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https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%B5
์‚ฌ๋žต
์‚ฌ๋žต(็งๆŽ , )์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐ•์„ ๋ฌด์žฅ์‹œ์ผœ ์ ์„ฑ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒ์„ ์„ ๋…ธ๋žต์งˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žต์— ๋™์›๋˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•์€ ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ (็งๆŽ ่ˆน, )์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์„ธ ๋ง์—์„œ ๊ทผ์„ธ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒ๋น„ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ์— ๊ต์ „์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žตํ•ด์ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋™๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ฌด์žฅ์ด ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ๋“ฑ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋œ ์˜ˆ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์  ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์ ์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” Pirate(ํŒŒ์ด๋Ÿฟ)์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์ธ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํ•ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์™•์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋… ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žต ํŠนํ—ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ณต์ธ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ์›๋“ค์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝํƒˆ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘์— ์ค‘์„ธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žตํ•ด์ ์€ ์ฝ”๋ฅด์„ธ์–ด(์˜์–ด Corsair)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทผ์„ธ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žตํ•ด์ ๋“ค์€ ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ์–ด(์˜์–ด Privateer)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žตํ•ด์ ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ„์ปค๋‹ˆ์–ด(Buccaneer)๋ผ ์นญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žต์งˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒˆ ์ˆ˜์ต์˜ ์ผ์ •๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ƒ๋‚ฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์Ÿ์‹œ ์ฐธ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํ—ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒ์„ ๊ณผ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ๊ตญ ์ƒ์„ ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜น ํ•œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์•ฝํƒˆ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ๋œ ํ›„์— ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ์›๋“ค์ด ํ•ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ์€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ณผ ์„ ์›์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋๋‹ค. ์œก๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„๋•Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์ธ์›์˜ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์—๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ทจํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋‚˜, ๋ฌด์—ญ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ ์˜ ์ƒ์—…์„ ๊ต๋ž€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ „ํ•จ์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žต์—…์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•ด์ ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Šต๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์•ฝํƒˆ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„  ๋™์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ์€ ํ•ด์ ์„ ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์  ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žตํ™œ๋™์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•ด ์™”๊ณ , (์ค€)ํ•ด์ ๋“ค์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ช… ์•„๋ž˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ์ค‘์„ธ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถ๋ถ€์—ฐ์•ˆ์˜ ์•Œ์ œ, ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์Šค, ํŠธ๋ฆฌํด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ํ•ด์ ๋“ค์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด์—์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ๊ดด๋กญํ˜”๋‹ค. ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์˜ ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด ๊ฑด์„คํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์–‘ํ™œ๋™์— ์•ฝํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋„์‹œ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ข…๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์€ ํ›„ ์ „๋žต์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žตํ•ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ผฝํž ์ •๋„๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ์€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์„ ๊ณต๋žตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žต์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1492๋…„์— ์ฝœ๋Ÿผ๋ฒ„์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ํ›„, ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ฑ„๊ตดํ•œ ๊ธˆ์€์„ ์‹ฃ๊ณ  ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์„ ์˜ ์•ฝํƒˆ์€ ์ผํ™•์ฒœ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žต์—…์€ ์ ์ฐจ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒ์—…์„ ๊ต๋ž€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ์ด์ต์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žตํ–‰์œ„๋Š” 1714๋…„์— ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์™•์œ„๊ณ„์Šน์ „์ด ๋๋‚œ ์ดํ›„ ํ‰ํ™” ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ ์ฐจ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ง‰์„ ๊ฑท๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ์™ธ๊ต์ ์ธ ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žตํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธˆํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์ ๋“ค์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์†ํ•˜์ž ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋„์–‘์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 17~18์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ํ•ด์ ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ƒ์„ ๋“ค์„ ์•ฝํƒˆ, ๋‚˜ํฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ ๋ช…๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋‚ฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํฐ ๊ณจ์น˜๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜๊ตญ ์ƒ์„ ์€ ์•ฝํƒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต๋‚ฉ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒ์„ ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ƒ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€ํ˜‘์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋˜์ž ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋‘” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋‚ฉ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ํ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ํ•ด์  ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ทผ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1830๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์ œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ ๋ นํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ํ•ด์ ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…์‹์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 1856๋…„์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์„ ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฌ๋žต ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ์˜ ํ์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1898๋…„์˜ ๋ฏธ์„œ(็พŽ่ฅฟ) ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์–‘ ๊ต์ „๊ตญ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์„ ์–ธ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žต์„ ์˜ ํ์ง€๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1907๋…„ ํ—ค์ด๊ทธ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋งŒ๊ตญํ‰ํ™”ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žตํ–‰์œ„ ๊ทผ์ ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋žต ํ–‰์œ„ ์ฆ‰ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ธ ํ•ด์  ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•ด์  ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 1958๋…„ ์ œ1ํšŒ ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๊ณตํ•ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์กฐ์•ฝ์ด ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณตํ•ด์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์ ์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„์— ์ œ์ •๋œ ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํ˜‘์•ฝ์€ ์ด ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ํ•ด์–‘์‚ฌ ํ•ด์ƒ๊ฐ•๋„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer
Privateer
A privateer is a private person or vessel that engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war. Since robbery under arms was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign or delegated authority issued commissions, also referred to as letters of marque, during wartime. The commission empowered the holder to carry on all forms of hostility permissible at sea by the usages of war. This included attacking foreign vessels and taking them as prizes and taking crews prisoner for exchange. Captured ships were subject to condemnation and sale under prize law, with the proceeds divided by percentage between the privateer's sponsors, shipowners, captains and crew. A percentage share usually went to the issuer of the commission (i.e. the sovereign). Privateering allowed sovereigns to raise revenue for war by mobilizing privately owned armed ships and sailors to supplement state power. For participants, privateering provided the potential for a greater income and profit than obtainable as a merchant seafarer or fisher. However, this incentive increased the risk of privateers turning to piracy when war ended. The commission usually protected privateers from accusations of piracy, but in practice the historical legality and status of privateers could be vague. Depending on the specific sovereign and the time period, commissions might be issued hastily; privateers might take actions beyond what was authorized in the commission, including after its expiry. A privateer who continued raiding after the expiration of a commission or the signing of a peace treaty could face accusations of piracy. The risk of piracy and the emergence of the modern state system of centralised military control caused the decline of privateering by the end of the 19th century. Legal framework and relation to piracy The commission was the proof the privateer was not a pirate. It usually limited activity to one particular ship, and specified officers, for a specified period of time. Typically, the owners or captain would be required to post a performance bond. The commission also dictated the expected nationality of potential prize ships under the terms of the war. At sea, the privateer captain was obliged to produce the commission to a potential prize ship's captain as evidence of the legitimacy of their prize claim. If the nationality of a prize was not the enemy of the commissioning sovereign, the privateer could not claim the ship as a prize. Doing so would be an act of piracy. In British law, under the Offences at Sea Act 1536, piracy, or raiding a ship without a valid commission, was an act of treason. By the late 17th century, the prosecution of privateers loyal to the usurped King James II for piracy began to shift the legal framework of piracy away from treason towards crime against property. As a result, privateering commissions became a matter of national discretion. By the passing of the Piracy Act 1717, a privateer's allegiance to Britain overrode any allegiance to a sovereign providing the commission. This helped bring privateers under the legal jurisdiction of their home country in the event the privateer turned pirate. Other European countries followed suit. The shift from treason to property also justified the criminalisation of traditional sea-raiding activities of people Europeans wished to colonise. The legal framework around authorised sea-raiding was considerably murkier outside of Europe. Unfamiliarity with local forms of authority created difficulty determining who was legitimately sovereign on land and at sea, whether to accept their authority, or whether the opposing parties were, in fact, pirates. Mediterranean corsairs operated with a style of patriotic-religious authority that Europeans, and later Americans, found difficult to understand and accept. It did not help that many European privateers happily accepted commissions from the deys of Algiers, Tangiers and Tunis. The sultans of the Sulu archipelago (now present-day Philippines) held only a tenuous authority over the local Iranun communities of slave-raiders. The sultans created a carefully spun web of marital and political alliances in an attempt to control unauthorised raiding that would provoke war against them. In Malay political systems, the legitimacy and strength of their Sultan's management of trade determined the extent he exerted control over the sea-raiding of his coastal people. Privateers were implicated in piracy for a number of complex reasons. For colonial authorities, successful privateers were skilled seafarers who brought in much-needed revenue, especially in newly settled colonial outposts. These skills and benefits often caused local authorities to overlook a privateer's shift into piracy when a war ended. The French Governor of Petit-Goave gave buccaneer Francois Grogniet blank privateering commissions, which Grogniet traded to Edward Davis for a spare ship so the two could continue raiding Spanish cities under a guise of legitimacy. New York Governors Jacob Leisler and Benjamin Fletcher were removed from office in part for their dealings with pirates such as Thomas Tew, to whom Fletcher had granted commissions to sail against the French, but who ignored his commission to raid Mughal shipping in the Red Sea instead. Some privateers faced prosecution for piracy. William Kidd accepted a commission from King William III of England to hunt pirates but was later hanged for piracy. He had been unable to produce the papers of the prizes he had captured to prove his innocence. Privateering commissions were easy to obtain during wartime but when the war ended and sovereigns recalled the privateers, many refused to give up the lucrative business and turned to piracy. Boston minister Cotton Mather lamented after the execution of pirate John Quelch: "Yea, since the privateering stroke so easily degenerates into the piratical and the privateering trade is usually carried on with so un-Christian a temper and proves an inlet unto so much debauchery and iniquity and confusion, I believe I shall have good men concur with me in wishing that privateering may no more be practised except there may appear more hopeful circumstances to encourage it." Noted privateers Privateers who were considered legitimate by their governments include: Miguel Enrรญquez (Puerto Rico) Pieter van der Does (Dutch Empire) Amaro Pargo (Spanish Empire or Hispanic Monarchy) Hayreddin Barbarossa (Ottoman Empire) Robert Surcouf (France) Lars Gathenhielm (Sweden) Sir Francis Drake (England) Sir John Hawkins (England) Juana Larando (Basque Country) Ships Entrepreneurs converted many different types of vessels into privateers, including obsolete warships and refitted merchant ships. The investors would arm the vessels and recruit large crews, much larger than a merchantman or a naval vessel would carry, in order to crew the prizes they captured. Privateers generally cruised independently, but it was not unknown for them to form squadrons, or to co-operate with the regular navy. A number of privateers were part of the English fleet that opposed the Spanish Armada in 1588. Privateers generally avoided encounters with warships, as such encounters would be at best unprofitable. Still, such encounters did occur. For instance, in 1815 Chasseur encountered HMS St Lawrence, herself a former American privateer, mistaking her for a merchantman until too late; in this instance, however, the privateer prevailed. The United States used mixed squadrons of frigates and privateers in the American Revolutionary War. Following the French Revolution, French privateers became a menace to British and American shipping in the western Atlantic and the Caribbean, resulting in the Quasi-War, a brief conflict between France and the United States, fought largely at sea, and to the Royal Navy's procuring Bermuda sloops to combat the French privateers. Overall history In Europe, the practice of authorising sea-raiding dated to at least the 13th century but the word 'privateer' was coined sometime in the mid-17th century. Seamen who served on naval vessels were paid wages and given victuals, whereas mariners on merchantmen and privateers received a share of the takings. Privateering thus offered otherwise working-class enterprises (merchant ships) with the chance at substantial wealth (prize money from captures). The opportunity mobilized local seamen as auxiliaries in an era when state capacity limited the ability of a nation to fund a professional navy via taxation. Privateers were a large part of the total military force at sea during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the first Anglo-Dutch War, English privateers attacked the trade on which the United Provinces entirely depended, capturing over 1,000 Dutch merchant ships. During the subsequent war with Spain, Spanish and Flemish privateers in the service of the Spanish Crown, including the Dunkirkers, captured 1,500 English merchant ships, helping to restore Dutch international trade. British trade, whether coastal, Atlantic, or Mediterranean, was also attacked by Dutch privateers and others in the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch wars. Piet Pieterszoon Hein was a brilliantly successful Dutch privateer who captured a Spanish treasure fleet. Magnus Heinason was another privateer who served the Dutch against the Spanish. While their and others' attacks brought home a great deal of money, they hardly dented the flow of gold and silver from Mexico to Spain. As the industrial revolution proceeded, privateering became increasingly incompatible with modern states' monopoly on violence. Modern warships could easily outrace merchantmen, and tight controls on naval armaments led to fewer private-purchase naval weapons. Privateering continued until the 1856 Declaration of Paris, in which all major European powers stated that "Privateering is and remains abolished". The United States did not sign the Declaration over stronger language that protects all private property from capture at sea, but has not issued letters of marque in any subsequent conflicts. In the 19th century, many nations passed laws forbidding their nationals from accepting commissions as privateers for other nations. The last major power to flirt with privateering was Prussia in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War, when Prussia announced the creation of a 'volunteer navy' of ships privately-owned and -manned, but eligible for prize money. (Prussia argued that the Declaration did not forbid such a force, because the ships were subject to naval discipline.) England/Britain In England, and later the United Kingdom, the ubiquity of wars and the island nation's reliance on maritime trade enabled the use of privateers to great effect. England also suffered much from other nations' privateering. During the 15th century, the country "lacked an institutional structure and coordinated finance". When piracy became an increasing problem, merchant communities such as Bristol began to resort to self-help, arming and equipping ships at their own expense to protect commerce. The licensing of these privately owned merchant ships by the Crown enabled them to legitimately capture vessels that were deemed pirates. This constituted a "revolution in naval strategy" and helped fill the need for protection that the Crown was unable to provide. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558โ€“1603), she "encouraged the development of this supplementary navy". Over the course of her rule, the increase of Spanish prosperity through their explorations in the New World and the discovery of gold contributed to the deterioration of Anglo-Spanish relations. Elizabeth's authorisation of sea-raiders (known as Sea Dogs) such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh allowed her to officially distance herself from their raiding activities while enjoying the gold gained from these raids. English ships cruised in the Caribbean and off the coast of Spain, trying to intercept treasure fleets from the Spanish Main. Elizabeth was succeeded by the first Stuart monarchs, James I and Charles I, who did not permit privateering. Desperate to fund the expensive War of Spanish Succession, Queen Anne restarted privateering and even removed the need for a sovereign's percentage as an incentive. Sovereigns continued to license British privateers throughout the century, although there were a number of unilateral and bilateral declarations limiting privateering between 1785 and 1823. This helped establish the privateer's persona as heroic patriots. British privateers last appeared en masse in the Napoleonic Wars. England and Scotland practiced privateering both separately and together after they united to create the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. It was a way to gain for themselves some of the wealth the Spanish and Portuguese were taking from the New World before beginning their own trans-Atlantic settlement, and a way to assert naval power before a strong Royal Navy emerged. Sir Andrew Barton, Lord High Admiral of Scotland, followed the example of his father, who had been issued with letters of marque by James III of Scotland to prey upon English and Portuguese shipping in 1485; the letters in due course were reissued to the son. Barton was killed following an encounter with the English in 1511. Sir Francis Drake, who had close contact with the sovereign, was responsible for some damage to Spanish shipping, as well as attacks on Spanish settlements in the Americas in the 16th century. He participated in the successful English defence against the Spanish Armada in 1588, though he was also partly responsible for the failure of the English Armada against Spain in 1589. Sir George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, was a successful privateer against Spanish shipping in the Caribbean. He is also famous for his short-lived 1598 capture of Fort San Felipe del Morro, the citadel protecting San Juan, Puerto Rico. He arrived in Puerto Rico on June 15, 1598, but by November of that year, Clifford and his men had fled the island due to fierce civilian resistance. He gained sufficient prestige from his naval exploits to be named the official Champion of Queen Elizabeth I. Clifford became extremely wealthy through his buccaneering but lost most of his money gambling on horse races. Captain Christopher Newport led more attacks on Spanish shipping and settlements than any other English privateer. As a young man, Newport sailed with Sir Francis Drake in the attack on the Spanish fleet at Cadiz and participated in England's defeat of the Spanish Armada. During the war with Spain, Newport seized fortunes of Spanish and Portuguese treasure in fierce sea battles in the West Indies as a privateer for Queen Elizabeth I. He lost an arm whilst capturing a Spanish ship during an expedition in 1590, but despite this, he continued on privateering, successfully blockading Western Cuba the following year. In 1592, Newport captured the Portuguese carrack Madre de Deus (Mother of God), valued at ยฃ500,000. Sir Henry Morgan was a successful privateer. Operating out of Jamaica, he carried on a war against Spanish interests in the region, often using cunning tactics. His operation was prone to cruelty against those he captured, including torture to gain information about booty, and in one case using priests as human shields. Despite reproaches for some of his excesses, he was generally protected by Sir Thomas Modyford, the governor of Jamaica. He took an enormous amount of booty, as well as landing his privateers ashore and attacking land fortifications, including the sack of the city of Panama with only 1,400 crew. Other British privateers of note include Fortunatus Wright, Edward Collier, Sir John Hawkins, his son Sir Richard Hawkins, Michael Geare, and Sir Christopher Myngs. Notable British colonial privateers in Nova Scotia include Alexander Godfrey of the brig and Joseph Barss of the schooner . The latter schooner captured over 50 American vessels during the War of 1812. Bermudians The English colony of Bermuda (or the Somers Isles), settled accidentally in 1609, was used as a base for English privateers from the time it officially became part of the territory of the Virginia Company in 1612, especially by ships belonging to the Earl of Warwick, for whom Bermuda's Warwick Parish is named (the Warwick name had long been associated with commerce raiding, as exampled by the Newport Ship, thought to have been taken from the Spanish by Warwick the Kingmaker in the 15th century). Many Bermudians were employed as crew aboard privateers throughout the century, although the colony was primarily devoted to farming cash crops until turning from its failed agricultural economy to the sea after the 1684 dissolution of the Somers Isles Company (a spin-off of the Virginia Company which had overseen the colony since 1615). With a total area of and lacking any natural resources other than the Bermuda cedar, the colonists applied themselves fully to the maritime trades, developing the speedy Bermuda sloop, which was well suited both to commerce and to commerce raiding. Bermudian merchant vessels turned to privateering at every opportunity in the 18th century, preying on the shipping of Spain, France, and other nations during a series of wars, including the 1688 to 1697 Nine Years' War (King William's War); the 1702 to 1713 Queen Anne's War; the 1739 to 1748 War of Jenkins' Ear; the 1740 to 1748 War of the Austrian Succession (King George's War); the 1754 to 1763 Seven Years' War (known in the United States as the French and Indian War), this conflict was devastating for the colony's merchant fleet. Fifteen privateers operated from Bermuda during the war, but losses exceeded captures; the 1775 to 1783 American War of Independence; and the 1796 to 1808 Anglo-Spanish War. By the middle of the 18th century, Bermuda was sending twice as many privateers to sea as any of the continental colonies. They typically left Bermuda with very large crews. This advantage in manpower was vital in overpowering the crews of larger vessels, which themselves often lacked sufficient crewmembers to put up a strong defence. The extra crewmen were also useful as prize crews for returning captured vessels. The Bahamas, which had been depopulated of its indigenous inhabitants by the Spanish, had been settled by England, beginning with the Eleutheran Adventurers, dissident Puritans driven out of Bermuda during the English Civil War. Spanish and French attacks destroyed New Providence in 1703, creating a stronghold for pirates, and it became a thorn in the side of British merchant trade through the area. In 1718, Britain appointed Woodes Rogers as Governor of the Bahamas, and sent him at the head of a force to reclaim the settlement. Before his arrival, however, the pirates had been forced to surrender by a force of Bermudian privateers who had been issued letters of marque by the Governor of Bermuda. Bermuda was in de facto control of the Turks Islands, with their lucrative salt industry, from the late 17th century to the early 19th. The Bahamas made perpetual attempts to claim the Turks for itself. On several occasions, this involved seizing the vessels of Bermudian salt traders. A virtual state of war was said to exist between Bermudian and Bahamian vessels for much of the 18th century. When the Bermudian sloop Seaflower was seized by the Bahamians in 1701, the response of the Governor of Bermuda, Captain Benjamin Bennett, was to issue letters of marque to Bermudian vessels. In 1706, Spanish and French forces ousted the Bermudians but were driven out themselves three years later by the Bermudian privateer Captain Lewis Middleton. His ship, the Rose, attacked a Spanish and a French privateer holding a captive English vessel. Defeating the two enemy vessels, the Rose then cleared out the thirty-man garrison left by the Spanish and French. Despite strong sentiments in support of the rebels, especially in the early stages, Bermudian privateers turned as aggressively on American shipping during the American War of Independence. The importance of privateering to the Bermudian economy had been increased not only by the loss of most of Bermuda's continental trade but also by the Palliser Act, which forbade Bermudian vessels from fishing the Grand Banks. Bermudian trade with the rebellious American colonies actually carried on throughout the war. Some historians credit the large number of Bermuda sloops (reckoned at over a thousand) built-in Bermuda as privateers and sold illegally to the Americans as enabling the rebellious colonies to win their independence. Also, the Americans were dependent on Turks salt, and one hundred barrels of gunpowder were stolen from a Bermudian magazine and supplied to the rebels as orchestrated by Colonel Henry Tucker and Benjamin Franklin, and as requested by George Washington, in exchange for which the Continental Congress authorised the sale of supplies to Bermuda, which was dependent on American produce. The realities of this interdependence did nothing to dampen the enthusiasm with which Bermudian privateers turned on their erstwhile countrymen. An American naval captain, ordered to take his ship out of Boston Harbor to eliminate a pair of Bermudian privateering vessels that had been picking off vessels missed by the Royal Navy, returned frustrated, saying, "the Bermudians sailed their ships two feet for every one of ours". Around 10,000 Bermudians emigrated in the years prior to American independence, mostly to the American colonies. Many Bermudians occupied prominent positions in American seaports, from where they continued their maritime trades (Bermudian merchants controlled much of the trade through ports like Charleston, South Carolina, and Bermudian shipbuilders influenced the development of American vessels, like the Chesapeake Bay schooner), and in the Revolution they used their knowledge of Bermudians and of Bermuda, as well as their vessels, for the rebels' cause. In the 1777 Battle of Wreck Hill, brothers Charles and Francis Morgan, members of a large Bermudian enclave that had dominated Charleston, South Carolina and its environs since settlement, captaining two sloops (the Fair American and the Experiment, respectively), carried out the only attack on Bermuda during the war. The target was a fort that guarded a little used passage through the encompassing reef line. After the soldiers manning the fort were forced to abandon it, they spiked its guns and fled themselves before reinforcements could arrive. When the Americans captured the Bermudian privateer Regulator, they discovered that virtually all of her crew were black slaves. Authorities in Boston offered these men their freedom, but all 70 elected to be treated as prisoners of war. Sent as such to New York on the sloop Duxbury, they seized the vessel and sailed it back to Bermuda. One-hundred and thirty prizes were brought to Bermuda in the year between 4th day of April 1782 and the 4th day of April 1783 alone, including three by Royal Naval vessels and the remainder by privateers. The War of 1812 saw an encore of Bermudian privateering, which had died out after the 1790s. The decline of Bermudian privateering was due partly to the buildup of the naval base in Bermuda, which reduced the Admiralty's reliance on privateers in the western Atlantic, and partly to successful American legal suits and claims for damages pressed against British privateers, a large portion of which were aimed squarely at the Bermudians. During the course of the War of 1812, Bermudian privateers captured 298 ships, some 19% of the 1,593 vessels captured by British naval and privateering vessels between the Great Lakes and the West Indies. Among the better known (native-born and immigrant) Bermudian privateers were Hezekiah Frith, Bridger Goodrich, Henry Jennings, Thomas Hewetson, and Thomas Tew. Providence Island colony Bermudians were also involved in privateering from the short-lived English colony on Isla de Providencia, off the coast of Nicaragua. This colony was initially settled largely via Bermuda, with about eighty Bermudians moved to Providence in 1631. Although it was intended that the colony be used to grow cash crops, its location in the heart of the Spanish controlled territory ensured that it quickly became a base for privateering. Bermuda-based privateer Daniel Elfrith, while on a privateering expedition with Captain Sussex Camock of the bark Somer Ilands (a rendering of "Somers Isles", the alternate name of the Islands of Bermuda) in 1625, discovered two islands off the coast of Nicaragua, apart from each other. Camock stayed with 30 of his men to explore one of the islands, San Andrรฉs, while Elfrith took the Warwicke back to Bermuda bringing news of Providence Island. Bermuda Governor Bell wrote on behalf of Elfrith to Sir Nathaniel Rich, a businessman and cousin of the Earl of Warwick (the namesake of Warwick Parish), who presented a proposal for colonizing the island noting its strategic location "lying in the heart of the Indies & the mouth of the Spaniards". Elfrith was appointed admiral of the colony's military forces in 1631, remaining the overall military commander for over seven years. During this time, Elfrith served as a guide to other privateers and sea captains arriving in the Caribbean. Elfrith invited the well-known privateer Diego el Mulato to the island. Samuel Axe, one of the military leaders, also accepted letters of marque from the Dutch authorizing privateering. The Spanish did not hear of the Providence Island colony until 1635 when they captured some Englishmen in Portobelo, on the Isthmus of Panama. Francisco de Murga, Governor and Captain-General of Cartagena, dispatched Captain Gregorio de Castellar y Mantilla and engineer Juan de Somovilla Texada to destroy the colony. The Spanish were repelled and forced to retreat "in haste and disorder". After the attack, King Charles I of England issued letters of marque to the Providence Island Company on 21 December 1635 authorizing raids on the Spanish in retaliation for a raid that had destroyed the English colony on Tortuga earlier in 1635 (Tortuga had come under the protection of the Providence Island Company. In 1635 a Spanish fleet raided Tortuga. 195 colonists were hung and 39 prisoners and 30 slaves were captured). The company could in turn issue letters of marque to subcontracting privateers who used the island as a base, for a fee. This soon became an important source of profit. Thus the company made an agreement with the merchant Maurice Thompson under which Thompson could use the island as a base in return for 20% of the booty. In March 1636 the Company dispatched Captain Robert Hunt on the Blessing to assume the governorship of what was now viewed as a base for privateering. Depredations continued, leading to growing tension between England and Spain, which were still technically at peace. On 11 July 1640, the Spanish Ambassador in London complained again, saying he Nathaniel Butler, formerly Governor of Bermuda, was the last full governor of Providence Island, replacing Robert Hunt in 1638. Butler returned to England in 1640, satisfied that the fortifications were adequate, deputizing the governorship to Captain Andrew Carter. In 1640, don Melchor de Aguilera, Governor and Captain-General of Cartagena, resolved to remove the intolerable infestation of pirates on the island. Taking advantage of having infantry from Castile and Portugal wintering in his port, he dispatched six hundred armed Spaniards from the fleet and the presidio, and two hundred black and mulatto militiamen under the leadership of don Antonio Maldonado y Tejada, his Sergeant Major, in six small frigates and a galleon. The troops were landed on the island, and a fierce fight ensued. The Spanish were forced to withdraw when a gale blew up and threatened their ships. Carter had the Spanish prisoners executed. When the Puritan leaders protested against this brutality, Carter sent four of them home in chains. The Spanish acted decisively to avenge their defeat. General Francisco Dรญaz Pimienta was given orders by King Philip IV of Spain, and sailed from Cartagena to Providence with seven large ships, four pinnaces, 1,400 soldiers and 600 seamen, arriving on 19 May 1641. At first, Pimienta planned to attack the poorly defended east side, and the English rushed there to improvise defenses. With the winds against him, Pimienta changed plans and made for the main New Westminster harbor and launched his attack on 24 May. He held back his large ships to avoid damage, and used the pinnaces to attack the forts. The Spanish troops quickly gained control, and once the forts saw the Spanish flag flying over the governor's house, they began negotiations for surrender. On 25 May 1641, Pimienta formally took possession and celebrated mass in the church. The Spanish took sixty guns, and captured the 350 settlers who remained on the island โ€“ others had escaped to the Mosquito Coast. They took the prisoners to Cartagena. The women and children were given a passage back to England. The Spanish found gold, indigo, cochineal and six hundred black slaves on the island, worth a total of 500,000 ducats, some of the accumulated booty from the raids on Spanish ships. Rather than destroy the defenses, as instructed, Pimienta left a small garrison of 150 men to hold the island and prevent occupation by the Dutch. Later that year, Captain John Humphrey, who had been chosen to succeed Captain Butler as governor, arrived with a large group of dissatisfied settlers from New England. He found the Spanish occupying the islands, and sailed away. Pimienta's decision to occupy the island was approved in 1643 and he was made a knight of the Order of Santiago. Spain and its colonies When Spain issued a decree blocking foreign countries from trading, selling or buying merchandise in its Caribbean colonies, the entire region became engulfed in a power struggle among the naval superpowers. The newly independent United States later became involved in this scenario, complicating the conflict. As a consequence, Spain increased the issuing of privateering contracts. These contracts allowed an income option to the inhabitants of these colonies that were not related to the Spanish conquistadores. The most well-known privateer corsairs of the eighteenth century in the Spanish colonies were Miguel Enrรญquez of Puerto Rico and Josรฉ Campuzano-Polanco of Santo Domingo. Miguel Enrรญquez was a Puerto Rican mulatto who abandoned his work as a shoemaker to work as a privateer. Such was the success of Enrรญquez, that he became one of the wealthiest men in the New World. His fleet was composed of approx. 300 different ships during a career that spanned 35 years, becoming a military asset and reportedly outperforming the efficiency of the Armada de Barlovento. Enrรญquez was knighted and received the title of Don from Philip V, something unheard of due to his ethnic and social background. One of the most famous privateers from Spain was Amaro Pargo. France Corsairs (French: corsaire) were privateers, authorized to conduct raids on shipping of a nation at war with France, on behalf of the French Crown. Seized vessels and cargo were sold at auction, with the corsair captain entitled to a portion of the proceeds. Although not French Navy personnel, corsairs were considered legitimate combatants in France (and allied nations), provided the commanding officer of the vessel was in possession of a valid Letter of Marque (fr. Lettre de Marque or Lettre de Course), and the officers and crew conducted themselves according to contemporary admiralty law. By acting on behalf of the French Crown, if captured by the enemy, they could claim treatment as prisoners of war, instead of being considered pirates. Because corsairs gained a swashbuckling reputation, the word "corsair" is also used generically as a more romantic or flamboyant way of referring to privateers, or even to pirates. The Barbary pirates of North Africa as well as Ottomans were sometimes called "Turkish corsairs". Malta Corsairing () was an important aspect of Malta's economy when the island was ruled by the Order of St. John, although the practice had begun earlier. Corsairs sailed on privately owned ships on behalf of the Grand Master of the Order, and were authorized to attack Muslim ships, usually merchant ships from the Ottoman Empire. The corsairs included knights of the Order, native Maltese people, as well as foreigners. When they captured a ship, the goods were sold and the crew and passengers were ransomed or enslaved, and the Order took a percentage of the value of the booty. Corsairing remained common until the end of the 18th century. United States British Colonial period During King George's War, approximately 36,000 Americans served aboard privateers at one time or another. During the Nine Years War, the French adopted a policy of strongly encouraging privateers, including the famous Jean Bart, to attack English and Dutch shipping. England lost roughly 4,000 merchant ships during the war. In the following War of Spanish Succession, privateer attacks continued, Britain losing 3,250 merchant ships. In the subsequent conflict, the War of Austrian Succession, the Royal Navy was able to concentrate more on defending British ships. Britain lost 3,238 merchantmen, a smaller fraction of her merchant marine than the enemy losses of 3,434. While French losses were proportionally severe, the smaller but better protected Spanish trade suffered the least and it was Spanish privateers who enjoyed much of the best-allied plunder of British trade, particularly in the West Indies. American Revolutionary War During the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress, and some state governments (on their own initiative), issued privateering licenses, authorizing "legal piracy", to merchant captains in an effort to take prizes from the British Navy and Tory (Loyalist) privateers. This was done due to the relatively small number of commissioned American naval vessels and the pressing need for prisoner exchange. About 55,000 American seamen served aboard the privateers. They quickly sold their prizes, dividing their profits with the financier (persons or company) and the state (colony). Long Island Sound became a hornets' nest of privateering activity during the American Revolution (1775โ€“1783), as most transports to and from New York went through the Sound. New London, Connecticut was a chief privateering port for the American colonies, leading to the British Navy blockading it in 1778โ€“1779. Chief financiers of privateering included Thomas & Nathaniel Shaw of New London and John McCurdy of Lyme. In the months before the British raid on New London and Groton, a New London privateer took Hannah in what is regarded as the largest prize taken by any American privateer during the war. Retribution was likely part of Gov. Clinton's (NY) motivation for Arnold's Raid, as the Hannah had carried many of his most cherished items. American privateers are thought to have seized up to 300 British ships during the war. The British ship Jack was captured and turned into an American privateer, only to be captured again by the British in the naval battle off Halifax, Nova Scotia. American privateers not only fought naval battles but also raided numerous communities in British colonies, such as the Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782). The United States Constitution authorized the U.S. Congress to grant letters of marque and reprisal. Between the end of the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, less than 30 years, Britain, France, Naples, the Barbary States, Spain, and the Netherlands seized approximately 2,500 American ships. Payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20% of United States government annual revenues in 1800 and would lead the United States to fight the Barbary states in the First Barbary War and Second Barbary Wars. War of 1812 During the War of 1812, both the British and the American governments used privateers, and the established system was very similar. U.S. Congress declared that war be and the same is hereby declared to exist between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the dependencies thereof, and the United States of America and their Territories; and that the President of the United States is herby authorized to use the whole land and naval force of the United States to carry the same into effect, and to issue to private armed vessels of the United States commissions of marque and general reprisal, in such forms as he shall think proper, and under the seal of the United States, against the vessels, goods, and effects of the Government of the said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the subjects thereof.President Madison issued 500 letters of marque authorizing privateers. Overall some 200 of the ships took prizes. The cost of buying and fitting of a large privateer was about $40,000 and prizes could net $100,000. Captain Thomas Boyle was one of the famous and successful American privateers. He commanded the Baltimore schooner Comet and then later in the war the Baltimore clipper Chasseur. He captured over 50 British merchant ships during the war. One source estimated a total damage to the Royal Navy from Chasseur's 1813-1815 activities at one and a half million dollars. In total, the Baltimore privateer fleet of 122 ships sunk or seized 500 British ships with an estimated value of $16ย million, which accounts about one-third of all the value of all prizes taken over the course of the whole war. On April 8, 1814, the British attacked Essex, Connecticut, and burned the ships in the harbor, due to the construction there of a number of privateers. This was the greatest financial loss of the entire War of 1812 suffered by the Americans. However, the private fleet of James De Wolf, which sailed under the flag of the American government in 1812, was most likely a key factor in the naval campaign of the war. De Wolf's ship, the Yankee, was possibly the most financially successful ship of the war. Privateers proved to be far more successful than their US Navy counterparts, claiming three-quarters of the 1600 British merchant ships taken during the war (although a third of these were recaptured prior to making landfall). One of the more successful of these ships was the Prince de Neufchatel, which once captured nine British prizes in swift succession in the English Channel. Jean Lafitte and his privateers aided US General Andrew Jackson in the defeat of the British in the Battle of New Orleans in order to receive full pardons for their previous crimes. Jackson formally requested clemency for Lafitte and the men who had served under him, and the US government granted them all a full pardon on February 6, 1815. However, many of the ships captured by the Americans were recaptured by the Royal Navy. British convoy systems honed during the Napoleonic Wars limited losses to singleton ships, and the effective blockade of American and continental ports prevented captured ships being taken in for sale. This ultimately led to orders forbidding US privateers from attempting to bring their prizes in to port, with captured ships instead having to be burnt. Over 200 American privateer ships were captured by the Royal Navy, many of which were turned on their former owners and used by the British blockading forces. Nonetheless, during the War of 1812 the privateers "swept out from America's coasts, capturing and sinking as many as 2,500 British ships and doing approximately $40 million worth of damage to the British economy." 1856 Declaration of Paris The US was not one of the initial signatories of the 1856 Declaration of Paris which outlawed privateering, and the Confederate Constitution authorized use of privateers. However, the US did offer to adopt the terms of the Declaration during the American Civil War, when the Confederates sent several privateers to sea before putting their main effort in the more effective commissioned raiders. American Civil War During the American Civil War privateering took on several forms, including blockade running while privateering, in general, occurred in the interests of both the North and the South. Letters of marque would often be issued to private shipping companies and other private owners of ships, authorizing them to engage vessels deemed to be unfriendly to the issuing government. Crews of ships were awarded the cargo and other prizes aboard any captured vessel as an incentive to search far and wide for ships attempting to supply the Confederacy, or aid the Union, as the case may be. During the Civil War Confederate President Jefferson Davis issued letters of marque to anyone who would employ their ship to either attack Union shipping or bring badly needed supplies through the Union blockade into southern ports. Most of the supplies brought into the Confederacy were carried aboard privately owned vessels. When word came about that the Confederacy was willing to pay almost any price for military supplies, various interested parties designed and built specially designed lightweight seagoing steamers, blockade runners specifically designed and built to outrun Union ships on blockade patrol. Neither the United States nor Spain authorized privateers in their war in 1898. Latin America Warships were recruited by the insurgent governments during Spanish American wars of independence to destroy Spanish trade, and capture Spanish Merchant vessels. The private armed vessels came largely from the United States. Seamen from Britain, the United States, and France often manned these ships. Computer hackers Modern-day computer hackers have been compared to the privateers of by-gone days. These criminals hold computer systems hostage, demanding large payments from victims to restore access to their own computer systems and data. Furthermore, recent ransomware attacks on industries, including energy, food, and transportation, have been blamed on criminal organizations based in or near a state actor โ€“ possibly with the country's knowledge and approval. Cyber theft and ransomware attacks are now the fastest-growing crimes in the United States. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies facilitate the extortion of huge ransoms from large companies, hospitals and city governments with little or no chance of being caught. See also Armed merchantman Louis-Michel Aury Auxiliary cruiser "Barrett's Privateers" Samuel Bellamy Buccaneer Renato Beluche Paul Beneke Commerce raiding Filibuster (military) Foreign Enlistment Act 1870 (UK) Mercenary Merchant raider Neutrality Act of 1794 (US) Pindari Private military company Reprisal State-sponsored terrorism William Walker (filibuster) Dominique You References Bibliography Further reading Alberto, Edite Maria Conceiรงรฃo Martins. (2019) "A Pious Business: the ransoming of captives in Early Modern Portugal." E-Journal of Portuguese History 17.2 (2019). Beattie, Tim. (2015). British Privateering Voyages of the Early Eighteenth Century (Boydell. 2015). Colรกs, A. (2016). "Barbary Coast in the expansion of international society: Piracy, privateering, and corsairing as primary institutions." Review of International Studies, 42#5: 840โ€“857. Espersen, Ryan. (2019) "Fifty Shades of Trade: Privateering, Piracy, and Illegal Slave Trading in St. Thomas, Early Nineteenth Century." New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 93.1โ€“2 (2019): 41โ€“68. online Faye, Kert (1997) Prize and Prejudice Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812. (Research in maritime history, no. 11. St. John's, Nfld: International Maritime Economic History Association). Haggerty, Sheryllynne. (2018) "Risk, networks and privateering in Liverpool during the Seven Years' War, 1756โ€“1763." International Journal of Maritime History 30.1 (2018): 30โ€“51 online Head, David (2015) Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press). 2015. Kert, Faye Margaret. (2017) Prize and Prejudice: Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812 (Oxford University Press, 2017). Krasner, Barbara. (2016) Sir Francis Drake: Privateering Sea Captain and Circumnavigator of the Globe (Rosen, 2016). Lemnitzer, Jan (2014) Power, Law and the End of Privateering. Nichols, A. Bryant Jr. (2007) Captain Christopher Newport: Admiral of Virginia. (Sea Venture). Rommelse, Gijs. "Privateering as a language of international politics: English and French privateering against the Dutch Republic, 1655โ€“1665." Journal for Maritime Research 17.2 (2015): 183โ€“194. Ross, Nicholas (2011) "The Provision of Naval Defense in the Early American Republic: A Comparison of the U.S. Navy and Privateers, 1789โ€“1815." The Independent Review 16, no. 3 (Winter). Smith, Joshua M. (2011) Battle for the Bay: The Naval War of 1812. (Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions). van Nieuwenhuize, Hielke. (2017) "Prize law, international diplomacy and the treatment of foreign prizes in the seventeenth century: a case study." Comparative legal history 5.1 (2017): 142โ€“161. Wold, Atle L. (2020) "After the Closure of the Ports in 1799." in Privateering and Diplomacy, 1793โ€“1807. (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 213โ€“228. Primary sources Andrews, K.R. ed. (2017). English Privateering Voyages to the West Indies, 1588โ€“1595: Documents relating to English voyages to the West Indies, from the defeat of the Armada to the last voyage of Sir Francis Drake, including Spanish documents contributed by Irene A. Wright (Taylor & Francis). ed. by Jameson, John Franklin. External links Andrew Sherburne's Experiences on a Privateer During the Revolutionary War Commerce Raiding: Historical Case Studies, 1755โ€“2009 Naval War College The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, Volume 49 1779 account of capture of "Weymouth" Packet by privateer General Sullivan; the "Weymouth" was later recaptured by The Rawlinson and the Clarendon, of Liverpool recaptured off the Land's End; see Willams, Gomer "History of the Liverpool Privateers and Letters of Marque: With an Account โ€ฆ Naval warfare Combat occupations Obsolete occupations 16th century in Algiers de:Kaperei
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์žฅ๊ณ : ๋ถ„๋…ธ์˜ ์ถ”์ ์ž
ใ€Š์žฅ๊ณ : ๋ถ„๋…ธ์˜ ์ถ”์ ์žใ€‹()๋Š” ์ฟ ์—”ํ‹ด ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์•ก์…˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ํญ์Šค, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ”„ ๋ฐœ์ธ , ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋‚˜๋„ ๋””์บํ”„๋ฆฌ์˜ค, ์ผ€๋ฆฌ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด, ์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ L. ์žญ์Šจ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ๋ฏธ์—์„œ๋Š” 2012๋…„ 12์›” 25์ผ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ๋””ํ”„์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋œ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ์žฅ๊ณ (์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ํญ์Šค)๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ์˜ ๋‹ฅํ„ฐ ํ‚น ์Š์ธ (ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ”„ ๋ฐœ์ธ )์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž”์ธํ•œ ๋†์žฅ์ฃผ ์บ˜๋นˆ ์บ”๋””(๋ฆฌ์–ด๋‚˜๋„ ๋””์บํ”„๋ฆฌ์˜ค)์— ๋งž์„œ ๋นผ์•—๊ธด ์•„๋‚ด ๋ธŒ๋ฃธํž๋‹ค(์ผ€๋ฆฌ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์— ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ œ85ํšŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ”„ ๋ฐœ์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์šฐ์กฐ์—ฐ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ70ํšŒ ๊ณจ๋“  ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ธŒ์ƒ, ์ œ66ํšŒ ์˜๊ตญ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์˜ํ™”์ƒ(BAFTA)์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚จ์šฐ์กฐ์—ฐ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋…์ธ ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ณจ๋“  ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ธŒ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—์„œ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1994๋…„ ใ€ŠํŽ„ํ”„ ํ”ฝ์…˜ใ€‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒซ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ํฅํ–‰์—๋„ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ 4์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์—ญ ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ํญ์Šค - ์žฅ๊ณ  ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋จผ (Django Freeman) ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ”„ ๋ฐœ์ธ  - ๋‹ฅํ„ฐ ํ‚น ์Š์ธ  (Dr. King Schultz) ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋‚˜๋„ ๋””์บํ”„๋ฆฌ์˜ค - ์บ˜๋นˆ ์บ”๋”” (Calvin Candie) ์ผ€๋ฆฌ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด - ๋ธŒ๋ฃธํž๋‹ค ํฐ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ (Broomhilda Von Shaft) ์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ L. ์žญ์Šจ - ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ (Stephen) ๋ˆ ์กด์Šจ - ์ŠคํŽœ์„œ '๋น… ๋Œ€๋””' ๋ฒ ๋„ท (Spencer 'Big Daddy' Bennett) ์›”ํ„ด ๊ณ ๊ธด์Šค - ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋ž˜์‹œ (Billy Crash) ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ - ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋‹ˆ๋“œ ๋ชจ๊ท€ (Leonide Moguy) ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋ ˆ๋งˆ - ๋ฒ„์น˜ ํ‘ธ์น˜ / ์—์ด์Šค ์ŠคํŽ™(Butch Pooch / Ace Speck) ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์Šคํ‹ด - ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ ์Šคํ†ค์‚ฌ์ดํผ (Mr. Stonecipher) ๋ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์…ธ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์–ด - ์ฝ”๋ผ (Cora) ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์•„ - ์‹œ๋ฐ” (Sheba) ๋กœ๋ผ ์นด์š”ํ…Œ - ๋ผ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ ์บ”๋”” ํ”ผ์ธ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ (Lara Lee Candie-Fitzwilly) ์•„ํ†  ์—์ƒŒ๋„ - ๋‹ค๋ฅดํƒ€๋ƒฅ (D'Artagnan) ์ƒˆ๋ฏธ ๋กœํ‹ฐ๋น„ - ๋กœ๋“œ๋‹ˆ (Rodney) ํด๋ ˆ์ด ๋„๋„ˆํœด - ํฌํŠธ๋…ธํŠธ (Fontenot) ์—์Šค์บ˜๋ŸฐํŠธ ๋Ÿฐ๋”” - ๋น… ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ (Big Fred) ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์—„ F. ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ๋ฒ„ - ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ (Betina) ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋ฃจ์†Œ - ๋””ํ‚ค ์ŠคํŽ™ (Dicky Speck) ํ†ฐ ์šฐํŒป - ๊ธธ ํ…Œ์ดํ…€ (Gill Tatum) ๋ˆ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋“œ - ๋นŒ ์ƒคํ”„ (Bill Sharp) M. C. ๊ฒŒ์ด๋‹ˆ - ๋น… ์กด ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ‹€ (Big John Brittle) ์ฟ ํผ ํ—ˆ์ปค๋น„ - ๋ฆด ๋ผ์ง€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ‹€ (Lil Raj Brittle) ๋… ๋“€ํ—ค์ž„ - ์—˜๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ‹€ (Ellis Brittle) ์กด ์žฌ๋žซ - ๊ด‘์—… ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ง์› ๋งˆ์ดํด ํŒŒํฌ์Šค - ๊ด‘์—… ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ง์› ์ฟ ์—”ํ‹ด ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ - ๊ด‘์—… ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ง์› ํ”„๋ž‘์ฝ” ๋„ค๋กœ - ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ ์„ธํ”ผ ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํƒฌ๋ธ”๋ฆฐ - ์ด์žก์ด์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์•ฐ๋ฒ„ ํƒฌ๋ธ”๋ฆฐ - ์ด์žก์ด์˜ ์•„๋“ค์˜ ๋”ธ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค ๋˜ - ์บ๋Ÿฌ์นธ ์กฐ๋‚˜ ํž - ๋ฐฑ ํ—ค๋“œ ๋ฆฌ ํ˜ธ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ - ๊ฑฐ์Šค ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ด€ ์กฐ ๋ฒจ - ํŠธ๋ž™์ปค ๋งˆ์ดํด ๋ณด์›ฌ - ํŠธ๋ž™์ปค ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์บ๋Ÿฌ๋”˜ - ํŠธ๋ž™์ปค ์ œ์ดํฌ ๊ฐ€๋ฒ„ - ํŠธ๋ž™์ปค ํ…Œ๋“œ ๋‹๋ฆฌ - ํŠธ๋ž™์ปค ์ œ์ž„์Šค ํŒ์Šค - ํŠธ๋ž™์ปค ํ†ฐ ์‚ฌ๋น„๋‹ˆ - ํŠธ๋ž™์ปค ์•„๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์น˜ํ†ฐ - ๋กœ์ด ํ‚ค์Šค ์ œํผ์Šจ - ํผ์ง€ ๋ž„ํ”„ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฟ ์Šค ํ—จ๋”์Šจ - ๋น… ์‹œ๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด - ํ›„ํŠธ ํ”ผํ„ฐ์Šค ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ์ŠคํŠธ๋ž˜ํ„ด - ๋„ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ์‚ด๋กฑ ๊ฑธ ํ‚ด ๋กœ๋นŒ๋ผ๋“œ - ํ”ผํŠธ ์‰๋„ˆ ์Šคํƒ€์ธ - ๋„ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๋น„ํ‹ฐ ์„€๋„Œ ํ•˜์ฆ๋ › - ๋„ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ์‚ด๋กฑ ๊ฑธ ์žญ ๋ฃจ์นด๋ ๋ฆฌ - ๋„ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ผ์ดํ”Œ๋งจ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ† ๋จธ์Šค - ๋„ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ์šฐ๋จผ ์ƒค๋ก  ํ”ผ์—๋ฅด ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค - ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์กฐ๋”” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ - ์œŒ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ํ‚ด ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์Šค - ๋žœ๋”” ๋ฐ์ธ ๋กœ์ฆˆ - ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ๋ ˆ๋“œํ”ผ์‰ฌ J.D. ์—๋ฒ„๋ชจ์–ด - O.B. ๋ ‰์Šค ๋ฆฐ - ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์ดํด ๋ฐ”์ฝœ - ์Šค๋ฏธํ‹ฐ ๋ฐ”์ฝœ ๋„ค๋“œ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ - ์œŒ์Šจ ๋ฐ์ด๋ธŒ ์ฝ”๋„จ - Mr. ์œ„๊ธ€์ฆˆ์›Œ์Šค ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜๋ ˆ ์™“์ธ  - ์ฝ”์ฝ” ์กด ์•„์ด์ฆˆ ์˜ค๋งˆ J. ๋„์‹œ - ์น˜ํ‚จ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ์—๋ฐ˜ ํŒŒํฌ - ๋ฐฑ ํ—ค๋“œ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด๊ทธ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ - ํ† ๋ฏธ ์งˆ ๋ฆฌ์น˜ ๋ชฝ๊ณ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ - ์กฐ๋‹ˆ ์ œ๋กฌ ์ œ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฒˆ์น˜ - ๋ฐด์กฐ ์—๋“œ๋ฆญ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด - ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„ ์ž๋ง ๋”ํ”„ - ํ…Œ์ดํ…€ ํ† ๋“œ ์•Œ๋ Œ - ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋นŒ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค - ์ง•๊ธ€๋ฒจ ์ฝ”๋”” ์กด ๋งฅ์ฝ”๋„ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ธฐํš 2007๋…„ ์ฟ ์—”ํ‹ด ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌ ํ…”๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋””ํ”„์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•œ ์ŠคํŒŒ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘ ์˜๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•œ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์žฅ๋ฅด ์˜ํ™”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ ค์˜จ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ์ž”ํ•™ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์•ผํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์™ ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค."๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ๋Š” 2011๋…„ 4์›” 26์ผ ๊ฐ๋ณธ ์ง‘ํ•„์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์™€์ธ์Šคํƒ€์ธ ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ์— ์ตœ์ข…์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 10์›”, ์ž์ฃผ ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ์™€ ํ˜‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋˜ RZA๋Š” ใ€Š์žฅ๊ณ : ๋ถ„๋…ธ์˜ ์ถ”์ ์žใ€‹์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ๋… ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์ฒ ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์ดใ€‹์—์„œ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์˜ค๋ฒ„ ๊ธฐํš์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์˜ค๋ฒ„์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ RZA์˜ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ Š์€ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ๊ฒฝ๋งค์— ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, RZA๋Š” ์Šค์ผ€์ค„์ƒ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฐจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1966๋…„ ์„ธ๋ฅด์กฐ ์ฝ”๋ฅด๋ถ€์น˜ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์ŠคํŒŒ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ใ€Š์žฅ๊ณ ใ€‹์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ”„๋ž‘์ฝ” ๋„ค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์นด๋ฉ”์˜ค๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํˆฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ 1975๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š๋งŒ๋”ฉ๊ณ ใ€‹์—์„œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ˆˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ใ€Š์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์นจ๋ฌตใ€‹์˜ ์˜ค๋งˆ์ฅฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋””์–ธ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ "ใ€Š์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์นจ๋ฌตใ€‹์€ ๋ˆˆ ์†์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ˆˆ ์†์—์„œ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ , ใ€Š์žฅ๊ณ : ๋ถ„๋…ธ์˜ ์ถ”์ ์žใ€‹ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋ˆˆ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ํŠธ๋ž™ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2012๋…„ ์ œ38ํšŒ LA ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์ƒ ํ›„๋ณด ๋‚จ์šฐ์กฐ์—ฐ์ƒ 2012๋…„ ์ œ25ํšŒ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์ƒ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฐ๋ณธ, ๋‚จ์šฐ์กฐ์—ฐ์ƒ 2013๋…„ ์ œ22ํšŒ MTV ์˜ํ™” & TV ์–ด์›Œ์ฆˆ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ™ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ƒ - ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ํญ์Šค ์™ธ 1๋ช… 2013๋…„ ์ œ70ํšŒ ๊ณจ๋“  ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ธŒ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ƒ - ์ฟ ์—”ํ‹ด ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ, ๋‚จ์šฐ์กฐ์—ฐ์ƒ - ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ”„ ์™ˆ์ธ  2013๋…„ ์ œ85ํšŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ƒ - ์ฟ ์—”ํ‹ด ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ, ๋‚จ์šฐ์กฐ์—ฐ์ƒ - ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ”„ ์™ˆ์ธ  2013๋…„ ์ œ66ํšŒ ์˜๊ตญ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ƒ - ์ฟ ์—”ํ‹ด ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ, ๋‚จ์šฐ์กฐ์—ฐ์ƒ - ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ”„ ์™ˆ์ธ  2013๋…„ ์ œ33ํšŒ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์ƒ ํ›„๋ณด ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ƒ 2013๋…„ ์ œ23ํšŒ ์œ ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ๊ตญ์ œํŒํƒ€์Šคํ‹ฑ์˜ํ™”์ œ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ณต์‹๊ฒฝ์Ÿ 2013๋…„ ์ œ18ํšŒ ํฌ๋ฆฌํ‹ฑ์Šค ์ดˆ์ด์Šค ์‹œ์ƒ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ƒ - ์ฟ ์—”ํ‹ด ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ 2013๋…„ ์ œ39ํšŒ ์ƒˆํ„ด ์–ด์›Œ์ฆˆ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ƒ - ์ฟ ์—”ํ‹ด ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ 2014๋…„ ์ œ39ํšŒ ์„ธ์ž๋ฅด์˜ํ™”์ œ ํ›„๋ณด ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด์˜ํ™”์ƒ 2014๋…„ ์ œ37ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ƒ ํ›„๋ณด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ƒ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์˜์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋…์ผ์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 2012๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ก์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™” ์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘ ์ฟ ์—”ํ‹ด ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ ๊ฐ๋… ์˜ํ™” ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„ ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค ์˜ํ™” ์™€์ธ์Šคํƒ€์ธ ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ ์˜ํ™” ์ฟ ์—”ํ‹ด ํƒ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ ๊ฐ๋ณธ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์™€์ด์˜ค๋ฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 1858๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 1859๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์ˆ˜์ •์ฃผ์˜ ์„œ๋ถ€๊ทน ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ๋‚จ์šฐ์กฐ์—ฐ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django%20Unchained
Django Unchained
Django Unchained is a 2012 American revisionist Western film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring Jamie Foxx, Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio, Kerry Washington, and Samuel L. Jackson, with Walton Goggins, Dennis Christopher, James Remar, Michael Parks, and Don Johnson in supporting roles. Set in the Old West and Antebellum South, it is a highly stylized, heavily revisionist tribute to spaghetti Westerns, in particular the 1966 Italian film Django by Sergio Corbucci (the star of which, Franco Nero, has a cameo appearance). The story follows a black slave who trains under a German bounty hunter with the ultimate goal of reuniting with his long-lost wife. Development of Django Unchained began in 2007 when Tarantino was writing a book on Corbucci. By April 2011, Tarantino sent his final draft of the script to The Weinstein Company. Casting began in the summer of 2011, with Michael K. Williams and Will Smith being considered for the role of the title character before Foxx was cast. Principal photography took place from November 2011 to March 2012 in California, Wyoming, and Louisiana. The premiere of Django Unchained took place at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11, 2012, and was theatrically released on December 25, 2012, in the United States, grossing over $426 million worldwide against its $100 million budget, becoming Tarantino's highest grossing movie to date. The film received acclaim from critics, mainly for Waltz's performance and Tarantino's direction and screenplay, though the film's usage of the word "nigger" and the film's graphic violence drew controversy. The film received numerous awards and nominations, winning two out of five nominations at the 85th Academy Awards. Waltz won several awards for his performance, among them Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, Golden Globes and BAFTAs. For his screenplay, Tarantino won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, and a BAFTA. Plot In 1858 Texas, brothers Ace and Dicky Speck drive a group of shackled black slaves on foot. Among them is Django, sold off and separated from his wife von Shaft, a house slave who speaks German and English. They are stopped by Dr. King Schultz, a German dentist-turned-bounty hunter seeking to buy Django for his knowledge of the three outlaw Brittle brothers, overseers at the plantation of Django's previous owner and for whom Schultz has a warrant. When Ace refuses to sell Django to Schultz and threatens him at gunpoint, Schultz kills him and shoots Dicky's horse in order to pin him to the ground; he advises the freed slaves to take the opportunity for revenge. Schultz offers Django his freedom and $75 in exchange for help tracking down the Brittles. Django and Schultz kill the Brittle brothers at Spencer "Big Daddy" Bennett's Tennessee plantation. In turn, Bennett pursues them with an armed posse. Schultz ambushes the posse with explosives and Django kills Bennett. Feeling responsible for Django, Schultz agrees to help him find and rescue , and Schultz trains Django to become a bounty hunter. They return to Texas where Django collects his first bounty, keeping the handbill as a memento and for good luck. He and Schultz rack up several bounties before spring when they travel to Mississippi and learn that 's new owner is a member of the American gentry Calvin J. Candie, the charming but cruel owner of the "Candyland" plantation, where male slaves are forced to wrestle to the death in brutal "Mandingo" fights. Schultz and Django hatch a plan: deciding that Candie will refuse to sell Broomhilda if they try to buy her upfront, they will instead offer for one of his best fighters as a pretext to acquiring Broomhilda for a nominal sum. They meet Candie at his gentlemen's club and make the offer. Intrigued, Candie invites them to Candyland. En route, the group encounters Candie's slave trackers who have cornered D'Artagnan, an escapee Mandingo fighter. Django is forced to intervene when Schultz attempts to buy D'Artagnan on the spot to save him. Candie has the trackers' guard dogs maul D'Artagnan to death, visibly upsetting Schultz. Having told of their plan, Schultz offers to buy her as his escort while negotiating the initial Mandingo deal during dinner. Candie's staunchly loyal and suspicious head house slave Stephen realizes that knows Django, deduces their plan, and alerts Candie. Enraged, Candie alters the deal at gunpoint to sell Broomhilda for $12,000 instead of the fighter; Schultz reluctantly agrees. During the sale's finalization, Candie threatens to kill Broomhilda if Schultz does not shake his hand to seal the deal. Having had enough of Candie's arrogance, Schultz impulsively shoots and kills Candie. Butch Pooch, Candie's bodyguard, kills Schultz, and Django kills Pooch, Candie's lawyer Leonide Moguy, and several of Candie's henchmen in a prolonged gunfight, but is forced to surrender when is taken hostage. The next morning, the chained Django is tortured and about to be castrated by overseer Billy Crash when Stephen arrives, informing him that Candie's sister Lara, who has taken charge of the plantation, has ordered him to be sold to a mining company and worked to death. En route there along with other slaves, Django devises an escape plan and uses his first handbill to prove to his escorts that he is a bounty hunter. He falsely says the men on the handbill, from his first bounty, are at Candyland and promises the escorts a share of the reward money. Once released, Django immediately kills his escorts, retrieves his clothes and weapons, and returns to Candyland with dynamite. Recovering 's freedom papers from Schultz's corpse, Django bids his deceased mentor goodbye and avenges him and D'Artagnan by killing the trackers. He then frees just as Candie's mourners return from his burial. At the mansion, Django kills Lara, Crash, and the remaining henchmen, releases the two remaining house slaves, and kneecaps Stephen before igniting the dynamite he had planted throughout the mansion. Django and watch from a distance as the mansion explodes before riding off together. Cast Jamie Foxx as Django Freeman Christoph Waltz as Dr. King Schultz Leonardo DiCaprio as "Monsieur" Calvin J. Candie Kerry Washington as "Hildi" von Shaft Samuel L. Jackson as Stephen Warren Walton Goggins as Billy Crash Dennis Christopher as Leonide "Leo" Moguy James Remar as Butch Pooch / Ace Speck David Steen as Mr. Stonecipher Dana Gourrier as Cora Nichole Galicia as Sheba Laura Cayouette as Lara Lee Candie-Fitzwilly Ato Essandoh as D'Artagnan Sammi Rotibi as Rodney Clay Donahue Fontenot as Luigi Escalante Lundy as Big Fred Miriam F. Glover as Betina Don Johnson as Spencer "Big Daddy" Bennett Franco Nero as Amerigo Vessepi Other roles include James Russo as Dicky Speck, brother of Ace Speck and erstwhile owner of Django. Tom Wopat, Omar J. Dorsey, and Don Stroud play U.S. Marshal Gill Tatum, Chicken Charlie, and as Sheriff Bill Sharp respectively. Bruce Dern appears as Old Man Carrucan, the owner of the Carrucan Plantation. M. C. Gainey, Cooper Huckabee, and Doc Duhame portray brothers Big John Brittle, Roger "Lil Raj" Brittle, and Ellis Brittle respectively, overseers of both Carrucan and Big Daddy's plantations. Jonah Hill plays Bag Head #2, a member of Bennett's masked white supremacist group. Additional roles include Lee Horsley as Sheriff Gus, Rex Linn as Tennessee Harry, Misty Upham as Minnie, and Daniรจle Watts as Coco. Russ Tamblyn and his daughter Amber appear as townspeople in Daugherty, Texas; their roles are respectively credited as "Son of a Gunfighter" and "Daughter of Son of a Gunfighter". Zoรซ Bell, Michael Bowen, Robert Carradine, Jake Garber, Ted Neeley, James Parks, and Tom Savini play Candyland trackers. Jacky Ido, who played Marcel in Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds, makes an uncredited appearance as a slave. Michael Parks as Roy and John Jarratt as Floyd, alongside Tarantino himself in a cameo appearance as Frankie, play the LeQuint Dickey Mining Company employees. Tarantino also appears in the film as a masked Bag Head named Robert. Production Development In 2007, Tarantino discussed an idea for a type of Spaghetti Western set in the United States' pre-Civil War Deep South. He called this type of film "a Southern", stating that he wanted Tarantino later explained the genesis of the idea: Tarantino finished the script on April 26, 2011, and handed in the final draft to The Weinstein Company. In October 2012, frequent Tarantino collaborator RZA said that he and Tarantino had intended to cross over Django Unchained with RZA's Tarantino-presented martial-arts film The Man with the Iron Fists. The crossover would have seen a younger version of the blacksmith character from RZA's film appear as a slave in an auction. However, scheduling conflicts prevented RZA's participation. One inspiration for the film is Corbucci's 1966 Spaghetti Western Django, whose star Franco Nero has a cameo appearance in Django Unchained. Another inspiration is the 1975 film Mandingo, about a slave trained to fight other slaves. Tarantino included scenes in the snow as a homage to The Great Silence. "Silenzio takes place in the snow. I liked the action in the snow so much, Django Unchained has a big snow section in the middle," Tarantino said in an interview. Tarantino credits the character and attitude of the German dentist turned bounty hunter King Schultz to the German Karl May Wild West films of the 1960s, namely their hero Old Shatterhand. The title Django Unchained alludes to the titles of the 1966 Corbucci film Django; Hercules Unchained, the American title for the 1959 Italian epic fantasy film Ercole e la regina di Lidia, about the mythical hero's escape from enslavement to a wicked master; and to Angel Unchained, the 1970 American biker film about a biker exacting revenge on a large group of rednecks. Casting Among those considered for the title role of Django, Michael K. Williams and Will Smith were mentioned as possibilities, but in the end Jamie Foxx was cast in the role. Smith later said he turned down the role because it "wasn't the lead" and was "not for me," but stated he thought the movie was brilliant. Tyrese Gibson sent in an audition tape as the character. Franco Nero, the original Django from the 1966 Italian film, was rumored for the role of Calvin Candie, but instead was given a cameo appearance as a minor character. Nero suggested that he play a mysterious horseman who haunts Django in visions and is revealed in an ending flashback to be Django's father; Tarantino opted not to use the idea. Kevin Costner was in negotiations to join as Ace Woody, a Mandingo trainer and Candie's right-hand man, but Costner dropped out due to scheduling conflicts. Kurt Russell was cast instead but also later left the role. When Kurt Russell dropped out, the role of Ace Woody was not recast; instead, the character was merged with Walton Goggins's character, Billy Crash. Jonah Hill was offered the role of Scotty Harmony, a gambler who loses to Candie in a poker game, but turned it down due to scheduling conflicts with The Watch. Sacha Baron Cohen was also offered the role, but declined in order to appear in Les Misรฉrables. Neither Scotty nor the poker game appear in the final cut of the film. Hill later appeared in the film in a different role. Joseph Gordon-Levitt said that he "would have loved, loved to have" been in the film but would be unable to appear because of a prior commitment to direct his first film, Don Jon. Costume design In a January 2013 interview with Vanity Fair, costume designer Sharen Davis said much of the film's wardrobe was inspired by spaghetti westerns and other works of art. For Django's wardrobe, Davis and Tarantino watched the television series Bonanza and referred to it frequently. The pair even hired the hatmaker who designed the hat worn by the Bonanza character Little Joe, played by Michael Landon. Davis described Django's look as a "rock-n-roll take on the character". Django's sunglasses were inspired by Charles Bronson's character in The White Buffalo (1977). Davis used Thomas Gainsborough's 1770 oil painting The Blue Boy as a reference for Django's valet outfit. In the final scene, wears a dress similar to that of Ida Galli's character in Blood for a Silver Dollar (1965). Davis said the idea of Calvin Candie's costume came partly from Rhett Butler, and that Don Johnson's signature Miami Vice look inspired Big Daddy's cream-colored linen suit in the film. King Schultz's faux chinchilla coat was inspired by Telly Savalas in Kojak. Davis also revealed that many of her costume ideas did not make the final cut of the film, leaving some unexplained characters such as Zoรซ Bell's tracker, who was intended to drop her bandana to reveal an absent jaw. Filming Principal photography for Django Unchained started in California in November 2011 continuing in Wyoming in February 2012 and at the National Historic Landmark Evergreen Plantation in Wallace, Louisiana, outside of New Orleans, in March 2012. The film was shot in the anamorphic format on 35 mm film. Although originally scripted, a sub-plot centering on Zoรซ Bell's masked tracker was cut, and remained unfilmed, due to time constraints. After 130 shooting days, the film wrapped up principal photography in July 2012. Django Unchained was the first Tarantino film not edited by Sally Menke, who died in 2010. Editing duties were instead handled by Fred Raskin, who had worked as an assistant editor on Tarantino's Kill Bill. Raskin was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Editing but lost to William Goldenberg for his work on Argo. Kerry Washington sought to bring authenticity to her performance in several ways. The actor playing her overseer used a fake whip, but Washington insisted the lashings really hit her back. And to dramatize her punishment inside an underground, coffin-size metal container, she and Tarantino agreed she would spend time barely clothed in the "hot box" before the filming began so the feeling of confinement would be as realistic as possible. Broken glass incident During the scene when DiCaprio's character explains phrenology, DiCaprio cut his left hand upon striking the table and smashing a small glass. Despite his hand profusely bleeding, DiCaprio barely reacted and remained in character under the astonished eyes of his fellow actors. He is seen taking out pieces of broken glass from his hand during the scene. After Tarantino's cut, there was a standing ovation by the other actors to praise DiCaprio's performance despite the incident; Tarantino, therefore, decided to keep this sequence in the final cut. DiCaprio is seen with his left hand bandaged in the scene after when he is signing Broomhilda's papers. Contrary to popular belief, DiCaprio wiped fake blood on Washington's face in a separate take. Music The film features both original and existing music tracks. Tracks composed specifically for the film include "100 Black Coffins" by Rick Ross and produced by and featuring Jamie Foxx, "Who Did That To You?" by John Legend, "Ancora Qui" by Ennio Morricone and Elisa, and "Freedom" by Anthony Hamilton and Elayna Boynton. The theme, "Django", was also the theme song of the 1966 film. Musician Frank Ocean wrote an original song for the film's soundtrack, but it was rejected by Tarantino, who explained that "Ocean wrote a fantastic ballad that was truly lovely and poetic in every way, but there just wasn't a scene for it." Ocean later published the song, entitled "Wiseman", on his Tumblr blog. The film also features a few famous pieces of western classical music, including Beethoven's "Fรผr Elise" and "Dies Irae" from Verdi's Requiem. Tarantino has stated that he avoids using full scores of original music: "I just don't like the idea of giving that much power to anybody on one of my movies." The film's soundtrack album was released on December 18, 2012. Morricone made statements criticizing Tarantino's use of his music in Django Unchained and stated that he would "never work" with the director after this film, but later agreed to compose an original film score for Tarantino's The Hateful Eight in 2015. In a scholarly essay on the film's music, Hollis Robbins notes that the vast majority of film music borrowings comes from films made between 1966 and 1974 and argues that the political and musical resonances of these allusions situate Django Unchained squarely in the Vietnam and Watergate era, during the rise and decline of Black Power cinema. Jim Croce's hit "I Got a Name" was featured in the soundtrack. Release Marketing The first teaser poster was inspired by a fan-art poster by Italian artist Federico Mancosu. His artwork was published in May 2011, a few days after the synopsis and the official title were released to the public. In August 2011, at Tarantino's request, the production companies bought the concept artwork from Mancosu to use for promotional purposes as well as on the crew passes and clothing for staff during filming. Theatrical run Django Unchained was released on December 25, 2012, in the United States by The Weinstein Company and released on January 18, 2013, by Sony Pictures Releasing in the United Kingdom. The film was screened for the first time at the Directors Guild of America on December 1, 2012, with additional screening events having been held for critics leading up to the film's wide release. The premiere of Django Unchained was delayed by one week following the shooting at an elementary school in Newtown, Connecticut, on December 14, 2012. The film was released on March 22, 2013, by Sony Pictures in India. In March 2013, Django Unchained was announced to be the first Tarantino film approved for official distribution in China's strictly controlled film market. Lily Kuo, writing for Quartz, wrote that "the film depicts one of America's darker periods, when slavery was legal, which Chinese officials like to use to push back against criticism from the United States". The film was released in China on May 12, 2013. Home media The film was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Digital Download on April 16, 2013. In the United States, the film has grossed $31,939,733 from DVD sales and $30,286,838 from Blu-ray sales, making a total of $62,226,571. Reception Box office Django Unchained grossed $162.8 million in the United States and Canada and $263.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $426 million, against a production budget of $100 million. , Django Unchained is Tarantino's highest-grossing film, surpassing his 2009 film Inglourious Basterds, which grossed $321.4 million worldwide. In North America, the film made $15 million on Christmas Day, finishing second behind fellow opener Les Misรฉrables. It was the third-biggest opening day figure for a film on Christmas, following Sherlock Holmes ($24.6 million) and Les Misรฉrables ($18.1 million). It went on to make $30.1 million in its opening weekend (a six-day total of $63.4 million), finishing second behind holdover The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey. Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 87% based on 291 reviews, and an average rating of 8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Bold, bloody, and stylistically daring, Django Unchained is another incendiary masterpiece from Quentin Tarantino." Metacritic, which assigns a rating to reviews, gives the film a weighted average score of 81 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "Aโˆ’" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars out of four and said: "The film offers one sensational sequence after another, all set around these two intriguing characters who seem opposites but share pragmatic, financial and personal issues." Ebert also added, "had I not been prevented from seeing it sooner because of an injury, this would have been on my year's best films list." Peter Bradshaw, film critic for The Guardian, awarded the film five stars, writing: "I can only say Django delivers, wholesale, that particular narcotic and delirious pleasure that Tarantino still knows how to confect in the cinema, something to do with the manipulation of surfaces. It's as unwholesome, deplorable and delicious as a forbidden cigarette." Writing in The New York Times, critic A. O. Scott compared Django to Tarantino's earlier Inglourious Basterds: "Like Inglourious Basterds, Django Unchained is crazily entertaining, brazenly irresponsible and also ethically serious in a way that is entirely consistent with its playfulness." Designating the film a Times "critics" pick, Scott said Django is "a troubling and important movie about slavery and racism." Filmmaker Michael Moore praised Django, tweeting that the movie "is one of the best film satires ever." To the contrary, Owen Gleiberman, film critic for the Entertainment Weekly, wrote: "Django isn't nearly the film that Inglourious was. It's less clever, and it doesn't have enough major characters โ€“ or enough of Tarantino's trademark structural ingenuity โ€“ to earn its two-hour-and-45-minute running time." In his review for the Indy Week, David Fellerath wrote: "Django Unchained shows signs that Tarantino did little research beyond repeated viewings of Sergio Corbucci's 1966 spaghetti Western Django and a blaxploitation from 1975 called Boss Nigger, written by and starring Fred Williamson." New Yorkers Anthony Lane was "disturbed by their [Tarantino's fans'] yelps of triumphant laughter, at the screening I attended, as a white woman was blown away by Django's guns." An entire issue of the academic journal Safundi was devoted to Django Unchained in "Django Unchained and the Global Western," featuring scholars who contextualize Tarantino's film as a classic "western". Dana Phillips writes: "Tarantino's film is immensely entertaining, not despite but because it is so very audaciousโ€”even, at times, downright lurid, thanks to its treatment of slavery, race relations, and that staple of the Western, violence. No doubt these are matters that another director would have handled more delicately, and with less stylistic excess, than Tarantino, who has never been bashful. Another director also would have been less willing to proclaim his film the first in a new genre, the 'Southern'." Top ten lists Django Unchained was listed on many critics' top ten lists of 2012. Top 10 (ranked alphabetically)ย โ€“ Claudia Puig, USA Today Top 10 (ranked alphabetically)ย โ€“ Joe Williams, St. Louis Post-Dispatch Top 10 (ranked alphabetically)ย โ€“ Stephanie Zacharek, Film.com 1stย โ€“ Amy Nicholson, Movieline 2ndย โ€“ Mick LaSalle, San Francisco Chronicle 2ndย โ€“ Drew McWeeny, Hitfix 2ndย โ€“ Michelle Orange, The Village Voice 2ndย โ€“ Nathan Rabin, The A.V. Club 2ndย โ€“ Betsy Sharkey, Los Angeles Times (tied with Lincoln) 3rdย โ€“ Richard Jameson, MSN Movies 3rdย โ€“ Alan Scherstuhl, The Village Voice 4thย โ€“ Mark Mohan, The Oregonian 4thย โ€“ Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News 4thย โ€“ James Rocchi, MSN Movies 4thย โ€“ Kristopher Tapley, HitFix 4thย โ€“ Drew Taylor & Caryn James, Indiewire 5thย - The Huffington Post 5thย โ€“ David Ehrlich, Movies.com 5thย โ€“ Scott Foundas, The Village Voice 5thย โ€“ Wesley Morris, The Boston Globe 6thย โ€“ James Berardinelli, Reelviews 6thย โ€“ Lisa Kennedy, Denver Post 6thย โ€“ Kat Murphy, MSN Movies 6thย โ€“ Richard Roeper, Chicago Sun-Times 6thย โ€“ Mike Scott, The Times-Picayune 7thย โ€“ Drew Hunt, Chicago Reader 7thย โ€“ A.O. Scott, The New York Times 8thย โ€“ Ty Burr, The Boston Globe 9thย โ€“ Todd McCarthy, The Hollywood Reporter 10thย โ€“ Karina Longworth, The Village Voice 10thย โ€“ Joshua Rothkopf, Time Out New York 10thย โ€“ Marlow Stern, The Daily Beast 10thย โ€“ Peter Travers, Rolling Stone Accolades Django Unchained garnered several awards and nominations. The American Film Institute named it one of their Top Ten Movies of the Year in December 2012. The film received five Golden Globe Award nominations, including Best Picture, and Best Director and Best Screenplay for Tarantino. Tarantino won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. Christoph Waltz received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, and the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor, his second time receiving all three awards, having previously won for his role in Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds. The NAACP Image Awards gave the film four nominations, while the National Board of Review named DiCaprio their Best Supporting Actor. Django Unchained earned a nomination for Best Theatrical Motion Picture from the Producers Guild of America. Controversy Racist language, portrayal of African American slavery Some commentators thought that the film's heavy usage of the word "nigger" is inappropriate, affecting them to an even greater extent than the depicted violence against the slaves. Other reviewers have defended the usage of the language in the historical context of race and slavery in the United States. African-American filmmaker Spike Lee, in an interview with Vibe, said he would not see the film, explaining "All I'm going to say is that it's disrespectful to my ancestors. That's just meย ... I'm not speaking on behalf of anybody else." Lee later wrote, "American slavery was not a Sergio Leone Spaghetti Western. It was a Holocaust. My ancestors are slaves stolen from Africa. I will honor them." Actor and activist Jesse Williams has contrasted accuracy of the racist language used in the film with what he sees as the film's lack of accuracy about the general lives of slaves, too often portrayed as "well-dressed Negresses in flowing gowns, frolicking on swings and enjoying leisurely strolls through the grounds, as if the setting is Versailles, mixed in with occasional acts of barbarism against slavesย ... That authenticity card that Tarantino uses to buy all those 'niggers' has an awfully selective memory." He also criticizes the lack of solidarity between slave characters, and their general lack of a will to escape from slavery, with Django as the notable exception. Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe compared Samuel L. Jackson's Stephen character to black Republicans like Clarence Thomas or Herman Cain. Jackson said that he believed his character to have "the same moral compass as Clarence Thomas does". Jackson defended heavy use of the word "nigger": "Saying Tarantino said 'nigger' too many times is like complaining they said 'kyke' [sic] too many times in a movie about Nazis." The review by Jesse Williams notes, however, that these antisemitic terms were not used nearly as frequently in Tarantino's film about Nazis, Inglourious Basterds, suggesting the Jewish community would not have accepted it. Marc Lamont Hill, a professor at Temple University, compared the fugitive exโ€“Los Angeles police officer Christopher Dorner to a real-life Django, saying "It's almost like watching 'Django Unchained' in real life. It's kind of exciting." Writing in the Los Angeles Times, journalist Erin Aubry Kaplan noted the difference between Tarantino's Jackie Brown and Django Unchained: "It is an institution whose horrors need no exaggerating, yet Django does exactly that, either to enlighten or entertain. A white director slinging around the n-word in a homage to '70s blaxploitation ร  la Jackie Brown is one thing, but the same director turning the savageness of slavery into pulp fiction is quite another." While hosting NBC's Saturday Night Live, Jamie Foxx joked about being excited "to kill all the white people in the movie". Conservative columnist Jeff Kuhner wrote a reaction to the SNL skit for The Washington Times, saying: "Anti-white bigotry has become embedded in our postmodern culture. Take Django Unchained. The movie boils down to one central theme: the white man as devilโ€”a moral scourge who must be eradicated like a lethal virus." Samuel L. Jackson told Vogue Man that "Django Unchained was a harder and more detailed exploration of what the slavery experience was than 12 Years a Slave, but director Steve McQueen is an artist and since he's respected for making supposedly art films, it's held in higher esteem than Django, because that was basically a blaxploitation movie." Use of violence The film became infamous for its brutality, with some reviews criticizing it for being much too violent. The originally planned premiere of Django was postponed following the Sandy Hook school shooting on December 14, 2012. Thomas Frank criticized the film's use of violence as follows: Not surprisingly, Quentin Tarantino has lately become the focus for this sort of criticism (about the relationship between the movies and acts of violence). The fact that Django Unchained arrived in theaters right around the time of the Sandy Hook massacre didn't help. Yet he has refused to give an inch in discussing the link between movie violence and real life. Obviously I don't think one has to do with the other. Movies are about make-believe. It's about imagination. Part of the thing is trying to create a realistic experience, but we are faking it. Is it possible that anyone in our cynical world credits a self-serving sophistry like this? Of course an industry under fire will claim that its hands are clean, just as the NRA has done โ€“ and of course a favorite son, be it Tarantino or LaPierre, can be counted on to make the claim louder than anyone else. But do they really believe that imaginative expression is without consequence? The Independent said the movie was part of "the new sadism in cinema" and added, "There is something disconcerting about sitting in a crowded cinema as an audience guffaws at the latest garroting or falls about in hysterics as someone is beheaded or has a limb lopped off". Adam Serwer from Mother Jones said, "Django, like many Tarantino films, also has been criticized as cartoonishly violent, but it is only so when Django is killing slave owners and overseers. The violence against slaves is always appropriately terrifying. This, if nothing else, puts Django in the running for Tarantino's best film, the first one in which he discovers violence as horror rather than just spectacle. When Schultz turns his head away from a slave being torn apart by dogs, Django explains to Calvin Candieโ€”the plantation owner played by Leo DiCaprioโ€”that Schultz just isn't used to Americans." Historical inaccuracies Although Tarantino has said about Mandingo fighting, "I was always aware those things existed", there is no definitive historical evidence that slave owners ever staged gladiator-like fights to the death between male slaves like the fight depicted in the movie. Historian Edna Greene Medford notes that there are only undocumented rumors that such fights took place. David Blight, the director of Yale's center for the study of slavery, said it was not a matter of moral or ethical reservations that prevented slave owners from pitting slaves against each other in combat, but rather economic self-interest: slave owners would not have wanted to put their substantial financial investments at risk in gladiatorial battles. The non-historical term "Mandingo" for a fine fighting or breeding slave comes not from Tarantino, but the 1975 film Mandingo which was itself based on a 1957 novel with the same title. Writing in The New Yorker, William Jelani Cobb observed that Tarantino's occasional historical elasticity sometimes worked to the film's advantage. "There are moments," Cobb wrote, "where this convex history works brilliantly, like when Tarantino depicts the Ku Klux Klan a decade prior to its actual formation in order to thoroughly ridicule its members' veiled racism." However, Tarantino holds that the masked marauders depicted in the film were not the KKK, but a group known as "The Regulators". They were depicted as spiritual forebears of the later post-civil war KKK and not as the actual KKK. On the matter of historical accuracy, Christopher Caldwell wrote in the Financial Times: "Of course, we must not mistake a feature film for a public television documentary", pointing out that the film should be treated as entertainment, not as a historical account of the period it is set in. "Django uses slavery the way a pornographic film might use a nurses' convention: as a pretext for what is really meant to entertain us. What is really meant to entertain us in Django is violence." Richard Brody, however, wrote in The New Yorker that Tarantino's "vision of slavery's monstrosity is historically accurate.... Tarantino rightly depicts slavery as no mere administrative ownership but a grievous and monstrous infliction of cruelty." Alleged copyright infringement In December 2015, a $100 million lawsuit was filed against Tarantino by filmmakers Oscar Colvin Jr. and Torrance J. Colvin, who claimed that the script for Django Unchained bears extensive similarities to their film, titled Freedom. The lawsuit was filed in a federal court in Washington, DC. On January 24, 2017, the lawsuit was dismissed. Comic book adaptations A comic book adaptation of Django Unchained was released by DC Comics in 2013. In 2015, a sequel crossover comic entitled Django/Zorro was released by Dynamite Entertainment, co-written by Tarantino and Matt Wagner, the latter being the first comic book sequel to a Quentin Tarantino film. Future Proposed miniseries Tarantino has said in an interview that he has 90 minutes of unused material and considered re-editing Django Unchained into a four-hour, four-night cable miniseries. Tarantino said that breaking the story into four parts would be more satisfying to audiences than a four-hour movie: "... it wouldn't be an endurance test. It would be a miniseries. And people love those." Potential crossover sequel Tarantino's first attempt at a Django Unchained sequel was with the unpublished paperback novel titled Django in White Hell. However, after Tarantino decided that the tone of the developing story did not fit with the character's morals, he began re-writing it as an original screenplay which later became the director's follow-up film, The Hateful Eight. In June 2019, Tarantino had picked Jerrod Carmichael to co-write a film adaptation based on the Django/Zorro crossover comic book series. Tarantino and Jamie Foxx have both expressed interest in having Antonio Banderas reprise his role as Zorro from The Mask of Zorro and The Legend of Zorro in the film in addition to Foxx himself reprising his role as Django. See also List of films featuring slavery Damsel in distress Quentin Tarantino filmography Revisionist Western References External links 2012 films 2012 Western (genre) films African-American Western (genre) films American Western (genre) films American drama films American satirical films BAFTA winners (films) Blaxploitation films Columbia Pictures films The Weinstein Company films Django films 2010s English-language films Films about American slavery Films about racism in the United States Films about race and ethnicity American films about revenge 2012 controversies in the United States African-American-related controversies in film Films adapted into comics Revisionist Western (genre) films Films directed by Quentin Tarantino Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films set in 1858 Films set in 1859 Films set on farms Films set in Mississippi Films set in Tennessee Films set in Texas Films shot in California Films shot in Lone Pine, California Films shot in Louisiana Films shot in Wyoming Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award Films with screenplays by Quentin Tarantino African-American films 2010s American films
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A4%ED%95%9C
์œคํ•œ
์œคํ•œ(, ็”ฐๆฝค็ฟฐ, 1983๋…„ 10์›” 14์ผ~)์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ, ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ, ๊ต์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ด€์€ ๋‹ด์–‘(ๆฝญ้™ฝ)์ด๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•… ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๊ณ  2010๋…„ 1์ง‘ ใ€ŠUntouchedใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜ KBS2 ใ€Š์„ฑ๊ท ๊ด€ ์Šค์บ”๋“คใ€‹, tvN ใ€Š๋กœ๋งจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ดใ€‹ ๋“ฑ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ OST ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์—ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ ใ€Š๋ชจ๋น„๋”•ใ€‹์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์—˜ ์—ญ์„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๊ณ  MBC ใ€Š์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”ใ€‹์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ด์†Œ์—ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์Œ์•… ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž, ๋ผ๋””์˜ค DJ, ์Œ์•… ๊ฐ๋… ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž„์šฉ, ์šฉ์ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‹ค์šฉ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 2017๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝํฌ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋””์ž์ธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ชจ๋˜์Œ์•…ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์•„ํŠธยทํ“จ์ „๋””์ž์ธ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‹ค์šฉ์Œ์•…ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์žฌ์ง ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์ƒ์•  ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์œคํ•œ์€ 1983๋…„ 10์›” 14์ผ์— ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์น˜๋™์—์„œ 2๋‚จ ์ค‘ ์ฐจ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—… ์ž„์›์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์œ ๋ณตํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ž๋ž€ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•™์ฐฝ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์ „๊ต 3๋“ฑ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์šฐ๋“ฑ์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆยท์ค‘ยท๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 12๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋ฐ˜์žฅ, ๋ถ€๋ฐ˜์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ด๊ณผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ง‘์•ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์—…์—๋งŒ ์—ด์ค‘ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘์— TV์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๊น€๋™๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฐ๋ช…๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ทธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•… ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•ด ์Œ์•…์„ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ, ํ™”์„ฑํ•™, ํ† ํ”Œ ๊ณต๋ถ€์— ์ง„๋ ฅํ•œ ๋์— 3ํ•™๋…„ 1ํ•™๊ธฐ์— ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์Œ๋Œ€ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ ํ†ต๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ ๋‹จ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ถ€์†๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๊ต ๋™์ฐฝ์œผ๋กœ ํด๋ฆญ๋น„ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ์œ ํ˜ธ์„, ๋…ธ๋ฏผํ˜, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๊น€์žฌ์šฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์กธ์—…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œ ํ•™๊ธธ์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์Œ์•…์— ์žฌ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์Œ๋Œ€์˜€๊ธฐ์— ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์Œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ž…ํ•™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 1~8๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ 1๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์„ฑ์‹คํ•จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ, ๋Œ€ํ•™ 4๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 12~13์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ 2์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•œ ๋์— 1์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ 7๋“ฑ๊ธ‰๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์žฅํ•™๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์žฅํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๋ฉ์น˜ ํฐ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒด๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ณด์ถฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฒด์ค‘์ด 90kg๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„๋ช…์ด โ€˜๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๋Œ€โ€™์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•… ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ™”์Œ์•…์ž‘๊ณกํ•™๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์„์œผ๋กœ ์กธ์—… ํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ตญํ•ด ๋ณ‘์—ญ์„ ๋งˆ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2008๋…„ ์ „์—ญ ํ›„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์Œ์•… ํ™œ๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œคํ•œ์€ ์ง์ ‘ ์˜ํ™” ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‘๋“œ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋˜ ์˜ํ™” ์Œ์•…์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๊ธฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์™ธ๋ฉด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ข… ์˜ค๋””์…˜๊ณผ ์ฝ˜ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์ž…์ƒ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๋™๋„ค ํ•™์›์—์„œ ์ „๊ณต์ƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ โ€˜๋„๋ ˆ๋ฏธํŒŒ์†”๋ผ์‹œ๋„โ€™๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์— 30~40๋งŒ์›์„ ๋ฒŒ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 2๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ฝฉ์ฟ ๋ฅด์—์„œ๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์‹ค๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ค‘ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์Œ์•… ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์ธ ์Šคํ†ฐํ”„๋ฎค์ง์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜์ œ2์˜ ์ด๋ฃจ๋งˆโ€™๋กœ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” 2010๋…„ 1์ง‘ ใ€ŠUntouchedใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ œ๋ชฉ์ธ Untouched๋Š” โ€˜์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ, ์†๋Œ€์ง€ ์•Š์€โ€™์ด๋ž€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ์šธ์—์„œ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋งˆ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์Œ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํŽ‘ํ‚ค, ์žฌ์ฆˆ, ์†Œ์šธ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ „๊ณก์„ ์ž‘์‚ฌ, ์ž‘๊ณก, ํŽธ๊ณก ๋ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹ฑํ•œ ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ํ•œํ„ฐ ์ฐจํŠธ ๋ฐ ํ•ซํŠธ๋ž™์Šค ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด KBS2 ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š์„ฑ๊ท ๊ด€ ์Šค์บ”๋“คใ€‹์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž…๊ณก โ€˜๊ทธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‹คโ€™๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ OST ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ํฌ๋‹ˆ์บ๋…„์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ช…๊ณก ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์†”๋กœ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ง‘ ใ€ŠLove & Sorrowใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฅ˜ ์—ดํ’์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ธ๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ OST๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋กœ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•  ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์ƒ‰ํ•œ ๋์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚™์ ๋˜์–ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ, โ€˜ํ•œ๋ฅ˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ•ด tvN ใ€Š๋กœ๋งจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ดใ€‹ OST ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 2์ง‘ ใ€ŠFor This Momentใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์— ์˜ํ™” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€(3๋ฒˆ ํŠธ๋ž™ โ€˜Capuccinoโ€™) ์ฒญํ˜ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ (7๋ฒˆ โ€˜Marry Meโ€™) ์ด๋ณ„์„ ๊ฒช์€ ํ›„(9๋ฒˆ โ€˜๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ์„œโ€™), ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š”(12๋ฒˆ โ€˜Travelโ€™) ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์—ฐ์• ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋…„ 3์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ ใ€Š๋ชจ๋น„๋”•ใ€‹์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์—˜ ์—ญ์„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด 9์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€ MBC ใ€Š์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธใ€‹์˜ ์Œ์•… ๊ฐ๋… ๊ฒธ ๋ณด์กฐ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋„“ํžŒ ์œคํ•œ์€ 2012๋…„ 5์›” ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๋… ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ โ€˜The Pianoโ€™๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์ง„์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ฑํ™ฉ๋ฆฌ์— ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์–ด 8์›”์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ โ€˜THE PIANO and Friendsโ€™, 12์›”์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ โ€˜the PARTYโ€™๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์„ ๋งค์ง„์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์„œ ๋„์•ฝ 2013๋…„ ์œคํ•œ์€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋กœ ํŒฌํด๋Ÿฝ ์นดํŽ˜์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜•์ด Bํ˜•์ธ ํŒฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰, ํŒฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ชจ์€ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์Œ์› โ€˜Bํ˜• ์—ฌ์žโ€™๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ, ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์™ธ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€, ์ƒ‰๊น”, ๊ฝƒ, ์Œ์‹, ๋กœ๋ง ๋“ฑ ์ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ์ทŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋จธ๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ โ€˜Bํ˜• ์—ฌ์žโ€™๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ํ•ด์•ผ ๋  ๋ง์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋น„ํŠธ์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ˆ์ œ๋จ ์†์—์„œ ์–ด์ฟ ์Šคํ‹ฑํ•จ๊ณผ ํŒ์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋’€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ•ด 8์›” KBS2 ใ€Šํ•ดํ”ผ์„ ๋ฐ์ด - ๋ง˜๋งˆ๋ฏธ์•„ใ€‹์—์„œ ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ ๋ฐ•์€์˜์˜ ๋งž์„ ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉฐ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ฒซ ์ถœ์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ TV์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์งํ›„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํฌํ„ธ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์–ด ์ˆœ์œ„ 1์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด 9์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ MBC ใ€Š์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”ใ€‹์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ด์†Œ์—ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋กœ ํ˜ธํก์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ ๋ น๊ธฐ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“  30๋Œ€ ์ปคํ”Œ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์—ฐ์• ๋กœ ์†”์งํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถœ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ใ€Š์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”ใ€‹์˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์€ ์ด์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 11์›”์—๋Š” ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํŒ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ๊ณก์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค, ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋กœ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์˜๊ตญํ’ ํŒ ๋„˜๋ฒ„๋“ค๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง„ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠMAN 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์‚ฌ์ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ง์ ‘ ์Œ์•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ‰์†Œ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—์„œ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ํƒ€์•…๊ธฐ ์นดํ˜ผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋งŒ์˜ ์กฐ์ดํ•œ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ฌ 8์ผ ์ฒซ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜์ „๋‹น ๋‹จ๋… ๊ณต์—ฐ โ€˜MAN ON PIANOโ€™๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด 3๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋Š” 1๋ถ€ ์œคํ•œ์˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์†”๋กœ, 2๋ถ€๋Š” ์žฌ์ฆˆ ๋ฌด๋Œ€, 3๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ํ˜‘์—ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ™”์Œ์•… ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊พธ๋ฉฐ์กŒ๋‹ค. 1๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œ ๊ณก์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ด€๋ จ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ถ™์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 2๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํŠธ๋ผ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ™ฉ์ •๊ทœ์™€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ ์‹ ๋™์ง„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋กœ ํŽธ๊ณกํ•œ ๊ณก๋“ค์„ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 3๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ง€ํœ˜์ž๋กœ ๋ณ€์‹ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ธ์ข…ํ•„ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹‰์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ์•ž์—์„œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ใ€Šํ•˜์šธ์˜ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์„ฑใ€‹ OST ๋ฉ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ง€ํœ˜์™€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 12์›” ์—ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ์ƒํšŒ์—์„œ ๋“ค๋ ค์ค€ ์Œ์•… ์ค‘ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•œ โ€˜๋ฐ”๋ณด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผโ€™, ์–ด์ฟ ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์„ธ์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ โ€˜Londonโ€™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Œ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•œ โ€˜Sky Dream (10์›”์˜ ํ•˜๋Š˜)โ€™๊ณผ ใ€Š์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”ใ€‹์—์„œ ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์ธ ์ด์†Œ์—ฐ์˜ ๋™์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฆ‰ํฅ๊ณก โ€˜Sweet Dreamโ€™ ๋“ฑ ์ด 4๊ณก์„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ด์•„ 2014๋…„ ใ€Š์œคํ•œ์˜ ํฌ๊ทผํ•œ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์Œ๊ฐํšŒใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋…„ 2์›” EBS FM ใ€Š๊ฒฝ์ฒญใ€‹์˜ DJ๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์–ด 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋’ค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ข…์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5์›” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์œ ๋ช… ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ โ€˜์„œ์šธ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ 2014โ€™์— ํ™ฉ์ •๊ทœ, ์‹ ๋™์ง„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 3์ธ์กฐ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” โ€˜Spainโ€™, โ€˜Love Affairโ€™, โ€˜Marry Meโ€™, โ€˜Someday My Prince Will Comeโ€™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณก์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 7์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ E Channel ใ€Š์—ฐ์• ์ „๋‹นํฌใ€‹์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ • ํŒจ๋„๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 2์›”์—์„œ 3์›” ์ •ํ†ต ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž์ธ ๋น„์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ์šฉ์žฌ ์˜ค๋‹๊ณผ ์ฝ˜ํŠธ๋ผ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์ œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์Œ๋Œ€ ์žฌํ•™ ์‹œ์ ˆ 3๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ฃธ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ์˜€๋˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜‘์—ฐ ๊ณต์—ฐ โ€˜The Romantistโ€™๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ช…์€ ํด๋ž˜์‹, ๋‘ ๋ช…์€ ์žฌ์ฆˆ๋ผ๋Š” ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด์–ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Š” ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์žฌ์ฆˆ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ๋ฅด, ํŠนํžˆ ํด๋ž˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ์ฆ์ด ์ปธ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ณต์—ฐ์ด ์„ฑ์‚ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1๋ถ€ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ์šฉ์žฌ ์˜ค๋‹๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŒ, ์Šคํƒ ๋‹ค๋“œ ์žฌ์ฆˆ๊ณก์„ ํŽธ๊ณกํ•ด ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฐ ์ด์–ด, 2๋ถ€ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ์ž ๋…์ฃผ๋กœ ์ž์ž‘๊ณก๋“ค์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๋’ค ํ•™์ฐฝ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋˜ โ€˜๊ณ ์—ฝ(Autumn Leaves)โ€™๊ณผ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ ์ฒœ๊ตญใ€‹์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž…๊ณก๋“ค์„ 2๋Œ€์˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์—๋Š” ๋ฃจ์ด ์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ์˜ โ€˜When the Saints Go Marching Inโ€™๊ณผ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Šํ•ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œใ€‹์˜ OST โ€˜It Had to Be Youโ€™๋ฅผ 4์ธ์˜ ํ˜‘์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์—ฐ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋งค์ผ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์ œ๋Š” โ€œ์œคํ•œ์ด ํ˜•์€ ์ž‘๊ณก๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ๋งŽ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Š˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ์•…์ด ์ •์ฒด๋ผ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋‚˜์™€์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์—ฐ ์งํ›„ MBC์™€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์žฌํ•™ ์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œคํ•œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด โ€œํ•™๊ต์— ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์›๋ž˜ ์Œ์•…์„ฑ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ƒ€๋‹คโ€๋ฉฐ โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์•… ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฐ์ฃผ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์œคํ•œ์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ํ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 3์›” ํ•œ์ค‘ ํ•ฉ์ž‘ ์›น๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€ŠAbout loveใ€‹์˜ ์Œ์•… ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”์Œ์•… ์ „๊ณต์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ OST ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์ฒด ๋””๋ ‰ํŒ…์€ ์ฒซ ๋„์ „์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ํŒฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆˆ๊ธธ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‚ฌ๋…ธ๋ฐ”, ์žฌ์ฆˆ, ๊ฐ€์š”, ํด๋ž˜์‹ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทน์˜ ๋ชฐ์ž…๋„๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋กœ ํŽธ๊ณกํ•ด ํ’์„ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ธ ํ…Œ๋งˆ ๊ณก์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์„ ์œจ ๋ฐ ์–ด์ฟ ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ•ด ๋‹ด๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์Œ์•…๋“ค๋กœ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ EBS FM ใ€Š์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ 12์‹œ, ๋ฌธ์ง€์• ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹คใ€‹์—์„œ ๋งค์ฃผ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ์ฑ… ์ฝ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋กœ ๊ณ ์ • ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 4์›” 30์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ง€๋‚œ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ชธ๋‹ด์•˜๋˜ ์Šคํ†ฐํ”„๋ฎค์ง์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ ๊ธฐํš์‚ฌ์ธ ํ‚ค์ด์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์ „์†๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์Œ์•… ํ™œ๋™์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ ํ™œ๋™๋„ ๊ฒธ์—…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‚ค์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์—”ํ„ฐ์‚ฌ์—…์ด๊ด„ ์–‘๊ทผํ™˜ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์€ โ€œ์œคํ•œ์€ ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์  ์žฌ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‹ค๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธโ€๋ผ๋ฉฐ โ€œ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ „์†๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „ํญ์ ์ธ ์ง€์›์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ, ์˜ํ™”, ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋“ฑ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋กœ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์›๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์•„๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์™ธํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์Œ์•…๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šด๋™๋„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด ์–ด๋ ค์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ถ•๊ตฌ, ๋†๊ตฌ, ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค, ์Šค์ฟผ์‹œ, ๋ผ์ผ“๋ณผ, ๊ณจํ”„, ์Šค๋…ธ๋ณด๋“œ, ํƒ๊ตฌ, ๋ณผ๋ง ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ณจ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ์ฆ๊ฒจ์™”๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ผ์ผ“๋ณผ์€ ์„ธ๋ฏธํ”„๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์™€ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ์Šตํ•ด ์˜จ ์ฝ˜ํŠธ๋ผ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ™ฉ์ •๊ทœ๋Š” โ€œ์œคํ•œ์€ ์šด๋™์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ชธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์† ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋“ฑํ•œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด โ€œํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋งŒํผ ์šด๋™๋„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค์ณค์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑฑ์ •์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ข€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋‚ซ๊ฒ ์ง€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์ด๊ธฐ์— ๋‘๋ ค์›€์€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋•€์„ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์—”๋„๋ฅดํ•€์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค. ๋ชธ๋„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ๋„ ์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ๋„ ์ข‹์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ์šด๋™ ํ›„ ์ƒค์›Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งฅ์ฃผ ํ•œ์ž”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ์พŒํ•จ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šด๋™ ์ž์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณต์—ฐ์—์„œ ๊ด€๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•ด โ€œ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๊ด€๊ฐ, โ€˜์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ณต์—ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด€์ค‘์ด๋‹คโ€™์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ์‹ซ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜ธํกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ณต์—ฐ ์ค‘ ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฝ”๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋„ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ™”์„ฑ๋„ ๋„ฃ์–ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. 