himself. Brienne and Podrick reach the North and take shelter in a nearby inn, sending Sansa a message to signal for help should she need it. Podrick later alerts Brienne when Stannis arrives with his army to retake Winterfell. Podrick and Brienne later save Sansa and Theon Greyjoy from pursuing Bolton soldiers and Podrick manages to slay one with his newfound skills. He and Brienne escort Sansa to find Jon Snow at Castle Black. Sansa sends Brienne and Podrick to the Riverlands to seek the aid of Brynden Tully, where Podrick briefly reunites with Bronn. When Riverrun falls to the Freys, Brynden apparently sacrifices himself to allow Brienne and Podrick to escape in a boat. Though they are seen by Jaime Lannister, he lets them go. At the parley in the Dragonpit, Pod meets Bronn and at Bronn's suggestion they go for a drink. Beric Dondarrion (season 1, 3, 6–present) portrayed by David Scott in season 1 and by Richard Dormer from season 3 onwards. [22] Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion is also known as the Lord of Blackhaven and \"The Lightning Lord\". In season one, Eddard Stark sends him to arrest Gregor Clegane for terrorizing the Riverlands. After Ned's arrest, he becomes the leader of an outlaw group known as the \"Brotherhood without Banners\". In season three, it is revealed that Beric has been killed many times but has been resurrected by his friend Thoros of Myr, a red priest. Because of this miracle, Beric and the rest of the Brotherhood convert to the worship of Thoros's god, whom they call the Lord of Light. Beric and the Brotherhood harry the Lannister army, focusing on protecting commoners. They find Arya, Gendry, and Hot Pie and offer them shelter, and at the same time capture Sandor Clegane, who had deserted from the Lannister army during the Battle of the Blackwater. Clegane is sentenced to trial by combat, and Beric is his opponent. Despite setting his sword ablaze, Beric is slain by Clegane, but is resurrected by Thoros, and allows Clegane to go free. Beric later confides to Arya that it is the sixth time he has been revived from death, though he has slowly been losing his memories each time. He later meets Melisandre when she comes to fetch Gendry. Beric gives him away in return for gold, which prompts Arya to run away. Years later, the Brotherhood encounters Clegane again, after hanging three of their rogue members, and convince him to join their cause, since they are heading North in order to aid Jon Snow against the coming White Walker army. Trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch, the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned. They later join Jon Snow's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight. Thoros of Myr (season 3, 6–7) portrayed by Paul Kaye , [22] Paul Kaye is a red priest who follows the same religion as Melisandre. He later joins the \"Brotherhood Without Banners\". Thoros was a famous warrior who fought during the Greyjoy rebellion where he wielded a flaming sword in battle. Thoros was initially sent to Westeros as a missionary , to convince King Robert Baratheon to convert to the worship of the Lord of Light, but he became absorbed in the hedonism of Robert's court, which led him to lose his faith and become a drunkard. Thoros' faith was renewed during the War of Five Kings when he was able to resurrect his friend Beric using what he believed to be a mundane funeral rite. Since then, Thoros has stayed beside Beric, resurrecting him several more times, though at the cost of some of his memories each time. In the sixth season, he and Beric persuade Sandor Clegane to join their cause, since they are heading North to aid Jon Snow against the White Walkers. In the seventh season, trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch, the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned. They later join Jon Snow's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight. Thoros is mauled by an undead polar bear and takes fatal wounds. Hot Pie (season 1–4, 7) portrayed by Ben Hawkey , is a baker 's boy from King's Landing recruited by Yoren to join the Watch. He is shown to be a friend of Lommy and together they try to bully Arya, but, instead she beats him. Hot Pie and Arya survive the attack on Yoren's band by Ser Amory Lorch, along with Gendry and Lommy Greenhands. They are later captured by soldiers of Ser Gregor Clegane, who kill Lommy. Like Arya, Hot Pie is made a servant at Harrenhal, in the kitchens. He escapes Harrenhal with Arya and Gendry and head to Riverrun. On the way, they are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners, Hot Pie decides to stay at a local Inn to become a cook. In season 4, Hot Pie meets Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne on their journey to find Sansa Stark and tells them that Arya is likely still alive. Then when Arya passes through in season 7 he is able to give her the news that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell. Septa Unella (season 5–6) portrayed by Hannah Waddingham , Hannah Waddingham Unella is a Septa of the Faith of the Seven and a devoted follower of the High Sparrow. She throws Cersei into a cell beneath the Sept of Baelor and repeatedly commands her to confess her sins. When Cersei finally does, Unella and some septas wash Cersei and cut off most of her hair. During Cersei's walk of atonement, Unella walks behind her, repeatedly ringing a bell and calling out \"Shame!\" to the crowd. She continues to abuse Margaery until an alliance is made between the Crown and the Faith, and follows Margaery around wherever she goes. On the day of Cersei and Loras's trial, however, Unella is captured by Cersei's forces before the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed, taking the High Sparrow with it, and kept prisoner to be tortured by Gregor Clegane on Cersei's orders as revenge for the needless abuse Unella once inflicted on her. Lem Lemoncloak (season 6) portrayed by Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson, is a member of the Brotherhood without Banners. He leads an attack on Septon Ray's small community, without Beric Dondarrion's consent. He is subsequently sentenced to death, and is hanged by Sandor Clegane, the only survivor of the attack. Brother Ray (season 6) portrayed by Ian McShane , Ian McShane is a former mercenary who now serves the Faith of the Seven. He tries to build a new community in the Riverlands and saves Sandor Clegane from death following his brutal fight with Brienne of Tarth. He and the rest of the community, however, are killed by rogue members of the Brotherhood Without Banners, and Ray is hanged from the unfinished sept, which drives Sandor to seek revenge, as Ray was his friend. Olyvar (season 3–5) portrayed by Will Tudor , Will Tudor is a spy , sex worker , and brothel manager in the employ of Petyr Baelish. In season 3, he poses as Loras Tyrell's squire and has a one-night stand with him at Baelish's request in order to learn the Tyrells' true motivations for coming to King's Landing. In season 4, he becomes a lover of Oberyn Martell. In season 5, he continues his affair with Loras. His life is put in danger when the Faith Militant are re-established and they target the city's homosexuals. He escapes due to being fully clothed during the attack and goes into hiding, but he is approached by Cersei and offered immunity from prosecution if he testifies against Loras at his Holy Inquest. Olyvar does so, implicating both Loras and Margaery in the process. Anguy (season 3) portrayed by Philip McGinley , [22] is a commoner from the Dornish Marches, a member of the Brotherhood Without Banners. He is called \"The Archer \". Rorge (season 2, 4) portrayed by Andy Beckwith, is a violent criminal from King's Landing, Rorge is taken from the Black Cells by Yoren to join the Night's Watch, which is customary for criminals. He, with the other criminals Jaqen H'Ghar and Biter, is kept caged in a cart for their journey north in order to keep from harming the other recruits. When Yoren's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch, Arya saves the three men by giving them an axe so that they can break out of their cage, which has been set on fire. The three join the Lannister soldiers for a time. In season 4, Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane's head, but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya. Biter (season 2, 4) portrayed by Gerard Jordan, is a violent criminal from King's Landing, Biter is a frightening man who hisses instead of speaking, and his teeth have been filed to points. Like Jaqen H'Ghar and Rorge, Biter collected by Yoren for the Night's Watch. When Yoren's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch, Biter and his companions find themselves trapped in the wagon in the middle of a fire, but Arya Stark, throws an axe into the wagon so that they can break free and save themselves. They manage to escape and are later taken into Ser Amory's service, eventually arriving at Harrenhal. In season 4, Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane's head, but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya. Ros (season 1–3) portrayed by Esmé Bianco , Esmé Bianco is a red-haired sex worker . The Ros of the television adaptation is an amalgam of more than one character from the books, including the unnamed redheaded northern prostitute and Alayaya. [28] She initially lives in a brothel outside the gates of Winterfell, where she is a favorite of Theon Greyjoy, though she has attracted the attention of several others such as Tyrion Lannister and Jon Snow. Later in the season, Ros moves to King's Landing and is given employment in a brothel owned by Littlefinger. At the start of season 2, Ros has been promoted, managing the brothel and interviewing new employees. She is later abused by King Joffrey and savagely beaten by Cersei's men who mistake her for Tyrion's lover. She later enters an alliance with Varys. Her primary function in season 1 appeared to be one of sexposition , as the backstories and motives of Theon, Littlefinger and Pycelle are all revealed during sexual encounters involving her. In season 2, she is used mostly as a familiar face for the audience in several key events. Midway through season 3 she is shot dead by King Joffrey after Littlefinger discovers that she has been spying for Varys. Lommy Greenhands (season 1–2) portrayed by Eros Vlahos , Eros Vlahos was a dyer's apprentice before being caught stealing and sent with Yoren to join the watch. When Yoren's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch, Lommy is one of the survivors, though he is injured in the leg, slowing down Arya and the other escapees. They are later captured by soldiers under the command of Ser Gregor Clegane. Polliver kills Lommy when he learns that he cannot walk. When the soldiers ask where Gendry is, Arya tells them that Lommy was Gendry, saving the real Gendry's life. Syrio Forel (season 1) portrayed by Miltos Yerolemou , Miltos Yerolemou is known as the former First Sword of the Sealord of Braavos, is hired by Lord Eddard to train Arya Stark at \"Water Dancing\", the Braavosi style of sword fighting. Syrio trained Arya using wooden swords filled with lead. He also mentored her on how to move and think like a warrior: to be perceptive, move with grace, and command her fear. After Eddard Stark's arrest, Cersei Lannister sends men to capture Arya. Syrio orders Arya to run while he holds them off with only a wooden practice sword. He defeats five guardsmen but cannot bring down the armored Meryn Trant, who cuts his practice sword in half. Arya escapes. The fate of Syrio after that is unknown. Royal court and officials [ edit ] Qyburn (season 3–present) portrayed by Anton Lesser , Anton Lesser is an ex-maester who was found by Robb Stark at Harrenhal. He becomes a servant of Roose Bolton. Qyburn lost his title as a maester when he was caught performing human experiments on live patients. Qyburn justifies his actions for the sake of medical knowledge. He tends to Jaime after the latter loses his right hand and travels with him to King's Landing in the hope of having his title restored. In season 4, Qyburn cures Jaime of infection, allowing the skin to heal fully and has a solid gold hand forged for him, earning him Cersei's respect and gratitude. Cersei later enlists his help in curing Gregor Clegane of a deadly poison inflicted on him by Oberyn Martell in the trial by combat. Qyburn warns that his help may \"change\" Clegane, but when Cersei asks if it will make him weaker, he enthusiastically implies the opposite. After Tywin's death and Varys's treason and escape, Cersei appoints him the new Master of Whispers, much to Grand Maester Pycelle's disapproval. When the Queen mother is imprisoned by the Faith Militant, he is the only one to visit her and informs her of her uncle Kevan's appointment as the new Hand of the King. When Cersei returns to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement, Qyburn warmly greets her and presents her the newest member of the Kingsguard, an undead version of Ser Gregor, the results of his experiments. He sways most of Varys's little birds to his service and learns of the caches of wildfire that the Mad King had stored underneath King's Landing. After Cersei removes all of her enemies by destroying the Great Sept of Baelor with everyone inside and later crowning herself Queen, she names Qyburn as her Hand. At the parley in the Dragonpit, while everyone else is terrified by the wight and horrified when it continues to fight after being cut in half, Qyburn is instead fascinated, picking up the dismembered wight's hand and inspecting it as it twitches. Grand Maester Pycelle (season 1–6) portrayed by Julian Glover , Julian Glover is a Grand Maester of the Seven Kingdoms, is an advisor and member of the Small Council. He had served the previous three kings as Grand Maester before Robert's reign. Pycelle is later revealed to be a spy for the Lannisters, Cersei specifically, and he who informed her of Jon Arryn's investigation of her affair with Jaime. To prevent himself from being undermined, Tyrion has Pycelle arrested and sent to the dungeons, but Cersei frees and Tywin Lannister reinstates him. A deleted scene from season 3 shows that Tywin is not fooled by Pycelle's frail old man guise. [ citation needed ] In season 4, Pycelle makes false accusations at Tyrion's trial, claiming that Tyrion had stolen poisons from his office to murder Joffrey. Later on, when he proves unable to save the poisoned Gregor Clegane and openly doubts Qyburn's abilities, Cersei orders him to leave, giving his position to Qyburn. He later attends Tywin's funeral and proposes himself as the next Hand of the King Cersei ignores him and appoints Qyburn as the new Master of Whispers. When Cersei is incarcerated by the Faith Militant, Pycelle summons uncle Kevan from Casterly Rock and gives Kevan him the position of Hand of the King. He is present at Cersei's return to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement. He continues to be dismissive towards both Cersei and Jaime, acknowledging that Cersei no longer holds any power. On the day of Cersei and Loras's trial, however, he is lured to Qyburn's laboratory by the little birds and stabbed to death, orchestrated by Cersei and Qyburn. Meryn Trant (season 1-5) portrayed by Ian Beattie , Ian Beattie Ser Meryn Trant is an obedient member of the Kingsguard. He seems perfectly willing to do whatever Joffrey commands, no matter how vile the order. In Season 1, as Eddard Stark is being arrested, he is ordered by Cersei to bring her Arya Stark. Arya's fencing instructor, Syrio Forel, defends Arya from Ser Meryn and is presumably killed. Meryn is present at Tyrion's trial for Joffrey's murder, where he recounts some veiled threats Tyrion had made against Joffrey in season 2, while conveniently omitting that he and Joffrey had been beating Sansa Stark at the time. In season 5, he attends Tywin Lannister's funeral, accompanying Cersei. He is later appointed by the latter to travel as a bodyguard to Mace Tyrell to his meeting with the managers of the Iron Bank of Braavos. In Braavos, he attends a brothel and asks for underage girls. He is ambushed there and killed by Arya. The High Septon (season 3–5) portrayed by Paul Bentley , is the head the Faith of the Seven, the dominant organized religion of southern Westeros. This septon becomes High Septon in season three after the death of his predecessor by the hands of the rioting mob in King's Landing . He was the officiant at the wedding ceremony of Tyrion Lannister and Sansa Stark and later at the wedding ceremony of King Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell. The High Septon also prepares the body of King Joffrey for his funeral and leads the coronation ceremony of King Tommen Baratheon. He is later present at Tywin's funeral. He is attacked and humiliated by the Sparrows after being found in a brothel. When he tries to make the Small Council help him get revenge against them, Cersei decides to remove him from his position and has him arrested, giving the position to the High Sparrow. Dontos Hollard (season 2, 4) portrayed by Tony Way , Ser Dontos Hollard is a knight serving at the court of King's Landing. He shows up drunk at a tourney for Joffrey's birthday, so the young king threatens to execute him. Sansa saves his life by suggesting he be made a jester instead. In season 4, Dontos gives Sansa what he says is his mother's necklace as a gift and helps smuggle her out of King's Landing after Joffrey is killed, apparently by Tyrion. Dontos takes her to one of Stannis Baratheon's ships in Blackwater Bay, to Petyr Baelish. Rather than pay Dontos the promised gold, however, Baelish has his men kill Dontos for fear that he will be bribed into talking, and reveals that the whole time, Dontos was working for him, and leaves the necklace, which contained the poison used to kill Joffrey, with his corpse to implicate Tyrion. Hallyne (season 2) portrayed by Roy Dotrice , Roy Dotrice is the chief \"Wisdom\" of the Order of Pyromancers in King's Landing. Pyromancers, whose magical skill is questioned by Bronn and Tyrion, are primarily used to produce wildfire, a very dangerous, highly combustible chemical weapon. Tyrion uses his help for the Battle of Blackwater. Ilyn Payne (season 1–2) portrayed by Wilko Johnson , Wilko Johnson Ser Ilyn, also called \"The King's Justice,\" is the mute royal executioner . He lost his tongue for speaking ill of Aerys II during the Mad King's reign. He carries out Joffrey's order to execute Eddard Stark and is temporarily given the Stark family sword, Ice. Night's Watch [ edit ] Eddison Tollett (season 2–present) portrayed by Ben Crompton , is a steward of the Night's Watch, known to all as \"Dolorous Edd\" for his dour face and outlook. Despite his continual gloom and doom he is well-liked by the other Brothers in Black, and is one of few Night's Watchmen to have few if any enemies among his brothers. He is part of the expeditionary force beyond the Wall. In Season 3 he is one of the few remaining survivors from the battle at the Fist of the First men and they manage to retreat to Craster's Keep. He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont. In season 4, he and Grenn manage to return to Castle Black, but they join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers. He survives the ensuing battle and is seen dragging Locke's corpse back to Craster's Keep with the other slain Night's Watch brothers. In the wildling attack on Castle Black, Eddison remains atop the Wall on Jon's orders to stop the wildlings from breaching the gate. He sends down flaming oil barrels and ultimately delivers the blow that sends the wildlings retreating by swinging a huge scythe across the Wall, causing the ice to break and sending many falling to their deaths. He lives through the battle and personally burns Grenn's body at the funeral. In season 5, he witnesses Mance Rayder's execution, supports Jon in becoming the new Lord Commander, and drags Janos Slynt into the courtyard when Jon sentences him to die. He begrudgingly agrees to Jon's proposal to rescue the wildlings from Hardhome before the White Walkers can reach them. He accompanies Jon and the Night's Watch to Hardhome and is one of the few who escape the massacre alive. Following Jon's death in a mutiny, he is one of Jon's loyalists who find his body and barricade themselves inside his quarters, refusing to acknowledge Thorne's leadership. Davos Seaworth sends him to fetch Tormund and the wildlings for help, and he succeeds just in time, ordering the mutineers locked up. He witnesses Jon's resurrection by Melisandre, and the mutineers' execution. Jon relinquishes his command to Edd, naming him the new acting Lord Commander. When Jon leaves Castle Black to retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton, Edd shares a good-natured farewell with him. Benjen Stark (season 1, 6–7) portrayed by Joseph Mawle , is First Ranger of the Night's Watch. He is the younger brother of Lord Eddard Stark of Winterfell. Early in the series, he leads a group of Rangers beyond the wall to investigate increased wildling activity, but does not return and his fate is unknown. In the close of season 5, Alliser appears to Jon to deliver word of Benjen's whereabouts, though this seems to be a mere trick, used to lure Jon to an assassination. Benjen returns in the sixth season to save Bran Stark and Meera Reed from a pack of wights, and reveals that he was stabbed by a White Walker, but then stabbed by a Child of the Forest to stop him turning into a White Walker, a process which left him undead and unable to pass through the Wall. He later takes Bran and Meera back to the Wall and bids them farewell. When Jon Snow is stranded north of the Wall, half-frozen and under attack by wights, Benjen rides in and puts Jon on his horse. Before he is killed he holds off the wights for long enough that Jon can escape. Alliser Thorne (season 1, 4–6) portrayed by Owen Teale , Owen Teale is a drill instructor at Castle Black. He fought for Aerys II during Robert's Rebellion and was sent to the Wall as punishment. He is a bitter, cruel, fanatical and hardened man but knows firsthand what it is like to serve in the Night's Watch during the winter. The previous winter, he was caught north of the Wall on a ranging mission and he and the other members of his party were forced to eat the rangers who died in order to survive. Thorne returns in Season 4, now the acting Lord Commander of the Night's Watch following the death of Jeor Mormont, and becomes friends with Janos Slynt. He advocates Jon's execution for his actions in season 3, but Jon is exonerated by Maester Aemon. Thorne later notices that the people like Jon better than him, and will most likely elect Jon as the new Lord Commander, which would make him Thorne's superior. To avoid this, Thorne, on Slynt's suggestion, allows Jon to lead a mission to kill the Night's Watch mutineers in the hopes that Jon will be killed in battle, though Jon survives. Out of spite, Thorne refuses Jon's proposal to seal off Castle Black to stop the wildlings from breaching. When the wildling army arrives, Alliser grudgingly admits to Jon that he should have listened to him, but valiantly leads his men into battle. Alliser personally duels Tormund Giantsbane, but is wounded. He is last seen being taken inside Castle Black for treatment while yelling for his men to continue fighting. In season 5, he has been healed but walks with a limp. He appears to be the leading contender for being voted the new official Lord Commander of the Night's Watch. Though he ultimately loses to Jon Snow by one vote in a three-way race, he is named First Ranger by Jon, which he appears to appreciate. When Jon sentences Slynt to execution for insubordination, Thorne briefly blocks Eddison Tollett's way, but quickly abandons Slynt to his fate. After Jon's return from Hardhome, he eventually opens the gate for the incoming wildling refugees, showing deep resentment for the new Lord Commander's ambition to forge an alliance with the wildling tribes. After Davos' return to the Wall, Alliser dispatches Olly with word of Benjen Stark's current state; the ploy is soon uncovered as a mutiny, wherein a disarmed Jon is trapped and stabbed to death. Alliser delivers the first blow, under the call \"For the Watch!\" and leaves the Lord Commander dying in the snow. Thorne assumes command once again, but only until Edd brings back the wildlings to save Jon's loyalists from death. Thorne is arrested for his treachery, and after Jon is resurrected, he is hanged for treason. Olly (season 4–6) portrayed by Brenock O'Connor , Brenock O'Connor Ois a young boy who lived with his mother and father in a village in the Gift, the land given to the Night's Watch to support themselves. Their village is attacked by a group of wildlings. His father is killed by Ygritte and his mother by Styr. Styr tells Olly that he is going to eat his dead parents and orders him to tell the men of the Night's Watch at Castle Black in an attempt to draw them out into the open. He then releases Olly, who reaches Castle Black and informs the men of the approaching wildlings, in the process befriending Jon Snow. In the wildling attack on Castle Black, Olly shoots and kills Ygritte from behind in revenge for his father. In season 5, Jon takes Olly as an apprentice, mirroring his own father-son relationship with Jeor Mormont. When Jon is named the new Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, Olly is named Jon's personal steward. He is unhappy with Jon's efforts to help the wildlings and participates in Jon's assassination, stabbing Jon through the heart. When Jon's loyalists and the wildlings rebel, Olly is arrested along with the mutineers, and after Jon's resurrection, he is executed by hanging. Othell Yarwyck (season 1, 4–6) portrayed by Brian Fortune , is First Builder of the Night's Watch. He is based at Castle Black and is tasked with organizing the builders in maintaining the Wall and the castles belonging to the Watch. He is one of the five black brothers who sit in judgment of Jon Snow for his actions during his time with the wildlings. Later, when Jon proposes that they barricade the gates to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering, Alliser Thorne coerces Yarwyck into disagreeing. Yarwyck survives the battle against the wildlings. In season 5, Jon sends him to rebuild a castle called Greyguard, but the order is annulled when Janos Slynt is executed. He staunchly opposes Jon's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall before the White Walkers reach them and later participates in the mutiny against Jon, being the second to stab him. After Jon is resurrected, Yarwyck and the mutineers are hanged for their treason. Bowen Marsh (season 5–6) portrayed by Michael Condron , is First Steward of the Night's Watch, one of the few authority figures left at Castle Black. He opposes Jon's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall to escape the White Walkers, and later takes part in the mutiny against Jon, being the third to stab him. When Jon is revived by Melisandre, he is executed by hanging. Maester Aemon (season 1, 3–5) portrayed by Peter Vaughan , Aemon Targaryen is the blind old Maester of the Night's Watch. He is the great-uncle of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen. By the time of Robert's Rebellion, he was too old to travel alone and already blind, because of that and of his oaths, he remained at the Wall while all the members of his family, even his great grand-nephews and nieces, were killed by Lannister bannermen. He carries the anger of that incident with him into the events of Game of Thrones . In Season 1, he names Samwell Tarly his personal steward because of his intellect and love for reading and tries to convince Jon Snow not to desert the Night's Watch after he hears of his father's arrest and his brother's campaign to save him. At the end of Season 3, when Sam and Gilly return after the mutiny at Craster's Keep, he sends all the ravens of the Nights Watch with messages to all the kings and lords of Westeros asking for help defending the Wall. In season 4, he is present at Jon Snow's trial. Aemon immediately ascertains that Jon is telling the truth and has him exonerated, claiming that he learned how to detect liars merely by growing up in King's Landing. Moments before the attack on Castle Black, Aemon speaks with Samwell Tarly about his feelings for Gilly. After the battle, he delivers a eulogy for the fallen before they are burned. In season 5, Aemon oversees the selection of a new Lord Commander. When Jon Snow and Alliser Thorne tie, Aemon breaks the tie by voting for Jon. He later falls ill, and Jon entrusts his care to Sam, who informs him on his great-niece's exploits in Slaver's Bay. Aemon later dies of natural causes after Jon's departure to Hardhome, spending his last moments with Gilly and Sam, the latter delivering a eulogy at his funeral pyre. Janos Slynt (season 1–2, 4–5) portrayed by Dominic Carter , was the Commander of the King's Landing city watch. He was bribed by Littlefinger to conspire against Eddard Stark. He later follows Joffrey's orders to murder all of Robert's illegitimate children. Due to his untrustworthiness and brutality, Tyrion has Janos exiled to the Night's Watch. In season 4, he is shown to be at odds with Jon Snow and suggests that Alliser Thorne get rid of him before he can be elected as the new Lord Commander. During the wildling attack on Castle Black, Janos hides in the food storage closet. In season 5, Slynt appears to support Thorne as the new Lord Commander of the Night's Watch. When Jon is ultimately elected as the new Lord Commander, Janos refuses to obey Jon's orders and insults him. Jon responds by sentencing Janos to death. Janos ultimately breaks down, realising that Jon is not bluffing, and begs for mercy. Jon at first seems to relent, but ultimately delivers the blow, beheading Slynt. Grenn (season 1–4) portrayed by Mark Stanley , is a brave but not very bright brother of the Night's Watch who joins at the same time as Jon. He was abandoned by his father when he was a child and had to steal to survive. In Season 1, he is initially at odds with Jon Snow, especially after Jon breaks his nose during a training session. Grenn, Pypar and Rast ambush Jon in a shed and threaten to harm him until Tyrion appears and tells them to back off, while advising Jon to sympathise with the other brothers. Jon makes amends by helping to train the others and becomes friends with Grenn. In Season 2, Grenn is part of Lord Commander Joer Mormont's ranging mission. Once they reach the Fist of the First Men, he is ordered to find firewood with Eddison Tollet and Samwell Tarly. In the process, they find a hidden stash of dragonglass (obsidian) daggers. When the White Walkers and wights approach, Grenn and Edd make a run for it, accidentally leaving Sam behind. In Season 3, he is one of the few remaining survivors of the battle at the Fist of the First men. On the way back to the Wall, Grenn makes amends with Sam by helping him walk along with Edd and Rast, and they manage to retreat to Craster's Keep. He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont, tackling Karl Tanner in the process, but he is subdued and chained up. In season 4, he and Edd manage to escape from the keep and make it back to Castle Black, but they later join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers. He survives the ensuing battle and expresses shock at the sight of Locke's badly snapped neck, wondering aloud what killed him. In the wildling attack on Castle Black, Grenn is ordered by Jon to take five men and hold the castle gates. A giant breaks his way in, and Grenn and the others manage to kill it at the cost of their own lives. His body is later burned by Edd at the funeral. Pypar (season 1, 3–4) portrayed by Josef Altin , Josef Altin is a brother of the Night's Watch, informally called \"Pyp\". He joins at the same time as Jon. Initially, he said that his crime was stealing a wheel of cheese to feed his starving sister. Later, he admits to Jon and Sam that he were merely accused of stealing after refusing the sexual advances of his former lord. In the first season, he is at odds with Jon Snow, who does not hide his superior skills from the other brothers, but he becomes friends with him when Jon, on Tyrion Lannister's advice, helps to train the other brothers. He is later assigned to the stewards. In season 4, Pyp participates in the battle against the wildlings at Castle Black with both a sword and a crossbow. He manages to kill one wildling with a crossbow but is himself shot through the neck and killed seconds later by Ygritte and dies in Sam's arms. His body is later burned at the funeral. Karl Tanner (season 3–4) portrayed by Burn Gorman , Burn Gorman was a steward of the Night's Watch. In season 3, Karl survives the Battle at the Fist of the First Men and accompanies the survivors back to the Wall, stopping by Craster's Keep along the way, where he eyes Craster's daughters. As tensions between Craster and the brothers of the Watch run higher, particularly after they accuse Craster of starving a fellow ranger to death, Karl challenges Craster and later provokes him into attacking, but he stabs Craster through the mouth and inadvertently triggers a mutiny against Lord Commander Mormont. He is tackled by Grenn, but he subdues him and orders him chained up. In season 4, Karl is still at Craster's Keep, lording over it and raping Craster's daughter-wives. His men eventually catch Bran Stark, Jojen and Meera Reed and Hodor on their quest to find the three-eyed raven and hold them hostage when he learns Bran's identity. Karl later tries to rape Meera, but he is stopped when Jon Snow leads a band of Night's Watch brothers to kill the mutineers. Karl fights Jon alone inside Craster's hut and almost kills him by fighting dirty, but he is stabbed in the back by one of Craster's wives. Karl moves in to kill her, but Jon stabs him through the mouth from behind. Rast (season 1, 3-4) portrayed by Luke McEwan, was a trainee to the Night's Watch with a particularly mean spirit. He was arrested for rape and chose the Wall as his punishment. In Season 1, he is at odds with Jon Snow, who does not hide his superior skills while training, and later threatens him in the armoury with Grenn and Pyp, but he backs off when Tyrion Lannister threatens him. Though Jon later trains him and the other recruits, he does not come to respect Jon and expresses jealousy when Jon is given the sword Longclaw by Lord Commander Jeor Mormont. He takes every opportunity he can to bully Samwell Tarly and only stops when Jon, Grenn and Pyp threaten him. In season 2, he is part of Mormont's expedition North of the Wall to find Benjen Stark, and fights in the Battle at the Fist of the First Men. In Season 3, he is one of the few remaining survivors of that battle and is shown to be visibly upset and angry at the loss of his comrades, taking it out on Sam until Mormont intervenes. They manage to retreat to Craster's Keep, but Rast grows increasingly angry and resentful of Craster for mistreating them and the others, particularly when a fellow ranger dies of starvation, which Rast attributes to Craster's stinginess. Rast and Karl Tanner stand up to Craster, resulting in a mutiny in which Karl kills Craster and Rast stabs Mormont in the back for threatening Karl with execution. He and the rest of the mutineers remain at the Keep with Craster's daughter-wives, although Sam manages to escape, to Rast's fury. In season 4, he is visibly uncomfortable with the abuse the mutineers are putting Craster's daughters through, and is himself being abused by Karl, who spitefully orders Rast to feed Jon's direwolf, Ghost, who they have caged outside the Keep. When the mutineers capture Bran Stark and his party, Rast recognises Bran as Jon's brother and taunts Hodor by stabbing him in the leg. Rast later flees from the Keep when Jon leads a band of brothers to kill the mutineers, but he is mauled to death by Ghost, whom Bran had freed. Yoren (season 1–2) portrayed by Francis Magee , is a recruiter for the Night's Watch. He travels to King's Landing, where he witnesses Eddard Stark's execution. Discovering Arya Stark in the crowd, Yoren prevents her from seeing her father's beheading and disguises her as a boy to hide her among his Night's Watch recruits and transport her to Winterfell. In the caravan bound for the Wall, Lannister bannerman Ser Amory Lorch demands Yoren hand over a recruit named Gendry. When Yoren refuses, a battle ensues, and Yoren and his men are killed. When he is struck by an arrow he speaks his last words, \"I've always hated crossbows. Take too long to re-load.\" Before he succumbs to his wound, Yoren kills the man who shot him. Qhorin Halfhand (season 2) portrayed by Simon Armstrong , is an experienced ranger of the Night's Watch and second-in-command at the Shadow Tower. He is called Halfhand because he lost all the fingers on his right hand except his thumb and forefinger to a wildling axe. Because of this, he was forced to train himself how to fight left-handed. When Qhorin met up with Lord Commander Mormont at the Fist of the First Men, he advised sending three scouting parties into the mountains to determine what Mance had been looking for there, leading one party, including Jon Snow, personally. After becoming separated from Jon, Qhorin searches for him and is captured and his men are killed. While tied up, he discreetly orders Jon to infiltrate the wildlings as a double agent . Later, he sacrifices himself by provoking Jon into a fight, so Jon can gain the wildlings' trust by killing him. Beyond the Wall [ edit ] Richard Brake Night King (season 4–present) portrayed by Richard Brake in seasons 4 and 5, and Vladimir \"Furdo\" Furdik from season 6, the Night King is the first of and leader of the White Walkers. He converts Craster's baby sons into White Walkers for his army, and later leads an all-out assault on Hardhome, a wildling settlement. In the ensuing massacre, he witnesses Jon Snow slay one of his lieutenants. In the aftermath, the Night King revives all of the fallen as wights for his army, while sharing a long glance with Jon. The Night King first appeared in Oathkeeper but was not identified until Hardhome . In season 6, it is revealed through a vision by Bran Stark that the Night King was once of the First Men, the first humans to migrate to Westeros. However, during their wars with the Children of the Forest, the man was kidnapped and forcibly converted into the first White Walker. The Children intended to use them as weapons against the First Men; however, under the Night King's leadership, the White Walkers have since gone rogue. The Night King later leads an assault at the cave of the three-eyed raven after breaking its magical seal, where he personally kills the three-eyed raven. In season 7 the Night King throws a spear of ice which kills Daenerys' dragon Viserion. He touches the dragon and turns it into a wight. When his army reaches the Wall, he rides on Viserion's back as the dragon's blue fire destroys the Wall. Three-eyed Raven (season 4, 6) portrayed by Struan Rodger in season 4, and Max von Sydow in season 6, Max von Sydow , is a figure who appears in Bran Stark's dreams, following his fall and injury. In Bran's dreams, the raven appears to be trying to lead him into the Stark family crypt, predicting his father's death. In Season 3 he keeps appearing in Bran's dreams and wants him to follow him. In season 4, Bran finally finds him, in the form of a wise old man, who promises to help Bran learn to fly. In season 6, he trains Bran in greensight and shows him visions of the past. When the Night King marks Bran during a vision gone wrong, he sacrifices himself to allow Bran and Meera to escape. He is slain by the Night King when he attacks with his army. Leaf (portrayed by Octavia Alexandru in season 4, and Kae Alexander in season 6) appears to rescue Bran, Meera and Hodor from the reanimated skeletons outside the three-eyed raven's cave and takes them to the three-eyed raven herself. When the Night King attacks with his army, she is killed in the ensuing battle. Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun (season 5–6) portrayed by Ian Whyte , Ian Whyte Wun Wun is a giant from Hardhome. He agrees to Jon's offer to allow the wildlings pass through the Wall to escape the coming White Walkers, and escapes the ensuing massacre. Upon being alerted of Jon's death, Wun Wun joins the wildlings in returning to Castle Black to overthrow Alliser Thorne. After Jon is revived from the dead, he pleads with the wildlings to help him retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton, and Wun Wun is the first to agree. During the Battle of the Bastards, Wun Wun brings down a number of men and manages to breach the gates to Winterfell, but is shot with enough arrows and spears to bring him to his knees, and ultimately shot dead by Ramsay with an arrow to the eye. Dim Dalba (season 5–6) portrayed by Murray McArthur , Dim Dalba is an elderly warrior and raider and one of the prominent leaders in the Free Folk army gathered by Mance Rayder. Following the defeat of the wildling army in the Battle of Castle Black, he leads his followers to the relative safety of Hardhome. In season 6, he pledges his army to fight for Jon Snow at the battle against the Boltons. Mance Rayder (season 3–5) portrayed by Ciarán Hinds , Ciarán Hinds Mance Rayder is a former ranger of the Night's Watch who became the \"King-Beyond-the-Wall\" and the new leader of the Wildlings. He was a wildling child who was raised by the Night's Watch, becoming one of their best rangers but eventually joining the wildlings. Using the training and tactics he learned from the watch, Mance became the seventh King Beyond the Wall, uniting disparate clans by reminding them that the white walkers and other monsters would kill them all. Mance's goal is to get his people to the safety of the other side of the wall before the White Walkers could reach it. He plans a two-pronged attack on Castle Black, sending Tormund and Jon across the wall with a small party and preparing an army on the other side. After the advance attack on Castle Black fails, Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt Mance down on pretence of parleying with him. Mance realises Jon's true intentions and is about to kill him when he and his men are ambushed and defeated by Stannis Baratheon and his army. Mance and Stannis briefly exchange insults when Mance refuses to acknowledge him as the King. Mance is taken prisoner by Stannis. In season 5, Stannis offers to show Mance mercy if he will bend the knee and pledge allegiance to him, but Mance still refuses, fearing that he will lose his people's respect in the process. On Stannis's orders, Mance is burned at the stake by Melisandre, although Jon shoots Mance to cut short his suffering. Lord of Bones (season 2–3, 5) portrayed by Edward Dogliani in seasons 2 and 3, and Ross O'Hennessy in season 5), Ross O'Hennessy the Lord of Bones was more often than not referred to as \"Rattleshirt\", a ruthless wildling leader who uses a giant's skull as a helmet and the bones of his victims for armour. In Season 2, he captures Jon Snow and in Season 3 delivers him to Mance. In Season 5 he is beaten to death by Tormud Giantsbane at Hardhome when he refuses to hear Tormund's proposal for an alliance with the Night's Watch. Styr (season 4) portrayed by Yuri Kolokolnikov , Yuri Kolokolnikov , was one of Mance Rayder's lieutenants and the Magnar — \"Lord\" in the Old Tongue of the First Men — of the Thenn people, a clan of cannibalistic wildlings. In the battle for Castle Black, he is killed by Jon Snow, who smashes his head in with a hammer. Craster (season 2–3) portrayed by Robert Pugh , is a wildling who has an uneasy friendship with the Night's Watch. He is a short-tempered, incestuous polygamist who takes all his daughters as wives. Jon Snow wonders aloud why he has no sons, and it is later revealed that he sacrifices them to the White Walkers soon after birth. As their only ally beyond the Wall, Commander Mormont and the Nights Watch are forced to endure his insults and outrageous demands. Several members of the Night's Watch finally lose their patience with Craster after returning defeated from a battle with the White Walkers when he insults their dead and refuses to share more of his supplies with the hungry rangers. He is killed by Karl, who, with his men, proceeds to raid Craster's supplies and attack his wives and daughters. Orell (season 3) portrayed by Mackenzie Crook , Mackenzie Crook is a wildling raider and warg, a human capable of entering the minds of animals. Orell doesn't trust Jon, as he suspects that Jon is still loyal to the Night's Watch; he is also jealous of Jon's relationship with Ygritte. Orell's suspicions are confirmed when, during a raid at the North, Jon refuses to kill an innocent horse breeder. Orell claims that Jon always was a \"crow\" and a battle ensues. After a few moments of sword fighting, Jon shoves his sword into Orell's chest and whispers \"You were right the whole time\", before pulling it out and leaving Orell to die. Orell wargs into the mind of his eagle with his dying breath and attacks Jon, but Jon is able to fight him off. Animals [ edit ] Drogon (season 1–present) is the black one of Daenerys's three dragons. He is visibly the biggest and Daenerys's favourite dragon. He is named after Khal Drogo, her late husband. Throughout seasons 2 and 3, Drogon is loyal to Daenerys, but in season 4, he roars in her face when she tries to stop him from harming the other dragons over food, which makes her realise that she may be losing control over her dragons. While in Meereen, Daenerys receives two complaints from the citizens of Slaver's Bay about Drogon's behaviour, one of them a shepherd whose flock of sheep Drogon torched, and the second a farmer whose three-year-old daughter Drogon killed. Though Drogon disappears before he can be captured, he saves Daenerys from an ambush in Daznak's Pit and flies off with her on his back, though he is wounded by the Sons of the Harpy in the process. Rhaegal (season 1–present) is the green one of Daenerys's three dragons. He is named after Daenerys's deceased brother, Rhaegar Targaryen. When Daenerys begins to lose control over them, she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen. She later goes to visit them, but they attempt to attack her, forcing her to flee. Viserion (season 1–present) is the yellow one of Daenerys's three dragons. He is named after Daenerys's deceased brother, Viserys Targaryen. When Daenerys begins to lose control over them, she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen. She later goes to visit them, but they attempt to attack her, forcing her to flee. Viserion is killed with an ice spear during a battle with the White Walkers beyond the Wall, only to be turned into a wight himself by the Night King. With the Night King riding on his back, Viserion breathes blue fire at the Wall and it begins to disintegrate. Ghost (seasons 1–6) is Jon Snow's direwolf. He is the albino runt of the litter of puppies, but nevertheless grows into a strong adult. He accompanies Jon to Castle Black. Following the Night's Watch mutiny, he is imprisoned by Karl and Rast. He is later freed by Bran Stark and mauls Rast to death before re-joining Jon and the loyal Night's Watch brothers. Though he is taken back to Castle Black, Alliser Thorne spitefully orders Jon to lock Ghost up. When the wildlings reach Castle Black, Jon orders Sam to free Ghost, and the direwolf subsequently helps the Night's Watch by mauling several wildlings to death. He survives the battle. After Jon departs for Hardhome, Ghost remains at Castle Black and scares off two Night's Watch bullies after they beat Sam and attempt to rape Gilly. After Jon is murdered Davos and the loyalists bring him to help protect Jon's body. Once the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne are defeated and arrested thanks to the Wildlings he rests by Jon's body. Later he is the first to witness Jon come back to life. Once Jon executes the mutineers and reunited with his sister Sansa Ghost leaves Castle Black with Jon. He doesn't participate in the battle against the Boltons. After the Starks win, he returns to Winterfell with Jon. Summer (seasons 1–4, 6) is Bran Stark's direwolf. When an assassin attempts to kill the comatose Bran, Summer tears out his throat with his teeth, saving both Bran and his mother Catelyn. Summer and Shaggydog survive the sacking of Winterfell and join Bran, Rickon and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow. When they stumble across Craster's Keep, Bran mentally takes over Summer's body to scout the area, but Summer falls into a trap and is imprisoned. He is later freed and continues the journey north with Bran. During the battle with the skeletons outside the three-eyed raven's cave, Summer mauls several and escapes with Bran into the caves. After the White Walkers and the Wights attack the tree, the group is forced to escape. Only Meera and Bran make it out alive as Hodor, Summer, The Children of The Forest and the Three-Eyed Raven are all slain by the undead while giving Bran time to escape. Shaggydog (season 1–3, 6) is Rickon Stark's direwolf. Following the sacking of Winterfell, Shaggydog and Summer join Rickon, Bran and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow. Shaggydog accompanies Rickon and Osha to the Great Umber when the journey beyond the wall is deemed too dangerous for Rickon. However, after Greatjon dies, his son Smalljon decides to ally with the Boltons, and goes to Ramsay, to whom he gives Osha and Rickon as hostages, while presenting Shaggydog's severed head as proof of Rickon's identity. Nymeria (season 1, 7) is Arya Stark's direwolf. On the way to King's Landing , Joffrey attacks Arya in a play-fight taken too far. Nymeria bites Joffrey in the arm, and she and Arya run away. Knowing that Joffrey will lie to the court, Arya forces Nymeria to flee to prevent her from being killed. A very long time after, Arya reunites with her while in the Riverlands on her way back home to Winterfell, and she learns that she has since joined a pack of wild wolves. She attempts to urge her to return with her. However, Nymeria refuses, likely due to how long she has been away from home, and remains with her new pack. Grey Wind (season 1–3) is Robb Stark's direwolf. He accompanies Robb on his campaign against the Lannisters and often fights alongside him in the War of the Five Kings. When Robb is betrayed by Walder Frey and Roose Bolton, Grey Wind is shot dead with crossbows. He and Robb are later decapitated and Grey Wind's head is sewn onto Robb's corpse. Lady (season 1) is Sansa Stark's direwolf. After an incident on the Kingsroad when Nymeria bites Joffrey, Cersei first demands that Nymeria be killed and, when Nymeria cannot be found, demands that a wolf be killed. Despite his objections, Ned Stark kills Lady personally, though he sends her body north instead of allowing Cersei to have her skin. See also [ edit ] Characters in A Song of Ice and Fire List of Game of Thrones episodes Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ In the novel series, A Song of Ice and Fire , Robin Arryn was named Robert Arryn. The character's name has been changed to Robin so as to prevent confusion with Robert Baratheon. Jump up ^ In the novel series, A Song of Ice and Fire , Yara Greyjoy was named Asha Greyjoy. The character's name has been changed to Yara so as to prevent confusion with Osha. References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (July 16, 2010). \"From HBO\" . Not a Blog . LiveJournal. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Goldberg, Lesley (June 21, 2016). \" ' Game of Thrones' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8\" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Iain Glen confirms readthrough date\" . Youtube. October 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Thompson, Avery (February 15, 2017). \"Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark's Fate In Season 8\" . Jump up ^ \"Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season\" . ^ Jump up to: a b Perry, Spencer (October 6, 2017). \"Game of Thrones Season 8 Filming Will Continue Up Until Summer 2018\" . SuperHeroHype . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill (August 30, 2017). \" ' Game Of Thrones' Actor Says Cut Scene Would've Explained Confusing Finale Moment\" . HuffPost . Retrieved September 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill (August 28, 2017). \" ' Game Of Thrones' Actor Rory McCann Says He's Already Training For Cleganebowl\" . HuffPost . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Liam Cunningham (Davos) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8\" . January 10, 2017. Jump up ^ \"Bradley confirms return\" . August 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (January 17, 2018). \"Game of Thrones season 8: Melisandre return confirmed as fans theorise on character storyline\" . The Independent . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolan, Emma (January 21, 2018). \"Game of Thrones season 8 cast: Who will be in the final series?\" . Daily Express . Retrieved March 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Kinkaid, Ben (January 5, 2018). \"What News From Westeros? Everything we know about Game Of Thrones Season 8\" . GQ . Retrieved March 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Deen, Sarah (March 24, 2018). \"Game Of Thrones star Joe Dempsie is scared he'll get drunk and reveal final season secrets\" . Metro . Retrieved March 26, 2018 . Jump up ^ Bloodworth, Adam (August 31, 2017). \"Brienne of Tarth drops a huge hint about a Game of Thrones romance in season 8\" . Metro . Retrieved March 9, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sheperd, Jack (October 24, 2017). \"Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast\" . The Independent . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Medeiros, Madison (August 30, 2017). \"Attention Cleganebowl Fans: The Hound & The Mountain Are Already Bashing Each Other IRL\" . Refinery29 . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (November 6, 2017). \"The Night's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8, confirms Lord Commander actor\" . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 7, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b VanDerWerff, Todd. \" \" Winter is Coming\" Review\" . AV Club . Retrieved March 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd. \" \" You Win Or You Die\" Review\" . AV Club . Retrieved March 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd. \" \" Valar Morghulis\" Review\" . AV Club . Retrieved March 15, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i \"Game of Thrones reveals new cast members for Season 3!\" . io9.com . July 13, 2012 . Retrieved July 14, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Game of Thrones Season 4: Three Parts Confirmed!\" . io9.com . May 28, 2013 . Retrieved June 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Game of Thrones' Kristian Nairn Has 70 Different Ways of Saying 'Hodor ' \" . Vulture . Retrieved October 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"There are 70 Ways to Say 'Hodor' on GAME OF THRONES and Here They Are | Nerdist\" . Nerdist . Retrieved October 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Game of Thrones Spoilers: Wilf Scolding Is the Actor Who Plays Rhaegar Targaryen\" . Earn The Necklace . August 28, 2017 . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Garcia, Elio (August 19, 2012). \"Two More for S3: Ramon Tikaram, Dan Hildebrand Join Cast\" . Retrieved August 19, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Game of Thrones Episodes: EP208: The Prince of Winterfell\" . Westeros.org . Retrieved February 21, 2016 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game of Thrones cast . Official website [ show ] v t e George R. R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones (1996) A Clash of Kings (1998) A Storm of Swords (2000) A Feast for Crows (2005) A Dance with Dragons (2011) The Winds of Winter (TBA) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg (1998–2010) The Princess and the Queen (2013) The Rogue Prince (2014) The Sons of the Dragon (2017) TV series Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music \" Game of Thrones Theme \" \" The Rains of Castamere \" \" The Bear and the Maiden Fair \" \" Light of the Seven \" Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones: Genesis Game of Thrones (2012) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones (2014) Other media The World of Ice & Fire (2014) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_characters&oldid=843672293 \" Categories : Game of Thrones A Song of Ice and Fire characters Lists of American drama television series characters Lists of fantasy television characters Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2016 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2016 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles that may be too long from April 2016 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Български Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 17:45. 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{ "text": "South African republic referendum, 1960 - Wikipedia South African republic referendum, 1960 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search South African republic referendum 5 October 1960 Are you in favour of a Republic for the Union? Afrikaans : Is u ten gunste van 'n Republiek vir die Unie? Results Votes % Yes 850,458 7001522900000000000♠ 52.29% No 775,878 7001477100000000000♠ 47.71% Valid votes 1,626,336 7001995200000000000♠ 99.52% Invalid or blank votes 7,904 6999480000000000000♠ 0.48% Total votes 1,634,240 100.00% Registered voters/turnout 1,800,426 7001907700000000000♠ 90.77% Results by province Yes No Front page of Die Transvaler , 7 October 1960, announcing republican victory by 70 000 votes A referendum on becoming a republic was held in South Africa on 5 October 1960. The Afrikaner -dominated right-wing National Party , which had come to power in 1948, was avowedly republican , and regarded the position of Queen Elizabeth II as head of state as a relic of British imperialism . [1] The National Party government subsequently organised the referendum on whether the then Union of South Africa should become a republic . The vote, which was restricted to whites , was narrowly approved by 52.29% of the voters. [2] [3] The Republic of South Africa was constituted on 31 May 1961. Contents [ hide ] 1 Background 1.1 Afrikaner republicanism 1.2 National Party in government 1.3 Wind of Change speech 1.4 Opposition to republic in Natal 1.5 Black South African opinion 2 Campaign 2.1 \"Yes\" campaign 2.2 \"No\" campaign 3 Results 3.1 By province 4 Aftermath 4.1 White reaction 4.2 Black reaction 4.3 Commonwealth reaction 5 Establishment of Republic 5.1 Inauguration of State President 5.2 Legal and heraldic changes 5.3 Constitutional changes 6 References 7 External links Background [ edit ] Afrikaner republicanism [ edit ] Despite the defeat of the two Boer Republics , the South African Republic (also known as the Transvaal) and the Orange Free State , republican sentiment remained strong in the Union of South Africa among Afrikaners. [4] D F Malan broke with the National Party of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog when it merged with the South African Party of Jan Smuts to form a Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party (or \"Purified National Party\") which advocated a South African republic under Afrikaner control. This had the support of the secretive Afrikaner Broederbond organisation, whose chairman, L J du Plessis declared: National culture and national welfare cannot unfold fully if the people of South Africa do not also constitutionally sever all foreign ties. After the cultural and economic needs, the Afrikaner will have to devote his attention to the constitutional needs of our people. Added to that objective must be an entirely independent genuine, Afrikaans form of government for South Africa... a form of government which through its embodiment in our own personal head of state, bone of our bone, flesh of our flesh, will inspire us to irresistible unity and strength. [5] In 1940, Malan, along with Hertzog, founded the Herenigde Nasionale Party (or \"Reunited National Party\") which pledged to fight for \"a free independent republic, separated from the British Crown and Empire\", and \"to remove, step by step, all anomalies which hamper the fullest expression of our national freedom\". [6] Hendrik Verwoerd, editor of Die Transvaler and later Prime Minister of South Africa 1958-1966 That year, a Commission appointed by the Broederbond, met to draft a constitution for a republic; this included future National Party ministers, such as Hendrik Verwoerd , Albert Hertzog and Eben Dönges . [7] In 1942, details of a draft republican constitution were published in Afrikaans-language newspapers Die Burger and Die Transvaler , which provided for a State President, elected by white citizens known as Burgers only, who would be \"only responsible to God... for his deeds in the fulfilment of his duties\", aided by a Community Council with exclusively advisory powers, while Afrikaans would be the first official language, with English as a supplemental language. [8] On the matter of continued Commonwealth membership, the Broederbond's view was that \"departure from the Commonwealth as soon as possible remains a cardinal aspect of our republican aim\". [9] During the visit to South Africa by King George VI and his family in 1947, the Afrikaans-language newspaper Die Transvaler , of which Verwoerd was editor, ignored the royal tour, making reference only to \"busy streets\" in Johannesburg . [10] By contrast, the newspaper of the far-right Ossewa Brandwag openly denounced the tour, proclaiming that \"in the name of this monarchy, 27 000 Boer women and children were murdered for the sake of gold and their fatherland\". [11] National Party in government [ edit ] In 1948, the National Party , now led by D. F. Malan , came to power, although it did not campaign for a republic during the election , instead favouring remaining in the Commonwealth, thereby appealing to Afrikaners who otherwise might have voted for the United Party of Jan Smuts . [12] This decision to downplay the republic question and focus on race issues was influenced by N C Havenga , the leader of the Afrikaner Party , which was in alliance with the National Party in the election. [13] Malan's successor as Prime Minister, J G Strijdom , also downplayed the republic issue, stating that no steps would be taken towards that end before 1958. [14] However, he later reaffirmed his party's commitment to a republic, as well as a single national flag . [15] Strijdom stated that the matter of whether South Africa would be a republic inside or outside the Commonwealth would be decided \"with a view to circumstances then prevailing\". [16] Like his precessor, Strijdom declared the party's belief that a republic could only be proclaimed on the basis \"of the broad will of the people\". [17] On becoming Prime Minister in 1958, Verwoerd gave a speech to Parliament in which he declared that: This has indeed been the basis of our struggle all these years: nationalism against imperialism. This has been the struggle since 1910: a republic as opposed to the monarchical connection... We stand unequivocally and clearly for the establishment of the republic in the correct manner and at the appropriate time. [18] In 1960, Verwoerd announced plans to hold a whites-only referendum on the establishment of a republic, with a bill to that effect being introduced in Parliament on 23 April of that year. [19] The Referendum Act received assent on 3 June 1960. [20] He stated that a simple majority in favour of the change would be decisive, although minimal changes would be made to the existing constitutional structures. [21] Before he was succeeded by Verwoerd as Prime Minister in 1958, Strijdom had lowered the voting age for whites from 21 to 18. [22] Afrikaners , who were more likely to favour the National Party than English -speaking whites , were also on average younger than them, with a higher birth rate. [13] Also included on the electoral roll were white voters in South West Africa , now Namibia . [23] As in South Africa, the Afrikaners and ethnic Germans in the territory outnumbered English-speaking whites, and were strong supporters of the National Party. [24] In addition, Coloureds were no longer enfranchised as voters and were not eligible to vote in the referendum. [25] In hopes of winning the support of English-speaking whites who opposed a republic, Verwoerd proposed a parliamentary republic. The head of state would be a State President with mostly ceremonial powers. Real power would remain with the prime minister. [26] Wind of Change speech [ edit ] Earlier, in February of that year, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan had given a speech to the Parliament in Cape Town , in which he spoke of the inevitability of decolonisation in Africa, and appeared critical of South Africa's apartheid policies. [27] This prompted Verwoerd to declare in the House of Assembly : It was not the Republic of South Africa that was told, 'We are not going to support you in this respect.' Those words were addressed to the monarchy of South Africa, and yet we have the same monarch as this person from Britain who addressed these words to us. It was a warning given to all of us, English-speaking and Afrikaans-speaking, republican and anti-republican. It was clear to all of us that as far as these matters are concerned, we shall have to stand on our own feet. [28] Many English-speaking whites, who had regarded Britain as their spiritual home, felt disillusionment and a sense of loss, including Douglas Mitchell, the United Party's leader in Natal. [29] Despite his opposition to Verwoerd's plans for a republic, Mitchell spoke in vehement opposition to many points of Macmillan's speech. [30] Opposition to republic in Natal [ edit ] Durban City Hall, where the Natal Covenant was launched in 1955 [31] In Natal , the only province with an English -speaking majority of whites, there was strong anti-republican sentiment; in 1955, the small Federal Party issued a pamphlet The Case Against the Republic , while the Anti-Republican League organised public demonstrations. [32] The League, founded by Arthur Selby, the Federal Party's chairman, launched the Natal Covenant in opposition to the plans for a republic, signed by 33 000 Natalians. [31] Drawing cheering crowds of 2000 people in Durban and 1500 in Pietermaritzburg , the League became the largest political organisation in Natal, with 28 branches across the province, with Selby calling for 80 000 signatories to the Covenant. [33] Inspired by the Ulster Covenant of 1912, the Natal Covenant read: Being convinced in our consciences that a republic would be disastrous to the material well-being of Natal as well as of the whole of South Africa, subversive of our freedom and destructive of our citizenship, we, whose names are underwritten, men and women of Natal, loyal subjects of Her Gracious Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, do hereby pledge ourselves in solemn covenant, throughout this our time of threatened calamity, to stand by one another in defending the Crown, and in using all means which may be found possible and necessary to defeat the present intention to set up a republic in South Africa. And in the event of a republic being forced upon us, we further solemnly and mutually pledge ourselves to refuse to recognise its authority. In sure confidence that God will defend the right, we hereto subscribe our names. GOD SAVE THE QUEEN. [31] On the day of the referendum, the Natal Witness , the province's daily English-language newspaper warned its readers that: Not to vote against the Republic is to help those who would cut us loose from our moorings, and set us adrift in a treacherous and uncharted sea, at the very time that the winds of change are blowing up to hurricane force. [34] Between May 1956 and June 1958, the anti-republican Freedom Radio, set up by John Lang, broadcast from the Natal Midlands, later resuming broadcasts shortly before the referendum in October 1960 until the proclamation of the republic in May 1961. [35] Black South African opinion [ edit ] Black South Africans, who were denied a vote in the referendum, were not against the establishment of a republic per se , but saw the new constitution as a direct rejection of the principle of one person, one vote, as expressed in the Freedom Charter , drafted by the African National Congress and its allies in the Congress Alliance . [36] Despite its opposition to the monarchy and the Commonwealth, the ANC sought to mobilise white and black opposition to the republic, seeing it as an attempt by Verwoerd to consolidate the white grip on power. [37] Campaign [ edit ] \"Yes\" campaign [ edit ] Ballot paper used in the referendum. Ballot reads on the upper row: IS U TEN GUNSTE VAN 'N REPUBLIEK VIR DIE UNIE? in Afrikaans and on the bottom row: ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OF A REPUBLIC FOR THE UNION? in English. [38] [39] The pro-republic campaign focused on the need for white unity in the face of British decolonisation in Africa, and the eruption of the former Belgian Congo into bloody civil war following independence, which Verwoerd warned might give rise to similar chaos in South Africa. [40] It also argued that South Africa's links with the British monarchy led to confusion about the country's status, with one advertisement proclaiming: \"Let us become a real republic now rather than remain betwixt and between\". [41] One campaign poster used the slogan \"To re-unite and keep South Africa white, a republic now\" on posters in English , while in Afrikaans , the slogan was Ons republiek nou, om Suid-Afrika blank te hou (\"Our republic now, to keep South Africa white\"). [42] Another poster featured two clasped hands, with the slogan \"Your people, my people, our republic\", which would sometimes be vandalised by painting one of the hands black, producing the emblem of the non-racial Liberal Party . [43] \"No\" campaign [ edit ] Sir De Villiers Graaff , leader of the United Party , 1960 The opposition United Party actively campaigned for a 'No' vote, arguing that South Africa's membership of the Commonwealth , with which it had privileged trade links, would be threatened and lead to greater isolation. [44] One advertisement pointed out that access to Commonwealth markets was worth £ 200 000 000 a year. [45] Another proclaimed \"You need friends. Don't let Verwoerd lose them all\". [46] Sir De Villiers Graaff , the party's leader, called on voters to reject a republic \"so we can remain in the British [ sic ] Commonwealth and have its protection against Communism and hot-eyed African nationalism\". [47] The smaller Progressive Party appealed to supporters of the proposed change to 'reject this republic', arguing that such a weighted electorate could not provide a valid test of opinion. [23] An advertisement appealing to voters who might support a republic declared: \"The issue is not monarchy or republic but democracy or dictatorship\". [48] Results [ edit ] Choice Votes % For 850,458 52.29 Against 775,878 47.71 Invalid/blank votes 7,904 – Total 1,634,240 100 Registered voters/turnout 1,800,426 90.77 Source: The Statesman's Year-Book 1975-76 , J. Paxton, 1976, Macmillan, page 1289 By province [ edit ] Province For Against Invalid/ blank Total Registered voters Turnout Votes % Votes % Cape of Good Hope 271,418 50.15 269,784 49.85 2,881 544,083 591,298 92.02 Natal 42,299 23.78 135,598 76.22 688 178,585 193,103 92.48 Orange Free State 110,171 76.72 33,438 23.28 798 144,407 160,843 89.78 South-West Africa 19,938 62.39 12,017 37.61 280 32,235 37,135 86.80 Transvaal 406,632 55.58 325,041 44.42 3,257 734,930 818,047 89.84 Source: The Statesman's Year-Book 1975-76 , J. Paxton, 1976, Macmillan, page 1289 Aftermath [ edit ] White reaction [ edit ] Whites in the former Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State voted decisively in favour, as did those in South West Africa. On the eve of the establishment of the republic, Die Transvaler proclaimed: Our republic is the inevitable fulfilment of God's plan for our people... a plan formed in 1652 when Jan van Riebeeck arrived at the Cape... for which the defeat of our republics in 1902 was a necessary step. [49] In the Cape Province there was a smaller majority, despite the removal of the Cape Coloured franchise, while Natal voted overwhelmingly against; in the constituencies of Durban North, Pinetown and Durban Musgrave, the vote against a republic was 89.7, 83.7 and 92.7 per cent respectively. [50] Following the referendum result, Douglas Mitchell, the leader of the United Party in Natal, declared: We in Natal will have no part or parcel of this Republic. We must resist, resist, and resist it - and the Nationalist Government. I have contracted Natal out of a republic on the strongest possible moral grounds that I can enunciate. [51] Mitchell led a delegation from Natal seeking greater autonomy for the province, but without success. [52] Other whites in Natal went as far as to call for secession from the Union, along with some parts of the eastern Cape Province. [53] However, Mitchell rejected the idea of independence as \"suicide\", although he did not rule out asking for it in the future. [54] In a conciliatory gesture to English-speaking whites, and a recognition that some had supported him in the referendum, Verwoerd appointed two English-speaking members to his cabinet. [40] Black reaction [ edit ] On 25 March 1961, in response to the referendum, the ANC held an All-In African Congress in Pietermaritzburg attended by 1398 delegates from all over the country. [55] It passed a resolution declaring that \"no Constitution or form of Government decided without the participation of the African people who form an absolute majority of the population can enjoy moral validity or merit support either within South Africa or beyond its borders\". [56] It called for a National Convention, and the organising of mass demonstrations on the eve of what Nelson Mandela described as \"the unwanted republic\", if the government failed to call one. [57] He wrote: The adoption of this part of the resolution did not mean that conference preferred a monarchy to a republican form of government. Such considerations were unimportant and irrelevant. The point at issue, and which was emphasised over and over again by delegates, was that a minority Government had decided to proclaim a White Republic under which the living conditions of the African people would continue to deteriorate. [58] A three-day general strike was called in protest at the declaration of a republic, but Verwoerd responded by cancelling all police leaves, calling up 5,000 armed reservists of the Citizen Force, and ordering the arrest of thousands in black townships, although Mandela, by now head of the underground movement, managed to escape arrest. [1] Commonwealth reaction [ edit ] Originally every independent country in the Commonwealth was a Dominion with the British monarch as head of state. The 1949 London Declaration prior to India becoming a republic allowed countries with a different head of state to join or remain in the Commonwealth, but only by unanimous consent of the other members. The governments of Pakistan ( in 1956 ) and, later, Ghana ( in 1960 ) availed themselves of this principle, and the National Party had not specifically ruled out South Africa's continued Commonwealth membership if a pro-republic vote succeeded. Yet, the Commonwealth by 1960 included new Asian and African members, whose rulers saw the apartheid state's membership as an affront to the organisation's new democratic principles. Julius Nyerere , then Chief Minister of Tanganyika , indicated that his country, which was due to gain independence in 1961, would not join the Commonwealth were apartheid South Africa to remain a member. [59] A Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference was convened in March 1961 , a year ahead of schedule, to address the issue. [60] However, Verwoerd stirred up a confrontation, causing many members to threaten to withdraw if South Africa's renewal of membership application was accepted. As a result, South Africa's membership application was withdrawn, meaning that upon its becoming a republic, the country's Commonwealth membership simply lapsed. Many Afrikaners welcomed this as a clean break with the colonial past. [61] De Villiers Graaff remarked \"how utterly alone and isolated our country has become\", and called for another referendum on the republic issue, arguing that the end to Commonwealth membership had dramatically changed the situation. [62] Commenting on the enthusiastic welcome Verwoerd received from his supporters on his return, Douglas Mitchell remarked \"They are cheering because we have withdrawn from the world. Will they cheer when the world withdraws from us?\" [63] In a speech made following the announcement, Verwoerd said: I appeal to the English-speaking people of South Africa not to allow themselves to be hurt, though I can feel their sadness. A framework has fallen away, but what is of greater importance is friendship and getting together as one nation — as white people who have to defend their future together. Now there is a chance of standing together — one free country standing together on a basis which is the desire of friendship with Great Britain. [64] Following the end of apartheid, South Africa rejoined the Commonwealth, thirty-three years to the day that the republic was established. [65] Establishment of Republic [ edit ] Inauguration of State President [ edit ] Charles R Swart, last Governor General and first State President The Republic of South Africa was declared on 31 May 1961, Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be head of state , and the last Governor General of the Union , Charles R. Swart , took office as the first State President . [66] Swart had been elected as State President by Parliament by 139 votes to 71, defeating H A Fagan , the former Chief Justice, favoured by the Opposition. [67] Legal and heraldic changes [ edit ] Other symbolic changes also occurred: Legal references to \" the Crown \" were replaced by those to \"the State\". [68] Oaths of allegiance were no longer to the Queen, but to the Republic of South Africa. [68] Queen's Counsels became known as Senior Counsels . [69] The \"Royal\" title was dropped from the names of some South African Army regiments, such as the Natal Carbineers . [70] However, some institutions retained the \"Royal\" title, such as the Royal Natal National Park and the Royal Society of South Africa [71] The mace in the House of Assembly , featuring the Crown at its head, was replaced by a new mace with the coats of arms of the four provinces, as well as sailing ships and ox wagons. [72] Despite the change to republican status, the coat of arms of Natal continued to display a crown, which had only been added to the arms in 1954, although this was neither the St Edward's Crown , with which the Queen had been crowned, nor the Tudor Crown , used by previous British monarchs, but a distinctive design. [73] Other references to the monarchy had been removed before the establishment of a republic: In 1952, the title of South African Navy vessels HMSAS (His Majesty's South African Ship) had been changed to SAS (South African Ship) [74] In 1957, the Crown had been removed from the badges of the defence force and police , [75] or replaced with the Union Lion from the crest of the country's coat of arms [76] In 1958, the inscription '\" O.H.M.S. \" (On Her Majesty's Service), used on official mail, was replaced with \"On Government Service\". [75] The new decimalised currency, the Rand , which did not feature the Queen's portrait on either notes or coinage, had been introduced on 14 February 1961, three months before the establishment of the Republic. [77] Prior to its introduction, the government considered removing the Queen's head from the coinage of the South African pound . [75] Constitutional changes [ edit ] The most notable difference between the Constitution of the Republic and that of the Union was that the State President was the ceremonial head of state, in place of the Queen and Governor-General. [66] The title of \"State President\" ( Staatspresident in Afrikaans ) was previously used for the heads of state of both the South African Republic [78] and the Orange Free State . [79] The National Party decided against having an executive presidency, instead adopting a minimalist approach, as a conciliatory gesture to whites who were opposed to a republic; [80] the office did not become an executive post until 1984. Similarly, the Union Jack remained a feature of the country's flag until 1994 , despite its unpopularity among many Afrikaners, and a proposal to adopt a new design on the tenth anniversary of the republic in 1971. [81] Under the new Constitution, Afrikaans and English remained official languages, but the status of Afrikaans in relation to Dutch was altered; whereas the South Africa Act had made Dutch an official language alongside English, with Dutch defined to include Afrikaans under the Official Languages of the Union Act in 1925, the 1961 Constitution reversed this by making Afrikaans an official language alongside English, defining Afrikaans to include Dutch. [82] 1960s portal References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b South Africa: A War Won , TIME , June 9, 1961 Jump up ^ South Africa, 5 October 1960: Proclamation of the Republic Direct Democracy (in German) Jump up ^ \"Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd\" . South African History Online . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . On 5 October 1960 a referendum was held in which White voters were asked \"Do you support a republic for the Union?\" — 52 percent voted 'Yes'. 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Gordon Sprigg, Prime Minister , W. A. Richards & Sons, 1898, page 48 Jump up ^ Sketch of the Orange Free State of South Africa , Orange Free State. Commission at the International Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876, pages 10-12 Jump up ^ The White Tribe of Africa , David Harrison, University of California Press, 1983, page 161 Jump up ^ New flag Glasgow Herald , 12 September 1968 Jump up ^ Mixed Jurisdictions Worldwide: The Third Legal Family , Vernon V. Palmer, Cambridge University Press, 2001, page 141 External links [ edit ] South Africa Votes Republican (1960) , British Pathé South Africa Goes (1961) , British Pathé South Africa Inaugurates First President AKA Republic Day South Africa (1961) , British Pathé Dr. Verwoerd Makes A Statement As South Africa Becomes A Republic (1961) , British Pathé [ show ] v t e Elections and referendums in South Africa General elections 1910 1915 1920 1921 1924 1929 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 1961 1966 1970 1974 1977 1981 1984 1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 Municipal elections 1995–96 2000 2006 2011 2016 Referendums 1960 1983 1992 See also: Elections and referendums in the Boer republics and South African colonies Elections and referendums in South African Bantustans [ show ] v t e Political history of South Africa Defunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( c. 1075 – c. 1220 ) Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( c. 1780 –1817) Ndwandwe Kingdom ( c. 1780 –1819) Cape Colony (1795–1910) Zulu Kingdom (1816–97) Natalia Republic (1839–43) Natal Colony (1843–1910) Orange Free State (1854–1902) South African Republic (1856–1902) Griqualand East (1861–79) Griqualand West (1870–73) Goshen (1882–83) Stellaland (1882–85) Nieuwe Republiek (1884–88) Upingtonia (1885–87) Klein Vrystaat (1886–91) Orange River Colony (1902–10) Transvaal Colony (1902–10) Union of South Africa (1910–61) Transkei (1976–94) Bophuthatswana (1977–94) Venda (1979–94) Ciskei (1981–94) Events 1652–1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 1910–1948 Maritz Rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid era 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured-vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation Academic boycott Disinvestment Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Tar Baby Option Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel–South Africa Agreement Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Constructive engagement Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional reform referendum Langa massacre Rubicon speech Dakar Conference Third Force CODESA 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Xenophobia Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike Nkandlagate 2014 platinum strike #RhodesMustFall protests #FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat Defunct organisations Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash CDA CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP Dominion Party DP (1973–1977) DP (1989–2000) DPP ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party (1910–1958) Labour Party (1969–1994) Liberal Party (1953–1968) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS PFP Progressive Party (Cape Colony) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party (Cape Colony) South African Party (1911–1934) South African Party (1977–1980) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood SANF Histories of political parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Category Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_republic_referendum,_1960&oldid=835643096 \" Categories : 1960 referendums Referendums in South Africa 1960 in South Africa Events associated with apartheid Republicanism in South Africa South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations Constitutional referendums Monarchy referendums October 1960 events Hidden categories: Articles with German-language external links Use dmy dates from September 2012 Use South African English from September 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Afrikaans Deutsch Français Nederlands Norsk Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 22:27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "South African republic referendum, 1960", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=South_African_republic_referendum,_1960&amp;oldid=835643096" }

{ "text": "Portuguese in South America - Wikipedia Portuguese in South America From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Portuguese is the largest language of South America . [1] [2] It is the sole official language of Brazil and is a co-official language of several regional organizations , notably Mercosul , UNASUL , ACTO , CELAC , the Rio Group , and ALADI . The main varieties of Portuguese spoken in South America are Brazilian Portuguese (spoken by the vast majority), Uruguayan Portuguese and a mixed variety known as Portunhol . Contents [ hide ] 1 Geographic distribution 2 The importance of Brazilian Portuguese 3 Media and popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Geographic distribution [ edit ] Portuguese control in South America in 1754. (Green) Brazil is the largest country in which Portuguese is spoken in all of the Americas, with a population of approximately 200 million people, almost all of whom are native speakers of Portuguese. The size of this population renders Portuguese a relevant regional and world language. Research in regional and social variation in the Brazilian dialects of Portuguese, known together as Brazilian Portuguese , reveals the diversity of this language. The country also received settlers from Portugal and white settlers from former Portuguese African colonies, Eurasian settlers from Macau and East Timor . Argentina was the first Spanish-speaking member state of Mercosur to participate in the Frontier schools project. It involves the exchange of language teachers with Brazil. Secondary schools are now required to offer Portuguese as a foreign language. [3] The same goes for primary schools in provinces bordering Brazil. [4] Uruguay , born out of conflict first between the Spanish and Portuguese empires and then Brazil and Argentina, has Portuguese speakers in northern region. The acronym DPU ( Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay ) is used to describe the varieties of Portuguese spoken in this region. DPU is not standardized and so Brazilian Portuguese serves as the primary model for Uruguayan speakers of Portuguese, native and non-native speakers alike. Instruction in Portuguese has now been increased in the Uruguayan education system. In the northern departments bordering Brazil, education has become bilingual combining Spanish and Portuguese as languages of instruction. Paraguay has been receiving waves of Brazilian immigrants for decades, known as Brasiguaios . Unlike in Uruguay, the Brasigaios are a result of more recent immigration and, as such, are more markedly Brazilian in speech and cultural identity. These immigrants tend to settle in the eastern regions of the country and most originate from the Brazilian state of Paraná . Estimates of the size of this community range from 200,000 to 500,000. Venezuela has a large and prominent Portuguese immigrant community, one of the largest in Hispanoamerica . Its membership in MERCOSUR is pending and, towards that end, the Venezuelan government has begun to encourage the teaching of Portuguese as a second language. Portuguese is to be made available in the public school system. [5] The importance of Brazilian Portuguese [ edit ] In South America, Brazilian Portuguese is the standard form of Portuguese for learners and non-native speakers. P.l.e. (Português como língua estrangeira) is the acronym used to describe the learning and instruction of Portuguese as a second or foreign language; a term comparable to ESL . Brazil's growing international profile and the adoption of Portuguese as an official language of Mercosur have created a demand for non-native fluency in Portuguese in the Hispanic member states. This has accompanied a growth in the private language instruction in Portuguese in said countries. The Museum of the Portuguese language (the second language museum in the world) is located in São Paulo, Brazil. The Brazilian Ministry of education has developed a proficiency test in Portuguese specifically for Brazil and based on the Brazilian norm: CELPE-Bras The latest orthgraphic agreement was ratified first by Brazil and while it requires adjustments in spelling, hyphenation and accentuation from all CPLP member states, the agreement favours the Brazilian norm. Media and popular culture [ edit ] Portuguese-speaking communities in South America outside of Brazil form the primary audience for Brazilian and Portuguese satellite television in their respective countries. Such programming be it football matches, telenovelas or variety shows allow lusophones outside of Brazil to access media and cultural content in Portuguese and stay informed and connected to events in Brazil. Rede Globo and RTPi are available throughout all of the Americas. See also [ edit ] Brazilian Portuguese Papiamento CELPE-Bras Portugués, Puerto Rico MERCOSUL Treaty of El Pardo Portuguesa State Portuguese Americans Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay Lusophone Portuguese colonization of the Americas References [ edit ] Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/26/arts/television/26rebel.html?ex=1340510400 Jump up ^ http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004674.html Jump up ^ http://portal.educ.ar/noticias/educacion-y-sociedad/el-portugues-sera-materia-obli.php Jump up ^ http://www.misionesonline.net/paginas/detalle2.php?db=noticias2007&id=128150 [ permanent dead link ] Jump up ^ \"Archived copy\" . Archived from the original on 2009-05-26 . Retrieved 2009-06-18 . External links [ edit ] Governo uruguaio torna obrigatório ensino do português Brasil estenderá a Paraguai e Uruguai projeto Escolas Bilíngües de Fronteira Regional Blocs as a Barrier against English Hegemony? The Language Policy of Mercosur in South America [ hide ] v t e Portuguese dialects Africa ( Portuguese in Africa ) Angolan Cape Verdean Guinean Mozambican São Tomean Brazil/South America ( Portuguese in South America ) Brazilian Caipira Cafundó Central Northeastern Florianopolitan North Coast Uruguayan Asia ( Portuguese in Asia ) Damanese East Timorese Goan Macau Portugal/Europe ( European Portuguese ) Açoriano Alentejano Barranquenho Algarvio Alto-Alentejano Alto-Minhoto Baixo-Beirão Beirão Estremenho Nortenho Transmontano Galego Eonavian Fala Judaeo-Portuguese Portuguese Caló Minderico See also Geographic distribution of Portuguese Brazilian diaspora Portuguese diaspora Portuguese phonology Portuguese vocabulary Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_in_South_America&oldid=833032912 \" Categories : Portuguese dialects Portuguese diaspora in South America Portuguese in the Americas Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 09:13. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Portuguese in South America", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Portuguese_in_South_America&amp;oldid=833032912" }

{ "text": "Texas hold 'em - Wikipedia Texas hold 'em From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the poker game. For other uses, see Texas hold 'em (disambiguation) . \"Hold 'em\" redirects here. For other uses, see Hold 'em (disambiguation) . Texas hold 'em Texas hold 'em involves community cards available to all players Alternative names Hold 'em Type Community card poker Players 2+, usually 2–10 Skills required Probability, psychology, game theory , strategy, logic Cards 52 Deck French Play Clockwise Card rank (highest to lowest) A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Random chance Medium Texas hold 'em (also known as Texas holdem , hold 'em , and holdem ) is a variation of the card game of poker . Two cards, known as the hole cards, are dealt face down to each player, and then five community cards are dealt face up in three stages. The stages consist of a series of three cards (\"the flop\"), later an additional single card (\"the turn\" or \"fourth street\"), and a final card (\"the river\" or \"fifth street\"). Each player seeks the best five card poker hand from any combination of the seven cards of the five community cards and their own two hole cards. If a player's best five-card poker hand consists only of the five community cards and none of the player's hole cards, it is called \"playing the board\". If you play the board on the river, then you can do no better than tie the other player(s) in the game if no player can make a better hand than the board represents, using either or both hole cards. Players have betting options to check, call, raise, or fold. Rounds of betting take place before the flop is dealt and after each subsequent deal. Texas hold 'em is the H game featured in HORSE and in HOSE . Contents [ hide ] 1 Objective 2 History 3 Popularity 3.1 Television and film 3.2 Literature 3.3 Online poker 4 Rules 4.1 Betting structures 4.2 Play of the hand 4.3 The showdown 4.4 Misdeal 5 Examples 5.1 Sample showdown 5.2 Sample hand 5.3 Kickers and ties 6 Strategy 6.1 Starting hands 6.2 Strategic differences in betting structures 6.2.1 Cash games 6.2.2 Tournaments 6.2.3 Evaluating a hand 7 Similar games 8 See also 9 References Objective [ edit ] In Texas hold 'em, as in all variants of poker , individuals compete for an amount of money or chips contributed by the players themselves (called the pot ). Because the cards are dealt randomly and outside the control of the players, each player attempts to control the amount of money in the pot based either on the hand they are holding, [1] or on their prediction as to what their opponents may be holding and how they might behave. The game is divided into a series of hands (deals); at the conclusion of each hand, the pot is typically awarded to one player (an exception in which the pot is divided between two or more is discussed below). A hand may end at the showdown , in which case the remaining players compare their hands and the highest hand is awarded the pot; that highest hand is usually held by only one player, but can be held by more in the case of a tie . The other possibility for the conclusion of a hand occurs when all but one player have folded and have thereby abandoned any claim to the pot, in which case the pot is awarded to the player who has not folded. [1] The objective of winning players is not to win every individual hand, but rather to make mathematically and psychologically better decisions regarding when and how much to bet, raise, call—or fold. By making such decisions to place influential bets, one can non-verbally represent or suggest holding or not-holding a certain or possible hand by either betting or not-betting pre-flop, and by venturing smaller or larger bets or raises at possibly more advantageous times, throughout the stages of the hand being dealt. One's pattern of betting may encourage opponents to bet or to fold (in this complex process, called bluffing), without verbalizing a discouraging or dishonest word. The winning poker players know how to enhance their opponents' betting and maximize their own expected gain on each round of betting, to thereby increase their long-term winnings. [1] History [ edit ] Johnny Moss, Chill Wills, Amarillo Slim, Jack Binion, and Puggy Pearson outside of Binion's Horseshoe in 1974 Although little is known about the invention of Texas hold 'em, the Texas Legislature officially recognizes Robstown, Texas , as the game's birthplace, dating it to the early 1900s. [2] After the game spread throughout Texas, hold 'em was introduced to Las Vegas in 1963 at the California Club by Corky McCorquodale . The game became popular and quickly spread to the Golden Nugget , Stardust and Dunes . [3] In 1967, a group of Texan gamblers and card players, including Crandell Addington , Doyle Brunson , and Amarillo Slim were playing in Las Vegas. This is when \"ace high\" was changed from the original form in which aces were low. [4] Addington said the first time he saw the game was in 1959. \"They didn't call it Texas hold 'em at the time, they just called it hold 'em.… I thought then that if it were to catch on, it would become the game. Draw poker , you bet only twice; hold 'em, you bet four times. That meant you could play strategically. This was more of a thinking man's game.\" [5] For several years the Golden Nugget Casino in Downtown Las Vegas was the only casino in Las Vegas to offer the game. At that time, the Golden Nugget's poker room was \"truly a ' sawdust joint,' with…oiled sawdust covering the floors.\" [6] Because of its location and decor, this poker room did not receive many rich drop-in clients, and as a result, professional players sought a more prominent location. In 1969, the Las Vegas professionals were invited to play Texas hold 'em at the entrance of the now-demolished Dunes Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . This prominent location, and the relative inexperience of poker players with Texas hold 'em, resulted in a very remunerative game for professional players. [6] After a failed attempt to establish a \"Gambling Fraternity Convention\", Tom Moore added the first ever poker tournament to the Second Annual Gambling Fraternity Convention held in 1969. This tournament featured several games including Texas hold 'em. In 1970, Benny and Jack Binion acquired the rights to this convention, renamed it the World Series of Poker , and moved it to their casino, Binion's Horseshoe , in Las Vegas. After its first year, a journalist, Tom Thackrey, suggested that the main event of this tournament should be no-limit Texas hold 'em. The Binions agreed and ever since no-limit Texas hold 'em has been played as the main event. [6] Interest in the main event continued to grow steadily over the next two decades. After receiving only eight entrants in 1972, the numbers grew to over one hundred entrants in 1982, and over two hundred in 1991. [7] [8] [9] During this time, B & G Publishing Co., Inc. published Doyle Brunson's revolutionary poker strategy guide, Super/System . [10] Despite being self-published and priced at $100 in 1978, the book revolutionized the way poker was played. It was one of the first books to discuss Texas hold 'em, and is today cited as one of the most important books on this game. [11] In 1983, Al Alvarez published The Biggest Game in Town , a book detailing a 1981 World Series of Poker event. [12] The first book of its kind, it described the world of professional poker players and the World Series of Poker. Alvarez's book is credited with beginning the genre of poker literature and with bringing Texas hold 'em (and poker generally) to a wider audience. [13] Alvarez's book was not the first book about poker. The Education of a Poker Player by Herbert O. Yardley, a former U.S. government code breaker, was published in 1957. Interest in hold 'em outside of Nevada began to grow in the 1980s as well. Although California had legal card rooms offering draw poker , Texas hold 'em was deemed to be prohibited under a statute that made illegal the (now unheard of) game \" stud-horse \". But in 1988 Texas hold 'em was declared legally distinct from stud-horse in Tibbetts v. Van De Kamp . [14] Almost immediately card rooms across the state offered Texas hold 'em. [15] (It is often presumed that this decision ruled that hold 'em was a game of skill , [16] but the distinction between skill and chance has never entered into California jurisprudence regarding poker. [17] ) After a trip to Las Vegas, bookmakers Terry Rogers and Liam Flood introduced the game to European card players in the early 1980s. [ citation needed ] Popularity [ edit ] Texas hold 'em is now one of the most popular forms of poker. [18] [19] Texas hold 'em's popularity surged in the 2000s due to exposure on television, the Internet and popular literature. During this time hold 'em replaced seven-card stud as the most common game in U.S. casinos. [20] The no-limit betting form is used in the widely televised main event of the World Series of Poker (WSOP) and the World Poker Tour (WPT). Hold 'em's simplicity and popularity have inspired a wide variety of strategy books which provide recommendations for proper play. Most of these books recommend a strategy that involves playing relatively few hands but betting and raising often with the hands one plays. [21] In the first decade of the twenty-first century, Texas hold 'em experienced a surge in popularity worldwide. [20] Many observers attribute this growth to the synergy of five factors: the invention of online poker , the game's appearance in film and on television, invention and usage of the \"hole card cam\" (which allowed viewers to see hole cards played in the hand as a means of determining strategy and decision-making during gameplay), the appearance of television commercials advertising online cardrooms, and the 2003 World Series of Poker championship victory by online qualifier Chris Moneymaker . [22] Television and film [ edit ] Main article: Poker on television Prior to poker becoming widely televised, the movie Rounders (1998), starring Matt Damon and Edward Norton , gave moviegoers a romantic view of the game as a way of life. Texas hold 'em was the main game played during the movie and the no-limit variety was described, following Doyle Brunson, as the \"Cadillac of Poker\". A clip of the classic showdown between Johnny Chan and Erik Seidel from the 1988 World Series of Poker was also incorporated into the film. [23] More recently, a high-stakes Texas hold 'em game was central to the plot of the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale , in place of baccarat , the casino game central to the novel on which the film was based. In 2008, an acclaimed short film called Shark Out of Water was released on DVD. This film is unique in that it deals with the darker, more addictive elements of the game, and features Phil Hellmuth and Brad Booth . Hold 'em tournaments had been televised since the late 1970s, but they did not become popular until 1999, when hidden lipstick cameras were first used to show players' private hole cards on the Late Night Poker TV show in the United Kingdom. [24] Hold 'em exploded in popularity as a spectator sport in the United States and Canada in early 2003, when the World Poker Tour adopted the lipstick cameras idea. A few months later, ESPN 's coverage of the 2003 World Series of Poker featured the unexpected victory of Internet player Chris Moneymaker , an amateur player who gained admission to the tournament by winning a series of online tournaments. Moneymaker's victory initiated a sudden surge of interest in the series, based on the egalitarian idea that anyone—even a rank novice—could become a world champion. [25] In 2003, there were 839 entrants in the WSOP main event, [26] and triple that number in 2004. [27] The crowning of the 2004 WSOP champion, Greg \"Fossilman\" Raymer , a patent attorney from Connecticut, further fueled the popularity of the event among amateur (and particularly Internet) players. [28] In the 2005 main event , an unprecedented 5,619 entrants vied for a first prize of $7,500,000. The winner, Joe Hachem of Australia, was a semi-professional player. [29] This growth continued in 2006, with 8,773 entrants and a first place prize of $12,000,000 (won by Jamie Gold ). [30] Beyond the series, other television shows—including the long running World Poker Tour —are credited with increasing the popularity of Texas hold 'em. [31] In addition to its presence on network and general audience cable television, [32] poker has now become a regular part of sports networks' programming in the United States. [33] Literature [ edit ] The English journalist and biographer Anthony Holden spent a year on the professional poker circuit from 1988-1989 and wrote about his experiences in Big Deal: A Year as a Professional Poker Player . The follow-up book, Bigger Deal: A Year Inside the Poker Boom covers the period 2005-2006 and describes a poker world \"changed beyond recognition\". [34] Twenty years after the publication of Alvarez's groundbreaking book, James McManus published a semi-autobiographical book, Positively Fifth Street (2003), which simultaneously describes the trial surrounding the murder of Ted Binion and McManus's own entry into the 2000 World Series of Poker . [35] McManus, a poker amateur, finished fifth in the no-limit Texas hold 'em main event, winning over $200,000. [36] In the book McManus discusses events surrounding the series, the trial of Sandy Murphy and Rick Tabish, poker strategy, and some history of poker and the world series. Michael Craig 's 2005 book The Professor, the Banker, and the Suicide King details a series of high-stakes Texas hold 'em one-on-one games between Texas banker Andy Beal and a rotating group of poker professionals. As of 2006, these games were the highest stakes ever played, reaching $100,000–$200,000 fixed limit . [37] Online poker [ edit ] Poker revenues from Party Gaming (2002–2006). The drop off in 2006 is due to the UIGEA . Main article: Online poker The ability to play cheaply and anonymously online has been credited as a cause of the increase in popularity of Texas hold 'em. [25] Online poker sites both allow people to try out games (in some cases the games are entirely free to play and are just for fun social experiences) and also provide an avenue for entry into large tournaments (like the World Series of Poker) via smaller tournaments known as satellites. The 2003 and 2004 winners (Chris Moneymaker and Greg Raymer, respectively) of the World Series no-limit hold 'em main event qualified by playing in these tournaments. [38] [39] Although online poker grew from its inception in 1998 until 2003, Moneymaker's win and the appearance of television advertisements in 2003 contributed to a tripling of industry revenues in 2004. [40] [41] Rules [ edit ] See also: Poker , List of poker hands , Poker probability , and Glossary of poker terms Betting structures [ edit ] Main article: Betting in poker A standard hold 'em game showing the position of the blinds relative to the dealer button Hold 'em is normally played using small and big blind bets — forced bets by two players. Antes (forced contributions by all players) may be used in addition to blinds, particularly in later stages of tournament play . A dealer button is used to represent the player in the dealer position; the dealer button rotates clockwise after each hand, changing the position of the dealer and blinds. The small blind is posted by the player to the left of the dealer and is usually equal to half of the big blind. The big blind , posted by the player to the left of the small blind, is equal to the minimum bet. In tournament poker , the blind/ante structure periodically increases as the tournament progresses. After one round of betting is done, the next betting round will start by the person in the small blind. When only two players remain, special 'head-to-head' or 'heads up' rules are enforced and the blinds are posted differently. In this case, the person with the dealer button posts the small blind, while his/her opponent places the big blind. The dealer acts first before the flop . After the flop, the dealer acts last and continues to do so for the remainder of the hand. The three most common variations of hold 'em are limit hold 'em, no-limit hold 'em and pot-limit hold 'em. Limit hold 'em has historically been the most popular form of hold 'em found in casino live action games in the United States. [20] In limit hold 'em, bets and raises during the first two rounds of betting (pre-flop and flop ) must be equal to the big blind; this amount is called the small bet . In the next two rounds of betting (turn and river), bets and raises must be equal to twice the big blind; this amount is called the big bet . No-limit hold 'em has grown in popularity and is the form most commonly found in televised tournament poker and is the game played in the main event of the World Series of Poker. In no-limit hold 'em, players may bet or raise any amount over the minimum raise up to all of the chips the player has at the table (called an all-in bet). The minimum raise is equal to the size of the previous bet or raise. If someone wishes to re-raise, they must raise at least the amount of the previous raise. For example, if the big blind is $2 and there is a raise of $6 to a total of $8, a re-raise must be at least $6 more for a total of $14. If a raise or re-raise is all-in and does not equal the size of the previous raise (or half the size in some casinos), the initial raiser cannot re-raise again (in case there are other players also still in the game). In pot-limit hold 'em, the maximum raise is the current size of the pot (including the amount needed to call). Some casinos that offer hold 'em also allow the player to the left of the big blind to post an optional live straddle , usually double the amount of the big blind. This causes that player to act as the big blind and the player has an option to raise when it comes to their turn again. (Some variations allow for straddle on the button). No-limit games may also allow multiple re-straddles, in any amount that would be a legal raise. [10] Play of the hand [ edit ] Each player is dealt two private cards in hold 'em, which are dealt first. Play media This video shows how to deal a hand for Texas hold 'em and some of the types of hands needed in order to win. Following a shuffle of the cards, play begins with each player being dealt two cards face down, with the player in the small blind receiving the first card and the player in the button seat receiving the last card dealt. (As in most poker games, the deck is a standard 52-card deck containing no jokers .) These cards are the players' hole or pocket cards. These are the only cards each player will receive individually, and they will only (possibly) be revealed at the showdown , making Texas hold 'em a closed poker game. The hand begins with a \"pre-flop\" betting round, beginning with the player to the left of the big blind (or the player to the left of the dealer, if no blinds are used) and continuing clockwise. A round of betting continues until every player has folded, put in all of their chips, or matched the amount put in by all other active players. See betting for a detailed account. Note that the blinds are considered \"live\" in the pre-flop betting round, meaning that they are counted toward the amount that the blind player must contribute. If all players call around to the player in the big blind position, that player may either check or raise. After the pre-flop betting round, assuming there remain at least two players taking part in the hand, the dealer deals a flop , three face-up community cards . The flop is followed by a second betting round. This and all subsequent betting rounds begin with the player to the dealer's left and continue clockwise. After the flop betting round ends, a single community card (called the turn or fourth street) is dealt, followed by a third betting round. A final single community card (called the river or fifth street) is then dealt, followed by a fourth betting round and the showdown, if necessary. In the third and fourth betting rounds, the stakes double. In all casinos, the dealer will burn a card before the flop, turn, and river. Because of this burn, players who are betting cannot see the back of the next community card to come. This is done for traditional reasons, to avoid any possibility of a player knowing in advance the next card to be dealt due to its being marked . [10] The showdown [ edit ] If a player bets and all other players fold, then the remaining player is awarded the pot and is not required to show their hole cards. If two or more players remain after the final betting round, a showdown occurs. On the showdown, each player plays the best poker hand they can make from the seven cards comprising their two-hole cards and the five community cards. A player may use both of their own two hole cards, only one, or none at all, to form their final five-card hand. If the five community cards form the player's best hand, then the player is said to be playing the board and can only hope to split the pot, because each other player can also use the same five cards to construct the same hand. [10] If the best hand is shared by more than one player, then the pot is split equally among them, with any extra chips going to the first players after the button in clockwise order. It is common for players to have closely valued, but not identically ranked hands. Nevertheless, one must be careful in determining the best hand; if the hand involves fewer than five cards, (such as two pair or three of a kind ), then kickers are used to settle ties (see the second example below). The card's numerical rank is of sole importance; suit values are irrelevant in hold 'em. Misdeal [ edit ] If the first or second card dealt is exposed, then this is considered a misdeal. The dealer then retrieves the card, reshuffles the deck, and again cuts the cards. However, if any other hole card is exposed due to a dealer error, the deal continues as usual. After completing the deal, the dealer replaces the exposed card with the top card on the deck, and the exposed card is then used as the burn card. If more than one hole card is exposed, a misdeal is declared by the dealer and the hand is dealt again from the beginning. [42] A misdeal is also declared if a player receives more than two hole cards by mistake (e.g. two cards stuck together). Examples [ edit ] Sample showdown [ edit ] Here is a sample showdown: Board Bob Carol Ted Alice Each player plays the best five-card hand they can make with the seven cards available. They have Bob Three fours, with king, ace kickers Carol Ace-high flush Ted Full house, kings full of fours Alice 8-high straight In this case, Ted's full house is the best hand, with Carol in second, Alice in third and Bob last. Sample hand [ edit ] The blinds for this example hand Here is a sample game involving four players. The players' individual hands will not be revealed until the showdown, to give a better sense of what happens during play: Compulsory bets: Alice is the dealer. Bob, to Alice's left, posts a small blind of $1, and Carol posts a big blind of $2. Pre-flop: Alice deals two hole cards face down to each player, beginning with Bob and ending with herself. Ted must act first, being the first player after the big blind. Ted cannot check , because the $2 big blind plays as a bet, and so folds. Alice calls the $2. Bob adds an additional $1 to the $1 small blind to call the $2 total. Carol's blind is \"live\" (see blind ), so there is the option to raise here, but Carol checks instead, ending the first betting round. The pot now contains $6, $2 from each of three players. Flop: Alice now burns a card and deals the flop of three face-up community cards, 9 ♣ K ♣ 3 ♥ . On this round, as on all subsequent rounds, the player on the dealer's left begins the betting. Bob checks, Carol opens for $2, and Alice raises another $2 (puts in $4, $2 to match Carol and $2 to raise), making the total bet now facing Bob $4. Bob calls (puts in $4, $2 to match Carol's initial bet and $2 to match Alice's raise). Carol calls as well, putting in $2. The pot now contains $18, $6 from the last round and $12 from three players this round. Turn: Alice now burns another card and deals the turn card face up. It is the 5 ♠ . Bob checks, Carol checks, and Alice checks; the turn has been checked around . The pot still contains $18. River: Alice burns another card and deals the final river card, the 9 ♦ , making the final board 9 ♣ K ♣ 3 ♥ 5 ♠ 9 ♦ . Bob bets $4, Carol calls, and Alice folds (Alice's holding was A ♣ 7 ♣ and was hoping the river card would be a club to make a flush ). Showdown: Bob shows their hand of Q ♠ 9 ♥ , so the best five-card hand possible is 9 ♣ 9 ♦ 9 ♥ K ♣ Q ♠ , for three nines, with a king-queen kicker. Carol shows their cards of K ♠ J ♥ , making a final hand K ♣ K ♠ 9 ♣ 9 ♦ J ♥ for two pair , kings and nines, with a jack kicker. Bob wins the showdown and the $26 pot. Kickers and ties [ edit ] Because of the presence of community cards in Texas hold 'em, different players' hands can often run very close in value. As a result, it is common for kickers to be used to determine the winning hand and also for two hands (or maybe more) to tie. A kicker is a card which is part of the five-card poker hand, but is not used in determining a hand's rank . For instance, in the hand A - A - A - K - Q , the king and queen are kickers. The following situation illustrates the importance of breaking ties with kickers and card ranks, as well as the use of the five-card rule. After the turn, the board and players' hole cards are as follows. Board (after the turn) Bob Carol At the moment, Bob is in the lead with a hand of Q ♠ Q ♣ 8 ♠ 8 ♥ K ♥ , making two pair, queens and eights, with a king kicker. This beats Carol's hand of Q ♥ Q ♣ 8 ♠ 8 ♥ 10 ♦ by virtue of the king kicker. If the final card were the A ♠ , making the final board 8 ♠ Q ♣ 8 ♥ 4 ♣ A ♠ . Bob and Carol still each have two pair (queens and eights), but both of them are now entitled to play the final ace as their fifth card, making their hands both two pair, queens and eights, with an ace kicker. Bob's king no longer plays, because the ace on the board plays as the fifth card in both hands, and a hand is only composed of the best five cards. They therefore tie and split the pot. However, had the last card been a jack or lower (except an eight or a queen which would make a full house, or a ten which would give Carol a higher second pair), Bob's king would have stayed in the game and would have won. Strategy [ edit ] See also: Poker strategy Most poker authors recommend a tight- aggressive approach to playing Texas hold 'em. This strategy involves playing relatively few hands (tight), but betting and raising often with those that one does play (aggressive). [21] Although this strategy is often recommended, some professional players successfully employ other strategies as well. [21] Almost all authors agree that where a player sits in the order of play (known as position ) is an important element of Texas hold 'em strategy, particularly in no-limit hold'em. [1] Players who act later have more information than players who act earlier. As a result, players typically play fewer hands from early positions than later positions. Because of the game's level of complexity, it has received some attention from academics. One attempt to develop a quantitative model of a Texas hold'em tournament as an isolated complex system has had some success, [43] although the full consequences for optimal strategies remain to be explored. In addition, groups at the University of Alberta and Carnegie Mellon University worked to develop poker playing programs utilizing techniques in game theory and artificial intelligence . [44] [45] In January, 2015, the AAAS journal Science reported that the group at the University of Alberta had succeeded in coding a computer program called Cepheus that can learn from its playing experience to optimize its CFR algorithm and approach playing perfection when opposing strong players in the variant known as heads-up limit Texas Hold ’em, which involves only two players. Although it does not win every hand, it is unbeatable on average over a large number of hands. The program exhibits more variation in its tactics than professional players do, for instance bluffing with weak hands that professional players tend to fold. [46] [47] [48] Public web access to observe and play against Cepheus is available. [49] Starting hands [ edit ] Main article: Texas hold 'em starting hands A pair of aces is statistically the best hand to be dealt in Texas Hold'em Poker. Because only two cards are dealt to each player, it is easy to characterize all of the starting hands. There are (52 × 51)/2 = 1,326 distinct possible combinations of two cards from a standard 52-card deck. Because no suit is more powerful than another , many of these can be equated for the analysis of starting-hand strategy. For example, although J ♥ J ♣ and J ♦ J ♠ are distinct combinations of cards by rank and suit, they are of equal value as starting hands. Because of this equivalence, there are only 169 effectively different hole-card combinations. Thirteen of these are pairs, from deuces (twos) to aces. There are 78 ways to have two cards of different rank (12 possible hands containing one ace, 11 possible hands containing one king but no ace, 10 possible hands containing one queen but no ace or king, etc.). Both hole cards can be used in a flush if they are suited, but pairs are never suited, so there would be 13 possible pairs, 78 possible suited non-pairs, and 78 possible unsuited (\"off-suit\") non-pairs, for a total of 169 possible hands. [50] Suited starting hands are stronger than their unsuited counterparts, although the magnitude of this strength advantage in different games is debated. [51] Because of the limited number of starting hands, most strategy guides include a detailed discussion of each of them. This distinguishes hold 'em from other poker games where the number of starting card combinations forces strategy guides to group hands into broad categories. Another result of this small number is the proliferation of colloquial names for individual hands . [52] Strategic differences in betting structures [ edit ] Texas Hold'em is commonly played both as a \"cash\" or \"ring\" game and as a tournament game . Strategy for these different forms can vary. Cash games [ edit ] Main article: Cash game Before the advent of poker tournaments , all poker games were played with real money where players bet actual currency (or chips that represented currency). Games that feature wagering actual money on individual hands are still very common and are referred to as \"cash games\" or \"ring games\". The no-limit and fixed-limit cash-game versions of hold 'em are strategically very different. Doyle Brunson claims that \"the games are so different that there are not many players who rank with the best in both types of hold 'em. Many no-limit players have difficulty gearing down for limit, while limit players often lack the courage and 'feel' necessary to excel at no-limit.\" [10] Because the size of bets is restricted in limit games, the ability to bluff is somewhat curtailed. Because one is not (usually) risking all of one's chips in limit poker, players are sometimes advised to take more chances. [10] Lower-stakes games also exhibit different properties than higher-stakes games. Small-stakes games often involve more players in each hand and can vary from extremely passive (little raising and betting) to extremely aggressive (many raises). This difference of small-stakes games has prompted several books dedicated to only those games. [53] Tournaments [ edit ] Main article: Poker tournament Texas hold 'em is often associated with poker tournaments largely because it is played as the main event in many of the famous tournaments, including the World Series of Poker 's Main Event, and is the most common tournament overall. [54] Traditionally, a poker tournament is played with chips that represent a player's stake in the tournament. Standard play allows all entrants to \"buy-in\" for a fixed amount and all players begin with an equal value of chips. Play proceeds until one player has accumulated all the chips in play or a deal is made among the remaining players to \" chop \" the remaining prize pool. The money pool is redistributed to the players in relation to the place they finished in the tournament. Only a small percentage of the players receive any money, with the majority receiving nothing. \"The percentages are not standardized, but common rules of thumb call for one table\" (usually nine players) \"to get paid for each 100 entrants,\" according to poker author Andrew Glazer , in his book, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Poker . [55] A good rule of thumb is that close to 10% of players will be paid in a tournament. As a result, the strategy in poker tournaments can be very different from a cash game. Proper strategy in tournaments can vary widely depending on the amount of chips one has, the stage of the tournament, the amount of chips others have, and the playing styles of one's opponents. [21] Although some authors still recommend a tight playing style, others recommend looser play (playing more hands) in tournaments than one would otherwise play in cash games. In tournaments the blinds and antes increase regularly, and can become much larger near the end of the tournament. This can force players to play hands that they would not normally play when the blinds were small, which can warrant both more loose and more aggressive play. [56] Evaluating a hand [ edit ] One of the most important things in Texas hold'em is knowing how to evaluate a hand. The strategy of playing each hand can be very different according to the strength of the hand. For example, on a strong hand, a player might want to try to appear weak in order to not scare off other players with weaker hands, while on a weak hand, a player might try to bluff other players into folding. There are several ways to evaluate hand strength; two of the most common are counting outs and using calculators. Counting outs – this method consists of counting the cards still in the deck, which in combination with the cards the player already has can give the player a potentially winning hand. Such cards are called \"outs\", and hand strength can be measured by how many outs are still in the deck (if there are many outs then the probability to get one of them is high and therefore the hand is strong). The following chart determines the probability of hitting outs (bettering the player's hand) based on how many cards are left in the deck and the draw type. Outs One Card % Two Card % One Card Odds Two Card Odds Draw Type 1 2% 4% 46 23 Backdoor Straight or Flush (Requires two cards) 2 4% 8% 22 12 Pocket Pair to Set 3 7% 13% 14 7 One Overcard 4 9% 17% 10 5 Inside Straight / Two Pair to Full House 5 11% 20% 8 4 One Pair to Two Pair or Trips 6 13% 24% 6.7 3.2 No Pair to Pair / Two Overcards 7 15% 28% 5.6 2.6 Trips to Full House or Quads 8 17% 32% 4.7 2.2 Open Straight 9 19% 35% 4.1 1.9 Flush 10 22% 38% 3.6 1.6 Inside Straight & Two Overcards 11 24% 42% 3.2 1.4 Open Straight & One Overcard 12 26% 45% 2.8 1.2 Flush & Inside Straight / Flush & One Overcard 13 28% 48% 2.5 1.1 14 30% 51% 2.3 0.95 15 33% 54% 2.1 0.85 Flush & Open Straight / Flush & Two Overcards 16 34% 57% 1.9 0.75 17 37% 60% 1.7 0.66 [57] Two Times Rule and Four Times Rule: Multiplying the number of outs by two or four gives a reasonable approximation to the One Card % or Two Card %, respectively, in the above table. [58] Calculators: calculators are poker tools that calculate the odds of a hand (combined with the cards on the table if there are any) to win the game. Calculators provide precise odds but they cannot be used in live games and are therefore mostly used on Internet poker games. Similar games [ edit ] There are several other poker variants which resemble Texas hold 'em. Hold 'em is a member of a class of poker games known as community card games , where some cards are available for use by all the players. There are several other games that use five community cards in addition to some private cards and are thus similar to Texas hold 'em. Royal hold 'em has the same structure as Texas hold 'em, but the deck contains only Aces, Kings, Queens, Jacks, and Tens. [59] Pineapple and Omaha hold 'em both vary the number of cards an individual receives before the flop (along with the rules regarding how they may be used to form a hand), but are dealt identically afterward. [60] [61] In Double Texas Hold'em , each player receives 3 hole cards and establishes a middle common card that plays with each of the other cards, but the outer cards don’t play with each other (each player has two 2-card hands). [62] [63] [64] Alternatively, in Double-board hold'em all players receive the same number of private cards, but there are two sets of community cards. The winner is either selected for each individual board with each receiving half of the pot, or the best overall hand takes the entire pot, depending on the rules agreed upon by the players. [65] Another variant is known as Greek hold 'em which requires each player to use both cards and only 3 from the board instead of the best five of seven cards. [66] Manila is a hold'em variant which was once popular in Australia. In Manila, players receive two private cards from a reduced deck (containing no cards lower than 7). A five card board is dealt, unlike Texas hold 'em, one card at a time; there is a betting round after each card. Manila has several variations of its own, similar to the variants listed above. [67] Six-plus hold 'em (also known as Short-deck hold 'em) is a community card poker game variant of Texas hold 'em, where cards 2 through 5 are removed. Each player is dealt two cards face down and seeks make his or her best five card poker hand using from any combination of the seven cards (five community cards and their own two hole cards). [68] See also [ edit ] Glossary of poker terms List of poker hands Poker probability Omaha hold'em Greek hold 'em Texas Hold'em King References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Sklansky, David (2005). The Theory of Poker (Fourth ed.). Las Vegas: Two plus two. Jump up ^ Texas State Legislature – House (May 11, 2007). \"80(R) HCR 109\" . House Resolution . Retrieved May 12, 2007 . Jump up ^ Sam Farha ; Storms Reback (October 2007). Farha on Omaha: Expert Strategy for Beating Cash Games and Tournaments . Triumph Books. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-1-61749-920-3 . Jump up ^ Brunson, Doyle (2005). Doyle Brunson's Super System II . Cardoza. Jump up ^ Ghosts at the Table by Des Wilson – Page 119–122 ^ Jump up to: a b c Addington, Crandell (2005). \"The History of No-Limit Texas Hold'em\". In Doyle Brunson. Super/System 2 . New York: Cardoza Publishing. pp. 75–84. ISBN 1-58042-136-9 . Jump up ^ \"3rd World Series of Poker (WSOP) 1972\" . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved May 14, 2007 . Jump up ^ \"13th World Series of Poker (WSOP) 1982\" . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved May 14, 2007 . Jump up ^ \"22nd World Series of Poker (WSOP) 1991\" . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved May 14, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Brunson, Doyle (1978). Super/System: A course in power poker . B&G Publishing Company. , emphasis in original Jump up ^ Blount, Chuck (May 25, 2006). \"ON POKER; Brunson's first book shed light on poker's secrets\". San Antonio Express-News . |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) Jump up ^ Alvarez, Al (1983). The Biggest Game in Town . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-33964-0 . Jump up ^ Christenson, Nick. \"Biggest Game in Town Reviewed\" . Ready Bet Go! . Retrieved January 8, 2007 . Jump up ^ Tibbetts v. Van De Kamp , 271 Cal. Rptr. 792 (1990) Jump up ^ Singsen, Michael Pierce (1988). \"Where Will the Buck Stop on California Penal Code 330? Solving the Stud-Horse Conundrum\". Hastings ommunications and Entertainment Law Journal . 11 : 95–148. Jump up ^ See, e.g., {{cite web| url = http://archive.li/yj7a8%7C title = Legal questions surround Texas hold 'em| accessdate =September 13, 2007| last = Junker| first = Matthew| date = December 8, 2004| publisher = Tribune-Review Publishing Co. Jump up ^ Humphrey, Chuck. \"California Lottery v. Gambling\" . Gambling-law-US.com . Retrieved May 13, 2007 . Jump up ^ PokerStars.com: Texas Holdem Poker Jump up ^ PokerPages.com: The History of Texas Hold'em Archived October 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to: a b c Clark, Bryan (September 2006). \"The Dying Days of Las Vegas 1–5 Stud\" . Two Plus Two Internet Magazine . Two Plus Two Publishing. Archived from the original on November 23, 2006 . Retrieved October 4, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Harrington, Dan and Bill Robertie (2004). Harrington on Hold'em: Expert Strategy For No-Limit Tournaments; Volume I: Strategic Play . Two Plus Two Publications. ISBN 1-880685-33-7 . Jump up ^ Chechitelli, John. \"World Series of Poker, A Young Man's Affair?\" . All In Magazine . All In. Archived from the original on August 5, 2007 . Retrieved June 25, 2007 . Jump up ^ \"Rounders (1998)\" . IMDb . Retrieved October 27, 2006 . Jump up ^ \"Late Night Poker: About the Show\" . Channel 4 . Retrieved October 27, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: a b Krieger, Lou (July 30, 2004). \"How Big Can the World Series of Poker Become?\". Card Player Magazine . 17 (16): 36–38. Jump up ^ \"$10,000 World Championship Event\" . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27, 2006 . Jump up ^ \"$10,000 World Championship Event\" . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27, 2006 . Jump up ^ \"Greg Raymer\" . Poker Stars . Retrieved October 27, 2006 . Jump up ^ \"$10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em: World Championship Event\" . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27, 2006 . Jump up ^ \"$10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em: World Championship Event\" . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27, 2006 . Jump up ^ Stutz, Howard (July 20, 2006). \"WPT hit with lawsuit\". Knight-Ridder Tribune Business News : Lexis–Nexis. Jump up ^ Examples of poker on general audience television include Poker After Dark ( NBC ), High Stakes Poker ( GSN ), and the aforementioned World Poker Tour (formerly the Travel Channel , now GSN) Jump up ^ Lewis, Christian (September 5, 2006). \"FSN Bulks Up on Bowls\". Multichannel News : 24. Jump up ^ Casey, Susan (6 May 2007). \"Raise You One\" . The New York Times . New York. Jump up ^ McManus, James (2003). Positively Fifth Street: Murderers, Cheetahs and Binion's World Series . Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-23648-9 . Jump up ^ \"James McManus: Hendon Mob Poker Database\" . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved January 8, 2007 . Jump up ^ Craig, Michael (2005). The Professor, the Banker, and the Suicide King: Inside the Richest Poker Game of All Time . Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-57769-4 . Jump up ^ Kaplan, Michael (2006). \"People Profile – Greg Raymer\" . Cigar Aficionado. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007 . Retrieved January 8, 2007 . Jump up ^ Moneymaker, Chris. \"Chris Moneymaker Poker Biography\" . ChrisMoneymaker.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007 . Retrieved January 8, 2007 . Jump up ^ Cook, Steve (January 12, 2005). \"Punters warm to online poker\" . The Register . Retrieved January 5, 2007 . Jump up ^ \"Poker History: Online Poker\" . PokerTips . Retrieved October 27, 2006 . Jump up ^ \"Texas Hold'em Rules\" . WorldSeriesOfPoker.com . Retrieved August 16, 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Mims (2007). \"Physicist Unlocks Secrets of Texas Hold 'Em\" . Science News . Scientific American, Inc . Retrieved April 8, 2007 . Jump up ^ A list of publication from this group can be found at [1] . Jump up ^ \"Carnegie Mellon Computer Poker Program Sets Its Own Texas Hold'Em Strategy\" . Carnegie Mellon University, Media Relations. July 6, 2006. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009 . Retrieved May 24, 2008 . Jump up ^ Emily Conover (8 January 2015). \"Texas Hold 'em poker solved by computer\" . ScienceNow . AAAS . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharon Begley (8 January 2015). \"Know when to fold 'em: computer aces Texas hold 'em poker\" . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowling, Michael; Burch, Neil; Johanson, Michael; Tammelin, Oskari (9 January 2015). \"Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved\" . Science . AAAS . 347 : 145–9. doi : 10.1126/science.1259433 . PMID 25574016 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Computer Poker Research Group Jump up ^ Alspach, Brian (2005). \"Counting starting poker hands\" (pdf) . Retrieved May 19, 2006 . Jump up ^ Cloutier, T.J. and Tom McEvoy (1997). Championship No-Limit & Pot-Limit Hold'em . Cardoza. ISBN 1-58042-127-X . Jump up ^ Bochan, Toby. \"Slang for Poker Hands\" . About.com . Retrieved July 16, 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller, Sklansky, and Malmuth op cit. and Jones, Lee (1994). Winning Low-Limit Hold-em . Conjelco. ISBN 1-886070-15-6 . Jump up ^ Gregorich, Mark (April 27, 2005). \"The Future of Tournaments\". Card Player Magazine . 18c (8c): 26, 110. Jump up ^ . Glazer, Andrew N.S. (2004). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Poker (First ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Alpha. Jump up ^ Sexton, Mike (February 5, 2005). \"Tournament Tips\". Card Player Magazine . 18c (3c): 18. Jump up ^ Odds Chart. \"How to play texas holdem poker\" . Howtoplaytexasholdempoker.org . Archived from the original on May 5, 2010 . Retrieved February 22, 2010 . Jump up ^ Flynn. Professional No-Limit Hold 'em: Volume I . Jump up ^ \"Royal Hold'em – Poker Rules Variant\" . Pokertips.org . Retrieved January 8, 2007 . Jump up ^ \"Pineapple – Poker Rules Variant\" . Pokertips.org . Retrieved January 8, 2007 . Jump up ^ Arneson, Erik. \"Omaha Hold 'Em Poker Rules\" . About.com . Retrieved January 8, 2007 . Jump up ^ \"Double Hold'em – Basic Tips\" . PokerNewsDaily.com . Archived from the original on May 27, 2011 . Retrieved October 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"PartyPoker Introduces Double Hold'em\" . PokerStrategy.com . Retrieved September 20, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Online Strategy Guide (YouTube video)\" . Poker Strategy . Retrieved September 29, 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Double Flop Holdem Rules\" . Pokernews.com . Retrieved January 8, 2007 . Jump up ^ Alex Scott (1 April 2011). What I Know about Poker: Lessons in Texas Hold'em, Omaha and Other Poker Games . Lulu.com. pp. 63–. ISBN 978-0-9567151-3-5 . Jump up ^ Honest Casinos. \"Manila Poker\" . Pokerpistols.com . Retrieved January 8, 2007 . Jump up ^ \"Six Plus Hold'em\" . PokerVIP . 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 2017-08-28 . 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{ "text": "List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel - Wikipedia List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Countries by number of active soldiers (2009) This is a list of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel . It includes any government-sponsored soldiers used to further the domestic and foreign policies of their respective government. The term \" country \" is used in its most common use, in the sense of state which exercises sovereignty or has limited recognition . Contents 1 Guide to the list 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading Guide to the list The list consists of columns that can be sorted by clicking on the appropriate title: The names of the states, accompanied by their respective national flags . The number of military personnel on active duty that are currently serving full-time in their military capacity. The number of military personnel in the reserve forces that are not normally kept under arms , whose role is to be available to mobilize when necessary. The number of personnel in paramilitary forces: armed units that are not considered part of a nation's formal military forces. The total number of active, reserve, and paramilitary personnel. The ratio per thousand inhabitants of total military (active, reserve, and paramilitary). The ratio per thousand inhabitants of active military only. As military forces around the world are constantly changing in size, no definitive list can ever be compiled. Many of the 171 countries listed here, especially those with the highest number of total soldiers such as the two Koreas and Vietnam , include a large number of paramilitaries, civilians and policemen in their reserve personnel. Some countries, such as Italy and Japan , have only volunteers in their armed forces. Other countries, such as Mauritius and Panama , have no national armies, but only a paramilitary force. List The following list is sourced from the 2017 edition of \"The Military Balance\" published annually by the International Institute for Strategic Studies . Flag Country Active military Reserve military Paramilitary Total Per 1000 capita (total) Per 1000 capita (active) Afghanistan [1] 171,200 0 148,200 319,400 9.6 5.1 Albania [2] 8,000 0 500 8,500 2.8 2.6 Algeria [3] 130,000 150,000 187,200 467,200 11.6 3.2 Angola [4] 107,000 0 10,000 117,000 5.8 5.3 Antigua and Barbuda [5] 180 80 0 260 2.8 1.9 Argentina [6] 74,200 0 31,250 105,450 2.4 1.7 Armenia [7] [Note 1] [Note 2] 44,800 210,000 4,300 259,100 84.9 14.7 Australia [8] 57,800 21,100 0 78,900 3.4 2.5 Austria [9] 21,350 146,000 0 167,350 19.2 2.5 Azerbaijan [10] 66,950 300,000 15,000 381,950 38.7 6.8 Bahamas [11] 1,300 0 0 1,300 4 4 Bahrain [12] 8,200 0 11,260 19,460 14.1 5.9 Bangladesh [13] 157,050 0 63,900 220,950 1.4 1 Barbados [14] 610 430 0 1,040 3.6 2.1 Belarus [15] 62,000 344,750 150,000 556,750 58.2 6.5 Belgium [16] 29,600 6,750 0 36,350 3.2 2.6 Belize [17] 1,500 700 0 2,200 6.2 4.2 Benin [18] 7,250 0 2,500 9,750 0.9 0.7 Bolivia [19] 34,100 0 37,100 71,200 6.5 3.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina [20] 10,500 0 0 10,500 2.7 2.7 Botswana [21] 9,000 0 0 9,000 4.1 4.1 Brazil [22] 334,500 1,340,000 395,000 2,069,500 10.1 1.6 Brunei [23] 7,000 700 2,250 9,950 22.8 16 Bulgaria [24] 31,300 3,000 16,000 50,300 7 4.4 Burkina Faso [25] 11,200 0 250 11,450 0.6 0.6 Burundi [26] 30,000 0 21,000 51,000 4.6 2.7 Cambodia [27] 124,300 0 67,000 191,300 12 7.8 Cameroon [28] 14,400 0 9,000 23,400 1 0.6 Canada [29] 63,000 30,000 4,500 97,500 2.8 1.8 Cape Verde [30] 1,200 0 0 1,200 2.2 2.2 Central African Republic [31] 7,150 0 1,000 8,150 1.5 1.3 Chad [32] 30,350 0 9,500 39,850 3.4 2.6 Chile [33] 64,750 40,000 44,700 149,450 8.5 3.7 China [34] 2,183,000 510,000 660,000 3,353,000 2.4 1.6 Colombia [35] 293,200 34,950 187,900 516,050 10.9 6.2 Costa Rica [36] 0 0 9,800 9,800 2 0 Côte d'Ivoire [37] 25,400 0 0 25,400 1.1 1.1 Croatia [38] 15,550 0 3,000 18,550 4.3 3.6 Cuba [39] [Note 3] 49,000 1,159,000 26,500 1,234,500 110.4 4.4 Cyprus [40] 12,000 50,000 750 62,750 52 10 Czech Republic [41] 21,950 0 3,100 25,050 2.3 2.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo [42] 134,250 0 0 134,250 1.7 1.7 Denmark [43] 16,600 45,700 0 62,300 11.1 3 Djibouti [44] 10,450 0 2,500 12,950 15.3 12.3 Dominican Republic [45] 56,050 0 15,000 71,050 6.7 5.3 Ecuador [46] 40,250 118,000 500 158,750 9.9 2.5 Egypt [47] 438,500 479,000 397,000 1,314,500 13.9 4.6 El Salvador [48] 24,500 9,900 17,000 51,400 8.3 4 Equatorial Guinea [49] 1,450 0 0 1,450 1.9 1.9 Eritrea [50] 201,750 120,000 0 321,750 54.8 34.4 Estonia [51] 6,400 12,000 15,800 34,200 27.2 5.1 Ethiopia [52] 138,000 0 0 138,000 1.3 1.3 Fiji [53] 3,500 6,000 0 9,500 10.4 3.8 Finland [54] [55] [Note 4] 22,200 900,000 2,700 924,900 168.2 4 France [56] 202,950 68,100 103,400 374,450 5.6 3 Gabon [57] 4,700 0 2,000 6,700 3.9 2.7 Gambia [58] 800 0 0 800 0.4 0.4 Georgia [59] 20,650 0 5,400 26,050 5.3 4.2 Germany [60] 176,800 27,600 500 204,900 2.5 2.2 Ghana [61] 15,500 0 0 15,500 0.6 0.6 Greece [62] 142,950 220,500 4,000 367,450 34.1 13.3 Guatemala [63] 18,050 63,850 25,000 106,900 7 1.2 Guinea [64] 9,700 0 2,600 12,300 1 0.8 Guinea-Bissau [65] 4,450 0 0 4,450 2.5 2.5 Guyana [66] 3,400 670 0 4,070 5.5 4.6 Haiti [67] 70 0 50 120 0 0 Honduras [68] 10,700 60,000 8,000 78,700 8.8 1.2 Hungary [69] 26,500 44,000 12,000 82,500 8.4 2.7 Iceland [70] 0 0 250 250 0.7 0 India [71] 1,395,100 2,142,800 1,403,700 4,941,600 3.9 1.1 Indonesia [72] 395,500 400,000 280,000 1,075,500 4.2 1.5 Iran [73] [Note 5] 523,000 350,000 40,000 913,000 11 6.3 Iraq [74] 64,000 0 145,000 209,000 5.5 1.7 Ireland [75] 9,100 2,630 0 11,730 2.4 1.8 Israel [76] 176,500 465,000 8,000 649,500 79.5 21.6 Italy [77] [Note 6] 174,500 18,300 182,350 375,150 6.1 2.8 Jamaica [78] 3,450 980 0 4,430 1.5 1.2 Japan [79] 247,150 56,000 12,650 315,800 2.5 2 Jordan [80] 100,500 65,000 15,000 180,500 22.1 12.3 Kazakhstan [81] 39,000 0 31,500 70,500 3.8 2.1 Kenya [82] 24,100 0 5,000 29,100 0.6 0.5 Kosovo [83] 2,500 800 0 3,300 1.8 1.3 Kuwait [84] 15,500 23,700 7,100 46,300 16.3 5.5 Kyrgyzstan [85] 10,900 0 9,500 20,400 3.6 1.9 Laos [86] 29,100 0 100,000 129,100 18.4 4.1 Latvia [87] 5,310 7,850 0 13,160 6.7 2.7 Lebanon [88] 60,000 0 20,000 80,000 12.8 9.6 Lesotho [89] 2,000 0 0 2,000 1 1 Liberia [90] 2,050 0 0 2,050 0.5 0.5 Libya [91] [Note 7] 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lithuania [92] 17,030 6,700 11,300 35,030 12.3 6 Luxembourg [93] 900 0 600 1,500 2.6 1.5 Madagascar [94] 13,500 0 8,100 21,600 0.9 0.6 Malawi [95] 5,300 0 1,500 6,800 0.4 0.3 Malaysia [96] [Note 8] 109,000 51,600 269,300 429,900 13.9 3.5 Mali [97] 8,000 0 7,800 15,800 0.9 0.5 Malta [98] 1,950 180 0 2,130 5.1 4.7 Mauritania [99] 15,850 0 5,000 20,850 5.7 4.3 Mauritius [100] 0 0 2,550 2,550 1.9 0 Mexico [101] 277,150 81,500 58,900 417,550 3.4 2.3 Moldova [102] 5,150 58,000 2,400 65,550 18.7 1.5 Mongolia [103] 20,000 250,000 15,000 285,000 89.3 6.3 Montenegro [104] 1,950 0 10,100 12,050 18.7 3 Morocco [105] 195,800 150,000 50,000 395,800 11.8 5.8 Mozambique [106] 11,200 0 0 11,200 0.4 0.4 Myanmar [107] 406,000 0 107,250 513,250 9 7.1 Namibia [108] 9,900 0 6,000 15,900 6.8 4.2 Nepal [109] 96,600 0 62,000 158,600 5.5 3.3 Netherlands [110] 35,410 4,500 6,060 45,970 2.7 2.1 New Zealand [111] 8,950 2,200 0 11,150 2.5 2 Nicaragua [112] 12,000 0 0 12,000 2 2 Niger [113] 5,300 0 5,400 10,700 0.6 0.3 Nigeria [114] 118,000 0 82,000 200,000 1.1 0.6 North Korea [115] [Note 9] 1,190,000 6,300,000 189,000 7,679,000 305.7 47.4 Norway [116] 24,950 45,590 0 70,540 13.4 4.7 Oman [117] 42,600 0 4,400 47,000 14 12.7 Pakistan [118] 653,800 0 282,000 935,800 4.6 3.2 Palestine [119] [Note 10] 0 0 Panama [120] 0 0 22,050 22,050 6 0 Papua New Guinea [121] 1,900 0 0 1,900 0.3 0.3 Paraguay [122] 10,650 164,500 14,800 189,950 27.7 1.6 Peru [123] 81,000 188,000 77,000 346,000 11.3 2.6 Philippines [124] 125,000 131,000 90,500 346,500 3.4 1.2 Poland [125] 99,300 0 73,400 172,700 4.5 2.6 Portugal [126] 29,600 211,950 44,000 285,550 26.4 2.7 Qatar [127] 11,800 0 0 11,800 5.2 5.2 Republic of Macedonia [128] 8,000 4,850 0 12,850 6.1 3.8 Republic of the Congo [129] 10,000 0 2,000 12,000 2.5 2.1 Romania [130] 70,500 50,000 79,900 200,400 9.3 3.3 Russia [131] [Note 11] 1,013,000 2,500,000 710,000 4,223,000 29.7 7.1 Rwanda [132] 33,000 0 2,000 35,000 2.7 2.5 Saudi Arabia [133] 227,000 0 24,500 251,500 8.9 8.1 Senegal [134] 13,600 0 5,000 18,600 1.3 0.9 Serbia [135] 28,150 50,150 0 78,300 11 3.9 Seychelles [136] 420 0 0 420 4.5 4.5 Sierra Leone [137] 8,500 0 0 8,500 1.4 1.4 Singapore [138] 72,500 312,500 119,100 504,100 87.2 12.5 Slovakia [139] 15,850 0 0 15,850 2.9 2.9 Slovenia [140] 7,250 1,760 5,950 14,960 7.6 3.7 Somalia [141] 19,800 0 0 19,800 1.8 1.8 South Africa [142] 67,100 15,050 0 82,150 1.5 1.2 South Korea [143] 630,000 3,100,000 4,500 3,734,500 73.3 12.4 Spain [144] 123,200 8,200 76,750 208,150 4.3 2.5 Sri Lanka [145] 243,000 35,900 62,200 341,100 15.3 10.9 South Sudan [146] 185,000 0 0 185,000 14.8 14.8 Sudan [147] 244,300 85,000 20,000 349,300 9.5 6.7 Suriname [148] 1,840 0 100 1,940 3.3 3.1 Sweden [149] 29,750 0 21,950 51,700 5.2 3 Switzerland [150] 20,950 144,270 74,000 239,220 29.2 2.6 Syria [151] 127,500 0 150,000 277,500 16.1 7.4 Taiwan [152] 215,000 1,657,000 17,000 1,889,000 80.5 9.2 Tajikistan [153] 8,800 0 7,500 16,300 2 1.1 Tanzania [154] 27,000 80,000 1,400 108,400 2.1 0.5 Thailand [155] 360,850 245,000 93,700 699,550 10.3 5.3 Timor Leste [156] 1,330 0 0 1,330 1.1 1.1 Togo [157] 8,550 0 750 9,300 1.2 1.1 Trinidad and Tobago [158] 4,050 0 0 4,050 3.3 3.3 Tunisia [159] 35,800 0 12,000 47,800 4.3 3.2 Turkey [160] 355,200 378,700 156,800 890,700 11.1 4.4 Turkmenistan [161] 36,500 0 0 36,500 6.9 6.9 Uganda [162] 45,000 10,000 1,400 56,400 1.5 1.2 Ukraine [163] 204,000 900,000 88,000 1,192,000 27 4.6 United Arab Emirates [164] 63,000 0 0 63,000 10.6 10.6 United Kingdom [165] 152,350 81,350 0 233,700 3.6 2.4 United States [166] 1,347,300 865,050 14,850 2,227,200 6.9 4.2 Uruguay [167] 24,650 0 800 25,450 7.6 7.4 Uzbekistan [168] 48,000 0 20,000 68,000 2.3 1.6 Venezuela [169] 115,000 8,000 0 123,000 4 3.7 Vietnam [170] 482,000 5,000,000 40,000 5,522,000 58 5.1 Yemen [171] 20,000 0 0 20,000 0.7 0.7 Zambia [172] 15,100 3,000 1,400 19,500 1.3 1 Zimbabwe [173] 29,000 0 21,800 50,800 3.5 2 Not included in the list are the militaries of Abkhazia , Andorra , Bhutan , Northern Cyprus , Maldives , Monaco , Artsakh , San Marino , Saint Kitts and Nevis , São Tomé and Príncipe , Somaliland , Swaziland , Tonga and Vanuatu . See also List of countries by level of military equipment List of countries by military expenditures List of countries by military expenditure per capita List of countries by Military Strength Index List of countries by Global Militarization Index List of countries without armed forces List of militaries by country List of militaries that recruit foreigners List of countries by number of police officers Notes Jump up ^ The reserve military of Armenia consists mostly of ex-conscripts who have seen service within the last 15 years. Jump up ^ Does not include Army forces of Artsakh , which has an Armenian backed army. Jump up ^ The reserve paramilitary of Cuba consists of the Youth Labour Army , Civil Defence and Territorial Troops Militia and count 1,120,000 units. Ready reserves serve 45 days per year. Jump up ^ Finnish Defence Forces has a ~33,400 active strength, a wartime strength of ~280,000, with a total reserve of ~900,000 Jump up ^ The paramilitary forces of Iran largely consists of the Basij , a paramilitary militia with claimed membership of 12.6 million (including women and children), which after mobilization can reach about 1,000,000 people able to fight. Jump up ^ The paramilitary forces of Italy consists of the Carabinieri and the Guardia di Finanza . Jump up ^ No data due to the ongoing civil war . Jump up ^ The paramilitary forces of Malaysia includes 244,700 personnel from the People's Volunteer Corps . Jump up ^ The Worker-Peasant Red Guards count 5,700,000 units and are used as a reserve paramilitary. Jump up ^ Precise personnel-strength figures for the various Palestinian groups are not known. Jump up ^ The potential reserve personnel of Russia may be as high as 20 million, depending on how the figures are counted. However, an est. 2 million have seen military service within the last 5 years. References Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 269 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 90 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 368 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 495 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , p. 431 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 431 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 199 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 270-271 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 91 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 200-201 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 434 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 370 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 273-274 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , p. 435 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 203 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 93 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 435-436 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 496 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 436 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 95 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 497 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 438 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , p. 276 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 96 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 498 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 499 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 277 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 500-501 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 42 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 502 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 502-503 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 503-504 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 442 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 278-279 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 445 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , p. 448 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 505-506 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 98 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 449 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 100 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 102 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 507 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 104 Jump up ^ IISS 2016 , pp. 509 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 451 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 452 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 372 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 454 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 510 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 511 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 106-107 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 512 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , p. 288 Jump up ^ IISS 2017 , pp. 108 Jump up ^ Kotimaa. \"900 000 suomalaista saa pian postia armeijalta – HS kertoo reserviläiskirjeen sisällön - Kotimaa - Helsingin Sanomat\" . Hs.fi . Retrieved 2017-02-18 . 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The Military Balance 2010 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857435575 . International Institute for Strategic Studies (2 March 2011). The Military Balance 2011 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857436067 . International Institute for Strategic Studies (7 March 2012). The Military Balance 2012 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857436423 . International Institute for Strategic Studies (14 March 2013). The Military Balance 2013 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857436806 . International Institute for Strategic Studies (3 February 2014). The Military Balance 2014 . London : Routledge . ISBN 9781857437225 . Further reading Cordesman, Anthony ; Fitzgerald, Erin (27 August 2009). The 2010 Quadriennal Defense Review (PDF) . Center for Strategic and International Studies . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Cordesman, Anthony ; Nerguizian, Aram (22 April 2010). The Gulf Military Balance in 2010 (PDF) . Center for Strategic and International Studies . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Cordesman, Anthony ; Nerguizian, Aram (29 June 2010). The Arab-Israeli Military Balance (PDF) . Center for Strategic and International Studies . ISBN 0275969398 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . hide v t e Lists of countries by military rankings Strength Military and paramilitary personnel Military equipment Aircraft carriers Nuclear weapons Finance Arms exports Arms imports Military budget ( per capita , per share of GDP ) Militarization index Peacekeeping Global Peace Index Global Terrorism Index UN peacekeepers List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel&oldid=851912423 \" Categories : Military comparisons lists of countries Military personnel Hidden categories: Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2012 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read View source View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية অসমীয়া Asturianu Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kurdî Magyar Bahasa Melayu Norsk Português Română Русский Shqip سنڌي Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018, at 11:17 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "A Star Is Born (1976 film) - Wikipedia A Star Is Born (1976 film) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search A Star Is Born Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Pierson Produced by Jon Peters Screenplay by Frank Pierson John Gregory Dunne Joan Didion Based on A Star Is Born (1937 film) by William A. Wellman Robert Carson Dorothy Parker Alan Campbell Starring Barbra Streisand Kris Kristofferson Gary Busey Music by Roger Kellaway (score) Kenny Ascher (songs) Rupert Holmes (songs) Kenny Loggins (songs) Leon Russell (songs) Paul Williams (songs) Barbra Streisand (songs) Cinematography Robert Surtees Edited by Peter Zinner Production company First Artists Distributed by Warner Bros. Release date December 8, 1976 ( 1976-12-08 ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $80 million [1] A Star Is Born is a 1976 American musical romantic drama film about a young singer ( Barbra Streisand ) who meets and falls in love with an established rock and roll star ( Kris Kristofferson ), only to find her career ascending while his goes into decline. The film is a remake of the 1937 original drama starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March , which had also been adapted in 1954 as a musical starring Judy Garland and James Mason . The story was subsequently adapted in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Awards and honors 5 Remakes 6 Home media 7 Soundtrack 8 References 9 External links Plot [ edit ] John Norman Howard, a famous and self-destructive singer/songwriter rock star , arrives late for a concert. He is drunk, sings a couple of songs, and walks off stage. John's entourage, including his manager Brian, takes him to a bar where Esther Hoffman is singing. One of John's fans find him there and starts a fight. Esther grabs John and helps him escape out a back door. They go to Esther's, but she invites him to come back for breakfast. Over breakfast, she agrees to go to a concert with him. After arriving by helicopter, John rides a motorbike around the stage, snags a cable and crashes off the front of the stage. John is taken away by ambulance and his entourage leave in the helicopter forgetting Esther. Afterwards, John is resting at home by his pool. A radio DJ, Bebe Jesus, hovers over the pool in a helicopter and invites John to his studio. John gets angry and shoots at the helicopter. Bebe Jesus then threatens to never play John's songs. Later, John goes to the radio station with a case of whiskey to make peace with Bebe Jesus. The disk jockey does not accept John's apology and calls John an alcoholic over the air. Esther happens to be at the radio station at the same time, taping a commercial, John takes Esther to his mansion and writes her name on the wall with a can of spray paint. There, they make love, have a bath together, and he listens to her playing his piano. She thinks no one would be able to sing to the tune she has written, but he makes up with some lyrics and starts singing. At his next concert, John gets Esther on stage to sing. Although the audience boos when she starts to sing, she wins them over. Later, she tells John she wants them to get married. John replies that he's no good for her, but she persists, and they marry. John takes Esther to a plot of land he has out west where they build a simple house. She wants a tour co-starring with him, but he thinks she should do the tour on her own. Esther's career takes off, eclipsing his. John returns to the studio thinking of restarting his career. His band tells him they have gone on without him. At home alone, John begins to write a new song. As he records it, he is interrupted by the phone. Someone asks for Esther and wants to know whether he is her secretary. At the Grammy Awards, Esther wins for best female performance. While she is giving her acceptance speech, John arrives drunk and makes a scene. Later, Esther tries to talk Brian into giving John a last chance. John is writing songs again but in a different way. Brian calls on John and likes the new songs, but suggests John release some of his old hits along with the new songs. However, John wants to go with the new work only, so he turns down the offer. Back at his LA mansion, John finds Quentin, a magazine writer, swimming half-naked in his swimming pool. She says she would do anything to get an exclusive interview with Esther. When Esther arrives soon after, she finds them in bed together. Quentin tries to interview Esther, but John tells Quentin to get out. Esther and John end up going back to their small home out west where they have been happiest. One morning, John drives to the airport to get Brian. He puts on some of Esther's songs, drives recklessly, and is killed in an accident. Afterwards, back at the LA mansion, Esther hears John's voice calling out for someone to answer the phone. But she discovers it's just a tape of the old songwriting session during which the phone had interrupted his singing. At Esther's next concert, the audience raises candles as tribute to her lost husband. She sings\tone of John's songs but begins it as a ballad and ends it as a rock song. Cast [ edit ] Barbra Streisand as Esther Hoffman Howard Kris Kristofferson as John Norman Howard Gary Busey as Bobbie Ritchie Paul Mazursky as Brian Wexler Joanne Linville as Freddie Lowenstein Oliver Clark as Gary Danziger Venetta Fields as One (of the Oreos) Clydie King as Two (of the Oreos) Sally Kirkland as Photographer Marta Heflin as Quentin Rita Coolidge as Herself Tony Orlando as Himself M. G. Kelly as DJ Bebe Jesus Uncle Rudy as Mo Susan Richardson as Groupie (uncredited) Robert Englund as Marty (uncredited) Maidie Norman as Justice of the Peace (uncredited) Martin Erlichman as Manager (uncredited) Production [ edit ] Directed by Frank Pierson , the film updates the original story and screenplay of William A. Wellman and Robert Carson with additional contributions by Pierson, John Gregory Dunne and Joan Didion . It also features Gary Busey and Sally Kirkland . Venetta Fields and Clydie King perform as Streisand's backing vocalists \"The Oreos\". Kristofferson's then-wife Rita Coolidge and Tony Orlando appear briefly as themselves. The earlier films had portrayed the behind-the-scenes world of Hollywood filmmaking. However, this version adapted the story to the music business. For example, the 1937 and 1954 films each portrayed the lead female character winning an Academy Award , while the 1976 and 2018 versions depicted the heroine winning a Grammy Award instead. A Star Is Born was co-produced by Streisand and her then-partner Jon Peters for Barwood Films and Warner Brothers , with Peters as the main producer and Streisand as executive. Among actors considered for the male lead were Neil Diamond and Marlon Brando . Streisand and Peters wanted Elvis Presley for the role: they met with Elvis and discussed the film, and he was interested in taking the part, thinking it would revive his film career. Elvis' manager, Colonel Tom Parker , insisted Elvis have top billing and asked for a substantial sum of money for the role, even though he had not had an acting role since 1969, and people were unsure what kind of box office draw he would be. This effectively ended Elvis's involvement with the project. Parker also did not want to have Elvis portrayed as having a show business career in decline. This, in fact, was far from the truth, with Elvis playing to packed auditoriums wherever he toured in the States. Diamond, who knew Streisand and had attended high school with her at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, was also seriously considered but had to decline due to his extensive concert commitments, and Kristofferson got the part of John Norman Howard. Kristofferson denied modelling his character on Jim Morrison : \"That's a good idea but it's not true. I don't think I ever met Morrison. A lot of people said we looked alike – shirts off, beards – but that washed-up rock star was more about me.\" [2] The film cost around $6 million to produce. Its soundtrack album was also an international success, reaching number 1 in many countries and selling nearly 15 million copies worldwide. It featured the ballad \" Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born) \", which became one of the biggest hits of Streisand's career, spending three weeks at number one in the United States, and peaking at number three in the United Kingdom. The filming locations included many in Arizona such as downtown Tucson , Tucson Community Center, Sonoita and Tempe . [3] The clothing of Streisand's character's (Esther Hoffman Howard) was from Streisand's own closet. The actual credit reads: \"Miss Streisand's clothes from... her closet\". The film was choreographed by David Winters of West Side Story fame, who worked closely with Streisand to perfect the movie's dancing sequences. [4] [5] Reception [ edit ] The film grossed $80 million at the U.S. box office, [1] making it the 3rd highest grossing picture of 1976 . Critical reception [ edit ] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an approval rating of 35% based on 23 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. [6] On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". [7] Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, writing in his review, \"There is, to begin with, no denying Barbra Streisand's enormous talent. At the end of \"A Star Is Born\" the camera stays on her for one unbroken shot of seven or eight minutes, and she sings her heart out, and we concede that she's one of the great stars of the movies, one of the elemental presences...I thought Miss Streisand was distractingly miscast in the role, and yet I forgave her everything when she sang.\" [8] Paul Mavis, reviewing Warner's 2006 disc release of A Star is Born for DVD Talk , wrote, \"There is something of value in A Star is Born – one thing – and that's Kris Kristofferson's amazingly adept, heartfelt performance as the doomed rock star, self-destructing despite the love of an up-and-coming singer (Streisand). There's not a wrong note in his performance. Unfortunately, the remainder of A Star is Born is an unmitigated disaster that has the megalomaniac fingerprints of Barbra Streisand and her hairdresser/producer boyfriend, Jon Peters, all over it.\" [9] Conversely, Vincent Canby , in his review in The New York Times , says Kristofferson \"walks through the film looking very bored.\" Awards and honors [ edit ] The film won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Evergreen\" with the award shared by its songwriters, Streisand and Paul Williams , and was also nominated in the categories of Best Cinematography ( Robert Surtees ), Best Sound ( Robert Knudson , Dan Wallin , Robert Glass and Tom Overton ) and Original Song Score ( Roger Kellaway ). [10] It won five Golden Globe Awards for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy , Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Streisand), Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Kristofferson), Best Original Score (Paul Williams and Kenny Ascher ) and Best Original Song , (Streisand and Williams for \"Evergreen\"). [11] The film's music score and theme song also won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards for Most Performed Feature Film Standards and nominated BAFTA Awards for Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music and Best Sound Track, Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score written for a Motion Picture or Television Special In the two previous versions, Gaynor and Garland were each depicted on screen as winning an Oscar, yet neither won for their film in real life (though Gaynor had won an Oscar before, as had Streisand and Garland had won a Juvenile Oscar). In this film, Streisand is instead depicted as winning a Grammy, and, in real life, the film's song \"Evergreen\" won her both a Grammy (for Song of the Year ) and an Oscar. According to at least one Streisand biography [ vague ] , unhappy with a few of Frank Pierson's scenes, Streisand later directed them herself (a claim also made for 1979's The Main Event ), adding to the rumors that she and Pierson clashed constantly during production. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs : \" Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) \" – #16 [12] Remakes [ edit ] A Star Is Born was the second remake of the original 1937 drama , the prior being the 1954 musical starring Judy Garland and James Mason . The story was also adapted as the 2013 Bollywood film Aashiqui 2 . Bradley Cooper later starred, directed, and co-produced a 2018 retelling , with Lady Gaga co-starring and composing new music for the film. [13] Home media [ edit ] In 2006, the Region 1 DVD was released in North America in Dolby Digital 5.1 sound with extras including a full-length commentary by Barbra Streisand, 16 minutes of never before seen and additional footage and the original wardrobe test. In 2007 the Region 2 DVD with the same extras was released in Germany. In 2008 the Region 4 DVD was released in Australia, the content of which appears to be the same as the Region 1 edition. The DVD has yet to be released in any other region. Warner Bros. released the film worldwide on the Blu-ray format on February 6, 2013. Soundtrack [ edit ] Main article: A Star Is Born (1976 soundtrack) The soundtrack album to the film was released by Columbia Records in 1976. References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b \"A Star Is Born, Box Office Information\" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 23, 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell, Max: \"Q&A: Kris Kristofferson\"; Classic Rock #148, August 2010, p. 34 Jump up ^ Filming locations for A Star Is Born Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ David Winters – Awards – IMDb Jump up ^ \"IMDb Pro : David Winters Business Details\" . Pro.imdb.com. April 5, 1939 . Retrieved April 1, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"A Star is Born (1976)\" . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 7, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"A Star Is Born (1976) Reviews\" . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7, 2018 . Jump up ^ \"A Star Is Born Movie Review & Film Summary (1976)\" . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital . Retrieved June 7, 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Mavis' review at DVD Talk Jump up ^ \"The 49th Academy Awards (1977) Nominees and Winners\" . oscars.org . Retrieved October 3, 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Winners and Nomines:1977\" . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs\" (PDF) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (June 11, 2018). \"Lady Gaga Joins Bradley Cooper's 'A Star Is Born' Remake\" . Variety . Retrieved August 17, 2016 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Star Is Born (1976 film) . A Star Is Born on IMDb A Star Is Born at the TCM Movie Database A Star Is Born at AllMovie A Star Is Born at Rotten Tomatoes Records/A Star is Born Barbra Streisand Archives \"My Battles With Barbra and Jon\" , New West magazine article by director Frank Pierson The Village Voice article on the making of the film show v t e A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music 1954 soundtrack \" The Man That Got Away \" 1976 soundtrack \" Evergreen \" 2018 soundtrack \" La Vie en rose \" \" Shallow \" \" Always Remember Us This Way \" \" Is That Alright? \" \" I'll Never Love Again \" Related What Price Hollywood? show v t e Films directed by Frank Pierson The Looking Glass War (1969) A Star Is Born (1976) King of the Gypsies (1978) Somebody Has to Shoot the Picture (1990) Citizen Cohn (1992) Lakota Woman: Siege at Wounded Knee (1994) Truman (1995) Dirty Pictures (2000) Conspiracy (2001) Soldier's Girl (2003) show v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy An American in Paris (1951) With a Song in My Heart (1952) Carmen Jones (1954) Guys and Dolls (1955) The King and I (1956) Les Girls (1957) Gigi / Auntie Mame (1958) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot (1959) Song Without End / The Apartment (1960) West Side Story / A Majority of One (1961) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink (1962) Tom Jones (1963) My Fair Lady (1964) The Sound of Music (1965) The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1966) The Graduate (1967) Oliver! (1968) The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969) MASH (1970) Fiddler on the Roof (1971) Cabaret (1972) American Graffiti (1973) The Longest Yard (1974) The Sunshine Boys (1975) A Star Is Born (1976) The Goodbye Girl (1977) Heaven Can Wait (1978) Breaking Away (1979) Coal Miner's Daughter (1980) Arthur (1981) Tootsie (1982) Yentl (1983) Romancing the Stone (1984) Prizzi's Honor (1985) Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) Hope and Glory (1987) Working Girl (1988) Driving Miss Daisy (1989) Green Card (1990) Beauty and the Beast (1991) The Player (1992) Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) The Lion King (1994) Babe (1995) Evita (1996) As Good as It Gets (1997) Shakespeare in Love (1998) Toy Story 2 (1999) Almost Famous (2000) Moulin Rouge! (2001) Chicago (2002) Lost in Translation (2003) Sideways (2004) Walk the Line (2005) Dreamgirls (2006) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008) The Hangover (2009) The Kids Are All Right (2010) The Artist (2011) Les Misérables (2012) American Hustle (2013) The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) The Martian (2015) La La Land (2016) Lady Bird (2017) Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(1976_film)&oldid=866091834 \" Categories : 1976 films English-language films 1970s drama films 1970s musical films American films Films set in 1976 American musical drama films American rock music films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films American independent films Musical film remakes Films directed by Frank Pierson Films about alcoholism 1970s independent films Warner Bros. films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance First Artists films Barwood Films films Albums produced by Phil Ramone Films produced by Jon Peters Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018, at 05:42 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "Eddy current - Wikipedia Eddy current From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Eddy currents (also called Foucault currents ) are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor due to Faraday's law of induction . Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors, in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field. They can be induced within nearby stationary conductors by a time-varying magnetic field created by an AC electromagnet or transformer , for example, or by relative motion between a magnet and a nearby conductor. The magnitude of the current in a given loop is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, the area of the loop, and the rate of change of flux, and inversely proportional to the resistivity of the material. By Lenz's law , an eddy current creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in the magnetic field that created it, and thus eddy currents react back on the source of the magnetic field. For example, a nearby conductive surface will exert a drag force on a moving magnet that opposes its motion, due to eddy currents induced in the surface by the moving magnetic field. This effect is employed in eddy current brakes which are used to stop rotating power tools quickly when they are turned off. The current flowing through the resistance of the conductor also dissipates energy as heat in the material. Thus eddy currents are a cause of energy loss in alternating current (AC) inductors , transformers , electric motors and generators , and other AC machinery, requiring special construction such as laminated magnetic cores or ferrite cores to minimize them. Eddy currents are also used to heat objects in induction heating furnaces and equipment, and to detect cracks and flaws in metal parts using eddy-current testing instruments. Contents [ hide ] 1 Origin of term 2 History 3 Explanation 4 Properties 4.1 Power dissipation of eddy currents 4.2 Skin effect 4.3 Diffusion equation 5 Applications 5.1 Electromagnetic braking 5.2 Repulsive effects and levitation 5.3 Identification of metals 5.4 Vibration and position sensing 5.5 Structural testing 5.6 Skin effects 5.7 Other applications 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Origin of term [ edit ] The term eddy current comes from analogous currents seen in water in fluid dynamics , causing localised areas of turbulence known as eddies giving rise to persistent vortices. Somewhat analogously, eddy currents can take time to build up and can persist for very short times in conductors due to their inductance. History [ edit ] The first person to observe eddy currents was François Arago (1786–1853), the 25th Prime Minister of France, who was also a mathematician, physicist and astronomer. In 1824 he observed what has been called rotatory magnetism, and that most conductive bodies could be magnetized; these discoveries were completed and explained by Michael Faraday (1791–1867). In 1834, Heinrich Lenz stated Lenz's law , which says that the direction of induced current flow in an object will be such that its magnetic field will oppose the change of magnetic flux that caused the current flow. Eddy currents produce a secondary field that cancels a part of the external field and causes some of the external flux to avoid the conductor. French physicist Léon Foucault (1819–1868) is credited with having discovered eddy currents. In September, 1855, he discovered that the force required for the rotation of a copper disc becomes greater when it is made to rotate with its rim between the poles of a magnet, the disc at the same time becoming heated by the eddy current induced in the metal. The first use of eddy current for non-destructive testing occurred in 1879 when David E. Hughes used the principles to conduct metallurgical sorting tests. Explanation [ edit ] Eddy currents ( I, red ) induced in a conductive metal plate (C) as it moves to right under a magnet (N) . The magnetic field ( B, green ) is directed down through the plate. The increasing field at the leading edge of the magnet (left) induces a counterclockwise current, which by Lenz's law creates its own magnetic field ( left blue arrow ) directed up, which opposes the magnet's field, producing a retarding force. Similarly, at the trailing edge of the magnet (right) , a clockwise current and downward counterfield is created ( right blue arrow ) also producing a retarding force. Eddy current brake. A magnet induces circular electric currents in a metal sheet moving past it. See the diagram at right. It shows a metal sheet (C) moving to the right under a stationary magnet. The magnetic field ( B, green arrows ) of the magnet's north pole N passes down through the sheet. Since the metal is moving, the magnetic flux through the sheet is changing. At the part of the sheet under the leading edge of the magnet (left side) the magnetic field through the sheet is increasing as it gets nearer the magnet, d B d t > 0 {\\displaystyle {dB \\over dt}\\;>\\;0} . From Faraday's law of induction , this creates a circular electric field in the sheet in a counterclockwise direction around the magnetic field lines. This field induces a counterclockwise flow of electric current ( I, red ) , in the sheet. This is the eddy current. At the trailing edge of the magnet (right side) the magnetic field through the sheet is decreasing, d B d t < 0 {\\displaystyle {dB \\over dt}\\;<\\;0} , inducing a second eddy current in a clockwise direction in the sheet. Another way to understand the current is to see that the free charge carriers ( electrons ) in the metal sheet are moving with the sheet to the right, so the magnetic field exerts a sideways force on them due to the Lorentz force . Since the velocity v of the charges is to the right and the magnetic field B is directed down, from the right hand rule the Lorentz force on positive charges F = q ( v × B ) is toward the rear of the diagram (to the left when facing in the direction of motion v ). This causes a current I toward the rear under the magnet, which circles around through parts of the sheet outside the magnetic field, clockwise to the right and counterclockwise to the left, to the front of the magnet again. The mobile charge carriers in the metal, the electrons , actually have a negative charge ( q < 0) so their motion is opposite in direction to the conventional current shown. Due to Ampere's circuital law each of these circular currents creates a counter magnetic field ( blue arrows ), which due to Lenz's law opposes the change in magnetic field which caused it, exerting a drag force on the sheet. At the leading edge of the magnet (left side) by the right hand rule the counterclockwise current creates a magnetic field pointed up, opposing the magnet's field, causing a repulsive force between the sheet and the leading edge of the magnet. In contrast, at the trailing edge (right side) , the clockwise current causes a magnetic field pointed down, in the same direction as the magnet's field, creating an attractive force between the sheet and the trailing edge of the magnet. Both of these forces oppose the motion of the sheet. The kinetic energy which is consumed overcoming this drag force is dissipated as heat by the currents flowing through the resistance of the metal, so the metal gets warm under the magnet. Properties [ edit ] Eddy currents in conductors of non-zero resistivity generate heat as well as electromagnetic forces. The heat can be used for induction heating . The electromagnetic forces can be used for levitation, creating movement, or to give a strong braking effect. Eddy currents can also have undesirable effects, for instance power loss in transformers . In this application, they are minimized with thin plates, by lamination of conductors or other details of conductor shape. Self-induced eddy currents are responsible for the skin effect in conductors. [1] The latter can be used for non-destructive testing of materials for geometry features, like micro-cracks. [2] A similar effect is the proximity effect , which is caused by externally induced eddy currents. [3] An object or part of an object experiences steady field intensity and direction where there is still relative motion of the field and the object (for example in the center of the field in the diagram), or unsteady fields where the currents cannot circulate due to the geometry of the conductor. In these situations charges collect on or within the object and these charges then produce static electric potentials that oppose any further current. Currents may be initially associated with the creation of static potentials, but these may be transitory and small. (left) Eddy currents ( I, red ) within a solid iron transformer core. (right) Making the core out of thin laminations parallel to the field ( B, green ) with insulation between them reduces the eddy currents. Although the field and currents are shown in one direction, they actually reverse direction with the alternating current in the transformer winding. Eddy currents generate resistive losses that transform some forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, into heat. This Joule heating reduces efficiency of iron-core transformers and electric motors and other devices that use changing magnetic fields. Eddy currents are minimized in these devices by selecting magnetic core materials that have low electrical conductivity (e.g., ferrites ) or by using thin sheets of magnetic material, known as laminations . Electrons cannot cross the insulating gap between the laminations and so are unable to circulate on wide arcs. Charges gather at the lamination boundaries, in a process analogous to the Hall effect , producing electric fields that oppose any further accumulation of charge and hence suppressing the eddy currents. The shorter the distance between adjacent laminations (i.e., the greater the number of laminations per unit area, perpendicular to the applied field), the greater the suppression of eddy currents. The conversion of input energy to heat is not always undesirable, however, as there are some practical applications. One is in the brakes of some trains known as eddy current brakes . During braking, the metal wheels are exposed to a magnetic field from an electromagnet, generating eddy currents in the wheels. This eddy current is formed by the movement of the wheels. So, by Lenz's law , the magnetic field formed by the Eddy current will oppose its cause. Thus the wheel will face a force opposing the initial movement of the wheel. The faster the wheels are spinning, the stronger the effect, meaning that as the train slows the braking force is reduced, producing a smooth stopping motion. Induction heating makes use of eddy currents to provide heating of metal objects. Power dissipation of eddy currents [ edit ] Under certain assumptions (uniform material, uniform magnetic field, no skin effect , etc.) the power lost due to eddy currents per unit mass for a thin sheet or wire can be calculated from the following equation: [4] P = π 2 B p 2 d 2 f 2 6 k ρ D , {\\displaystyle P={\\frac {\\pi ^{2}B_{\\text{p}}^{\\,2}d^{2}f^{2}}{6k\\rho D}},} where P is the power lost per unit mass (W/kg), B p is the peak magnetic field (T), d is the thickness of the sheet or diameter of the wire (m), f is the frequency (Hz), k is a constant equal to 1 for a thin sheet and 2 for a thin wire, ρ is the resistivity of the material (Ω m), and D is the density of the material (kg/m 3 ). This equation is valid only under the so-called quasi-static conditions, where the frequency of magnetisation does not result in the skin effect ; that is, the electromagnetic wave fully penetrates the material. Skin effect [ edit ] Main article: Skin effect In very fast-changing fields, the magnetic field does not penetrate completely into the interior of the material. This skin effect renders the above equation invalid. However, in any case increased frequency of the same value of field will always increase eddy currents, even with non-uniform field penetration. [ citation needed ] The penetration depth for a good conductor can be calculated from the following equation: [5] δ = 1 π f μ σ , {\\displaystyle \\delta ={\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {\\pi f\\mu \\sigma }}},} where δ is the penetration depth (m), f is the frequency (Hz), μ is the magnetic permeability of the material (H/m), and σ is the electrical conductivity of the material (S/m). Diffusion equation [ edit ] The derivation of a useful equation for modelling the effect of eddy currents in a material starts with the differential, magnetostatic form of Ampère's Law , [6] providing an expression for the magnetizing field H surrounding a current density J : ∇ × H = J . {\\displaystyle \\nabla \\times \\mathbf {H} =\\mathbf {J} .} Taking the curl on both sides of this equation and then using a common vector calculus identity for the curl of the curl results in − ∇ ( ∇ ⋅ H ) − ∇ 2 H = ∇ × J . {\\displaystyle {\\color {white}-}\\nabla \\left(\\nabla \\cdot \\mathbf {H} \\right)-\\nabla ^{2}\\mathbf {H} =\\nabla \\times \\mathbf {J} .} From Gauss's law for magnetism , ∇ · H = 0 , so − ∇ 2 H = ∇ × J . {\\displaystyle -\\nabla ^{2}\\mathbf {H} =\\nabla \\times \\mathbf {J} .} Using Ohm's law , J = σ E , which relates current density J to electric field E in terms of a material's conductivity σ, and assuming isotropic homogeneous conductivity, the equation can be written as − ∇ 2 H = σ ∇ × E . {\\displaystyle -\\nabla ^{2}\\mathbf {H} =\\sigma \\nabla \\times {\\boldsymbol {E}}.} Using the differential form of Faraday's law , ∇ × E = −∂ B /∂ t , this gives − ∇ 2 H = σ ∂ B ∂ t . {\\displaystyle {\\color {white}-}\\nabla ^{2}\\mathbf {H} =\\sigma {\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {B} }{\\partial t}}.} By definition, B = μ 0 ( H + M ) , where M is the magnetization of the material and μ 0 is the vacuum permeability . The diffusion equation therefore is − ∇ 2 H = μ 0 σ ( ∂ M ∂ t + ∂ H ∂ t ) . {\\displaystyle {\\color {white}-}\\nabla ^{2}\\mathbf {H} =\\mu _{0}\\sigma \\left({\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {M} }{\\partial t}}+{\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {H} }{\\partial t}}\\right).} Applications [ edit ] Electromagnetic braking [ edit ] Main article: Eddy current brake Play media Demonstration of Waltenhofen’s pendulum, precursor of eddy current brakes. The formation and suppression of eddy currents is here demonstrated by means of this pendulum, a metal plate oscillating between the pole pieces of a strong electromagnet. As soon as a sufficiently strong magnetic field has been switched on, the pendulum is stopped on entering the field. Eddy current brakes use the drag force created by eddy currents as a brake to slow or stop moving objects. Since there is no contact with a brake shoe or drum, there is no mechanical wear. However, an eddy current brake cannot provide a \"holding\" torque and so may be used in combination with mechanical brakes, for example, on overhead cranes. Another application is on some roller coasters, where heavy copper plates extending from the car are moved between pairs of very strong permanent magnets. Electrical resistance within the plates causes a dragging effect analogous to friction, which dissipates the kinetic energy of the car. The same technique is used in electromagnetic brakes in railroad cars and to quickly stop the blades in power tools such as circular saws. Using electromagnets, as opposed to permanent magnets, the strength of the magnetic field can be adjusted and so the magnitude of braking effect changed. Repulsive effects and levitation [ edit ] Main article: electrodynamic suspension A cross section through a linear motor placed above a thick aluminium slab. As the linear induction motor 's field pattern sweeps to the left, eddy currents are left behind in the metal and this causes the field lines to lean. In a varying magnetic field the induced currents exhibit diamagnetic-like repulsion effects. A conductive object will experience a repulsion force. This can lift objects against gravity, though with continual power input to replace the energy dissipated by the eddy currents. An example application is separation of aluminum cans from other metals in an eddy current separator . Ferrous metals cling to the magnet, and aluminum (and other non-ferrous conductors) are forced away from the magnet; this can separate a waste stream into ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal. With a very strong handheld magnet, such as those made from neodymium , one can easily observe a very similar effect by rapidly sweeping the magnet over a coin with only a small separation. Depending on the strength of the magnet, identity of the coin, and separation between the magnet and coin, one may induce the coin to be pushed slightly ahead of the magnet – even if the coin contains no magnetic elements, such as the US penny . Another example involves dropping a strong magnet down a tube of copper [7] – the magnet falls at a dramatically slow pace. In a perfect conductor with no resistance (a superconductor ), surface eddy currents exactly cancel the field inside the conductor, so no magnetic field penetrates the conductor. Since no energy is lost in resistance, eddy currents created when a magnet is brought near the conductor persist even after the magnet is stationary, and can exactly balance the force of gravity, allowing magnetic levitation . Superconductors also exhibit a separate inherently quantum mechanical phenomenon called the Meissner effect in which any magnetic field lines present in the material when it becomes superconducting are expelled, thus the magnetic field in a superconductor is always zero. Using electromagnets with electronic switching comparable to electronic speed control it is possible to generate electromagnetic fields moving in an arbitrary direction. As described in the section above about eddy current brakes, a non-ferromagnetic conductor surface tends to rest within this moving field. When however this field is moving, a vehicle can be levitated and propulsed. This is comparable to a maglev but is not bound to a rail. [8] Identification of metals [ edit ] In a coin-operated vending machine , eddy currents are used to detect counterfeit coins, or slugs . The coin rolls past a stationary magnet, and eddy currents slow its speed. The strength of the eddy currents, and thus the retardation, depends on the conductivity of the coin's metal. Slugs are slowed to a different degree than genuine coins, and this is used to send them into the rejection slot. Vibration and position sensing [ edit ] Eddy currents are used in certain types of proximity sensors to observe the vibration and position of rotating shafts within their bearings. This technology was originally pioneered in the 1930s by researchers at General Electric using vacuum tube circuitry. In the late 1950s, solid-state versions were developed by Donald E. Bently at Bently Nevada Corporation. These sensors are extremely sensitive to very small displacements making them well suited to observe the minute vibrations (on the order of several thousandths of an inch) in modern turbomachinery . A typical proximity sensor used for vibration monitoring has a scale factor of 200 mV/mil. Widespread use of such sensors in turbomachinery has led to development of industry standards that prescribe their use and application. Examples of such standards are American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 670 and ISO 7919. A Ferraris acceleration sensor, also called a Ferraris sensor , is a contactless sensor that uses eddy currents to measure relative acceleration. [9] [10] [11] Structural testing [ edit ] Eddy current techniques are commonly used for the nondestructive examination (NDE) and condition monitoring of a large variety of metallic structures, including heat exchanger tubes, aircraft fuselage, and aircraft structural components. Skin effects [ edit ] Eddy currents are the root cause of the skin effect in conductors carrying AC current. Lamination of magnetic cores in transformers greatly improves the efficiency by minimising eddy currents Similarly, in magnetic materials of finite conductivity eddy currents cause the confinement of the majority of the magnetic fields to only a couple skin depths of the surface of the material. This effect limits the flux linkage in inductors and transformers having magnetic cores . Other applications [ edit ] Rock Climbing Auto Belays [12] Zip Line Brakes [13] Free Fall Devices [14] Metal detectors Conductivity meters for non-magnetic metals [15] [16] Eddy current adjustable-speed drives Eddy-current testing Electric meters (Electromechanical Induction Meters) Induction heating Proximity sensor (Displacement sensors) Vending machines (detection of coins) Coating Thickness Measurements [17] Sheet Resistance Measurement [18] Eddy current separator for metal separation [19] Mechanical speedometers Safety Hazard and defect detection applications References [ edit ] Inline citations Jump up ^ Israel D. Vagner, B.I. Lembrikov, Peter Rudolf Wyder, Electrodynamics of Magnetoactive Media, Springer, 2003, ISBN 3540436944 , page 73, Retrieved online on 7 January 2014 at https://books.google.com/books?id=E8caSplsF28C&pg=PA73 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvscLzOlkNgC&pg=PA570 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=mMJxcWqm_1oC&pg=PA80 Jump up ^ F. Fiorillo, Measurement and characterization of magnetic materials, Elsevier Academic Press, 2004, ISBN 0-12-257251-3 , page. 31 Jump up ^ Wangsness, Roald. Electromagnetic Fields (2nd ed.). pp. 387–8. Jump up ^ G. Hysteresis in Magnetism: For Physicists, Materials Scientists, and Engineers , San Diego: Academic Press, 1998. Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrw-i5Ku0mI Jump up ^ Hendo Hoverboards - World's first REAL hoverboard Jump up ^ Bernhard Hiller. \"Ferraris Acceleration Sensor - Principle and Field of Application in Servo Drives\" . Jump up ^ Jian Wang, Paul Vanherck, Jan Swevers, Hendrik Van Brussel. \"Speed Observer Based on Sensor Fusion Combining Ferraris Sensor and Linear Position Encoder Signals\" . Jump up ^ J. Fassnacht and P. Mutschler. \"Benefits and limits of using an acceleration sensor in actively damping high frequent mechanical oscillations\" . 2001. doi : 10.1109/IAS.2001.955949 . Jump up ^ \"TRUBLUE Auto Belay\" . Head Rush Technologies . Head Rush Technologies . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ \"zipSTOP Zip Line Brake System\" . Head Rush Technologies . Head Rush Technologies . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Our Patented Technology\" . Head Rush Technologies . Head Rush Technologies . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Zappi - Eddy Current Conductivity Meter - Products\" . zappitec.com . Retrieved 2016-05-08 . Jump up ^ \"Institut Dr. Foerster: SIGMATEST\" . www.foerstergroup.de . Retrieved 2016-05-08 . Jump up ^ Coating Thickness Measurement with Electromagnetic Methods Jump up ^ \"Ohm/sq & OD\" . www.nagy-instruments.de . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2016-05-08 . Jump up ^ \"Eddy Current Separator for metal separation\" . www.cogelme.com . Retrieved 2016-05-08 . General references Fitzgerald, A. E.; Kingsley, Charles Jr.; Umans, Stephen D. (1983). Electric Machinery (4th ed.). Mc-Graw-Hill, Inc. p. 20. ISBN 0-07-021145-0 . Sears, Francis Weston; Zemansky, Mark W. (1955). University Physics (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 616–618. Further reading [ edit ] Stoll, R. L. (1974). The analysis of eddy currents . Oxford University Press. Krawczyk, Andrzej; J. A. Tegopoulos. Numerical modelling of eddy currents . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eddy currents . Eddy Currents and Lenz's Law (Audio slideshow from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory) Eddy Current Separator Cogelme for non-ferrous metals separation – Info and Video in Cogelme site Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddy_current&oldid=819301479 \" Categories : Electrodynamics Mechanical biological treatment Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018, at 16:36. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Eddy current", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Eddy_current&amp;oldid=819301479" }

{ "text": "Presentation program - Wikipedia Presentation program From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search [ hide ] This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2008) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A slide created by the first presentation graphics company, VCN ExecuVision , in 1982 A presentation program is a software package used to display information in the form of a slide show . It has three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images, and a slide-show system to display the content. [1] Contents [ hide ] 1 History 2 Features 3 See also 4 References 5 Books and articles History [ edit ] A presentation using a presentation program. Early [ when? ] presentation graphics software ran on computer workstations, such as those manufactured by Trollman, Genigraphics , Autographix, and Dicomed . It became quite easy [ dubious – discuss ] to make last-minute changes compared to traditional typesetting and pasteup. It was also a lot easier to produce a large number of slides in a small amount of time. However, these workstations also required skilled operators, and a single workstation represented an investment of $50,000 to $200,000 (in 1979 dollars). In the mid-1980s developments in the world of computers changed the way presentations were created. Inexpensive, specialized applications now made it possible for anyone with a PC to create professional-looking presentation graphics. Originally these programs were used to generate 35 mm slides, to be presented using a slide projector . As these programs became more common in the late 1980s several companies set up services that would accept the shows on diskette and create slides using a film recorder or print transparencies . In the 1990s dedicated LCD -based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies, and by the late 1990s they had almost all been replaced by video projectors . The first commercial computer software specifically intended for creating WYSIWYG presentations was developed at Hewlett Packard in 1979 and called BRUNO and later HP-Draw. The first software displaying a presentation on a personal computer screen was VCN ExecuVision , developed in 1982. This program allowed users to choose from a library of images to accompany the text of their presentation. Features [ edit ] A presentation program is supposed to help both the speaker with an easier access to his ideas and the participants with visual information which complements the talk. There are many different types of presentations including professional (work-related), education, entertainment, and for general communication. Presentation programs can either supplement or replace the use of older visual-aid technology, such as pamphlets , handouts, chalkboards, flip charts, posters, slides and overhead transparencies. Text, graphics, movies, and other objects are positioned on individual pages or \"slides\" or \"foils\". The \"slide\" analogy is a reference to the slide projector , a device that has become somewhat obsolete due to the use of presentation software. Slides can be printed, or (more usually) displayed on-screen and navigated through at the command of the presenter. The slides can also be saved as images of any image file formats for any future reference. [2] Transitions between slides can be animated in a variety of ways, as can the emergence of elements on a slide itself. Typically a presentation has many constraints and the most important being the limited time to present consistent information. Many presentation programs come with pre-designed images ( clip art ) and/or have the ability to import graphic images, such as Visio and Edraw Max . Some tools also have the ability to search and import images from Flickr or Google directly from the tool. Custom graphics can also be created in other programs such as Adobe Photoshop or Adobe Illustrator and then exported. The concept of clip art originated with the image library that came as a complement with VCN ExecuVision , beginning in 1983. With the growth of digital photography and video , many programs that handle these types of media also include presentation functions for displaying them in a similar \"slide show\" format. For example, Apple's iPhoto allows groups of digital photos to be displayed in a slide show with options such as selecting transitions, choosing whether or not the show stops at the end or continues to loop, and including music to accompany the photos. Similar to programming extensions for an operating system or web browser , \"add ons\" or plugins for presentation programs can be used to enhance their capabilities. For example, it would be useful to export a PowerPoint presentation as a Flash animation or PDF document. This would make delivery through removable media or sharing over the Internet easier. Since PDF files are designed to be shared regardless of platform and most web browsers already have the plugin to view Flash files, these formats would allow presentations to be more widely accessible. [3] Certain presentation programs also offer an interactive integrated hardware element designed to engage an audience (e.g. audience response systems , second screen applications) or facilitate presentations across different geographical locations through the internet (e.g. web conferencing ). [4] Other integrated hardware devices ease the job of a live presenter such as laser pointers and interactive whiteboards . See also [ edit ] Office suite Productivity software References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Rouse, Margaret (March 2011). \"presentation software (presentation graphics)\" . WhatIs.com . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Save-a-picture-as-a-jpg-gif-or-png-3c4f9ca4-945a-4c33-af91-d10e4e3ea715 Jump up ^ \"Save as PDF\" . Microsoft Office . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Shiao, Dennis (28 August 2012). \"Online Presentation Tips from an Online Presentation Coach\" . INXPO . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Books and articles [ edit ] Farkas, David K. (2006) \"Toward a Better Understanding of PowerPoint Deck Design\" Information Design Journal + Document Design 4 (2): pp 162–171. Good, Lance & Bederson, Benjamin B. (2002) \"Zoomable User Interfaces as a Medium for Slide Show Presentations\" Journal on Information Visualization 1 (1): pp 35–49. Gross, Alan G. & Harmon, Joseph E. (2009) \"The Structure of PowerPoint Presentations: The Art of Grasping Things Whole\" IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 52 (2): pp 121–137. Knoblauch, Hubert . (2014) \"PowerPoint, Communication, and the Knowledge Society\". Cambridge University Press . Lichtschlag, Leonhard, Karrer, Thorsten & Borchers, Jan (2009) \" Fly: A Tool to Author Planar Presentations\" In Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . Boston, USA Reuss, Elke I., Signer, Beat & Norrie, Moira C. (2008) \"PowerPoint Multimedia Presentations in Computer Science Education: What do Users Need?\" In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Usability & HCI for Education and Work (USAB 2008) . Graz, Austria. Roels, Reinout & Signer, Beat (2014) \"MindXpres: An Extensible Content-driven Cross-Media Presentation Platform\" In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Web Information System Engineering (WISE 2014) . Thessaloniki, Greece. Roels, Reinout, Mestereaga, Paul & Signer, Beat (2016) \"An Interactive Source Code Visualisation Plug-in for the MindXpres Presentation Platform\" Communications in Computer and Information Science (CCIS) 583 : pp 169–188. Roels, Reinout, Baeten, Yves & Signer, Beat (2016) \"An Interactive Data Visualisation Approach for Next Generation Presentation Tools: Towards Rich Presentation-based Data Exploration and Storytelling\" In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU 2016) . Rome, Italy. Signer, Beat & Norrie, Moira C. (2007) \"PaperPoint: A Paper-Based Presentation and Interactive Paper Prototyping Tool\" In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction (TEI 2007) . Baton Rouge, USA. Tufte, Edward R. . (2006) \"The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint: Pitching Out Corrupts Within\" 'Graphics Press LLC , Cheshire, USA. [ hide ] v t e Presentation software Software Free software Beamer Calligra Stage MagicPoint OpenOffice.org Impress LibreOffice Impress NeoOffice Powerdot Simple Slides Tech Talk PSE Freeware IBM Lotus Symphony Presentations PowerPoint Viewer SoftMaker FreeOffice Presentations Retail software Adobe Acrobat Apple Keynote Corel Presentations Harvard Graphics IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics Microsoft PowerPoint SoftMaker Presentations Web applications authorSTREAM Brainshark Docstoc Google Slides Prezi Scribd SlideRocket SlideShare Sway wePapers Others... Discontinued Adobe Persuasion CA-Cricket Presents Formats Opera Show Format S5 OpenDocument Presentation Category Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presentation_program&oldid=808708480 \" Categories : Presentation software Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from September 2008 All articles that may contain original research All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from February 2010 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Afrikaans العربية Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Олык марий Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017, at 16:51. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Presentation program", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Presentation_program&amp;oldid=808708480" }

{ "text": "Rocky Steps - Wikipedia Rocky Steps From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is the current revision of this page, as edited by 2600:8801:fa00:bc00:cec:c5e7:9aeb:9fa9 ( talk ) at 17:52, 30 July 2017 . The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version. Revision as of 17:52, 30 July 2017 by 2600:8801:fa00:bc00:cec:c5e7:9aeb:9fa9 ( talk ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Jump to: navigation , search The front entrance and steps to the Philadelphia Museum of Art Sylvester Stallone , Tessa Thompson , and Michael B. Jordan promoting Creed atop the Rocky Steps in November 2015. The 72 stone steps before the entrance of the Philadelphia Museum of Art , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , have become known as the \" Rocky Steps \" as a result of their appearance in the triple-Oscar-winning film Rocky and all of the series' sequels except for Rocky IV , in which the eponymous character runs up the steps to the song \" Gonna Fly Now \". Tourists often mimic Rocky's famous climb, a metaphor for an underdog or an everyman rising to a challenge. [1] A bronze Rocky statue was briefly situated at the top of the steps for the filming of Rocky III . This statue, now located at the bottom right of the steps, is a popular photo opportunity for visitors. The top of the steps offers a commanding view of Eakins Oval , the Benjamin Franklin Parkway , and Philadelphia City Hall . In 2006, Rocky creator Sylvester Stallone recounted the genesis of the iconic scene: (while filming the 1976 movie) the film crew, bound by a tight budget, identified the steps one night while searching for filming locations around the city. Stallone first thought Rocky should carry his dog Butkus up the steps, but the big bull mastiff proved too heavy for the scene to work. Still, the view from the top of the stairs inspired him to reshoot the scene without the dog. Also in Rocky Balboa , Rocky lifts his dog Scraps when he reaches the top of the steps. The closing credits of Rocky Balboa shows a montage of dozens of people running up the steps. This scene was one of the first uses in a major film of the Steadicam , a stabilized camera mount that allows its operator to walk and even climb steps while smoothly filming. [2] Contents [ hide ] 1 Bronze Rocky statue 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Bronze Rocky statue [ edit ] The Rocky statue, situated just northeast of the steps View of the Ben Franklin Parkway from the top of the steps Before Rocky III , released in 1982, Stallone commissioned A. Thomas Schomberg to create a bronze statue of Rocky. [3] Three 2-ton, 10-foot-tall copies were cast. One was installed atop the steps for the filming of Rocky III , and was ultimately relocated at the bottom of the steps. The second Rocky is in the San Diego Hall of Champions Sports Museum in San Diego, California . The third was planned, but was not cast. It is unknown if Schomberg ever cast the third Rocky statue, but it has been put up for auction several times to raise funds for charities. The third was listed on eBay three separate times between 2002-2005, with a starting bid of US$5,000,000, then US$3,000,000, and finally $1,000,000 to raise funds for the International Institute for Sport and Olympic History, but since it has failed to sell it is unknown if the third was ever cast. [3] [4] After filming was complete, a debate arose between the Art Museum and Philadelphia's Art Commission over the meaning of \" art \". City officials, who argued that the Rocky statue was not \"art\" but a \"movie prop \", eventually moved it to the front of the Philadelphia Spectrum . [5] It was later returned to the Art Museum for the filming of Rocky V , Mannequin and Philadelphia , then brought back to the Spectrum. The statue was replaced with a bronze inlay of Converse sneaker footprints with the name \"Rocky\" above them. [6] On September 8, 2006, the Rocky statue was returned to the Art Museum and placed on a pedestal in a grassy area near the foot of the steps to the right of the Museum. The unveiling ceremony included live music, the debut of the first full trailer for Rocky Balboa, and a free showing of the first Rocky movie. At the ceremony, Philadelphia Mayor John Street said that the steps were one of Philly's biggest tourist attractions, and that Stallone, a native New Yorker , had become \"the city's favorite adopted son\". [7] In popular culture [ edit ] The Rocky film scene has become a cultural icon. Many tourists visit the steps to recreate the scene themselves. [8] E! Channel ranked it No. 13 in its 101 Most Awesome Moments in Entertainment . [9] During the 1996 Olympic Torch Relay , Philadelphia native Dawn Staley was chosen to run up the museum steps. The steps are the backdrop for the annual Independence Day celebration, and have often been featured in large concerts such as Live 8 . Two journalists from the Philadelphia Inquirer spent a year interviewing people who ran the steps, and published a book in 1996 called Rocky Stories: Tales of Love, Hope, and Happiness at America's Most Famous Steps . [10] The 2017 NFL Draft was held from the steps, the first time the NFL draft was held outdoors. [11] The scene has inspired homages and parodies since Rocky was released in 1976. In The Simpsons episode \" I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can \", Lisa Simpson runs up a flight of stairs wearing a tracksuit similar to Rocky's. [12] In the film In Her Shoes , Toni Collette 's character, Rose Feller, runs up the steps with four dogs. On an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel Air , the character Will, while back in Philly, trains for a big fight against a former childhood bully; the training ends with Will running up the steps to \" Gonna Fly Now \", and celebrating and passing out, where a passer-by steals his wallet and hat. In the Eddie Murphy movie The Nutty Professor , Sherman Klump runs up the steps to one of his college's buildings, parodying the scene. Participants in Philadelphia's monthly Critical Mass bike ride generally finish up by cycling to the Rocky Steps, hoisting their bicycles, running up the steps, then lifting their bikes above their heads. In a Reebok campaign, Allen Iverson , then with the Philadelphia 76ers , runs up the steps while dribbling a basketball. In the Boy Meets World episode, \"The Witches of Pennbrook\" Eric says that he and Jack are going to run up the steps and had been planning it for months. In the opening episode of the 2005 boxing reality television series The Contender (which featured and was executive produced by Stallone), Philadelphia native Najai Turpin ran up the steps. See also [ edit ] Rocky Balboa Rocky film series Rocky statue in Žitište Philadelphia portal References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"The Rocky Statue and the Rocky Steps\" . VisitPhilly.com . Visit Philadelphia . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Steadicam Celebrates its 30th Anniversary at NAB 2005\" (Press release). Tiffen. 2005-04 . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . Check date values in: |date= ( help ) ^ Jump up to: a b Doyle, Jack (2009-07-20). \"The Rocky Statue\" . The Pop History Dig . Jump up ^ \"Yo! Rocky can be yours!\" (Press release). International Institute for Sport and Olympic History. 2003-05-16. Jump up ^ Rose, Joel (July 30, 2006). \"‘Prop’ Culture? Rocky Statue Blurs Art Line\" . WHYY National Public Radio, All Things Considered . Philadelphia, PA . Retrieved December 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Doyle, Jack (July 20, 2009). \"The Rocky Statue: 1980-2009\" . pophistorydig.com . Retrieved December 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Gelston, Dan (2006-09-08). \"Rocky Is Back Where He Belongs\" . The Washington Post . The Associated Press . Retrieved March 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Straziuso, Jason (2004-07-01). \"Nostalgic Jaunt To 'Rocky' Steps\" . CBS News . Associated Press . Retrieved March 24, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"E! Channel's 101 Most Awesome Moments in Entertainment\" . E! Online . E! Entertainment Television, Inc. Archived from the original on 2004-12-05 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Vitez, Michael (2006). Rocky stories : tales of love, hope, and happiness at America's most famous steps . Philadelphia, Pa: Paul Dry Books. ISBN 1589880293 . Jump up ^ \"Parkway, and perhaps Rocky steps, to be stage for 2017 NFL draft\" . philly.com. September 2, 2016 . Retrieved March 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can @ TV.com\" . Retrieved 25 September 2006 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rocky Steps . Coordinates : 39°57′54″N 75°10′49″W  /  39.9649°N 75.1802°W  / 39.9649; -75.1802 [ hide ] v t e Rocky Films Rocky (1976) Rocky II (1979) Rocky III (1982) Rocky IV (1985) Rocky V (1990) Rocky Balboa (2006) Creed (2015) Characters Rocky Balboa Adonis Creed Apollo Creed Ivan Drago Tony \"Duke\" Evers Mickey Goldmill Clubber Lang Adrian Pennino Paulie Pennino Music Rocky \" Gonna Fly Now \" \" Eye of the Tiger \" Rocky IV \" Burning Heart \" \" Heart's on Fire \" \" Living in America \" Rocky V Rocky Balboa: The Best of Rocky Rocky the Musical (2012) Creed Video games Rocky Super Action Boxing (1983) Rocky (1987) Rocky (2002) Rocky Legends (2004) Rocky Balboa (2007) Real Boxing 2: CREED / ROCKY (2015/16) Related Anderson v. Stallone Rocky Steps Rocky statue in Žitište Rocky VI (1986) Ricky 1 (1988) Grudge Match (2013) Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Steps&oldid=793107634 \" Categories : Landmarks in Philadelphia Buildings and structures in Philadelphia Culture of Philadelphia Rocky (film series) Stairways in the United States Art gallery districts Museums in popular culture Philadelphia Museum of Art Tourist attractions in Philadelphia Fairmount, Philadelphia Boxing culture Hidden categories: CS1 errors: dates Coordinates on Wikidata Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Español Français 한국어 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017, at 17:52. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Rocky Steps", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Rocky_Steps&amp;oldid=793107634" }

{ "text": "Meredith Monroe - Wikipedia Meredith Monroe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Meredith Monroe Born Houston, Texas , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1997–present Spouse(s) Steven Kavovit (1999-present) Meredith Monroe (born December 30) is an American actress best known for portraying Andie McPhee on Dawson's Creek from 1998 to 2003, and her recurring role as Haley Hotchner on Criminal Minds . Contents [ hide ] 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Life and career [ edit ] Monroe was born on December 30, in Houston, Texas . [1] [2] Her parents divorced when she was two, and she was subsequently raised in Hinsdale, Illinois . [2] She studied at Hinsdale Central High School and after graduating moved to New York to pursue a modeling career. [2] In 1995, she appeared in a number of TV commercials and magazine advertisements for L'Oreal hair-care, Disney Resort, Huffy bicycles, Ford cars, and Mattel toys. [2] In 1996, Monroe made the transition into acting when she was cast as Tracy Dalken in ABC series Dangerous Minds , which led to a small recurring role on Sunset Beach as Rachel, a pregnant teenager. This led to her being cast as a series regular on Dawson's Creek in the role of Andie. She was a series regular in seasons 2 and 3, appeared in several episodes at the beginning and end of season 4, and was a special guest star in the series finale in season 6 (though her scenes were cut from the televised episode, appearing only on the DVD extended-cut release). She is also known for her role in Criminal Minds as Haley Hotchner, Aaron Hotchner 's wife. Monroe left the series after her character was murdered by a recurring villain, The Boston Reaper ( C. Thomas Howell ), in the 100th episode. In 2018, she joined the cast of 13 Reasons Why in season two as Carolyn, the mother of Alex Standall. [3] Filmography [ edit ] Film Year Title Role Notes 1997 Norville and Trudy Trudy Kockenlocker Strong Island Boys Weather Girl 1998 Fallen Arches Karissa 2002 Year That Trembled, The The Year That Trembled Judy Woods New Best Friend Hadley Ashton Minority Report Pre-Crime Public Service Announcer Full Ride Amy Lear 2003 Manhood Clare 2004 Shadow Man Ms. McKenna Short film 2005 Vampires: The Turning Amanda 2006 Not My Life Anita/Ana TV Movie 2008 Black Crescent Moon Suzy Beacon 2009 Wake Phaedra Nowhere to Hide Sara Crane 2011 Low Fidelity Lift, The The Lift Mary Lindsay Transformers: Dark of the Moon Engineer's Wife Born Bad Katherine Duncan Video 2016 The Edge of Seventeen Greer Bruner Television Year Title Role Notes 1997 Dangerous Minds Tracy Daiken Episode: \"Everybody Wants It\" Jenny Brianna Episode: \"A Girl's Gotta Pierce\" Hang Time Jill Episode: \"Kristy's Other Mother\" Promised Land Meredith Bix Episode: \"Crushed\" 1998 Sunset Beach Rachel (uncredited) 4 episodes Night Man Episode: \"You Are Too Beautiful\" Magnificent Seven, The The Magnificent Seven Claire Mosley Episode: \"Manhunt\" Players Sarah Nolan Episode: \"Con-undrum\" 1998–2003 Dawson's Creek Andie McPhee 69 episodes 1999 Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder Laura Ingalls Wilder TV movie Cracker: Mind Over Murder Devon Booker Episode: \"Faustian Fitz\" 2002 Beyond the Prairie, Part 2: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder Laura Ingalls Wilder TV movie Division, The The Division Carol Manning / Jeanette Episode: \"Illusions\" 2003 111 Gramercy Park Leah Karnegian TV movie The One Gail Hollander TV movie Mister Sterling Olivia Haynes Episode: \"Statewide Swing\" 2004 Joan of Arcadia Michelle Turner Episode: \"Double Dutch\" CSI: Miami Claudia Sanders Episode: \"Under the Influence\" Kevin Hill Kate Ross Episode: \"Snack Daddy\" 2005 House Lola Episode: \" Sports Medicine \" Fathers and Sons Young Nora TV movie Strong Medicine Episode: \"Broken Hearts\" Cold Case Cindy Mulvaney Episode: \"A Perfect Day\" 2005–2009, 2013 Criminal Minds Haley Hotchner 14 episodes 2006 Living With Fran Beth Episode: \"Masquerading with Fran\" Not My Life Alison Morgan TV movie CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Sister Bridget Episode: \"Double Cross\" Masters of Horror Celia Fuller Episode: \" Family \" 2007 Bones Clarissa Bancroft Episode: \"The Man in the Mansion\" Crossing Jordan Rebecca Episode: \"Fall from Grace\" Wedding Bells, The The Wedding Bells Episode: \"The Fantasy\" Shark Nina Weber Episode: \"In Absentia\" 2008 Moonlight Cynthia Episode: \"The Mortal Cure\" Californication Chloe Metz Episode: \"Vaginatown\" Private Practice Leah Episode: \"Know When to Fold\" 2009 Raising the Bar Prof. Doris Castillo Episode: \"Bobbi Ba-Bing\" Storm in the Heartland Liz McAdams TV movie Mentalist, The The Mentalist Verona Westlake Episode: \"Red Bulls\" 2010 Deep End, The The Deep End Molly Pierson Episode: \"Pilot\" Psych Catherine Bicks / Maddie Bicks Episode: \"Shawn 2.0\" NCIS April Ferris Episode: \"Cracked\" 2011 The Closer Tina Lynch Episode: \"Under Control\" Hawaii Five-0 Trisha Joyner Episode: \"Ma'eme'e\" Hart of Dixie Mrs. Breeland 3 episodes 2012 CSI: NY April Lewis Episode: \"Misconception\" 2013 Drop Dead Diva Violet Harwood Episode: \"Trust Me\" The Husband She Met Online Rachel Malemen TV Movie 2014 NCIS: Los Angeles Heidi Episode: \"SEAL Hunter\" 2015 Castle Elise Resner Episode: \"Habeas Corpse\" 2018 13 Reasons Why Carolyn Standall 4 episodes References [ edit ] Dawson's Creek: the Official Companion by Darren Crosdale Jump up ^ \"Meredith Monroe.\" Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television . Vol. 43. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Gale Biography In Context . Web. 13 Feb. 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Kathë Tibbs; Biff L. Peterson (1999). They Don't Wanna Wait: The Stars of Dawson's Creek . ECW Press. pp. 33–36. ISBN 978-1-55022-389-7 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (2017-08-10). \" ' 13 Reasons Why': Jake Weber, Brenda Strong, Meredith Monroe & RJ Brown Join Season 2 Cast\" . Deadline . Retrieved 2018-05-19 . External links [ edit ] Meredith Monroe on IMDb Meredith Monroe on Yahoo Movies Hollywood.com Authority control WorldCat Identities BNF : cb15088161x (data) GND : 1075155533 ISNI : 0000 0003 6499 7906 LCCN : no2009040965 VIAF : 229378297 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Monroe&oldid=846367086 \" Categories : Actresses from Houston American film actresses American television actresses Living people People from Hinsdale, Illinois Actresses from Illinois Hidden categories: BLP articles lacking sources from February 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Year of birth missing (living people) Missing middle or first names Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages تۆرکجه Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018, at 09:04 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Meredith Monroe", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Meredith_Monroe&amp;oldid=846367086" }

{ "text": "Maslow's hierarchy of needs - Wikipedia Maslow's hierarchy of needs From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom [1] Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper “A Theory of Human Motivation” in Psychological Review . [2] Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology , some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow used the terms \"physiological,\" \"safety,\" \"belonging and love,\" \"esteem,\" and \"self-actualization\" to describe the pattern through which human motivations generally move. The goal of Maslow's Theory is to attain the fifth level or stage: self-actualization needs. [3] Maslow's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality . [4] The hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research, management training [5] and secondary and higher psychology instruction. Contents 1 Hierarchy 1.1 Physiological needs 1.2 Safety needs 1.3 Social belonging 1.4 Esteem 1.5 Self-actualization 1.6 Self-transcendence 2 Research 3 Criticism 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Ranking 3.2.1 Global ranking 3.2.2 Ranking of sex 3.2.3 Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance 3.3 Definition of terms 3.3.1 Self-actualization 3.4 Human or non-human needs 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Hierarchy [ edit ] Alternative illustration as dynamic hierarchy of needs with overlaps of different needs at same time Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental needs at the bottom and the need for self-actualization and self-transcendence at the top. [1] [6] The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called \"deficiency needs\" or \"d-needs\": esteem, friendship and love, security, and physical needs. If these \"deficiency needs\" are not met – with the exception of the most fundamental (physiological) need – there may not be a physical indication, but the individual will feel anxious and tense. Maslow's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher level needs. Maslow also coined the term \" metamotivation \" to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment. [7] The human brain is a complex system and has parallel processes running at the same time, thus many different motivations from various levels of Maslow's hierarchy can occur at the same time. Maslow spoke clearly about these levels and their satisfaction in terms such as \"relative\", \"general\", and \"primarily\". Instead of stating that the individual focuses on a certain need at any given time, Maslow stated that a certain need \"dominates\" the human organism. [4] Thus Maslow acknowledged the likelihood that the different levels of motivation could occur at any time in the human mind, but he focused on identifying the basic types of motivation and the order in which they would tend to be met. Physiological needs [ edit ] Physiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are thought to be the most important; they should be met first. This is the first and basic need on the hierarchy of needs. Without them, the other needs cannot follow up. [8] [9] Physiological needs include: Breathing Water Food Sleep Clothing Shelter Safety needs [ edit ] Once a person's physiological needs are relatively satisfied, their safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety – due to war, natural disaster, family violence , childhood abuse , etc. – people may (re-)experience post-traumatic stress disorder or transgenerational trauma . In the absence of economic safety – due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities – these safety needs manifest themselves in ways such as a preference for job security , grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, disability accommodations, etc. This level is more likely to predominate in children as they generally have a greater need to feel safe. Safety and security needs are about keeping us safe from harm. These include shelter, job security, health, and safe environments. If a person does not feel safe in an environment, they will seek to find safety before they attempt to meet any higher level of survival, but the need for safety is not as important as basic physiological needs. Safety and Security needs include: Personal security Emotional security Financial security Health and well-being Safety needs against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts Social belonging [ edit ] After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness . This need is especially strong in childhood and it can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Deficiencies within this level of Maslow's hierarchy – due to hospitalism , neglect , shunning , ostracism , etc. – can adversely affect the individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general. Social Belonging needs include: Friendships Intimacy Family According to Maslow, humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among social groups, regardless whether these groups are large or small . For example, some large social groups may include clubs, co-workers, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs, and online communities. Some examples of small social connections include family members, intimate partners, mentors, colleagues, and confidants. Humans need to love and be loved – both sexually and non-sexually – by others. [2] Many people become susceptible to loneliness , social anxiety , and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element. This need for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure. Esteem [ edit ] Esteem needs are ego needs or status needs develop a concern with getting recognition, status, importance, and respect from others. All humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. These activities give the person a sense of contribution or value. Low self-esteem or an inferiority complex may result from imbalances during this level in the hierarchy. People with low self-esteem often need respect from others; they may feel the need to seek fame or glory. However, fame or glory will not help the person to build their self-esteem until they accept who they are internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder the person from obtaining a higher level of self-esteem or self-respect. Most people have a need for stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs: a \"lower\" version and a \"higher\" version. The \"lower\" version of esteem is the need for respect from others. This may include a need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The \"higher\" version manifests itself as the need for self-respect. For example, the person may have a need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence , independence, and freedom. This \"higher\" version takes guidelines, the \"hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated\". [4] This means that esteem and the subsequent levels are not strictly separated; instead, the levels are closely related. Self-actualization [ edit ] Main article: Self-actualization \"What a man can be, he must be.\" [4] : 91 This quotation forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need refers to what a person's full potential is and the realization of that potential. Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be. [4] : 92 Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example, one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent. In another, the desire may be expressed athletically. For others, it may be expressed in paintings, pictures, or inventions. [4] : 93 As previously mentioned, Maslow believed that to understand this level of need, the person must not only achieve the previous needs, but master them. Self-Actualization - A person's motivation to reach his or her full potential. As shown in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, a person's basic needs must be met before self-actualization can be achieved. Self-transcendence [ edit ] Main article: Self-transcendence In his later years, Abraham Maslow explored a further dimension of needs, while criticizing his own vision on self-actualization. [10] By this later theory, the self only finds its actualization in giving itself to some higher outside goal, in altruism and spirituality. He equated this with the desire to reach the infinite. [11] \"Transcendence refers to the very highest and most inclusive or holistic levels of human consciousness, behaving and relating, as ends rather than means, to oneself, to significant others, to human beings in general, to other species, to nature, and to the cosmos \" ( Farther Reaches of Human Nature , New York 1971, p. 269). Research [ edit ] Recent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs, although the hierarchy proposed by Maslow is called into question. [12] [13] Following World War II , the unmet needs of homeless and orphaned children presented difficulties that were often addressed with the help of attachment theory , which was initially based on Maslow and others' developmental psychology work by John Bowlby . [14] Originally dealing primarily with maternal deprivation and concordant losses of essential and primal needs, attachment theory has since been extended to provide explanations of nearly all the human needs in Maslow's hierarchy, from sustenance and mating to group membership and justice. [15] Criticism [ edit ] Unlike most scientific theories, Maslow's hierarchy of needs has widespread influence outside academia. As Uriel Abulof argues, \"The continued resonance of Maslow’s theory in popular imagination, however unscientific it may seem, is possibly the single most telling evidence of its significance: it explains human nature as something that most humans immediately recognize in themselves and others.\" [16] Still, academically, Maslow's theory is heavily contested. Methodology [ edit ] Maslow studied what he called the master race of people such as Albert Einstein , Jane Addams , Eleanor Roosevelt , and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that \"the study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy.\" [4] : 236 Maslow studied the healthiest 1% of the college student population. [17] Ranking [ edit ] Global ranking [ edit ] In their extensive review of research based on Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridwell found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all. [18] The order in which the hierarchy is arranged has been criticized as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede . [19] Maslow's hierarchy of needs fails to illustrate and expand upon the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies. The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies tend to be more self-centered than those in collectivist societies, focusing on improvement of the self, with self-actualization being the apex of self-improvement. In collectivist societies, the needs of acceptance and community will outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality. [20] Ranking of sex [ edit ] The position and value of sex on the pyramid has also been a source of criticism regarding Maslow's hierarchy. Maslow's hierarchy places sex in the physiological needs category along with food and breathing; it lists sex solely from an individualistic perspective. For example, sex is placed with other physiological needs which must be satisfied before a person considers \"higher\" levels of motivation. Some critics feel this placement of sex neglects the emotional, familial, and evolutionary implications of sex within the community, although others point out that this is true of all of the basic needs. [21] [22] Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance [ edit ] The higher-order (self-esteem and self-actualization) and lower-order (physiological, safety, and love) needs classification of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is not universal and may vary across cultures due to individual differences and availability of resources in the region or geopolitical entity/country. In one study, [23] exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of a thirteen item scale showed there were two particularly important levels of needs in the US during the peacetime of 1993 to 1994: survival (physiological and safety) and psychological (love, self-esteem, and self-actualization). In 1991, a retrospective peacetime measure was established and collected during the Persian Gulf War and US citizens were asked to recall the importance of needs from the previous year. Once again, only two levels of needs were identified; therefore, people have the ability and competence to recall and estimate the importance of needs. For citizens in the Middle East (Egypt and Saudi Arabia), three levels of needs regarding importance and satisfaction surfaced during the 1990 retrospective peacetime. These three levels were completely different from those of the US citizens. Changes regarding the importance and satisfaction of needs from the retrospective peacetime to the wartime due to stress varied significantly across cultures (the US vs. the Middle East). For the US citizens, there was only one level of needs since all needs were considered equally important. With regards to satisfaction of needs during the war, in the US there were three levels: physiological needs, safety needs, and psychological needs (social, self-esteem, and self-actualization). During the war, the satisfaction of physiological needs and safety needs were separated into two independent needs while during peacetime, they were combined as one. For the people of the Middle East, the satisfaction of needs changed from three levels to two during wartime. [24] [25] A 1981 study looked at how Maslow's hierarchy might vary across age groups. [26] A survey asked participants of varying ages to rate a set number of statements from most important to least important. The researchers found that children had higher physical need scores than the other groups, the love need emerged from childhood to young adulthood, the esteem need was highest among the adolescent group, young adults had the highest self-actualization level, and old age had the highest level of security, it was needed across all levels comparably. The authors argued that this suggested Maslow's hierarchy may be limited as a theory for developmental sequence since the sequence of the love need and the self-esteem need should be reversed according to age. Definition of terms [ edit ] Self-actualization [ edit ] The term \"self-actualization\" may not universally convey Maslow's observations; this motivation refers to focusing on becoming the best person that one can possibly strive for in the service of both the self and others. [4] [ non-primary source needed ] Maslow's term of self-actualization might not properly portray the full extent of this level; quite often, when a person is at the level of self-actualization, much of what they accomplish in general may benefit others, or \"the greater good\". [ original research? ] Human or non-human needs [ edit ] Abulof argues that while Maslow stresses that “motivation theory must be anthropocentric rather than animalcentric,” his theory erects a largely animalistic pyramid, crowned with a human edge: “Man’s higher nature rests upon man’s lower nature, needing it as a foundation and collapsing without this foundation… Our godlike qualities rest upon and need our animal qualities.” Abulof notes that \"all animals seek survival and safety, and many animals, especially mammals, also invest efforts to belong and gain esteem... The first four of Maslow’s classical five rungs feature nothing exceptionally human.\" [27] Even when it comes to \"self-actualization,\" Abulof argues, it is unclear how distinctively human is the actualizing “self.” After all, the latter, according to Maslow, constitutes “an inner, more biological, more instinctoid core of human nature,” thus “the search for one’s own intrinsic, authentic values” checks the human freedom of choice: “A musician must make music,\" so freedom is limited to merely the choice of instrument. [28] See also [ edit ] ERG theory , which further expands and explains Maslow's theory Fundamental human needs , Manfred Max-Neef 's model Human givens defines a set of innate physical and emotional needs common to all human beings and a set of natural capabilities for getting these needs met. It suggests that mental illness is impossible when innate human needs are met in a balanced way. Need theory Positive disintegration References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs [ dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b Maslow, A.H. (1943). \"A theory of human motivation\" . Psychological Review . 50 (4): 370–96. doi : 10.1037/h0054346 – via psychclassics.yorku.ca. Jump up ^ M.,, Wills, Evelyn. Theoretical basis for nursing . ISBN 9781451190311 . OCLC 857664345 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Maslow, A (1954). Motivation and personality . New York, NY: Harper. ISBN 0-06-041987-3 . Jump up ^ Kremer, William Kremer; Hammond, Claudia (31 August 2013). \"Abraham Maslow and the pyramid that beguiled business\" . BBC news magazine . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Steere, B. F. (1988). Becoming an effective classroom manager: A resource for teachers . Albany, NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 0-88706-620-8 . Jump up ^ Goble, F. (1970). The third force: The psychology of Abraham Maslow. Richmond, CA: Maurice Bassett Publishing. pp. 62. Jump up ^ What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs Jump up ^ Physiological Needs Jump up ^ A.H. Maslow, \"Critique of self-actualization theory\", in: E. Hoffman (Ed.), Future visions: The unpublished papers of Abraham Maslow (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996), pp. 26–32 Jump up ^ Cfr. A.H. Maslow, \"The farther reaches of human nature\", in: Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 1(1969)1, pp. 1-9; A. Maslow, The farther reaches of human nature (New York: The Viking Press, 1971); Mark E. Koltko-Rivera, \"Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification\", in: Review of General Psychology 10(2006)4, pp. 302-317 (PDF) ; Albert Garcia-Romeu, \"Self-transcendence as a measurable transpersonal construct\", in: Journal of Transpersonal Psychology , 42(2010)1, p. 26-47 (PDF) Jump up ^ Villarica, H. (August 17, 2011). \"Maslow 2.0: A new and improved recipe for happiness\" . theatlantic.com . Jump up ^ Tay, L.; Diener, E. (2011). \"Needs and subjective well-being around the world\". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 101 (2): 354–365. doi : 10.1037/a0023779 . Jump up ^ Bretherton, I. (1992). \"The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth\". Developmental Psychology . 28 (5): 759–775. doi : 10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759 . Jump up ^ Bugental DB (2000). \"Acquisition of the Algorithms of Social Life: A Domain-Based Approach\". Psychological Bulletin . 126 (2): 178–219. doi : 10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.187 . PMID 10748640 . Jump up ^ Abulof, Uriel (2017-12-01). \"Introduction: Why We Need Maslow in the Twenty-First Century\" . Society . 54 (6): 508. doi : 10.1007/s12115-017-0198-6 . ISSN 0147-2011 . Jump up ^ Mittelman, W. (1991). \"Maslow's study of self-actualization: A reinterpretation\". Journal of Humanistic Psychology . 31 (1): 114–135. doi : 10.1177/0022167891311010 . Jump up ^ Wahba, M. A.; Bridwell, L. G. (1976). \"Maslow reconsidered: A review of research on the need hierarchy theory\". Organizational Behavior and Human Performance . 15 (2): 212–240. doi : 10.1016/0030-5073(76)90038-6 . Jump up ^ Hofstede, G. (1984). \"The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept\" (PDF) . Academy of Management Review . 9 (3): 389–398. doi : 10.5465/amr.1984.4279653 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-12. Jump up ^ Cianci, R.; Gambrel, P. A. (2003). \"Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Does it apply in a collectivist culture\". Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship . 8 (2): 143–161. Jump up ^ Kenrick, D. (May 19, 2010). \"Rebuilding Maslow's pyramid on an evolutionary foundation\" . psychologytoday.com/ . Jump up ^ Kenrick, D. T.; Griskevicius, V.; Neuberg, S. L.; Schaller, M. (2010). \"Renovating the pyramid of needs: Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations\". Perspectives on Psychological Science . 5 : 292. doi : 10.1177/1745691610369469 . Jump up ^ Tang, T. L.; West, W. B. (1997). \"The importance of human needs during peacetime, retrospective peacetime, and the Persian Gulf War\". International Journal of Stress Management . 4 (1): 47–62. Jump up ^ Tang, T. L.; Ibrahim, A. H. (1998). \"Importance of human needs during retrospective peacetime and the Persian Gulf War: Mid-eastern employees\". International Journal of Stress Management . 5 (1): 25–37. Jump up ^ Tang, T. L.; Ibrahim, A. H.; West, W. B. (2002). \"Effects of war-related stress on the satisfaction of human needs: The United States and the Middle East\". International Journal of Management Theory and Practices . 3 (1): 35–53. Jump up ^ Goebel, B. L.; Brown, D. R. (1981). \"Age differences in motivation related to Maslow's need hierarchy\". Developmental Psychology . 17 : 809–815. doi : 10.1037/0012-1649.17.6.809 . Jump up ^ Abulof, Uriel (2017-12-01). \"Be Yourself! How Am I Not myself?\" . Society . 54 (6): 530. doi : 10.1007/s12115-017-0183-0 . ISSN 0147-2011 . Jump up ^ Abulof, Uriel (2017-12-01). \"Be Yourself! How Am I Not myself?\" . Society . 54 (6): 532. doi : 10.1007/s12115-017-0183-0 . ISSN 0147-2011 . Further reading [ edit ] Heylighen, Francis (1992). \"A cognitive-systemic reconstruction of maslow's theory of self-actualization\" (PDF) . Behavioral Science . 37 (1): 39–58. doi : 10.1002/bs.3830370105 . Kress, Oliver (1993). \"A new approach to cognitive development: ontogenesis and the process of initiation\" . Evolution and Cognition . 2 (4): 319–332. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maslow's hierarchy of needs . A Theory of Human Motivation , original 1943 article by Maslow. Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs&oldid=856583980 \" Categories : Human development Interpersonal relationships Organizational behavior Personal development Personal life Developmental psychology Motivational theories Happiness Stage theories 1943 introductions Psychological concepts Positive psychology Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2018 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from April 2018 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Български Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 07:32 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "Plagues of Egypt - Wikipedia Plagues of Egypt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Sarajevo Haggadah , from Barcelona , c. 1350 The Plagues of Egypt ( Hebrew : מכות מצרים , Makot Mitzrayim ), also called the ten biblical plagues, were ten calamities that, according to the biblical Book of Exodus , God inflicted upon Egypt as a demonstration of power, after which the Pharaoh conceded Moses ' demands to let the enslaved Israelites go into the wilderness to make sacrifices. God repeatedly hardened the Pharoah's heart to prevent him consenting until after the tenth plague. The Israelites' eventual departure began the Exodus of the Hebrew people. The plagues served to contrast the power of the God of Israel with the Egyptian gods, invalidating them. [1] Some commentators have associated several of the plagues with judgment on specific gods associated with the Nile , fertility and natural phenomena. [2] According to Exodus 12:12 , all the gods of Egypt would be judged through the tenth and final plague: \"On that same night I will pass through Egypt and strike down every firstborn of both people and animals, and I will bring judgment on all the gods of Egypt. I am the L ORD .\" Contents [ hide ] 1 Context 2 Biblical narrative 3 Plagues 3.1 1. Water into blood (דָם): Ex. 7:14–24 3.2 2. Frogs (צְּפַרְדֵּעַ): Ex. 7:25–8:15 3.3 3. Lice (כִּנִּים): Ex. 8:16-19 3.4 4. Mixture of wild animals (עָרוֹב): Ex. 8:20-32 3.5 5. Diseased livestock (דֶּבֶר): Ex. 9:1–7 3.6 6. Boils (שְׁחִין): Ex. 9:8–12 3.7 7. Thunderstorm of hail and fire (בָּרָד): Ex. 9:13–35 3.8 8. Locusts (אַרְבֶּה): Ex. 10:1–20 3.9 9. Darkness for three days (חוֹשֶך): Ex. 10:21–29 3.10 10. Death of firstborn (מַכַּת בְּכוֹרוֹת): Ex. 11:1–12:36 4 In the Quran 5 Scholarly interpretation 6 Historicity 6.1 Archaeology 6.2 Natural explanations 7 Artistic representation 7.1 Visual art 7.2 Music 7.3 Literature 7.4 Films 7.5 TV 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Context [ edit ] The reason for the plagues appears to be twofold: [3] to answer Pharaoh's taunt, \"Who [is] the L ORD , that I should obey his voice to let Israel go?\", [4] and to indelibly impress the Israelites with God's power as an object lesson for all time, which was also meant to become known \"throughout the world\". [5] [6] According to the Book of Exodus, God hardened Pharaoh's heart so he would be strong enough to persist in his unwillingness to release the people, so that God could manifest his great power and cause his power to be declared among the nations , [7] so that other people would discuss it for generations afterward. [8] In this view, the plagues were punishment for the Egyptians' long abuse of the Israelites, as well as proof that the gods of Egypt were false and powerless. [9] If God triumphed over the gods of Egypt, a world power at that time, then the people of God would be strengthened in their faith, although they were a small people, and would not be tempted to follow the deities that God proved false. Exodus 9:15–16 ( JPS Tanakh ) portrays Yahweh explaining why he did not accomplish the freedom of the Israelites immediately: \"I could have stretched forth My hand and stricken you [Pharaoh] and your people with pestilence, and you would have been effaced from the earth. Nevertheless I have spared you for this purpose: in order to show you My power and in order that My fame may resound throughout the world.\" Biblical narrative [ edit ] The plagues seemed to affect \"all the land of Egypt\", [10] but the children of Israel were unaffected. [11] For the last plague, the Torah indicates that they were only spared from the final plague by sacrificing the Paschal lamb , marking their place directly above their doors with the lamb's blood, and hastily eating the roasted sacrifice together with unleavened bread (now known as Matzoh) which they took from their ovens in haste, as they made ready for the Exodus. The Torah describes God as actually passing through Egypt to kill all firstborn children and cattle, but passing over (hence \" Passover \") houses which have the sign of lambs' blood on the doorpost. [12] [13] It is debated whether it was actually God who came through the streets or one of his angels. Some also think it may be the Holy Spirit. It is most commonly known as the \"Angel of Death\". The night of this plague, Pharaoh finally relents and sends the Israelites away under their terms. After the Israelites leave en masse , a departure known as The Exodus , God introduces himself by name and makes an exclusive covenant with the Israelites on the basis of this miraculous deliverance. [14] The Ten Commandments encapsulate the terms of this covenant. [15] Joshua , the successor to Moses, reminds the people of their deliverance through the plagues. [16] According to 1 Samuel, the Philistines also knew of the plagues and feared their author. [17] [18] Later, the psalmist sang of these events. [19] The Torah [20] also relates God's instructions to Moses that the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt must be celebrated yearly on the holiday of Passover ( Pesaḥ פסח); the rituals observed on Passover recall the events surrounding the exodus from Egypt. The Torah additionally cites God's sparing of the Israelite firstborn as a rationale for the commandment of the redemption of the firstborn . [21] This event is also commemorated by the Fast of the Firstborn on the day preceding Passover but which is traditionally not observed because a siyum celebration is held which obviates the need for a fast. It seems that the celebration of Passover waned from time to time, since other biblical books provide references to revival of the holiday. [13] For example, it was reinstated by Joshua at Gilgal, [22] by Josiah , [23] by Hezekiah [24] and, after the return from the captivity, by Ezra . [25] By the time of the Second Temple it was firmly established in Israel. Plagues [ edit ] The First Plague: Water Is Changed into Blood , James Tissot The plagues as they appear in the 1984 New International Version of the Book of Exodus are: [26] 1. Water into blood (דָם): Ex. 7:14–24 [ edit ] This is what the L ORD says: By this you will know that I am the L ORD : With the staff that is in my hands I will strike the water of the Nile, and it will be changed into blood. The fish in the Nile will die, and the river will stink and the Egyptians will not be able to drink its water. — Exodus 7:17–18 2. Frogs (צְּפַרְדֵּעַ): Ex. 7:25–8:15 [ edit ] The Second Plague: And Aaron stretched out his hand over the Waters of Egypt and the Frogs came up and covered the Sand of Egypt etching See also: Va'eira This is what the great L ORD says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go, I will plague your whole country with frogs. The Nile will teem with frogs. They will come up into your palace and your bedroom and onto your bed, into the houses of your officials and on your people, and into your ovens and kneading troughs. The frogs will go up on you and your people and all your officials. — Exodus 8:1–4 3. Lice (כִּנִּים): Ex. 8:16-19 [ edit ] The Third Plague: Moses, horned (a sign of his encounter with divinity), carries the rod, while Aaron, wearing the miter of a priest, stands behind him. The gnats arise en masse out of the dust from which they were made and attack Pharaoh, seated and crowned, and his retinue (by William de Brailes , collection Walters Art Museum ) \"And the L ORD said [...] Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt.\" […] When Aaron stretched out his hand with the rod and struck the dust of the ground, lice came upon men and animals. All the dust throughout the land of Egypt became lice. — Exodus 8:16–17 The Hebrew noun כִּנִּים ( kinim ) could be translated as lice , gnats , or fleas . [27] 4. Mixture of wild animals (עָרוֹב): Ex. 8:20-32 [ edit ] The Fourth Plague: The Plague of Flies by James Jacques Joseph Tissot at the Jewish Museum, New York The fourth plague of Egypt was of creatures capable of harming people and livestock. The Torah emphasizes that the ‘arob (עָרוֹב, meaning \"mixture\" or \"swarm\") only came against the Egyptians, and that it did not affect the Land of Goshen (where the Israelites lived). Pharaoh asked Moses to remove this plague and promised to allow the Israelites' freedom. However, after the plague was gone, the L ORD \"hardened Pharaoh's heart\", and he refused to keep his promise. [28] The word ‘arob has caused a difference of opinion among traditional interpreters . [28] The root meaning is (ע.ר.ב), meaning a mixture - implying a diversity, array, or assortment of harmful animals. While Jewish interpreters understand the plague as \"wild animals\" (most likely scorpions , venomous snakes , and other venomous arthropods and reptiles ), [29] Gesenius along with many Christian interpreters understand the plague as a swarm of flies . [30] 5. Diseased livestock (דֶּבֶר): Ex. 9:1–7 [ edit ] The Fifth Plague: Livestock Disease (Ex. 9:2-3), by Gustave Doré This is what the L ORD , the God of the Hebrews, says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go and continue to hold them back, the hand of the L ORD will bring a terrible plague on your livestock in the field—on your horses and donkeys and camels and on your cattle and sheep and goats . — Exodus 9:1–3 6. Boils (שְׁחִין): Ex. 9:8–12 [ edit ] The Sixth Plague: Miniature out of the Toggenburg Bible (Switzerland) of 1411 Then the L ORD said to Moses and Aaron, \"Take handfuls of soot from a furnace and have Moses toss it into the air in the presence of Pharaoh. It will become fine dust over the whole land of Egypt, and festering boils will break out on men and animals throughout the land.\" — Exodus 9:8–9 7. Thunderstorm of hail and fire (בָּרָד): Ex. 9:13–35 [ edit ] The Seventh Plague: John Martin 's painting of the plague of hail (1823). This is what the L ORD , the God of the Hebrews, says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me, or this time I will send the full force of my plagues against you and against your officials and your people, so you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth. For by now I could have stretched out my hand and struck you and your people with a plague that would have wiped you off the earth. But I have raised you up for this very purpose, that I might show you my power and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth. You still set yourself against my people and will not let them go. Therefore, at this time tomorrow I will send the worst hailstorm that has ever fallen on Egypt, from the day it was founded till now. Give an order now to bring your livestock and everything you have in the field to a place of shelter, because the hail will fall on every man and animal that has not been brought in and is still out in the field, and they will die. […] The L ORD sent thunder and hail, and lightning flashed down to the ground. So the L ORD rained hail on the land of Egypt; hail fell and lightning flashed back and forth. It was the worst storm in all the land of Egypt since it had become a nation. — Exodus 9:13–24 8. Locusts (אַרְבֶּה): Ex. 10:1–20 [ edit ] The Eighth Plague: The Plague of Locusts, illustration from the 1890 Holman Bible This is what the L ORD , the God of the Jews, says: 'How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me? Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go, I will bring locusts into your country tomorrow. They will cover the face of the ground so that it cannot be seen. They will devour what little you have left after the hail, including every tree that is growing in your fields. They will fill your houses and those of all your officials and all the Egyptians—something neither your fathers nor your forefathers have ever seen from the day they settled in this land till now. — Exodus 10:3–6 9. Darkness for three days (חוֹשֶך): Ex. 10:21–29 [ edit ] The Ninth Plague: Darkness by Gustave Doré Then the L ORD said to Moses, \"Stretch out your hand toward the sky so that darkness will spread over Egypt—darkness that can be felt.\" So Moses stretched out his hand toward the sky, and total darkness covered all Egypt for three days. No one could see anyone else or leave his place for three days. — Exodus 10:21–23 10. Death of firstborn (מַכַּת בְּכוֹרוֹת): Ex. 11:1–12:36 [ edit ] Lamentations over the Death of the First-Born of Egypt by Charles Sprague Pearce (1877), Smithsonian American Art Museum . This is what the L ORD says: \"About midnight I will go throughout Egypt. Every firstborn son in Egypt will die, from the firstborn son of Pharaoh, who sits on the throne, to the firstborn of the slave girl, who is at her hand mill, and all the firstborn of the cattle as well. There will be loud wailing throughout Egypt—worse than there has ever been or ever will be again.