5์›”์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ •์ƒ๊ธ‰ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ โ€˜์„œ์šธ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ 2015โ€™์— 2๋…„ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž‘๋…„์— 3์ธ์กฐ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ํ’์„ฑํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ์ƒํฌ(๋“œ๋Ÿผ), ์œ ์Šน์ฒ (ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ), ๊น€์œ ์„ฑ(์ฝ˜ํŠธ๋ผ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค), ๋ณ€์˜์ˆ˜, ๋ฐ•์‹ ์›(๊ธฐํƒ€), ๊น€๋‚˜๊ฒฝ, ์ตœ๋‹ค์šธ(์ฝ”๋Ÿฌ์Šค)๊ณผ 8์ธ์กฐ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” โ€˜Bํ˜• ์—ฌ์žโ€™๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ โ€˜From Paris to Amsterdamโ€™, โ€˜Marry Meโ€™, โ€˜Someoneโ€™ ๋“ฑ ์ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณก์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹จ๋… ๊ณต์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์•ผ์™ธ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๊ณต์—ฐ โ€˜YOONHAN LAST SUMMER PARTYโ€™๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๋ฐค์˜ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋‹ด์•„ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ง„ ์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์†”๋กœ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํŽธ์„ฑ์ด ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€, ์ฝ˜ํŠธ๋ผ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค, ๋“œ๋Ÿผ, ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•…๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋”ํ•ด์ ธ ํ’์„ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 10์›” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠBeautifulใ€‹์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ์‹ ๊ณก โ€˜Beautifulโ€™์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” R&B ํŒ ๋„˜๋ฒ„๋กœ, ๋ง‰ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‚จ๋…€์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋‹ด๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ’€์–ด๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์ž์•„๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํž™ํ•ฉ R&B๊ณ„์˜ ๋ช…๋ง ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์œค๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ์ฒ˜๋ง์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์œคํ•œ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””์™€ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ด ํ•œ์ธต ๋‹๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์œค๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์„น์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ์›Œํ’€ํ•œ ๋žฉํ•‘์ด ๋”ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹ ๊ณก์€ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์Œ๋Œ€ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅํŒŒ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ์œคํ•œ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ž‘์‚ฌ, ์ž‘๊ณก, ์—ฐ์ฃผ์— ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹ฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋น›๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ฐ€์š”, OST, ๊ด‘๊ณ , ๊ณต์—ฐ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋…ธ๊ฒฝํ™˜๊ณผ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ/๋ธ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์–ด์Šค ๋ชฝํฌ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์ธ์Šคํ‹ฐํŠœํŠธ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ™ฉํ˜ธ๊ทœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  015B ๊ฐ์›๋ณด์ปฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ฑ์–ด, ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜ ์ผ€์ด์ค€์ด ์ฝ”๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. 11์›”์—๋Š” ์›น๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ์• ใ€‹์— ์ด๊ด„ ์Œ์•… ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ใ€ŠAbout loveใ€‹ ์ดํ›„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์Œ์•… ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์œคํ•œ์€ ๊ทน ์ค‘ ์ฃผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ธ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํ’๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ๋™๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์ฃผ๋„์—์„œ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๊ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋“œ๋„“์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค, ๊ด‘ํ™œํ•œ ํ’๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์Šค๋ฉฐ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ๋‚ด์ถ”๋Ÿดํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณก๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์˜์ƒ๋ฏธ์— ํž˜์„ ์‹ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 15์ธ์กฐ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์˜ ์™ˆ์ธ ํ’ ๋ฉ”์ธ ํ…Œ๋งˆ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐํƒ€์™€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์„ ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ•ด ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์„ ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์˜ ๋ชฐ์ž…๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. 12์›”์—๋Š” MBC ใ€Š๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•…์‡ผ ๋ณต๋ฉด๊ฐ€์™•ใ€‹์— โ€˜๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฐํƒ€ํด๋กœ์Šคโ€™๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐ, ๋น„๋ก 3ํ‘œ์ฐจ๋กœ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ์— ํƒˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํŒ์ •๋‹จ์ธ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ๊น€ํ˜•์„์—๊ฒŒ โ€œ์Œ์ƒ‰์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ข‹๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์Œ์•…์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด. ๋˜๊ฒŒ ์Œ์•…์„ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹คโ€๋Š” ํ‰์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 5์›” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠHelloใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ณก โ€˜Helloโ€™๋Š” ์œคํ•œ์ด ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์„ ์œจ๊ณผ ์Šฌํ”ˆ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ, ์• ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””๊ฐ€ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ์•ž์„  ์•จ๋ฒ”๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์œคํ•œ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ž‘์‚ฌ, ์ž‘๊ณก, ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹ฑ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด ์‹ค๋ ฅํŒŒ ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ„๋ฆผ๋ฐ›์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์• ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ๊ณกโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํžŒ ์ด ๊ณก์€ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋…ธ๊ฒฝํ™˜๊ณผ ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ™ฉํ˜ธ๊ทœ, ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜ ์ผ€์ด์ค€์ด ์ฝ”๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด ๊ณก์˜ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋„์ „์„ ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ 1๋…„์—ฌ ๋งŒ์ธ 2016๋…„ 7์›” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์€ ์ ‘๊ณ  ํ‚ค์ด์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋’ค ์›๋ž˜์˜ ์†Œ์†์‚ฌ์˜€๋˜ ์Šคํ†ฐํ”„๋ฎค์ง์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋ฐ๋ท”๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด โ€œ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•…์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์„ค๋ ˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋•Œ์™€๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹คโ€๋ฉด์„œ โ€˜๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ฅผ ํ‰์ƒ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์— โ€œ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” 40๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํž˜๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์Œ์•…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” 40๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ ˆ์Šจ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊ฐ๋… ๋ฏธํŒ…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ณธ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์œคํ•œ์€ โ€œTV, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด๊ด€ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑธ์Œ์˜ 1๋…„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์™”์ง€๋งŒ ์ง์ ‘ ํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚œ 1๋…„์„ ์†ŒํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›”์—๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ˜œ์ •๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ12ํšŒ ์ œ์ฒœ๊ตญ์ œ์Œ์•…์˜ํ™”์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์‹์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ž„์šฉ 2016๋…„ 8์›” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์žฌ์ฆˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์Œ์•…๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ใ€Œํ‚ค์Šค ์ž๋ ›์˜ ์ž„ํ”„๋กœ๋น„์ œ์ด์…˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์œ„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ(A Research on the Status of the Contemporary Jazz by the Case Study of Keith Jarrettโ€™s Improvisation)ใ€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๋ช…๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋‰ด๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์Œ์•…ํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด 5๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ค์šฉ์Œ์•… ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋’€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์ธ 9์›” ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž„์šฉ, ์šฉ์ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‹ค์šฉ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์žฌ์งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 11์›” ์ •๊ทœ 3์ง‘ ใ€ŠLOVELESSใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2์ง‘ ๋ฐœ๋งค ํ›„ 4๋…„ ๋งŒ์ธ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์žƒ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ค๋ ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ๊ณ , ์•„ํ”„๊ณ , ์• ํ‹‹ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ 7๊ณก์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์™€ 5๊ณก์˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ์ฒญ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ์„ค๋ ˜์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋ฉ€๊ณ (track 1), ๋„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ(track 2), ์•„์นจ ํ–‡์‚ด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋งˆ์Œ(track 3)์ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์พŒํ•œ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ๋น„ํŠธ์˜ โ€˜Love is blindโ€™, ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋‹ด๋‹ดํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋”๋ธ” ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณก โ€˜๋„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜โ€™, ์œคํ•œํ‘œ ์žฌ์ฆˆ๊ณก โ€˜Morning Lightโ€™๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค, ๋“œ๋Ÿผ, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€˜Dramaticโ€™์€ ์–ด๋‘ ์ด ์ง™๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฐค์— ํ™€๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ—ค๋งค๋ฉฐ ํ—ค์–ด์ง„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. โ€˜์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๊ณณโ€™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ด๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ณ„์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , โ€˜Lovelessโ€™๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ณตํ—ˆํ•จ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€˜Lovelessโ€™๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 4๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ•จ์ถ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ •๊ทœ 3์ง‘์˜ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์ด์ž ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” โ€˜Starsโ€™์™€ โ€˜Smileโ€™ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ณก๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์žƒ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ผํ•˜(Praha), ์‹œ๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜ค๋„ค(Sirmione), ๋ถ€๋‹คํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ(Budapest)๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ค์˜จ ์—ฌํ–‰์ง€์ด์ž ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ผํ•˜์˜ ์˜คํ›„์—์„œ, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ ๊ทผ๊ต์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„ ์‹œ๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜ค๋„ค์—์„œ, ๋ฐ”๋žŒ ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹คํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, โ€˜ํŽธ๋ฆฐ(์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋‹ค)โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๋Š”๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 2์›” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ๊ฐ๋… ์ด์™€์ด ์ŠŒ์ง€์˜ ์ฒซ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ธ ใ€Š์žฅ์˜ฅ์˜ ํŽธ์ง€ใ€‹์˜ OST์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์ถœ์„ ๋งก์€ ์ด์™€์ด ๊ฐ๋…์€ ์ง์ ‘ ์˜ํ™”์˜ ๋ฉ”์ธ ํ…Œ๋งˆ โ€˜DAWN and DUSKโ€™์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก์„ ๋งก์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œคํ•œ์ด ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์ž”์ž”ํ•œ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ์ธต ๋‹ด๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฑ„์› ๋‹ค. 3์›” ๊ฒฝํฌ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋””์ž์ธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ชจ๋˜์Œ์•…ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์•„ํŠธยทํ“จ์ „๋””์ž์ธ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‹ค์šฉ์Œ์•…ํ•™๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž„์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์†ก, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 12์›” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠIt was youใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜It was youโ€™๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์‚ฌยท์ž‘๊ณก์„ ๋งก์€ ์œคํ•œ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•…๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ’์„ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๋ฒ„์ „๊ณผ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์™€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง„ ๋ฒ„์ „ ๋“ฑ ๋‘ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 5์›” ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์„ ์œจ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์†Œํ’ˆ์ง‘์ธ 4์ง‘ ใ€Š์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์‚ฌ์ ์ธใ€‹์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฑฐ๋‹๋ฉฐ ์“ด ๊ณก๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณธ ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ, ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์ธ โ€˜๋ฐ”๋žŒ์˜ ์™ˆ์ธ โ€™๋Š” ์ž”๋””๋ฐญ์— ๋ˆ„์›Œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ผ์š”์ผ ์˜คํ›„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Š๋‚€ ๋‹จ์ƒ์€ โ€˜A letter from the islandโ€™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ’€์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜๊ฒจ์šธ ๋ฐ”๋‹คโ€™์™€ โ€˜์‚ฌ๋ ค๋‹ˆ ์ˆฒโ€™, โ€˜ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผโ€™์€ ์—ฌํ–‰์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ASMR ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์„ ์œจ์— ์ž…ํ˜€ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 6์›” ์ •๊ทœ 5์ง‘ ใ€ŠEuropean Fantasyใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋“ฑ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Š๋‚€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์ž์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋„๋„ค์˜ค๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ณ ์ƒ์ง€, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฐ”๋ฆฌํ†ค ๊ถŒ์„œ๊ฒฝ, ์ฒผ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์†ก๋ฏผ์ œ, ๋”๋ธ”๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์ œ, ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์กฐ์˜๋• ๋“ฑ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“  15๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง„ ์ •๊ทœ 5์ง‘์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•…๊ธฐ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ด๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋‹ค๋…€์˜จ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ”๋‹ค ์˜จ ์—ฌํ–‰์ง€๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•„์ง ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์† ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ์„ ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. โ€˜Roman Holiday(๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ํœด์ผ)โ€™, โ€˜Tears of Venice(๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์Šค์˜ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ)โ€™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณก ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ โ€˜Ponte Vecchio(๋ฒ ํ‚ค์˜ค ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ)โ€™๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์˜ ๋ช…์†Œ ๋ฒ ํ‚ค์˜ค ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋„๋„ค์˜ค๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ณ ์ƒ์ง€์™€ ์ปฌ๋ž˜๋ฒ„๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. โ€˜Tears of Veniceโ€™๋Š” ๋‚ญ๋งŒ๊ณผ ์€๋ฐ€ํ•จ์ด ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์Šค์—์„œ ํŽผ์ณ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฉด๋ฌด๋„ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์“ด ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ฒผ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์†ก๋ฏผ์ œ์˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋”ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณก์ธ โ€˜Roman Holidayโ€™์€ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ํœด์ผใ€‹์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋กœ๋งˆ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ์šด ํœด์ผ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฐ”๋ฆฌํ†ค ๊ถŒ์„œ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณด์ปฌ๊ณผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ด๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‰˜์•™์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜Veneziaโ€™๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋„ค์น˜์•„์˜ ์šดํ•˜์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ, ๋„์‹œ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์˜ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋Š๋‚€ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””์™€ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ŠคํŒจ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์กฐ์˜๋•์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜The Dolder Grand Hotelโ€™์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ 2์„ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ต ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์“ด ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๋”๋ธ”๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์ œ์˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•ด ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ๋”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํžˆ์˜ ๋ˆˆ ๋ฎ์ธ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 5์›” ์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผ ์‹คํ™ฉ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠImprovisation (Contribute to Keith Jarrett)ใ€‹์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ 2018๋…„ ์˜์‚ฐ์•„ํŠธํ™€์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๋…์ฃผํšŒ โ€˜Improvisationโ€™์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์‹คํ™ฉ ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๋„ ์ •ํ•ด๋†“์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠLovelessใ€‹, ใ€Š์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์‚ฌ์ ์ธใ€‹, ใ€ŠEuropean Fantasyใ€‹๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์ด๋ณ„, ์‰ผ๊ณผ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์Œ์•…์  ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฆ‰ํฅํ…Œ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌดํ•œํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ด๊ธด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํ‰์†Œ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ‚ค์Šค ์ž๋ ›์—๊ฒŒ ํ—Œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” 100๋ถ„๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€œ์žฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ธ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์„ฑ, ํ˜„์žฅ์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์— ๋‹ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ €๋งŒ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ธธ ์†Œ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 2์›” ๋ฐ๋ท” 10์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋… ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠRenaissance - 10th Anniversary Editionใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œคํ•œ์ด ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ 15์žฅ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”, 190์—ฌ ๊ณก์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์†์— ๋‹ด์•˜๋˜ ๊ฟˆ, ์—ด์ •, ์„ค๋ ˜, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘, ์‹œ๋ จ, ๊ณ ๋…๊ณผ ์•„ํ””, ์ธ์—ฐ, ๋…๋ฐฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ„์ถ”๋ ค ๋‹ด์€ ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ๊ณก๋“ค, ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณก๋“ค, ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ผญ ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณก๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋ท” 10์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๋งž์•„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํƒ„์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ โ€œํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‰ด ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํŽผ์ณ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๊ทธ ๊ถค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด์–ด ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์•จ๋ฒ” ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์Œ์•… ์ž‘๊ณก 2021๋…„ 7์›” ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Œ์•… ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€ŠSleeping Science : THE SLEEPใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ์›์ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์œ ์‚ฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถˆ๋ฉด์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ํž˜๋“  ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋กœ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ž”์ž”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ โ€˜์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ง„์ž…โ€™์—์„œ โ€˜์ˆ™๋ฉด ๋‹จ๊ณ„โ€™๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ์ด 10๊ฐœ ํŠธ๋ž™์œผ๋กœ, ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณก์ด์ž ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ โ€˜ํž™๋…ธ์‹œ์Šค(Hypnosisยท์ตœ๋ฉด์ˆ )โ€™์— ์ด์–ด โ€˜๋ธํƒ€ ์›จ์ด๋ธŒ ์Šฌ๋Ÿผ๋ฒ„(Delta Wave Slumber ยท ๋ธํƒ€ํŒŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด๊ธฐ)โ€™, โ€˜๋ผ๋ฒค๋”์Šค ์นด๋ฐ(Lavender's Calming)โ€™, โ€˜์Šฌ๋ฆฌํ•‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์–ธ์Šคโ€™, โ€˜์†œ๋ˆ„์Šค: ์ž ์˜ ์‹ (Somnus : The God of Sleep)โ€™ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Œ์•…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2๋…„ 6๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ˆ™๋ฉด์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ์Œ์•…๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์Œ์•…ํ•™ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด๊ณผ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ •์‹ ํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋‡Œ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ, ๋ฐ•์ž, ํ…œํฌ, ๊ณก์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ˜•์‹, ๊ธธ์ด, Hrz ๋“ฑ์„ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์ˆ™๋ฉด์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋‡ŒํŒŒ ์ง„๋™์ˆ˜, ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜, ํ˜ธํก ๋“ฑ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์นญ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ทธ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ณก ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ˆ˜๋ฉดํ•™ํšŒ ํšŒ์›์ธ ๋ฐฐ์€๊ธฐ ์ธํ•˜๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ์ž๋ฌธ๋„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ . ์œคํ•œ์€ โ€œ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ, ์•ผ๊ตฌ์„ ์ˆ˜, ๊ณจํ”„์„ ์ˆ˜, ์…ฐํ”„, ์†Œ๋ฏˆ๋ฆฌ์—, ์ง์žฅ์ธ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง€์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Œ์•…์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์คฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹คโ€๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์œค๋ฆฌ์‹ฌ์˜์œ„์œˆํšŒ(IRB)์˜ ์Šน์ธ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณ‘์›๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์žฅ์•  ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์Œ์•…์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€œ์ด๋ฒˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ์ž‘๊ณก์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ โ€˜์—ฐ๊ตฌโ€™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ์ง์—…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ค€๋น„ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋”์šฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•  ๊ณ„ํšโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 8์›” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Œ์•… ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ใ€ŠSleeping Science: THE DREAMใ€‹์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฒซ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋˜ ใ€ŠSleeping Science : THE SLEEPใ€‹์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง์—…๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ น์ธต์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Œ์•…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋ฒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ํ•™๊ต ํญ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์‚ด ์ถฉ๋™ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๊ณ ํ†ต ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์  ์ด์Šˆ์™€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋งž์ถฐ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ฆ์ƒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ 10๊ณก์ด ์ˆ˜๋ก๋์œผ๋ฉฐ, โ€˜4amโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜Beautiful mindโ€™๋กœ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณก์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์žฅ์• ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฒˆ์•„์›ƒ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ, ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ, ๊ณตํ™ฉ์žฅ์• , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ค‘๋… ๋“ฑ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ฆ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘๊ณก๋๋‹ค. 2๊ฐœ์›” ๋’ค์ธ 10์›”์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์Œ์•… ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด์ž ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€ŠSleeping Science: THE TIMEใ€‹์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” โ€˜์‚ฌ๋ž‘โ€™์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด 10๊ณก์ด ์ˆ˜๋ก๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๋ฉฐ โ€œ์ด๋ฒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘, ์ฆ‰ โ€˜์ธ๋ฅ˜์• โ€™โ€๋ผ๋ฉฐ โ€œ์ œ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์‰ผ์„ ์„ ๋ฌผํ–ˆ๋˜, ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ฝƒํ”ผ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๊ณผ, ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•จ์„ ๋‹ด์•˜๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์žก์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” โ€œ๊นŠ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€๊ณผ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์„ ์‚ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ์ž ์€ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 3์›” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œ์†์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋”๋ธ”์—‘์Šค์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์™€ ์ „์†๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ธ”์—‘์Šค์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ๋Š” โ€œ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ, ๊ต์ˆ˜, ๋ผ๋””์˜ค DJ, ๋ชจ๋ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•ด ์˜จ ์œคํ•œ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ์˜๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์™•์„ฑํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ „ํญ์ ์ธ ์ง€์›์„ ์•„๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œคํ•œ์€ โ€œ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋„์ „์„ ์ด์–ด์™”๊ณ , ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต๋“ค๋กœ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข‹์€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ธ”์—‘์Šค์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์†Œ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ฌ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Œ์•… ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠSleeping Science: THE NATUREใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์• ์ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณก์€ โ€˜๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ ์œ ์–ด์…€ํ”„(Love Yourself)โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํžˆ๋ฉฐ โ€œโ€˜(์ด ๊ณก์€) ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๊ปด์ค˜๋ผโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์€ ํ‰์†Œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ชธ์ด ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•ด๋„ ์ž ์ด ์•ˆ ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ํŽธํ•ด์•ผ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ์ž ์ด ์ž˜ ์˜จ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์ธ 4์›”์—๋Š” ์‹ ๊ณก โ€˜Miracle of 100daysโ€™๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ณก์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋Š๋‚€ ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ์˜ 100์ผ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์šธ์—๋Š” ์„ค๋ ˜๊ณผ ์ขŒ์ ˆ, ๊ฐ๋™์ ์ธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด โ€œ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋„ ์•„๊ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ”์˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์น˜์—ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ธ 100์ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‚ด์˜จ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์  ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์–ด๋ฃจ๋งŒ์งˆ ๊ณกโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 5์›” ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Œ์•… ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠSleeping Science : THE TOUCHใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ์—๋””์…˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ โ€˜์น˜์œ ์™€ ์œ„๋กœโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋ผ, ๋ฐ”์œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ์œ ๋ช… ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ, ์ •์น˜์ธ, ์ˆ˜ํ—˜์ƒ ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ”์˜๊ณ  ์น˜์—ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„์˜จ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋”ฐ์Šคํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ฃจ๋งŒ์ง€๋ฉฐ ์น˜์œ ์™€ ์œ„๋กœ๋ฅผ ์„ ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ธ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์œคํ•œ์€ 2022๋…„ 4์›” tvN ใ€Š์‹์Šค์„ผ์Šคใ€‹์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ”, ๊ณต์‹ SNS๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์‹œ์™€ ์ง€์„์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ณก๋„ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์ธ 6์›” ์นจ๋Œ€ ํŒ๋งคํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์Œ์•… ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠMEL SOMNUSใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด์ธ MEL SOMNUS(๋ฉœ์†œ๋ˆ„์Šค)๋Š” โ€˜๊ฟ€โ€™์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” MEL๊ณผ โ€˜์ž โ€™์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” SOMNUS๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ๋ง๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๋ฉด โ€˜๊ฟ€์ž โ€™์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋œ ๊ณก์€ ์ด 7๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฐ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ˆ™๋ฉด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์Œ์•…๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณก โ€˜For your bestsleep everโ€™๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ์ˆ˜์Œํ•œ ASMR ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•จ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์„ ์œจ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์ œ๋ชฉ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ž ์„ ์ž˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, 1๋ฒˆ ํŠธ๋ž™์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ โ€˜Magic Forestโ€™๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ๊นŠ์€ ์ˆฒ ์†์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‹ ๋“ฏ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ํ‰์˜จํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์ธ 7์›”์—๋Š” ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ชจํŠธ์™€์˜ ์ปฌ๋ž˜๋ฒ„ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠMy Storyใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œคํ•œ๊ณผ ๋ชจํŠธ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์•จ๋ฒ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด โ€œ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋“ค๋ ค์ค€ ์  ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‚ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐโ€, โ€œ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋˜ ๋•Œ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ์†”์งํ•œ ๋ง๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋ฉฐโ€๋ผ๋Š” ์งง๋ง‰ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณก์— ๋‹ด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ๋ฐœ๋งค ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋งŒ์— ๋ฉœ๋ก  ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจํŠธ 24์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›”์—๋Š” ๋‚จํ•ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ 2022๋…„ ์ดˆ ๋‚จํ•ด์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์„ ์‚ด์•„๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์–ป์€ ์˜๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‚จํ•ด ์ฃผ์ œ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ณก์ด ๋‹ด๊ธด LP ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€Š๋‚จํ•ด (NAMHAE)ใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 4๊ณก์ธ โ€˜๊ฝƒ๋น›โ€™, โ€˜๋ฏธ์กฐโ€™, โ€˜Skywalk(์„ค๋ฆฌ)โ€™, โ€˜Glow of the Sunset(๋‚™์กฐ)โ€™ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œคํ•œ์ด ๋‚จํ•ด ๊ณณ๊ณณ์˜ ๋ช…์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•œ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋‚จํ•ด๊ตฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ—Œ์ •ํ•œ ์ด ๊ณก๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚จํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด LP ์ œ์ž‘์„ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณธ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ๋งค๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 8์›” ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์†Œํ’ˆ์ง‘ ใ€ŠFLOWERใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œํ’ˆ์ง‘์€ ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ, ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฝƒ์— ํˆฌ์˜์‹œ์ผœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฝƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ, ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์˜ค์„ ์ง€์— ๋‹ด์•˜๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ”์—๋Š” ์ฒซ ํŠธ๋ž™์ธ โ€˜Magnoliaโ€™๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ์„ ์œจ์˜ ์ด 6๊ณก์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œํ’ˆ์ง‘์—์„œ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณก์˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฝƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ ฅ 1996. 2. ๋Œ€ํ˜„์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 10ํšŒ ์กธ์—… 1999. 2. ํœ˜๋ฌธ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 48ํšŒ ์กธ์—… 2002. 2. ๋‹จ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ถ€์†๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 16ํšŒ ์กธ์—… 2006. 5. ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•… ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ™”์Œ์•…์ž‘๊ณกํ•™ ํ•™์‚ฌ 2011. 8. ์ƒ๋ช…๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋‰ด๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์Œ์•…ํ•™ ์„์‚ฌ 2016. 8. ์ƒ๋ช…๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋‰ด๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์Œ์•…ํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๊ทœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฆฌํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์Œ์› ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ OST ๊ณต์—ฐ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ํ™œ๋™ TV ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ 2012. 3. 20.~2012. 4. 29. ใ€Š๋ชจ๋น„๋”•ใ€‹ - ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์—˜ ์—ญ ํ™๋ณด๋Œ€์‚ฌ 2013. KT&G ์ƒ์ƒ๋งˆ๋‹น ์Œ์•…์˜ํ™”์ œ ํ™๋ณด๋Œ€์‚ฌ 2014. ์•„์šฐ๋”” A3 ํ™๋ณด๋Œ€์‚ฌ 2017. ์ˆœ์ฒœ์‹œ ํ™๋ณด๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ณต์‹์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ 1983๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋‹ด์–‘ ์ „์”จ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ธ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ˜„์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ํœ˜๋ฌธ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋‹จ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ถ€์†๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•… ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฌธ ์ƒ๋ช…๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋™๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํฌ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoonhan
Yoonhan
Jeon Yoon-han, known as Yoonhan (; born October 14, 1983) is a South Korean pianist and singer. He was a cast member in the variety show We Got Married. Variety show Awards and nominations References External links 1983 births Berklee College of Music alumni Living people South Korean jazz pianists South Korean television personalities Male pianists 21st-century South Korean male singers 21st-century pianists Male jazz musicians South Korean male singer-songwriters
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%A8%EC%8A%A4%EA%B0%80%20%ED%95%84%EC%9A%94%ED%95%B4%202012
๋กœ๋งจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด 2012
ใ€Š๋กœ๋งจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด 2012ใ€‹๋Š” 2012๋…„ 6์›” 20์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2012๋…„ 8์›” 9์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ tvN์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ๋‚จ๊ณผ ํ—ค์–ด์ง์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•œ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์—ฐ์ธ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์™€ 33์‚ด ๋™๊ฐ‘๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์„ธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘, ์šฐ์ • ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ 16๋ถ€์ž‘ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ •์œ ๋ฏธ : ์ฃผ์—ด๋งค(33์„ธ) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ: ์†์„ธ๋ฆฐ) - ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์Œ์•…๊ฐ๋… ์ด์ง„์šฑ : ์œค์„ํ˜„(34์„ธ) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ: ์ดํ˜„์ค€) - ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๊น€์ง€์„ : ์‹ ์ง€ํ›ˆ(31์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์นดํŽ˜ ์˜์ž ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊น€์ง€์šฐ : ์„ ์žฌ๊ฒฝ(33์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์Šˆ์ฆˆ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ๊ฐ•์˜ˆ์†” : ์šฐ์ง€ํฌ(33์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์˜ํ™”๊ด€ CGV ๋ถ€๋งค๋‹ˆ์ € ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊น€์˜ˆ์› : ๊ฐ•๋‚˜ํ˜„(25์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ต์ง„ : ํ•œ์ •๋ฏผ(33์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์žฌ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์–ด์‹œ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ ๊ณต์ •ํ™˜ : ์ด์žฅ์šฐ(35์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ, ์žฌ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ์Šน์žฌ : ๊น€ํƒœ์šฐ(34์„ธ) ์—ญ - CGV ์ ์žฅ ๊น€์ •์šฑ : ๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ์ค€(34์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์†Œ์•„๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜, ์žฌํฌ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ด๊ฐ€์€ : ๋ฏธ์ฃผ ์—ญ - ์˜ํ™”๊ด€ 'CGV'์˜ ์ง์› ์œ ๊ฒธ : ์œ ๊ฒธ ์—ญ - ์ง€ํ›ˆ์˜ ์นดํŽ˜ ์ง์› ํ™ฉ์€์ˆ˜ : ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ ๊น€๋‚˜์—ฐ : ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ •๋ณดํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ง์› ์—ญ ์ด์ค‘๋ ฌ : ์Šค์ฟ ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ์˜ค์ˆœํƒœ : ์—ด๋งค์˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋งž์„ ๋‚จ ์—ญ ๋ฏผ์ •ํ˜„ ๋ผ์„ธ ๋ฆฐ๋“œ : ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์นดํŽ˜ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์—ญ ๋ฐฑ์€๊ฒฝ : ๋งˆํŠธ ์ง์› ์—ญ ๊น€๊ธฐ์ค€ : ๋ฐ• ์˜์› ์—ญ ์œก๋ฏธ๋ผ : ๋ฐ• ์˜์›์˜ ๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญ ํ•œ๊ทธ๋ฆผ : ์ด์žฅ์šฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฅœ๋…€ ์—ญ ์ด๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์˜ค์ฐฝํ›ˆ : ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์ง์› ์—ญ ๊ฐ•๋ฏผ์ • : ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ ์˜ค๊ธฐ์˜ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ์„œ์ง„์šฑ : ์—„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์—ญ ์œค์˜ˆ์ธ : ์‹๋‹น ์ง์› ์—ญ ์œค๋ฏผ์ˆ˜ : ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ง์› ์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋ณธ์ž„ : B์‚ฌ๊ฐ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜/์ˆ˜๋…€ ์—ญ ์ง„์˜๋ฒ” ๊น€์€์ง€ ์ด์ค€ํฌ : ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ ๊น€๋‚˜์—ฐ ๋ฏผ์ •์„ญ ๊น€์„ ์€ : ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ ์„œ์ •์ฃผ : ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ ์ •์„ธํ˜• : ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ ์›์ข…์„  ์ •๋™๊ทœ : ํŒ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์ด์žฅ๋ฏธ : ์„ ์žฌ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ง์› ์—ญ ์ด๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๊น€์ค€์šฐ : ์—ด๋งค์˜ ์ „ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ ์—ญ ์ด๊ฐ€๋ น : ์„ํ˜„์˜ ์ „ ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ ์—ญ ์„œ๋ณด์ต : ์—ด๋งค์˜ ์ „ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ ์—ญ ์กฐํ˜„์ง„ ๊น€์ˆ˜๋ฏผ ๋ฏผ์•„๋ น : ๊ตฌ๋‘๋งค์žฅ ์ง์› ์—ญ ๋ฐ•๋ฏธ์ˆ™ : ์žฌ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋’ท๋‹ดํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ์—ญ ์กฐ์„ฑํฌ : ์žฌ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋’ท๋‹ดํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž ์—ญ ์ด์Šน์ฐฌ ์ตœํ•œ๋‚˜ : ์•…์„ธ์„œ๋ฆฌ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ์—ญ ์ตœ๋ฏผ๊ธˆ : ๊ฐ์žํƒ•์ง‘ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ๊น€ํ˜„์ • : ์†์˜ท๋งค์žฅ ์ง์› ์—ญ ๊น€์„ธ์•„ ์ตœ์šฉ์„  ๊น€์œ ์•ˆ : ์™€์ธ๋งค์žฅ ์ง์› ์—ญ ์˜คํฌ์ค€ ๊น€๊ด‘์ธ : ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊น€๊ธฐ์—ฐ ์žฅ์žฌํ™ : ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ ๊น€๊ธฐ๋• ๊ถŒ์ •ํ˜„ ํ•œ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์˜ค์ง€ํ›„ : ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ ๊น€ํšจ์ง„ : ์„ํ˜„์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ์ด๊ธˆ์ฃผ : ์ง€ํ›ˆ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ๋ฐฑ์ˆ˜๋ จ : ์—ด๋งค์˜ ์™ธํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ์ •์„๊ทœ : ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์ฐฝ๊ณ  ์ง์› ์—ญ ๊ถŒ์€์ˆ˜ : ์žฌ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ์—ญ ์ž„์ผ๊ทœ : ๋™๋ฌผ๋ณ‘์› ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์ •์ˆ˜์ธ : ์ง€ํ›ˆ์˜ ์นดํŽ˜ ์•Œ๋ฐ”์ƒ ์—ญ ์žฅ๊ฐ€ํ˜„ : ์žฌ๊ฒฝ์„ ์Šค์นด์›ƒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ์—ญ ํ•œ์—ฌ์šธ ์•„์—ญ ์œ„ํ˜„ํƒœ : ๋ณด์œก์›์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด ์—ญ ์šฐ์ •์ถœ์—ฐ ์ •๊ฒจ์šด : ๊น€ํ•œ์„ญ ์—ญ - ์—ด๋งค์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋งž์„ ๋‚จ์ด์ž ์ „ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ (1ํšŒ) ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑํŽ€์น˜ : ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์—ญ (1~2ํšŒ) ์œค์„ฑํ˜ธ : ๋ฐ”๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ๋งจ ์—ญ (4ํšŒ) ๊ฐ•์œ ๋ฏธ : ๋ฌด์†์ธ ์—ญ (7ํšŒ) ๊ฐ•์‹ ์ฒ  : ์—ด๋งค์˜ ์ „ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ ์—ญ (8ํšŒ) ํ•˜์—ฐ์ฃผ : ์„ํ˜„์˜ ์ „ ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ ์—ญ (8ํšŒ) ์ตœ์†กํ˜„ : ๊ฐ•ํ˜„์ฃผ ์—ญ - ๊น€ํƒœ์šฐ์˜ ์ „ ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ (9ํšŒ) ๊น€ํ˜•๋ฏผ : ๊น€๋•์ˆ˜ ์—ญ - ์ง€ํฌ์˜ ์ „ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ (9ํšŒ) ๋ฆฌ์‹ธ : ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์—ญ (9~10ํšŒ) ๋‹ค์šดํ—ฌ : ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์—ญ (10ํšŒ, 12~13ํšŒ) ๊น€์ƒˆ๋ก  : ์œค๊ธฐํ˜„ ์—ญ - ์„ํ˜„์˜ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ (12~13ํšŒ) ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์ œ์ž‘์ง„ ์—ฐใ€€์ถœ : ์ด์ •ํšจ, ์žฅ์˜์šฐ ์กฐ์—ฐ์ถœ : ์ •์ง„์ฒ , ์กฐ๋‚จํ˜• ๊ทนใ€€๋ณธ : ์ •ํ˜„์ • OST Only U - 10cm I Could Give You Love - Lasse Lindh ๊ทธ๋Œ„ ๋‚ด๊บผ์˜ˆ์š” - ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ํ˜น์‹œ๋ผ๋„ ๋“ค๋ฆด๊นŒ๋ด - leeSA ์นตํ…Œ์ผ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ - ์˜ฅ์ƒ๋‹ฌ๋น› ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 2012๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ œ์ด์—์Šคํ”ฝ์ณ์Šค ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ tvN์˜ ์‹ฌ์•ผ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์†ํŽธ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ •ํ˜„์ • ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 2012๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2012๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ tvN ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Need%20Romance%202012
I Need Romance 2012
I Need Romance 2012 () is a 2012 South Korean romantic comedy television drama, starring Jung Yu-mi, Lee Jin-wook and Kim Ji-seok. The series follows the everyday lives of work, love and friendship of thirty-something women and men in Seoul. It aired on cable channel tvN from June 20 to August 9, 2012 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 23:00 for 16 episodes. Following the success of tvN's I Need Romance in 2011, I Need Romance 2012 is a loose spin-off with new characters, but continues the first season's frank discussion of sex and realistic depiction of messy relationships. Plot Joo Yeol-mae was in a 12 year on-and-off relationship with her boyfriend Yoon Seok-hyun, before they broke up for the fifth time 3 years ago. This is mainly because Seok-hyun keeps her at arm's length and does not want to get married. However, even after they break up, Yeol-mae and Seok-hyun remain friends and are present in each other's lives. Enter Shin Ji-hoon, an alluring new love interest who shakes up Yeol-mae's world and lands her in a love triangle. Torn between two men, can Yeol-mae find true romance, or will she lose it all? Cast Jung Yu-mi as Joo Yeol-mae Lee Jin-wook as Yoon Seok-hyun Kim Ji-seok as Shin Ji-hoon Kim Ji-woo as Seon Jae-kyung Kang Ye-sol as Woo Ji-hee Kim Ye-won as Kang Na-hyun In Gyo-jin as Han Jung-min Gong Jung-hwan as Lee Jang-woo Heo Tae-hee as Kim Tae-woo Jung Gyu-woon as blind date Kim Han-sub (cameo) Yoon Sung-ho as trench coat man (cameo) Choi Song-hyun as Kang Hyun-joo (cameo) Ha Yeon-joo as Yoon Kang-hee (cameo) Kim Hyung-min as Kim Deok-soo (cameo) Kim Sae-ron as Yoon Gi-hyun (cameo) Awards and nominations References External links 2012 South Korean television series debuts 2012 South Korean television series endings Korean-language television shows TVN (South Korean TV channel) television dramas South Korean romance television series South Korean comedy television series Television series by JS Pictures
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%91%90%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%8F%84%20%EB%88%84%EB%85%9C%EC%8A%A4
์—๋‘์•„๋ฅด๋„ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค
์—๋‘์•„๋ฅด๋„ ๋ฏธ์ฒผ๋ ˆ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค ๋ฉ˜๋ฐ์Šค(, 1987๋…„ 6์›” 15์ผ ~ )๋Š” ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‰ด์š• ๋ฉ”์ธ ์˜ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค, ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค, ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ ์™€ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํฌ์ง€์…˜์ด์—ˆ์–ด๋„ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ œ4์˜ ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ์•ผ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” 2004๋…„ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ž์œ  ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2010๋…„ 8์›” 19์ผ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ 2005๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2010๋…„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์กฐ์ง์„ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„ํˆฌ์™€ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” 2014๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์—์„œ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ ๋˜์–ด ์ž์‹ ์ด 2016๋…„ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํƒˆ์ฃผ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์ฆ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธํ•ด ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ ๋กœ ์ด์ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2017๋…„ ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 7์›” ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ž„๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์ •๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2020๋…„ ๋ฉ”์ธ ์˜ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” 2004๋…„ 2์›” ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ž์œ  ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง์€ ๊ธฐ์ž ํšŒ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ์šฐ์ƒ ๋ฐ๋ฆญ ์ง€ํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ง€ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€ํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” 2005๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ํด๋ž˜์Šค A ์‡ผํŠธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋‰ด์š•-ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ŠคํƒœํŠผ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‰ด๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์—์„œ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ 3์—ฐ์† ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์„ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•-ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ 4๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ „๋ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ „๋ง๊ณผ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํˆฌ๊ตฌ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ „๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ํด๋ž˜์Šค A ์ง„์ถœ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ํƒฌํŒŒ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์™€ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํƒฌํŒŒ์™€ ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” 5์›” 17์ผ ํด๋ž˜์Šค A ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค ์• ํ‹€๋žœํ‹ฑ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฐฐ์Šคํ„ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋…์Šค๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ํƒฌํŒŒ์™€ ์ฐฐ์Šคํ„ด์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ .214์˜ ํƒ€๊ตฌ ํ‰๊ท ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ฐฐ์Šคํ„ด๊ณผ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , SAL ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์„œ๋˜ ๋””๋น„์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 7์›” 28์ผ ํƒฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2008๋…„ ํƒฌํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ 94๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ 42๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ .271 ์ ์„ ํƒ€๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2009๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํด๋ž˜์Šค AA ์ด์Šคํ„ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ํŠธ๋ Œํ„ด ์„ ๋”๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ Œํ„ด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” 123๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ .322์˜ ํƒ€๊ตฌ ํ‰๊ท ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ฑฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ์ด์Šคํ„ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” 2009๋…„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ํด๋ž˜์Šค AAA ์ธํ„ฐ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์Šคํฌ๋žœํ„ด/์œŒํ‚ค์Šค-๋ฐฐ์–ด ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์ด์–ด ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ๋ฃฐ 5 ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”„๋žœ์ฐจ์ด์ฆˆ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ 40๋ช… ๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์Šคํฌ๋žœํ„ด/์œŒํ‚ค์Šค-๋ฐฐ์–ด๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” 55๊ฐœ์˜ ๋“์ , 25๊ฐœ์˜ 2๋ฃจํƒ€, 3๊ฐœ์˜ 3๋ฃจํƒ€, 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ, 50๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ 23๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„๋ฃจ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 118๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ .289 ์ ์„ ํƒ€๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ํŒ€, ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ํŒ€๊ณผ ํ†ฑ์Šค ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ A ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” 2010๋…„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ผ€๋นˆ ๋ก  ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค ๋žœ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํฌ๋จผ์ด 15์ผ๊ฐ„ ์žฅ์• ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ๋†“์ธ ํ›„, 2010๋…„ 8์›” 19์ผ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ๋กœ ์†Œ์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€๋‚  ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•˜์—ฌ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด๋‹์—์„œ ์ง€ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณธ๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ์— ํŒŒ์šธ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ง€ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 8์›” 21์ผ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์šฐ์ต์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ„ ํƒ€์  1๋ฃจํƒ€๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” 8์›” 28์ผ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ํ™”์ดํŠธ์‚ญ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ™์€๋‚  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ 30๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ .280 ์ ์„ ์น˜๊ณ  23๊ฐœ์˜ ๋“์ ์„ ๋งค๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋งˆํฌ ํ…Œ์„ธ์ด๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธํ•ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค์™€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ ํ›„, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ "์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์  ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜"์™€ "์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜ ํˆฌ๊ตฌ๋ ฅ"์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•œ ๋™์•ˆ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ „๋ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” 2011๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ œ4์˜ ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋กœ ํŽ˜๋ƒ๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆํŠธํ•˜์—ฌ 1๋ฃจ์— ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ํ•œ ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€๋žต 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ€๋” ํœด์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ง€ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ๋™์•ˆ 3์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ํŒ€์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ .339 ์ ์„ ํƒ€๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ›„์— ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ฒฝ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•  ๋•Œ ํŒ€์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ 3๋ฃจ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜ ํฌ์ง€์…˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์กฐ ์ง€๋ผ๋”” ๊ฐ๋…์€ ๋‹‰ ์Šค์œ„์…”๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜์— ๊ฑด์—ผ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์™ธ์•ผ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 112๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋น„์ƒ๊ทผ ๋งŒ์„ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•จ์— ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  20๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ค์ฑ…์—์„œ ํŒ€์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์  ๋ถ„ํˆฌ์— ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ์ œ4์˜ ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ 2012๋…„ ๋ด„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ 25๋ช…์˜ ๋ช…๋‹จ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์ขŒ์ต์ˆ˜ ๋ธŒ๋ › ๊ฐ€๋“œ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ขŒ์ต์ˆ˜์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค ์‹œ์ฆŒ์˜ ์ฒซ 20๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” .294 ์ ์„ ์ณค์œผ๋‚˜ 58๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ์—์„œ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ค์ฑ…์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํƒฌํŒŒ๋ฒ ์ด ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ค์ฑ…์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ›„์— ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ A ์ŠคํŠธ๋žœํ„ด/์œŒํ‚ค์Šค-๋ฐฐ์–ด ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ€์€ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งค์ผ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜์™€ 2๋ฃจ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ œ4์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ•ด 9์›” 1์ผ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ A๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šน์ง„์‹œ์ผœ ์ง€๋ผ๋”” ๊ฐ๋…์€ ๊ทธ๋‚ ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณผํ‹ฐ๋ชจ์–ด ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์ •๋ ฌ์— ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 82๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ .292์˜ ํƒ€๊ตฌ ํ‰๊ท ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ•ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์˜ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ช…๋‹จ์„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋– ๋‚ฌ์–ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์งˆ ๋•Œ ๋ช…๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์Šค์˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ์ €์Šคํ‹ด ๋ฒŒ๋žœ๋”์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹œ์ฆŒ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ณค๋‹ค. ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ํœฉ์“ธ์–ด์ง„ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์˜ ์ด์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์บ์‹œ๋จผ์€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ4์˜ ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ž˜ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ํฌ์ง€์…˜์„ ์—ญ์ „์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ๋ด„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ๋งŒ์„ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์žฅ์• ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๋ฐ์ด์— ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๋ผ๋ ธ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋†“์นœ ํ›„ 5์›” 12์ผ 15์ผ๊ฐ„ ์žฅ์• ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ๋†“์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚์–ด 60์ผ๊ฐ„ ์žฅ์• ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ 90๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ .260์˜ ํƒ€๊ตฌ ํ‰๊ท ๊ณผ 28๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ ๋ด„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํœ ๋Ÿฌ, ์–€ํ—ค๋ฅด๋น„์Šค ์†”๋ผ๋ฅดํ…Œ, ๋”˜ ์• ๋‚˜์™€ ์Šค์ฝง ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋ชจ์–ด์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋น„ ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜ ๋ธŒ๋ Œ๋˜ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์• ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค์— ์• ๋‚˜์™€ ์†”๋ผ๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์†”๋ผ๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ์ž„๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๋ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ฒ” ์ˆ ๋ฐ”๋ž€์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตํ™˜์—์„œ 2014๋…„ 4์›” 7์ผ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋กœ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ ˆ๋“œ์œ™์Šค๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 7 ๋ฃจ 22 ํƒ€ (.318)๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ตฌํ•œ ํ›„, ๊ทธ๋Š” 4์›” 17์ผ ๋”๋ธ”ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— 26๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งก๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ 72๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ .250์˜ ํƒ€๊ตฌ ํ‰๊ท ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค์™€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค๋Š” 2015๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1์–ต 2์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ด‰๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ด‰๊ธ‰ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 72๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํฌ์ง€์…˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ 20๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ .282/.327/.431 ์ ์„ ์ณค๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 14์–ต 7์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๋ฐ์ด ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” 4์›” ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ์„œ 18๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ .373 ์ ์„ ์ณ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ์—๋‘์•„๋ฅด๋„ ์—์Šค์ฝ”๋ฐ”๋ฅด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ƒ์— ์ด์–ด ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ํŒ€์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ™œ์•ฝ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3๋ฃจ์ˆ˜ ํŠธ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์šฐํ”ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์—์Šค์ฝ”๋ฐ”๋ฅด์˜ ๋ณต๊ท€์— ์ด์–ด ์ •๋ ฌ์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜คํ”„ ํƒ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7์›” 5์ผ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 91๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” 27๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„๋ฃจ, 12๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ 47๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ .296 ์ ์„ ํƒ€๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  2016๋…„ 7์›” 28์ผ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค๋Š” ์™ผ์†์žก์ด ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ์•„๋‹ฌ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†  ๋ฉ”ํžˆ์•„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ ๋กœ ์ด์ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ ์™€ 50๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” 13๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„๋ฃจ, 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ 20๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ .269 ์ ์„ ํƒ€๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘ํŒ€๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์นœ 2016๋…„์— ์ „์ฒด๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” .288์˜ ํƒ€๊ตฌ ํ‰๊ท , 40๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„๋ฃจ, 16๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ 67๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด 141๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2017๋…„์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ ์™€ 76๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ 18๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„๋ฃจ, 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ 31๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ .308 ์ ์„ ํƒ€๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค 2017๋…„ 2017๋…„ 7์›” 25์ผ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋“ค ์ˆ€ ์•ค๋”์Šจ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐํ† ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 9์›” 9์ผ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์— ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„๋ถ€ ์‹ญ์žํ˜• ์ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‚” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 9์›” 25์ผ ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค์˜ ์ •๋ ฌ์— ๋Œ์•„์™”์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋œ ํ›„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค์™€ 2017๋…„ ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋๋‚ธ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” .321์˜ ํƒ€๊ตฌ ํ‰๊ท ๊ณผ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 38๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ์–‘ํŒ€์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” .313์˜ ํƒ€๊ตฌ ํ‰๊ท , 12๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ 58๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 114๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค๋Š” ํœด์Šคํ„ด ์• ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋””๋น„์ „ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์— ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ํƒ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋•…๋ณผ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋™์•ˆ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๊ณ , ํ•„๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹ค๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค๋Š” ๋ถ€์ƒ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋บ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 2018๋…„ 2์›” 18์ผ ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค๋Š” 2019๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 4๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 1๋…„ 4๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๋ฐ์ด์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๋” ํŒŒํฌ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ๋”์Šคํ‹ด ํŽ˜๋“œ๋กœ์ด์•„๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์• ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ๋†“์ธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ 2๋ฃจ์ˆ˜์—์„œ 70๊ฐœ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 127๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜์™€ 10๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ 44๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ .265/.289/.388 ์ ์„ ํƒ€๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค์˜ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋””๋น„์ „ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ๋‹ค์ €์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์›”๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข… ๋“์ ์ด ๋  8 ๋Œ€ 4๋กœ ๋†“๋Š” ๋ฐ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด๋‹์—์„œ ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค ์šฐ๋“œ์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ์›”๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ๋Œ€ํƒ€ 3์  ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 2009๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜ ์›”๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ๋Œ€ํƒ€ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋Œ€ํƒ€ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ผ์ฐ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 35๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋งท ์ผํ”„์— ์ด์–ด ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์›”๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ํƒ€์ˆ˜์— ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 36๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค๋Š” 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์›”๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋“œ๋กœ์ด์•„๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์• ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” 2019๋…„์˜ ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๋ฐ์ด์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ 2๋ฃจ์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4์›” 5์ผ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ๋ท”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ 15 ๋Œ€ 8๋กœ ํŒจํ•œ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ด๋‹์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋“์ ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์•™์ด ์‚” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ 4์›” 18์ผ ์žฅ์• ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ๋†“์˜€๋‹ค. 4์›” 29์ผ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ A ํฌํ„ฐํ‚ท ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žฌํ™œ ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๊ณ , 5์›” 4์ผ ํ™œ๋™์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7์›” 15์ผ ๋‰ด๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ์ž„๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 7์›” 20์ผ์— ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” 60๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜์™€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ 20๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ .228 ์ ์„ ํƒ€๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š• ๋ฉ”์ธ  2020๋…„ 1์›” 25์ผ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋Š” ๋‰ด์š• ๋ฉ”์ธ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์นด์šฐํŒ… ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ „๋ง ํƒ€์ž ํ—ค์ˆ˜์Šค ๋ชฌํ…Œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด์ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด๋„ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์  ํ˜‘์ƒ๋“ค์—์„œ ์˜์‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šค์นด์šฐํŠธ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๋…œ์Šค์˜ ํˆฌ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ‰๊ท ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํž˜์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฃจ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Šค์นด์šฐํŠธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ดํฌ์กด์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ํˆฌ๊ตฌ์— ํ•„๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์Šค์œ™๋“ค์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ์„ฑ์  2012๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1987๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ถœ์‹  ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ์™ธ์•ผ์ˆ˜ ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ์›”๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์šฐ์Šน ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐํ† ๋„๋ฐ๊ณ  ์ถœ์‹  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo%20N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez
Eduardo Nรบรฑez
Eduardo Michelle Nรบรฑez Mรฉndez (born June 15, 1987) is a Dominican former professional baseball infielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, Minnesota Twins, San Francisco Giants, Boston Red Sox, and the New York Mets. He also played for the Fubon Guardians of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) for one year. Although shortstop is his primary position, Nรบรฑez serves as a utility infielder, and played in the outfield for the Yankees as well. The Yankees signed Nรบรฑez as an international free agent in 2004. He played minor league baseball in their organization from 2005 through 2010, until he made his MLB debut with the Yankees on August 19, 2010. Due to struggles and inconsistency, Nรบรฑez was designated for assignment by the Yankees at the start of the 2014 season. He was traded to the Twins, and enjoyed a breakout season in 2016, when he was named to appear in the MLB All-Star Game. He was traded to the Giants in 2016, and to the Red Sox in 2017. In July 2019, Nรบรฑez was designated for assignment and then released by the Red Sox. He signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets in 2020. Professional career New York Yankees The New York Yankees signed Nรบรฑez as an international free agent in February 2004. The organization introduced him to Derek Jeter, his childhood idol, at a press conference, where they told Jeter that Nรบรฑez was to be their eventual replacement for Jeter as the Yankees' starting shortstop. Nรบรฑez made his professional debut in minor league baseball with the Staten Island Yankees of the Class A Short Season New Yorkโ€“Pennsylvania League in the 2005 season. Nunez represented the Yankees in the league's All-Star Game. That season, the Yankees won their third consecutive league championship, and Nunez was rated as the fourth-best prospect in the New Yorkโ€“Penn League. Going into the 2006 season, Baseball America ranked Nรบรฑez the sixth-best prospect in the Yankees organization, and the prospect with the best throwing arm. The Yankees started Nรบรฑez with the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League in 2006; he struggled with Tampa, and the Yankees demoted him to the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League (SAL) on May 17. Overall, Nรบรฑez had a .214 batting average for Tampa and Charleston. In 2007, Nรบรฑez started the season with Charleston, and was named the starting shortstop for the Southern Division in the SAL All-Star Game. He was promoted to Tampa on July 28. He played for Tampa in 2008, batting .271 with six home runs and 42 runs batted in (RBI) in 94 games. He was promoted to the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League for the 2009 season. With Trenton, he had a .322 batting average in 123 games and appeared in the Eastern League All-Star Game, in which he got two hits. The Yankees promoted Nรบรฑez to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees of the Class AAA International League for the 2009 playoffs. Following the 2009 season, the Yankees added Nรบรฑez to their 40-man roster to protect him from being selected by another franchise in the Rule 5 draft. In 2010, the Yankees assigned Nรบรฑez to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. There, he batted .289 in 118 games, with 55 runs scored, 25 doubles, three triples, four home runs, 50 RBI, and 23 stolen bases. He was named to the International League All-Star team, the postseason All-Star team, and the Topps Triple-A All-Star Team. Nรบรฑez won the Kevin Lawn Award as the Yankees' minor league player of the year for 2010. Nรบรฑez was called up to the majors for the first time on August 19, 2010 after Lance Berkman was placed on the 15-day disabled list. Nรบรฑez debuted on the same day, replacing Jeter in the seventh inning and fouling out in his only plate appearance. Nรบรฑez received playing time as a fill-in for Jeter and the then-injured Alex Rodriguez. On August 21, Nรบรฑez recorded his first major league hit, a go-ahead RBI single into right field. Nรบรฑez hit his first career home run against the Chicago White Sox on August 28, 2010. He also stole his first career base the same day. In 30 games for the Yankees, Nรบรฑez hit .280, with one home run, seven RBIs, and scored 12 runs. When Mark Teixeira suffered an injury during the 2010 American League Championship Series, the Yankees replaced him on their postseason roster with Nรบรฑez. After the season, Baseball America rated him as the eighth-best prospect in the Yankees organization, while also naming him the "Best Defensive Infielder" and the "Best Infield Arm" in the Yankees organization. Nรบรฑez beat out Ramiro Peรฑa for the role as the utility infielder to start the 2011 season. With the Yankees, Nรบรฑez played approximately two games a week, allowing Derek Jeter and Alex Rodriguez to rest more often. Nรบรฑez batted .339 while filling in for the Yankees as their starting shortstop for three weeks while Jeter was injured; he later became the team's starting third baseman when Rodriguez required arthroscopic knee surgery. In addition to playing various infield positions, manager Joe Girardi also used Nรบรฑez as an outfielder when Nick Swisher experienced tendinitis in his elbow. Nรบรฑez played in 112 games for the Yankees, and led the team in errors with 20, despite only playing part-time. Despite his defensive struggles, the Yankees viewed Nรบรฑez as likely to make their 25-man roster out of spring training in 2012 as a utility infielder. With Brett Gardner, the Yankees' starting left fielder, injuring his elbow, Nรบรฑez received playing time in left field, as well as the infield. In his first twenty games of the 2012 New York Yankees season, Nรบรฑez hit .294, but committed four errors in 58 chances. The day after he committed two errors in a game against the Tampa Bay Rays, Nรบรฑez was demoted to the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre team. The team decided to abandon their approach of using Nรบรฑez as a utility player so that he can receive daily playing time at shortstop and second base, as the organization still views him as an everyday shortstop. On September 1, 2012, the Yankees promoted Nรบรฑez from Triple-A and manager Joe Girardi placed him into the starting lineup against the Baltimore Orioles for that day. He finished the regular season with a .292 batting average in 82 at-bats. Though he was left off of the Yankees' postseason roster for the 2012 American League Championship Series, he was added to the roster when Jeter suffered a fractured ankle. In Game 3 of the 2012 ALCS, Nรบรฑez hit his first career postseason home run off of Tigers pitcher Justin Verlander. The Yankees lost the series to the Tigers in a 4-game sweep. Heading into the 2013 season, Yankees' General Manager Brian Cashman said that if Nรบรฑez were to make the team, he would do so as a utility infielder, reversing the team's position. However, Nรบรฑez only played shortstop during spring training. Jeter began the season on the disabled list, and Nรบรฑez started at shortstop for the Yankees on Opening Day. Nรบรฑez was placed on the 15-day disabled list on May 12 after missing the previous week due to soreness in his left rib cage. He was then transferred to the 60-day disabled list due to a strained left oblique. He was activated from the disabled list on July 6 after missing 2 months. He ended the season with a .260 batting average and 28 RBIs in 90 games played. In spring training in 2014, Nรบรฑez competed with Zelous Wheeler, Yangervis Solarte, Dean Anna, and Scott Sizemore for a reserve infielder role with the Yankees. With reserve infielder Brendan Ryan starting the season on the disabled list, the Yankees chose Anna and Solarte over Nรบรฑez. To add Solarte to the roster, the Yankees designated Nรบรฑez for assignment. Minnesota Twins With the hope of improving their offense, the Minnesota Twins acquired Nรบรฑez from the Yankees on April 7, 2014, in exchange for minor league pitcher Miguel Sulbaran. The Twins optioned him to the Rochester Red Wings of the International League. After batting 7-for-22 (.318) for Rochester, he was promoted to the Twins as the 26th man on their roster for a doubleheader on April 17, and was optioned back the next day. He finished the season with a .250 batting average in 72 games played with the Twins. Nรบรฑez and the Twins agreed to a $1.025ย million salary for the 2015 season, avoiding salary arbitration. In 72 games in 2015, Nรบรฑez hit .282/.327/.431 with 4 HR and 20 RBI across 4 positions for the Twins. Avoiding arbitration with the Twins at $1.475ย million for the 2016 season, Nรบรฑez entered the season expecting to compete for a reserve role. On the Twins Opening Day roster in 2016, Nรบรฑez impressed in April, hitting .373 in 18 games in a reserve role. However, following an injury to shortstop Eduardo Escobar, Nรบรฑez began earning more playing time as the team's starting shortstop. With an injury to third baseman Trevor Plouffe, Nรบรฑez remained in the lineup following Escobar's return. He became the Twins' leadoff hitter. On July 5, Nรบรฑez was named to his first All-Star Game. In 91 games with the Twins to begin 2016, Nรบรฑez batted .296 with 27 stolen bases, 12 home runs, and 47 RBI. San Francisco Giants On July 28, 2016, the Twins traded Nรบรฑez to the San Francisco Giants for left-handed minor league pitcher Adalberto Mejรญa. In 50 games with the Giants to finish 2016, Nรบรฑez batted .269 with 13 stolen bases, 4 home runs, and 20 RBI. Overall in 2016, combined with both teams, Nรบรฑez played 141 total games with a .288 batting average, 40 stolen bases, 16 home runs, and 67 RBI. To begin 2017, Nรบรฑez played 76 games with the Giants, batting .308 with 18 stolen bases, 4 home runs, and 31 RBI. Boston Red Sox On July 25, 2017, the Giants traded Nรบรฑez to the Boston Red Sox for minor league pitchers Shaun Anderson and Gregory Santos. On September 9, Nรบรฑez injured his right knee, later diagnosed as a sprained posterior cruciate ligament. He returned to the Red Sox lineup on September 25, but left the game after aggravating the injury. In finishing the 2017 regular season with the Red Sox, Nรบรฑez played 38 games with a .321 batting average and eight home runs. For both teams combined in 2017, Nรบรฑez played 114 regular season games with a .313 batting average, 12 home runs, and 58 RBIs. The Red Sox included Nรบรฑez on their roster for the ALDS against the Houston Astros. He started in Game 1, but collapsed while trying to run out a ground ball in his first at bat, and needed to be carried off the field. The Red Sox removed him from their postseason roster due to the injury. On February 18, 2018, the Red Sox signed Nรบรฑez to a one-year contract worth $4ย million with a player option worth $4ย million for the 2019 season. On Opening Day against the Tampa Bay Rays, he hit an inside-the-park home run. During the regular season, Nรบรฑez appeared in 127 gamesโ€”including 70 starts at second base primarily due to Dustin Pedroia being on the disabled listโ€”batting .265/.289/.388 with 10 home runs and 44 RBIs. Nรบรฑez was included on Boston's postseason roster, appearing in three games of the ALDS and two games of the ALCS. In Game 1 of the World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, he hit a pinch-hit three-run home run in his first World Series at bat off of Alex Wood in the seventh inning to put the Red Sox up 8โ€“4, which would be the final score. It was the first pinch-hit homer of Nรบรฑez's career, as well as the first pinch-hit home run in the World Series since 2009. Nรบรฑez became the 36th player to hit a home run in his first at bat in a World Series, following Matt Kemp who became the 35th player to do so, earlier in the same game. Boston won the World Series in five games, giving Nรบรฑez his first career championship title. Nรบรฑez was the Opening Day starting second baseman for the 2019 Red Sox, as Dustin Pedroia began the season on the injured list. On April 5, Nรบรฑez made his major league pitching debut, allowing one run in an inning of relief during a 15โ€“8 loss to the Arizona Diamondbacks. He was placed on the injured list, effective April 18, due to a mid-back strain. On April 29, Nรบรฑez was sent on a rehabilitation assignment with the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox, and he was activated on May 4. Nรบรฑez was designated for assignment on July 15, and released on July 20. With the Red Sox in 2019, Nรบรฑez appeared in 60 games, batting .228 with two home runs and 20 RBIs. New York Mets On January 25, 2020, Nรบรฑez signed a minor league deal with the New York Mets. Nรบรฑez made the Opening Day roster for the Mets. In a late July game, Nรบรฑez suffered a left knee contusion and was placed on the injured list on July 30. He became a free agent after the season. Fubon Guardians On April 6, 2021, Nรบรฑez signed with the Fubon Guardians of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL). Nรบรฑez played in 7 games for Fubon, going 8-for-25 with 1 home run and 5 RBI. Nรบรฑez was released by the Guardians on September 29. On October 20, 2022, Nรบรฑez announced his retirement from professional baseball. Scouting profile The Yankees viewed Nรบรฑez as a possible replacement at shortstop for Jeter. Though they were willing to trade Jesรบs Montero, their top hitting prospect, the Yankees considered Nรบรฑez untouchable in trade negotiations. Scouts considered Nรบรฑez's throwing arm to be strong, complementing his ability to hit for average, hit for power, and baserunning ability. However, scouts felt he could get "lackadaisical in the field" and swing at too many pitches outside of the strike zone. See also New York Yankees award winners and league leaders References External links 1987 births Living people American League All-Stars Boston Red Sox players Charleston RiverDogs players Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States Gulf Coast Yankees players Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic Major League Baseball second basemen Major League Baseball shortstops Major League Baseball third basemen Minnesota Twins players New Britain Rock Cats players New York Mets players New York Yankees players Rochester Red Wings players San Francisco Giants players Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players Baseball players from Santo Domingo Staten Island Yankees players Tampa Yankees players Trenton Thunder players Toros del Este players Fubon Guardians players Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%93%B0%EB%85%B8%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%BC%20%EC%9A%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%93%B0%EB%82%98
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์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜(, ์ง€์‡ผ 2๋…„(1178๋…„) ~ ์‡ผ๊ฒ ์›๋…„ ์Œ๋ ฅ 11์›” 12์ผ(1259๋…„ 12์›” 26์ผ))๋Š” ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ง๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ „๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ, ๊ณ ์ผ€๋‹Œ, ์™€์นด ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์š”๊ตญ์˜ ์Šˆ๊ณ . ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ์”จ๋Š” ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ๊ฐ€๋„คํ›„์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ์†Œ์—”๋Œ€์— ์„ฑ์”จ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ์”จ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ณค๋‹ค. ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•œ ๊ณต๋กœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์ธ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1214๋…„ ์ถœ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ์‹œ์ง‘ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŽธ์„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์ด์—์™€๋„ ์นœ๋ถ„์ด ๋‘ํ„ฐ์›Œ(์‚ฌ์ดŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ค๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค)์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜ค๊ตฌ๋ผ ์‚ฐ์žฅ์— ์žฅ์‹ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ขฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์ด์—๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ผ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์ง€์‡ผ 2๋…„(1178๋…„) ๋ฌด๋ ต, ์šฐ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ ์—…๊ฐ•์˜ ์•„์ด๋กœ์„œ ํƒ„์ƒ.๊ทธ ํ›„, ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ชจํ† ๋…ธ ์š”๋ฆฌํ† ๋ชจ์˜ ์œ ๋ชจ์˜€๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ฝ”์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ฒจ์ ธ, ๊ทธ ๋‚จํŽธ ๊ณ ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ฏธ์“ฐ์˜ ์œ ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋ถ„์ง€ 5๋…„(1189๋…„)์˜ ์˜ค์Šˆ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์„ธ์ด ์–‘๋‹น์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ข…๊ตฐํ•ด ๊ณต์ ์„ ์„ธ์šด๋‹ค.๊ฒํ 5๋…„(1194๋…„) 2์›”์—๋Š” ํ˜ธ์กฐ ์š”์‹œํ† ํ‚ค์˜ ์ ๋‚จ ๊ณค๊ณ (ๅพŒๆก็พฉ)์˜ ์›๋ณต(ๅ…ƒๆœ) ์˜์‹์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ „ ์•ฝ๋ น ์†Œ๋™ ๊ฒํ 5๋…„(1194๋…„) 5์›”, ์กฐ๋ถ€ยท์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ ์•„์‚ฌ์ฆˆ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ชจ์ธ ์ผ€ ๊ตญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋…ธ๋กœ ๊ต๋ณด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์šฐ๋‹ค ์•ฝ๋ น(็™พ่ˆ‡็”บ)์„ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋‹นํ•ด ์กฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งก์€ ์‹ ์„ธ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •๋˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค.์ด๋Š” ์ •์ด๋Œ€์žฅ๊ตฐ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ชจํ† ๋…ธ ์š”๋ฆฌํ† ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ๋ด‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ง€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐ์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์กฐ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฐ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์›์น˜ ์•Š๊ณ  ์š”๋ฆฌํ† ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์˜๋ น์„ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์†Œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์š”๋ฆฌํ† ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ด ์ผ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์šฐ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฐ™์ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜ ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋™์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์กฐ์ •์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋ชจ์‹œ๋Š” ๋ชธ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ชจํ† ๋…ธ ์š”๋ฆฌํ† ๋ชจ์˜ ๋œป์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์ด๋ผ๋„ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ชจํ†  ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜ ๋“ฑ์€ ์š”๋ฆฌํ† ๋ชจ์˜ ๋œป์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์š”๋ฆฌํ† ๋ชจ์˜ ์ฃผ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ฐŒ๊ฐ์น˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด๋˜๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด๋œ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์•„์‚ฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถœ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ชจ์ธ ์ผ€์˜ค์™€[1]์—์„œ ์€๊ฑฐ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค.์š”๋ฆฌํ† ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„, ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฃจ ์›๋…„(1199๋…„) 6์›”์— ์š”์ ˆํ•œ ์š”๋ฆฌํ† ๋ชจ์˜ ์ฐจ๋…€ยท์˜คํ† ํžˆ๋ฉ”์˜ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์— ๊ณต๋ด‰ ํ•ด, ๊ทธ 10์›”์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๋ ฅ ์–ด๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์นด์ง€์™€๋ผ ์นด๊ฒŒํ† ํ‚ค์˜ ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์นด๊ฒŒํ† ํ‚ค ํƒ„ํ•ต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ ํ›„, ๊ฒํ ์›๋…„(1204๋…„) ๋ฌด๋ ต, ์ด์š” ๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์ง์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆํ‚ค์”จ์˜ ๋ณ€๋ชจ ๊ฒํ 2๋…„(1205๋…„) 6์›” 22์ผ ํ•˜ํƒ€์ผ€์•ผ๋งˆ ์‹œ๊ฒŒํƒ€๋‹ค์˜ ๋‚œ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.์ด๋•Œ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ์กฐ ์”จ ์ชฝ์— ํž˜์„ ์‹ค์–ด์คฌ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์œค7์›”, ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ๋งˆํ‚ค๋…ธ์นดํƒ€์™€ ํ˜ธ์กฐ ๋„ํ‚ค๋งˆ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 3๋Œ€ ์‡ผ๊ตฐ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ชจํ† ๋…ธ ์‚ฌ๋„คํ† ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊พ€ํ•œ ๋งˆํ‚ค์”จ์˜ ๋ณ€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด, ๋‹ค์Œ 8์›”์—๋Š” ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.8์›” 7์ผ, ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ผ์กฑ ๋‚ญ์ข…์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ์ฐธ์ƒ์„ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ’๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ํ˜ธ์กฐ ์š”์‹œํ† ํ‚ค(ๅŒ—ๆก็พฉๆ™‚), ์˜ค์— ํžˆ๋กœ๋ชจํ† (ๅคงๆฑŸๅปฃๅ…ƒ), ์•„๋‹ค์น˜ ์นด๊ฒŒ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ(ๅฎ‰้”ๆ™ฏ็››) ๋“ฑ์ด ํ˜ธ์กฐ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ฝ”(ๅŒ—ๆกๆ”ฟๅญ) ์ €ํƒ์— ํ•ฉ์„ธํ•ด ์˜ค์•ผ๋งˆ ์•„์‚ฌ๋งˆ์‚ฌ(ๅฐๅฑฑๆœๆ”ฟ)๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ํ‰์˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์˜ค์— ํžˆ๋กœ๋ชจํ† ๋Š” ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฌด๋„์™€ ์‡ผ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ์•ผ๋งˆ ์•„์‚ฌ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”ํ† ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์•„์‚ฌ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜์™€ ์˜๋ถ“ํ˜•์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ถ”ํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ์ •์ฒญ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ถ”ํ† ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.8์›” 11์ผ, ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์‚ฌ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ์ •์ฒญ์— ์„œํ•œ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋œป์ด ์—†์Œ์„ ์ง„์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ 8์›” 16์ผ์—๋Š” ํ•˜์•ผ์—์„œ ์ถœ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค.์ด ๋•Œ ์ผ์กฑ ๋‚ญ์ข… 60์—ฌ๋ช…๋„ ์ถœ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.8์›” 17์ผ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๊ณ  8์›” 19์ผ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ์— ๋„์ฐฉ, ํ˜ธ์ฃ  ๋„์ฟ ์ข…๊ฐ€์— ๋ฉดํšŒ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ผ์กฑ์˜ ์œ ํ‚ค ์กฐ๊ด‘์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ—Œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„์‚ฌ์˜ ๋œป์„ ํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์ธ ์‹ ๋ณด ๋ Œ์„ธ(ๅฏฆไฟกๆˆฟ้€ฃ็”Ÿ)๋ผ ํ˜ธ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตํ†  ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋…ธ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฟ ๋ผ ์‚ฐ๊ธฐ์Šญ์— ์•”์ž๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์€๋‘”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜ ์ถœ๊ฐ€ ํ›„ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ์•„๋“ค ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์–ด๋ ค์„œ ๋™์ƒ ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ ์กฐ์—…์ด ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•ด ๋ง‰๋ถ€์— ์ถœ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๊ฐ€ํ›„ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ›„ ํ˜ธ์  ์˜ ์ œ์ž ์ฆ๊ณต์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒํฌ 2๋…„(1214๋…„) ๋ฌด๋ ต๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ์ •์ฒญ์˜ ํ—ˆ๋ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ 5์›”์—๋Š” ์—”์ฃ ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜(ๅœ’ๅŸŽๅฏบๆ”นไฟฎ)๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฐ๋…ธ์‚ฌ(ๅฑฑ็Ž‹็คพ) ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ „(้…ๆฎฟ)์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ณต์— ํž˜์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ •ํ† ์ข…์— ๊ท€์˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ต๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ ์œคํƒํ•œ ์žฌ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ, ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋“ฑ์— ์—ผ๋ถˆ๋‹น(์•”์ž)์„ ์„ธ์› ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์œ ์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ด‘๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅ˜ ๏ฝข์„œ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๏ฝฃ, ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ ๏ฝข์„ธ์ด๊ฐ„์ง€๏ฝฃ, ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜ ๏ฝข์„œ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๏ฝฃ๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ฑด๋ณด 4๋…„(1216๋…„), ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ ์ž„๋ถ€์žฅ์˜ ์ง€๋‘๋ฅผ ์นญํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ํƒ€์ด์ƒค๋ น์„ ์••๋ นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ž, ๊ณ ํ›„์ฟ ์ง€์˜ ์Šน๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ถ€์นดํƒ€(ไฟก่ณข)๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ์ •์ฒญ์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์†Œ์†ก ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ๋ก์†Œ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐํ 3๋…„(1221๋…„) 6์›” ์กฐํ์˜ ๋‚œ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ์œ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ฟ  2๋…„(1226๋…„)์—๋Š” ํ˜ธ์กฐ ์•ผ์Šคํ† ํ‚ค์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํƒ€์ดํ† ํ‚ค์˜ ์†์ž์ธ ํ˜ธ์กฐ ๊ฒŒ์ดํ† ํ‚ค(ๅŒ—ๆก็ถ“ๆ™‚, ํ›—๋‚  ์ œ4๋Œ€ ์ง‘๊ถŒ)์™€ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ์†๋…€ ์•ฝํ˜ผ์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜ผ์ธ ํ›„ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ„ ์œ„์•ˆ3๋…„(1245๋…„)์— ์†๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹์ด ์—†์ด 15์„ธ์— ์š”์ ˆํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์—๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ดํ† ํ‚ค๋„ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๊ฒ์ตธ 2๋…„(1250๋…„) 3์›”์— ๊ตํ† ์˜ ํ•œ์›์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์กฐ์˜์žก์žฅ์˜ ์„œ์ด๋ด‰ ๋‹น๋ฒˆ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ฟ  3๋…„(1227๋…„) ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ฟ ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋‚œ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์—”๋žด์ฟ ์ง€์˜ ์Šน๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ•์—ฐ์˜ ์œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ Œ์„ธ์ด(์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜) ์™ธ์— ๋™์ƒ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ถ€์˜ค(์‹œ์˜ค์•ผ ์กฐ์—…), ํ˜ธ์•„(ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œํƒ€๋„ค์š”๋ฆฌ), ๋„๋ฒค(์‹œ๋ถ€์•ผ ์‹œ์น˜๋กœ) ๋“ฑ ์ถœ๊ฐ€์ž์™€ ๋กœ์ฟ ๋ฐ”๋ผ ์กด์˜ ์œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋‹จ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์•ผ๋งˆ์˜ ๋ฒ•์—ฐ. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋™์กฑ์ธ ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์ด์—์™€ ์นœ๋ถ„์ด ๋‘ํ„ฐ์›Œ ๋”ธ์„ ์ ๋‚จ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฉ”์ด์—๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ง‘์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฉ”์ด์—๊ฐ€ ์•ผ์Šค์‚ฌ๋‹ค ์›๋…„(1227๋…„) ์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ง€ํ–‰๊ตญ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ž, ๋™๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ •์— ๋ฐ์€ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์ด์— ๋ถ€์ž์˜ ์ƒ๋‹ด์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ ํ†ต์น˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์ด์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ์•„๋‚ด(ํ† ํ‚ค๋งˆ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋”ธ)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ณต๋ˆ„๋‚˜์ธ ํ˜ธ์กฐ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ฝ”์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋กœ์ฟ ๋ฐ”๋ผ-ํƒ์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์‡ผ๊ฒ ์›๋…„(1259๋…„) 11์›” 12์ผ, ์ฟ„(ไบฌ)์—์„œ ํ–ฅ๋…„ 88์„ธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์œ ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์„œ์‚ฐ ์‚ผ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฆ๊ณต๋ฌ˜ ์˜†์— ๋ฌปํ˜”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ, ์ด ์  ๋ฏธ๋„ค์‚ฌ ์™ธ์— ๋„์น˜๊ธฐํ˜„ ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ์‹œ ์„ธ์ด๊ฐ„์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•˜๊ฐ€๊ตฐ ๋งˆ์‹œ์ฝ”๋งˆ์น˜ ์ง€์กฐ์›์—๋„ ๋ฌ˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐํƒ€์ธ(ๆญŒไบบ) ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฌผ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋™์กฑ์ธ ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์ด์—์™€ ์นœ๋ถ„์„ ์Œ“์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ ๊ฐ€๋‹จ์„ ๊ตํ†  ๊ฐ€๋‹จ, ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ๊ฐ€๋‹จ์— ๋น„๊ฒฌ๋  ์ •๋„์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ 3๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š” ์ดˆ์„์„ ๋‹ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ผ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตํ† ์˜ ๋ณ„์žฅ ์˜ค๊ตฌ๋ผ์‚ฐ์žฅ์— ์‚ด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ์žํƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋ฐ›์€ ์™€์นด 98์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ทธ ๋งน์žฅ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์‹ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.13๋Œ€์ง‘์— ์š”๋ฆฌ์“ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋ชจ์“ฐ์ผ€ ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ์”จ ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ์”จ ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ผ์ˆ˜ 1172๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1259๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ์”จ ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ๋ง‰๋ถ€ ๊ณ ์ผ€๋‹Œ ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์ธ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์ธ 12์„ธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ธ 13์„ธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹œ์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsunomiya%20Yoritsuna
Utsunomiya Yoritsuna
was a Japanese samurai and waka poet of the early Kamakura period. Family His father was . He married a daughter of Hลjล Tokimasa. After entering Buddhist orders, he took the name , and was also known as . Poetry He was a close friend of Fujiwara no Teika and his daughter married Teika's son Tameie. He is also said to have commissioned Teika's compilation of the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu. The collection was originally prepared (in a slightly different form to the present Ogura Hyakunin Isshu) to in Yoritsuna's Mt. Ogura residence in the Saga district of Kyoto. He was the head of one of the chief poetic houses of the Kamakura period. References Bibliography 12th century in Japan 12th-century Japanese poets 13th century in Japan 13th-century Japanese poets Samurai People of Kamakura-period Japan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%A7%88%EC%B8%A0%20%EC%9C%A0%EC%B9%B4
์ฝ”๋งˆ์ธ  ์œ ์นด
์ฝ”๋งˆ์ธ  ์œ ์นด()๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์„ฑ์šฐ, ๋‚ด๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆ ํ•™์› ๋„์ฟ„ ์บ ํผ์Šค II๋ถ€ 1๊ธฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กธ์—…. ์• ์นญ์€ ใ€Œ์ฝ”๋ง›์จฉใ€, ใ€Œ๋‘๋ชฉใ€ ๋“ฑ. ์ธ๋ฌผ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋‚ด๋ ฅ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์˜์ƒ๊ฐ๋…, ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์žฅ๋ž˜ํฌ๋ง์ด ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์˜ํ™” ๊ฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ€๋„ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋Œ€๊ฐ๋ณธ์„ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ผ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ž๋กœ์„œ๋„ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทน๋‹จ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์žˆ์–ด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๊ธธ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์–ด๋„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์„ฑ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. 1998๋…„์— ์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ๋ถ€์†์˜ ์„ฑ์šฐ ์–‘์„ฑ์†Œ์ธ ใ€Ž์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆ ํ•™์›ใ€๋„์ฟ„ ์บ ํผ์Šค II๋ถ€์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ผ๊ฐ„์ฝ”์Šค์ธ II๋ถ€ 1๊ธฐ์ƒ, ๋™๊ธฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์นด๋„ค๋‹ค ํ† ๋ชจ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„์— ์กธ์—…. ์˜ค๋””์…˜์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ์†Œ์†์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ง• ์š”์—ผํ•œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šด์ฐฌ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต, ์„น์‹œํ•œ ์•…๋…€, ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ์„ผ ๋ˆ„๋‹˜ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ง€๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์œ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ํ™” ๋”๋น™์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์•…๋งˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ผ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ž…๋Š”๋‹คใ€์˜ ใ€Ž์•ˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ์•„ ์—ญใ€, ใ€Ž์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€ใ€์˜ ใ€Ž๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญใ€ , ใ€ŽํŠธ๋ก : ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์ž‘ใ€์˜ ใ€Ž์ฟ ์˜ค๋ผ ์—ญใ€ ๋“ฑ, ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ์—ญ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์™ธ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ๋Š” ใ€Ž์นด์ผXYใ€์˜ ใ€Ž์ œ์‹œ ์—ญใ€, ใ€Ž๋ผ์Šค๋ฒ ๊ฐ€์Šคใ€์˜ ใ€Ž๋ธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค ์—ญใ€ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ใ€Žํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด!ใ€(ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์„ธ์ธ ๋‚˜/์ด์Šค/ํ์–ด ํŒจ์…˜ ์—ญ), ใ€ŽํŒฌํ‹ฐ&์Šคํƒ€ํ‚นwith๊ฐ€ํ„ฐ๋ฒจํŠธใ€ (์Šค์บ”ํ‹ฐ ์—ญ), ใ€Ž๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํ–„์Šคํ„ฐ์ฆˆใ€ (์ง„ ์—ญ) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณด๋„, ์ •๋ณด๋ฐฉ์†ก, ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฒ„๋ผ์ด์–ดํ‹ฐ ์‡ผ, ์„ ์ „, ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ๋ฅด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก์€ ใ€Ž๋ฏธ๋…ธ ๋ชฌํƒ€์˜ ์•„์‚ฌ์ฆˆ๋ฐง!ใ€, ใ€Ž์‹ฏํ† ์ฝ”!ใ€, ใ€ŽGoing!Sports&Newsใ€ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์ทจ๋ฏธยทํŠน๊ธฐ๋Š” ์Šค๋…ธ๋ณด๋“œ, ์ถค. ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์‹์€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์š”๋ฆฌ. ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ํƒœ๊ตญ. ์• ์นญ์ธ ใ€Œ๋‘๋ชฉใ€์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ์”จ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ธ ๊ณ ๋งˆ์“ฐ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์˜ค์˜ ๋ณ„๋ช…์„ ์„ ๋ฐฐ ์„ฑ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ. ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ์†์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์‹ ์ธ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง€๋‚ด์˜จ ์‚ฌํ†  ์•„์ผ€๋ฏธ๋Š” ใ€Œ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฉ‹์Ÿ์ด๊ณ , ํ„ธํ„ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ์‹ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒใ€ ใ€Œ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค.ใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ใ€Žํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด!ใ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ‚คํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ ์—๋ฆฌ๋Š” ใ€Œ(์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด) ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉใ€, ใ€Œ์„œ๊ธ€์„œ๊ธ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ‹์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒใ€, ใ€Œ๋ฉ‹์Ÿ์ดใ€, ใ€Œ์ž˜ ๊พธ๋ฏธ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒใ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋ฐฉ์†ก์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ใ€Œ์œ ์นด ์”จํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ถํ•ฉ์ด ๋งž๋‹ค.ใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ํŒจ์…˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ผ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์• ๊ฒฌ๊ฐ€์ด๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๋ฐ”๊ฒฌ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์„ ใ€Œ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด๋„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.ใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™” ใ€Ž์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€ใ€๋ฅผ ๋”๋น™ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ใ€Ž์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€ใ€์™€ ์ œํœดํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์„ ์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•œ ํŒŒ๋‚˜์†Œ๋‹‰์˜ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ๋ ˆ์ด ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ํฌํ„ฐ๋ธ” TV ใ€ŽVIERA (DMP-200)ใ€์˜ ์„ ์ „๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 4์›”์—์„œ 5์›” ๊นŒ์ง€ JR, ์‚ฌ์œ  ์ฒ ๋„, ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฐ ์„ ์˜ ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์™€ ์•ก์ž๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์™€ ๋™์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํŒŒ๋‚˜์†Œ๋‹‰ ์ƒํ’ˆ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—๋Š” ใ€Œ๋‚˜์˜ ๋น„์—๋ผใ€๋ž€ ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋งˆ์“ฐ ์œ ์นด์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ใ€Œ๊ณ ๋งˆ์“ฐ ์”จ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ ์‹œ์–ดํ„ฐใ€๋ž€ ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด ์งˆํƒ€์™€ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ธด ์‘์› ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€ใ€์—์„œ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ์„ ๋”๋น™ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ทน ์ค‘์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์ธ ใ€Ž๋‚˜๋น„์–ดใ€์˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ƒํ•ด ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…น์Œ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งค์ผ ํŠนํ›ˆ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” ๊ณตํ‘œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ์šฐ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ 24์‚ด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์„ฑ์šฐ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋ท”๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Š˜ ์ดˆ์กฐํ•จ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธˆ์š•์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹œ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์ด๊ณ  ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์— ์ž˜ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™ธํ™” ๋”๋น™ ์„ฑ์šฐ๋กœ์„œ ์˜›๋‚ ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…์„ฑ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ใ€Œ์ด ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด ์„ฑ์šฐใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์—ญํ• ์ด ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ใ€Œ์ด ์—ฌ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋”๋น™์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋งˆ์“ฐ ์œ ์นดใ€๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ๋ชฉํ‘œ. ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด! ใ€Žํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด!ใ€์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์„ธ์ธ ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์ด์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ ์ดํ›„์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก๊ณ  ํ์–ด ํŒจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๊ทœ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. (์•…์—ญ์—์„œ ์ •๊ทœ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฑด ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ.) ์ด์Šค ๋•Œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ใ€Œ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด (์ด ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ) ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.ใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๊ปด, ๊ณ„์† ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž‘์ค‘์—์„œ ์ด์Šค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ํ”๋“ค๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 4์›” 3์ผ ใ€Ž์•„์นจ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด! ์˜ฌ๋‚˜์ดํŠธใ€๋ž€ ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐ์„ฑ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 2๋ช…์”ฉ ํ† ํฌ์‡ผ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ใ€Žํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œใ€ ํŒ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜คํ‚ค ์นด๋‚˜์— (๋ชจ๋ชจ์กฐ๋…ธ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ/ํ์–ด ํ”ผ์น˜ ์—ญ)๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋งˆ์“ฐ ์œ ์นด๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ด ๋”๋น™ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ถ”์–ต์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 18์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์€ ์ถœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ์„ฑ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„์ด๋“ค๋„ ์ž…์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์•…์—ญ ์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ป ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋น™ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทน ์ค‘ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ใ€Œ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์€ ์• ...ใ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋†€๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Žํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด!ใ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ใ€Œ์„ฑ์šฐ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆใ€์ด๋ผ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋…ธ ๋ชฌํƒ€์˜ ์•„์‚ฌ์ฆˆ๋ฐง! ใ€Ž๋ฏธ๋…ธ ๋ชฌํƒ€์˜ ์•„์‚ฌ์ฆˆ๋ฐง!ใ€์€ TBS (JNN) ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์—์„œ ๋งค์ฃผ ์›”์š”์ผ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ 5:30์—์„œ ์•„์นจ 8:30๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์นจ ๋‰ด์Šค ์‡ผ์ด์ž ์ •๋ณด๋ฐฉ์†ก์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๋งˆ์“ฐ ์œ ์นด๋Š” 2007๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ทจ์žฌ VTR์˜ ๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋„ˆ๋Š” ใ€Œ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตดใ€, ใ€Œ์•„์‚ฌ์ฆˆ๋ฐง! ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ๋ฉดใ€, ใ€Œ์•„์‚ฌ์ฆˆ๋ฐง! ์ฐฉ์•ˆ์ ใ€, ใ€Œ์•„์‚ฌ์ฆˆ๋ฐง! ๋‰ด์Šคใ€, ใ€Œ์ฆˆ๋ฐง! 8์‹œ ๋งˆํƒ€๊ธฐใ€ ๋“ฑ. ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ JNNยทJRN ใ€Ž์ธ์—ฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธใ€์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ใ€Œ์•ž์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€์žใ€๋ž€ ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์€ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ผ ๋ฐฉ์†กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๋‹ด๋‹น์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งก์•˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ VO๋„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์•„์‚ฌ์ฆˆ๋ฐง!ใ€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋…น์Œ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์›”์š”์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ 3์‹œ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ 4์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์— ์ถœ๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์นจ์— ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ฒฐ๋กœ๋Š” ใ€Œ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒใ€ใ€Œ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ์˜ฌ๋•Œ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ ์•„์Šฌ์•„์Šฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ดˆ์กฐํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.ใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 2์›” 3์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์†กํ•œ ใ€Ž์•„์‚ฌ์ฆˆ๋ฐง!ใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ใ€Œ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ๋ฉด ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐใ€์ฝ”๋„ˆ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋”๋น™ํ–ˆ๋˜ ใ€Ž์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€ใ€๊ฐ€ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ƒ 9๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋ฏธ๋„ค์ดํŠธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€ ๋น„๋ก ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ๋”๋น™ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ง„๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ˆ์น˜ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ „๊ตญ๋ง ๋ฐฉ์†ก ใ€Œ์‹ฏํ† ์ฝ”!ใ€์—์„œ ใ€Œ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์•„์นจ๋ฐฅใ€์ด๋ž€ ์ฝ”๋„ˆ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋‹ด๋‹น. ์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ์›”์š”์ผ - ํ† ์š”์ผ TBS์˜ ์•„์นจ ์™€์ด๋“œ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž‘ํ’ˆ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์ฝ”๋Š” ์•„ํ™‰์‚ด - ์–‘๋ณต์  ์•„์คŒ๋งˆ, ์ฃผ๋ถ€ 2000๋…„ ์Šน๋ถ€์‚ฌ ์ „์„ค ํ…Œ์ธ ์•ผ - ์†Œ๋…„ 2001๋…„ ๋…ธ๋…ธ์จฉ - ๋ฏธ๋ฏธ ์จฉ ๋” ํŒŒ์ดํŒ… - ๋ ˆ์ฝ”, ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด, ๊ท€์‹  ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ - ์•ˆ๋ฌด ๋งˆ๋ฏธ๋ฌด๋ฉ”โ˜…๋ชจ๊ฐ€์ตธ - GBB ๋งˆ์Œ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ - ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ถ€ ์ƒค๋จผํ‚น - ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž, ์‹ค๋ฒ„ ๋กฏ๋“œ ์›”๊ฐ„ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋žœ๋“œ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ ๋ผ์ด์ฝ” ์ฒœ๋‘ฅ์˜ ์ „์„ค - ๋ ˆ๋””๋ฐ” 2002๋…„ Kanon - ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ Witch Hunter ROBIN - ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ผ ๋ฏธ์นด ๊ฑด ํ”„๋ก ํ‹ฐ์–ด - ์—ฌ์ž ๋‚š์‹œ ๋ฐ”๋ณด ์ผ์ง€ ๋ผ์ œํฐ - ์˜คํผ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์ชฝ๋น›๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ - ์œ ์ฝ” ์พŒ๊ฑธ๊ทผ์œก๋งจ 2์„ธ - ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ํƒ‘๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ - ํ† ์˜ค๋ฃจ, ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์—„ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ - ๋ผํ”Œ๋ ˆ์‹œ์•„ 2003๋…„ ๋‚˜๋ฃจ์—์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 2004๋…„ F-ZERO ํŒ”์ฝ˜ ์ „์„ค - ๋ฏธ์„ธ์Šค ์•„๋กœ ํญ๋ ฌ์ฒœ์‚ฌ - ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด A 2005๋…„ BLACK CAT - ์Šˆ๋ฅด 2006๋…„ ๋ง์— ๊ฑธ์–ด๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์น˜ ์Œ€ ๊ฒฐ์ „ํŽธ - ๋ฏธ์Šค ์ƒค๋„ฌ, ๋„ค๋„ค ๋นˆ๊ณค์ž๋งค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ - ์„ ์ƒ, ๋ง‰๊ณผ์ž ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์˜ ์•„์คŒ๋งˆ ์—ฝ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ฑธ ์Šค๋‚˜์ฝ” - ์•„์คŒ๋งˆ, ์ ‘๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ถ•!(ํ•ดํ”ผโ˜†๋Ÿฌํ‚ค)๋น—์ฟ ๋ฆฌ๋งจ - ์ฒœ๋…€ ํŒŒ์›Œ ํผํ”„๊ฑธ Z - ์„ค๋…€ 2007๋…„ MOONLIGHT MILE 1st ์‹œ์ฆŒ -Lift off- - ํ‚ค๋ฌด ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํ–„์Šคํ„ฐ์ฆˆ - ์ง„ ํŒŒ์›Œ ํผํ”„๊ฑธ Z - ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋น„์„œ 2008๋…„ ๊ฑด์Šฌ๋ง๊ฑฐ ๊ฑธ-IL TEATRINO - ๋ผ์…ธ ๊ฒŒ๊ฒŒ๊ฒŒ์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋กœ 5๊ธฐ - AD ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ณ 13 - ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ฌดํ•œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ - ์•„์‚ฌ๋…ธ ๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ๊ธฐ์ผ์กฑ - ์—ฌ์ž ์†๋‹˜ ํฌ๋ฅดํ”ผ์˜ ๊ธด ์—ฌํ–‰ - ์—ฌ์ž ์†๋‹˜ 2009๋…„ ๋ ˆํ„ฐ๋น„ - ํ”ผ์Šคํ‹ฐ์Šค ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด! - ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์„ธ์ธ ๋‚˜ (์œ ์ฑ„๋ฆฐ)/์ด์Šค/ํ์–ด ํŒจ์…˜ 2010๋…„ ๋‚˜๋ฃจํ†  ์งˆํ’์ „ - ์นผ๋ฃจ์ด ๋ ˆํ„ฐ๋น„ - ์‚ฌ๋ผ ์™„์†Œ! ํผํŽ™ํŠธ ๋ฐ˜์žฅ - ๊ธฐ์ž ์™„์†Œ! ํผํŽ™ํŠธ ๋ฐ˜์žฅ ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ์ฝœ๋ ‰์…˜ - ์—ฌ์ž ์›ํ”ผ์Šค - ์—ฌ์ž ์†๋‹˜ ํŒฌํ‹ฐ&์Šคํƒ€ํ‚นwith๊ฐ€ํ„ฐ๋ฒจํŠธ - ์Šค์บ”ํ‹ฐ, ๋งˆ๋‹ด, ๊ณ ์ŠคํŠธ E ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ DP - ์‹œ๋งˆ์ฝ” 2011๋…„ ๋ ˆํ„ฐ๋น„ REVERSE - ์‚ฌ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค - ํƒ€์นด์šฐ์น˜ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ฝ” 2012๋…„ ๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ ์—‘์ž์ผ -์€๋น› ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒœ- - ์•Œ๋ผ์šฐ๋‹ค (15์‚ด ๋•Œ) ์š”๋ฅด๋ฌธ๊ฐ„๋“œ PERFECT ORDER - ์ฟ ๋กœ์‚ฌ์นด 2013๋…„ ๋‚˜๋ฃจํ†  SD ๋ก๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒญ์ถ˜ ํ’€ํŒŒ์›Œ ์ธ๋ฒ• - ์นด๋ฃจ์ด ๋“€์–ผ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์ฆˆ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ V3 - ํผํŽ™ํŠธ ๋งˆ๋ˆ๋‚˜ OVA RE: ํํ‹ฐ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ - ํ…Œ๋ผ๋‹ค ๋ง๊ณ  ๊ท€๊ณต์ž ์—”๋งˆ - ๋กœ๋ผ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฃผ์Šค table & fishman - Queen of Singer ๋”ธ๊ธฐ 100% ~์˜ค์šฐ๋ฏธ ํ•™์› ์—‘์„œ๋”์Šค ํŽธ~ - ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์„ ์ƒ ๋ฏธ์ฝ”์Šค๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ๋ง‰๊ทน์žฅ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ์„ธ์ด์•ผ ๋ช…์™• ํ•˜๋ฐ์Šค ํŽธ ๋ช…์™• ํ•˜๋ฐ์Šค ์‹ญ์ด๊ถ ํŽธ - ๊ธฐ๊ทธ๋„ˆ์Šค ๋น™ํ•˜ (์†Œ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ) ๋ช…์™• ํ•˜๋ฐ์Šค ๋ช…๊ณ„ํŽธ - ์ƒค์ด๋‚˜ ๋ช…์™• ํ•˜๋ฐ์Šค ์—๋ฆฌ์‹œ์˜จ ํŽธ - ์ƒค์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค ๋ฒˆ์™ธํŽธ - ํƒ€์นด์šฐ์น˜ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ฝ” ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๊ธฐ๋™์ „์‚ฌ Z ๊ฑด๋‹ด A New Translation ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ - ํ‚ค์นด ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋™์ „์‚ฌ Z ๊ฑด๋‹ด A New Translation -๋ณ„์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ž- ๊ธฐ๋™์ „์‚ฌ Z ๊ฑด๋‹ด III A New Translation -๋ณ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋™์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘- ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ๊ฐ•์ฒ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์ˆ ์‚ฌ ์ƒด๋ฐœ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ณตํ•œ ์ž ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ๋‚˜๋ฃจํ†  -๋‚˜๋ฃจํ† - ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ๋“œยทํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆŒ - ์นผ๋ฃจ์ด ์พŒ๊ฑธ๊ทผ์œก๋งจ 2์„ธ ํŒ”๋ฉ”์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด! ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด ๊ฐ€๋“!? - ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์„ธ์ธ ๋‚˜ (์œ ์ฑ„๋ฆฐ)/ํ์–ด ํŒจ์…˜ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ฆˆDX2 ํฌ๋ง์˜ ๋น›โ˜†๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ ์ฅฌ์–ผ์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ผ! - ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์„ธ์ธ ๋‚˜ (์œ ์ฑ„๋ฆฐ)/ํ์–ด ํŒจ์…˜ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ฆˆDX3 ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ „ํ•˜๋ผ! ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด์ฃผ๋Š”โ˜†๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐฏ๋น› ๊ฝƒ - ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์„ธ์ธ ๋‚˜ (์œ ์ฑ„๋ฆฐ)/ํ์–ด ํŒจ์…˜ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ฆˆ New Stage ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ - ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์„ธ์ธ ๋‚˜ (์œ ์ฑ„๋ฆฐ)/ํ์–ด ํŒจ์…˜ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ฆˆ New Stage2 ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ - ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์„ธ์ธ ๋‚˜ (์œ ์ฑ„๋ฆฐ)/ํ์–ด ํŒจ์…˜ ์›น ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹ท! ๊ฒ์”จ - ํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ ๋ฏธ์™€์ฝ”, ๋…ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์—„๋งˆ, ์š”๊ดด ๊ณ ์–‘์ด, ํˆฌ๊ตฌ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ์š”๊ดด ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ผ๊ตญ์ง€ ๋Œ€์ „ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ 2001๋…„ ์„œ๋ชฌ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ 2 - ๋ฉ”์ด๋ฉ”์ด, ์ด์˜ค์Šค 2002๋…„ ์ƒค๋จผํ‚น ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์ƒค๋จผ์ฆˆ - ์‹ค๋ฒ„ ๋กฏ๋“œ 2003๋…„ ์ƒค๋จผํ‚น ์†Œ์šธ ํŒŒ์ดํŠธ - ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž ์„œ๋ชฌ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ 3 - ๋ฉ”์ด๋ฉ”์ด ์—‘์ €์Šค์ผˆํŠผ ํ•˜๋ชฝ์•ผํ™” - ์•„๋ฅด๋งˆ๋ฐ๋ฅด 2004๋…„ Love Songsโ™ชADVํ›„ํƒ€๋ฐ” ๋ฆฌํ˜ธ14์„ธ~์—ฌ๋ฆ„~ - ๋ฏธ์•ผ์‹œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์•ผ์นด Love Songsโ™ชADVํ›„ํƒ€๋ฐ” ๋ฆฌํ˜ธ19์„ธ~๊ฒจ์šธ~ - ๋ฏธ์•ผ์‹œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์•ผ์นด ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ GOLF ํฌํ„ฐ๋ธ” - ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ์ƒค๋จผํ‚น ๋ถ„๋ฐœ ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ - ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž, ์„œํ‹ฐ 2006๋…„ ๋ฃฌ ํŒฉํ† ๋ฆฌ ~์‹  ๋ชฉ์žฅ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ~ - ๋ ˆ์ด๋”” ์•ค ์„œ๋ชฌ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ 4 - ๋ฉ”์ด๋ฉ”์ด, ์ด์˜ค์Šค ์„ฑ๊ฒ€์ „์„ค 4 - ์• ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์—๋ธ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค - ํžˆ๋‚˜ํƒ€ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค ์—ฌ์‹ ์ „์ƒ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜ 3 - ํ† ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฏธ ์ด์‚ฌ์ฝ”, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋‚˜์ธ ํ‚ค ์˜์›…์ „์„ค VI ์ฒœ๊ณต์˜ ๊ถค์  SC - ์œ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์Šˆ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ธ  2007๋…„ BLADESTORM ๋ฐฑ๋…„์ „์Ÿ - ์ƒนํฌํ‹ฐ ์„ฑ์ „์‚ฌ ์„ธ์ด์•ผ ๋ช…์™• ํ•˜๋ฐ์Šค ์‹ญ์ด๊ถ ํŽธ - ์ƒค์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์‹ ์ „์ƒ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜ 3 ํŽ˜์Šค - ํ† ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฏธ ์ด์‚ฌ์ฝ”, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋‚˜์ธ ํ‚ค ์˜์›…์ „์„ค VI ์ฒœ๊ณต์˜ ๊ถค์  the 3rd - ์œ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์Šˆ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ธ  ์›๋”๋žœ๋“œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ -์•”ํ‘์˜ ๊ธˆ์ˆ - - ๋ฆฌ์นด 2008๋…„ ์—๋ธ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค ์˜์ „ ํŒํƒ€์ง€์•„ - ํžˆ๋‚˜ํƒ€ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค ํƒฑํด - ๋ฐ๋„ฌ 2009๋…„ Lucian Bee's RESURRECTION SUPERNOVA - ์ฝฐ์ด์–ดํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ๋ฒ„๋“œ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜ 3 ํฌํ„ฐ๋ธ” - ํ† ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฏธ ์ด์‚ฌ์ฝ”, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋‚˜์ธ ํ‚ค ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด! ๋†€์ด ์ฝœ๋ ‰์…˜! - ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์„ธ์ธ ๋‚˜ (์œ ์ฑ„๋ฆฐ)/์ด์Šค/ํ์–ด ํŒจ์…˜ 2010๋…„ Another Century's Episode:R - ์˜คํ…€ ์› Lucian Bee's JUSTICE YELLOW - ์ฝฐ์ด์–ดํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ๋ฒ„๋“œ Lucian Bee's EVIL VIOLET - ์ฝฐ์ด์–ดํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ๋ฒ„๋“œ Fable III - ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ๊ฐ“ ์ดํ„ฐ ์•ŒํŠธ ๋„ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ” 3 ์„ธ๊ณ„์ข…์–ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๊ธด๋‹ค - ์•Œ ๋ฃจ์šฐ, ํ† ํ† ๋ผ ์ „์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐœํ๋ฆฌ์•„ 2 ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์™•๋ฆฝ ์‚ฌ๊ด€ํ•™๊ต - ํ”Œ๋žญ์ปค ๋งˆํ‹ด, ์•Œ๋ ‰์‹œ์Šค ํž๋˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์งˆ ์˜ฌ ์ œ๋กœ - ์‹œ๋ผ 2011๋…„ Another Century's Episode Portable - ์˜ค์„œ FabStyle - ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œํƒ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฏธ TERA - ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๋กœํ—จ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ์ปจํ„ฐ๋ ‰ํŠธ - ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ํ—จ ์„ฑ์ „์‚ฌ ์„ธ์ด์•ผ ์ „๊ธฐ - ์ƒค์ด๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์ฐจ์› ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋„ตํŠ  mk2 - ํ•˜์ฝ”์žํ‚ค ์น˜์นด 2012๋…„ NEW ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค - ์•„๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์™€ ์นด์˜ค๋ฃจ ์Šˆํผ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋Œ€์ „OG ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์žฅ๊ธฐ์‹ II REVELATION OF EVIL GOD - ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์‹ ยท๊ด‘์‹ ํ™” ํŒŒ๋ฅดํ…Œ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ - ์—˜๋ ˆ์นด ์—‘์Šค ํŠธ๋ฃจํผ์ฆˆ - ๋””์•„๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ผ์ธ ํ‚น๋ค ํ•˜ํŠธ 3D ๋“œ๋ฆผ ๋“œ๋กญ ๋””์Šคํ„ด์Šค - ์ฟ ์˜ค๋ผ ์™ธํ™” ๋”๋น™ ์˜ํ™” ๊ฒŸ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ โ€ปTV ๋ฐฉ์˜ํŒ ๊ท€ํ–ฅ - ํŒŒ์šธ๋ผ (์š”ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ฝ”๋ณด) ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค ๊ธ€๋ž˜๋””์—์ดํ„ฐ 2: ์ „์„ค์˜ ๊ฒ€ํˆฌ์‚ฌ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค - ๋ฃจ๋น„ ํ—ค์ด์ปค (๋ฆด๋ฆฌ ์†Œ๋น„์—์Šคํ‚ค) โ€ปTV ๋ฐฉ์˜ํŒ ๋‚ด ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์•„๋‚ด๋„ ์ข‹์•„ - ๋น„ํ‚ค (๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์นด ํ™€) ๋‚ด๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๋ฆฌ - ๋ผ์ด๋„ท (์–ผ๋ฆฌ์ƒค ํ‚ค์Šค) ๋ˆˆ๋จผ ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋„์‹œ - ์„ ๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค ์†Œ๋…€ (์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ธŒ๋ผ๊ฐ€) ๋‹ฅํ„ฐ ๋‘๋ฆฌํ‹€ 4 - ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋‹ˆ ์Šคํƒ€๋ง (์—˜๋ฆฌ์ œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์•™) ๋” ๊ธธํ‹ฐ - ์—์ด๋ฏธ (ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์•ค ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ๋ฐ๋“œ ์บ ํ”„ 3 - ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค (์žฌ๋‹› ๋ชฝ๊ณ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ) ๋ฐ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋„ค์ด์…˜ 2 - ํ‚ด๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ”๋จผ (A.J.์ฟก) โ€ปTV ๋ฐฉ์˜ํŒ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ ์•ค ๋“œ๋Ÿญ์Šค - ๋งค๊ธฐ ๋จธ๋… (์•ค ํ•ด์„œ์›จ์ด) ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ ์ด๋ธ” 3: ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฉธ๋ง - ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ (์•„์ƒจํ‹ฐ) โ€ปDVD/BD ์†Œํ”„ํŠธํŒ ๋งˆ๋“ค๋ Œ - ์ดํฌ์ง„ (์‹ ๋ฏผ์•„) ๋ฐœ๋ Œํƒ€์ธ ๋ฐ์ด - ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ (์•ค ํ•ด์„œ์›จ์ด) ๋ถˆ์ˆœํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ - ์บ์‹œ (๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์งˆ๋žญ) ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์Šค์™„ - ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ (๋ฐ€๋ผ ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ์Šค) ๋ธ”๋ก ๋“œ ์•ฐ๋น„์…˜ - ์ผ€์ดํ‹ฐ (์ œ์‹œ์นด ์‹ฌ์Šจ) ์‡ผํผํ™€๋ฆญ - ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด (์•„์ผ๋ผ ํ”ผ์…”) ์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ์•ค ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด์Šค - ํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ฐ€๋Ÿฌ (๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ง€) ์Šคํ…”์Šค X - ์˜ฌ๊ฐ€ (์•ˆ๋‚˜ ํƒ€๋ผํŠธํ‚ค๋‚˜) ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ฒ„๋”” - ์ƒ˜์˜ ์—„๋งˆ (์ผ„๋“ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค) ์Šคํ”„๋ง ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ์ƒคํฌ ์–ดํƒ ์Šคํ”ผ์‹œ์Šค 4 - ์ปฌ๋ › (์‹ ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ž‘์ฒด์Šค์ฝ”๋‹ˆ) ์จ๋กœ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ - ์—ฌ์ž ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ ์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€ - ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ฆฌ (์กฐ ์ƒ๋‹ค๋‚˜) ์•„์ด ์—  ๋„˜๋ฒ„ ํฌ - ๋„˜๋ฒ„ 6 (ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ํŒŒ๋จธ) ์•…๋งˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ผ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ž…๋Š”๋‹ค - ์•ค๋”” ์‚ญ์Šค (์•ค ํ•ด์„œ์›จ์ด) ์–ด์‚ฌ์ผ๋Ÿผ - ์—˜๋ฆฐ (์—˜๋ฆฐ ์„ค๋ฆฌ๋ฒˆ) ์—‘์Šค๋งจ: ์ตœํ›„์˜ ์ „์Ÿ - ์บ˜๋ฆฌ์Šคํ†  (๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ ˆ์ฆˆ) โ€ปDVD/BD ์†Œํ”„ํŠธํŒ ์—ด๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ์›ฌ์ˆ˜๋“ค 2 - ์•ค (์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ํ‚น) ์˜ค! ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค - ์€ํ•˜ (๊น€์ค€ํฌ) ์› ๋ฏธ์Šค ์ฝœ - ๋ฒ ์Šค ๋ ˆ์ด๋ชฌ๋“œ (์ƒค๋‹Œ ์†Œ์„ธ์ด๋จผ) ์œ„ํ• - ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์Šค ์นด๋ฒค๋‹ค (์—˜๋Ÿฐ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€) ์กด ํ„ฐ์ปค ๋จธ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‹ค์ด - ํ—ค๋” (์•„์ƒจํ‹ฐ) ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€ ๋Œ๋ ค์ž…๊ธฐ - ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง“ (๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฌ) ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€ ๋Œ๋ ค์ž…๊ธฐ 2 - ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง“ (๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฌ) ์นด์šฐ๋ณด์ด & ์—์ด๋ฆฌ์–ธ - ์—˜๋ผ (์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ์™€์ผ๋“œ) ์บ ํ”„ ๋ฝ 2: ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ - ๋””๋‚˜ (ํด๋กœ์ด ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์Šค) ํฌ๋กฌ ์•ค์ ค - ๋ ˆ์ด๋ผ (์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž ์Šค์›ฌ์Šจ) ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ € ๋ฒ„๋”” - ์šฐ๋ฒ„์Šคํ‹ฐ (์—˜๋ ˆ์ธ ํ•ธ๋“œ๋ฆญ์Šค) ํŠธ๋ก : ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์ž‘ - ์ฟ ์˜ค๋ผ (์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ์™€์ผ๋“œ) ํŒŒํผ์”จ์˜ ํŽญ๊ท„๋“ค ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋“œ - ์ œ์‹œ์นด ๋ฒ„ํŠธ (์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋งŒ) ํ”„๋กฌ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์œ„๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ - ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ (์— ๋ฒ„ ๋กœ์ฆˆ ๋ ˆ๋ฐ”) ํ—ฌ๋ ˆ์ด์ € 7 - ๋ฐ๋” - ๋ง๋ผ (์กฐ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ผ์ด๋žœ์Šค) ํ•ด์™ธ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CSI: ๊ณผํ•™ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Œ€ The Good Wife ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋ผ์ด๋” ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ - ๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ ์…ธ๋ฆฌ๋˜ (๋ฉœ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ Œ) ๋”ํŠธ - ์ฅด๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ง๋กœ๋ฆฌ (๋กœ๋ผ ์•Œ๋ Œ) ๋ผ์Šค๋ฒ ๊ฐ€์Šค - ๋ธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค ๋”œ๋ผ์ธ (๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์ฆˆ) ๋ฐ”๋”” ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฃจํ”„ - ์‚ฌ๋ผ ํŒฉ์Šจ #8 ์ŠคํฌํŠธ๋ผ์ดํŠธ - ์—ฌ์ž ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ ์•„ํ…Œ๋‚˜: ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฌ์‹  - ์œคํ˜œ์ธ (์ˆ˜์• ) ์ฒ™ - ํ•œ๋‚˜ ์˜ฌ์„ผ (ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ด ํฌ๋ฃฉ) ์ฒซ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ - ์€ํ˜œ ์ฒด์ธ์ง€ ๋””๋ฐ” 2 - ๋ˆ ๋ฃจ์นด์Šค #8 ์นด์ผ XY - ์ œ์‹œ XX (์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”) ์ฝ”๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์–ดํŽ˜์–ด์ฆˆ 2 - ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ ํฌ๋ผ์ธ (์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”) ํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„ ๋งˆ์ธ๋“œ 6 - ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ ํ•ธ๋ฆฌ #8 ํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„ ๋งˆ์ธ๋“œ 7 - ์‹ ๋”” #7 ํŒฌ ์•” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด๋ฏธ๋ฒŒ ์ œ 3์žฅ - ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค #7 ํ•ด์™ธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ ์Šค์ปคํŠธ ~์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์Šˆํผ ์น˜์–ด๊ฑธ~ - ํ•‘ ํŠน์ดฌ๋ฌผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ „๋Œ€ ํƒ€์ž„๋ ˆ์ธ์ € VS ๊ณ ๊ณ ํŒŒ์ด๋ธŒ - ๋ฃจํ”ผ์•„ (๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ) ๋‚ด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋Ÿฌ (ํ˜„์žฌ) Going!Sports&News (ํ† ์š”์ผ) - ๋‹›ํฐ TV, 2010๋…„ 4์›” ~ ์šฐ์—๋‹ค ์‹ ์•ผx์นด๋ฉ”๋‚˜์‹œ ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ์•ผ์˜ Going ์•ผ๊ตฌ! ๋ฏธ๋…ธ ๋ชฌํƒ€์˜ ์•„์‚ฌ์ฆˆ๋ฐง! - TBS, 2007๋…„ 4์›” ~ ์‹ฏํ† ์ฝ”! - MBS, 2012๋…„ 4์›” ~ ์นดํˆฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ - ๋ฐฉ์†ก์˜ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ์ „, ์ด ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋Ÿฌ (๊ณผ๊ฑฐ) 69โ˜…TRIBE ๋กœํฌ์กฑ (2005๋…„ 4์›” ~ 2006๋…„ 9์›”) - ํ›„์ง€ TV CINEMA VOICE (2001๋…„ 10์›” ~ 2008๋…„ 11์›”) - WOWOW navi-cube (2002๋…„ 4์›” ~ 2004๋…„ 3์›”) - ํ›„์ง€ TV U-15.F ๋ฉ‹๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•ด๋ผ! (2003๋…„ 4์›” ~ 9์›”) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ๊ฒฉ๋งŒ TV (2004๋…„ 10์›” ~ 2005๋…„ 3์›”) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์นด (2004๋…„ 10์›” ~ 11์›”) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ๋ฏผ๋‚ฏ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€ (2009๋…„ 4์›” ~ 9์›”) - BSํ›„์ง€ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ๋กœ ์ฑ ํฌ (2002๋…„ 4์›” ~ 12์›”) - SC ์œ„์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‹  ์ง€์‹ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ์ฟ ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์Šค (2009๋…„ 4์›” ~ 2010๋…„ 4์›”) - TBS ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์นด๋‹‰ (VO) - ๋””์Šค์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ์ฑ„๋„ ์•„์นด์‹œ์•ผ ์”จ ์ฑ„๋„ ์Œ์•… ์ง์—… ์•ˆ๋‚ด์†Œ ๋„๋ ˆ์ปด (2003๋…„ 4์›” ~ 9์›”) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ์ด์ผ€์น˜ํ‚ค!! (2002๋…„ 4์›” ~ 9์›”) - TBS ์ฒœ์žฌ์˜ ๋น ์นญ์Šฌ๋กฏ - ํ›„์ง€ TV 721 ์ผ€์ด์ฝ”์™€ ๋งˆ๋‚˜๋ถ€ ์ƒํ™œ๋‹ฌ์ธ (2001๋…„ 7์›” ~ 2003๋…„ 3์›”) - ์•กํŠธ์˜จ TV ํ‚คํƒ€๋…ธ ํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ ๋ช…๊ฐ (2004๋…„ 4์›” ~ 2006๋…„ 3์›”) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ํƒํ—˜๋กœ๋ง ์„ธ๊ณ„์œ ์‚ฐ (VO) - NHK ์ข…ํ•ฉ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ† ๋ฐ”์ฝ”์˜ ์ฝง๋ฐ”๋žŒ - TV ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด ํŒํƒ€๋ฉ” TV (2004๋…„ 1์›” ~ 2005๋…„ 3์›”) - TV ์•„์ด์น˜ ํŠน๋ณ„๋ฐฉ์†กยท๋‹จ๋ฐœ๋ฐฉ์†ก 2004๋…„ ๋Š‘๋Œ€์†Œ๋…„ (์ œ10ํšŒ/12์›” 9์ผ) - TBS 2005๋…„ ๊ฝ์น˜Vsํ˜ธ์‹œ๋…ธ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋งŒ! ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ตœ๊ฐ• TV ์ƒต ์•„์นด์‹œ์•ผ ์žฌํŒฌ (10์›” 21์ผ) - ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋„์ฟ„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์นด New year ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ (1์›” 4์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ์•„์นด์‹œ์•ผ ์žฌํŒฌ ~์•„์•„ ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ์‹ถ์–ด! ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์™ธ์นจ~ (3์›” 10์ผ) - ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค ์‹œ์ž‘! ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์ง€๋ฉด ~๋‚˜์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€~ ์™„์ „ ๋‚ด๋น„ (์ฑ„๋„ ฮฑ ๋ถ€์†, 4์›” 14์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์•„๋„คํ‚ค! ์ตœ์ข…ํšŒ ์ง์ „ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ (์ฑ„๋„ ฮฑ, 12์›” 19์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ์ผ๋ณธ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ (11์›” 13์ผ) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ํ‚คํƒ€๋…ธ ํฌํฌ์ธ์ƒ ์™•๊ฒฐ์ •์ „!! (12์›” 30์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV 2006๋…„ ๋…ธ๋‹ค๋ฉ” ์นธํƒ€๋นŒ๋ ˆ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ง์ „ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ (์ฑ„๋„ ฮฑ ๋ถ€์†, 10์›” 16์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ๋…ธ๋‹ค๋ฉ” ์นธํƒ€๋นŒ๋ ˆ Special Lesson ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค ๋“œ๋””์–ด ์ •๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผํšŒ! ์ง์ „ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ (์ฑ„๋„ ฮฑ ๋ถ€์†, 11์›” 6์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ์‚ฌํ”„๋ฆฌ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค ๊ธ‰์ „๊ฐœ ์ œ7ํ™” ์ง์ „ SP (์ฑ„๋„ ฮฑ ๋ถ€์†, 8์›” 21์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ธ์—ด์ „ (2์›” 4์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค ๋“œ๋””์–ด ๋“ฑ์žฅ! ์–ดํ…์…˜ ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ&๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ™” ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์ฝ”๋Š” ์•„ํ™‰์‚ด (์ฑ„๋„ ฮฑ ๋ถ€์†, 4์›” 18์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€๋„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธธยท๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฃจํŠธ 66 (VO/4์›” 1์ผ, 8์ผ) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ์ฑ„๋„โ˜†๋ก! ์‹  ๋ฐฉ์†ก SP! (9์›” 30์ผ) - TBS 2007๋…„ ์ƒˆํ•ด์˜ํ™” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ด์š” (1์›” 5์ผ) - TBS ์•ผ์ง€๋งˆ ํ€ธ์ฆˆ ๊ณจํ”„ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ (4์›” 29์ผ) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ์ถ• 25์ฃผ๋…„! ๊ทธ ๋งˆํฌ๋กœ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ!! (12์›” 23์ผ) - TBS ๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค (VO/1์›” 6์ผ) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ์ด์‹œ์ฆˆ์นด ํžˆ๋ฐํžˆ์ฝ”์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์šฐ๊ฑฑ์šฐ๊ฑฑ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ (6์›” 2์ผ) - TV ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ํƒ€์ด๋งจ ์ฆ‰ํฅ ์ฝฉํŠธ๋ฐฐํ‹€ ์• ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ํ‚น (1์›” 3์ผ) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ 2008๋…„ Aร—A ๋”๋ธ”์—์ด (12์›” 2์ผ) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ๊ณจํ”„ 5 ๋ ˆ์ด๋””์ฆˆ ๊ณจํ”„ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ (9์›” 6์ผ) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ํƒ€์ด๋งจ ์ฆ‰ํฅ ์ฝฉํŠธ๋ฐฐํ‹€ ์• ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ํ‚น II (1์›” 4์ผ) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ 2009๋…„ ๋ˆ ๋ชจํ—˜ ๋ฒ„๋ผ์ด์–ดํ‹ฐ ๋จธ๋‹ˆ$์˜ ๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ—˜ (12์›” 29์ผ) - TBS ์Šค์ฟ ํ”„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„! ์‚ฌ๊ฑดํ˜„์žฅ ๋น„๋ฐ€์ž ์ž… ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ (์‚ฌํƒ€์ŠคํŽ˜! ๋ถ€์†, VO/3์›” 2์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ์ด๊ฑด ์“ธ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค!? ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜์˜ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (11์›” 22์ผ) - TV ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐค์˜ ๊ฑธ์ฆˆ ํ† ํฌ ์™„์ „ ๋ถ„๋ผ์ฟ  (7์›” 30์ผ) - NHK-ETV 2010๋…„ The! ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ์ธ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ (็ง˜) ์˜์ƒ GP (์ŠคํŒŒ๋ชจ์ฟ !! ๋ถ€์†, 5์›” 27์ผ) - TBS V6๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์‹  ์ผ๋ณธ์ง€๋„ 47์กฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ—˜ (4์›” 7์ผ) - TBS Web์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จ์˜ˆ์•ฝ! ์—„์„ ! ์ข‹์€ ์ˆ™์†Œ ๋‚ด๋น„ (11์›” 14์ผ) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ๋‚˜์นด์ด ๋งˆ์‚ฌํžˆ๋กœ์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•ด! ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ (์นด์ŠคํŽ˜! ๋ถ€์†, VO/3์›” 2์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ช…๋ด‰ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์„œ๋ฐ‹ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์•Œํ”„์Šค ์‚ฐ ๊ธฐํ–‰ (VO/9์›” 22์ผ) - NHK-BShi ์˜ค์˜คํ‚ค&๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊ทผ๋‘๊ทผ!! ๊ฒฝ์•… ํŒจ๋‹‰ ๊ทน์žฅ 4 ์„ค๋งˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒ๋จน๊ฒŒ ๋  50 ์—ฐ๋ฐœ!! (ํ™”์š” ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ! ๋ถ€์†, 6์›” 22์ผ) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ์›”๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋””์ฆˆ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‰ฝ ์‚ด๋กฑํŒŒ์Šค ์ปต (5์›” 8์ผ) - ๋‹›ํฐ TV 2011๋…„ ETVํŠน์ง‘ ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ ~๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋ถ€ยท40๋…„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌธ๊ฐ€~ (๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์—ฐ/7์›” 10์ผ) - NHK-ETV MAGยท๋„ท ์ œ34ํšŒ ์–ด๋ฅธ ์—ฌ์ž ๋งŒํ™” (๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์—ฐ/1์›” 30์ผ) - NHK-BS2 ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์™„์ „ ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€์˜ ์ง‘๋ฐฅ (9์›” 10์ผ) - ๋‹›ํฐ TV ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ด๋””์ฆˆ ๊ณจํ”„ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ (5์›” 1์ผ) - TV ๋„์ฟ„ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ์ธ ํ’ˆํ‰ ๋ฒ„๋ผ์ด์–ดํ‹ฐ ์ผ„์‚ฅ! (๊ธˆ์š” ๋ฐ˜์งโ˜†๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ๋ถ€์†, 9์›” 30์ผ) - ํ›„์ง€ TV 2012๋…„ V.I.P. -Mr.Children- ~20th Anniversary SPECIAL~ (5์›” 5์ผ) - ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์ƒค์›Œ TV ๋งค์ผ ์‘ฅ์‘ฅ ์ฅฌ๋‹ˆ์–ด ์•„์ด์™€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ• (5์›” 28์ผ ~ 31์ผ) - NHK-ETV ๋ชธ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•œ๋‹ค! ๋“๋ณด๋Š” ๋ ˆ์‹œํ”ผ ๋น„์žฅ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ง‘ ๋ฐฅ (2์›” 25์ผ) - ๋‹›ํฐ TV ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ง์ „ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ใ€Œ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ๊ฐ€๋“ ใ€ (3์›” 29์ผ) - NHK BS ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์ œ๋กœ ~๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์˜์ˆ˜์ฆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด~ (๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์—ฐ/8์›” 14์ผ) - NHK-ETV ์•„์‚ฌ์ฆˆ๋ฐง! ์ธ์—ฐ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ... ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก (3์›” 11์ผ) - TBS ๊ด‘๊ณ  Another Century's Episode Portable - TV GMO ํด๋ฆญ ์ฆ๊ถŒ - TV NTT ๋„์ฝ”๋ชจ - ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์„น์Šค ์•ค ๋” ์‹œํ‹ฐ - ํ›„์ง€ TV, ํ† ์š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„ ์˜ˆ๊ณ  ์นด์˜ค - ๋ผ๋น„๋„ˆ์Šค ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์™ธ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์‹œ๋งˆ๋„คํ˜„๋ฆฝ ์‚ฐ๋ฒ  ์ž์—ฐ๊ด€ ํ”Œ๋ผ๋„คํƒ€๋ฆฌ์›€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ใ€Œ๋น„๋ฐ€๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ ๋งค์˜ ๋ฐœํ†ฑ THE PLANETARIUM ~ํ”๋“คํ”๋“ค! ๋ธ”๋ž™ ํ™€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ~ใ€ ์šธํŠธ๋ผ ์Šˆํผ ๋‹ค์ด์ œ์ŠคํŠธ Vol.6 ์šธํŠธ๋ผ ์„ธ๋ธ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€ (ํ›„ํŽธ) ์ฒœ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ๊ณ ํ†  ํ”Œ๋ผ๋„คํƒ€๋ฆฌ์›€ CD ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CD ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋‰ผ๋ ˆ์ด๋””ํŠธ ํ•ดํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์Šค - ํ›„์œ ๋…ธ ๋ด์‡ผ ํŒ”๋ฐฑ๋งŒ - ํƒ€ํ‚ค๋† ๋Ÿผ๋ธ”ํ”ผ์‰ฌ BATTLE 2 - ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ! ์—ฐ์• ์„ ํ’!! ํŽธ - ์นดํ†  ์œ ์šฐํ‚ค ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค ํฌ๋กœ์ด์ธ  Wish A Dream collection IV FIRST MISSION - ์—ฌ์ „์‚ฌ ์จ๋จผ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ~๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ์˜ ์š”๋žŒ~ - ์ด์˜ค์Šค ์•ŒํŠธ๋„ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ” 3 ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ข…์–ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๊ธด๋‹ค side์‚ฌํ‚ค~After story~ - ํ† ํ† ๋ผ ์—๋ธ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค ์˜์ „๋„ ๊ฝƒ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ ๋Œ€์ž‘์ „ - ํžˆ๋‚˜ํƒ€ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค ์—ฌ์‹ ์ „์ƒ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜ 3 ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ - ํ† ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฏธ ์ด์‚ฌ์ฝ” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CD Vol.1 - Daylight- ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CD vol.2 ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ - ํƒ€์นด์šฐ์น˜ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ฝ” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ œ1์žฅ ํ•˜์•ผ์‹œ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ œ2์žฅ ์™€ํƒ€๋ผ์ด ์•„์Šค์นด ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ œ1๊ถŒ ๊ฟˆ ๋ผ๋””์˜คยทํ•˜๋Š˜๋น› ์Šค์ฟจ ๋ฐ์ด์ฆˆ ํ† ์šฐ์นด์ดํ†  ํƒ์ •๋‹จ II ~๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์–‘์‹~ - ๋ชจ๋ชจ์ฝ” ํ”ผ์˜ค๋‚˜ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ธฐ ~ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์•ก์‹œ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์–ด~ - ์•„๋ฆฌ์•„ ์Œ์•… CD ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํ–„์Šคํ„ฐ์ฆˆ ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๊ณก - ํ–„์Šคํ„ฐ์ฆˆ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ โ€ปํ–„์Šคํ„ฐ์ฆˆ ์„ฑ์šฐ 5๋ช… ์ƒค๋จผํ‚น S.F.O.V IV 05) Dharma - ์„œํ‹ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์†ก ใ€Œ์†Œ๋…€ํ‹ฑ ๋กœ๋งจ์Šคใ€ - ํƒ€์นด์šฐ์น˜ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ฝ” ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด! ๋ณด์ปฌ์•จ๋ฒ” 1 ~ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ~ 05) ๋ฏธ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฝƒ. ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ. - ํ์–ด ํŒจ์…˜ 06) ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ดยทํƒœ์–‘์˜ ์•„์ด - ํ์–ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ! โ€ป ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์„ฑ์šฐ 4๋ช… ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด! ๋ณด์ปฌ์•จ๋ฒ”2 ~๋ฏธ์†Œ์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ~ 09) ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ - ํ์–ด ํŒจ์…˜ 06) Dreaming Flowers - ํ์–ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ! 11) ํ•ดํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์Šคโ˜†Wonder land ~๋ฏธ์†Œ์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ~ - ํ์–ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ! ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์•„์˜ค์•ผ๋งˆ 2๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ด๋งŒ๋ฐ˜์  - ์ดˆ!A&G+, ์ œ15ํšŒ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ/2010๋…„ 4์›” 12์ผ, ์ œ20ํšŒ ์ „ํ™”์ถœ์—ฐ/5์›” 17์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค ์ง„ํฅํšŒ ๊ฟˆ ๋ผ๋””์˜คยท์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋Š” NIGHT - ๋ž€ํ‹ฐ์Šค ์›น ๋ผ๋””์˜ค, ์ œ54ํšŒ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ/2011๋…„ 12์›” 16์ผ ์›๋”โ˜†๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ œ22ํšŒ 100๋งŒ์—” ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค CM ์นดํ”ผ ๋Œ€ํšŒ - ๋ถ„์นด ๋ฐฉ์†ก, 2006๋…„ 5์›” 4์ผ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฌด๋ฒ•์ง€๋Œ€ - USEN ์‚ฐํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ƒˆํ„ฐ๋ฐ์ด ์›จ์ดํŒ… ๋ฐ” - FM ๋„์ฟ„ ์•„์˜ค์•ผ๋งˆ 2๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์žฅ - ๋ถ„์นด ๋ฐฉ์†ก 3๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ €๋…๋†€ ใ€Œ์˜ค์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผํ‚คใ€- ํ•˜๋ฃจ์š” (์ Š์—ˆ์„ ์ ) ใ€Œ๊ฝƒ ํ”ผ์›Œ๋ผ, ์šฐ์ฆˆํ‚คใ€ - ์šฐ์ฆˆํ‚ค ์•„์˜ค์ด ใ€Œ์‚ฐ์˜ ์‹ ใ€ - ์ฝ˜๋…ธ ๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๊ทน๋‹จ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ABC ๊ทธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋น„ํŠธ - ๋ฌด๊ฒŒํƒ€ ๊ทน๋‹จ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ABC Ph-ll ๊ณผ๋ฆฝ - ๋ฃŒ์ฝ” ์˜ค๋””์˜ค ๊ทน์žฅ ์ฒœํ•˜์ „์„ค ์‚ด์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด - ์นด์™€์‹œ๋งˆ ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๊ทธ ์™ธ Lucian Bee's LIVE DVD ROMANXIA WORLD TOUR 2010 in YOKOHAMA ๊ฐ€๋ฉด๋ผ์ด๋” ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธใ€DVDใ€‘ ๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์“ฐ MOVE2000 - ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋‚ด๋น„๊ฒŒ์ดํ„ฐ & MC ANA ๊ธฐ๋‚ด์šฉ ์˜ค๋””์˜ค ๋‚ด๋น„๊ฒŒ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ๊ธฐ์–ด ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ 2 - ๋ชจ์…˜ ์•กํ„ฐ ์šฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋งค์ง€์ปฌ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ชจ์–‘ ์•„ํ‚ฌ๋ ˆ์Šค ใ€Œ์ŠŒ์†Œ์ฟ ใ€ CM - ๋‹ค์ด ์—ญ ์•„ํ‚ฌ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ƒํ’ˆ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ใ€Œ์ต์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋จธ์ฆˆ + ์ฅฌ๋ฒ„๋„ใ€ ์ŸˆํŒŒ๋ Œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋‚ด๋น„๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜ ๋ถ€๋ก ์˜ค๋””์˜ค ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€/ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ - ๋‚ด๋น„๊ฒŒ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฝ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ - ํ›„์ง€ TV 721 ํŒŒ๋‚˜์†Œ๋‹‰ VIERA (DMP-BV200) - ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๋‚ด ๊ด‘๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋‚˜์†Œ๋‹‰ ์ƒํ’ˆ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ใ€Œ๋‚˜์˜ ๋น„์—๋ผใ€, ใ€Œ๊ณ ๋งˆ์“ฐ ์”จ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ ์‹œ์–ดํ„ฐใ€ ํ™์ฝฉ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ์ฒœ๊ตญ - COMIN' SOON TV ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ณต์‹ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ (์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์„ฑ์šฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์ถœ์‹  ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ƒ๋…„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ ๋‹ˆํ˜ผ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฌธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuka%20Komatsu
Yuka Komatsu
is a Japanese actress, voice actress and narrator from Tokyo. She is affiliated with Aoni Production. Biography Her father was a filmmaker and her mother grew up in a family atmosphere where the movies were nearby. Since childhood, her dream was to become a filmmaker. To this end, she began to write scenarios of the stage by the advice, and proceeded to the road of the stage though the writer of the movie was aiming at the same time. She came to be in charge of directing at her university, sometimes voluntarily standing in as an actor, and became a performing actor. Although she continued to work at a theatrical company, she desired to make a movie someday, and worked as a projector. However, she realized how hard it would be to make a living on that path, and she still wanted to do a job related to her favorite movie, so she aspired to be a voice actor. Filmography Television animation 2000s Shaman King (2001) (Eliza Faust; Silver Rod) Hajime no Ippo (2001) (Reiko) Witch Hunter Robin (2002) (Mika Hanamura) Kinnikuman (2002) (Norika) World of Narue (2003) (Kazuto's sister) F-Zero: GP Legend (2004) (Mrs. Arrow) Black Cat (2005) (Merle) Onegai My Melody (2005) (Wanmi) The Wallflower (2006) (Mine Nakahara) Hatara Kizzu Maihamu Gumi (2007) (Jean) Moonlight Mile (2007) (Kim) Hammerin' Harry (2008) (Miwako Tamura) Gunslinger Girl: Il Teatrino (2008) (Rachelle) Golgo 13 (2008) (Gina) Blade of the Immortal (2008) (Toki Asano) Tegami Bachi (2009) (Pistis; Sara) Fresh Pretty Cure! (2009) (Cure Passion) 2010s Naruto: Shippuden (2010) (Karui) Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt (2010) (Scanty) We Without Wings (2011) (Masako Takauchi) Tegami Bachi: Reverse (2011) (Sara) Jormungand: Perfect Order (2012) (Kurosaka) Last Exile: Fam, the Silver Wing (2012) (Alauda (15 years old)) Duel Masters Victory V3 (2013) (Perfect Madonna) Kindaichi Case Files R (2014) (Yui Kagaya) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders (2014) (Sherry Polnareff) Hero Bank (2014) (Hikari Takarano) Haikyลซ!! 2nd Season \ Haikyลซ!! 3rd Season (2015 \ 2016) (Saeko Tanaka) Yuri!! on Ice (2016) (Minako Okukawa) Dragon Ball Super (2017) (Caulifla) One Piece (2017, 2020) (Sarie Nantokanette, Sarahebi) BNA: Brand New Animal (2020) (Elsa) Great Pretender (2020) (Dorothy) Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon (2021) (Sea Snake Woman) OVA Digital Juice "Table & Fishman" (2002) (Queen of Singer) Re: Cutie Honey (2004) (Rinko Terada) Saint Seiya: The Hades Chapter - Inferno (2005) (Ophiuchus Shaina) Demon Prince Enma (2006) (Lola) Saint Seiya: The Hades Chapter - Elysion (2008) (Ophiuchus Shaina) Theatrical animation Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam: A New Translation - Heirs to the Stars (2005) (Kikka Kobayashi) Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam: A New Translation III - Love is the Pulse of the Stars (2006) (Kikka Kobayashi) Pretty Cure All Stars series (2009โ€“18) (Setsuna Higashi/Cure Passion) Naruto the Movie: Blood Prison (2011) (Karui) Persona 3 The Movie: No. 1, Spring of Birth (2013) (Isako Toriumi) Sailor Moon Cosmos (2023) (Sailor Chi) Video games Persona 3 (2006) (Natsuki Moriyama; Isako Toriumi) Edelweiss (2006) (Mizuki Hinata) Another Century's Episode Portable (2010) (Orsa) Trinity: Souls of Zill O'll (2010) (Sheelagh) Saint Seiya: Sanctuary Battle (2011) (Ophiuchus Shaina) TERA (2011) Japanese-dubbed version) (Fraya) Kid Icarus: Uprising (2012) (Phosphora) E.X. Troopers (2012) (Diana Highline) Dragon's Dogma (2013) (Kina) Toukiden Kiwami (2014) (Rinne) Deception IV: Blood Deception (2014), Freise Grayden Dragon Ball Xenoverse (2015) Time Patroller (Female 8) Xenoblade Chronicles X (2015) (Ryyz) Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 (2016) Time Patroller (Female 8) Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018) (Phosphora) Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera Omnia (2019) Beatrix Final Fantasy VII Remake (2020) Madam M Dubbing Live-action Anne Hathaway The Devil Wears Prada (Andrea "Andy" Sachs) Love & Other Drugs (Maggie Murdock) Valentine's Day (Elizabeth "Liz" Curran) One Day (Emma Morley) Song One (Franny Ellis) Serenity (Karen Zariakas) Alphas (Skylar Adams (Summer Glau)) Another Life (Harper Glass (Selma Blair)) Arrow (Helena Bertinelli/Huntress (Jessica De Gouw)) The Asian Connection (Avalon) Avatar (Neytiri (Zoe Saldaรฑa)) Avatar: The Way of Water (Neytiri (Zoe Saldaรฑa)) Bachelor Party 2: The Last Temptation (Judith (Stacy Ann Rose)) Baggage Claim (Montana Moore (Paula Patton)) Black Swan (Lily (Mila Kunis)) Blindness (Woman with Dark Glasses (Alice Braga)) Blonde Ambition (Katie Gregerstitch (Jessica Simpson)) Boardwalk Empire (Lillian "Billie" Kent (Meg Chambers Steedle)) Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (Dana Turner (Chloe Bridges)) The Chair (Danielle Velayo (Alanna Chisholm)) Cheaper by the Dozen 2 (Anne Murtaugh (Jaime King)) Chuck (Hannah Olsen (Kristen Kreuk)) The Cloverfield Paradox (Mina Jensen (Elizabeth Debicki)) Confessions of a Shopaholic (Rebecca Bloomwood (Isla Fisher)) Covert Affairs (Reva Kline (Jaimie Alexander)) Cowboys & Aliens (Ella Swenson (Olivia Wilde)) Dirt (Julia Mallory (Laura Allen)) Dr. Dolittle: Tail to the Chief (Courtney Sterling (Elise Gatien)) Final Destination 2 (2006 TV Tokyo edition) (Kimberly Corman (A. J. Cook)) Generation Um... (Violet (Bojana Novakovic)) Get Out (Rose Armitage (Allison Williams)) Get Smart (Judy (Kelly Karbacz)) Girls (Marnie Michaels (Allison Williams)) The Glass House (2005 TV Asahi edition) (Ruby Baker (Leelee Sobieski)) Graceland (Catherine "Charlie" DeMarco (Vanessa Ferlito)) The Great Gatsby (Jordan Baker (Elizabeth Debicki)) Grey's Anatomy (Dr. Lauren Boswell (Hilarie Burton)) Hart of Dixie (Lemon Breeland (Jaime King)) Hellraiser: Deader (Marla (Georgina Rylance)) I Am Number Four (Number Six (Teresa Palmer)) iCarly episode "iFind Spencer Friends" (Heather (Emma Stone)) John Tucker Must Die (Heather Straham (Ashanti)) Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight (Lacey Sheridan (Marisa Lauren)) Kyle XY (Jessi Hollander (Jaimie Alexander)) Las Vegas (Delinda Deline (Molly Sims)) Lockout (Emilie Warnock (Maggie Grace)) Lola Versus (Lola (Greta Gerwig)) Momentum (Alexis "Alex" Farraday (Olga Kurylenko)) Monster (Erin Lynch (Erin Evans)) Mr. Popper's Penguins (Pippi (Ophelia Lovibond)) The Nanny Diaries (Lynette (Alicia Keys)) New Amsterdam (Georgia Goodwin (Lisa O'Hare)) Nurse 3D (Danni Rodgers (Katrina Bowden)) One Missed Call (Beth Raymond (Shannyn Sossamon)) Pan Am (Ginny Saddler (Erin Cummings)) PK (Jagat "Jaggu" Janani Sahani (Anushka Sharma)) Post Grad (Jessica Bard (Catherine Reitman)) Private Valentine: Blonde & Dangerous (Private Megan Valentine (Jessica Simpson)) Read It and Weep (Isabella "Is" (Danielle Panabaker)) Resident Evil: Extinction (Betty Greer (Ashanti)) Rush (Marlene Lauda (Alexandra Lara)) Safe House (2018 BS Japan edition) (Ana Moreau (Nora Arnezeder)) Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse (Denise Russo (Sarah Dumont)) The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2019 THE CINEMA edition) (Odessa Mitty (Kathryn Hahn)) The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (Bridget Vreeland (Blake Lively)) The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (Bridget Vreeland (Blake Lively)) The Sitter (Roxanne (Kylie Bunbury)) Space Buddies (Sam's mother (Kendall Cross)) Species: The Awakening (Collette (Cynthia Francesconi)) Spring Break Shark Attack (Karen (Bianca Lishansky)) Squid Game (Han Mi-nyeo (Kim Joo-ryoung)) Step Up Revolution (Emily Anderson (Kathryn McCormick)) Stuck in the Suburbs (Brittany Aarons (Danielle Panabaker)) Their Finest (Catrin Cole (Gemma Arterton)) The Thieves (Julie (Angelica Lee)) Treasure Buddies (Ubasti (Elaine Hendrix)) Tron: Legacy (Quorra (Olivia Wilde)) Vicky Cristina Barcelona (Vicky (Rebecca Hall)) Warcraft (Garona Halforcen (Paula Patton)) Whip It (Bliss Cavendar/Babe Ruthless (Elliot Page)) Wrong Turn 3: Left for Dead (Alex Hale (Janet Montgomery)) X-Men: The Last Stand (Callisto (Dania Ramirez)) Animation Appleseed Alpha (Deunan Knute) Barbie: The Princess & the Popstar (Keira) The Book of Life (Marรญa Posada-Sรกnchez) Groove Squad (Ping) Inside Out (Disgust) Penguins of Madagascar (Eva) Tron: Uprising (Quorra) References External links 1980 births Living people Voice actresses from Tokyo Japanese voice actresses Japanese video game actresses Aoni Production voice actors 20th-century Japanese actresses 21st-century Japanese actresses
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EB%82%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%BC
๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ
๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ()์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ธ ์‹ธ์ด์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋กœ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ •๊ทœ EP์•จ๋ฒ” "์‹ธ์ด6็”ฒ Part 1"์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŠธ๋ž™์ด์ž ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 7์›” 15์ผ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ ํ’์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ธ์ด์™€ ์œ ๊ฑดํ˜•์ด ๊ณต๋™ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. "๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ"์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์˜จ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์ฐจํŠธ์™€ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ K-Pop ํ•ซ 100์—์„œ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ, ๋…์ผ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ๋“ฑ 30๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์ฐจํŠธ์—์„œ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์›๋”๊ฑธ์Šค "Nobody"์— ์ด์–ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ฐจํŠธ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ 2์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„ ๋’ค 7์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ผ๊ณฑ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์—๋Š” ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ 2018๋…„ 8์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ "๊ฐ•๋‚จ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ" ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค๋Š” ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์—์„œ 43์–ต ๊ฑด์˜ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์ด์ž ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜ 8์œ„์ด๊ณ , ์•ฝ 845๋งŒ๊ฑด์˜ ์ข‹์•„์š” ์ถ”์ฒœ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ตœ๋‹ค "์ข‹์•„์š” ์ถ”์ฒœ" ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋„ค์Šค ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋Š” MTV ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 1์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ 1,200๋งŒ๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์Œ์•… ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ํŒ”๋ฆฐ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ธ์ฒœ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ์†ก๋„์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ํ–‰ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค 2012๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ ์‹ธ์ด๋Š” YG ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์•„, ์œ ์žฌ์„, ๋…ธํ™์ฒ ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ‹ฐ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ , 13์ผ์—๋Š” ์‹ธ์ด์™€ ์œ ์žฌ์„์ด ๋Œ„์Šค ๋ฐฐํ‹€์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ‹ฐ์ € ์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค๋Š” ์ดํ›„ 15์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ข‹์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋Š” 8์›” 22์ผ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ 40์ผ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚  ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ตœ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜ 5,000๋งŒ ๊ฑด์„ ๋„˜๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ 8์›” 21์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•„์ดํŠ ์ฆˆ ๋ฎค๋น„ ์ฐจํŠธ์—์„œ๋„ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ฐจํŠธ์—์„œ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 6์›” 2์ผ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ 20์–ต ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2014๋…„ 12์›” 2์ผ์—๋Š” ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜์ธ 2,147,483,647(21์–ต 4748๋งŒ 3647๊ฑด)์„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ŒํŒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ตœ๋‹ค ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  2017๋…„ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™ธ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋นผ์•˜๊ฒผ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋™์˜์ƒ์€ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋™์˜์ƒ์€ 2021๋…„ 5์›” 1์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜ 4,051,050,581ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถค ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํ’์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๋ง์ถค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์•ˆ๋ฌด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด์ฃผ์„ ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด ์ถค์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ถค์ถ”๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›„๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์›นํˆฐ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๊น€์œ ๋ž˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ง์ถค์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ถค ๋™์ž‘ ์†์—์„œ '๊ฐ•๋‚จ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ธ€๋‚ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜์˜ ์•ˆ๋ฌด์ธ ๋ง์ถค์„ ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์†์นญ '๋ง์ถค ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ'์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์žํŠ€๊น€ ๋ด‰์ง€์— '์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ๋ง์ถค์„ ์ถ”๋ฉด์„œ ํ”๋“ค์–ด ๋จน์–ด๋ผ'๋ผ๊ณ  ์จ ๋„ฃ์–ด ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถ•๊ตฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—๋”˜์† ์นด๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๋ฅด๋งˆ FC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์€ ํ›„ ๋ง์ถค ์„ธ๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋นค ๋”ฑ ๋‚ด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ž ๋ณด๋‹ต์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ 2012๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ YG ๋ผ์ดํ”„ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์™€ ์‹ธ์ด์˜ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ๊ณต์‹ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณธ "์˜ค๋นค ๋”ฑ ๋‚ด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ" ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจํŠธ ์„ฑ์  "๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ"์€ ๊ฐ€์˜จ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ์ฐจํŠธ์—์„œ ํ‰์†Œ 40~50๋งŒ ๊ฑด์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด 1์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋น„ํ•ด 816,868 ๊ฑด์˜ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋กœ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›” 4์ฃผ์ฐจ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ์ฐจํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” 261,797๋งŒ ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ 2012๋…„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ 200๋งŒ ๊ฑด์„ ๋„˜๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์˜จ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์ฐจํŠธ์—์„œ๋„ 2012๋…„ 7์›” ๋„ท์งธ์ฃผ์— 1์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ 5์ฃผ ์—ฐ์† 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ฉฐ 2012๋…„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜ 1์œ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ K-Pop ํ•ซ 100์—์„œ๋Š” 7์›” 25์ผ์ž ์ฐจํŠธ์— 6์œ„๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ 5์ฃผ ์—ฐ์† 1์œ„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100์—์„œ๋Š” 2009๋…„ 76์œ„๋กœ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ฐจํŠธ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•œ ์›๋”๊ฑธ์Šค์˜ "Nobody"์— ์ด์–ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ 64์œ„๋กœ ์ฐจํŠธ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„์ž… 2์ฃผ์ฐจ์—๋Š” 53์œ„๋‚˜ ์ƒ์Šนํ•ด 11์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง„์ž… 3์ฃผ์ฐจ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” 9๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  7์ฃผ ์—ฐ์† 2์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์„œ K-Pop ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์— 30๋งŒ๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์†ก ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„, ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํŒ ์†ก์—์„œ๋Š” 10์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ"์€ 2013๋…„ 1์›” 30์ผ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ 4x ํ”Œ๋ž˜ํ‹ฐ๋„˜(400๋งŒ์žฅ)์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์—ฐ ํ™œ๋™ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‹ธ์ด๋Š” 2012๋…„ 7์›” 15์ผ SBS "์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์š”"์—์„œ "๊ฐ•๋‚จ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ"์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ปด๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ์—๋Š” ์„œ์šธ ์ž ์‹ค์ข…ํ•ฉ์šด๋™์žฅ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ "์‹ธ์ด์˜ ์ธ๋จธ์Šคํƒ ๋“œ ํ›จ์”ฌ THE ํ ๋ป‘์‡ผ"๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ "๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ"์„ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 8์›” 25์ผ MBC "์Œ์•…์ค‘์‹ฌ"์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ์‹คํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์‹ธ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ '์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ชจ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ƒ์˜๋ฅผ ํƒˆ์˜ํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋ง์ถค์„ ์ถ”๊ฒ ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ์•ฝ์† ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ์ฐจํŠธ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ '์ˆœ์œ„์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์„ฑ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ต์˜ ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ด€๋žŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2012๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ ๋ฐค 10์‹œ์— ์„œ์šธ ๊ด‘์žฅ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ 30๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์ „๊ฒฉ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ์ฐจํŠธ ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ๋Š” 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2์ฃผ์งธ 2์œ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ ์„œ์šธ ๊ด‘์žฅ์—์„œ ํŽผ์ณ์ง„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋‚  ๋™์‹œ ์ ‘์† ์ˆ˜๋Š” 10๋งŒ ๋ช…์— ์œก๋ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์›ํ™œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋‚  ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ๋œ ์ „์ฒด ์˜์ƒ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์‹ธ์ด์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ID์ธ "officialpsy"์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์œ„์—์„œ ์†Œ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘์งธ๋กœ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ์—ฌ๊ณผ์—†์ด ๋…ธ์ถœ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์žฅ๋ฉด๋งŒ ์˜ฌ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ์‹ธ์ด์˜ 5์ง‘ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ"Right Now"๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์—ฐ์˜ ๋ง‰์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์€ ์ €์†์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์Œ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ถ”๊ธธ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์œ ํ•ด๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ณก์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋ก ์˜ ํž˜์— ๋ฐ€๋ ค ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ•ด์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ SBS์—์„œ๋Š” 2012๋…„ 10์›” 7์ผ ๋ฐค 23์‹œ์— 1 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ 'SBS ์‹ธ์ด ํŠน์ง‘ ์‡ผ - ๊ฐˆ ๋ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ž!'๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ํŽธ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์†กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์ค‘ ์†Œ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ํŽธ์ง‘ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹ธ์ด๋Š” ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 2012๋…„ 8์›” 23์ผ VH1์˜ "๋น… ๋ชจ๋‹ ๋ฒ„์ฆˆ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ"์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์™€ ๋ง์ถค์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ 2012๋…„ 9์›” ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 9์›” 6์ผ์—๋Š” ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ”Œ ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ 2012 MTV ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์— ์ผ€๋นˆ ํ•˜ํŠธ์™€ ์‹œ์ƒ์ž๋กœ ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์‹ธ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—์„œ ๋ง์ถค์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , "์ผ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ข‹๊ณ  ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋Œ€์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์ฏค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ง์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์ด์ง€?"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ์—๋Š” "์—˜๋ Œ ๋“œ์ œ๋„ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์‡ผ"์— ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•ด ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋‹ˆ ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด์Šค์™€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋จผ ์ฝ”์›ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ถค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค ์คฌ๊ณ , ๋‹น์‹œ 3%์˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ 2003๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฒฝ์‹ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 9์›” 14์ผ์—๋Š” NBC์˜ "ํˆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์‡ผ"์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•ด "๊ฐ•๋‚จ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ"์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ ๋‰ด์š• ํƒ€์ž„์Šค ์Šคํ€˜์–ด์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ABC Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve์—์„œ MC ํ•ด๋จธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ฉ๋™ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋…ธํ™์ฒ , ์œ ์žฌ์„, ํ•˜ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ–ฅ "๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ"์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํ’์  ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋‚ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์–ธ๋ก ์‚ฌ(์กฐ์„ ์ผ๋ณด, ๋™์•„์ผ๋ณด, KBS ๋“ฑ)์— ์˜ํ•ด "๊ฐ ์–ธ๋ก ์‚ฌ ์„ ์ • 2012๋…„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด 10๋Œ€ ๋‰ด์Šค"์— ๋ฐ•๊ทผํ˜œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋‹น์„  ๋“ฑ ํฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ•œ๋•Œ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค ์กฐํšŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 10์–ต์„ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๋•Œ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ข…๋ง์ด ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฃจ๋จธ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋‹ค๋ฌด์Šค๊ฐ€ "๊ณ ์š”ํ•œ ์•„์นจ(calm morning)์— ์ถค์ถ”๋Š” ๋ง์˜ ์›์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 9๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋•Œ ์ข…๋ง์ด ์ฐพ์•„์˜ฌ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์–ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ํผ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์˜ˆ์–ธ์€ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 10์–ต(1,000,000,000)์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค "2012๋…„ 12์›” 21์ผ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 10์–ต์ด ๋œ๋‹ค"๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊พผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํšŒ์ž๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋”” "๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ"์˜ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค์™€ ์Œ์•…์€ ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋””์™€ ์ปค๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋”” ๋™์˜์ƒ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๊ต๋„์†Œ์˜ CPDRC ๋Œ„์Šค ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํšŒ, ์ฝ”๋”” ์‹ฌ์Šจ, ๋ผํ‹ฐ๋…ธ, ํŒŒ์ธ ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค, ๋ฒ ์–ผ๋ฆฌ ํด๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์นผ, ์ดํŠผ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค, ํ…œํŒŒ๋ฒ ์ด ๋ฒ„์ปค๋‹ˆ์–ด์Šค์˜ ์น˜์–ด๋ฆฌ๋”๋“ค ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋”” ๋™์˜์ƒ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ™”์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ NASA๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์ฃผ ํœด์Šคํ„ด์˜ ์กด์Šจ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ NASA ์กด์Šจ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋”” ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์˜์ƒ์—๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ ์บ˜๋“œ์›ฐ ๋‹ค์ด์Šจ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฏธ๋…ธ, ๋ฏธ์นด์—˜ ์ฝ”ํŠธ, ์—˜๋ Œ ์˜ค์ดˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ์นด๋ฉ”์˜ค๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ์ œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ต์ŠคํŽ˜๋””์…˜ 15ํŒ€์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด ํด๋ ˆ์ดํŠผ ์•ค๋”์Šจ์ด "๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ"์˜ ์ถค์„ ์ถ˜๋‹ค. ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ์ง€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ๋˜๊ณ , ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ๊ณผ SETI ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ <์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ์Šคํƒ€์ผ>, <๋กฌ๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ€์ผ>์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋”” ๋น„๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์— ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋„ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์„ ์„ž์€ "๋Œ€๊ตฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ," ๋ฌดํ•œ๋„์ „์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ๋ฉด๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋งŒ๋“  "์˜ค๋นค ๋ฌด๋„์Šคํƒ€์ผ," ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ•œ ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ์ด ์ฐ์€ "๊ฑด๋‹ด์Šคํƒ€์ผ" ๋“ฑ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์‹ธ์ด ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ํ˜„์•„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ดํฌํ•œ "์˜ค๋นค ๋”ฑ ๋‚ด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ"๋„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ƒ์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์‘์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์—์„œ "๊ฐ•๋‚จ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ"๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋”” ์˜์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ 2012๋…„ 10์›” 16์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 61๋งŒ์—ฌ ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋”” ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์›์ž‘ ์˜์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ž™๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฐจํŠธ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจํŠธ ์ธ์ฆ ์—ฐ๋ง ์ฐจํŠธ ๋ฐœ๋งค์ผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹ธ์ด GENTLEMAN ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2012๋…„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ 2012๋…„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์‹ธ์ด์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋กœํŒ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ฐˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์„œ์šธ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์˜์ƒ ์ถค ๋ฌธํ™” YG ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ๋…ธ๋ธ”ํ‹ฐ ์†ก ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿด ์˜์ƒ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ K-Pop ํ•ซ 100 1์œ„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์บ๋‚˜๋””์•ˆ ํ•ซ 100 1์œ„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์Œ์•… ๋ฐˆ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ์œ ํ–‰ 2012๋…„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ฌธํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangnam%20Style
Gangnam Style
"Gangnam Style" (, ) is a K-pop song by South Korean rapper Psy, released on July 15, 2012, by YG Entertainment as the lead single of his sixth studio album, Psy 6 (Six Rules), Part 1 (Ssai Yukgap Part 1). The term "Gangnam Style" is a neologism that refers to the nouveau riche lifestyles associated with the Gangnam region of Seoul. On July 15, 2012, "Gangnam Style" debuted at number one on South Korea's Gaon Chart, receiving mixed to positive reviews, with praise for its catchy beat and Psy's amusing dancing during live performances and in various locations around the world in its music video. The song and its music video went viral in August 2012 and have influenced popular culture worldwide. In the United States, "Gangnam Style" peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. By the end of 2012, "Gangnam Style" had topped the music charts of more than 30 countries including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Psy's dance in the music video itself became a cultural phenomenon. It subsequently won Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards held that year. It became a source of parodies and reaction videos by many different individuals, groups, and organizations. On December 21, 2012, "Gangnam Style" became the first YouTube video to reach a billion views. As of May 7, 2023, the song's music video has more than 4.78 billion views, and was the most viewed video on YouTube from November 24, 2012, when it surpassed the music video for "Baby" by Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris, to July 10, 2017, when it was itself surpassed by the music video for "See You Again" by Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth. Its dance was attempted by political leaders such as British Prime Minister David Cameron and United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, who hailed it as "a force for world peace". On May 7, 2013, at a bilateral meeting with South Korea's President Park Geun-hye at the White House, US President Barack Obama cited the success of "Gangnam Style" as an example of how people around the world are being "swept up" by the Korean Wave of culture. Background and release "Gangnam Style" is a South Korean neologism that refers to a lifestyle associated with the Gangnam region of Seoul, where people are trendy, hip, and exude a certain supposed class. The term was defined in Times weekly vocabulary list as "a manner associated with lavish lifestyles in Seoul's Gangnam district". Psy likened Gangnam to Beverly Hills, California, and said in an interview that he intended the title as a joke, claiming that he has "Gangnam Style" when everything about the song, dance, looks, and music video is far from high class: The song talks about "the perfect girlfriend who knows when to be refined and when to get wild." The song's refrain "์˜ค๋นค ๊ฐ•๋‚จ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ (Oppan Gangnam style)" has been translated as "Big brother is Gangnam style," with Psy referring to himself. During an interview with The New York Times, Psy revealed that South Korean fans have high expectations about his dancing, so he felt a lot of pressure. In order to keep up with those expectations, he studied hard to find something new and stayed up late for about 30 nights to come up with the "Gangnam Style" dance. Along the way, he had tested various "cheesy" animal-inspired dance moves with his choreographer Lee Ju-sun, including panda and kangaroo moves, before settling for the horse trot, which involves pretending to ride a horse, alternately holding the reins and spinning a lasso, and moving into a legs-shuffling side gallop. During an interview with Reuters, Psy said that "Gangnam Style" was originally produced only for local K-pop fans. On July 11, 2012, Psy and his music label YG Entertainment started releasing several promotional teasers for "Gangnam Style" to their subscribers on YouTube. On July 15, 2012, the full music video of "Gangnam Style" was uploaded onto YouTube and was immediately a sensation, receiving about 500,000 views on its first day. However, at the time of its release in Germany, a dispute between YouTube and the GEMA (the country's performance rights organization) regarding copyright issues led to thousands of music videos including "Gangnam Style" being blocked in the country. The music video, along with other music videos from GEMA-protected artists released on YouTube, were unblocked in Germany on October 31, 2016, after YouTube reached an agreement with GEMA on copyrights and royalties. According to the news agency Agence France-Presse, the success of "Gangnam Style" could be considered as part of the Korean Wave, a term coined by Chinese journalists to refer to the significant increase in the popularity of South Korean entertainment and culture since the late 1990s. Korean popular music (K-pop), considered by some to be the most important aspect of the Korean Wave, is a music genre that relies on cultural technology to adapt to the tastes of foreign audiences and has now grown into a popular subculture among teenagers and young adults in many places around the world. Although it has spread to the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and parts of South America, its reception in the Western world was initially lukewarm. However, booming social media networks such as YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter made it easier for K-pop musicians to reach a wider audience in the West, and the song and video soon became a global phenomenon. Reception The song has received mixed to positive ratings from music critics. Music journalist Bill Lamb from About.com praised the song for "spreading smiles and pure fun around the world in record time." He then writes, "take one part LMFAO's synth-based party music, another part Ricky Martin's Latin dance party and the rest a powerfully charismatic South Korean showman and you have the first worldwide K-Pop smash hit." Billboard K-Town columnist Jeff Benjamin became one of the first music critics to review the song when he published an article and reported that "Gangnam Style" has gone viral on the Internet. In his article, Benjamin introduced the reader to a couple of popular K-pop songs and wrote that "'Gangnam Style' in particular, plays all the right moves sonically while "borrowing from LMFAO along the way." Hallie Sekoff of The Huffington Post quoted from the video's official YouTube video description that the song is characterized by its "strongly addictive beats," and wrote that this is not too far-fetched, considering "how obsessed we've found ourselves." London's mayor Boris Johnson considered the song to be the greatest cultural masterpiece of 2012. Despite its popularity, a few music critics including Robert Copsey from Digital Spy criticized the song for being monotonous. Cospey wrote that "you could slap an LMFAO tag on the cover and few would know the difference", and Paul Lester of The Guardian similarly labeled it as "generic ravey Euro dance with guitars." Lester described the song as "Pump Up the Jam meets the Macarena with a dash of Cotton Eye Joe," while Robert Myers of The Village Voice dismissed "Gangnam Style" as an "inspired piece of silliness." Cha Woo-jin, a South Korean music critic, told The Chosun Ilbo that "Gangnam Style"'s sophisticated rendering and arrangement has made it very appealing to the general public. Choe Kwang-shik, the South Korean Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism, told reporters that "Gangnam Style" had played an important role in introducing the Korean culture, language, and lifestyle to the rest of the world. However, some have criticized the song for failing to accurately represent South Korean culture. Oh Young-Jin, managing editor of The Korea Times, wrote that the dance has more to do with Americans than Koreans. In Japan, the song was met with considerable criticism. When "Gangnam Style" first appeared in Japanese TV shows in July, the reaction from viewers was negative. As a result, Psy's Japanese record label YGEX canceled a previously planned Japanese-language re-release of "Gangnam Style." According to The Dong-a Ilbo, a South Korean newspaper, the song's lukewarm reception in Japan could have been caused by a diplomatic conflict between the two countries, and the newspaper accused the Japanese media of keeping its people "in the dark." However, Jun Takaku of the Japanese daily newspaper Asahi Shimbun explained that "Gangnam Style" had caused "barely a ripple in Japan" because Psy does not conform to the image of other "traditionally polished" K-pop acts popular in Japan such as Girls' Generation and TVXQ. Erica Ho from Time magazine similarly noted that, despite the K-pop musical genre being very popular in Japan, the country seemed to be "immune to PSY Mania", and she advised her readers who dislike the song to "pack your bags for Japan." Immediately after its release, "Gangnam Style" was mentioned by various English-language websites providing coverage of Korean pop culture for international fans, including Allkpop and Soompi. Simon and Martina Stawski, a Canadian couple living in Seoul who were among the first to parody "Gangnam Style" in late July, wrote that the song has the potential to become "one of the biggest songs of the year." However, during an interview with Al Jazeera a few weeks later, Martina Stawski claimed that the worldwide popularity of "Gangnam Style" has been viewed negatively by some K-pop fans, because "they [the fans] didn't want K-pop being liked by other people who don't understand K-Pop." Music video The music video of "Gangnam Style" has been met with positive responses from the music industry and commentators, who drew attention to its tone and dance moves, though some found them vulgar. Another notable aspect that helped popularise the video was its comical dance moves that can be easily copied, such as the pelvic thrust during the elevator scene. The United Nations hailed Psy as an "international sensation" because of the popularity of his "satirical" video clip and its "horse-riding-like dance moves." As such, the music video has spawned a dance craze unseen since the Macarena of the mid-1990s. The World Bank's lead economist David McKenzie remarked that some of Psy's dance moves "kind of look like a regression discontinuity," while the space agency NASA called "Gangnam Style" a dance-filled music video that has forever entered the hearts and minds of millions of people. Melissa Locker of Time noted that "it's hard not to watch again ... and again ... and again," while CNN reporter Shanon Cook told the audience that she had watched "Gangnam Style" about 15 times. The German news magazine Der Spiegel attributed the popularity of "Gangnam Style" to its daring dance moves, a sentiment similarly voiced by Maura Judkis of The Washington Post, who wrote, "'Gangnam Style' has made an extraordinarily stupid-looking dance move suddenly cool." The video was also positively reviewed by Steve Knopper from Rolling Stone, who called "Gangnam Style" an astoundingly great K-pop video that has all the best elements of hypnotically weird one-hit wonders and hopes that "PSY gets filthy rich from this." Mesfin Fekadu of the Associated Press wrote that Psy's dance moves are "somewhat bizarre" but the music video is full of colorful, lively outfits. Matt Buchanan and Scott Ellis of The Sydney Morning Herald wrote that the video "makes no sense at all to most Western eyes" and it "makes you wonder if you have accidentally taken someone else's medication" whereas Deborah Netburn of the Los Angeles Times called it "one of the greatest videos ever to be uploaded to YouTube." Kim Alessi from Common Sense Media considered the music video for "Gangnam Style" worth seeing for its caricature of contemporary Asian and American urban lifestyles, but also warned that "Gangnam Style" contains sexually suggestive images and "degrading messages" which could be inappropriate for children and teenagers. Music video The video begins with Psy, who is lounging at what looks like a sandy beach, under a sun umbrella and holding a cold drink, but the camera zooms out to reveal he is actually at a playground. The video then alternates between the playground, where a boy (Hwang Min-woo) dances next to him; and a row of horses, who are in stalls, where Psy performs his signature "invisible horse dance." As Psy (and two women) walk through a parking garage, they are pelted by pieces of newspaper, trash, and snow. At a sauna, he rests his head on a man's shoulder, dressed in blue, while another man covered in tattoos is stretching. He then sings in front of two men (then labelmates under YG Entertainment, Big Bang's Daesung and Seungri, dressed as older men) playing Janggi (Korean chess), dances with a woman at a tennis court, and bounces around on a tour bus of seniors. The scenes alternate quickly until there is an explosion near the chess players, causing them to dive off the bench. Psy immediately walks toward the camera, pointing and shouting "Oppa Gangnam Style." The chorus starts as he and some dancers perform at a horse stable. He dances as two women walk backwards. He dances at the tennis court, a carousel, and the tour bus. He shuffles into an outdoor yoga session and on a boat. The camera zooms in on a woman's butt, then shows Psy "yelling" at it. The chorus ends and he is seen in a parking garage, where Psy is approached by a man (Yoo Jae-suk) in a yellow suit who steps out of a red Mercedes-Benz SLK 200; they have a dance duel. Psy then appears in an elevator underneath a man (Noh Hong-Chul) who is straddling him and thrusting his pelvis. The man in the yellow suit then gets in his car and leaves. The camera pans and it shows Psy in the subway station, where he boards the train and notices Hyuna (who would have her own version of the song) dancing. At one of the train stops, he approaches the girl in slow motion, and she approaches him. They start to embrace. He then tells the girl "Oppa Gangnam Style," and they horse dance along with some other dancers at the train stop, commencing the second chorus. He also surfaces from a spa hot tub. In the Rolling Stone interview, Psy says he copied the spa surfacing scene from Lady Gaga's video ("Poker Face"). Psy sings to the girl at a night club as people in various costumes walk behind them. He raps in a serious tone in an enclosed space, but when he says "You know what I'm saying" the camera zooms out, and it is revealed that he is actually sitting on a toilet with his pants down. Production The music video is directed by Cho Soo-hyun, who later directed the video for Psy's follow-up single "Gentleman" and the video for "This Love" by Shinhwa. It shows Psy performing a comical horse-riding dance and appearing in unexpected locations around the Gangnam District, such as an outdoor yoga session and a hot tub. He wears several distinctive suits and black sunglasses with a mindset of "dress classy and dance cheesy." It features a "skewering [of] the Gangnam image" by the "non-Gangnam Psy"; this parody would be recognizable to viewers familiar with Korean culture. Although there are more than ten different locations featured, only two of the scenes are filmed in the Gangnam district proper. The sauna scene, elevator scene, and bathroom scene were filmed elsewhere in the greater Seoul region, and some shots were filmed in World Trade Center Seoul and the Songdo International Business District, which includes Songdo Central Park and International Business District Station. The video was shot over 48 hours in July 2012. In K-pop, it is routine to have cameos by celebrities in a music video, such as in the dance scenes in the elevator and the parking garage. Guest appearances in the music video include: 4Minute member Hyuna, who dances in the subway car and attracts Psy's attention. Hwang Min-woo, a 7-year-old boy who dances at the beginning of the video. During an interview with CNN, Psy stated that "the night before the music video shoot, I was watching Korea's Got Talent and saw him dance to Michael Jackson. His moves were ridiculous. So we called him up and asked him to be in the music video, which was shooting the very next day, and he came and it all worked out." He has been praised for his eye-catching dance moves that have received a lot of attention from viewers. Comedian/television personality Korea's Nation MC Yoo Jae-suk, who engages in a dance duel with Psy. Comedian/television personality Noh Hongchul, who does his trademark pelvis-thrusting dance in an elevator while Psy raps underneath him. Viral spread Following its July 15 release, "Gangnam Style" overtook Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe" to reach the number one position on the YouTube Top 100 Music Videos during the week of August 28, 2012. On September 1, 2012, it overtook Girls' Generation's "Gee" to become the most viewed K-pop video on YouTube. Although "Call Me Maybe" had unusually strong staying power, averaging over 1.5 million views each day, "Gangnam Style" increased to an average of over nine million views per day within just two months. This was mainly because "Call Me Maybe" remained largely a North American trend, whereas the popularity of "Gangnam Style" was not confined to the United States. 61.6 percent of viewers were male, and those aged between 13 and 17 represented the biggest group. According to The Wall Street Journal, T-Pain was among the first to have "sent [the video] to the stratosphere" when he tweeted about it on July 29, 2012. It was then picked up by Neetzan Zimmerman from the social blog Gawker, who asked "Did this underground Hip Hop artist from South Korea just release the Best Music Video of the Year?" on July 30. This was soon followed by Robbie Williams, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, Tom Cruise, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and William Gibson. The earliest video to catch the attention of media networks outside South Korea was "Psy Gangnam Style MV Reaction," which was uploaded by Katie and Mindy Anderson on July 18, 2012. The Andersons were subsequently interviewed by Evan Ramstad from The Wall Street Journal a few weeks later. In his article published on August 6, 2012, Ramstad also included "Kpop Music Mondays : PSY Gangnam Style," a review and parody of "Gangnam Style" uploaded on July 23 by K-pop video bloggers Simon and Martina Stawski, a Canadian couple living in Seoul. This makes the Stawskis' video the earliest parody featured in an American newspaper. On August 8, 2012, Ramstad appeared on WSJ Live, and he mentioned the Andersons and the Stawskis again, before claiming that "a lot of Koreans are also making their own parodies of 'Gangnam Style.'" On September 3, 2012, the number of daily views generated by "Gangnam Style" went past the 5-million mark. By the end of September, it had topped the iTunes charts in 31 countries. "Gangnam Style" reached the unprecedented milestone of 1 billion YouTube views on December 21, 2012. YouTube specially marked the video's accomplishments with a cartoon dancing Psy animated icon, added first by the site logo, and later next to the video's view counter when it exceeded 1 billion views. On April 6, 2013, the video on YouTube reached 1.5 billion views. As of August 2023, the video is the eleventh most viewed video on YouTube, having reached over 4.8 billion views. Cultural impact After the release of "Gangnam Style," the American talent manager Scooter Braun, who discovered Justin Bieber on YouTube, asked on Twitter "How did I not sign this guy [Psy]?" Soon afterward, it was reported that Psy had left for Los Angeles to meet with representatives of Justin Bieber, to explore collaboration opportunities. On September 3, 2012, Braun made a public announcement that was later uploaded onto YouTube, saying that he and Psy have decided to "make some history together. [To] be the first Korean artist to break a big record in the United States." On September 4, it was confirmed that Psy was signed to Braun's School Boy Records. The music video for the song went viral and became an Internet meme. Although Psy attributed the song's popularity to YouTube and his fans while at the same time insisted that he is not responsible for the song's success, the South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism recognized the singer for "increasing the world's interest in Korea" and announced its decision to award Psy with a 4th Class Order of Cultural Merit. The phrase "Oppan Gangnam Style" was entered into The Yale Book of Quotations as one of the most famous quotes of 2012. Social As the song's popularity continued to rise, it caused the share price of the song's music label YG Entertainment to gain as much as 50% on the Korea Exchange. DI Corporation, whose executive chairman Park Won-ho is Psy's father, saw its share price increase by 568.8% within a few months of the song's release despite making a year-over-year loss. Soon, "Gangnam Style" began to attract the attention of several business and political leaders, including UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon who recognized the song as a "force for world peace." During his meeting with Psy at the United Nations Headquarters, he commented, "We have tough negotiations in the United Nations. In such a case I was also thinking of playing Gangnam Style-dance so that everybody would stop and dance. Maybe you can bring UN style." Through social networks like Facebook, many small, unofficial fan-organized flash mobs have been held in universities and colleges throughout the world. The earliest flash mobs were held in Pasadena, California, and Sydney, Australia. On September 12, 2012, Times Square in Manhattan was filled with a dance mob dancing to the music of "Gangnam Style" during ABC's Good Morning America. Major flash mobs (those with more than 1,000 participants) were also held in Seoul (South Korea), South Sulawesi (Indonesia), Palermo (Italy), Milan (Italy), and Paris (France). The song has been mentioned in tweets by the United Nations, the United Nations Children's Fund, and the American space agency NASA; by a reporter during a U.S. State Department briefing; and referenced by the president of the International Criminal Court Song Sang-Hyun during his speech in front of the UN Security Council. On October 9, the mayor of London Boris Johnson held a speech at the 2012 Conservative Party Conference where he told the audience that he and the British Prime Minister David Cameron have danced "Gangnam Style." During a Google Earnings call, Larry Page, the CEO and co-founder of Google, hailed the song as a glimpse of the future of worldwide distribution through YouTube. The American Council on Exercise estimated that dancing "Gangnam Style" will burn 150โ€“200 calories per half-hour. Swype, an input method for Android operating systems, included "Gangnam Style" in its list of recognized words and phrases. U.S. President Barack Obama revealed possible plans to privately perform "Gangnam Style" for his spouse Michelle Obama. In November 2012, a Mฤori cultural group from Rotorua performed a version of the Gangnam Style dance mixed with a traditional Mฤori haka in Seoul, celebrating 50 years of diplomatic relations between South Korea and New Zealand. In Thailand, officials from the Dan Sai municipality in Loei Province shot a video of people wearing masks and performing "Gangnam Style" during the Phi Ta Khon "ghost" festival. According to the Thai newspaper The Nation, villagers and spiritual leaders from Loei province felt "uneasy" and also "greatly offended" about this "Gangnam Style" performance which tarnishes the image of a 400-year-old tradition. Another controversial incident was sparked by a "Gangnam Style" parody by officers from the Royal Thai Navy, which was not well received by some high-ranking commanders. Although Vice Admiral Tharathorn Kajitsuwan from the Third Naval Area Command insisted that "we had no intention to insult or make fun of navy officers in uniform," some senior officers called it "improper." Kajitsuwan claimed that his subordinates had the right to upload the video to YouTube, although he did not expect them to do so. On October 1, 2012, he issued an apology to his colleagues. Commander Surasak Rounroengrom believed an investigation was unnecessary because the video caused no damage to the navy, but he admitted that there was some impropriety about military officers doing their "fancy stepping in uniform." Political and environmental activism On September 18, 2012, the North Korean government became the first to use "Gangnam Style" for political activism when it uploaded a parody with the title "I'm Yushin style!" onto the government website Uriminzokkiri. The parody mocks the South Korean ruling conservative party president-elect Park Geun-hye. It shows a Photoshopped image of the presidential candidate performing the dance moves of "Gangnam Style" and labels her as a devoted admirer of the Yushin system of autocratic rule set up by her father, Park Chung-hee. A few weeks later, " style" (literally, "Grass Mud Horse Style"; the Chinese characters are a homonym for a vulgar slur) was uploaded onto YouTube and other Chinese websites by the political activist and dissident Ai Weiwei. In his parody, Ai Weiwei dances "Gangnam Style" with a pair of handcuffs as a symbol of his arrest by Chinese authorities in 2011. According to the Associated Press, government authorities had removed the video from almost all Chinese websites the next day. South Korean President Park Geun-hye took office on February 25, 2013. At her inauguration, Psy performed "Gangnam Style" and "Champion", one of his first hits in his native country. In order to show his solidarity with Ai Weiwei and to advocate freedom of expression, the British sculptor Anish Kapoor produced the video Gangnam for Freedom, which features other prominent British artists as well as human rights activists from various international organisations including Index on Censorship and Amnesty International. A few days prior, the global grassroots network Students for a Free Tibet had uploaded a parody of "Gangnam Style" to show its support for the Tibetan independence movement. According to Max Fisher from The Washington Post, this parody of "Gangnam Style" was likely filmed in Dharamshala, the home of Tibet's government-in-exile in the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. Greenpeace announced that it was "Going Gangnam, Greenpeace Style" in order to raise public awareness about illegal and unsustainable fishing practices off the coast of Mozambique. Activists from Greenpeace had parodied "Gangnam Style" on board the organization's excursion yacht Rainbow Warrior. Songdo, a ubiquitous city 40 miles (65ย km) west of Gangnam, was among five cities vying for the right to host the Green Climate Fund (GCF), a project developed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to channel $100 billion a year from developed countries to help developing countries combat climate change. During its campaign to win the right to host the GCF, the country's Presidential Committee on Green Growth produced a promotional video entitled "GCF Songdo Style by Psy" in which Psy recommends Songdo as the host city for the GCF. He announces that a "new paradigm" will begin at Songdo with the GCF and the video heralds "The beginning of Songdo Style" while "Gangnam Style" plays in the background. On October 20, 2012, the board of the GCF announced that Songdo had won the right to host the fund. In December 2012, the Department of Health in the Philippines launched a "Gangnam Style" dance campaign against the use of firecrackers to celebrate the New Year. Janine Tugonon, 2012 Miss Universe first runner-up, joined and danced in one of their campaigns at Pandacan, Manila. According to the department's assistant secretary, Dr. Eric Tayag, the popularity of the song will attract people especially children to use safer means of celebration such as dancing to "Gangnam Style". In contrast, the Philippine National Police was confirming intelligence reports about a firecracker named "Gangnam bomb," which supposedly produced by illegal firecracker makers in Bocaue, Bulacan and apparently riding on the popularity of the song. According to Chief Superintendent Raul Petrasanta, director of the Firearms and Explosives Office of the Philippine National Police, he did not know what the possibly dangerous "Gangnam bomb" looks like. Muhammad Rahim al Afghani, a close associate of Osama bin Laden currently held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, had also used the song to demonstrate his ability to gain access to popular cultural trends despite being confined within a top secret prison. In a letter to his lawyer, Muhammad wrote, "I like this new song Gangnam Style. I want to do the dance for you but cannot because of my shackles." Other parodies and covers Reaction videos and parodies have been made for or with the music respectively. Some of these user generated videos have received international media recognition. "Gangnam Style"-related videos have also been uploaded by the CPDRC Dancing Inmates, Cody Simpson, Seungri, Latino, Fine Brothers, WAVEYA Dance Group, Barely Political, and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders. Numerous parodies have been spawned on college campuses. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's version ("MIT Gangnam Style") featured Donald Sadoway, recognized in Time magazine as one of 2012 "Top 100 Most Influential People in the World"; Eric Lander, who is co-chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology; and linguistics pioneer Noam Chomsky. The Maccabeats, an a cappella group from Yeshiva University, parodied the song as "What's Next? Sukkos Style?" with group members waving the four species. In addition, there have been parodies from The Ohio University Marching 110, York University, McMaster University, University of Illinois at Urbanaโ€“Champaign, Boston University, Dartmouth College, Stanford University Eton College, and the University of Michigan. The American space agency NASA uploaded an educational parody shot by its students at its Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas. The video features cameo appearances by astronauts Tracy Caldwell Dyson, Mike Massimino, Michael Coats, Ellen Ochoa, and the International Space Station's Expedition 15 flight engineer Clayton Anderson, who dances "Gangnam Style" halfway through the video. Shortly after its upload, the parody was retweeted by the European Space Agency and the SETI Institute. The song was also parodied by cadets from the United States Military Academy, United States Merchant Marine Academy, United States Naval Academy, United States Air Force Academy, and the Royal Military College of Canada; soldiers from the 210th Fires Brigade, the 2nd Infantry Division, service members from an undisclosed unit and location in Afghanistan, and service members from the China Coast Guard's Jiangsu division, as well as high-ranking officers from the Royal Thai Navy. CollegeHumor uploaded "Mitt Romney Style," while What's Trending uploaded "Obama Style." During the two weeks before August 7, 2012, nearly 1,000 videos with the word "Gangnam" in the title were uploaded onto YouTube. The Portuguese public broadcaster RTP1 spoofed the song in its late-night show 5 Para A Meia-Noite as Gamar com Style, sung by the comedian Pedro "Pacheco" Fernandes, criticizing the Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho, the European Union, the IMF, and the 2010โ€“13 Portuguese financial crisis. There are many "Gangnam Style" parodies used for education. One such parody includes "Conjugation Style," a parody used to teach students about the conjugation of -er verbs in the French language. YouTube comedian cs188 uploaded a YouTube Poop of the song's iconic video, called "[PSYTP] OPPA GODDAMN STYLE." The video has received more than 15 million views since its upload on October 11, 2012. On June 6, 2017, the Kyrgyz songwriter Sezdbek Iskenaliev made a parody on the song named "ะœั‹ะฝะฐ ะœะธะฝั‚ะธะฟ" (Mina Mintip) in Kyrgyz. Live performances Asia Following the release of "Gangnam Style," Psy made several performances on television and at concerts in Korea. Early performances included his appearance on the weekly South Korean music program, The Music Trend. Psy also performed at several concerts prior to his departure to the United States, including during "The Heumbbeok Show" and the Summer Stand Concert in Seoul. After returning to South Korea, Psy performed "Gangnam Style" during a free concert that he held outside the Seoul City Hall. More than 80,000 fans attended the event, leading to the closure of part of the city center and an increase in subway operations. While Psy was in the US, it was announced that he, as ambassador of the Formula One Korean Grand Prix, would perform "Gangnam Style" at the event during the 2012 edition. At the event Psy taught Formula One drivers Mark Webber and Sebastian Vettel how to perform the dance. On November 28, 2012, Psy visited Thailand and held his concert "Gangnam Style Thailand Extra Live" at the SCG Stadium in Muang Thong Thani, Bangkok. At the show, a part of celebration for the 85th birthday of Thai's King Bhumibol Adulyadej, he performed the song along with his other hits. During the 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards held in Hong Kong on November 30, he performed the song on stage, joined by the video's co-star Hyuna and Yoo Jae-Seok look-alikes in yellow suits. The track was one of three-song setlist on Psy's free showcase, held at the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore on December 1, 2012. On February 11, 2013, Psy arrived at the Malaysian state of Penang and performed "Gangnam Style" at a concert in front of more than 100,000 guests, including the Prime Minister of Malaysia Mohd Najib Abdul Razak as well as other high-ranking politicians from the country's ruling Barisan Nasional party. Australia In early October 2012, Psy travelled to Sydney, Australia, and performed "Gangnam Style" on The X Factor, a reality TV music competition, where Melanie Brown joined him in performing the "horse dance" on stage. The following day, he performed on breakfast TV show Sunrise in Martin Place, Sydney. Europe Psy's first public performance in Europe was on November 5, 2012, in France, where he and 20,000 fans danced "Gangnam Style" in front of the Eiffel Tower in Paris during a flashmob organized by NRJ Radio. Then, he traveled to Oxford and performed a short rendition of "Gangnam Style" with students from the Oxford Union, before moving on to the Yalding House in London where he danced "Gangnam Style" with the BBC's radio DJ Scott Mills. Shortly afterward, Psy left for Cologne and met up with the German comedian and television host Stefan Raab during the popular late-night show TV total, where Psy gave an interview and performed "Gangnam Style" for Raab. During the 2012 MTV Europe Music Awards held in Frankfurt on November 11, Psy delivered a performance of "Gangnam Style" which featured a David Hasselhoff appearance and backup dancing of Psy look-alikes. In early 2013, Psy returned to France for the 2013 NRJ Music Awards at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrรจs in Cannes, where he began performing "Gangnam Style" on the red carpet before finishing the rest of the choreography on stage and leaving the ceremony with three awards. North America Following the viral success of his music video, Psy left for the United States and performed "Gangnam Style" in various locations. On August 20, 2012, Psy posted on Twitter "Bringing #GangnamStyle to the Dodgersโ€“Giants game this evening." Dodger Stadium presented a segment called "Psy Dance Cam" where they showed clips of the music video, followed by live shots of baseball fans dancing, and then Psy, who waves and does the dance. Two days later, Psy appeared on VH1's Big Morning Buzz Live show, and taught television hosts Carrie Keagan and Jason Dundas how to dance "Gangnam Style." On September 6, Psy appeared at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards performing his "Gangnam Style" dance alongside comedian Kevin Hart. After the event, he made several more appearances on US TV programs. On September 10, he appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in Burbank, California, introducing himself as "Psy from Korea" before teaching Britney Spears the dance. He described the dance as "pretending to bounce like riding on an invisible horse" and when DeGeneres told Spears she would have to remove her high-heeled shoes to perform the dance, Psy protested that no, the point was "to dress classy, and dance cheesy." On September 14, he appeared on NBC's morning program Today in New York City for its Toyota Concert Series, where he performed the song and also taught the anchors the dance. The September 15, 2012, season premiere episode of Saturday Night Live featured a sketch based on the song and its video. Bobby Moynihan portrayed Psy, but was joined mid-sketch by Psy himself. He also made his second appearance on The Ellen Shows September 19 episode to perform the song along with his backup dancers. On September 22, Psy made an appearance at the iHeartRadio Music Festival to perform "Gangnam Style." On November 13, he joined Madonna on stage during her concert at Madison Square Garden in New York , where and they performed a mashup of the song and her 2008 hit "Give It .Me." Psy later told reporters that his gig with Madonna had "topped his list of accomplishments." On November 18, Psy, who rocked out in traditional Hammer pants, closed out the 40th American Music Awards show with a performance of "Gangnam Style" joined by surprise guest MC Hammer, who brought in his own moves and Psy's horse-riding dance as the song mashed into his 1990s hit "2 Legit 2 u.it." Jason Lipshutz of Billboard comme:that "Psy's feverish rendition of 'Gangnam Style' accomplished what so few award show performances can: a palpable sense of excitement. The combination of the K-pop star and MC Hammer ... was a stroke of genius that very few could have seen coming," and chose it as the best performance of the night. The Tonight Show with Jay Leno did a special Thanksgiving broadcast with an all-military audience on November 22, and appearedd by as the musical guest. The singer sang the song and danced alongside the soldiers, going into the crowd for part of his performance. Psy performed "Gangnam Style" during the second night of KIIS-FM Jingle Ball concert at Nokia Theatre L.A. Live on December 3, 2012. Wearing an all-red outfit including a sparkling, sequined top, he sang the song at TNT's Christmas in Washington special, attended by the US President Barack Obama and his family, and held at the National Building Museum On December 9. On December 16, he performed the song at the halftime show of the NFL game between the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks in Toronto. During the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve event at Times Square in Manhattan on December 31, 2012, more than a million people witnessed a live "Gangnam Style" performance by Psy as he was joined on stage by characters (Yoo Jae-Seok, Noh Hong-chul) from the song's video for the first part of the performance, before MC Hammer appeared to perform a mash-up of the song and "2 Legit 2 Quit". South America During the five-day Carnival in Rio attended by more than five million people, Psy performed "Gangnam Style" with singers Claudia Leitte and Gilberto Gil to mark the 50th anniversary of the start of Korean immigration to Brazil. Legacy The success of "Gangnam Style" was a result of the build-up of South Korea's music industry that had been in the works for more than 20 years, and it led to other K-pop artists positioning themselves for similar breakthroughs in the U.S. music industry. Frances Moore, chief executive of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, brought up Gangnam Style as an example of how South Korea became one of the "most successful exporters of repertoire". According to the news agency Agence France-Presse, the success of "Gangnam Style" has led to the further rise and spread of the Korean Wave to other countries. As the song continued to attract worldwide media attention, it also led to various broadcasting networks and national newspapers focusing its attention on K-pop and other aspects of Korean culture. For example, The Daily Telegraph published an article recommending its readers to try out everything from K-Pop to "K-Cars", "K-Phones" and "K-Cuisine". Kim Byoung-gi, the Korean Ambassador to Lebanon, wrote that "Gangnam Style" had helped bridge Lebanese and Korean cultures. The French-born political commentator Tim Soutphommasane, a research fellow at Monash University, agreed that the "Gangnam phenomenon" was "something worth studying". According to Soutphommasane, the world was only beginning to appreciate Gangnam Style as "part of a broader hallyu cultural wave coming out of the country [South Korea]". In 2012, the South Korean government announced that "Gangnam Style" had brought in $13.4 million to the country's audio sector, and it subsequently launched a campaign to further expand the K-Pop music industry overseas. According to the Bank of Korea, the country's services account recorded a surplus of US$2.3 billion in the first nine months of this year, compared to a deficit of US$4.5 billion last year. This was mainly due to the growing influence and popularity of K-pop songs such as "Gangnam Style." However, American journalist John Seabrook noted that by "satirizing standard K-pop tropes in Gangnam Style", Psy may have subverted the music genre's chances of making it big in the West. Record executives in the music industry believe that music charts will increasingly be filled with YouTube-driven globalised acts from foreign countries. Sean Carey, a research fellow in the School of Social Sciences at the University of Roehampton, wrote that the flow of popular music will no longer be a single traffic route from North America and Europe to other parts of the globe, but will also move the other way as well. According to Adam Sherwin from The Independent, the global web demand for Gangnam Style had short-circuited the "traditional reluctance" of radio stations to play foreign-language songs. The song is also underlining a shift in how money is being made in the music business. Although Psy earned more than US$60,000 from music sales of "Gangnam Style" in South Korea alone, he and his music label YG Entertainment have raked in almost US$1 million from advertisements which appear on YouTube videos identified for using "Gangnam Style" in its content. The Harvard Business Review published an article written by Kevin Evers, who explained how "Gangnam Style" had changed Billboard's ranking methodology of its music charts. Instead of relying solely on radio plays and paid purchases, Billboard started to place a heavier emphasis on digital sales and YouTube views. As a result of the change, "Gangnam Style" moved up to the top position of Billboard's Hot Rap Songs music chart. According to the British Phonographic Industry's report based on Official Charts Company sales data, thanks to "Gangnam Style" and Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe", pop had become the UK's favourite musical genre of the year, taking the lion's share of the singles market (38.5%) in 2012. Track listing Accolades and records Awards and nominations Records attained The song and its accompanying music video currently hold, or have attained, the following records: Most viewed K-pop video on YouTube โ€“ On September 1, 2012, it overtook "Gee" by the 9-member K-Pop idol-group Girls' Generation with 89 million views. Most liked video on YouTube โ€“ On September 13, 2012, it overtook "Party Rock Anthem" by the American electro recording duo LMFAO upon receiving 1.57 million "likes", and subsequently won its first Guinness World Record one week later. First K-pop song to top the UK Singles Chart โ€“ On October 6, 2012, the song reached number one of the UK singles chart and Psy became the first South Korean musician to achieve that feat. Most viewed video on YouTube โ€“ On November 24, 2012, it overtook "Baby" by the Canadian singer-songwriter Justin Bieber after receiving more than 803 million views. First video in Internet history to be viewed more than a billion times โ€“ On December 21, 2012, it acquired its billionth view at around 15:50 UTC. First video in Internet history to be viewed more than two billion times โ€“ On May 31, 2014, it acquired its 2 billionth view. A second dance animation was added next to the view counter. They were removed in July 2014. Year-end media picks "Gangnam Style" was ranked No. 25 on the Rolling Stones 50 best songs of 2012 list and No. 8 on SPINs 40 best songs of the year. The song also took the No. 8 spot on the 2012 Billboard 20 best K-Pop songs list by Jeff Benjamin and Jessica Oak, who commented "[the song] stands out not only for its slick, electronic production but also for its deeper critique on high-class society." According to MTV's list of the 2012 best songs, the song was ranked No. 8 with MTV news staff James Montgomery's comment: "'Gangnam' is either the track we, as a culture needed right now, or the track we, as a culture, deserved." Time magazine chose it as the second best song of 2012 after Usher's "Climax," writing "The YouTube meme, a good-natured, mind-bendingly catchy lampoon [...] turned into a global obsession." The song was one of the best songs of the year on The New York Times pop critics' list and E! Onlines No. 1 pick on the top 10 pop songs of 2012 list. Digital Spy ranked the song No. 20 among the 20 best singles of the year. It was voted the 12th best single of 2012 by The Village Voices 40th annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll. Music critic Robert Christgau placed "Gangnam Style" as the No. 2 single on his 2012 Dean's List. The music video for "Gangnam Style" was chosen as the best music video of 2012 by Time. Melissa Locker of the magazine wrote "The catchy song paired with social satire and tongue-in-cheek vibe has spread so quickly it reminds us why videos are called viral. The video has sparked an International dance craze and catapulted Psy to international super stardom." Rolling Stone also ranked the video No. 1 on its "The Best Music Videos of 2012" list, saying "The Korean auteur [Psy] conquered the world with his 'dress classy, dance cheesy' aesthetic, blurring the line between parody and celebration." The video took No. 4 position on the Digital Spy's list of 10 top pop music videos of the year. Miscellaneous The music video came in first with 21% rating in the 2012 Billboard.com's readers poll, beating "Where Have You Been" by Rihanna (19%) and "Beauty and a Beat" by Justin Bieber featuring Nicki Minaj (11%). The song was the most popular song played on New Year's Eve and the most sung song on the day, leaving "Auld Lang Syne" in second place for the first time since 2005, on karaoke company Lucky Voice's online service in the United Kingdom. CNN readers picked "Gangnam Style" as the eighth best song of 2012. The Week (US edition) ranked the song's global popularity at No. 6 with the strapline "'Gangnam Style' takes over the world" on the 13 biggest pop culture moments of the year list. The phenomenon of the song and the video was also picked as one of the 2012's most viral moments in music by Wendy Geller of Yahoo! Music, and No. 2 on the 2012 top 20 music moments list after Whitney Houston's death by Billboard, being written "If there's one meme, song and face that has been truly inescapable in the second half of 2012, it's South Korean rapper Psy and his outrageous 'Gangnam Style'." On December 1, 2014, YouTube announced that "Gangnam Style" had exceeded the number of views that are possible to store using a 32-bit signed integer, that being 2,147,483,647 (231โˆ’1, or two billion). As a result, YouTube was forced to upgrade to using 64-bit integers to store view numbers, with a maximum value of 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (263โˆ’1, or nine quintillion). "We never thought a video would be watched in numbers greater than a 32-bit integer, but that was before we met Psy," stated a YouTube spokesperson. With 132 beats per minute, the song was momentarily forbidden in gyms in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic. The country restricted music faster than 120 BPM to avoid Koreans feel energized by the tempo of music, breath more heavily or sweat more intensely. Chart performance South Korea Upon its release, "Gangnam Style" was an enormous hit. The song went straight to number one on the Gaon Singles Chart on the fourth week of July 2012, with 816,868 digital downloads, and spent five consecutive weeks at the top position of the chart, tying it with IU's "Good Day" for the most weeks at number one single in the chart's history. In addition, the song became the first-place winner on various weekly chart shows such as M Countdown (three straight weeks) and Music Bank (a total of 16 weeks including a record 10-consecutive-week). According to the Korea Music Content Industry Association, "Gangnam Style" became the best selling song of 2012 in South Korea with 3,842,109 download sales. The song debuted at number six on the Billboard Korea K-Pop Hot 100 for the week of July 28, 2012. It then topped the chart the week after and remained at the summit for five consecutive weeks, tying IU's record with "You and I" for the longest running number one song on the chart. The record, however, was broken by Lee Seung-gi's "Return" earned six weeks at the top spot from December 2012 to January 2013. "Gangnam Style" took number one spot on the 2012 Billboard K-Pop Hot 100 year-end chart. Oceania In Oceania, "Gangnam Style" was a huge success. The single made its chart debut on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 21 on September 3, 2012. After two weeks, the song reached in the top ten and the following week topped the chart, becoming the first K-pop song and the first foreign language song in three decades to achieve that feat since German band Nena's "99 Luftballons" hit the top spot in March 1982. The song remained atop the chart for two consecutive weeks before being deposed from the top spot by One Direction's "Live While We're Young." After one week of the band's reign, "Gangnam Style" regained its number one position and stayed at the top spot for a further four weeks, tallying a total of six nonconsecutive weeks atop the chart. The track was ranked in the top ten of the chart for 17 consecutive weeks before it fell to number 11 on the January 14, 2013, chart. The song has been certified 4ร— Platinum with sales exceeding 60,000 by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ). "Gangnam Style" was the second biggest-selling single of 2012 in the country behind Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe." In Australia, the song debuted at number seven on the ARIA Singles Chart on September 17, 2012, becoming the highest debut for the week. It reached number one on the chart just three weeks after its release, overtaking "Battle Scars" by Guy Sebastian featuring Lupe Fiasco, and spent six consecutive weeks at the summit, making it the second-longest running chart-topper for 2012 behind Flo Rida's "Whistle" remained at the pole position for seven weeks. As a result, Psy became the first artist to reach number one on the chart with a foreign-language song since Las Ketchup topped the chart with "The Ketchup Song" in September 2002, and the eighth overall. In addition, "Gangnam Style" was the first Korean song to enter the chart and to climb to the top spot in Australian chart history. After the single spent the first 14 weeks in the top ten of the chart since its chart debut, it dropped to number 11 in its 15th week. The song, however, rebounded from the position to number three on the issue date of December 31, 2012. It descended to number 14 in its 18th week, ending a 16-week in the top ten, and out of the top 20 the following week, placed at number 23. It has been certified 10ร— Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), with sales exceeding 700,000 copies. "Gangnam Style" was placed at number two on the 2012 ARIA Singles year-end chart behind Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe." Europe In Europe, the song was successful as well, topping the charts in almost all countries. "Gangnam Style" made its first European chart appearance, entering the Danish Singles Chart at number 40 on August 3, 2012. It reached the top ten in its fifth week, and climbed to number four in its sixth. For the issue dated September 14, 2012, the song became Psy's first number one on the chart, ending the one-week reign of the Danish rock band Nephew's "Hjertestarter." The song remained at the top position for seven consecutive weeks, tying it with "Somebody That I Used to Know" performed by Gotye featuring Kimbra for the longest running number one single on the chart for 2012. In its 24th week, it climbed back to the top, giving it its 8th week in that position. The single spent 22 straight weeks in the top ten of the chart. In January 2013, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI Denmark) certified the single 2ร— Platinum, denoting sales of 60,000 copies. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 196 on September 1, 2012, and in its fourth week broke into the top 40 at number 37. In its fifth week, the song reached the top five on the chart and eventually peaked at number one on the week of October 6, becoming the first-ever K-pop song to achieve that feat. While the track only remained atop the chart for one week before being overtaken by Rihanna's "Diamonds", it spent a further 17 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the chart before it fell to number twelve on the January 26, 2013, chart. The song was the sixth biggest selling single of 2012 with 878,000 sales, and ranked at number 24 among the top 40 most streamed tracks of the year in the United Kingdom. According to Official Charts Company sales data, "Gangnam Style" has become not only the 129th track to sell more than 1 million copies in the history of the UK's Official Singles Chart, but also the first million seller by an Asian music star. On April 9, 2013, the song became 13th most downloaded single of all time in the UK. Elsewhere in Europe, the song also peaked at number one on the German Singles Chart for two non-consecutive weeks in 2012. For the week of January 11, 2013, it returned to the summit, ending the ten-consecutive-week reign of "Diamonds" by Rihanna, and spent a week at the top. Psy's song remained in the top ten on the chart for a 19th straight week including 15 in the top three position since October 2012. It has been certified 5ร— Gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI), denoting sales of 750,000 copies. In addition, the single remained number one in Austria for four nonconsecutive weeks, Belgium (Flanders) for five consecutive weeks, Belgium (Wallonia) for seven straight weeks, Czech Republic for one week, Finland for four consecutive weeks, France for six non-consecutive weeks, Italy for a week, the Netherlands for two consecutive weeks, Norway for four straight weeks, Scotland for a week, Spain for 12 consecutive weeks, and Switzerland for three nonconsecutive weeks. It additionally placed top five positions in Iceland, Ireland, and Sweden, and top ten in Hungary and Slovakia. North America In the United States, "Gangnam Style" debuted at number 64 the Billboard Hot 100 in the week of September 22, 2012, with 61,000 downloads sold, more than the total number of previous weeks (57,000), becoming the second K-pop song to enter the chart behind the Wonder Girls' "Nobody," which spent a week at number 76 on the October 31, 2009 chart. The following week, the song rocketed to number 11 on the chart with 188,000 downloads, seeing a sales increase of 210% after Psy appeared on various TV shows such as The Ellen DeGeneres Show and NBC's Today. In its third week, it rose to number two on the chart, topping the Hot Digital Songs chart with a 60% increase to 301,000 downloads sold and climbing to number nine on On-Demand Songs chart. After that, the song peaked at the runner-up spot for seven consecutive weeks behind Maroon 5's "One More Night," failing to gain in enough radio audience to ascend to the summit, although it ruled Hot Digital Songs for a fourth week and On-Demand Songs for a fifth week during that period. While "One More Night" dominated the Radio Songs chart for eight weeks, "Gangnam Style" peaked at just number 12 on the chart. For the week of November 24, the song dropped to number five on the Hot 100, despite leading in sales with 188,000 downloads. In its 12th week, the single rebounded from number seven to number five with top Digital Gainer accolades, spurred by Psy's show-closing performance of the song with MC Hammer at the AMA. The track returned for a sixth week atop Hot Digital Songs with 229,000 downloads sold including 41,000 stemmed from the duet version, which mixed in Hammer's 1992 No. 5 Hot 100 hit "2 Legit 2 Quit." It was the first song to spend six weeks at number one on the Digital Songs chart without reaching the top spot on the Hot 100 since Miley Cyrus's "Party in the U.S.A." in 2009. After the song stayed in the top ten of the Hot 100 for 11 consecutive weeks, it dropped out of the top ten on the December 22, 2012, chart, falling from number 10 to number 11. The following week, "Gangnam Style" descended to number 18 on the chart but achieved the milestone of 3 million downloads sold in the country, becoming the first and only K-pop song to reach the mark. For the week of January 12, 2013, powered by consumers purchasing some of 2012's most buzzworthy hits and radio airplay recounting the same in year-end retrospectives, the song resurged from number 19 to number six with its best weekly total 400,000 downloads sold, returning to the Hot 100's top ten after three weeks out of the top ten. The track dropped to number 14 in its 18th week, ending a 12-week in the top 10, and number 22 in its 19th week, despite staying in the top ten of Digital Songs chart with 192,000 and 105,000 copies sold, respectively. On February 20, 2013, Billboard and Nielsen announced the addition of U.S. YouTube video streaming data to its platforms, which includes an update to the methodology for the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Thanks to the change to reflect online video activity, "Gangnam Style" rebounded from number 48 to number 26 on the Hot 100 for the week of March 2, 2013. On October 11, 2012, Billboard unveiled new methodology for the Hot Rap Songs chart, including digital download sales and streaming data for the first time, along with radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS. Due to this, "Gangnam Style" soared from number 20 to number one on the October 20, 2012, chart. The song spent eight consecutive weeks atop the chart before being overtaken by Flo Rida's "I Cry." After four weeks of his reign, "Gangnam Style" regained its number one position in the week of January 12, 2013. The track also peaked at number three on the Hot Dance/Club Play Songs chart in the week of November 17, 2012. The song was certified 4ร— Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on April 19, 2013, denoting digital download sales of 4,000,000. According to Nielsen SoundScan, "Gangnam Style" became the 9th best selling song of 2012 in the United States with 3,592,000 download sales. In late January 2013, the song topped the 4 million mark in digital sales, becoming the third comic/novelty song to reach the mark, following LMFAO's "Sexy and I Know It" and Cee Lo Green's "Fuck You!." In Canada, "Gangnam Style" was a big hit just like the rest of the world. The song entered the Canadian Hot 100 chart at number 71 on the week of September 8, 2012. In its fourth week, it reached in the top ten of the chart, climbing to number three, and the following week hit the pole position. The single spent seven consecutive weeks atop the chart, making it the second longest running number one song of 2012 behind Maroon 5's "Payphone" remained at the top for eight straight weeks. On the week of September 12, 2012, the song debuted at number seven on the Top 20 Digital Tracks chart, based on Nielsen SoundScan data. The following week it topped the chart and spent four weeks at the top spot before giving the summit to "I Knew You Were Trouble" by Taylor Swift. "Gangnam Style," however, was back on top of the chart for the week of October 24, and grabbed the number one position for another four straight weeks, tallying a total of eight nonconsecutive weeks atop the chart. On November 16, 2012, the track was certified 4ร— Platinum by Music Canada, and as of January 2013 had sold more than 476,000 copies in the country. iTunes Music Video Charts On August 21, 2012, "Gangnam Style" charted number one on the iTunes Music Video Charts, overtaking Justin Bieber's "As Long as You Love Me" and Katy Perry's "Wide Awake"; this feat was the first for any South Korean artist. From September 8, 2012, to February 23, 2013, the song has also peaked and stayed at number one on Billboard'''s YouTube Chart for 22 weeks, until being surpassed by "Stay" by Rihanna for one week; as of April 2013, it had reclaimed its top position for a 30th week. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Decade-end charts Sales and certifications Release history "Oppa Is Just My Style" "Gangnam Style" was officially re-released on August 14, 2012, as "Oppa Is Just My Style" (), featuring additional vocals provided by Korean singer and 4Minute member Hyuna. Mallika Rao of The Huffington Post wrote that the video was "apparently retrofitted here to work from a woman's point of view, but the main difference we're spotting is less invisible horse riding and more sultry side-eyeing." , the accompanying music video had received more than 784 million views, 2.6 million likes, and 520,000 dislikes on YouTube. See also Gangnam Style in popular culture World Digital Song Sales List of best-selling singles List of best-selling singles in Australia List of best-selling singles in South Korea List of best-selling singles in the United States List of million-selling singles in the United Kingdom List of top hit singles (Youtube 100) References External links Kirsten Acuna: Here's the English Translation of "Gangnam Style", Business Insider'', September 19, 2012 2010s fads and trends 2012 singles 2012 songs Articles containing video clips Billboard Korea K-Pop number-one singles Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles Gangnam District Gaon Digital Chart number-one singles Internet memes introduced in 2012 Korean-language songs Monitor Latino Top General number-one singles Novelty songs Internet memes introduced in the 2010s Novelty and fad dances Number-one singles in Australia Number-one singles in Austria Number-one singles in Denmark Number-one singles in Finland Number-one singles in Germany Number-one singles in Greece Number-one singles in Honduras Number-one singles in Israel Number-one singles in Lebanon Number-one singles in New Zealand Number-one singles in Norway Number-one singles in Scotland Number-one singles in Spain Psy songs Schoolboy Records singles Songs about dancing Songs about cities Works about Seoul Songs about South Korea South Korean dance South Korean songs UK Singles Chart number-one singles Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles Universal Republic Records singles Viral videos YG Entertainment singles 2012 YouTube videos Songs written by Psy Songs written by Yoo Gun-hyung
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%90%EC%A1%B0
์ง์กฐ