\" — Exodus 11:4–6 Before this final plague, God commanded Moses to inform all the Israelites to mark lamb 's blood above their doors on every door in which case the L ORD will pass over them and not \"suffer the destroyer to come into your houses and smite you\" (chapter 12, v. 23). After this, Pharaoh, furious, saddened, and afraid that he would be killed next, ordered the Israelites to leave, taking whatever they wanted, and asking Moses to bless him in the name of the Lord. The Israelites did not hesitate, believing that soon Pharaoh would once again change his mind, which he did; and at the end of that night Moses led them out of Egypt with \"arms upraised\". However, as the Israelites left Egypt, the Pharaoh changed his mind again and sent his army after Moses' people. The Israelites were trapped by the Red Sea. God split the sea, and they were able to pass safely. As the Egyptian army descended on them, the sea closed before they could reach the Israelites. [31] In the Quran [ edit ] In the view of Islam , the plagues were almost identical. It is mentioned in the Quran , specifically in Surah Al-A'raf verse 133 \"So We sent on them: the Tuwfan (a calamity causing wholesale death, a flood or a typhoon - Ali, Note 1090 to S. VII.133) , [32] the locusts, the Qummal, the frogs, and the blood (as a succession of) manifest signs, yet they remained arrogant, and they were of those people who were criminals\" . [33] [34] The Quran further relates that the plagues included a mighty blast, showers of stones and earthquakes (Ali, Notes 3462-3464 to S. XXIX.40). [32] Scholarly interpretation [ edit ] The Book of Deuteronomy , in reviewing previous events, mentions the \"diseases of Egypt\" (Deuteronomy 7:15 and 28:60), but refers to something that afflicted the Israelites, not the Egyptians; Deuteronomy 7:19 mentions the plagues of the book of Exodus. The Exodus plagues are divine judgments , a series of curses like those in Deuteronomy 28:15–68, verses which mention many of the same afflictions; they are even closer to the curses in the Holiness code (Leviticus 26), since like the Holiness Code they leave room for repentance . The theme that divine punishment should lead to repentance is echoed: in the prophets (Amos 4:6–12, Ezekiel 20) in the form of prophetic speech: \"Thus says Yahweh\" [ citation needed ] in the figure of the prophet as divine messenger echoed in the late prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel and in the Deuteronomistic history. The 6th century prophets refer to the theme of Pharaoh's obstinacy – Isaiah 6:9–13, Jeremiah 5:3, and Ezekiel 3:7–9. [35] [ not in citation given ] Historicity [ edit ] While proponents of biblical archaeology argue that the plague stories are true, a large consensus of historians believe them to be allegorical or inspired by passed-down accounts of disconnected disasters. Some scientists claim the plagues can be attributed to a chain of natural phenomena triggered by changes in the climate and environmental disasters hundreds of miles away. The Ipuwer Papyrus , written probably in the late Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt (c.1991-1803 BCE) [36] has often put forward in popular literature as confirmation of the Biblical account, most notably because of its statement that \"the river is blood\" and its frequent references to servants running away, but these arguments ignore the many points on which Ipuwer contradicts Exodus, such as the fact that its Asiatics are arriving in Egypt rather than leaving, and the likelihood that the \"river is blood\" phrase may refer to the red sediment colouring the Nile during disastrous floods, or may simply be a poetic image of turmoil. [37] Archaeology [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some archaeologists believe the plagues occurred at the ancient city of Pi-Rameses in the Nile Delta, which was the capital of Egypt during the reign of Ramesses II . There is some archaeological material which such archaeologists, for example William F. Albright , [38] have considered to be historical evidence of the ten plagues; for example, an ancient water trough found in El Arish bears hieroglyphic markings detailing a period of darkness. Albright and other Christian archaeologists have claimed that such evidence, as well as careful study of the areas ostensibly travelled by the Israelites after the Exodus, make discounting the biblical account untenable. Natural explanations [ edit ] Some historians have suggested that the plagues are passed-down accounts of several natural disasters, some disconnected, others playing part of a chain reaction. Natural explanations have been suggested for most of the phenomena: Plague 1 — water turned into blood; fish died Dr. Stephen Pflugmacher, a biologist at the Leibniz Institute for Water Ecology and Inland Fisheries in Berlin believes that rising temperatures could have turned the Nile into a slow-moving, muddy watercourse—conditions favorable for the spread of toxic fresh water algae. As the alga Planktothrix rubescens dies, it turns the water red in a phenomenon known as \"Burgundy Blood\". Alternatively, a bloody appearance could be due to an environmental change, such as a drought, which could have contributed to the spread of the Chromatiaceae bacteria which thrive in stagnant, oxygen-deprived water. [39] Plague 2 — frogs Any blight on the water that killed fish also would have caused frogs to leave the river and probably die. Plagues 3 and 4 — biting insects and wild animals The lack of frogs in the river would have let insect populations, normally kept in check by the frogs, to increase massively. The rotting corpses of fish and frogs would have attracted significantly more insects to the areas near the Nile. Plagues 5 and 6 — livestock disease and boils There are biting flies in the region which transmit livestock diseases; a sudden increase in their number could spark epizootics . Plague 7 — fiery hail Volcanic eruption, resulting in showers of rock and fire. Plague 8 — locusts According to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization , when they get hungry, a one-ton horde of locusts can eat the same amount of food in one day as 2,500 humans can. [40] Plague 9 — darkness The immediate cause of this plague is theorized to be the \" hamsin \", a south or southwest wind charged with sand and dust, which blows about the spring equinox and at times produces darkness rivaling that of the worst London fogs . [41] Plague 10 — death of the firstborn If the last plague indeed selectively tended to affect the firstborn, it could be due to food polluted during the time of darkness, either by locusts or by the black mold Cladosporium . When people emerged after the darkness, the firstborn would be given priority, as was usual, and would consequently be more likely to be affected by any toxin or disease carried by the food. Meanwhile, the Israelites ate food prepared and eaten very quickly which would have made it less likely to be contaminated. [ citation needed ] However, this does not explain how the firstborn cattle alone also would have perished. A volcanic eruption did occur in antiquity and could have caused some of the plagues if it occurred at the right time. The eruption of the Thera volcano was 1,050 kilometres (650 mi) away from the northwest part of Egypt. Controversially dated to about 1628 BC, this eruption is one of the largest on record, rivaling that of Tambora , which resulted in 1816's Year Without a Summer . The enormous global impact of this eruption has been recorded in an ash layer deposit found in the Nile delta, tree ring frost scars in the bristlecone pines of the western United States, and a layer of ash in the Greenland ice caps, all dated to the same time and with the same chemical fingerprint as the ash from Thera. [ citation needed ] However, all estimates of the date of this eruption are hundreds of years before the Exodus is believed to have taken place; thus the eruption can only have caused some of the plagues if one or other of the dates is wrong, or if the plagues did not actually immediately precede the Exodus. Following the assumption that at least some of the details are accurately reported, many modern Jews [ who? ] believe that some of the plagues were indeed natural disasters, but argue for the fact that, since they followed one another with such uncommon rapidity, \"God's hand was behind them\". Indeed, several biblical commentators ( Nachmanides and, more recently, Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetzky ) have pointed out that, for the plagues to be a real test of faith, they had to contain an element leading to religious doubt. In his book The Plagues of Egypt: Archaeology, History, and Science Look at the Bible , Siro Igino Trevisanato explores the theory that the plagues were initially caused by the Santorini eruption in Greece. His hypothesis considers a two-stage eruption over a time of a bit less than two years. His studies place the first eruption in 1602 BC, when volcanic ash taints the Nile, causing the first plague and forming a catalyst for many of the subsequent plagues. In 1600 BC, the plume of a Santorini eruption caused the ninth plague, the days of darkness. Trevisanato hypothesizes that the Egyptians (at that time under the occupation of Hyksos), resorted to human sacrifice in an attempt to appease the gods, for they had viewed the ninth plague as a precursor to more. This human sacrifice became known as the tenth plague. [42] In an article published in 1996, physician-epidemiologist John S. Marr and co-author Curt Malloy integrated biblical, historical and Egyptological sources with modern scientific conjectures in a comprehensive review of natural explanations for the ten plagues, postulating their own specific explanations for the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and tenth plagues. Their explanation also accounted for the apparent selectiveness of the plagues, as implied in the Bible. The paper served as the basis for a website and documentary aired on the Learning Channel from 1998 to 2005. [43] Artistic representation [ edit ] Visual art [ edit ] In visual art, the plagues have generally been reserved for works in series, especially engravings. Still, relatively few depictions in art emerged compared to other religious themes until the 19th century, when the plagues became more common subjects, with John Martin and Joseph Turner producing notable canvases. This trend probably reflected a Romantic attraction to landscape and nature painting, for which the plagues were suited, a Gothic attraction to morbid stories, and a rise in Orientalism, wherein exotic Egyptian themes found currency. Given the importance of noble patronage throughout Western art history, the plagues may have found consistent disfavor because the stories emphasize the limits of a monarch's power, and images of lice, locusts, darkness, and boils were ill-suited for decoration in palaces and churches. [ citation needed ] Music [ edit ] Taking direct inspiration from the ten plagues, Iced Earth's eleventh studio album Plagues of Babylon contains many references and allusions to the plagues. Metallica's song \" Creeping Death \" makes references to a few of the plagues, in addition to the rest of the story of the Exodus. Perhaps the most successful artistic representation of the plagues is Handel's oratorio Israel in Egypt , which, like his perennial favorite, \" Messiah \", takes a libretto entirely from scripture. The work was especially popular in the 19th century because of its numerous choruses, generally one for each plague, and its playful musical depiction of the plagues. For example, the plague of frogs is performed as a light aria for alto, depicting frogs jumping in the violins, and the plague of flies and lice is a light chorus with fast scurrying runs in the violins. [44] Literature [ edit ] Children's books Let My People Go! by Tilda Balsley The 10 Plagues of Egypt by Shoshana Lepon [ citation needed ] Films [ edit ] The Ten Commandments (1956) The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971) [45] Moses (1995) The Prince of Egypt (1998) [46] Magnolia (1999) [47] The Mummy (1999) [48] The Reaping (2007) [49] Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014) [50] Os Dez Mandamentos (2015) [51] TV [ edit ] The Bible (2013 miniseries) - Episode 2 has a scene of these plagues. Haven - In \"A Tale of Two Audreys,\" the town of Haven is afflicted by almost all of the plagues of Egypt. A Rugrats Passover Simpsons Bible Stories \" Family Guy \" - In the second season episode \" If I'm Dyin', I'm Lyin' \", the Griffin family is affected by most of the plagues due to Peter being worshiped like God. See also [ edit ] Aaron's rod Jochebed Miriam Seti I References [ edit ] Jump up ^ Plagues of Egypt, in New Bible Dictionary, second edition. 1987. Douglas JD, Hillyer N, eds., Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton, IL, USA ISBN 0-8423-4667-8 Jump up ^ Commentary on Exodus 7, The Jewish Study Bible, 2004. Berlin A and Brettler M, eds., Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-529751-2 Jump up ^ The Ten Plagues, Dictionary & Concordance Jump up ^ Exodus 5:2 Jump up ^ Exodus 9:15–16 Jump up ^ The commentary on Exodus 10:1–2, The Jewish Study Bible, 2004. Berlin A and Brettler M, eds., Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-529751-2 Jump up ^ Ex. 9:14, 16 Jump up ^ Joshua 2:9–11; 9:9; Isaiah 4:8; 6:6 Jump up ^ Ex. 12:12; Nu. 33:4 Jump up ^ Exodus 7:21, 8:2, 8:16 Jump up ^ Ex. 8:22, 9:4,11,26, 10:23 Jump up ^ Passover, New Bible Dictionary, second edition. 1987. Douglas JD, Hillyer N, eds., Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton, IL, USA ISBN 0-8423-4667-8 ^ Jump up to: a b Wigoder G, Paul S (1986). Viviano B, Stern E, ed. Passover, Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible . G.G. Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd. and Reader's Digest Association, Inc. ISBN 0-89577-407-0 . Jump up ^ Moses, The World Book Encyclopedia, 1998. World Book Incorporated ISBN 0-7166-0098-6 Jump up ^ Exodus 20 Jump up ^ Joshua 24 Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 4:7–9 Jump up ^ Plagues of Egypt, New Bible Dictionary, second edition. 1987. Douglas JD, Hillyer N, eds., Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton, IL, USA ISBN 0-8423-4667-8 Jump up ^ Psalm 78:43–51 Jump up ^ Exodus 12, Leviticus 23, Numbers 9, Deuteronomy 16 Jump up ^ Exodus 13:11–16 Jump up ^ Joshua 5:0–12 Jump up ^ II Kings 23:21–23 Jump up ^ II Chronicles 30:5 Jump up ^ Ezra 6:9 Jump up ^ The Ten Plagues, in Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible, 1986. Wigoder G, Paul S, Viviano B, Stern E, eds., G.G. Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd. And Reader's Digest Association, Inc. ISBN 0-89577-407-0 Jump up ^ Blue Letter Bible. \" Dictionary and Word Search for ken (Strong's 3654) \". Blue Letter Bible. 1996–2012. February 4, 2012 ^ Jump up to: a b Aryeh Kaplan , The Living Torah , note on 8:17 , as regards the various Midrashic and Rabbinic traditions here. Jump up ^ Exodus Rabbah 11:2, among others. Jump up ^ Gesenius's Lexicon, עָרוֹב Jump up ^ Exodus 14:8 ^ Jump up to: a b The Holy Qur-an – Text, Translation and Commentary, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, SH. Muhammad Ashraf, Kashmiri Bazar – Lahore (Pakistan), 1969. Jump up ^ \"Quran - Surah Al-A'raf - Maududi's Translation, Commentary and Summary\" . Jump up ^ Al-A'raf about \" Fir`awn and His People suffer Years of Drought \" Qur'an Tafsir Ibn Qathir Jump up ^ John Van Seters, \"The Pentateuch: A Social-Science Commentary\" , Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004, p. 114 ISBN 0567080889 . Jump up ^ Willems 2010 , p. 83. Jump up ^ Enmarch 2011 , p. 173-175. Jump up ^ William Dever, \"What Remains of the House that Albright Built?\" The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar. 1993) Jump up ^ \"Pappas, Stephanie. \"End Times? It is for a blood-red Texas lake\", NBC News, 1 August 2011\" . MSNBC. January 8, 2011 . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ Chandler, Adam (March 3, 2013). \"Estes, Adam Clark. \"With Passover Approaching, a Plague of Locusts Descends Upon Egypt\", ''The Atlantic Wire'', 3 March 2013\" . Theatlanticwire.com . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Bechtel, Florentine. \"Plagues of Egypt.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 13 Jul. 2013\" . Newadvent.org. June 1, 1911 . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ The Plagues of Egypt: Archaeology, History, and Science Look at the Bible, by Siro Igino Trevisanato : Georgia Press LLC, 2005 Jump up ^ Marr JS, Malloy CD (1996). \"An epidemiologic analysis of the ten plagues of Egypt\". Caduceus (Springfield, Ill.) . 12 (1): 7–24. PMID 8673614 . Jump up ^ Donna Leon (2011), Handel's Bestiary: In Search of Animals in Handel's Operas , illustrated by Michael Sowa (illustrated ed.), Grove Press, ISBN 978-0802195616 Jump up ^ \"The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971) – Did You Know?\" . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28, 2012 . Dr. Phibes murders were inspired by the 10 plagues of Egypt found in the Old Testament Jump up ^ \"The Prince of Egypt\" . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"FAQ for Magnolia (1999)\" . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28, 2012 . Jump up ^ Sommers, Stephen (1999-05-07), The Mummy , Brendan Fraser, Rachel Weisz, John Hannah , retrieved 2018-04-04 Jump up ^ \"The Reaping\" . imdb.com . Retrieved September 28, 2012 . Jump up ^ \"Exodus: Gods and Kings\" . imdb.com . Retrieved December 12, 2014 . Jump up ^ Gomes, Marta (March 17, 2015). \"Tudo pronto para a estreia de \"Os Dez Mandamentos \" \" . Notícias do dia (Grupo RIC) . Retrieved March 21, 2015 . Bibliography [ edit ] Enmarch, Roland (2011). \"The Reception of a Middle Egyptian Poem: The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All\". In Collier, M.; Snape, S. Ramesside Studies in Honour of K. A. Kitchen (PDF) . Rutherford. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2011. Levinson, Hermann and Anna , Zur Biologie der zehn biblischen Plagen , DGaaE Nachrichten 22 (2008), 83–102 (in German) Willems, Harco (2010). \"The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom\". In Lloyd, Alan B. A Companion to Ancient Egypt . 1 . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444320060 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Plagues of Egypt at Wikimedia Commons [ hide ] v t e Passover Seder Seder Afikoman The Exodus Ha Lachma Anya Ma Nishtana \"Outstretched Arm\" Ten Plagues White House Passover Seder Seder Plate Beitzah Charoset Karpas Maror Zeroa Haggadah Songs Adir Hu Chad Gadya Dayenu Echad Mi Yodea L'Shana Haba'ah Illustrations Birds' Head Haggadah Maxwell House Haggadah Sarajevo Haggadah Szyk Haggadah Passover foods Matzah products Matzo Matzah ball Matzah brei Matzo farfel granola Matzah pizza Matzah companies Streit's Manischewitz René Neymann Yehuda Matzos Rakusen's Osem Religious Observances Bedikas Chametz Fast of the Firstborn Eve of Passover on Shabbat Passover sacrifice Chol HaMoed Mimouna Isru Chag Pesach Sheni Seharane Laws/Customs Chametz Challah from Shmurah Matzah Kitniyot Gebrochts Prayers Song of Songs Torah readings Prayer for dew Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagues_of_Egypt&oldid=839242911 \" Categories : Book of Exodus Egypt in the Hebrew Bible Moses Nisan Passover Hidden categories: CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018, at 05:58. 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{ "text": "Rat rod - Wikipedia Rat rod From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search An example of a rat rod 1930 Ford Model A rat rod A rat rod is a style of hot rod or custom car that, in most cases, imitates (or exaggerates) the early hot rods of the 1940s, 1950s, and early-1960s. The style is not to be confused with the somewhat closely related \"traditional\" hot rod, which is an accurate re-creation or period-correct restoration of a hot rod from the same era. Contents 1 Definition 2 Origins 2.1 The Jakelopy 3 General 3.1 Chassis 3.2 Paint and finish 3.3 Interior 3.4 Drive train 3.5 Suspension 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References Definition [ edit ] Originally, rat rods were a counter-reaction to the high-priced \"customs\" and typical hot rods, many of which were seldom driven and served only a decorative purpose. The rat rod's inception signified a throwback to the hot rods of the earlier days of hot-rod culture—built according to the owner's abilities and with the intention of being driven. Rat rods are meant to loosely imitate, in both form and function, the \"traditional\" hot rods of the era. Biker , greaser , rockabilly , psychobilly , and punk sub-cultures are often cited as influences that shaped rat rodding. [ citation needed ] The typical rat rod is a late-1920s through to late-1950s coupe or roadster , but sometimes a truck or sedan. Many early (pre- World War II ) vehicles were not built with fenders, hoods, running boards, and bumpers. The bodies are frequently channeled over the frame and sectioned , or the roofs are chopped , for a lower profile. Later-era post-war vehicles were rarely constructed without fenders and were often customized in the fashion of kustoms , leadsleds , and lowriders ; Maltese crosses, skulls, and other accessories were often added. The owner of the vehicle was typically responsible for most, or all, of the work present in the vehicle. Recently, using the term \"rat rod\" has been derided as being incorrect when describing any vehicle that appears unfinished or is built simply to be driven. [1] Rodding scribe Pat Ganahl [ who? ] took a broad look at the rat rod trend and had this to say: [ This quote needs a citation ] I see what are referred to as Rat Rods today comprising three elements: First are the traditional rods and customs. Those are cars built the way rods were built in the '30s, '40s, and early '50s, with a primary emphasis on low-buck and home-built, using period-correct components ranging from flathead to nailhead engines, wide whitewall tires to skinny blackwall bias-plies, and black primer to hand-rubbed paint. Second are what I personally call Rat Rods, as a positive term... They're artistic, fun, and sensational reinterpretations of late-'40s/early-'50s hot rodding as a culture that includes music, clothing, hairstyles, and tattoos. The cars are low, loud, chopped... with giant rear tires, lots of carburetors, open pipes, and tall gearshifts. Origins [ edit ] 1932 Ford coupe rat rod in Sheffield, Vermont. The December 1972 issue of Rod & Custom Magazine was dedicated to the \"beater\", a low-budget alternative to the early car models that were slick and customized. Due to the beater's cheap upholstery, primer covering (instead of paint), and lack of chrome or polished metals, it has been considered a progenitor of the rat rod. [1] [2] The origin of the term \"rat rod\" is the subject of dispute, but were coined by one specific person in the Shifters So. Cal. car club. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Anthony Casteneda thought of the word when they were interviewed in a Rod & Custom magazine article. Anthony stated that to him and his car club, their traditional hot rods were lacking certain elements like paint and/or upholstery, and were similar to rat bikes of their time period, thus the name Rat Rods. The Shifters So.Cal. started a trend of younger guys that were in to Rockabilly music,dressed in a 1950s Greaser style, that were building period correct pre war hot rods. This trend started in southern California. Soon after the Rod & Custom Magazine article featured the Shifters, magazines such as Burn Out, Continental Restyling,Hot Rod,Cal,and Hop Up featured the club and this new phenomena that was hitting not only southern California, but cities all over the nation. Opinions regarding the term's origins were based in one of the following perspectives: Years later, in 1998,one of many articles was written in Hot Rod Magazine , this was done by automotive journalist Gray Baskerville, about cars that, at that time, continued to be covered by primer; or, the first rat rod was owned by artist, Robert Williams , who had a '32 Ford Roadster that was painted in primer. However, Hot Rod magazine has verified the latter view. [3] Gray's use of the term was in relation to \"Rat Bikes,\" motorcycles that were assembled from spare parts, to be enjoyed and ridden, and not necessarily for the display of the builder's skills. It is believed that the term is likely to have originally been used in a derogatory or pejorative sense, as this remains the case among sections of the hot rod community; however, the term has also been adopted in a positive light by other parts of the sub-culture. [2] The Jakelopy [ edit ] The origin of the movement itself is a little easier to pin down. In 1987, after many decades of building hot rods and customs, Jim \"Jake\" Jacobs gathered spare parts from his amassed personal stash and put together a ’28 Ford Phaeton in 28 days. It sported no fenders, wide-white bias-ply tires, a rusty Model A body on ’32 Ford frame rails, a chopped windshield and a shortened deuce grille shell with a small-block Chevy 350 and a ’39 Ford 3-speed. Jake drove it to Pleasanton, CA and entered the Goodguys' annual West Coast Nationals with no bodywork, paint or interior (other than what was needed to be functional and legal). He parked in full view of many high-end, top-dollar customs and proceeded to pull out a bucket of paint and some brushes. Many spectators stopped to watch, and a few even joined Jake as he painted the car. [4] The Jakelopy was intended to remind people that hot rods were supposed to be accessible. They were supposed to be a hoot to build and drive. Gray Baskerville described the Jakelopy in the 11/’00 issue of Hot Rod as being \"finished...two years before the first rat rods appeared.\" [4] General [ edit ] Chassis [ edit ] Custom frame Frames from older cars or light trucks are sometimes preferred for rat rod conversions due to the chassis that is used for these types of vehicles—the chassis type provides a sturdy base for subsequent alterations. Older cars in poor condition are often advertised as candidates for rat rod conversions and, in some cases, the owner will purchase a custom frame, or design and build it himself/herself. In other cases, a rat rodder may use a small pick-up chassis, such as a Chevy S-10 or Dodge Dakota, to insert into an older car body, in order to create a vehicle that features the look of a classic rat rod, while also maintaining the reliability of a modern vehicle. [2] Paint and finish [ edit ] Typical \"rough\" finish of rat rods. Rat rods often appear unfinished and, at most, primer-only paint jobs are applied; satin, or matte, black and other flat colors are also common. “Natural patina ” (the original paint job, with rust, blemishes, and sometimes bullet holes, left intact); a patchwork of original paint and primer; or bare metal, in rusty or oiled varieties, with no finish at all are some of the other finishes that may be used—such finishes honor the anti-restoration slogan that \"it's only original once\". [1] Contrary to the aesthetic of many car builders, rust is often acceptable and appreciated by rat rod owners. Owners with a pinstriping brush will often apply free-hand pinstriping to their rat rods. Early low-budget hot rods were often long term \"works in progress\" and as such final finishing treatments (such as metal prep, paint, and trim) remained in the future, and the Rat Rod imitates this aesthetic. Interior [ edit ] Interiors of rat rods can range from spartan to fully finished, though this is typically the final phase of construction. Mexican blankets and bomber seats form the basis of many rat rod interiors, and most are designed to be functional without many comforts; although, this will vary in accordance with the owner’s taste. [1] Drive train [ edit ] Though a variety of engines may be used, the most common engine type that is used in rat rods are: Flathead V8 engines , early Chrysler Hemi engines , or more modern small block V8 engines from any manufacturer ( Chevrolet is a common choice of small block engine). Straight-8s straight-6s , straight-4 , and V6s are also fairly commonly used in the construction of rat rods—these engines may exhibit varying displacements and modifications. While diesel engines are occasionally used, these engines are rarely fitted with emission controls, as such a feature was not part of the original construction, or the feature was not required under special license. [2] Most rat rods are rear-wheel drive , with an open driveline . The rear-ends and the transmissions are typically passenger vehicle pieces. (See below) Suspension [ edit ] A beam axle is the most commonly used type of front suspension, due to its appearance when exposed without fenders on a vehicle with open front suspension . Independent front suspension is rarely used and most rat rods use a 1928-1948 Ford I-beam axle, with a transverse leaf spring . Although any rear axle can be used in a rat rod, the Ford rear end has been preferred for years due to the availability of spare parts. \"...Ford 9-inchers are the most used rear ends in nearly every form of racing and most high-performance street vehicles...\" [5] Spring types in the front and rear can be transverse, parallel or coil setups—parallel is not used as frequently as the more common single-spring transverse setup and coil springs are still occasionally seen even though this spring type is less popular for aesthetic reasons. [1] Rat rods will often be built with airbag suspension, thereby allowing the driver to raise and lower the car; this can be a useful feature due to the extremely low ground clearance of many rat rods. [2] In many cases, the front suspension is mounted a considerable distance forward of the radiator, a practice that may be derived from the construction of early drag racing cars. [1] Criticism [ edit ] Traditional hot rodders and restorers often regard the rat rod trend movement as \"cheap\" and \"talentless\". Sentiment among \"critics\" tends to be dismissive and sometimes overtly negative. Hot rodder and freelance journalist Brad Ocock said of the rat rod trend: There's a huge difference between rat rod and beater. A beater has potential. A rat rod is something someone threw together to make a statement, and usually that statement is, 'I don't know how to weld. I had a bunch of crap lying around and realized there was enough to put together a car but didn't want to put any effort into it.' [1] Hot rod journalist and builder Jim Aust put it in his own perspective: I put the majority of it into two categories—“Young Guy Bad Style” and “Old Guy Bad Style”. The two different camps are separated by those that do not know better and those that should- yet both produce a high volume of style violations. The young guys that generally do not know any better commit their sins in the name of “Why not, it gets a ton of attention at the cars shows”. The problem is a clown on fire gets a lot of attention too, doesn’t make it a good thing either especially if you are the clown. The young violators like to not only produce a car that in its raw form has no flow or style, but on top of that they “decorate” them with such unnecessary items as spikes, bullets, grenades, plastic rats, garden tools, barbed wire, skulls and oversized tools. The young guys into this style are nearly 100-percent new comers that have no knowledge of hot rod and custom car history and generally do not care. Good news many of them discover the history and quickly out grow the offensive style and leave it behind as they build new vehicles with an eye on style rather than creating unappreciated attention. [6] However, despite such attitudes in many areas of hot rodding, over the last ten to twelve years rat rods have become more and more accepted at car shows and in the custom car culture in general, with many car shows either including sections for rat rods, or beginning events directly devoted to them and aimed at wider audiences than ever before. [2] See also [ edit ] Rat bike Rat fink Pinstriping Volksrod References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g David Freiburger (November 1, 2010). \"Rat Rod History - Order Rodentia\" . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Josh Courter (Nov 27, 2012). \"What Exactly Is A Rat Rod And Where Did It All Begin?\" . Jump up ^ sketchv. \"Robt. Williams Lecture Oakland Museum of CA 2008 Pt.03\" . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2011-11-20 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"THE HISTORY OF THE RAT ROD, PART I: The Jakelopy «  Autoculture\" . Jump up ^ Robert Eckhardt (September 24, 2001). \"All-New Ford 9-Inch Upgrade\" . Jump up ^ Jim Aust, [\"Crosshairs\"], Traditional Rod and Kulture Magazine , p. 10, Issue #36 hide v t e Kustom Kulture Key figures Kenneth Anger Joe Bailon George Barris Pete Chapouris Coop Dick Dean Rick Dobbertin Ken Fenical (Posie) Chip Foose Blackie Gejeian Norm Grabowski Kenny Howard (Von Dutch) Jim \"Jake\" Jacobs Dean Jeffries Dick Megugorac (Magoo) Dean Moon Ed Roth Darryl Starbird Larry Watson Robert Williams (artist) Indian Larry Vehicles Bobber (motorcycle) Café racer Cal Look Chopper (motorcycle) Custom car Cutdown Hot rod Leadsled Lowrider Rat rod Rat bike Show car T-bucket Volksrod Woodie Culture DIY ethic Futurism Greaser (subculture) Lowbrow art Midnight movies Pin-up girls Pop art Punk subculture Psychobilly Raggare Rockabilly Surf culture Surrealism Media American Graffiti CK Deluxe The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby Ol' Skool Rodz Rat Fink Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rat_rod&oldid=862136530 \" Categories : Vehicle modification Kustom Kulture Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2017 Articles with unsourced quotes Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Deutsch Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018, at 12:06 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Rat rod", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Rat_rod&amp;oldid=862136530" }

{ "text": "Public opinion - Wikipedia Public opinion From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For the book by Walter Lippmann, see Public Opinion (book) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Public opinion consists of the desires, wants, and thinking of the majority of the people; it is the collective opinion of the people of a society or state on an issue or problem. This concept came about through the process of urbanization and other political and social forces. For the first time, it became important what people thought, as forms of political contention changed. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Coffee-houses 2.2 Gentleman clubs 3 Concepts 4 Formation 4.1 Mass media effects 5 Role of influentials 6 Relationship with public policy 7 Relationship with foreign policy 8 Relationship with U.S. Presidency 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology [ edit ] The term public opinion was derived from the French opinion publique which was first used in 1588 by Michel de Montaigne in the second edition of his Essays (ch. XXII). [1] The French term also appears in the 1761 work Julie, or the New Heloise by Jean-Jacques Rousseau . [2] [3] Precursors of the phrase in English include William Temple 's \"general opinion\" (appearing in his 1672 work On the Original and Nature of Government ) and John Locke 's \"law of opinion\" (appearing in his 1689 work An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ). [3] History [ edit ] The emergence of public opinion as a significant force in the political realm can be dated to the late 17th century. However, opinion had been regarded as having singular importance since far earlier. Medieval fama publica or vox et fama communis had great legal and social importance from the 12th and 13th centuries onward. [4] Later, William Shakespeare called public opinion the 'mistress of success' and Blaise Pascal thought it was 'the queen of the world.' John Locke in his treatise An Essay Concerning Human Understanding considered that man was subject to three laws: the divine law , the civil law , and most importantly in Locke's judgement, the law of opinion or reputation . He regarded the latter as of the highest importance because dislike and ill opinion force people to conform in their behaviour to social norms, however he didn't consider public opinion as a suitable influence for governments. William Temple in his essay of 1672, On the Original and Nature of Government gave an early formulation of the importance of public opinion. He observed that \"...when vast numbers of men submit their lives and fortunes absolutely to the will of one, it...must be force of custom, or opinion...which subjects power to authority.\" Temple disagreed with the prevalent opinion that the basis of government lay in a social contract and thought that government was merely allowed to exist due to the favour of public opinion. [5] The prerequisites for the emergence of a public sphere were increasing levels of literacy which was spurred on by the Reformation , which encouraged individuals to read the Bible in the vernacular, and the rapidly expanding printing presses. During the 18th century religious literature was replaced with secular literature, novels and pamphlets. In parallel to this was the growth in reading societies and clubs. At the turn of the century the first circulating library opened in London and the public library became widespread and available to the public. Coffee-houses [ edit ] Coffeehouse in London , 17th century An institution of central importance in the development of public opinion, was the coffee-house , which became widespread throughout Europe in the mid-17th century. Although Charles II later tried to suppress the London coffeehouses as \"places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers\", the public flocked to them. For several decades following the Restoration, the Wits gathered round John Dryden at Will's Coffee House , in Russell Street, Covent Garden. [6] The coffee houses were great social levellers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. More generally, coffee houses became meeting places where business could be carried on, news exchanged and The London Gazette (government announcements) read. Lloyd's of London had its origins in a coffeehouse run by Edward Lloyd , where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as Tories and Whigs , wits and stockjobbers , merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the \"cits\" of the old city center . Joseph Addison wanted to have it said of him that he had \"brought philosophy out of closets and libraries to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea tables and in coffee houses.\" According to one French visitor, Antoine François Prévost , coffeehouses, \"where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government,\" were the \"seats of English liberty.\" [7] Gentleman clubs [ edit ] A Club of Gentlemen by Joseph Highmore c. 1730. Gentlemen's clubs proliferated in the 18th century, especially in the West End of London . Clubs took over the role occupied by coffee houses in 18th century London to some degree, and reached the height of their influence in the late 19th century - some notable names were White's , Brooks's , Arthur's , and Boodle's which still exist today. These social changes, in which a closed and largely illiterate public became an open and politicized one, was to become of tremendous political importance in the 19th century as the mass media was circulated ever more widely and literacy was steadily improved. Governments increasingly recognized the importance of managing and directing public opinion . This trend is exemplified in the career of George Canning who restyled his political career from its aristocratic origins to one of popular consent when he contested and won the parliamentary seat in Liverpool ; a city with a growing and affluent middle class, which he attributed to the growing influence of \"public opinion.\" [8] Jeremy Bentham was an impassioned advocate of the importance of public opinion in the shaping of constitutional governance. He thought it important that all government acts and decisions should be subject to the inspection of public opinion, because \"to the pernicious exercise of the power of government it is the only check.\" [9] He opined that public opinion had the power to ensure that rulers would rule for the greatest happiness of the greater number. He brought in Utilitarian philosophy in order to define theories of public opinion. Concepts [ edit ] The German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies , by using the conceptional tools of his theory of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft , argued (1922, \" Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung \"), that 'public opinion' has the equivalent social function in societies ( Gesellschaften ) which religion has in communities ( Gemeinschaften ). [10] German social theorist Jürgen Habermas contributed the idea of \" Public sphere \" to the discussion of public opinion. The Public Sphere, or bourgeois public, is according to Habermas, where \"something approaching public opinion can be formed\" (2004, p. 351). Habermas claimed that the Public Sphere featured universal access, rational debate, and disregard for rank. However, he believes that these three features for how public opinion are best formed are no longer in place in western liberal democratic countries. Public opinion, in western democracy, is highly susceptible to elite manipulation. The American sociologist Herbert Blumer has proposed an altogether different conception of the \"public.\" According to Blumer, public opinion is discussed as a form of collective behavior (another specialized term) which is made up of those who are discussing a given public issue at any one time. Given this definition, there are many publics; each of them comes into being when an issue arises and ceases to exist when the issue is resolved. Blumer claims that people participate in public in different capacities and to different degrees. So, public opinion polling cannot measure the public. An educated individual's participation is more important than that of a drunk. The \"mass,\" in which people independently make decisions about, for example, which brand of toothpaste to buy, is a form of collective behavior different from the public. Public opinion plays an important role in the political sphere. Cutting across all aspects of relationship between government and public opinion are studies of voting behavior. These have registered the distribution of opinions on a wide variety of issues, have explored the impact of special interest groups on election outcomes and have contributed to our knowledge about the effects of government propaganda and policy. Contemporary, quantitative approaches to the study of public opinion may be divided into 4 categories: quantitative measurement of opinion distributions; investigation of the internal relationships among the individual opinions that make up public opinion on an issue; description or analysis of the public role of public opinion; study both of the communication media that disseminate the ideas on which opinions are based and of the uses that propagandists and other manipulators make of these media. The rapid spread of public opinion measurement around the world is reflection of the number of uses to which it can be put. Public opinion can be accurately obtained through survey sampling . Both private firms and governments use surveys to inform public policies and public relations. Formation [ edit ] Numerous theories and substantial evidence exists to explain the formation and dynamics of individuals' opinions. Much of this research draws on psychological research on attitudes . In communications studies and political science , mass media are often seen as influential forces on public opinion. Additionally, political socialization and behavioral genetics sometimes explain public opinion. Mass media effects [ edit ] The formation of public opinion starts with agenda setting by major media outlets throughout the world. This agenda setting dictates what is newsworthy and how and when it will be reported. The media agenda is set by a variety of different environmental and newswork factors that determines which stories will be newsworthy. Another key component in the formation of public opinion is framing . Framing is when a story or piece of news is portrayed in a particular way and is meant to sway the consumers attitude one way or the other. Most political issues are heavily framed in order to persuade voters to vote for a particular candidate. For example, if Candidate X once voted on a bill that raised income taxes on the middle class, a framing headline would read \"Candidate X Doesn't Care About the Middle Class\". This puts Candidate X in a negative frame to the news reader. Social desirability is another key component to the formation of public opinion. Social desirability is the idea that people in general will form their opinions based on what they believe is the prevalent opinion of the social group they identify with. Based on media agenda setting and media framing, most often a particular opinion gets repeated throughout various news mediums and social networking sites, until it creates a false vision where the perceived truth can actually be very far away from the actual truth. Public opinion can be influenced by public relations and the political media . Additionally, mass media utilizes a wide variety of advertising techniques to get their message out and change the minds of people. Since the 1950s, television has been the main medium for molding public opinion. [11] Role of influentials [ edit ] See also: Two-step flow of communication There have been a variety of academic studies investigating whether or not public opinion is influenced by \" influentials ,\" or persons that have a significant effect on influencing opinion of the general public regarding any relevant issues. Many early studies [12] [13] have modeled the transfer of information from mass media sources to the general public as a \"two-step\" process. In this process, information from mass media and other far-reaching sources of information influences influentials, and influentials then influence the general public as opposed to the mass media directly influencing the public. While the \"two-step\" process regarding public opinion influence has motivated further research on the role of influential persons, a more recent study by Watts and Dodds (2007) [14] suggests that while influentials play some role in influencing public opinion, \"non-influential\" persons that make up the general public are also just as likely (if not more likely) to influence opinion provided that the general public is composed of persons that are easily influenced. This is referred to in their work as the \"Influential Hypothesis.\" The authors discuss such results by using a model to quantify the number of people influenced by both the general public and influentials. The model can be easily customized to represent a variety of ways that influencers interact with each other as well as the general public. In their study, such a model diverges from the prior paradigm of the \"two-step\" process. The Watts and Dodds model introduces a model of influence emphasizing lateral channels of influence between the influencers and general public categories. This thus leads to a more complex flow of influence amongst the three parties involved in influencing public opinion (i.e., media, influencers and general public). Relationship with public policy [ edit ] The most pervasive issue dividing theories of the opinion-policy relation bears a striking resemblance to the problem of monism - pluralism in the history of philosophy. The controversy deals with the question of whether the structure of socio-political action should be viewed as a more or less centralized process of acts and decisions by a class of key leaders, representing integrated hierarchies of influence in society or whether it is more accurately envisaged as several sets of relatively autonomous opinion and influence groups, interacting with representative decision makers in an official structure of differentiated governmental authority . The former assumption interprets individual, group and official action as part of a single system and reduces politics and governmental policies to a derivative of three basic analytical terms: society, culture and personality . Despite philosophical arguments regarding public opinion, social scientists (those in sociology , political science , economics and social psychology ) present compelling theories to describe how public opinion shapes public policy and find myriad effects of opinion on policy using various empirical research methods. Moreover, researchers find that causal relationships likely run in both directions from opinion to policy and from policy to opinion. On the one hand, public opinion signals public preferences and potential voting behaviors to policymakers. [15] [16] This impact should be greater under more stable democratic institutions. [17] It should be greatest in the realm of social policy because the public are highly motivated by potential goods and services they get from the state. On the other hand, social policy impacts public opinion. The goods and services the public gets via social policy builds normative expectations that shape public opinion. [18] [19] Plus, social policy constitutes the largest share of state spending budgets, making it an active and contentious political area. [20] Together these theories suggest that causal effects are part of a feedback loop between opinion and policy. [21] [22] [23] Using increasingly sophisticated methods, scholars are beginning to grasp and identify the feedback of opinion and policy and use this phenomenon to explain the path dependency of institutions. [24] [25] [26] Relationship with foreign policy [ edit ] As with public policy, public opinion also has a close relationship with foreign policy . There is much debate concerning what the relationship is, and the study of foreign policy's relationship with public opinion has evolved over time, with the Almond-Lippmann Consensus being one of the first attempt to define this relationship. Published before the Vietnam War, Almond and Lippmann argued that public opinion about foreign policy was unstructured, incoherent, and highly volatile, and that public opinion shouldn't influence foreign policy. [27] More recent studies have rebuked the Almond-Lippmann Consensus, showing how people's opinions are generally stable, and that while individuals may not be entirely informed about every issue, they still act efficiently and rationally. [28] [27] People’s judgments about issues are often based on heuristics, which are mental shortcuts that allow rational decisions to be made quickly. Heuristics apply to public opinion about domestic as well as foreign policy. The deductive heuristic is one that relies on a person’s core values and social groups. Delegative heuristics are influenced by figures of authority such as the media or president. [29] Another key theory about how people form their opinions on foreign policy issues is Hurwitz and Peffley’s hierarchical attitudes model. They argue that it is structured, with core values providing the basis for postures which further influence the ultimate issue position. [30] Public opinion about foreign policy is measured in the same way that all public opinion is measured. Through polls and surveys, respondents are asked about their issue positions. Conclusions are drawn by researchers by applying the scientific method . [31] Relationship with U.S. Presidency [ edit ] According to Robert Shapiro, public opinion and policy-making are fundamental to a democracy, which is linked to electoral accountability, meaning that the leader who was elected “will not deviate far from voters’ opinion”. [32] A problem that arises when analyzing the data collected by researchers is how these issues that are “important” are selected when collecting the data about public opinion. It is hard to determine if there has been underdevelopment of certain issues. Another concern is how elites influence public opinion by persuasion and rhetoric, ultimately shaping policy-making. These two variables are ambiguous by nature and are hard to get to any conclusions, in most cases beyond the limits of research. Other variables to look at when analyzing the opinion-policy effect are the size of the majority public, election cycle time, degree of electoral competition, and the type of issue. For example, domestic affairs public opinion will be of greater importance than that of foreign affairs, because of the complexity. [32] Since Presidents have the ability to influence their political agenda, it is easier for them to respond to public opinion. Also, since they are not an institution (like Congress) they can “shift the standards by which the public evaluates their performance in office – away from policy concerns and towards more symbolic activities, image, and personality.” [32] A study by James N. Druckman and Lawrence R. Jacobs discusses how Presidents collect their information for policymaking. They found that on one hand, they collect data about the public’s preference on salient matters like crime and economy. This reflects a populist type of democracy where the government portrays respect toward the people’s views and they are connected. On the other hand, government institutions and elites believe the general populations’ understanding of certain issued is limited, therefore they exercise autonomy when making these decisions. [33] [32] Baum and Kernell have stated that a challenge that modern Presidents face when trying to persuade public opinion is that there is so many different types of media, that getting people’s attention is hard. [34] New media alternatives has also caused on effect on Presidential leadership as they now use them to be able to communicate younger generations, but targeting small groups of people. See also [ edit ] Court of public opinion Opinion polls Public sphere Political socialization Public figure Truth Organizations American Association for Public Opinion Research Roper Center for Public Opinion Research European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research World Association for Public Opinion Research Gabriel Tarde Ferdinand Tönnies Walter Lippmann Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ Kurt Braatz, Friedrich Nietzsche: Eine Studie zur Theorie der Öffentlichen Meinung , Walter de Gruyter, 2011, p. 1. Jump up ^ The term opinion publique appears in the chapter: \"Lettre XXIV à Julie\" of the book. ^ Jump up to: a b Hans Speier, \"Historical Development of Public Opinion\", American Journal of Sociology , Vol. 55, No. 4 (Jan., 1950), pp. 376–388. Jump up ^ See (in French) Julien Théry, \" Fama : l'opinion publique comme preuve judiciaire. Aperçu sur la révolution médiévale de l'inquisitoire (XIIe-XIVe s.)\", in B. Lemesle (ed.), La preuve en justice de l'Antiquité à nos jours , Rennes, PUR, 2003, pp. 119–147, available online , and Daniel Smail, Thelma Fernster (ed), Fama. The Politics of Talk and Reputation , Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2003. Jump up ^ Speier, Hans (1950). \"Historical Development of Public Opinion\". American Journal of Sociology . University of Chicago Press . 55 (4): 376–88. doi : 10.1086/220561 . ISSN 1537-5390 . JSTOR 2772299 . (Registration required ( help )) . Jump up ^ An historical and chronological deduction of the origin of commerce, from the earliest accounts. : Containing an history of the great commercial interests of the British Empire. To which is prefixed an introduction, exhibiting a view of the ancient and modern state of Europe ; of the importance of our colonies ; and of the commerce, shipping, manufactures, fisheries, &c., of Great-Britain and Ireland ; and their influence on the landed interest. With an appendix, containing the modern politico-commercial geography of the several countries of Europe. Author:\tAdam Anderson; William Combe; John Walter; Logographic Press. Jump up ^ Prévost, Abbé (1930) Adventures of a man of quality (translation of Séjour en Angleterre , v. 5 of Mémoires et avantures d'un homme de qualité qui s'est retiré du monde ) G. Routledge & Sons, London, OCLC 396693 Jump up ^ Stephen M. Lee, \"George Canning and Liberal Toryism, 1801-1827\" Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2008 Jump up ^ \"public opinion\" . Jump up ^ Rolf Fechner/ Lars Clausen /Arno Bammé (eds.): Öffentliche Meinung zwischen neuer Religion und neuer Wissenschaft. Ferdinand Tönnies' „Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung\" in der internationalen Diskussion , in: Tönnies im Gespräch , tom. 3, Munich/Vienna: Profil 2005, ISBN 3-89019-590-3 . Jump up ^ Diggs-Brown, Barbara (2011) Strategic Public Relations: Audience Focused Practice p.48 Jump up ^ Elihu Katz and Paul Felix Lazarsfeld (1955). Personal Influence: the Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications . ISBN 1-4128-0507-4 . Jump up ^ Lazarsfeld et al., 1968 Jump up ^ Watts, D.J. and P.S. Dodds (2007). \"Influentials, Networks, and Public Opinion Formation\" (PDF) . Journal of Consumer Research . 34 (4): 441–458. doi : 10.1086/518527 . Jump up ^ Pierson, Paul (2002). \"Coping with Permanent Austerity: Welfare State Restructuring in Affluent Democracies\". Revue Française de Sociologie . 43 (2): 369–406. doi : 10.2307/3322510 . JSTOR 3322510 . Jump up ^ Soroka, Stuart; Wlezien, Christopher (2010). Degrees of Democracy: Politics, Public Opinion and Policy . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jump up ^ Papadakis, Elim (1992). \"Public Opinion, Public Policy and the Welfare State\". Political Studies . 40 (1): 21–37. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-9248.1992.tb01758.x . Jump up ^ Mau, Steffen (2004). \"Welfare Regimes and the Norms of Social Exchange\". Current Sociology . 52 (1): 53–74. doi : 10.1177/0011392104039314 . Jump up ^ van Oorschot, Wim (2007). \"Culture and Social Policy: A Developing Field of Study\". International Journal of Social Welfare . 16 (2): 129–139. doi : 10.1111/j.1468-2397.2006.00451.x . Jump up ^ \"Social Expenditures Database\" . OECD. Jump up ^ Campbell, Andrea Louise (2012). \"Policy Makes Mass Politics\". Annual Review of Political Science . 15 (1): 333–351. doi : 10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 . Jump up ^ Wlezien, Christopher; Soroka, Stuart (2007). \"Relationships between Public Opinion and Policy\" . Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior : 799–817. Jump up ^ Shapiro, Robert (2011). \"Public Opinion and American Democracy\". Public Opinion Quarterly . 75 (5): 982–1017. doi : 10.1093/poq/nfr053 . Jump up ^ Breznau, Nate (14 July 2016). \"Positive Returns and Equilibrium: Simultaneous Feedback Between Public Opinion and Social Policy\". Policy Studies Journal . doi : 10.1111/psj.12171 . Jump up ^ Wlezien, Christopher (1995). \"The Public as Thermostat: Dynamics of Preferences for Spending\". American Journal of Political Science . 39 (4): 981–1000. doi : 10.2307/2111666 . JSTOR 2111666 . Jump up ^ Pierson, Paul (2000). \"Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics\". The American Political Science Review . 94 (2): 251–267. doi : 10.2307/2586011 . JSTOR 2586011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Holsti, Ole R. “Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Challenges to the Almond-Lippmann Consensus Mershon Series: Research Programs and Debates.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 4, 1992, pp. 439–466. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2600734. Jump up ^ Matthew A. Baum and Philip B. K. Potter, \"The Relationships Between Mass Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis,\" Annual Review of Political Science , 2008. Jump up ^ Sniderman, Paul. Reasoning and Choice. Explorations in Political Psychology Jump up ^ Hurwitz, Jon, and Mark Peffley. “How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 81, no. 4, 1987, pp. 1099–1120. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1962580. Jump up ^ pewresearch.org ^ Jump up to: a b c d Shapiro, Robert (2011). \"Public Opinion and American Democracy\" . The Public Opinion Quarterly . 75 (5): 982–1017. doi : 10.1093/poq/nfr053 . Jump up ^ Druckman, J.N. (2009). \"Presidential Responsiveness to public opinion\" . The Oxford Handbook of American Presidency : 454. doi : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238859.003.0008 . Jump up ^ Baum and Kernell, M.A., S. \"Has Cable Ended the Golden Age of Presidential Television?\". American Political Science Review . 93 : 99–114. Bibliography [ edit ] Edward L. Bernays , Crystallizing Public Opinion , 1923 Daniel L. Smail, Thelma Fernster, Fama. The Politics of Talk and Reputation , Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2003. Jürgen Habermas , The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere , 1989 ( Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit , Neuwied 1962) Jacob Shamir/Michal Shamir, The Anatomy of Public Opinion , Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Walter Lippmann , Public Opinion , 1922. Norman John Powell, Anatomy of Public Opinion , New York, Prentice-Hall, 1951. (in French) Julien Théry, \" Fama : l'opinion publique comme preuve. Aperçu sur la révolution médiévale de l'inquisitoire (XIIe-XIVe siècles)\", in B. Lemesle (ed.), La preuve en justice de l'Antiquité à nos jours , Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2003, pp. 119-147 , online. Ferdinand Tönnies , On Public Opinion , 1970 ( Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung , 1922, critical edition by Alexander Deichsel , Rolf Fechner, and Rainer Waßner, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter 2003) Bianco, William T., and David T. Canon. \"Public Opinion.\" In American Politics Today. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2013. External links [ edit ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Public opinion WorldPublicOpinion.org Authority control GND : 4043152-6 LCCN : sh2002006218 NARA : 10644296 NDL : 00574311 Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_opinion&oldid=854442306 \" Categories : Public opinion Survey methodology Crowd psychology Politics Political science terminology Hidden categories: Articles with French-language external links Pages with login required references or sources Articles needing additional references from December 2007 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай-малкъар Қазақша Кыргызча 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 11:16 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "Nigeria - Wikipedia Nigeria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the country. For other uses, see Nigeria (disambiguation) . Not to be confused with the neighbouring country Niger . Federal Republic of Nigeria Jamhuriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya ( Hausa ) Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà ( Igbo ) Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Aláàpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà ( Yoruba ) Flag Coat of arms Motto: \"Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress\" Anthem: Arise, O Compatriots Location of Nigeria shown in dark green Capital Abuja 9°4′N 7°29′E  /  9.067°N 7.483°E  / 9.067; 7.483 Largest city Lagos 6°27′N 3°23′E  /  6.450°N 3.383°E  / 6.450; 3.383 Official languages English Major languages Hausa Igbo Yoruba Other languages [1] Birom Edo Efik Fulfulde Gbagyi Hyam Ibibio Idoma Igala Igbira Ijaw Ikwerre Itsekiri Jju Jukun Kanuri Atyap Margi Nupe Tiv Urhobo-Isoko Religion See Religion in Nigeria Demonym Nigerian Government Federal presidential republic • President Muhammadu Buhari • Vice President Yemi Osinbajo • Senate President Bukola Saraki • House Speaker Yakubu Dogara • Chief Justice W.S. Nkanu Onnoghen Legislature National Assembly • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Independence from the United Kingdom • Unification of Southern and Northern Nigeria 1914 • Declared and recognised 1 October 1960 • Republic declared 1 October 1963 • Current constitution 29 May 1999 Area • Total 923,768 km 2 (356,669 sq mi) ( 32nd ) • Water (%) 1.4 Population • 2016 estimate 185,989,640 [2] ( 7th ) • 2006 census 140,431,790 • Density 197.2/km 2 (510.7/sq mi) ( 71st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate • Total $1.166 trillion [3] ( 20th ) • Per capita $6,351 [3] ( 124th ) GDP (nominal) 2016 estimate • Total $484.895 billion [3] ( 21st ) • Per capita $2,640 [3] ( 122nd ) Gini (2010) 43.0 [4] medium HDI (2015) 0.514 [5] low · 152nd Currency Naira (₦) ( NGN ) Time zone WAT ( UTC +1) Drives on the right Calling code +234 ISO 3166 code NG Internet TLD .ng The Federal Republic of Nigeria / n aɪ ˈ dʒ ɪər i ə / ( listen ) , commonly referred to as Nigeria , is a federal republic in West Africa , bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja is located. Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country . [6] Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms . Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960. It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970. It then alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999, with the 2011 presidential elections considered the first to be reasonably free and fair. [7] Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. [8] With approximately 186 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. [9] [10] The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba ; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages and are identified with wide variety of cultures. [11] [12] The official language is English . Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians , who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims , who live mostly in the north. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities. As of 2015 [update] , Nigeria is the world's 20th largest economy, worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively. It overtook South Africa to become Africa's largest economy in 2014. [13] [14] The 2013 debt-to-GDP ratio was 11 percent. [15] Nigeria is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank ; [16] it has been identified as a regional power on the African continent, [17] [18] [19] a middle power in international affairs, [20] [21] [22] [23] and has also been identified as an emerging global power . [24] [25] [26] Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries, which are widely seen as the globe's next \" BRIC -like\" economies. It is also listed among the \" Next Eleven \" economies set to become among the biggest in the world. Nigeria is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many other international organizations, including the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations and OPEC . Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early (500 BC – 1500) 2.2 Middle Ages (1500–1800) 2.3 British Nigeria (1800–1960) 2.4 Independent Federation and First Republic (1960–1966) 2.5 Civil war (1967–1970) 2.6 Military juntas (1970–1999) 2.7 Democratisation (1999–) 3 Government and politics 3.1 Law 3.2 Foreign relations 3.3 Military 4 Geography 4.1 Environmental issues 4.2 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Oil 5.3 Overseas remittances 5.4 Services 5.5 Mining 5.6 Manufacturing 5.7 Government satellites 6 Society 6.1 Demographics 6.2 Ethnic groups 6.3 Languages 6.4 Religion 6.5 Health 6.6 Education 6.7 Crime 7 Culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Media 7.3 Music and film 7.4 Cuisine 7.5 Sport 8 Societal issues 8.1 Human rights 8.2 Strife and sectarian violence 8.3 Media representation 8.4 Women 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Etymology The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw , who later married Lord Lugard , a British colonial administrator. The origin of the name Niger , which originally applied only to the middle reaches of the Niger River, is uncertain. The word is likely an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-iger ewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th-century European colonialism. [27] [28] History This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ceremonial Igbo pot from 9th-century Igbo-Ukwu . Main articles: History of Nigeria and Timeline of Nigerian history Early (500 BC – 1500) Further information: History of Nigeria before 1500 Nok sculpture, terracotta The Nok civilisation of Northern Nigeria flourished between 500 BC and AD 200, producing life-sized terracotta figures which are some of the earliest known sculptures in Sub-Saharan Africa. [29] [30] [31] [32] Further north, the cities Kano and Katsina have a recorded history dating to around 999 AD. Hausa kingdoms and the Kanem-Bornu Empire prospered as trade posts between North and West Africa. The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911. [33] [34] Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri , and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. Nri and Aguleri , where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan. Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure Eri . [35] In West Africa, the oldest bronzes made using the lost-wax process were from Igbo Ukwu , a city under Nri influence. [33] Yoruba copper mask of Obalufon from the city of Ife , c.1300 The Yoruba kingdoms of Ife and Oyo in southwestern Nigeria became prominent in the 12th [36] [37] and 14th [38] centuries, respectively. The oldest signs of human settlement at Ife's current site date back to the 9th century, [36] and its material culture includes terracotta and bronze figures. Middle Ages (1500–1800) Royal Benin ivory mask , one of Nigeria's most recognised artefacts. Benin Empire , 16th century. Further information: History of Nigeria (1500–1800) Oyo, at its territorial zenith in the late 17th to early 18th centuries, extended its influence from western Nigeria to modern-day Togo . The Edo's Benin Empire is located in southwestern Nigeria. Benin's power lasted between the 15th and 19th centuries. Their dominance reached as far as the city of Eko (an Edo name later changed to Lagos by the Portuguese ) and further. [39] At the beginning of the 19th century, Usman dan Fodio directed a successful jihad and created and led the centralised Fulani Empire (also known as the Sokoto Caliphate ). The territory controlled by the resultant state included much of modern-day northern and central Nigeria; it lasted until the 1903 break-up of the Empire into various European colonies. Benin City in the 17th century with the Oba of Benin in procession. This image appeared in a European book, Description of Africa , published in Amsterdam in 1668. [40] For centuries, various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa. Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western, central and northern Africa. In the 16th century, Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant, direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar . Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade . [41] The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry , Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra. [41] [42] The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars. [43] Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north. [41] [42] Slavery also existed in the territories comprising modern-day Nigeria;. [44] its scope was broadest towards the end of the 19th century. [ citation needed ] According to the Encyclopedia of African History , \"It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest slave population of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate . The use of slave labor was extensive, especially in agriculture.\" [45] A changing legal imperative (transatlantic slave trade outlawed by Britain in 1807) and economic imperative (a desire for political and social stability) led most European powers to support widespread cultivation of agricultural products, such as the palm, for use in European industry. British Nigeria (1800–1960) Main article: Colonial Nigeria \"Up-River Chiefs, Calabar \", 19th century The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain , the Netherlands , Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars , Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. [46] It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown , a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye , and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession . British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church . In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference . The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie . In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate , and part of the British Empire , the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule. Postage stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II , 1953 In 1914, the British formally united the Niger area as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria . Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Protectorates and Lagos Colony . Inhabitants of the southern region sustained more interaction, economic and cultural, with the British and other Europeans owing to the coastal economy. Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. [47] Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education. By independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism. [48] Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. By the middle of the 20th century, a great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. Nigeria achieved independence in 1960. Independent Federation and First Republic (1960–1966) Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960. Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe . Azikiwe became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo . [49] The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups – the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') – were sharp. An imbalance was created in the polity by the result of the 1961 plebiscite . Southern Cameroon opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while Northern Cameroons chose to remain in Nigeria. The northern part of the country was now far larger than the southern part. In 1963, the nation established a Federal Republic , with Azikiwe as its first president . When elections were held in 1965, the Nigerian National Democratic Party came to power in Nigeria's Western Region. Civil war (1967–1970) Main article: Nigerian Civil War The Republic of Biafra in June 1967, when it declared its independence from the rest of Nigeria The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups . The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu . The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa , Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi . Later, the counter-coup of 1966 , supported primarily by Northern military officers, facilitated the rise of Lt. Colonel Yakubu Gowon to head of state. Tension rose between North and South; Igbos in Northern cities suffered persecution and many fled to the Eastern Region. In May 1967, the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra , under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu . [50] The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side (predominated by soldiers from the North and West) attacked Biafra (Southeastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem. The 30-month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970. [51] Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation , during the 30-month civil war. [52] France, Egypt, the Soviet Union, Britain, Israel, and others were deeply involved in the civil war behind the scenes. Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government while France and others aided the Biafrans. Nigeria used Egyptian pilots for their air force. [53] [54] Military juntas (1970–1999) Main article: Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998 Olusegun Obasanjo was a military president who ruled the country from 1976 to 1979. During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge oil revenues it was generating enriched the economy. Despite these revenues, the military government did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subsidies to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and on international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns. It did not develop alternate revenue sources in the economy for economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria. [55] Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari . The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. In 1983 the inspectors of the state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) began to notice \"the slow poisoning of the waters of this country.\" [56] The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development. [57] Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor. His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985. [58] The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida , declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and of the ruling Supreme Military Council. He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund 's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt. At the time most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing that debt. He enrolled Nigeria in the Organization of the Islamic Conference , which aggravated religious tensions in the country. [59] Babangida survived an abortive coup, then postponed a promised return to democracy to 1992. Free and fair elections [ citation needed ] were finally held on 12 June 1993, the first since the military coup of 1983, with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola of the Social Democratic Party , who gained some 58% of the votes, defeating Bashir Tofa of the National Republican Convention . [60] However, Babangida annulled the elections, leading to massive civilian protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks. Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan head of an interim government. [61] Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria. [62] In late 1993 Shonekan's caretaker regime was overwhelmed by the military coup of General Sani Abacha , who used military force on a wide scale to suppress the continuing civilian unrest. He shifted money to offshore accounts in western European banks and defeated coup plots by bribing army generals. In 1995 the government hanged environmentalist Ken Saro-Wiwa on trumped-up charges in the deaths of four Ogoni elders. Lawsuits under the American Alien Tort Statute against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of Shell's Nigerian operation, settled out of court with Shell continuing to deny liability. [63] Several hundred million dollars in accounts traced to Abacha were discovered in 1999. [64] The regime came to an end in 1998, when the dictator died in the villa. His successor, General Abdulsalami Abubakar , adopted a new constitution on 5 May 1999, which provided for multiparty elections. On 29 May 1999 Abubakar transferred power to the winner of the elections, Obasanjo, who had since retired from the military. [65] Democratisation (1999–) Bida Emirate durbar festival, 2001 Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo , the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria . This ended almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999), excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998 . Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development. Ethnic violence for control over the oil-producing Niger Delta region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the issues in the country. Umaru Yar'Adua of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) came into power in the general election of 2007 . The international community has been observing Nigerian elections to encourage a free and fair process, and condemned this one as being severely flawed. [66] Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010. Dr. Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May 2010, [67] becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State, while his vice-president, Namadi Sambo , an architect and former Kaduna State governor, was chosen on 18 May 2010, by the National Assembly. His confirmation followed President Jonathan's nomination of Sambo to that position. [68] [69] Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president until 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) , which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. [70] The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections. [7] In the March 2015 election , Muhammadu Buhari defeated Goodluck Jonathan by roughly 2 million votes. Observers generally praised the election as being fair. Jonathan was generally praised for conceding defeat and limiting the risk of unrest. [71] [72] [73] [74] Government and politics Main article: Politics of Nigeria Nigerian National Assembly , Abuja Muhammadu Buhari , President, 29 May 2015–current Nigeria is a federal republic modelled after the United States , [75] with executive power exercised by the President . It is influenced by the Westminster System model [ citation needed ] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both head of state and head of the federal government ; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. [76] In the 28 March 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, defeating then-incumbent Dr Goodluck Jonathan . The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives , which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly . The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats, with the number of seats per state is determined by population. [76] Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. [77] Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB , Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress , Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war . Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft. [78] Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). [78] [79] The two major political parties are the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria and the All Progressives Congress . About twenty minor opposition parties are registered. The then president Olusegun Obasanjo , acknowledged fraud and other electoral \"lapses\" but said the result reflected opinion polls. In a national television address in 2007, he added that if Nigerians did not like the victory of his handpicked successor, they would have an opportunity to vote again in four years. [80] In the Nigerian general election, 2015 , the victorious All Progressives Congress has 225 House seats and 60 in the Senate while the defeated People's Democratic Party of Nigeria became the opposition with 125 seats in the House and 49 in the Senate. National symbols of Nigeria Flag Bicolour Emblem Coat of arms of Nigeria Anthem \" Arise, O Compatriots \" Animal Eagle Bird Black crowned crane Flower Costus spectabilis Sport Football As in many other African societies, prebendalism and high rates of corruption continue to constitute major challenges to Nigeria. All major parties have practised vote rigging and other means of coercion to remain competitive. In 1983, the policy institute at Kuru concluded that only the 1959 and 1979 elections to that time were conducted with minimal vote rigging. [81] In 2012, Nigeria was estimated to have lost over $400 billion to corruption since independence. [82] Law Main article: Law of Nigeria There are three distinct systems of law in Nigeria: Common law , derived from its British colonial past, and a development of its own after independence; Customary law , derived from indigenous traditional norms and practice, including the dispute resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yorubaland secret societies and the Ẹ̀kpẹ̀ and Ọ̀kọ́ńkọ̀ of Igboland and Ibibioland ; Sharia law, used only in the predominantly Muslim northern states of the country. It is an Islamic legal system that had been used long before the colonial administration. In late 1999, Zamfara emphasised its use, with eleven other northern states following suit. These states are Kano , Katsina , Niger , Bauchi , Borno , Kaduna , Gombe , Sokoto , Jigawa , Yobe , and Kebbi . [83] The country has a judicial branch , the highest court of which is the Supreme Court of Nigeria . [76] Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Nigeria Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan (center) poses with United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama in August 2014 Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria made African unity the centrepiece of its foreign policy and played a leading role in the fight against the apartheid government in South Africa. [84] One notable exception to the African focus was Nigeria's close relationship developed with Israel throughout the 1960s. The latter nation sponsored and oversaw the construction of Nigeria's parliament buildings. [85] Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union ), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG , economic and military organizations, respectively. With this African-centred stance, Nigeria readily sent troops to the Congo at the behest of the United Nations shortly after independence (and has maintained membership since that time). Nigeria also supported several Pan African and pro-self government causes in the 1970s, including garnering support for Angola 's MPLA , SWAPO in Namibia, and aiding opposition to the minority governments of Portuguese Mozambique , and Rhodesia . Nigeria retains membership in the Non-Aligned Movement . In late November 2006, it organised an Africa-South America Summit in Abuja to promote what some attendees termed \"South-South\" linkages on a variety of fronts. [86] Nigeria is also a member of the International Criminal Court , and the Commonwealth of Nations . It was temporarily expelled from the latter in 1995 when ruled by the Abacha regime . Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s, and maintains membership in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which it joined in July 1971. Its status as a major petroleum producer figures prominently in its sometimes volatile international relations with both developed countries , notably the United States, and the developing countries of China, Jamaica , and Ghana and Kenya in Africa. [87] Millions of Nigerians have emigrated at times of economic hardship, primarily to Europe, North America and Australia. It is estimated that over a million Nigerians have emigrated to the United States and constitute the Nigerian American populace. Individuals in many such Diasporic communities have joined the \"Egbe Omo Yoruba\" society, a national association of Yoruba descendants in North America. [88] Military See also: Nigerian Armed Forces The Nigerian military are charged with protecting the Federal Republic of Nigeria, promoting Nigeria's global security interests, and supporting peacekeeping efforts, especially in West Africa. This is in support of the doctrine sometimes called Pax Nigeriana . The Nigerian Military consist of an army, a navy, and an air force. [76] The military in Nigeria have played a major role in the country's history since independence. Various juntas have seized control of the country and ruled it through most of its history. Its last period of military rule ended in 1999 following the sudden death of former dictator Sani Abacha in 1998. His successor, Abdulsalam Abubakar , handed over power to the democratically elected government of Olusegun Obasanjo in 1999. As Africa's most populated country, Nigeria has repositioned its military as a peacekeeping force on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). [89] Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan 's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Geography Main article: Geography of Nigeria Map of Nigeria, showing state boundaries, cities, and waterways. Nigeria map of Köppen climate classification. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of 923,768 km 2 (356,669 sq mi), [90] making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania ). It is comparable in size to Venezuela , and is about twice the size of the US state of California. It shares a 4,047-kilometre (2,515 mi) border with Benin (773 km or 480 mi), Niger (1,497 km or 930 mi), Chad (87 km or 54 mi), Cameroon (1,690 km or 1,050 mi), and has a coastline of at least 853 kilometres (530 miles). [91] Nigeria lies between latitudes 4° and 14°N , and longitudes 2° and 15°E . The Zuma Rock near Suleja The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at 2,419 m (7,936 ft). The main rivers are the Niger and the Benue , which converge and empty into the Niger Delta . This is one of the world's largest river deltas, and the location of a large area of Central African mangroves. Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate , where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm) a year. [92] In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau . Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. [93] This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as \"salt water swamp,\" also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest. [94] [94] Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue river valleys (which merge into each other and form a \"y\" shape). [93] To the southwest of the Niger is \"rugged\" highland . To the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains, which form the Mambilla Plateau , the highest plateau in Nigeria. This plateau extends through the border with Cameroon , where the montane land is part of the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon. The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity . It is habitat for the drill monkey , which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding Calabar , Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies . The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by grassland ( see Cross-Niger transition forests ). Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited, to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year. [92] The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic , Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. [94] In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. [92] In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad , which Nigeria shares with Niger , Chad and Cameroon. Environmental issues Main articles: Environmental issues in the Niger Delta and Deforestation in Nigeria Nigeria's Delta region, home of the large oil industry , experiences serious oil spills and other environmental problems, which has caused conflict . Waste management including sewage treatment , the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation , and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, etc. Haphazard industrial planning, increased urbanisation, poverty and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in major Nigerian cities. Some of the 'solutions' have been disastrous to the environment, resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute waterways and groundwater. [95] In 2005 Nigeria had the highest rate of deforestation in the world, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). [96] In 2005 12.2%, the equivalent of 11,089,000 hectares had been forested in Nigeria. Between 1990 and 2000, Nigeria lost an average of 409,700 hectares of forest every year equal to an average annual deforestation rate of 2.38%. Between 1990 and 2005, in total Nigeria lost 35.7% of its forest cover, or around 6,145,000 hectares. [97] In 2010, thousands of people were inadvertently exposed to lead containing soil / ore from informal gold mining with the northern state of Zamfara . While estimates vary, it is though that upwards of 400 children died of acute lead poisoning making this perhaps the largest lead poisoning fatality epidemic ever encountered. [98] As of 2016, efforts to manage the exposure are ongoing. Administrative divisions Main article: Administrative divisions of Nigeria Major cities City Population Lagos 8,048,430 Kano 2,828,861 Ibadan 2,559,853 Benin City 1,147,188 Port Harcourt 1,005,904 Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory , which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West. [99] [100] As of the 2006 census [update] , Nigeria has eight cities with a population of over 1 million people (from largest to smallest: Lagos , Kano , Ibadan , Benin City and Port Harcourt . Lagos is the largest city in Africa , with a population of over 12 million in its urban area . [101] A clickable map of Nigeria exhibiting its 36 states and the federal capital territory. States Abia Adamawa Anambra Akwa Ibom Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Enugu Edo Ekiti Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara Territory Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Economy Main article: Economy of Nigeria Maitama district , Abuja Lagos Island as seen from Victoria Island . Kuje market scene Nigeria is classified as a mixed economy emerging market , and has already reached lower middle income status according to the World Bank , [102] with its abundant supply of natural resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, transport sectors and stock exchange (the Nigerian Stock Exchange ), which is the second largest in Africa. Nigeria was ranked 21st in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2015. [103] Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. [104] The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. [105] [106] [107] The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011. [108] In February 2011, Citigroup projected that Nigeria would have the highest average GDP growth in the world in 2010–2050. Nigeria is one of two countries from Africa among 11 Global Growth Generators countries. [109] Previously, economic development had been hindered by years of military rule , corruption, and mismanagement. The restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reforms have successfully put Nigeria back on track towards achieving its full economic potential. As of 2014 [update] it is the largest economy in Africa, having overtaken South Africa. During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria accumulated a significant foreign debt to finance major infrastructural investments. With the fall of oil prices during the 1980s oil glut Nigeria struggled to keep up with its loan payments and eventually defaulted on its principal debt repayments, limiting repayment to the interest portion of the loans. Arrears and penalty interest accumulated on the unpaid principal, which increased the size of the debt. After negotiations by the Nigeria authorities, in October 2005 Nigeria and its Paris Club creditors reached an agreement under which Nigeria repurchased its debt at a discount of approximately 60%. Nigeria used part of its oil profits to pay the residual 40%, freeing up at least $1.15 billion annually for poverty reduction programmes. Nigeria made history in April 2006 by becoming the first African country to completely pay off its debt (estimated $30 billion) owed to the Paris Club. Nigeria is trying to reach the first of the Sustainable Development Goals , which is to end poverty in all its forms by 2030. Government officials have not taken official action to reach this. Agriculture Further information: Agriculture in Nigeria As of 2010 [update] , about 30% of Nigerians are employed in agriculture. [110] Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria. [111] Major crops include beans , sesame , cashew nuts , cassava , cocoa beans , groundnuts , gum arabic , kolanut, maize (corn), melon , millet , palm kernels , palm oil , plantains , rice , rubber , sorghum , soybeans and yams . [112] Cocoa is the leading non-oil foreign exchange earner. [112] Rubber is the second-largest non-oil foreign exchange earner. [112] Prior to the Nigerian civil war , Nigeria was self-sufficient in food. [112] Agriculture has failed to keep pace with Nigeria's rapid population growth, and Nigeria now relies upon food imports to sustain itself. [112] The Nigerian government promoted the use of inorganic fertilizers in the 1970s. [113] Oil Further information: Petroleum industry in Nigeria The gates of the oil refinery in Port Harcourt . Nigeria is the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world and the 8th largest exporter, and has the 10th largest proven reserves. (The country joined OPEC in 1971). Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy, accounting for 40% of GDP and 80% of Government earnings. However, agitation for better resource control in the Niger Delta , its main oil producing region, has led to disruptions in oil production and prevents the country from exporting at 100% capacity. [114] The Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from middle Miocene deltaic sandstone - shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth of 2 to 4 kilometres (1.2 to 2.5 miles). [115] In June 2013, Shell announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. While many international oil companies have operated there for decades, by 2014 most were making moves to divest their interests, citing a range of issues including oil theft. In August 2014, Shell Oil Company said it was finalising its interests in four Nigerian oil fields. [116] Overseas remittances Next to petrodollars, the second biggest source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria are remittances sent home by Nigerians living abroad. [117] In 2014, 17.5 million Nigerians resided in foreign countries, with the UK and the USA having more than 2 million Nigerians each. [117] According to the International Organization for Migration , Nigeria witnessed a dramatic increase in remittances sent home from overseas Nigerians, going from USD 2.3 billion in 2004 to 17.9 billion in 2007. The United States accounts for the largest portion of official remittances, followed by the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Spain and France. On the African continent, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Libya and South Africa are important source countries of remittance flows to Nigeria, while China is the biggest remittance-sending country in Asia. Services Nigeria has one of the fastest growing telecommunications markets in the world, major emerging market operators (like MTN, Etisalat, Zain and Globacom) basing their largest and most profitable centres in the country. [118] The government has recently begun expanding this infrastructure to space based communications . Nigeria has a space satellite which is monitored at the Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency Headquarters in Abuja. Nigeria has a highly developed financial services sector, with a mix of local and international banks, asset management companies, brokerage houses, insurance companies and brokers, private equity funds and investment banks. [119] Mining Further information: Mining industry of Nigeria Nigeria also has a wide array of underexploited mineral resources which include natural gas, coal, bauxite , tantalite , gold, tin , iron ore, limestone , niobium , lead and zinc . [120] Despite huge deposits of these natural resources, the mining industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy. Manufacturing Nigeria has a manufacturing industry which includes leather and textiles (centred Kano, Abeokuta, Onitsha, and Lagos), Nigeria currently has an indigenous auto manufacturing company; Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing located in Nnewi. It produces Buses and SUVs.car manufacturing (for the French car manufacturer Peugeot as well as for the English truck manufacturer Bedford , now a subsidiary of General Motors ), t-shirts , plastics and processed food . Nigeria in recent years has been embracing industrialisation. It currently has an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company, Innoson Motors, which manufactures Rapid Transit Buses , Trucks and SUVs with an upcoming introduction of Cars . [121] Nigeria also has few Electronic manufacturers like Zinox, the first Branded Nigerian Computer and Electronic gadgets (like tablet PCs) manufacturers. [122] In 2013, Nigeria introduced a policy regarding import duty on vehicles to encourage local manufacturing companies in the country. [123] [124] In this regard, some foreign vehicle manufacturing companies like Nissan have made known their plans to have manufacturing plants in Nigeria. [125] Ogun is considered to be the current Nigeria's industrial hub, as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving there, followed by Lagos . [126] [127] [128] Government satellites The Nigerian government has commissioned the overseas production and launch of four satellites. The Nigeriasat-1 was the first satellite to be built under the Nigerian government sponsorship. The satellite was launched from Russia on 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat-1 was part of the worldwide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System. [129] The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat-1 were: to give early warning signals of environmental disaster; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria; to assist in demographic planning; to establish the relationship between malaria vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders. NigeriaSat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited, a United Kingdom -based satellite technology company. It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32-metre multispectral (medium resolution, NIR red, green and red bands) antennas, with a ground receiving station in Abuja . The NigeriaSat-2 spacecraft alone was built at a cost of over £35 million. This satellite was launched into orbit from a military base in China. [129] NigComSat-1 , a Nigerian satellite built in 2004, was Nigeria's third satellite and Africa's first communication satellite. It was launched on 13 May 2007, aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket , from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China . The spacecraft was operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Agency, NASRDA . On 11 November 2008, NigComSat-1 failed in orbit after running out of power because of an anomaly in its solar array. It was based on the Chinese DFH-4 satellite bus , and carries a variety of transponders : 4 C-band ; 14 Ku-band ; 8 Ka-band ; and 2 L-band . It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa, and the Ka-band transponders would also cover Italy. On 10 November 2008 (0900 GMT), the satellite was reportedly switched off for analysis and to avoid a possible collision with other satellites. According to Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, it was put into \"emergency mode operation in order to effect mitigation and repairs\". [130] The satellite eventually failed after losing power on 11 November 2008. On 24 March 2009, the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed another contract for the in-orbit delivery of the NigComSat-1R satellite. NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite, and the replacement for the failed NigComSat-1 was successfully launched into orbit by China in Xichang on 19 December 2011. [131] [132] The satellite according to then-Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan which was paid for by the insurance policy on NigComSat-1 which de-orbited in 2009, would have a positive impact on national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security. [133] Society Demographics Main article: Demographics of Nigeria Population density in Nigeria Population in Nigeria [134] Year Million 1971 55 1980 71 1990 95 2000 125 2004 138 2008 151 Nigeria's population increased by 57 million from 1990 to 2008, a 60% growth rate in less than two decades. [134] Almost half of Nigerians are 14 years old or younger. [135] Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and accounts for about 18% of the continent's total population; however, exactly how populous is a subject of speculation. [136] The United Nations estimates that the population in 2016 was at 185,989,640 [2] , distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre. National census results in the past few decades have been disputed. The results of the most recent census were released in December 2006 and gave a population of 140,003,542. The only breakdown available was by gender: males numbered 71,709,859, females numbered 68,293,08. In June 2012, President Goodluck Jonathan said that Nigerians should limit their number of children. [137] According to the United Nations, Nigeria has been undergoing explosive population growth and has one of the highest growth and fertility rates in the world. By their projections, Nigeria is one of eight countries expected to account collectively for half of the world's total population increase in 2005–2050. [138] By 2100 the UN estimates that the Nigerian population will be between 505 million and 1.03 billion people (middle estimate: 730 million). [139] In 1950, Nigeria had only 33 million people. [140] One in four Africans is a Nigerian. [141] Presently, Nigeria is the seventh most populous country in the world . 2006 estimates claim 42.3% of the population is between 0–14 years of age, while 54.6% is between 15 and 65; the birth rate is significantly higher than the death rate , at 40.4 and 16.9 per 1000 people respectively. [142] Nigeria's largest city is Lagos . Lagos has grown from about 300,000 in 1950 [143] to an estimated 15 million today. [144] v t e Largest cities or towns in Nigeria [145] Rank Name State Pop. Lagos 1 Lagos Lagos 8,048,430 Ibadan Benin City 2 Kano Kano 2,828,861 3 Ibadan Oyo 2,559,853 4 Benin City Edo 1,147,188 5 Jos Plateau 821,618 6 Ilorin Kwara 777,667 7 Kaduna Kaduna 760,084 8 Abuja FCT 776,298 9 Enugu Enugu 722,664 10 Warri Delta 557,398 Ethnic groups A Hausa harpist Igbo men Yoruba drummers Nigeria has more than 500 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich ethnic diversity. The largest ethnic groups are the Hausa , Yoruba , Igbo and Fulani , together accounting for more than 70% of the population, while the Urhobo-Isoko , Edo , Ijaw , Kanuri , Ibibio , Ebira , Nupe , Gwari , Jukun , Igala , Idoma and Tiv comprise between 25 and 30%; other minorities make up the remaining 5%. [146] The middle belt of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, including the Pyem, Goemai, and Kofyar . The official population count of each of Nigeria's ethnicities has always remained controversial and disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the census is rigged to give a particular group (usually believed to be northern groups) numerical superiority. [101] [147] [148] There are small minorities of British, American, East Indian , Chinese (est. 50,000), [149] white Zimbabwean , [150] Japanese, Greek, Syrian and Lebanese immigrants in Nigeria. Immigrants also include those from other West African or East African nations. These minorities mostly reside in major cities such as Lagos and Abuja , or in the Niger Delta as employees for the major oil companies. A number of Cubans settled in Nigeria as political refugees following the Cuban Revolution . In the middle of the 19th century, a number of ex-slaves of Afro-Cuban and Afro-Brazilian descent [151] and emigrants from Sierra Leone established communities in Lagos and other regions of Nigeria. Many ex-slaves came to Nigeria following the emancipation of slaves in the Americas. Many of the immigrants, sometimes called Saros (immigrants from Sierra Leone) and Amaro (ex-slaves from Brazil) [152] later became prominent merchants and missionaries in these cities. Languages Main article: Languages of Nigeria Map of Nigeria's linguistic groups Women in north Nigeria There are 521 languages that have been spoken in Nigeria (nine of which are now extinct). In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language. The official language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country, owing to the influence of British colonisation that ended in 1960. Many French speakers from surrounding countries have influenced the English spoken in the border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have become fluent enough in French to work in the surrounding countries. The French spoken in Nigeria may be mixed with some native languages but is mostly spoken like the French spoken in Benin. French may also be mixed with English as it is in Cameroon. Most of the population speaks English and their native language. The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of languages of Africa : the majority are Niger-Congo languages, such as Igbo , Yoruba and Fulfulde ; Kanuri , spoken in the northeast, primarily in Borno and Yobe State , is part of the Nilo-Saharan family; and Hausa is an Afroasiatic language. Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English as the official language is widely used for education, business transactions and for official purposes. English as a first language is used only by a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. Hausa is the most widely spoken of the 3 main languages spoken in Nigeria itself (Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba) but unlike the Yorubas and Igbos, the Hausas tend not to travel far outside Nigeria itself. [ citation needed ] With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. Nigerian Pidgin English , often known simply as ' Pidgin ' or 'Broken' (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca , though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions, predominately in Warri , Sapele , Port Harcourt , Agenebode , Ewu , and Benin City . [153] Religion Main article: Religion in Nigeria Religion in Nigeria (Afrobarometer 2013) [154] Christianity (58%) Islam (41%) Other (1%) The Abuja National Mosque . National Church of Nigeria , Abuja . Nigeria is a religiously diverse society, with Islam and Christianity being the most widely professed religions. Nigerians are nearly equally divided into Christians and Muslims , with a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions. Islam dominated the north and had a number of supporters in the South Western, Yoruba part of the country. Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa. Protestantism and local syncretic Christianity are also in evidence in Yoruba areas, while Roman Catholicism is more prominent in south eastern Nigeria. Both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism dominated in the Ibibio , Annang , and the Efik kiosa lands. The 1963 census indicated that 47% of Nigerians were Muslim, 35% Christian, and 18% members of local indigenous congregations . If accurate, this indicated a sharp increase since 1953 in the number of Christians (up 23%); a decline among those professing indigenous beliefs, compared with 20%; and only a modest (6%) drop of Muslims which can likely be attributed to immigration, emigration, and birthrate. The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence ; however, a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab . A large number of Sunni Muslims are members of Sufi brotherhoods. Most Sufis follow the Qadiriyya , Tijaniyyah and/or the Mouride movements. A significant Shia minority exists ( see Shia in Nigeria ). Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy. [155] Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution. [156] The majority of Quranists follow the Kalo Kato or Quraniyyun movement. There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities. [157] According to a 2001 report [158] from The World Factbook by CIA , about 47% of Nigeria's population is Muslim , 43% are Christians and 10% adhere to local religions. [159] But in some recent report, the Christian population is now sightly larger than the Muslim population. An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010, 49.3 percent of Nigeria's population was Christian, 48.8 percent was Muslim, and 1.9 percent were followers of indigenous and other religions, or unaffiliated. [160] Additionally, the 2010s census of Association of Religion Data Archives has reported that 46.5 percent of the total population is Christian, slightly bigger than the Muslim population of 45.5 percent, and that 7.7 percent are members of other religious groups. [161] The 2010 census of Association of Religion Data Archives has also reported that 46.5% of the total population was Christian, slightly larger than the Muslim population of 45.5%, while 7.7% were members of other religions. [161] However, these estimates should be taken with caution because sample data is mostly collected from major urban areas in the south, which are predominantly Christian . [162] [163] [164] Among Christians, the Pew Research survey found that 74% were Protestant , 25% were Catholic , and 1% belonged to other Christian denominations, including a small Orthodox Christian community. [165] In terms of Nigeria's major ethnic groups, the Hausa ethnic group (predominant in the north) was found to be 95% Muslim and 5% Christian, the Yoruba tribe (predominant in the west) was 55% Muslim, 35% Christian and 10% adherents of other religions, while the Igbos (predominant in the east) and the Ijaw (south) were 98% Christian, with 2% practising traditional religions. [166] The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be mostly Christians and members of traditional religions, with a small proportion of Muslims. [167] [168] Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion , the Assemblies of God Church , the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations Since the 1990s, there has been significant growth in many other churches, particularly the evangelical Protestant ones. These include the Redeemed Christian Church of God , Winners' Chapel , Christ Apostolic Church (the first Aladura Movement in Nigeria), Deeper Christian Life Ministry , Evangelical Church of West Africa , Mountain of Fire and Miracles , Christ Embassy and The Synagogue Church Of All Nations. In addition, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the Aladura Church , the Seventh-day Adventist and various indigenous churches have also experienced growth. [169] [170] The Yoruba area contains a large Anglican population, while Igboland is predominantly Roman Catholic and the Edo area is composed predominantly of members of the Pentecostal Assemblies of God, which was introduced into Nigeria by Augustus Ehurie Wogu and his associates at Old Umuahia. Further, Nigeria has become an African hub for the Grail Movement and the Hare Krishnas , [171] and the largest temple of the Eckankar religion is in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, with a total capacity of 10,000. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS) announced creation of new Owerri mission in Nigeria in 2016. [172] Health Further information: Health in Nigeria A hospital in Abuja, Nigeria's capital Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country, and the private sector. [173] Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees. [174] The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost. [175] HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as Kenya or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. As of 2012 [update] , the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49 was just 3.1 percent. [176] [177] As of 2014 [update] , life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA, [178] and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation ; As of 2010 [update] , the infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births . [179] Nigeria was the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio , which it periodically exported to other African countries; [180] Polio was cut 98% between 2009 and 2010. However, a major breakthrough came in December 2014, when it was reported that Nigeria hadn't recorded a polio case in 6 months, and was on its way to being declared Polio free. [181] [182] In 2012, a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia , lymphoma , or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving bone marrow transplant , which cures them of their conditions. Nigeria became the second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery. [183] In the 2014 ebola outbreak , Nigeria was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat that was ravaging three other countries in the West African region, the Nigerian unique method of contact tracing employed by Nigeria became an effective method later used by countries such as the United States, when ebola threats were discovered. [184] [185] [186] The Nigerian health care system is continuously faced with a shortage of doctors known as ' brain drain ', because of emigration by skilled Nigerian doctors to North America and Europe. In 1995, it was estimated that 21,000 Nigerian doctors were practising in the United States alone, which is about the same as the number of doctors working in the Nigerian public service. Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as one of the goals of the government. [187] Education Main article: Education in Nigeria Children at school in Ile-Ife , Nigeria Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education . Local authorities take responsibility for implementing policy for state-controlled public education and state schools at a regional level. The education system is divided into Kindergarten , primary education , secondary education and tertiary education . After the 1970s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so that it would reach every subregion of Nigeria. 68% of the Nigerian population is literate, and the rate for men (75.7%) is higher than that for women (60.6%). [142] Nigeria provides free, government-supported education, but attendance is not compulsory at any level, and certain groups, such as nomads and the handicapped, are under-served. The education system consists of six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four, five or six years of university education leading to a bachelor's degree. [142] Crime Further information: Corruption in Nigeria , Confraternities in Nigeria , Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea , and 419 Scams Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organised crime , active especially in drug trafficking. Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking, shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa. [188] The various Nigerian Confraternities or \"campus cults\" are active in both organised crime and in political violence as well as providing a network of corruption within Nigeria. As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of Assembly are cult members. [189] On lower levels of society, there are the \" area boys \", organised gangs mostly active in Lagos who specialise in mugging and small-scale drug dealing. According to official statistics, gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001. [190] Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbed 419 , a type of advance fee fraud (named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code) along with the \" Nigerian scam \", a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates. [191] These scams involve a complicit Nigerian bank (the laws being set up loosely to allow it) and a scammer who claims to have money he needs to obtain from that bank. The victim is talked into exchanging bank account information on the premise that the money will be transferred to him, and then he'll get to keep a cut. In reality, money is taken out instead, and/or large fees (which seem small in comparison with the imaginary wealth he awaits) are deducted. In 2003, the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (or EFCC) was created, ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime. [192] There is also some major piracy in Nigeria , with attacks directed at all types of vessels. Consistent with the rise of Nigeria as an increasingly dangerous hot spot, 28 of the 30 seafarers kidnapped as of January–June 2013 were in Nigeria. Additionally, the single death to date in 2013 occurred in Nigeria. [193] Nigeria has also been pervaded by political corruption . It was ranked 143 out of 182 countries in Transparency International 's 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index ; however, it improved to 136th position in 2014. [194] More than $400 billion were stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. [195] In late 2013, Nigeria's then central bank governor Lamido Sanusi informed President Goodluck Jonathan that the state oil company, NNPC , had failed to remit US$20 billion in oil revenues, which it owed the state. Jonathan, however, dismissed the claim and replaced Sanusi for alleged mismanagement of the central bank's budget. A Senate committee also found Sanusi's account to be lacking substance. [196] After the conclusion of the NNPC's account audit, it was announced [ who? ] in January 2015 that NNPC's non-remitted revenue is actually US$1.48 billion, which it needs to refund back to the Government. [197] In 2015, Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari stated that corrupt officials have stolen $150 billion from Nigeria in the last 10 years. [198] Culture Main article: Culture of Nigeria Literature Main article: Nigerian literature Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is Africa's most popular and best selling literary piece ever, translated into over 40 languages across Africa and around the world. [199] Nigerian citizens have authored many influential works of post-colonial literature in the English language. Nigeria's best-known writers are Wole Soyinka , the first African Nobel Laureate in Literature , and Chinua Achebe , best known for the novel Things Fall Apart and his controversial critique of Joseph Conrad . Other Nigerian writers and poets who are well known internationally include John Pepper Clark , Ben Okri , Cyprian Ekwensi , Buchi Emecheta , Helon Habila , T. M. Aluko , Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie , Daniel O. Fagunwa , Femi Osofisan and Ken Saro Wiwa , who was executed in 1995 by the military regime. Nigeria has the second largest newspaper market in Africa (after Egypt ) with an estimated circulation of several million copies daily in 2003. Critically acclaimed writers of a younger generation include Chris Abani , Sefi Atta , Helon Habila , Helen Oyeyemi , Nnedi Okorafor , Kachi A. Ozumba , Sarah Ladipo Manyika , and Chika Unigwe . Media Main article: Media in Nigeria Music and film Main articles: Music of Nigeria , Cinema of Nigeria , and Festivals in Nigeria Nigeria has had a huge role in the development of various genres of African music , including West African highlife , Afrobeat , and palm-wine music , which fuses native rhythms with techniques that have been linked to the Congo , Brazil , Cuba , Jamaica and worldwide. Many late 20th-century musicians such as Fela Kuti have famously fused cultural elements of various indigenous music with American jazz and soul to form Afrobeat which has in turn influenced hip hop music . [200] JuJu music which is percussion music fused with traditional music from the Yoruba nation and made famous by King Sunny Adé , is also from Nigeria. There is also Fuji music , a Yoruba percussion style, created and popularised by Mr. Fuji, Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister . There is also the Afan Music invented and popularised by the Ewuborn poet and musician Umuobuarie Igberaese. There is a budding hip hop movement in Nigeria. Kennis Music , the self-proclaimed number-one record label in Africa, and one of Nigeria's biggest record labels, has a roster almost entirely dominated by hip hop artists. Notable musicians from Nigeria include: Sade Adu , King Sunny Adé , Onyeka Onwenu , Dele Sosimi , Adewale Ayuba , Ezebuiro Obinna , Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister, Bennie King, Ebenezer Obey , Umobuarie Igberaese, Femi Kuti , Lagbaja , Dr. Alban , Wasiu Alabi, Bola Abimbola, Zaki Adze, Tuface Idibia , Aṣa , Nneka , Wale , P Square and D'Banj . An Eyo Iga Olowe Salaye masquerade jumping In November 2008, Nigeria's music scene (and that of Africa) received international attention when MTV hosted the continent's first African music awards show in Abuja . [201] Additionally, the very first music video played on MTV Base Africa (the 100th station in the MTV network) was Tuface Idibia 's pan-African hit \"African Queen\". The Nigerian film industry is known as Nollywood (a portmanteau of Nigeria and Hollywood [202] ) and is now the 2nd-largest producer of movies in the world. Nigerian film studios are based in Lagos , Kano and Enugu , forming a major portion of the local economy of these cities. Nigerian cinema is Africa's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year. Although Nigerian films have been produced since the 1960s, the country's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable digital filming and editing technologies. T.B. Joshua 's Emmanuel TV , originating from Nigeria, is one of the most viewed television stations across Africa. [203] Cuisine Main article: Cuisine of Nigeria Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. Many different spices, herbs and flavourings are used in conjunction with palm oil or groundnut oil to create deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with chili peppers . Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied. [204] Sport A friendly match between Nigeria and Algeria at the Abuja National Stadium , in 2004 Football is largely considered Nigeria's national sport and the country has its own Premier League of football. Nigeria's national football team , known as the \"Super Eagles\", has made the World Cup on five occasions 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2010 , and most recently in 2014 . In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked 5th in the FIFA World Rankings , the highest ranking achieved by an African football team. They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980 , 1994 , and 2013 , and have also hosted the U-17 & U-20 World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics (in which they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football. The nation's cadet team from Japan '93 produced some international players notably Nwankwo Kanu , a two-time African Footballer of the year who won the European Champions League with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with Inter Milan , Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion and Portsmouth . Other players that graduated from the junior teams are Nduka Ugbade , Jonathan Akpoborie , Victor Ikpeba , Celestine Babayaro , Wilson Oruma and Taye Taiwo . Some other famous Nigerian footballers include John Obi Mikel , Obafemi Martins , Vincent Enyeama , Yakubu Aiyegbeni , Rashidi Yekini , Peter Odemwingie and Jay-Jay Okocha . According to the official May 2010 FIFA World Rankings , Nigeria was the second top-ranked football nation in Africa and the 21st highest in the world. Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket and track and field. [205] Boxing is also an important sport in Nigeria; Dick Tiger and Samuel Peter are both former World Champions. Nigeria's national basketball team made the headlines internationally when it qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics as it beat heavily favoured world elite teams such as Greece and Lithuania . [206] Nigeria has been home to numerous internationally recognised basketball players in the world's top leagues in America , Europe and Asia. These players include Basketball Hall of Famer Hakeem Olajuwon , and later NBA draft picks Solomon Alabi , Yinka Dare , Obinna Ekezie , Festus Ezeli , Al-Farouq Aminu and Olumide Oyedeji . Societal issues Despite its vast government revenue from the mining of petroleum, Nigeria faces a number of societal issues, owing primarily to a history of inefficiency in its governance. Human rights Main article: Human rights in Nigeria Nigeria's human rights record remains poor; [207] according to the US Department of State, [207] the most significant human rights problems are: use of excessive force by security forces; impunity for abuses by security forces; arbitrary arrests; prolonged pretrial detention; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary; rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention centre conditions; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour; societal violence and vigilante killings; child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation; domestic violence; discrimination based on ethnicity, region and religion. Under the Shari'a penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states, offences such as alcohol consumption, homosexuality , [208] infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences, including amputation, lashing, stoning and long prison terms. [209] Under a law signed in early 2014, [210] same-sex couples who marry face up to 14 years each in prison. Witnesses or anyone who helps gay couples marry will be sentenced to 10 years behind bars. The bill also punishes the \"public show of same-sex amorous relationships directly or indirectly\" with ten years in prison. Another portion of the bill mandates 10 years in prison for those found guilty of organising, operating or supporting gay clubs, organizations and meetings. In the Nigerian state of Akwa Ibom about 15,000 children were branded as witches and most of them end up abandoned and abused on the streets. [211] Strife and sectarian violence See also: Conflict in the Niger Delta , Religious violence in Nigeria , and Herder—farmer conflict in central Nigeria Nigerian states that implement some form of sharia law (in green) Because of its multitude of diverse, sometimes competing ethno-linguistic groups, Nigeria prior to independence was faced with sectarian tensions and violence, particularly in the oil-producing Niger Delta region, where both state and civilian forces employ varying methods of coercion in attempts gain control over regional petroleum resources. Some of the ethnic groups like the Ogoni , have experienced severe environmental degradation due to petroleum extraction. Since the end of the civil war in 1970, some ethnic violence has persisted. There has subsequently been a period of relative harmony [ when? ] since the Federal Government introduced tough new measures against religious violence in all affected parts of the country. The 2002 Miss World pageant was moved from Abuja to London in the wake of violent protests in the Northern part of the country that left more than 100 people dead and over 500 injured. [212] The rioting erupted after Muslims in the country reacted in anger to comments made by a newspaper reporter. Rioters in Kaduna killed an estimated 105 men, women, and children with a further 521 injured taken to hospital. Since 2002, the country has seen sectarian violence by Boko Haram , an Islamist movement that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish Sharia law in the country. [213] [214] In the 2010 Jos riots , more than 500 people were killed by religious violence. [215] Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in May 2014 claimed that Boko Haram attacks have left at least 12,000 people dead and 8,000 people crippled. [216] In May 2014 Benin , Chad , Cameroon and Niger joined Nigeria in a united effort to combat Boko Haram in the aftermath of the 2014 Chibok kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls. [217] In April 2016, over 500 people in ten villages in predominantly Christian areas in Agatu were murdered by Fulani herdsmen. A visiting Nigerian Senator reported that all the primary and post-primary schools, health centres, worship centres as well as the police station in the area were destroyed. The UNHCR representative said in 20 years of work, she had \"never seen such a level of destruction\". [218] Media representation Drilling and Killing: Chevron and Nigeria's Oil Dictatorship , an audio documentary produced by Amy Goodman first aired in 1998 on Democracy Now! . Sweet Crude , a documentary film produced and directed by Sandy Cioffi about Nigeria's oil-rich Niger Delta . Poison Fire , a documentary exposing oil and gas abuses in Nigeria, featuring Friends of the Earth Nigeria volunteers, which premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam . [219] Nollywood Babylon , a 2008 documentary by Montrealers Ben Addelman and Samir Mallal about the Nigerian film industry, Nollywood . It premiered at the Festival de nouveau cinéma de Montréal 2008. Women Nigeria is a state party of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women [220] It also has signed Maputo Protocol , an international treaty on women's rights, and the African Union Women's Rights Framework. [221] Discrimination based on sex is a significant human rights issue, however. Forced marriages are common. [222] Child marriage remains common in Northern Nigeria . [223] 39% of girls are married before age 15, although the Marriage Rights Act banning marriage of girls below 18 years of age was introduced on a federal level in 2008. [224] There is polygamy in Nigeria. [225] Submission of the wife to her husband and domestic violence are common. Women have less land rights [226] Maternal mortality was at 814 per 100,000 Iive births in 2015. [227] Female genital mutilation is common. In 2015, there was a federal ban. [228] In Nigeria, at least half a million suffer from vaginal fistula , largely as a result of lack of medical care. [229] Early marriages can result in fistula. [230] Most workers in the informal sector are women. [231] See also Nigeria portal Index of Nigeria-related articles Outline of Nigeria 2015 attack of Nigerian Army on Shi'a community Killing of Pro-Biafra Protesters (2015-2016) List of Languages in Nigeria References Jump up ^ \"Languages of Nigeria\" . Ethnologue . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision\" . ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . 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Jump up ^ \"Shocking photos of starving 'witch' toddler inspire massive donations\" . The Washington Post. 17 February 2016. Jump up ^ \" ' 2002:Riots force Miss World out of Nigeria ' \" . BBC News . 23 November 2002 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Dozens killed in Nigeria clashes\" . Al Jazeera. 24 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Olugbode, Michael (2 February 2011). \"Nigeria: We Are Responsible for Borno Killings, Says Boko Haram\" . allAfrica.com . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . The sect in posters written in Hausa and pasted across the length and breadth of Maiduguri Wednesday morning signed by the Warriors of Jamaatu Ahlis Sunna Liddaawati Wal Jihad led by Imam Abu Muhammed Abubakar Bi Muhammed a .k .a Shehu claimed they embarked on the killings in Borno \"in an effort to establish Sharia system of government in the country\". Jump up ^ \" ' Hundreds dead' in Nigeria attack\" . BBC News . 8 March 2010. Jump up ^ \"Boko Haram has killed over 12,000 Nigerians, plans to take over country, Jonathan says – Premium Times Nigeria\" . Premiumtimesng.com. 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Boko Haram to be fought on all sides\" . Nigerian News.Net . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Nigeria: Hundreds killed and churches burned in latest Fulani massacre\" . Christianity Today . 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Poison Fire Jump up ^ \"Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women\" . Jump up ^ \"Failure to pass equality bill betrays Nigerian women, activists say\" . 17 March 2017 – via Reuters. Jump up ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. \"Refworld – Nigeria: Prevalence of forced marriage, particularly in Muslim and Yoruba communities; information on legislation, including state protection; ability of women to refuse a forced marriage\" . Jump up ^ \"Nigeria's child brides: 'I thought being in labour would never end ' \" . The Guardian . 9 September 2013. Jump up ^ Clarke, Joe Sandler (11 March 2015). \"Nigeria: Child brides facing death sentences a decade after child marriage prohibited\" – via The Guardian. Jump up ^ Shoneyin, Lola (19 March 2010). \"Polygamy? No thanks\" – via The Guardian. Jump up ^ https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/accra/papers/ts09/ts09_04_aluko_amidu.pdf Jump up ^ \"Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) – Data\" . Jump up ^ Topping, Alexandra (29 May 2015). \"Nigeria's female genital mutilation ban is important precedent, say campaigners\" – via The Guardian. Jump up ^ \"In Nigeria, neglected women bear the shame of fistulas\" . Jump up ^ Lewis, Gwyneth; Bernis, L. De; Safer, World Health Organization Department of Making Pregnancy (1 January 2006). \"Obstetric Fistula: Guiding Principles for Clinical Management and Programme Development\" . World Health Organization – via Google Books. Jump up ^ Fapohunda, Tinuke M (1 January 2012). \"Women and the Informal Sector in Nigeria: Implications for Development\" . External links Find more about Nigeria at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banknotes of Nigeria . Official website Wikimedia Atlas of Nigeria \"Nigeria\" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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{ "text": "Russian Empire - Wikipedia Russian Empire From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. For other uses, see Russia (disambiguation) . Russian Empire Россійская Имперія ( Russian ) 1721–1917 Flag of Russia Lesser coat of arms Motto \"S' nami Bog!\" Съ нами Богъ! \"God is with us!\" Anthem Bozhe, Tsarya khrani! Боже, Царя храни! \"God Save the Tsar!\" Russian Empire at its peak: Territory [a] Protectorates and sphere of influence Capital St. Petersburg (1721–28; 1730–1917) Moscow (1728–30) Languages Official Russian Regional [show] Polish ( Congress Poland ) Finnish and Swedish ( Grand Duchy of Finland ) Religion Russian Orthodox Government Absolute monarchy (1721–1906) Constitutional monarchy (1906–17; de jure ) [1] Emperor • 1721–1725 (first) Peter I • 1894–1917 (last) Nicholas II Chairman of the Council of Ministers • 1905–1906 (first) Sergei Witte • 1917 (last) Nikolai Golitsyn Legislature Emperor along with the legislative assembly [2] • Upper house State Council • Lower house State Duma History • Empire proclaimed by Peter I 22 Oct [O.S. 11 Oct] 1721 • Decembrist revolt took place 26 Dec [O.S. 14 Dec] 1825 • Emancipation reform proclaimed 3 Mar [O.S. 19 Feb] 1861 • 1905 Revolution took place Jan–Dec 1905 • Constitution adopted 6 May [O.S. 23 Apr] 1906 • February Revolution took place Feb–Mar 1917 • Abdication of Nicholas II 15 Mar [O.S. 2 Mar] 1917 • Republic proclaimed by the Provisional Government 14 Sep [O.S. 1 Sep] 1917 Area • 1866 [3] [4] 23,700,000 km 2 (9,200,000 sq mi) Population • 1897 est. 125,640,021 Currency Ruble Preceded by Succeeded by Tsardom of Russia Russian Republic a. ^ After 1866, Alaska was sold to the United States , but Batum , Kars , Pamir and Transcaspia were acquired. b. ^ Renamed Petrograd in 1914. c. ^ Russia continued to use the Julian calendar until after the collapse of the empire (see Old Style and New Style dates ). Warning : Value specified for \" continent \" does not comply The Russian Empire ( Russian : Россійская Имперія ) was an empire that existed from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War , until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917. [5] The third largest empire in world history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire , the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Persia and the Ottoman Empire . It played a major role in 1812–1814 in defeating Napoleon 's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south. The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its German-descended cadet branch, the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov , ruled from 1762. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean, and (until 1867) into Alaska in North America on the east. [6] With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census , it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion. There were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts; they were closely watched by the secret police , with thousands exiled to Siberia . Economically, the empire had a predominately agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs (until they were freed in 1861). The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories. The land was ruled by a nobility (the boyars ) from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor . Tsar Ivan III (1462–1505) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde , renovated the Moscow Kremlin , and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Tsar Peter the Great (1682–1725) fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg , and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political mores with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system. Catherine the Great (reigned 1762–1796) presided over a golden age; she expanded the state by conquest, colonization and diplomacy, continuing Peter the Great's policy of modernisation along West European lines. Tsar Alexander II (1855–1881) promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. That connection by 1914 led to Russia's entry into the First World War on the side of France, Britain, and Serbia, against the German, Austrian and Ottoman empires. The Russian Empire functioned as an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a de jure constitutional monarchy. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917 , largely as a result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War . Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 Population 1.2 Foreign relations 1.3 Eighteenth century 1.3.1 Peter the Great (1672–1725) 1.3.2 Catherine the Great (1762–1796) 1.3.3 State budget 1.4 First half of the nineteenth century 1.5 Second half of the nineteenth century 1.5.1 Alexander III 1.6 Early twentieth century 1.7 War, revolution, collapse 2 Territory 2.1 Boundaries 2.2 Geography 2.3 Territorial development 2.4 Imperial territories 3 Government and administration 3.1 Emperor 3.2 Imperial Council 3.3 State Duma and the electoral system 3.4 Council of Ministers 3.5 Most Holy Synod 3.6 Senate 3.7 Administrative divisions 4 Judicial system 5 Local administration 5.1 Municipal dumas 5.2 Baltic provinces 6 Economy 6.1 Mining and Heavy Industry 7 Infrastructure 7.1 Railways 7.2 Seaports 8 Religion 9 Military 10 Society 10.1 Estates 10.2 Serfdom 10.3 Peasants 10.4 Landowners 10.5 Media 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Surveys 14.2 Geography, topical maps 14.3 1801–1917 14.4 Military and foreign relations 14.5 Economic, social and ethnic history 14.6 Historiography and memory 15 External links History [ edit ] Main articles: History of Russia and Territorial changes of Russia Though the Empire was only officially proclaimed by Tsar Peter I , following the Treaty of Nystad (1721), some historians would argue that it was truly born either when Ivan III of Russia conquered Veliky Novgorod or when Ivan the Terrible conquered Khanate of Kazan . [ citation needed ] According to another point of view, the term Tsardom , which was used after the coronation of Ivan IV in 1547, was already a contemporary Russian word for empire, [ citation needed ] while Peter the Great just replaced it with a Latinized synonym. Population [ edit ] Much of Russia's expansion occurred in the 17th century, culminating in the first Russian colonisation of the Pacific in the mid-17th century, the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) that incorporated left-bank Ukraine, and the Russian conquest of Siberia . Poland was divided in the 1790-1815 era, with much of the land and population going to Russia. Most of the 19th century growth came from adding territory in Asia, south of Siberia. [7] Year Population of Russia (millions) [8] Notes 1720 15.5 includes new Baltic & Polish territories 1795 37.6 includes part of Poland 1812 42.8 includes Finland 1816 73.0 includes Congress Poland, Bessarabia 1914 170.0 includes new Asian territories Foreign relations [ edit ] Main article: Foreign policy of the Russian Empire Eighteenth century [ edit ] Main article: History of Russia (1721–96) Peter the Great (1672–1725) [ edit ] Peter the Great officially renamed the Tsardom of Russia as the Russian Empire in 1721 and became its first emperor. He instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power. Peter I the Great (1672–1725) played a major role in introducing Russia to the European state system. However, this vast land had a population of 14 million. Grain yields trailed behind those of agriculture in the West, [9] compelling nearly the entire population to farm. Only a small percentage lived in towns. The class of kholops , close in status to slavery , remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter converted household kholops into house serfs , thus including them in poll taxation. Russian agricultural kholops were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679. Peter's first military efforts were directed against the Ottoman Turks . His attention then turned to the North. Peter still lacked a secure northern seaport, except at Archangel on the White Sea , where the harbor was frozen for nine months a year. Access to the Baltic was blocked by Sweden, whose territory enclosed it on three sides. Peter's ambitions for a \"window to the sea\" led him to make a secret alliance in 1699 with Saxony , the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Denmark against Sweden, resulting in the Great Northern War . The war ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden asked for peace with Russia. Peter acquired four provinces situated south and east of the Gulf of Finland . The coveted access to the sea was now secured. There he built Russia's new capital, Saint Petersburg , to replace Moscow, which had long been Russia's cultural center. In 1722, he turned his aspirations as first Russian monarch toward increasing Russian influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of the weakened Safavid Persians . He made Astrakhan the centre of military efforts against Persia, and waged the first full-scale war against them in 1722–23. [10] Peter reorganized his government based on the latest political models of the time, moulding Russia into an absolutist state. He replaced the old boyar Duma (council of nobles) with a nine-member Senate, in effect a supreme council of state. The countryside was divided into new provinces and districts. Peter told the Senate that its mission was to collect taxes, and tax revenues tripled over the course of his reign. As part of the government reform, the Orthodox Church was partially incorporated into the country's administrative structure, in effect making it a tool of the state. Peter abolished the patriarchate and replaced it with a collective body, the Holy Synod , led by a government official. Meanwhile, all vestiges of local self-government were removed. Peter continued and intensified his predecessors' requirement of state service for all nobles. [11] Peter died in 1725, leaving an unsettled succession. After a short reign of his widow Catherine I , the crown passed to empress Anna who slowed down the reforms and led a successful war against the Ottoman Empire , which brought a significant weakening of the Ottoman vassal Crimean Khanate , a long-term Russian adversary. The discontent over the dominant positions of Baltic Germans in Russian politics brought Peter I's daughter Elizabeth on the Russian throne. Elizabeth supported the arts, architecture and the sciences (for example with the foundation of the Moscow University ). However, she did not carry out significant structural reforms. Her reign, which lasted nearly 20 years, is also known for her involvement in the Seven Years' War . It was successful for Russia militarily, but fruitless politically. [12] Catherine the Great (1762–1796) [ edit ] See also: Russia in the American Revolutionary War § Russian Diplomacy during the War Empress Catherine the Great , who reigned from 1762 to 1796, continued the empire's expansion and modernization. Considering herself an enlightened absolutist , she played a key role in the Russian Enlightenment . Catherine the Great was a German princess who married Peter III, the German heir to the Russian crown. After the death of Empress Elizabeth, she came to power when her coup d'état against her unpopular husband succeeded. She contributed to the resurgence of the Russian nobility that began after the death of Peter the Great. State service was abolished, and Catherine delighted the nobles further by turning over most state functions in the provinces to them. [13] Catherine the Great extended Russian political control over the lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Her actions included the support of the Targowica Confederation , although the cost of her campaigns, on top of the oppressive social system that required serfs to spend almost all of their time laboring on their owners' land, provoked a major peasant uprising in 1773, after Catherine legalised the selling of serfs separate from land. Inspired by a Cossack named Pugachev , with the emphatic cry of \"Hang all the landlords!\", the rebels threatened to take Moscow before they were ruthlessly suppressed. Instead of the traditional punishment of being drawn and quartered, Catherine issued secret instructions that the executioner should carry the sentence out quickly and with a minimum of suffering, as part of her effort to introduce compassion into the law. [14] She also ordered the public trial of Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova , a member of the highest nobility, on charges of torture and murder. These gestures of compassion garnered Catherine much positive attention from Europe experiencing the Enlightenment age, but the specter of revolution and disorder continued to haunt her and her successors. In order to ensure continued support from the nobility, which was essential to the survival of her government, Catherine was obliged to strengthen their authority and power at the expense of the serfs and other lower classes. Nevertheless, Catherine realized that serfdom must be ended, going so far in her \"Instruction\" to say that serfs were \"just as good as we are\" – a comment the nobility received with disgust. Catherine successfully waged war against the Ottoman Empire and advanced Russia's southern boundary to the Black Sea . Then, by plotting with the rulers of Austria and Prussia , she incorporated territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Partitions of Poland , pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In accordance with the treaty Russia had signed with the Georgians to protect them against any new invasion of their Persian suzerains and further political aspirations, Catherine waged a new war against Persia in 1796 after they had again invaded Georgia and established rule over it about a year prior and expelled the newly established Russian garrisons in the Caucasus. By the time of her death in 1796, Catherine's expansionist policy had turned Russia into a major European power. [15] This continued with Alexander I's wresting of Finland from the weakened kingdom of Sweden in 1809 and of Bessarabia from the Principality of Moldavia , ceded by the Ottomans in 1812. State budget [ edit ] Catherine II Sestroretsk Rouble (1771) is made of solid copper measuring 77 millimetres ( 3 3 ⁄ 100 in) (diameter), 26 millimetres ( 1 1 ⁄ 50 in) (thickness), and weighs 1.022 kg (2.25 lb). It is the largest copper coin ever issued. [16] Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis. While revenue rose from 9 million rubles in 1724 to 40 million in 1794, expenses grew more rapidly, reaching 49 million in 1794. The budget allocated 46 percent to the military, 20 percent to government economic activities, 12 percent to administration, and nine percent for the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg. The deficit required borrowing, primarily from Amsterdam; five percent of the budget was allocated to debt payments. Paper money was issued to pay for expensive wars, thus causing inflation. For its spending, Russia obtained a large and well-equipped army, a very large and complex bureaucracy, and a court that rivaled Paris and London. However the government was living far beyond its means, and 18th century Russia remained \"a poor, backward, overwhelmingly agricultural, and illiterate country.\" [17] First half of the nineteenth century [ edit ] Main article: History of Russia (1796–1855) Napoleon , following a dispute with Tsar Alexander I , launched an invasion of Russia in 1812. The campaign was a catastrophe. Although Napoleon's Grande Armée made its way to Moscow, the Russians' scorched earth strategy prevented the invaders from living off the country. In the bitter Russian Winter , thousands of French troops were ambushed and killed by peasant guerrilla fighters. [18] As Napoleon's forces retreated, the Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the gates of Paris. After Russia and its allies defeated Napoleon, Alexander became known as the 'saviour of Europe', and he presided over the redrawing of the map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna (1815), that ultimately made Alexander the monarch of Congress Poland . [19] Battle of Borodino Although the Russian Empire would play a leading political role in the next century, thanks to its defeat of Napoleonic France, its retention of serfdom precluded economic progress of any significant degree. As Western European economic growth accelerated during the Industrial Revolution, Russia began to lag ever farther behind, creating new weaknesses for the Empire seeking to play a role as a great power. This status concealed the inefficiency of its government, the isolation of its people, and its economic backwardness. Following the defeat of Napoleon, Alexander I had been ready to discuss constitutional reforms, but though a few were introduced , no major changes were attempted. [20] Fort Ross , an early-19th-century outpost of the Russian-American Company in Sonoma County, California The liberal tsar was replaced by his younger brother, Nicholas I (1825–1855), who at the beginning of his reign was confronted with an uprising. The background of this revolt lay in the Napoleonic Wars, when a number of well-educated Russian officers travelled in Europe in the course of military campaigns, where their exposure to the liberalism of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return to autocratic Russia . The result was the Decembrist revolt (December 1825), the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas' brother as a constitutional monarch. But the revolt was easily crushed, leading Nicholas to turn away from the modernization program begun by Peter the Great and champion the doctrine of Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality . [21] The retaliation for the revolt made \"December Fourteenth\" a day long remembered by later revolutionary movements. In order to repress further revolts, censorship was intensified, including the constant surveillance of schools and universities. Textbooks were strictly regulated by the government. Police spies were planted everywhere. Would-be revolutionaries were sent off to Siberia – under Nicholas I hundreds of thousands were sent to katorga there. [22] After the Russian armies liberated allied (since the 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk ) Georgia from the Qajar dynasty 's occupation in 1802, [ citation needed ] in the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) they clashed with Persia over control and consolidation over Georgia, and also got involved in the Caucasian War against the Caucasian Imamate. The conclusion of the 1804-1813 war with Persia made it irrevocably cede what is now Dagestan , Georgia, and most of Azerbaijan to Russia following the Treaty of Gulistan . [23] To the south west, Russia attempted to expand at the expense of the Ottoman Empire , using recently acquired Georgia at its base for the Caucasus and Anatolian front. The late 1820s were successful military years. Despite losing almost all recently consolidated territories in the first year of the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28 , Russia managed to bring an end to the war with highly favourable terms with the Treaty of Turkmenchay , including the official gains of what is now Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Iğdır Province . [24] In the 1828-29 Russo-Turkish War , Russia invaded northeastern Anatolia and occupied the strategic Ottoman towns of Erzurum and Gümüşhane and, posing as protector and saviour of the Greek Orthodox population , received extensive support from the region's Pontic Greeks . Following a brief occupation, the Russian imperial army withdrew back into Georgia. [25] The question of Russia's direction had been gaining attention ever since Peter the Great's program of modernization. Some favored imitating Western Europe while others were against this and called for a return to the traditions of the past. The latter path was advocated by Slavophiles , who held the \"decadent\" West in contempt. The Slavophiles were opponents of bureaucracy who preferred the collectivism of the medieval Russian obshchina or mir over the individualism of the West. [26] More extreme social doctrines were elaborated by such Russian radicals on the left as Alexander Herzen , Mikhail Bakunin , and Peter Kropotkin . Russian tsars crushed two uprisings in their newly acquired Polish territories: the November Uprising in 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863. The Russian autocracy gave the Polish artisans and gentry reason to rebel in 1863 by assailing national core values of language, religion, culture. [27] The result was the January Uprising , a massive Polish revolt, which was crushed by massive force. France, Britain and Austria tried to intervene in the crisis but were unable to do so. The Russian patriotic press used the Polish uprising to unify the Russian nation, claiming it was Russia's God-given mission to save Poland and the world. [28] Poland was punished by losing its distinctive political and judicial rights, with Russianization imposed on its schools and courts. [29] Second half of the nineteenth century [ edit ] Main article: History of Russia (1855–92) Further information: Russia–United Kingdom relations A panoramic view of Moscow in 1867. Flag of the Russian Empire for \"Celebrations\" from 1858 to 1883. [30] [31] [32] [33] It was not as popular as Peter the Great's tricolour, the white-blue-red flag, which was adopted as the official flag in 1883, officialised by the Tsar in 1896; however, it had been used as a de facto flag to represent Russia since the end of the 17th century. The Imperial Standard of the Tsar, used from 1858 to 1917. Previous versions of the black eagle on gold background were used as far back as Peter the Great's time. The eleven-month siege of a Russian naval base at Sevastopol during the Crimean War Russian troops taking Samarkand (8 June 1868) Capturing of the Turkish redoubt during the Siege of Plevna (1877) In 1854-55 Russia lost to Britain, France and Turkey in the Crimean War . It was fought primarily in the Crimean peninsula , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic. Since playing a major role in the defeat of Napoleon, Russia had been regarded as militarily invincible, but, once opposed against a coalition of the great powers of Europe, the reverses it suffered on land and sea exposed the decay and weakness of Tsar Nicholas' regime. When Tsar Alexander II ascended the throne in 1855, desire for reform was widespread. A growing humanitarian movement attacked serfdom as inefficient. In 1859, there were more than 23 million serfs in usually poor living conditions. Alexander II decided to abolish serfdom from above, with ample provision for the landowners, rather than wait for it to be abolished from below in a revolutionary way that would hurt the landowners. [34] The emancipation reform of 1861 that freed the serfs was the single most important event in 19th-century Russian history. It was the beginning of the end for the landed aristocracy's monopoly of power. Further reforms of 1860s included socio-economic reforms which would clearify the position of the Russian government in the field of property rights and their protection. [35] Emancipation brought a supply of free labour to the cities, industry was stimulated, and the middle class grew in number and influence. However, instead of receiving their lands as a gift, the freed peasants had to pay a special tax for what amounted to their lifetime to the government, which in turn paid the landlords a generous price for the land that they had lost. In numerous cases the peasants ended up with the smallest amount of land. All the property turned over to the peasants was owned collectively by the mir , the village community, which divided the land among the peasants and supervised the various holdings. Although serfdom was abolished, since its abolition was achieved on terms unfavourable to the peasants, revolutionary tensions were not abated, despite Alexander II's intentions. Revolutionaries believed that the newly freed serfs were merely being sold into wage slavery in the onset of the industrial revolution, and that the bourgeoisie had effectively replaced landowners. [36] Alexander II obtained Outer Manchuria from the Qing China between 1858–1860 and sold the last territories of Russian America , Alaska, to the USA in 1867. In the late 1870s Russia and the Ottoman Empire again clashed in the Balkans. From 1875 to 1877, the Balkan crisis intensified with rebellions against Ottoman rule by various Slavic nationalities, which the Ottoman Turks dominated since the 16th century. This was seen as a political risk in Russia, which similarly suppressed its Muslims in Central Asia and Caucasia. Russian nationalist opinion became a major domestic factor in its support for liberating Balkan Christians from Ottoman rule and making Bulgaria and Serbia independent. In early 1877, Russia intervened on behalf of Serbian and Russian volunteer forces in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) . Within one year, Russian troops were nearing Istanbul and the Ottomans surrendered. Russia's nationalist diplomats and generals persuaded Alexander II to force the Ottomans to sign the Treaty of San Stefano in March 1878, creating an enlarged, independent Bulgaria that stretched into the southwestern Balkans. When Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano, an exhausted Russia backed down. At the Congress of Berlin in July 1878, Russia agreed to the creation of a smaller Bulgaria, as an autonomous principality inside the Ottoman Empire. As a result, Pan-Slavists were left with a legacy of bitterness against Austria-Hungary and Germany for failing to back Russia. The disappointment at the results of the war stimulated revolutionary tensions in the country. However, he helped Serbia , Romania and Montenegro to gain independence from and strengthen themselves against the Ottomans. [37] Another significant result of the 1877–78 Russo-Turkish War in Russia's favour was the acquisition from the Ottomans of the provinces of Batum , Ardahan and Kars in Transcaucasia , which were transformed into the militarily administered regions of Batum Oblast and Kars Oblast . To replace Muslim refugees who had fled across the new frontier into Ottoman territory the Russian authorities settled large numbers of Christians from an ethnically diverse range of communities in Kars Oblast, particularly the Georgians , Caucasus Greeks and Armenians , each of whom hoped to achieve protection and advance their own regional ambitions on the back of the Russian Empire. Alexander III [ edit ] In 1881 Alexander II was assassinated by the Narodnaya Volya , a Nihilist terrorist organization . The throne passed to Alexander III (1881–1894), a reactionary who revived the maxim of \"Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality\" of Nicholas I. A committed Slavophile, Alexander III believed that Russia could be saved from turmoil only by shutting itself off from the subversive influences of Western Europe. During his reign Russia declared the Franco-Russian Alliance to contain the growing power of Germany, completed the conquest of Central Asia and demanded important territorial and commercial concessions from the Qing. The tsar's most influential adviser was Konstantin Pobedonostsev , tutor to Alexander III and his son Nicholas, and procurator of the Holy Synod from 1880 to 1895. He taught his royal pupils to fear freedom of speech and press, as well as disliking democracy, constitutions, and the parliamentary system. Under Pobedonostsev, revolutionaries were persecuted and a policy of Russification was carried out throughout the Empire. [38] [39] The movement south toward Afghanistan and India alarmed the British, who ignored Russia's quest for a warm-water port and worked to block its advance in what observers called The Great Game . Both nations avoided escalating the tensions into a war, and they became allies in 1907. [40] [41] Early twentieth century [ edit ] Main article: History of Russia (1892–1917) A scene from the First Russian Revolution , by Ilya Repin . [42] [43] Play media View of Moscow River from Kremlin, 1908 In 1894, Alexander III was succeeded by his son, Nicholas II , who was committed to retaining the autocracy that his father had left him. Nicholas II proved ineffective as a ruler and in the end his dynasty was overthrown by revolution. [44] The Industrial Revolution began to show significant influence in Russia, but the country remained rural and poor. The liberal elements among industrial capitalists and nobility believed in peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarchy, forming the Constitutional Democratic Party or Kadets . [45] On the left the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) incorporated the Narodnik tradition and advocated the distribution of land among those who actually worked it — the peasants. Another radical group was the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , exponents of Marxism in Russia. The Social Democrats differed from the SRs in that they believed a revolution must rely on urban workers, not the peasantry. [46] In 1903, at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in London, the party split into two wings: the gradualist Mensheviks and the more radical Bolsheviks . The Mensheviks believed that the Russian working class was insufficiently developed and that socialism could be achieved only after a period of bourgeois democratic rule. They thus tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism. The Bolsheviks, under Vladimir Lenin , supported the idea of forming a small elite of professional revolutionists, subject to strong party discipline, to act as the vanguard of the proletariat in order to seize power by force. [47] Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) was a major blow to the Tsarist regime and further increased the potential for unrest. In January 1905, an incident known as \" Bloody Sunday \" occurred when Father Georgy Gapon led an enormous crowd to the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg to present a petition to the Tsar. When the procession reached the palace, soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. The Russian masses were so furious over the massacre that a general strike was declared demanding a democratic republic. This marked the beginning of the Revolution of 1905 . Soviets (councils of workers) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity. Russia was paralyzed, and the government was desperate. [48] In October 1905, Nicholas reluctantly issued the famous October Manifesto , which conceded the creation of a national Duma (legislature) to be called without delay. The right to vote was extended and no law was to become final without confirmation by the Duma. The moderate groups were satisfied. But the socialists rejected the concessions as insufficient and tried to organise new strikes. By the end of 1905, there was disunity among the reformers, and the tsar's position was strengthened for the time being. War, revolution, collapse [ edit ] Main articles: Causes of World War I , Eastern Front (World War I) , and October Revolution Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow in 1917 Tsar Nicholas II and his subjects entered World War I with enthusiasm and patriotism, with the defense of Russia's fellow Orthodox Slavs, the Serbs , as the main battle cry. In August 1914, the Russian army invaded Germany's province of East Prussia and occupied a significant portion of Austrian-controlled Galicia in support of the Serbs and their allies – the French and British. Military reversals and shortages among the civilian population, however, soon soured much of the population. German control of the Baltic Sea and German-Ottoman control of the Black Sea severed Russia from most of its foreign supplies and potential markets. By the middle of 1915, the impact of the war was demoralizing. Food and fuel were in short supply, casualties were increasing, and inflation was mounting. Strikes rose among low-paid factory workers, and there were reports that peasants, who wanted reforms of land ownership, were restless. The tsar eventually decided to take personal command of the army and moved to the front, leaving his wife, the Empress Alexandra in charge in the capital. The illness of her son Alexei led her to trust the semi-illiterate Siberian peasant Grigori Rasputin (1869 – 1916), who convinced the royal family that he possessed healing powers that would cure Alexei. He had gained enormous influence but did not shift any major decisions. His assassination in late 1916 by a clique of nobles restored their honor but could not restore the Tsar's lost prestige. [49] On 3 March 1917, a strike was organized on a factory in the capital, Saint Petersburg; within a week nearly all the workers in the city were idle, and street fighting broke out. The Tsarist system was overthrown by a liberal February Revolution in 1917. Rabinowitch argues, \"The February 1917 revolution...grew out of prewar political and economic instability, technological backwardness, and fundamental social divisions, coupled with gross mismanagement of the war effort, continuing military defeats, domestic economic dislocation, and outrageous scandals surrounding the monarchy.\" [50] Swain says, \"The first government to be formed after the October Revolution of 1917 had, with one exception, been composed of liberals.