์ง์กฐ (้ด†้ณฅ)๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋งน๋…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง์ƒˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ƒˆ์˜ ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋…์„ ์ง๋…(้ด†ๆฏ’), ๊ทธ ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ˆ ์„ ์ง์ฃผ(้ด†้…’), ์ง์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ฉด ์ง์‚ด(้ด†ๆฎบ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง์กฐ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ด‘๋™์„ฑ(ๅปฃๆฑ็œ)์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋…น์ƒ‰์˜ ๊นƒํ„ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชธ์€ ๊ฒ€์€ ๋น›์ด๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ์•Œ์€ ๋ถ‰์€ ๋น›์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด๋ชจ์‚ฌ(ๆฎบๆฏ่›‡)์™€ ์•ผ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์นก์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์˜จ๋ชธ์— ๋…๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ๋ฐญ ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚ ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋…ผ๋ฐญ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ง๋ผ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ทธ ๊นƒํ„ธ์— ์ˆ ์ž”์ด ์Šค์น˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ณง ๋…์‚ฌ(ๆฏ’ๆญป)ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๊นƒ์„ ์ˆ ์— ๋‹ด๊ทผ ๋’ค ์ด ์ˆ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋…์‚ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ์•„๋ž˜์— ์ˆจ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฑ€์„ ์žก์•„ ๋จน๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€๋ณ€์„ ๊ฑธ์น˜๋ฉด ๋Œ์ด ๋ถ€์„œ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ƒ์˜ ์ง์กฐ์™€ ์‹ค์žฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ํ•œ๋น„์ž(้Ÿ“้žๅญ)๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ(ๅฒ่จ˜) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ „์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ง์กฐ์˜ ๊นƒํ„ธ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์€ ๋…์€ ์ง๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ˆ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์ฃผ ์•”์‚ด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง๋…์€ ๋ฌด๋ฏธ ๋ฌด์ทจ์ธ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง์˜ ๊นƒํ„ธ์„ ํ•œ ์žฅ ๋‹ด๊ทธ์–ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๋…์ฃผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋“คํ‚ค๋Š” ์ผ ์—†์ด, ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ˜์ถ”์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ธ์žฅ๊ณต(้ญฏ่˜ๅ…ฌ) ๊ณ„์Šน์ „์Ÿ๋•Œ, ์žฅ๊ณต์˜ ๋ง‰๋‚ด ์•„์šฐ์ธ ๊ณ„์šฐ(ๅญฃๅ‹)๋Š” ํ˜•์ธ ์ˆ™์•„(ๅ”็‰™)๋ฅผ ์ง์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ฌ ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค.(์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ้ญฏๅ‘จๅ…ฌไธ–ๅฎถ) ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง„์‹œํ™ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ถˆ์œ„(ๅ‘‚ไธ้Ÿ‹)๋Š” ์ง์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ์ž์‚ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ (์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋ถˆ์œ„์ „) ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—๋Š” ์ง์ฃผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ง์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์–‘์ž๊ฐ•(ๆšๅญๆฑŸ) ์ด๋‚จ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง„๋Œ€(ๆ™‹ไปฃ)์— ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ๋Š” ์ง์กฐ๋ฅผ ์–‘์ž๊ฐ• ์ด๋ถ์— ๋ฐ˜์ž…ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ น์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†ก๋Œ€(ๅฎ‹ไปฃ)์— ์™€์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ น์ด ์ž˜ ์ง€์ผœ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ, ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง์กฐ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ง์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ถˆํƒœ์šฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋˜๊ฐ€, ์ง์กฐ ๋ณ‘์•„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฒดํฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ๋ณ‘์•„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„์„œใ€Œ์„์ˆญ์ „ใ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์„์ˆญ์ด ๋‚จ์ค‘(ๅ—ไธญ)์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ง์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘์•„๋ฆฌ(้››)๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด, ํ›„๊ตฐ์žฅ๊ตฐ ์™•๊ฐœ(็Ž‹ๆ„ท)์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ์ œ๋„์—, ์ง์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๋„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์˜ˆ๊ต์œ„ ๋ถ€์ง€(ๅ‚…็ฅ—)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ˆ, ์กฐ์น™์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„์„ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ง์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆํƒœ์› ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.(ๅด‡ๅœจๅ—ไธญ๏ผŒๅพ—้ด† ้ณฅ้››๏ผŒไปฅ่ˆ‡ๅพŒ่ปๅฐ‡่ป็Ž‹ๆ„ทใ€‚ๆ™‚ๅˆถ๏ผŒ ้ด† ้ณฅไธๅพ— ้ŽๆฑŸ๏ผŒ็‚บๅธ้šธๆ กๅฐ‰ๅ‚…็ฅ—ๆ‰€็ณพ๏ผŒ่ฉ”ๅŽŸไน‹๏ผŒ็‡’ ้ด†ๆ–ผ้ƒฝ่ก—). ์‰ฌํ›„์ด(่จฑๆš‰)๋„ ใ€Œ๋‚œ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋‹ด30ใ€์—์„œ ์ง„์„œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€Œ๋‚œ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋‹ด30(่จฑๆš‰ ์ง€์Œ, ์ด๊ธฐํฅ ์˜ฎ๊น€)ใ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์„œ์ง„(่ฅฟๆ™‰) ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ธ(ๆ–‡ไบบ)์ด์ž ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜€๋˜ ์„์ˆญ(็Ÿณๅด‡)์€ ์žฌ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์— ์šฐ์—ฐ์ฐฎ๊ฒŒ ์ง์ƒˆ(้ด†)์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์†์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„์ˆญ์€ ์ง„๋ฌด์ œ(ๆ™‰ๆญฆๅธ)์˜ ์™ธ์ˆ™์ธ ํ›„๊ตฐ์žฅ๊ตฐ ์™•๊ฐœ(็Ž‹ๆ„ท)์˜ ๋น„์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถœ ์ž‘์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ƒˆ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์™•๊ฐœ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ฐฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์ง์ƒˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ์ƒ‰์ด ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด ์ƒˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ ฅ์กฐ(ๅŒๅŠ›้ณฅ)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์€ ๋ชธ๋šฑ์•„๋ฆฌ์— ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ, ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐœํ†ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด ์ƒˆ์˜ ์ž๋…น์ƒ‰ ๊นƒํ„ธ๊ณผ ๋˜ฅ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋…์ด ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊นƒํ„ธ์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ ์— ๋‹ด๊ฐ€ ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰๋ฌด์ทจ์˜ ๋…์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๋Ÿฌ โ€˜์ง์ฃผ(้ด†้…’)โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ˆˆ์„ ํ•˜์–—๊ฒŒ ๋’ค์ง‘์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชธ์„ ๋œ๋œ ๋–ค๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ž”๋œฉ ์ทจํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งˆ์Œ์€ ๋ป”ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ง์€ ์ž… ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ค์žฅ์ด ์ฉ์–ด ๋ฌธ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋งˆ๋น„๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ง์ฃผ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฑ…์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ถ๊ถ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ”ผ๋น„๋ฆฐ๋‚ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ดํ•ด ๊ณ„ํš์—์„œ๋„ ์ด ์ง์ฃผ๋Š” ์ œ์ผ ๋จผ์ € ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์†์— ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒˆ๋Š” ๋ฑ€๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐˆ์ด ์ถœ๋ชฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ชฉ์ด ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊นŠ์€ ์‚ฐ์† ์›์‹œ๋ฆผ ์†์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋Š” ์•”์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚ ๊ณ  ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋“ค๊ธฐ์— ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ์šด์ผ(้‹ๆ—ฅ), ์•”์ปท์€ ์Œํ•ด(้™ฐ่ซง)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์•”์ˆ˜ ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ์•”์‚ด์ž์ธ ์…ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์œผ์Šค์Šคํ•œ ์ƒˆ์ด๊ธฐ์— ์กฐ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์–‘์ฏ”๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—„๋ช…์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์„์ˆญ์€ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋‚™์–‘์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์™•๊ฐœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์œผ๋‹ˆ, ์ด๊ฑด ์™•๊ฐœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์œ ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ถ”๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๊ด€(่ซซๅฎ˜)์€ ์™ธ์ฒ™์ธ ์™•๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ค‘๋™๋ฌด์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ง์ƒˆ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋‚ด๋‹ค ํƒœ์›Œ ์—†์• ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ์ฑ…๋งํ•  ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ถ์ œ์˜ ํ™ฉ์ œ ๊ณ ์–‘(้ซ˜ๆด‹)์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์• ์ฒฉ ์„ค๋น„(่–›ๅฆƒ)๊ฐ€ ์ฒญํ•˜์™•(ๆทธๆฒณ็Ž‹) ๊ณ ์•…(้ซ˜ๅฒณ)๊ณผ ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋ชฉ์„ ์นœ ๋’ค ์ฒญํ•˜์™• ๊ณ ์•…์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ง์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๋Š๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋ถ์กฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋Š์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋ ต์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ œ๊ฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๊ณ , ๋ฒŒ์จ ์ „์„ค์ƒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹น๋Œ€(ๅ”ไปฃ)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋„ ์ง์กฐ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , 659๋…„์— ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋œ ์˜์•ฝ์„œ์ธ ์‹ ์ˆ˜๋ณธ์ดˆ(ๆ–ฐไฟฎๆœฌ่‰)์—๋„ ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ƒˆ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์œ ๋…ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ง์กฐ๋Š” ์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ด‰ํ™ฉ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ์†์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1992๋…„์— ๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์„ฌ์˜ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋˜ ํ”ผํ† ํœ˜(Pitohui)๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊นƒํ„ธ์— ๋…์ด ์žˆ์Œ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ฐ์ด ์ง์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์•„์˜ˆ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ”ผํ† ํœ˜์˜ ์ƒ๊น€์ƒˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ•ด๊ฒฝ(ๅฑฑๆตท็ถ“) ๋“ฑ์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์กฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฎ์•„ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ง๋…๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ ๋ฟ” ์ง์กฐ์˜ ๋…์„ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ ๋ฟ”์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹ ์ด ์–ธ์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋…์ฃผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์•”์‚ด์„ ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์—ญ๋Œ€์˜ ํ™ฉ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์œ„์˜ ๊ท€์กฑ๋“ค์€, ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ์˜ ๋ฟ”๋กœ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ์ž”์„ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ ๋ฟ”์˜ ํ•ด๋…์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์€, ์ง์กฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”, "์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ๋ฟ”์€ ์ง์กฐ์˜ ๋… ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ํšจํ•˜๋‹ค"๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” "์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ •๋ ฅ์ œ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ํ•œ๋ฐฉ ์•ฝ๊ตญ(ๆผขๆ–น่–ฌๅฑ€)๋“ค์€ ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ๋ฟ”์„ ๋น„์ƒ์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์‹œ์•„๋‚˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆด ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™์‹๋ฌผ์ข…์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜‘์•ฝ (์›Œ์‹ฑํ†ค ์กฐ์•ฝ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—„์ค‘ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํŒ”๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ ต์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ์˜ ๋ฟ”์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์ด ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์„œ์–‘์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ํ•ด์ ธ, ์œ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ˜์˜ ๋ฟ”์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ง‘๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์„ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ง์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์นด๋ฏธ์š”๋ฏธ(ใ‚ซใƒŸใƒจใƒŸ): ์นจ๋ฌต์˜ ๋…(ๆฒˆ้ป™ใฎๆฏ’)์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋…์— ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค์ •์œผ๋กœ, ์ •๊ณ„์˜ ์š”์ธ๋“ฑ์„ ๋…์‚ดํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋ผ๋ฆฌํšฌ์˜ ์†์ž (ใฌใ‚‰ใ‚Šใฒใ‚‡ใ‚“ใฎๅญซ): ๋…์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ƒˆ์˜ ์š”๊ดด๋กœ์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅ. ํƒ์ •ํ•™์› Q (ๆŽขๅตๅญฆๅœ’Q): ์กฐ๋ชจ๋ฆฝ๋…€(้ณฅๆฏ›็ซ‹ๅฅณ) ์กฑ์ž(ๆŽ›่ปธ)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฟ ์ฆˆ๋ฅ˜ ํƒ€์ฟ ๋ฏธ(ไน้ ญ้พๅŒ )์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์กฑ์ž์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ท(๊ธฐ๋ชจ๋…ธ)์ด์ง์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด, ์‚ด์ธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค ใ€Œ๋‚œ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋‹ด30(่จฑๆš‰ ์ง€์Œ, ์ด๊ธฐํฅ ์˜ฎ๊น€)ใ€ : ์ค‘๊ตญ ์„œ์ง„(่ฅฟๆ™‰) ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ธ(ๆ–‡ไบบ)์ด์ž ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜€๋˜ ์„์ˆญ(็Ÿณๅด‡)์ด ์ง์ƒˆ(้ด†)์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ง„๋ฌด์ œ(ๆ™‰ๆญฆๅธ)์˜ ์™ธ์ˆ™์ธ ํ›„๊ตฐ์žฅ๊ตฐ ์™•๊ฐœ(็Ž‹ๆ„ท)์—๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ์ œ์˜ ํ™ฉ์ œ ๊ณ ์–‘(้ซ˜ๆด‹)์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์• ์ฒฉ ์„ค๋น„(่–›ๅฆƒ)์™€ ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฒญํ•˜์™•(ๆทธๆฒณ็Ž‹) ๊ณ ์•…(้ซ˜ๅฒณ)์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์ง„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ดํ˜•๋‹˜-๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„์›นํˆฐ: ์ฒœ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ , ๋…์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ”ผํ† ํœ˜(Pitohui): ๊นƒํ„ธ์— ๋…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ƒˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์š”๊ดด ์ „์„ค์˜ ์ƒˆ ๋…์ƒˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenniao
Zhenniao
Zhenniao (), often simply zhen, is a name given in many Chinese myths, annals, and poetry to poisonous birds that are said to have existed in what is now southern China. The Classic of Mountains and Seass fifth chapter, which relates details about the country's central mountains, describes the zhen as resembling an eagle, and lists it as living on Mount Nรผji () in Lianyungang, Jiangsu, as well as on Mount Qingu (), Jade Mountain, and Mount Yaobi ()โ€”all in southern China. According to scholar , two different kinds of birds were called zhen: a poisonous, snake-eating bird of prey, and a pheasant-like speciesโ€”purportedly the one dwelling on Mount Yaobiโ€”which preyed instead on malodorous bugs called . Literary references In Guo Pu's commentaries on the Classic of Mountains and Seas, he describes this bird as having a purple abdomen and green-tipped feathers, with a long neck and a scarlet beak. This bird acquires its poisonous attributes from devouring the heads of poisonous vipers. The male and female zhen are called and , respectively. More descriptions of zhen birds are found in Guo Yigong's Extensive Records (), written in the 3rd century CE, later lost, yet still quoted in the Guangyun and the Song-era Piya dictionary: in those works, the zhen is described as being goose-like, colored dark-purple, and having a beak 7โ€“8 cun long and copper-colored; from its very veins to the tips of its feathers, the zhens body is said to be tainted with a poison of unparalleled potency, referred to as . The zhens feathers were often dipped into liquor to create a poisonous draught that was often used to carry out assassinations. Its meat, however, was said to be overtly toxic and gave off a gamy odor that rendered it inadequate for surreptitious use, and the zhens excrement could dissolve stone. The zhens poison was said to be so deadly that it needed only to pass through a person's throat to kill them. In the Baopuzi by Taoist adept Ge Hong, the only thing that was said to be able to neutralize the zhens poison was the horn of the rhinoceros, which would be made into hairpins, foaming and neutralizing the poison when used to stir poisonous concoctions. Aside from the Shanhaijing, Guangzhi, Piya, and Baopuzi, an entry for the zhen also appears in the Sancai Tuhui along with a woodblock print. In the historical records of ancient China, references to the zhen are usually in the form of the idiom , or when making comparisons between zhendu and the poison from monkshood. The idiom is usually meant to describe one who merely considers short-term benefits, not contemplating the grave consequences of their actions. Such references include the chapter "Duke Min's First Year" within the Zuo Tradition: The Rong and Di are like dholes and wolves and may not be satisfied; the various Xia states are close intimates and may not be abandoned. Ease and peace are like zhens poison and may not be contemplated. and in the "Biography of Huo Xu" from the Book of the Later Han: Would that not be like a person appeasing his hunger by eating monkshood, or quenching the thirst by drinking zhendu? The person would die as soon as the poison entered his throat, way before they could make their way to his stomach to quench his hunger or thirst. How could [anyone] do such a thing?Houhan shu "Vol. 48 - section Huo Xu" quote: "่ญฌ็Œถ็™‚้ฃขๆ–ผ้™„ๅญ๏ผŒๆญขๆธดๆ–ผ้…–ๆฏ’๏ผŒๆœชๅ…ฅ่†“่ƒƒ๏ผŒๅทฒ็ต•ๅ’ฝๅ–‰๏ผŒ่ฑˆๅฏ็ˆฒๅ“‰๏ผ" In Chinese accounts, there are a number of mentions about zhendu poisoning used in failed and successful assassinations, but because zhen eventually became a metaphor for any type of poisoning in general, it is not always clear if the bird-poison was actually employed in each case. Various hagiographic sources relate that Wang Chuyi, a disciple of Wang Chongyang, was said to have been immune to poisons, even surviving after drinking liquor that contained the zhendu. In the Japanese historical epic Taiheiki, Ashikaga Takauji and his brother Ashikaga Tadayoshi force Prince Morinaga to take zhendu (Japanese: ). Later, Tadayoshi was himself captured and poisoned with zhendu. Existence Wild zhenniao were supposedly last seen in the Song dynasty when many farming Han Chinese moved to Guangdong and Guangxi. Humans are supposed to have killed them all. Chinese ornithologists have often theorized that the zhen was similar to the secretary bird or the crested serpent eagleโ€”which happens to live in southern Chinaโ€“and gained their toxicity from ingesting poisonous snakes, similar to how poison dart frogs produce poison by ingesting poisonous insects. As a consequence, in some illustrated books, pictures very similar to these two birds have been used to depict the zhen. However, throughout most modern history, zoologists knew of no poisonous birds and presumed the zhen to be a fabulous invention of the mind. In 1992, an article was published in the journal Science reporting that the hooded pitohui of New Guinea has poisonous feathers; since then, a few other species of similarly poisonous birds have been discovered, most of which also gain their poison from their prey. A 2007 article published in China questioned whether or not the zhen could have really existed. See also Birds in Chinese mythology Notes References External references The Idiom "Drinking Zhen to quench one's thirst" (Chinese) ๆ˜ฅ็ง‹ๅทฆๅ‚ณ - Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan (Full Chinese text for the Biography of Qi Huan Gong) ๅคชๅนณ่จ˜ (Full Japanese text for the Taiheiki) Mythological and legendary Chinese birds Yaoguai
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%B8%A0%EC%97%90%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%B6%94%EA%B0%80%EC%BF%A0
์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์—๋น„์Šค์ถ”๊ฐ€์ฟ 
์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์—๋น„์Šค์ถ”๊ฐ€์ฟ (, ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ์—๋น„์Šค์ค‘ํ•™, Shiritsu Ebisu Chลซgaku)๋Š” 2009๋…„ 8์›”์— ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋œ ์Šคํƒ€๋”์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ 3๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ(3B junior)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐœ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์•„์ด๋Œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋‹ค. ์•ฝ์นญ์€ ์—๋น„์ถ”(, Ebichu)์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ชจ์ด๋กœ ํด๋กœ๋ฒ„ Z ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ STARDUST PLANET(ํ†ต์นญ ์Šคํƒ€ํ”„๋ผ)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฐ๋ท” 2012๋…„ 5์›” 5์ผ, ๋ฐํ”„์Šคํƒ€ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์—์„œ 1st ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ใ€Œไปฎๅฅ‘็ด„ใฎใ‚ทใƒณใƒ‡ใƒฌใƒฉใ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งค. ๋ฐœ๋งค ํ›„, 5์›” 1์ผ์ž ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ CD ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋žญํ‚น 7์œ„๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ํ˜„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› โœ : ์‚ฌ๋ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๋ณ€์ฒœ 2009๋…„ 8์›” 4์ผ, ์นด๋…ผ, ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค, ์šฐ๋…ธ ๋‚˜๋ฃจ๋ฏธ, ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๋ ˆ์ด๋‚˜, ๋งˆ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋ฆฌ์นด 5๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ 2009๋…„ 10์›”, ์•ˆ๋…ธ ๋‚˜์ธ , ์•ผ์Šค๋ชจํ†  ์•„์•ผ์นด์˜ ์ „์ž…(๊ฐ€์ž…)์œผ๋กœ 7๋ช… 2010๋…„ 2์›” 14์ผ, ์นด๋…ผ์˜ ์ „ํ•™(ํƒˆํ‡ด), ์•ผ๋…ธ ํžˆ๋‚˜ํ‚ค์˜ ์ „์ž…(๊ฐ€์ž…)์œผ๋กœ 7๋ช… 2010๋…„ 4์›” 10์ผ, ํžˆ๋กœํƒ€ ์•„์ด์นด์˜ ์ „์ž…(๊ฐ€์ž…)์œผ๋กœ 8๋ช… 2010๋…„ 5์›” 22์ผ, ํ˜ธ์‹œ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋ ˆ์ด, ์ฝ”์ด์ผ€ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค, ์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค ํžˆ๋กœ๋…ธ, ๋งˆ์ธ ๋…ธ ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜์˜ ์ „์ž…(๊ฐ€์ž…)์œผ๋กœ 12๋ช… 2011๋…„ 1์›” 10์ผ, ์šฐ๋…ธ ๋‚˜๋ฃจ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ „ํ•™(ํƒˆํ‡ด), ์นด์‹œ์™€๊ธฐ ํžˆ๋‚˜ํƒ€์˜ ์ „์ž…(๊ฐ€์ž…)์œผ๋กœ 12๋ช… 2011๋…„ 4์›” 17์ผ, ์•ผ๋…ธ ํžˆ๋‚˜ํ‚ค์˜ ์ „ํ•™(ํƒˆํ‡ด)์œผ๋กœ 11๋ช… 2011๋…„ 6์›” 7์ผ, ์ฝ”์ด์ผ€ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ์ „ํ•™(ํƒˆํ‡ด)์œผ๋กœ 10๋ช… 2011๋…„ 12์›” 26์ผ, ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๋ ˆ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ์ „ํ•™(ํƒˆํ‡ด)์œผ๋กœ 9๋ช… 2014๋…„ 1์›” 4์ผ, ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ์นดํ˜ธ, ๋‚˜์นด์•ผ๋งˆ ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์˜ ์ „์ž…(๊ฐ€์ž…)์œผ๋กœ 11๋ช… 2014๋…„ 4์›” 15์ผ, ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค, ์•ˆ๋…ธ ๋‚˜์ธ , ์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค ํžˆ๋กœ๋…ธ์˜ ์ „ํ•™(ํƒˆํ‡ด)์œผ๋กœ 8๋ช… 2017๋…„ 2์›” 8์ผ, ๋งˆ์ธ ๋…ธ ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ 7๋ช… 2018๋…„ 1์›” 3์ผ, ํžˆ๋กœํƒ€ ์•„์ด์นด์˜ ์ „ํ•™(ํƒˆํ‡ด)์œผ๋กœ 6๋ช… 2021๋…„ 5์›” 5์ผ, ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ๊ธฐ ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋‚˜, ์ฝ”์ฟ ๋ณด ์œ ๋…ธ, ์นด์ž๋งˆ ๋…ธ๋…ธ์นด์˜ ์ „์ž…(๊ฐ€์ž…)์œผ๋กœ 9๋ช… 2022๋…„ 10์›” 1์ผ, ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ์ด ์—๋งˆ, ๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ์œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ „์ž…(๊ฐ€์ž…)์œผ๋กœ 11๋ช… 2022๋…„ 12์›” 16์ผ, ์นด์‹œ์™€๊ธฐ ํžˆ๋‚˜ํƒ€์˜ ์ „ํ•™(ํƒˆํ‡ด)์œผ๋กœ 10๋ช… ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ 2022๋…„ 12์›” 17์ผ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ‘œ ์•ˆ์˜ย ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋Š”ย ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์—์„œย ํ•™๊ต๋Š”ย ํ•™๋…„ (ํ•™์ƒ์˜ย ๊ฒฝ์šฐ)ย  S : ์†Œํ•™๊ต(์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต), C : ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต, K : ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต, D๏ผš๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต (์˜ˆ : C2=์ค‘ํ•™๊ตย 2ํ•™๋…„) ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ธ๋””์ฆˆ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๆฐธ้ ใซไธญๅญฆ็”Ÿ(ใ‚จใƒ“ไธญ ็œŸๅ†ฌใฎๅŒ—ๅŠใ‚ญใƒฅใƒชใ‚นใƒžใ‚น2014 ver.) (2015๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ) ใใฃใจใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒ‹ใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผ! / ใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒ‹ใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚บ (2016๋…„ 3์›” 6์ผ) ๆ—ฅ่จ˜ (2018๋…„ 1์›” 11์ผ) BUZZER BEATER (2018๋…„ 12์›” 29์ผ) ๆ›‡ๅคฉ (2019๋…„ 1์›” 30์ผ) EBICHU After 6 Session mixed by CMJK (live at AFTER 6 JANCTION) (2020๋…„ 1์›” 27์ผ) ใ‚คใƒคใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒณใƒปใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ชใƒƒใƒˆ (2021๋…„ 8์›” 11์ผ) ใชใชใ„ใ‚ - From THE FIRST TAKE (2021๋…„ 9์›” 24์ผ) ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒ— - From THE FIRST TAKE (with ็ŸณๅดŽใฒใ‚…ใƒผใ„) (2021๋…„ 10์›” 22์ผ) Anytime, Anywhere (2021๋…„ 11์›” 22์ผ) ใƒใƒƒใƒ”ใƒผใ‚จใƒณใƒ‰ใจใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ (2022๋…„ 3์›” 9์ผ) ้’ๆ˜ฅใ‚พใƒณใƒ“ใ‚ฃใ‚ฃใ‚บ (2022๋…„ 5์›” 5์ผ) ๆ–ฐๆœชๆฅใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ (2022๋…„ 6์›” 17์ผ) Bang Bang Beat (2022๋…„ 7์›” 20์ผ) ใƒ˜ใƒญใƒผ (2022๋…„ 8์›” 24์ผ) ใพใ ร—2ๅฃฒใ‚ŒใŸใ„ใ‚จใƒขใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ! (2022๋…„ 10์›” 26์ผ) Summer Glitter (2023๋…„ 7์›” 24์ผ) EP FAMIEN'15 e.p. (2015๋…„ 8์›” 5์ผ) FAMIEN'16 e.p. (2016๋…„ 8์›” 10์ผ) FAMIEN'17 e.p. (2017๋…„ 8์›” 26์ผ) FAMIEN'18 e.p. (2018๋…„ 8์›” 18์ผ) FAMIEN'20 e.p. (2020๋…„ 8์›” 21์ผ) FAMIEN'23 e.p. (2023๋…„ 8์›” 6์ผ) ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ‚จใƒ“ไธญ ็ง‹้ขจใจ้ˆด่™ซใจ้Ÿณๆฅฝใฎใ—ใ‚‰ใน ้กŒใ—ใฆใ€Œใกใ‚…ใ†ใŠใ‚“ใ€2017 (2017๋…„ 12์›” 23์ผ) FAMIEN'18 IN YAMANAKAKO (2018๋…„ 10์›” 20์ผ) ใ‚จใƒ“ไธญ ็ง‹็ฉบใจๆพ่™ซใจ้Ÿณๆฅฝใฎใคใฉใ„ ้กŒใ—ใฆใ€Œใกใ‚…ใ†ใŠใ‚“ใ€2018 (2018๋…„ 11์›” 14์ผ) ใƒใƒณใƒ‰ใฎใฟใ‚“ใชใจๅคงๅญฆ่Šธไผš2019 ใ‚จใƒ“ไธญใฎใƒ•ใƒซใƒใƒƒใƒ†ใƒชใƒผใƒปใ‚ตใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ (2020๋…„ 4์›” 18์ผ) ใ‚จใƒ“ไธญ ็ง‹้บ—ใจ่ฝก่™ซใจ้Ÿณๆฅฝใฎใ“ใ ใพ ้กŒใ—ใฆใ€Œใกใ‚…ใ†ใŠใ‚“ใ€2020 (2020๋…„ 11์›” 25์ผ) ใ‚จใƒ“ไธญ ็ง‹้บ—ใจ่ฝก่™ซใจ้Ÿณๆฅฝใฎใ“ใ ใพ ้กŒใ—ใฆใ€Œใกใ‚…ใ†ใŠใ‚“ใ€2021 (2021๋…„ 12์›” 22์ผ) ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์•จ๋ฒ” FAMIEN'18 IN YAMANAKAKO (2018๋…„ 10์›” 20์ผ) DVD/Blu-ray ์˜์ƒ ๋ฎค์ง ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ชจ์ด๋กœ ํด๋กœ๋ฒ„ Z TEAM SHACHI ๋ฐงํ…์‡ผ์ฃ ํƒ€์ด ์ดˆ ๋„ํ‚ค๋ฉ”ํ‚ค ์„ผ๋ด๋ถ€ ์•„๋ฉ”ํ›„๋ผ์‹œ ukka ์ดํ‚ค๋‚˜๋ฆฌ ํ† ํ˜ธ์ฟ ์‚ฐ CROWN POP B.O.L.T ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์—์กฐ์‹œํ•˜์ธ ์ฟ ๋ฏธ์•„์ด ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์—๋น„์Šค์ถ”๊ฐ€์ฟ  ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์—๋น„์Šค์ถ”๊ฐ€์ฟ  ๊ณต์‹ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์—๋น„์Šค์ถ”๊ฐ€์ฟ  ๊ณต์‹ USTREAM (์ผ๋ณธ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋‹น) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํŒ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฑธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2009๋…„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋œ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน STARDUST PLANET 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2020๋…„๋Œ€ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 10์ธ์กฐ ์ด์ƒ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์•„์ด๋Œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋Œ„์Šค ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์†Œ๋‹ˆ ๋ฎค์ง ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ (์ผ๋ณธ)์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiritsu%20Ebisu%20Chugaku
Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku
is a Japanese female idol group. The group's name is officially shortened to . The group was created by 3B Junior, the third section of the talent agency Stardust Promotion. Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku is considered a "little sister" group to another Stardust Promotion girl group, Momoiro Clover Z. Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku is named after a fictitious school in Ebisu, a neighborhood in Shibuya, Tokyo. It was planned as a group of elementary and middle school students. However, this concept has changed as the members aged. The group currently uses "Forever a Middle-schooler" as their concept. The group was officially nicknamed "King of the School Play", and was advertised as being a group with very rough singing and dancing skills. Or, more accurately, the group's slogan at the time was "Unarticulated dance and shaky vocals." However, the group has outgrown said slogan over time, and have since reached a point where they're praised for their vocal skills. Originally formed as a quintet on August 4, 2009, the lineup has changed multiple times since then, with some members having "changed school" (the group's official term for leaving it) and some having "transferred in" (joined). The most recent lineup change occurred on October 1, 2022 when 2 new members were integrated into the group. History Formation and "indie" years (2009โ€“2012) Ebichu was formed as a quintet on August 4, 2009. The original lineup consisted of Kanon, Mizuki, Narumi Uno, Reina Miyazaki and Rika Mayama. The group started out performing short sets (often opening for Momoiro Clover) at malls and shopping centers. In October, Ayaka Yasumoto and Natsu Anno were added to the lineup. On February 14, 2010, Kanon announced her departure from the group. On the same day, Hinaki Yano was announced as a new member. The group's first single "Asa no Chime ga Narimashita" was released the same day as well. In April, Aika Hirota was added as a new member. One month later in May, four new members: Mirei Hoshina, Rio Koike, Hirono Suzuki and Rina Matsuno, were announced, bringing the total number of members to 12. The group released their second single, "Ebizori Diamond!!", on August 7. On November 23, it was announced that Narumi Uno would be departing the group on January 10. In addition, Hinata Kashiwagi was announced as a new member. From this day until Uno's departure, the group's lineup reached its peak at 13 members. On January 10, 2011, the group released their third single "Chime! / Doshaburi Regret". Narumi Uno departed the same day. It was announced on February 21 that Hinaki Yano would depart from the group, and her final performance would take place on March 20. However, due to the 2011 Tลhoku earthquake and tsunami, her departure was postponed to April 17. On April 27, the group released their 4th single "The Tissue ~Tomaranai Seishun~". Rio Koike announced through a blog post on June 7, that she would be departing from the group to focus on her education. In June, it was announced that Ebichu was to hold their first solo concert, on October 8 at Shibuya O-East. Parts of it were released on the band's first live DVD, which was released on February 15 of the next year. In total, Ebichu gave three sold-out performances in October. Two more singles, "Oh My Ghost? ~Watashi ga Akuryou ni Nattemo~" and "Motto Hashire!!", were released in July and October respectively. Reina Miyazaki announced her departure from the group in December. This would be Ebichu's last lineup change for several years. As of March 2012, there were nine members and the only two original members who still remained in the group were Mayama and Mizuki. Although in April 2012 they both entered high school, it was decided that they would remain in the group. They started joking that they were middle school students forever. Major label debut and Chunin (2012โ€“2013) After six "indie" singles on their talent agency's recording label, the latest few of which charted on Oricon, the group signed a temporary contract with the major label Defstar Records to release a single titled, incidentally, "Karikeiyaku no Cinderella" ("Temporary Contract Cinderella"). The release date had already been determined as May 5, 2012, the Children's Day. The contract signing was made into a ceremony, which was held on March 4 in the presence of a large audience of fans. The single "Karikeiyaku no Cinderella" debuted at number 7 in the Oricon daily ranking for May 1. Having peaked in the daily chart at number 2, it also debuted at number 7 in the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. From March 11 to May 20, Ebichu embarked on their first major tour, titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Spring DefSTAR Tour 2012 ~Korya Haru kara Ebi ga ii!~", totaling 26 performances. On June 25, 2012, Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku performed at "Yubi Matsuri", an idol festival produced by Rino Sashihara from AKB48. The concert was held at Nippon Budokan before a crowd of 8,000 people and featured such girl groups as Idoling!!!, Super Girls, Tokyo Girls' Style, Nogizaka46, Passpo, Buono!, Momoiro Clover Z, and Watarirouka Hashiritai 7. On July 1, 2012, Ebichu held a three and a half hour solo concert at Nippon Seinenkan. The show was called "Jฤ Best Ten" and featured an imaginary ranking of the group's songs, counted down in the style of 1980s music TV shows. It also included the first public performance of the song "Go! Go! Here We Go! Rock Lee", a closing theme of the anime Naruto SD, to be released as the group's second single in August. From July 14 to September 16, Ebichu embarked on a Summer tour titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Summer DefSTAR Saikyou Tour 2012 ~Hajikeru Ase no Shio Tengoku~", totaling 19 performances. Ebichu's 2nd major single, "Go! Go! Here We Go! Rock Lee / Otona wa Wakattekurenai" was released on August 29, and reached number 7 on the weekly chart. From November 4 to January 20, Ebichu conducted a winter tour, titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Winter DefSTAR Gokujo Tour 2012โ€“2013 ~KING OF GAKUGEEEEKAI of Chu of LIFE~", totaling 15 performances. On November 21, Ebichu released a compilation album titled "Ebichu no Zeppan Best: Owaranai Seishun", featuring all the material released during their "Indie" years. On December 15, the group held a solo concert at Nakano Sunplaza titled "Ebichu no Jungle Daibouken". Ebichu's 3rd single, titled "Ume" was released on January 16, 2013. The girls declared that they were aiming for third place in the Oricon chart with their third single, a goal that they managed to achieve. From April 21 to June 9, Ebichu went on tour, this time titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Spring DefSTAR Tonden Tour 2013 ~Chance wa Ima da! Kou-unki ni Notte Yoikorasho~", totaling 12 performances. Their 4th single "Te o Tsunagล / Kindan no Karma", featuring two ending theme songs for Pocket Monsters Best Wishes Season 2, was released on June 5. Ebichu released their 1st studio album "Chunin" on July 24, containing tracks from all 4 singles released since their major label debut On July 28, Ebichu held an outdoor concert titled "Ebichu Natsu no Family Ensoku" or "Famien" for short. The outdoor summer "Famien" concerts have since become an annual event, being held every year since 2013. From September 22 to November 17, Ebichu held another tour, "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Autumn DefSTAR COMECOME Tour 2013 ~Deluxe Jam Jamboree Neo~" totaling 15 performances. Their 5th single "Mikakunin Chugakusei X" was released on November 20. On December 8, Ebichu performed a standalone concert at Saitama Super Arena, beating the record held by SID for fastest performance at the venue since a group's debut. On December 28 it was announced that 3 members, Mizuki, Natsu Anno and Hirono Suzuki, would be leaving the group, and that their last concert would be held on April 15, 2014, at the Nippon Budokan. After leaving, they will focus on acting, as well as their academics. Lineup changes and Kinpachi (2014โ€“2015) On January 4, it was announced that Kaho Kobayashi and Riko Nakayama, both former members of the training unit "Team Daio-Ika", would be joining Ebichu as new members. From this day until April 15, Ebichu would consist of 11 members. However, the new members did not share the stage with the 3 departing members during this period. On March 9, the "Chunin" era lineup, minus Anno who was studying abroad, performed a concert at Makuhari Event Hall in Chiba, titled "Luck To The Future". 12 days later, on March 21, the new 8 member lineup with Kobayashi and Nakayama performed the same setlist at Grand Cube Osaka. On April 15, Ebichu held a concert titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Goudou Shuppatsushiki ~Ima, Kimi ga Koko ni Iru~", at the Nippon Budokan. This was their last performance with Mizuki, Anno and Suzuki. The main set was performed by the "Chunin" lineup, with Kobayashi and Nakayama joining them for the encore. The encore was the only time that the 3 departing members performed together with the 2 new members. From April 27 to June 15, Ebichu held their first tour with Kobayashi and Nakayama, titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Spring Sony Music Labels Rookie Tour 2014 ~Umare Kawari Chou Chou Born to Etcetera~", totaling 13 performances. On June 4, Ebichu released their 6th single "Butterfly Effect", their first release featuring Kobayashi and Nakayama. The second installment of the annual "Famien" summer outdoor concerts was held on August 2. From September 15 to October 12, a short tour titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Autumn Sony Music Labels Hanuke Tour 2014 ~Doukasen Pachipachi hahaha n~" was held, totaling 4 performances. On November 5, Ebichu released their 7th single "Haitateki!". Ebichu performed several large-scale concerts in November and December, performing at Yokohama Arena, Kobe World Kinen Hall, and Ariake Colosseum. On January 28, 2015, Ebichu released their second studio album "Kinpachi", featuring all singles released after "Chunin", with tracks from the previous lineup being re-recorded. In support of the album, they embarked on a tour titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Tobidase Zen-Juu Hall Tour 2015 ~Wakkuwaku Haru Balloon GOGO~", totaling 13 performances. On February 6, Ebichu made their first appearance on the popular music TV show "Music Station", and performed the title track to their new album. Anarchy (2015โ€“2016) In March, under the name 5572320, Ebichu was chosen to promote the "Coconut Sable" brand of cookies. They digitally released the song "Hanseiki Yลซtลsei" on March 25, and continued to release songs as 5572320 into 2016. On June 17, Ebichu released their 8th single "Natsudaze Johnny". The third installment of the annual "Famien" summer outdoor concerts was held on August 22. On September 22, Ebichu performed a special concert in Akita prefecture, titled "Akita Bunkou". This has also since become an annual event in the following years. Ebichu's 9th single "Superhero" was released on October 21. Ebichu returned to Saitama Super Arena and performed two consecutive nights on December 12โ€“13. On December 17, it was announced that Hinata Kashiwagi had been diagnosed with sudden deafness and that the release of the group's third album "Anarchy", scheduled for release on 10 February 2016, had been postponed for an indefinite period of time. After the delay, Ebichu's third studio album "Anarchy" was released on April 20, 2016. To support the album, Ebichu embarked on a 15 date tour titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Japan Hall Keikiiii Tour 2016 ~the snack bar in gakugeeeekai~". The fourth annual "Famien" was held on August 20. On August 27, it was announced that Kaho Kobayashi had been diagnosed with a mild case of Graves' Disease. As a result, Kobyashi, along with Kashiwagi who injured her foot, would only participate vocally for concerts, and wouldn't participate in the dancing until December. Ebichu's 10th single, "Massugu" was released on September 21. From September 22 to November 3, the tour "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Aki Tour 2016 ~Ebichu-tte Gen-eki Chugakusei Hitori mo inai Group nandatte!~" was held, totaling 6 concerts. On November 6, the group simultaneously released two best-of albums, ""Chลซsotsu": Ebichลซ no Ike Ike Best" and ""Chลซkara": Ebichลซ no Waku Waku Best". The former featured the single "Massugu", while latter featured a new song, titled "Sudden Death". All songs released prior to "Butterfly Effect" have been re-recorded with Kobayashi and Nakayama. In December, Ebichu performed two consecutive nights at Yoyogi Dai-ichi Taiikukan, where Kobayashi and Kashiwagi returned to regular performing. Ebicracy (2017โ€“2018) On February 8, 2017, Rina Matsuno died, aged 18. Matsuno was unable to perform at the group's concert the previous day due to feeling ill, and was resting at home in Tokyo. In the early morning on February 8 her condition suddenly worsened. At around 5 AM her parents called 119. She was taken in the ambulance, but pronounced dead at the hospital. On February 10, it was revealed that the cause of death was a cardiac arrhythmia. In her last post on Instagram on February 6 she said that she had returned from a family trip to Hakone. All upcoming concerts and events were cancelled, and the group went into a period of mourning. The group's website continued listing Rina Matsuno as a member until April 1. It was then announced that the group would continue on with the remaining 7 members, and that a new album, titled "Ebicracy", would be released on May 31. The new album is the first Ebichu album to not feature any singles, consisting only of new material. "Ebicracy" charted at number 1 on both the Oricon and Billboard Japan weekly album charts, a first for Ebichu. In support of the album, Ebichu embarked on a tour titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku IDOL march HALLTOUR 2017 ~Ima, Kimi to Koko ni Iru~", from April 22 to July 16. The last day of the tour, July 16, was Matsuno's birthday. After the show ended, an "end credits" video was played on screen, accompanied by a Rina Matsuno solo version of the song "Kanjou Densha", from "Ebicracy". This was possible because work on "Kanjou Densha" had begun earlier than the other songs, due to it being used in a commercial. The fifth installment of the "Famien" summer concerts took place on August 26. On August 31, Aika Hirota announced that she will be withdrawing from the group following a final concert on January 3, 2018. On September 23, Ebichu performed a special autumn concert titled "Chลซon", which has the audience remain seated, and features a live backing band. The members of Ebichu don't do choreographed dancing for the show, focusing all their energy on singing. Ebichu's 11th single "Sing Along, Sing a Song" was released on November 8. From October 8 to November 24, Ebichu's last tour with Hirota, "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Autumn Nine Tour 2017 ~Ebichu-tte nanka Setsumei shizurai kedo Mitokanakya son-na Group nandatte!~" took place, totaling 9 concerts. On January 3 and 4, 2018, Ebichu performed two consecutive shows at Nippon Budokan. The first, titled "forever aiai" was their last performance with Aika Hirota. The second, was their first performance with the current 6 member lineup, and was titled "ebichu pride". 10th anniversary, Music and Playlist (2018โ€“2021) From April 21 to July 22, Ebichu embarked on their first tour with their current lineup, titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku SHAKARIKI SPRING TOUR 2018 ~New,Gakugeeeekai of Learning~ (Shin โ€“ Gakugeikai no Susume)", totaling 20 dates. On May 23, Ebichu released a cover of "Jiyลซ e Michizure" by Ringo Sheena, as part of the tribute album "Adam to Eve no Ringo". The same day, Ebichu's discography was made available on music subscription services. Ebichu's 12th single "Dekadonden" was released on June 6. The sixth installment of the summer "Famien" shows, held for two days for the first time, took place on August 18โ€“19. On September 22, the second installment of the autumn "Chลซon" shows took place. From November 3 to December 1, Ebichu embarked on a 6 date tour titled "Shiristsu Ebisu Chugaku Aki Tour 2018 ~9nen-me, Gimu Kyouiku karano Sotsugyou~", with each date having a setlist decided by a different member. From December 23 to 25, Ebichu performed 3 consecutive shows at Makuhari Event Hall. During the rehearsal for the second day, Mirei Hoshina fell from the stage, and was hospitalized. The following shows were performed with 5 members. While initially the extent of Hoshina's injuries was not made clear, it was later revealed that she had suffered a cerebral contusion, a fractured skull and a traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hoshina made her return to the stage on February 17, 2019, performing one song with the other members. Following this, she continued to make limited appearances during concerts, gradually increasing the number of songs she participated in. On March 13, Ebichu released their 5th album "MUSiC", the first in a series of releases commemorating their 10th anniversary as a group. The album contains the singles "Sing Along, Sing a Song" and "Dekadonden", with the former being re-recorded by the current lineup. In support of the album, Ebichu embarked on a tour titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Livehouse Tour 2019 ~Listen to the MUSiC~", totaling 10 dates. On June 5, Ebichu released their 13th single "Trendy Girl". On June 22, Ebichu hosted their own festival, "MUSiC Fes", featuring artists that the group has worked with over the years. This was the first full set that Hoshina performed with Ebichu since her fall. The seventh annual "Famien" concert was held on August 17. From September 20 to December 8, Ebichu embarked on a 16 date tour titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Youkoso Aki Fuyu Hall Tour 2019 ~Sekai no Minasan Omedetou Idol tte Tanoshii~". On October 18, it was announced that Ayaka Yasumoto would be going on an indefinite hiatus from the group, as she was experiencing instability both mentally and physically, and needed time to recuperate. On December 18, Ebichu released their 6th album "playlist". The album features the single "Trendy Girl", and Ayaka Yasumoto fully participates on all of the songs. The album topped both the Oricon and Billboard Japan weekly charts, becoming the second Ebichu album to do so. On December 20โ€“21, Ebichu performed two consecutive shows at Makuhari Event Hall, featuring a live backing band. On December 31, Ebichu held their first ever New Year's Countdown concert at Pacifico Yokohama. On March 23, 2020, Ayaka Yasumoto announced that she would be gradually resuming activities. Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and its impact on the performing arts, the tour in support of "playlist" (originally scheduled to take place from April to July) was cancelled, and the 2020 installments of both the "Famien" and "MUSiC Fes" concerts were postponed to 2021. On September 19โ€“20, the third installment of the "Chuon" shows, this time consisting of 4 performances (2 per day), was held. This marked the first time Ebichu performed in front of a live audience since the outbreak of COVID-19. On October 29, it was announced that Ayaka Yasumoto had been diagnosed with Malignant Lymphoma, and would be going on an indefinite hiatus to focus on treatment. Ebichu performed 3 shows titled "Ebichu to New Girl Comrade" on December 18, 26 and 27, at the Tokyo International Forum & the Tokyo Garden Theater. These shows featured an all female backing band. On January 1, it was announced that Shiritsu Ebisu Chhugaku will recruit new members during 2021 (between 10 and 22 years old) From March 6 to April 30, Ebichu embarked on a 6 date tour titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Best at the moment series [6 Voices]". The tour symbolized the end of the 6 member lineup that lasted from January 2018. On April 5, Ayaka Yasumoto announced that her cancer had been treated and was in a state of remission. Self-Titled Album & Lineup changes (2021โ€“present) On May 5, Ebichu announced their first new members in 7 years: Cocona Sakuragi, Yuno Kokubo & Nonoka Kazami. The 3 new members are scheduled to make their live debut at Famien 2021 in August. In June, Ebichu, minus Ayaka Yasumoto & the new members, embarked on a 3 date tour titled "Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku Concept Live ~MOVE~", which focused on the theme of movement. On July 16, Ebichu (minus the 3 new members) appeared on the popular music YouTube channel "The First Take", where they performed the song "Nanairo". This marked Ayaka Yasumoto's official return to the group. On August 18, the compilation album "FAMIEN'21 L.P." was released, containing new 9 member versions of past Famien theme songs. The 2021 installment of Famien, scheduled for August 21-22, was again cancelled. The new members made their live performance debut at the "@Jam Expo" festival on August 29. However, Riko Nakayama could not participate due to ill health, thus postponing the true debut of the new 9 member lineup. Ebichu are scheduled to hold the fourth installment of the "Chuon" shows on September 25-26, consisting of 4 performances (2 per day). On September 13, it was announced that Hinata Kashiwagi would be taking a break (scheduled for 3 months) from the group following the "Chuon" shows. Kashiwagi returned to the group in November, and Ebichu performed 2 shows titled "Reboot" in December 2021. Ebichu released their self titled 7th album on March 23, 2022. On April 3 2022, Hinata Kashiwagi announced that she would be leaving the group in December 2022. On October 1, 2022 Ebichu announced their new members: Emma Sakurai & Yuna Nakamura. Hinata Kashiwagi performed her last concert with the group on December 16 at the Makuhari Event Hall. The next day, Sakurai & Nakamura made their debut performance at the same venue. Musical style The group has recorded songs in many different genres, including pop, heavy metal, melodic hardcore, R&B, city pop and electro. The Japan-based music website CDJournal in its review of their 2016 best-of album "Chลซsotsu": Ebichลซ no Ike Ike Best noted the group's individuality, the musicality of the songs as well as how their lyrics made use of individuality of each member. Members The members are assigned so-called attendance numbers, just like in Japanese schools. Initially the numbers were given in the order of joining the group, and were reassigned when members left/joined. However, after Reina Miyazaki's departure, the numbers of the departing members have been retired. In addition, since around the time of their major-label debut, the members also have individual colors assigned to them. Current members Former members Members without color departed prior to their distribution Timeline Note: , Discography Singles * Cover single ** The song "Go! Go! Here We Go! Rock Lee" is an ending theme for the Naruto anime series "Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals" (Ep. 14 โ€“ 26). Digital singles Other charted songs Vinyl singles Studio albums Compilation albums Live albums EPs Video releases Concerts and documentaries Compilations Theater TV drama shows TV variety shows Limited-press box set (6DVD or 6BD) - Limited-press box set (6DVD or 6BD) - Vol.1 (DVD or BD) - Vol.2 (DVD or BD) - Vol.3 (DVD or BD) - Vol.4 (DVD or BD) - Vol.1 (DVD or BD) - Vol.2 (DVD or BD) - Vol.3 (DVD or BD) - Vol.4 (DVD or BD) - Vol.5 (DVD or BD) - Vol.6 (DVD or BD) - Vol.7 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.1 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.2 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.3 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.4 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.5 (DVD or BD) - Box set (2DVD or 2BD) - Director's Cut Vol.1 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.2 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.3 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.4 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.5 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.6 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.1 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.2 (DVD or BD) - Director's Cut Vol.3 (DVD or BD) - Music videos References External links Official USTREAM (The channel is not available outside Japan.) Japanese pop music groups Japanese girl groups Japanese idol groups Japanese-language singers Musical groups established in 2009 2009 establishments in Japan Musical groups from Tokyo Child musical groups Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists Stardust Promotion artists Defstar Records artists Fictional schools
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%86%A0%EC%9D%B4%20%EC%9A%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A4
์ดํ† ์ด ์š”์‹œ์˜ค
์ดํ† ์ด ์š”์‹œ์˜ค(, 1981๋…„ 7์›” 31์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜(์™ธ์•ผ์ˆ˜)์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฌผ ํ”„๋กœ ์ž…๋‹จ ์ „ ๊ตํ† ๋ถ€ ์š”์‚ฌ๊ตฐ ์ด์™€ํƒ€ํ‚ค ์ •(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์š”์‚ฌ๋…ธ์ •) ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ „์ง ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์• ์Šฌ๋ก  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜€๊ณ  ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ „์ง ๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ฐฝ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š” ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ธดํ‚ค ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ๋งˆ์‚ฌํžˆ์ฝ”, ๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ†  ๋“ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ 1ํ•™๋…„ ์ถ”๊ณ„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3ํ•™๋…„ ์ถ˜๊ณ„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์ด ํ•™์ƒ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ „ ์ถœ์ „์€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 3ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ์ธ 2002๋…„ ์ถ”๊ณ„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ „์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์—์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งก์•„ ์ถ˜๊ณ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” 5์Šน ๋ฌดํŒจ(์™„๋ด‰ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋Š” 2์ฐจ๋ก€)์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์„ธ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‚˜์ธ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ฑ์ ์€ 9์Šน 1ํŒจ์˜€๊ณ  2003๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์œ  ํš๋“ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ๋‹›ํฐํ–„ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์Šค์— ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ž…๋‹จ, ๋“ฑ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” 26๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹›ํฐํ–„ ์‹œ์ ˆ 2004๋…„ ~ 2006๋…„ 187cm์˜ ์žฅ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์†๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ  ์†๋„ 150ย km/h๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ •๋„์˜ ์œ„๋ ฅ์ ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€์ง„๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2๋…„ ๊ฐ„ 1๊ตฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๋“ฑํŒ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 2๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 36๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ฑํŒํ•˜์—ฌ 8์Šน 9ํŒจ 3์„ธ์ด๋ธŒ๋กœ ํ‰๊ท ์ž์ฑ…์ ์€ 4.86์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ถคํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ์„ผ์Šค์™€ 50m 5์ดˆ๋Œ€์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์–ด๊นจ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹น์‹œ ์ด๊ฐ๋…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค์นด๋‹ค ์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์•ผ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํฐ ํ™œ์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ „๋ง์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 2006๋…„ 4์›” 25์ผ์ž๋กœ ํƒ€์ž๋กœ ์ „ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ค‘์— 1๊ตฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 2006๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ๋Š” 28๋ช… ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ 11์›” 11์ผ ์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ฆˆ(์ค‘๊ตญ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์„ ๋ฐœํŒ€)์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋„์ค‘์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ์„ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์™ธ์•ผ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ „ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ง€ 5๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— 9์›”์˜ ์ด์Šคํ„ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒ(์›”๊ฐ„ ํƒ€์œจ 3ํ•  9ํ‘ผ 7๋ฆฌ)ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€์œจ 3ํ•  6๋ฆฌ, 8ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ, 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ ์ถ˜๊ณ„ ์Šคํ”„๋ง ์บ ํ”„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์„ 1๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋งž์ดํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ 2๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„์— ๋ถ€์ƒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 9์›”์—๋Š” 1๊ตฐ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท” ํ›„ ์ฒซ ์•ˆํƒ€์™€ ๋„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋„๋ฃจํ•  ์‹œ์— ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ณ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ 2๊ตฐ์— ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  2๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋„ค์ฝ” ์š”ํ—ค์ด์— ์ด์–ด ์ด์Šคํ„ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์œ„์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” 12๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€์œจ 3ํ•  1ํ‘ผ 9๋ฆฌ, ์žฅํƒ€์œจ 5ํ•  7ํ‘ผ 9๋ฆฌ, 14๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์ขŒ์ต์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์ „์— ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์ „์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 3์›” 30์ผ ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ผ์ฟ ํ… ๊ณจ๋“ ์ด๊ธ€์Šค์ „์—์„œ ๊ทผ์œก ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „์„ ๊ฐ•ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋˜์–ด 2๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1๊ตฐ์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท” ํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋•Œ๋ ค๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด๋งฅ์Šค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ œ1 ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” 1๋ฒˆ ํƒ€์ž๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์–ด ํ™ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ์†ก๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„๋ฅผ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ชจํ†  ํžˆ์ดˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ฒฌ์ˆ˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์ „์— ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์„ ๋ฐœ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ขŒ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ชจํ† ์™€ ๋ณ‘์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ „์„ ์•ž๋‘” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ์ปจ๋””์…˜์„ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ค 6์›”์—๋Š” ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒ, ๋ถ€๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์ „ ์ค‘๊ฒฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ˆœ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ 7๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ 2๋ฒˆ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋‚˜๋ฐ” ์•„์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์žฅํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” 3๋ฒˆ์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๋… ์ถ”์ฒœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” 29์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ๋Š” โ€œ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณจ๋“  ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‚˜์ธ(์™ธ์•ผ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ)์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์‹œ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๊ณ  10์›” 1์ผ ์˜ค๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํŽ„๋กœ์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „์—๋Š” ํŒ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ชจํ†  ํžˆ์ดˆ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์‹ ์นธ์„ผ ํ™๋ณด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ํ‡ด๋‹จํ•œ ํ„ฐ๋ฉœ ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋กœ 5๋ฒˆ ํƒ€์ž๋กœ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์™ธ์•ผ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋งŽ์€ 5์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์‹ค์ฑ…์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 2๋…„ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ณจ๋“  ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ด‰์ด 1์–ต ์—”์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” ์“ฐ๋ณด์ด ๋„๋ชจ์น˜์นด๊ฐ€ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ 7๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ 3๋ฒˆยท์ค‘๊ฒฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋œ ๊ณต์ธ๊ตฌ(์ผ๋ช… ํ†ต์ผ๊ตฌ)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน๋„์˜ ๋ถ€์ง„์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์œ„์˜ ํƒ€์œจ 3ํ•  1ํ‘ผ 9๋ฆฌ, ํŒ€๋‚ด 1์œ„์ธ 31๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ถœ๋ฃจ์œจ์€ ์–‘๋Œ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ 4ํ•  ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ฒซ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ฃจ์œจ์„ ์„๊ถŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ๊ทธ ํ•ด ์šฐ์ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ํƒ€์œจ์€ 2ํ•  8ํ‘ผ 9๋ฆฌ, ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ €์กฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋ฉด์„œ ์ปจ๋””์…˜์ด ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋“ฑ 9์›”์—๋Š” ํƒ€์œจ 3ํ•  8ํ‘ผ๊ณผ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ 3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4๋…„ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ 3ํ•  ๋Œ€์˜ ํƒ€์œจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— 2๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ฃจ์œจ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์„ ์„๊ถŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝ ํ˜‘์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 1,000๋งŒ ์—”์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์—ฐ๋ด‰ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ˜‘์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ต์„ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ์ŠคํŒ… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•œ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฆญ์Šค ์‹œ์ ˆ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด 2013๋…„ 1์›” 23์ผ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ˆ„ํ‚ค ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ, ์˜ค๋น„ํ‚ค ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€, ์•„์นด๋‹ค ์‡ผ๊ณ ์™€์˜ ๋งžํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋กœ ์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋„๋ชจ์•ผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜ค๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํŽ„๋กœ์Šค์— ์ด์ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ธ ์ •๋ณด ์ถœ์‹  ํ•™๊ต ๊ตํ†  ๋ถ€๋ฆฝ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ฆˆ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ธดํ‚ค ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํ”„๋กœํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋‹›ํฐํ–„ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์Šค(2004๋…„ ~ 2012๋…„) ์˜ค๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํŽ„๋กœ์Šค(2013๋…„ ~ 2016๋…„) ํ•œ์‹  ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์Šค(2017๋…„ ~ 2022๋…„) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2013๋…„ ์›”๋“œ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ˆ˜์ƒยทํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ์ˆ˜์œ„ ํƒ€์ž : 1ํšŒ(2014๋…„) ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ฃจ์œจ : 3ํšŒ(2011๋…„, 2012๋…„, 2014๋…„) ๋„๋ฃจ์™• : 1ํšŒ(2016๋…„) ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‚˜์ธ : 5ํšŒ(2009๋…„, 2011๋…„, 2012๋…„, 2014๋…„, 2016๋…„) ๊ณจ๋“  ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ์ƒ : 7ํšŒ(2009๋…„ ~ 2014๋…„, 2016๋…„) ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP : 2ํšŒ(2009๋…„ 6์›”, 2012๋…„ 9์›”) ํด๋ผ์ด๋งฅ์Šค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ MVP : 1ํšŒ(2012๋…„) ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐํˆฌ์ƒ : 1ํšŒ(2013๋…„ 1์ฐจ์ „) ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฒซ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฒซ ์ถœ์žฅยท์ฒซ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์žฅ : 2007๋…„ 3์›” 27์ผ, ๋Œ€ ์˜ค๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํŽ„๋กœ์Šค 1์ฐจ์ „(๊ต์„ธ๋ผ ๋” ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด) ์ฒซ ์•ˆํƒ€ : 2007๋…„ 9์›” 10์ผ, ๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐ” ๋กฏ๋ฐ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์Šค 19์ฐจ์ „(์ง€๋ฐ” ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€) ์ฒซ ๋„๋ฃจ : ์ƒ๋™. ์ฒซ ํƒ€์  : 2008๋…„ 3์›” 25์ผ, ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์ดํƒ€๋งˆ ์„ธ์ด๋ถ€ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์Šค 1์ฐจ์ „(์‚ฟํฌ๋กœ ๋”) ์ฒซ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ : 2008๋…„ 6์›” 27์ผ, ๋Œ€ ์˜ค๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํŽ„๋กœ์Šค 7์ฐจ์ „(๊ต์„ธ๋ผ ๋” ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด) ๊ธฐํƒ€ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 4๊ฐœ์˜ 2๋ฃจํƒ€ : 2010๋…„ 6์›” 15์ผ, ๋Œ€ ๋„์ฟ„ ์•ผ์ฟ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์Šค์™ˆ๋กœ์Šค 4์ฐจ์ „(๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ง„๊ตฌ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์žฅ) ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ถœ์žฅ : 8ํšŒ(2009๋…„ ~ 2016๋…„) ๋“ฑ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 26(2004๋…„ ~ 2010๋…„) 7(2011๋…„ ~ 2022๋…„) ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ์„ฑ์  2016๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ๊ตต์€ ๊ธ€์”จ๋Š” ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ . 2004๋…„ ~ 2006๋…„์€ 1๊ตฐ ์ถœ์žฅ ์—†์Œ. ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋น„ ์„ฑ์  โ€ป2009์€ ๊ณจ๋“  ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ์ƒ 2016๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ๊ตต์€ ๊ธ€์”จ๋Š” ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ . ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1981๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์™ธ์•ผ์ˆ˜ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋‹›ํฐํ–„ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํŽ„๋กœ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ•œ์‹  ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ตํ† ๋ถ€ ์ถœ์‹  ๊ธดํ‚ค ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฌธ 2013๋…„ ์›”๋“œ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ตํ† ๋ถ€์˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshio%20Itoi
Yoshio Itoi
is a Japanese former professional baseball player who played for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters, the Orix Buffaloes, and the Hanshin Tigers. Itoi bats left-handed and throws right-handed. He played for team Japan in WBC 2013, and hit for Japan in games against Brazil (4th batter) and China (5th batter). Career Early life Itoi was a pitcher during his time as a student, and was the ace pitcher for Kinki University during his 4th year, where he finished the spring league with a 5โ€“0 record with 2 shutouts, and won the MVP and Best Pitcher award. He was also included in the Best Nine. He finished his university career with a 9โ€“1 record. Nippon Ham Fighters Itoi was drafted into the Fighters in the fall of 2003, and was considered a power pitcher, being able to pitch 151ย km/h (94ย mph) fastball but has control problems and were unable to muster up decent breaking balls. He was also marred with injury and spent 2 years in the ni-gun (Japanese equivalent of the minor league). Although Itoi had problems developing as a good pitcher in the pros, his outstanding batting sense, running speed (50m in 5 seconds), and strong throwing arm prompted Fighters GM Shigeru Takada to convert him into an outfielder. Just 5 months after converting into an outfielder, Itoi won the Eastern League's Monthly MVP award, hitting .397 in September 2006. Itoi collected his first hit and stolen base in Ichigun level in the 2007 season, but spent most time in Niggun, having only played 7 games at Ichigun level. In 2008, Itoi was the Opening Day's starting left fielder, but injury again put him out of action. He bounced back near the end of the season, however, and hit his first home run soon after. He was the lead off batter for Fighters during that year's Climax Series, and was defensively outstanding. In 2009, Itoi replaced Hichori Morimoto as Fighter's everyday starting center field. He moved up the batting order as the season progress, hitting in the two-hole and even as the third batter when Atsunori Inaba was absent. Itoi won the Monthly MVP award in June, and was selected for the first time to play in the All Star Game. He ended the year hitting .306 with 15 home runs, 24 stolen bases, and a league high 40 doubles, and won his first Golden Glove award. Itoi continued to be an integral part of the Fighters, winning his second Golden Glove in 2010 and ended the year hitting .309 with 15 home runs and 26 stolen bases. After the NPB switched the official game ball into the pitcher friendly ball that lead to a league-wide fall in batting statistics, Itoi continued to flourish in the 2011 season, hitting .319 with 11 home runs and 31 stolen bases, and a league high .411 OBP (the only player with OBP of more than .400 that year in whole of NPB) mainly as the third batter. He won his third straight Golden Glove that year. In 2012, Itoi switched from center field to right field as Taiwanese Dai-Kang Yang was slotted into center field. Itoi was not in his best during the first half of the season, hitting .289 with 2 home runs. He started to pick up in the second half of the season, hitting .380 with 3 home runs in September to win the Monthly MVP award. He ended the year with .304 batting average, 9 homers, 22 stolen base, and second straight year of league high .404 OBP, also winning his fourth Golden Glove. Itoi expressed interest at the end of the season to be posted to the Major Leagues, but was instead traded to the Orix Buffaloes in a 5 player deal on January 25, 2013. Orix Buffaloes Itoi was involved in a surprising 5 player trade at the end of the 2012 season, which saw him moving to Pacific League rivals Orix Buffaloes. He hit a homer against his former club Fighters on 11 May 2013 to join the ranks of players to have hit at least a home run against each NPB team. During his time at Orix, he won the Best Nine Award twice, in 2014 and 2016. He was the Batting Champion in 2014, and the stolen base champion in 2016. He was an NPB All-Star in all four years, and he won the Pacific League Golden Glove Award in 2014 and 2016. In 2013, Orix Fans started waving rainbow-themed flags with Itoi's name and number during his at-bat. It is a reference to the seven colors in a rainbow, which is the equal amount to Itoi's seven jersey number. This ritual carried onto Hanshin Tigers fans after his move to the mentioned team. At the end of the 2016 season, Itoi announced his decision to test the free agent market. The Hanshin Tigers were the most persistent team, and after 9 days of negotiations, he agreed to leave his former club and move to the Central League. Hanshin Tigers He was selected to the . Itoi performed strongly from 2017 to 2019, but slowed down significantly in the 2020 season. After eighteen years of professional baseball,Itoi played his final game and retired on September 21, 2022. International career Itoi was selected to play for Japan national baseball team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic, and started all 3 games as right fielder in the first pool round, batting cleanup in the first 2 games. He is amongst the most consistent batters for Team Japan, getting a hit in each game. During the second pool round, Itoi replaced the ineffective Hisayoshi Chono in center field and continued his batting consistency, hitting a double against Chinese Taipei (Also Team Japan's only second extra base hit up until that moment, with the other also provided by Itoi) and hit a 3-run home run in the mulling of Netherlands. In the semifinal round, however, they lost to upstart Puerto Rico 3โ€“1, thus preventing the team from advancing to the Championship round. References External links NPB.com 1981 births Living people Hanshin Tigers players Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters players Japanese baseball players Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers Orix Buffaloes players Baseball people from Kyoto Prefecture 2013 World Baseball Classic players
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%B9%98%EC%95%BC%EB%A7%88%20%EC%BD%94%EC%9A%B0%ED%82%A4
์šฐ์น˜์•ผ๋งˆ ์ฝ”์šฐํ‚ค
์šฐ์น˜์•ผ๋งˆ ์ฝ”์šฐํ‚ค(, 1990๋…„ 8์›” 16์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์„ฑ์šฐ, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทน๋‹จ ํžˆ๋งˆ์™€๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์†. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ใ€Š๊ธฐ๋™์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฑด๋‹ด UC(๋ฒ„๋‚˜์ง€ ๋งํฌ์Šค)ใ€‹, ใ€Šํ•‘ํ(์Šค๋งˆ์ผ)ใ€‹, ใ€Šํ•˜์ดํ!!(์ธ ํ‚ค์‹œ๋งˆ ์ผ€์ด)ใ€‹ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ฅ 1993๋…„์— ๊ทน๋‹จ ํžˆ๋งˆ์™€๋ฆฌ์— ์ž…๋‹จ. tv๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ, ์™ธํ™” ๋”๋น™ ๋“ฑ์— ์•„์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2011๋…„, ์ œ 5ํšŒ ์„ฑ์šฐ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ์‹ ์ธ๋‚จ์šฐ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2015๋…„, ๋„์ฟ„ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ(TAAF) 2015์—์„œ ์„ฑ์šฐ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ ํ™œ๋™ โ€ป๊ตต์€ ๊ธ€์”จ๋Š” ์ฃผ์—ญยท์ฃผ์š” ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 2007๋…„ ์‹ ๋ น์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ/GHOST HOUND (๋‹จ์—ญ) 2008๋…„ ์†Œ์šธ ์ดํ„ฐ (์†Œ์šธ ์ดํ„ฐ) 2010๋…„ ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ๋ฒ ์ด๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ํญ (์žญ) ์‹œ๊ท€ (์œ ์šฐํ‚ค ๋‚˜์ธ ๋…ธ) ํŽ˜์–ด๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ์ผ (๋ฏธ๋“œ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ) 2011๋…„ ๋„ˆ์™€ ๋‚˜ (์•„์‚ฌ๋ฐ” ์œ ํƒ€) ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ๋ฒ ์ด๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ 4D (์žญ) ์ธํ”ผ๋‹ˆํŠธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผํ† ์Šค (์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋ฌด๋ผ ์ด์น˜์นด) ์œ ํฌ์™• ZEXAL (ํ…์กฐ ์นด์ดํ† ) C (์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜) (์š”๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค๋ฏธ๋งˆ๋กœ) 2012๋…„ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ๋ฑ…์ด ์‹ ์ด! 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MESSIAH (์นด์ด๋„ ์—์ด๋ฆฌ) WORKING!!(์›น์ฝ”๋ฏน) (์•„๋‹ค์น˜ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํžˆ๋กœ) โ€ป์ฝ”๋ฏน์Šค 3๊ถŒ ์ดˆํšŒ ํ•œ์ •ํŠน์žฅํŒ. VOMIC ๊ฐ€์ •๊ต์‚ฌ ํžˆํŠธ๋งจ REBORN! (์ฝ”์žํ†  ์—”๋งˆ) ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ๋น› ๋ฐ์ด์ฆˆ (๋‚˜์˜ค์— ์ธ ์š”์‹œ) ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋„ˆ์™€ ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ณผํ›„ ๋žฉ์†Œ๋”” ์†Œ์šธ ์ดํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ „ ๊ณต๋ช… ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ ์†Œ์šธ side ์†Œ์šธ ์ดํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ „ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ• ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ถ€ ์šฐ์น˜์•ผ๋งˆ ์ฝ”์šฐํ‚ค์˜ 1์ฟจ!(ๅ†…ๅฑฑๆ˜‚่ผใฎ๏ผ‘ใ‚ฏใƒผใƒซ๏ผ) ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ์œ™ ์˜คํ† ์™€ ํŽธ์ง‘๋ถ€(้€ฑ้–“ ใ‚ตใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐ ้Ÿณ็พฝ ็ทจ้›†้ƒจ) ์œ ๋ฆฌ!! on RADIO ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ Radio Disney "ADVENTURE OF SOUNDLAND" (์‡ผ) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Yahoo! ์šฐ์น˜์•ผ๋งˆ ์ฝ”์šฐํ‚ค ํ”„๋กœํ•„ 1990๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์„ฑ์šฐ ์‚ฌ์ดํƒ€๋งˆํ˜„ ์ถœ์‹  ์™€์„ธ๋‹ค ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฌธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koki%20Uchiyama
Koki Uchiyama
is a Japanese actor and voice actor from Saitama Prefecture. affiliated with Himawari Theatre Group. He won Best Male Rookie at 5th Seiyu Awards. He also received one of Best Voice Actors at Tokyo Anime Award Festival in 2015. Filmography Television animation Original video animation (OVA) Film Tokusatsu Video games Other dubbing References External links Official agency profile 1990 births Living people Japanese male child actors Japanese male video game actors Japanese male voice actors Male voice actors from Saitama Prefecture Waseda University alumni Square Enix people 21st-century Japanese male actors Seiyu Award winners
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD%20%ED%83%9C%EA%B6%8C%EB%8F%84%20%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%20%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D
์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชฉ๋ก
ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋ชฉ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. 1988๋…„๊ณผ 1992๋…„์— ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์ข…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„๋Š” 1994๋…„ 9์›” 4์ผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ œ103์ฐจ IOC ์ดํšŒ์—์„œ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ •์‹ ์ข…๋ชฉ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ 2000๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ์ข…๋ชฉ ์ฑ„ํƒ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์œ„์›ํšŒ(IOC)๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์ „ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 128๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ 8์ข…๋ชฉ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด๊ธ‰, ํŽ˜๋”๊ธ‰, ๋ฏธ๋“ค๊ธ‰, ํ—ค๋น„๊ธ‰ ์ด 4์ข…๋ชฉ๋งŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2012๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋…์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…๋ชฉ์—๋งŒ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„์—ฐ๋งน์ด 2016๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ๋žญํ‚น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž๋™์ถœ์ „๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 8์ข…๋ชฉ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ทœ์น™์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์—ฐ๋งน์ด ์ง€์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์…˜ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์€ ํŒจ์ž๋ถ€ํ™œ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. 16๊ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ ์„ ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํŒจ์ž๋ถ€ํ™œ์ „ ์ถœ์ „ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „์„ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ 2๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ 2000๋…„๊ณผ 2004๋…„์—๋Š” ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ 2๋ช…์ด ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ž€์˜ ํ•˜๋”” ์‚ฌ์—์ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋กœํŽ˜์Šค, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ฒฝ์„ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์—์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ™ฉ๊ฒฝ์„ ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„์—์„œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋”” ์‚ฌ์—์ด, ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋กœํŽ˜์Šค, ํ™ฉ์ฆˆ์Š, ์ด๋Œ€ํ›ˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ‰์„ธ์ด ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์„ผ์ฝ”๋Š” 2๊ฐœ ์ฒด๊ธ‰์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์—ฐ์†Œ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์ค‘ํ™” ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด์˜ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฃจ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” ๋งŒ 17์„ธ 10๊ฐœ์›” 1์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ น ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์ด๋ž€์˜ ํ•˜๋”” ์‚ฌ์—์ด๋กœ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” ๋งŒ 32์„ธ 2๊ฐœ์›” 13์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋‹ค ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ํš๋“ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์€ ๋กœํŽ˜์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋กœํŽ˜์Šค๋Š” ์ด 5๋ฒˆ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ 2๊ฐœ, ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ 1๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋™์ƒ์ธ ๋งˆํฌ ๋กœํŽ˜์Šค์™€ ๋‹ค์ด์• ๋‚˜ ๋กœํŽ˜์Šค๋„ 2008๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๋”ฐ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฉํžˆ์—์šฐ์‘์–ธ์€ 2000๋…„์— ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋กœํ›Œ๋ผ ๋‹ˆํฌํŒŒ์ด๋Š” 2008๋…„์— ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•™ํ† ๋‹ˆ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋ฉ”๋Š” 2012๋…„ ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€๋ด‰์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒœ์Šค์‹ ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฌด์˜Œ์€ 2004๋…„ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘ํ™” ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ํƒ€์ด์™„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ค‘ํ™” ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด ์‹œ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…ฐ์ดํฌ ์‚ด๋ผ ์‹œ์„ธ ๋˜ํ•œ 2016๋…„์— ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋””๋ถ€์•„๋ฅด์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.์•„ํ๋งˆ๋“œ ์•„๋ถ€๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ๋˜ํ•œ ์š”๋ฅด๋‹จ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒซ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์••๋‘˜ ๋ผ์žํฌ ์ด์ˆ˜ํ‘ธ๋„ ๋‹ˆ์ œ๋ฅด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒซ ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋ฏธ์•„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฐ๋Š” 2016๋…„์— ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋ž€์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถœ์ „ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ 1992๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ดํ›„๋กœ 24๋…„๋งŒ์— ํš๋“ํ•œ ์ฒซ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 19๊ฐœ(๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ 12๊ฐœ, ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ 3๊ฐœ, ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ 7๊ฐœ)์˜ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์—ฌ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด 10๊ฐœ(๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ 7๊ฐœ, ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ 1๊ฐœ, ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ 3๊ฐœ)์˜ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋กœ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ž 58kg๊ธ‰(ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด๊ธ‰) 68kg๊ธ‰(ํŽ˜๋”๊ธ‰) 80kg๊ธ‰(๋ฏธ๋“ค๊ธ‰) +80kg๊ธ‰(ํ—ค๋น„๊ธ‰) ์—ฌ์ž 49kg๊ธ‰(ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด๊ธ‰) 57kg๊ธ‰(ํŽ˜๋”๊ธ‰) 67kg๊ธ‰(๋ฏธ๋“ค๊ธ‰) +67kg๊ธ‰(ํ—ค๋น„๊ธ‰) ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ์ง‘๊ณ„ | width="60%" align="left" valign="top" | ๋ˆ„์  ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ์ง‘๊ณ„ |- | 1 ||align=left| || 12 || 3 || 7 || 22 |- | 2 ||align=left| || 7 || 1 || 3 || 11 |- | 3 ||align=left| || 3 || 2 || 5 || 10 |- | 4 ||align=left| || 2 || 3 || 4 || 9 |- | 5 ||align=left| || 2 || 2 || 3 || 7 |- | 6 ||align=left| || 2 || 1 || 6 || 10 |- | 7 ||align=left| || 2 || 1 || 3 || 6 |- |rowspan=3| 8 ||align=left| || 2 || 1 || 1 || 4 |- |align=left| || 2 || 1 || 1 || 4 |- |align=left| || 2 || 1 || 1 || 4 |- | 11 ||align=left| || 1 || 5 || 1 || 7 |- | 12 ||align=left| || 1 || 3 || 5 || 9 |- | 13 ||align=left| || 1 || 3 || 0 || 4 |- |rowspan=2| 14 ||align=left| || 1 || 2 || 3 || 6 |- |align=left| || 1 || 2 || 3 || 6 |- |rowspan=2| 16 ||align=left| || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2 |- |align=left| || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2 |- | 18 ||align=left| || 1 || 0 || 4 || 5 |- |rowspan=2| 19 ||align=left| || 1 || 0 || 2 || 3 |- |align=left| || 1 || 0 || 2 || 3 |- |rowspan=2| 21 ||align=left| || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 |- |align=left| || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 |- | 23 ||align=left| || 0 || 3 || 5 || 8 |- | 24 ||align=left| || 0 || 2 || 2 || 4 |- | 25 ||align=left| || 0 || 2 || 0 || 2 |- |rowspan=4| 26 ||align=left| || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 |- |align=left| || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 |- |align=left| || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 |- |align=left| || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 |- |rowspan=4| 30 ||align=left| || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 |- |align=left| || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 |- |align=left| || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 |- |align=left| || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 |- | 34 ||align=left| || 0 || 0 || 4 || 4 |- |rowspan=3| 35 ||align=left| || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2 |- |align=left| || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2 |- |align=left| || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2 |- |rowspan=5 | 38 ||align=left| || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 |- |align=left| || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 |- |align=left| || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 |- |align=left| || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 |- |align=left| || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 |- class="sortbottom" !colspan="2"| ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ || 48 || 48 || 80 || 176 |} | width="80%" align="left" valign="top" | ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ์ง‘๊ณ„ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ณ„ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ 2๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์ฐธ์กฐ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Olympic%20medalists%20in%20taekwondo
List of Olympic medalists in taekwondo
Taekwondo is an Olympic sport that is contested at the Summer Olympic Games. It was introduced in the 1988 and 1992 Olympic Games as a demonstration sport, and made its debut as a full medal sport at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Both men and women compete in four events each defined by separate weight classes: flyweight, featherweight, middleweight and heavyweight. Traditionally, taekwondo competitions consist of eight weight classes for each gender, but Olympic taekwondo only has four due to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) limiting the total number of taekwondo entrants to 128. The competitions are conducted in accordance with the rules established by the World Taekwondo (WT). The competition format for taekwondo is a single-elimination tournament to determine the gold and silver medal winners, and a repechage is used to determine the bronze medal winner(s). in 2000 and 2004, a single repechage final determined the sole bronze medal winner, but a rule change in 2008 created two repechage finals that allowed for the bronze medal to be shared between two competitors. Iranian Hadi Saei (2 gold, 1 bronze), American Steven Lรณpez (2 gold, 1 bronze), South Korean Hwang Kyung-Seon (2 gold, 1 bronze) and Mexican Marรญa del Rosario Espinoza (1 gold, 1 silver, 1 bronze) share the most medals in Taekwondo with three. By defending her title at 2012 London Olympics, Hwang Kyung-Seon became the first woman ever to win three Olympic taekwondo medals. Hadi Saei and Steven Lรณpez, along with Huang Chih-hsiung of Chinese Taipei, are the only three athletes to have won medals in multiple weight classes. Spanish Adriana Cerezo is the youngest athlete to win a medal (17 years, 242 days) and Hadi Saei is the oldest (32 years, 2 months, 13 days). Rohullah Nikpai of Afghanistan became his country's first ever Olympic medalist with a bronze medal in 2008. South Korea has been the most successful nation in Olympic taekwondo, winning 22 medals (12 gold, 3 silver, 7 bronze). China is the second most successful nation with 11 medals (7 gold, 1 silver, 3 bronze). A total of 32 gold medals, 32 silver medals and 48 bronze medals have been awarded since 2000 and have been won by athletes from 33 National Olympic Committees (NOC). Men Flyweight (58 kg) Featherweight (68 kg) Middleweight (80 kg) Heavyweight (+80 kg) Women Flyweight (49 kg) Featherweight (57 kg) Middleweight (67 kg) Heavyweight (+67 kg) Statistics Athlete medal leaders Athletes who won at least two medals are listed below. The years indicate the Olympics at which the medals were won. Medals per year See also World Taekwondo Championships World Cup Taekwondo Team Championships Lists of Olympic medalists References General 2000 2004 2008 Specific Taekwondo Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics Lists of taekwondo practitioners
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DVD-BOX๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋””์ง€๋ชฌ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋…„ ์ƒˆํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋””์ง€๋ชฌ DVD-BOX ์ „ ํŽธ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์˜์‹์„ ์น˜๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์‹์€ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•„๊ฒŒ. ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ํ”ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ”๊ณ ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กด๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ์นดํ†  ์—๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ. 2012๋…„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋กœ๋งˆ์ž๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 2011๋…„์— ์‚ฌ์ธ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํžˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์Šค์œ„ํŠธ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ดโ™ช TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ใ€Ž์Šค์œ„ํŠธ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ดโ™ชใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด๋กœ์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋๋˜ ํ์–ด ๋ฎค์ฆˆ์˜ ์ •์ฒด ์‹œ๋ผ๋ฒ  ์•„์ฝ” ์—ญ์„ ๋งก์•˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ 11ํ™”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๋Š” 35ํ™”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„ํžˆ ๋ณต์„ ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ค์˜ค์ฟ ๋ณด ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์˜ค๋””์…˜ ์ œ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šคํƒœํ”„๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋ง ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž๋‹ฌ์˜ ์š”์ • ์„ธ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฌธใ€์ด๋‚˜ ใ€Žํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆใ€๋ฅผ ๋ด์™”๋˜ ์˜ค์˜ค์ฟ ๋ณด ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ํŽธ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์งง์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก์•„๋„ ์ข‹์„์ง€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด์˜ ์„ฑ์šฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ์Šคํƒœํ”„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  OP ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ธ ์ฟ ๋„ ๋งˆ์œ ์™€ ED ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ธ ์ด์ผ€๋‹ค ์•„์•ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋•์— ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์— ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›Œ ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ํ์–ด ๋ ˆ๋ชจ๋„ค์ด๋“œ, ํ์–ด ํŒŒ์ธ, ํ์–ด ์„ ์ƒค์ธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งก์€ ํ์–ด ๋ฎค์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์—ฌ์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์•„๋ฏธ (ํ์–ด ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋”” ์—ญ), ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์นด์‚ฌ ํ›„๋ฏธ์ฝ” (ํ์–ด ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ์—ญ), ํ† ์š”๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋ฉ”๊ตฌ๋ฏธ (ํ์–ด ๋น„ํŠธ ์—ญ) ์ด ์„ธ ๋ช…๊ณผ OPยทED ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ธ ์ฟ ๋„ ๋งˆ์œ , ์ด์ผ€๋‹ค ์•„์•ผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณฑ์ฐฝ์ง‘์—์„œ ํšŒ์‹์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค‘โ˜†์˜ค๋ฝ๋ถ€ (์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ) ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ใ€Ž์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์š”์‹œ์นด์™€ ์น˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ƒ ์œ ๋‹›์ธ ใ€Ž๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค‘โ˜†์˜ค๋ฝ๋ถ€ใ€์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ ์ข… ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธํŽธ์—์„œ์˜ ์š”์‹œ์นด์™€ ์น˜๋‚˜์ธ ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๊ฒน์ณ ใ€Œ(์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ) ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์„ ํ•ด๋„ ใ€Ž์‹œ์ปค๋งคใ€ใ€Ž์•…๋ž„ํ•ดใ€ใ€Ž์ฉจ์ฉจํ•ดใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ตฌ์š”!ใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 2009๋…„ ์†์‚ญ์ž„ - ๊ณ ๋…ธ๋ฏธ, ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ, ์นœ๊ตฌ 2010๋…„ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•๋ณ€์‹ ! ์•„์ด๋Œ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ธ์Šค ๋ฆฌํ‹€ํ”„๋ฆฟ - ์•„์ฆˆ๋ฏธ ์นดํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€ํƒ€๋ฆฌ - ์—ฌ์ž 2011๋…„ ํŽ˜์–ด๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ์ผ - ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋„๋ผ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์†Œ๋…€ ๋งˆ๋„์นดโ˜†๋งˆ๊ธฐ์นด - ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์†Œ๋…€, ์—ฌ์ž, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ A, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ B, ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ ์Šค์œ„ํŠธ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ดโ™ช - ์‹œ๋ผ๋ฒ  ์•„์ฝ”/ํ์–ด ๋ฎค์ฆˆ ์˜ค๋น  ๋”ฐ์œ„ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ตฌ!! - ๋ฉ”์ด๋“œ ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ - ์š”์‹œ์นด์™€ ์ง€๋‚˜์ธ  ์นด๋“œํŒŒ์ดํŠธ!! ๋ฑ…๊ฐ€๋“œ - ์ƒค์ด๋‹ ๋ ˆ์ด๋””, ์˜ค์•„์ด์Šค ๊ฑธ, ์žฅ๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋‚˜, ์นด๋ฅด๋งˆ ํ€ธ ๋“ฑ ํ•ดํ”ผ ์บ‡ํ”ผ - ๊ธฐ๋…ธ์‹œํƒ€ ์Šค๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ 2012๋…„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ - ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์ฆˆ๋ฏธํ‚ค ์˜ค๋‹ค ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ ์•ผ๋ง - ๋ณธํ…๋งˆ๋ฃจ ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌโ™ชโ™ช - ์š”์‹œ์นด์™€ ์ง€๋‚˜์ธ  ์ „๊ตญ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ - ์˜ค๋‹ค ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ „ํฌ์ ˆ์ฐฝ ์‹ฌํฌ๊ธฐ์–ด - ์—ฌ์ž ์•„์ด, ์—ฌ๊ณ ์ƒ 3์ธ์กฐ ์นด๋“œํŒŒ์ดํŠธ!! ๋ฑ…๊ฐ€๋“œ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์„œํ‚ท ํŽธ - ๋„๋น„ํƒ€ ๋งˆ์ด, ๋ณด๋ฆ„๋‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์‹  ์ธ ์ฟ ์š”๋ฏธ/์ดˆ์Šน๋‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์‹  ์ธ ์ฟ ์š”๋ฏธ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ: Dear My Future - ์•„๊ฒŒํ•˜ ๋ฏธ์•„ 2013๋…„ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ด๋ˆ๋‚˜ (ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์ฆˆํ‚ค) ๋งˆ๊ธฐ (ํ”ผ์Šคํ‹ฐ) ๋ฌด์‹œ๋ถ€๊ต (ํžˆ๋ฐ”์น˜) ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธX์„œ๋น„์Šค (์ด์น˜๋ฏธ์•ผ ๋„์ฝ”) ์œ ์œ ์‹œํ‚ค (๋…ธ๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ์œ ์ฆˆ์ฝ”) 2014๋…„ ๋ฏธํ™•์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• (์š”๋…ธ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ) ๋ฐ”๋ผ์นด๋ชฌ (์•„๋ผ์ด ํƒ€๋งˆ์ฝ”) ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ธ”๋ฆฟ (๊ฐ€ํƒ€๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ ์œ ์ฆˆํ‚ค) ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ๊ฐ„ ์นœ๊ตฌ (์•ผ๋งˆ๊ธฐ์‹œ ์‚ฌํ‚ค) ๋ชจ๋ชจํ” ์†Œ๋“œ (๋งˆ๋ก ) ์„œ๋ฐ”๊ฒŒ๋ถ€ (๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€๋…ธ ์šฐ๋ผ๋ผ) ์œ„์ €๋“œ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์ฆˆ ๋ณ€๋งˆ์‚ฌ ์„ธ์‹ค (์‚ฌ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ”๋ชจ๋กœ) 2015๋…„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์ž! ๋ถ€ํ™œ๋™ ์Šคํ•€์˜คํ”„ ํ‘ธ๋ฃจํ‘ธ๋ฃฌ ์ƒค๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๋†€์ž (์ด์ž์š”์ด ์นด๋…ผ) ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 2011๋…„ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ์Šค์œ„ํŠธ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ดโ™ช ๋˜์ฐพ์•„๋ผ! ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ ์˜ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””โ™ช - ์‹œ๋ผ๋ฒ  ์•„์ฝ”/ํ์–ด ๋ฎค์ฆˆ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ์ผ€์ด์˜จ! - ๊ฐ์‹ค ์Šน๋ฌด์› 2012๋…„ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ฆˆ New Stage ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ - ์‹œ๋ผ๋ฒ  ์•„์ฝ”/ํ์–ด ๋ฎค์ฆˆ 2017๋…„ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ๋‹ค๋งˆ๊ณ ์น˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์˜ ๋ฐฐ์†ก ๋Œ€์ž‘์ „ - ๋‹ˆ์ง€ํ›„์™“์น˜ OVA 2012๋…„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„ - ํ˜ผ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐœํ•„์ค‘!! ๋””๋ฐด๋” - ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด์ œ ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ 2014๋…„ ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜์ธ„์•ผ์ธ„๋ฏธ -- ์š”์‹œ์นด์™€ ์น˜๋‚˜์ธ  ์›น ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 2011๋…„ ์ฝ”ํ”ผํ•œ - ์ธ ๊ฐ€์•ผ๋งˆ ์œ ์ฆˆํ‚ค ์™ธํ™”๋”๋น™ 2012๋…„ ๋ฐฐํŠธ๋งจ - ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ์•ค ๋” ๋ณผํŠธ - ์•„์ด์Šค 2015๋…„ ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ - ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋งคํŠœ์Šค ๋ผ๋””์˜ค A&G NEXT GENERATION Lady Go!! (์ดˆ!A&G+: 2010๋…„ 10์›” 7์ผ ~, ์ˆ˜์š” ํผ์Šค๋‚ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ) ์˜ค์˜ค์ฟ ๋ณด ๋ฃจ๋ฏธยทํ›„์ฟ ํ•˜๋ผ ์นด์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ (์ดˆ!A&G+: 2012๋…„ 3์›” 3์ผ ~) ์œ ๋ฆฌ์œ ๋ผ๋ผ๋ผ๋ผ ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‹ค (๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด: 2011๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ ~, ํผ์Šค๋‚ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ) ์ „๊ตญ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ใ€Œ์†Œ์•…๋งˆ์™•ยท์˜ค์˜ค์ฟ ๋ณด ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ฒœํ•˜ํฌ์‹ใ€ (์˜จ์„ผ: 2012๋…„ 3์›” 23์ผ ~) ๊ฒŒ์ž„ 2011๋…„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์นด๋“œ์Šค ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ฆˆ - ์‹œ๋ผ๋ฒ  ์•„์ฝ”/ํ์–ด ๋ฎค์ฆˆ ๋ฌด์žฅ์‹ ํฌ BATTLE RONDO - ์‹œ์Šคํ„ฐ ํ˜• MMS ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค 2012๋…„ 24์‹œ์˜ ์ข…๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ผ ~Halloween Wedding~ - ์˜ค๋ฐํŠธ = ์Šค์นผ๋ › ๋˜์ „ ํŠธ๋ž˜๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์Šค 2 ์™•๋ฆฝ ๋„์„œ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋งˆ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ด‰์ธ - ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋ฐ”๋ฒจ - ๊ฒŒํ…” ๋งˆ์ง€ํ… ~์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค~ - ํ•˜ํƒ€๋…ธ ์ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด์™€ ๋ฐ€์‹ค์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด โ—‹โ—‹ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ - ์•„ํ‚ค์‹œ๋…ธ ์นด์Šค๋ฏธ 2015๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ๋ฌด์žฅํฌ MURAMASA ๋ฏธ์•ผ๋น„ - ์‚ฌ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์œ ํ‚ค๋ฌด๋ผ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด - ์ด์˜ค 2016๋…„ * ํŽ˜์ดํŠธ ์—‘์Šคํ…”๋ผ - ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ํŠธ ๋ฐ”ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CD 2011๋…„ ์Šˆ๊ฐ€์• ํ”Œ ํŽ˜์–ด๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ - ์•ค ํ• ํฌ๋“œ ์ฝฅ์Šค ํŒŒํ‹ฐ Book of Shadows ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์Šค 2012๋…„ ์Šˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ผ - ํžˆ์ธ ์ง€์นด ๋ชจ๋ชจ๋…ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท TV 2011๋…„ ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ TV ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ฝ”๋ฏน TV ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ทน์žฅ OZ-์˜ค์ฆˆ- - ๋„๋กœ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ! ๋ฏธ๋…€๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต - ์šฐ์ง€์ด์— ์‚ฌ์š”์ฝ”, ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ ์•„์•ผํ•˜ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์†Œํ™˜์ฒฉ - ์—ฌ์ž ํžˆ๋งˆ์™€๋ฆฌ์ƒ - ์นด์ž๋งˆ์ธ ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์ธ ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•… ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์†ก ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ณต์‹ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ (81 ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์Šค) ์˜ค์˜ค์ฟ ๋ณด ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ์˜ค์˜ค์ฟ ๋ณด ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ ์˜คํ”ผ์…œ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธใ€ŒPRISMโ˜†DAYSใ€Powered by Ameba: (2012๋…„ 2์›” ~ ) 1989๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์„ฑ์šฐ ์‚ฌ์ดํƒ€๋งˆํ˜„ ์ถœ์‹  ์‚ฌ์ดํƒ€๋งˆ์‹œ ์ถœ์‹ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi%20Okubo
Rumi Okubo
is a Japanese voice actress associated with 81 Produce. She has voiced starring characters in many anime shows, including: Astolfo in Fate/Apocrypha, Ako Shirabe/Cure Muse in Suite PreCure, Suguri Kinoshita in Happy Kappy, Chinatsu Yoshikawa in YuruYuri, Tsumiki Miniwa in Place to Place, Yuzuko Nonohara in Yuyushiki, Mia Ageha in Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future, Emilia Hermit in Hundred, Hinako Saijล in Long Riders!, and Kotetsu in Tsugumomo. At the 7th Seiyu Awards, she won an award for Best Female Newcomer. Filmography Anime Film Drama CDs Video games References External links Official agency profile 1989 births Living people Japanese video game actresses Japanese voice actresses Voice actresses from Ehime Prefecture Voice actresses from Saitama (city) 81 Produce voice actors
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88%EC%9E%A1%EC%A2%85%EB%B2%95
ํšจ๋ชจ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์žก์ข…๋ฒ•
ํšจ๋ชจ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์žก์ข…๋ฒ•(Yeast two-hybrid system)์€ Y2H, two-hybrid screening์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-DNA ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ถ€์œ„(upstream activating sequence, UAS)์— ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜๋ณด๊ณ ์œ ์ „์ž(downstream reporter gene)์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. Two-hybrid screening์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ(binding domain, BD)๊ณผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ(activating domain, AD)๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ถ€์œ„์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์ด๊ณ , ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ์ „์‚ฌํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1989๋…„ Stanley Fields์™€ Song์ด ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•œ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ํšจ๋ชจ์˜ GAL4 ์ „์‚ฌํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. GAL4๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šค ํ™œ๋™์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ, ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ "๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-DNA์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ", "DNA-DNA์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ", ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํšจ๋ชจ๋Œ€์‹  ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท (E. Coli)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์— ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ „์ œ ํšจ๋ชจ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์žก์ข…๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ง„ํ•ต ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž๋“ค์—์„œ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์‹์ด๊ณ , ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์—†์ด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„๋ก ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„, ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ „์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์€ ํšจ๋ชจ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์žก์ข…๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ต์‚ฐ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์˜์–‘์†Œ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํšจ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค, ์˜์–‘์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ํšจ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํšจ๋ชจ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€DNA๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํšจ๋ชจ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์žก์ข…๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํšจ๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ๋ผ์™€ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋„์ž…๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก ์ œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. DNA๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ(BD) ์กฐ๊ฐ์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋ถ™๊ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ(AD) ์กฐ๊ฐ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋ถ™๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. BD๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. AD๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๋จน์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ๋˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ์„œ์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€, ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฏธ๋ผ์™€ ๋จน์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๊ณผ DNA๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ , ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ์ „์‚ฌ์‹œ์ž‘์ง€์ ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์žก์ข…๋ฒ•์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ, DNA๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด DNA๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ผ์™€ ๋จน์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ DNA๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๊ณผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ, DNA๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ Zif268๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ DNA๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ณจ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค.๋ฏธ๋ผ์™€ ๋จน์ด ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ณจ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ํšจ๋ชจ Gal11p์˜ 263-352์™€ ํšจ๋ชจ Gal4์˜ 58-97๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๋“ค์€ ํšจ๋ชจ-์™€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„-๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ๋œ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์„ธํฌ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ํšจ๋ชจ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋ฅดํŽ˜์Šค๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค-์œ ๋„ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์ธ VP16๊ณผ ํšจ๋ชจGal4ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๋ชจ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— E.coli RNA ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋ผ์•„์ œ์˜ ษ‘-์†Œ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ E.coli์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ˜„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์œ ์ „์„œ์—ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์žก์ข…๋ฒ• ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ์ „์„œ์—ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ์žก์ข… ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ฆŒ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. : ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์™€ cDNA๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ. cDNA๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ์•„์ง„ mRNA์˜ ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ cDNA๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ BD๋‚˜ AD์— ๋ถ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” cDNA๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ์„œ์—ด์˜ DNA์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. Cassette mutagenesis๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ์„œ์—ด์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. DNA๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์„œ์—ด์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ œํ•œํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. E. coli์— ํŠนํ™”๋˜์–ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์‚ฌํ•ญ IPTG-์œ ๋„๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ lacํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žก์ข…๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋†“์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์žก์ข…๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ IPTG๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํ›„์—, ๊ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ, ํ•ญ์ฒด ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํ˜•์งˆ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฑธ๋ผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š”, ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ธํฌ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ํ”ผ์†œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ E.coli ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ผ์ฐจ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ์„œ์—ด์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. E.coli E. coli ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ํ˜•์งˆ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฏธ๋“œ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์„ ํƒ๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ VCS-13๋„์›€ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์  ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ผ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฏธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  XL-1Blue์ƒˆํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘๋‚˜์„ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฏธ๋“œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ์ด XL-1Blue ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ธŒํ„ฐ ๋ชจ์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด DNA์„œ์—ด๋“ค์€ '๋ง‰์‚ผ-๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ'์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ์กฐ์ ˆ Escherichia coli-์œ ๋„๋œ Tet-R์–ต์ œ์ž๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  tetracycline ๋˜๋Š” doxicycline(Tet-R์–ต์ œ์ž)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ข…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ Tet-R์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ํ‘œ์ค€์žก์ข…๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ข…๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Tet-R์€ ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ HIS3์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž๋“ค์„ Tet-Rํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์ข…(์–ต์ œ)ํ•œ๋‹ค. Tetracycline์€ Tet-R์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์œตํ•ฉ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋น„์œตํ•ฉ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ(non-fusion protein)์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต๋™๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ œ3์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์œตํ•ฉ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •, ๋งค๊ฐœ, ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ3๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ณต๋™๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์œตํ•ฉ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์ด๋‚˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌ์นด๋กœ๋ฏธ์„ธ์Šค ์„ธ๋ ˆ๋น„์‹œ์•„(S. cerevisiae)๋Š” ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ ํ‚ค๋‚˜์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹  ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ‚ค๋‚˜์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹  ํ‚ค๋‚˜์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์œตํ•ฉ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์œตํ•ฉ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์— ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์—๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์ƒ๋™๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์œตํ•ฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ œ3์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค, ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œตํ•ฉ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œตํ•ฉ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ, ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋‰œ ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด ํšจ๋ชจ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์žก์ข…๋ฒ• ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ํšจ๋ชจ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์žก์ข…๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋งŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ฌผ์— ๋…น์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ง‰๊ด€ํ†ต ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์—์„œ๋Š” ํšจ๋ชจ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์žก์ข…๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋‚˜๋‰œ ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(split-ubiquitin system)์€ ์ด ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋‰œ ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ, ๋‘ ๋ง‰๊ด€ํ†ต๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด์— ์œตํ•ฉ๋œ๋‹ค: C-๋ง๋‹จ์˜ ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด("Cub", ์ž”๊ธฐ 35โ€“76)๊ณผ N-๋ง๋‹จ์˜ ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด("Nub", ์ž”๊ธฐ 1โ€“34). ์œตํ•ฉ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋ผ์™€ ๋จน์ด๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๊ด€ํ†ต๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ๋ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, Cub์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž์— ์œตํ•ฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ผ-๋จน์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ Nub๊ณผ Cub์€ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ ๋‚˜๋‰œ ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•ฉ์นœ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด์€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅด๋Š” ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด ํŠน์ • ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์•„์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธ์‹์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ „์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ์žก์ข…, ์‚ผ์žก์ข…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ-์ด์žก์ข… ๋ณ€์ข… ์ผ์žก์ข… ์ผ์žก์ข…๋ณ€์ข…(one-hybrid variation)์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-DNA ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์— ๋ถ™์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์œตํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ์ด์žก์ข… ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์„œ์—ด์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์„œ์—ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์„ฑ์„ ํƒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ, UAS์— ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ์„ ํƒ๋œ๋‹ค. DNA๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์ผ์žก์ข…์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์žก์ข…์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ผ์™€ ๋จน์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์ผ์ •ํ•จ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ผ์žก์ข… RNA-๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์‚ผ์žก์ข…๋ณ€์ข…(three-hybrid variation)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ์žก์ข… RNA๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์œตํ•ฉ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์„ธํฌ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-hybrid%20screening
Two-hybrid screening