\" [51] With his authority destroyed, Nicholas abdicated on 2 March 1917. [52] The execution of the Romanov family at the hands of Bolsheviks followed in 1918. Territory [ edit ] Boundaries [ edit ] The Russian Empire in 1912. The administrative boundaries of European Russia , apart from Finland and its portion of Poland, coincided approximately with the natural limits of the East-European plains. In the North it met the Arctic Ocean. Novaya Zemlya and the Kolguyev and Vaygach Islands also belonged to it, but the Kara Sea was referred to Siberia . To the East it had the Asiatic territories of the Empire, Siberia and the Kyrgyz steppes, from both of which it was separated by the Ural Mountains , the Ural River and the Caspian Sea — the administrative boundary, however, partly extending into Asia on the Siberian slope of the Urals. To the South it had the Black Sea and Caucasus , being separated from the latter by the Manych River depression, which in Post- Pliocene times connected the Sea of Azov with the Caspian. The western boundary was purely conventional: it crossed the Kola Peninsula from the Varangerfjord to the Gulf of Bothnia . Thence it ran to the Curonian Lagoon in the southern Baltic Sea , and thence to the mouth of the Danube , taking a great circular sweep to the west to embrace Poland, and separating Russia from Prussia , Austrian Galicia and Romania. It is a special feature of Russia that it has few free outlets to the open sea other than on the ice-bound shores of the Arctic Ocean. The deep indentations of the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland were surrounded by what is ethnically Finnish territory, and it is only at the very head of the latter gulf that the Russians had taken firm foothold by erecting their capital at the mouth of the Neva River . The Gulf of Riga and the Baltic belong also to territory which was not inhabited by Slavs, but by Baltic and Finnic peoples and by Germans . The East coast of the Black Sea belonged to Transcaucasia , a great chain of mountains separating it from Russia. But even this sheet of water is an inland sea, the only outlet of which, the Bosphorus , was in foreign hands, while the Caspian, an immense shallow lake, mostly bordered by deserts, possessed more importance as a link between Russia and its Asiatic settlements than as a channel for intercourse with other countries. Geography [ edit ] Main article: Geography of Russia Ethnic map of European Russia before the First World War By the end of the 19th century the size of the empire was about 22,400,000 square kilometers (8,600,000 sq mi) or almost 1/6 of the Earth's landmass; its only rival in size at the time was the British Empire . However, at this time, the majority of the population lived in European Russia. More than 100 different ethnic groups lived in the Russian Empire, with ethnic Russians composing about 45% of the population. [53] Territorial development [ edit ] In addition to almost the entire territory of modern Russia, [n 1] prior to 1917 the Russian Empire included most of Dnieper Ukraine , Belarus , Bessarabia , the Grand Duchy of Finland , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , the Central Asian states of Russian Turkestan , most of the Baltic governorates , as well as a significant portion of the Kingdom of Poland and Ardahan , Artvin , Iğdır , Kars and northeastern part of Erzurum Provinces from the Ottoman Empire. Between 1742 and 1867, the Russian-American Company administered Alaska as a colony . The Company also established settlements in Hawaii, including Fort Elizabeth (1817), and as far south in North America as Fort Ross Colony (established in 1812) in Sonoma County, California just north of San Francisco. Both Fort Ross and the Russian River in California got their names from Russian settlers, who had staked claims in a region claimed until 1821 by the Spanish as part of New Spain . Following the Swedish defeat in the Finnish War of 1808–1809 and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on 17 September 1809, the eastern half of Sweden, the area that then became Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as an autonomous grand duchy . The tsar eventually ended up ruling Finland as a semi-constitutional monarch through the Governor-General of Finland and a native-populated Senate appointed by him. The Emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right, however, although his Finnish subjects came to consider the Grand Duchy as one. Map of governorates of the western Russian Empire in 1910 In the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War, 1806–12 , and the ensuing Treaty of Bucharest (1812) , the eastern parts of the Principality of Moldavia , an Ottoman vassal state , along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule, came under the rule of the Empire. This area ( Bessarabia ) was among the Russian Empire's last territorial increments in Europe. At the Congress of Vienna (1815), Russia gained sovereignty over Congress Poland , which on paper was an autonomous Kingdom in personal union with Russia. However, this autonomy was eroded after an uprising in 1831, and was finally abolished in 1867. Saint Petersburg gradually extended and consolidated its control over the Caucasus in the course of the 19th century at the expense of Persia through the Russo-Persian Wars of 1804–13 and 1826–28 and the respectively ensuing treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay , [54] as well as through the Caucasian War (1817–1864). The Russian Empire expanded its influence and possessions in Central Asia, especially in the later 19th century, conquering much of Russian Turkestan in 1865 and continuing to add territory as late as 1885. Newly discovered Arctic islands became part of the Russian Empire as Russian explorers found them: the New Siberian Islands from the early 18th century; Severnaya Zemlya (\"Emperor Nicholas II Land\") first mapped and claimed as late as 1913. During World War I, Russia briefly occupied a small part of East Prussia , then part of Germany; a significant portion of Austrian Galicia; and significant portions of Ottoman Armenia. While the modern Russian Federation currently controls the Kaliningrad Oblast , which comprised the northern part of East Prussia, this differs from the area captured by the Empire in 1914, though there was some overlap: Gusev ( Gumbinnen in German) was the site of the initial Russian victory . Imperial territories [ edit ] See also: Russian colonization of the Americas and First Russian circumnavigation The Russian settlement of St. Paul's Harbor (present-day Kodiak town ), Kodiak Island According to the 1st article of the Organic law , the Russian Empire was one indivisible state. In addition, the 26th article stated that \"With the Imperial Russian throne are indivisible the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Principality of Finland\". Relations with the Grand Principality of Finland were also regulated by the 2nd article, \"The Grand Principality of Finland, constituted an indivisible part of the Russian state, in its internal affairs governed by special regulations at the base of special laws\" and the law of 10 June 1910. Between 1744 and 1867, the empire also controlled Russian America. With the exception of this territory – modern-day Alaska – the Russian Empire was a contiguous mass of land spanning Europe and Asia. In this it differed from contemporary colonial-style empires. The result of this was that while the British and French colonial empires declined in the 20th century, the Russian Empire kept a large portion of its territory, first as the Soviet Union , and latter as part of present-day Russia as well as the Commonwealth of Independent States . Furthermore, the empire at times controlled concession territories, notably the Kwantung Leased Territory and the Chinese Eastern Railway , both conceded by Qing China, as well as a concession in Tianjin . See for these periods of extraterritorial control the empire of Japan–Russian Empire relations . In 1815, Dr. Schäffer, a Russian entrepreneur, went to Kauai and negotiated a treaty of protection with the island's governor Kaumualii , vassal of King Kamehameha I of Hawaii, but the Russian Tsar refused to ratify the treaty. See also Orthodox Church in Hawaii and Russian Fort Elizabeth . In 1889, a Russian adventurer, Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov, tried to establish a Russian colony in Africa, Sagallo , situated on the Gulf of Tadjoura in present-day Djibouti . However this attempt angered the French, who dispatched two gunboats against the colony. After a brief resistance, the colony surrendered and the Russian settlers were deported to Odessa . Government and administration [ edit ] Part of a series on the History of Russia Early Slavs / Rus' pre-9th century Khazar Khaganate 7th–10th century Rus' Khaganate 9th century Volga Bulgaria 9th–13th century Kievan Rus' 882–1240 Vladimir-Suzdal 1157–1331 Novgorod Republic 1136–1478 Mongol Yoke 1240s–1480 Grand Duchy of Moscow 1283–1547 Tsardom of Russia 1547–1721 Russian Empire 1721–1917 Russian Republic 1917 Russian SFSR 1917–1922 Soviet Union 1922–1991 Russian Federation 1991–present Timeline Russia portal v t e See also: Tsarist absolutism From its initial creation until the 1905 Revolution, the Russian Empire was controlled by its tsar/emperor as an absolute monarch, under the system of tsarist autocracy. After the Revolution of 1905, Russia developed a new type of government which became difficult to categorize. In the Almanach de Gotha for 1910, Russia was described as \"a constitutional monarchy under an autocratic tsar .\" This contradiction in terms demonstrated the difficulty of precisely defining the system, essentially transitional and meanwhile sui generis , established in the Russian Empire after October 1905. Before this date, the fundamental laws of Russia described the power of the Emperor as \"autocratic and unlimited .\" After October 1905, while the imperial style was still \"Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias\", the fundamental laws were remodeled by removing the word unlimited . While the emperor retained many of his old prerogatives, including an absolute veto over all legislation, he equally agreed to the establishment of an elected parliament, without whose consent no laws were to be enacted in Russia. Not that the regime in Russia had become in any true sense constitutional, far less parliamentary. But the \"unlimited autocracy\" had given place to a \"self-limited autocracy.\" Whether this autocracy was to be permanently limited by the new changes, or only at the continuing discretion of the autocrat, became a subject of heated controversy between conflicting parties in the state. Provisionally, then, the Russian governmental system may perhaps be best defined as \"a limited monarchy under an autocratic emperor.\" Emperor [ edit ] Main article: Tsar § Russia The building on Palace Square opposite the Winter Palace was the headquarters of the Army General Staff. Today, it houses the headquarters of the Western Military District/Joint Strategic Command West. The Catherine Palace , located at Tsarskoe Selo , was the summer residence of the imperial family. It is named after Empress Catherine I , who reigned from 1725 to 1727. Peter the Great changed his title from Tsar in 1721, when he was declared Emperor of all Russia. While later rulers kept this title, the ruler of Russia was commonly known as Tsar or Tsaritsa until the fall of the Empire during the February Revolution of 1917. Prior to the issuance of the October Manifesto, the Emperor ruled as an absolute monarch, subject to only two limitations on his authority (both of which were intended to protect the existing system): the Emperor and his consort must both belong to the Russian Orthodox Church , and he must obey the laws of succession ( Pauline Laws ) established by Paul I . Beyond this, the power of the Russian Autocrat was virtually limitless. On 17 October 1905, the situation changed: the Emperor voluntarily limited his legislative power by decreeing that no measure was to become law without the consent of the Imperial Duma , a freely elected national assembly established by the Organic Law issued on 28 April 1906. However, the Emperor retained the right to disband the newly established Duma, and he exercised this right more than once. He also retained an absolute veto over all legislation, and only he could initiate any changes to the Organic Law itself. His ministers were responsible solely to him, and not to the Duma or any other authority, which could question but not remove them. Thus, while the Emperor's power was limited in scope after 28 April 1906, it still remained formidable. Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia , reigning from 1894 to 1917. Imperial Council [ edit ] Main article: State Council of Imperial Russia Under Russia's revised Fundamental Law of 20 February 1906, the Council of the Empire was associated with the Duma as a legislative Upper House ; from this time the legislative power was exercised normally by the Emperor only in concert with the two chambers. [55] The Council of the Empire, or Imperial Council, as reconstituted for this purpose, consisted of 196 members, of whom 98 were nominated by the Emperor, while 98 were elective. The ministers, also nominated, were ex officio members. Of the elected members, 3 were returned by the \"black\" clergy (the monks), 3 by the \"white\" clergy (seculars), 18 by the corporations of nobles, 6 by the academy of sciences and the universities, 6 by the chambers of commerce, 6 by the industrial councils, 34 by the governments having zemstvos, 16 by those having no zemstvos , and 6 by Poland. As a legislative body the powers of the Council were coordinate with those of the Duma; in practice, however, it has seldom if ever initiated legislation. State Duma and the electoral system [ edit ] Main article: State Duma of the Russian Empire The Duma of the Empire or Imperial Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), which formed the Lower House of the Russian parliament, consisted (since the ukaz of 2 June 1907) of 442 members, elected by an exceedingly complicated process. The membership was manipulated as to secure an overwhelming majority of the wealthy (especially the landed classes) and also for the representatives of the Russian peoples at the expense of the subject nations. Each province of the Empire, except Central Asia, returned a certain number of members; added to these were those returned by several large cities. The members of the Duma were chosen by electoral colleges and these, in their turn, were elected in assemblies of the three classes: landed proprietors, citizens and peasants. In these assemblies the wealthiest proprietors sat in person while the lesser proprietors were represented by delegates. The urban population was divided into two categories according to taxable wealth, and elected delegates directly to the college of the Governorates . The peasants were represented by delegates selected by the regional subdivisions called volosts . Workmen were treated in special manner with every industrial concern employing fifty hands or over electing one or more delegates to the electoral college. In the college itself, the voting for the Duma was by secret ballot and a simple majority carried the day. Since the majority consisted of conservative elements (the landowners and urban delegates), the progressives had little chance of representation at all save for the curious provision that one member at least in each government was to be chosen from each of the five classes represented in the college. That the Duma had any radical elements was mainly due to the peculiar franchise enjoyed by the seven largest towns — Saint Petersburg , Moscow, Kiev , Odessa , Riga and the Polish cities of Warsaw and Łódź . These elected their delegates to the Duma directly, and though their votes were divided (on the basis of taxable property) in such a way as to give the advantage to wealth, each returned the same number of delegates. Council of Ministers [ edit ] Main article: Russian Council of Ministers By the law of 18 October 1905, to assist the Emperor in the supreme administration a Council of Ministers (Sovyet Ministrov) was created, under a minister president , the first appearance of a prime minister in Russia. This council consists of all the ministers and of the heads of the principal administrations. The ministries were as follows: Ministry of the Imperial Court Ministry of Foreign Affairs ; Ministry of War ; Ministry of Navy Ministry of Finance ; Ministry of Commerce and Industry (created in 1905); Ministry of Internal affairs (including police, health, censorship and press, posts and telegraphs, foreign religions, statistics); Ministry of Agriculture and State Assets ; Ministry of ways of Communications; Ministry of Justice ; Ministry of National Enlightenment . Most Holy Synod [ edit ] Main article: Most Holy Synod The Senate and Synod headquarters – today the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on Senate Square in Saint Petersburg. The Most Holy Synod (established in 1721) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia. It was presided over by a lay procurator, representing the Emperor, and consisted of the three metropolitans of Moscow , Saint Petersburg and Kiev, the archbishop of Georgia , and a number of bishops sitting in rotation. Senate [ edit ] Main article: Governing Senate The Senate (Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat, i.e. directing or governing senate), originally established during the government reform of Peter I , consisted of members nominated by the Emperor. Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided. It was the supreme court of cassation; an audit office, a high court of justice for all political offences; one of its departments fulfilled the functions of a heralds' college. It also had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the Empire, notably differences between representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self-government. Lastly, it promulgated new laws, a function which theoretically gave it a power akin to that of the Supreme Court of the United States , of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws. Administrative divisions [ edit ] Further information: History of the administrative division of Russia Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914 Residence of the Governor of Moscow (1778–82) For the purposes of administration, Russia was divided (as of 1914) into 81 governorates ( guberniyas ), 20 oblasts , and 1 okrug . Vassals and protectorates of the Russian Empire included the Emirate of Bukhara , the Khanate of Khiva and, after 1914, Tuva (Uriankhai). Of these 11 Governorates, 17 oblasts and 1 okrug ( Sakhalin ) belonged to Asian Russia. Of the rest 8 Governorates were in Finland, 10 in Poland. European Russia thus embraced 59 governorates and 1 oblast (that of the Don). The Don Oblast was under the direct jurisdiction of the ministry of war; the rest had each a governor and deputy-governor, the latter presiding over the administrative council. In addition there were governors-general, generally placed over several governorates and armed with more extensive powers usually including the command of the troops within the limits of their jurisdiction. In 1906, there were governors-general in Finland, Warsaw, Vilna , Kiev, Moscow, and Riga. The larger cities (Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa , Sevastopol , Kerch , Nikolayev , Rostov ) had an administrative system of their own, independent of the governorates; in these the chief of police acted as governor. Judicial system [ edit ] Main article: Judicial system of the Russian Empire The judicial system of the Russian Empire, existed from the mid-19th century, was established by the \"tsar emancipator\" Alexander II , by the statute of 20 November 1864 ( Sudebny Ustav ). This system — based partly on English , partly on French models — was built up on certain broad principles: the separation of the judicial and administrative functions, the independence of the judges and courts, the publicity of trials and oral procedure, the equality of all classes before the law. Moreover, a democratic element was introduced by the adoption of the jury system and—so far as one order of tribunal was concerned—the election of judges. The establishment of a judicial system on these principles constituted a major change in the conception of the Russian state, which, by placing the administration of justice outside the sphere of the executive power, ceased to be a despotism. This fact made the system especially obnoxious to the bureaucracy , and during the latter years of Alexander II and the reign of Alexander III there was a piecemeal taking back of what had been given. It was reserved for the third Duma, after the 1905 Revolution , to begin the reversal of this process. [n 2] The system established by the law of 1864 was significant in that it set up two wholly separate orders of tribunals , each having their own courts of appeal and coming in contact only in the Senate, as the supreme court of cassation. The first of these, based on the English model, are the courts of the elected justices of the peace , with jurisdiction over petty causes, whether civil or criminal; the second, based on the French model, are the ordinary tribunals of nominated judges, sitting with or without a jury to hear important cases. Local administration [ edit ] Alongside the local organs of the central government in Russia there are three classes of local elected bodies charged with administrative functions: the peasant assemblies in the mir and the volost ; the zemstvos in the 34 Governorates of Russia; the municipal dumas . Municipal dumas [ edit ] The Moscow City Duma Since 1870 the municipalities in European Russia have had institutions like those of the zemstvos. All owners of houses, and tax-paying merchants, artisans and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth. The total valuation is then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. The executive is in the hands of an elective mayor and an uprava , which consists of several members elected by the duma. Under Alexander III , however, by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos. In 1894 municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in Caucasia. Baltic provinces [ edit ] Main article: Baltic governorates The formerly Swedish-controlled Baltic provinces ( Courland , Livonia and Estonia ) were incorporated into the Russian Empire after the defeat of Sweden in the Great Northern War . Under the Treaty of Nystad of 1721, the Baltic German nobility retained considerable powers of self-government and numerous privileges in matters affecting education, police and the administration of local justice. After 167 years of German language administration and education, laws were declared in 1888 and 1889 where the rights of the police and manorial justice were transferred from Baltic German control to officials of the central government. Since about the same time a process of Russification was being carried out in the same provinces, in all departments of administration, in the higher schools and in the Imperial University of Dorpat , the name of which was altered to Yuriev . In 1893 district committees for the management of the peasants' affairs, similar to those in the purely Russian governments, were introduced into this part of the empire. Economy [ edit ] 100 roubles (1910) Country equity capitalization 1900-2012 Russian and US equites, 1865 to 1917 Mining and Heavy Industry [ edit ] Output of mining industry and heavy industry of Russian Empire by region in 1912 (in percent of the national output). Ural Region Southern Region Caucasus Siberia Kingdom of Poland Gold 21% – – 88.2% - Platinum 100% – – – – Silver 36% – 24.3% 29.3% – Lead 5.8% – 92% – 0.9% Zinc – – 25.2% – 74.8% Copper 54.9% – 30.2% 14.9% – Pig Iron 19.4% 67.7% – – 9.3% Iron and Steel 17.3% 36.2% – – 10.8% Manganese 0.3% 29.2% 70.3% – – Coal 3.4% 67.3% – 5.8% 22.3% Petroleum – – 97% – – Infrastructure [ edit ] Railways [ edit ] Tzarskoselskaya Railway, 1830 Map of Russian railroads in 1916 The planning and building of the railway network after 1860 had far-reaching effects on the economy, culture, and ordinary life of Russia. The central authorities and the imperial elite made most of the key decisions, but local elites set up a demand for rail linkages. Local nobles, merchants, and entrepreneurs imagined the future from \"locality\" '(mestnost')' to \"empire\" to promote their regional interests. Often they had to compete with other cities. By envisioning their own role in a rail network they came to understand how important they were to the empire's economy. [56] The Russian army built two major railway lines in Central Asia during the 1880s. The Trans-Caucasian Railway connected the city of Batum on the Black Sea and the oil center of Baku on the Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway began at Krasnovodsk on the Caspian Sea and reached Bukhara, Samarkand and Tashkent. Both lines served the commercial and strategic needs of the Empire, and facilitated migration. [57] Year 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1911 Kilometers 26 601 1,590 11,243 23,982 32,390 56,976 78,468 Seaports [ edit ] Biggest seaports of Russian Empire by tonnage of visiting ships in 1912 (the figures for tonnage are in thousands of tonns) [ show ] Port Tonnage Position Riga 1528 Baltic Sea Kerch 33 Black Sea Arkhangelsk 549 White Sea Feodosia 175 Black Sea Onega 98 White Sea Mariupol 266 Black Sea Evpatoria 66 Black Sea Sukhum 45 Black Sea Izmail 47 Black Sea Astara 64 Caspian Sea Vladivostok 891 Pacific Ocean Nikolayevsk-on-Amur 57 Pacific Ocean Astrakhan 34 Caspian Sea Baku 286 Caspian Sea Reni 173 Black Sea Krasnovodsk 21 Caspian Sea Batum 898 Black Sea Poti 348 Black Sea Berdyansk 80 Black Sea Novorossiysk 646 Black Sea Nikolayev 721 Black Sea Libava 796 Baltic Sea Odessa 1243 Black Sea Narva 95 Baltic Sea Kherson 252 Black Sea Revel 65 Baltic Sea Sevastopol 44 Black Sea Saint Petersburg 2024 Baltic Sea Genichensk 67 Black Sea Pernov 23 Baltic Sea Taganrog 657 Black Sea Vindava 604 Baltic Sea Religion [ edit ] Main articles: Christianity in Russia , Islam in Russia , Roman Catholicism in Russia , and History of the Jews in Russia The Kazan Cathedral in Saint Petersburg was constructed between 1801 and 1811, and prior to the construction of Saint Isaac's Cathedral was the main Orthodox Church in Imperial Russia. Subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group (1897) The Russian Empire's state religion was Orthodox Christianity . [58] The Emperor was not allowed to ″profess any faith other than the Orthodox″ (Article 62 of the 1906 Fundamental Laws ) and was deemed ″the Supreme Defender and Guardian of the dogmas of the predominant Faith and is the Keeper of the purity of the Faith and all good order within the Holy Church″ (Article 64 ex supra ). Although he made and annulled all senior ecclesiastical appointments, he did not determine the questions of dogma or church teaching. The principal ecclesiastical authority of the Russian Church that extended its jurisdiction over the entire territory of the Empire, including the ex- Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti , was the Most Holy Synod , the civilian Over Procurator of the Holy Synod being one of the council of ministers with wide de facto powers in ecclesiastical matters. All religions were freely professed, except that certain restrictions were laid upon the Jews and some marginal sects. According to returns published in 1905, based on the Russian Imperial Census of 1897, adherents of the different religious communities in the whole of the Russian empire numbered approximately as follows. Religion Count of believers [59] % Russian Orthodox 87,123,604 69.3% Muslims 13,906,972 11.1% Latin Catholics 11,467,994 9.1% Jews 5,215,805 4.2% Lutherans [n 3] 3,572,653 2.8% Old Believers 2,204,596 1.8% Armenian Apostolics 1,179,241 0.9% Buddhists and Lamaists 433,863 0.4% Other non-Christian religions 285,321 0.2% Reformed 85,400 0.1% Mennonites 66,564 0.1% Armenian Catholics 38,840 0.0% Baptists 38,139 0.0% Karaite Jews 12,894 0.0% Anglicans 4,183 0.0% Other Christian religions 3,952 0.0% The ecclesiastical heads of the national Russian Orthodox Church consisted of three metropolitans (Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev), fourteen archbishops and fifty bishops, all drawn from the ranks of the monastic (celibate) clergy. The parochial clergy had to be married when appointed, but if left widowers were not allowed to marry again; this rule continues to apply today. Military [ edit ] Main article: Military history of the Russian Empire See also: Russo-Swedish Wars , Russo-Turkish Wars , Russo-Persian Wars , Russo-Polish Wars , Russo-Japanese War , and Russo-Circassian War Tsarist troops prepare for invading Persian forces during the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) , which occurred contemporaneously with the French invasion of Russia . An Imperial Russian Navy Brig \"Mercury\" Attacked by Two Turkish Ships in a scene from the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29) , by Ivan Aivazovsky The Russian Empire's military consisted of the Imperial Russian Army and the Imperial Russian Navy . The poor performance during the Crimean War , 1853–56, caused great soul-searching and proposals for reform. However the Russian forces fell further and further behind the technology, training and organization of the German, French and particularly the British military. [60] Society [ edit ] See also: History of Russian culture , Russian literature , Russian opera , Technology in the Russian Empire , and Cinema of the Russian Empire Announcing the Coronation of Alexander II Maslenitsa by Boris Kustodiev , showing a Russian city in winter The Russian Empire was, predominantly, a rural society spread over vast spaces. In 1913, 80% of the people were peasants. Soviet historiography proclaimed that the Russian Empire of the 19th century was characterized by systemic crisis, which impoverished the workers and peasants and culminated in the revolutions of the early 20th century. Recent research by Russian scholars disputes this interpretation. Mironov assesses the effects of the reforms of latter 19th-century especially in terms of the 1861 emancipation of the serfs, agricultural output trends, various standard of living indicators, and taxation of peasants. He argues that they brought about measurable improvements in social welfare. More generally, he finds that the well-being of the Russian people declined during most of the 18th century, but increased slowly from the end of the 18th century to 1914. [61] [62] Estates [ edit ] Subjects of the Russian Empire were segregated into sosloviyes , or social estates (classes) such as nobility ( dvoryanstvo ), clergy, merchants, cossacks and peasants . Native people of the Caucasus, non-ethnic Russian areas such as Tartarstan, Bashkirstan, Siberia and Central Asia were officially registered as a category called inorodtsy (non-Slavic, literally: \"people of another origin\"). A majority of the people, 81.6%, belonged to the peasant order, the others were: nobility, 0.6%; clergy, 0.1%; the burghers and merchants, 9.3%; and military, 6.1%. More than 88 million of the Russians were peasants. A part of them were formerly serfs (10,447,149 males in 1858) – the remainder being \" state peasants \" (9,194,891 males in 1858, exclusive of the Archangel Governorate ) and \" domain peasants \" (842,740 males the same year). Serfdom [ edit ] Main articles: Russian serfdom and Emancipation reform of 1861 The serfdom which had developed in Russia in the 16th century, and became enshrined by law in 1649, was abolished in 1861 . [63] [64] The household servants or dependents attached to the personal service were merely set free, while the landed peasants received their houses and orchards, and allotments of arable land. These allotments were given over to the rural commune ( mir ), which was made responsible for the payment of taxes for the allotments. For these allotments the peasants had to pay a fixed rent which could be fulfilled by personal labour. The allotments could be redeemed by peasants with the help of the Crown, and then they were freed from all obligations to the landlord. The Crown paid the landlord and the peasants had to repay the Crown, for forty-nine years at 6% interest. The financial redemption to the landlord was not calculated on the value of the allotments, but was considered as a compensation for the loss of the compulsory labour of the serfs. Many proprietors contrived to curtail the allotments which the peasants had occupied under serfdom, and frequently deprived them of precisely the parts of which they were most in need: pasture lands around their houses. The result was to compel the peasants to rent land from their former masters. [65] [66] Peasants [ edit ] Young Russian peasant women in front of traditional wooden house (ca. 1909 to 1915) taken by Prokudin-Gorskii. Peasants in Russia. (Photograph taken by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky in 1909.) The former serfs became peasants, joining the millions of farmers who were already in the peasant status. [66] [67] After the Emancipation reform, one quarter of peasants received allotments of only 2.9 acres (12,000 m 2 ) per male, and one-half less than 8.5 to 11.4 acres; the normal size of the allotment necessary for the subsistence of a family under the three-fields system is estimated at 28 to 42 acres (170,000 m 2 ). Land must thus of necessity be rented from the landlords. The aggregate value of the redemption and land taxes often reached 185 to 275% of the normal rental value of the allotments, not to speak of taxes for recruiting purposes, the church, roads, local administration and so on, chiefly levied from the peasants. The areas increased every year; one-fifth of the inhabitants left their houses; cattle disappeared. Every year more than half the adult males (in some districts three-quarters of the men and one-third of the women) quit their homes and wandered throughout Russia in search of labor. In the governments of the Black Earth Area the state of matters was hardly better. Many peasants took \"gratuitous allotments,\" whose amount was about one-eighth of the normal allotments. [68] [69] The average allotment in Kherson was only 0.90-acre (3,600 m 2 ), and for allotments from 2.9 to 5.8 acres (23,000 m 2 ) the peasants pay 5 to 10 rubles of redemption tax. The state peasants were better off, but still they were emigrating in masses. It was only in the steppe governments that the situation was more hopeful. In Ukraine , where the allotments were personal (the mir existing only among state peasants), the state of affairs does not differ for the better, on account of the high redemption taxes. In the western provinces, where the land was valued cheaper and the allotments somewhat increased after the Polish insurrection , the general situation was better. Finally, in the Baltic provinces nearly all the land belonged to the German landlords , who either farmed the land themselves, with hired laborers, or let it in small farms. Only one quarter of the peasants were farmers; the remainder were mere laborers. [70] Landowners [ edit ] The situation of the former serf-proprietors was also unsatisfactory. Accustomed to the use of compulsory labor, they failed to adapt to the new conditions. The millions of rubles of redemption money received from the crown was spent without any real or lasting agricultural improvements having been effected. The forests were sold, and the only prosperous landlords were those who exacted rack-rents for the land without which the peasants could not live upon their allotments. During the years 1861 to 1892 the land owned by the nobles decreased 30%, or from 210,000,000 to 150,000,000 acres (610,000 km 2 ); during the following four years an additional 2,119,500 acres (8,577 km 2 ) were sold; and since then the sales went on at an accelerated rate, until in 1903 alone close to 2,000,000 acres (8,000 km 2 ) passed out of their hands. On the other hand, since 1861, and more especially since 1882, when the Peasant Land Bank was founded for making advances to peasants who were desirous of purchasing land, the former serfs, or rather their descendants, had between 1883 and 1904 bought about 19,500,000 acres (78,900 km 2 ) from their former masters. There was an increase of wealth among the few, but along with this a general impoverishment of the mass of the people, and the peculiar institution of the mir—framed on the principle of community of ownership and occupation of the land--, the effect was not conducive to the growth of individual effort. In November 1906, however, the emperor Nicholas II promulgated a provisional order permitting the peasants to become freeholders of allotments made at the time of emancipation, all redemption dues being remitted. This measure, which was endorsed by the third Duma in an act passed on 21 December 1908, is calculated to have far-reaching and profound effects on the rural economy of Russia. Thirteen years previously the government had endeavored to secure greater fixity and permanence of tenure by providing that at least twelve years must elapse between every two redistributions of the land belonging to a mir amongst those entitled to share in it. The order of November 1906 had provided that the various strips of land held by each peasant should be merged into a single holding; the Duma, however, on the advice of the government, left this to the future, as an ideal that could only gradually be realized. [70] Media [ edit ] Main article: History of journalism § Russia Censorship was heavy-handed until the reign of Alexander II, but it never went away. [71] Newspapers were strictly limited in what they could publish, as intellectuals favored literary magazines for their publishing outlets. Fyodor Dostoyevsky , for example, ridiculed the St. Petersburg newspapers, such as Golos and Peterburgskii Listok, which he accused of publishing trifles and distracting readers from the pressing social concerns of contemporary Russia through their obsession with spectacle and European popular culture. [72] See also [ edit ] History portal Colonialism portal Russian Empire portal Alt Danzig Expansion of Russia 1500–1800 Foreign policy of the Russian Empire List of Emperors of Russia List of largest empires Military history of Russia Russian conquest of Siberia Russian conquest of the Caucasus Russification Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ From 1860 to 1905, the Russian Empire occupied all territories of the present-day Russian Federation, with the exception of the present-day Kaliningrad Oblast , Kuril Islands , and Tuva . In 1905 Russia lost Southern Sakhalin to Japan, but in 1914 the Empire established a protectorate over Tuva. Jump up ^ An ukaz of 1879 gave the governors the right to report secretly on the qualifications of candidates for the office of justice of the peace . In 1889 Alexander III abolished the election of justices of the peace, except in certain large towns and some outlying parts of the Empire, and greatly restricted the right of trial by jury. The confusion of the judicial and administrative functions was introduced again by the appointment of officials as judges. In 1909 the third Duma restored the election of justices of the peace. Jump up ^ The Lutheran Church was the dominant faith of the Baltic Provinces , of Ingria , and of the Grand Duchy of Finland References [ edit ] Jump up ^ The State Duma was more used just for show to lower dissent in the nation as only nobility voted in favor of the Tsar; the Duma was dissolved in 1906-1907 More info Jump up ^ \"The Sovereign Emperor exercises legislative power in conjunction with the State Council and State Duma\". Fundamental laws , art. 7 Jump up ^ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). \"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia\" . International Studies Quarterly . 41 (3): 498. doi : 10.1111/0020-8833.00053 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). \"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires\" . Journal of world-systems research . 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ . Swain says, \"The first government to be formed after the February Revolution of 1917 had, with one exception, been composed of liberals.\" Geoffrey Swain (2014). Trotsky and the Russian Revolution . Routledge. p. 15. ; also see Alexander Rabinowitch (2008). The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd . Indiana UP. p. 1. Jump up ^ In pictures: Russian Empire in colour photos , BBC News Magazine, March 2012. Jump up ^ Brian Catchpole, A Map History of Russia (1974) pp 8-31; MArtin Gilbert, Atlas of Russian history (1993) pp 33-74. Jump up ^ Brian Catchpole, A Map History of Russia (1974) p 25. Jump up ^ Pipes, Richard (1974). \"Chapter 1: The Environment and its Consequences\". Russia under the Old Regime . New York: Scribner. pp. 9–10. Jump up ^ James Cracraft, The Revolution of Peter the Great (2003) Jump up ^ Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (1998) Jump up ^ Philip Longworth and John Charlton, The Three Empresses: Catherine I, Anne and Elizabeth of Russia (1972). Jump up ^ Isabel De Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (Yale University Press, 1981) Jump up ^ John T. Alexander, Autocratic politics in a national crisis: the Imperial Russian government and Pugachev's revolt, 1773–1775 (1969). Jump up ^ Robert K. Massie, Catherine the Great: Portrait of a woman (2011) Jump up ^ Catherine II. Novodel Sestroretsk Rouble 1771 , Heritage Auctions , retrieved 1 September 2015 [ dubious – [[Talk:Russian Empire#See Swedish riksdaler |discuss]] ] Jump up ^ Nicholas Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (4th ed. 1984), p 284 Jump up ^ Alan Palmer , Napoleon in Russia (1967). Jump up ^ Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, Alexander I of Russia: the man who defeated Napoleon (1970) Jump up ^ Baykov, Alexander. \"The economic development of Russia.\" Economic History Review 7.2 (1954): 137–149. Jump up ^ W. Bruce Lincoln , Nicholas I, emperor and autocrat of all the Russians (1978) Jump up ^ Anatole Gregory Mazour, The first Russian revolution, 1825: the Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance (1961) Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 728. Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 729. Jump up ^ David Marshall Lang , The last years of the Georgian monarchy, 1658-1832 (1957). Jump up ^ Stein 1976 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Burant, \"The January Uprising of 1863 in Poland: Sources of Disaffection and the Arenas of Revolt.\" European History Quarterly 15#2 (1985): 131-156. Jump up ^ Olga E. Maiorova, \"War as Peace: The Trope of War in Russian Nationalist Discourse during the Polish Uprising of 1863.\" Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 6#3 (2005): 501-534. Jump up ^ Norman Davies : God's Playground : A History of Poland (OUP, 1981) vol. 2, pp.315–333; and 352-63 Jump up ^ Bonnell , p. 92 Jump up ^ Condee , p. 49 Jump up ^ National Museum of Science and Technology (Canada). Material history review . Canada Science and Technology Museum, 2000, p46 Jump up ^ CRWflags.com . K. Ivanov argues, that Russia has changed her official flag in 1858 Jump up ^ Edvard Radzinsky, Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar (2006) Jump up ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ David Moon, The abolition of serfdom in Russia 1762–1907 (Longman, 2001) Jump up ^ Hugh Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire 1801-1917 (1967), pp 445-60. Jump up ^ Charles Lowe, Alexander III of Russia (1895) online . Jump up ^ Robert F. Byrnes, Pobedonostsev: His Life and Thought (1968). Jump up ^ Seton Watson, The Russian Empire , pp 441-44 679-82. Jump up ^ * Rodric Braithwaite, \"The Russians in Afghanistan\". Asian Affairs 42.2 (2011): 213-229. summarizes the long history. Jump up ^ Ascher, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History (2004) pp 187-210. Jump up ^ Sidney Harcave, First blood: the Russian Revolution of 1905 (1964) ch 1. Jump up ^ Robert D. Warth, Nicholas II: the life and reign of Russia's last monarch (1997). Jump up ^ Gregory L. Freeze, ed., Russia: A History (3rd ed. 2009) pp 234-68. Jump up ^ Oliver H. Radkey, \"An Alternative to Bolshevism: The Program of Russian Social Revolutionism.\" Journal of Modern History 25#1 (1953): 25-39. Jump up ^ Richard Cavendish, \"The Bolshevik-Menshevik split November 16th, 1903.\" History Today 53#11 (2003): 64+ Jump up ^ Abraham Ascher, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History (2004) pp 160-86. Jump up ^ Andrew Cook, To kill Rasputin: the life and death of Grigori Rasputin (2011). Jump up ^ Alexander Rabinowitch (2008). The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd . Indiana UP. p. 1. Jump up ^ Geoffrey Swain (2014). Trotsky and the Russian Revolution . Routledge. p. 15. ; also see Rabinowitch (2008) p 1 Jump up ^ Julian calendar ; the Gregorian date was 15 March. Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert, Routledge Atlas of Russian History (4th ed. 2007) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 728-730. Jump up ^ Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire , Chapter 1, Article 7. Jump up ^ Walter Sperling, \"Building a Railway, Creating Imperial Space: 'Locality,' 'Region,' 'Russia,' 'Empire' as Political Arguments in Post-Reform Russia,\" Ab Imperio (2006) Issue 2, pp 101–134. Jump up ^ Sarah Searight, \"Russian railway penetration of Central Asia,\" Asian Affairs (June 1992) 23#2 pp 171–80 Jump up ^ Article 62 of the 1906 Fundamental Laws (previously, Article 40): ″The primary and predominant Faith in the Russian Empire is the Christian Orthodox Catholic Faith of the Eastern Confession.″ Jump up ^ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по вероисповеданиям и регионам [First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Distribution of the population by faiths and regions] (in Russian). archipelag.ru. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Jump up ^ David R. Stone, A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya (2006). Jump up ^ Boris N. Mironov, \"The Myth of a Systemic Crisis in Russia after the Great Reforms of the 1860s–1870s,\" Russian Social Science Review (July/Aug 2009) 50#4 pp 36–48. Jump up ^ Boris N. Mironov, The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700–1917 (2012) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861 (2008) Jump up ^ Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century (1961) Jump up ^ Steven L. Hoch, Serfdom and social control in Russia: Petrovskoe, a village in Tambov (1989) ^ Jump up to: a b David Moon, The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made (1999) Jump up ^ Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia: from the ninth to the nineteenth century (1961). Jump up ^ Steven Hoch, \"Did Russia's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land? Statistical Anomalies and Long-Tailed Distributions\". Slavic Review (2004) 63#2 pp. 247–274. Jump up ^ Steven Nafziger, \"Serfdom, emancipation, and economic development in Tsarist Russia\" (Working paper, Williams College, 2012). online ^ Jump up to: a b Christine D. Worobec, Peasant Russia: family and community in the post-emancipation period (1991). Jump up ^ Louise McReynolds, News under Russia's Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press (1991). Jump up ^ Katia Dianina, \"Passage to Europe: Dostoevskii in the St. Petersburg Arcade.\" Slavic Review (2003): 237-257. in JSTOR Further reading [ edit ] Surveys [ edit ] Ascher, Abraham. Russia: A Short History (2011) excerpt and text search Bushkovitch, Paul. A Concise History of Russia (2011) excerpt and text search Freeze, George (2002). Russia: A History (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 556. ISBN 978-0-19-860511-9 . Hosking, Geoffrey. Russia and the Russians: A History (2nd ed. 2011) Hughes, Lindsey (2000). Russia in the Age of Peter the Great . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 640. ISBN 978-0-300-08266-1 . Kamenskii, Aleksandr B. The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World (1997) . xii. 307 pp. A synthesis of much Western and Russian scholarship. Lincoln, W. Bruce. The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias (1983) excerpt and text search , sweeping narrative history Longley, David (2000). The Longman Companion to Imperial Russia, 1689–1917 . New York, NY: Longman Publishing Group. p. 496. ISBN 978-0-582-31990-5 . McKenzie, David & Michael W. Curran. A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond . 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-534-58698-8 . Moss, Walter G. A History of Russia . Vol. 1: To 1917 . 2d ed. Anthem Press, 2002. Perrie, Maureen, et al. The Cambridge History of Russia . (3 vol. Cambridge University Press, 2006). excerpt and text search Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg. A History of Russia . 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, 800 pages. ISBN 0-19-515394-4 Ziegler; Charles E. The History of Russia (Greenwood Press, 1999) online edition Geography, topical maps [ edit ] Barnes, Ian. Restless Empire: A Historical Atlas of Russia (2015), copies of historic maps Catchpole, Brian. A Map History of Russia (Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1974), new topical maps. Channon, John, and Robert Hudson. The Penguin historical atlas of Russia (Viking, 1995), new topical maps. Chew, Allen F. An atlas of Russian history: eleven centuries of changing borders (Yale UP, 1970), new topical maps. Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of Russian history (Oxford UP, 1993), new topical maps. Golubinskii, Aleksei. 'New Technology and the Mapping of Empire: The Adoption of the Astrolabe' in Information and Empire: Mechanisms of Communication in Russia, 1600-1850 ed. by Simon Franklin and Katherine Bowers (Open Book Publishers, 2017), pp. 59-76 [available to read online https://www.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/OBP.0122/OBP.0122.02.pdf ] Kivelson, Valerie. 'Early Mapping: The Tsardom in Manuscript' in Information and Empire: Mechanisms of Communication in Russia, 1600-1850 ed. by Simon Franklin and Katherine Bowers (Open Book Publishers, 2017), pp. 23-58 [available to read online https://www.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/OBP.0122/OBP.0122.01.pdf ] Parker, William Henry. An historical geography of Russia (Aldine, 1968). 1801–1917 [ edit ] Jelavich, Barbara. St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974 (1974) Manning, Roberta. The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government . Princeton University Press, 1982. Pipes, Richard. Russia under the Old Regime (2nd ed. 1997) Seton-Watson, Hugh. The Russian empire 1801–1917 (1967) online Waldron, Peter (1997). The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 . New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-312-16536-9 . Westwood, J. N. (2002). Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812–2001 (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 656. ISBN 978-0-19-924617-5 . Military and foreign relations [ edit ] Adams, Michael. Napoleon and Russia (2006). Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes] . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-948-6 . Englund, Peter (2002). The Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire . New York, NY: I. B. Tauris. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-86064-847-2 . Fuller, William C. Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 (1998) excerpts ; military strategy Gatrell, Peter. \"Tsarist Russia at War: The View from Above, 1914–February 1917.\" Journal of Modern History 87#3 (2015): 668-700. online [ dead link ] Jelavich, Barbara. St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974 (1974) Lieven, D.C.B. Russia and the Origins of the First World War (1983). Lieven, Dominic. Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace (2011). McMeekin, Sean. The Russian Origins of the First World War (2011). Neumann, Iver B. \"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007.\" Journal of International Relations and Development 11#2 (2008): 128-151. online Saul, Norman E. Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy (2014) excerpt and text search Seton-Watson, Hugh. The Russian Empire 1801–1917 (1967) pp 41–68, 83-182, 280-331, 430-60, 567-97, 677-97. Stone, David. A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya excerpts Economic, social and ethnic history [ edit ] Christian, David. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia . Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire . (Blackwell, 1998). ISBN 0-631-20814-3 . De Madariaga, Isabel. Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (2002), comprehensive topical survey Dixon, Simon (1999). The Modernisation of Russia, 1676–1825 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-521-37100-1 . Etkind, Alexander. Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience (Polity Press, 2011) 289 pages; discussion of serfdom, the peasant commune, etc. Franklin, Simon, and Bowers, Katherine (eds). Information and Empire: Mechanisms of Communication in Russia, 1600-1850 (Open Book Publishers, 2017) available to read in full online Freeze, Gregory L. From Supplication to Revolution: A Documentary Social History of Imperial Russia (1988) Kappeler, Andreas (2001). The Russian Empire: A Multi-Ethnic History . New York, NY: Longman Publishing Group. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-582-23415-4 . Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914 (1977) pp 365–425 Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870 (2nd ed. 1979), 552pp Mironov, Boris N., and Ben Eklof. The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700–1917 (2 vol Westview Press, 2000) vol 1 online ; vol 2 online Mironov, Boris N. (2012) The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700–1917 (2012) excerpt and text search Mironov, Boris N. (2010) \"Wages and Prices in Imperial Russia, 1703–1913,\" Russian Review (Jan 2010) 69#1 pp 47–72, with 13 tables and 3 charts online Moon, David (1999). The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made . Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-582-09508-3 . Stein, Howard F. (December 1976). \"Russian Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles\". Ethos . 4 (4): 403–438. doi : 10.1525/eth.1976.4.4.02a00010 . Stolberg, Eva-Maria. (2004) \"The Siberian Frontier and Russia's Position in World History,\" Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center 27#3 pp 243–267 Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861 (2008). Historiography and memory [ edit ] Burbank, Jane, and David L. Ransel, eds. Imperial Russia: new histories for the Empire (Indiana University Press, 1998) Cracraft, James. ed. Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia (1993) Kuzio, Taras. \"Historiography and national identity among the Eastern Slavs: towards a new framework.\" National Identities (2001) 3#2 pp: 109–132. Olson, Gust, and Aleksei I. Miller. \"Between Local and Inter-Imperial: Russian Imperial History in Search of Scope and Paradigm.\" Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History (2004) 5#1 pp: 7–26. Sanders, Thomas, ed. Historiography of imperial Russia: The profession and writing of history in a multinational state (ME Sharpe, 1999) Smith, Steve. \"Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism.\" Europe‐Asia Studies (1994) 46#4 pp: 563–578. Suny, Ronald Grigor. \"The empire strikes out: Imperial Russia,‘national’identity, and theories of empire.\" in A state of nations: Empire and nation-making in the age of Lenin and Stalin ed. by Peter Holquist, Ronald Grigor Suny, and Terry Martin. (2001) pp: 23–66. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Russian Empire . Wikivoyage has travel information for Russian Empire . 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{ "text": "Car model - Wikipedia Car model From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For scale models of automobiles, see Model car . Chevrolet models sold in 1928 Body styles available for the Ford Focus model: sedan , station wagon and hatchback A car model (or automobile model or model of car ) is the name used by a manufacturer to market a range of similar cars. The way that car manufacturers group their product range into models varies between manufacturers. A model may also be referred to as a nameplate , specifically when referring to the product from the point of view of the manufacturer, especially a model over time. For example, the Chevrolet Suburban is the oldest automobile nameplate in continuous production, dating to 1934 (1935 model year), while the Chrysler New Yorker was (until its demise in 1996) the oldest North American car nameplate. \"Nameplate\" is also sometimes used more loosely, however, to refer to a brand or division of larger company (e.g., GMC), rather than a specific model. Contents [ hide ] 1 Common characteristics 2 Regional variations 3 Trim level 4 Model years 5 See also 6 References Common characteristics [ edit ] Given that the interior equipment, upholstery and exterior trim is usually determined by the trim level , the car model often defines the styling theme and platform that is used. [1] [2] [3] [4] The model also defines the body style(s) and engine choice(s). [5] Some models have only one body style (e.g. the Mazda 2 hatchback), [6] while other models are produced in several body styles (e.g. the Audi A3 , which has been produced in hatchback, sedan and convertible body styles). [7] Similarly, some models have a single engine/ powertrain specification available (eg the Chevrolet Volt ), while other models have multiple powertrains available (eg the Ford Mustang , which has been produced with inline-4, V6 and V8 engines). [8] In some cases, a manufacturer has marketed a body style as a separate model — for example the Volkswagen Jetta and the BMW 4 Series , which are based on the Volkswagen Golf and BMW 3 Series platforms respectively. [9] [10] BMW 3 Series (E36) body styles sedan coupe convertible wagon hatchback Regional variations [ edit ] The same car model may be sold by the automaker in different countries under different model names. Examples include Mitsubishi Pajero / Montero , [11] [12] Mazda MX-5 / Miata , [13] Volkswagen Golf / Rabbit [14] and Ford Everest / Endeavour [15] [16] Trim level [ edit ] Main article: Trim level (automobile) For a particular model, the trim level identifies the level of equipment or special features. Model years [ edit ] Main article: Model year § Automobiles See also [ edit ] Automotive industry Badge engineering Facelift (automotive) Marque Model year References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"2017 Chevrolet Cruze Hatchback – Driven Review\" . www.topspeed.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"2017 Honda Civic Hatchback First Drive: Incremental Business or Next Big Thing\" . www.motortrend.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"2019 Kia Cerato hatch styling revealed\" . www.whichcar.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Mazda to Unveil Updated Mazda6 Wagon at Geneva Motor Show\" . www.mazda.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Trim levels 101: All about trims, styles, options and packages\" . www.edmunds.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Mazda 2 review (2018)\" . www.autocar.co.uk . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"2017 Audi A3 Hatchback\" . www.topspeed.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"2018 Ford Mustang\" . www.caranddriver.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"2019 Volkswagen Jetta Preview\" . www.thecarconnection.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"2018 BMW 4 Series Convertible Review\" . www.topspeed.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Mitsubishi Pajero/Montero\" . www.hemmings.com . Jump up ^ \"Mitsubishi Montero/Pajero SUV Redesign Delayed, PHEV Possible\" . www.motortrend.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"2019 Mazda MX-5 Miata may be getting 181 hp\" . www.autoblog.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"2007 Volkswagen Rabbit\" . www.caranddriver.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"Ford Endeavour facelift spied in Thailand\" . www.autocarindia.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ \"2018 Ford Endeavour/2018 Ford Everest (facelift) spied testing for the first time\" . www.indianautosblog.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car_model&oldid=834344602 \" Categories : Automotive industry Bundled products or services Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 06:26. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "Car model", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Car_model&amp;oldid=834344602" }

{ "text": "List of Cleveland Browns seasons - Wikipedia List of Cleveland Browns seasons From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) when the league was founded in 1946 . From 1946 to 1949 , the Browns won each of the league's four championships. The National Football League (NFL) does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships; however, the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the team's championships, which is reflected in this list. When the AAFC folded in 1949, the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950 . The Browns went on to win three NFL championships , nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s, and won one more NFL championship in 1964. The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl , however. Overall, the team has won eight championships: four in the AAFC, and four in the NFL. In 1996 , then-Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland, Ohio to Baltimore, Maryland . An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team's history, name and colors in Cleveland, while Modell's new team would be regarded as an expansion team. The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996, and the Browns would return to the league in 1999 . For record-keeping purposes, the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, which is reflected in this list. Seasons [ edit ] For a complete team history, see History of the Cleveland Browns . The finish, wins, losses and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any post-season results. They are combined only at the bottom of this list. AAFC champions [1] (1946–1949) NFL champions (1950–1969) Super Bowl champions [2] (1970–present) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season results Post-season results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties All-America Football Conference 1946 1946 AAFC Western 1st 12 2 0 Won AAFC championship (1) ( Yankees 14–9) 1947 1947 AAFC Western 1st 12 1 1 Won AAFC championship (2) ( Yankees 14–3) 1948 1948 AAFC Western 1st 14 0 0 Won AAFC championship (3) ( Bills 49–7) 1949 1949 AAFC 1st 9 1 2 Won AAFC playoff game ( Bills 31–21) Won AAFC championship (4) ( 49ers 21–7) Paul Brown ( COY ) National Football League (1950–1995; 1999–present) 1950 1950 NFL American T-1st [3] 10 2 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Giants 8–3) Won NFL Championship (5) ( L.A. Rams 30–28) 1951 1951 NFL American 1st 11 1 0 Lost NFL Championship ( L.A. Rams 17–24) Paul Brown ( COY ) Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1952 1952 NFL American 1st 8 4 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Lions 7–17) 1953 1953 NFL Eastern 1st 11 1 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Lions 16–17) Paul Brown ( COY ) Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1954 1954 NFL Eastern 1st 9 3 0 Won NFL Championship (6) ( Lions 56–10) 1955 1955 NFL Eastern 1st 9 2 1 Won NFL Championship (7) ( L.A. Rams 38–14) Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1956 1956 NFL Eastern T-4th [4] 5 7 0 1957 1957 NFL Eastern 1st 9 2 1 Lost NFL Championship ( Lions 14–59) Paul Brown ( COY ) Jim Brown ( MVP , ROY ) 1958 1958 NFL Eastern T-1st [5] 9 3 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Giants 0–10) Jim Brown ( MVP ) 1959 1959 NFL Eastern T-2nd [6] 7 5 0 1960 1960 NFL Eastern 2nd 8 3 1 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 3rd 8 5 1 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 3rd 7 6 1 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 2nd 10 4 0 Jim Brown ( BBA , MVP ) 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 1st 10 3 1 Won NFL Championship (8) [7] ( B. Colts 27–0) 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 1st 11 3 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Packers 12–23) Jim Brown ( MVP , MVP ) 1966 1966 NFL Eastern T-2nd [8] 9 5 0 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Century 1st 9 5 0 Lost Conference Championship ( Cowboys 14–52) 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Century 1st 10 4 0 Won Conference Championship ( Cowboys 20–31) Lost NFL Championship ( B. Colts 34–0) Leroy Kelly ( MVP ) 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Century 1st 10 3 1 Won Conference Championship ( Cowboys 38–14) Lost NFL Championship ( Vikings 7–27) 1970 1970 NFL AFC Central 2nd 7 7 0 1971 1971 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Colts 3–20) 1972 1972 NFL AFC Central 2nd 10 4 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Dolphins 14–20) 1973 1973 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 5 2 1974 1974 NFL AFC Central 4th 4 10 0 1975 1975 NFL AFC Central 4th 3 11 0 1976 1976 NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 5 0 Forrest Gregg ( COY ) 1977 1977 NFL AFC Central 4th 6 8 0 1978 [9] 1978 NFL AFC Central 3rd 8 8 0 1979 1979 NFL AFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 Sam Rutigliano ( COY ) 1980 1980 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders 12–14) [10] Sam Rutigliano ( COY ) Brian Sipe ( MVP , MVP , POY ) 1981 1981 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0 1982 [11] 1982 NFL AFC 8th 4 5 0 Lost First Round Playoffs ( L.A. Raiders 10–27) Chip Banks ( Def. ROY ) 1983 1983 NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 7 0 1984 1984 NFL AFC Central 3rd 5 11 0 1985 1985 NFL AFC Central 1st 8 8 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Dolphins 21–24) Kevin Mack ( ROY ) 1986 1986 NFL AFC Central 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Jets 23–20) (2 OT) Lost Conference Championship [12] ( Broncos 20–23) Marty Schottenheimer ( COY ) 1987 [13] 1987 NFL AFC Central 1st 10 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts 38–21) Lost Conference Championship [14] ( Broncos 33–38) 1988 1988 NFL AFC Central 2nd [15] 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Oilers 23–24) 1989 1989 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 6 1 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bills 34–30) Lost Conference Championship [16] ( Broncos 21–37) Michael Dean Perry ( Def. POY ) 1990 1990 NFL AFC Central 4th 3 13 0 1991 1991 NFL AFC Central 3rd 6 10 0 1992 1992 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 1993 1993 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 1994 1994 NFL AFC Central 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Patriots 20–13) Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Steelers 9–29) 1995 1995 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0 1996 Inactive from 1996–1998 1997 1998 1999 1999 NFL AFC Central 6th 2 14 0 2000 2000 NFL AFC Central 6th 3 13 0 2001 2001 NFL AFC Central 3rd [17] 7 9 0 2002 2002 NFL AFC North 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Steelers 33–36) 2003 2003 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 2004 2004 NFL AFC North 4th 4 12 0 2005 2005 NFL AFC North 4th [18] 6 10 0 2006 2006 NFL AFC North 4th 4 12 0 2007 2007 NFL AFC North 2nd [19] 10 6 0 2008 2008 NFL AFC North 4th 4 12 0 2009 2009 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 2010 2010 NFL AFC North 3rd 5 11 0 2011 2011 NFL AFC North 4th 4 12 0 2012 2012 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 2013 2013 NFL AFC North 4th 4 12 0 2014 2014 NFL AFC North 4th 7 9 0 2015 2015 NFL AFC North 4th 3 13 0 2016 2016 NFL AFC North 4th 1 15 0 2017 2017 NFL AFC North 4th 0 8 0 Totals 4 AAFC Championships 4 NFL Championships 12 Conference Titles 9 NFL Division Titles 47 4 3 All-America Football Conference regular season results [20] 5 0 0 AAFC post-season results 462 477 10 National Football League regular season results [20] 11 20 0 NFL post-season results [20] 525 490 13 AAFC and NFL regular and post-season results Footnotes [ edit ] Jump up ^ The NFL does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships. For the purposes of this list, however, they are included in final totals. Jump up ^ The Browns are one of only four teams to have never appeared in a Super Bowl . The other three teams are the Detroit Lions , the Houston Texans , and the Jacksonville Jaguars . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1950 NFL season , the Browns and Giants had identical 10–2–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game , the NFL held a one-game conference playoff . The Browns won, 8–3. Jump up ^ At the end of the 1956 season , the Browns and the Steelers ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied. Jump up ^ At the end of the 1958 NFL season , the Browns and Giants had identical 9–3–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game , the NFL held a one-game conference playoff . The Giants shut the Browns out 10–0. Jump up ^ At the end of the 1959 season , the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied. Jump up ^ The Browns' championship win in 1964 is the second most recent championship won by any sports team from the Cleveland area . The most recent being the Cleveland Cavaliers Championship win over the Golden State Warriors in 2016. Jump up ^ At the end of the 1966 season , the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 9–5 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied. Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season. Jump up ^ This game involved the play Red Right 88 in its final minutes. Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored. Jump up ^ The 1987 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Drive , in which quarterback John Elway , over the span of 5 minutes and 2 seconds, lead the Broncos on a 98-yard drive to tie the game with 37 seconds remaining in regulation. The Broncos won the game in overtime with a field goal, 23–20. Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6. Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble , in which, while on a potentially game-winning drive, the Browns' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3-yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock. The Broncos recovered the ball, allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety, and won the game, 38–33. Jump up ^ At the end of the 1988 season , the Browns and the Oilers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based on a better division record. Jump up ^ The 1990 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos marked the third time in four years that John Elway defeated Bernie Kosar and the Browns in the AFC championship game. Jump up ^ At the end of the 2001 season , the Browns and the Titans ended the season with identical 7–9 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Tennessee based on a better division record. Jump up ^ At the end of the 2005 season , the Browns and the Ravens ended the season with identical 6–10 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Baltimore finished ahead of Cleveland based on a better division record. Jump up ^ At the end of the 2007 season , the Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, the Steelers finished ahead of the Browns based on winning both games against the Browns during the season. ^ Jump up to: a b c \"Cleveland Browns Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com\" . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . References [ edit ] \"Year By Year Season Results\" . Cleveland Browns official Web site . Archived from the original on 2006-12-02 . Retrieved 2007-04-12 . \"Cleveland Browns (1950 – )\" . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on 2007-04-08 . Retrieved 2007-04-12 . \"Cleveland Browns History\" . JT-SW.com . Retrieved 2007-04-13 . \"NFL History – Past Standings\" . National Football League official Web site . Retrieved 2007-04-12 . \"Franchise History – Cleveland Browns\" . Pro Football Hall of Fame official Web site . Retrieved 2007-04-12 . \"Cleveland Browns (1946–1995; 1999–Present)\" . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved 2007-04-12 . \"Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia\" . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in: |access-date= ( help ) \"History of the Cleveland Browns\" . Football @ JT-SW.com . John Troan . Retrieved April 2012 . Check date values in: |access-date= ( help ) [ show ] v t e Cleveland Browns Founded in 1946 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Headquartered in Berea , Ohio Franchise History Players Head coaches Seasons Logos and uniforms First-round draft picks 1999 expansion draft Starting quarterbacks Pro Bowlers Stadiums Cleveland Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Key personnel Owners: Jimmy Haslam Dee Haslam President (de facto): Paul DePodesta General manager (de facto): Sashi Brown Head coach: Hue Jackson Culture and lore Art Modell Cleveland sports curse Dawg Pound Draft Day Hot Tub Time Machine Kardiac Kids Marty Ball Paul Brown Red Right 88 Relocation controversy \"The Best Man\" The Drive The Express The Fortune Cookie The Fumble Rivalries Cincinnati Bengals Pittsburgh Steelers Playoff appearances (28) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1971 1972 1980 1982 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1994 2002 Division championships (12) 1946 1947 1948 1967 1968 1969 1971 1980 1985 1986 1987 1989 Conference championships (11) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1964 1965 1968 1969 League championships (8) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1954 1955 1964 Retired numbers 14 32 45 46 76 Hall of Fame inductees Players: Brown DeLamielleure Ford Gatski Graham Groza Hickerson Kelly Lavelli McCormack Mitchell Motley Newsome Warfield Willis Coach: Brown Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships: WKNR WKRK-FM WNCX Television: WEWS-TV SportsTime Ohio Current league affiliations League: National Football League (1950–present) Conference: American Football Conference Division: North Division Former league affiliation League: All-America Football Conference (1946–1949) Seasons (69) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold [ show ] v t e Cleveland Browns seasons 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates AAFC championship (through 1949) or NFL championship [ show ] v t e NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks [ show ] v t e NFL on Sports Network Incorporated (SNI) Related programs NFL on CBS ( 1959 ) Related articles Carling Beer Hughes Television Network NFL on television ( history ) Seasons 1955 1956 1957 1958 ( The Browns' SNI arrangement from 1956 to 1958 was national in scope. ) 1959 1960 1961 ( For 1960 and 1961 seasons , the Browns-SNI network was reduced to a Midwest regional network. ) Commentators Ken Coleman Jimmy Dudley Otto Graham Cliff Lewis Curly Morrison Bob Wolff Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cleveland_Browns_seasons&oldid=807782332 \" Categories : Cleveland Browns seasons National Football League teams seasons Cleveland Browns lists Hidden categories: CS1 errors: dates Featured lists Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017, at 02:42. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "List of Cleveland Browns seasons", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Cleveland_Browns_seasons&amp;oldid=807782332" }

{ "text": "Cinema of the United States - Wikipedia Cinema of the United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search See also: History of cinema in the United States Cinema of the United States The Hollywood Sign in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California , often regarded as a symbol of the American film industry. No. of screens 40,547 (2015) [1] • Per capita 14 per 100,000 (2015) [2] Main distributors Paramount (19.2%) Warner Bros. (18.0%) Sony Pictures (12.5%) [3] Produced feature films (2013) [4] Fictional 727 (98.5%) Animated 11 (1.5%) Number of admissions (2015) [6] Total 1,197,000,000 • Per capita 3.9 (2010) [5] Gross box office (2015) [6] Total $10.1 billion This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal v t e The cinema of the United States , often metonymously referred to as Hollywood , has had a profound effect on the film industry in general since the early 20th century. The dominant style of American cinema is classical Hollywood cinema , which developed from 1917 to 1960 and characterizes most films made there to this day. While Frenchmen Auguste and Louis Lumière are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema, [7] American cinema quickly came to be the most dominant force in the industry as it emerged. Since the 1920s, the film industry of the United States has had higher annual grosses than any other country's. [ citation needed ] It produces the largest number of films of any single-language national cinema , with more than 800 English-language films released on average every year. [8] While the national cinemas of the United Kingdom (299), Canada (206), and Australia and New Zealand also produce films in the same language, they are not considered part of the Hollywood system. Hollywood has also been considered a transnational cinema . [9] Classical Hollywood produced multiple language versions of some titles, often in Spanish or French. Contemporary Hollywood offshores production to Canada, Australia, New Zealand. Hollywood is the oldest film industry in the world, [10] and is considered the birthplace of various genres of cinema—among them comedy , drama , action , the musical , romance , horror , science fiction and the war epic —having set an example for other national film industries. It produced the world’s first sound (talkie) as well as musical film The Jazz Singer . [11] In 1878, Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion. In 1894, the world's first commercial motion-picture exhibition was given in New York City , using Thomas Edison 's kinetoscope . The United States produced the world’s first sync-sound musical film , The Jazz Singer , in 1927, [12] and was at the forefront of sound-film development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the US film industry has largely been based in and around the 30 Mile Zone in Hollywood, Los Angeles , California. Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of a film grammar . Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane (1941) is frequently cited in critics' polls as the greatest film of all time . [13] The major film studios of Hollywood are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket selling movies in the world, such as The Birth of a Nation (1915), Gone with the Wind (1939), The Ten Commandments (1956), The Sound of Music (1965), The Exorcist (1973), Jaws (1975), Star Wars (1977), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), Jurassic Park (1993), Titanic (1997), The Dark Knight (2008), Avatar (2009), Marvel's The Avengers (2012), Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), Jurassic World (2015), and Avengers: Infinity War (2018). Moreover, many of Hollywood's highest-grossing movies have generated more box-office revenue and ticket sales outside the United States than films made elsewhere. Today, American film studios collectively generate several hundred movies every year, making the United States one of the most prolific producers of films in the world and a leading pioneer in motion picture engineering and technology . Contents [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 Origins and Fort Lee 1.2 Rise of Hollywood 1.3 Classical Hollywood cinema and the Golden Age of Hollywood (1917–1960) 1.3.1 The studio system 1.4 Decline of the studio system (late 1940s) 1.4.1 Impact: Fewer films, larger individual budgets 1.5 New Hollywood and post-classical cinema (1960s–1980s) 1.6 Rise of the home video market (1980s–1990s) 1.7 Modern cinema 2 Hollywood and politics 2.1 Political endorsements 2.2 Political donations 3 Spread to world markets 4 Role of women 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History [ edit ] Main article: History of cinema in the United States Origins and Fort Lee [ edit ] See also: Silent film Justus D. Barnes as outlaw leader Bronco Billy Anderson in The Great Train Robbery (1903), the first western . The first recorded instance of photographs capturing and reproducing motion was a series of photographs of a running horse by Eadweard Muybridge , which he took in Palo Alto, California using a set of still cameras placed in a row. Muybridge's accomplishment led inventors everywhere to attempt to make similar devices. In the United States, Thomas Edison was among the first to produce such a device, the kinetoscope . Harold Lloyd in the famous clock scene from Safety Last! (1923) The history of cinema in the United States can trace its roots to the East Coast where, at one time, Fort Lee, New Jersey was the motion-picture capital of America. The industry got its start at the end of the 19th century with the construction of Thomas Edison's \" Black Maria \", the first motion-picture studio in West Orange, New Jersey . The cities and towns on the Hudson River and Hudson Palisades offered land at costs considerably less than New York City across the river and benefited greatly as a result of the phenomenal growth of the film industry at the turn of the 20th century. [14] [15] [16] The industry began attracting both capital and an innovative workforce, and when the Kalem Company began using Fort Lee in 1907 as a location for filming in the area, other filmmakers quickly followed. In 1909, a forerunner of Universal Studios , the Champion Film Company , built the first studio. [17] They were quickly followed by others who either built new studios or who leased facilities in Fort Lee. In the 1910s and 1920s, film companies such as the Independent Moving Pictures Company, Peerless Studios, The Solax Company , Éclair Studios , Goldwyn Picture Corporation , American Méliès (Star Films), World Film Company , Biograph Studios , Fox Film Corporation , Pathé Frères , Metro Pictures Corporation , Victor Film Company , and Selznick Pictures Corporation were all making pictures in Fort Lee. Such notables as Mary Pickford got their start at Biograph Studios. [18] [19] [20] In New York, the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens , was built during the silent film era, was used by the Marx Brothers and W.C. Fields . The Edison Studios were located in the Bronx. Chelsea, Manhattan was also frequently used. Picture City , Florida was also a planned site for a movie picture production center in the 1920s, but due to the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane , the idea collapsed and Picture City returned to its original name of Hobe Sound . Other major centers of film production also included Chicago , Texas, California, and Cuba . The film patents wars of the early 20th century led to the spread of film companies across the US Many worked with equipment for which they did not own the rights and thus filming in New York could be dangerous; it was close to Edison's Company headquarters, and to agents the company set out to seize cameras. By 1912, most major film companies had set up production facilities in Southern California near or in Los Angeles because of the region's favorable year-round weather. [21] Rise of Hollywood [ edit ] \"History of Hollywood\" redirects here. For the history of the district itself, see Hollywood § History . The Hollywood Walk of Fame In early 1910, director D. W. Griffith was sent by the Biograph Company to the west coast with his acting troupe, consisting of actors Blanche Sweet , Lillian Gish , Mary Pickford , Lionel Barrymore and others. They started filming on a vacant lot near Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles. While there, the company decided to explore new territories, traveling several miles north to Hollywood, a little village that was friendly and enjoyed the movie company filming there. Griffith then filmed the first movie ever shot in Hollywood, In Old California , a Biograph melodrama about California in the 19th century, when it belonged to Mexico. Griffith stayed there for months and made several films before returning to New York. After hearing about Griffith's success in Hollywood, in 1913, many movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by Thomas Edison , who owned patents on the movie-making process. [22] Nestor Studios of Bayonne, New Jersey , built the first studio in Hollywood in 1911. [23] Nestor Studios, owned by David and William Horsley, later merged with Universal Studios; and William Horsley's other company, Hollywood Film Laboratory, is now the oldest existing company in Hollywood, now called the Hollywood Digital Laboratory. California 's more hospitable and cost-effective climate led to the eventual shift of virtually all filmmaking to the West Coast by the 1930s. At the time, Thomas Edison owned almost all the patents relevant to motion picture production and movie producers on the East Coast acting independently of Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company were often sued or enjoined by Edison and his agents while movie makers working on the West Coast could work independently of Edison's control. [24] In Los Angeles, the studios and Hollywood grew. Before World War I , movies were made in several US cities, but filmmakers tended to gravitate towards southern California as the industry developed. They were attracted by the warm climate and reliable sunlight, which made it possible to film movies outdoors year-round and by the varied scenery that was available. There are several starting points for cinema (particularly American cinema), but it was Griffith's controversial 1915 epic Birth of a Nation that pioneered the worldwide filming vocabulary that still dominates celluloid to this day. In the early 20th century, when the medium was new, many Jewish immigrants found employment in the US film industry. They were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of short films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons , after their admission price of a nickel (five cents). Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn , William Fox , Carl Laemmle , Adolph Zukor , Louis B. Mayer , and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. Soon they were the heads of a new kind of enterprise: the movie studio . (It is worth noting that the US had at least one female director, producer and studio head in these early years: French-born director Alice Guy-Blaché .) They also set the stage for the industry's internationalism; the industry is often accused of Amero-centric provincialism . Other moviemakers arrived from Europe after World War I: directors like Ernst Lubitsch , Alfred Hitchcock , Fritz Lang and Jean Renoir ; and actors like Rudolph Valentino , Marlene Dietrich , Ronald Colman , and Charles Boyer . They joined a homegrown supply of actors — lured west from the New York City stage after the introduction of sound films — to form one of the 20th century's most remarkable growth industries. At motion pictures' height of popularity in the mid-1940s, the studios were cranking out a total of about 400 movies a year, seen by an audience of 90 million Americans per week. [25] The Hollywood Sign in the Hollywood Hills has become a landmark representing the Southern California film industry. Sound also became widely used in Hollywood in the late 1920s. [26] After The Jazz Singer , the first film with synchronized voices was successfully released as a Vitaphone talkie in 1927, Hollywood film companies would respond to Warner Bros. and begin to use Vitaphone sound — which Warner Bros. owned until 1928 – in future films. By May 1928, Electrical Research Product Incorporated (ERPI), a subsidiary of the Western Electric company, gained a monopoly over film sound distribution. [25] A side effect of the \"talkies\" was that many actors who had made their careers in silent films suddenly found themselves out of work, as they often had bad voices or could not remember their lines. Meanwhile, in 1922, US politician Will H. Hays left politics and formed the movie studio boss organization known as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA). [27] The organization became the Motion Picture Association of America after Hays retired in 1945. In the early times of talkies , American studios found that their sound productions were rejected in foreign-language markets and even among speakers of other dialects of English. The synchronization technology was still too primitive for dubbing . One of the solutions was creating parallel foreign-language versions of Hollywood films. Around 1930, the American companies [ which? ] opened a studio in Joinville-le-Pont , France, where the same sets and wardrobe and even mass scenes were used for different time-sharing crews. Also, foreign unemployed actors, playwrights, and winners of photogenia contests were chosen and brought to Hollywood, where they shot parallel versions of the English-language films. These parallel versions had a lower budget, were shot at night and were directed by second-line American directors who did not speak the foreign language. The Spanish-language crews included people like Luis Buñuel , Enrique Jardiel Poncela , Xavier Cugat , and Edgar Neville . The productions were not very successful in their intended markets, due to the following reasons: Brown Derby , an iconic image that became synonymous with the Golden Age of Hollywood. The lower budgets were apparent. Many theater actors had no previous experience in cinema. The original movies were often second-rate themselves since studios expected that the top productions would sell by themselves. The mix of foreign accents (Castilian, Mexican, and Chilean for example in the Spanish case) was odd for the audiences. Some markets lacked sound-equipped theaters. In spite of this, some productions like the Spanish version of Dracula compare favorably with the original. By the mid-1930s, synchronization had advanced enough for dubbing to become usual. Classical Hollywood cinema and the Golden Age of Hollywood (1917–1960) [ edit ] Main article: Classical Hollywood cinema Stars of the Classical Hollywood cinema era ( c. 1917–1960 ). Top row, l-r: Greta Garbo , Humphrey Bogart , Lauren Bacall , Clark Gable , Katharine Hepburn , Fred Astaire , Ginger Rogers , Marlon Brando , the Marx Brothers , Joan Crawford . Second row, l-r: John Wayne , James Stewart , Buster Keaton , Claudette Colbert , Gene Kelly , Burt Lancaster , Judy Garland , Gregory Peck , Elizabeth Taylor , Kirk Douglas . Third row, l-r: Bette Davis , Audrey Hepburn , Jean Harlow , Alfred Hitchcock , John Ford , Howard Hawks , Grace Kelly , Laurence Olivier , Marlene Dietrich , James Cagney . Fourth row, l-r: Ava Gardner , Cary Grant , Ingrid Bergman , Henry Fonda , Marilyn Monroe , James Dean , Orson Welles , Mae West , William Holden , Sophia Loren . Bottom row, l-r: Vivien Leigh , Joan Fontaine and Gary Cooper , Spencer Tracy , Barbara Stanwyck , Lillian Gish , Tyrone Power , Shirley Temple , Janet Leigh with Charlton Heston , Rita Hayworth , Mary Pickford . Classical Hollywood cinema is defined as a technical and narrative style characteristic of film from 1917 to 1960. During the Golden Age of Hollywood, which lasted from the end of the silent era in American cinema in the late 1920s to the early 1960s, thousands of movies were issued from the Hollywood studios. The start of the Golden Age was arguably when The Jazz Singer was released in 1927, ending the silent era and increasing box-office profits for films as sound was introduced to feature films. Most Hollywood pictures adhered closely to a formula – Western , slapstick comedy , musical , animated cartoon , biographical film (biographical picture) – and the same creative teams often worked on films made by the same studio. For example, Cedric Gibbons and Herbert Stothart always worked on MGM films, Alfred Newman worked at 20th Century Fox for twenty years, Cecil B. De Mille 's films were almost all made at Paramount , and director Henry King 's films were mostly made for 20th Century Fox . At the same time, one could usually guess which studio made which film, largely because of the actors who appeared in it; MGM , for example, claimed it had contracted \"more stars than there are in heaven.\" Each studio had its own style and characteristic touches which made it possible to know this – a trait that does not exist today. For example, To Have and Have Not (1944) is famous not only for the first pairing of actors Humphrey Bogart (1899–1957) and Lauren Bacall (1924–2014), but also for being written by two future winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature : Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961), the author of the novel on which the script was nominally based, and William Faulkner (1897–1962), who worked on the screen adaptation. After The Jazz Singer was released in 1927, Warner Bros. gained huge success and were able to acquire their own string of movie theaters, after purchasing Stanley Theaters and First National Productions in 1928. MGM had also owned the Loews string of theaters since forming in 1924, and the Fox Film Corporation owned the Fox Theatre strings as well. Also, RKO (a 1928 merger between Keith-Orpheum Theaters and the Radio Corporation of America [28] ) responded to the Western Electric/ERPI monopoly over sound in films, and developed their own method, known as Photophone , to put sound in films. [25] Paramount, which already acquired Balaban and Katz in 1926, would answer to the success of Warner Bros. and RKO, and buy a number of theaters in the late 1920s as well, and would hold a monopoly on theaters in Detroit, Michigan . [29] By the 1930s, almost all of the first-run metropolitan theaters in the United States were owned by the Big Five studios – MGM , Paramount Pictures , RKO , Warner Bros. , and 20th Century Fox . [30] The studio system [ edit ] Hollywood movie studios, 1922 Movie-making was still a business, however, and motion picture companies made money by operating under the studio system . The major studios kept thousands of people on salary — actors, producers, directors, writers, stunt men, craftspersons, and technicians. They owned or leased Movie Ranches in rural Southern California for location shooting of westerns and other large-scale genre films. And they owned hundreds of theaters in cities and towns across the nation in 1920 film theaters that showed their films and that were always in need of fresh material. In 1930, MPPDA President Will Hays created the Hays (Production) Code , which followed censorship guidelines and went into effect after government threats of censorship expanded by 1930. [31] However, the code was never enforced until 1934, after the Catholic watchdog organization The Legion of Decency – appalled by some of the provocative films and lurid advertising of the era later classified Pre-Code Hollywood - threatened a boycott of motion pictures if it didn't go into effect. [32] Those films that didn't obtain a seal of approval from the Production Code Administration had to pay a $25,000 fine and could not profit in the theaters, as the MPPDA controlled every theater in the country through the Big Five studios. Throughout the 1930s, as well as most of the golden age, MGM dominated the film screen and had the top stars in Hollywood, and was also credited for creating the Hollywood star system altogether. [33] Some MGM stars included \"King of Hollywood\" Clark Gable , Lionel Barrymore , Jean Harlow , Norma Shearer , Greta Garbo , Joan Crawford , Jeanette MacDonald and husband Gene Raymond , Spencer Tracy , Judy Garland , and Gene Kelly . [33] But MGM did not stand alone. Another great achievement of US cinema during this era came through Walt Disney 's animation company . In 1937, Disney created the most successful film of its time, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . [34] This distinction was promptly topped in 1939 when Selznick International created what is still when adjusted for inflation, the most successful film of all time, Gone with the Wind . [35] Many film historians have remarked upon the many great works of cinema that emerged from this period of highly regimented film-making. One reason this was possible is that, with so many movies being made, not everyone had to be a big hit. A studio could gamble on a medium-budget feature with a good script and relatively unknown actors: Citizen Kane , directed by Orson Welles (1915–1985) and often regarded as the greatest film of all time , fits that description. In other cases, strong-willed directors like Howard Hawks (1896–1977), Alfred Hitchcock (1899–1980), and Frank Capra (1897–1991) battled the studios in order to achieve their artistic visions. The apogee of the studio system may have been the year 1939, which saw the release of such classics as The Wizard of Oz , Gone with the Wind , Stagecoach , Mr. Smith Goes to Washington , Wuthering Heights , Only Angels Have Wings , Ninotchka and Midnight . Among the other films from the Golden Age period that are now considered to be classics: Casablanca , It's a Wonderful Life , It Happened One Night , the original King Kong , Mutiny on the Bounty , Top Hat , City Lights , Red River , The Lady from Shanghai , Rear Window , On the Waterfront , Rebel Without a Cause , Some Like It Hot , and The Manchurian Candidate . Decline of the studio system (late 1940s) [ edit ] Percentage of the US population that went to the cinema on average, weekly, 1930–2000 Walt Disney introduces each of the seven dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White theatrical trailer. The studio system and the Golden Age of Hollywood succumbed to two forces that developed in the late 1940s: a federal antitrust action that separated the production of films from their exhibition; and the advent of television . In 1938, Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released during a run of lackluster films from the major studios, and quickly became the highest grossing film released to that point. Embarrassingly for the studios, it was an independently produced animated film that did not feature any studio-employed stars. [36] This stoked already widespread frustration at the practice of block-booking , in which studios would only sell an entire year's schedule of films at a time to theaters and use the lock-in to cover for releases of mediocre quality. Assistant Attorney General Thurman Arnold —a noted \" trust buster \" of the Roosevelt administration — took this opportunity to initiate proceedings against the eight largest Hollywood studios in July 1938 for violations of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act . [37] [38] The federal suit resulted in five of the eight studios (the \"Big Five\": Warner Bros. , MGM , Fox , RKO and Paramount ) reaching a compromise with Arnold in October 1940 and signing a consent decree agreeing to, within three years: Eliminate the block-booking of short film subjects, in an arrangement known as \"one shot\", or \"full force\" block-booking. Eliminate the block-booking of any more than five features in their theaters. No longer engage in blind buying (or the buying of films by theater districts without seeing films beforehand) and instead have trade-showing , in which all 31 theater districts in the US would see films every two weeks before showing movies in theaters. Set up an administration board in each theater district to enforce these requirements. [37] The \"Little Three\" ( Universal Studios , United Artists , and Columbia Pictures ), who did not own any theaters, refused to participate in the consent decree. [37] [38] A number of independent film producers were also unhappy with the compromise and formed a union known as the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers and sued Paramount for the monopoly they still had over the Detroit Theaters — as Paramount was also gaining dominance through actors like Bob Hope, Paulette Goddard, Veronica Lake, Betty Hutton, crooner Bing Crosby, Alan Ladd, and longtime actor for studio Gary Cooper too- by 1942. The Big Five studios didn't meet the requirements of the Consent of Decree during WWII, without major consequence, but after the war ended they joined Paramount as defendants in the Hollywood anti-trust case, as did the Little Three studios. [39] The Supreme Court eventually ruled that the major studios ownership of theaters and film distribution was a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act . As a result, the studios began to release actors and technical staff from their contracts with the studios. This changed the paradigm of film making by the major Hollywood studios, as each could have an entirely different cast and creative team. The decision resulted in the gradual loss of the characteristics which made Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, Columbia Pictures, RKO Pictures, and 20th Century Fox films immediately identifiable. Certain movie people, such as Cecil B. DeMille , either remained contract artists till the end of their careers or used the same creative teams on their films so that a DeMille film still looked like one whether it was made in 1932 or 1956. Impact: Fewer films, larger individual budgets [ edit ] Stanley Kubrick was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. The ground-breaking scientific realism and innovative special effects of his 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey caused fellow-director Steven Spielberg to refer to it as his generation's \"big bang\". It is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made . Also, the number of movies being produced annually dropped as the average budget soared, marking a major change in strategy for the industry. Studios now aimed to produce entertainment that could not be offered by television: spectacular, larger-than-life productions. Studios also began to sell portions of their theatrical film libraries to other companies to sell to television. By 1949, all major film studios had given up ownership of their theaters. Television was also instrumental in the decline of Hollywood's Golden Age as it broke the movie industry's hegemony in American entertainment. Despite this, the film industry was also able to gain some leverage for future films as longtime government censorship faded in the 1950s. After the Paramount anti-trust case ended, Hollywood movie studios no longer owned theaters and thus made it so foreign films could be released in American theaters without censorship. This was complemented with the 1952 Miracle Decision in the Joseph Burstyn Inc. v Wilson case, in which the Supreme Court of the United States reversed its earlier position, from 1915's Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio case, and stated that motion pictures were a form of art and were entitled to the protection of the First amendment ; US laws could no longer censor films. By 1968, with film studios becoming increasingly defiant to its censorship function, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) had replaced the Hays Code–which was now greatly violated after the government threat of censorship that justified the origin of the code had ended—with the film rating system. New Hollywood and post-classical cinema (1960s–1980s) [ edit ] Main article: New Hollywood Steven Spielberg is considered one of the pioneers of the New Hollywood era and one of the most popular directors and producers in film history. He is also one of the co-founders of DreamWorks Studios . Post-classical cinema is the term used to describe the changing methods of storytelling in the New Hollywood. It has been argued that new approaches to drama and characterization played upon audience expectations acquired in the classical period: chronology may be scrambled, storylines may feature \" twist endings \", and lines between the antagonist and protagonist may be blurred. The roots of post-classical storytelling may be seen in film noir , in Rebel Without a Cause (1955), and in Hitchcock's storyline-shattering Psycho . The New Hollywood describes the emergence of a new generation of film school-trained directors who had absorbed the techniques developed in Europe in the 1960s; The 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde marked the beginning of American cinema rebounding as well, as a new generation of films would afterwards gain success at the box offices as well. [40] Filmmakers like Francis Ford Coppola , Steven Spielberg , George Lucas , Brian De Palma , Stanley Kubrick , Martin Scorsese , Roman Polanski , and William Friedkin came to produce fare that paid homage to the history of film and developed upon existing genres and techniques. Inaugurated by the 1969 release of Andy Warhol 's Blue Movie , the phenomenon of adult erotic films being publicly discussed by celebrities (like Johnny Carson and Bob Hope ), [41] and taken seriously by critics (like Roger Ebert ), [42] [43] a development referred to, by Ralph Blumenthal of The New York Times , as \" porno chic \", and later known as the Golden Age of Porn , began, for the first time, in modern American culture. [41] [44] [45] According to award-winning author Toni Bentley , Radley Metzger 's 1976 film The Opening of Misty Beethoven , based on the play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw (and its derivative, My Fair Lady ), and due to attaining a mainstream level in storyline and sets, [46] is considered the \"crown jewel\" of this ' Golden Age '. [47] [48] In the 1970s, the films of New Hollywood filmmakers were often both critically acclaimed and commercially successful. While the early New Hollywood films like Bonnie and Clyde and Easy Rider had been relatively low-budget affairs with amoral heroes and increased sexuality and violence, the enormous success enjoyed by Friedkin with The Exorcist , Spielberg with Jaws and Jurassic Park , Coppola with The Godfather and Apocalypse Now , Scorsese with Taxi Driver , Kubrick with 2001: A Space Odyssey , Polanski with Chinatown , and Lucas with American Graffiti and Star Wars , respectively helped to give rise to the modern \" blockbuster \", and induced studios to focus ever more heavily on trying to produce enormous hits. [49] The increasing indulgence of these young directors did not help. [ citation needed ] Often, they'd go overschedule, and overbudget, thus bankrupting themselves or the studio. [ citation needed ] The three most famous examples of this are Coppola's Apocalypse Now and One From The Heart and particularly Michael Cimino 's Heaven's Gate , which single-handedly bankrupted United Artists . However, Apocalypse Now eventually made its money back and gained widespread recognition as a masterpiece, winning the Palme d'Or at Cannes . [50] Rise of the home video market (1980s–1990s) [ edit ] This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (June 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1980s and 1990s saw another significant development. The full acceptance of home video by studios opened a vast new business to exploit. Films such as Showgirls , The Secret of NIMH , and The Shawshank Redemption , which may have performed poorly in their theatrical run, were now able to find success in the video market. It also saw the first generation of filmmakers with access to videotapes emerge. Directors such as Quentin Tarantino and Paul Thomas Anderson had been able to view thousands of films and produced films with vast numbers of references and connections to previous works. Tarantino has had a number of collaborations with director Robert Rodriguez . Rodriguez directed the 1992 action film El Mariachi , which was a commercial success after grossing $2 million against a budget of $7,000. This, along with the explosion of independent film and ever-decreasing costs for filmmaking, changed the landscape of American movie-making once again and led a renaissance of filmmaking among Hollywood's lower and middle-classes—those without access to studio financial resources. With the rise of the DVD in the 21st century, DVDs have quickly become even more profitable to studios and have led to an explosion of packaging extra scenes, extended versions, and commentary tracks with the films. [ citation needed ] Modern cinema [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of Hollywood's blockbuster action heroes from the 1980s and 1990s: From left: (top row) Sylvester Stallone , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Bruce Willis , Steven Seagal (bottom row) Dolph Lundgren , Jean-Claude Van Damme , Wesley Snipes , Jackie Chan . The drive to produce a spectacle on the movie screen has largely shaped American cinema ever since. [ citation needed ] Spectacular epics which took advantage of new widescreen processes had been increasingly popular from the 1950s onwards. Since then, American films have become increasingly divided into two categories: Blockbusters and independent films . Studios have focused on relying on a handful of extremely expensive releases every year in order to remain profitable. Such blockbusters emphasize spectacle, star power, and high production value, all of which entail an enormous budget. Blockbusters typically rely upon star power and massive advertising to attract a huge audience. [ citation needed ] A successful blockbuster will attract an audience large enough to offset production costs and reap considerable profits. Such productions carry a substantial risk of failure, and most studios release blockbusters that both over- and underperform in a year. [ citation needed ] Classic blockbusters from this period include Raiders of the Lost Ark , E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , Blade Runner , Scarface , Ghostbusters , The Terminator , The Goonies , Back to the Future , Beverly Hills Cop , Top Gun , Aliens , Lethal Weapon , Fatal Attraction , Wall Street , Rain Man , Die Hard , Driving Miss Daisy , Dances with Wolves , Goodfellas , Thelma & Louise , The Silence of the Lambs , Terminator 2: Judgment Day , Unforgiven , The Bodyguard , The Fugitive , Jurassic Park , Schindler's List , Forrest Gump , Pulp Fiction , Seven , Braveheart , Austin Powers , Titanic , Saving Private Ryan , American History X , Fight Club , The Matrix , The Green Mile , The Sixth Sense , American Beauty , Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace , Gladiator , Gangs of New York , The Lord of the Rings , Pirates of the Caribbean , The Notebook , Million Dollar Baby , Little Miss Sunshine , The Departed and The Bourne Identity . [51] American film industry (1995–2014) All values in billions Year Tickets Revenue 1995 1.22 $5.29 1996 1.26 $5.59 1997 1.42 $6.51 1998 1.44 $6.77 1999 1.44 $7.30 2000 1.39 $7.48 2001 1.44 $8.13 2002 1.58 $9.19 2003 1.55 $9.35 2004 1.49 $9.27 2005 1.40 $8.95 2006 1.41 $9.25 2007 1.40 $9.63 2008 1.39 $9.95 2009 1.42 $10.65 2010 1.33 $10.48 2011 1.28 $10.14 2012 1.39 $11.07 2013 1.34 $10.90 2014 1.27 $10.37 As compiled by The Numbers [52] Studios supplement these movies with independent productions , made with small budgets and often independently of the studio corporation. Movies made in this manner typically emphasize high professional quality in terms of acting, directing, screenwriting, and other elements associated with production, and also upon creativity and innovation. [ citation needed ] These movies usually rely upon critical praise or niche marketing to garner an audience. Because of an independent film's low budget, a successful independent film can have a high profit-to-cost ratio while a failure will incur minimal losses, allowing for studios to sponsor dozens [ citation needed ] of such productions in addition to their high-stakes releases. Hollywood Boulevard from the Dolby Theatre , before 2006 American independent cinema was revitalized [ citation needed ] in the late 1980s and early 1990s when another new generation of moviemakers, including Spike Lee , Steven Soderbergh , Kevin Smith and Quentin Tarantino made movies like, respectively: Do the Right Thing , Sex, Lies, and Videotape , Clerks and Reservoir Dogs . In terms of directing, screenwriting, editing, and other elements, these movies were innovative and often irreverent, playing with and contradicting the conventions of Hollywood movies. Furthermore, their considerable financial successes and crossover into popular culture reestablished the commercial viability of independent film. Since then, the independent film industry has become more clearly defined and more influential in American cinema. Many of the major studios have capitalised on this by developing subsidiaries to produce similar films; for example, Fox Searchlight Pictures . To a lesser degree in the early 21st century, film types that were previously considered [ citation needed ] to have only a minor presence in the mainstream movie market began to arise as more potent American box office draws. These include foreign-language films such as Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Hero and documentary films such as Super Size Me , March of the Penguins , and Michael Moore 's Bowling for Columbine and Fahrenheit 9/11 . Hollywood and politics [ edit ] Main article: Good Neighbor policy 81st Academy Awards Presentations, Dolby Theatre , Hollywood, 2009 In the 1930s, the Democrats and the Republicans saw money in Hollywood. President Franklin Roosevelt saw a huge partnership with Hollywood. He used the first real potential of Hollywood's stars in a national campaign. Melvyn Douglas toured Washington in 1939 and met the key New Dealers. [ citation needed ] Political endorsements [ edit ] Endorsements letters from leading actors were signed, radio appearances and printed advertising were made. Movie stars were used to draw a large audience into the political view of the party. By the 1960s, John F. Kennedy was a new, young face for Washington, and his strong friendship with Frank Sinatra exemplified this new era of glamor. The last moguls of Hollywood were gone and younger, newer executives and producers began generating more liberal ideas. Celebrities and money attracted politicians into the high-class, glittering Hollywood lifestyle. As Ronald Brownstein wrote in his book \"The Power and the Glitter\", television in the 1970s and 1980s was an enormously important new media in politics and Hollywood helped in that media with actors making speeches on their political beliefs, like Jane Fonda against the Vietnam War. [53] Despite many celebrities and producers are left-leaning and tend to support the Democratic Party , this era produced many Republican actors and producers. Former actor Ronald Reagan become Governor of California and subsequently become the 40th President of the United States. It continued with Arnold Schwarzenegger as California's Governor in 2003, and former reality star Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States. Political donations [ edit ] Today, Washington's interest is in Hollywood donations. [54] On February 20, 2007, for example, Democratic then-presidential candidate Barack Obama had a $2300-a-plate Hollywood gala, being hosted by DreamWorks founders David Geffen , Jeffrey Katzenberg , and Steven Spielberg at the Beverly Hilton. [54] Spread to world markets [ edit ] hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . (May 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Chinese Theatre before 2007 The Dolby Theatre In 1912, American film companies were largely immersed in the competition for the domestic market. It was difficult to satisfy the huge demand for films created by the nickelodeon boom. Motion Picture Patents Company members such as Edison Studios , also sought to limit competition from French, Italian, and other imported films. Exporting films, then, became lucrative to these companies. Vitagraph Studios was the first American company to open its own distribution offices in Europe, establishing a branch in London in 1906, and a second branch in Paris shortly after. [55] Other American companies were moving into foreign markets as well, and American distribution abroad continued to expand until the mid-1920s. Originally, a majority of companies sold their films indirectly. However, since they were inexperienced in overseas trading, they simply sold the foreign rights to their films to foreign distribution firms or export agents. Gradually, London became a center for the international circulation of US films. [56] Many British companies made a profit by acting as the agents for this business, and by doing so, they weakened British production by turning over a large share of the UK market to American films. By 1911, approximately 60 to 70 percent of films imported into Great Britain were American. The United States was also doing well in Germany, Australia, and New Zealand. [57] More recently, as globalization has started to intensify, and the United States government has been actively promoting free trade agendas and trade on cultural products, Hollywood has become a worldwide cultural source. The success on Hollywood export markets can be known not only from the boom of American multinational media corporations across the globe but also from the unique ability to make big-budget films that appeal powerfully to popular tastes in many different cultures. [58] With globalization, movie production has been clustered in Hollywood for several reasons: the United States has the largest single home market in dollar terms, entertaining and highly visible Hollywood movies have global appeal, and the role of English as a universal language contributes to compensating for higher fixed costs of production. In the meantime, Hollywood has moved more deeply into Chinese markets, although influenced by China's censorship. Films made in China are censored, strictly avoiding themes like \"ghosts, violence, murder, horror, and demons.\" Such plot elements risk being cut. Hollywood has had to make \"approved\" films, corresponding to official Chinese standards, but with aesthetic standards sacrificed to box office profits. Even Chinese audiences found it boring to wait for the release of great American movies dubbed in their native language. [59] Role of women [ edit ] Main article: Women in film Patty Jenkins 's Wonder Woman premiered in 2017, giving Jenkins the biggest domestic opening of all-time for a female director (surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor-Johnson ) Meryl Streep , Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award winner Women are statistically underrepresented in creative positions in the center of the US film industry, Hollywood . This underrepresentation has been called the \" celluloid ceiling \", a variant on the employment discrimination term \" glass ceiling \". In 2013, the \"...top-paid actors...made 2½ times as much money as the top-paid actresses.\" [60] \"[O]lder [male] actors make more than their female equals\" in age, with \"female movie stars mak[ing] the most money on average per film at age 34 while male stars earn the most at 51.\" [61] The 2013 Celluloid Ceiling Report conducted by the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film at San Diego State University collected a list of statistics gathered from \"2,813 individuals employed by the 250 top domestic grossing films of 2012.\" [62] Women accounted for... \"18% of all directors, executive producers, producers, writers, cinematographers, and editors. This reflected no change from 2011 and only a 1% increase from 1998.\" [62] \"9% of all directors.\" [62] \"15% of writers.\" [62] \"25% of all producers.\" [62] \"20% of all editors.\" [62] \"2% of all cinematographers.\" [62] \"38% of films employed 0 or 1 woman in the roles considered, 23% employed 2 women, 28% employed 3 to 5 women, and 10% employed 6 to 9 women.\" [62] A New York Times article stated that only 15% of the top films in 2013 had women for a lead acting role. [63] The author of the study noted that \"The percentage of female speaking roles has not increased much since the 1940s when they hovered around 25 percent to 28 percent.\" \"Since 1998, women's representation in behind-the-scenes roles other than directing has gone up just 1 percent.\" Women \"...directed the same percent of the 250 top-grossing films in 2012 (9 percent) as they did in 1998.\" [60] See also [ edit ] Film in the United States portal Crossroads of the World American comedy films American Film Institute History of animation in the United States History of film List of films in the public domain in the United States Motion Picture Association of America film rating system National Film Registry General List of cinema of the world Photography in the United States of America Cinema of North America Notes [ edit ] Jump up ^ Rahman, Abid (June 12, 2016). \"Shanghai Film Festival: China to Top U.S. Screen Total by 2017, Says Wanda Cinema Chief\" . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Website Jump up ^ The earliest documented account of an exhibition of projected motion pictures in the United States was in June 1894 in Richmond, Indiana by Charles Francis Jenkins Jump up ^ http://time.com/3457278/the-jazz-singer/ Jump up ^ http://time.com/3457278/the-jazz-singer/ Jump up ^ Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th century (2001) Archived March 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine .. Filmsite.org; \" Sight and Sound Top Ten Poll 2002\" . Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. . BFI. Retrieved June 19, 2007. Jump up ^ Kannapell, Andrea. \"Getting the Big Picture; The Film Industry Started Here and Left. Now It's Back, and the State Says the Sequel Is Huge.\" , The New York Times , October 4, 1998. Accessed December 7, 2013. Jump up ^ Amith, Dennis. \"Before Hollywood There Was Fort Lee, N.J.: Early Movie Making in New Jersey (a J!-ENT DVD Review)\" , J!-ENTonline.com, January 1, 2011. Accessed December 7, 2013. \"When Hollywood, California, was mostly orange groves, Fort Lee, New Jersey, was a center of American film production.\" Jump up ^ Rose, Lisa. \"100 years ago, Fort Lee was the first town to bask in movie magic\" , The Star-Ledger , April 29, 2012. Accessed December 7, 2013. \"Back in 1912, when Hollywood had more cattle than cameras, Fort Lee was the center of the cinematic universe. Icons from the silent era like Mary Pickford, Lionel Barrymore and Lillian Gish crossed the Hudson River via ferry to emote on Fort Lee back lots.\" Jump up ^ Before Hollywood, There Was Fort Lee , Fort Lee Film Commission. Accessed April 16, 2011. Jump up ^ Koszarski, Richard. \"Fort Lee: The Film Town , Indiana University Press , 2004. ISBN 978-0-86196-652-3 . Accessed May 27, 2015. Jump up ^ Studios and Films Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ., Fort Lee Film Commission. Accessed December 7, 2013. Jump up ^ Fort Lee Film Commission (2006), Fort Lee Birthplace of the Motion Picture Industry , Arcadia Publishing, ISBN 0-7385-4501-5 Jump up ^ Jacobs, Lewis; Rise of the American film, The; Harcourt Brace, New York, 1930; p. 85 Jump up ^ Pederson, Charles E. (September 2007). Thomas Edison . ABDO Publishing Company . p. 77. ISBN 1-59928-845-1 . Jump up ^ Staff. \"Memorial at First Studio Site Will Be Unveiled Today\" , Los Angeles Times , September 29, 1940. Accessed July 8, 2014. \"The site of the Nestor Studios today is the Hollywood home of the Columbia Broadcasting System.\" Jump up ^ Bishop, Jim . \"How movies got moving...\" , The Lewiston Journal , November 27, 1979. Accessed February 14, 2012. \"Movies were unheard if in Hollywood, even in 1900 The flickering shadows were devised in a place called Fort Le, N.J. It had forests, rocks cliffs for the cliff-hangers and the Hudson River. The movie industry had two problems. 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Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (June 13, 1973). \"The Devil In Miss Jones - Film Review\" . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved February 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (November 24, 1976). \"Alice in Wonderland:An X-Rated Musical Fantasy\" . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved February 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal, Ralph (January 21, 1973). \"Porno chic; 'Hard-core' grows fashionable-and very profitable\" . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved January 20, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porno Chic (Jahsonic.com) Jump up ^ Mathijs, Ernest; Mendik, Xavier (2007). The Cult Film Reader . Open University Press . ISBN 978-0335219230 . [ page needed ] Jump up ^ Bentley, Toni (June 2014). \"The Legend of Henry Paris\" . Playboy . Retrieved January 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bentley, Toni (June 2014). \"The Legend of Henry Paris\" ( PDF ) . ToniBentley.com . Retrieved January 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Belton, John (November 10, 2008). American cinema/American culture . McGraw-Hill. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-07-338615-7 . Jump up ^ Sight & Sound . Modern Times Archived March 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Sight & Sound British Film Institute , Dec. 2002. Web. October 16, 2010 Jump up ^ Belton, John (November 10, 2008). American cinema/American culture . McGraw-Hill. p. 420. ISBN 978-0-07-338615-7 . Jump up ^ \"Domestic Movie Theatrical Market Summary 1995 to 2015\" . The Numbers . Retrieved 2015-03-08 . Note: in order to provide a fair comparison between movies released in different years, all rankings are based on ticket sales, which are calculated using average ticket prices announced by the MPAA in their annual state of the industry report. [ needs update ] Jump up ^ Brownstein, Ronald (1990). The power and the glitter : the Hollywood-Washington connection . Pantheon Books . ISBN 0-394-56938-5 ^ Jump up to: a b Halbfinger, David M. (February 6, 2007). \"Politicians Are Doing Hollywood Star Turns\" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 5, 2008 . Jump up ^ Thompson, Kristin (2010). Film History: An Introduction . Madison, Wisconsin: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-338613-3 . Jump up ^ Thompson, Kristin (2010). Film History: An Introduction . Madison, Wisconsin: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-338613-3 . Jump up ^ Thompson, Kristin (2010). Film History: An Introduction . Madison, Wisconsin: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-338613-3 . Jump up ^ Scott, A. J. (2000). The Cultural Economy of Cities. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-5455-4 . Jump up ^ Shirey, Paul (April 9, 2013). \"C'mon Hollywood: Is Hollywood going to start being Made in China?\" . JoBlo.com . Retrieved June 14, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Betsy Woodruff (February 23, 2015). \"Gender wage gap in Hollywood: It's very, very wide\" . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ Maane Khatchatourian. \"Female Movie Stars Experience Earnings Plunge After Age 34 – Variety\" . Variety . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Lauzen, Martha. \"The Celluloid Ceiling: Behind-the-Scenes Employment of Women on the Top 250 Films of 012\" (PDF) . The Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film . San Diego State University . Retrieved 2013-05-20 . Jump up ^ Buckley, Cara. \"Only 15 Percent of Top Films in 2013 Put Women in Lead Roles, Study Finds\" . New York Times . Retrieved 2014-03-12 . References [ edit ] Earley, Steven C. (1978). An Introduction to American Movies . New American Library. Fraser, George McDonald (1988). The Hollywood History of the World, from One Million Years B.C. to 'Apocalypse Now' . London: M. Joseph; \"First US ed.\", New York: Beech Tree Books. Both eds. collate thus: xix, 268 p., amply ill. (b&w photos). ISBN 0-7181-2997-0 (U.K. ed.), 0-688-07520-7 (US ed.). Gabler, Neal (1988). An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood . Crown. ISBN 0-385-26557-3 . Scott, A. J. (2000). The Cultural Economy of Cities . London: Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-5455-4 . Further reading [ edit ] Hallett, Hilary A. Go West, Young Women! The Rise of Early Hollywood. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2013. Ragan, David. Who's Who in Hollywood, 1900–1976 . New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1976.i was thinking to External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinema of the United States . 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{ "text": "Hackney carriage - Wikipedia Hackney carriage From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search \"London Taxi\" redirects here. For the video game, see London Taxi: Rushour . For the company, see The London Taxi Company . \"Black Cab\" and \"Black Taxi\" redirect here. For the band \"Black Cab\", see Black Cab (band) . For the band \"Black Taxi\", see Black Taxi (band) . For the type of New York City taxicab, see Taxicabs of New York City . LTI TX1 cab LTI FX4 cab London growler circa 1900 The Beardmore was an alternative taxi design used in London during the 1960s and 1970s Until the late 1950s, vehicles licensed as London taxis were required to be provided with an open-access luggage platform in place of the front passenger seat found on other passenger cars (including taxis licensed for use in other British cities). Cabs carrying the Spice Girls at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony at the Olympic Stadium, London A hackney or hackney carriage (also called a cab , black cab , hack or London taxi ) is a carriage or automobile for hire. [1] A hackney of a more expensive or high class was called a remise . [2] In the United Kingdom , the name hackney carriage today refers to a taxicab licensed by the Public Carriage Office , local authority ( non-metropolitan district councils, unitary authorities ) or the Department of the Environment depending on region of the country. [ citation needed ] In the United States , the police department of the city of Boston has a Hackney Carriage Unit, analogous to taxicab regulators in other cities, that issues Hackney Carriage medallions to its taxi operators. [3] Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Motorisation 2.2 Continuing horse-drawn cab services 3 Black cabs 3.1 Vehicle design 3.2 Driver qualification 3.3 Notable drivers 3.4 Private users 3.5 In other countries 3.6 Variety of models 3.7 Use in advertising 4 Future 5 Digital hailing 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Etymology [ edit ] The name 'hackney' was once thought to be an anglicized derivative of French haquenée — a horse of medium size recommended for lady riders; however, current opinion is that it is derived from the village name Hackney (now part of London). [4] Despite the currency of this opinion, however, earlier sources dispute it. In 1908, a popular London newspaper stated, \"The hackney coach—which is commonly supposed, though wrongly, to have taken its name from the district in the north of London—was started in the metropolis so long ago as 1025 by a certain Captain Bailey.\" [5] The place-name, through its fame for its horses and horse-drawn carriages, is also the root of the Spanish word jaca , a term used for a small breed of horse [6] and the Sardinian achetta horse. The first documented hackney coach—the forerunner of the more generic hackney carriage—operated in London in 1621. The New York City colloquial terms \"hack\" (taxi or taxi-driver), hackstand (taxi stand), and hack license (taxi license) are probably derived from hackney carriage. Such cabs are now regulated by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission . [ citation needed ] History [ edit ] \"An Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent\" was approved by Parliament in 1654, to remedy what it described as the \"many Inconveniences [that] do daily arise by reason of the late increase and great irregularity of Hackney Coaches and Hackney Coachmen in London, Westminster and the places thereabouts\". [7] The first hackney-carriage licences date from a 1662 Act of Parliament establishing the Commissioners of Scotland Yard to regulate them. Licences and applied literally to horse-drawn carriages, later modernised as hansom cabs (1834), that operated as vehicles for hire . The 1662 act limited the licences to 400; when it expired in 1679, extra licences were created until a 1694 act imposed a limit of 700, [8] which was increased by later acts and abolished in 1832. [9] There was a distinction between a general hackney carriage and a hackney coach , a hireable vehicle with specifically four wheels, two horses and six seats, and driven by a Jarvey (also spelled jarvie ). In 19th century London, private carriages were commonly sold off for use as hackney carriages, often displaying painted-over traces of the previous owner's coat of arms on the doors. The Clarence or growler was a type of four-wheel, enclosed carriage drawn by two horses [10] used as a hackney carriage, that is, as a vehicle for hire with a coachman. It is distinguished from a cab, hansom cab or cabriolet , in that those had only two wheels. It is distinguished from most coaches by being of slightly smaller size, nominally holding four passengers, [11] and being much less ostentatious. A small, usually two-wheeled, one-horse hackney vehicle called a noddy once plied the roads in Ireland and Scotland . The French had a small hackney coach called a fiacre . Motorisation [ edit ] This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (May 2017) Electric hackney carriages appeared before the introduction of the internal combustion engine to vehicles for hire in 1901. In fact there was even London Electrical Cab Company: the cabs were informally called Berseys after the manager who designed them, Walter C. Bersey. Another nickname was Hummingbirds from the sound that they made. [12] In August 1897 25 were introduced, and by 1898 there were 50 more. During the 20th century, cars generally replaced horse-drawn models, and the last horse-drawn hackney carriage ceased service in London in 1947. [ citation needed ] UK regulations define a hackney carriage as a taxicab allowed to ply the streets looking for passengers to pick up, as opposed to private hire vehicles (sometimes called minicabs ), which may pick up only passengers who have previously booked or who visit the taxi operator's office. In 1999, the first of a series of fuel cell powered taxis were tried out in London. The \"Millennium Cab\" built by ZeTek gained television coverage and great interest when driven in the Sheraton Hotel ballroom in New York by Judd Hirsch , the star of the television series Taxi . ZeTek built three cabs but ceased activities in 2001. [ citation needed ] Continuing horse-drawn cab services [ edit ] This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (May 2017) Horse-drawn hackney services continue to operate in parts of the UK, for example in Cockington , Torquay . [13] The town of Windsor, Berkshire , is believed to be the last remaining town with a continuous lineage of horse-drawn hackney carriages, currently run by Orchard Poyle Carriages, the licence having been passed down from driver to driver since 1830. The Royal Borough now licences the carriage for rides around Windsor Castle and the Great Park , however the original hackney licence is in place allowing for passenger travel under the same law that was originally passed in 1662. The city of Bath has an occasional horse-drawn Hackney, principally for tourists, but still carrying hackney plates. Black cabs [ edit ] Illuminated for hire signage is a distinguishing feature of the hackney carriage A TX4 hackney carriage at Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 Motorised hackney cabs in the UK, [14] are known as black cabs, although they are now produced in a variety of colours, sometimes in advertising brand liveries (see below). The 50 golden cabs produced for the Queen's Golden Jubilee celebrations in 2002 were notable. [15] Vehicle design [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historically four-door saloon cars have been highly popular as hackney carriages, but with disability regulations growing in strength and some councils offering free licensing for disabled-friendly vehicles, many operators are now opting for wheelchair-adapted taxis such as The London Taxi Company (LTI). Other models of specialist taxis include the Peugeot E7 and rivals from Fiat, Volkswagen, Metrocab and Mercedes-Benz. These vehicles normally allow six or seven passengers, although some models can accommodate eight. Some of these minibus taxis include a front passenger seat next to the driver, while others reserve this space solely for luggage. Many black cabs have a turning circle of only 25 ft (8 m). One reason for this is the configuration of the famed Savoy Hotel : The hotel entrance's small roundabout meant that vehicles needed the small turning circle in order to navigate it. That requirement became the legally required turning circles for all London cabs, while the custom of a passenger's sitting on the right, behind the driver, provided a reason for the right-hand traffic in Savoy Court , allowing hotel patrons to board and alight from the driver's side. [16] The design standards for London taxis are set out in the Conditions of Fitness , which are now published by Transport for London . The first edition was published in May 1906, by the Public Carriage Office, which was then part of the Metropolitan Police . These regulations set out the conditions under which a taxi may operate and include regulating the taximeter (not compulsory until 1907), the maximum age of the taxi (not more than 15 years), advertisements and the turning circle of 8.535 m (28 ft). [12] [17] As part of the Transported by Design programme of activities, [18] in 15 October 2015, after two months of public voting, the black cab was elected by Londoners as their favourite transport design icon. [19] [20] Driver qualification [ edit ] In London, hackney-carriage drivers have to pass a test called The Knowledge to demonstrate that they have an intimate knowledge of the geography of London streets, important buildings, etc. Learning The Knowledge allows the driver to become a member of the Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers . There are two types of badge, a yellow one for the suburban areas and a green one for all of London. The latter is considered far more difficult. Drivers who own their cabs as opposed to renting from a garage are known as \"mushers\" and those who have just passed the \"knowledge\" are known as \"butter boys\". [21] There are currently around 21,000 black cabs in London, licensed by the Public Carriage Office. [22] Elsewhere, councils have their own regulations. Some merely require a driver to pass a Criminal Records Bureau disclosure and have a reasonably clean driving licence, while others use their own local versions of London's The Knowledge test. [ citation needed ] Notable drivers [ edit ] Alfred Collins , who retired in 2007 at the age of 92, was the oldest cab driver and had been driving for 70 years. [23] Fred Housego is a former London taxi driver who became a television and radio personality and presenter after winning the BBC television quiz Mastermind in 1980. [24] [25] John Worboys is a convicted serial rapist . Known as the Black Cab Rapist because he drove a London cab, he was convicted in March 2009 for attacks on 12 women. [26] Clive Efford MP for the London constituancy of Eltham was a cab driver for 10 years before entering parliament in 1997. Private users [ edit ] Oil millionaire Nubar Gulbenkian drove about in a custom-built gold and black car, designed to look like a vintage London taxi and powered by a Rolls-Royce engine, because he had been told \"it can turn on a sixpence .\" [27] [28] [29] Other celebrities are known to have used hackney carriages both for their anonymity and their ruggedness/manoeuvrability in London traffic. Users included Prince Philip , whose cab was converted to run on liquefied petroleum gas , [30] author and actor Stephen Fry , [31] and the Sheriffs of the City of London . A black cab was used in the band Oasis 's video for the song \" Don't Look Back in Anger .\" Black cabs also have recently served as recording studios for indie band performances and other performances in the Black Cab Sessions internet project. [ citation needed ] Ghosthunting With... featured a black cab owned by host of the show, Yvette Fielding . Bez of the Happy Mondays owns one, it was featured on the UK edition of Pimp My Ride . Noel Edmonds used a black cab to commute from his home to the Deal or No Deal studios in Bristol . He placed a fully dressed mannequin in the back so that he could use special bus/taxi lanes and so that the public would not attempt to hail his cab. [32] The Governor's official car in the Falkland Islands was a London taxi between 1976 and 2010. [33] In other countries [ edit ] A London taxi (TX1 model) in Switzerland A London taxi (TX4 model) in Singapore Between 2003 and 1 August 2009, it was possible to purchase the London taxi model TXII in the United States. Today there are approximately 250 TXIIs in the US, operating as taxis in San Francisco , Dallas , Long Beach , Houston , New Orleans , Las Vegas , Newport, Rhode Island , Wilmington, North Carolina and Portland, Oregon . There are also a few operating in Ottawa, Ontario , Canada . The largest London taxi rental fleet in North America is located in Wilmington and owned by The British Taxi Company. Cabs can also be seen in Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Lebanon , Egypt , Bahrain and Cyprus , as well as in Israel , where a Chinese-made version of LTI's model TX4 built by Geely Automobile is available for sale. On February 2010, a number of TX4s started operating in Pristina , the capital of Kosovo , and are known as London Taxi. [34] After July 2009, new London taxis were no longer available to buy in the United States. [35] Singapore has used London-style cabs since 1992; starting with the \"Fairway\". The flag down fares for the London Taxis are the same as for other taxis. SMRT Corporation , the sole operator, has as of March 2013 replaced its fleet of 15 ageing multi coloured (gold, pink, etc.) taxis with new white ones. These remain the only wheelchair accessible taxis in Singapore and have been brought back following an outcry as to the removal of such a service. [ citation needed ] As of 2011, 1000 of a Chinese-made version of LTI's latest model TX4 were ordered by Baku Taxi Company. The plan is part of a program originally announced by the Ministry of Transportation of Azerbaijan to introduce London cabs to the capital, Baku . [36] [37] The move was part of £16 million agreement between The London Taxi Company and Baku Taxi Company. [38] [39] Variety of models [ edit ] A Metrocab on Westminster Bridge There have been different makes and types of hackney cab through the years, [40] including: Mann & Overton —now The London Taxi Company and including Carbodies Unic sold in London from 1906 to 1930s Austin London Taxicab Austin FX3 Austin/Carbodies/LTI FX4 and Fairway LTI TX1 , TXII and TX4 Mercedes-Benz Vito W639 [41] Morris London General Cab Co. Citroën Beardmore Nuffield Oxford Taxi Beardmore Marks I to VII Metrocab (originally formed by Metro Cammell Weymann ) MCW/Reliant/Hooper Metrocab Use in advertising [ edit ] An example of an Eyetease digital screen on top of a hackney carriage Primelocation livery Vodafone livery Vita Coco coconut water livery The unique body of the London taxi is occasionally wrapped with all-over advertising, known as a \"livery\". [42] In October 2011 the company Eyetease Ltd. first introduced the use of digital screens on the roofs of London taxis for the purposes of broadcast advertising. [43] Future [ edit ] On 14 December 2010, the then Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , released an air quality strategy paper encouraging a phase-out of the oldest of the LT Cabs and proposing a £1m fund to encourage taxi owners to upgrade to low emission vehicles such as electric taxi cabs. On the same day, the then Secretary of State for Transport , Philip Hammond , unveiled the £5,000 electric car subsidy. [ citation needed ] . In the longer term, black cabs are predicted to be largely automated and driverless. [44] Digital hailing [ edit ] 2011 saw the launch of many digital hailing applications for hackney carriages that operate through smartphones, including GetTaxi and Hailo . Many of these applications also facilitate payment and tracking of the taxicabs. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Illegal taxicab operation Wagon Cabmen's Shelter Fund Cabvision M4 bus lane References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"Definition of \"hackney \" \" . Onlinedictionary.datasegment.com . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Definition of remise by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia\" . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Boston Police Hackney Carriage Unit\" . Cityofboston.gov . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"The history of the word \"Hackney \" \" . Worldwidewords.org . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Hansoms and Growlers\". The Globe and Traveller : 1. August 10, 1908. Jump up ^ \"DICCIONARIO DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA\" . REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ An Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent, June 1654 , british-history.ac.uk; accessed 26 May 2017. Jump up ^ \"William and Mary, 1694: An Act for the lycenseing and regulateing Hackney-Coaches and Stage-Coaches [Chapter XXII Rot. Parl. pt. 5. nu. 2.]\" . Statutes of the Realm: Volume 6, 1685-94 . Great Britain Record Commission. 1819. pp. 502–505 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ \"The Omnibuses of London\" . The Gentleman's Magazine . R. Newton: 663. December 1857. Jump up ^ Busch, Noel F. (1947) \"Life's Reports: Restful Days in Dublin\" \" Life Magazine 15 September 1947 page 9 , includes a photograph of a growler. Jump up ^ Knox, Thomas Wallace (1888) The pocket guide for Europe: hand-book for travellers on the Continent and the British Isles, and through Egypt, Palestine, and northern Africa G. Putnam, New York, page 34 , OCLC 28649833 ^ Jump up to: a b \"Taxi History - London Vintage Taxi Association\" . lvta.co.uk . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cockington Carriages plan for the future Jump up ^ traditionally all black in London Jump up ^ Golden times for black cabs , bbc.co.uk, 13 March 2002 Jump up ^ Why does traffic entering and leaving the Savoy Hotel in London drive on the right? , theguardian.com; accessed 26 May 2017. Jump up ^ Conditions of Fitness , tfl.gov.uk; accessed 26 May 2017. Jump up ^ Transported by Design Jump up ^ London’s transport ‘Design Icons’ announced , ltmuseum.co.uk; accessed 26 May 2017. Jump up ^ Transported By Design: Vote for your favourite part of London transport , timeout.com; accessed 26 May 2017. Jump up ^ The history of London's black cabs , theguardian.com, 9 December 2012. Jump up ^ About the Public Carriage Office , \"A brief history of the hackney carriage and Public Carriage Office\" . Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Jump up ^ Longest serving cabbie honoured , bbc.co.uk; accessed 26 May 2017. Jump up ^ de Garis, Kirsty (9 February 2003). \"What happened next?\" . The Observer . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Take our Mastermind quiz\" . BBC News . 7 July 2003 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Cab driver guilty of sex attacks\" . BBC News . 13 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ The sixpence was the smallest coin in circulation, so the phrase was a hyperbole meaning that it had a tight turning radius. Jump up ^ Last of the big spenders , time.com, 24 January 1972. Jump up ^ Photo of Gulbenkian in special cab Photographer Bryan Wharton, 1964 Jump up ^ \"Prince Philip's taxi\" . Royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephen Fry in America , stephenfry.com, 10 October 2008. Jump up ^ \"Noel Edmonds' black taxi mannequin gets a makeover from blonde to brunette\" . Daily Mirror . 21 April 2013. Jump up ^ \"Rex Hunt, Governor of the Falkland Islands\" . Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ben-Gedalyahu, Dubi (18 August 2009). \"Eldan to sell Chinese 'London taxi ' \" . Globes . Tel Aviv. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.london-fleet.com Jump up ^ Meidment, Neil. \"Manganese Bronze seals biggest London taxi order\" . Reuters . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Jaglom, Ben. \"Manganese takes black cab to Azerbaijan\" . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ \"1,000 London taxis for Azerbaijan\" . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ \"British firm wins £16m Azerbaijan order for its Chinese built taxis\" . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ \"Taxicab Make And Model History\" . London-taxi.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Jump up ^ \"London Black-Cab Crisis Opens Road to Mercedes Minivans\" . Bloomberg . 3 December 2012. Jump up ^ Robert Hardman (3 December 2012). \"End of the road for the Black Cab? They're a British icon—but now the factory that makes London taxis has run out of cash. And without a rescue, it's doomed\" . Daily Mail . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mark Prigg (11 October 2011). \"The video screen coming to a cab near you\" . ThisIsLondon . London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Thinking of doing The Knowledge? You may want to think again\" . Onega.net. 15 November 2016. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taxis of London . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cab . Fairway Owners Club and Forum Taxi fare calculator based on fares set by local authorities Taxis and private hire Transport for London Public Carriage Office London hackney coach regulations, 1819. Genealogy UK Genealogy and Family History. 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{ "text": "The Gospel of Wealth - Wikipedia The Gospel of Wealth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Not to be confused with Prosperity Gospel . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carnegie portrait (detail) in the National Portrait Gallery [1] \"Wealth\" , [2] more commonly known as \"The Gospel of Wealth\" , [3] is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June [4] of 1889 [5] that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich . Carnegie proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to utilize their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner. This approach was contrasted with traditional bequest (patrimony), where wealth is handed down to heirs, and other forms of bequest e.g. where wealth is willed to the state for public purposes. Benjamin Soskis, a historian of philanthropy, refers to the article as the ' urtext ' of modern philanthropy. [6] Carnegie argued that surplus wealth is put to best use (i.e. produces the greatest net benefit to society) when it is administered carefully by the wealthy. Carnegie also argues against wasteful use of capital in the form of extravagance, irresponsible spending, or self-indulgence, instead promoting the administration of said capital over the course of one's lifetime toward the cause of reducing the stratification between the rich and poor. As a result, the wealthy should administer their riches responsibly and not in a way that encourages \"the slothful, the drunken, the unworthy\". Contents 1 Andrew Carnegie 1.1 Early life 1.2 Industrial life 1.3 Scholar and activist 1.4 Death 2 Publication 3 Assertions 4 Reception 4.1 William Ewart Gladstone 4.2 Phoebe Apperson Hearst's \"Gospel of Wealth\" 5 Relevance in the Modern Age 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Andrew Carnegie [ edit ] \"I should consider it a disgrace to die a rich man\" - Andrew Carnegie , 1887 [ citation needed ] Early life [ edit ] Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline , Scotland in 1835. The only schooling he received was from the local grammar school. He held onto his Scottish roots throughout most of his life - he retained close ties with his relative that stayed in Scotland; many of his early business associates were americanized Scots; his English school friends had Scottish ties; he returned home to Scotland almost every summer. Even his radicalism can be tied to his Scottish roots. His immediate family rejected the establishment, from his grandfather who was a controversial orator and contributor to Register , William Cobbet's political journal, to his mother and father, who rejected the Presbyterian Church. Due to their radicalism, the Carnegies moved to Antebellum America in 1848. His father lost nearly everything he owned, and never recovered from the shock of his poverty, so Carnegie's mother supported the family until he, himself, was able to become the primary breadwinner, and support the family. He felt indebted to his mother for the rest of his life, which contributed to his determination to succeed, and his generosity with his money later in life. Carnegie didn't marry until after his mother died. [7] Industrial life [ edit ] Unlike many industrialists of his time, Carnegie was not an inventor or a risk-taking Wall Street financier. Many of his fellow capitalists financed their various business ventures with watered-down stocks. This is not how Carnegie chose to conduct his business. All of his early organizations were either partnerships or associations. He chose to focus on the vertical integration of a single industry, specifically the steel industry. Most others made their profits by creating a horizontal monopoly. He worked hard to control entire industries, rather than parts of many. By 1890, Carnegie was a multi-millionaire. [7] Scholar and activist [ edit ] At the age of 35, Carnegie decided to limit his personal wealth and donate the surplus to benevolent causes. He was determined to be remembered for his good deeds rather than his wealth. He became a \"radical\" philanthropist. Prior to publishing his ideas about wealth, he began donating to his favorite causes, starting by donating a public bath to his hometown of Dunfermline. [7] Carnegie never pursued a formal education. At one point, he wrote that he wished to attend Oxford University, but that never happened. Instead, he spent most of his free time as a young adult reading and educating himself. [7] Death [ edit ] Andrew Carnegie died in 1919 in Lenox, Massachusetts . His autobiography was published posthumously in 1920, which contained many gaps, since he died in the midst of writing his book about the outbreak of the First World War. [7] Publication [ edit ] As Carnegie tried to live his life in a way that the poor could benefit from his wealth, he decided he needed to share his ideas with the public. In 1880, he published his controversial views in an article entitled \"Wealth\" in the North American Review , an opinion magazine for America's establishment. It was later published as \"The Gospel of Wealth\" in the Pall Mall Gazette . Assertions [ edit ] The Gospel of Wealth asserts that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth. Carnegie based his philosophy on the observation that the heirs of large fortunes frequently squandered them in riotous living rather than nurturing and growing them. Even bequeathing one's fortune to charity was no guarantee that it would be used wisely, due to the fact that there was no guarantee that a charitable organization not under one's direction would use the money in accordance with one's wishes. Carnegie disapproved of charitable giving that maintained the poor in their impoverished state, and urged a movement toward the creation of a new mode of giving that would create opportunities for the beneficiaries of the gift to better themselves. As a result, the gift would not be simply consumed, but would be productive of even greater wealth throughout the house. In \"The Gospel of Wealth\", Carnegie examines the modes of distributing accumulated wealth and capital to the communities from which they originate. He preached that ostentatious living and amassing private treasures were wrong. He praised the high British taxes on the estates of dead millionaires, remarking that \"By taxing estates heavily at death the State marks its condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life. It is desirable that nations should go much further in this direction.\" [2] Carnegie made it clear that the duty of the rich was to live modest lifestyles, [8] and that any surplus of money they had was best suited for re-circulation back into society where it could be used to support the greater good. He shunned aristocratic chains of inheritance and argued that dependents should be supported by their work with major moderation, with the bulk of excess wealth to be spent on enriching the community. In cases where excess wealth was held until death, he advocated its apprehension by the state on a progressive scale: \"Indeed, it is difficult to set bounds to the share of a rich man's estates which should go at his death to the public through the agency of the State, and by all means such taxes should be granted, beginning at nothing upon moderate sums to dependents, and increasing rapidly as the amounts swell, until of the millionaire's hoard, at least the other half comes to the privy coffer of the State.\" [2] . Reception [ edit ] When Carnegie Steel busted the union in 1892, Carnegie was able to keep himself from blame because he focused on his new doctrine for the wealthy. The Homestead Strike ended in a showdown between 300 Pinkerton guards and a crowd of steel workers and supporters devolved into an exchange of gunfire. This outbreak left 7 workers and 3 guards dead, and many more wounded. It made headlines around the world, and reporters reached Carnegie, who was in Scotland at the time. When questioned, Carnegie called the violence \"deplorable\" but otherwise pleaded ignorance, and stated \"I have given up all active control of the business.\" This move kept him innocent, and he began to focus on his philanthropic work and teaching the Gospel of Wealth. His good works still benefit people around the globe, and people saw that in him. The Homestead Strike did little to mar his reputation. [9] Carnegie's controversial views on wealth sparked a trans-Atlantic debate that argued the nature, purpose, and disposition of wealth. William Ewart Gladstone [ edit ] William Ewart Gladstone , the head of the Liberal Party in England, and a friend of Carnegie's, had some sharp remarks on the publication. Even though they were close friends and had similar political ideals, Gladstone did not agree with Carnegie's paper. Gladstone defended primogeniture , unlimited inheritance, and the British Aristocracy. [7] This led to many other critics joining Gladstone in denouncing Carnegie's \"radical\" philanthropic ways. These critical reviews led Carnegie to publish a series of essays defending himself. He defended individualism, private property, and the accumulation of personal wealth on the grounds that they benefited the human race in the long run. In an effort to convince his critics that he wasn't saying everyone should get free handouts from the upper class, he edited his original doctrine, so that it read \"Help those who will help themselves, to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so.\" Since many interpreted his writing to mean that all those in poverty should be assisted by the wealthy, it was necessary for Carnegie to clarify that charity has its limitations. [7] Phoebe Apperson Hearst's \"Gospel of Wealth\" [ edit ] In 1901, U.S. Senator Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver wrote an article for the celebrity magazine Success , titled \" Phoebe Apperson Hearst and the New Gospel of Wealth\". Hearst was an American philanthropist and suffragist . According to Dolliver, Hearst saw inadequacies of public schools and was concerned about urban poverty and vice. She, like Carnegie, believed that as a millionaire, it was her duty to help those less fortunate. [10] The purpose of Dolliver's article was to explain Hearst's \"Gospel of Wealth\" and illustrate how she should be viewed as a complementary equal to men like Carnegie. She declared that women who were wealthy had a sacred and moral duty to give away their fortunes to causes, especially progressive education and reform, to benefit their communities. [11] Like Carnegie, Hearst was very concerned with giving the lower class the opportunity to be educated at the same level at which the upper class was educated. Also like Carnegie, she established her own free public library. Hers was located in Anaconda, Montana . Relevance in the Modern Age [ edit ] Further information: Carnegie libraries Carnegie Free Library of Braddock in Braddock, Pennsylvania , built in 1888, was the first Carnegie Library in the United States. Carnegie put his philosophy into practice through a program of gifts to endow public libraries , known as ' Carnegie libraries ' in cities and towns throughout the United States and the English-speaking world , with the idea that he was thus providing people with the tools to better themselves. [12] In order to ensure that his gifts would not be wasted, he stipulated that the municipality must pass an ordinance establishing a tax to support the library's ongoing operating costs after the initial grant provided the costs for building and equipping the library. Each of these organizations had its own endowment and its own board of trustees. Many of them still exist today. After several communities squandered their grants on extravagant buildings, Carnegie established a system of architectural guidelines that mandated simplicity and functionality. When it became obvious that Carnegie could not give away his entire fortune within his lifetime, he established the Carnegie Foundation to continue his program of giving. Little Free Libraries are starting to pop up in cities like Ann Arbor and Detroit , Michigan, and Cleveland, Ohio . These free libraries follow Carnegie's philosophy of offering to the lower class things that the upper class already has access to. Little Free Libraries is an organization that stocks books in boxes throughout inner-city areas for the youth to enjoy. For many reasons, these kids don't have access to regular libraries. Having instant access to books in their neighborhood is beneficial in helping them improve their literacy and progress with their education at the same pace as the children in the more affluent neighborhoods. See also [ edit ] The Giving Pledge Gospel of success References [ edit ] Jump up ^ National Portrait Gallery catalogue ^ Jump up to: a b c Carnegie, Andrew (June 1889). \"Wealth\" . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ The Gospel of Wealth by Andrew Carnegie Jump up ^ \"Carnegie.Gospel of Wealth\" . www.swarthmore.edu . Retrieved 2015-12-14 . Jump up ^ \"The Gospel According to Andrew: Carnegie's Hymn to Wealth\" . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ \"Both More and No More: The Historical Split between Charity and Philanthropy\" . hudson.org . Retrieved 2018-08-27 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Snow, Vernon (July 1991). \"Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth\". Society . doi : 10.1007/bf02695689 . Jump up ^ http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1889carnegie.asp Jump up ^ Ernsberger, Richard (February 2015). \"Andrew Carnegie: Robber Baron turned Robin Hood\". American History : 32–41. Jump up ^ Dolliver, Jonathan (1901). \"Phoebe Apperson Hearst and The New Gospel of Wealth\". Success (4): 839–840. Jump up ^ Nickliss, Alexandra (2002). \"Phoebe Apperson Hearst's \"Gospel of Wealth,\" 1883-1901\". Pacific Historical Review . 71 (4): 575–605. doi : 10.1525/phr.2002.71.4.575 . Jump up ^ Abigail Ayres Van Slyck Free To All , p. 22, University of Chicago Press, 1995 ISBN 978-0-226-85031-3 External links [ edit ] Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Gospel of Wealth Wealth , by Andrew Carnegie , North American Review Vol.148, Issue 391 pp. 653–665, June 1889. (Later published as Part I of The Gospel of Wealth ) The Best Fields for Philanthropy , by Andrew Carnegie , North American Review Vol.149, Issue 397 pp. 682–699, December 1889. (Later published as Part II of The Gospel of Wealth ) Excerpts from \"Wealth\" by Andrew Carnegie, North American Review , 148, no. 391 (June 1889) Carnegie, South American View , 223 no. 876 (October 1982) Carnegie, Andrew. The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays . New York: The Century Co, 1901. Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gospel_of_Wealth&oldid=862411593 \" Categories : 1880s essays Philanthropy Andrew Carnegie 1889 documents Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from March 2009 All articles lacking in-text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Deutsch 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018, at 06:14 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "Bella Swan - Wikipedia Bella Swan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Isabella Marie Swan Twilight character Bella Swan as portrayed by Kristen Stewart in New Moon . First appearance Twilight Last appearance Breaking Dawn Midnight Sun (unpublished) Created by Stephenie Meyer Portrayed by Kristen Stewart Catherine Grimme (as a child) Information Nickname(s) Bella Bells Bell Vampire girl (by Emily Young & Embry Call) Arizona (in films) Species Human ( Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , Breaking Dawn ) Vampire ( Breaking Dawn ) Gender Female Occupation Student (through Twilight to Eclipse ) Employee at Newton's Olympic Outfitters ( New Moon and Eclipse ) Family Charlie Swan (father) Renée Dwyer (mother) Phil Dwyer (stepfather) Carlisle Cullen (adoptive father-in-law) Esme Cullen (adoptive mother-in-law) Emmett Cullen and Jasper Hale (adoptive brothers-in-law) Alice Cullen and Rosalie Hale (adoptive sisters-in-law) Spouse(s) Edward Cullen (husband) Children Renesmee Cullen (daughter) Nationality American Isabella Marie \" Bella \" Swan (later Bella Cullen ) is a character and the protagonist of the Twilight series , written by Stephenie Meyer . The Twilight series, consisting of the novels Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , and Breaking Dawn , is primarily narrated from Bella's point of view, but partway through Breaking Dawn it is written from the point of view of Jacob Black . In the film series , Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart . In Twilight , Bella moves to her father's home in Forks, Washington , meets the mysterious Cullen family, and falls in love with Edward Cullen . However, she soon discovers that the family is a coven of vampires . Bella expresses a desire to become a vampire herself, but Edward refuses to \"turn\" her. In the second novel, New Moon , Edward and the other Cullens leave Forks in an effort to keep Bella safe from the vampire world. Jacob Black , a member of the Quileute tribe who is also a shape shifter taking a wolf form, comforts the distraught and severely depressed Bella. She comes to care deeply for Jacob, though less than she loves Edward. At the end of Eclipse , Bella becomes engaged to Edward, and they marry in Breaking Dawn . On their honeymoon, she becomes pregnant by Edward and, due to the peculiar nature of her baby, Bella nearly dies giving birth to their daughter, Renesmee Cullen . Edward turns Bella into a vampire to save her life. Contents 1 Concept and creation 2 Appearances 2.1 Twilight 2.2 New Moon 2.3 Eclipse 2.4 Breaking Dawn 3 Characterization 3.1 Physical appearance 3.2 Personality 3.3 Film portrayal 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Concept and creation [ edit ] The premise for both the Bella Swan character and the Twilight series originated in a dream Stephenie Meyer had in which an \"average girl\" and a \"fantastically beautiful, sparkly ... vampire ... were having an intense conversation in a meadow in the woods.\" In this dream, the pair \"were discussing the difficulties inherent in the facts that ... they were falling in love with each other while ... the vampire was particularly attracted to the scent of her blood, and was having a difficult time restraining himself from killing her.\" [1] Meyer's original characters were unnamed; she took to calling the characters, who would later become Edward Cullen and Bella, 'he' and 'she' for the purpose of convenience as she, \"didn't want to lose the dream.\" The name 'Isabella' was decided upon, Meyer explains, because \"after spending so much time with [the character], I loved her like a daughter. ... Inspired by that love, I gave her the name I was saving for my daughter,... Isabella.\" [1] Bella's positive reception at her new school in Forks, particularly her popularity with male characters, was modelled after Meyer's real life move from high school to college. [2] Meyer has said that there are similarities between Bella and the title character of Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre , a novel which she has cited as an influence on the Twilight series. [3] Appearances [ edit ] Twilight [ edit ] Bella, who first appears in Twilight , is a 17-year-old girl, who moves out from her mother's home in Phoenix, Arizona , to live with her father, Charlie Swan, a police chief, in her birthplace of Forks, Washington . There, she is enrolled at Forks High School , where she becomes intrigued by a student, Edward Cullen and his family. When Edward saves her life, he exhibits super-human qualities. Bella learns from her family friend Jacob Black that Quileute legends say the Cullen family are Cold Ones. [4] Edward eventually admits he's a vampire, though his family have what they call a \"vegetarian\" diet-only hunting animals. [5] Edward constantly warns Bella against being with him, perceiving her life to be at constant risk if she continues to associate with him, because the scent of her blood is more powerful to him than that of any other human he has ever met. Bella's love and confidence in Edward's restraint is such that his warnings go unheeded, and while playing baseball with the Cullen family, she becomes the target of a sadistic vampire, James . Edward is able to save Bella from James' predations, though Edward is still unwilling to change Bella into a vampire himself. [6] New Moon [ edit ] New Moon begins on Bella's eighteenth birthday. She dreams of looking much older than Edward Cullen, her boyfriend. During a birthday celebration at the Cullen residence, Bella gets a small paper cut while unwrapping a present. Edward's brother, Jasper, instinctively thirsting for her blood, attacks Bella before Edward and Emmett restrain him. In a misguided attempt to protect Bella, Edward moves away with his family. Edward's departure results in Bella being depressed and isolated for months. To appease her worried father, Bella attends a movie with her school friend, Jessica. While there, she carelessly approaches a group of dangerous-looking men outside a bar, and discovers she can hear Edward's voice when her adrenaline runs high. Desperate to hear his voice again, Bella continually seeks out danger by convincing Jacob to repair two old motorcycles and teach her how to ride. Their friendship increases, and Jacob admits that he has romantic feelings for Bella, though she does not reciprocate them. When a vampire named Laurent tries to attack her, Bella is saved by a pack of wolves. Later, Bella learns that Jacob and other tribe members are shape shifters who phase into wolf form to protect humans from vampires. Bella also discovers that the vampire, Victoria , has returned to Forks, seeking to kill Bella to avenge her mate, James' death. To hear Edward's voice, Bella attempts cliff jumping and nearly drowns, but she is saved by Jacob. Edward, after mistakenly being informed that Bella has committed suicide, travels to Volterra, Italy , to request the Volturi to destroy him. Alice returns to Forks and discovers Bella is still alive, and the funeral she envisioned was really Harry Clearwater's funeral after his death from a heart attack. Alice and Bella pursue Edward to Italy and successfully prevent him from showing himself in daylight to humans, an act that would result in his execution. The trio are taken to the Volturi. Because Bella knows about vampires, the Volturi would either killer her or have her become a vampire herself. Alice shows Aro a vision of Bella and Edward as vampires, and they're free to leave. Upon returning home, Edward tells Bella that he never stopped loving her, and he only left Forks, because he thought it would protect her. Edward promises to never leave Bella's side ever again. Bella, intent on becoming a vampire, decides that Edward's family should vote on her fate. Only Rosalie and Edward say no, but Edward agrees to change her himself if she will marry him. [7] Eclipse [ edit ] Eclipse continues the drama of Bella and Edward's relationship. Edward explains that he is reluctant to change Bella into a vampire, because he believes that vampires are soulless creatures, who have no place in heaven. Bella, whose opinion of marriage is jaded by her own parents' early divorce, agrees to marry Edward on the condition that he will make love to her while she is still human and then turn her into a vampire . Edward initially refuses, saying that he could easily lose control in the heat of the moment and unintentionally kill her. He also reminds Bella that he's from another era, where relationships had fewer complications, and agrees to make love to her after marrying her. The plot is driven by the machinations of the vampire Victoria , who first encountered Bella and the Cullens during the first novel, Twilight . Victoria, seeking to avenge her lover, James' death, hunts Bella while building a new vampire army. To combat this threat, a reluctant truce is struck between the Cullen family, and the shape shifting wolf pack led by Sam Uley and Jacob Black, who pits himself against Edward as a love interest for Bella. Bella considers Jacob only as a friend, but despite her engagement to Edward, she shares a kiss with him, and realizes that she loves him, too, but loves Edward more. Bella acknowledges that Edward is the most important person in her life, and knows she has to tell her father. [8] Breaking Dawn [ edit ] Breaking Dawn begins with the wedding of Bella and Edward at the Cullen home. They spend their honeymoon on Isle Esme, a small island off the coast of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil that was given to Esme as a gift from Carlisle. They make love, but their lovemaking sparks a conflict between the newlywed couple: Edward is horrified that he has bruised Bella, but she insists that she is fine and wants Edward to make love to her again. Although he vows not to do so again while she is still human, he eventually gives in. Two weeks later, Bella becomes very sick, and realizes that she is pregnant. Edward is shocked and rushes Bella home to see Carlisle, who is a doctor. He confirms that she's pregnant, and Bella's health deteriorates from the baby's accelerated growth. Edward tries to talk her into having an abortion to save her own life. Bella refuses, and asks Rosalie to act as her bodyguard, as she feels a bond with her unborn child, and insists on giving birth. Soon, Edward comes to love the baby as well, after he hears its thoughts, and learns that the baby loves Bella in return, and doesn't mean to hurt her. Bella undergoes a cesarean section, and nearly dies, but Edward successfully delivers their daughter, Renesmee. He then uses a special needle to inject his venom into Bella's heart, and bites her neck, arms, and legs. During Bella's transformation, Jacob imprints —an involuntary process in which a shape-shifter finds his soulmate — on their baby, Renesmee Cullen . After a vampire named Irina mistakes Renesmee for an immortal vampire child (a creation that is forbidden in the vampire world), Alice foresees the Volturi will arrive to destroy the Cullen family as punishment for the alleged transgression. The Cullen family find witnesses to observe the mortality of Renesmee. Bella learns she's a shield and learns to shield people from other's mental thoughts and senses. Edward stands with Bella and their allies to convince the Volturi that Renesmee is not an immortal child, and poses no threat to their existence. Once the Volturi leave, Edward and Bella are finally free to live their lives in peace with their daughter forever. [9] Characterization [ edit ] Physical appearance [ edit ] Bella is describes as being petite, with a height of roughly 5'4\", and a very translucent, pale complexion. She has thick, long, brown hair with a wide forehead, and a widows peak. Her eyes are described as being \"chocolate brown\" and widely spaced. She has a small, thin nose, prominent cheekbones, lips a bit too full for her slim jawline, and thin eyebrows that are straighter than they are arched. Her fingernails described as stubby from being bitten down. The scent of her O negative blood is incredibly attractive to vampires, described by Bree Tanner to be the \"sweetest scent she'd ever smelled\", though it is a thousand times more intense to Edward Cullen . As for distinguishing features, Bella has a small crescent-shaped scar on her hand where she was bitten by James , a tracker vampire, in Twilight . The scar is described as being pale, always a few degrees colder than the rest of her body, and it shines like a vampire's skin when exposed to the sunlight. After Bella is changed into a vampire by Edward, she becomes extremely beautiful with even paler skin, straight waist-length hair, and crimson red eyes that will eventually turn gold after months of drinking animal blood. Her features are also heightened and perfected by the transformation. Bella wears plain shirts, jeans, and sneakers for everywhere she goes, as she lacks care in her appearance. Personality [ edit ] Bella is described as being clumsy, having a weak constitution, being nonathletic and hating anything physical. Bella is also described as a reclusive loner, shy, quiet, insecure, and very sensitive. She also cares for the rest of the Cullen family, her father Charlie and mother Renée, and her friend Jacob Black. She has a tendency to underestimate the people around her mainly because of her concerns for their safety. Having learned to take care of her mother over the years and being naturally responsible, Bella had developed into a very mature person, especially for her age. She mostly prefers to spend her free time reading classics from school. When it comes to fashion, Bella is not traditionally feminine. She hates dressing up, saying that makeup \"is a pain\" and that she feels uncomfortable in impractical, elegant clothes; however, Alice does not care what Bella thinks and continues to persuade her to dress up and look glamorous. She is not materialistic and does not like spending money on luxurious items, telling Edward in New Moon \"not to spend a dime on [her] birthday,\" and that fast cars are unnecessary, saying that Edward gave her himself and anything else he gives her would throw their relationship off balance. She hates being singled out, and does not like her birthday being celebrated. She also has very negative views on teen marriage due to her parents' early experience, but learns to overcome them later. She is an extremely private person who keeps her thoughts and feelings to herself and hates when someone tries to understand her, which is thought to be why Edward is unable to hear her thoughts. She is also known to be incredibly stubborn with herself, because of her determination to become a vampire in order to be with Edward forever. She is also said to possess poor acting skills. Ironically, she demonstrates good acting ability in Twilight when she makes her father believe that she has dumped Edward and is leaving Forks. She is a very shy and timid girl with a stiff uptight position, habit of biting her lip, which she shares with Kristen Stewart. Bella knits together her eyebrows when feeling strong emotions such as anxiety. As a human, Bella easily fainted at the sight or smell of blood, which she said smells like rust and salt in Twilight, though it changes after she became a vampire. Bella is also shown in Breaking Dawn, to have a good mood climate, and is able to run away from the smell of human blood when she goes on her first hunting trip as a vampire. Bella has a sarcastic sense of humor, especially when she gets mad; Bella is almost always a very soft and forgiving person who is hard to anger. She is easily scared but can be surprisingly very brave, able to block painful thoughts and memories (hence her special vampire ability), and tends to come face-to-face with life-threatening danger head-on, even though she can get scared later. She puts Edward before herself and everybody and everything else, but several 'selfish' tendencies emerge (as when she asked Edward to stay with her instead of fighting vampires in Eclipse). Meyer has stated that Bella's \" tragic flaw \" in Eclipse is her lack of self-knowledge. This is most obviously illustrated in her consistent denial of any romantic feelings for Jacob Black, despite the fact that she later realizes that she is, indeed, in love with him. Bella is also a very bad liar except to herself. According to Eclipse, Jacob and Edward saying that she's a terrible liar, are evidence to this. Besides, she also admits this throughout the whole saga, though she seemingly manages to lie to herself about her romantic feelings for Jacob. In contrary to her fearful demeanor, Bella, according to Edward in Midnight Sun, has no sense of fear when she finds out Edward is a vampire. Instead of running away, as she should have, she decides to ask lots of questions with extreme curiosity. This makes Edward believe that it is not bad luck that follows her around, but that she has no sense of self-preservation. Bella isn't very rational nor sensible as she lacks common sense and street intelligence. She hates anything cold and wet, even snow, which is why she initially hated to live in Forks. However, after meeting Edward, she found the town much more comfortable, even calling it \"home\". As a vampire, she also dislikes the idea of feeding on humans, but is glad to have found the strength she needed to protect her loved ones. Bella inherited her mother's high perceptiveness to some degree, as she was able to guess Edward was a mind reader, the first human to do so. However, she was not able to guess that Edward was in love with her. After being turned into a vampire, she describes having a much clearer view of the world. She is also very self-controlled, being able to ignore the scent of human blood on her first hunting trip. Bella's private mind that was able to repel some vampires' mental abilities while she was human evolved after she became a vampire; her skill strengthened, allowing her to shield herself and those around her from other vampires' mental gifts. By the end of Breaking Dawn , she is able to cast the shield away from herself. She is also described by Edward as \"very graceful\", even for a vampire, in comparison to her earlier clumsiness. Film portrayal [ edit ] In the film adaptations , Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart . [10] Meyer stated that she was \"very excited\" to see Stewart play the part and that she was \"thrilled to have a Bella who has practice [in a vast array of film genres]\", since, according to Meyer, Twilight has moments that fit into many genres. [11] Stewart wears contact lenses in the films in order to achieve a chocolate brown eye color as described in the books. Despite that exception, Stewart and Bella are very similar in personality, both reserved and inexpressive. Though Stewart has a completely different side to her, just like Bella. Reception [ edit ] Bella has received a generally negative reception from critics. Publishers Weekly states that, after her transformation into a vampire, \"it's almost impossible to identify with her\" in Breaking Dawn . [12] Lilah Lohr of the Chicago Tribune compares Bella's character to the story of the Quileute wolves and describes it as \"less satisfying.