Two-hybrid screening (originally known as yeast two-hybrid system or Y2H) is a molecular biology technique used to discover proteinโ€“protein interactions (PPIs) and proteinโ€“DNA interactions by testing for physical interactions (such as binding) between two proteins or a single protein and a DNA molecule, respectively. The premise behind the test is the activation of downstream reporter gene(s) by the binding of a transcription factor onto an upstream activating sequence (UAS). For two-hybrid screening, the transcription factor is split into two separate fragments, called the DNA-binding domain (DBD or often also abbreviated as BD) and activating domain (AD). The BD is the domain responsible for binding to the UAS and the AD is the domain responsible for the activation of transcription. The Y2H is thus a protein-fragment complementation assay. History Pioneered by Stanley Fields and Ok-Kyu Song in 1989, the technique was originally designed to detect proteinโ€“protein interactions using the Gal4 transcriptional activator of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Gal4 protein activated transcription of a gene involved in galactose utilization, which formed the basis of selection. Since then, the same principle has been adapted to describe many alternative methods, including some that detect proteinโ€“DNA interactions or DNA-DNA interactions, as well as methods that use different host organisms such as Escherichia coli or mammalian cells instead of yeast. Basic premise The key to the two-hybrid screen is that in most eukaryotic transcription factors, the activating and binding domains are modular and can function in proximity to each other without direct binding. This means that even though the transcription factor is split into two fragments, it can still activate transcription when the two fragments are indirectly connected. The most common screening approach is the yeast two-hybrid assay. In this approach the researcher knows where each prey is located on the used medium (agar plates). Millions of potential interactions in several organisms have been screened in the latest decade using high-throughput screening systems (often using robots) and over thousands of interactions have been detected and categorized in databases as BioGRID. This system often utilizes a genetically engineered strain of yeast in which the biosynthesis of certain nutrients (usually amino acids or nucleic acids) is lacking. When grown on media that lacks these nutrients, the yeast fail to survive. This mutant yeast strain can be made to incorporate foreign DNA in the form of plasmids. In yeast two-hybrid screening, separate bait and prey plasmids are simultaneously introduced into the mutant yeast strain or a mating strategy is used to get both plasmids in one host cell. The second high-throughput approach is the library screening approach. In this set up the bait and prey harboring cells are mated in a random order. After mating and selecting surviving cells on selective medium the scientist will sequence the isolated plasmids to see which prey (DNA sequence) is interacting with the used bait. This approach has a lower rate of reproducibility and tends to yield higher amounts of false positives compared to the matrix approach. Plasmids are engineered to produce a protein product in which the DNA-binding domain (BD) fragment is fused onto a protein while another plasmid is engineered to produce a protein product in which the activation domain (AD) fragment is fused onto another protein. The protein fused to the BD may be referred to as the bait protein, and is typically a known protein the investigator is using to identify new binding partners. The protein fused to the AD may be referred to as the prey protein and can be either a single known protein or a library of known or unknown proteins. In this context, a library may consist of a collection of protein-encoding sequences that represent all the proteins expressed in a particular organism or tissue, or may be generated by synthesising random DNA sequences. Regardless of the source, they are subsequently incorporated into the protein-encoding sequence of a plasmid, which is then transfected into the cells chosen for the screening method. This technique, when using a library, assumes that each cell is transfected with no more than a single plasmid and that, therefore, each cell ultimately expresses no more than a single member from the protein library. If the bait and prey proteins interact (i.e., bind), then the AD and BD of the transcription factor are indirectly connected, bringing the AD in proximity to the transcription start site and transcription of reporter gene(s) can occur. If the two proteins do not interact, there is no transcription of the reporter gene. In this way, a successful interaction between the fused protein is linked to a change in the cell phenotype. The challenge of separating cells that express proteins that happen to interact with their counterpart fusion proteins from those that do not, is addressed in the following section. Fixed domains In any study, some of the protein domains, those under investigation, will be varied according to the goals of the study whereas other domains, those that are not themselves being investigated, will be kept constant. For example, in a two-hybrid study to select DNA-binding domains, the DNA-binding domain, BD, will be varied while the two interacting proteins, the bait and prey, must be kept constant to maintain a strong binding between the BD and AD. There are a number of domains from which to choose the BD, bait and prey and AD, if these are to remain constant. In proteinโ€“protein interaction investigations, the BD may be chosen from any of many strong DNA-binding domains such as Zif268. A frequent choice of bait and prey domains are residues 263โ€“352 of yeast Gal11P with a N342V mutation and residues 58โ€“97 of yeast Gal4, respectively. These domains can be used in both yeast- and bacterial-based selection techniques and are known to bind together strongly. The AD chosen must be able to activate transcription of the reporter gene, using the cell's own transcription machinery. Thus, the variety of ADs available for use in yeast-based techniques may not be suited to use in their bacterial-based analogues. The herpes simplex virus-derived AD, VP16 and yeast Gal4 AD have been used with success in yeast whilst a portion of the ฮฑ-subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase has been utilised in E. coli-based methods. Whilst powerfully activating domains may allow greater sensitivity towards weaker interactions, conversely, a weaker AD may provide greater stringency. Construction of expression plasmids A number of engineered genetic sequences must be incorporated into the host cell to perform two-hybrid analysis or one of its derivative techniques. The considerations and methods used in the construction and delivery of these sequences differ according to the needs of the assay and the organism chosen as the experimental background. There are two broad categories of hybrid library: random libraries and cDNA-based libraries. A cDNA library is constituted by the cDNA produced through reverse transcription of mRNA collected from specific cells of types of cell. This library can be ligated into a construct so that it is attached to the BD or AD being used in the assay. A random library uses lengths of DNA of random sequence in place of these cDNA sections. A number of methods exist for the production of these random sequences, including cassette mutagenesis. Regardless of the source of the DNA library, it is ligated into the appropriate place in the relevant plasmid/phagemid using the appropriate restriction endonucleases. E. coli-specific considerations By placing the hybrid proteins under the control of IPTG-inducible lac promoters, they are expressed only on media supplemented with IPTG. Further, by including different antibiotic resistance genes in each genetic construct, the growth of non-transformed cells is easily prevented through culture on media containing the corresponding antibiotics. This is particularly important for counter selection methods in which a lack of interaction is needed for cell survival. The reporter gene may be inserted into the E. coli genome by first inserting it into an episome, a type of plasmid with the ability to incorporate itself into the bacterial cell genome with a copy number of approximately one per cell. The hybrid expression phagemids can be electroporated into E. coli XL-1 Blue cells which after amplification and infection with VCS-M13 helper phage, will yield a stock of library phage. These phage will each contain one single-stranded member of the phagemid library. Recovery of protein information Once the selection has been performed, the primary structure of the proteins which display the appropriate characteristics must be determined. This is achieved by retrieval of the protein-encoding sequences (as originally inserted) from the cells showing the appropriate phenotype. E. coli The phagemid used to transform E. coli cells may be "rescued" from the selected cells by infecting them with VCS-M13 helper phage. The resulting phage particles that are produced contain the single-stranded phagemids and are used to infect XL-1 Blue cells. The double-stranded phagemids are subsequently collected from these XL-1 Blue cells, essentially reversing the process used to produce the original library phage. Finally, the DNA sequences are determined through dideoxy sequencing. Controlling sensitivity The Escherichia coli-derived Tet-R repressor can be used in line with a conventional reporter gene and can be controlled by tetracycline or doxicycline (Tet-R inhibitors). Thus the expression of Tet-R is controlled by the standard two-hybrid system but the Tet-R in turn controls (represses) the expression of a previously mentioned reporter such as HIS3, through its Tet-R promoter. Tetracycline or its derivatives can then be used to regulate the sensitivity of a system utilising Tet-R. Sensitivity may also be controlled by varying the dependency of the cells on their reporter genes. For example, this may be affected by altering the concentration of histidine in the growth medium for his3-dependent cells and altering the concentration of streptomycin for aadA dependent cells. Selection-gene-dependency may also be controlled by applying an inhibitor of the selection gene at a suitable concentration. 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT) for example, is a competitive inhibitor of the HIS3-gene product and may be used to titrate the minimum level of HIS3 expression required for growth on histidine-deficient media. Sensitivity may also be modulated by varying the number of operator sequences in the reporter DNA. Non-fusion proteins A third, non-fusion protein may be co-expressed with two fusion proteins. Depending on the investigation, the third protein may modify one of the fusion proteins or mediate or interfere with their interaction. Co-expression of the third protein may be necessary for modification or activation of one or both of the fusion proteins. For example, S. cerevisiae possesses no endogenous tyrosine kinase. If an investigation involves a protein that requires tyrosine phosphorylation, the kinase must be supplied in the form of a tyrosine kinase gene. The non-fusion protein may mediate the interaction by binding both fusion proteins simultaneously, as in the case of ligand-dependent receptor dimerization. For a protein with an interacting partner, its functional homology to other proteins may be assessed by supplying the third protein in non-fusion form, which then may or may not compete with the fusion-protein for its binding partner. Binding between the third protein and the other fusion protein will interrupt the formation of the reporter expression activation complex and thus reduce reporter expression, leading to the distinguishing change in phenotype. Split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid One limitation of classic yeast two-hybrid screens is that they are limited to soluble proteins. It is therefore impossible to use them to study the proteinโ€“protein interactions between insoluble integral membrane proteins. The split-ubiquitin system provides a method for overcoming this limitation. In the split-ubiquitin system, two integral membrane proteins to be studied are fused to two different ubiquitin moieties: a C-terminal ubiquitin moiety ("Cub", residues 35โ€“76) and an N-terminal ubiquitin moiety ("Nub", residues 1โ€“34). These fused proteins are called the bait and prey, respectively. In addition to being fused to an integral membrane protein, the Cub moiety is also fused to a transcription factor (TF) that can be cleaved off by ubiquitin specific proteases. Upon baitโ€“prey interaction, Nub and Cub-moieties assemble, reconstituting the split-ubiquitin. The reconstituted split-ubiquitin molecule is recognized by ubiquitin specific proteases, which cleave off the transcription factor, allowing it to induce the transcription of reporter genes. Fluorescent two-hybrid assay Zolghadr and co-workers presented a fluorescent two-hybrid system that uses two hybrid proteins that are fused to different fluorescent proteins as well as LacI, the lac repressor. The structure of the fusion proteins looks like this: FP2-LacI-bait and FP1-prey where the bait and prey proteins interact and bring the fluorescent proteins (FP1 = GFP, FP2=mCherry) in close proximity at the binding site of the LacI protein in the host cell genome. The system can also be used to screen for inhibitors of proteinโ€“protein interactions. Enzymatic two-hybrid systems: KISS While the original Y2H system used a reconstituted transcription factor, other systems create enzymatic activities to detect PPIs. For instance, the KInase Substrate Sensor ("KISS"), is a mammalian two-hybrid approach has been designed to map intracellular PPIs. Here, a bait protein is fused to a kinase-containing portion of TYK2 and a prey is coupled to a gp130 cytokine receptor fragment. When bait and prey interact, TYK2 phosphorylates STAT3 docking sites on the prey chimera, which ultimately leads to activation of a reporter gene. One-, three- and one-two-hybrid variants One-hybrid The one-hybrid variation of this technique is designed to investigate proteinโ€“DNA interactions and uses a single fusion protein in which the AD is linked directly to the binding domain. The binding domain in this case however is not necessarily of fixed sequence as in two-hybrid proteinโ€“protein analysis but may be constituted by a library. This library can be selected against the desired target sequence, which is inserted in the promoter region of the reporter gene construct. In a positive-selection system, a binding domain that successfully binds the UAS and allows transcription is thus selected. Note that selection of DNA-binding domains is not necessarily performed using a one-hybrid system, but may also be performed using a two-hybrid system in which the binding domain is varied and the bait and prey proteins are kept constant. Three-hybrid RNA-protein interactions have been investigated through a three-hybrid variation of the two-hybrid technique. In this case, a hybrid RNA molecule serves to adjoin together the two protein fusion domainsโ€”which are not intended to interact with each other but rather the intermediary RNA molecule (through their RNA-binding domains). Techniques involving non-fusion proteins that perform a similar function, as described in the 'non-fusion proteins' section above, may also be referred to as three-hybrid methods. One-two-hybrid Simultaneous use of the one- and two-hybrid methods (that is, simultaneous proteinโ€“protein and proteinโ€“DNA interaction) is known as a one-two-hybrid approach and expected to increase the stringency of the screen. Host organism Although theoretically, any living cell might be used as the background to a two-hybrid analysis, there are practical considerations that dictate which is chosen. The chosen cell line should be relatively cheap and easy to culture and sufficiently robust to withstand application of the investigative methods and reagents. The latter is especially important for doing high-throughput studies. Therefore the yeast S. cerevisiae has been the main host organism for two-hybrid studies. However it is not always the ideal system to study interacting proteins from other organisms. Yeast cells often do not have the same post translational modifications, have a different codon use or lack certain proteins that are important for the correct expression of the proteins. To cope with these problems several novel two-hybrid systems have been developed. Depending on the system used agar plates or specific growth medium is used to grow the cells and allow selection for interaction. The most common used method is the agar plating one where cells are plated on selective medium to see of interaction takes place. Cells that have no interaction proteins should not survive on this selective medium. S. cerevisiae (yeast) The yeast S. cerevisiae was the model organism used during the two-hybrid technique's inception. It is commonly known as the Y2H system. It has several characteristics that make it a robust organism to host the interaction, including the ability to form tertiary protein structures, neutral internal pH, enhanced ability to form disulfide bonds and reduced-state glutathione among other cytosolic buffer factors, to maintain a hospitable internal environment. The yeast model can be manipulated through non-molecular techniques and its complete genome sequence is known. Yeast systems are tolerant of diverse culture conditions and harsh chemicals that could not be applied to mammalian tissue cultures. A number of yeast strains have been created specifically for Y2H screens, e.g. Y187 and AH109, both produced by Clontech. Yeast strains R2HMet and BK100 have also been used. Candida albicans C. albicans is a yeast with a particular feature: it translates the CUG codon into serine rather than leucine. Due to this different codon usage it is difficult to use the model system S. cerevisiae as a Y2H to check for protein-protein interactions using C. albicans genes. To provide a more native environment a C. albicans two-hybrid (C2H) system was developed. With this system protein-protein interactions can be studied in C. albicans itself. A recent addition was the creation of a high-throughput system. E. coli Bacterial two hybrid methods (B2H or BTH) are usually carried out in E. coli and have some advantages over yeast-based systems. For instance, the higher transformation efficiency and faster rate of growth lends E. coli to the use of larger libraries (in excess of 108). The absence of requirements for a nuclear localisation signal to be included in the protein sequence and the ability to study proteins that would be toxic to yeast may also be major factors to consider when choosing an experimental background organism. The methylation activity of certain E. coli DNA methyltransferase proteins may interfere with some DNA-binding protein selections. If this is anticipated, the use of an E. coli strain that is defective for a particular methyltransferase may be an obvious solution. The B2H may not be ideal when studying eukaryotic protein-protein interactions (e.g. human proteins) as proteins may not fold as in eukaryotic cells or may lack other processing. Mammalian cells In recent years a mammalian two hybrid (M2H) system has been designed to study mammalian protein-protein interactions in a cellular environment that closely mimics the native protein environment. Transiently transfected mammalian cells are used in this system to find protein-protein interactions. Using a mammalian cell line to study mammalian protein-protein interactions gives the advantage of working in a more native context. The post-translational modifications, phosphorylation, acylation and glycosylation are similar. The intracellular localization of the proteins is also more correct compared to using a yeast two hybrid system. It is also possible with the mammalian two-hybrid system to study signal inputs. Another big advantage is that results can be obtained within 48 hours after transfection. Arabidopsis thaliana In 2005 a two hybrid system in plants was developed. Using protoplasts of A. thaliana protein-protein interactions can be studied in plants. This way the interactions can be studied in their native context. In this system the GAL4 AD and BD are under the control of the strong 35S promoter. Interaction is measured using a GUS reporter. In order to enable a high-throughput screening the vectors were made gateway compatible. The system is known as the protoplast two hybrid (P2H) system. Aplysia californica The sea hare A californica is a model organism in neurobiology to study among others the molecular mechanisms of long-term memory. To study interactions, important in neurology, in a more native environment a two-hybrid system has been developed in A californica neurons. A GAL4 AD and BD are used in this system. Bombyx mori An insect two-hybrid (I2H) system was developed in a silkworm cell line from the larva or caterpillar of the domesticated silk moth, Bombyx mori (BmN4 cells). This system uses the GAL4 BD and the activation domain of mouse NF-ฮบB P65. Both are under the control of the OpIE2 promoter. Applications Determination of sequences crucial for interaction By changing specific amino acids by mutating the corresponding DNA base-pairs in the plasmids used, the importance of those amino acid residues in maintaining the interaction can be determined. After using bacterial cell-based method to select DNA-binding proteins, it is necessary to check the specificity of these domains as there is a limit to the extent to which the bacterial cell genome can act as a sink for domains with an affinity for other sequences (or indeed, a general affinity for DNA). Drug and poison discovery Proteinโ€“protein signalling interactions pose suitable therapeutic targets due to their specificity and pervasiveness. The random drug discovery approach uses compound banks that comprise random chemical structures, and requires a high-throughput method to test these structures in their intended target. The cell chosen for the investigation can be specifically engineered to mirror the molecular aspect that the investigator intends to study and then used to identify new human or animal therapeutics or anti-pest agents. Determination of protein function By determination of the interaction partners of unknown proteins, the possible functions of these new proteins may be inferred. This can be done using a single known protein against a library of unknown proteins or conversely, by selecting from a library of known proteins using a single protein of unknown function. Zinc finger protein selection To select zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) for protein engineering, methods adapted from the two-hybrid screening technique have been used with success. A ZFP is itself a DNA-binding protein used in the construction of custom DNA-binding domains that bind to a desired DNA sequence. By using a selection gene with the desired target sequence included in the UAS, and randomising the relevant amino acid sequences to produce a ZFP library, cells that host a DNA-ZFP interaction with the required characteristics can be selected. Each ZFP typically recognises only 3โ€“4 base pairs, so to prevent recognition of sites outside the UAS, the randomised ZFP is engineered into a 'scaffold' consisting of another two ZFPs of constant sequence. The UAS is thus designed to include the target sequence of the constant scaffold in addition to the sequence for which a ZFP is selected. A number of other DNA-binding domains may also be investigated using this system. Strengths Two-hybrid screens are low-tech; they can be carried out in any lab without sophisticated equipment. Two-hybrid screens can provide an important first hint for the identification of interaction partners. The assay is scalable, which makes it possible to screen for interactions among many proteins. Furthermore, it can be automated, and by using robots many proteins can be screened against thousands of potentially interacting proteins in a relatively short time. Two types of large screens are used: the library approach and the matrix approach. Yeast two-hybrid data can be of similar quality to data generated by the alternative approach of coaffinity purification followed by mass spectrometry (AP/MS). Weaknesses The main criticism applied to the yeast two-hybrid screen of proteinโ€“protein interactions are the possibility of a high number of false positive (and false negative) identifications. The exact rate of false positive results is not known, but earlier estimates were as high as 70%. This also, partly, explains the often found very small overlap in results when using a (high throughput) two-hybrid screening, especially when using different experimental systems. The reason for this high error rate lies in the characteristics of the screen: Certain assay variants overexpress the fusion proteins which may cause unnatural protein concentrations that lead to unspecific (false) positives. The hybrid proteins are fusion proteins; that is, the fused parts may inhibit certain interactions, especially if an interaction takes place at the N-terminus of a test protein (where the DNA-binding or activation domain is typically attached). An interaction may not happen in yeast, the typical host organism for Y2H. For instance, if a bacterial protein is tested in yeast, it may lack a chaperone for proper folding that is only present in its bacterial host. Moreover, a mammalian protein is sometimes not correctly modified in yeast (e.g., missing phosphorylation), which can also lead to false results. The Y2H takes place in the nucleus. If test proteins are not localized to the nucleus (because they have other localization signals) two interacting proteins may be found to be non-interacting. Some proteins might specifically interact when they are co-expressed in the yeast, although in reality they are never present in the same cell at the same time. However, in most cases it cannot be ruled out that such proteins are indeed expressed in certain cells or under certain circumstances. Each of these points alone can give rise to false results. Due to the combined effects of all error sources yeast two-hybrid have to be interpreted with caution. The probability of generating false positives means that all interactions should be confirmed by a high confidence assay, for example co-immunoprecipitation of the endogenous proteins, which is difficult for large scale proteinโ€“protein interaction data. Alternatively, Y2H data can be verified using multiple Y2H variants or bioinformatics techniques. The latter test whether interacting proteins are expressed at the same time, share some common features (such as gene ontology annotations or certain network topologies), have homologous interactions in other species. See also Phage display, an alternative method for detecting proteinโ€“protein and proteinโ€“DNA interactions Protein array, a chip-based method for detecting proteinโ€“protein interactions Synthetic genetic array analysis, a yeast-based method for studying gene interactions References External links Detail on sister technique two-hybrid system Science Creative Quarterly's overview of the yeast two hybrid system Gateway-Compatible Yeast One-Hybrid Screens Video animation of the Yeast Two-Hybrid System Yeast Two-Hybrid BioGrid Database with protein-protein interactions Cell biology Molecular biology Proteinโ€“protein interaction assays Systems biology
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์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ
์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ(Cavern Club)์€ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€ ๋งค์Šˆ ๊ฐ€ 10๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํด๋Ÿฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค. ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์€ ์›๋ž˜ 1957๋…„ 1์›” 16์ผ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ–ฅํ›„ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€ ๋กœํฐ๋กค ์”ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์€ 1973๋…„ ํ์ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋จธ์ง€๋ ˆ์ผ์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋…ธ์„  ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์ปค์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์›๋ž˜ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๊ณต์—ฐํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋‹ค. ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์€ 1984๋…„ 4์›” 26์ผ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋„์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์žฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์žฌ๊ฐœ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์€ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋ฐ€์ง‘ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์€ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ์‹œํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋ฐ€์ง‘ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ด ์˜์—…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์‹œํŠธ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ,ย ๋ฅด ๊บ„๋ณด ๋“œ ๋ผ ์œ„์…ฐ๋œจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํด๋Ÿฝ์„ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณง ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์— ๋งž๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋„๊ณผ ์•„์น˜ํ˜•์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ด ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค์€ย ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ย ์ค‘์—ย ๋ฐฉ๊ณตํ˜ธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1957๋…„ 1์›” 16์ผ ๊ฐœ์—… ํ›„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋จธ์ง€์‹œํ”ผ(the Merseysippi)๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ƒ์—… ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฝ”๋”” ๋ถ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ์˜ ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณง ์žˆ์–ด ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ฆˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•œ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์€ ์ด๋‚ดย ์Šคํ‚คํ”Œย ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์˜จ์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ํ•œํŽธ, ์‹œํŠธ๋„ˆ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์กฐ์ง€ํ”„ ์‹œํŠธ๋„ˆ(Dr. Joseph Sytner)์™€ ๋‚˜์ด์ ค ์›”๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณจํ”„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋‚˜์ด์ ค ์›”๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—ย ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋งจ์„ย ์ถœ์—ฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์›”๋ฆฌ๋Š” 15์„ธ์— ํ”„๋กœ ๊ณจํ”„ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค‘ํ‡ดํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋งจ์˜ย ์ฐจ์ƒ์ž ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์‹œํŠธ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณจํ”„์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ์„  ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณจํ”„์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ 1์ฃผ์ผ ํ›„, ์‹œํŠธ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์›”๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ 1957๋…„ 8์›” 7์ผ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ ๋ง‰๊ฐ„์— ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋งจ์˜ ์ถœ์—ฐ์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์Šคํ‚คํ”Œ์˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋กœํฐ๋กค์˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋…ผ์™ธ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ์—ฐ์ฃผ ์ „์— ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋งจ์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๊ฐ„์— ์—ฐ์ฃผ ๊ณก๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.ย ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณก์€ ์Šคํ‚คํ”Œ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,ย ์กด ๋ ˆ๋…ผ์ด ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœย ์—˜๋น„์Šค ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ใ€ˆDon't Be Cruelใ€‰๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋ฐด์กฐย ๋‹ด๋‹น ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„์Šค๋Š” "๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋จนํž ๊ฑฐ์•ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ ˆ๋…ผ์€ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ต ๊ด€๊ฐ์„ ํ—ค์น˜๊ณ  ๋ ˆ๋…ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜จ ์‹œํŠธ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ "๋งํ•  ๋ก ๋”ฐ์œ„๋Š” ์ง‘์–ด์น˜์›Œ!"๋ผ๊ณ  ์“ด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด ๋งค์นดํŠธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ๋งจ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ย 1958๋…„ย 1์›” 24์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œย ์กฐ์ง€ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šจ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ถœ์—ฐ์€ย 1961๋…„ย 2์›” 9์ผย ์ ์‹ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์„ธ์…˜์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํŠธ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์„ย 1959๋…„์—ย ๋ ˆ์ด ๋งฅํด์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ ย ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์—๋Š”ย ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค์™€ย ๋น„ํŠธ ์Œ์•…ย ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์— ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋จผ์ € ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ๋น„ํŠธ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€ (Beat night)๋Š”ย 1960๋…„ย 5์›” 25์ผ์— ์—ด๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„์งย ๋ง๊ณ  ์Šคํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ๋กœ ์žฌ์งํ•˜๋˜ ๋กœ๋ฆฌ ์Šคํ†ฐ ์•ค ๋” ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ๋„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1961๋…„ย ์ดˆ์—๋Š” ํ˜„์ง€ย DJ ๋ฐฅ ์šธ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ฃผ MC ๊ฒธ ์ ์‹ฌ ์„ธ์…˜์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ์˜ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ถœ์—ฐ์€ 1961๋…„ 2์›” 9์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ์˜ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์—ก์Šคํƒ€์ธ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ชฉ๋„ํ•œ ๋‚ ์€ 1961๋…„ย 11์›” 9์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ์— ๊ฐํ™”๋œ ์—ก์Šคํƒ€์ธ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ € ์ง์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž 1961๋…„ 2์›” 9์ผ, ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋•Œ ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธย ์„œ๋…ย ํ•จ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ์ธ๋“œ๋ผ์™€ ์นด์ด์ €์Šค์บ˜๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๋Š” ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์ถœ์—ฐ์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€์— ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ๋ฌด๋ ต์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„์ง ํ•จ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋…์ผ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒญ์ค‘๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1961๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐย 1963๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ๋Š” ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์— 292ํšŒ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ถœ์—ฐ์€ 1963๋…„ย 8์›” 3์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ใ€ˆShe Loves Youใ€‰ ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋ฐœํ‘œ 1๊ฐœ์›” ๋’ค์—๋‹ค ์ฒซ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต์—ฐ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ „์˜ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋ ต์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋น„ํ‹€๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ด๊ด‘์ ์ธ ํŒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹ ์กฐ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ƒ ๋ฐ ์˜๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€๋“ค์ด ๋น„๋ช…์„ ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ์†Œ๋™์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์กด, ํด, ์กฐ์ง€, ๋ง๊ณ  4๋ช…์€ ์ถœ์—ฐ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ์ˆจ์–ด ์ถœ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์€ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ฒญ์ค‘์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1963๋…„ 8์›” 3์ผ ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ์˜ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ถœ์—ฐ ํ›„ ๋ฐฅ ์šธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ์˜ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ˜„์ง€ย ์•Œ์•ค๋น„ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ(the Mastersounds)์— ํ• ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ ์ถœ์—ฐ์„ ๋งˆ์นœ ๋ฌด๋ ต์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธย EMI์˜ย ํŒ”๋กœํฐ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์˜ย ๋…น์Œ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œย ์กฐ์ง€ ๋งˆํ‹ด๊ณผ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€๊ณผย ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์Œ์•… ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋…น์Œ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ๋ช… ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋Š”ย ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค์ฆˆ์™€ย ์•ผ๋“œ๋ฒ„์ฆˆ,ย ํ™€๋ฆฌ์Šค,ย ํ‚นํฌ์Šค,ย ์—˜ํŠผ ์กด,ย ํ€ธย , ๋” ํ›„,ย ์กด ๋ฆฌ ํ›„์ปคย ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ์•„์ง ๋ฌด๋ช… ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด๋˜ย ์‹ค๋ผ ๋ธ”๋ž™๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํœด๋Œ€ํ’ˆ ๋ณด๊ด€์›์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์€ 1973๋…„ 3์›”์— ํ์ ,ย ๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๊ด€ํ• ย ์ฒ ๋„ ํšŒ์‚ฌย ๋จธ์ง€ ๋ ˆ์ผ์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋…ธ์„  ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ํ์  ๋ฉฐ์น  ์ „์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ย ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ,ย ํฌ์ปค์Šค์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ 1984๋…„ย 4์›”์— ํด๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ย ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ย ํ† ๋ฏธ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ทจ๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ํด๋Ÿฝ์€ ๊ฐœ์—… ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๊ฑด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋””์ž์ธ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์—… ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€ ์•ˆํŒŽ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•œ ํด๋Ÿฝ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์••๋ฐ•๋˜์–ด 1989๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ–์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1991๋…„ย ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์› ๋นŒ ํ—ฅํด(Bill Heckle)์™€ ํƒ์‹œ ์šด์ „์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฐ์ด๋ธŒ ์กด์Šค(Dave Jones)์˜ 2๋ช…์ด ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์„ ์žฌ๊ฐœ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.ย ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์ธ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํด๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์˜์—…์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž์ด๋‹ค.ย ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์€ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์•… ํด๋Ÿฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์€ 60๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 90๋…„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธย ํŒ์—์„œย ์ธ๋””์™€ ์ตœ์‹  ํžˆํŠธ๊ณก๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1999๋…„ย 12์›” 14์ผย ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ์˜ ํด ๋งค์นดํŠธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธํ•ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠRun Devil Runใ€‹์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์„ ๊ฒธํ•œ ํˆฌ์–ด ๊ณต์—ฐ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•œ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ํ˜„์žฌ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ๊ณก์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐํŠธ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์•ฝ 40ํŒ€์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ํด๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋’ท๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ํˆฌ์–ด ๊ณต์—ฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์™€ ์œ ๋ฃŒ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š”ย ๋” ์›ํ‹ฐ๋“œ์™€ย ์•„๋ธ,ย ์ œ์‹œ ์ œ์ด๋„ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋˜ํ•œ ์›Œ๋ฐ์—… ๊ณต์—ฐ์ด ๊ฐœ์ตœ์ผ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค.ย ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š”ย 2005๋…„ย 10์›”์—ย ์•…ํ‹ฑย ๋ชฝํ‚ค์Šค๊ฐ€,ย 2013๋…„ย 11์›”์—ย ์ œ์ดํฌ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ด์ „์—ย ํŠธ๋ž˜๋น„์Šค,ย ์˜ค์•„์‹œ์Šค๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์•ž์ชฝ ๋ฐฉ์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๋ช…์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋’ค์˜ ๋ฒฝ์— ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ์œ ๋ช… ๋ฌด๋Œ€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ด ๋ฐฉ์€ ๋งค์ฃผ ์›”์š”์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชฉ์š”์ผ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์˜คํ›„ 2์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์ •๊นŒ์ง€, ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ์š”์ผ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์˜คํ›„ 12์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย 2005๋…„ 11์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐย 2007๋…„ย 9์›” ์‚ฌ์ด ์ด ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์บ๋ฒˆ ์‡ผ์ผ€์ด์Šค(the Cavern Showcase)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œย ํ‚น์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ(Kingsize Taylor)์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ ›(Marga), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ ˆ์นœ ์›จ์Šค ํด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ์ตœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋งค์ฃผ ์ผ์š”์ผย ๋” ๋ชจ์กฐ์™€ย ๋”” ์–ธ๋” ํ…Œ์ด์ปค์Šค ๋“ฑ 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๊ด€ํ• ์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋žŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ย 11์›” ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ ๋ณต์—ญํ•œ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์„ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌํ„ฐ์™€ย ์กฐ๋‚˜๋‹จ ํ‚น์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์ด ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ์บ๋ฒˆ์˜ 60์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜์—ฌ 1๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ถ•ํ•˜ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ๋ฒˆ ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์—… ๋‹น์‹œ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์™€ ์‚ฌ์ธ์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•œ ํ† ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์Šค๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋น™ํ•˜์—ฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๊ณต์—ฐํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์—ฐ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ 60์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋… ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์‹ค๋ผ ๋ธ”๋ž™์˜ ๋™์ƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์—… ๋‹น์‹œ ์บ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ถœ๊ตฌ์— ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ—Œ์ • ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ•œ ํด๋Ÿฝ์€ย ๋ฏธ๊ตญย ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์˜ย ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์Šค,ย ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ย ๋ถ€์—๋…ธ์Šค์•„์ด๋ ˆ์Šค,ย ๋„์ฟ„,ย ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ย ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ,ย ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ย ์›ฐ๋งํ„ด,ย ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€ ํ…Œ๊ธฐ์„ธ.ย 2007๋…„ย ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์–ด ํฌ๋กœ์Šค ๋” ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šคใ€‹๋Š” ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐํŠธ ์˜ํ™”๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์…€ํด๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์˜ํ™” ์†์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์กด ๋ ˆ๋…ผ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์ธ ํžˆ์ฆˆ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ: ๋” ์กด ๋ ˆ๋…ผ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌใ€‹์™€ ใ€Š๋…ธ์›จ์–ด ๋ณด์ดใ€‹์—์„œ ์นด๋ฉ”์˜ค๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”ย ํ•˜๋“œ๋ฝ ์นดํŽ˜ย ์ฒด์ธ์ด ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ƒํ‘œ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ย 1991๋…„ย ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์— ๊ฐœ์ ํ•œ ์ด ํ•˜๋“œ ๋ก ์นดํŽ˜๋Š” ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์„ ๋ณธ๋œฌ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์ง€ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋„ ๋ณ‘์„ค๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย 2006๋…„์— ์ด ์ ํฌ๋Š” ์ด์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํšŒ์žฅ์ด ๋ณ‘์„ค๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€ ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.ย 2014๋…„ย ํ•˜๋“œ ๋ก ์นดํŽ˜๋Š” ์บ๋ฒˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋ช…์นญ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ โ€” Cavern Club at fifty 'Premier At The Cavern' - 1966 newsreel Cavern After Hours for lots of images of 1960s groups that never made it big and other rare items of interest. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์Œ์•… ๊ณต์—ฐ์žฅ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธํด๋Ÿฝ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€์˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€์˜ ์Œ์•… ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ 1957๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cavern%20Club
The Cavern Club
The Cavern Club is a music venue on Mathew Street, Liverpool, England. The Cavern Club opened on 16 January 1957 as a jazz club, later becoming a centre of the rock and roll scene in Liverpool in the late 50s and early 1960s. The club became closely associated with Merseybeat and regularly played host to The Beatles in their early years. The Cavern Club closed in 1973 and was filled in during construction work on the Merseyrail underground rail loop. It reopened in 1984. History of the Cavern Club Early history Alan Sytner, having been inspired by the jazz district in Paris where there were a number of clubs in cellars, returned to Liverpool and strove to open a club similar to the Le Caveau de la Huchette jazz club. He eventually found a fruit warehouse where people were leasing the cellar, which had been used as an air raid shelter in World War II. Tropical fruit used to be stored there and during warm months the scent from the ripening fruit was absorbed into the sandstone brickwork. When the club was packed with dancing and smoking teenagers, the heat produced resulted in the bricks sweating and the sweet fruit odour was absorbed into their clothing. After leaving, fans at bus stops could be identified as having visited the club by the pleasant 'Cavern Perfume' on their clothes. The club opened on 16 January 1957 and the first act to perform there was the Merseysippi Jazz Band. Local commercial artist Tony Booth created the poster artwork for the opening night. He later became the original poster artist for the Beatles. What started as a jazz club eventually became a hangout for skiffle groups. Whilst playing golf with Sytner's father, Dr. Joseph Sytner, Nigel Walley โ€“ who had left school at 15 to become an apprentice golf professional at the Lee Park Golf Club โ€“ asked Dr. Sytner if his son could book The Quarrymen at The Cavern, which was one of three jazz clubs he managed. Dr. Sytner suggested that the band should play at the golf club first, so as to assess their talent. Sytner phoned Walley a week later and offered the band an interlude spot playing skiffle between the performances of two jazz bands on Wednesday, 7 August 1957. Before the performance, the Quarrymen argued amongst themselves about the set list, as rock 'n roll songs were definitely not allowed at the club but skiffle was tolerated. After opening with a skiffle song, John Lennon called for the others to start playing an Elvis Presley song, "Don't Be Cruel". Rod Davis warned Lennon that the audience would "eat you alive", but Lennon ignored this and started playing the song himself, forcing the others to join in. Halfway through, Sytner pushed his way through the audience and handed Lennon a note which read, "Cut out the bloody rock 'n roll". Paul McCartney's first appearance at The Cavern was with The Quarrymen on 24 January 1958. George Harrison first played at The Cavern during a lunchtime session on 9 February 1961. Sytner sold The Cavern Club to Ray McFall in 1959 and moved to London. Blues bands and beat groups began to appear at the club on a regular basis in the early 1960s. The first Beat Night was held on 25 May 1960 and featured a performance by Rory Storm and the Hurricanes (which included Ringo Starr as drummer). By early 1961, Bob Wooler had become the full-time compรจre and organiser of the lunchtime sessions. The club hosted its first performance by the Beatles on Thursday, 9 February 1961. Brian Epstein, the Beatles manager who secured the group's first recording contract, first saw the group perform at the club on 9 November 1961. Inspired by the group, Epstein made moves to take over their management. The Beatles and others The Beatles made their first appearance at the club on 9 February 1961 after returning to Liverpool from Hamburg, Germany, where they had been playing at the Indra and the Kaiserkeller clubs. Their stage show had been through a lot of changes, with some in the audience thinking they were watching a German band, as they were billed from Hamburg. From 1961 to 1963 the Beatles made 292 appearances at the club, with their last occurring on 3 August 1963, a month after the band recorded "She Loves You" and just six months before the Beatles' first trip to the U.S. By this time "Beatlemania" was sprouting across England, and with girls demanding to see the Beatles and screaming just to get a glimpse of them, the group had to hide or sneak into concerts, and the small club could no longer satisfy audience demand. After the Beatles' farewell gig on 3 August 1963, Bob Wooler gave their future dates to The Mastersounds, a local R&B band, led by Mal Jefferson. The Beatles had graduated from the club and had been signed to EMI's Parlophone label by producer George Martin. The amount of musical activity in Liverpool and Manchester caused record producers who had previously never ventured very far from London to start looking to the north. In 1963, young local band The Hideaways were signed up to the newly founded Cavern Club agency and became the resident group, often stepping in for last minute artist cancellations; they also became the first pop group to appear on a nationwide television commercial for Timex Watch Company filmed by the Rank Organisation at the Cavern Club. The band also performed at the Cavern the night prior to the club's closure, making them the last group to perform on stage along with disc jockey Billy Butler and doorman Paddy Delaney, whoโ€”with fansโ€”barricaded themselves into the club prior to the authorities' arrival the next morning to gain access. The Hideaways were also proactive along with local MP Bessie Braddock to reopen the Cavern; as a result they were the first group back on stage when the club re-opened on 23 July 1966 with local MP Bessie Braddock and then-Prime Minister Harold Wilson. The Hideaways also hold the official record of over 400 Cavern Club appearances at both old and new venues and are now recognised and named on the wall of fame. In the decade that followed, a wide variety of popular acts appeared at the club, including the Rolling Stones, the Yardbirds, the Hollies, the Kinks, Elton John, Black Sabbath, Queen, the Who and John Lee Hooker. The song "I Know a Place", a hit for Petula Clark in 1965, twice refers to the club as "a cellar full of noise". Brian Epstein's 1964 autobiography was entitled "A Cellarful of Noise". Future singing star Cilla Black worked as the hat-check girl there. Closing and today One of the last groups to play at the club was Focus, with Jan Akkerman, Thijs van Leer, Pierre van der Linden and Bert Ruiter. The club closed on 28 May 1973 after British Rail made a compulsory purchase of the warehouses, the basement of which housed the Cavern Club, in order to build a ventilation shaft for the new Merseyrail underground railway. That was never built, however, and the area was turned into a car park. Soon after the Cavern club closed in 1973, a new Cavern club opened at 7 Mathew Street, later renamed the Revolution Club. This club would later shut down and be reopened as Eric's, which itself became a notable local music venue in the late 1970s. On 7 December 1981 plans were revealed to excavate the buried remains of the Cavern Club cellar. It would form part of a ยฃ7-million redevelopment project of the former warehouse site of 8โ€“12 Mathew Street which had housed the Cavern Club up until its closure in 1973. However, on 23 June 1982, it was announced by the project architect, David Backhouse, that the plans to excavate and re-open the Cavern Club in its original form would be impossible for structural reasons. Tests had revealed that the arches of the old cellar had been too badly damaged during the demolition of the ground floor of the Cavern Club and the warehouses above. 5,000 bricks from the damaged archways of the original cellar area of the Cavern Club went on sale at ยฃ5 each, complete with an authentication plate signed by former Cavern Club owner Ray McFall. Proceeds from the sale of the 5,000 bricks went to Strawberry Field Children's home. Before the Cavern Club's opening ceremony, over 100 musicians from the 1960s Mersey Beat era were invited to sign the wall at the back of the Cavern's stage, a tradition which began in the early days of the Jazz bands in the 1950s and continued through the '60s and '70s. A further 15,000 bricks from the Cavern site were used on the authentic reconstruction of the Cavern Club within the redevelopment. The Cavern Club now sits at a 90 degree angle to the original and covers 70% of the original Cavern footprint, the stage is not far from the original location, and the 'Live Lounge' is an exact replica of the original, using as many of the old bricks as possible. The fire exit, next to the Cilla Black statue, is the location of the original entrance. The club was taken over by former Liverpool F.C. player Tommy Smith. The new design was to resemble the original as closely as possible. This coincided with a period of massive economic and political change in and around Liverpool and the club survived only until December 1989, when, following a serious assault on a customer which led to jail sentences for the owners, the Cavern Club lost its licence and was closed by the Licensing Authority. In 1991, two friendsโ€”schoolteacher Bill Heckle and taxi driver Dave Jonesโ€”reopened it, along with George Guinness on 11 July 1991. They still run the club today and are now the longest-running owners in its history. The club continues to function primarily as a live music venue. The music policy varies from the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s classic pop music to indie, rock and modern chart music. On 14 December 1999, former Beatle Paul McCartney played the New Cavern Club, publicising his new album, Run Devil Run. It has about 40 live bands performing every week; both tribute and original bands, although most perform their own material. The back room of the Cavern is the most frequently used location for touring acts and ticketed events, in more recent times playing host to The Wanted, Adele and Jessie J. The Cavern is also used as a tour warm-up venue with semi-secret gigs announced at the last moment. The Arctic Monkeys did this in October 2005, Jake Bugg in November 2013, as well as Travis and Oasis. The front room is the main tourist attraction, where people come to have their photograph taken on the stage, with the names of the bands who played there written on the back wall. This room hosts live music from noon to midnight Monday to Thursday, and noon to close on Fridays and weekend. Between November 2005 and September 2007, the front room played host to the Cavern Showcase, an organisation and event started by 1960s star Kingsize Taylor, his wife Marga, and best friend Wes Paul. The night took place every Sunday and featured original 1960s bands such as The Mojos and The Undertakers. In November 2008, a campaign to have Gary Glitter's brick removed from the wall of fame was successful. A brass plaque near where it was located notes that the bricks of two former Cavern Club performersโ€”Glitter and Jonathan Kingโ€”have been removed. In 2017, the Cavern commissioned Tony Booth, the artist who designed all the original posters and signage for the original club, to produce 60th anniversary artwork which portrays bands and musicians who performed there. Also in 2017, a statue of Cilla Black commissioned by her sons was unveiled outside the Cavern's original entrance. In June 2018, Sir Paul McCartney came back to the Cavern Club. During a Facebook Live Q&A session in the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts (LIPA), McCartney hinted that he would perform a secret gig the following day. At 9 a.m. on 26 June it was announced via his Facebook page and The Cavern Club's Facebook page that Paul would be returning to the club. Tickets were sold from The Echo Arena box office, leaving people who had camped overnight on Mathew Street disappointed. Sir Paul McCartney was expected to play only a 45-minute set, but performed for two hours. He opened the show saying "Liverpool! Cavern! These are words that go together well!" and then played a mixed set featuring songs from his upcoming album, Egypt Station. Tributes Tribute clubs exist in Dallas, Buenos Aires, Wellington, Exeter, Costa Teguise in Lanzarote, and formerly in Tokyo and Adelaide. A similar looking club was also featured in the opening sequence of the film Across the Universe, in homage to the Beatles' beginnings, though the club's name was never mentioned. The footage for this scene was actually shot in The Cavern Club itself. The Cavern Club is the first playable location in The Beatles: Rock Band. The Hard Rock Cafe restaurant and hotel chain owns the trademark to the "Cavern Club" name in the US. When the Hard Rock Cafe was built in Boston in 1991, it included a brick Cavern Club cellar that was a reproduction of the Liverpool club, including a stage for local bands. In 2006, the Boston restaurant moved to a new location, and although the new restaurant still has a "Cavern Club" performing area, it bears no resemblance to the Liverpool cellar. In 2014, a lawsuit was filed to revoke Hard Rock's trademark on the Cavern Club name. It also had a cameo in two John Lennon biopics, 2000's In His Life: The John Lennon Story and 2009's Nowhere Boy, as well as the movie Across the Universe. The poet Roger McGough mentioned the club in his poem "Let Me Die A Youngman's Death": "Or when I'm 104 / and banned from the Cavern / may my mistress / catching me in bed with her daughter / and fearing for her son / cut me up into little pieces and throw away every piece but one." Norwegian Cruise Lines have Cavern Clubs on four of their liners, the Norwegian Bliss, Norwegian Joy, Norwegian Encore, and the Norwegian Epic, which showcase Beatles tribute bands. See also Cavern Mecca, a museum that was next to the Cavern Club Iron Door Club List of the Beatles' live performances References Bibliography Further reading Spencer Leigh, The Cavern: The Most Famous Club in the World, The Story of the Cavern Club, SAF Publishing, 2008, 224 pp. Phil Thompson, The Best of Cellars : The Story of the World famous Cavern Club, The Bluecoat Press, 1994, 208 pp. . Rev. & upd. ed. by NPI Media Group, 2007, 192 pp, External links Cavern City Tours โ€“ Cavern Club at fifty 'Premier At The Cavern' โ€“ 1966 newsreel Cavern After Hours for many images of 1960s groups that never made it big and other rare items of interest. Music venues in Liverpool Nightclubs in Liverpool 1957 establishments in England Tourist attractions in Liverpool History of the Beatles
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๋‚˜๋ฏธ์นด์™€ ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€(, 1976๋…„ 4์›” 2์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์„ฑ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž‘ํ’ˆ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 1987๋…„ 15์†Œ๋…„ ํ‘œ๋ฃจ๊ธฐ (์žญ) 1994๋…„ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋งํ†  ์ฐจ์ฐจ (์ฟ ๋กœ๋„ค์ฝ” (๊ฒ€๋‘ฅ๊ดญ์ด)) 1995๋…„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฆฌ์นด SOS (์—”๋„ ํƒ€์ฟ ๋งˆ) 1997๋…„ ๊ฐœ๊ณจ๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ (์•„์˜ค์ด (ํ•œ์„ฑ์ค€)) ๋ง‘์Œ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ฟŒ์ด๋ฟŒ์ด (ํ•˜ํƒ€์ผ€์•ผ๋งˆ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์•ผ์Šค (์˜ค๋™๊ธ€)) 1999๋…„ ์•„ํฌ ๋” ๋ž˜๋“œ (์—˜ํฌ) 2001๋…„ ์‹ ์กฐํ˜‘๋ ค (์–‘๊ณผ) 2002๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋ชจ๋ฐํ (์œ ์šฐํ‚ค ์„ธ์ธ  (์—ฐ์šฐ์ง„)) ํ™˜๋งˆ๋Œ€์ „ -์‹ ํ™” ์ „์•ผ์˜ ์žฅ- (์ง„) 2003๋…„ SD ๊ฑด๋‹ด ํฌ์Šค (๊ฑด ์ด๊ธ€) ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ (๋งˆ๋„์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ, ๋งˆ๋„์นด ํƒ€์ธ ์•ผ) ๋ชจํ—˜์œ ๊ธฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์›”๋“œ (ํŽ˜์ €๋“œ) ์ตœ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋“œ (๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ผ์žฅ (์‹ )) ์˜ค๋„ค๊ฐ€์ด ํŠธ์œˆ์ฆˆ (์นด๋ฏธ์‹œ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ด์ฟ ) ์ •๋“ค๋ฉด ๊ณ ํ–ฅ ์ฝ”์Šค๋ชจ์Šค์žฅ (์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ์žํ‚ค ์Šค์ฆˆ์˜ค (๋—์ฝ”์ด๋‹ค)) ํŒฝ์ด๋Œ€์ „ G๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ (ํ‚ค๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ ์ง„ (๊ฐ•์ง„)) ์ผ๊ธฐ๋‹น์ฒœ (๋™ํƒ ์ค‘์˜) 2004๋…„ ๋ถˆ์ƒˆ (์•ผ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋ฒ  ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ† ) ์˜ค๋Š˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งˆ์™•! (๋ผ์ด์•ˆ) ๊ฐ„์ธ  (์ฟ ๋กœ๋…ธ ์ผ€์ด) ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์น˜ (์šฐ๋ฅดํ‚ค์˜ค๋ผ) ๋ง๊ฐ์˜ ์„ ์œจ (ํด๋ก ) ์ดˆ๋ณ€์‹  ์ฝ”์Šคโˆžํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์–ด (ํ‘ํ™ฉ์ž ๋งˆ) BECK (ํƒ€๋‚˜์นด ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ค (์ฝ”์œ ํ‚ค)) 2005๋…„ ํ—ˆ๋‹ˆ์™€ ํด๋กœ๋ฒ„ (๋กœ์ฟ ํƒ€๋กœ) ์ธ ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ ํฌ๋กœ๋‹ˆํด 1๊ธฐ (ํŒŒ์ด) ์‚ฌ๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ์—ฌ๊ณ ์ƒ (์†Œ๋…ธ๋‹ค ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜) ์ด๋‹คํ… ์ ํ”„ (์‹œ๋„ ์ฟ„์ด์น˜ (์ตœ์‹œ์›)) ํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๋ผ์ธ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ (ํ‹ด) ํ’€ ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ํŒจ๋‹‰ ๋” ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ(TSR) (๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋“œ ํ…Œ์Šคํƒ€๋กฏ์‚ฌ) ์ง„ํ‚ค : ์—‘์Šคํ…๋“œ (์ฝ”์ฟ ์‡ผ) 2006๋…„ ๊ฐ€์ •๊ต์‚ฌ ํžˆํŠธ๋งจ ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ! (๋ด‰๊ณ ๋ ˆ (์ดˆ๋Œ€)) ๋ฌด์‚ฌ์‹œ -GUN๋„- (๋ฌด์‚ฌ์‹œ) ๊ฒฉ๋ถ€์ˆ ์‚ฌ ์š”์—ญ๋ฌธ (์Šค๊ฐ€์ด ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ† ) ์˜ค๋ž€๊ณ ๊ต ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋ถ€ (์„ผ๋„ ํ…Œ์ธ ์•ผ) ๋„์ฟ„ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ 2 (์นด์ด) ์ฑ„์šด๊ตญ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ (๋‘์˜์›”) RAY THE ANIMATION (์ฝ”์ด์น˜) ์ธ ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ ํฌ๋กœ๋‹ˆํด 2๊ธฐ (ํŒŒ์ด) ๋” ์„œ๋“œ ~ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๋ˆˆ๋™์ž์˜ ์†Œ๋…€~ (์ด์ฟ ์Šค) ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ผ๊ตฐ (๋กœํฌ) ์นญ์†ก์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ž (๋ฒ ๋‚˜์œ„) 2007๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋™์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฑด๋‹ด OO (๋ฏธํ•˜์—˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ) ์•„์•ผ์นด์‹œ (๋งˆ์—์นด์™€ ์•„ํ‚ค์˜ค) ๋งŒ์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๋“œ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ (ํžˆ๋ผ๋ชจํ†  ์ฝ”์ด์น˜) ๋ฉ”์ดํ”Œ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ (์•„๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”) ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋…ธ์ผ€ (์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜) (์†Œ์šฐ๊ฒ) ์‹œ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ์ด (ํ›„์ง€ํ‚ค ๊ฒ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€) ์ฑ„์šด๊ตญ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ 2๊ธฐ (๋‘์˜์›”) ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค (์ง€๋กœ) ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ (๋ฆฌ์˜ค) ์›ฐ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ (๊ฐˆ๋ผํ•˜๋“œ ์•„์ด๊ฑฐ) ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒœ์‚ฌ ์•ˆ์ ค๋ฆฌํฌ ~๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์ผ~ (์œ ์ด) 2008๋…„ ๋ง๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ƒ์ž (ํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌํžˆ์ฝ”) ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค : ์ฒœ๊ณ„์˜ 7์šฉ (์ง€๋กœ) ํˆฌ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ” (๋ชจํ…Œ๋ฏธ์ธ ) ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ~์—ฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ํ•˜๋Š˜~ (์ฟ ๋กœ๋‹ค ์ฝ”์ง€) ๋ฌดํ•œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ (์นด์™€์นด๋ฏธ ์•„๋ผ์•ผ) ๋น„๋ฐ€ -The Top Secret- (์•„์˜คํ‚ค ์ž‡์ฝ”์šฐ) ๋‹Œ์ž์˜ ์™• (์ฟ ๋ชจํžˆ๋ผ ํ† ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ๋“€๋žœ๋‹ฌ) ๋Š‘๋Œ€์™€ ํ–ฅ์‹ ๋ฃŒ (์ œ๋ Œ) ๋ฉ”์ด์ € 4๊ธฐ (์กฐ ๊น์Šจ Jr.) ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜ -ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์†Œ์šธ- (์‹œ์ฟ ๋ผ ํ† ์šฐ๋งˆ) 2009๋…„ ํŽ˜์–ด๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ์ผ (์ œ๋ผ๋ฅด, ์ง€ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ, ๋ฏธ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฑด) ์ฝ”๋ฐ”ํ†  (๊ธด์„ธ์ด) ๊ณต์ค‘๊ทธ๋„ค (๋ฐ˜๋„ ์‹ ์ด์น˜) ๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฟ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ (์นด์ œํ•˜์•ผ ์‡ผํƒ€) 07-GHOST (๋ฏธ์นด๊ฒŒ) ์นด์‹œ์นด (๋ฃจ๋งˆํ‹ฐ ์ด๋ฐ˜ ๋ผ๊ธฐ๋„ค์ด) ๋” ํŒŒ์ดํŒ… New Challenger (์ดํƒ€๊ฐ€ํ‚ค ๋งˆ๋‚˜๋ถ€) ์›ํ”ผ์Šค (์œ ์Šคํƒ€์Šค ์บกํ‹ด ํ‚ค๋“œ) ํ‘์‹  (์ด๋ถ€ํ‚ค ์ผ€์ดํƒ€) ๋ฉ”์ด์ € 5๊ธฐ (์กฐ ๊น์Šจ Jr.) 2010๋…„ ์ข€ ๋” ํˆฌ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ” (๋ชจํ…Œ๋ฏธ์ธ ) ๋ฐฐํ‹€ ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฌ์ธ  ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ (์›”๊ด‘์˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋„ค) ๋ฉ”์ด์ € 6๊ธฐ (์กฐ ๊น์Šจ Jr.) ๋‚ฉ์น˜์‚ฌ ๊ณ ์š” (์•„ํ‚ค์ธ  ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€) ์„ฌ๊ด‘์˜ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ (์ดํ•˜ ์นด์ฆˆ๋ผ) 2011๋…„ ๊ณจํŒ์ง€ ์ „์‚ฌ (์•„์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆ ์นด์ฆˆ์•ผ (์ด๊ฑดํ˜)) ์—ญ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๋ขฐ ์นด์ด์ง€ (์ด์น˜์ฃ ) ์ „๊ตญ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์Šค ํ‚ค์™€๋ฏธ (์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ) ํŽ˜์ดํŠธ ์ œ๋กœ (์›จ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋ฒจ๋ฒณ) ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜ 4 (๋‚˜๋ฃจ์นด๋ฏธ ์œ ์šฐ) ํ—Œํ„ฐ X ํ—Œํ„ฐ (ํžˆ์†Œ์นด) ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ž–์•„์š”, ์•„์ž์ ค ์”จ (์•„์ฟ ํƒ€๋ฒ ) ๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฟ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 2๊ธฐ (์นด์ œํ•˜์•ผ ์‡ผํƒ€) ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ E (์™•์ž) 2012๋…„ ์—์–ด๋ฆฌ์–ด์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ (์˜ค๋‹ค ๋ฃŒ๋งˆ) ๋‚จ์ž ๊ณ ๊ต์ƒ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ (๋ชจํ† ํ•˜๋ฃจ) K (์ด์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์•ผ์‹œ๋กœ) ์•„์ฟ ์—๋ฆฌ์˜จ EVOL (์Šˆ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์—๋ž€) 2013๋…„ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ A (ํƒ€ํ‚ค๊ฐ€์™€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์œ ์šฐ) 2014๋…„ ๋ฒ ์ด๋น„ ์Šคํ… (์—๊ฐ€์™€ ํƒ€์ฟ ๋งˆ) ํ•˜์ดํ!! (์˜ค์ด์นด์™€ ํ† ์˜ค๋ฃจ) 2015๋…„ ํ•˜์ดํ!! ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ์‹œ์ฆŒ (์˜ค์ด์นด์™€ ํ† ์˜ค๋ฃจ) k return of kings (์ด์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์•ผ์‹œ๋กœ) 2016๋…„ ํ•˜์ดํ!! ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ์‹œ์ฆŒ (์˜ค์ด์นด์™€ ํ† ์˜ค๋ฃจ) ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ฌ&๋ฌธ (๋กœํ† ๋ฌด ๋„๊ฐ) ๊ทน์žฅ์šฉ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 1998๋…„ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ (๋ฃจ์นด๋ฆฌ์˜ค) 2005๋…„ ํ˜ธํ† ๋ฆฌ~๊ทธ์ € ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ๊ฐ„์ ˆํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋ผ~ (์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ํƒ€์ธ ํ‚ค) ๊ธฐ๋™์ „์‚ฌ Z ๊ฑด๋‹ด ๊ทน์žฅํŒII -์—ฐ์ธ๋“ค- (์นด์ธ  ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ) ์ธ ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ ํฌ๋กœ๋‹ˆํด ๊ทน์žฅํŒ : ์ƒˆ์žฅ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ณต์ฃผ (ํŒŒ์ด) 2006๋…„ ์ง„๊ตฌ์„ธ์ฃผ์ „์„ค ๋ถ๋‘์˜ ๊ถŒ (๋ฐฐํŠธ) ๊ธฐ๋™์ „์‚ฌ Z ๊ฑด๋‹ด ๊ทน์žฅํŒIII - ๋ณ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋™์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ (์นด์ธ  ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ) 2010๋…„ ์„œ๊ฐ€ (์‹œ๋งˆํ‚ค ๋งˆํ‚คํ—ค์ด) 2011๋…„ ์–ด๋Š ๋น„๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์–ต (์š”์•„ํ‚จ) 2015๋…„ k missing kings (์ด์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์•ผ์‹œ๋กœ) ํ•˜์ดํ!! (์˜ค์ด์นด์™€ ํ† ์˜ค๋ฃจ) 2019๋…„ ๋ฃจํŒก 3์„ธ: ๋” ํผ์ŠคํŠธ (์ด์‚ฌ์นด์™€ ๊ณ ์—๋ชฝ) 2020๋…„ ์šธ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„ ์“ด๋‹ค (์‚ฌ์นด๊ตฌ์น˜ ํ† ๋ชจ์•ผ) ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ › ์—๋ฒ„๊ฐ€๋“  (๊ธธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ถ€๊ฒ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์•„) OVA 1989๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋™์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฑด๋‹ด 0080 : ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์†์˜ ์ „์Ÿ (์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฃจํ•˜) 1997๋…„ ํŒ”์šด์„ฑ (๋‚˜๋‚˜์น˜ ํƒ€์ผ€์˜ค) 2005๋…„ ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ์˜ ํ•˜๋Š˜, UFO์˜ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ (์•„์‚ฌ๋ฐ” ๋‚˜์˜ค์œ ํ‚ค) 2006๋…„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค์˜ ์™•์ž๋‹˜ OVA (์˜ค์˜คํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ตธํƒ€๋กœ) ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ค (ํƒ€์ผ€๋ฃจ) 2007๋…„ ์ธ ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ TOKYO REVELATIONS (ํŒŒ์ด) ๋จธ๋” ํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ธ์Šค (๊ฒ€์€ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ) 2009๋…„ ์ธ ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ ์ถ˜๋ขฐ๊ธฐ (ํŒŒ์ด D. ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ผ์ดํŠธ) 2010๋…„ ๋ชจํ˜•์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฑดํ”„๋ผ ๋นŒ๋”์Šค ๋น„๊ธฐ๋‹ G (๋ณด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ƒค์šฐ์•„) ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค ์ฟ„์šฐํƒ€) ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ž–์•„์š”, ์•„์ž์ ค ์”จ OVA (์•„์ฟ ํƒ€๋ฒ ) ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ผ๊ตฐ OVA (๋กœํฌ) ๊ธฐ๋™์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฑด๋‹ด UC (๋ฆฌ๋”” ๋งˆ์„ธ๋‚˜์Šค) 2011๋…„ ์ˆ˜ํผ๋‚ด์ถ”๋Ÿด (๋ผ์ด์–ธ) ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท 2006๋…„ ๋ง‰๋ง๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ค ์ด๋กœํ•˜๋‹ˆํ˜ธํ—คํ†  (์•„ํ‚ค์ฆˆํ‚ค ์š”์ง€๋กœ) 2007๋…„ GR -์ž์ด์–ธํŠธ ๋กœ๋ณด- (์ฟ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ ๋‹ค์ด์‚ฌ์ฟ ) 2009๋…„ ํ—คํƒ€๋ฆฌ์•„ Axis Powers (์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„(๋ฒ ๋„ค์น˜์•„๋…ธ), ๋‚จ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„(๋กœ๋งˆ๋…ธ)) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1976๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์„ฑ์šฐ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์ถœ์‹  ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke%20Namikawa
Daisuke Namikawa
is a Japanese actor and singer associated with Stay Luck. He began acting as a child and is sometimes mistaken with Daisuke Hirakawa, as their names only differ by one character when written in kanji. Despite his wide range of roles, he usually plays young heroes, such as Mikage in 07-Ghost, Fay D. Flourite in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, Jellal Fernandes and his counterpart Mystogan in Fairy Tail, Rokuro "Rock" Okajima in Black Lagoon, Jack The Ripper in Black Clover, Keita Ibuki in Black God, Goemon Ishikawa XIII in later instalments of Lupin the Third, and Yu Narukami in Persona 4. He has also been cast as anti-heroes or antagonists, such as Ulquiorra Cifer in Bleach, Hisoka Morow in Hunter ร— Hunter (2011), Kei Kurono in Gantz, Eustass Kid in One Piece, Dr. Genus in One Punch Man, Chลsล in Jujutsu Kaisen, Tลru Oikawa in Haikyuu!!, Kishล Arima in Tokyo Ghoul, and Momoshiki Otsutsuki in Boruto: Naruto Next Generations. He is the official Japanese dub-over voice artist for American actor Elijah Wood and Canadian actor Hayden Christensen. He has also dubbed over some roles that were performed by other fellow actors such as: Leonardo DiCaprio, Tony Jaa, Edward Furlong, and Kevin Zegers in Japanese. He made his directorial debut for Wonderful World, a live-action film that opened in Japan in early summer of 2010. He also starred in the film itself, alongside Mamoru Miyano, Tomokazu Sugita, Tomokazu Seki, Rikiya Koyama, Yuka Hirata, Toshiyuki Morikawa, Kลichi Yamadera, Showtaro Morikubo and Yลซko Kaida. Personal life Namikawa married in 2001. On July 19, 2017, Shลซkan Bunshun reported that Namikawa had been involved in an on-and-off extramarital affair with a female employee from his previous agency since 2004, whom he met when she had still been a teenager. Namikawa later confirmed the report and apologized. Filmography Television animation 1993 Nintama Rantarou as Takamaru Saito 1996 Detective Conan as Shiro Ogata 1997 Kero Kero Chime as Aoi 1998 Yu-Gi-Oh! as Hayama 1999 Arc the Lad as Elk 2000 Saiyuki Reload as Kami-sama Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters as Ryota Kajiki 2001 The Prince of Tennis as Chotaro Ohtori Legend of the Condor Hero as Yang Guo 2002 Genma Wars as Jin Wagamama Fairy: Mirumo de Pon! (Charming edition) as Setsu Yลซki Naruto as Sumaru 2003 Beyblade G-Revolution as Hitoshi Kinomiya Dokkoider as Suzuo Sakurazaki/Dokkoida Onegai Twins (Please Twins!) as Maiku Kamishiro Ikki Tousen (Battle Vixens) as Toutaku Chuuei Gilgamesh as Tatsuya Madoka; Terumichi Madoka Maburaho as Mitsuaki Nanba 2004 Superior Defender Gundam Force as Guneagle, Hogaremaru Hi no Tori (Phoenix) as Masato Yamanobe; Takeru Kyo Kara Maoh! as Ryan Melody of Oblivion as Kuron Gantz: First Stage as Kei Kurono Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple as Constable Hearst; Chibo Gantz: Second Stage as Kei Kurono Beck: Mongolian Chop Squad as Yukio Tanaka Major as Joe Gibson Jr. 2005 Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle as Fai D. Flourite Honey and Clover as Rokutarล Oku-sama wa Joshi Kลsei as Sonoda-sensei Full Metal Panic!: The Second Raid as Leonard Testarossa Idaten Jump as Kyoichi Shido 2006 Utawarerumono as Benawi Ouran High School Host Club as Tetsuya Sendou .hack//Roots as Iyoten Ray the Animation as Koichi9 Black Lagoon as Rock The Story of Saiunkoku as Eigetsu/Yogetsu To Fushigiboshi no Futagohime Gyu! as Toma Musashi Gundoh as Musashi Miyamoto The Third as Iks Pokรฉmon Diamond & Pearl as Lucian Bakumatsu Kikansetsu Irohanihoheto as Akizuki Yลjirล Katekyo Hitman Reborn! as Giotto/Vongola Primo; Future Sawada Tsunayoshi Tokyo Tribe2 as Kai Black Lagoon: The Second Barrage as Rock 2007 D.Gray-man as Dodge Bleach as Ulquiorra Cifer Sisters of Wellber as Gallahad Eiger El Cazador de la Bruja as Miguel Blue Dragon (Anime) as Jiro Hayate the Combat Butler as Schmidt hen Bach Wangan Midnight as Koichi Hiramoto Terra e... (Toward the Terra) as Leo The Story of Saiunkoku Second Series as Eigetsu/Yogetsu To Mononoke as Sogen Shigurui: Death Frenzy as Gennosuke Fujiki Mobile Suit Gundam 00 as Michael Trinity MapleStory (anime) as Ariba My Bride is a Mermaid as Yoshiuo Minamoto 2008 Persona -trinity soul- as Tลma Shikura Spice and Wolf as Zheren' Nabari no ลŒ as Thobari Kumohira Durandal Blade of the Immortal as Araya Kawakami The Mลryล's Box as Morihiko Toriguchi Katekyo Hitman Reborn! as Giotto Katekyo Hitman Reborn! as TYL! Sawada Tsunayoshi 2009 Hajime No Ippo: New Challenger as Itagaki Manabu Kurokami: The Animation as Keita Ibuki Hetalia: Axis Powers as Italy and Romano (South Italy) Hanasakeru Seishลnen as Rumaty Ihvan di Raginei/Machaty Sheik di Raginei 07 Ghost as Mikage Kimi ni Todoke as Shลta Kazehaya Kobato as Ginsei and Fai D. Flourite Fairy Tail as Siegrain/Jellal, Mystogan One Piece as Eustass Kid 2010 Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood as Young Hohenheim Hetalia: World Series as N. and S.Italy (Veneziano and Romano) Battle Spirits Brave as Barone The Moonlight Senkou no Night Raid (Night Raid 1931) as Kazura Iha House of Five Leaves as Masanosuke Akitsu Sarai-ya Goyou as Masanosuke Akitsu Mitsudomoe as Gachi Ranger Blue Sengoku Basara II as Miyamoto Musashi Doraemon as Johann Marusheru 2011 Kimi ni Todoke 2nd Season as Shota Kazehaya Level E as Prince Little Battlers Experience as Kazuya Aoshima Gyakkyล Burai Kaiji: Hakairoku-hen as Seiya Ichijou Yondemasu yo, Azazel-san. as Akutabe Fate/zero as Waver Velvet Persona 4: The Animation as Yu Narukami, Izanagi (I am thou) Hunter ร— Hunter (2011) as Hisoka Morow 2012 Area no Kishi as Oda Ryoma Aquarion Evol as Schrade Daily Lives of High School Boys as Motoharu Little Battlers Experience W as Kazuya Aoshima From the New World as Squealer Lupin the Third: The Woman Called Fujiko Mine as Goemon Ishikawa XIII Magic Kaito Special as Gunter von Goldenberg (Spider) Persona 4: The Animation as Yu Narukami Hiiro no Kakera as Yลซichi Komura Fate/Zero 2 as Waver Velvet Medaka Box as Koki Akune Zetman as Jin Kanzaki K (anime) as Isana Yashiro/Adolf K. Weismann Kamisama Kiss as Dragon King Sukuna The New Prince of Tennis as Chotaro Ohtori 2013 Valvrave the Liberator as Satomi Renbokoji Hetalia: The Beautiful World as North and South Italy Yondemasu yo, Azazel-san Z as Akutabe Little Battlers Experience Wars as Rikuya Tougou Devil Survivor 2: The Animation as Jungo Torii Arata: The Legend as Hiruko Brothers Conflict as Iori Asashina Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya as Lord El-Melloi II (Waver Velvet) Sunday Without God as Hampnie Hambart / Kizuna Astin Servant x Service as Hasebe's dad Ace of Diamond as Chris Yuu Takigawa Gatchaman Crowds as Jou Hibiki One Piece as Eustass Kid Hakkenden: Eight Dogs of the East as Osaki Kaname TRAiN HEROES as Aru 2014 Soredemo Sekai wa Utsukushii as Lani Aristes Haikyลซ!! as Tลru Oikawa Baby Steps as Takuma Egawa Magical Warfare as Kazuma Ryลซsenji Persona 4: The Golden Animation as Yu Narukami Shounen Hollywood as President Space Dandy as Carpaccio Tokyo Ghoul as Kishou Arima Garo: Honล no Kokuin as Leon Luis Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V as Leo Akaba The New Prince of Tennis OVA vs Genius 10 as Chotaro Ohtori 2015 Parasyte as Miki Baby Steps Season 2 as Takuma Egawa Garo: Guren no Tsuki as Fujiwarano Yasusuke Gintamaยฐ as Hitotsubashi Nobunobu Haikyลซ!! 2 as Tลru Oikawa Hetalia: World Twinkle as North Italy Kare Baka as Ponta Ninomiya K: Return of Kings as Yashiro Isana My Love Story!! as Hayato Oda One-Punch Man as Pig God, Doctor Genus Prison School as Jลji "Joe" Nezu The Heroic Legend of Arslan as Narsus Tokyo Ghoul โˆšA as Kishou Arima Ushio and Tora as Hyou World Trigger as Kei Tachikawa 2016 Grimgar of Fantasy and Ash as Kikkawa Twin Star Exorcists as Arima Tsuchimikado Concrete Revolutio: Choujin Gensou Season 2 as Yoshiaki Satomi Beyblade Burst as Zenkuro "Zac" Kurogane/Zac the Sunshine Days as Hisahito Mizuki ReLIFE as Nobunaga Asaji Pokรฉmon Sun & Moon as Rotom Pokรฉdex 2017 Fate/Apocrypha as Lord El-Melloi II The Ancient Magus' Bride as Lindel Aho Girl as Dog Tsuredure Children as Shinichi Katori Hand Shakers as voice of god Onihei as Tatsuzล Katsugeki/Touken Ranbu as Oodenta Mitsuyo Black Clover as Jack the Ripper 2018 Hakata Tonkotsu Ramens as Jirล Hakyลซ Hoshin Engi as Chuu Ou Boruto: Naruto Next Generations as Momoshiki ลŒtsutsuki Hugtto! PreCure as Uchifuji Touken Ranbu: Hanamaru 2 as Odenta Mitsuyo Violet Evergarden as Gilbert Bougainvillea Tokyo Ghoul:re as Kishou Arima Pop Team Epic as Pipimi Mr. Tonegawa: Middle Management Blues as Seiya Ichijou Full Metal Panic! Invisible Victory as Leonard Testarossa The Thousand Musketeers as Napoleon 2019 W'z as Fumiyuki Meiji Tokyo Renka as Ogai Mori Shinkansen Henkei Robo Shinkalion as Kirin Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba as Haganezuka Kono Oto Tomare! Sounds of Life as Suzuka Takinami One-Punch Man 2 as Pig God Star-Myu: High School Star Musical 3 as Touma Shiki Magical Sempai as Maa-kun The Ones Within as Ichiya Niki The Case Files of Lord El-Melloi II: Rail Zeppelin Grace Note as Lord El-Melloi II Kengan Ashura as Setsuna Kiryลซ Ahiru no Sora as Katsumi Takahashi Black Clover as Kirsch Vermillion 2020 Sorcerous Stabber Orphen as Childman Powderfield ARP Backstage Pass as Eiji Kanล Cagaster of an Insect Cage as Griffith The 8th Son? Are You Kidding Me? as Alfred Wave, Listen to Me! as Mitsuo Suga Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon? III as Dix Perdix Digimon Adventure: as Yamato "Matt" Ishida BNA: Brand New Animal as Pinga The God of High School as Park Mu-Jin The Gymnastics Samurai as Shลtarล Aragaki Pocket Monsters as Satoshi's Lucario, Koharu's Pokรฉdex Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens as Otes 2021 Ex-Arm as Soushi Shiga Mushoku Tensei: Jobless Reincarnation as Ruijerd Superdia Re:Zero โˆ’ Starting Life in Another World as Arch So I'm a Spider, So What? as Black World Trigger 2nd Season as Kei Tachikawa Jujutsu Kaisen as Chลsล (ep. 24) Hetalia: World Stars as Italy and Romano (South Italy) Edens Zero as James Holloway Scarlet Nexus as Kagero Donne Tokyo Revengers as Ran Haitani Takt Op. Destiny as Shindler Lupin the 3rd Part 6 as Goemon Ishikawa XIII 2022 Salaryman's Club as Masahiko Utsugi Fanfare of Adolescence as Yoshihisa Kuji Eternal Boys as Tsuyoshi Imagawa 2023 Nier: Automata Ver1.1a as Adam Tลsลchลซ: The Great Mission as Satoshi Tsukimura Rokudo's Bad Girls as Masaru Hinomoto/Colonel Horimiya: The Missing Pieces as Takeru Sengoku Fate/strange Fake: Whispers of Dawn as Lord El-Melloi II I'm in Love with the Villainess as Thane Bauer A Playthrough of a Certain Dude's VRMMO Life as Taichi Tanaka MF Ghost as Daigo ลŒishi Tokyo Revengers: Tenjiku Arc as Ran Haitani The Eminence in Shadow 2nd Season as Gettan 2024 Kimi ni Todoke 3rd Season as Shota Kazehaya OVAs/ONAs Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket (1989) as Alfred Izuruha Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn (2010) as Riddhe Marcenas Fairy Tail (2011) OVA 2 and 5 as Jellal Fernandes, Mystogan and Siegrain Tokyo Ghoul: JACK (2015) as Kishou Arima Final Fantasy XV: Episode Ardyn Prologue (2019) as Somnus Lucis Caelum JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stone Ocean (2022) as Narciso Anasui, Anakiss Lupin the 3rd vs. Cat's Eye (2023) as Goemon Ishikawa XIII Record of Ragnarok II (2023) as Beelzebub Onmyลji (2023) as Abe no Seimei Unknown date Iriya no Sora, UFO no Natsu as Naoyuki Asaba Kyล, Koi o Hajimemasu as Kyota Tsubaki Last Order: Final Fantasy VII as Turks (Rod) Lupin: Blood Seal -Eternal Mermaid- as Goemon Ishikawa Legend of Toki as Bat Mobile Suit Gundam Seed Destiny Special Edition as Youlant Kent Model Suit Gunpla Builders Beginning G as Boris Schauer Murder Princess as Prince Kaito/The Dark Knight Onegai Twins (Please Twins!) as Maiku Kamishiro Sol Bianca as Rim Someday's Dreamers: Summer Skies as Kouji Kuroda Tsubasa Tokyo Revelations as Fai D. Flourite Tsubasa: Spring Thunder as Fai D. Flourite Yondemasu yo, Azazel-san. as Akutabe The Prince of Tennis OVA: The National Tournament as Chotaro Ohtori The New Prince of Tennis OVA as Chotaro Ohtori Theatrical animation Fair, then Partly Piggy (1988), Noriyasu Hatakeyama / Spencer Weinberg-Takahama Zeta Gundam A New Translation: Heirs to the Stars (2005), Katz Kobayashi Zeta Gundam A New Translation II: Lovers (2005), Katz Kobayashi Pokรฉmon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew (2005), Lucario The Princess in the Birdcage Kingdom (2005), Fai D. Flourite Legend of Raoh: Chapter of Death in Love (2006), Bat Zeta Gundam A New Translation III: Love is the Pulse of the Stars (2006), Katz Kobayashi Legend of Raoh: Chapter of Fierce Fight (2007), Bat Bleach: Hell Verse (2010), Ulquiorra Cifer Hetalia: Axis Powers โ€“ Paint it, White! (2010), North and South Italy. The Prince of Tennis: Tennis no Ouji-sama Eikoku-shiki Teikyลซ-jล Kessen! (2011), Chotaro Ohtori Bayonetta: Bloody Fate (2013), Luka Redgrave Hunter ร— Hunter: Phantom Rouge (2013), Hisoka Morow Hunter ร— Hunter: The Last Mission (2013), Hisoka Morow Lupin the 3rd vs. Detective Conan: The Movie (2013), Goemon Ishikawa K: Missing Kings (2014), Yashiro Isana Saint Seiya: Legend of Sanctuary (2014), Aquarius Camus Boruto: Naruto the Movie (2015), Momoshiki ลŒtsutsuki Crayon Shin-chan: My Moving Story! Cactus Large Attack! (2015), Mariachi Gekijลban Meiji Tokyo Renka: Yumihari no Serenade (2015), ลŒgai Mori Digimon Adventure tri. (2015), Daigo Nishijima Maho Girls PreCure! the Movie: The Miraculous Transformation! Cure Mofurun! (2016), Dark Matter and Kumata Lupin the IIIrd: Goemon Ishikawa's Blood Spray (2017), Goemon Ishikawa Doraemon the Movie 2017: Great Adventure in the Antarctic Kachi Kochi (2017), Professor Hyakkoi Avengers Confidential: Black Widow & Punisher โ€“ Amadeus Cho Lupin III: The First (2019), Goemon Ishikawa A Whisker Away (2020), Tomoya Sakaguchi Violet Evergarden: The Movie (2020), Gilbert Bougainvillea Black Clover: Sword of the Wizard King (2023), Jack The Ripper Gekijลban Collar ร— Malice Deep Cover (2023), Takeru Sasazuka Video games 1997 Everybody's Golf as Iceman 1999 Dragon Slayer Jr: Romancia as Prince Fan Freddy 2001 Growlanser III: The Dual Darkness as Slayn; Grey Gilbert 2002 Panzer Dragoon Orta as Mobo The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers as Frodo Baggins (Japanese dub) Utawarerumono as Benawi 2003 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King as Frodo Baggins (Japanese dub) 2004 Prince of Tennis 2005: Crystal Drive as Chลtarล ลŒtori Prince of Tennis: Rush and Dream as Chลtarล ลŒtori Saiyuki Gunlock as Kami-sama Sakura Wars: Mysterious Paris as Kojirล Akechi 2005 Beck the Game as Yukio Tanaka Bleach: Shattered Blade as Ulquiorra Cifer Gantz: The Game as Kei Kurono Genji: Dawn of the Samurai as Minamoto Yoshitsune Kenka Banchou as Yasuo Tanaka Kino no Tabi II -the Beautiful World- as Sei Sengoku Basara as Miyamoto Musashi Prince of Tennis: Gakuensai no Oujisama as Chลtarล ลŒtori 2006 .hack//G.U. as Iyoten; Hetero Baten Kaitos II as Sagi Bleach: Heat the Soul 3 as Ulquiorra Cifer Blue Dragon as King Gibral Genji: Days of the Blade as Minamoto Yoshitsune Hiiro no Kakera as Komura Yuuichi Kurohime as Zero Otometeki Koi Kakumei Love Revo!! as Ayato Kamishiro Sengoku Basara 2 as Miyamoto Musashi Suikoden V as Main character A, Euram Barrows, Nick, Ernst Prince of Tennis: Doki Doki Survival โ€“ Sanroku no Mystic as Chลtarล ลŒtori Tsubasa Chronicle Vol. 2 as Fai D. Flourite Utawarerumono Chiriyuku Mono e no Komoriuta as Benawi 2007 Angel Profile as Mikhail Another Century's Episode 3 The Final as Barrel Orland; Berckt Bleach: Blade Battlers 2nd as Ulquiorra Cifer Bleach: Heat the Soul 4 as Ulquiorra Cifer Hetalia Academy as Italy Hiiro no Kakera ~Ano Sora no Shita de~ as Komura Yuuichi Hisui no Shizuku Hiiro no Kakera 2 as Komura Yuuichi Kenka Banchou 2 Full Throttle as Akira Kisaragi Mana Khemia: Alchemists of Al-Revis as The Other Vayne Odin Sphere as Cornelius Otomedius as Emon Five Rezel Cross as Airu Sengoku Basara 2 Heroes as Miyamoto Musashi SD Gundam GGeneration Spirits as Katz Kobayashi, Narration Prince of Tennis: CARD HUNTER as Chลtarล ลŒtori Prince of Tennis: Doki Doki Survival โ€“ Umibe no Secret as Chลtarล ลŒtori 2008 Bleach: Heat the Soul 5 as Ulquiorra Cifer Bleach: Soul Carnival as Ulquiorra Cifer Bleach: The 3rd Phantom as Ulquiorra Cifer Bleach: Versus Crusade as Ulquiorra Cifer Duel Love as Yuki Jin Mobile Suit Gundam 00 as Michael Trinity Persona 4 as Protagonist (Yu Narukami) Prince of Persia as Prince (Japanese dub) Soukoku no Kusabi Hiiro no Kakera 3 as Komura Yuuichi Star Ocean: Second Evolution as Claude C. Kenny Super Robot Wars Z as Katz Kobayashi Super Smash Bros. Brawl as Lucario Way of the Samurai 3 as Protagonist White Knight Chronicles as Leonard 2009 Bayonetta as Luka Redgrave Bleach: Heat the Soul 6 as Ulquiorra Cifer Bleach: Soul Carnival2 as Ulquiorra Cifer Bloody Call as Cain Dengeki Gakuen RPG: Cross of Venus as Naoyuki Asaba Enkaku Sลsa: Shinjitsu e no 23 Nichikan as Itsuki Nanashiba Hiiro no Kakera Shin Tamaihime Denshou as Komura Yuuichi Kimi ni Todoke ~Sodateru Omoi~ (Shota Kazehaya) One Piece: Unlimited Cruise Episode 2 as Eustass Kid Saikin Koi Shiteru? as Rei Kagami SD Gundam GGeneration Wars as Katz Kobayashi, Michael Trinity Sengoku Basara: Battle Heroes as Miyamoto Musashi Tales of Graces as Richard Prince of Tennis: Doubles no Oujisama โ€“ Girls, be gracious! as Chลtarล ลŒtori 2010 .hack//Link as lyoten, Adamas Bleach: Heat the Soul 7 as Ulquiorra Cifer Call of Duty: Black Ops as Chief Petty Officer Joseph Bowman CLOCK ZERO ~Shuuen no Ichibyou~ as Takato Kaido/Akira Kaga/King Estpolis: The Lands Cursed by the Gods as Hydekar God of War III as Helios Gundam Assault Survive as Michael Trinity Mobile Suit Gundam: Extreme Vs. as Riddhe Marcenas One Piece: Gigant Battle! as Eustass Kid STORM LOVER as Mao Ikari Summon Night Granthese: Sword of Ruin and the Knight's Promise as Asnurz Super Robot Wars Z II as Michael Trinity Tales of Graces f as Richard Zangeki no Reginleiv as Frรธy 2011 Bleach: Soul Resurrecciรณn as Ulquiorra Cifer Fairy Tail Gekitotsu! Kardia Daiseidou as Mystogan and Jellal Fernandes Gachitora! The Roughneck Teacher in High School as Sho Ishikawa Hiiro no Kakera Aizล-ban ~Akane-iro no Tsuioku~ as Komura Yuuichi Hiiro no Kakera Shin Tamaihime Denshou -Piece of Future- as Komura Yuuichi Kimi ni Todoke ~Tsutaeru Kimochi~ (Shota Kazehaya) One Piece: Gigant Battle!2 as Eustass Kid SD Gundam GGeneration 3D as Michael Trinity, Riddhe Marcenas, Boris Schauer SD Gundam GGeneration World as Katz Kobayashi, Michael Trinity, Riddhe Marcenas Sengoku Basara: Chronicle Heroes as Miyamoto Musashi Shin Megami Tensei: Devil Survivor 2 as Jungo Torii Starryโ˜†Sky ~after summer~ as Izuru Yarai STORM LOVER: Summer Love!! as Mio Ikari Prince of Tennis: Doki Doki Survival โ€“ Umi to Yama no Love Passion as Chลtarล ลŒtori TOKYO Yamanote BOYS DARK CHERRY as Jesus Rudou TOKYO Yamanote BOYS HONEY MILK as Jesus Rudou TOKYO Yamanote BOYS SUPER MINT as Jesus Rudou White Knight Chronicles II as Leonard 2012 Armored Core V as RD Assassin's Creed III as Ratonhnhakรฉ:ton Fairy Tail: Zeref's Awakening as Mystogan and Jellal Fernandes Black Panther 2: Yakuza Asura Chapter as Ryusho Kuki Brothers Conflict: Passion Pink as Iori Asashina Dragon Age II as Hawke (Japanese dub) Hunter x Hunter: Wonder Adventure as Hisoka Morow Persona 4: Arena as Yu Narukami Persona 4 Golden as Protagonist (Yu Narukami) Project X Zone as Rikiya Busujima Resident Evil 6 as Jake Muller Rune Factory 4 as Vishnal SD Gundam GGeneration Over World as Katz Kobayashi, Michael Trinity, Riddhe Marcenas, Boris Schauer Ys: Memories of Celceta as Ozma 2013 Brothers Conflict: Brilliant Blue as Iori Asahina Dragon's Dogma: Dark Arisen as Julien God Eater 2 as Julius Visconti JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: All-Star Battle as Giorno Giovanna Koibana Days: Pure Flower Garden as Tsubaki Saotome Persona 4 Arena Ultimax as Yu Narukami STORM LOVER 2nd as Mio Ikari 2014 Bayonetta 2 as Luka Redgrave Etrian Odyssey 2 Untold: The Fafnir Knight as Flavio Fate/hollow ataraxia as Waver Velvet Gakuen K -Wonderful School Days- as Yashiro Isana Hajime no Ippo: The Fighting! as Manabu Itagaki J-Stars Victory VS as Hisoka Morow Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth as Protagonist (Yu Narukami) Phantasy Star Nova as Reven Super Robot Wars Z III as Katz Kobayashi, Riddhe Marcenas, Shrade Elan Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Super Smash Bros. for Wii U as Lucario 2015 Bravely Second: End Layer as Yew Geneolgia CLOCK ZERO ~Shuuen no Ichibyou~ ExTime as Takato Kaido/Akira Kaga/King Fate/Grand Order as Zhuge Liang/Lord El-Melloi II, Hลzลin Inshun God Eater 2: Rage Burst as Julius Visconti JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Eyes of Heaven as Giorno Giovanna Persona 4: Dancing All Night as Yu Narukami Reine des Fleurs as Louis Root Rexx as Kaoru Kanzaki Sengoku Basara 4 Sumeragi as Miyamoto Musashi Shin Megami Tensei: Devil Survivor 2 โ€“ Record Breaker as Jungo Torii Tokyo Ghoul: Jail as Kisho Arima Utawarerumono: The False Faces as Benawi Vamwolf Cross as Shuichi Aoi Xenoblade Chronicles X as voice for Custom Male Avatar 2016 Black Rose Valkyrie as Asahi Shiramine Collar x Malice as Takeru Sasazuka Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Spirit of Justice as Nayuta Sadmadhi 2017 Nier: Automata as Adam 2018 BlazBlue: Cross Tag Battle as Yu Narukami (Persona 4) Super Smash Bros. Ultimate as Mimikyu, Lucario 2019 Kingdom Hearts III as Eraqus (young) Final Fantasy XV: Episode Ardyn as Somnus Lucis Caelum Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice as Sekiro Saint Seiya Awakening as Capricorn Shura and Lizard Misty 13 Sentinels: Aegis Rim as Ei Sekigahara 2020 Another Eden as Zeviro 2021 Blazblue Alternative: Dark War as Kagura Mutsuki 2022 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: All Star Battle R as Narciso Anasui Cookie Run: Kingdom as Affogato Cookie Bayonetta 3 as Luka 2023 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Last Survivor as Narciso Anasui Tokusatsu Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger (2004) as Leonian Gyoku Rou (ep. 47, 50) Mahou Sentai Magiranger (2005) as Absolute God N-Ma (eps. 46 โ€“ 49) Engine Sentai Go-onger (2008) as Engine Speedor Engine Sentai Go-onger: Boom Boom! Bang Bang! GekijลBang!! (2008) as Engine Speedor Engine Sentai Go-onger vs. Gekiranger (2009) as Engine Speedor Samurai Sentai Shinkenger vs. Go-onger: GinmakuBang!! (2010) as Engine Speedor Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger (2011) as Engine Speedor Ressha Sentai ToQger Returns: Super ToQ 7gou of Dreams (2015) as Track Maintenance Worker (Actor) /Tank Top Shadow (Voice) Uchu Sentai Kyuranger (2017) as Cuervo (ep. 24 โ€“ 25, 38, 41, 44) Film Kami Voice (2011) as Kuon Kobayakawa Sono Koe no Anata e (2022) as himself TV dramas Koe Girl! (2018) as himself Drama CDs Amari Sensei no Karei na Seminar Bleach Beat collection as Ulquiorra Cifer Castlevania: Nocturne of Recollection as Alexis Cinderella as Cinderella DAISUKE! as Wakaba Daisuke Dot Kareshi as Knight/Yuusha Hetalia: Axis Powers as Italy; Romano Itazura na Kiss as Naoki Irie Kimi to Naisho no... Kyo Kara Kareshi as Takashi Yuuki Lip on my Prince as Seiya Kitano Lupin III as Goemon Ishikawa XIII My Little Monster as Kenji Yamaguchi Parfait Tic! as Ichi Shinpo Requiem of the Rose King as Henry VI Special A as Yahiro Saiga Tsubasa Character Songs as Fai D. Flourite Vanquish Brothers as Masamune Voice Over! Seiyu Academy as Mitchell "Mitch" Zaizen Dubbing roles Voice-doubles Elijah Wood The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring โ€“ Frodo Baggins The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers โ€“ Frodo Baggins The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King โ€“ Frodo Baggins Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind โ€“ Patrick Green Street โ€“ Matthew 'Matt' Buckner Bobby โ€“ William Avary 9 โ€“ 9 The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey โ€“ Frodo Baggins Maniac โ€“ Frank Zito Grand Piano โ€“ Tom Selznick Cooties โ€“ Clint Hadson Over the Garden Wall โ€“ Wirt The Last Witch Hunter โ€“ Dolan 37 I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore โ€“ Tony Come to Daddy โ€“ Norval Tony Jaa Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior โ€“ Ting The Bodyguard โ€“ Wong Kom Tom-Yum-Goong โ€“ Kham Ong Bak 2 โ€“ Tien Ong Bak 3 โ€“ Tien Tom Yum Goong 2 โ€“ Kham Furious 7 โ€“ Kiet SPL II: A Time for Consequences โ€“ Chatchai xXx: Return of Xander Cage โ€“ Talon Triple Threat โ€“ Payu Detective Chinatown 3 โ€“ Jack Jaa Hayden Christensen Life as a House โ€“ Sam Monroe Star Wars: Episode II โ€“ Attack of the Clones โ€“ Anakin Skywalker Star Wars: Episode III โ€“ Revenge of the Sith โ€“ Anakin Skywalker Jumper โ€“ David Rice Takers โ€“ A.J. Vanishing on 7th Street โ€“ Luke Ryder Outcast โ€“ Jacob First Kill โ€“ William Beeman Little Italyโ€“ Leonard "Leo" Campo Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker โ€“ Anakin Skywalker Obi-Wan Kenobi โ€“ Anakin Skywalker Justin Timberlake Black Snake Moan โ€“ Ronnie Morgan The Social Network โ€“ Sean Parker Bad Teacher โ€“ Scott Delacorte Friends with Benefits โ€“ Dylan Harper In Time โ€“ William "Will" Salas Runner Runner โ€“ Richie Furst Palmer โ€“ Eddie Palmer John Cho Star Trek โ€“ Hikaru Sulu Star Trek Into Darkness โ€“ Hikaru Sulu Star Trek Beyond โ€“ Hikaru Sulu The Exorcist โ€“ Andrew "Andy" Kim Searching โ€“ David Kim The Grudge โ€“ Peter Spencer Ghosted โ€“ The Leopard Leonardo DiCaprio Romeo + Juliet (2000 TV Asahi edition) โ€“ Romeo Montague Don's Plum โ€“ Derek The Aviator โ€“ Howard Hughes Blood Diamond โ€“ Danny Archer Revolutionary Road โ€“ Frank Wheeler Inception (2012 TV Asahi edition) โ€“ Dom Cobb Nicholas Tse New Police Story โ€“ Frank Cheng Siu-fung Rob-B-Hood โ€“ Nicholas Beast Stalker โ€“ Sergeant Tong Fei Bodyguards and Assassins โ€“ Deng Sidi The Stool Pigeon โ€“ Ghost Jr. From Vegas to Macau โ€“ Cool Chad Michael Murray Freaky Friday โ€“ Jake A Cinderella Story โ€“ Austin Survive the Game โ€“ Eric Fortress โ€“ Frederick Balzary Jorge Lendeborg Jr. Spider-Man: Homecoming (Jason Ionello) Spider-Man: Far From Home (Jason Ionello) Live-action films 50/50 โ€“ Adam Lerner (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) Alexander โ€“ Alexander the Great (Colin Farrell) American History X โ€“ Danny (Edward Furlong) Bad Boys (1999 Fuji TV edition) โ€“ Joe "Jo-Jo" (Michael Imperioli) Black Panther: Wakanda Forever โ€“ Namor (Tenoch Huerta) Bootmen โ€“ Sean Okden (Adam Garcia) The Bronze โ€“ Lance Tucker (Sebastian Stan) Bring It On โ€“ Cliff Pantone (Jesse Bradford) Camp Rock โ€“ Shane Gray (Joe Jonas) Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore โ€“ Diggs (James Marsden) Coach Carter โ€“ Damien (Robert Ri'chard) Chaos โ€“ Shane Dekker (Ryan Phillippe) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1989 VHS edition) โ€“ Jeremy Potts (Adrian Hall) Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant โ€“ Steve "Leopard" Leonard (Josh Hutcherson) The Cloud โ€“ Elmar (Franz Dinda) Chronicle โ€“ Andrew Detmer (Dane DeHaan) Clash of the Titans (2012 TV Asahi edition) โ€“ Perseus (Sam Worthington) Crash โ€“ Officer Hanson (Ryan Phillippe) Criminal Activities โ€“ Zach (Michael Pitt) Dark Blue World โ€“ Karel Vojtisek (Kryลกtof Hรกdek) The Dark Crystal (Blu-Ray edition) โ€“ Jen (Stephen Garlick) Dawn of the Dead โ€“ Terry (Kevin Zegers) The Day After Tomorrow โ€“ Sam Hall (Jake Gyllenhaal) Day of the Dead (2020 Blu-ray edition) โ€“ Pvt. Miguel Salazar (Antonรฉ Dileo Jr.) Defiance โ€“ Asael Bielski (Jamie Bell) Dr. Dolittle 2 โ€“ Eric (Lil Zane) Dragon Blade โ€“ Yin Po (Choi Si-won) dot the i โ€“ Kit Winter (Gael Garcรญa Bernal) Dude, Where's My Car? โ€“ Jesse (Ashton Kutcher) Escape Room โ€“ Ben Miller (Logan Miller) Escape Room: Tournament of Champions โ€“ Ben Miller (Logan Miller) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1988 VHS edition) โ€“ Elliot (Henry Thomas) The Expendables 3 โ€“ John Smilee (Kellan Lutz) F9 โ€“ Sean Boswell (Lucas Black) Father's Day โ€“ Scott Andrews (Charlie Hofheimer) Final Cut โ€“ Raphaรซl (Finnegan Oldfield) The Forbidden Kingdom โ€“ Jason Tripitikas (Michael Angarano) The Goonies โ€“ Mikey (Sean Astin) Gran Turismo โ€“ Matty Davis (Darren Barnet) Guns & Talks โ€“ Hayon (Won Bin) Hannibal Rising โ€“ Hannibal Lecter (Gaspard Ulliel) Hart's War โ€“ Lieutenant Lamar T. Archer (Vicellous Reon Shannon) He's Just Not That Into You โ€“ Alex (Justin Long) Hot Rod โ€“ Kevin Powell (Jorma Taccone) The Hurricane โ€“ Lesra Martin (Vicellous Reon Shannon) I Am Not a Serial Killer โ€“ John Wayne Cleaver (Max Records) Igby Goes Down โ€“ Jason "Igby" Slocumb, Jr. (Kieran Culkin) I.T. โ€“ Ed Porter (James Frecheville) Jason Bourne (2022 BS Tokyo edition) โ€“ Aaron Kalloor (Riz Ahmed) Jennifer's Body โ€“ Nikolai Wolf (Adam Brody) Knights of the Zodiac โ€“ Nero the Phoenix Knight (Diego Tinoco) The Last Emperor (1989 TV Asahi edition) โ€“ Puyi (8 years old) (Tijger Tsou) Leatherface โ€“ Jedidiah Sawyer / Jackson (Sam Strike) Letters to Juliet โ€“ Victor (Gael Garcรญa Bernal) The Lookout โ€“ Chris Pratt (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) Love & Other Drugs โ€“ Jamie Randall (Jake Gyllenhaal) Mac and Me โ€“ Eric (Jade Calegory) The Magnificent Seven โ€“ Chico (Horst Bucholz) Man of Tai Chi โ€“ Tiger Chen Linhu (Tiger Chen) The Maze Runner โ€“ Gally (Will Poulter) Midnight Sun โ€“ Charles Reed (Patrick Schwarzenegger) The Mighty Ducks โ€“ Charlie Conway (Joshua Jackson) Mr. & Mrs. Smith โ€“ Benjamin "The Tank" Danz (Adam Brody) The NeverEnding Story โ€“ Bastian Balthazar Bux (Barret Oliver) Nicky Larson et le parfum de Cupidon โ€“ Poncho (Tarek Boudali) No Time to Die โ€“ Logan Ash (Billy Magnussen) North Face (2020 BS Tokyo edition) โ€“ Andreas Hinterstoisser (Florian Lukas) Ordinary People (2010 DVD edition) โ€“ Conrad Jarrett (Timothy Hutton) Our Times โ€“ Ouyang Fei-fan (Dino Lee) Pacific Rim โ€“ Chuck Hansen (Robert Kazinsky) Pandorum โ€“ Younger Corporal Gallo (Cam Gigandet) Pecker โ€“ Pecker (Edward Furlong) The Poseidon Adventure โ€“ Acres (Roddy McDowall) Priest โ€“ Hicks (Cam Gigandet) Prisoners (2016 BS Japan edition) โ€“ Alex Jones (Paul Dano) Resident Evil: Extinction (2010 TV Asahi edition) โ€“ Mikey (Christopher Egan) Resident Evil: The Final Chapter โ€“ Doc (Eoin Macken) The Return โ€“ Andrei (Vladimir Garin) Ride with the Devil โ€“ Jake (Tobey Maguire) Road Trip โ€“ Josh Parker (Breckin Meyer) Rogue โ€“ Neil Kelly (Sam Worthington) Roman Holiday (2022 NTV edition) โ€“ Joe Bradley (Gregory Peck) Salvador โ€“ Salvador Puig Antich (Daniel Brรผhl) Sanctum โ€“ Joshua "Josh" McGuire (Rhys Wakefield) The Science of Sleep โ€“ Stรฉphane (Gael Garcรญa Bernal) The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior โ€“ Mathayus (Michael Copon) The Shining โ€“ Danny Torrance (Danny Lloyd) Silent Hill: Revelation โ€“ Vincent Cooper (Kit Harington) Silent Night โ€“ Simon (Matthew Goode) Sin City โ€“ Kevin; Cardinal Patrick Henry Roark; Yellow Bastard (Nick Stahl) Sky High โ€“ Will (Michael Angarano) Snow Queen โ€“ Kai (Jeremy Guilbaut) Snow White and the Huntsman โ€“ William (Sam Claflin) The Huntsman: Winter's War โ€“ King William (Sam Claflin) Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams โ€“ Gary Giggles (Matt O'Leary) Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over โ€“ Gary Giggles (Matt O'Leary) Stormbreaker โ€“ Alex Rider (Alex Pettyfer) Superfly โ€“ Youngblood Priest (Trevor Jackson) Taking Lives โ€“ Young Martin Asher (Paul Dano) Temptation of Wolves โ€“ Jung Tae-sung (Gang Dong-won) Terminator 2: Judgment Day โ€“ John Connor (Edward Furlong) Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2005 NTV edition) โ€“ John Connor (Nick Stahl) Time Bandits (1988 TV Asahi edition) โ€“ Kevin (Craig Warnock) Time Bandits (35th Anniversary edition) โ€“ Kevin's father (David Daker) Tom & Jerry โ€“ Cameron (Jordan Bolger) Transamerica โ€“ Toby Wilkins (Kevin Zegers) The United States of Leland โ€“ Leland P. Fitzgerald (Ryan Gosling) When the Game Stands Tall โ€“ Terrance G. "T.K." Kelly (Stephan James) White Oleander โ€“ Paul Trout (Patrick Fugit) Witness (1987 Fuji TV edition) โ€“ Samuel (Lukas Haas) Wrong Turn โ€“ Evan (Kevin Zegers) X2 โ€“ Pyro (Aaron Stanford) X-Men: The Last Stand โ€“ Pyro (Aaron Stanford) Live action television And Then There Were None โ€“ Philip Lombard (Aidan Turner) The Brady Bunch โ€“ Cousin Oliver (Robbie Rist) The Blacklist: Redemption โ€“ Matias Solomon (Edi Gathegi) Charmed โ€“ Chris Halliwell (Drew Fuller) Counterpart โ€“ Claude Lambert (Guy Burnet) Debris โ€“ Eric King (David Alpay) D.P. โ€“ Private Ahn Joon-ho (Jung Hae-in) Genius โ€“ Young Albert Einstein (Johnny Flynn) Goosebumps (Let's Get Invisible!) โ€“ Max Gossip Girl โ€“ Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) Hannibal โ€“ Will Graham (Hugh Dancy) His Dark Materials โ€“ Lee Scoresby (Lin-Manuel Miranda) It โ€“ Henry Bowers (Jarred Blancard) It Started With a Kiss โ€“ Jiang Zhi Shu (Joe Cheng) Kindaichi Case Files Neo SP 1 โ€“ Byron Lee (Chun Wu) Limitless โ€“ Brian Finch (Jake McDorman) The Lost Symbol โ€“ Mal'akh (Beau Knapp) Merlin โ€“ Merlin (Colin Morgan) Playful Kiss โ€“ Baek Seung-jo (Kim Hyun-joong) Roots โ€“ Chicken George (Regรฉ-Jean Page) Roswell โ€“ Michael Guerin (Brendan Fehr) They Kiss Again โ€“ Jiang Zhi Shu (Joe Cheng) Thunderbirds Are Go โ€“ Scott Tracy Torchwood โ€“ Owen Harper (Burn Gorman) What I Like About You โ€“ Henry Gibson (Michael McMillian) World War Z โ€“ Andrew Fassbach (Elyes Gabel) Animation The Adventures of Tintin โ€“ Tintin An American Tail โ€“ Fievel Mousekewitz An American Tail: Fievel Goes West โ€“ Fievel Mousekewitz Arthur Christmas โ€“ Peter Coraline โ€“ Wybie DC Super Heroes vs. Eagle Talon โ€“ Flash Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz โ€“ Scarecrow Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole โ€“ Kludd Luca โ€“ Ercole Visconti My Life as a Courgette โ€“ Simon My Little Pony: The Movie โ€“ Capper Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film) โ€“ Anakin Skywalker Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series) โ€“ Anakin Skywalker Star Wars Rebels โ€“ Anakin Skywalker Trolls World Tour โ€“ Chaz References External links Official agency profile Daisuke Namikawa at GamePlaza Haruka Voice Acting Database Daisuke Namikawa at Ryu's Seiyuu Info 1976 births Living people Japanese company founders Japanese male child actors Japanese male pop singers Japanese male stage actors Japanese male video game actors Japanese male voice actors Male voice actors from Tokyo Tokyo International University alumni 20th-century Japanese male actors 21st-century Japanese male actors 21st-century Japanese singers 21st-century Japanese male singers
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%9E%AC%EC%9C%A4
์กฐ์žฌ์œค
์กฐ์žฌ์œค(1974๋…„ 10์›” 29์ผ (์Œ๋ ฅ 9์›” 15์ผ) ~ )์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ ฅ ์„œ์šธ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ทน๊ณผ ์ƒ์•  2003๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์˜์–ด์™„์ „์ •๋ณตใ€‹์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜ํ™”๊ณ„์— ์ฒซ๋ฐœ์„ ๋‚ด๋””๋Ž ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, 2010๋…„ ใ€Š์•„์ €์”จใ€‹, 2013๋…„ ใ€Š7๋ฒˆ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผใ€‹, 2013๋…„ ใ€Š์šฉ์˜์žใ€‹, 2015๋…„ ใ€Š๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž๋“คใ€‹, 2016๋…„ ใ€Š๊ทธ๋‚ ์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐใ€‹, 2017๋…„ ใ€Šํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆŒใ€‹, ใ€Š์‹œ๊ฐ„์œ„์˜ ์ง‘ใ€‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ถฉ๋ฌด๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ธฐํŒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ 2007๋…„ MBC ใ€ŠํžˆํŠธใ€‹ - ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ 2007๋…„ OCN ใ€Šํ‚ค๋“œ๊ฐฑใ€‹ 2007๋…„ MBC ใ€Š์ด์‚ฐใ€‹ 2008๋…„ iHQ DRAMA ใ€Šํฌ๋ผ์ž„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2ใ€‹ 2008๋…„ tvN ใ€Š๋งž์งฑใ€‹ 2008๋…„ MBC ใ€Š์—๋ด์˜ ๋™์ชฝใ€‹ 2009๋…„ SBS ใ€Š๋“œ๋ฆผใ€‹ - ๊ฐˆ์น˜ ์—ญ 2009๋…„ SBS ใ€Šํƒœ์–‘์„ ์‚ผ์ผœ๋ผใ€‹ - ์žฅ๋Œ ์—ญ 2009๋…„ OCN ใ€Š์กฐ์„ ์ถ”๋ฆฌํ™œ๊ทน ์ •์•ฝ์šฉใ€‹ 2011๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Š๊ฐ•๋ ฅ๋ฐ˜ใ€‹ - ์–‘๋„์ˆ˜ ์—ญ 2011๋…„ MBC ใ€Š๋น›๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์žใ€‹ 2012๋…„ SBS ใ€Š์‹ ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ’ˆ๊ฒฉใ€‹ - ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ OCN ใ€Šํžˆ์–ด๋กœใ€‹ - ์˜์ค€ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ SBS ใ€Š์ถ”์ ์ž THE CHASERใ€‹ - ๋ฐ•์šฉ์‹ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ KBS2 ใ€ŠKBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ - ์นผ์žก์ด ์ด๋ฐœ์‚ฌใ€‹ - ๋ด‰์‹ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ KBS2 ใ€ŠKBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ - ์น ์„ฑํ˜ธใ€‹ - ํ™๋งŒ์‹ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ SBS ใ€Š๋‚ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ๋‚˜๋น„๋ถ€์ธใ€‹ - ๋‹จ์† ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Š์ „์šฐ์น˜ใ€‹ - ์ฒ ๊ฒฌ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ SBS Plus ใ€Šํ’€ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค TAKE 2ใ€‹ - ์กฐ์„ ์กฑ ํƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์—ญ 2013๋…„ MBC ใ€Š๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„œใ€‹ - ๋งˆ๋ด‰์ถœ ์—ญ 2013๋…„ Mnet ใ€Š๋ชฌ์Šคํƒ€ใ€‹ - ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ € ํ™ ์—ญ 2013๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Š์นผ๊ณผ ๊ฝƒใ€‹ - ๋ถ€์น˜ ์—ญ 2013๋…„ SBS ใ€Š์ฃผ๊ตฐ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘ใ€‹ - ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ท€์‹ ์„ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ ์—ญ 2013๋…„ tvN ใ€Š์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๋ผ 1994ใ€‹ - ๊น€์žฌ์˜ ์—ญ 2013๋…„ MBC ใ€Š๊ธฐํ™ฉํ›„ใ€‹ - ๊ณจํƒ€ ์—ญ 2013๋…„ KBS2 ใ€ŠKBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ - ๋งˆ๊ท€ - ํŒŒ๋ฐœ, ์ง€์˜ฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹คใ€‹ 2014๋…„ KBS2 ใ€ŠKBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ - ๋ถ€์ •์ฃผ์ฐจใ€‹ - ํ•œ์ •ํ›ˆ ์—ญ 2014๋…„ tvN ใ€Š๋ผ์ด์–ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ใ€‹ - ์กฐ๋‹ฌ๊ตฌ ์—ญ 2015๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Š๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ๋“œใ€‹ - ์šฐ์ผ๋‚จ ์—ญ 2015๋…„ tvN ใ€Š์‹์ƒค๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค 2ใ€‹ - ๊น€๋ฏธ๋ž€ ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ญ 2015๋…„ JTBC ใ€Š๋ผ์ŠคํŠธใ€‹ - ๋ฑ€๋ˆˆ ์—ญ 2015๋…„ SBS ใ€Š์‹ฌ์•ผ์‹๋‹นใ€‹ - ๊ด‘์กฐ ์—ญ 2016๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Šํƒœ์–‘์˜ ํ›„์˜ˆใ€‹ - ์ง„์˜์ˆ˜ ์—ญ 2016๋…„ tvN ใ€Šํ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์ดใ€‹ - ํ•œ์ง€ํ›ˆ ์—ญ 2016๋…„ JTBC ใ€ŠํŒํƒ€์Šคํ‹ฑใ€‹ - ์˜ค์ฐฝ์„ ์—ญ 2016๋…„ MBC ใ€Š์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ์—ฌ์žใ€‹ 2017๋…„ OCN ใ€Š๋ณด์ด์Šคใ€‹ - ์‚ดํ•ด๋„์ฃผ๋ฒ” ์—ญ 2017๋…„ SBS ใ€Šํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธใ€‹ - ์‹ ์ฒ ์‹ ์—ญ 2017๋…„ OCN ใ€Š๊ตฌํ•ด์ค˜ใ€‹ - ์กฐ์™„ํƒœ ์—ญ 2017๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Š๋งค๋“œ ๋…ใ€‹ - ๋ฐ•์ˆœ์ • (์น˜ํƒ€) ์—ญ 2017๋…„ OCN ใ€Š๋ธ”๋ž™ใ€‹ - ์ €์Šน์‚ฌ์ž No.007 ์—ญ 2018๋…„ tvN ใ€Š๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€ - ๋‚ซ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œใ€‹ 2018๋…„ SBS ใ€Š๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์ง„ ๋ฉœ๋กœใ€‹ - ์˜ค๋งน๋‹ฌ ์—ญ 2018๋…„ XtvN ใ€Š๋ณต์ˆ˜๋…ธํŠธ 2ใ€‹ - ํ•˜๋กํฌ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์—ญ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) 2018๋…„ SBS ใ€Šํ‰๋ถ€์™ธ๊ณผ - ์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ ํ›”์นœ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“คใ€‹ - ํ™ฉ์ง„์ฒ  ์—ญ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) 2018๋…„ OCN ใ€Šํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ดใ€‹ - ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) 2018๋…„ JTBC ใ€ŠSKY ์บ์Šฌใ€‹ - ์šฐ์–‘์šฐ ์—ญ 2019๋…„ OCN ใ€Š๊ตฌํ•ด์ค˜ 2ใ€‹ - ํŒŒ์ถœ์†Œ์žฅ ์—ญ 2019๋…„ MBC ใ€Š์‹ ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ด€ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ นใ€‹ - ๊น€์ฒ™์  ์—ญ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) 2019๋…„ tvN ใ€Š์œ ๋ น์„ ์žก์•„๋ผ!ใ€‹ - ์ด๋งŒ์ง„ ์—ญ 2020๋…„ SBS ใ€Š๋” ํ‚น : ์˜์›์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผใ€‹ - ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์žฅ ์•„์ €์”จ ์—ญ 2020๋…„ JTBC ใ€Š๋ชจ๋ฒ”ํ˜•์‚ฌใ€‹ - ์ด๋Œ€์ฒ  ์—ญ 2020๋…„ MBC every1 ใ€Š์—ฐ์• ๋Š” ๊ท€์ฐฎ์ง€๋งŒ ์™ธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑด ์‹ซ์–ด!ใ€‹ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) 2021๋…„ tvN ใ€Š๋งˆ์šฐ์Šคใ€‹ - ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์–ผ ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ 2021๋…„ SBS ใ€ŠํŽœํŠธํ•˜์šฐ์Šค 2ใ€‹- ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ด‰ ์—ญ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) 2021๋…„ SBS ใ€Š๋ผ์ผ“์†Œ๋…„๋‹จใ€‹- ๋„์‹œ ๋‚จ์ž 1 ์—ญ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) 2022๋…„ tvN ใ€Šํ™˜ํ˜ผใ€‹- ์ง„๋ฌด ์—ญ 2022๋…„ Disney+ Hotstar ใ€Š์นด์ง€๋…ธใ€‹ 2022๋…„ tvN ใ€Šํ™˜ํ˜ผ ๋น›๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์žใ€‹- ์ง„๋ฌด ์—ญ 2022๋…„~2023๋…„ ENA ใ€Š์‚ฌ์žฅ๋‹˜์„ ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œใ€‹ 2023๋…„ SBS ใ€Š7์ธ์˜ ํƒˆ์ถœใ€‹- ๋‚จ์ฒ ์šฐ ์—ญ 2024๋…„ SBS ใ€Š7์ธ์˜ ํƒˆ์ถœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ2ใ€‹- ๋‚จ์ฒ ์šฐ ์—ญ ์˜ํ™” 2002๋…„ ใ€Š๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ผœ๋ผใ€‹ ... ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ•‘ ์š”์› ์—ญ 2003๋…„ ใ€Š์˜์–ด์™„์ „์ •๋ณตใ€‹ ... ํ™ ์ฃผ์ž„ ์—ญ 2004๋…„ ใ€Š์•ˆ๋…•! ์œ ์—ํ”„์˜คใ€‹ ... ์ข…์  ์ง์› ์—ญ 2005๋…„ ใ€Š๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ทธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คใ€‹ ... ๊ถ์ •๋™ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์› ์—ญ 2006๋…„ ใ€Š์ค‘์ฒœใ€‹ 2006๋…„ ใ€Š์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋”ฐ์œˆ ํ•„์š”์—†์–ดใ€‹ 2008๋…„ ใ€Š์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์™€์ธใ€‹ ... ์ˆœ๋ฐ๋ ๋ผ ์—ญ 2009๋…„ ใ€Š๋งˆ๋ฆฐ ๋ณด์ดใ€‹ ... ์ž„ ๋ถ€์žฅ ์—ญ 2009๋…„ ใ€Š๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œใ€‹ ... ์ž…์–‘์ธ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ง์› 1์—ญ 2009๋…„ ใ€Š์ž‘์ „ใ€‹ ... ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์—ญ 2009๋…„ ใ€Š๊ดญ์ดใ€‹ 2009๋…„ ใ€Š๋ถ€์‚ฐใ€‹ ... ๋‚ ์น˜ ์—ญ 2010๋…„ ใ€Š์•„์ €์”จใ€‹ ... ์žฅ๋‘์‹ ์—ญ 2010๋…„ ใ€Šํ™ฉํ•ดใ€‹ ... ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ ์šด์ „์ˆ˜ ์—ญ 2010๋…„ ใ€Š๊ทธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹คใ€‹ ... ๊ตฐ๋ด‰ ์ฐจ๋‚จ ์—ญ 2010๋…„ ใ€Š๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ข€๋น„ใ€‹ ... ์กฐ์šฉํŒ” ์—ญ 2010๋…„ ใ€Š๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰๋‚จ๋…€ใ€‹ 2011๋…„ ใ€Š์ฒดํฌ์™•ใ€‹ 2011๋…„ ใ€ŠํŠน์ˆ˜๋ณธใ€‹ 2011๋…„ ใ€Š๋…๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌใ€‹ 2012๋…„ ใ€Š๋กœ๋งจ์Šค ์กฐใ€‹ 2013๋…„ ใ€Š7๋ฒˆ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผใ€‹ 2013๋…„ ใ€Š๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ณ ใ€‹ 2013๋…„ ใ€Š์šฉ์˜์žใ€‹ ... ์กฐ ๋Œ€์œ„ ์—ญ 2014๋…„ ใ€Š์•„๋น ๋ฅผ ๋นŒ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹คใ€‹ 2015๋…„ ใ€Š์›Œํ‚น๊ฑธใ€‹ ... ์กฐ์ง€ํ˜ธ ์—ญ 2015๋…„ ใ€Š์‚ด์ธ์˜๋ขฐใ€‹ ... ๊น€๊ธฐ์„ ์—ญ 2015๋…„ ใ€Š๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž๋“คใ€‹ ... ๋ฐฉ ๊ณ„์žฅ ์—ญ 2016๋…„ ใ€Š๊ทธ๋‚ ์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐใ€‹ ... ๊ฐ• ์„ ๋ฐฐ ์—ญ 2016๋…„ ใ€Š๋‚ , ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ์™€์š”ใ€‹ ... ๋ฐ• ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์—ญ 2017๋…„ ใ€Š์ค‘2๋ผ๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„ใ€‹ ... ์กฐ ๋‹ฅํ„ฐ ์—ญ 2017๋…„ ใ€Š๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ํŠน์ˆ˜์š”์›ใ€‹ ... ๋ฐ• ์ฐจ์žฅ ์—ญ 2017๋…„ ใ€Šํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆŒใ€‹ ... ๋งˆํ™ํ‘œ ์—ญ 2017๋…„ ใ€Š์‹œ๊ฐ„์œ„์˜ ์ง‘ใ€‹ ... ์ฒ ์ค‘ ์—ญ 2017๋…„ ใ€Š์‚ด์ธ์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ฒ•ใ€‹ ... ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ 2017๋…„ ใ€Š๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋„์‹œใ€‹ ... ํ™ฉ์ถ˜์‹ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ 2017๋…„ ใ€Š์—ญ๋ชจ: ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€ใ€‹ ... ๋„๋งŒ์ฒ  ์—ญ 2018๋…„ ใ€Š๋” ํŽœ์…˜ใ€‹ ... ๋• ์—ญ 2020๋…„ ใ€Šํ”ผ์›์—์ด์น˜: ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ใ€‹ ... ์ฑ„์œค์•„๋น  ์—ญ 2021๋…„ ใ€Š์ฐใ€‹ ... ์ด์ถฉ๋ฌด ์—ญ 2021๋…„ ใ€Š๋ณด์ด์Šคใ€‹ ... ๋•ํŒ” ์—ญ 2021๋…„ ใ€Š๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”ใ€‹ ... ์ •์šฉ์‹ ์—ญ 2021๋…„ ใ€Š์˜์›…ใ€‹... ์šฐ๋•์ˆœ ์—ญ 2022๋…„ ใ€Šํ•œ์‚ฐ: ์šฉ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„ใ€‹ ... ๋งˆ๋‚˜๋ฒ  ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ์กฐ ์—ญ ์—ฐ๊ทน 2003๋…„ ใ€Šํœด๋จผ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””ใ€‹ - ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋Œ„์„œ ์—ญ 2007๋…„ ใ€Š๋Œ€๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ใ€‹ - ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€ ์—ญ 2013๋…„ ใ€Š์›ƒ์Œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ใ€‹ - ๊ฒ€์—ด๊ด€ ์—ญ 2018๋…„ ใ€Š์ •์˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คใ€‹ - ์Šค์ฟ ๋ผํ† ํ”„ ์—ญ 2020๋…„ ใ€Š์•„ํŠธใ€‹ - ์ด๋ฐ˜ ์—ญ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ 2015๋…„ ใ€Š๋ฒฝ์„ ๋šซ๋Š” ๋‚จ์žใ€‹ - ๋“€๋ธ”, ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ, ํ˜•๋ฌด์†Œ์žฅ, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ 2015๋…„ MBC ใ€Š์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€์ฆˆใ€‹ 2018๋…„ MBC EVERY1 ใ€Š๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฒฝ์ฐฐใ€‹ 2019๋…„ tvN ใ€Š์ปคํ”ผํ”„๋ Œ์ฆˆใ€‹ 2019๋…„ MBC EVERY1 ใ€Š๋„์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐใ€‹ 2019๋…„ ์ฑ„๋„A ใ€Š๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋ผ์™€, ๋„์‹œ์–ด๋ถ€ใ€‹ 2019๋…„ MBC EVERY1 ใ€Š๋„์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2ใ€‹ 2019๋…„ SBS Plus ใ€Š๋ฐฅ์€ ๋จน๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ƒ?ใ€‹ 2022๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Š์„ธ์ปจ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šคใ€‹ 2023๋…„ MBC ใ€Š์‹ฌ์•ผ๊ดด๋‹ดํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ3ใ€‹ ๊ต์–‘ 2023๋…„ MBC ใ€Š์ƒ๋ฐฉ์†ก ํ–‰๋ณต๋“œ๋ฆผ ๋กœ๋˜ 6/45ใ€‹- ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ 1083ํšŒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋น„๋น„์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์กฐ์žฌ์œค ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1974๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ฒญ์ฃผ์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ์„œ์šธ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ทน๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์—ฐ๊ทน ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์˜ํ™” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%20Jae-yoon
Jo Jae-yoon
Jo Jae-yoon (born October 29, 1974) is a South Korean actor. He made his acting debut in 2003 and has since starred as a supporting actor in numerous films and television series, including The Man from Nowhere (2010), The Chaser (2012), Gu Family Book (2013), The Suspect (2013), Descendants of the Sun (2016), Mad Dog (2017), Sky Castle (2018-2019) and Alchemy of Souls season 1 and 2 (2022-2023). Jo also appeared in the variety-reality show Animals (2015). Filmography Film Television series Web series Television shows Theater Awards and nominations References External links Jo Jae-yoon Fan Cafe at Daum Jo Jae-yoon on Instagram 1974 births Living people People from Cheongju South Korean male film actors South Korean male television actors South Korean male stage actors South Korean male musical theatre actors South Korean television personalities Seoul Institute of the Arts alumni 21st-century South Korean male actors
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4%EC%8A%A4%20%EC%96%B4%EB%B9%99
์ค„๋ฆฌ์–ด์Šค ์–ด๋น™