\" [13] During Twilight , Kirkus Reviews stated that \"Bella's appeal is based on magic rather than character\", but that her and Edward's \"portrayal of dangerous lovers hits the spot\". [14] In the review of New Moon , Kirkus Reviews said that Bella's personality was \"flat and obsessive\". [15] Laura Miller of salon.com said, in regards to Edward and Bella, \"neither of them has much personality to speak of.\" [16] Entertainment Weekly ' s Jennifer Reese, in her review of Breaking Dawn noted, in regard to Bella, \"You may wish she had loftier goals and a mind of her own, but these are fairy tales, and as a steadfast lover in the Disney Princess mold, Bella has a certain saccharine appeal\", and that during Bella's pregnancy \"she is not only hard to identify with but positively horrifying, especially while guzzling human blood to nourish the infant.\" [17] Washington Post journalist Elizabeth Hand noted how Bella was often described as breakable and that \"Edward's habit of constantly pulling her onto his lap or having her ride on his back further emphasize her childlike qualities\", continuing to write that \"the overall effect is a weird infantilization that has repellent overtones to an adult reader and hardly seems like an admirable model to foist upon our daughters (or sons).\" [18] Gina Dalfonzo, in an article posted on the National Review website, calls Bella \" self-deprecating \" before her transformation into a vampire, and afterwards she is \"insufferably vain\". [19] Dalfonzo also states that Bella gets what she wants and discovers her worth \"by giving up her identity and throwing away nearly everything in life that matters.\" [19] Bella Swan was often compared to Katniss Everdeen on the publication of The Hunger Games . [20] References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b \"The Story Behind Twilight\" . Stepheniemeyer.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008-09-02 . Jump up ^ \"Bella's Move to Another High School\" . Stepheniemeyer.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-06 . Jump up ^ Karen Valby (November 5, 2008). \"Stephenie Meyer: 12 of My 'Twilight' Inspirations\" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 5, 2008 . Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2005). Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little, Brown . p. 126. ISBN 978-0-316-01584-4 . Blood drinkers,\" he replied in a chilling voice. \"Your people call them vampires. Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2005). Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little, Brown . p. 337. ISBN 978-0-316-01584-4 . One night, a herd of deer passed his hiding place. He was so wild with thirst, that he attacked without thought. His strength returned and he realized there was an alternative to being the vile monster he feared. Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2005). Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little, Brown . p. 475. ISBN 978-0-316-01584-4 . Exactly\", he [Edward] snapped. \"And I won't end it [life] for you [Bella]. Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie . (2006) New Moon . 563pp. Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie . (2007) Eclipse . 629pp. Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie . (2008) Breaking Dawn . 756pp. Jump up ^ \"Kristen Stewart chosen\" . MTV . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-20 . Jump up ^ \"Excitement Towards Stewart's role\" . Stephenie Meyer . Retrieved 2008-08-20 . Jump up ^ \"Breaking Dawn: Stephenie Meyer, Author\" . Publisher's Weekly . Jump up ^ \"Chicago Tribune Breaking Dawn review\" . Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-08 . Jump up ^ \"Twilight at Kirkus Reviews\" . Kirkus Reviews. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-08 . Jump up ^ \"New Moon at Kirkus Reviews\" . Kirkus Reviews. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-08 . Jump up ^ \"Twilight series at salon.com\" . Salon.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-08 . Jump up ^ \"Entertainment Weekly Breaking Dawn review\" . Entertainment Weekly . 2008-08-08. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-20 . Jump up ^ Hand, Elizabeth (2008-08-10). \"Washington Post Review\" . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-08-20 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"National Review\" . National Review . Archived from the original on 26 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008-08-22 . Jump up ^ Firestone, Amanda (2012). \"Apples to Oranges\". Of bread, blood, and the Hunger Games : critical essays on the Suzanne Collins trilogy . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., Publishers. p. 209. ISBN 9780786470198 . External links [ edit ] Twilight portal Novels portal Stephenie Meyer - Official Website Bella Swan on Facebook hide v t e The Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Books Twilight New Moon Eclipse Breaking Dawn Film series Twilight The Twilight Saga: New Moon The Twilight Saga: Eclipse The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 Part 2 Cast members Characters Bella Swan Edward Cullen Jacob Black Music Twilight \" Decode \" \" Spotlight \" New Moon \" Meet Me on the Equinox \" \" Possibility \" Eclipse \" Neutron Star Collision (Love Is Forever) \" \" Heavy in Your Arms \" Breaking Dawn – Part 1 \" It Will Rain \" \" A Thousand Years \" Breaking Dawn – Part 2 \" The Forgotten \" Spin-offs The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Midnight Sun (unpublished) Life and Death: Twilight Reimagined Comics Twilight: The Graphic Novel New Moon: The Graphic Novel Other The Twilight Saga: The Official Illustrated Guide Twilight fandom TwiCon Scene It? Twilight Related articles Vampires Suck Breaking Wind Fifty Shades of Grey Gabriel's Inferno Beautiful Bastard Category Portal Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bella_Swan&oldid=862092215 \" Categories : Female characters in film Female characters in literature Characters in fantasy literature Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional characters from Arizona Fictional characters from Washington (state) Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional vampires Fictional psychics Vampires in written fiction Twilight series characters Teenage characters in film Teenage characters in literature Romance film characters Hidden categories: Pages using deprecated image syntax Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018, at 03:38 (UTC) . 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{ "text": "Arrow (TV series) - Wikipedia Arrow (TV series) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Not to be confused with the television series Arrows (TV series) or The Arrow . For other uses of \"Arrow\", see Arrow (disambiguation) . Arrow Season one title card Genre Superhero fiction Drama Action Crime Mystery Based on Characters from DC Comics Developed by Greg Berlanti Marc Guggenheim Andrew Kreisberg Starring Stephen Amell Katie Cassidy Colin Donnell David Ramsey Willa Holland Susanna Thompson Paul Blackthorne Emily Bett Rickards Colton Haynes Manu Bennett John Barrowman Echo Kellum Josh Segarra Rick Gonzalez Juliana Harkavy Composer(s) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 137 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) David Nutter (pilot) Sarah Schechter Wendy Mericle Andrew Kreisberg Marc Guggenheim Greg Berlanti Beth Schwartz Producer(s) J. P. Finn Wendy Mericle Todd Pittson Ben Sokolowski Keto Shimizu Glen Winter James Bamford Jon Wallace Jennifer Lence Carl Ogawa Location(s) Vancouver, British Columbia Cinematography Glen Winter Gordon Verheul Gregory Middleton C. Kim Miles Corey Robson Editor(s) Kristin Windell Andi Armaganian Paul Karasik Jessie Murray Thomas Wallerstein Carol Slutz Camera setup Single-camera Running time 40–43 minutes Production company(s) Berlanti Productions DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release October 10, 2012 ( 2012-10-10 ) – present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Arrowverse External links Official website Production website Arrow is an American superhero television series developed by writer/producers Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim , and Andrew Kreisberg . It is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow , a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp . It premiered in the United States on The CW on October 10, 2012, with international broadcasting taking place in late 2012. Primarily filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada, the series follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ), who, five years after being stranded on a hostile island, returns home to fight crime and corruption as a secret vigilante whose weapon of choice is a bow and arrow. The series takes a new look at the Green Arrow character, as well as other characters from the DC Comics universe. Although Oliver Queen/Green Arrow had been featured in the television series Smallville from 2006 to 2011, on the CW, the producers decided to start clean and find a new actor to portray the character. Arrow focuses on the humanity of Oliver Queen, and how he was changed by time spent shipwrecked on an island. Most episodes in the first five seasons have flashback scenes to the five years in which Oliver was missing. [1] Arrow has received generally positive reviews from critics. The series averaged about 3.68 million viewers over the course of the first season and received several awards and multiple nominations. To promote it, a preview comic book was released before the television series began, while webisodes featuring a product tie-in with Bose were developed for the second season. The first five seasons are available on DVD and Blu-ray in regions 1, 2 and 4 ; a series of soundtracks was also released. In October 2014, a spin-off series entitled The Flash premiered. [2] In August 2015, an animated spin-off, Vixen , was released, while a second live-action spin-off, Legends of Tomorrow , premiered in January 2016, featuring several characters from Arrow and The Flash . All four shows are set in a shared universe collectively known as the Arrowverse . On January 8, 2017, The CW renewed the show for a sixth season, [3] which debuted on October 12, 2017. [4] On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a seventh season. [5] Contents [ hide ] 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Costume design 3.3 Music 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Other media 6.1 Digital comics 6.2 Blood Rush 6.3 Video games 6.4 Novels 7 Home release 8 Crossover with Constantine 9 Arrowverse 10 References 11 External links Series overview [ edit ] Main article: List of Arrow episodes This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (February 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers (in millions) 1 23 October 10, 2012 ( 2012-10-10 ) May 15, 2013 ( 2013-05-15 ) 130 3.68 [6] 2 23 October 9, 2013 ( 2013-10-09 ) May 14, 2014 ( 2014-05-14 ) 128 3.28 [7] 3 23 October 8, 2014 ( 2014-10-08 ) May 13, 2015 ( 2015-05-13 ) 135 3.52 [8] 4 23 October 7, 2015 ( 2015-10-07 ) May 25, 2016 ( 2016-05-25 ) 145 2.90 [9] 5 23 October 5, 2016 ( 2016-10-05 ) May 24, 2017 ( 2017-05-24 ) 147 2.21 [10] 6 23 [11] October 12, 2017 ( 2017-10-12 ) May 17, 2018 ( 2018-05-17 ) [12] TBA TBA The series follows Oliver Queen , billionaire playboy of Starling City , who is discovered on the mysterious island of Lian Yu five years after he and his father were shipwrecked. Upon his return to Starling City, he is reunited with his mother, Moira Queen , his sister, Thea Queen , and his friends, Tommy Merlyn and Laurel Lance. In the first season, Oliver rekindles relationships and spends nights as a hooded vigilante hunting wealthy criminals listed in his father's notebook. He uncovers Malcolm Merlyn 's plot to destroy \"The Glades\", a poorer, crime-ridden section of the city. John Diggle and Felicity Smoak assist Oliver's crusade. Oliver also reconnects with old flame Dinah Laurel Lance , who blames him for her sister's death. The season features flashbacks to Oliver's first year on the island, and how it changed him, while trying to stop a mercenary force targeting the Chinese economy. [13] In season two, Oliver has vowed to stop killing criminals. His family and allies are attacked by Slade Wilson , a man from Oliver's time on the island who returns to destroy his life. Oliver accepts aspiring vigilante Roy Harper as his protégé, and gains assistance from Laurel's father, Quentin . Oliver also teams with a woman in black, who is revealed to be Laurel's sister, Sara , who also survived the shipwreck. Flashbacks depict Oliver's continued time on the island with Slade, Sara, and the archer Shado , along with the origins of his feud with Slade. In season three, Oliver's company Queen Consolidated is sold to businessman, scientist and aspiring hero Ray Palmer . After Sara is found murdered, Oliver becomes embroiled in a conflict with Ra's al Ghul . He struggles to reconnect with his sister, who knows Malcolm is her father, and Laurel sets out to follow Sara as the Black Canary . Meanwhile, Diggle struggles as a family man and Felicity becomes Vice President of Palmer Technologies (formerly Queen Consolidated). In flashbacks, Oliver is forced to work for A.R.G.U.S. leader Amanda Waller in Hong Kong; he and Tatsu Yamashiro work to stop corrupt general Matthew Shrieve from unleashing a pathogen, which Ra's al Ghul acquires in the present. In season four, Oliver ends a short retirement and becomes the \" Green Arrow \". His team fights the terrorist group H.I.V.E. , headed by the mystically enhanced Damien Darhk , who is attacking Star City (formerly Starling City). Diggle discovers his brother Andy is alive and a H.I.V.E. soldier; Thea works with Oliver as \"Speedy\", but with a violent temper; and Laurel attempts to resurrect Sara using the Lazarus Pit . Oliver's life as a vigilante and with Felicity are complicated by his mayoral run and the discovery of his son. Laurel dies in a fight with Damien, and Oliver discovers his plan to detonate nuclear weapons and rule the Earth's remains. In flashbacks, Oliver returns to Lian Yu to infiltrate Shadowspire for Waller, and encounters a mystical idol used by Darhk in the present-day narrative. In season five, Oliver trains young heroes Wild Dog , Mister Terrific , Artemis , and Ragman to join his war on crime following Laurel's death and Thea's resignation. He also recruits a new Black Canary; former police detective Dinah Drake. Oliver tries to balance vigilantism with his new role as mayor, yet is threatened by the mysterious and deadly Prometheus , who has a connection to Oliver's past. Oliver is also forced to contend with Prometheus' ally Black Siren, a twisted doppelganger of Laurel Lance with a sonic scream. In flashbacks, Oliver joins the Bratva in Russia as part of a plot to assassinate Konstantin Kovar. There, he meets and is trained by Talia al Ghul , as a hooded archer, before returning to Lian Yu. In season six, after an explosive battle on Lian Yu, Oliver must balance being a vigilante, the mayor, and a father to his son William. At the same time, new enemies emerge, initially led by hacker Cayden James, who puts together a team with drug dealer Ricardo Diaz , metahuman vigilante Vincent Sobel , Russian mobster Anatoli Knyazev , and Black Siren. As James loses control of his cabal, Ricardo Diaz comes to the fore, announcing to Green Arrow his scheme to take over Star City's criminal underworld and control the city's political infrastructure, all while Oliver must contend with his former teammates forming a rival team . Cast and characters [ edit ] This section consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real-world context . Please edit the section to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot. (April 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles: List of Arrow characters and List of Arrowverse cast members Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Arrow / Green Arrow , a billionaire playboy turned hooded vigilante-hero who is initially known as the \"Hood\", \"Vigilante\", and simply \"Arrow\". He is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . He survives on an isolated island for five years after the sinking of his father's yacht. Oliver returns to his home city with a mission—to right the wrongs of his father and save the city from the crime that has grown in his absence. Amell was one of the first actors to audition for the role, and Kreisberg felt that he \"hit the target from the outset\" and \"everyone else just paled in comparison\". [1] The actor, who was already in shape from Rent-a-Goalie , did physical fitness training at Tempest Freerunning Academy in Reseda, California. Amell received archery training as well, which included watching a video on how archery has been displayed inaccurately or poorly in television and film before learning the basics of shooting a bow. [1] [14] For Amell, the appeal of portraying Queen was that he saw multiple roles tied to the same character: \"There's Queen the casual playboy; Queen the wounded hero; Queen the brooding Hamlet; Queen the lover; Queen the man of action, and so on\". [1] Amell also portrays Oliver's Earth-X doppelganger, Dark Arrow in the sixth season. Katie Cassidy as Laurel Lance / Black Canary / Black Siren , based on the DC Comics character of the same name, [15] [16] an attorney turned vigilante and former girlfriend of Oliver Queen. Like Oliver, Laurel fights for the people of Starling City. In the first season, she works for a non-profit legal office that helps people in need. In the second season, she became assistant district attorney, but in the second half of the third season, she became a vigilante taking her late sister's place as Black Canary. Cassidy said she was drawn to the show by Berlanti, Nutter, Kreisberg, and Guggenheim, whom she called smart, creative, and edgy. [17] Cassidy sees her character as a \"caregiver\" to her family, which led her to become an attorney. She said, \"I think that she's very, very driven, and she has a huge heart [...] she's sensitive. She has really strong morals and values, and she expects everybody to live up to them the way that she does\". [18] She dies near the end of the fourth season, leaving Oliver to blame himself. Oliver reveals her identity to the people of Star City to honor her memory. Cassidy makes subsequent guest appearances in flashbacks, a dream sequence, and as Black Siren, her doppelganger from the parallel world of Earth-2 , first introduced on The Flash . Cassidy was promoted back to series regular for the sixth season and appears as the Earth-2 version of the character. [19] [20] Colin Donnell as Tommy Merlyn, Oliver's best friend, [21] who eventually learns of Oliver's secret life as a vigilante. Like Oliver, Tommy has romantic feelings for Laurel. His father is Malcolm Merlyn . Tommy dies saving Laurel at the end of the first season's finale, leaving Oliver and Laurel to cope with his loss. Donnell reprises his role as Tommy Merlyn as hallucination during the second season and in flashbacks in the third season. He also portrayed Tommy's Earth-X doppelganger, Prometheus in the sixth season. David Ramsey as John Diggle / Spartan , [22] Oliver's partner, confidant, and bodyguard, who becomes a vigilante superhero with armor and hi-tech gear. [23] Diggle is ex-military, and works to have Oliver channel his abilities into helping others in the city, and not just taking down the wealthy, corrupt businessmen that worked with Oliver's father. Named after comic book writer Andy Diggle, and created specifically for the show, Diggle was designed to be Oliver's \"equal in many respects\". Guggenheim further explained that Diggle's mutual abilities are a means of setting him up early in the series as a confidant for Oliver's vigilante persona. [24] In the fourth season, Diggle becomes Spartan, after the events of the third season finale. In the sixth season, Diggle temporarily becomes Green Arrow after Oliver retires from vigilantism, before donning the Spartan mantle again. He later leaves Team Arrow after he loses faith in Oliver's leadership skills and joins A.R.G.U.S. Willa Holland as Thea Queen / Speedy , Oliver's younger sister; based on a DC Comics character with similar traits. [25] Thea develops a drug habit early in season one, but gets clean after criminal charges are brought against her for driving while under the influence. In season two, she learns that Malcolm Merlyn is her biological father, and begins training with him at the start of season three. In the third season, Thea learns Oliver's secret and eventually joins his team. In the fourth season, Thea uses Oliver's nickname for her, Speedy, as her hero identity, which is based on the DC Comics character Mia Dearden . [26] In season 5, Thea becomes Oliver's chief of staff as in the Star City mayor's office. After appearing in only a few episodes in the fifth and sixth seasons, Holland exited the series as a regular. Guggenheim stated that the door is always open for Holland to reprise her role as Thea. [27] Susanna Thompson as Moira Queen, Oliver and Thea's mother. [28] Moira is revealed to also be part of the secret organization her late husband was involved with, which is making plans to bring down the city as a means of rebuilding it in the image of the organization's leader. She is murdered at the end of season two. Thompson reprises her role as Moira Queen, making two guest appearances, one as a hallucination in the main crossover event, \"Invasion!\", and in a flashback of the fifth season's finale. [29] Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance, Laurel and Sara's father, and Starling City police detective. [30] The character is based on the DC Comics character, Larry Lance , who was also a detective, and husband to Dinah Drake Lance and father to Dinah Laurel Lance. Lance blames Oliver for the presumed death of his daughter, Sara, as she was with him on his family yacht when it sank. In season one, Lance is also out to capture the vigilante, who he sees as a menace to the city for the vigilante's willingness to break the law and kill in the pursuit of stopping crime. In season 2, Lance is demoted to beat cop and is now more accepting of the vigilante's actions to the point of teaming up with him when needed. In season 3, Lance is promoted to police captain but can no longer be active in the field due to his heart condition. In season 5, Lance is dismissed from the police but later becomes Star City's deputy mayor. Blackthorne will not return as series regular for the seventh season. [31] Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak , [32] [33] the IT technician at Queen Consolidated who has become part of Oliver's vigilante team assisting them with her expertise in computer science and hacker skills. Like Diggle, Felicity also serves as Oliver's friend and confidante. Rickards was promoted to a series regular for season two, after being a recurring character throughout season one. [34] The character is later given the codename 'Overwatch' [35] and begins a romantic relationship with Oliver. They first become engaged early in season 4, but break off their engagement mid-season. They later reconcile early in season 6, and are later married by John Diggle, alongside Barry and Iris. Colton Haynes as Roy Harper / Arsenal , a character based on the DC Comics character of the same name. [36] Initially a petty thief, Roy was befriended by Thea, and subsequently dated her for a period of time. Roy is fascinated by the hooded vigilante, and eventually becomes his protégé. Haynes was moved to series regular status at the beginning of season two, following his recurring appearance in the first season. [37] Haynes left the series at the end of season three after his contract ended, and later appears as a guest star in the fourth and sixth seasons. [38] He later attributed his departure from the series to his mental and physical health at that time. [39] Haynes is set to return as a regular for the show's seventh season. [40] Manu Bennett as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke , a mercenary and international terrorist. He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name. [41] Slade is an ASIS agent who teamed up with Oliver during his time on the island. In season two, Slade arrives in Starling City to kill Oliver and his family to avenge events that occurred on the island. Bennett was initially cast as a recurring character for season one, [41] before receiving series regular status during season two. [42] Slade returns at the end of season five to help Oliver free his friends from Adrian Chase. He again returns in the early episodes of season six. John Barrowman as Malcolm Merlyn / Dark Archer , [43] a wealthy businessman who is the father of Tommy Merlyn and Thea Queen. He serves as Oliver Queen's nemesis. Fueled by his sorrow and anger at the murder of his wife, Rebecca during a mugging in the crime-infested area of Starling City called \"the Glades\", Malcolm left his then eight-year-old son Tommy, and departed Starling City to \"forge his pain and anger into something more\". For two years, he was trained in Nanda Parbat by Al-Owal of the League of Assassins . Merlyn took the name \"The Magician\" ( Arabic : الساحر Al Sa-Her ). He was the first person to receive permission from Ra's al Ghul to leave the organization, on the condition that he obey the League's codes. Upon returning to Starling City, Malcolm forms an organization called the Tempest and plots to completely destroy the Glades. Events eventually lead to Merlyn leading the League of Assassins and taking on the mantel of \"Ra's al Ghul\". Malcolm sabotaged Oliver's family yacht, and is thus responsible for Robert Queen's death and indirectly the creation of Oliver's and Sara Lance's vigilante alter egos. Malcolm is apparently killed by Oliver in the first-season finale, but his plan to destroy the Glades still succeeds. [44] He is based on the DC Comics character Merlyn. After being a recurring guest star for the first two seasons, Barrowman became a series regular in season three. [45] He later returns at the end of season five to help Oliver free Thea and the rest of Team Arrow from Adrian Chase, and sacrifices himself to help Thea and her friends escape. Echo Kellum as Curtis Holt / Mister Terrific , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Holt is a technological savant, inventor and medal-winning Olympic decathlete, who works with Felicity at Palmer Technologies. [46] He helps her rescue Ray Palmer from Damien Darhk. Kellum was upgraded to series regular in the fifth season. [47] Josh Segarra as Adrian Chase / Prometheus , based on the DC Comics characters Adrian Chase and Prometheus . Chase is the new Star City district attorney who helps Oliver Queen as mayor clean up the streets through the legal system. [48] As Prometheus, he is a ruthless hooded archer who kills, and has a grudge against the Green Arrow and is aware of his identity. [49] It is later revealed that Chase's given name is Simon Morrison. He commits suicide at the end of season five to kill Oliver's friends on Lian Yu. Segarra makes a guest appearance in the sixth season as a hallucination of Oliver Rick Gonzalez as Rene Ramirez / Wild Dog : A dishonorably discharged marine who has an estranged daughter. His ex-wife is deceased. He left Team Arrow after being kicked off by Oliver. He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name. Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary : She was an undercover detective in Central City and was there the night of the S.T.A.R. Labs particle accelerator malfunction and gained sonic screaming as a result. She later joins Oliver's team. Dinah leaves Team Arrow after some trust issues with Oliver. Based on the DC Comics character of the same name. Production [ edit ] Development [ edit ] On January 12, 2012, The CW was preparing a new series centered around the character Green Arrow, developed by Andrew Kreisberg , Greg Berlanti and Marc Guggenheim . [50] A week later, the series, now known as Arrow , was ordered to pilot , which was directed by David Nutter , who also directed the pilot for Smallville , a series following Clark Kent on his journey to become Superman . [51] At the end of the month, Stephen Amell was cast in the titular role of Oliver Queen. [52] When developing the series, producer Marc Guggenheim expressed that the creative team wanted to \"chart [their] own course, [their] own destiny\", and avoid any direct connections to Smallville , which featured its own Green Arrow/Oliver Queen ( Justin Hartley ), opting to cast a new actor in the role of Oliver Queen. [1] Unlike Smallville , the series does not initially feature super-powered heroes and villains. Instead, the team took inspiration from Smallville , as one of the main themes of Arrow was to \"look at the humanity\" of Oliver Queen, as Smallville had done with Clark Kent. The decision not to include superpowers was, in part, based on the executives' desire to take a realistic look at the characters in this universe. [53] Production on the pilot began in March 2012 in Vancouver , [54] which would continue to act as the primary filming location for the series. [1] The series' skyline shots use a combination of footage from Frankfurt , Germany, Center City, Philadelphia , Baltimore , Maryland, Back Bay, Boston , and Tokyo , Japan. [55] The series was given a full season pick up on October 22, 2012. [56] \"I think the idea is to—not all the time, and not with a set regularity—but I think it is critical to explore how he went from the person that he was when he left the island—which is extremely different: he's spoiled, he's entitled, he's a bit of a jerk—and he comes off it something very, very different. So we're going to explore how he gets there.\" [53] —Stephen Amell on the use of flashback storytelling. Arrow features two storylines: one in the present, and the other, shown in flashback, during Oliver's time on the island five years before his rescue. These flashbacks are used to illustrate how Oliver transformed into the man that returns to Starling City. [53] Filming for the island flashbacks takes place in Vancouver's Whytecliff Park area, near beachfront homes. Much planning is required to keep the buildings out of camera frame. [57] Guggenheim said, \"Stephen [Amell] has to wear a wig, and his look has to be changed... there's a lot. It's actually incredibly ambitious to do these flashbacks every week, every single episode. Because like Andrew [Kreisberg] said, it's almost like it's its own show.\" [57] Regarding the flashbacks after the fifth season, Guggenheim and Mericle stated that the series would explore flashbacks from other character's perspectives, such as Curtis Holt, along with the possibility of flashfowards. Guggenheim said, \"We still want to make [flashbacks] part of our storytelling, because we do like them. We like when those non-island flashbacks sort of illuminate what's going on in the present day. That'll always be a part of the show and a part of the show's storytelling structure. It just won't be telling a serialized story.\" [58] The series develops relationship triangles: some love triangles, others designed to catch characters in \"philosophical debates\". [59] Kreisberg provides one such example: \"Every week, Oliver will be facing a bad guy, but the truth is, his real nemesis is Detective Lance, who's trying to bring him into justice.[...] His daughter is going to be caught in the middle, because she loves and respects her father, and she's always believed in what he believed, but at the same time, she's going to see this dark urban legend out there that's actually doing a lot of good; the kind of good that she wants to be doing in her role as a legal aid attorney.\" [59] Learning from previous experiences working in television, the producers worked early on identifying the major story arcs for the series, specifically the first season, including \"mapping out\" how to accomplish them. Taking inspiration from Christopher Nolan 's Batman film series , the creative team decided to \"put it all out there\" and \"not hold back\" from episode to episode. [59] The team strives to include various DC Comics characters and aspects of the DC universe. Guggenheim cited Big Belly Burger , a restaurant franchise introduced in the Superman comics, which appears in Arrow' s third episode and onward. Kreisberg said, \"There are so many characters in the DC Universe who haven't gotten their due in TV and film. We're so excited to reach into [the DC comics] roster and take some of these lesser-known characters that are beloved by fans, and do our spin on the characters.\" [57] Ahead of the 100th episode, Guggenheim talked about the commitment to quality the series strived for, stating, \"We never skimped on the writing, the production or in the post-process going, 'This is going to be one of those stinkers, we might as well cut our losses and move on.' We worked as hard as we possibly can on the scripts. If episodes have come in bad, we reshoot... Even in season 5, we have no problems with doing reshoots, or pickups, or anything we need to do to make each episode as successful as it can possibly be.\" He also noted his biggest regret in the series was \"I wish we had allowed the Oliver-Felicity storyline in season 4 to unfold at a more natural pace. We had set these tentpoles at the beginning of the season, and we were a bit too rigorous on how we hit them. That was a case where the planning overtook the storytelling. We didn't do things as naturally and as elegantly as we should have.\" [60] Costume design [ edit ] The Arrow costume, worn by Stephen Amell , during the first season. The realistic approach to the series included the costume design for Oliver's vigilante persona, created by Colleen Atwood . [61] According to Amell, it was important for the suit to be functional, and the best way that he knew for that was if he could put the costume on by himself: \"If I can put it on by myself, I think that people will buy it. And that was our idea. That's our world.\" [53] In the second half of season two, Oliver replaces his \"paint\" mask with a domino mask , similar to one worn by the character in the comics. The change is addressed on-screen, with Kreisberg saying, \"He doesn't just put on a mask. It's actually a big plot point in an episode, and there really is a story behind, not only the need for the mask but also who provides him with it.\" [62] On adding the mask now, Kreisberg stated that, \"Conceptually, it was something we wanted to do because Oliver himself is evolving as the Arrow—from vigilante to hero, sort of from Arrow to Green Arrow—and we wanted to see that progression in his costume as well. As Oliver is embracing being a hero, being a hero means stepping out of the dark and being more of a symbol, so he has to take steps to conceal his identity more.\" [62] He added that it will \"allow the Arrow to interact with people who don't know his identity in a much more organic way than having him constantly keep his head down.\" [62] Costume designer Maya Mani put together roughly 50 mask options for the producers. Kreisberg said, \"What's so wonderful about the design that Maya came up with is that it really is very simple, and it feels as if it's been part of his costume since the beginning...once we finally had this mask and put it on Stephen [Amell], even Stephen was like, 'This is the right one. ' \" [62] In the episode \"Three Ghosts\", Oliver receives the mask from Barry Allen , who is able to create a mask that will help conceal his identity, while still being functional and allowing Oliver to see clearly. [63] Music [ edit ] To compose the score for Arrow , executive producer Greg Berlanti invited Blake Neely , with whom he had first worked on Everwood . Neely created a score that combined electronic and orchestral cues, varying between action themes and romantic ones. [64] Berlanti told Neely the series would be dark, and the music should be as well. After reading the pilot script, Neely went away to start composing on his own. [65] According to Neely, \"Of course, Oliver has his main theme but also sub-themes for the many layers of his character. He and Laurel have a love theme. Mom had a theme for the Undertaking. The bad guys all have themes, which makes it sad for me when one of them dies. So I try not to become attached to bad guy themes. Diggle has a theme. Even the Island itself has a theme.\" [64] A soundtrack for season one was released on September 17, 2013 by WaterTower Music . [66] [67] Two versions of a soundtrack for season two were released on September 16, 2014 by WaterTower Music and La La Land Records ; the compact disc release includes two exclusive tracks not available on the digital release. [68] [69] On December 18, 2014, WaterTower Music and La La Records released a selection of music from The Flash / Arrow crossover episodes, as well as two bonus tracks from their respective 2014 midseason finales. [70] The Season 3 soundtrack was released in December 2015, consisting of 2 discs for the first time (previous albums consisted on one CD). [71] Broadcast [ edit ] Arrow premiered on The CW network from October 10, 2012, during the 2012–13 television season . [72] [73] In Canada, the show is broadcast simultaneously on the same day as the United States. [74] The show premiered outside North America throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland , [75] on October 22, 2012. [76] In Australia, the series premiered on May 1, 2013, [77] on the Nine Network , before moving to Foxtel for the fourth season. [78] Reception [ edit ] Critical response [ edit ] Season one received favorable reviews, with a Metacritic score of 73 out of 100, based on reviews from 25 critics, making it the highest rated CW show in five years. [79] [80] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes calculated an approval rating of 86%, based on 35 reviews, for the first season. The site's consensus reads: \"The CW nails the target with Arrow , a comic book-inspired series that benefits from cinematic action sequences, strong plotting, and intriguing characters.\" [81] Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times called the series an interesting setup with a quality look, describing Amell as \"a poster boy (no doubt literally) for the Katniss Everdeen set.\" [82] Brian Lowry at Variety described the series as a \"handsome but stiff surrogate for Batman that could benefit from sharper execution.\" [83] In reviewing the final episode of season one, Alasdair Wilkins of The A.V. Club gave the season as a whole a rating of B+, noting that the show \"hasn't quite figured everything out yet, but it's had some standout episodes.\" [84] Season two received critical acclaim from critics and fans alike, for the action sequences, storytelling, performances of the cast, drama, and the portrayal of Slade Wilson. [85] Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating based on 11 reviews, with the cite’s consensus reading: \"The second season of Arrow boasts more fantastic action, as well as a widening cast of intriguing, richly written characters.\" [86] Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly gave the first half of season two a rating of B+, saying, \" Arrow possesses an intelligence that shines through its TV-budget production values, which aren't too shabby. The writing is adult and witty, the action is exciting, and Amell holds the center with well-cultivated ease.\" [87] The A.V. Club ' s Carrie Raisler gave the first half of season two a rating of A-. She said, \" Arrow [has] officially established itself as one of the most satisfying shows on television. The most satisfying thing of all is that it did so by respecting its characters... [ Arrow respects] the character's comic-book roots in its overarching plotlines, all while using the network-appropriate soap-opera stories to do the heavy character lifting.\" [88] Despite a strong critical start for the season three premiere, [89] the second half of season three has met with criticism, particularly for its preoccupation with romance, leading to accusations of the show \"devolving into a CW fever dream\" and \"turning Star City into Dawson's Creek \" [90] and becoming a 'soap opera'. [91] After the conclusion of Oliver Queen and Felicity Smoak's longterm romance, the flashback sequences were characterized sporadic and \"superfluous\", with Ra's al Ghul described as a \"shallow\" and \"underutilized\" villain \"absent of clear antagonism\", [92] although Matt Nable was generally praised for his portrayal of the character. Furthermore, while parallels to Batman had always existed in the show, the use of such a major character from Batman's rogues gallery and the essential application of the \"Daughter of the Demon\" and several other Batman and Ra's al Ghul storylines applied to Oliver Queen came under particular fire from viewers, who accused the show of \"ripping off\" Batman. [93] The season finale was described as \"dull\", \"lacking scope\", and \"underwhelming\" by IGN's Jesse Schedeen in light of the \"high standard\" the show had previously established for its finales. He cemented the mixed reception of season three as being \"haphazardly paced\" and \"struggling to develop a clear sense of direction\". [94] The third season holds a score of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews, with the cite's consensus concluding: \" Arrow stays on target with new characters and a steady supply of exciting action.\" [95] The fourth season received mixed reviews. The season earned a strong critical start, with praise given to the action scenes and Neal McDonough 's performance as Damien Darhk. However, the second half of the season received increasingly negative reviews for its mundane flashbacks, lack of narrative focus, and formulaic season finale. [96] Ryan Fleming, of Deadbeatspanel.com noted that Arrow was \"honoring the comics, but it isn't beholden to them. Characters... have been introduced, but they aren't exact replicas of their comic counterparts. Instead, the characters tend to be loosely connected.\" [97] Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter noted the presence of the character Thea \"Speedy\" Queen as one of the larger departures from the comics in the series, as well as the character's early willingness to kill. [98] Comic Book Resources 's Kevin Melrose has also noted the series tendency to have loose connections to the source material. [99] Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 100% rating based on 13 reviews, with a critic consensus reading: \"Season four of Arrow flourishes with a refreshing new tone, a thrilling new villain, and a gripping story arc.\" [100] The fifth season has received critical acclaim from fans and critics alike, giving praise for the performances of Stephen Amell and Josh Segarra, action sequences, storytelling, and the season finale. [101] IGN gave Season 5 a score of 8.7 out of 10, stating that the it \"managed to overcome them and recapture a lot of what made the show so memorable in its first two seasons.\" [102] Rotten Tomatoes reported a score of 93% based on 14 reviews. [103] Ratings [ edit ] Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg. viewers (millions) 18–49 rating (average) Date Viewers (millions) Date Viewers (millions) 1 Wednesday 8:00 pm 23 October 10, 2012 4.14 [104] May 15, 2013 2.77 [105] 2012–13 130 3.68 [106] 1.2 [107] 2 23 October 9, 2013 2.74 [108] May 14, 2014 2.37 [109] 2013–14 128 3.28 [110] TBD 3 23 October 8, 2014 2.83 [111] May 13, 2015 2.83 [112] 2014–15 135 3.52 1.3 [113] 4 23 October 7, 2015 2.67 [114] May 25, 2016 2.19 [115] 2015–16 145 2.90 1.1 [116] 5 23 October 5, 2016 1.87 [117] May 24, 2017 1.72 [118] 2016–17 147 2.21 0.8 [119] 6 Thursday 9:00 pm [a] 23 [120] October 12, 2017 1.52 [121] May 17, 2018 ( 2018-05-17 ) [12] TBD 2017–18 TBD TBD TBD Jump up ^ The eighth episode of the season aired on Monday as part of the \" Crisis on Earth-X \" crossover event. Arrow ' s premiere episode drew 4.14 million viewers, making it The CW's most-watched telecast of any show on any night in three years, and The CW's most-watched series premiere since The Vampire Diaries in 2009. In its second episode, Arrow became the only new network drama in the 2012–13 season to hold its ratings in both adults 18–34 and adults 18–49 from its premiere to its second week. [56] In Australia, the premiere received 1.32 million viewers, making it the third most-watched broadcast on the network that night. [122] The UK broadcast was the highest-rated telecast of the week on Sky 1 , with 1.85 million viewers. [123] In Canada, the first episode got 1.32 million viewers, making it the fourth most-watched airing of the night and the twenty-third of the week. [124] Arrow : U.S. viewers per episode (millions) Source: Nielsen Media Research [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] Accolades [ edit ] Year Award Category Nominee(s) Outcome 2012 Satellite Awards [130] Satellite Award for Best Television Series – Genre Arrow Nominated IGN Awards [131] Best TV Hero Stephen Amell/Arrow Nominated 2013 People's Choice Awards [132] Favorite New TV Drama Arrow Nominated Leo Awards [133] [134] Best Dramatic Series Joseph Patrick Finn, Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim, Andrew Kreisberg, Melissa Kellner Berman, Drew Greenberg, Jennifer Lence, Wendy Mericle, Carl Ogawa Nominated Cinematography Glen Winter (\"Pilot\") Won Gordon Verheul (\"Lone Gunman\") Nominated Best Visual Effects Jean-Luc Dinsdale, Pauline Burns, Andrew Orloff, Dave Gauthier (\"Burned\") Won Best Production Design Richard Hudolin (\"Pilot\") Won Best Casting Coreen Mayrs, Heike Brandstatter (\"An Innocent Man\") Nominated Best Stunt Coordination J.J. Makaro (\"Pilot\") Won J.J. Makaro (\"Vertigo\") Nominated NewNowNext Awards [135] Best New Indulgence Arrow Nominated Cause You're Hot Stephen Amell Nominated Saturn Awards [136] Best Youth-Oriented Series on Television Arrow Nominated Teen Choice Awards [137] Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi Arrow Nominated Choice TV Breakout Show Arrow Nominated Choice TV Actor: Fantasy/Sci-Fi Stephen Amell Nominated Choice TV Breakout Star Stephen Amell Nominated Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi Katie Cassidy Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematography Awards [138] Cinematographer Awards for TV Drama Cinematography Glen Winter csc, Arrow (\"Pilot\") Won Broadcast Music, Inc. [139] BMI Television Music Awards Blake Neely Won 2014 IGN Awards [140] Best TV Hero Stephen Amell/Arrow 2nd Place People's Choice Awards [141] Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor Stephen Amell Nominated Satellite Awards [142] Satellite Award for Best Television Series – Genre Arrow Nominated Saturn Awards [143] Best Youth-Oriented Series on Television Arrow Nominated Leo Awards [144] Program Greg Berlanti, Joseph P. Finn, Marc Guggenheim, Andrew Kreisberg, Wendy Mericle [145] Nominated Cinematography Gordon Verheul (\"Sacrifice\") Nominated Make-Up Danielle Fowler (\"Keep Your Enemies Closer\") Nominated Stunt Coordination J. J. Makaro (\"The Scientist\") Nominated Lead Performance – Male Stephen Amell (\"Crucible\") Nominated Lead Performance – Female Emily Bett Rickards (\"Three Ghosts\") Nominated Constellation Awards [146] Best Male Performance in a 2013 Science Fiction Television Episode Stephen Amell (\"The Odyssey\") Nominated Best Science Fiction Television Series of 2013 Arrow Nominated Teen Choice Awards [147] Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi Arrow Nominated Choice TV Female Breakout Star [148] Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Young Hollywood Awards [149] Super Superhero Stephen Amell Nominated 2015 Saturn Awards [150] Best Superhero Adaption Television Series Arrow Nominated Leo Awards [151] Cinematography C. Kim Miles (\"Blind Spot\") Nominated Costume Design Maya Mani (\"Suicide Squad\") Nominated Lead Performance – Female Emily Bett Rickards (\"Left Behind\") Nominated Teen Choice Awards [152] Choice TV Show: Sci-Fi/Fantasy Arrow Nominated Choice TV Actor: Sci-Fi/Fantasy Stephen Amell Nominated Choice TV Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Choice TV Liplock Stephen Amell & Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Choice TV Villain Matt Nable Nominated PRISM Awards [153] Performance in a Drama Multi-Episode Storyline Katie Cassidy Won 2016 People's Choice Awards [154] Favorite Network TV Sci-Fi/Fantasy Arrow Nominated Saturn Awards [155] Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Arrow Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show: Fantasy/Sci-Fi Arrow Nominated Choice TV Actress: Fantasy/Sci-Fi Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Choice TV: Liplock Stephen Amell & Emily Bett Rickards Nominated 2017 People's Choice Awards [156] Favorite Network TV Sci-Fi/Fantasy Arrow Nominated Saturn Awards [157] Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Arrow Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards [158] Best Hero Stephen Amell Nominated Leo Awards [159] Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series Shamus Whiting-Hewlett Nominated Best Stunt Coordination in a Dramatic Series Curtis Braconnier, Eli Zagoudakis Won Teen Choice Awards [160] Choice TV Actor: Action Stephen Amell Nominated Choice TV Actress: Action Emily Bett Rickards Nominated Choice TV Show: Action Arrow Nominated Choice TV Villain Josh Segarra Nominated 2018 Saturn Awards [161] Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Arrow Pending Other media [ edit ] Arrow has generated other media and spinoffs, including digital comic books and Internet-based mini-episodes with characters from the series. Digital comics [ edit ] To promote the series, DC Comics produced a 10-page preview comic for the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con , written by Kreisberg, illustrated by Omar Francia, and featuring a cover by artist Mike Grell . The comic was regarded by the production crew as sharing the same canon as the series, with Kreisberg commenting, \"[For] anyone who grabs a copy: Hold onto it and as the series progresses, you'll appreciate it more and more.\" [162] It was later released free online. [163] On October 10, 2012, DC Comics debuted a weekly digital comic tie-in written by Kreisberg and Guggenheim and drawn by various artists, including Mike Grell, which remained in continuity with the television series. [164] The series lasted for 36 chapters, running until June 2013. These were collected, together with the initial preview comic, into Arrow: Volume 1 , released in October 2013. [165] [166] Titan Magazines published the comics in a physical format in the UK. The first issue was published on October 17, 2013 and contained the first four chapters of the series, with the complete series lasting 6 issues. [165] [167] A follow up to the original digital title, Arrow: Season 2.5 , is written by Guggenheim and Keto Shimizu , one of the show's executive story editors and writers, with art by Joe Bennett and Jack Jadson. Arrow 2.5 is intended to tell one continuous story across two arcs, that fits within the television narrative. Guggenheim stated, \"We've tried to put in all the elements that people like about the show... We're going to see what's happened to Detective Lance after he collapsed in the season [two] finale. A good chunk of the burning questions left over will get answered in the tie-in comic. Particularly towards the latter half of the series, we're going to start introducing characters [in the comic] who you'll see in Season 3... before they show up on TV.\" [168] On the comic's relationship to season three of the show, Guggenheim said, \"Season three is designed to stand on its own feet without requiring anyone to do any outside reading. But what the comic book will give is a deeper appreciation for some of the moments [in the show] and a more complete narrative experience. If you want to go deeper into the story, that's what Season 2.5 is for.\" Shimizu added that the comic also allows the writers to \"accomplish things on the page that are nearly impossible to do with our production schedule and our budget\", including bigger action sequences, as well as visits to locations such as Kahndaq that cannot be recreated on the show. Additionally, the series has one to two pages each issue dedicated to the Suicide Squad, leading up to their own issue later in the run. [169] The character Caleb Green, who has ties to Robert Queen, was created specifically for the comic. [170] Guggenheim said \"The goal is to end Season 2.5 basically five minutes before Season 3 begins.\" [171] The comic launched digitally biweekly on September 1, 2014, with its first physical release featuring a collection of the digital releases releasing on October 8. [168] The series featured 24 digital issues, which constituted 12 physical issues. [170] A third series, Arrow: The Dark Archer , is written by Barrowman with his sister Carole, and with an art team led by Daniel Sampere. The comic, initially set between season three and four of the show before flashing back, explores a younger Malcolm Merlyn and his past, with Corto Maltese and Nanda Parbat featured. Barrowman, who initially pitched the series to DC Comics as another with the ability to tell Merlyn's backstory, said he \"had a backstory in my head for Malcolm from the beginning and a lot of it has made its way into our comic and onto the screen. I think it's always been my job to help the audience relate to Malcolm in some way despite his questionable morals and evil ways.\" Executive producers Guggenheim and Kreisberg helped the Barrowmans ensure the story would fit within the continuity of the series. The 12-chapter series was released digitally once every two weeks starting January 13, 2016, before the entire story was collected in a single print edition in September 2016. [172] [173] Blood Rush [ edit ] On November 6, 2013, a six-episode series of shorts, titled Blood Rush , premiered alongside the broadcast of the show, as well as online. The series, which was presented by Bose , and features product placement for Bose products, was shot on location in Vancouver, similarly to the main show. The miniseries features Emily Bett Rickards, Colton Haynes and Paul Blackthorne reprising their roles of Felicity Smoak , Roy Harper and Quentin Lance , respectively. [174] The episodes set during the course of the second season of the television series, show Roy coming to Queen Consolidated to have a meeting with Oliver. As he is out, Felicity tells Roy to go wait in the lobby. [175] As Roy leaves, Officer Lance calls Felicity, telling her that the blood sample the Starling City police found on the vigilante, which Felicity destroyed, has resurfaced. Felicity then calls Roy, using Oliver's voice encoder, asking him to break into the lab to retrieve the sample. [176] Felicity guides Roy through the lab, where he is able to recover the sample. As Roy is leaving, doctors enter the room, seemingly trapping him. [177] He notifies Felicity, who then hacks into the building's PA system, and issues an evacuation notice, giving Roy a chance to escape. [178] Roy gets out of the room before it enters into lock down, and is able to avoid two guards with the help of Felicity and exit the lab. [179] Roy returns to Queen Consolidated, and Felicity offers to mail the acquired sample for Roy as he goes in to meet with Oliver. [180] Video games [ edit ] A Green Arrow skin based on Oliver Queen's appearance in Arrow appears in the 2013 video game Injustice: Gods Among Us as downloadable content. The playable skin was given as a bonus reward to the first 5,000 voters of Injustice ' s promotional Battle Arena competition, but was later released as a free download. Stephen Amell lends his voice and likeness to the skin. [181] Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham features an Arrow downloadable content pack that adds multiple playable characters, including Arrow, John Diggle, Felicity Smoak, Huntress, Slade Wilson, Roy Harper, Canary, and Malcolm Merlyn as well as vehicles and an exclusive level set during Oliver's time in Lian Yu. Amell reprised his role in addition to voicing the traditional Green Arrow in the game, while Cynthia Addai-Robinson reprised her role as Amanda Waller . [182] [183] Novels [ edit ] On February 23, 2016, Titan Books released Arrow: Vengeance , a tie-in novelization written by Oscar Balderrama and Lauren Certo, which is set before and during the second season, detailing the origins of Slade Wilson, Sebastian Blood, and Isabel Rochev, and how they eventually meet and collaborate with each other to battle Oliver's alter-ego as seen in the television series. [184] On November 29, 2016, Titan Books released The Flash: The Haunting of Barry Allen , a tie-in novelization written by Susan and Clay Griffith, set during the second season of The Flash and the fourth season of Arrow , which features characters from both shows; [185] the story continued in Arrow: A Generation of Vipers , released on March 28, 2017, again written by the Griffiths. [186] In August 2017, it was confirmed that Arrow executive producer Marc Guggenheim would co-author a fourth novel, alongside James R. Tuck, entitled Arrow: Fatal Legacies , which was released in January 2018. The novel focuses on events between the fifth-season finale and sixth-season premiere. [187] Home release [ edit ] Complete Season DVD/Blu-ray Release dates Additional info Region 1/A Region 2/B Region 4/B 1 September 17, 2013 [188] September 23, 2013 [189] October 2, 2013 [190] Each season release contains additional features, which include: making-of featurettes, episode commentaries, deleted scenes, gag reels, Comic-Con panels, and highlights from the Paley Fest. Season four also includes The Flash crossover episode \"Legends of Today\". Season five includes the \" Invasion! \" crossover with The Flash and DC's Legends of Tomorrow . 2 September 16, 2014 [191] September 15, 2014 [192] December 3, 2014 [193] 3 September 22, 2015 [194] September 28, 2015 [195] September 23, 2015 [196] 4 August 30, 2016 [197] September 5, 2016 [198] September 7, 2016 [199] [200] 5 September 19, 2017 [201] September 18, 2017 [202] September 9, 2017 [203] Crossover with Constantine [ edit ] Further information: Constantine (TV series) In August 2015, it was confirmed that Matt Ryan would appear on Arrow in the fourth-season episode \" Haunted \", per a \"one-time-only-deal\" that would involve his character being \"brought in to deal with the fallout of the resurrection of Sara Lance ( Caity Lotz ) via Ra's al Ghul's Lazarus Pit.\" [204] [205] [206] Due to Arrow and Constantine sharing the same studio, the producers of Arrow were also able to acquire Ryan's original outfits. John Badham , who was a director on Constantine , directed the crossover episode. [205] On filming the episode, Guggenheim stated it felt like the production team was \"doing a Constantine / Arrow crossover, and it's so exciting... we're just really glad we got the chance to extend Matt Ryan's run as Constantine by at least one more hour of television. I think you'll see he fits very neatly into our universe. It never feels forced, it feels right.\" [207] Arrowverse [ edit ] Main article: Arrowverse In July 2013, it was announced that Berlanti and Kreisberg, along with Nutter and Geoff Johns , would be creating a television series, The Flash , based on the character of the same name , with an origin story for Barry Allen. [208] The character, played by actor Grant Gustin , was set to appear in three episodes of season two of Arrow , with the final one acting as a backdoor pilot for the new series. [209] However, it was announced in November 2013 that the backdoor pilot would not be happening, with a traditional pilot being made instead. [210] In January 2015, The CW president Mark Pedowitz announced the intention to do a Flash / Arrow crossover every season, [211] and The CW announced that an animated web-series, Vixen , featuring the DC heroine of the same name and set in the universe of Arrow and The Flash , would be debuting on CW Seed in late 2015. [212] The character later made a live-action appearance on Arrow in the fourth-season episode \"Taken\". The next month, it was reported that a spin-off series, which is described as a superhero team-up show, was in discussion by The CW for a possible 2015–16 midseason release. Berlanti and Kreisberg would executive produce alongside Guggenheim and Sarah Schechter. The potential series would be headlined by several recurring characters from both Arrow and The Flash , with the potential for other Arrow / Flash characters to cross over to the new series as well. [213] [214] In May 2015, The CW officially picked up the series, titled DC's Legends of Tomorrow . [215] During the 100th episode of Arrow season 5, some returning characters from previous seasons make an appearance in \" Invasion! \", a crossover episode of Supergirl , The Flash , Arrow and Legends of Tomorrow , [216] where Thea, Diggle, Sara, Ray and Oliver are abducted by the Dominators and were put in dream stasis to gather intel while they are shown what would their lives be like if Oliver never got on the boat. The next season, Arrow crossed over with the three shows again during the \" Crisis on Earth-X \" event on November 27 and 28, 2017. 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Episode Five. December 4, 2013. CW.com. Jump up ^ Blood Rush . Season 1. Episode Six. December 11, 2013. CW.com. Jump up ^ Sunu, Steve (March 14, 2013). \"Stephen Amell Adds \"Arrow\" To \"Injustice\" Roster\" . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved May 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ Hilliard, Kyle (October 11, 2014). \"Arrow DLC Pack (With Stephen Amell), Conan O'Brien, And Many More Confirmed\" . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved October 12, 2014 . Jump up ^ Boccher, Mike (December 23, 2014). \"Lego Batman 3 Beyond Gotham Interview With TT Games' Arthur Parsons\" . 1080 players . Archived from the original on December 27, 2014 . Retrieved March 27, 2015 . Jump up ^ Balderrama, Oscar; Certo, Lauren (February 23, 2016). Arrow: Vengeance . Titan Books. pp. 1–448. ISBN 9781783294848 . Jump up ^ Griffith, Clay; Griffith, Susan (November 29, 2016). Flash: The Haunting of Barry Allen . Titan Books . pp. 1–416. ISBN 9781785651410 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow — A Generation of Vipers\" . Titans Books . Titans Books . Retrieved January 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline, Dan (August 12, 2017). \"Marc Guggenheim To Write Novel Connecting Arrow Seasons 5 and 6\" . Retrieved November 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow: The Complete First Season [Blu-ray] (2013)\" . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow – Season 1 (Blu-ray)\" . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 16, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow – Season 1 (Dvd/ Ultraviolet)\" . JB Hi-Fi . Archived from the original on August 18, 2013 . Retrieved August 2, 2013 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow – Warner Shot Over an Announcement for 'The Complete 2nd Season' Blu-ray Disc and DVD versions will leap into stores this September\" . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved June 11, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow – Season 2 (Blu-ray)\" . Amazon UK . Retrieved April 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow: Season 2 (Blu-Ray + Ultraviolet) Australian Release Date\" . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved April 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow: The Complete Third Season Blu-ray\" . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved June 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow: The Complete Third Season [Blu-ray]\" . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 31, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow – Season 3 DVD\" . JB Hi-Fi . Retrieved August 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow – Warner Shoots Out a Press Release for 'The Complete 4th Season ' \" . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow — Season 4 [Includes Digital Download] [Blu-ray] [2016] [Region Free]\" . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Buy Arrow: Season 4 on Blu-ray from EzyDVD.com.au\" . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved August 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow – Season 4 Action, Blu-ray\" . Sanity . Retrieved August 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow: The Complete Fifth Season [Blu-ray]\" . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow — Season 5 [Blu-ray] [2017]\" . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ \"Buy Arrow: Season 5 DVD From EzyDVD.com.au\" . EzyDVD.com.au . Archived from the original on September 9, 2017 . Retrieved August 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (August 11, 2015). \"Matt Ryan to Reprise 'Constantine' Role on The CW's 'Arrow ' \" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Holbrook, Damian (August 11, 2015). \"Constantine's Matt Ryan Conjures Up Magical Return on Arrow\" . TV Insider . Retrieved August 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ White, Brett (August 12, 2015). \"Constantine's \"Arrow\" Appearance Tied to White Canary's Return\" . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved August 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry, Spencer (September 14, 2015). \"Marc Guggenheim on The Infinite Adventures of Jonas Quantum, Constantine on Arrow\" . SuperheroHype! . Retrieved September 14, 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 30, 2013). \"CW Eyes 'Flash' Series With 'Arrow's Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg & David Nutter\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 30, 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (July 30, 2013). \" ' Flash' Writers Preview the CW's Newest Superhero\" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 30, 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 18, 2013). \"CW's 'The Flash' To Do Stand-Alone Pilot Instead Of 'Arrow' Backdoor Pilot Episode\" . Retrieved November 18, 2013 . Jump up ^ Nguyen, Hanh (January 11, 2015). \"The CW Renews Supernatural and 7 More — But Where's Beauty and the Beast?\" . TV Guide . Retrieved January 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ \"DC Comics' Vixen Coming To CW Seed\" . KSiteTV . January 11, 2015 . Retrieved January 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 26, 2015). \"Arrow/Flash Superhero Team-Up Spinoff In Works At CW; Brandon Routh, Victor Garber, Wentworth Miller, Caity Lotz Star\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27, 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 16, 2015). \"Dominic Purcell Joins Arrow/Flash Spinoff\" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 7, 2015). \" ' DC's Legends of Tomorrow', 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' & 'Cordon' Ordered to Series by The CW\" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame, Russ (October 23, 2016). \"Marc Guggenheim Reveals the Title Of Arrow's 100th Episode\" . ComicBook.com . Retrieved October 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ \"Arrow, The Flash, Supergirl, Legends to unite for 'Crisis on Earth-X' crossover\" . Entertainment Weekly . September 22, 2017. 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{ "text": "How Not to Be Wrong - Wikipedia How Not to Be Wrong From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking Paperback edition Author Jordan Ellenberg Country United States Language English Genre Mathematics Publisher Penguin Group Publication date May 29, 2014 ( 2014-05-29 ) Media type Print Pages 468 pp. ISBN 978-1594205224 How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking , written by Jordan Ellenberg , is a New York Times Best Selling [1] book that connects various economic and societal philosophies with basic mathematics and statistical principles. [2] [3] Contents 1 Summary 2 Chapter Summaries 2.1 PART 1: Linearity 2.2 PART 2: Inference 2.3 PART 3: Expectation 2.4 PART 4: Regression 2.5 PART 5: Existence 2.6 HOW TO BE RIGHT 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Summary [ edit ] How Not to Be Wrong explains the mathematics behind some of simplest day-to-day thinking. [4] It then goes into more complex decisions people make. [5] [6] For example, Ellenberg explains many misconceptions about lotteries and whether or not they can be mathematically beaten. [7] [8] Ellenberg uses mathematics to examine real-world issues ranging from the fetishizing of straight lines in the reporting of obesity to the game theory of missing flights, from the relevance to digestion of regression to the mean to the counter-intuitive Berkson's paradox . [7] [9] Chapter Summaries [ edit ] PART 1: Linearity [ edit ] CHAPTER 1, LESS LIKE SWEDEN: Ellenberg encourages his readers to think nonlinearly, and know that “where you should go depends on where you are”. To develop his thought, he relates this to Voodoo economics and the Laffer curve of taxation. Although there are little to no numbers in this chapter, the point is that the overall concept still ties back to mathematical thinking. [10] CHAPTER 2, STRAIGHT LOCALLY, CURVED GLOBALLY: This chapter puts an emphasis on recognizing that “not every curve is a straight line”, and makes reference to multiple mathematical concepts including the Pythagorean theorem, the derivation of Pi, Zeno’s paradox , and non-standard analysis . [10] CHAPTER 3, EVERYONE IS OBESE: Here, Ellenberg dissects some common statistics about Obesity trends in the United States. He ties it into linear regression , and points out basic contradictions made by the original arguments presented. He uses many examples to make his point, including the correlation between SAT scores and tuition rates, as well as the trajectory of missiles. [10] CHAPTER 4, HOW MANY IS THAT IN DEAD AMERICANS: Ellenberg analyzes statistics about the number of casualties around the world in different countries resulting from war. He notes that although proportion in these cases matters, it doesn’t always necessarily make sense when relating them to American deaths. He uses examples of deaths due to brain cancer, the Binomial Theorem , and voting polls to reinforce his point. [10] CHAPTER 5, MORE PIE THAN PLATE: This chapter goes in depth with number percentages relating to employment rates, and references political allegations. He emphasizes that “actual numbers in these cases aren’t important, but knowing what to divide by what is mathematics in its truest form”, noting that mathematics in itself is in everything. [10] PART 2: Inference [ edit ] CHAPTER 6, THE BALTIMORE STOCKBROKER AND THE BIBLE CODE: Ellenberg tries to get across that mathematics is in every single thing that we do. To support this, he uses examples about hidden codes in the Torah determined by ELS, Equidistant Letter Sequence , a Stockbroker parable, noting that “Improbable things happen”, and wiggle room attributes to that. [11] CHAPTER 7, DEAD FISH DON’T READ MINDS: This chapter touches on a lot of things. The basis for this chapter are stories about a dead salmons MRI, trial and error in algebra, and birth control statistics as well as basketball statistics. He also notes that poetry can be compared to mathematics in that it’s “trained by exposure to stimuli, and manipulable in the lab”. Additionally, he writes of a few other mathematical concepts, including Null hypothesis and the Quantic Formula . [11] CHAPTER 8, REDUCTIO AD UNLIKELY: This chapter focuses on the works and theorems/concepts of many famous mathematicians and philosophers. These include but aren’t limited to the Reductio Ad Absurdum by Aristotle , a look into the constellation Taurus by John Mitchell, and Yitang “Tom” Zhangs “abounded gaps” conjecture. He also delves into explaining rational numbers, the prime number theorem , and makes up his own word, “flogarithms”. [11] CHAPTER 9, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HARUSPICY: Ellenberg relates the practice of Haruspicy , genes that affect Schizophrenia, and the accuracy of published papers as well as other things to the “P value” or Statistical Significance. He also notes at the end that Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson claimed that Statistics is about doing, not interpreting, and then relates this to other real-world examples. [11] CHAPTER 10, ARE YOU THERE GOD? IT’S ME, BAYESIAN INFERENCE: This chapter relates Algorithms to things ranging from God, to Netflix movie recommendations, and to terrorism on Facebook . Ellenberg goes through quite a few mathematical concepts in this chapter, which include Conditional probabilities relating back to “P value”, Posterior Possibilities, Bayesian Inference , and Bayes Theorem as they correlate to Radio Psychics and Probability. Additionally, he uses Punnett Squares and other methods to explore the probability of Gods existence. [11] PART 3: Expectation [ edit ] CHAPTER 11, WHAT TO EXPECT WHEN YOU’RE EXPECTING TO WIN THE LOTTERY: This chapter discusses the different probabilities of winning the lottery and expected value as it relates to lottery tickets, including the story of how MIT students managed to “win” the lottery every time in their town. Ellenberg also talks about the Law of Large numbers again, as well as introducing the Additivity of expected value and the games of Franc-Carreau or the “noodle/needle problem”. Many mathematicians and other famous people are mentioned in this chapter, including Georges-Louis LeClerc , Comte de Buffon , and James Harvey. [12] CHAPTER 12, MISS MORE PLANES: The mathematical concepts in this chapter include Utility and Utils , and the Laffer curve again. This chapter discusses the amount of time spent in the airport as it relates to flights being missed, Daniel Ellsberg , Blaise Pascal’s Pense’s, the probability of God once more, and the St. Petersburg Paradox . [12] CHAPTER 13, WHERE THE TRAIN TRACKS MEET: This chapter includes discussions about the Lottery again, and Geometry in Renaissance paintings. It introduces some things about coding, including Error Correcting Code, Hamming Code , and code words. It also mentions Hamming distance at it relates to language. The mathematical concepts included in this chapter are Variance , the Projective Plane , the Fano plane , and the Face centered cubic lattice. [12] PART 4: Regression [ edit ] CHAPTER 14, THE TRIUMPH OF MEDIOCRITY: This chapter discusses Mediocrity in everyday business according to Horace Secrist . It also includes discussions about Francis Galton ’s “Hereditary Genius”, and baseball statistics about home runs. [13] Scatter plot example CHAPTER 15, GALTONS ELLIPSE: This chapter focuses on Sir Francis Galton , and his work on scatter plots , as well as the ellipses formed by them, correlation and causation, and the development from linear systems to quadratics. This chapter also addressed conditional and unconditional expectation, regression to the mean , eccentricity , Bivariate normal distribution , and dimensions in geometry. [13] CHAPTER 16, DOES LUNG CANCER MAKE YOU SMOKE CIGARETTES: This chapter explores the correlation between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer, using work from R.A Fisher. It also goes into Berkson’s Fallacy , and uses the attractiveness of men to develop the thought, and talks about common effect at the end. [13] PART 5: Existence [ edit ] CHAPTER 17, THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS PUBLIC OPINION: This chapter delves into the workings of a majority rules system, and points out the contradictions and confusion of it all, ultimately stating that public opinion doesn’t exist. It uses many examples to make its point, including different election statistics, the death sentence of a mentally retarded person, and a case with Justice Antonin Scalia . It also includes mathematical terms/concepts such as Independence of irrelevant alternatives , Asymmetric Domination effect, and Condorcet paradoxes. [14] CHAPTER 18, “OUT OF NOTHING, I HAVE CREATED A STRANGE NEW UNIVERSE”: This chapter talks about János Bolyais, and his work on the parallel postulate. Others mentioned in this chapter include David Hilbert , and Gottlob Frege . It also explored points and lines, Formalism, and what the author calls a “Genius” mentality. [14] HOW TO BE RIGHT [ edit ] This last chapter introduces one last concept, ex falso quodlibet , and mentions Theodore Roosevelt , as well as the election between Obama and Romney . The author ends the novel with encouraging statements, noting that it’s okay to not know everything, and that we all learn from failure. He ends saying that to love math is to be “touched by fire and bound by reason”, and that we should all use it well. [15] Reception [ edit ] Bill Gates endorsed How Not to Be Wrong and included it in his 2016 \"5 Books to Read This Summer\" list. [16] [17] The Washington Post reported that the book is “brilliantly engaging… part of the sheer intellectual joy of the book is watching the author leap nimbly from topic to topic, comparing slime molds to the Bush–Gore Florida vote, criminology to Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. The final effect is of one enormous mosaic unified by mathematics.” [18] The Wall Street Journal said, “Mr. Ellenberg writes, a kind of 'X-ray specs that reveal hidden structures underneath the messy and chaotic surface of the world.” [19] The Guardian wrote, “Ellenberg's prose is a delight – informal and robust, irreverent yet serious.” [20] Business insider said it's \"A collection of fascinating examples of math and its surprising applications... How Not To Be Wrong is full of interesting and weird mathematical tools and observations\". [21] Publishers weekly writes \"Wry, accessible, and entertaining...Ellenberg finds the common-sense math at work in the every day world, and his vivid examples and clear descriptions show how 'math is woven into the way we reason'\". [22] Times Higher Education notes \" How Not To Be Wrong is beautifully written, holding the reader's attention throughout with well-chosen material, illuminating exposition, wit, and helpful examples...Ellenberg shares Gardner's remarkable ability to write clearly and entertainingly, bringing in deep mathematical ideas without the reader registering their difficulty\". [23] Salon describes the book as \"A poet-mathematician offers an empowering and entertaining primer for the age of Big Data...A rewarding popular math book for just about anyone\". [24] References [ edit ] Jump up ^ \"Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - June 22, 2014 - The New York Times\" . Retrieved 2018-04-25 . Jump up ^ Crace, John (2014-06-08). \"How Not to Be Wrong: The Hidden Maths of Everyday Life by Jordan Ellenberg – digested read\" . The Guardian . Jump up ^ \"Review of 'How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking' by Jordan Ellenberg – The Boston Globe\" . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Times, Los Angeles. \"In 'How Not to Be Wrong' Jordan Ellenberg makes math meaningful\" . LA Times . Jump up ^ Bird, Review by Orlando (2014-06-13). \" ' How Not To Be Wrong: The Hidden Maths of Everyday Life', by Jordan Ellenberg\" . Financial Times . ISSN 0307-1766 . Jump up ^ Ellenberg, Jordan (2014-06-13). \"How I Was Wrong\" . Slate . ISSN 1091-2339 . ^ Jump up to: a b \"Thinking Inside the Box | On Wisconsin\" . OnWisconsin . Jump up ^ \"How to Get Rich Playing the Lottery | Mathematical Association of America\" . www.maa.org . Jump up ^ \"Mathematician Explains How To Figure Out What Time To Get To The Airport Before Your Flight\" . Business Insider . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ellenberg, Jordan (2014). How Not To Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books. pp. 21–85. ISBN 978-0-14-312753-6 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ellenberg, Jordan (2014). How Not To Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books. pp. 89–191. ^ Jump up to: a b c Ellenberg, Jordan (2014). How Not To Be Wrong:The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books. pp. 196–291. ^ Jump up to: a b c Ellenberg, Jordan (2014). How Not To Be Wrong:The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books. pp. 295–362. ^ Jump up to: a b Ellenberg, Jordan (2014). How Not To Be Wrong:The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books. pp. 365–420. Jump up ^ Ellenberg, Jordan (2014). How Not To Be Wrong:The Power of Mathematical Thinking . Penguin Books. pp. 421–437. Jump up ^ Gates, Bill. \"How Math Secretly Affects Your Life\" . www.gatesnotes.com . Jump up ^ Gates, Bill. \"5 Books to Read This Summer\" . www.gatesnotes.com . Jump up ^ Suri, Manil (2014-06-13). \"Book review: \"How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking,\" by Jordan Ellenberg\" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Jump up ^ Livio, Mario (2014-06-13). \"Book Review: 'How Not to Be Wrong' by Jordan Ellenberg\" . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Jump up ^ Bellos, Alex (2014-06-13). \"How Not to Be Wrong: The Hidden Maths of Everyday Life by Jordan Ellenberg – review\" . The Guardian . Jump up ^ \"Mathematician Explains How To Figure Out What Time To Get To The Airport Before Your Flight\" . Business Insider . Retrieved 2018-04-23 . Jump up ^ \"Nonfiction Book Review: How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking by Jordan Ellenberg. Penguin Press, $27.95 (480p) ISBN 978-1-59420-522-4\" . PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 2018-04-23 . Jump up ^ \"How Not to Be Wrong: The Hidden Maths of Everyday Life, by Jordan Ellenberg\" . Times Higher Education (THE) . 2014-06-05 . Retrieved 2018-04-23 . Jump up ^ \"“How Not to Be Wrong”: What the literary world can learn from math\" . Salon . 2014-06-08 . Retrieved 2018-04-23 . External links [ edit ] Official Website Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Not_to_Be_Wrong&oldid=854467702 \" Categories : 2014 books 2014 non-fiction books Mathematics books Hidden categories: Pages to import images to Wikidata Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 15:49 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view Enable previews", "title": "How Not to Be Wrong", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=How_Not_to_Be_Wrong&amp;oldid=854467702" }