์ค„๋ฆฌ์–ด์Šค ์œˆํ•„๋“œ ์–ด๋น™ 2์„ธ(Julius Winfield Erving II, 1950๋…„ 2์›” 22์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ ๋†๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. "๋‹ฅํ„ฐ J"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‹  ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ํ˜์‹ ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ „์— ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฌ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ ํšŒ์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์Šฌ๋žจ ๋ฉํฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋œ ํšŒ์ „์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด๋น™์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ์—†์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ฆ‰์„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฒซ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ 10๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธ์›”์— ์œ ํ–‰ํ•  ํ™œ์•ฝ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ํ’ˆ์œ„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ณ ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋œ ์–ด๋น™์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๋…์  ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ๊ฐœ์š”์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ฌด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋”์šฑ ์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋น™์€ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค์™€ ๋‰ด์š• ๋„ค์ธ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ABA์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์‹  ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ทธ๋Š” 1976๋…„ ABA-NBA ํ•ฉ๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์š” ์ด‰๋งค๋กœ ์ง€๋‚ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋” ์ˆ™๊ณ ๋œ๋‹ค. 6 ํ”ผํŠธ 7 ์ธ์น˜, 210 ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์˜ ์Šค๋ชฐ ํฌ์›Œ๋“œ์ธ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 11๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ 1983๋…„ NBA ์šฐ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ABA ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ์–ด๋น™์€ 3ํšŒ์˜ ๋“์  ํƒ€์ดํ‹€, 3ํšŒ์˜ MVP ์ƒ๊ณผ 2ํšŒ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์„ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ 11๋…„๊ฐ„ NBA ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์–ด๋น™์€ ๊ฐ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€, 1981๋…„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ MVP์™€ 5ํšŒ์˜ ์˜ฌNBA ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€์˜ ์ผ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ABA์™€ NBA ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์—์„œ 30,026 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“์ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ”„๋กœ ๋†๊ตฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์นด๋ฆผ ์••๋‘˜ ์ž๋ฐ”, ์œŒํŠธ ์ฒด์ž„๋ฒŒ๋ฆฐ, ์นผ ๋ฉ€๋ก ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ดํด ์กฐ๋˜ ๋งŒ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋‰ด์š•์ฃผ ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์–ด๋น™์€ ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์Œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ‰ํŒ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ณ„๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›๋“ค์ด ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณตํ†ต์  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋น™์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ "The Professor"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์–ด๋น™์—๊ฒŒ "Doctor"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋”๋น™ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ ๋ณ„๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ , ์–ด๋น™์ด ๋†๊ตฌ ์ฝ”ํŠธ์—์„œ ์šด์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ทœ์ • ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฐ ์™”๋‹ค. 1968๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— 26.4 ํฌ์ธํŠธ์™€ 20.2 ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ท ํ•˜์˜€์–ด๋„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ABA์˜ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค์™€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌํ•™์ƒ ์ž์œ  ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๋Š” ๋ฐ 1971๋…„ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ณต๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…์น˜ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ABA ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค ์–ด๋น™์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฐฌ๋ž€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํฌํ•œ 1971๋…„ ~ 72๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ํ”„๋กœ ๋†๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ABA์™€ NBA๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•ฉ๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”„๋žœ์ฐจ์ด์ฆˆ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋™์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด๋น™์€ ์‹œ์ดˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ABA๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ABA ๋“์ ์™• ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์ฝง์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด๋„ ์–ด๋น™์€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ›„์— ์ž์‹ ์ด ์‹ ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์š”์†Œ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ„ํ„ฐํ‚ค ์ปค๋„์Šค์˜ 7 ํ”ผํŠธ 2 ์ธ์น˜ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์Šค ๊ธธ๋ชจ์–ด์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— 27.3 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“์ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜ฌABA ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ABA ์˜ฌ๋ฃจํ‚ค ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉด์„œ "์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ABA ์‹ ์ธ์ƒ"์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธธ๋ชจ์–ด์— ๋ฐ€๋ ค 2์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค๋Š” 45 ์Šน 39 ํŒจ๋กœ ๋๋‚ด๊ณ , 68 ์Šน 16 ํŒจ์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ปค๋„์Šค์˜ ๋’ค๋กœ ์ด์Šคํ„ด ๋””๋น„์ „์—์„œ 2์œ„์— ์™”๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋“ค์—์„œ ์–ด๋น™์€ 4์—ฐ์† ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋””์–ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊บพ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— 33.3 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“์ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ์ด์Šคํ„ด ๋””๋น„์ „ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ๋ฆญ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๋‰ด์š• ๋„ค์ธ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ•ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์— ์–ด๋น™์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ์กธ์—…์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” 1972๋…„ NBA ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ฐ€์›Œํ‚ค ๋ฒ…์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ผ์€ ์ด์ œ ๋ฒ ํ…Œ๋ž‘ ์˜ค์Šค์นด ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ์Šจ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์–ด๋น™๊ณผ ์นด๋ฆผ ์••๋‘˜ ์ž๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์ฐฌ์ฐฌํžˆ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฒ…์Šค์˜ ํŒฌ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ํŒ€๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋น™์€ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒ…์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋Š” 1972๋…„ ~ 73๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ „์— ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€ ํ˜ธํฌ์Šค๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํฌ์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜ธํฌ์Šค์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ์„ ์ž…๋Š” ์ค€๋น„์— ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…ํšŒ๋œ ๋ฒ•์ • ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๋ช…๋ น๋“ค์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋ฒ•์ •์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ABA ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค์˜ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ณต๊ท€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธํ•ด ๋“์ ์—์„œ ABA๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ 31.9 ํฌ์ธํŠธ์— ์Ÿ์•„๋ถ€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์˜ ์‹ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์†Œ์‹์ด ํผ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” 4์—ฐ์† ์˜ฌABA ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ค‘ ์ฒ˜์Œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ธธ๋ชจ์–ด, ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ ์ปค๋‹ํ–„, ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์กด์Šค์™€ ์›Œ๋Ÿฐ ์ €๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š• ๋„ค์ธ  ์–ด๋น™์€ ABA์—์„œ ์ธ์ •์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํƒœ๋„์˜ ํŒ€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ 1973๋…„ ~ 74๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค๋Š” ์ปค๋ฐ‹ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด๊ณผ ๋ˆ์— ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋กœ ์กฐ์ง€ ์นดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋น™๊ฐ€ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์ €๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋‰ด์š• ๋„ค์ธ ๋กœ ์ด์ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์ฃผ์˜์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด์ค‘๋œ ์–ด๋น™์€ ๋„ค์ธ ๋ฅผ 55 ์Šน 29 ํŒจ์˜ ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณผ 1974๋…„ ABA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค์ธ ์˜ ๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์žˆ๋Š” ์ Š์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค ๋ž˜๋ฆฌ ์ผ€๋„Œ๊ณผ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ ํด๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ฝ”ํŠธ์— ์„œ๋กœ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ  ํŒ€์€ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์Šคํ„ด ๋””๋น„์ „์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ํ›„, ๋„ค์ธ ๋Š” 5๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ์—์„œ ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊บพ๊ณ , ABA ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 4์—ฐ์† ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ปค๋„์Šค๋ฅผ ํœฉ์“ธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํƒ€ ์Šคํƒ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜€๊ณ  ๋„ค์ธ ๋Š” ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค์—์„œ ์Šคํƒ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋น™์€ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— 27.4 ํฌ์ธํŠธ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋“์ ์™•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ 6์œ„, ์Šคํ‹ธ๊ณผ ๋ธ”๋ก์Š› ๋‘˜๋‹ค์—์„œ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” 3์—ฐ์† ABA MVP ์ƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ฒซ ์ƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ABA๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๋„‰๋„‰ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋น™์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์Šค๋ชฐ ํฌ์›Œ๋“œ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์Šต ๋ฉํฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น›์—์„œ ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ ํ˜ธํ‚จ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งค๋ฐค์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ๋ช…, ๋‹จ๋…์—ฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฆ‰์„์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑํ•œ ํž˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋œ ํ–‰ํƒ€์ž„์„ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฒซ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋น™์€ ABA์˜ ์ •์ƒ ์ˆ˜ํผ์Šคํƒ€์˜€๊ณ , ๋„ค์ธ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์€ ์–‘ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณตํฌ์ ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์„ ๊ตณํžˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1975๋…„ ~ 76๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ABA ํŒ€๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ ‘์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธ‰๋ฃŒ ์ง€๋ถˆ ๋ช…๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ธ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋””๋น„์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋™๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์— ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ABA๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•œ ํ›„๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๋ ˆ๋“œ, ํ™”์ดํŠธ์™€ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ๋ณผ๊ณผ 3 ํฌ์ธํŠธ ์Š›์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์Šฌ๋žจ๋ฉํฌ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์˜ ์žฌ๋ง‰์‹์„ ๊ฑฐํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋น™์€ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธธ๋ชจ์–ด, ๋ฉ”๋„Œ, ์กฐ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ๋นˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋ €๋‹ค. ๋„ค์ธ ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ABA ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ๋ด๋ฒ„ ๋„ˆ๊ธฐ์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋น™์€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ๋„ค์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์–ด๋น™์€ 34.7 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ท ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋“ค์˜ MVP๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋“์  ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ 29.3 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ท ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํžˆ ์•ž์„  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ 3์—ฐ์† MVP ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ABA ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ์–ด๋น™์€ 2ํšŒ์˜ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ, 3ํšŒ์˜ MVP ์ƒ๊ณผ 3ํšŒ์˜ ๋“์  ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์„ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. NBA ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ABA์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. NBA๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ ์–ด๋น™์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ์—์„œ ABA์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋„ค์ธ , ๋„ˆ๊ธฐ์ธ , ์ƒŒ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ์Šคํผ์Šค์™€ ์ธ๋””์• ๋‚˜ ํŽ˜์ด์„œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ NBA๋กœ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1976๋…„ ~ 77๋…„ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์ „๋‚  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ค์ธ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์— ์ž ๊ฒจ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ๊ฒฐ์˜๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๋•Œ ๋„ค์ธ ๋Š” ์‹œ์ฆŒ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์˜ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋ฅผ 3๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋กœ ํŒ”์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์–ด๋น™์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์  ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฐ€๋“œ๋“ค ๋กœ์ด๋“œ B. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋”๊ทธ ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋“์ ์˜ ์ „ ABA ์Šคํƒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์ง€ ๋งฅ๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋Š˜์ธ ์–ด๋น™์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋”์šฑ ์„ ํ’์  ์ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ํŒ€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ์ด์ต์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์  ๋ณธ๋Šฅ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ „๋ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์  ๋ช…์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š” ๋ฐ ABA์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•  ๋•Œ 1977๋…„ NBA ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ตœ์†Œ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 30 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“์ ํ•˜๊ณ , 12 ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ , 4 ์Šคํ‹ธ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด MVP ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์–‘๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์  ๊ฐ€๋‘ ์ƒ์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ ์•„๋ž˜ ํŒ”๋ฆฐ ์šด๋™ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฒซ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฒซํ•ด์— ์ฝ”ํŠธ์—์„œ ์–ด๋น™์€ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— 21.6 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“์ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋ฅผ 50 ์Šน 32 ํŒจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณผ ์• ํ‹€๋žœํ‹ฑ ๋””๋น„์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„ํˆฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋Š” ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ์…€ํ‹ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํœด์Šคํ„ด ๋กœํ‚ค์ธ ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์น˜์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด์ €์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ NBA ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋Š” ๋นŒ ์›”ํ„ด์ด ์ด๋„๋Š” ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด์ €์Šค๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 4์—ฐ์† ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์šธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ฒซ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜์€ ์—ญ์ „์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์–ด๋น™์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ํŒ€์„ ์ง€์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ช‡๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธ ํŒป ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค๋Š” ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์  ์ฒœ์žฌ ๋ณด๋น„ ์กด์Šค์™€ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์น™์Šค ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์  ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1978๋…„๊ณผ 1979๋…„ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ถ€์—์„œ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์˜ ์—˜๋นˆ ํ—ค์ด์Šค์™€ ์›จ์Šค ์–ธ์…€๋“œ์— ์‹ ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์–ด๋„ ํŒ€์€ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋น™์€ ๋”์šฑ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ์ž์‹ ์„ ์˜ฌNBA ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€์— ์˜๊ตฌ์  ์ •์ฐฉ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์–ด๋น™์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” NBA 35์ฃผ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋œ 2๋ช…์˜ ํ™œ๋™์  ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. (๊ทธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์นด๋ฆผ ์••๋‘˜ ์ž๋ฐ”์˜€๋‹ค.) 1979๋…„ ~ 80๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋น™์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  NBA ๋“์  ํ‰๊ท ์ธ 26.9 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ท ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฑฐ๋นˆ, ํ”„๋ฆฌ์™€ ์—์ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์–ธ ๋Œ„ํ‹€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ 4์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ NBA ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋“ค์— 4๋…„์˜ ๊ธ‰์Šต์„ ํ˜‘์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 59 ์Šน 23 ํŒจ์˜ ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ํ›„, ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋Š” ๋™๋ถ€ ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์ธ , ํ˜ธํฌ์Šค์™€ ์‹ ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ž˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์…€ํ‹ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ—ค์ณ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œจ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ๋œ NBA ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ๋Ÿฌ๋น™์€ ํŒ€๋“ค์ด ์ฒซ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทน์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์–ด๋น™์€ NBA ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์Š›๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐˆ ์ „์„ค์ ์ธ "๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์˜ ๋™์ž‘"์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋””ํŽœ๋” ๋งˆํฌ ๋žœ์ฆˆ๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฑ๋ณด๋“œ์˜ ๊ทธ ์ชฝ์— ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธธ์€ ์••๋‘˜ ์ž๋ฐ”์˜ ํŽผ์นœ ํŒ”์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ธ”๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋น™์€ ๊ณต์„ ๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์–ด ๊ณต์ค‘์—์„œ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐฑ๋ณด๋“œ์˜ ๋’ค๋กœ ํŒจ์Šคํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ›„ํ”„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ค‘ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋’ท๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ ฅ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋งค์ง ์กด์Šจ์€ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ์••๋‘˜ ์ž๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ์ฑ„์›Œ์กŒ๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค์Šค๋ฅผ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๋กœ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ 42 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 1980๋…„ ~ 81๋…„์€ ์–ด๋น™์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํ•ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์ƒ 354 ์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ (4.4)์™€ 173 ์Šคํ‹ธ์„ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— 24.6 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“์ ํ•œ ํ›„, ๊ทธ๋Š” NBA์˜ MVP๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค์™€ ์…€ํ‹ฑ์Šค๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋™์ผํ•œ 62 ์Šน 20 ํŒจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ „ํ™” ๊ฑธ์–ด ๋™๋ถ€ ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํŒ์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋น™์ด ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋ฅผ 3 ๋Œ€ 1์˜ ์„ ๋‘๋กœ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ„๋“œ์˜ ์…€ํ‹ฑ์Šค๋Š” 3์—ฐ์† ์šฐ์Šน๊ณผ NBA ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๋กœ ์Šคํ”„๋ง๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„๋กœ ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์˜ ์‹ค๋ง์€ ์–ด๋น™์˜ ์š•๋ง ๋งŒ์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1981๋…„ ~ 82๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ƒ‰ํ˜นํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 24.4 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“์ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ฌNBA ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€์— ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„ ๋™๋ถ€ ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์…€ํ‹ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋Š” ์…€ํ‹ฑ์Šค๋ฅผ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋„ฃ์€ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ณ , 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์…€ํ‹ฑ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ๋…ธํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ธํ•˜์—ฌ NBA ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 120 ๋Œ€ 106์œผ๋กœ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์™„๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ์ฆŒ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋Š” ์–ด๋น™์˜ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์šฐ์Šน ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํŒ€์€ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์˜ ํผ์ฆ์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒ€์€ ์••๋‘˜ ์ž๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธ ํŒป ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค๋Š” 1981๋…„ ~ 82๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— NBA์˜ MVP๋กœ์„œ ์–ด๋น™์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์€ ๋ชจ์ง€์Šค ๋ฉ€๋ก ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝœ๋“œ์›ฐ ์กด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋กœํ‚ค์ธ ๋กœ ์ด์ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ํŒ€์€ ๋‹ฅํ„ฐ J์˜ ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— 65 ์Šน 17 ํŒจ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๋ก ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 24.5 ํฌ์ธํŠธ์™€ ์–ด๋น™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 21.4 ํฌ์ธํŠธ์˜ ๋’ค๋กœ ์™”๋‹ค. ์–‘์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ฆŒ์˜ ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ์˜ฌNBA ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฉ€๋ก ์ด NBA์˜ MVP๋กœ์„œ ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊นŠ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๊ฒจ ์•ค๋“œ๋ฃจ ํ† ๋‹ˆ, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์น™์Šค์™€ ๋ณด๋น„ ์กด์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 2๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์ŒŒ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋Š” 1983๋…„ NBA ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐข์–ด๋‚ด ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ์นœํ•œ ์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„์ ์ธ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค ์ค‘ 8๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4๋…„์˜ ์„ธ์›”์— 3๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค์™€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค์Šค๋Š” NBA ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ธ์›€์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด์ „ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ํ•˜์˜€๋Š” ๋ฐ 4์—ฐ์† ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ ์–ด๋น™์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ NBA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ๋ง์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ํ›„, ์–ด๋น™์€ ์ž์‹  ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ํ•ด์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋งˆํฌ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚ด์˜จ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์œก์ฒด์  ์‹ค๋ ฅ๋“ค์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง€๋Šฅ์— ๋”์šฑ ์˜์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1984๋…„ NBA ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง๋„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ์ง„์—ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ 34 ํฌ์ธํŠธ์—์„œ ์Ÿ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋น™์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ์ค‘์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์„ธ์›” ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋ฐ”ํด๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋น™์ด 1986๋…„ ~ 87๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์ด์–ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์€ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ•œ ํ›„, ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์€ ์–ด๋น™์˜ ์ž‘๋ณ„ ์ˆœํšŒ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ๊ฐํƒ„์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  NBA ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์€ํ‡ด ํ›„ 37์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ์–ด๋น™์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ABA์™€ NBA ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์—์„œ 30,000 ํฌ์ธํŠธ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋“์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋น™์€ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ 11๊ฐœ์˜ NBA ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— 22.0 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šค์ฝฐ์ด์–ด์Šค์™€ ๋„ค์ธ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ABA ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— 28.7 ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1993๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋„ค์ด์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ๋†๊ตฌ ๋ช…์˜ˆ์˜ ์ „๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ํ—Œ์•ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์€ํ‡ด ์ด๋ž˜, ์–ด๋น™์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋น„์ง€๋‹ˆ์Šค์™€ ๋†๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์ • ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์•ˆ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‰ด์š•์ฃผ์™€ ๋‰ด์ €์ง€์ฃผ์—์„œ ์œ ์„  ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„์—์„œ ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ ๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1993๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜ NBA์˜ ๋ณด๋„ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ด๋ž˜ NBC๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์˜ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋กœ ์ผํ•œ ํ›„, ์–ด๋น™์€ 1997๋…„ 6์›” 4์ผ RDV ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๋ถ€ํšŒ์žฅ๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„ ๋งค์ง์˜ ํ–‰์ • ๋ถ€ํšŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋งค์ง์˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1950๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋†๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„ ์„ธ๋ธํ‹ฐ์‹์„œ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค๋ชฐ ํฌ์›Œ๋“œ ๋„ค์ด์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ๋†๊ตฌ ๋ช…์˜ˆ์˜ ์ „๋‹น ํ—Œ์•ก์ž ์ „๋ฏธ ๋†๊ตฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ์˜๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒˆ ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‰ด์š•์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋ฉ”๋„ ์ถœ์‹ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Erving
Julius Erving
Julius Winfield Erving II (born February 22, 1950), commonly known by the nickname Dr. J, is an American former professional basketball player. Erving helped legitimize the American Basketball Association (ABA), and he was the best-known player in that league when it merged into the National Basketball Association (NBA) after the 1975โ€“1976 season. Erving won three championships, four Most Valuable Player awards, and three scoring titles with the ABA's Virginia Squires and New York Nets (now the NBA's Brooklyn Nets) and the NBA's Philadelphia 76ers. During his 16 seasons as a player, none of his teams ever missed the postseason. He is the eighth-highest scorer in ABA/NBA history with 30,026 points (NBA and ABA combined). He was well known for slam dunking from the free-throw line in Slam Dunk Contests and was the only player voted Most Valuable Player in both the ABA and the NBA. The basketball slang of being posterized was first coined to describe his moves. In 1993, Erving was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame. In 1994, Erving was named by Sports Illustrated as one of the 40 most important athletes of all time. In 1996, Erving was honored as one of the league's greatest players of all time by being named to the NBA 50th Anniversary Team. In 2004, he was inducted into the Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame. In October 2021, Erving was again honored as one of the league's greatest players of all time by being named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team. Many consider him one of the most talented players in the history of the NBA; he is widely acknowledged as one of the game's best dunkers. While Connie Hawkins, "Jumping" Johnny Green, Elgin Baylor, Jim Pollard, and Gus Johnson performed spectacular dunks before Erving's time, Erving brought the practice into the mainstream. His signature was the slam dunk, since incorporated into the vernacular and basic skill set of the game in the same manner as the crossover dribble and the no look pass. Before Erving, dunking was a practice most commonly used by the big men, usually standing close to the hoop, to show their brutal strength which was seen as style over substance, even unsportsmanlike, by many purists of the game; however, the way Erving utilized the dunk more as a high-percentage shot made at the end of maneuvers generally starting well away from the basket and not necessarily a show of force helped to make the shot an acceptable tactic, especially in trying to avoid a blocked shot. Although the slam dunk is still widely used as a show of power, a method of intimidation, and a way to fire up a team and spectators, Erving demonstrated that there can be great artistry and grace in slamming the ball into the hoop, particularly after a launch several feet from that target. Early life Erving was born February 22, 1950, in East Meadow, on Long Island, and raised from the age of 13 in Roosevelt, New York. Prior to that, he lived in nearby Hempstead. He attended Roosevelt High School and played for its basketball team. He received the nickname "Doctor" or "Dr. J" from a high school friend named Leon Saunders. He explains: "I started calling [Saunders] 'the professor', and he started calling me 'the doctor'. So it was just between us...we were buddies, we had our nicknames and we would roll with the nicknames. ... And that's where it came from." Erving recalled that "later on, in the Rucker Park league in Harlem, when people started calling me 'Black Moses' and 'Houdini', I told them if they wanted to call me anything, call me 'Doctor'". Over time, the nickname evolved into "Dr. Julius" and finally "Dr. J." Erving was first called "Dr. J" by his friend and future teammate on the Nets and Squires, Willie Sojourner. College career Erving enrolled at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1968. In two varsity college basketball seasons, he averaged 26.3 points and 20.2 rebounds per game, becoming one of only six players to average more than 20 points and 20 rebounds per game in NCAA Men's Basketball. In 1968, the NCAA adopted a rule that prohibited dunking. Thus, Erving's dunking was only seen and known to teammates at practice. He then sought โ€œhardshipโ€ entry into professional basketball in 1971. Fifteen years later, Erving fulfilled a promise he had made to his mother by earning a bachelor's degree in creative leadership and administration from the school through the University Without Walls program. Erving also holds an honorary doctorate from UMass. In September 2021, Massachusetts honored Erving by unveiling a statue outside the Mullins Center on the university's campus. Professional career Virginia Squires (ABA) Although NBA rules at the time did not allow teams to draft players who were fewer than four years removed from high school, the ABA instituted a โ€œhardshipโ€ rule that would allow players to leave college early. Erving took advantage of the rule change and left Massachusetts after his junior year to sign a four-year contract worth $500,000 spread over seven years with the Virginia Squires. Erving quickly established himself as a force and gained a reputation for hard and ruthless dunking. He scored 27.3 points per game as a rookie, was selected to the All-ABA Second Team, made the ABA All-Rookie Team, led the ABA in offensive rebounds, and finished second to Artis Gilmore for the ABA Rookie of the Year Award. He led the Squires into the Eastern Division Finals, where they lost to the Rick Barry-led New York Nets in seven games. The Nets would eventually go to the finals, losing to the star-studded Indiana Pacers team. ABAโ€“NBA contract dispute Under NBA rules, he became eligible for the 1972 NBA draft and the Milwaukee Bucks picked him in the first round (12th overall), a move that would have brought him together with Oscar Robertson and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Prior to the draft, he signed a contract with the Atlanta Hawks worth more than $1 million with a $250,000 bonus. The signing with the Hawks came after a dispute with the Squires where he demanded a renegotiation of the terms. He discovered that his agent at the time, Steve Arnold, was employed by the Squires and convinced him to sign a below-market contract. This created a dispute between three teams in two leagues. The Bucks asserted their rights to Erving via the draft, while the Squires went to court to force him to honor his contract. He joined Pete Maravich at the Hawks' training camp, as they prepared for the upcoming season. He played two exhibition games with the Hawks until NBA Commissioner J. Walter Kennedy ruled that the Bucks owned Erving's rights via the draft. Kennedy fined the Hawks $25,000 per game in violation of his ruling. Atlanta appealed Kennedy's decision to the league owners, who also supported the Bucksโ€™ position. While waiting for the ownersโ€™ decision, Erving played in one more preseason game, earning the Hawks another fine. Erving enjoyed his brief time with Atlanta, and he would later duplicate with George Gervin his after-practice playing with Maravich. On October 2, Judge Edward Neaher issued an injunction that prohibited him from playing for any team other than the Squires. The judge then sent the case to arbitration because of an arbitration clause in Erving's contract with Virginia. He agreed to report to the Squires while his appeal of the injunction made its way through the court. Back in the ABA, his game flourished, and he achieved a career-best 31.9 points per game in the 1972โ€“1973 season. The following year, the cash-strapped Squires sold his contract to the New York Nets. New York Nets (ABA) The Squires, like most ABA teams, were on rather shaky financial ground. The cash-strapped team sent Erving to the Nets in a complex deal that kept him in the ABA. Erving signed an eight-year deal worth a reported $350,000 per year. The Squires received $750,000, George Carter, and the rights to Kermit Washington for Erving and Willie Sojourner. The Nets also sent $425,000 to the Hawks to reimburse the team for its legal fees, fines and the bonus paid to Erving. Finally, Atlanta would receive draft compensation should a merger of the league result in a common draft. Erving went on to lead the Nets to their first ABA title in 1973โ€“1974, defeating the Utah Stars. Erving established himself as the most important player in the ABA. His spectacular play established the Nets as one of the better teams in the ABA, and brought fans and credibility to the league. The end of the 1975โ€“76 ABA season finally brought the ABAโ€“NBA merger. The Nets and Nuggets had applied for admission to the NBA before the season, in anticipation of the eventual merger that had first been proposed by the two leagues in 1970 but which was delayed for various reasons, including the Oscar Robertson free agency suit (which was not resolved until 1976). The Erving-led Nets defeated the Denver Nuggets in the ABA's final championship. In the postseason, Erving averaged 34.7 points and was named Most Valuable Player of the playoffs. That season, he finished in the top 10 in the ABA in points per game, rebounds per game, assists per game, steals per game, blocks per game, free throw percentage, free throws made, free throws attempted, three-point field goal percentage and three-point field goals made. Philadelphia 76ers (NBA) The Nets, Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, and San Antonio Spurs joined the NBA for the 1976โ€“1977 season. With Erving and Nate Archibald (acquired in a trade with Kansas City), the Nets were poised to pick up right where they left off. However, the New York Knicks upset the Nets' plans when they demanded that the Nets pay them $4.8 million for "invading" the Knicks' NBA territory. Coming on the heels of the fees the Nets had to pay for joining the NBA, owner Roy Boe reneged on a promise to raise Erving's salary. Erving refused to play under these conditions and held out in training camp. After several teams such as the Milwaukee Bucks, Los Angeles Lakers and Philadelphia 76ers lobbied to obtain him, the Nets offered Erving's contract to the New York Knicks in return for waiving the indemnity, but the Knicks turned it down. This was considered one of the worst decisions in franchise history. The Sixers then decided to offer to buy Erving's contract for $3 millionโ€”in addition to paying roughly the Nets same amount as their expansion feeโ€”and Boe had little choice but to accept the $6 million deal. For all intents and purposes, the Nets traded their franchise player for a berth in the NBA. The Erving deal left the Nets in ruin; they promptly crashed to a 22โ€“60 record, the worst in the league. Years later, Boe regretted having to trade Erving to join the NBA, saying, "The merger agreement killed the Nets as an NBA franchise." Erving quickly became the leader of his new club and led them to an exciting 50-win season. However, playing with other stars-such as former ABA standout George McGinnis, future NBA All-Star Lloyd Free, and aggressive Doug Collins allowed him to focus on playing more team-oriented ball. Despite a smaller role, Erving stayed unselfish. The Sixers won the Atlantic Division and were the top drawing team in the NBA. They defeated the defending champions, the Boston Celtics, to win the Eastern Conference. Erving took them into the NBA Finals against the Portland Trail Blazers of Bill Walton. After the Sixers took a 2โ€“0 lead, however, the Blazers ran off four straight victories after the famous brawl between Maurice Lucas and Darryl Dawkins which ignited the Blazers' team. Erving enjoyed success off the court, becoming one of the first basketball players to endorse many products and to have a shoe marketed under his name. He also starred in the 1979 basketball comedy film, The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh. In the following years, Erving coped with a team that was not yet playing at his level. It took a few years for the Sixers franchise to build around Erving. Eventually, coach Billy Cunningham and top-level players like Maurice Cheeks, Andrew Toney, and Bobby Jones were added to the mix and the franchise was very successful. The Sixers were still eliminated twice in the Eastern Conference Finals. In 1979, Larry Bird entered the league, reviving the Boston Celtics and the storied Celticsโ€“76ers rivalry; these two teams faced each other in the Eastern Conference Finals in 1980, 1981, 1982, and 1985. The Bird vs. Erving matchup became arguably the top personal rivalry in the sport (along with Bird vs. Magic Johnson), inspiring the early Electronic Arts video game One on One: Dr. J vs. Larry Bird. In 1980, the 76ers prevailed over the Celtics to advance to the NBA Finals against the Los Angeles Lakers. There, Erving executed the legendary "Baseline Move", a behind-the-board reverse layup. However, the Lakers won the series 4โ€“2 with superb play from, among others, Magic Johnson. Erving was again among the league's best players in the 1980โ€“1981 and 1981โ€“1982 seasons, although more disappointment came as the Sixers stumbled twice in the playoffs: in 1981, the Celtics eliminated them in seven games in the 1981 Eastern Finals after Philadelphia had a 3โ€“1 series lead, but lost both Game 5 and Game 6 by 2 points and the deciding Game 7 by 1; and in 1982, the Sixers managed to beat the defending champion Celtics in seven games in the 1982 Eastern Finals but lost the NBA Finals to the Los Angeles Lakers in six games. Despite these defeats, Erving was named the NBA MVP in 1981 and was again voted to the 1982 All-NBA First Team. For the 1982โ€“1983 season, the Sixers obtained the missing element to combat their weakness at their center position, Moses Malone. Armed with one of the most formidable and unstoppable center-forward combinations of all time, the Sixers dominated the whole season, prompting Malone to make the famous playoff prediction of "fo-fo-fo (four-four-four)" in anticipation of the 76ers sweeping the three rounds of the playoffs en route to an NBA title. In fact, the Sixers went four-five-four, losing one game to the Milwaukee Bucks in the conference finals, then sweeping the Lakers to win the NBA title. Erving maintained his all-star caliber of play into his twilight years, averaging 22.4, 20.0, 18.1, and 16.8 points per game in his final seasons. In 1986, he announced that he would retire after the season. That final season saw opposing teams pay tribute to Erving in the last game he would play in their arenas, including in cities such as Boston and Los Angeles, his perennial rivals in the playoffs. Retirement Erving retired in 1987 at the age of 37. Johnny Kerr told ABA historian Terry Pluto: "A young Julius Erving was like Thomas Edison, he was always inventing something new every night." He is also one of the few players in modern basketball to have his number retired by two franchises: the Brooklyn Nets (formerly the New York Nets and New Jersey Nets) have retired his No. 32 jersey, and the Philadelphia 76ers his No. 6 jersey. He was an excellent all around player who was also an underrated defender. In his ABA days, he would guard the best forward, whether small forward or power forward, for over 40 minutes a game, and simultaneously be the best passer, ball handler, and clutch scorer every night. Many of Erving's acrobatic highlight feats and clutch moments were unknown because of the ABA's scant television coverage. He is considered by many as the greatest dunker of all time. In his ABA and NBA careers combined, he scored more than 30,000 points. In 1993, Erving was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and in 1996 he was inducted into the NYC Basketball Hall of Fame. When he retired, Erving ranked in the top five in scoring (third), field goals made (third), field goals attempted (fifth) and steals (first). On the combined NBA/ABA scoring list, Erving ranked third with 30,026 points. , Erving ranks eighth on the list, behind only LeBron James, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Karl Malone, Kobe Bryant, Michael Jordan, Dirk Nowitzki, and Wilt Chamberlain. Legacy 1976 ABA Slam Dunk Contest In this memorable contest, Erving faced George "The Iceman" Gervin, All-Star and former teammate Larry "Special K" Kenon, MVP Artis "The A-Train" Gilmore, and David "The Skywalker" Thompson. Erving started by dunking two balls in the hoop. Then, he performed a move that brought the slam dunk contest to the national consciousness. He ran to the opposite end of the court and back, and dunked the basketball from the free throw line. Although dunking from the foul line had been done by other players (Jim Pollard and Wilt Chamberlain in the 1950s, for example), Erving introduced the dunk from the foul line to a wider audience, when he demonstrated the feat in the 1976 ABA All-Star Game Slam Dunk Contest. Dunk over Bill Walton This event transpired during game 6 of the 1977 NBA Finals. After Portland scored a basket, Erving immediately ran the length of the court with the entire Blazers team defending him. He performed a crossover to blow by multiple defenders, seemingly gliding to the hoop with ease. With UCLA defensive legend Bill Walton waiting in the post, Erving threw down a vicious slam dunk over Walton's outstretched arms. This dunk is considered by many to be one of the strongest dunks ever attempted, considering he ran full court with all five defenders running with him. This move was one of the highlights of his arrival to a more television-exposed NBA. Baseline move One of his most memorable plays occurred during the 1980 NBA Finals, when he executed a seemingly impossible finger-roll behind the backboard. He drove past Lakers forward Mark Landsberger on the right baseline and went in for a layup. Then 7โ€ฒ2โ€ณ center Kareem Abdul-Jabbar crossed his way, blocking the route to the basket and forcing him outwards. In mid-air, it was apparent that Erving would land behind the backboard. But somehow he managed to reach over and score on a right-handed layup despite the fact that his whole body, including his left shoulder, was already behind the hoop. This move, along with his free-throw line dunk, has become one of the signature events of his career. It was called by Sports Illustrated, "The, No Way, even for Dr J, Flying Reverse Lay-up". Dr J called it "just another move". "Rock the Baby" dunk over Michael Cooper Another of Erving's most memorable plays came in the final moments of a regular-season game against the Los Angeles Lakers in 1983. After Sixers point guard Maurice Cheeks deflected a pass by Lakers forward James Worthy, Erving picked up the ball and charged down the court's left side, with one defender to beatโ€”the Lakers' top defender Michael Cooper. As he came inside of the 3-point line, he cupped the ball into his wrist and forearm, rocking the ball back and forth before taking off for what Lakers radio broadcaster Chick Hearn best described as a "Rock the Baby" slam dunk: he slung the ball around behind his head and dunked over a ducking Cooper. This dunk is generally regarded as one of the greatest dunks of all time. Post-basketball career Erving earned his bachelor's degree in 1986 through the University Without Walls at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. After his basketball career ended, he became a businessman, obtaining ownership of a Coca-Cola bottling plant in Philadelphia and doing work as a television analyst. In 1997, he joined the front office of the Orlando Magic as Vice President of RDV Sports and Executive Vice President. Erving and former NFL running back Joe Washington fielded a NASCAR Busch Series team from 1998 to 2000, becoming the first ever NASCAR racing team at any level owned completely by minorities. The team had secure sponsorship from Dr Pepper for most of its existence. Erving, a racing fan himself, stated that his foray into NASCAR was an attempt to raise interest in NASCAR among African-Americans. He has also served on the Board of Directors of Converse (prior to their 2001 bankruptcy), Darden Restaurants, Saks Incorporated and The Sports Authority. As of 2009, Erving was the owner of The Celebrity Golf Club International outside of Atlanta, but the club was forced to file for bankruptcy soon after. He was ranked by ESPN as one of the greatest athletes of the 20th century. In 1991 he performed the narration in a performance of Copland's Lincoln Portrait with the Philadelphia Orchestra under Riccardo Muti in a concert to honor the 62nd birthday of the late Dr Martin Luther King. The concert was broadcast and is available on YouTube. Erving made a cameo appearance in the 1993 movie Philadelphia starring Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington, and in the sitcom Hangin' with Mr. Cooper in 1995. He also made a cameo appearance as himself in "Lice", the tenth episode of the ninth season of the comedy series The Office (2013). Erving appeared as himself in the 2022 movie Hustle starring Adam Sandler and Juancho Hernangรณmez. Career statistics Regular season |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Virginia (ABA) | 84 || || 41.8 || .498 || .188 || .745|| 15.7 || 4.0 || || || style="background:#cfecec;"|27.3* |- | style="text-align:left"| | style="text-align:left;"| Virginia (ABA) | 71 || || style="background:#cfecec;"|42.2* || .496 || .208 || .776 || 12.2 || 4.2 || 2.5 || 1.8 || style="background:#cfecec;"|31.9* |- | style="text-align:left;background:#afe6fa;"|โ€  | style="text-align:left;"| New York (ABA) | 84 || || 40.5 || .512 || .395 || .766 || 10.7 || 5.2 || 2.3 || 2.4 || 27.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| New York (ABA) | style="background:#cfecec;"|84* || || 40.5 || .506 || .333 || .799 || 10.9 || 5.5 || 2.2 || 1.9 || 27.9 |- | style="text-align:left;background:#afe6fa;"| โ€  | style="text-align:left;"| New York (ABA) | 84 || || 38.6 || .507 || .330 || .801 || 11.0 || 5.0 || 2.5 || 1.9 || 29.3 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 82 || || 35.9 || .499 || || .777 || 8.5 || 3.7 || 1.9 || 1.4 || 21.6 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 74 || || 32.8 || .502 || || .845 || 6.5 || 3.8 || 1.8|| 1.3 || 20.6 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 78 || || 35.9 || .491 || || .745 || 7.2 || 4.6 || 1.7 || 1.3 || 23.1 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 78 || || 36.1 || .519 || .200 || .787 || 7.4 || 4.6 || 2.2 || 1.8 || 26.9 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 82 || || 35.0 || .521 || .222 || .787 || 8.0|| 4.4 || 2.1 || 1.8 || 24.6 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 81 || 81 || 34.4 || .546 || .273 || .763 || 6.9 || 3.9 || 2.0 || 1.7 || 24.4 |- | style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| โ€  | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 72 || 72 || 33.6 || .517 || .286 || .759 || 6.8 || 3.7 || 1.6 || 1.8 || 21.4 |- | style="text-align:left;| | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 77 || 77 || 34.8 || .512 || .333 || .754 || 6.9 || 4.0 || 1.8 || 1.8 || 22.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 78 || 78 || 32.5 || .494 || .214 || .765 || 5.3 || 3.0 || 1.7 || 1.4 || 20.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 74 || 74 || 33.4 || .480 || .281 || .785 || 5.0 || 3.4 || 1.5 || 1.1 || 18.1 |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 60 || 60 || 32.0 || .471 || .264 || .813 || 4.4 || 3.2 || 1.3 || 1.6 || 16.8 |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| Career | 1243 || 442 || 36.4 || .506 || .298 || .777 || 8.5 || 4.2 || 2.0 || 1.7 || 24.2 |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2|All-Star | 16 || 11 || 40.9 || .496 || .667 || .793 || 9.6 || 5.3 || 1.8 || 1.4 || 29.1 Playoffs |- | style="text-align:left;"|1972 | style="text-align:left;"| Virginia (ABA) | 11 || || 45.8 || .518 || .250 || .835 || style="background:#cfecec;"|20.4* || 6.5 || || || style="background:#cfecec;"|33.3* |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1973 | style="text-align:left;"| Virginia (ABA) | 5 || || style="background:#cfecec;"|43.8* || .527 || .000 || .750 || 9.0|| 3.2 || || || style="background:#cfecec;"|29.6* |- | style="text-align:left;background:#afe6fa;"| 1974โ€  | style="text-align:left;"| New York (ABA) | 14 || || 41.4 || .528 || .455 || .741 || 9.6 || 4.8 || 1.6 || 1.4 || style="background:#cfecec;"|27.9* |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1975 | style="text-align:left;"| New York (ABA) | 5 || || 42.2 || .455 || .000 || .844 || 9.8 || 5.6 || 1.0 || 1.8 || 27.4 |- | style="text-align:left;background:#afe6fa;"| 1976โ€  | style="text-align:left;"| New York (ABA) | style="background:#cfecec;"|13* || || style="background:#cfecec;"|42.4* || .533 || .286 || .804 || 12.6 || 4.9 || 1.9|| 2.0 || style="background:#cfecec;"|34.7* |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1977 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | style="background:#cfecec;"|19* || || 39.9 || .523 || || .821 || 6.4 || 4.5 || 2.2 || 1.2 || 27.3 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1978 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 10 || || 35.8 || .489 || || .750 || 9.7 || 4.0 || 1.5|| 1.8 || 21.8 |- | style="text-align:left;"|1979 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 9 || || 41.3 || .517 || || .761 || 7.8 || 5.9 || 2.0 || 1.9 || 25.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1980 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | style="background:#cfecec;"|18* || || 38.6 || .488 || .222 || .794 || 7.6 || 4.4 || 2.0 || 2.1 || 24.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"|1981 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 16 || || 37.0 || .475 || .000 || .757 || 7.1 || 3.4 || 1.4 || 2.6 || 22.9 |- | style="text-align:left"| 1982 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | style="background:#cfecec;"|21* || || 37.1 || .519 || .167 || .752 || 7.4 || 4.7 || 1.8 || 1.8 || 22.0 |- | style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 1983โ€  | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 13 || || 37.9 || .450 || .000 || .721 || 7.6 || 3.4 || 1.2 || 2.1 || 18.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"|1984 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 5 || || 38.8 || .474 || .000 || .864 || 6.4 || 5.0 || 1.6 || 1.2 || 18.2 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1985 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 13 || 13 || 33.4 || .449 || .000 || .857 || 5.6 || 3.7 || 1.9 || 0.8 || 17.1 |- | style="text-align:left;"|1986 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 12 || 12 || 36.1 || .450 || .182 || .738 || 5.8 || 4.2 || 0.9 || 1.3 || 17.7 |- | style="text-align:left"|1987 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia (NBA) | 5 || 5 || 36.0 || .415 || .333 || .840 || 5.0 || 3.4 || 1.4 || 1.2 || 18.2 |-class="sortbottom" |style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| Career |189 || 30 || 38.9 || .496 || .224 || .784 || 8.5 || 4.4 || 1.7 || 1.7 || 24.2 Records One of seven players to record 1,300 steals and 1,300 blocked shots in their ABA/NBA career: Also achieved by Kevin Garnett, Bobby Jones, Hakeem Olajuwon, Clifford Robinson, David Robinson, and Ben Wallace Only known NBA player to get: 42 points, 18 rebounds, and 4 blocked shots while shooting 100% from the free-throw line in a game (October 10, 1973) 49 points, 6 assists, 5 steals, and 3 blocked shots in a game (January 10, 1976) 28 points, 10 assists, 5 steals, and 5 blocked shots (December 5, 1979, and November 27, 1981) 39 points, 7 rebounds, and 3 steals while shooting 87.5% from the field and 100% from the free-throw line (March 2, 1980) 34 points, 7 steals, and 3 blocked shots while shooting 72% from the field (November 12, 1980) 39 points, 3 steals, 3 blocked shots, and 2 or less turnovers while shooting 72% from the field and 92% from the free-throw line (February 25, 1981) 30 points, 7 assists, 5 steals, and 4 blocked shots while shooting 80% from the field and 100% from the free-throw line in a game (March 14, 1982) 44 points, 11 rebounds, 7 assists, and 8 blocked shots while shooting 68% from the field in a game (December 11, 1982) Only known player in NBA history with multiple games of: 4 steals and 4 blocked shots while shooting 75% from the floor and 83% from the free-throw line line (March 14, 1982, and February 10, 1983) One of two known players in NBA history with multiple games of: 7 assists, 5 steals, and 4 blocked shots while shooting 100% from the free-throw line (December 5, 1979, March 14, 1982) Other player is Hakeem Olajuwon, January 25, 1994, April 7, 1994 42 points, 7 rebounds, 6 assists, and 4 blocked shots (December 11, 1982, and February 8, 1984) Other player is Michael Jordan, who has three (January 26, 1985, February 16, 1987, and March 11, 1987) One of two known NBA players to get: 49 points, 8 rebounds, 5 steals, and 3 blocked shots while shooting 90% from the free-throw line in a game (January 10, 1976) Other player is Anthony Davis, October 26, 2016 28 points, 10 assists, 8 steals, and 2 blocked shots in a game (November 12, 1976) Other player is Larry Bird, February 18, 1985 40 points, 8 assists, and 6 steals while shooting 100% from the free-throw line in a game (April 9, 1977) Other player is Rick Barry, November 3, 1974 40 points, 11 rebounds, 8 assists, and 6 steals in a game while shooting 100% from the free-throw line (April 9, 1979 โ€“ playoffs) Other player is Michael Jordan, Chicago at New York, May 13, 1989 โ€“ playoffs 40 points, 11 rebounds, and 6 steals (April 9, 1977) Other player is James Harden, February 2, 2019 10 assists, 5 steals, and 5 blocked shots while shooting 100% from the free-throw line in a game (December 5, 1979) Other player is Jamaal Tinsley, November 16, 2001 30 points, 7 assists, and 4 blocked shots while shooting 80% from the field in a game (March 14, 1982) Other player is Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, December 9, 1979 13 rebounds, 7 assists, and 5 steals while shooting 80% from the floor in a game (March 14, 1982) Other player is Fat Lever, November 24, 1987 13 rebounds and 5 steals while shooting 80% from the field and 100% from the free-throw line in a game (March 14, 1982) Other player is Brian Grant, March 29, 2002 30 points and 5 steals while shooting 80% from the field and 100% from the free-throw line in a game (March 14, 1982) Other player is Amar'e Stoudemire, November 5, 2008 44 points, 11 rebounds, and 8 blocked shots while shooting 68% from the field in a game (December 11, 1982) Other player is Dwight Howard, February 17, 2009 One of three known players in NBA history to get: 49 points, 8 rebounds, 6 assists, and 5 steals in a game while shooting 100% from the free-throw line in a game (January 10, 1976) Other players are Rick Barry, March 26, 1974, and Amar'e Stoudemire, November 5, 2008 40 points, 10 rebounds, 7 assists, and 6 steals in a game (April 9, 1977) Other players are Larry Bird, January 10, 1982, and Michael Jordan, January 3, 1989, and May 13, 1989 โ€“ playoffs) 30 points, 7 assists, and 5 steals while shooting 80% from the field in a game (March 14, 1982) Other players are Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, March 14, 1976, and Ben Simmons, January 20, 2020 13 rebounds, 5 steals, and 4 blocked shots while shooting 80% from the field in a game (March 14, 1982) 7 assists and 4 blocked shots while shooting 80% from the field and 100% from the free-throw line in a game (March 14, 1982) Other players are Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, December 9, 1979, and Jusuf Nurkic, January 11, 2019 Other players are Darryl Dawkins, November 3, 1983, and Buck Williams, January 16, 1985 Personal life Erving is a Christian. He has spoken about his faith, saying: "After searching for the meaning of life for over ten years, I found the meaning in Jesus Christ." Erving is a second cousin of economist Walter E. Williams. Erving was married to Turquoise Erving from 1972 until 2003. Together they had four children. In 2000, their 19-year-old son Cory went missing for weeks, until he was found drowned after driving his vehicle into a pond. In 1979, Erving began an affair with sportswriter Samantha Stevenson, resulting in the 1980 birth of Alexandra Stevenson, who would become a professional tennis player. Although Erving's fatherhood of Alexandra Stevenson was known privately to the families involved, it did not become public knowledge until Stevenson reached the semifinals at Wimbledon in 1999, the first year she qualified to play in the tournament. Erving had provided financial support for Stevenson over the years, but had not otherwise been part of her life. The public disclosure of their relationship did not initially lead to contact between father and daughter; however, Stevenson contacted Erving in 2008 and they finally initiated a further relationship. Erving met Stevenson for the first time on October 31, 2008. In 2009, Erving attended the Family Circle Cup tennis tournament to see Stevenson play, marking the first time he had attended one of her matches. In 1988, Erving received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 2003, Erving fathered a second child outside of his marriage, Justin Kangas, with a woman named Dorรฝs Madden. Julius and Turquoise Erving were subsequently divorced and Erving continued his relationship with Madden, with whom he had three more children, Jules Erving and two others. They married in 2008. Community art The Dr. J mural is located on the corner of Green Street and Ridge Avenue near Spring Garden Street in Philadelphia, PA. From Mural Arts Philadelphia: "Feeling restless and desperate to improve the quality and variety of the murals, Jane [Golden] made a decision in 1990 that would forever change Mural Arts Philadelphia. She raised money from private foundation to bring her old friend and mentor Kent Twitchell to Philadelphia. She wanted a โ€œbreakthrough mural,โ€ and Twitchellโ€”a nationally acclaimed California artistโ€”was just the man to paint it. โ€œWe knew we had to push the boundaries,โ€ she said. "The goal was to try to integrate superior artwork with a subject that touched the community in a special way." Twitchell was known for his portraits, and he lobbied to paint basketball great Julius Erving in a business suit instead of a uniform to portray him more as a man and role model than simply another well-known athlete. The dignified, full-length portrait is so tall that Ervingโ€™s head just fits under the peak of the three-story building. The image was first painted on large squares of parachute cloth, which were then adhered to the wall surface with acrylic gel. The clothโ€™s smooth surface allowed Twitchell to craft Erving with uncannily realistic detail, from the crease in his tan suit trousers to the gold bracelet on his right hand. Local residents, who maintain a small park in front of the mural, claim that the real Dr. J had tears in his eyes when he saw the completed portrait for the first time. Dr. J is also the only Philadelphia mural so respected that it appears in homage in another mural, the student-painted panorama of urban life on the Spring Garden Street Bridge. "The mural was universally applauded. It showed that murals have the potential to be great. The level of expectation was raised,โ€ Jane said. The mural helped alter public opinion about the program, too. โ€œThe art snobs, people whoโ€™d been looking down at our murals, started to change. There was a ripple effectโ€”foundation and grants started to emerge." See also List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders References External links Basketball Hall of Fame profile nba.com: NBA History profile basketball-reference.com: Career statistics 1950 births Living people African-American basketball players African-American Christians African-American sports announcers African-American sports journalists All-American college men's basketball players American men's basketball players Basketball coaches from New York (state) Big3 coaches Milwaukee Bucks draft picks Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All-Stars National Basketball Association broadcasters National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player Award winners National Basketball Association players with retired numbers New York Nets players Orlando Magic executives People from East Meadow, New York People from Roosevelt, New York Philadelphia 76ers players Small forwards Basketball players from Nassau County, New York UMass Minutemen basketball players Virginia Squires players
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%95%BC%20%28%EC%9E%91%EA%B3%A1%EA%B0%80%29
๋ฐ˜์•ผ (์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€)
๋ฐ˜์•ผ(BanYa)๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฏธ๋กœ์— ์†Œ์†๋œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์Œ์•… ์ž‘๊ณกํŒ€์ด๋‹ค. ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—…์˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ๊ณก ์ž‘๊ณก์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฏธ๋กœ ์†Œ์†์˜ ์Œ์•… ์ „๋‹ดํŒ€์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ œ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ์†Œ์† ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค ํ‡ด์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ Yahpp์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ, ๋‚จ์€ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜(BanYa Production)์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์—…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Yahpp์€ ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ”„๋ผ์ž„์—์„œ ๊ณก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜์€ ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€ EX๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ›„๋กœ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… 1st Dance Floor ๋ฐฐํ‹€๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ 4๊ณก์€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… 2nd Dance Floor ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… 3rd O.B.G. Dance Floor ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… 3rd Season Evolution ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ํผํŽ™ํŠธ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ์—‘์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ํ™€๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์™€ ๋ผ์  ์Šคํ‚ค ์บ‰์บ‰์€ F2 ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜์•ผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์Šค/ํŽŒํ”„์ž‡์—… ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด 2 ํƒ‘ ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋Š” ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€ EX์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์•ผ์˜ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ‘ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ๊ณก์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜์•ผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜. ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด 3 ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ํ”„๋ ‰์Šค 3 ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ์ต์‹œ๋“œ ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ์ต์‹œ๋“œ 2 ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ์ œ๋กœ ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์•ผ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… NX / New Xenesis ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ '๋ฐ˜์•ผ'๋Š” '์ด์–'๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ (BanYa Production)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ์ด ์– ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… NX2 / Next Xenesis ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ์ด ์– ํŽŒํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šค 8๋น„ํŠธ ver.๋Š” ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ "NXA"์˜ ์ฑ„๋„๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… NXA / NX Absolute ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ์ด ์– ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€ ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ms๊ตฐ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ๋„์ธ, SHK, ๋งฅ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์–์€ ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ํ”„๋ผ์ž„์—์„œ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ์ด ์– ms๊ตฐ ๋งฅ์Šค SHK ๋„์ธ ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€ EX ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ๋„์ธ SHK ๋งฅ์Šค A.V์™€ V.A ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ๋„์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋“œ-์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋งฅ์Šค๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ์ธํ”ผ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€ 2 ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ ์›, ํฌ๋žญํ‚ค, SQUAR๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ DM ์•„์Šˆ๋ผ์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. DM ์•„์Šˆ๋ผ ๋ฐ˜์•ผ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค ๋„์ธ SHK ๋งฅ์Šค ์•ฝ_์› ์‹œ๋“œ-์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ SQUAR ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ M2U, ์™€๋ฝ, ๋‚˜ํ† , ๋งด๋งค, ํด ๋ฐ”์ฃผ์นด ๋“ฑ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. M2U ์™€๋ฝ ๋‚˜ํ†  ๋งด๋งค ๋งฅ์Šค ํด ๋ฐ”์ฃผ์นด ์žฐํ‹€ ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋„์ธ SHK ์ด ์– DM ์•„์Šˆ๋ผ r300k ์‹ ์Šค์šธํ”„ ์บ์Šˆ CYO ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋งˆ์กฐ 1950์€ ๋งฅ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์Šฌ๋žจ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์˜๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ 2 ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ํ˜„, ๋ฃจ๋‚˜ํ‹ฑ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ(ํ˜„ ์ฝ”์Šค๋ชจ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„) ๋“ฑ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํƒ“์Šˆ(ํƒ“์Šˆ๋ฎค์ง์จํด), ๋ณด์ด๋“œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ผ์ž„๋•Œ J-๋ฎค์ง ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค(Xross)๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. SHK ๋งด๋งค ํ˜„ ๋‚˜ํ†  ๋„์ธ ํƒ“์Šˆ ๋ฃจ๋‚˜ํ‹ฑ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ๋งฅ์Šค m์ ฏ:-P DM ์•„์Šˆ๋ผ ๋ณด์ด๋“œ ๋งˆ์กฐ ์ œํ—ค์ฃผํ‚ค์—˜ ํ๋ฆฌ ์Šคํ‚ค์กฐ ๋„ค์ถ”๋Ÿด ๋ฌธ ์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณค ํƒ€์ž…๋งˆ์Šค D_์•ˆ ์บ์Šˆ DJ ์นด์šดํ„ฐํฌ์Šค ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… XX SHK ์•„ํƒ€์Šค ๋งฅ์Šค ๋‚˜ํ†  ๋„์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ ํ‚ค์—” ํ˜„ ํŒŒ์ด์–ด์›Œํ„ฐ ํ๋ฆฌ ์• ํ”Œ์†Œ๋‹ค DM ์•„์Šˆ๋ผ ์ฟ ๋กœ๋ฝ ์ œํ—ค์ฃผํ‚ค์—˜ ๋งด๋งค ์บ์Šˆ Sr. ๋ž€ ๋ฒจ๋ชฌํŠธ ์•ผํ‚ค์นด์ œ & ์บ์Šˆ ๋ชฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฐ์Šค ์™€์ด๋ฒˆP ์•„๋ฒจ ์šฐ๋งˆ ์ฝ”ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ ์›จํฌ 1949๋Š” 1950์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งฅ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์Šฌ๋žจ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘๊ณก ๋ฐ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊นŒ๋ฅด๋ฉ˜๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ํ‚ค์—”์ด ์Šคํƒœํ‹ฑ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์–ด์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘๊ณก ๋ฐ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊น€์น˜ ํ•‘๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ๋Š” DM ์•„์Šˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆญ ์Šค์ฟผ๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ ๋ธ”๋ž˜์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™€์ด๋ฒˆP์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฟผํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋“€์˜ค์˜ ๋ช…์˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… M ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์—๋””์…˜ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„๊ณผ ์›”๋“œ๋ฎค์ง ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 1์›” 7์ผ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ๋ฉ”์ธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ 2021๋…„ 1์›” 7์ผ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์—๋””์…˜์˜ ๊ณก๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ '๊ฐ“ ๋ชจ๋“œ 2.0'๊ฐ€ ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ๋ฉ”์ธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ค‘ XX๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ์Šค SHK ๋‚˜ํ†  ์ฝ”์Šค๋ชจ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ฝ”์Šค๋ชจ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ๋ฃจ๋‚˜ํ‹ฑ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ์Šค์šธํ”„ ๋ฎค์ผ€. ๋‹คํฌ์Šค ํ•˜์„ธ์ฝ” ์ด์•ˆ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ ์œ -์Šค์ผ€ ๋””_์•ˆ ํฌ๋‹ค ๋ฆฌํŽ  ๋ชฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฐ์Šค ์–ธ๋”์›”๋“œ๋Š” ๋„ค์ธ„๋Ÿด ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ๋ฆฌ ์™€์ด๋ฒˆP ํ˜„ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ์†Œ์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์บ์Šˆ & ์บ์Šคํ…”๋ฆฌ์•„ ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡์—…์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณก ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๋ˆˆ๋น›์†์—... ๊ณ ์ž‰ ํ™ˆ (Going Home) ๊ณจ๋“  ํ‹ฐ์–ด์Šค (Golden Tears) ๋ › ๋ฏธ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ์ž‡ ๋‹ค์šด (Let Me Break it Down) ์•จ๋ฒ” ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ํŽŒํ”„ ์ž‡ ์—… ์Œ์•…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ชฉ๋ก
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BanYa
BanYa
BanYa (๋ฐ˜์•ผ), sometimes spelled BANYA or Banya, was the South Korean arcade game company Andamiro's musical group responsible for creating original songs for Pump It Up. The style of its music varies greatly, from hip hop to electronic, from rock to classical crossovers. Classical remixes are among BanYa's most popular productions. Several sonatas, symphonies and other pieces feature in different versions. Mixing violins, guitars and heavy beats, these songs draw particular attention from players and passers-by. BanYa also composes original music including trance, techno, hardcore and ambient breaks. Beginning in Pump It Up NX, former BanYa member Yahpp became a solo artist and in turn his new music became credited to him. Starting in Pump It Up Fiesta, msgoon, another former member, did the same. All other former members, starting on NX, became credited as "BanYa Production". For the consistency of the article, all songs by the original BanYa collective are listed here. Song catalogue The group's first two releases under the name of BanYa were Ignition Starts and Hypnosis, although Bee, Solitary and Final Audition had been already recorded by Yahpp as an independent artist. Up to 2004 they released 3 albums, however some nonstop remixes of several BanYa songs have also been made for Pump It Up. On Pump It Up Exceed 2, Radezky Can Can was moved from the "K-Pop Channel" to the "BanYa Channel", even though it was made by F2 System, who worked with Andamiro to make Pump It Up Extra. Holiday, the other F2 song, has only showed up on Extra, The PREX and The PREX 2. Pump It Up: The 1st Dance Floor Pump It Up: The 2nd Dance Floor Pump It Up The O.B.G: The 3rd Dance Floor Pump It Up The O.B.G: The Season Evolution Dance Floor Pump It Up: The Perfect Collection Pump It Up: Extra Pump It Up: The Rebirth Pump It Up: The Premiere 3 Pump It Up: The PREX 3 Pump It Up: Exceed Pump It Up: Exceed 2 Pump It Up: Zero Pump It Up: NX Pump It Up: NX2 Pump It Up: NX Absolute Pump It Up: Fiesta Pump It Up: Fiesta EX Pump It Up: Prime Pump It Up: Infinity StepManiaX Additional songs BanYa also released some songs on promotional CDs, which are not featured so far in any games: "Warm Shadow in a Stranger's Eyes" "Going Home" "Golden Tears" "Let Me Break it Down" As well as Full versions of the following in-game songs: "Beat of the War 2" (Full version is playable on NX, NX2, NXA and Fiesta) "Canon-D" (its Full version is a secret remix on Exceed 2, but has yet appear on any soundtracks. It also appears in Zero's Remix Station, in NX/NX2/NXA's Special Zone, and Fiesta under Full Songs) "Dance With Me" "Emperor" "Final Audition" "Fire" (Full version is playable on NX and NX2) "Get Your Groove On" "Hate" "Love is a Danger Zone 2" (Full version is playable on NX, NX2, NXA and Fiesta) "Maria" "Miss's Story" "Mission Possible" "Mr. Larpus" "My Way" "N" "Oh! Rosa" "Oy Oy Oy" "Point Break" "Pump Jump" "She Likes Pizza" "Solitary" "Winter" Discography The 1st Step to the BanYa This album comprised all their songs from Pump It Up: The 1st Dance Floor to The O.B.G: The Season Evolution Dance Floor, excluding Creamy Skinny and Koul, from The 2nd Dance Floor. It also included an electric guitar version of Ignition Starts instead of the original hardcore version, a version of Hate sung by Pp (the same girl who sang Pumping Up) and a completely new song, a ballad entitled "Warm Shadow in a Stranger's Eyes" (rough translation, as it's very hard to translate this title from Korean). All the songs that existed in a version longer than the one appearing in the arcade were included in their original versions, except Final Audition. Nightmare Midnight Blue She Likes Pizza (Pump mix) Close Your Eyes Free Style Turkey March Pumping Up First Love An Interesting View Oh! Rosa (Pump mix) With My Lover Betrayer (Pump mix) Final Audition (Pump mix) Naissance Ignition Starts (guitar version) Final Audition 2 Hypnosis Mr Larpus (Pump mix) Extravaganza Solitary (Pump mix) Betrayer (Original version) Hate Hate (Pp version) Oh! Rosa (Original version) She Likes Pizza (Original version) Solitary (Original version) Mr Larpus (Original version) Warm Shadow in a Stranger's Eyes Interlock Pump Jump Mission Possible My Way The Emperor Golden Tears Get Your Groove On Going Home All I Want for X-Mas Let Me Break It Down Love Is A Danger Zone Street Show Down Will-O'-The-Wisp Beethoven Virus Maria Dr. M Point Break Winter Chicken Wing (Mutation) Unfinished Final Audition 3 U.F Beat of the War Naissance 2 Csikos Post Rolling Christmas Hello D Gang Bee Vook Pump Me Amadeus Get Up!! Blazing Set me Up Come to Me Miss's Story Oy Oy Oy N Till the end of Time Dance With Me Monkey Fingers We Will Meet Again External links Pump It Up official site Interview of Yahpp (2005) to Pump Haven Video game musicians South Korean electronic music groups
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B0%208%20%EC%97%90%EB%94%94%EC%85%98
์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ์—๋””์…˜
์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8(Windows 8)์€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์—๋””์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์—๋””์…˜ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 7์ด๋‚˜ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋น„์Šคํƒ€์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์Šคํƒ€ํ„ฐ, ์–ผํ‹ฐ๋ฐ‹, ํ™ˆ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„, ํ™ˆ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์ด ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์–ด ์—๋””์…˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ƒ์œ„ ์—๋””์…˜์—๋งŒ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์—๋””์…˜์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์–ธ์–ด ํŒฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ์‹œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 7์—์„œ ์–ผํ‹ฐ๋ฐ‹๊ณผ ์—”ํ„ฐํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ์—๋””์…˜์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ œ์™ธ๋œ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ์—๋””์…˜์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‹ ํฅ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ตฌ๊ฒํ•˜์ด๋จธ(Steve Guggenheimer) ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ง€์—ญํ™” ์—๋””์…˜์ธ '์ค‘๊ตญ์šฉ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8'(Windows 8 For China)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๋ณต์ œํŒ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 (Windows 8) ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8์€ x86 ๋ฐ x86-64 ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์šฉ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์—๋””์…˜์œผ๋กœ, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ์ฝ”์–ด(Windows 8 Core)๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—๋””์…˜์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํ‹ฑ ์คŒ, ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํƒ€์ผ, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์Šคํ† ์–ด, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ต์Šคํ”Œ๋กœ๋Ÿฌ 10, ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ(connected standby), ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ๊ณ„์ • ํ†ตํ•ฉ, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋ฐ”ํƒ• ํ™”๋ฉด ๋“ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ™”๋ฉด์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ํ”„๋กœ (Windows 8 Pro) ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ํ”„๋กœ๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 7 ํ”„๋กœํŽ˜์…”๋„๊ณผ ์–ผํ‹ฐ๋ฐ‹์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ์—๋””์…˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์™ธ์—, ์›๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํ†ฑ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์šด์˜, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(EFS), ํ•˜์ดํผ-V, ๊ฐ€์ƒ ํ•˜๋“œ ๋””์Šคํฌ(VHD) ๋ถ€ํŒ…, ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ •์ฑ…, ๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ์ปค ๋ฐ ๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ์ปค ํˆฌ ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ํ”„๋กœ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์ „ ํƒ‘์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” "์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ"์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ์—”ํ„ฐํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ (Windows 8 Enterprise) ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ์—”ํ„ฐํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ํ”„๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ IT ์กฐ์ง์šฉ ๋ณด์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. (์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ ์ฐธ์กฐ) ์ด ์—๋””์…˜์€ 2012๋…„ 8์›” 16์ผ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Software Assurance ๊ณ ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ RT (Windows RT) ์œˆ๋„์šฐ RT๋Š” ARM ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋‹ค. ํƒœ๋ธ”๋ฆฟ PC ๋“ฑ ARM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์žฅ์น˜์— ์‚ฌ์ „ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์„œ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8์—์„œ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ (WinRT) ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ๋ช…๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ„ฐ์น˜ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์— ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค 2013 ์ฃผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ(๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์›Œ๋“œ, ์—‘์…€, ํŒŒ์›Œํฌ์ธํŠธ, ์›๋…ธํŠธ)์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์žฅ์น˜ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์ง€์› ๋“ฑ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ƒ ๋ฒ„์ „ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ์—๋””์…˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋’ค์— ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฑƒ์ด ๋ถ™์—ฌ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฒ„์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ์ด์ „ ๋ฒ„์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. N ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ „ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋‹ค. 2004๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์— ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ „ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ช…๋ นํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ K ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. E ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ต์Šคํ”Œ๋กœ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ „ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. K ๋ฉ”์‹ ์ € ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹ ์ €์™€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๋…์  ๊ด€๋ จ ์†Œ์†ก ์ดํ›„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ„๋„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. K ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งž์œผ๋‚˜, K ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” K ๋ฒ„์ „๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ K๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 7์—์„œ์˜ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง€์›๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, 32๋น„ํŠธ์—์„œ 64๋น„ํŠธ ๋˜๋Š” 64๋น„ํŠธ์—์„œ 32๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ์˜ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ RT์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ARM ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋งŒ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 7์ด ๊ตฌ๋™๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์—์„œ๋„ ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ XP ๋ฐ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋น„์Šคํƒ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ํ”„๋กœ๋กœ๋งŒ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์• ๋‹ˆํƒ€์ž„ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ํ”„๋กœ๋กœ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋””์…˜๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง€์›๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ œ์›(์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ง€์› RAM ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ)์€ ์•„์ง ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%208%20editions
Windows 8 editions
Windows 8, a major release of the Microsoft Windows operating system, was available in four different editions: Windows 8 (Core), Pro, Enterprise, and RT. Only Windows 8 (Core) and Pro were widely available at retailers. The other editions focus on other markets, such as embedded systems or enterprise. All editions support 32-bit IA-32 CPUs and x64 CPUs. Editions Windows 8 (also sometimes referred to as Windows 8 (Core) to distinguish from the OS itself) is the basic edition of Windows for the IA-32 and x64 architectures. This edition contains features aimed at the home market segment and provides all of the basic new Windows 8 features. Windows 8 Pro is comparable to Windows 7 Professional and Ultimate and is targeted towards enthusiasts and business users; it includes all the features of Windows 8. Additional features include the ability to receive Remote Desktop connections, the ability to participate in a Windows Server domain, Encrypting File System, Hyper-V, and Virtual Hard Disk Booting, Group Policy as well as BitLocker and BitLocker To Go. Windows Media Center functionality is available only for Windows 8 Pro as a separate software package. Windows 8 Enterprise provides all the features in Windows 8 Pro (except the ability to install the Windows Media Center add-on), with additional features to assist with IT organization (see table below). This edition is available to Software Assurance customers, as well as MSDN and Technet Professional subscribers, and was released on 16 August 2012. Windows RT is only available pre-installed on ARM-based devices such as tablet PCs. It includes touch-optimized desktop versions of the basic set of Office 2013 applications to usersโ€”Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote, and supports device encryption capabilities. Several business-focused features such as Group Policy and domain support are not included. Software for Windows RT can be either downloaded from Windows Store or sideloaded, although sideloading on Windows RT must first be enabled by purchasing additional licenses through Microsoft volume licensing outlet. Desktop software that run on previous versions of Windows cannot be run on Windows RT as Windows Store apps are based on Windows Runtime API which differs from the traditional apps. According to CNET, these essential differences may raise the question of whether Windows RT is an edition of Windows: in a conversation with Mozilla, Microsoft deputy general counsel David Heiner was reported to have said Windows RT "isn't Windows anymore." Mozilla general counsel, however, dismissed the assertion on the basis that Windows RT has the same user interface, application programming interface and update mechanism. Unlike Windows Vista and Windows 7, there are no Home Basic, Home Premium, or Ultimate editions. Regional restrictions and variations All mentioned editions have the ability to use language packs, enabling multiple user interface languages. (This functionality was previously available in Ultimate or Enterprise edition of Windows 7 and Windows Vista.) However, in China and other emerging markets, a variation of Windows 8 without this capability, called Windows 8 Single Language, is sold. This edition can be upgraded to Windows 8 Pro. Furthermore, like in Windows Phone 7, OEMs can choose not to support certain display languages either out of the box or available for download. These exact choices depend on the device manufacturer, country of purchase, and the wireless carrier. For example, a cellular-connected Samsung ATIV Smart PC running Windows 8 on AT&T only supports English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, and Korean (the last three are available as optional downloads). Additional Windows 8 editions specially destined for European markets have the letter "N" (e.g. Windows 8.1 Enterprise N) suffixed to their names and do not include a bundled copy of Windows Media Player. Microsoft was required to create the "N" editions of Windows after the European Commission ruled in 2004 that it needed to provide a copy of Windows without Windows Media Player tied in. Windows 8.1 with Bing is a reduced-cost SKU of Windows 8.1 for OEMs that was introduced in May 2014. It was introduced as part of an effort to encourage the production of low-cost devices, whilst "driving end-user usage of Microsoft Services such as Bing and OneDrive". It is subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine, which is set as the default within Internet Explorer, and cannot be changed to a third-party alternative by the OEM. This restriction does not apply to end-users, who can still change the default search engine freely after installation. It is otherwise identical to the base edition. Editions for embedded systems Windows Embedded 8 Standard is a componentized edition of Windows 8 for use in specialized devices. It was released on 20 March 2013. It was the only supported edition of Windows 8 until 2023, it has reached the end of mainstream support on July 10, 2018 and reached the end of extended support on July 11, 2023. Windows Embedded 8 Industry is a edition of Windows 8 for use in industrial devices. It was released on 2 April 2013 and is available in Pro, Pro Retail, and Enterprise editions. Upgrade compatibility The following in-place upgrade paths are supported from Windows 7. Note that it is only possible to upgrade from an IA-32 variant of Windows 7 to an IA-32 variant of Windows 8; an x64 variant of Windows 7 can only be upgraded to an x64 variant of Windows 8. The retail package entitled Windows 8 Pro Upgrade was restricted to upgrading a computer with licensed Windows XP SP3, Windows Vista or Windows 7. Finally, there is no upgrade path for Windows RT. In-upgrade is not available for Windows Vista and Windows XP. However, on Windows XP SP3 and Windows Vista RTM, it is possible to perform a clean install while preserving personal files. On Windows Vista SP1, it is possible to perform a clean install but save system settings as well. While Microsoft still refers to the scenarios as "upgrade", the user still need to reinstall all apps, carry out necessary license activation steps and reinstate app settings. Comparison chart Notes References 8 de:Microsoft Windows 8#Editionen
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%B0%EB%94%94%EC%95%BC%20%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%88%EB%88%84%ED%8C%8C
๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋น„์Šˆ๋ˆ„ํŒŒ
๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋น„์Šˆ๋ˆ„ํŒŒ(Gaudiya Vaishnavism)๋Š” ์ฐจ์ดํƒ€๋ƒ ๋น„์Šˆ๋ˆ„ํŒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋ ˆ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ข…๊ต์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ์ดํƒ€๋ƒ ๋งˆํ•˜ํ”„๋ฐ”๋ถ€(1486โ€“1534)๊ฐ€ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ธ๋„(๊ฐ€์šฐ๋‹ค ์ง€์—ญ: ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฒต๊ณจ, ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ)์—์„œ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต์  ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€๋ฐ”๋“œ ๊ธฐํƒ€์™€ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€๋ฐ”๋“œ ํ‘ธ๋ผ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ํ‘ธ๋ผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ „๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์ƒค ์šฐํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์ƒค๋“œ, ๊ณ ํŒ”๋ผ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ ์šฐํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์ƒค๋“œ, ์นผ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‚˜ ์šฐํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์ƒค๋“œ ์ด์ƒค ์šฐํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์ƒค๋“œ, ๊ณ ํŒ”๋ผ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ ์šฐํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์ƒค๋“œ, ์นผ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐํƒ€๋ผ๋‚˜ ์šฐํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์ƒค๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฐํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์ƒค๋“œ๋“ค์—๋„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋น„์Šˆ๋ˆ„ํŒŒ๋Š” ๋ผ๋‹ค์™€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ํ—Œ์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋ด‰ํ—Œ ๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ผ๋‹ค์™€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜์˜ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ™”์‹ ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”์–Œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€๋ฐ˜ ์ฆ‰ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ฃผ๋‹˜์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜•์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ˆญ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ๋‹ค์™€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜์˜ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„ "ํ•˜๋ ˆ", "ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜", "๋ผ๋งˆ"๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ ˆ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŒํŠธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋งŒํŠธ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์†ก์„ ํ‚ค๋ฅดํƒ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ข…๊ต์šด๋™์„ ๋ธŒ๋ผํ๋งˆ-๋งˆ๋‹ค๋ฐ”-๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ์‚ผํ”„๋ผ๋‹ค์•ผ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์  ์Šค์Šน์ธ ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๋กœ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์›(๊ตฌ๋ฃจ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ธฐ์›์€ ๋ธŒ๋ผํ๋งˆ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋น„์Šˆ๋ˆ„ํŒŒ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ๋น„์Šˆ๋ˆ„๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ฃผ์ธ ์•„๋””ํ‘ธ๋ฅด์ƒค์˜ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ํ™”์‹ ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์‹ ๊ต๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต์  ์ด๋… ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋น„์Šˆ๋ˆ„ํŒŒ ์ฒ ํ•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์˜์‹์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ง•ํ›„๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธด๋‹ค(์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •์‹ ์  ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ์ „ํ†ต์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค) ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด(์ง€๋ฐ”, Jivas)๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋‹ค โ€“ ์˜ํ˜ผ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์˜์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋Š ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋์ด ์—†๊ณ  ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜ํ˜ผ์€ ํ™˜์˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„(๋งˆ์•ผ, Maya)์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜€ ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์นด๋ฅด๋งˆ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์š•๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜(8,400,000๊ฐœ)์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ถœ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํžŒ๋‘ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ธ ์œคํšŒ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œคํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋น„์Šˆ๋ˆ„ํŒŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถœ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์—์„œ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ, ํ˜น์€ ์ฃผ๋‹˜์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ธ๊ฒฉ( ์ฃผ ไธป ) ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋น„์Šˆ๋ˆ„ํŒŒ ์‹ ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ฃผไธป๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜•์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ โ€œ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„โ€์ด ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์–‘์ƒโ€“์ „์ง€์ „๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ž๋น„๋กญ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”-์„ ๋‹ค ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€œํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜โ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋™์‹œ์— ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ธ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆญ๋ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ผ๋‚˜ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๊ต์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„๋“ค๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ธ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์นญํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋น„์Šˆ๋ˆ„ํŒŒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ˆญ๋ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€๋ฐ”ํƒ€ ํ‘ธ๋ผ๋‚˜์˜ ์ธ์šฉ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ โ€œํฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฐ ํˆฌ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”์–Œโ€, โ€œํฌ๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์‹ ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์ด๋‹ค.โ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€๋ฐ”๋“œ ๊ธฐํƒ€์—์„œ ์•„๋ฅด์ฃผ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฒฉ์‹ ์ด์‹œ๋ฉฐ ๊ถ๊ทน์  ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜์š”, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆœ๊ฒฐํ•œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ง„๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์˜์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ดˆ์›”์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์›์ดˆ์  ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด์‹œ๋ฉฐ, ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์œผ์…จ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ผ๋‹ค, ์•„์‹œํƒ€, ๋ฐ๋ฐœ๋ผ, ๋น„์•ผ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์‰ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ž…์ฆํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ, ๋‹น์‹  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณตํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ โ€œ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ์”จ์•—์„ ์ฃผ์‹œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€โ€๋กœ ์„œ์ˆ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ์ „ํ†ต์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ€์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜๋ฅผ โ€œ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€โ€๋กœ ์ˆญ๋ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ด‰ํ—Œ (Devotional activities) ๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ ์š”๊ฐ€ ๋ด‰ํ—Œ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์„ ๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ ์š”๊ฐ€๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ ์š”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์น™์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋”” ๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ๋กœ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ •(์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋‚˜, sadhana)์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ—Œ์‹ ์  ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์ง€์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋ด‰ํ—Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์„ ํƒํ•œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜์˜ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ํ˜•์ƒ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์‹œํƒ€-๋ฐ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์‹ฌ ์—†์ด ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋””-๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํ–‰ํ•จ์€ ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ˆ„๊ฐ€-์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ–‰ํ•  ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋„๋ก ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋””์™€ ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ตฌ์†กํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋””-๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋””๋ณดํ‹ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์‹์‚ฌ์Šคํƒ€์นด(Siksastaka) ๊ธฐ๋„๋ฌธ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ฐจ์ดํƒ€๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ ์š”๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋จผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ณณ์„ ์ •ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น—๋Œ€์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‹๋„ ์ •ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •ํ™”๋Š” ๋ผ๋‹ค์™€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ตฌ์†กํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•˜๋ ˆ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŒํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งค์ผ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „ํ†ต์—์„œ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ดํƒ€๋ƒ ๋งˆํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž์˜€๋˜ ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์‚ฌ ํƒ€์ฟ ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋งค์ผ 30๋งŒ๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋‹˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ์ •์‹๊ณผ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋ฐ”์ด์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฐ”๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ƒ์„ , ๊ณ„๋ž€์„ ์‚ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ฝํ†  ๋ฒ ์ง€ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–‘ํŒŒ์™€ ๋งˆ๋Š˜๋„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉด ํƒ€๋งˆ์‹(tamasic) ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์˜์‹์„ ์กฐ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์Œ์‹์€ ๋จผ์ € ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”์น˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ผ์‚ฌ๋‹ด(prasadam)์œผ๋กœ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€๋ฐ”๋“œ ๊ธฐํƒ€์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ง์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ํ—Œ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์žŽ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๊ฝƒ ํ•œ ์†ก์ด, ๊ณผ์ผ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ”์น˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒ ๋…ธ๋ผ (9.26) ์ฃผ๋‹˜์˜ ๋””๋ณดํ‹ฐ๋“ค์€ ๋จผ์ € ์ œ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ณ์ง„ ์Œ์‹๋“ค์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฃ„์•…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ฐ๊ด€ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์ง ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋จน์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค.(3.13) ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‹คํ–‰์ž๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ •ํ†ต ๋ฐ”์ด์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฐ”๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋…์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋งŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข…์ข… ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ๋„ ์˜ค์ง ์ƒ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋ฐ”์ด์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฐ”๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ„์„ ์Šน๋ ค(๋ธŒ๋ผ๋งˆ์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์•„brahmacharya)๋กœ ์‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“  ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ 50์‚ด์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์œ ํ–‰๊ธฐ(์‚ฐ์•ผ์‚ฌsannyasa)๋กœ ์‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋…์  ์ถœ์ฒ˜ ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋ฐ”์ด์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์˜ ์‹ ํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ง€๋ฐ” ๊ณ ์Šค์™€๋ฏธ(Jiva Goswami)์˜ ์‚ฟ-์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ๋ฐ”์Šค(Sat-sandarbhas)์— ์ฃผ๋‹˜์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋ฐ”์ด์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฐ” ์‹ ํ•™์ž๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ผ์ดŒ ๋ฃจํŒŒ ๊ณ ์Šค์™€๋ฏธ(Rupa Gosvami)์ธ๋ฐ ์Šค๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”ํฌํ‹ฐ-๋ผ์‚ผ๋ฅดํƒ€-์‹ ๋‘์˜ ์ €์ž์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์Šค์™€๋ฏธ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฆฌ-๋ฐ”ํฌ๋ -๋นŒ๋ผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ €์ˆ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋น„์Šค๋ฐ”๋‚˜ํƒ€ ์ฐจํฌ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์Šค๋ฆฌ ์ฐจ๋ง›์นด๋ผ-์ฐฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ €์ž์ด๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋ฐ๋ฐ” ๋น„๋Œœ๋ถ€์ƒค๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋‹จํƒ€ ์ˆ˜ํŠธ๋ผ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋…ผํ‰์ธ ๊ณ ๋นˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”์ƒค(Govinda Bhashya)์˜ ์ €์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜ ์˜์‹๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘ํšŒ ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋””์•ผ ๋งˆํŠธ(Gaudiya Math) ๋น„์Šˆ๋ˆ„ํŒŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya%20Vaishnavism
Gaudiya Vaishnavism
Gaudiya Vaishnavism (), also known as Chaitanya Vaishnavism, is a Vaishnava Hindu religious movement inspired by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486โ€“1534) in India. "Gaudiya" refers to the Gaura or Gauแธa region of Bengal (present-day Malda district of West Bengal and Rajshahi district of Bangladesh), with Vaishnavism meaning "the worship of Vishnu". Specifically, it is part of Krishnaismโ€”Krishna-centric Vaishnavite traditions. Its theological basis is primarily that of the Bhagavad Gita and Bhagavata Purana (known within the tradition as the Srimad Bhagavatam), as interpreted by early followers of Chaitanya, such as Sanatana Goswami, Rupa Goswami, Jiva Goswami, Gopala Bhatta Goswami and others. The focus of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is the devotional worship (known as bhakti yoga) of Radha and Krishna, and their many divine incarnations as the supreme forms of God, Svayam Bhagavan. Most popularly, this worship takes the form of singing Radha and Krishna's holy names, such as "Hare", "Krishna" and "Rama", most commonly in the form of the Hare Krishna (mantra), also known as kirtan and dancing along with it. Gaudiya Vaishnavism is the spiritual and philosophical foundation of the well-known International Society for Krishna Consciousness, "Hare Krishna Movement". Philosophical concepts Living beings According to Gaudiya Vaishnava philosophy, consciousness is not a product of matter, but is instead a symptom of the soul. All living beings (jivas), including animals and trees, have a soul. That soul is distinct from their current physical body โ€“ the nature of the soul being eternal, immutable, and indestructible without any particular birth or death. The soul does not die when the body dies, but it is transmigrated into another new body and takes new birth in a new body. Souls which are captivated by the illusory nature of the world (Maya) are repeatedly reborn among the various 8.4 million number of species of life on this planet and in other worlds in accordance to the laws of karma and individual desire. This is consistent with the concept of samsara found in Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist beliefs. Release from the process of samsara (known as moksha) is believed to be achievable through a variety of spiritual practices. However, within Gaudiya Vaishnavism, it is bhakti in its purest state (or "pure love of God") which is given as the ultimate aim, rather than liberation from the cycle of rebirth. Gaudiya Vaishnav tradition asserts that in the current yuga, which is Kali Yuga, singing and chanting the various sacred names of God (Krishna) are sufficient for spiritual liberation. Supreme Person (God) One of the defining aspects of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is that Krishna is worshiped specifically as the source of all Avataric incarnations of God. This is based on quotations from the Bhagavata Purana, such as "krsnastu bhagavan svayam", literally "Krishna is God Himself". Jiva Gosvami calls this phrase the "paribhasha-sutra" (definitive rule) of the theology of the Gaudiya Vaishnava school and a mahavakya (governing proposition). Inconceivable oneness and difference A particularly distinct part of the Gaudiya Vaishnava philosophy espoused by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is the concept of Achintya Bheda Abheda, which translates to "inconceivable oneness and difference" in the context of the soul's relationship with Krishna, and also Krishna's relationship with his other energies (i.e. the material world). In quality, the soul (jiva) is described as being identical to God, but in terms of quantity, individual jivas are said to be infinitesimal in comparison to the unlimited Supreme Being. The exact nature of this relationship (being simultaneously one and different with Krishna) is inconceivable to the human mind but can be experienced through the process of Bhakti yoga. This philosophy serves as a meeting of two opposing schools of Hindu philosophy, pure monism (God and the soul as one entity) and pure dualism (God and the soul as absolutely separate). This philosophy largely recapitulates the concepts of qualified nondualism practiced by the older Vedantic school Vishishtadvaita, but emphasizes the figure of Krishna over Narayana and holy sites in and around Bengal over sites in Tamil Nadu. In practice, Gaudiya Vaishnava philosophy has much more in common with the dualistic schools especially closely following theological traditions established by Madhvacharya's Dvaita Vedanta. Sat Sandarbhas Jiva Goswami wrote Sat Sandarbhas as an analysis of Bhagvata Purana to elaborate the philosophy of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. The six treatises are: Tattva: defines the absolute reality, dealing with epistemology and ontology Bhagavat: defines the concept of Bhagavan, which is one of the three aspects of absolute reality Paramatma: describes Paramatma as a partial manifestation of Bhagavan Krishna: argues that Krishna is supreme Bhakti: describes the process of attaining love for Krishna, bhakti or devotion Priti'': argues that priti (love) for Bhagavan is the highest goal (prayojana) of life Devotional activities Bhakti Yoga The practical process of devotional life is described as bhakti or bhakti-yoga. The two main elements of the bhakti-yoga process are vaidhi bhakti, which is devotional service through practice of rules and regulations (sadhana) and raganuga bhakti, which is taken as a higher stage of more spontaneous devotional service based on a selfless desire to please one's chosen Ishta-deva of Krishna or his associated expansions and avatars. Practicing vaidhi-bhakti with a view to cultivate prema (priti, love) creates eligibility for raganuga-sadhana. Within his Siksastaka prayers, Chaitanya compares the process of bhakti-yoga to that of cleansing a dirty place of dust, wherein our consciousness is the object in need of purification. This purification takes place largely through the chanting and singing of Radha and Krishna's names. Specifically, the Hare Krishna (mantra) is chanted and sung by practitioners on a daily basis, sometimes for many hours each day. Famously within the tradition, one of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's close associates, Haridasa Thakur, is reported to have chanted 300,000 holy names of God each day. Diet and lifestyle Gaudiya Vaishnavas follow a lacto vegetarian diet, abstaining from all types of animal flesh, fish and eggs. Onion and garlic are also avoided as they are believed to promote tamasic form of consciousness in the eater. Some Gaudiya Vaishnavas, mainly from ISKCON and Gaudiya Matha, also avoid the intake of caffeine, as they believe it is addictive and an intoxicant. Sampradaya and parampara A Guruโ€”shishya tradition ("lineage" or parampara) denotes a succession of teachers and disciples within some sampradaya (school, tradition). In accordance with the tradition, Gaudiya Vaishnavism as a subschool belongs to the Brahma Sampradaya, one of the four "orthodox" Vaishnavite schools. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is said to be a disciple of Isvara Puri (fl. 14th century) who was a disciple of Madhavendra Puri (fl. 14th century) who was a disciple of Lakshmipati Tirtha (1420 - 1487) who was a disciple of Vyasatirtha (1469 โ€“ 1539) of the Madhva Sampradaya. The Gaudiya Vaishnavas call their tradition "Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Sampradaya", which originates from Brahma and has Madhvacharya as the original acharya and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu as the acharya-successor. However, this traditional point is at least debatable. Some modern scholars and confessional authors critically assess and pair the Gaudiya Vaishnavism's affiliation with the Madhva tradition. For example, the famous American Indologist and historian of religion Guy L. Beck, with regard to the Chaitanya Sampradaya, notes the following historical events. The first time the Brahma-Madhva affiliation of Gaudiya Vaishnavism was propounded by Baladeva Vidyabhushana was in the 18th century. And to this day, there is no mention of Chaitanya in the annals of the Madhva Sampradaya. For secular scientists this means, originality and non-affiliation of Gaudiya Vaishnavism with other previous branches. At the same time, there is the consensus of scholars, that Chaitanya was initiated by the two gurus of a Vaishnava-oriented group within Adi Shankara's Dashanami order. The Prameya Ratnawali of the above-mentioned gaudiya-acharya Baladeva Vidyabhushana contains the following canonical list of disciplic succession: Krishna, Brahma, Narada, Vyasa, Madhva, Padmanabha, Nrihari, Madhava, Akshobhya, Jayatirtha, Gyanasindhu, Dayanidhi, Vidyanidhi, Rajendra, Jayadharma, Purushottama, Brahmanya, Vyasatirtha, Lakshmipati Tirtha, Madhavendra Puri, Isvara Puri, and Chaitanya. One feature of the Gaudiya succession of spiritual masters should be considered. Chaitanya refused to formally initiate anyone as a disciple, only inspiring and guiding his followers. Chaitanya neither founded the community nor named a successor. That is why, from the very beginning, the sampradaya was divided into several lines of succession that were practically not connected with each other and that still exist today. One of them, namely, the Gaudiya-Sarasvata Sampradaya, belongs to the well known International Society for Krishna Consciousness. History Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (also transliterated Caitanya, IAST ; 1486โ€“1534) was a Bengali spiritual teacher who founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism. He is believed by his devotees to be Krishna himself who appeared in the form of His own devotee in order to teach the people of this world the process of Bhakti and how to attain the perfection of life. This they say with several evidences in scripture. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is said to be a disciple of Isvara Puri who was a disciple of Madhavendra Puri who was a disciple of Lakshmipati Tirtha who was a disciple of Vyasatirtha(1469โ€“1539) of Madhvacharya's Sampradaya. He is considered as the most merciful manifestation of Krishna. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was the proponent for the Vaishnava school of Bhakti yoga (meaning loving devotion to God), based on Bhagavata Purana and Bhagavad Gita. Of various incarnations of Vishnu, he is revered as Krishna, popularised the chanting of the Hare Krishna mantra and composed the Siksastakam (eight devotional prayers) in Sanskrit. His followers, Gaudiya Vaishnavas, revere him as a Krishna with the mood and complexion of his source of inspiration Radha. Early growth Over the three centuries following the disappearance of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition evolved into the form in which we largely find it today in contemporary India. In the early years of the tradition, the followers of Nityananda Prabhu, Advaita Acharya and other companions of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu educated and initiated people, each in their own locales across Bengal. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu requested a select few among his followers, who later came to be known as the Six Gosvamis of Vrindavan, to systematically present his theology of bhakti in their writings. This theology emphasized the devotee's relationship to the Divine Couple, Radha and Krishna, and looked to Chaitanya as the embodiment of both Radha and Krishna. The six were Rupa Goswami, Sanatana Goswami, Gopala Bhatta Goswami, Raghunatha Bhatta Goswami, Raghunatha dasa Goswami and Jiva Goswami. In the second generation of the tradition, Narottama, Srinivasa and Shyamananda, three students of Jiva Goswami, the youngest among the six Goswamis, were instrumental in spreading the theology across Bengal and Orissa. The festival of Kheturi (approx 1574), presided over by Jahnava Thakurani, the wife of Nityananda Rama, was the first time the leaders of the various branches of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's followers assembled together. Through such festivals, members of the loosely organized tradition became acquainted with other branches along with their respective theological and practical nuances. That notwithstanding, the tradition has maintained its plural nature, having no central authority to preside over its matters. The festival of Kheturi allowed for the systemization of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology as a distinct branch of Vaishnava theology. 17thโ€“18th century During the 17thโ€“18th centuries, there was a period of general decline in the movement's strength and popularity, its "lethargic state", characterized by decreased public preaching and the rise of persons following and promoting tantric teachings and practices. These groups are called apasampradayas by the Chaitanyaits. In the 17th century, Vishvanath Chakravarti Thakur held great merit in clarifying core doctrinal issues over the practice of raganuga-bhakti through works such as Raga-vartma-chandrika. His student Baladeva Vidyabhushan wrote a famous commentary on the Vedanta-sutra called Govinda Bhashya. The 18th century saw a number of luminaries headed by Siddha Jayakrishna Das Babaji of Kamyavan and Siddha Krishnadas Babaji of Govardhan. The latter, a widely renowned teacher of the mode of internal worship (raga-bhajan) practiced in the tradition, is largely responsible for the current form of devotional practice embraced by some of the traditions based in Vrindavan. Manipuri Vaishnavism The "Manipuri Vaishnavism" is a regional form of Gaudiya Vaishnavism with a culture-forming role among the Meitei people in the north-eastern Indian state of Manipur. There, after a short period of Ramaism penetration, Gaudiya Vaishnavism spread in the early 18th century, especially from beginning its second quarter. Raja Gharib Nawaz (Pamheiba) was initiated into the Chaitanya tradition. Most devotee ruler and propagandist of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, under the influence of Natottama Thakura's disciples, was raja Bhagyachandra, who has visited the holy for the Chaytanyaits Nabadwip. Rasa Lila dance became a feature of the regional folk and religious tradition. 20th century From the very beginning of Chaitanya's bhakti movement in Bengal, Haridasa Thakur and others Muslim by birth were the participants. This openness received a boost from Bhaktivinoda Thakur's broad-minded vision in the late 19th century, Baba Premananda Bharati's mission in the United States in the beginning of 20th century and was institutionalized by Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakur in his Gaudiya Math in the 20th century. A renaissance began at the start of the 20th century both in India and the West. One pioneer of the Gaudiya Vaishnavite mission in the West was Baba Premananda Bharati (1858โ€“1914), author of Sree Krishna โ€“ the Lord of Love (1904) โ€“ the first full-length treatment of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in English, who, in 1902, founded the short-lived "Krishna Samaj" society in New York City and built a temple in Los Angeles. He belonged to the circle of adherents of the guru Prabhu Jagadbandhu with teachings similar to the later ISKCON mission. His followers formed several organizations including the now defunct Order of Living Service and the AUM Temple of Universal Truth. The reform change of traditional caste Gaudiya Vaishnavism of 19th century is believed to have happened largely in India due to the efforts of a particularly adept preacher known as Bhaktivinoda Thakur, who also held the position of a deputy magistrate with the British government. Bhaktivinoda Thakur's son grew up to be both an eminent scholar and a highly influential Vaishnava preacher, and was later known as Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati. In 1920, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati founded Gaudiya Math in India, and later sixty-four Gaudiya Matha monasteries in India, Burma and Europe. In 1933, the first European preaching center was established in London (London Glouster House, Cornwall Garden, W7 South Kensington) under the name "Gaudiya Mission Society of London". Soon after Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's death (1 January 1937), a dispute began, which divided the original Gaudiya Math mission into two administrative bodies still in existence today. In a settlement, they divided the sixty-four Gaudiya Math centers into two groups: the Sri Chaitanya Math headed by Bhakti Vilasa Tirtha Maharaj and the Gaudiya Mission headed by Ananta Vasudev (Bhakti Prasad Puri Maharaj). Many of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's disciples disagreed with the spirit of these two factions and/or started their own missions to expand their guru's mission. In the 1960s, the one of his disciples, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada went to the West to spread Gaudiya-Vaishnavism and establish the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), "the most successful of the Gaudiya Math's offspring," an organization that continues today. However, despite the active missionary work of the reformed Gaudiya Math and its followers, most of the Gaudiya Vaishnava community in India remained under the influence of hereditary brahmins-goswamis, who run famous old Gaudiya mandirs, as one example, the Radha Raman Temple in Vrindavan and its prominent scholar-acharya Shrivatsa Goswami. Gaudiya and other Vaishnava schools Although sharing a common set of core beliefs, there are a number of philosophical differences which distinguish Gaudiya Vaishnavism from other Vaishnava schools: In Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Krishna is seen as the original form of God, i.e. the source of Vishnu and not as His avatar. This is based primarily on verse 1.3.28 of the Bhagavata Purana (krsnas tu bhagavan svayam) and other scriptures. This belief is shared by the Nimbarka and Vallabha sampradayas, but not by the Ramanuja and Madhva schools, who view Krishna as an avatar of Vishnu. As Krishna's consort, Radha is similarly viewed as the source of all other Shaktis, including Lakshmi and Sita. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is worshiped as the most recent i.e. ninth Avatar of Krishna to descend in the current yuga, or age. Other sampradayas view Chaitanya as a devotee of Krishna only, and not Krishna himself or a form of avatar. According to his biographies, Chaitanya did not display himself as Krishna in public, and would, in fact, avoid being addressed as such. In this regard A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami states, "[When] addressed as Lord Krishna, He denied it. Indeed, He sometimes placed His hands over His ears, protesting that one should not be addressed as the Supreme Lord". However at times Chaitanya would exhibit a different mood and would welcome worship of himself as the Supreme Lord, and at a few occasions, is said to have exhibited his Universal form. Rupa Goswami, when first meeting with Chaitanya, composed the following verse showing his belief in Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's divinity: "O most munificent incarnation! You are Krishna Himself appearing as Sri Krishna Caitanya Mahaprabhu. You have assumed the golden colour of Srimati Radharani, and You are widely distributing pure love of Krishna. We offer our respectful obeisances unto You." Although this viewpoint outside of the Gaudiya tradition was disputed, Chaitanya's followers prove it by pointing at verses throughout the Puranic literatures as evidence to support this claim. Evidences such as the Krishna-varnam verse SB 11.5.32 have many interpretations by scholars, including Sridhara Svami who is accepted as authority by Mahaprabhu himself. Theological sources Gaudiya Vaishnava theology is prominently expounded by Jiva Goswami in his Sat-sandarbhas, six elaborate treatises on various aspects of God. Other prominent Gaudiya Vaishnava theologians are his uncles, Rupa Gosvami author of Sri Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu and Sanatana Gosvami, author of Hari-bhakti-vilasa, Visvanatha Chakravarti author of Sri Camatkara-candrika and Baladeva Vidyabhushana, author of Govinda Bhashya, a famous commentary on Vedanta Sutra. Modern Gaudiya Vaishnava societies The strictly centralized form of church-type organization and the idea that one has to be an unconventional (uttama) spiritual master introduced by the reformer Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati and his Gaudiya Math was not characteristic of the traditional Gaudiya Vaishnavism with its hereditary brahmins-goswamis and family teachers (kula gurus''). And much of the Gaudiya Vaishnava community in India remained committed to the unreformed and loosely organized tradition. Many modern organisations are independent branches of the tree of the Gaudiya Math. Gaudiya Math and offshoots Gaudiya Mission established by Ananta Vasudev Prabhu alias Srila Bhakti Prasad Puri (1940) Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti established by Bhakti Prajnan Keshava (1940) Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math established by Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar (1941) International Society for Krishna Consciousness established by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1966) Science of Identity Foundation established by Siddhaswarupananda Paramahamsa (1977) Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust established by Bhakti Hridaya Bon (1979) Sri Caitanya Sangha, a.k.a. Gaudiya Vaishnavite Society, established by Tripurari Swami (1985) The Vaishnava Foundation, established by Kailasa Candra dasa & Eric Johanson (1986) ISKCON Revival Movement (2000) Traditional Gaudiya societies Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana, established by Shrivatsa Goswami (1972) Many of branches of the Gaudiya Math (not all) are members of the World Vaisnava Association โ€” Visva Vaisnava Raj Sabha (WVAโ€“VVRS), which had been established in 1994 by some Gaudiya leaders. But and after this establushment, there is little real cooperation among Gaudiya organisations. Demography There are adherents of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in all strata of Indian society, but a tendency has been revealed, Bengali Vaishnavas belong to the lower middle castes ("middle class"), while the upper castes as well as lowest castes and tribes in Bengal are Shaktas. Offshoots of Gaudiya Vaishnavism There are Krishnaite gurus and groups who belong to the Chaitanya lineage, but actually separated from Gaudiya Vaishnavism, becoming new independent movements. Mahanam Sampradaya, inspired by Prabhu Jagadbandhu See also 108 names of Krishna Achintya Bheda Abheda Bhagavata Cataphatic theology Gaudiya Math List of 21st-century religious leaders#Gaudiya Vaishnavism Manipuri Vaishnavism Turiya References Notes Footnotes Bibliography External links An overview of Gaudiya Vaishnavism โ€“ (gaudiya.com) An ecstatic ride across ancient spiritual Bengal: Nadia & Kalna Archives Official statement by Vishwesha Tirtha on link between the line of Madhvacharya and Gaudiya Vaishnavism Is Gaudiya Vaishnavism in the diksa line of Madhvacharya? Official websites Anti-caste movements Krishnaite Vaishnava denominations Monotheistic religions Religions that require vegetarianism 16th-century establishments in India Bhakti movement
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๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ํ”„๋กœ์ด์Šค
๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ํ”„๋กœ์ด์Šค(, 1532๋…„ ~ 1597๋…„ 7์›” 8์ผ)๋Š” ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ํšŒ ์‚ฌ์ œ๋กœ, ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ €์„œ๋กœ๋Š” ใ€Š์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌใ€‹(Historia de Japam)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์ด์Šค์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์ž„์ง„์™œ๋ž€์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋งˆ์นด์˜ค์— ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๊ต์œก 1532๋…„ ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ณธ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1541๋…„ 9์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ ์™•์‹ค์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1548๋…„ 16์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์— ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ํšŒ ํšŒ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด, ๋‹น์‹œ ์ธ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€์˜€๋˜ ๊ณ ์•„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์„ ๊ต์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์˜ ํ”„๋ž€์น˜์Šค์ฝ” ํ•˜๋น„์—๋ฅด์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž์ธ ์•ผ์ง€๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1561๋…„ ๊ณ ์•„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ œ ์„œํ’ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์–ดํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•„์˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์ด ๋†’์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด, ๊ฐ ์„ ๊ต ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ผ์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ 1563๋…„(์—์ด๋กœ์ฟ  6๋…„), 31์„ธ๋กœ ์š”์ฝ”์„ธ์šฐ๋ผ(ๆจช็€ฌๆตฆ, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚คํ˜„ ์‚ฌ์ด์นด์ด์‹œ ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ)์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์„ ๊ต ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋’ค, 1564๋…„(์—์ด๋กœ์ฟ  7๋…„)์— ํžˆ๋ผ๋„์—์„œ ๊ตํ† ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค.1565๋…„ 1์›” 31์ผ(์—์ด๋กœ์ฟ  7๋…„ 12์›” 29์ผ)์— ๊ตํ† ์— ์ž…๊ฒฝํ•ด, ๊ฐ€์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅด ๋นŒ๋ ˆ๋ผ์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ Œ์†Œ ๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ์ด(ใƒญใƒฌใƒณใ‚ฝไบ†ๆ–Ž) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ ๊ต ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž ์‡ผ๊ตฐ ์•„์‹œ์นด๊ฐ€ ์š”์‹œํ…Œ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์—์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์˜ ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์‚ดํ•ด๋˜์–ด ๋ฏธ์š”์‹œ์”จ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตํ† ๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—๊ธฐ์ž, ์…‹์“ฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์นด์ด์— ํ”ผ๋‚œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1566๋…„ ๋นŒ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทœ์Šˆ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚˜์ž, ๊ตํ†  ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์„ ๊ต ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. 1569๋…„(์—์ด๋กœ์ฟ  12๋…„), ์‡ผ๊ตฐ ์•„์‹œ์นด๊ฐ€ ์š”์‹œ์•„ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ปค์ง„ ์˜ค๋‹ค ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ ๋‹ˆ์กฐ ์„ฑ ๊ฑด์ถ• ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ต๊ณ„์™€ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€์ž, ํ”„๋กœ์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ ์‹ ์ž„์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ธฐ๋‚˜์ด์—์„œ ํฌ๊ต๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๋ฝ๋ฐ›์•„, ๋…œํ‚ค ์†”๋„ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฐ„ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ(Gnecchiโ€Soldo Organtino) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ ๊ต ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๋„๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํ”„๋กœ์ด์Šค์˜ ์ €์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๊ต๋„์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (ํ”„๋กœ์ด์Šค์˜ ์ €์ž‘์€ ใ€Ž์‹ ์žฅ๊ณต๊ธฐใ€(ไฟก้•ทๅ…ฌ่จ˜) ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ๋งŽ์•„, ์ „๊ตญ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ด๋‹ค.). ๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ทœ์Šˆ์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 1580๋…„(๋ด์‡ผ 8๋…„)์˜ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ์‚ฌ ์•Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ๋ƒ๋…ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์— ์ฆˆ์Œํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ†ต์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฐฐ์— ๋™ํ–‰ํ•ด, ์•„์ฆˆ์น˜์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์•Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1583๋…„(๋ด์‡ผ 11๋…„) ๋‹น์‹œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ํšŒ ์ด์žฅ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๊ต์˜ ์ œ์ผ์„ ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ํšŒ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ์ „๋…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ”„๋กœ์ด์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฌ๋ฌธ์„ ๋„“ํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ํ›„์— ใ€Ž์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์ดˆ ๋„์š”ํ† ๋ฏธ ํžˆ๋ฐ์š”์‹œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ ๋Œ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ํšŒ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด์œฝ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  1587๋…„ 7์›” 24์ผ(๋ด์‡ผ 15๋…„ 6์›” 19์ผ)์—๋Š” ๋ฐ”ํ…Œ๋ Œ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ๋ น์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์ด์Šค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ์‚ฌ(ๅŠ ๆดฅไฝ)๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค์— ์ •์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ„์„ธ 1590๋…„(๋ด์‡ผ 18๋…„, ๊ฒฝ์ธ๋…„), ๊ท€๊ตญํ•œ ๋ด์‡ผ ์†Œ๋…„์‚ฌ์ ˆ๋‹จ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ๋ƒ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ๋ƒ๋…ธ์™€ ๋™ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ผ์ฟ  ๋‹ค์ด์—์„œ ๋„์š”ํ† ๋ฏธ ํžˆ๋ฐ์š”์‹œ์™€ ํšŒ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1592๋…„, ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ๋ƒ๋…ธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งˆ์นด์˜ค๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ”์œผ๋‚˜ 1595๋…„(๋ถ„๋กœ์ฟ  4๋…„)์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ 1597๋…„(๊ฒŒ์ด์ตธ 2๋…„, ์ •์œ ๋…„)์—๋Š” ใ€Ž26์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ต ๊ธฐ๋กใ€์„ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 7์›” 8์ผ(์Œ๋ ฅ 5์›” 24์ผ) ์ •์œ ์žฌ๋ž€(๊ฒŒ์ด์ตธ์˜ ์—ญ)์ด ํ•œ์ฐฝ์ผ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์ด์Šค๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต ์„ ๊ต์˜ ์˜๊ด‘๊ณผ ๋น„๊ทน, ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์‡ ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ค‘๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ๋งŒํ™” ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ ์…ฐํ”„์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋‹ค ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ํ›„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ ‘(๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—์„œ ์˜จ ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋™์ž์ธ ์ผ„์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์Œ์‹์ธ ๋ฐ”์นด๋ผ์šฐ(๋ง๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋“์ธ ์Šคํ”„)๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ ‘๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ํ”„๋กœ์ด์Šค ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋„ ๋ณ„์‚ฌํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐš์•˜์Œ), ํƒ€๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ์— ๋ง์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•จ)์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ "์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์‹ ์ž๊ฐ€ 1๋ช…๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์˜ ๋ง์”€์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋Š๋ƒ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š” ์˜ค๋‹ค์—๊ฒŒ "ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜(๋ฒˆ์—ญ์ž๋Š” ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” Deus๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ์šฐ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ์Œ์—ญํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต์œก์—์„œ ๊ณต์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์ „ํ†ต์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•จ)์˜ ๋ง์”€์„ ์ „ํ•  ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–‘์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ž, ์˜ค๋‹ค ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์„ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋„์š”ํ† ๋ฏธ ํžˆ๋ฐ์š”์‹œ์—๊ฒŒ "์‚ฌ๋ฃจ. ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š๋ƒ? ๋ถˆ๊ต ์Šน๋ ค๋“ค์€ ํŒŒํ…Œ๋ฅด(๋ฒˆ์—ญ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” Father์™€ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ํŒŒ๋”๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž˜๋ชป ์Œ์—ญ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด์ธ ํŒŒํ…Œ๋ฅด(Pater. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์‚ฌ์ œ)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งž์Œ. ๊ฐ์ฃผ์—๋„ Pater๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ์Œ.)๋“ค์ด ์ธ์œก์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ์—†๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์˜ ๋ง์”€์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์˜จ ๊ธฐ๋ฐฑ์€ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•œ ๋ถˆ๊ต ์Šน๋ ค๋“ค์€ ์ˆ™์ฒญํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐํƒ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”ํ…Œ๋ Œ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ๋ น ํ”„๋ž€์น˜์Šค์ฝ” ํ•˜๋น„์—๋ฅด ๋งˆํ…Œ์˜ค ๋ฆฌ์น˜ 1532๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1597๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์„ผ๊ณ ์ฟ  ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์•„์ฆˆ์น˜๋ชจ๋ชจ์•ผ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ณธ ์ถœ์‹  ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ๋ฌด๋กœ๋งˆ์น˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์•„์ฆˆ์น˜๋ชจ๋ชจ์•ผ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰ ์ž‘๊ฐ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs%20Fr%C3%B3is
Luรญs Frรณis
Luรญs Frรณis (1532 โ€“ 8 July 1597) was a Portuguese missionary who worked in Asia during the second half of the 16th century. Biography Frรณis was born in Lisbon in 1532. He was educated at the court of King Joรฃo III of Portugal, where a close relative served as a scribe. At an early age, he started working for the Royal Secretary's office. In 1548, he joined the Jesuits traveling to Portuguese India to study at Saint Paul's College, Goa. He arrived in Goa on September 4, 1548. One of his teachers described Frรณis' character as tough and good natured but not religious. During his stay in Goa, Frรณis reported on the mass conversion of over 200 Kshatriyas to Christianity that had taken place on 25 August 1560 in the village of Batim, in a letter dated 13 November 1560: Frรณis became a priest and confessor in 1561 after completing his theological studies in Goa. A year later, he was sent to Japan along with Giovanni Battista de Monte to engage in missionary work. On June 6, 1563 - after spending several months in Macau - he arrived in Yokoseura, Japan. The following year, he travelled to Kyoto, where he met Ashikaga Yoshiteru who was then shลgun. In 1569, he befriended Oda Nobunaga and stayed in his personal residence in Gifu while writing books for a short while. His works on history were somewhat expanded by Joฤo Rodrigues. Among his works was the Treatise (1585) in which is contained some brief comparisons of the behaviors between the peoples of Europe and that province of Japan (Tratado em que se contรชm muito sucinta e abreviadamente algumas contradiรงรตes e diferenรงas de costumes entre a gente de Europa e esta provรญncia de Japรฃo). Frรณis wrote a book about the history and custom of Japan, titled Historia de Iapam. In it he gave details about the Jesuit mission in Japan and its most important figures. He described the destruction of Buddhist and Shinto temples as victories over the devil and that Jesuits like Gaspar Coelho encouraged the destruction despite resistance from Japanese Christian nobles. Cultural references He was portrayed by Terry O'Brien in the Japanese TV series Hideyoshi. A fictionalized version of Luis Frois appears in the Capcom game Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams. See also Francis Xavier Gaspar Vilela Francisco Cabral Alessandro Valignano List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868 References 1532 births 1597 deaths Clergy from Lisbon 16th-century Portuguese Jesuits Portuguese Roman Catholic missionaries Roman Catholic missionaries in Japan Jesuit missionaries in Japan Portuguese male writers Japanologists 16th-century Portuguese writers Portuguese Renaissance writers Portuguese travel writers Portuguese expatriates in Japan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B0%20%ED%8F%B0%207
์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ 7
์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ 7()์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž„๋ฒ ๋””๋“œ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋”” ํฌ์ผ“ PC ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์ธ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋„ค์ž„์€ ํฌํ†ค(Photon)์ด๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 2010๋…„ 4์›” ๊ณต์‹ ๋ช…์นญ์—์„œ "์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ"๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ 7์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์šฉ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” 2010๋…„ 9์›” 16์ผ(ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 9์›” 17์ผ)์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 10์›” 11์ผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—๋Š” 10์›” 21์ผ, ๋ถ๋ฏธ๋Š” 11์›”์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ถŒ์€ 2011๋…„์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ง• ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ 1๋Œ€๋‹น ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค๋Š” 15๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ 7์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ARM v7 ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ ๋‹ค์ด๋ ‰ํŠธX API๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ ์ •์ „์‹ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํ„ฐ์น˜ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ™”์†Œ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋ธ”๋ฃจํˆฌ์Šค ์ง€์› ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด FM ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ A-GPS ๊ฐ€์†๋„ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ, ์ง€์ž๊ธฐ ์„ผ์„œ, ์กฐ๋„ ์„ผ์„œ, ์†Œํ˜• ์กฐ๋ช… ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ปค๋„ ๋ชจ๋“œ์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋„๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ BSP(Board Support Package)์™€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, BSP๋Š” ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์ œ์กฐ ์—…์ฒด์—์„œ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์™€ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ณ„์ธต์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ปค๋„๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ C#๊ณผ VB.NET (Silverlight 4.0, XNA 4.0)์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„์ฃผ์–ผ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค 2010์—์„œ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ 7์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜๋Š” ์—‘์Šค๋ฐ•์Šค ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ง„ํ–‰๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ, PC, ์—‘์Šค๋ฐ•์Šค์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€์›๋˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ๋Š” C#๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง€์›๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Managed Code๋งŒ์ด ์ง€์›๋˜์–ด Native API๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. C++ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์ง€์›๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ฃผ์–ผ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง ๋‹ท๋„ท ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ง€์›์€ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2010๋…„ 9์›” 22์ผ CTP๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ C#์šฉ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” RTM(์ •์‹๋ฒ„์ „)์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, VB.NET์šฉ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” CTP(๋ฒ ํƒ€)๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋น„์Šคํƒ€, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 7 ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, Visual Studio Express for Windows Phone ์™ธ์— Visual Studio 2010, Expression Blend 4์˜ ์• ๋“œ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค ์ถœ์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์™€ ์ถœ์‹œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ 7์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ 2010๋…„ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ด๋™ํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ „์‹œํšŒ์ธ `๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์›”๋“œ ์ฝฉ๊ทธ๋ž˜์Šค`(MWC)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 4์›”, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ฝ˜ํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์ธ MIX10์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 9์›” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋Š” ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ์‹œ์ค‘์— ๋‚˜์˜จ๊ฒƒ์€ 2010๋…„ 10์›” 11์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธํ‚ค์•„์™€์˜ ํ˜‘์•ฝ / ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœํ‘œ 2011๋…„ 2์›” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋Š” MWC11์—์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ์„ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฐ ํ›„, 4์›” ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ฝ˜ํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์ธ MIX11์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์ธ `๋ง๊ณ `๋ฅผ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €๋ฅผ IE9 ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €๋กœ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ์ผ“ํ†ต์‹ , ์ž์ด๋กœ์Šค์ฝ”ํ”„ ๋“ฑ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ์˜ ์ถœ์‹œ ํ›„ ๋ธ, HTC, LG, ์‚ผ์„ฑ๋“ฑ 4๊ฐœ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2011๋…„ 2์›” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ์œ ์œจ์ด ์ œ์ผ ๋†’์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋…ธํ‚ค์•„ ์™€์˜ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถœ์‹œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 2011๋…„ 12์›” 26์ผ ๋…ธํ‚ค์•„์˜ ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ์•„710์ด ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2011๋…„ 4์›” MIX11์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์ง€์›๊ณผ ์ถœ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋Š” 2011๋…„ 2์›” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ•‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด `๋ง๊ณ `๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ํ†ต์‹  3์‚ฌ(SKT, KT, U+)๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถœ์‹œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ผ“ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์€ 2011๋…„ 8์›”์— ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ถœ์‹œ ์ดํ›„ IDC๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ์ด 2011๋…„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์„ฑ์žฅ(Strong growth)ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2015๋…„์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ์œ ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€ํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 3์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ 7์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” 150๋งŒํšŒ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 36,000๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ผ“ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค(์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ์˜ ์•ฑ์Šคํ† ์–ด)์— ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— 1๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ์œ ์œจ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ธ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ 93%์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 6์›” 20์ผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ“ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค(Marketplace)์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ ์•ฑ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ 10๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ŒํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ ์„œ๋ฐ‹(Windows Phone Summit)์—์„œ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ ์œ ์œจ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 2011๋…„ 5์›” 19์ผ์˜ ๊ฐ€ํŠธ๋„ˆ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 2011๋…„ 1๋ถ„๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 3.6%์˜ ์ ์œ ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 8์›” 11์ผ์˜ ๊ฐ€ํŠธ๋„ˆ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด 2011๋…„ 2๋ถ„๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 1.6%์˜ ์ ์œ ์œจ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•‰์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ CE ์—‘์Šค๋ฐ•์Šค ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ How to ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์ง€์› ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ ๊ณต์‹ ํŒฌํŽ˜์ด์ง€ (ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ) ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํฐ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ C ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด C++ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Phone%207
Windows Phone 7
Windows Phone 7 is the first release of the Windows Phone mobile client operating system, released worldwide on October 21, 2010, and in the United States on November 8, 2010. It runs on the Windows CE 6.0 kernel. It received multiple large updates, the last being Windows Phone 7.8, which was released in January 2013 and added a few features backported from Windows Phone 8, such as a more customizable start screen. Microsoft ended support for Windows Phone 7 on January 8, 2013, and for Windows Phone 7.5 on October 14, 2014. It was succeeded by Windows Phone 8, which was released on October 29, 2012. History Microsoft officially unveiled the new operating system, Windows Phone 7 Series, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona on February 15, 2010, and revealed additional details at MIX 2010 on March 15, 2010. The final SDK was made available on September 16, 2010. HP later decided not to build devices for Windows Phone, citing that it wanted to focus on devices for its newly purchased webOS. As its original name was criticized for being too complex and "wordy", the name of the operating system was officially shortened to just Windows Phone 7 on April 2, 2010. On October 11, 2010, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the 10 launch devices for Windows Phone 7 with HTC, Dell, Samsung, and LG Support, with sales beginning on October 21, 2010 in Europe and Australia and November 8, 2010 in the United States. The devices were made available on 60 carriers in 30 countries, with additional devices to be launched in 2011. Upon the release of Windows Phone 7's "Mango" revision, additional manufacturers became partners, including Acer, Fujitsu, and ZTE. Windows Phone initially supported twenty-five languages, with applications being available through Windows Phone Store in 35 countries and regions. Support for additional languages and regions were subsequently brought through both the Mango and Tango updates to the OS respectively. Features Core Windows Phone 7 is the only version of Windows Phone that features the Windows CE kernel, which was also used in Windows Mobile and Pocket PC systems. User interface Windows Phone 7 features a user interface based on a design system codenamed and commonly referred to as Metro. The home screen, called "Start screen", is made up of "Live Tiles". Tiles are links to applications, features, functions and individual items (such as contacts, web pages, applications or media items). Users can add, rearrange, or remove tiles. Tiles are dynamic and update in real time โ€“ for example, the tile for an email account would display the number of unread messages or a tile could display a live update of the weather. Several key features of Windows Phone 7 are organized into "hubs", which combine local and online content via Windows Phone's integration with popular social networks such as Facebook, Windows Live, and Twitter. For example, the Pictures hub shows photos captured with the device's camera and the user's Facebook photo albums, and the People hub shows contacts aggregated from multiple sources including Windows Live, Facebook, and Gmail. From the Hub, users can directly comment and 'like' on social network updates. The other built-in hubs are Xbox Music and Video, Xbox Live Games, Windows Phone Store, and Microsoft Office. Due to Facebook Connect service changes, Facebook support is disabled in all bundled apps effective June 8, 2015. Windows Phone uses multi-touch technology. The default Windows Phone user interface has a dark theme that prolongs battery life on OLED screens as fully black pixels do not emit light. The user may choose a light theme instead, and can also choose from several accent colors. User interface elements such as tiles are shown in the user's chosen accent color. Third-party applications can be automatically themed with these colors. Text input Users input text by using an on-screen virtual keyboard, which has a dedicated key for inserting emoticons, and features spell checking and word prediction. App developers (both inhouse and ISV) may specify different versions of the virtual keyboard in order to limit users to certain character sets, such as numeric characters alone. Users may change a word after it has been typed by tapping the word, which will invoke a list of similar words. Pressing and holding certain keys will reveal similar characters. The keys are somewhat larger and spaced farther apart when in landscape mode. Phones may also be made with a hardware keyboard for text input. Messaging Windows Phone 7's messaging system is organized into "threads". This allows a conversation with a person to be held through multiple platforms (such as Windows Live Messenger, Facebook messaging, or SMS) within a single thread, dynamically switching between services depending on availability. Web browser Windows Phone 7.5 features a version of Internet Explorer Mobile with a rendering engine that is based on Internet Explorer 9. The built-in web browser allows the user to maintain a list of favorite web pages and tiles linking to web pages on the Start screen. The browser supports up to 6 tabs, which can all load in parallel. Other features include multi-touch gestures, a streamlined UI, smooth zoom in/out animations, the ability to save pictures that are on web pages, share web pages via email, and support for inline search which allows the user to search for a word or phrase in a web page by typing it. Microsoft has announced plans to regularly update the Windows Phone web browser and its layout engine independently from the Windows Phone Update system. Contacts Contacts are organized via the "People hub", and can be manually entered into contacts or imported from Facebook, Windows Live Contacts, Twitter, LinkedIn and Gmail. Contacts may be manually imported from Outlook using Windows Live Contacts or Gmail. A "What's New" section show news feed and a "Pictures" section show pictures from those social networks made by the contacts. A "Me" section show the phone user's own social networks status and wall, allow the user to update his status, and check into Bing and Facebook Places. Contacts can be added to the home screen by pinning them to the start. The contact's "Live Tile" displays his social network status and profile picture on the homescreen and the contact's hub displays his Facebook wall as well as all of the rest of his contact information and information from his other social networks. If a contact has information stored on multiple networks, users can link the two separate contact accounts, allowing the information to be viewed and accessed from a single card. As of Windows Phone 7.5, contacts can also be sorted into "Groups". Here, information from each of the contacts is combined into a single page which can be accessed directly from the Hub or pinned to the Start screen. Email Windows Phone supports Outlook.com, Exchange, Yahoo! Mail, and Gmail natively and supports many other services via the POP and IMAP protocols. For the native account types, contacts and calendars may be synced as well. Users can also search through their email by searching in the subject, body, senders, and receivers. Emails are shown in threading view and multiple email inboxes can be combined or kept separate. Multimedia The โ€œMusic + Videos hub also known as zuneโ€ allows the user to access music, videos, and podcasts stored on the device, and links directly to the "Xbox Music Store" to buy music, or rent with the Xbox Music Pass subscription service. When browsing the music by a particular artist, users are able to view artist biographies and photos, provided by the Xbox Music. This hub integrates with many other apps that provide video and music services, including, but not limited to, iHeartRadio, YouTube, and Vevo. This hub also includes Smart DJ which compiles a playlist of songs stored on the phone similar to the song or artist selected. Purchased movies and other videos can be played through Xbox Video. The "Pictures hub" displays the user's Facebook and SkyDrive (Now OneDrive) photo albums, as well as photos taken with the phone's built-in camera. Users can also upload photos to social networks, comment on others photos, and tag photos on social networks. Multi-touch gestures permit zooming in and out of photos. Media support Windows Phone 7 supports WAV, MP3, WMA, AMR, AAC/MP4/M4A/M4B, and 3GP/3G2 standards. The video file formats supported include WMV, AVI, MP4/M4V, 3GP/3G2, and MOV (QuickTime) standards. These supported audio and video formats would be dependent on the codecs contained inside them. It has also been previously reported that the DivX and Xvid codecs within AVI are also playable on the system. Unlike the previous Windows Mobile operating system, there are currently no third-party applications for handling other video formats. The image file formats that are supported include JPG/JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIF and Bitmap (BMP). After the "Mango" update, Windows Phone 7 added the ability for users to have custom ringtones. Ringtone audio files must be under 1MB and less than 40 seconds long. Custom ringtones still cannot be used for text messages, IMs or emails. Games The "Games hub" provides access to games on a phone along with Xbox Live functionality, including the ability for a user to interact with their avatar, view and edit their profile, see their achievements and view leaderboards, and send messages to friends on Xbox Live. The Games hub also features an area for managing invitations and turn notifications in turn-based multiplayer games. Search Microsoft's hardware requirements stipulate that every device running Windows Phone 7 must have a dedicated Search button on the front of the device that performs different actions. Pressing the search button while an application is open allows users to search within applications that take advantage of this feature; for example, pressing Search in the People hub lets users search their contact list for specific people. This has been changed in Windows Phone 7.5 however โ€“ as the search button is reserved for Bing โ€“ so applications that previously used this feature (such as the Marketplace) now include soft search buttons. In other cases, pressing the Search button will allow the user to perform a search of web sites, news, and map locations using the Bing application. Windows Phone also has a voice recognition function, powered by TellMe, which allows the user to perform a Bing search, call contacts or launch applications simply by speaking. This can be activated by pressing and holding the phone's Start button. Bing is the default search engine on Windows Phone handsets due to its deep integration of functions into the OS (which also include the utilization of its map service for location-based searches and queries). However, Microsoft has stated that other search engine applications can be used. Aside from location-based searches, Bing Maps on Windows Phone 7 also provide turn-by-turn navigation service to Windows Phone users, and Local Scout shows interest points such as attractions and restaurants in the nearby area. Bing Audio also allows the user to match a song with its name, while Bing Vision allows the user to read barcodes, QR codes, and tags. Office suite The "Office hub" organizes all Microsoft Office apps and documents. Microsoft Office Mobile provides interoperability between Windows Phone and the desktop version of Microsoft Office. Word Mobile, Excel Mobile, PowerPoint Mobile, OneNote Mobile, and SharePoint Workspace Mobile allow most Microsoft Office file formats to be viewed and edited directly on a Windows Phone device. Microsoft Office can also open files from SkyDrive and Office 365, as well as files stored locally on the phone. Office files on Windows Phone 7 are sorted by tiles: Word documents (blue tile), Excel spreadsheets (green tile), PowerPoint presentations (red tile), and OneNote documents (purple tile). Multitasking Windows Phone 7 features a card-based task switcher which can be accessed by pressing and holding the back button. The screenshots of last five open apps are shown as cards. Apps can be kept running even when out of view through "Live Agents". Sync Zune software is used to manage and sync content on Windows Phone 7 devices with PCs. Windows Phone 7 can wirelessly sync with the software. In addition to accessing Windows Phone devices, Zune software can also access the Zune Marketplace to purchase music, videos, and apps for Windows Phone and Zune products. While music and videos are both stored locally on the PC and on the phone, apps are only stored on the phone even if purchased from the Zune software. Zune software is also used to deliver software updates to all Windows Phone 7 devices. The Zune software is unavailable for Mac OS X, but Microsoft has released Windows Phone Connector, which allows Windows Phone devices to sync with iTunes and iPhoto. This has since been succeeded by the Windows Phone App, which is designed for Windows Phone 8 but can sync with Windows Phone 7 devices as well. Removed features While Windows Phone contains many new features, a number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of previous versions up to Windows Mobile 6.5 were removed or changed. The following is a list of features which were present in Windows Mobile 6.5 but were removed in Windows Phone 7.0. Calling The list of past phone calls is now a single list, and cannot be separated into inbound, outbound or missed calls Sync Windows Phone does not support USB sync with Microsoft Outlook's Calendar, Contacts, Tasks, and Notes as opposed to older versions of Windows Mobile with Desktop ActiveSync. Syncing Contacts and Appointments is done via cloud-based services (Windows Live, Google, or Exchange Server), and no method to sync this information directly with a PC is provided. Third party software, such as Akruto Sync, provides some of this functionality. A petition to Microsoft was filed to reinstate USB sync for Outlook. Other Adobe Flash Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 7.5 Internet sockets Cut, copy, and paste Partial multitasking for 3rd party apps Connecting to Wi-Fi (wireless) access points with hidden SSID, but without WPA Tethering to a computer Custom ringtones Universal email inbox USSD messages VoIP calling through a separate app Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 8.0 Removable SD cards USB mass-storage Bluetooth file transfers Connecting to Wi-Fi (wireless) access points with both a hidden SSID and WPA protection Sideloading for corporate apps VoIP and IP Videocalling integrated in the Phone app Support for Office documents with security permissions On-device encryption Strong passwords Full Exchange support Native applications Full background multitasking Features subsequently implemented in Windows Phone 8.1 IPsec security (VPN) System-wide file manager The 'Weekly' view in the Calendar app Universal search UMTS/LTE Videocalling Hardware To provide a more consistent experience between devices, Windows Phone 7 devices are required to meet a certain set of hardware requirements, which Andy Lees, Microsoft's senior vice president of mobile communications business, described as being "tough, but fair." All Windows Phone 7 devices, at minimum, must include the following: Previously, Windows Phone 7 devices were required to have 512 MB of RAM. As of the "Tango" update, the requirements were revised to allow for chipsets with slower processors, and for devices to have a minimum of 256 MB of RAM. Certain features of the operating system, and the ability to install certain resource-intensive apps are disabled on Windows Phone devices with under 512 MB of RAM. Version history Reception What Engadget and Gizmodo felt were notable omissions in a modern smartphone OS have largely been addressed in the Mango update. ZDNet praised the OS's virtual keyboard and noted the excellent touch precision as well as powerful auto-correct and revision software. The touch responsiveness of the OS has also been universally praised by all three sites with reviewers noting the smoothness of scrolling and gestures like pinch to zoom in web browsing. PCWorld ran an article called "Windows Phone 7: Microsoft's Disaster" citing what they call a "lack of security, shockingly bad Office apps, an interface not backed up under the hood and abandonment of the full Microsoft customer base." The reception to the "Metro" UI (also called Modern-Style UI) and overall interface of the OS has also been highly praised for its style, with ZDNet noting its originality and fresh clean look. Engadget and ZDNet applauded the integration of Facebook into the People Hub as well as other built-in capabilities, such as Windows Live, etc. Awards Windows Phone 7 was presented with a total of three awards at the 2011 International Design Excellence Awards, voted by an independent jury at an event co-sponsored by Microsoft, among others; Gold in Interactive Product Experience, Silver in Research and Bronze in the Design Strategy. "The Windows Phone 7 was built around the idea that the end user is king. The design team began by defining and understanding the people who would use this phone. It was convinced that there could be a better user experience for a phone, one that revolves more around who the users are rather than what they do. The Windows Phone 7 lets users quickly get in, get out and back to their lives." At the awards ceremony, Windows Phone 7 was given "the noteworthy People's Choice Award, an award handed to the favorite IDEA 2011 gold award winner." See also Windows Phone 8.0 Windows Phone 8.1 Windows 10 Mobile List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices List of features removed in Windows Vista List of features removed in Windows 7 List of features removed in Windows 8 Notes References External links Official website (Archive) Windows Phone 7 for government Windows Phone Products and services discontinued in 2013 Smartphone operating systems
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%86%8C%20%28%EC%86%8C%EC%86%A1%29
๋ฐ˜์†Œ (์†Œ์†ก)
๋ฐ˜์†Œ(ๅ่จด, , )๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ๊ณ„์† ์ค‘์— ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์›๊ณ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฒฌ๋ จ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ‘์ด ์„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „์˜ ๋งค๋งค๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ „์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„์€ ๊ฐ‘์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ „์„ ์ธ๋„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ A์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์ธ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ฌํŒ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์š”๊ฑด ๋ณธ์†Œ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋œ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์†Œ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์–ด์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์†Œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์—ฌ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ถ€์กด์žฌ์˜ ํ™•์ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์‹ ์ฒญ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ ๊ทน์  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์ด์ต์ด ์—†์–ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋œ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ์— ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์†Œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์†Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์‹ฌ ๋ณ€๋ก ์ข…๊ฒฐ ์ „์ผ ๊ฒƒ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ณ€๋ก  ์ข…๊ฒฐ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณธ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ฒ•์›์— ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ข…์ ˆ์ฐจ์—์„œ ์‹ฌํŒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์ „์†๊ด€ํ• ์ด ์•„๋‹ ๊ฒƒ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋Š” ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ธ์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋ณธ์†Œ์˜ ์†Œ์†ก๊ณ„์†์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์›๊ณ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋ฐ˜์†Œ ์—๋น„์  ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋งค๋Œ€๊ธˆ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์šฉ๋  ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค๋งค๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ธ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณธ์†Œ์˜ ์ธ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ i) ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ทจํ•˜, ๊ฐํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋„ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ii) ๋ณธ์†Œ์ธ์šฉ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค iii) ์ œ1์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์†Œ์˜ ์ด์ต์ด ์—†์Œ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์›๊ณ ์˜ ๋ณธ์†Œ์™€ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐํ•˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›๊ณ ๋งŒ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ณต ํ•ญ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋„ ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด์‹ฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌํŒ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋Š” ๋ณธ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์šฉ๋  ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ด๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ญ์†Œ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์›๊ณ ์˜ ํ•ญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ ์›๊ณ ์˜ ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์šฉํ•œ ์ด์ƒ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํŒ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์ด๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์†Œ์‹ฌ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ ํ•ญ์†Œ์‹ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ธ‰์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ํ•ดํ•  ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋™์˜ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ด์˜์—†๋Š” ์‘์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ธ‰์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ํ•ดํ•  ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ํ™•์ธ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ, ๋ณธ์†Œ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์›์ธ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์†Œ, ์ œ1์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์Ÿ์ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ, ํ•ญ์†Œ์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋™์˜ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ด์˜์—†๋Š” ์‘์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณธ์†Œ์™€ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์›์ธ์ด ๋™์ผํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์›์ธ์ด ๋™์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์›์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณธ์†Œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์†Œ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ณ€์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์›์ธ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ƒ ๊ณตํ†ต์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์ œ๊ธฐ์‹œ ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ์ œ์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ์ ๋ฒ•ํ•ด์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ์ต์  ์š”๊ฑด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์˜ ์—†์ด ์‘์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋Š” ์ ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ, ์ด์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ•˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋ก€ ์†Œ์†ก์š”๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ๋ฒ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ๋ณธ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ›„์— ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์†ก์š”๊ฑด์— ํ ๊ฒฐ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€์ ๋ฒ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ,์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๋ฌด์˜ ๋ถ€์กด์žฌํ™•์ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ด์ต์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณธ์†Œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํ™•์ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ„๋ฌด์˜ ์ดํ–‰์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ •๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์ธ์˜ ์ด์ต์ด ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ ๋ฒ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก๋ฒ• ์ œ271์กฐ๋Š” ๋ณธ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ทจํ•˜๋œ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์›๊ณ ์˜ ๋™์˜ ์—†์ด ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ณธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์ดˆ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ธฐํŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด,์œ„ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ •๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์ธ์˜ ์ด์ต์ด ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค ํ”ผ๊ณ ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋Š” ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌํŒ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ1์‹ฌ์ด ์›๊ณ ์˜ ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™ํ•œ ์ด์ƒ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋Š” ์ œ1์‹ฌ์˜ ์‹ฌํŒ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹ฌํŒ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ1์‹ฌ์ด ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ œ1์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐํ•˜๋œ ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์›์‹ฌ์˜ ์‹ฌํŒ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์›์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์›๊ณ ์˜ ํ•ญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ ์›๊ณ ์˜ ๋ณธ์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์šฉํ•œ ์ด์ƒ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋ฐ˜์†Œ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํŒ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์ด๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ p 715, ๋ฐ•์Šน์ˆ˜, ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก๋ฒ• ์—ฐ์Šต, 2013. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก๋ฒ•
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterclaim
Counterclaim
In a court of law, a party's claim is a counterclaim if one party asserts claims in response to the claims of another. In other words, if a plaintiff initiates a lawsuit and a defendant responds to the lawsuit with claims of their own against the plaintiff, the defendantโ€™s claims are โ€œcounterclaims.โ€ Examples of counterclaims include: After a bank has sued a customer for an unpaid debt, the customer counterclaims (sues back) against the bank for fraud in procuring the debt. The court will sort out the different claims in one lawsuit (unless the claims are severed). Two cars collide. After one person sues for damage to his/her car and personal injuries, the defendant counterclaims for similar property damage and personal injury claims. United States In U.S. federal courts, counterclaims can arise on various occasions, including e.g.: an attempt by the defendant to offset or reduce the amount/implications of the plaintiff's claim; a different claim by the defendant against the plaintiff; a claim by an impleaded third-party defendant against the original defendant acting as a third-party plaintiff; a claim by any party against another party who has made a crossclaim against them Counterclaims v. crossclaims Dependent upon the location of where the lawsuit was originated, the defending party has a period of time to file a countersuit, also known as a counterclaim, against the claiming party. This is a direct claim from the defending party against the party who initiated the lawsuit for concurrent claims, including being wrongfully sued. A crossclaim is a pleading made against a party who is a co-defendant or co-plaintiff. A crossclaim is against anyone who is "on the same side of the lawsuit". An example of this is a manufacturing company who ships their product through a third-party transportation company to the buyer. Upon the products being inspected by the buyer, the buyer finds that the product has been damaged in shipping and refuses to pay. If the manufacturer sued the buyer, the buyer would serve an answer with a denial that the buyer owed money to the manufacturer and a crossclaim to the shipping company to compensate for the damages. Compulsory v. permissive Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), counterclaims are either compulsory or permissive. Permissive counterclaims comprise "any claim that is not compulsory." Such claims may be brought, but no rights are waived if they are not. Courts rarely give permissive counterclaims the necessary supplemental jurisdiction to be brought. A claim is a compulsory counterclaim if, at the time of serving the pleading, the counterclaim "arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party's claim," AND the counterclaim "does not require adding another party over whom the court cannot acquire jurisdiction," AND "when the action was commenced, the [otherwise mandatory counterclaim] was [not] the subject of another pending action," AND EITHER the opposing party sued on its claim by a process that established personal jurisdiction over the pleader on that claim, (i.e., NOT by a process such as attachment) OR (if personal jurisdiction was not established over the pleader), the pleader asserts some other mandatory counterclaim. This last (fourth) requirement is explained in the official notes as follows: If the counterclaim is compulsory, it must be brought in the current action or it is waived and lost forever. Various tests have been proposed for when a counterclaim arises from the same transaction or occurrence, including same issues of fact and law, use of the same evidence, and logical relation between the claims. See also :fr:Demande incidente: about all kinds of claims that don't open a new suit References Civil law (common law)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%85%B8%EB%85%B8%20%EB%8B%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%AC%B4%EB%9D%BC
์˜ค๋…ธ๋…ธ ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ
์˜ค๋…ธ๋…ธ ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ(, 802๋…„ ~ 853๋…„)๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ, ํ•™์ž, ์‹œ์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ •์˜ ๊ด€์ง์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฌ๋‹น์‚ฌ์—๋„ ๋‹ค๋…€์™”๋‹ค. ์‹œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŽธ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ ฅ ์—”๋žด์ฟ (ๅปถๆšฆ) 21๋…„(802๋…„)์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋‹Œ(ๅผ˜ไป) 6๋…„(815๋…„)์— ๋ฌด์“ฐ๋…ธ์นด๋ฏธ(้™ธๅฅฅๅฎˆ)๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ(ๅฒ‘ๅฎˆ)๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌด์“ฐ๊ตญ(้™ธๅฅฅๅ›ฝ)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์˜ˆ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ๋’ค์—๋„ ํ•™๋ฌธ์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ํž˜์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ใ€Œํ•œ์‹œ(ๆผข่ฉฉ)์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋…(ไพ่ฎ€)๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋‚ธ ๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์–ด์ฐŒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ถ๋งˆ(ๅผ“้ฆฌ)์˜ ์‚ฌ(ๅฃซ)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹จ ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€?ใ€๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ(ๅตฏๅณจๅคฉ็š‡)์˜ ํƒ„์‹์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•™๋ฌธ์— ๋œป์„ ๋‘์–ด ๊ณ ๋‹Œ 13๋…„(822๋…„)์— ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ƒ์‹œ(ๆ–‡็ซ ็”Ÿ่ฉฆ)์— ๊ธ‰์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ด์ดˆ(ๅคฉ้•ท) ์›๋…„(824๋…„)์— ์ˆœ์ฐฐํƒ„์ •(ๅทกๅฏŸๅฝˆๆญฃ)์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜๊ณ , ํƒ„์ •์†Œ์ถฉ(ๅฝˆๆญฃๅฐ‘ๅฟ )ใƒป๋Œ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ(ๅคงๅ†…่จ˜)ใƒป๊ตฌ๋ž€๋„(่”ตไบบ)๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ด์ดˆ 9๋…„(832๋…„)์—๋Š” ์ข…5์œ„ํ•˜ใƒป๋‹ค์ž์ด๋…ธ์‡ผ๋‹ˆ(ๅคงๅฎฐๅฐ‘ๅผ)๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ด์ดˆ 7๋…„(830๋…„)์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์• ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทผ์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™œ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์ณ ๋ชธ์„ ์ƒํ•  ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ด์ดˆ 10๋…„(833๋…„)์— ๋‹Œ๋ฌ˜ ์ฒœํ™ฉ(ไปๆ˜Žๅคฉ็š‡)์ด ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•˜์ž ํ™ฉํƒœ์ž ์“ฐ๋„ค์‚ฌ๋‹ค ์นœ์™•(ๆ’่ฒž่ฆช็Ž‹)์˜ ๋™๊ถํ•™์‚ฌ(ๆฑๅฎฎๅญธๅฃซ)๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์–ด ํƒ„์ •์†Œํ•„(ๅฝˆๆญฃๅฐ‘ๅผผ)์„ ๊ฒธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฒ•๋ น ํ•ด์„์„œ ใ€Š์˜์˜ํ•ดใ€‹(ไปค็พฉ่งฃ)์˜ ํŽธ์ฐฌ์—๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์„œ๋ฌธ(ๅบๆ–‡)์„ ์ง“๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์™€(ๆ‰ฟๅ’Œ) ์›๋…„(834๋…„)์— ๊ฒฌ๋‹น๋ถ€์‚ฌ(้ฃๅ”ๅ‰ฏไฝฟ)๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜๊ณ , ์กฐ์™€ 2๋…„(835๋…„)์— ์ข…5์œ„์ƒ, ์กฐ์™€ 3๋…„(836๋…„)์— ์ •5์œ„ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋“ฑ ์Šน์ง„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์™€ 3๋…„๊ณผ 4๋…„(837๋…„) ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋„๋‹น(ๆธกๅ”) ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ , ์กฐ์™€ 5๋…„(838๋…„)์— ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญํ•ด์—์„œ ๊ฒฌ๋‹น๋Œ€์‚ฌ(้ฃๅ”ๅคงไฝฟ) ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ์“ฐ๋„ค์“ฐ๊ตฌ(่—คๅŽŸๅธธๅ—ฃ)๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํƒ”๋˜ ์ œ1์„ ์ด ์†์ƒ๋˜์–ด ๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ œ2์„ ์„ ์ œ1์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๋„ค์“ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ใ€Œ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฆฌ์— ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚œ ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์—ผ์น˜๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹จ ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€ใ€๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์˜, ๊ธ‰๊ธฐ์•ผ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋Š™์€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋ด‰์–‘์„ ํ•‘๊ณ„๋กœ ์Šน์„  ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค(๊ฒฌ๋‹น์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  6์›”์— ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„œ๋‹ค). ๊ฒฌ๋‹น์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ’์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ •์„ ๋น„๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ํ•œ์‹œ ใ€Ž์„œ๋„์š”ใ€(่ฅฟ้“่ฌก)๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ(ไธŠ็š‡)์˜ ๋…ธ์—ฌ์›€์„ ์‚ฌ์„œ 12์›”์— ๊ด€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜คํ‚ค(้š ๅฒ)๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฐ๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฐฐ ๋„์ค‘์— ์ง€์€ 7์–ธ 10์šด์˜ ํ•œ์‹œ ใ€Ž์ ํ–‰์Œใ€(่ฌซ่กŒๅŸ)์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ๋ฉ‹์ด ์šฐ์•„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋œป์ด ๊นŠ๋‹ค ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น์‹œ ํ•œ์‹œ์— ํ†ต๋‹ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์Š์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์™€ 7๋…„(840๋…„)์— ์‚ฌ๋ฉด๋˜์–ด ์ˆ˜๋„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์—๋Š” ๊ธ€์žฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ •5์œ„ํ•˜ ๊ด€์œ„๋„ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜•๋ถ€์†Œ๋ณด(ๅˆ‘้ƒจๅฐ‘่ผ”)์— ์ž„๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์™€ 9๋…„(842๋…„)์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์กฐ์™€์˜ ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์น˜์•ผ์Šค ์นœ์™•(้“ๅบท่ฆช็Ž‹, ํ›—๋‚ ์˜ ๋ชฌํ† ์ฟ  ์ฒœํ™ฉ)์ด ํ™ฉํƒœ์ž๋กœ ์„ธ์›Œ์ง€์ž ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋™๊ถํ•™์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์–ด ์‹๋ถ€์†Œ๋ณด(ๅผ้ƒจๅฐ‘่ผ”)๋„ ๊ฒธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์™€ 12๋…„(845๋…„)์— ์ข…4์œ„ํ•˜ ๊ตฌ๋ž€๋„๋…ธ์นด๋ฏธ(่”ตไบบ้ ญ), 13๋…„(846๋…„)์— ๊ณค๋…ธ์‚ฌ์†Œ๋ฒค(ๆจฉๅทฆไธญๅผ)์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์‚ฌ์†Œ๋ฒค(ๅทฆไธญๅผ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์š”์ง์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณค๋…ธ์‚ฌ์†Œ๋ฒค์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ์‹ฌ์˜์ค‘์ด๋˜ ์„ ๊ฐœ์†Œ์†ก์‚ฌ๊ฑด(ๅ–„ๆ„ท่จด่จŸไบ‹ไปถ)์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ณ€๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€์ •์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ€๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ฐ–์˜ ์žฌํŒ์„ ๋งก์€ ์ด์ƒ ๊ณต๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๋กœ์ด ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ ์†Œ๋ฒค(ๅณๅฐ‘ๅผ) ๋„๋ชจ๋…ธ ์š”์‹œ์˜ค(ไผดๅ–„็”ท)์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด, ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ณ€๊ด€๋“ค์ด ํƒ„ํ•ต๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ์ž์‹ ์€ ํ›„์— ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ด๋•Œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ›„ํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์™€ 14๋…„(847๋…„)์— ์‚ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์–ด ๊ตฌ๊ต(ๅ…ฌๅฟ) ๋ฐ˜์—ด์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ํ›—๋‚  ์˜์ •๊ด€(่ญฐๆ”ฟๅฎ˜)์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํƒ„์ •๋Œ€ํ•„(ๅผพๆญฃๅคงๅผผ)ใƒป์‚ฌ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒค(ๅทฆๅคงๅผ)ใƒป๋ฐ˜์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ „์‚ฌ์žฅ๊ด€(็ญๅฑฑๅŸŽ็”ฐไฝฟ้•ทๅฎ˜)ใƒป๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์œ ์‹œ(ๅ‹˜่งฃ็”ฑไฝฟ) ์žฅ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฒธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์กฐ(ๅ˜‰็ฅฅ) 2๋…„(849๋…„)์— ์ข…4์œ„ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ํ•ด 5์›”์— ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ง์„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์กฐ 3๋…„(850๋…„)์— ๋ชฌํ† ์ฟ  ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ด ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •4์œ„ํ•˜ ๊ด€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹Œ์ฅฌ(ไปๅฃฝ) 2๋…„(852๋…„)์— ๋ณ‘๋“  ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒค์— ๋ณต์งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž…๊ถ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณ‘์ด ๊นŠ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ด ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋ณ‘์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ณดํƒœ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 12์›”์—๋Š” ์™€๋ณ‘ ์ค‘์— ์ €ํƒ์—์„œ ์ข…3์œ„ ์„œ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ์–ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 12์›” 22์ผ(์–‘๋ ฅ 2์›” 3์ผ), ํ–ฅ๋…„ 51์„ธ. ์ตœ์ข… ๊ด€์œ„๋Š” ์‚ฐ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒค ์ข…3์œ„์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตํ† ์‹œ(ไบฌ้ƒฝๅธ‚) ๊ธฐํƒ€๊ตฌ(ๅŒ—ๅŒบ)์˜ ๋ฌด๋ผ์‚ฌํ‚ค๋…ธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๊ณ ์‡ผ๋‹ค ์ •(็ดซ้‡Ž่ฅฟๅพกๆ‰€็”ฐ็”บ)์˜ ์‹œ๋งˆ์ฆˆ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ(ๅณถๆดฅ่ฃฝไฝœๆ‰€) ๋ฌด๋ผ์‚ฌํ‚ค๋…ธ ๊ณต์žฅ(็ดซ้‡Žๅทฅๅ ด) ํ•œ๋ชจํ‰์ด์— ๊ทธ ๋ฌ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๋ฌด๋ผ์‚ฌํ‚ค ์‹œํ‚ค๋ถ€(็ดซๅผ้ƒจ)์˜ ๋ฌ˜์†Œ๋„ ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฌผ ์œจ๋ น ํ•ด์„์„œ์ธ ใ€Ž์˜์˜ํ•ด(ไปค็พฉ่งฃ)ใ€ ํŽธ์ฐฌ์—๋„ ๊นŠ์ด ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ช…๋ฒ•๋„(ๆ˜Žๆณ•้“) ์ฆ‰ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ๋ฐ์•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ฌด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•œ์‹œ๋ฌธ(ๆผข่ฉฉๆ–‡)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹น์˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ ๋ฐฑ๊ฑฐ์ด(็™ฝๅฑ…ๆ˜“)์™€ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ 3๋Œ€ ์น™์ฐฌ(ๅ‹…ๆ’ฐ) ํ•œ์‹œ์ง‘์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ตด์ง€์˜ ์‹œ์ธ์œผ๋กœ, ใ€Ž๊ฒฝ๊ตญ์ง‘(็ตŒๅ›ฝ้›†)ใ€, ใ€Ž๋ถ€์ƒ์ง‘(ๆ‰ถๆก‘้›†)ใ€, ใ€Ž๋ณธ์กฐ๋ฌธ์ทจ(ๆœฌๆœๆ–‡็ฒ‹)ใ€, ใ€Žํ™”ํ•œ๋‚ญ์˜์ง‘(ๅ’Œๆผขๆœ—่ฉ ้›†)ใ€์— ๊ทธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์‹ค๋ ค ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์™€์นด(ๅ’ŒๆญŒ)์—๋„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ใ€Ž๊ณ ํ‚จ์™€์นด์Šˆ(ๅคไปŠๅ’ŒๆญŒ้›†)ใ€์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์™€์นด๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์˜ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์ฐฌ๋œ ์™€์นด์ง‘์—๋„ 14์ˆ˜์˜ ์™€์นด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ใ€Ž๋…ธ์ƒ๊ณต์ง‘(้‡Ž็›ธๅ…ฌ้›†)ใ€(5๊ถŒ)์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ์‹œ๋Œ€(้ŽŒๅ€‰ๆ™‚ไปฃ)๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ํ•ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์™€์นด ๋„“์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ 80๊ฐœ ๋„์„œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋…€์™€์„œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ•ด์ฃผ์˜ค. ๋‚š์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ.ใ‚ใŸใฎๅŽŸ ๅ…ซๅๅณถใ‹ใ‘ใฆ ใ“ใŽใ„ใงใฌใจ ไบบใซใฏใคใ’ใ‚ˆ ใ‚ใพใฎใคใ‚Š่ˆŸ ์ผํ™” ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐค๋งˆ๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์˜ฅ์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์—ผ๋ผ๋Œ€์™•์˜ ์žฌํŒ์„ ๋ณด์ขŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์šฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ตํ†  ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ›—์‡ผ์‚ฌ(็ฆ็”Ÿๅฏบ)์™€ ๊ตํ†  ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์˜ ๋กœ์ฟ ๋„์ง„๊ณ ์‚ฌ(ๅ…ญ้“็็š‡ๅฏบ)์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ์ ˆ์€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์œก๋„(ๅ…ญ้“)๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ›—์‡ผ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ํ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋กœ์ฟ ๋„์ง„๊ณ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ผ๋ผ๋Œ€์™•๋‹น์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ผ๋ผ๋Œ€์™•์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ์•ˆ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ† ์‹œ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ค ์˜†์— ๋ฌด๋ผ์‚ฌํ‚ค ์‹œํ‚ค๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ค์€, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์• ์š•์„ ์†Œ์„ค๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃ„๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์˜ฅ์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์—ผ๋ผ๋Œ€์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์„ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ณค์ž์ฟ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ง‘ใ€‹(ไปŠๆ˜”็‰ฉ่ชž้›†)์˜ ใ€Œ์˜ค๋…ธ๋…ธ ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ •(ๆƒ…)์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์–ด ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์‚ฐ์กฐ ๋Œ€์‹ (่ฅฟไธ‰ๆกๅคง่‡ฃ)์„ ๋„์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€์—๋Š”, ๋ณ‘์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ผ๋ผ์ฒญ(้–ป้ญ”ๅปณ) ์•ž์— ๋ถˆ๋ ค๊ฐ„ ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ์š”์‹œ๋ฏธ(่—คๅŽŸ่‰ฏ็›ธ)๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ์ฃผ์„  ๋•๋ถ„์— ์†Œ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š์šฐ์ง€์Šˆ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€‹(ๅฎ‡ๆฒปๆ‹พ้บ็‰ฉ่ชž) ๋“ฑ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ ๋•Œ์— ํ™ฉ๊ถ์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์จ๋‘” ใ€Œ๋ฌด์•…์„ ใ€(็„กๆ‚ชๅ–„)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚™์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์€ ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ค์ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ใ€Œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€(ๆ‚ช) ๋‚˜์ฟ ๋ฐ”(็„กใใฐ) ์š”์ผ„(ๅ–„ใ‘ใ‚“)ใ€์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์•…์„ ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋กœ ใ€Œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์นด๋ผ๋ฐ”์š”์นด๋ž€ใ€(ๆ‚ชใชใ‹ใ‚‰ใฐๅ–„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚“) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฌด์•…(็„กๆƒก)์€ '์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์‹œ'๋กœ ์ฝ์–ด์„œ '์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ๋‚˜์œ', '๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ใ€Œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋„คใ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ฒœํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์€ ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ์ž๋ผ๋„ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๊ณ  ใ€Œ์ฝ”(ๅญ)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ์—ด๋‘ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์จ์„œ ์ฝ์œผ๋ผใ€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ใ€Œ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์ƒˆ๋ผ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๊ณ ์–‘์ด, ์‚ฌ์ž ์ƒˆ๋ผ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ž(็Œซใฎๅญใฎๅญ็Œซใ€็…ๅญใฎๅญใฎๅญ็…ๅญ)ใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด์—ฌ์„œ ๋ฌด์‚ฌํžˆ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค(ํ•œ์ž ๅญ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋กœ '์ฝ”' ๋˜๋Š” '์‹œ'๋กœ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฐ€ํƒ€๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ '๋„ค'๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ํ•œ์ž ๅญ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค). ์•„์ง ์ผ๋ณธ์— ใ€Š๋ฐฑ์”จ๋ฌธ์ง‘ใ€‹(็™ฝๆฐๆ–‡้›†)์ด ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฐ–์— ์ „ํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋ฌด๋ ต, ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ด ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฑ๊ฑฐ์ด(็™ฝๅฑ…ๆ˜“)์˜ ์‹œ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ธ€์ž๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋”๋‹ˆ, ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ด ๊ณ ์นœ ๊ทธ ํ•œ ๊ธ€์ž๋งŒ ๋นผ๊ณ  ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค(๋ฐฑ๊ฑฐ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฌ๋‹น์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์— ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค). ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋ณต ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ใ€Š๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€‹(็ฏ็‰ฉ่ชž)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์“ฐ๋…ธ์นด๋ฏธ๋กœ ์žฌ์ž„ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ์กฐ์™€ 9๋…„(842๋…„)์— ๋‹ค์ผ€์ฝ”๋งˆ ์‹ ์‚ฌ(็ซน้ง’็ฅž็คพ)๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ ๋กœ์ฟ ๋„์ง„๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค์นด๋ฌด๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ์„ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 802๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 853๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์˜ค๋…ธ์”จ ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ท€์กฑ ์˜ค๊ตฌ๋ผ ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ผ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญํ•™์ž ์•„ํ‚ค๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์ธ ๊ฒฌ๋‹น์‚ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์‹ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ono%20no%20Takamura
Ono no Takamura
, also known as , was a Japanese calligrapher and poet of the early Heian period. Life Takamura was a descendant of Ono no Imoko who served as Kenzuishi, and his father was Ono no Minemori. He was the grandfather of Ono no Michikaze, one of the . In 834 he was appointed to Kentลshi, but in 838 after a quarrel with the envoy, Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu, he gave up his professional duties pretending to be ill, and attracted the ire of retired Emperor Saga, who sent him to Oki Province. Within two years he regained the graces of the court and returned to the capital where he was promoted to Sangi. Takamura is the subject of a number of odd stories and legends. One of the most singular of these legends is the claim that every night he would climb down a well to hell and help in his . In Sataku, Kyoto, there is a grave said to belong to Takamura. Near that grave is a grave marked Murasaki Shikibu, with a legend that it was placed there by the devil himself as punishment for for which Murasaki Shikibu descended to hell. Takamura in later literature Takamura features in several later setsuwa works such as the Ujishลซi Monogatari and the Takamura Monogatari. Ujishลซi Monogatari In Ujishลซi Monogatari there is the following story about Takamura that illustrates his wit. One day in the palace of Saga Tennล, someone erected a scroll with the writing "็„กๆ‚ชๅ–„" (NO EVIL GOODNESS). No one in the palace was able to decipher its meaning. The emperor then ordered Takamura to read it and he responded:"," reading the character for as "Saga" to indicate Saga Tennล. The emperor was incensed at his audacity and proclaimed that because only Takamura was able to read the scroll, he must have been the one who put it up in the first place. However, Takamura pleaded his innocence, saying that he was simply deciphering the meaning of the scroll. The emperor said, "Oh, so you can decipher any writing, can you?" and asked Takamura to read a row of twelve characters for : "ๅญๅญๅญๅญๅญๅญๅญๅญๅญๅญๅญๅญ". Takamura immediately responded: , using the variant readings ne, ko, shi, ji for the character (ๅญ). This translates to "the cat's young kitten, the lion's young cub" or with annotations:"the young of , and the young of , ." The emperor was amused by Takamura's wit and withdrew the accusation. Takamura Monogatari Takamura is the main character in the tale Takamura Monogatari, where he has a romantic affair with his half-sister. The work's date is heavily disputed, and few scholars take it to be historically reliable. Descendants While people such as Ono no Michikaze are Takamura's direct descendants, he also had several spiritual descendants among the Samurai. In particular, several Samurai names such as , , , can be traced to Takamura. Representative poems One of his poems is included as No. 11 in Fujiwara no Teika's Ogura Hyakunin Isshu: Takamura contributed six poems to the Kokin Wakashลซ: #335, 407, 829, 845, 936, and 961. Works related to Takamura See also Japanese literature References Bibliography Katagiri Yลichi 2009 (2nd ed.; 1st ed. 2005). Kokin Wakashลซ. Tokyo: Kinuma Shoin. McMillan, Peter 2010 (1st ed. 2008). One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each. New York: Columbia University Press. Suzuki Hideo, Yamaguchi Shin'ichi, Yoda Yasushi 2009 (1st ed. 1997). Genshoku: Ogura Hyakunin Isshu. Tokyo: Bun'eidล. 802 births 853 deaths 9th-century Japanese calligraphers 9th-century Japanese poets Deified Japanese people Hyakunin Isshu poets
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90%202013
ํ•™๊ต 2013
ใ€Šํ•™๊ต 2013ใ€‹์€ 2012๋…„ 12์›” 3์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„ 1์›” 28์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ KBS 2TV์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ œ ๊ต์œก ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Šํ•™๊ต ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆใ€‹์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต ํญ๋ ฅยท๊ต๊ถŒ ์ถ”๋ฝยท์„ฑ์  ๋“ฑ ๊ต์œก ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ ์ง™์€ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•™๊ต ํญ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์šฐ๋ ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋˜์–ด ใ€Šํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ๋Š” ๊ฝƒใ€‹()์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ/์ œ์ž‘ ์ง€์› KBS2 'ํ•™๊ต' ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ 2013๋…„ ๋ฒ„์ „ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ต์œก ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ•™๊ต ์ดฌ์˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œจ์ฒœ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ, ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ์žฅ๋‚˜๋ผ : ์ •์ธ์žฌ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ด์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ด๋‹น ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์€ ๊ตญ์–ด๋‹ค. ์—ด์ •์€ ๋„˜์น˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ์˜์•…ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ๋ฒˆ์ด ํœ˜๋‘˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•™์ƒ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์•ˆ์ค‘์—๋„ ์—†์ด ์ง„๋„ ๋นผ๊ธฐ์—๋งŒ ๊ธ‰๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์„ธ์ฐฌ(์ตœ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜)๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ : ๊ฐ•์„ธ์ฐฌ ์—ญ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์—์„œ ์ž˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋˜ ์Šคํƒ€๊ฐ•์‚ฌ. ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•๊ณ ์•ก๊ณผ์™ธ์— ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ •์ธ์žฌ(์žฅ๋‚˜๋ผ)์™€ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ๊ณต๋™๋‹ด์ž„์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ 2% ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ทธ๋…€์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ง๋นจ๊ณผ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ๋กœ ๋ค๋ฒผ๋“œ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋‹จ๋ฒˆ์— ์ œ์••ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ•™์ƒ์ง€๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„  ์ธ์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•œ์ˆ˜์œ„. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ ์ฐจ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋™ํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ข…์„ : ๊ณ ๋‚จ์ˆœ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜์žฅ. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ํฅ์ˆ˜์™€๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ‹€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์„ธ์˜ : ์†กํ•˜๊ฒฝ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฐ˜์žฅ. ๊น€์šฐ๋นˆ : ๋ฐ•ํฅ์ˆ˜ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜์˜ ์œ ๊ธ‰ ์ „ํ•™์ƒ, ์ „์„ค์˜ ์ผ์งฑ, ํ‚ค ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ชธ ์ข‹๊ณ  ์ธ์ƒ ํ—˜์•…ํ•œ๋ฐ๋‹ค ๋‚˜์ด๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜•๋‹˜ ์ „ํ•™์ƒ. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„์—์„œ ์„œ์šธ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ 5๋ฒˆ์”ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ฎ๊ธด ํ•™๊ต ์‡ผํ•‘์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ฃผ๋จน๋„ ๊นก๋„ ์„ธ๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ณ , ์ž”์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋ฌต์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์‹ฌํ•ด ๋ณด์ž„. ํšจ์˜ : ์ด๊ฐ•์ฃผ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜์—” ๋‚จ์ž , ์—ฌ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊นก์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์„ ๋จธ์Šด์•„ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ. ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฏธ : ์ž„์ •์ˆ˜ ์—ญ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์žฅ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ ์ „์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ต 1์œ„๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ „์„ค๊ต์žฅ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜. ์ดํ•œ์œ„ : ์šฐ์ˆ˜์ฒ  ์—ญ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต๊ฐ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์žฅ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด๋‹ค. ์—„ํšจ์„ญ : ์—„๋Œ€์›… ์—ญ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2ํ•™๋…„ ๋ถ€์žฅ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ช… ์—„ํฌ์Šค. ์œค์ฃผ์ƒ : ์กฐ๋ด‰์ˆ˜ ์—ญ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒด์œก์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ฐฌ์˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ค์˜์‹ค : ์œ ๋‚œํฌ ์—ญ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋•Œ ์ •์„ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ทน์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์—ด์ • ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ 3๋…„์ „ ์ฒด๋ฒŒํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๋‹นํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ชจ๋“  ํฌ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†“์•„๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒ๋‚จํฌ : ๊ถŒ๋‚จํฌ ์—ญ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์–ด์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ณผ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์กด๋Œ“๋ง์„ ์“ฐ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๊น€์—ฐ์•„ : ๊น€์—ฐ์•„ ์—ญ ์˜ฌํ•ด ์ฒซ ๋ฐœ๋ น๋ฐ›์€ ์‹ ์ธ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณผํ•™์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์›์„ : ๊น€๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ์—ญ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜์–ด์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด๋‹ค. ์•ˆํ˜œ๊ฒฝ : ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ต์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์„ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์นœ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ ๊ณฝ์ •์šฑ : ์˜ค์ •ํ˜ธ ์—ญ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ 2. ์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ง„์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ฐฝ์—ฝ : ๊น€๋ฏผ๊ธฐ ์—ญ ๊ณต๋ถ€ ์ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šด๋™ ์ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†€๊ธฐ๋„ ์ž˜ ๋…ธ๋Š” 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ. ์ด์ง€ํ›ˆ : ์ด์ง€ํ›ˆ ์—ญ ์ผ์ง„ ์˜ค์ •ํ˜ธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋‚˜ ํ›„์— ๋ฐ˜์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ดด๋กญํžŒ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ด๊ฒฝ : ์ด์ด๊ฒฝ ์—ญ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹ค์„ธ์ธ ์˜ค์ •ํ˜ธ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๊น€์˜์ถ˜ : ๋ณ€๊ธฐ๋• ์—ญ ๊ต๋‚ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ธ๋งฅ์˜ ์™•์ž์ด์ž ์ฒ˜์„ธ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ธ. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋‚จ์ˆœ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฒ ํ”„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ˜ผ์ž๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ฐฝํ™˜ : ํ•œ์˜์šฐ ์—ญ ์žฅ์• ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•™์ƒ. ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ์•„์ง ๋œ ์—ฌ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์›Œ๋‚™ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์ˆ˜์ง„ : ๊ณ„๋‚˜๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ์•„์—ญํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ์™•๋”ฐ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊น€๋™์„ : ๊น€๋™์„ ์—ญ ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋”๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์‹ฌํ•œ 4์ฐจ์›. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ถ•๊ตฌ๊ด‘์ด๋ผ ๋ฐค์ƒˆ์›Œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ•™๊ต์—์„  ์ข…์ผ ์ž”๋‹ค. ๊น€์ข…ํ˜„ : ๊น€์ข…ํ˜„ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ. ๋ถ€์žฃ์ง‘ ์•„๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ทœํ™˜ : ์ด๊ทœํ™˜ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ํ˜œ์„  : ์‹ ํ˜œ์„  ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ : ๋‚จ๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฐ˜์žฅ์ด์ž ์ „๊ต 1๋“ฑ์ธ ์†กํ•˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์งˆํˆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธธ์€ํ˜œ : ๊ธธ์€ํ˜œ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ : ๊น€๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ : ๊น€๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ชจ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฌ๊ณ ์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ฐ€์€ : ์˜ค๊ฐ€์€ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ•ด๋ฆผ : ๊น€ํ•ด๋ฆผ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ง€ํ˜„ : ์•ˆ์ง€ํ˜„ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์„ฑํ•˜ : ๊ฐ•์„ฑํ•˜ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ด„์ด : ๊น€๋ด„์ด ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊น€์†” : ๊น€์†” ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊น€์ง€์•„ : ๊น€์ง€์•„ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ง€์šฐ : ๋ฌธ์ง€์šฐ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์†Œํฌ : ๋ฐ•์†Œํฌ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค์„ธ์ผ : ์˜ค์„ธ์ผ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์œ ์ง„ : ์ด์œ ์ง„ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ •๊ท€ : ์ด์ •๊ท€ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ง€ํ˜„ : ์ด์ง€ํ˜„ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํ˜œ์„ฑ : ์ดํ˜œ์„ฑ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋ฏผ์ง€ : ์ตœ๋ฏผ์ง€ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ˆ˜๋ฏธ : ์ตœ์ˆ˜๋ฏธ ์—ญ 2ํ•™๋…„ 2๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊น€๋‚˜์šด : ๊น€๋ฏผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ์ด์—ฐ๊ฒฝ : ์†กํ•˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ์ •๋ฌธ์—ฝ : ๋‹น๊ตฌ์žฅ ์–‘์•„์น˜ ์—ญ ๊น€์ฃผํ™˜ : ์ •์žฌ๋ฏผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์กฐ์˜์ง„ : ๋‚จ์ˆœ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์—ญ ์ฒœ๋ฏผํฌ : ๊น€์œค์ฃผ ์—ญ ์œก๋ฏธ๋ผ : ํ•™๋ถ€๋ชจ ์—ญ ์ •๋ช…์ค€ : ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ์—ญ ์กฐํ˜„์ง„ : ์„ธ์ฐฌํ•™์› ์ง์› ์—ญ ๋ฏผ์ค€ํ˜„ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ๋ฏผ์•„๋ น : ๋ฐ•ํฅ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜ ์—ญ ์ตœ์œค์ค€ : ์Šˆํผ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ๊น€๊ด‘์ธ : ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ์ •์˜๊ธˆ : ๋ฐ•ํฅ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณ ๋ชจ ์—ญ ๊ฐ•์ฒ ์„ฑ : ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์„ฑ๊ท  : ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ € ์—ญ ์ •์„๊ทœ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ์œค์˜๋ชฉ : ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊น€์žฌํ  : ๊ธˆ์€๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2012๋…„ KBS ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์—ฌ์ž ์šฐ์ˆ˜์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ƒ : ์žฅ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋‚จ์ž ์‹ ์ธ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ƒ : ์ด์ข…์„ 2012๋…„ ํ•™๊ตํญ๋ ฅ ๊ทผ์ ˆ ์œ ๊ณต์ž ํ‘œ์ฐฝ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹(12์›” 28์ผ) : ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€(ํ˜„ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€) ์žฅ๊ด€ ํ‘œ์ฐฝ 2013๋…„ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ต์œก์ฒญ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํŒจ 2013๋…„ ์ œ17ํšŒ YWCA์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ ์ข‹์€ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ƒ ์ฒญ๋…„ยท์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ 2013๋…„ ์ œ2ํšŒ ์—์ดํŒ ์Šคํƒ€ ์–ด์›Œ์ฆˆ ๋‚จ์ž ์šฐ์ˆ˜์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ƒ : ์ด์ข…์„ ๋‚จ์ž ์‹ ์ธ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ƒ : ๊น€์šฐ๋นˆ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” '์ตœ์ € ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ '์ด๊ณ , ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” '์ตœ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ '์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์กฐ์‚ฌํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ํŠธ๋ž™ 2012๋…„ 12์›” 4์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฌ๋ฏธ๋‹›, ์ œ์ด๋ฏผ, ๊น€๋ณด๊ฒฝ, ๋‰ด ๋ผ์ดํ”„ ์ฒ˜์น˜ ํ‚ค์ฆˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก์ด ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์•จ๋ฒ”์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ณก๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ ฌ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์ถœ์‹œ ์ˆœ์ด๋‹ค. 1๋ถ€ 2๋ถ€ 3๋ถ€ 4๋ถ€ OST ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋ณธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•œ๋ช…์ธ ์ตœ์ฐฝ์—ฝ(๊น€๋ฏผ๊ธฐ ์—ญ)์€ ๋งˆ์•ฝ๋ฅ˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ ํ˜์˜๋กœ 2016๋…„ 9์›” ๊ตฌ์† ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ KBS,MBC ์ถœ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ด๋‹น PD(์ด๋ฏผํ™)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ KBS 2TV ์ถ”๋ฆฌ 3๋ถ€์ž‘ '๋›๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ' ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์ž์˜ ์Šฌํ””์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ถœ์ž(์ด๋ฏผํ™)-์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ž(๋‚˜ํ•œ์ผ)๋กœ ํ˜ธํก์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๋‚˜ํ•œ์ผ์€ ์ตœ์ฐฝ์—ฝ์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ถˆ๋ฏธ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ ํƒ“์ธ์ง€ KBS, MBC ์ถœ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ KBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ•™๊ต 2013 ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 2012๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2013๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ ์›”ํ™”๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ KBS ๊ฑธ์ž‘์„  ํ•™๊ต 5 ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ดํ˜„์ฃผ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ณ ์ •์› ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์†ํŽธ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2012๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2013๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School%202013
School 2013
School 2013 () is a 2012 South Korean television series starring Jang Nara, Choi Daniel, Lee Jong-suk, Park Se-young and Kim Woo-bin. The teen drama depicts the struggles and dilemmas that modern-day Korean youth face, such as bullying, student suicides, school violence, deteriorating teacher-student relations, private tutoring and other real-life high school issues, all within the confines of one small classroom at Victory High School. It is the fifth installment of KBS's School series which aired from 1999 through 2002. It aired on KBS2 from December 3, 2012 to January 28, 2013 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 (KST) for 16 episodes. Synopsis Jung In-jae (Jang Na-ra) and Kang Sae-chan (Choi Daniel) are homeroom teachers whose philosophies are apparently at odds. Together, they manage Victory High's toughest class; facing bullies, academic underachievers, and demanding parents, as they help the students overcome their problems. Cast Teachers Jang Na-ra as Jung In-jae, homeroom teacher Choi Daniel as Kang Se-chan, former top lecturer Um Hyo-sup as Uhm Dae-woong "Uhm Force", math teacher Park Hae-mi as Im Jung-soo, principal Lee Han-wi as Woo Soo-chul, vice principal Oh Young-sil as Yoo Nan-hee, ethics teacher Yoon Joo-sang as Jo Bong-soo, gym teacher Kwon Nam-hee as Kwon Nam-hee Kim Yun-ah as Kim Yun-ah Lee Won-suk as Kim Dae-soo Students Lee Jong-suk as Go Nam-soon Park Se-young as Song Ha-gyeong Ryu Hyo-young as Lee Kang-joo Kim Woo-bin as Park Heung-soo Gil Eun-hye as Gil Eun-hye Kwak Jung-wook as Oh Jung-ho Choi Chang-yub as Kim Min-ki Kim Young-choon as Byun Ki-duk Kim Jong-hyun Kim Dong-suk as Kim Dong-suk Jeon Soo-jin as Kye Na-ri Shin Hye-sun as Shin Hye-sun Kim Chang-hwan as Han Young-woo Lee Ji-hoon as Lee Ji-hoon Lee Yi-kyung as Lee Yi-kyung Jung Yeon-joo as Student Ahn Ji-hyun as Ahn Ji-hyun Kim Dani Ratings Awards and nominations References External links 2012 South Korean television series debuts 2013 South Korean television series endings 2010s high school television series 2010s teen drama television series Korean Broadcasting System television dramas Korean-language television shows South Korean high school television series South Korean teen dramas Television series about educators Television series about teenagers Television series by KeyEast 2013 South Korean television seasons
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%9A%A9%ED%95%9C%20%EA%B0%80%EC%A1%B1
์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ
ใ€Š์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑใ€‹()์€ 1998๋…„์— ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ธ”๋ž™์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ๊ณตํฌ ์˜ํ™”๋กœ, ๊น€์ง€์šด ๊ฐ๋…์˜ย ์žฅํŽธ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์˜ค๋‘๋ง‰์— ๋‹ค๋…€๊ฐ€๋Š” ์†๋‹˜๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์บ์ŠคํŒ…์€ย ์ตœ๋ฏผ์‹๊ณผ ์†ก๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒ€์นด์‹œ ๋ฏธํ‚ค ๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ํฐ์„ ์žก์•„ ใ€Š์นดํƒ€์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ํ–‰๋ณตใ€‹์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•œ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์‚ฐ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋กœ์˜ ๋“ฑ์‚ฐ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ค๋‘๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„ ์†๋‹˜์ด ๋‹ค๋…€ ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฒช๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฏธ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์ค‘๋…„์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตฌ(๋ฐ•์ธํ™˜), ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์ •์ˆœ์ž„(๋‚˜๋ฌธํฌ), ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™์ƒ ๊ฐ•์ฐฌ๊ตฌ(์ตœ๋ฏผ์‹) ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋…€ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฏผ(์†ก๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ), ๊ฐ•๋ฏธ์ˆ˜(์ด์œค์„ฑ), ๊ฐ•๋ฏธ๋‚˜(๊ณ ํ˜ธ๊ฒฝ)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์†๋‹˜์ธ ํ•œ ๋“ฑ์‚ฐ๊ฐ์€ ๊ฐ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋งฅ์ฃผ ์„ธ ์บ”์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐค ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚ ์นด๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„ ํ‚คํ™€๋”๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ฐ”๋Ÿฌ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์•„์นจ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž์‚ด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ดค์ž ๋ฏฟ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ์ˆฒ์†์— ๋ฌป์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ˆ™๋ฐ•ํ•œย ์ Š์€ ์ปคํ”Œ ํ•œ ์Œ ๋˜ํ•œย ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์‹œ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž ์‹œ ์Œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋“ค๋ฅธ ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋‘ ๋ช… ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ดํ›„ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐ€์ณ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ• ๊นŒ๋ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€, ๋‚จ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋‘”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์„ ์ค€ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐํŒŒํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์†์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ(์‚ฌ์ƒ์•„)์ด ๋กœ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฌต์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ๋ถ€ ์‚ด์ธ์„ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ•์ฐฝ๊ตฌ(์‚ผ์ดŒ)๋Š” ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์— ๋–จ์ž ํญํ–‰ ์น˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ˆˆ์น˜ ์ฑ„๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์„ ์„œ์šธ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์˜ ์‚ด์ธ ์ฒญ๋ถ€์—…์ž๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ž ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ด์ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์ ์  ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ด์ธ ์ฒญ๋ถ€์—…์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฏผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌํ•œ ํญํ’์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌป์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์‹œ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์†Œ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ด ์„œ์šธ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์™”์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐํŒŒํฌ์˜ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ์‹ธ์›€ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ตฌํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•˜๋˜ ์‚ผ์ดŒ์„, ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฏผ์ด ๊ตฌํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์„ ํ—›๋””๋ŽŒ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์‹ค๋ ค ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๋งˆ์„ ์ฒญ๋…„์€ ํƒˆ์ถœ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐง์ค„์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๋’ค์–ฝํ˜€ ๊ฐ‡ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณง ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์ด ๊ณ„ํš๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ดํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ˆ๊ณ  ์—†์ด ๋“ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐํŒŒํฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตฌ์™€ ์ •์ˆœ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์ธ ์ฒญ๋ถ€์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ž ๋ณต ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ž€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐํŒŒํฌ๋Š”ย ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฑด์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋„๋ง์น˜๋ ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋„˜์–ด์ ธ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •์ˆœ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์Œ“์•„ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์€ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ์™€ ๋กœ์ง€์˜ ๋ถˆ์„ ๊ป๋‹ค ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋Š” TV๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ผ์ดŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ผœ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ c์ฐฝ๊ณ ์˜ ์†Œ์ผ“์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ฝƒ์ด ์ผ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒด๋”๋ฏธ์— ๋ถˆ์ด ๋ถ™๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ถˆ์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฏผ์€ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋‡Œ์ง„ํƒ• ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ•์ฐฝ๊ตฌ, ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฏผ, ๊ฐ•๋ฏธ์ˆ˜, ๊ฐ•๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ €๋… ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ์˜ ํ™”์žฌ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง ์—†์ด ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‘๋“œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ์„œ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ง–๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒจ์šธ, ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋กœ์ง€ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ The Partridge Family์˜ "I Think I Love You".๊ฐ€ ํ‹€์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ๋์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ฃผ์—ฐ ๋ฐ•์ธํ™˜ : ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตฌ ๋‚˜๋ฌธํฌ : ์ •์ˆœ์ž„ ์ตœ๋ฏผ์‹ : ๊ฐ•์ฐฌ๊ตฌ ์†ก๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ : ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฏผ ์ด์œค์„ฑ : ๊ฐ•๋ฏธ์ˆ˜ ๊ณ ํ˜ธ๊ฒฝ : ๊ฐ•๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ œ์ž‘์‹ค์žฅ: ํ™ฉ์žฌ์šฐ ์ œ์ž‘๋ถ€์žฅ: ์ด์šฐ์ • ์ œ์ž‘์ง€์›: ๊น€์œ„์ง„ ์ œ์ž‘์ง€์›: ์ด์ •์•  ์ œ์ž‘ํšŒ๊ณ„: ์ด์Šนํฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํˆฌ์ž: ๊น€์Šน๋ฒ” ๊ฐ๋…/๊ฐ๋ณธ: ๊น€์ง€์šด ์ดฌ์˜๋ถ€: ๊น€๊ธฐํƒœ ์กฐ๋ช…: ๋ฐ•ํ˜„์› ์ดฌ์˜: ์ •๊ด‘์„ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํ„ฐ: ๊น€ํ˜œ์ˆ™ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋…: ๋ฐ•๋Œ€์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋…: ๊น€์ƒ์šฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋…: ์ด์†Œ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋…: ์ด์•ˆ๊ทœ ๋™์‹œ๋…น์Œ: ํ•œ์ฒ ํฌ ์Œํ–ฅ: ๊น€์„์› ์Œํ–ฅํšจ๊ณผ: ์ด์„ฑ์ง„ ํŽธ์ง‘: ๊ณ ์ž„ํ‘œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ : ์˜ค์ƒ๋งŒ ํŠน์ˆ˜๋ถ„์žฅ: ์‹ ์žฌํ˜ธ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํšจ๊ณผ: ์ •๋„์•ˆ ๋ถ„์žฅ: ๊น€๊ตฌ์˜ฅ ๋ถ„์žฅ: ์†์‚ผ์ฃผ ์˜์ƒ: ์ตœ์˜๊ธฐ ํ™๋ณด: ์‹ฌ์žฌ๋ช… ํ™๋ณด: ์‹ฌ๋ณด๊ฒฝ ํ™๋ณด: ๊น€๋™์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1998๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊น€์ง€์šด ๊ฐ๋… ์˜ํ™” ๊ฐ๋… ๋ฐ๋ท” ์˜ํ™” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณตํฌ ์˜ํ™” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™” ๋ช…ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์˜ํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Quiet%20Family
The Quiet Family
The Quiet Family () is a 1998 South Korean black comedy horror film directed by Kim Jee-woon. The story centers on a family who owns a hunting lodge in a remote area, whose customers always happen to end up dying. Among the film's main cast are pre-stardom Choi Min-sik and Song Kang-ho. The film was loosely remade in Japanese as The Happiness of the Katakuris by Takashi Miike, in Indian Tamil as Yaamirukka Bayamey, in Kannada as Namo Bhootatma and in Telugu as Next Nuvve. Plot An extended family has moved from the city (presumably Seoul) to live in a large house out in the mountains, which they convert into a lodge for hikers. Consisting of a middle aged father Kang Dae-goo, mother Jeong Soon-rye, Dae-goo's younger brother Kang Chang-goo, and their adult children Kang Young-min, Kang Mi-soo, and Kang Mina, they suffer a string of misfortunes as various patrons come to stay. Their first guest, a hiker, asks for a room and three beers. Left to himself, he spends the night forging his room key holder to be sharp enough to stab himself and is found dead the next morning. The father of the family decides on burying the body in the woods, under the assumption that no one would believe this to be a suicide. Later, a young couple drops in for a stay to have sex in the privacy of their room and end up dead together the next morning. A pair of friends from town stop by for drinks until one of the men falls for Mi-soo and subsequently attempts to rape her, but she is saved by Young-min, who accidentally ends up pushing the man off a cliff, while his friend is taken captive by the family to prevent him from calling the police. Mr. Park, the benefactor of the family (providing them the house) later asks for their lodging for his younger (and illegitimate) half sister to have a hitman check into the neighboring room at midnight and murder her so he can be the only successor to the claim inheritance of the soon profitable land. Uninformed of the plan, Uncle Kang senses foul play and sends the half sister home to Seoul when she is found to be restless. The plan goes further awry when the hitman arrives fifteen minutes late, and the room had been taken by an undercover cop investigating the recent string of missing people, mistaken to be the hitman. The hitman thus ends up killing the cop instead, and is later killed by a suspicious Young-min. A heavy rainstorm overnight nearly uncovers the buried corpses by morning, leaving the family no choice but to incinerate them. When Uncle returns from the trip to Seoul, he angers Dae-goo who had hoped to settle Mr. Park's plot without any trouble. A fight ensues as Uncle is beaten senseless but is saved from a blow to the head by Young-min who then trips, hitting his head on the stairs, he is whisked to the hospital, leaving the elderly parents the only ones left to finish the job. The local man, having been imprisoned, bound and gagged, tries to make his escape but gets his ropes tangled in several trees as he escapes the lodge. Soon enough, Mr. Park drops in unannounced to check if his sister-in-law has been terminated as planned, but is in complete shock when he sees Mr. Kang and Mrs. Jeong carrying the corpse of the undercover cop, knowing that he wasn't the hitman. A brief struggle begins when Mr. Park tries to escape without trying to figure out just what exactly has happened, and ends after he accidentally falls to his death down the stairs, adding yet another body to be done away with for the family. To drive away attention, Mrs. Jeong switches off the circuits throughout the lodge and outside storage where she and her husband are piling the corpses, dousing them in gasoline. Mina, trying to watch TV, asks for Uncle Kang to switch the circuits back on, inadvertently causing a socket in the storage to burst in flames, triggering the cremation fire prematurely, trapping the parents inside. Meanwhile, Young-min is in the hospital recovering from his concussion and laughing insanely over a news report on the shooting of a North Korean agent wandering through the forest. After an uncertain amount of time later, Uncle Kang, Young-min, Mi-soo, and Mina are preparing to serve dinner, totally unaware of the fire in the storage building. The parents return, in bandages, having survived the fire. Without a single word, the family quietly has dinner until there is a sudden knock at the door. Unsure of what to do, they all stand quietly in the doorway of the dining room, waiting for whoever is at the door to go away. When the dog starts barking at the knocking, the family, in unison hushes the dog; they have become the quiet family. The film ends with a wide shot of the lodge in winter, with Mina outside, looking at it, and then to the camera with an uncertain look on her face; all to the sound of The Partridge Family's "I Think I Love You". Cast Park In-hwan as Kang Dae-goo Na Moon-hee as Jeong Soon-rye Song Kang-ho as Kang Young-min Choi Min-sik as Kang Chang-goo Go Ho-kyung as Kang Mina Lee Yoon-seong as Kang Mi-soo Gi Ju-bong as lonely man Choi Cheol-ho as man with pills Shin Young-ae as woman with Ji Su-won as Eun-soo Jung Woong-in as Mi-soo's admirer Jung Jae-young as Hyun-seok Jang Ka-hyeon as Hyun-seok's lover Lee Ki-young as killer Han Seong-sik as Police officer Oh Ha Deok-bu as Doctor Jo Deok-je as Police officer Jo Yoo Hyung-kwan as Mr. Jang Kim Jong-goo as substation chief Awards and nominations References External links 1998 films 1998 black comedy films 1998 comedy horror films 1990s Korean-language films 1990s South Korean films South Korean comedy horror films Films directed by Kim Jee-woon Myung Films films South Korean black comedy films South Korean films remade in other languages 1998 directorial debut films
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%83%80%EC%A1%B1
๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ
๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ()์€ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ๋„ค์ด์…˜ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์ˆ˜์กฑ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์–ด ํ‹ฐํ‰์™•(ThรญtศŸuล‹waล‹, ํ‰์› ๋ถ€์กฑ)์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ธ ํ…Œํ†ค ์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์กฑ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ, ๋‚˜์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์˜ ์…‹์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์–ด์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์ด ์“ฐ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์–ด๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๊ณฑ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ์กฑ(Siฤhรกล‹วงu, ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ„ ์ •๊ฐ•์ด) ์˜ค๊ธ€๋ž„๋ผ์กฑ(Oglรกla, ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฉ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค) ์ดํƒ€์ง€ํ”„์ดˆ์กฑ(Itรกzipฤho, ํ™œ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค) ํ›™ํฌํŒŒํŒŒ์กฑ(Hรบล‹kpapศŸa, (์›์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์˜) ๋์ž๋ฝ ๋ถ€์กฑ) ๋ฏ€๋‹ˆ์ฝ”์›Œ์ฃผ์กฑ(MnikศŸรณwoลพu, ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€ ํ‰์› ๋ถ€์กฑ) ์‹œํ•˜์‚ฌํŒŒ์กฑ(Sihรกsapa, ๊ฒ€์€ ๋ฐœ) ์˜ค์˜คํ—ค๋ˆ™ํŒŒ์กฑ(Oรณhenuล‹pa, ๋‘ ์†ฅ) ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ›™ํฌํŒŒํŒŒ์กฑ์˜ ํƒ€ํƒ•์นด ์ด์˜คํƒ€์ผ€(TศŸatศŸรกล‹ka รyotake, ์•‰์€ ์†Œ), ๋ฏ€๋‹ˆ์ฝ”์›Œ์ฃผ์กฑ์˜ ๋งˆํํ”ผ์•ผ ์ด์นดํํƒ€๊ฐธ(MaศŸpรญya IฤรกศŸtagya, ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์„ ์žก์€ ์ด), ์˜ค๊ธ€๋ž„๋ผ์กฑ์˜ ํ—คํ•˜์นด ์‚ฌํŒŒ(HeศŸรกka Sรกpa, ๊ฒ€์€ ๊ณ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ), ๋งˆํํ”ผ์•ผ ๋ฃจํƒ€(MaศŸpรญya Lรบta, ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„), ํƒ€์Šˆ์นด ์œ„ํŠธ์ฝ”(TศŸaลกรบล‹ke Witkรณ, ์„ฑ๋‚œ ๋ง), ์‹ฑํ…Œ ๊ธ€๋ ˆ์Šค์นด(Siล‹tรฉ Gleลกkรก, ์ ๋ฐ•์ด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ 1964๋…„ ๋„์ฟ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์œก์ƒ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์›๊ณผ ์ •์ฐฉ ์ˆ˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์› ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ๊ฐ• ์ €์ง€๋Œ€์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด๊ณณ์ด ๊ธฐ์›์ง€์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋‘”๋• ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 9์„ธ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 12์„ธ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ๋†๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์˜ ์ „์„ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค์€ ์›๋ž˜ ์˜ค๋Œ€ํ˜ธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์„ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ˆ˜์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ๋Š” "1600๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ์ด ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ์Šˆํ”ผ๋ฆฌ์–ดํ˜ธ ์ธ๊ทผ์— ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์ˆฒ์ด ์šฐ๊ฑฐ์ง„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚š์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•ผ์ƒ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ์ฑ„์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธธ๋ €์ง€๋งŒ ํ† ์–‘๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์—๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ ์–‘์‹์€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •์ฐฉํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์•Œ๊ณคํ‚ค์•ˆ์กฑ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ด์ฃผํ•ด ์˜จ ์ˆ˜์กฑ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—์„œ 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€-๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€์ฃผ, ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹ ์ฃผ, ์•„์ด์˜ค์™€์ฃผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์ค€์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‚ด์•˜๊ณ , 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋‚˜์•„๋ฒ ์กฑ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์กฑ์— ๋ฐ€๋ ค ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‰์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ ์ƒ˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ ฅ(, ์™€๋‹ˆ์˜ˆํˆฌ ์›Œ์™€ํ”ผ)์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” 900๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์˜ ์˜ˆ์—ฐ์ž๋กœ ์ˆญ๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ”„ํ…Œ์ƒ์œ™(Ptesรกล‹wiล‹, ํฐ ๋“ค์†Œ ์†ก์•„์ง€ ์—ฌ์ธ)์ด ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋“ค์†Œ ์†ก์•„์ง€ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋‚ด์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1730๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต ์ƒค์ด์—”์กฑ์ด ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ "ํž˜์„ผ ๊ฐœ"(์ˆญ์นด์™€์บ‰, ลกuล‹kawakaล‹)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋˜ ๋งํƒ€๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋“ค์†Œ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1660๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํƒํ—˜๋Œ€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์กฑ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์™€ ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€๋ฅผ ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2๋งŒ8์ฒœ์—ฌ ๋ช… ์ •๋„๋กœ ํŒŒ์•… ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1805๋…„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 8์ฒœ5๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1881๋…„์—๋Š” 1๋งŒ6์ฒœ110๋ช… ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ์•ฝ 17๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ผ์ƒ์–ด๋กœ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 2์ฒœ๋ช… ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. 1720๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์™€ ๋…ธ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„์Šคํ˜ธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์˜ค๋„ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๊ณ  ์ œ์ž„์Šค๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๊ธ€๋ž„๋ผ-์‹œ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 1750๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต ์‚ฌ์˜ค๋„ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๊ธ€๋ž„๋ผ-์‹œ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ซ“์•„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ ต ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์— ์‚ด๋˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฐ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ผ์กฑ, ๋งŒ๋‹จ์กฑ, ํžˆ๋‹ค์ฐจ์กฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์ด ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ•์„ ๋„˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๊ฒฌ์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1722๋…„์—์„œ 1780๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜์ž ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 4๋ถ„์˜ 3์ด ํฌ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ• ๋„˜์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‰์›์— ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ• ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์˜ค๋„ค๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ง์„ ์ž˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด ํ‚ค์ž‘์€ ํ’€๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ํ‰์›์ง€๋Œ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 1765๋…„ ์„œ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณฐ์ด ์ƒค์ด์—”์กฑ์ด ์‚ด๋˜ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค์— ๋ถ€์กฑ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  10๋…„ ๋’ค ์˜ค๊ธ€๋ž„๋ผ์™€ ์‹œ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค ๋ถ€๊ทผ์— ๋ชจ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒค์ด์—”์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ํŒŒ์šฐ๋”๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์„œ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค๋Š” ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ ์กฐ์•ฝ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1804๋…„์—์„œ 1806๋…„์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ํด๋ผํฌ ํƒํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ๋ฌด์žฅ ํƒํ—˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒํ—˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์˜ํ† ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1823๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ผ์กฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ผ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ž ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์„ ๋„์™€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž์˜€๋˜ ์•„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ผ์กฑ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1843๋…„ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์™ธํˆฌ ์ถ”์žฅ์ด ์ด๋Œ๋˜ ๋ฃจํ”„๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์˜ ํฌ๋‹ˆ์กฑ ๋งˆ์„์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๋งˆ์„์„ ๋ถˆํƒœ์› ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจํ”„๊ฐ•์€ ๋„ค๋ธŒ๋ผ์Šค์นด์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซ๊ฐ• ์ง€๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. 30๋…„ ๋’ค์ธ 1873๋…„ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€๋ฅ˜์ธ ๋ฆฌํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ปจ๊ฐ•์—์„œ ํ˜‘๊ณก ํ•™์‚ด๋กœ ํฌ๋‹ˆ์กฑ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ ์š”์ƒˆ๋Š” 1834๋…„ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ ๋ฌด์—ญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์š”์ƒˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์Šคํ”Œ๋žซ๊ฐ•์˜ ์ง€๋ฅ˜์ธ ๋ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์— ์ƒˆ์›Œ์ง„ ์ด ์š”์ƒˆ๋Š” ๋‹น์ดˆ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์š”์ƒˆ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ 1849๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๊ณณ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋“ค์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์„ ํŒ”๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ํ† ์ง€ ๋งค์ž…์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ฃผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ„ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ์„ ์ •์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1830๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ณจ๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผํ™• ์ฒœ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋ฉฐ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“ค์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ†ตํ–‰์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์• ์ดˆ์— ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธ์‹œํ”ผ๊ฐ• ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋„ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋•…์—์„œ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1851๋…„ ๋ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ ์กฐ์•ฝ์€ ๋Œ€ํ‰์›์— ์‚ด๋˜ ์ƒค์ด์—”์กฑ, ์ˆ˜์กฑ, ์•„๋ผํŒŒํ˜ธ์กฑ, ํฌ๋กœ์šฐ์กฑ(์•„ํ”„์‚ฌ์•Œ๋กœ๊ฒŒ์กฑ), ์–ด์‹œ๋‹ˆ๋ณด์ธ์กฑ, ๋งŒ๋‹จ์กฑ, ํžˆ๋‹ค์ฐจ์กฑ, ์•„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ผ์กฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์„œ๋ถ€๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์ž์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ์กฐ์•ฝ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒค์ด์—”๊ณผ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ† ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ„ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„œ๋ถ€๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐจ ๋Œ€์—ด์„ ์Šต๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์กฐ์•ฝ์€ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์ƒ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋งŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ, ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ„ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€์˜ ์ œํ•œ์ด๋‚˜ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ณด์žฅ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์–ด๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์ถฐ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Š” ์ด ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ "ํ˜ธ์ „์ ์ธ ์ธ๋””์–ธ"์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ๋ช…๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1855๋…„ 9์›” 3์ผ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ S. ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ 700์—ฌ ๋ช…์€ ๋„ค๋ธŒ๋ผ์Šค์นด์˜ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ๋งˆ์„์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 100์—ฌ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ 24๋ช…์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์„ ์ฃฝ์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ„ด ํ•™์‚ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์กฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ˆ˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ์ธ ์ „ํˆฌ๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ•์š”๋กœ ์›๋ž˜ ์‚ด๋˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์ฒ™๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๋•…์—์„œ ํ—ˆ๋•์ด๋˜ ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด 1862๋…„ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์กฑ ์ „์ฒด์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1865๋…„ ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚˜์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 1865๋…„ ๋ณด์Šค๋จผ ๊ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชฐ๋ ค ์˜ค๋Š” "๋ฐฑ์ธ"๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์ฐจ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์ด ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ์˜ํ†  ์•ˆ์— ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆํํ”ผ์•ผ ๋ฃจํƒ€๋Š” ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐํ™”๋˜์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ์š”์ƒˆ์˜ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  1868๋…„ ๋ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ์ฑ„๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋ ต ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค๋Š” ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์กฑ ์ „์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋•…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณจ๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค์—์„œ๋„ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  "๋ฐฑ์ธ์€ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค"๋Š” ์กฐ์•ฝ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ‹€๋น…ํ˜ผ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ E. ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ณต ์„œ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์ง„ ์กฐ์ง€ ์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ ์ปค์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค ์ง€์—ญ ์ œ7๊ธฐ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ ํ•„๋ฆฝ ์…ฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ ์€ "์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ง์‚ด"์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž์›์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋“ค์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋“ค์†Œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋‚จํš๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••๋ฐ• ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ํšก๋‹จ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฒ ๋„ ์šดํ–‰์— ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋“ค์†Œ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํŽ„๋กœ ๋นŒ์€ ์บ”์ž์Šค ํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ๋ ˆ์ผ๋กœ๋“œ์— ๊ณ ์šฉ๋œ 1867๋…„์—์„œ 1868๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 18 ๊ฐœ์›” ์‚ฌ์ด์— 4,282 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋“ค์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1868๋…„ ๋ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ์€ ๋Š์ž„ ์—†์ด ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ˆ˜์กฑ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒค์ด์—”, ํฌ๋กœ์šฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค๊ณผ๋„ ํ˜‘์•ฝ๊ณผ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์˜ ํƒ€ํƒ•์นด ์ด์˜คํƒ€์ผ€๋Š” ์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ์ˆ˜์กฑ์ด ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์„ ๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋“ค์†Œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€์ž ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์กฑ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋™์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1876๋…„ 6์›” 25์ผ ์ปค์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ œ7๊ธฐ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” "ํ˜ธ์ „์ ์ธ" ์ธ๋””์–ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด์ฐŒ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตฌ์‹ค๋กœ ํƒ€ํƒ•์นด ์ด์˜คํƒ€์ผ€์˜ ๋งˆ์„์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฆฌํ‹€๋น…ํ˜ผ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํƒ€ํƒ•์นด ์ด์˜คํƒ€์ผ€์˜ ๋งˆ์„์€ ์ด๋ฏธ 1๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋งˆ์นจ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ถค ์˜์‹ ์งํ›„์—ฌ์„œ ์ „์‚ฌ๋งŒ 2์ฒœ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋˜ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์„๋กœ ๋Œ๊ฒฉํ•ด ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ถค๋ฉธ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ์ปค์Šคํ„ฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ „์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ถค๋ฉธํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจํ‡ดํ•œ ์ „ํˆฌ๋Š” ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” 2์ฒœ5๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ํŒŒ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํƒ€ํƒ•์นด ์ด์˜คํƒ€์ผ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋กœ ํ”ผ์‹ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ 4๋…„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ํƒ€ํƒ•์นด ์ด์˜คํƒ€์ผ€๋Š” ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ์ถ”์œ„๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์†์— ์‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1890๋…„ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฒดํฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋‹น๊ตญ ์š”์›๊ณผ ์ด๊ฒฉ์ „์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๋ง ์šด๋””๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํ•™์‚ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 200์—ฌ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ7๊ธฐ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์ž„์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ 1868๋…„ ์„ค์ •๋œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ 1887๋…„ ๋„์šฐ์Šค ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” "์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ"๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„์šฐ์Šค ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ ์ด์ฃผ ์ •์ฑ… ๋Œ€์‹  ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ "๊ฐ€์กฑ"์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ• ์–‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ‹€๋น…ํ˜ผ ์ „ํˆฌ์™€ ์šด๋””๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํ•™์‚ด ์ดํ›„ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ์„ค์ •๋œ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋ณ„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋ฒ„๋“œ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ - ์‹œ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ์กฑ ํŒŒ์ธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ - ์˜ค๊ธ€๋ž„๋ผ์กฑ ๋กœ์–ด๋ธŒ๋ฃฐ๋ ˆ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ - ์‹œ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ์กฑ ์ƒค์ด์—”๊ฐ• ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ] - ๋ฏ€๋‹ˆ์ฝ”์›Œ์ฃผ์กฑ, ์ดํƒ€์ง€ํ”„์ดˆ์กฑ, ์‹œํ•˜์‚ฌํŒŒ์กฑ, ์˜ค์˜คํ—ค๋ˆ™ํŒŒ์กฑ ์Šคํƒ ๋”ฉ๋ฝ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ - ํ›™ํฌํŒŒํŒŒ์กฑ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ชฌํ…Œ๋‚˜์˜ ํฌํŠธํŽ™ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ, ๋…ธ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์˜ ํฌํŠธ๋ฒ ์†”๋“œ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—๋„ ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ(๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์—ฌ์™•) ๋•…์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์กฑ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์™ธ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์˜ ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋“œ์‹œํ‹ฐ, ์ฝœ๋กœ๋ผ๋„์˜ ๋ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์„ ํ†ต์‹  ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•”ํ˜ธ ํ†ต์‹ ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฐ”ํ˜ธ์กฑ์˜ ์ฐธ์ „์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ†ต์‹ ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์„ ์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์„ "์ธ๋””์–ธ"(, ์ธ๋„์ธ - ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ ์ฝœ๋Ÿผ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ์ธ๋„๋กœ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ™์ธ ์ด๋ฆ„)์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ "์•ผ๋งŒ์ธ"์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋”• ๊ตฟ๋งจ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ ์ฑ„์šฉ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์ด์ต์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋‚ด์—๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•Œ์ฝœ ์ค‘๋…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž๋…€๋“ค์˜ ์ทจํ•™๋ฅ ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์˜ค๊ธ€๋ž„๋ผ์กฑ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์ธ ํŒŒ์ธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 18,834 ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 80%์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ์•Œ์ฝœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ์—†์–ด ์‹ค์—…์œจ์€ 90%์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž๋…€์˜ 70%๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ด์ „์— ํ•™์—…์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ž์‚ด์œจ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ฃผํƒ์˜ 33%๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์™€ ์ˆ˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, 1980๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ํ•ด์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์ •์ฐฉ์ดŒ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•œ 1877๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ† ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์›๊ธˆ 1์–ต6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ์ด์ž์œจ 5%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ž 1์ฒœ7๋ฐฑ๋งŒ5์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์กฑ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํŒ๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์กฑ์€ ์ด ๋ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ น์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‹  ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์— ์ˆ˜์กฑ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์กฑ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํž์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋™์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์กฑ์˜ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ž์กด์‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚™ํ›„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‚ฌ์ • ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€์กฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์กฑ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์€ 2011๋…„ 1์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1991๋…„ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด 1์ธ๋‹น 1์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ 1๋งŒ4์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์†Œ์•ก ๋Œ€์ถœ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์—…์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. 1994๋…„ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ถŒ์ต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ 2007๋…„ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ •๋ถ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์กฐ์•ฝ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๊ด€์Šต์ ์ธ ํ˜ธ์นญ์ธ ๋„ค์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•  ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ถœ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ–‰์ • ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ž…๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ์ค€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์žฌ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์žฅ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‘์–ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—๋Š” ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์™€ ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€๋ฅผ ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋งค๋‹ˆํ† ๋ฐ”์ฃผ์™€ ์„œ์Šค์บ์ฒ˜์›์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ 6์ฒœ ๋ช… ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ธ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ๋„ค์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ์ฑ„๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํฌ๋ผ์šด-์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅ ๋ฐ›๋Š” "ํ˜‘์•ฝ ์ธ๋””์–ธ"์—๋Š” ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์™€ ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ํ† ์ง€ ์ •์ฐฉ๊ถŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์—ฐ ์ž์› ์ด์šฉ๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์ด ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ •๋ถ€์— ํ† ์ง€ ์ •์ฐฉ ์›์กฐ๊ธˆ 6์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์šด๋™ 2007๋…„ 9์›” UN์€ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์–ธ์„ ๊ฒฐ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์ž‘ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์‹คํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ๋น„์ค€์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 12์›” 20์ผ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์šด๋™ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€ ๋Ÿฌ์…€ ๋ฏผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์ž์œ  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹จ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ์•ฝ์ด ๋ฌดํšจ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ ์ถœ๋œ ๋ฐ”๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ์—†์ด ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฐ ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์Šค๋Š” ์—ฐ์ด์–ด "๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ"์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜ธ์‘์„ ์–ป์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ์ •์น˜์  ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์กด๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ•์••์ ์ธ ๋™ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์นจ์ฒด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€์กฑ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ใ€Š์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค, ๋ถ€์„œ์ง„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“คใ€‹์€ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€๊ตญ์ด "๋‚ฉ์น˜"๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์ด ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋ฌธํ™” ์–ธ์–ด ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์–ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์–ด์กฑ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜์ธ ์ˆ˜์–ด์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์–ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์–ด ํ™”์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 2์ฒœ ๋ช… ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šคํƒ€์ฝ”ํƒ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ ์— ์ด ์˜ค ์šฐ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ชจ์Œ๊ณผ ์ด์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ ๋น„์Œ ล‹์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋†’๋‚ฎ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ์–‘์Œ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด e๋Š” ํ‰์„ฑ์„ รฉ๋Š” ๊ณ ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋งˆ์ž๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ž์Œ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๊ณก์ ˆ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ ห‡๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ฤŒ๋Š” [tสƒ]๋ฅผ ฤŒh๋Š” [tสƒสฐ]๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ˆœ์€ SOVํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด-๋ชฉ์ ์–ด-์ˆ ์–ด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ข…์ข… ์ˆ ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋žต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊พธ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์–ด๊ทผ์˜ ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ ๋ถ™๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์ˆ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ด๊ทผ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ง์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊พธ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฏธ์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜์–ด์กฑ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ์นœ์—ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ์–‘์‹์€ ์ดˆ์›์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋†๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์‹ ํ™”๋Š” ์™€์บ‰ ํƒ•์นด(, ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜ผ)๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ํž˜์ด ๊นƒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์›์„ ๋Œ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋“ค์†Œ, ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ, ์‚ฌ์Šด์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๊นƒ๋“  ํž˜์€ ์ „์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ’€์–ด์•ผํ•  ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์—ด๋‘์‚ด์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์–ด์—ฟํ•œ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์™€์บ‰ ํƒ•์นด๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ์™€ ๋น„์ „์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋“ค์†Œ ์ถค, ์ดˆ์› ์ถค, ๋ฑ€ ์ถค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์‹์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ์•ˆ๋…•๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ๊ธฐ์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ์‹๋Ÿ‰, ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์›์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋Š˜์–ด์„œ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ •(์„œ์ชฝ), ํฐ์ƒ‰(๋ถ์ชฝ), ๋…ธ๋ž‘(๋™์ชฝ), ๋นจ๊ฐ•(๋‚จ์ชฝ)์˜ 4์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์›์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์›์˜ ์ถค์„ ์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํ”ํžˆ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ธ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ถค์€ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜์‹์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์‹ ํ™” ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ๋‚˜์ฝ”ํƒ€์กฑ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Beck, Paul N. (2013). Columns of Vengeance: Soldiers, Sioux, and the Punitive Expeditions, 1863โ€“1864. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Christafferson, Dennis M. (2001). "Sioux, 1930โ€“2000". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp.ย 821โ€“839). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001a). "Sioux until 1850". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp.ย 718โ€“760). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001b). "Teton". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp.ย 794โ€“820). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . Hรคmรคlรคinen, Peka.(2019). Lakota America: A New History of Indigenous Power, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. . Matson, William and Frethem, Mark (2006). Producers. "The Authorized Biography of Crazy Horse and His Family Part One: Creation, Spirituality, and the Family Tree". The Crazy Horse family tells their oral history and with explanations of Lakota spirituality and culture on DVD. (Publisher is Reelcontact.com) Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). "The Siouan Languages". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp.ย 94โ€“114). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. . Ullrich, Jan. (2011) New Lakota Dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium. . (The most comprehensive dictionary of the language, the only dictionary reliable in terms of spelling and defining words.) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์–ธ์–ด ํฌ๋Ÿผ ๋ผ์ฝ”๋‹ค์–ด ์ปจ์†Œ์‹œ์—„ ์ƒค์ด์—”๊ฐ• ์ˆ˜์กฑ ๊ณต์‹ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota%20people
Lakota people
The Lakota (pronounced ; ) are a Native American people. Also known as the Teton Sioux (from ThรญtศŸuล‹waล‹), they are one of the three prominent subcultures of the Sioux people, with the Eastern Dakota (Santee) and Western Dakota (Wiฤhรญyena). Their current lands are in North and South Dakota. They speak LakศŸรณtiyapiโ€”the Lakota language, the westernmost of three closely related languages that belong to the Siouan language family. The seven bands or "sub-tribes" of the Lakota are: Siฤhรกล‹วงu (Brulรฉ, Burned Thighs) Oglรกla ("They Scatter Their Own") Itรกzipฤho (Sans Arc, Without Bows) Hรบล‹kpapศŸa (Hunkpapa, "End Village", Camps at the End of the Camp Circle) MnikศŸรณwoลพu (Miniconjou, "Plant Near Water", Planters by the Water) Sihรกsapa ("Blackfeetโ€ or โ€œBlackfoot") Oรณhenuล‹pa (Two Kettles) Notable Lakota persons include TศŸatศŸรกล‹ka รyotake (Sitting Bull) from the HรบnkpapศŸa, MaศŸpรญya IฤรกศŸtagya (Touch the Clouds) from the Miniconjou, HeศŸรกka Sรกpa (Black Elk) from the Oglรกla, MaศŸpรญya Lรบta (Red Cloud) from the Oglรกla, Tamakhรณฤhe TheศŸรญla (Billy Mills) from the Oglรกla, TศŸaลกรบล‹ke Witkรณ (Crazy Horse) from the Oglรกla and Miniconjou, and Siล‹tรฉ Gleลกkรก (Spotted Tail) from the Brulรฉ. More recent activists include Russell Means from the Oglรกla. History Siouan language speakers may have originated in the lower Mississippi River region and then migrated to or originated in the Ohio Valley. They were agriculturalists and may have been part of the Mound Builder civilization during the 9thโ€“12th centuries CE. Lakota legend and other sources state they originally lived near the Great Lakes: "The tribes of the Dakota before European contact in the 1600s lived in the region around Lake Superior. In this forest environment, they lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering wild rice. They also grew some corn, but their locale was near the limit of where corn could be grown." In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Dakota-Lakota speakers lived in the upper Mississippi Region in what is now organized as the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and the Dakotas. Conflicts with Anishnaabe and Cree peoples pushed the Lakota west onto the Great Plains in the mid- to late-17th century. Early Lakota history is recorded in their winter counts (Lakota: wanรญyetu wรณwapi), pictorial calendars painted on hides, or later recorded on paper. The 'Battiste Good winter count' records Lakota history back to 900ย CE when White Buffalo Calf Woman gave the Lakota people the White Buffalo Calf Pipe. Around 1730 Cheyenne people introduced the Lakota to horses, which they called ลกuล‹kawakaล‹ ("dog [of] power/mystery/wonder"). After they adopted horse culture, Lakota society centered on the buffalo hunt on horseback. The total population of the Sioux (Lakota, Santee, Yankton, and Yanktonai) was estimated at 28,000 in 1660 by French explorers. The Lakota population was estimated at 8,500 in 1805; it grew steadily and reached 16,110 in 1881, one of the few Native American tribes to increase in population in the 19th century. The number of Lakota has increased to more than 170,000 in 2010, of whom about 2,000 still speak the Lakota language (LakศŸรณtiyapi). After 1720, the Lakota branch of the Seven Council Fires split into two major sects, the Saรดne, who moved to the Lake Traverse area on the South Dakotaโ€“North Dakotaโ€“Minnesota border, and the Oglรกla-Siฤhรกล‹วงu, who occupied the James River valley. However, by about 1750 the Saรดne had moved to the east bank of the Missouri River, followed 10 years later by the Oglรกla and Brulรฉ (Siฤhรกล‹วงu). The large and powerful Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa villages had long prevented the Lakota from crossing Missouri. However, the great smallpox epidemic of 1772โ€“1780 destroyed three-quarters of these tribes. The Lakota crossed the river into the drier, short-grass prairies of the High Plains. These newcomers were the Saรดne, well-mounted and increasingly confident, who spread out quickly. In 1765, a Saรดne exploring and raiding party led by Chief Standing Bear discovered the Black Hills (the Paha Sapa), then the territory of the Cheyenne. Ten years later, the Oglรกla and Brulรฉ also crossed the Missouri. Under pressure from the Lakota, the Cheyenne moved west to the Powder River country. The Lakota made the Black Hills their home. Initial United States contact with the Lakota during the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804โ€“1806 was marked by a standoff. Lakota bands refused to allow the explorers to continue upstream, and the expedition prepared for battle, which never came. Some bands of Lakota became the first indigenous people to help the United States Army in an inter-tribal war west of the Missouri, during the Arikara War in 1823. In 1843, the southern Lakota attacked Pawnee Chief Blue Coat's village near the Loup in Nebraska, killing many and burning half of the earth lodges. The next time the Lakota inflicted a blow so severe to the Pawnee would be in 1873, during the Massacre Canyon battle near Republican River. Nearly half a century later, after the United States had built Fort Laramie without permission on Lakota land, it negotiated the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 to protect European-American travelers on the Oregon Trail. The Cheyenne and Lakota had previously attacked emigrant parties in a competition for resources, and also because some settlers had encroached on their lands. The Fort Laramie Treaty acknowledged Lakota sovereignty over the Great Plains in exchange for free passage for European Americans on the Oregon Trail for "as long as the river flows and the eagle flies". The U.S. government did not enforce the treaty restriction against unauthorized settlement, and Lakota and other bands attacked settlers and even emigrant trains as part of their resistance to this encroachment, resulting in public pressure on the U.S. Army to punish them. On September 3, 1855, 700 soldiers under U.S. Brevet Major General William S. Harney avenged the Grattan massacre by attacking a Lakota village in Nebraska, killing about 100 men, women, and children. A series of short "wars" followed, and in 1862โ€“1864, as Native American refugees from the "Dakota War of 1862" in Minnesota fled west to their allies in Montana and Dakota Territory. Increasing illegal settlement after the American Civil War resulted in war on the Plains again. The Black Hills were considered sacred by the Lakota, and they objected to mining. Between 1866 and 1868 the U.S. Army fought the Lakota and their allies along the Bozeman Trail over U.S. forts built to protect miners traveling along the trail. Oglala Chief Red Cloud led his people to victory in Red Cloud's War. In 1868, the United States signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, exempting the Black Hills from all white settlement forever. Four years later gold was discovered there, and prospectors descended on the area. The attacks on settlers and miners were met by military force conducted by army commanders such as Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer. General Philip Sheridan encouraged his troops to hunt and kill the buffalo as a means of "destroying the Indians' commissary." The allied Lakota and Arapaho bands and the unified Northern Cheyenne were involved in much of the warfare after 1860. They fought a successful delaying action against General George Crook's army at the Battle of the Rosebud, preventing Crook from locating and attacking their camp. A week later they defeated the U.S. 7th Cavalry in 1876 at the Battle of the Greasy Grass at the Crow Indian Reservation (1868 boundaries). Custer attacked a camp of several tribes, much larger than he realized. Their combined forces, led by Chief Crazy Horse, killed 258 soldiers, wiping out the entire Custer battalion in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and inflicting more than 50% casualties on the regiment. The Lakota and their allies did not get to enjoy their victory over the U.S. Army for long. The U.S. Congress authorized funds to expand the army by 2,500 men. The reinforced U.S. Army defeated the Lakota bands in a series of battles, finally ending the Great Sioux War in 1877. The Lakota were eventually confined to reservations, prevented from hunting buffalo beyond those territories, and forced to accept government food distribution. In 1877, some of the Lakota bands signed a treaty that ceded the Black Hills to the United States; however, the nature of this treaty and its passage were controversial. The number of Lakota leaders who backed the treaty is highly disputed. Low-intensity conflicts continued in the Black Hills. Fourteen years later, Sitting Bull was killed at Standing Rock reservation on December 15, 1890. The U.S. Army attacked Spotted Elk (aka Bigfoot)'s Mnicoujou band of Lakota on December 29, 1890, at Pine Ridge, killing 153 Lakota (tribal estimates are higher), including numerous women and children, in the Wounded Knee Massacre . Today, the Lakota are found mostly in the five reservations of western South Dakota: Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, home of the Oglรกla, the most numerous of the Lakota bands. Rosebud Indian Reservation, home of the Upper Siฤhรกnวงu or Brulรฉ. Lower Brule Indian Reservation, home of the Lower Siฤhaล‹วงu. Cheyenne River Indian Reservation, home of several other of the seven Lakota bands, including the MnikศŸรณwoลพu, Itรกzipฤho, Sihรกsapa, and Oรณhenumpa. Standing Rock Indian Reservation, home of the Hรบล‹kpapศŸa and to people from many other bands. Lakota also live on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in northeastern Montana, the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation of northwestern North Dakota, and several small reserves in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. During the Minnesota and Black Hills wars, their ancestors fled for refuge to "Grandmother's [i.e. Queen Victoria's] Land" (Canada). Large numbers of Lakota live in Rapid City and other towns in the Black Hills, and in metro Denver. Lakota elders joined the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) to seek protection and recognition for their cultural and land rights. Government United States Legally and by treaty classified as a "domestic dependent nation" within the United States, the federally recognized Lakota tribes are represented locally by officials elected to councils for the several reservations and communities in the Dakotas, Minnesota, and Nebraska. These tribes have government-to-government relationships with the United States federal government, primarily through the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the Department of Interior. As semi-autonomous political entities, tribal governments have certain rights to independent of state laws. For instance, they may operate Indian gaming on their reservation based on the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988. They operate with the federal government. These relationship are negotiated and contested. Most Lakota tribal members are also citizens of the United States. They can vote in local, state/provincial and federal elections. They are represented at the state and national level by officials elected from the political districts of their respective states and Congressional Districts. Tribal members living both on and off the individual reservations are eligible to vote in periodic elections for that tribe. Each tribe has its own requirements for citizenship, as well its own constitution, bylaws, and elections. or articles of incorporation. Most follow a multi-member tribal council model, with a chairman or president elected at-large, directly by the voters. The current President of the Oglala Sioux, the majority tribe of the Lakota located primarily on the Pine Ridge reservation, is Kevin Killer. The President of the Siฤhรกล‹วงu Lakota at the Rosebud reservation is Rodney M. Bordeaux. The Chairwoman of the Standing Rock reservation, which includes peoples from several Lakota subgroups including the Hรบล‹kpapศŸa, is Janet Alkire. The Chairman of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe at the Cheyenne River reservation, comprising the MnikศŸรณwoลพu, Itรกzipฤho, Sihรก Sรกpa, and Oรณhenuล‹pa bands of the Lakota, is Harold Frazier. The Chairman of the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe (also known as the Lower Sicangu Lakota), is Boyd I. Gourneau. Canada Nine bands of Dakota and Lakota reside in Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan, with a total of 6,000 registered members. They are recognized as First Nations but are not considered "treaty Indians". As First Nations they receive rights and entitlements through the Crownโ€“Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada department. But because they are not recognized as treaty Indians, they did not participate in the land settlement and natural resource revenues. The Dakota rejected a $60-million land-rights settlement in 2008. Independence movement The Lakota are among tribal nations that have taken actions, participated in occupations, and proposed independence movements, particularly since the era of rising activism since the mid to late 20th century. They filed land claims against the federal government for what they defined as illegal taking of the Black Hills in the nineteenth century. In 1980, the Supreme Court ruled in their favor and decided in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians to award US$122 million to eight bands of Sioux Indians as compensation for their Black Hills land claims. The Sioux have refused the money, because accepting the settlement would legally terminate their demands for return of the Black Hills. The money remains in a Bureau of Indian Affairs account, accruing compound interest. As of 2011, the account has grown to over $1 billion. In September 2007, the United Nations passed a non-binding Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand refused to sign. On December 20, 2007, a small group of people led by American Indian Movement activist Russell Means, under the name Lakota Freedom Delegation, traveled to Washington D.C. to announce a withdrawal of the Lakota Sioux from all treaties with the United States government. These activists had no standing under any elected tribal government. Official Lakota tribal leaders issued public responses to the effect that, in the words of Rosebud Lakota tribal chairman Rodney Bordeaux, "We do not support what Means and his group are doing and they don't have any support from any tribal government I know of. They don't speak for us." Means declared "The Republic of Lakotah", defining it as a sovereign nation with property rights over thousands of square miles in South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming and Montana. The group stated that they do not act for or represent the tribal governments "set up by the BIA or those Lakota who support the BIA system of government". "The Lakota Freedom Delegation" did not include any elected leaders from any of the tribes. Means had previously run for president of the Oglala Sioux tribe and twice been defeated. Several tribal governments โ€“ elected by tribal members โ€“ issued statements distancing themselves from the independence declaration. Some said that they were watching the independent movement closely. No elected tribal governments endorsed the declaration. Current activism The Lakota People made national news when NPR's "Lost Children, Shattered Families" investigative story aired regarding issues related to foster care for Native American children. It exposed what many critics consider to be the "kidnapping" of Lakota children from their homes by the state of South Dakota's Department of Social Services (D.S.S.). Lakota activists such as Madonna Thunder Hawk and Chase Iron Eyes, along with the Lakota Peopleโ€™s Law Project, have alleged that Lakota grandmothers are illegally denied the right to foster their own grandchildren. They are working to redirect federal funding away from the state of South Dakota's D.S.S. to new tribal foster care programs. This would be an historic shift away from the state's traditional control over Lakota foster children. A short film, Lakota in America, was produced by Square. The film features Genevieve Iron Lightning, a young Lakota dancer on the Cheyenne River Reservation, one of the poorest communities in the United States. Unemployment, addiction, alcoholism, and suicide are all challenges for Lakota on the reservation. Ethnonyms The name Lakota comes from the Lakota autonym, Lakota "feeling affection, friendly, united, allied". The early French historic documents did not distinguish a separate Teton division, instead grouping them with other "Sioux of the West," Santee and Yankton bands. The names Teton and Tetuwan come from the Lakota name thรญtศŸuล‹waล‹, the meaning of which is obscure. This term was used to refer to the Lakota by non-Lakota Sioux groups. Other derivations and spelling variations include: ti tanka, Tintonyanyan, Titon, Tintonha, Thintohas, Tinthenha, Tinton, Thuntotas, Tintones, Tintoner, Tintinhos, Ten-ton-ha, Thinthonha, Tinthonha, Tentouha, Tintonwans, Tindaw, Tinthow, Atintons, Anthontans, Atentons, Atintans, Atrutons, Titoba, Tetongues, Teton Sioux, Teeton, Ti toan, Teetwawn, Teetwans, Ti-tโ€™-wawn, Ti-twans, Titโ€™wan, Tetans, Tieton, and Teetonwan. Early French sources call the Lakota Sioux with an additional modifier, such as Sioux of the West, West Schious, Sioux des prairies, Sioux occidentaux, Sioux of the Meadows, Nadooessis of the Plains, Prairie Indians, Sioux of the Plain, Maskoutens-Nadouessians, Mascouteins Nadouessi, and Sioux nomades. Today many of the tribes continue to officially call themselves Sioux. In the 19th and 20th centuries, this was the name which the US government applied to all Dakota/Lakota people. However, some tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the Siฤhรกล‹วงu Oyรกte (Brulรฉ Nation), and the Oglala often use the name Oglรกla LakศŸรณta Oyรกte, rather than the English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. (The alternate English spelling of Ogallala is deprecated, even though it is closer to the correct pronunciation.) The Lakota have names for their own subdivisions. The Lakota also are the most western of the three Sioux groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota. Reservations Today, one half of all enrolled Sioux live off reservations. Lakota reservations recognized by the U.S. government include: Oglala (Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota and Nebraska) Sicangu (Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota) & (Lower Brule Indian Reservation, South Dakota) Hunkpapa (Standing Rock Reservation, North Dakota and South Dakota) Miniconjou (Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation, South Dakota) Itazipco (Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation, South Dakota) Siha Sapa (Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation, South Dakota) Ooinunpa (Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation, South Dakota) Some Lakota also live on other Sioux reservations in eastern South Dakota, Minnesota, and Nebraska: Santee Indian Reservation, in Nebraska Crow Creek Indian Reservation in Central South Dakota Yankton Indian Reservation in Central South Dakota Flandreau Indian Reservation in Eastern South Dakota Lake Traverse Indian Reservation in Northeastern South Dakota and Southeastern North Dakota Lower Sioux Indian Reservation in Minnesota Upper Sioux Indian Reservation in Minnesota Shakopee-Mdewakanton Indian Reservation in Minnesota Prairie Island Indian Reservation in Minnesota In addition, several Lakota live on the Wood Mountain First Nation reserve, near Wood Mountain Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada. See also Lakota mythology List of Lakota people Native American tribes in Nebraska Notes References Andersson, Rani-Henrik & David C. Posthumus (2022). Lakฤฅรณta: An Indigenous History, Norman: University of Oklahoma press. Beck, Paul N. (2013). Columns of Vengeance: Soldiers, Sioux, and the Punitive Expeditions, 1863โ€“1864. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Christafferson, Dennis M. (2001). "Sioux, 1930โ€“2000". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp.ย 821โ€“839). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001a). "Sioux until 1850". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp.ย 718โ€“760). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001b). "Teton". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp.ย 794โ€“820). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . Hรคmรคlรคinen, Pekka. (2019). Lakota America: A New History of Indigenous Power, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. . Matson, William and Frethem, Mark (2006). Producers. "The Authorized Biography of Crazy Horse and His Family Part One: Creation, Spirituality, and the Family Tree". The Crazy Horse family tells their oral history and with explanations of Lakota spirituality and culture on DVD. (Publisher is Reelcontact.com) Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). "The Siouan Languages". In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp.ย 94โ€“114). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. . Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. . External links The Official Lakota Language Forum Lakota Language Consortium Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Official Website Sioux Plains tribes Native American history of North Dakota Native American history of South Dakota Siouan peoples Native American tribes in North Dakota Native American tribes in South Dakota Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Native American tribes in Montana Articles containing video clips
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์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ (ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€)
์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ(ๆˆๅœจๅŸบ, 1967๋…„ 8์›” 8์ผ ~ 2013๋…„ 7์›” 26์ผ)๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์šด๋™๊ฐ€, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ธ๊ถŒ์šด๋™๊ฐ€์ด๋ฉฐ ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€)์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2006๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค๋งฅํ”Œ๋ผ์ด ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ, ์–‘๋Œ€ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธํด๋Ÿฝ ๋“ฑ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1999๋…„ 12์›” ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ์œ„ํ—Œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ฐพ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์šด๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 2012๋…„ 11์›”์— BJ๋กœ๋ณต(์ •์ง€๋ณต)๊ณผ ํ† ํฌ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋…ผ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ, ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋ถ€ํ™œ ์šด๋™, ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ• ๋‹น์ œ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™, ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™, ์•„๋™ ๋ฐ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ์„ฑ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ, ์ „๋ฉด ์ฒ ํ ์šด๋™ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ ๋ฐ˜ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๋‚จ์„ฑํ•ด๋ฐฉ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ 2007๋…„ 1์›” 4์ผ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™๋ณธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์„ค, 2007๋…„ 12์›” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ œ17๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์งํ›„์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 1์›” 28์ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ƒ์ž„๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋…€ ์–‘์„ฑ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์•ฝ์ž, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์  ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ƒํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•จ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํž˜์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ, ๋ถ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋งž๋Š” ๋‚จํŽธ, ์ทจ์งํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ, ๋‚จ์ž ์ „์—… ๊ฐ€์ •์ฃผ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋น„๋‚œ, ์กฐ๋กฑ์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2004๋…„์—๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2008๋…„ 10์›”์—๋Š” ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์˜ ์นœ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™์„ ๋น„ํŒ, ํ™€๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์˜ ์นœ๊ถŒ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2011๋…„ 11์›”๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ ๋ฐœ์–ธ ํŒŒ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณค์š•์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฐ•์šฉ์„์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 5์›”์—๋Š” ์œค์ฐฝ์ค‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋…€์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ์ค‘์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์„ฑํญํ–‰ ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์‹ ๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด์ž, ๊ฝƒ๋ฑ€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ์™€ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 2011๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ดํ˜ผ ํ˜น์€ ๋…์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผ์ž ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋Œ€๋”” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์ง€์›, 2013๋…„ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋Œ€๋”” ๋ฐ˜์ฐฌ์ง€์› ์šด๋™์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 7์›” 26์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 3์‹œ 15๋ถ„ ์„œ์šธ ๋งˆํฌ๋Œ€๊ต์—์„œ ํˆฌ์‹  ์ž์‚ด ํ›„ ํ•œ๊ฐ•์—์„œ ์‹ค์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํ˜๋งŒ์ธ 7์›” 29์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 4์‹œ 10๋ถ„์— ์„œ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ต ๋‚จ๋‹จ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ•๋ณ€์—์„œ ์‹œ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ด€์€ ์ฐฝ๋…•(ๆ˜Œๅฏง)์ด๊ณ , ์ž๋Š” ์ž„์„ฑ(่‡จ่–), ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์‹ฌํ—Œ(ๅฏฉ่ป’) ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ฌํ—Œ(ๅฟƒ่ป’)์ด๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ช…์€ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๋Š‘๋Œ€, ๋˜ฅ๋ฐœ๋ฐ”์Šค, ๋˜ฅ๋ฐœ, ssjjgg1985์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์ƒ์•  ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ๋™๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„ 3์›” ๋Œ€๋ฅœ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ฅœ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋กœ ์ง„ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1993๋…„ 2์›” ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ƒ๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ง„ํ•™์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜•ํŽธ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ์ง„ํ•™์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  1992๋…„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—… ํ›„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์› ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๋ณดํ—˜ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์˜์—…์‚ฌ์›์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋•Œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์–‘๋Œ€ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธํด๋Ÿฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์œ ํฅ์—…์†Œ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋Š” ์ž„์„ฑ(่‡จ่–), ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์‹ฌํ—Œ(ๅฏฉ่ป’) ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ฌํ—Œ(ๅฟƒ่ป’)์ด๋‹ค. PCํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ์˜ ํ•„๋ช…์€ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๋Š‘๋Œ€, ๋˜ฅ๋ฐœ๋ฐ”์Šค, ๋˜ฅ๋ฐœ, ssjjgg1985 ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘์— 2000๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™์— ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์šด๋™์— ํˆฌ์‹ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1999๋…„ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค." ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋ถ€ํ™œ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ๊ตฐํ•„์ž ๋ณด์ƒ ์šด๋™์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1999๋…„ 10์›” 2์ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 10์›” 16์ผ ๋ชจ ์—ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 6๋ช…๊ณผ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ 1๋ช…์ด ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์†Œ์›์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€ ํ—Œ์†Œ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์–ด, 12์›” 23์ผ ์œ„ํ—ŒํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท, ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ™๋ณด ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋ถ€ํ™œ ์šด๋™, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๋น„์šฉ ๋‚จ๋…€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ 10์›” 26์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ๋™๊ตฌ ํšจ๋ชฉ๋™์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์—…, ํˆฌ์ž, ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ์ƒ๋‹ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋งฅํ”Œ๋ผ์ด ์ฐฝ์—…ํˆฌ์ž ์ปจ์„คํŒ… ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์šด๋™์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 2006๋…„ 11์›” 30์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ๋งค๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํฌํ„ธ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2002๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ฐ ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐํ•„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋ณด์ƒ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์„ ๊ฑด์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ 8์›” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ• ๋‹น์ œ ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์ž, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ• ๋‹น์ œ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋…€ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ• ๋‹น์ œ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ 4์›” 7์ผ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์นœ๋ชฉ ์†Œ๋ชจ์ž„์ธ '๋Œ€๊ตฌ์ธ๋งฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” CEOํŒŒํ‹ฐ'์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ 2006๋…„ 11์›” 28์ผ ์„œ์šธ ์ƒ๊ฒฝ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ํšŒ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ํ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ 8์›” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ• ๋‹น์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์ž, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ• ๋‹น์ œ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋…€ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ• ๋‹น์ œ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ 4์›” 7์ผ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์นœ๋ชฉ ์†Œ๋ชจ์ž„์ธ '๋Œ€๊ตฌ์ธ๋งฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” CEOํŒŒํ‹ฐ'์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ 2006๋…„ 11์›” 28์ผ ์„œ์šธ ์ƒ๊ฒฝ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ํšŒ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ฐฝ ์‹œ์ ˆ 1985๋…„ 3์›” ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ์ž…ํ•™, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘ ํ˜„์—ญ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๊ธฐ ์ „์—ญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„์ผ ๊ทธ๋Š” "๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋™๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐค์ƒˆ๋„๋ก ์šธ์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ  '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„ˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๋‹ค'๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…ธ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์•Œ์•„์คฌ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์—ญ๋ณ‘ ์ž…์˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž…์˜์„ ์•ˆํƒ€๊นŒ์›Œํ•˜๋˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ผํ™”๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1993๋…„ 2์›” ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ƒ๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒด๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ณ ์ž ์ผ์ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฉํˆฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ณต์‹ฑ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›—๋‚  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ํšŒ์›์ธ ๊น€๋Œ€ํ˜•์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด "ํ‰์†Œ์— (์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€) ๊ฒฉํˆฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ณต์‹ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์ธํ•œ ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค" ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ 2ํ•™๋…„ ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘ 1987๋…„์— ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œก๊ตฐํ›ˆ๋ จ์†Œ ์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„, ์ฒ ์›๊ตฐ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ œ3์‚ฌ๋‹จ ๋ฐฑ๊ณจ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, 1990๋…„์— ๋งŒ๊ธฐ ์ „์—ญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ง„ํ•™์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜•ํŽธ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ง„ํ•™์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  1992๋…„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—… ํ›„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์› ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๋ณดํ—˜ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์˜์—…์‚ฌ์›์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋•Œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์–‘๋Œ€ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธํด๋Ÿฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์œ ํฅ์—…์†Œ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™์— ํˆฌ์‹  ๋…ผ๊ฐ ํ™œ๋™, ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๋„ค์ดํŠธ, ์•ผํ›„์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋“ฑ ํฌํ„ธ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๊ธ€์„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์—ฌ๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์™œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์—†๋Š๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ์กฐ์†Œ์™€ ์•ผ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ 12์›” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํฌํ„ธ๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋…ผ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2005๋…„ 1์›”์—๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ์ œ๋„ ํ์ง€์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์นœ์ž ํ™•์ธ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์นจํ•ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์™ธ๋ฉด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€์— ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋˜ ํ•œ์ง€ํ™˜, ์ •์ฑ„๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 1์›” 2์ผ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€, ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์ „, ํˆฌ์Ÿ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์ค€๋น„์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ฒญ๋…„๋™๋งน์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ ๋ฐ˜ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๋‚จ์„ฑํ•ด๋ฐฉ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  2007๋…„ 1์›” 4์ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™๋ณธ๋ถ€(ๅฅณๆ€ง้ƒจๅปขๆญข้‹ๅ‹•ๆœฌ้ƒจ)๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ•œ ํ›„์›๊ธˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 2008๋…„ 1์›” 24์ผ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๋™ 142-3 ์—˜์ง€์—ํด๋ผํŠธ B๋™ 324ํ˜ธ์— ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „์›์ฑ… ํŒฌ์นดํŽ˜์—๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 2009๋…„ 1์›” 5์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์›์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 12์›” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ œ17๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ํ›„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์„ ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹น์‹œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋’ค, ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„œ์šธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„œํ•œ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋…€ ํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋‹น๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š๋ผ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณ‘์—ญ ๋ฏธํ•„์ž์™€ ๋ฉด์ œ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ตฐํ•„์ž ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” 2008๋…„ 2์›” ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ทจ์ž„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” 1์ธ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„œํ•œ๊ณผ ํƒ„์›์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑํ† ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ด๋‚˜ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ณต์—ฐํžˆ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2011๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•„๋™์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•, ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์žฅ์• ์ธ ์ฐจ๋ณ„, ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋™์„ฑ์• ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ทจํ–ฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋™์„ฑ์• ์ž, ์žฅ์• ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋„ ์•ฝ์ž์˜ ์ฒ˜์ง€์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์•ฝ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์€ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด๋ผ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ, ์—ฐ์• ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ, ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์„ ์ œ์ฐฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์—ฐ์• ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์ข…์†๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์—ญ์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ค€๋น„ ๊ณผ์ • ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ์ž์˜ ์ฒ˜์ง€์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์•ฝ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์€ ๋ชฐ์ง€๊ฐํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด๋ผ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ น ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ, ๊ต์‚ฌ, ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ๋‚จ์„ฑ, ์„œ๋ฏผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์•ฝ์ž์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต์˜ ๋”ธ, ๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์„œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ฒ•์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ 2008๋…„ 5์›” 21์ผ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ๋‚  ๋•Œ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ, ์—ฐ์• ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์„ ์ œ์ฐฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์• ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชฉ์„ ๋งจ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜์›ํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์•„์ด, ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ข…, ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์• ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๋Œ€์šฐ์™€ ํญํ–‰์„ ๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์นจ์—†์ด ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋Š” 2008๋…„ 5์›” 21์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งค๋งž๋Š” ๋‚จํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „ํ™”์ƒ๋‹ด์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์—ฐ์• ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์ข…์†๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์—ญ์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด, ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€, ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„, ์šฐ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •์ฑ„๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ ์ง์ „ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋‹น๊ณผ ์•ผ๋‹น ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์šด๋™๋„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋น„๋„ ๋Œ€์ฃผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์— ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์ž ๋ถ„๊ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ›„์ผ 2013๋…„ 1์›”์˜ ๋”ด์ง€์ผ๋ณด์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ํ›„์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ๋‹น, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ๊ฐ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ธ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œโ€œ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹ญ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.โ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง๋“ค์„ ๋“ฃ์ž ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถ„๊ฐœ, ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋“ค ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ›„์›์„ ๋Š์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ํ›—๋‚  ๊ทธ๋Š” 2013๋…„ 1์›” ๋”ด์ง€์ผ๋ณด์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ '๋ง ์ž˜๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค, ๋‹น์‹ . ์ขŒ์šฐ์—ฌ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‚จ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์‚ด์ž๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์‹ญ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ขŒ์šฐ์—ฌ์•ผ๋„ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์‹ญ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ. ํ• ๋ง ๋ชป ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ธ์—ฐ ๋‹ค ๋Š์—ˆ์ฃ .'๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ํ›„์›ํ•˜๋˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›, ์ธ์—ฐ์„ ๋Š์€ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ 2008๋…„ 1์›” 26์ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(็”ทๆ€ง้€ฃๅธถ)๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์ž„๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๊ธฐ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ฒ ์—†๋Š” ํƒœ๋„์— ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹ ์Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, 18์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์€ ์„ฑ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์™œ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ป์–ด๋จน๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ, ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ปคํ”ผ ํ•œ์ž” ์‚ฌ ์ค„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์•„๋Ÿ‰์€ ์—†๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— '๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃผ์•„์˜ ์ด์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๋ ˆํƒ€๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ' ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด '์šด๋™'์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•„๋‚ด๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” "ํ•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ ‘๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์ƒํ™œ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋‚ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "10๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ƒํ™œ ๋™์•ˆ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹คํˆฐ ์ผ ์—†์ด ์ž˜ ์‚ด์•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋งก์€ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‹ธ์› ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ž˜์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์šธ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค, ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค, ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ž˜์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ฅ๋ฐœ๋ฐ”์Šค, ๋˜ฅ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•„๋ช…์„ ์“ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2007๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ์‹ค๋ช… ํ˜น์€ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ํ•„๋ช…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ํ™œ๋™ 2001๋…„ 10์›” ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€ ์ดํ›„ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋ถ€ํ™œ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2003๋…„ 2์›” 25์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์˜ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌต์‚ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2005๋…„ 3์›”๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ๋…ผ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ 3์›” 2์ผ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ •๋˜์ž ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ๋’คํ”๋“ ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๊ทœํƒ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์ž ์„œ์šธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋•Œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด "2007๋…„ 12์›” ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ๋‹น์„ ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ฒŒ์‹œํŒ์— ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๊ฒŒ์‹œํŒ์— ๊ธ€์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์”ฉ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ๋ฆฌ๋“œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด 2~3๋ช… ์ •๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ๊ทธ๋Š” 2007๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2008๋…„ 2์›” 24์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งค์ผ ์„œ์šธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ž…๊ตฌ ์•ž์—์„œ ํ”ผ์ผ“๊ณผ ๋„ˆ๊นŒ๋ž˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  1์ธ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ์‹œ์œ„์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ™œ๋™ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚จ๋…€ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€ ์ดํ›„ ๋ณด์ƒ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€์ , ๋น„ํŒํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋ก  ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” "์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ๋ฌด์šฉ๋ก ์— ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์ œ์•ˆ 1์œ„๋กœ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ '์œ ์•ผ๋ฌด์•ผ' ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ '์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค ์‹ถ์€ ๋งˆ์Œ'์— ๋œป์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด 3๋…„ ์ค€๋น„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋งก์€ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” "1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค์™”๋Š”๋ฐ, ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋™๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐค์ƒˆ๋„๋ก ์šธ์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ  '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„ˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๋‹ค'๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…ธ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์•Œ์•„์คฌ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•œํƒ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›—๋‚  ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ ์˜์‹์— ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋–  ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์†Œ์™ธ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํž˜๋“  ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํž˜์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์†์ธ ๊ถŒ๋ชจ์”จ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ฑํญํ–‰์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ 2006๋…„ 3์›” ๊ฒฝํฌ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ์„œ์ •๋ฒ” ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์†ก 8๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 1์›” 2์ผ์—๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ์ง€๋˜์ž ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ 7์›” 16์ผ ์„œ์ •๋ฒ” ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์งํ›„ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋นˆ์†Œ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„œ์ •๋ฒ” ๊ต์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ์™€ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง์„ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„œ์ •๋ฒ” ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์›” 4์ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ํ›„์› ์กฐ์ง์ธ ์ฒญ๋…„๋™๋งน ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 3์›” 9์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—ญ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„๋™๋งน ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ๋Š‘๋Œ€ํšŒ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ/๊ฒฝ๋ถ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ง‘ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์„œ์šธ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์— ๋ชจ์ž„ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ๊ฐœ์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ์ €ํ•ญ ์šด๋™ 2008๋…„ 11์›” 3์ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ํ›„์› ์กฐ์ง์ธ ์ฒญ๋…„๋™๋งนํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ KBS2 TV์˜ ๋ฏธ๋…€๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹ค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋ชจ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค์ž‘์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฃจ์ €๋‚จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์„ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํ•˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ํ‚ค ์ž‘์€ ๋‚จ์ž, ๋ฃจ์ €๋‚จ์„ ๋‚ณ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ๋˜๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… '๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„'์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ •ํˆฌ์Ÿ, ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋งค ์šด๋™์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™” '๋„ˆ๋Š” ํŽซ'์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„ํ•˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์˜๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๋ƒˆ๊ณ , 2010๋…„ ํ•œ ์Œ๋ฃŒํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ '๋‚ ์€ ๋”์šด๋ฐ ๋‚จ์นœ์€ ์ฐจ๋„ ์—†๋„ค'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์นดํ”ผ์— ํ•ญ์˜, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฒ ํšŒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 1์›” 26์ผ ๊ทธ๋Š” '๋‚จ์ž๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด๊ณ , ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ด๊ณ  ์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ๋‚จ์ž๋„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.', '๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋‹ค, ๋‚จํŽธ์ด๊ณ  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ด๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž์ด๋‹ค.', '๋‚จ์ž๋„ ์•„ํ”„๊ณ  ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์„ ์—ญ์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€˜๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€โ€™,โ€˜๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ• ๋‹น์ œโ€™ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ• ๋‹น์ œ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์˜๋ฌด ํ• ๋‹น์ œ๋Š” ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ ๋„ ํ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ๊ตฐ ํ•„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ๋„ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฌด ํ• ๋‹น์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 7์›” 7์ผ๊ณผ 7์›” 28์ผ์—๋Š” ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ํ•ญ์˜์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. "๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์ธก์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์œ ์ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋งŒ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์„ ์ „์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ." ๊ทธ๋Š” "์ด์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค ํ˜•ํŽธ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๋ง ๋Œ€์‹  ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ‰๋“ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณ„๋„ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋Š๊ปด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์—ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘์„ฑ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋นŒ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ตฐ ๋ณต๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ธ์‹ฌ, ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ฑํ† ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ด์ „์— ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ•˜์ฐฎ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆผ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. '๋ˆํ‚คํ˜ธํ…Œ' ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด '๋˜˜์•„์ด' ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ž‘๊ณณ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. "๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์„ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํ•˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์นดํŽ˜๊ฐ€ 10์—ฌ๊ฐœ์— ํšŒ์›๋“ค์ด 8๋งŒ3000์—ฌ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๋ณ‘์—ญ์— ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” 2~3๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค์™€ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ตฐ ํ•„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ, ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ฒ˜์šฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 3์›” 27์ผ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฌธ์—ด์˜ ํŒฌํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ '์ด๋ฌธ์—ด ํŒฌ์นดํŽ˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰(ๆ€็ดข)'์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์šด๋™ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์ง์ž, ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋Œ€๋”” ๋“ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฐฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๊ฐˆ๋ฐ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ทจ์ง ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ˆ™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ™์†Œ์™€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šคํ…”์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ™์‹์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์„ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒํ•œ ๋’ค ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๊ฒŒ์ด ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค๊ณผ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์  ๋” ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์„ ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ™์†Œ์™€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šคํ…”์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํšŒ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด, ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์  ๋”๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฏธ์›Œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„ํžˆ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ 2011๋…„ 1์›” 24์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ, ๋†์ดŒ์ด๊ฐ ์ค‘๋งค ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ฃผ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ํ•ญ์˜์™€ ์†Œ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ค‘๋งค๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ณผ ๋†์ดŒ์ด๊ฐ ์ค‘๋งค๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์€ ํ˜ธ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด์„œ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 1์›” ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ฐ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ค‘๋งค๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ž ์ • ์ค‘๋‹จ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์˜๋‚œ 2013๋…„ ํˆฌ์‹  ์ง์ „ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž๊ธˆ๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•ด๋ดค์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ด€ํ• ์ด๋ผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 5์›”์—๋Š” ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— '2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ธ ํšŒ๋น„์™€ ํ›„์›๊ธˆ์€ 2000์—ฌ๋งŒ์›์ธ๋ฐ, ์ง€์ถœ์€ 2์–ต4000์—ฌ๋งŒ์›์ด๋ผ ํ˜„์žฌ 2์–ต์›์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค'๋Š” ๊ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„์šฐ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์žฌ์ •๋‚œ์„ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์‚ฌ์› ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ์€ ๋ˆ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ˜ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๋‚จ์„ฑํ•ด๋ฐฉ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€์šด๋™ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์šด์˜์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์žฌ์ •๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ˆ๋•์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์˜๋‚œ์— ํ—ˆ๋•์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€œ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น๋‹นํžˆ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹คโ€๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€์›์„ ์ผ์ ˆ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ „ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ›„์›๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ โ€˜์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋Œ€๋”” ๋ฐ˜์ฐฌ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌโ€™ โ€˜๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ง€์› ์„œ๋น„์Šคโ€™ ๋“ฑ ๋ˆ ๋“œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ด์–ด ๊ฐ€๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์žฌ์ •๋‚œ์— ๋ถ€๋‹ฅ์ณค๋‹ค. [์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€]](๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€)๋Š” 2011๋…„ 3์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„ 5์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ข… ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ 2์–ต 4670๋งŒ ์›์„ ์ผ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ›„์›๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜์ž…์€ 1956๋งŒ ์›์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ํฌ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์ž๋Š” ๋ฉด์น˜ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์“ธ๋ฐ ์—†๋Š” ์ง“์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์ž์ธ๋ฐ ๋ญํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š๋ƒ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒŒ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์กฐ๋กฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐฉ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ ์ž๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋นš์ด ๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑํญํ–‰, ์„ฑ์ถ”ํ–‰ ๋ฌด๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ, ์„ฑ์‹คํ•œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์•„๋‚ด์˜ ์™ธ๋„, ์•„๋‚ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ดํ˜ผ ์š”๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ž๋น„๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 7์›” 28์ผ ๋‹น์‹œ ์„œ์šธ ์˜๋“ฑํฌ๊ตฌ ์—ฌ์˜๋„๋™์˜ ์šฐํŽธํ•จ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ๋…์ด‰ ๊ณ ์ง€์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ถํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๋™๋ถ€์ง€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 5์›” 20์ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๊ณ ์ง€์„œ์—๋Š” ์ฒด๋‚ฉ๊ธˆ 317๋งŒ6660์›์ด ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์—…์ž ๋“ฑ๋ก์„ ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์„ 14๊ฐœ์›”์น˜, ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ณดํ—˜๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณดํ—˜์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 11๊ฐœ์›”, 3๊ฐœ์›”์น˜์”ฉ ๋ชป ๋‚ธ ํ„ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋น„ 47๋งŒ์—ฌ์›๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๋ฃŒ๋„ 50๋งŒ5160์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ์ „ํ™”์š”๊ธˆ๋„ ๋ช‡๋‹ฌ์งธ ๋ชป ๋‚ผ ๋งŒํผ ์šด์˜๋‚œ์— ํ—ˆ๋•์ธ ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์›๊ธˆ 1์–ต์›์„ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ์šธ ๋งˆํฌ๋Œ€๊ต์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” ํˆฌ์‹  ์ „๋‚ ์ธ 7์›” 25์ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ์ง‘์— โ€œ๋Š˜ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์›Œ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์‹ ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ง 2013๋…„ 7์›” 25์ผ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์— ํ•œ๊ฐ•์— ํˆฌ์‹ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” "ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ˜„์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํˆฌ์‹ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ž์‚ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์ฒ˜์ง€์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์•Œ์•„์ฃผ์‹ญ์‚ฌ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋œป์—์„œ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€) ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์™€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์— ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ง๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋‹ต์‚ฌ, ์‚ฌ์„ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Œ€์›์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํˆฌ์‹  ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์•„๋™ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” "์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ตญํšŒ์— ๋ฐœ์˜๋œ ์„ฑํŒ๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด์ฃ„์ด๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋งŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” (์„ฑ๋งค๋งคํŠน๋ณ„๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •)์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.", "์•„๋™์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ2์กฐ 5ํ˜ธ(์•„๋™ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ด์šฉ ์Œ๋ž€๋ฌผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์กฐํ•ญ)๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์‹ค์ œ ์•„๋™, ๋ฏธ์„ฑ๋…„์ž์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ผ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋งŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ํŠน๋ณ„๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€, ์•„๋™์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์™ธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์€ ์‚ด์•„๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์™œ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ „ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์˜๋„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Œ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ• ํˆฌ์‹  ์˜ˆ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ์™”๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 7์›” 25์ผ "์™œ ํˆฌ์‹ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฃฝ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€. ๊ตฌ์ฐจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ"๊ณ  ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์— ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํˆฌ์‹  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์„ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ์›ƒ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃฝ์„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ์ธ๋ฐ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€๋ น ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ, ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์•ผ๊ทผ๊ณผ ํŠน๊ทผ, ์ ์€ ์›”๊ธ‰์—๋„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ, ์˜๋ฌด ๊ฐ•์š”๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”"๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜๋ฉด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ œ2๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” ํ•œ์Šน์˜ค ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ฒ˜์žฅ์ด ์ด์–ด๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทน๋‹จ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 7์›” 26์ผ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๋งˆํฌ๋Œ€๊ต์—์„œ ํˆฌ์‹ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ข…, 3์ผ๋งŒ์ธ 7์›” 29์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 4์‹œ 10๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์„œ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ต ๋ฐค์„ฌ ์ธ๊ทผ์‹œ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆํฌ๋Œ€๊ต ๋‚จ๋‹จ 140m ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ KBS ๊ธฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ทจ์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ทจ์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํˆฌ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผํŒŒ๋งŒํŒŒ ํผ์ง„ ์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์˜ ํˆฌ์‹  ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—” ๋งˆํฌ๋Œ€๊ต ๋‚œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ–์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์ฐ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ํšŒ์› 2๋ช…, KBS ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ๋‹ค. KBS ์ธก์€ '์ทจ์žฌ์ง„์€ ์ทจ์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ธ๋ช…๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋‚œ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Œ€์— 1์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‹ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์งํ›„ ์ˆ˜๋‚œ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Œ€์— 2์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‹ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค'๋ฉฐ '์ •ํ™ฉ์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋‚˜์„ค ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค'๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค์™€ ์‹ค์ข…, ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‚ด์„ค์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‚ด์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์„ค์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์€ ์ž์‚ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•„ ๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ธ๊ณ , ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๊ธ€์„ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์žฌ์ • ์‚ฌ์ •๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ˜„์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํˆฌ์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ '์ž์‚ด ์†Œ๋™'๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ•ํƒœํ˜ธ English ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก  ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ž„์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ดํ›„ 7์›” 29์ผ ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€) ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋‚  ์˜คํ›„ ์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์˜ ์‹œ์‹  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์ „ํ•ด์ง€์ž ์ ‘์†์ด ํญ์ฃผํ•ด 2~3์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋‹ค์šด๋๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๊ฐ๋„ ๊ทน์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊พผ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋‚  ์˜คํ›„ 7์‹œ๊ป˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ ‘์† ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 7์›” 30์ผ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„œ์šธ ๋งˆํฌ๊ตฌ ๋งˆํฌ๋Œ€๊ต ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ฐ„์ด ๋นˆ์†Œ์—๋Š” 1,000์—ฌ ๋ช…์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ด ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์• ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ๋น ์ง„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ์กฑ์ด ๋นˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ฃผ ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์„ ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ๋Œ€์ „ ๋“ฑ ์ „๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์—๋Š” 20๊ณณ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ–ฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋ผ ๋นˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ถ”๋ชจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋นˆ์†Œ์—๋Š” '์•„๋™์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ '๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ตœ๋ฏผํฌ ์˜์›์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์›Œ์น˜ ๋ณ€ํฌ์žฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญNGO์‹ ๋ฌธ ์—ฌ์˜๋ฏธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋…€๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 7์›” 29์ผ ํ˜„์—ญ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์ค‘ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๋ฏผํฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์ด ๋นˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ์• ๋„๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์‹ ํ•œ ๋งˆํฌ๋Œ€๊ต ๋‚จ๋‹จ ๊ต๊ฐ ์•„๋ž˜, ์„œ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ต ๊ต๊ฐ ์•„๋ž˜์—๋„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ„์ด ๋นˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. 7์›” 31์ผ์—๋Š” ์ฒญ์ฃผ์‹œ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ํšŒ์›๋“ค์ด ์ฒญ์ฃผ์‹œ ์„œ๋ฌธ๋Œ€๊ต์— ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ–ฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ณ€ํฌ์žฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋นˆ์†Œ์— ์กฐ์œค์„  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ ์˜๋“ฑํฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค, ์—ฌ์˜๋„ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น๋กœ, ๋งˆํฌ๋Œ€๊ต ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋…ธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์นœ ๋’ค ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—ญ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฐ์‹œ ๋‚จ์ฒœ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐ 341 ๊ฒฝ์‚ฐ๊ณต์›๋ฌ˜์›์— ์•ˆ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 9์›” 12์ผ์—๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๋™์ž‘๊ตฌ ํ‘์„๋™ ๋‹ฌ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ธ ๋ฐ•์€๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ง์›๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 49์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 9์›” 7์ผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€์ธ์€ "๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋„๋ก ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค"๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ ฅ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋ฅœ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—… ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋ฅœ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—… 1993๋…„ 2์›” ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ƒ๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—… 1999๋…„ 10์›” ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์šด๋™์— ํˆฌ์‹  2008๋…„ 1์›” 26์ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์‹œ์ ˆ์— ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€) ์ฐฝ์„ค, ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€) ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์— ์ทจ์ž„ 2013๋…„ 7์›” 26์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 3์‹œ 19๋ถ„ ๋งˆํฌ๋Œ€๊ต์—์„œ ํˆฌ์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ง. ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ : 2012๋…„ 5์›” 14์ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ถ€์ธ : ๋ฐ•์€๊ฒฝ(ๆœดๆฉๆ…ถ, 1974๋…„ - ), ๋‚ด๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋”ธ : 2๋ช… ํ™œ๋™ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์šด๋™ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๋„ค์ดํŠธ, ์•ผํ›„์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋“ฑ ํฌํ„ธ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๊ธ€์„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์—ฌ๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์™œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์—†๋Š๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ 12์›” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํฌํ„ธ๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋…ผ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2005๋…„ 1์›”์—๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ์ œ๋„ ํ์ง€์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์นœ์ž ํ™•์ธ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์นจํ•ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์™ธ๋ฉด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€์— ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋˜ ํ•œ์ง€ํ™˜, ์ •์ฑ„๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 1์›” 2์ผ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€, ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์ „, ํˆฌ์Ÿ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์ค€๋น„์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ฒญ๋…„๋™๋งน์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ ๋ฐ˜ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๋‚จ์„ฑํ•ด๋ฐฉ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  2007๋…„ 1์›” 4์ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™๋ณธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ•œ ํ›„์›๊ธˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 2008๋…„ 1์›” 24์ผ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๋™ 142-3 ์—˜์ง€์—ํด๋ผํŠธ B๋™ 324ํ˜ธ์— ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 12์›” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ œ17๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ํ›„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์„ ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹น์‹œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋’ค, ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„œ์šธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„œํ•œ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋…€ ํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋‹น๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š๋ผ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณ‘์—ญ ๋ฏธํ•„์ž์™€ ๋ฉด์ œ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ตฐํ•„์ž ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” 2008๋…„ 2์›” ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ทจ์ž„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” 1์ธ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„œํ•œ๊ณผ ํƒ„์›์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ ์นœ๊ถŒ ์ง€์ง€ 2008๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” 10์›” 2์ผ ์ž์‚ดํ•œ ์ตœ์ง„์‹ค์˜ ์œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ, ์•ผ๊ตฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์นœ๊ถŒ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณ„์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์˜ ์นœ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ด๋‹ˆ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 10์›” 29์ผ์—๋Š” ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ ์นœ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์นดํŽ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์„ค๋˜์ž, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ ์นœ๊ถŒ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์นดํŽ˜์— ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์˜ ์นœ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐ ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กด์ค‘๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์˜, ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 11์›” 11์ผ์—๋Š” ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ, ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ธ, ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›, ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด ํšŒ์›๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง„ 'ํ•œ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„์‹ค๋ชจ์ž„'(์ดํ•˜ ์ง„์‹ค๋ชจ์ž„)์€ 11์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 11์‹œ ์„œ์šธ ๊ด‘ํ™”๋ฌธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์„ผํ„ฐ 18์ธต ์™ธ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ž์‹ค์—์„œ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์˜ ์นœ๊ถŒ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์žํšŒ๊ฒฌ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. '์ง„์‹ค๋ชจ์ž„'์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ•™์ž ์˜คํ•œ์ˆ™ํฌ์™€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œํ์ง€์‹œ๋ฏผ๋ชจ์ž„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ณ ์€๊ด‘์ˆœ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜์— ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์†์ˆ™, ๊น€๋ถ€์„ , ๊ถŒํ•ดํšจ, ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ธ ํ—ˆ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น ์ด์ •ํฌ ์˜์›, ๊ณต์„ ์˜ฅ ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ๋งŒํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐจํ˜„์‹ค ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ๊ณ„ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 11์›” 11์ผ ์„œ์šธ ๊ด‘ํ™”๋ฌธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์•ž์—์„œ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์˜ ์นœ๊ถŒ์€ ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉฐ 1์ธ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 11์‹œ 18์ธต ์™ธ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ž์‹ค์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ง€๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ถ•์ถœ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ™”๋ฌธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์„ผํ„ฐ ์ž…๊ตฌ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ญ๋…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 11์›” 15์ผ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์˜๋„ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์€ํ–‰ ์ •๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ ์นœ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ง‘ํšŒ์— ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€, ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 11์›” 19์ผ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์ด ์นœ๊ถŒ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„๊ณง ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ, ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์นœ๊ถŒ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์šฉ์„ ๋ฐœ์–ธ ๋…ผ๋ž€ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ 2010๋…„ 7์›” 16์ผ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๋งˆํฌ๊ตฌ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋™ ํ™์ต๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ธ๊ทผ ๊ณ ๊นƒ์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์šฉ์„์˜ ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์ด ๋ฌผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋นš์ž ๊ทธ๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ•์šฉ์„ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์žฃ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ด๋Œ€๋ฉด ๋ช‡๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ๋งค์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ง ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ (์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ) ๋งค์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘์—ญ ๋ณด์ƒ ์šด๋™ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตฐํ•„์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ ์„ ์ง€๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์ฑ„์šฉ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์—…์ฒด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณ‘์—ญ์„ ๋งˆ์นœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ƒํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ตฐํ•„์ž ๋ณด์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•ž์žฅ์„œ์„œ ๊ตฐํ•„์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋ถ€ํ™œ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋ถ€ํ™œ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตฐํ•„์ž ๋ณด์ƒ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตฐํ•„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ณ‘์—ญ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด๋ผ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ง€๋„์ธต ์ž์ œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ‘์—ญ ๋ฉด์ œ ๊ธฐ๋„๋Š” ๊ตฐํ•„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ณ‘์—ญ ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ด์ค‘์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ‘์—ญ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†์‹ค๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 6์›” 11์ผ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์ฑ„๋„ ๋ฆฌ์–ผTV์˜ '๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์‡ผ'๋Š” 10์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 9์‹œ 30๋ถ„ '๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ ์ œ๋Š” ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?' ํŽธ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋ถ€ํ™œ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ๋Œ€ ๊ตฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ , ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ตฐํ•„์ž ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์™€ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2012๋…„ 11์›” 16์ผ, 17์ผ์˜ ์ง‘ํšŒ๋‚˜ 2013๋…„ 7์›”์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ํ† ๋ก ๋ฐฐํ‹€์—์„œ๋„ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ณ‘์—ญ ๋ณต๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ, ์šฐ๋Œ€ ํ˜œํƒ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตฐํ•„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ’ํ† ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณ‘์—ญ ๋ฉด์ œ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋”์šฑ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต์˜ ๋ณ‘์—ญ ๋ฉด์ œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฐฉํ™”๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ „๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก, ์–ธ๋ก  ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์–ต์ง€๋กœ ์„ธ๋‡Œํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„, ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์„ธ๋‡Œ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์‹คํŒจ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ ์ฆ์ง„ ๊ฒธ ์ˆ˜์ต์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ 2008 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ค‘๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์—…, ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ค‘๋งค ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” '์–ด์ฐจํ”ผ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜, ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋†’์•„์ง„ ๋ˆˆ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค'๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋†’์•„์ง„ ๋ˆˆ๋†’์ด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, 1998๋…„ IMF ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ 30๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นดTV์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ถœ์—ฐ, ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™๋ณด, ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜โ€˜๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ค‘๊ฐœ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•œ๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋น„๋‚œ์ด ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 1์›” ๋”ด์ง€์ผ๋ณด์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” "์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ญ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์—…์ฒด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋งค์—…์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ์†Œ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ด ๋‚œ๋ฌดํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์— ๋ง‰ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๊น”๊ณ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ง„์งœ ์šฐ์Šค์šด ์–˜๊ธฐ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง‰ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋‹ค ๋ณผ ์ผ ๋‹ค ๋ณด๊ณ . ์ค‘๋งค๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ ."๋ผ๊ณ  ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์—…์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ๊ณ , 2013๋…„ 1์›” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ตœ์ข… ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ, ํฌ์ƒ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ด์ƒ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐ€์ •๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์˜ ๊ตด๋ ˆ์—์„œ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๋…์‹  ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์—ญ์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตณ์ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๊นœ์„ ๊ตณ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ด์œ ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ญ์„คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€) ํ™œ๋™ 2011๋…„ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋ถ€ํ™œ ์šด๋™ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2011๋…„ 3์›” 3์ผ ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€) ์ƒ์ž„๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์€ ์ž๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€)์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์—ฌ 2011๋…„ 1์›” 28์ผ ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์˜๋“ฑํฌ๊ตฌ ์—ฌ์˜๋„๋™ 45-13 ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ํฌ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…” 1306ํ˜ธ์— ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ๋งˆ๋ จ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ์ด์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์ œ ํ™œ๋™ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ ์„ฑํญํ–‰ ๋ฌด๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด์ž, ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์„ฑํญํ–‰ ์‹ ๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด์ž, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํญํ–‰ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž, ์ดํ˜ผ ์†Œ์†ก ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ์†ก ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 2์›” 26์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ˆ™์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๋™์— ๊ฐ€์ถœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ, ๋…ธ์ˆ™์ž, ๊ฐ€์ •ํญ๋ ฅ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‰ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„คํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‰ผํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜์ž ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ™์†Œ๋งˆ์ € ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ถœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ˜น์€ ์˜ค๊ฐˆ๋ฐ ์—†๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์‰ผํ„ฐ์ด์ž ์ž„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ™์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ˆ™์‹์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ž„๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์‰ผํ„ฐ์ด์ž ์ผ์‹œ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋กœ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค 2013๋…„ 4์›” ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5์›” 15์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์•˜๋˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ™์†Œ๋Š” 5์›” 16์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋œ '๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์  ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž์ด๋‹ค', '๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋‹ค' ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋กœ ๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ ๋ง๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š” "๋‚จ์ž ์ „๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž๋กœ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋Š” ๋„๋•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์น˜์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด์ง€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๋งค๋„์ด๋‹ค, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด ์•ผํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃ„์˜์‹, ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์š•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€๋ ค๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์š•์„ ํ†ต์ œ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ๋ฏผ, ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ถ€๋ ค๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ดค๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ •์น˜์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋…๋ฆฝํ•˜๋˜๊ฐ€ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€ ๋ง๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ต์ง€๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ํ˜œํƒ์€ ๋‹ค ๋ˆ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ง์—… ์—†๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž, ๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•ด์„œ ๋‚จ์ž ์ „์—…์ฃผ๋ถ€ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์ฃผ๋ถ€, ์ „์—…์ฃผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ง์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด์—๋Š” ๋™์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” "๋‚จ๋…€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ •๋‹ต์€ ์—†๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถฐ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํ‰๋“ฑ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค, ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ ์—ญ์„คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์„ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ฃผ๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ํƒ๋‹‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋กœ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ๋…€์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ์ €ํ•ญ ์šด๋™ 2008๋…„ 11์›” 3์ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ํ›„์› ์กฐ์ง์ธ ์ฒญ๋…„๋™๋งนํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ KBS2 TV์˜ ๋ฏธ๋…€๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹ค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋ชจ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค์ž‘์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฃจ์ €๋‚จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์„ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํ•˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… '๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„'์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ •ํˆฌ์Ÿ, ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋งค ์šด๋™์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆผ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๋ณ‘์—ญ์— ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” 2~3๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค์™€ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ตฐ ํ•„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ, ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ฒ˜์šฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 3์›” 27์ผ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฌธ์—ด์˜ ํŒฌํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ '์‚ฌ์ƒ‰(ๆ€็ดข)'์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž ์ด์ค‘ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ 2012๋…„ 2์›”๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฑฐ์„ธ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์ž ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 10์›” ๊ตญํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์ค‘ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž ๊ฑฐ์„ธ๋Š” '์ด์ค‘์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ'์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2011๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ฃ„์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃ„๋กœ ์ด์ค‘ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜• ์ ์šฉ์˜ ์›์น™์— ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ง•์—ญํ˜• ์™ธ์— ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹ ์ƒ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์ž๋ฐœ์ฐŒ ์ฐฉ์šฉ์˜ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 12์›”์˜ ๊ตญํšŒ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž ๊ฑฐ์„ธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ์ ๊ทน ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์˜ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋งค์ˆ˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์— ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” 2012๋…„ 9์›” 16์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›” 26์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ๊ธˆ์ง€, ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ํƒ„์••์€ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™๋ณด ํŒœํ”Œ๋ ›์„ ์„œ์šธ ์ค‘๊ตฌ, ์ข…๋กœ ๋“ฑ์ง€์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 9์›” 17์ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€์˜ ๊น€๊ธˆ๋ž˜ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋กœ ๋ณด์ž ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ๊ธˆ์ง€๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด '์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—๋Š” ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค'๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” 9์›” 17์ผ์˜ ๊น€๊ธˆ๋ž˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์˜ โ€˜์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—๋Š” ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ๋ฐœ์–ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฒ• ์ดํ›„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉฐ โ€œ๊น€ ์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์€ ์ฑ…์ž„ํšŒํ”ผ์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด์™ธ์›์ • ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ โ€œ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์น˜์š•์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์—†๋Š” ์กธ์†์ •์ฑ…๋•Œ๋ฌธโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•œํ„ฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ•ํ˜„์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ, ํ•œํ„ฐ์—ฌ์ข…์‚ฌ์žํšŒ ๊น€์ธ์ˆ™ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์™€ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€, ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ๋“ฑ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ 9์›” 27์ผ ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”โ€œ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ์žˆ๋‹คโ€๋ฉด์„œ, โ€œ์ „ ์„œ์šธ์ข…์•”๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์žฅ ๊น€๊ฐ•์ž ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 9์›” 12์ผ โ€˜TV์กฐ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ† ํฌ ํŒโ€™์—์„œ โ€˜์ œํ•œ์  ๊ณต์ฐฝ์ œโ€™์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹คโ€์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ โ€œ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„์ž๋ฐœ์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ฐฉ์˜ค์  ๋ฐœ์ƒ"์ด๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ทธํ•ด 9์›” 17์ผ ๊น€๊ธˆ๋ž˜ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด โ€˜์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ์›์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„ํ–‰๋ฒ•์ด ์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์ผ์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒโ€™๋Š” ์ง€์ ์— โ€˜์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹คโ€™๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํ„ฐ์—ฌ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž ๊น€์ธ์ˆ™ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด์ž ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ๋…ธ๋™์žโ€๋ผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ ๋’ค โ€œ50% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์ฐฝ์ดŒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์™œ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š๋ƒโ€๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ž„๊ธˆ์ฒด๋ถˆ, ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌํƒ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ๋  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ธˆ์š•์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฒ• ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™ 2012๋…„ 9์›”์—๋Š” ํ•œํ„ฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฒ• ํ์ง€ ์„ ์–ธ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ํ—ˆ์šฉ ์ง‘ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค." ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์™ธ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์…ˆ์ด๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํƒ์ƒ๊ณต๋ก ์ด๋ผ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ž„๊ธˆ์ฒด๋ถˆ, ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌํƒ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ๋  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ธˆ์š•์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋น„ํ•˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™ 2011๋…„ 11์›”์— ์˜ํ™” '๋„ˆ๋Š” ํŽซ'์˜ '์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ธ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํŽซ' ์„ค์ •์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋น„ํ•˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์›์— ์ƒ์˜๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ํ™” ์ œ์ž‘์ง„์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ์˜์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 12์›”์—๋Š” ํฌํ„ธ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ต์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์ธ 'ํ•ดํ”ผ๋นˆ'์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 'ํ•ดํ”ผ๋นˆ ๊ทธ๋…€, ํ•ดํ”ผ๋นˆ ๊ทธ๋†ˆ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ž, ์ด ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋น„ํ•˜์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ 'ํ•ดํ”ผ๋นˆ ๊ทธ๋…€'๋ฅผ 'ํ•ดํ”ผ๋นˆ ๊ทธ๋…„'์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ•ด, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„ ์ธก์ด 'ํ•ดํ”ผ๋นˆ ๊ทธ๋†ˆ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํŒ์„ ์•„์˜ˆ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 5์›” 23์ผ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ์ง€์˜์˜ ๊ณก '๊ตฟ๋ณด์ด'์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์Œ์›์œ ํ†ต ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋Š” '์ง–์–ด๋Œ„๋‹ค', '์ฃผ์ธ์„ ๋ฌธ๋‹ค' ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„ํ•˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ง ์ž˜ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 5์›” 23์ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ์ง€๋ฒ•์— ์†Œ์žฅ์„ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์ง€์˜ ์ธก ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋Š” "์ „ํ˜€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„ํ•˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ํŠธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋น„ํ•˜ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ํ•ญ์˜ 2011๋…„ 11์›” '๋ถˆ์Šค์›์ƒท' TV๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋น„ํ•˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 3์›” 12์ผ ๋ถˆ์Šค์› ์ธก์— ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋น„ํ•˜๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 5์›” 2์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•„๋ชจ๋ ˆํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ๋ฏธ์Ÿ์„ผ์˜ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ '์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์ด์—ฌ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋ฐ˜์ „์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ์— ๋™์ฐธํ•˜๋ผ'๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ง€์ , ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ช…์˜๋กœ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ์‚ญ์ œ ํ˜น์€ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์š”์ฒญ, ์•„๋ชจ๋ ˆํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ๋ฏธ์Ÿ์„ผ์—์„œ๋Š” 5์›” 16์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ '์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค'์„ '์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค'๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ํ•œ ์Œ๋ฃŒํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ '๋‚ ์€ ๋”์šด๋ฐ ๋‚จ์นœ์€ ์ฐจ๋„ ์—†๋„ค'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์นดํ”ผ์— ํ•ญ์˜, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฒ ํšŒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์šฐ๋Œ€์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™ 2001๋…„ 10์›” ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€ ์ดํ›„ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋ถ€ํ™œ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2003๋…„ 2์›” 25์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์˜ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌต์‚ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2005๋…„ 3์›”๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ๋…ผ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ 3์›” 2์ผ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ •๋˜์ž ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ๋’คํ”๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทœํƒ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์ž ์„œ์šธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋•Œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ๊ทธ๋Š” 2007๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2008๋…„ 2์›” 24์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งค์ผ ์„œ์šธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ž…๊ตฌ ์•ž์—์„œ ํ”ผ์ผ“๊ณผ ๋„ˆ๊นŒ๋ž˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  1์ธ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ์‹œ์œ„์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ™œ๋™ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚จ๋…€ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€ ์ดํ›„ ๋ณด์ƒ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€์ , ๋น„ํŒํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. BJ๋กœ๋ณต(์ •์ง€๋ณต)๊ณผ์˜ ํ† ํฌ์‡ผ G๋งจ ์ถœ์‹  ๋กœ๋ณต(๋ณธ๋ช…:์ •์ง€๋ณต)๊ณผ 2012๋…„ 11์›” ๋ฐ•๊ทผํ˜œ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋ถ€ํ™œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ† ํฌ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ณ„๋„์ •์ฑ… ๋น„ํŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ •์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์ • ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์ž 2011๋…„ 11์›” 28์ผ'์—ฐ๋ง์—ฐ์‹œ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์•ˆ ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ํ˜„๊ธˆ 41๋งŒ์›์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐœ์†กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ 3๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋งค์›” 41๋งŒ์›์”ฉ์˜ ํ˜„๊ธˆ, ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ยท์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ๋งค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ž์ œํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ 'ํ™”์ดํŠธ ํƒ€์ด' ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋””ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง์—…์— ๊ท€์ฒœ์€ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋šค์–ด์ง„ ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๋„๋•๊ด€๋…์— ์ž…๊ฐ, ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ์ฒœํ•œ ์ง์—…์œผ๋กœ, ์„ฑ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์„ ์ฒœํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ƒ์ž„๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ด๋‚  "์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์˜ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค์—ฌ์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฆด์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์—๋„ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ก ํ™”ํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋Š” ์ทจ์ง€์—์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 11์›” 28์ผ๊ณผ 11์›” 29์ผ, 11์›” 30์ผ์˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 41๋งŒ์›์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋””๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. "๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋Š” ๊ณต๋ก ํ™” ์ทจ์ง€์—์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค"๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋น„๊ผฌ๋Š” '๊ฐ€์งœ' ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์†์ถœํ•˜์ž ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ’์ž ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค์ž„์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋Š” "์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜„๊ธˆ 41๋งŒ์›์„ ์ž…๊ธˆํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋‹จ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ’์žํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์˜ 'ํ™”์ดํŠธํƒ€์ด' ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์—๋„ ํ˜„๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์••๋„ ์ง์—…์˜ ๊ท€์ฒœ์„ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡๋œ ํ’์กฐ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋ผ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์  ์ง€์› ๋น„ํŒ 11์›” ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 11์›” 28์ผ๊ณผ 11์›” 29์ผ์˜ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ํƒ€์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ’์žํ•œ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์Šคํƒ€ํ‚น ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค์—๋„ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์ผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์—†์ด ์ง€์›ํ•ด ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” "์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ง„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” 2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์œ ๊ด€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ, ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒ€์ง„ ์ง€์› ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์•…์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง„์ˆ ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€ ๋ช…์นญ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์‹ ์ฒญ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2012๋…„ 1์›” "์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ๋ช…์นญ์— '๊ฐ€์กฑ'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€ ๋ช…์นญ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 2012๋…„ 8์›” 10์ผ ์„œ์šธ์ค‘์•™์ง€๋ฒ•์€ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌํŒ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฌธ์—์„œ "์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ '๊ฐ€์กฑ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋ฉฐ "๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด '๊ฐ€์กฑ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ก ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๊ทธ๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€, 2000๋…„๋Œ€์— ์™€์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ , ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค๋„ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์•ฝ์ž์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”์›”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ตฐ ๋ณต๋ฌด 2๋…„๊ฐ„ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ์ข… ์ฑ„์šฉ์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ ์ทจ์ง ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜œํƒ์ด ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์˜๋ฌด ํ• ๋‹น์ œ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋…€๋ฅผ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€์™€ ์ •๋ถ€์— ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ญ์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณ„์˜ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ํƒ„์••๊ณผ ์„ฑ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์—…์˜ ๊ท€์ฒœ์„ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋ผ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง์—…์˜ ๊ท€์ฒœ์€ ์—†๊ณ , ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ ๋…ธ๋™์„ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ, ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•ด์•ผ ๋  ํ•˜์ฐฎ์€ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„ํ•˜์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ’€์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์ด ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ž์ฒ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธธ์–ด๋„ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋๋‚œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋‹นํ•œ ์–‘ ๋ง์ƒ๋–จ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ, ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„, ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜, ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ 20~40๋Œ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์ธ๊ถŒ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด ํ™œ๋™ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์•ฝ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ • ์™ธ์— CCTV์™€ ๊ฐ์‹œ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ญํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ž๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์• ๋‚˜ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ™ํƒ• ์‹ธ์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ง„ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ž๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ง๊ณผ ๋น„์†์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๋ฐœํ•ด ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€œ๋ชจ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋‹คโ€ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ๋ถˆ์”จ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์• ๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ์„ฑ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋น„์•ฝ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ ์™œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋˜๋ฐ›์•„์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€œ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒดํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒโ€ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ช…ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋…ผ๋ž€์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ์ž์ผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์šฐ์›”ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌํƒ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ์ž๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ, ๊ณต๋ฌด์›, ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์žฅ๊ต์™€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ์ž ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘์„ ์•„๋žซ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ข… ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋งŒ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ์ž๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ฒœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ํ•ญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋„์„œ๊ด€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ถœ์ž…์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฒˆ๋ฒˆํžˆ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋‹นํ•˜์ž 2011๋…„ 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ œ์ฒœ์‹œ ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ณผ 1์ธ ์‹œ์œ„ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 7์›” 7์ผ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์ฒซ ์ง„์ž…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 7์›” 7์ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์ง„์ž…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ œ์ง€๋กœ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋๋‹ค. 7์›” 28์ผ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ํšŒ์› 10์—ฌ ๋ช…๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ์„ฑ๋™ ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง„์ž…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ฒœ์‹œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด ํšŒ์›๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ด‰์‡„๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค." ๋„์„œ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์˜ ๋œป์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ๋„์„œ๊ด€์ด ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํ‰๋“ฑ๋งŒ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์™œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŠน๋ณ„์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ฅผ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ถœ์ž… ์ œํ•œ์„ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ„์† ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— 2์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ œ์ฒœ์‹œ์ฒญ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ–‰์ •์†Œ์†ก๊ณผ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ž„ํ•ด๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1์›” 9์ผ ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ถœ์ž…์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 3์ฐจ ์ง„์ž… ์‹œ๋„์™€ ํ–‰์ •์†Œ์†ก ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ์ „๊ฒฉ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํŠนํ˜œ ์ฃผ์žฅ ๋น„ํŒ 2012๋…„ 10์›” ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํœด๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋‚œํ•ด ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์–‘์„ฑ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค๋„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•ฝ์  ํ•‘๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›์„ ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ , ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ๊ต์˜ ๋‚จ์กด์—ฌ๋น„ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ†ต๊ณผ ์›”๊ฒฝ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ œ์•ฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์•ฝ์  ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํŠนํ˜œ, ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์›”๊ฒฝ๊ถŒ ๋น„ํŒ์€ ๊ทธ ํ•ด 11์›” 15์ผ๊ฒฝ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. "ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฌด์™€ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•ด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ˜œํƒ์ด ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ด์„ฑ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ๋ฐ, (์ƒ๋ฆฌํœด๊ฐ€๋Š”) ์„ฑ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์„ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ด‰๊ฑด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์–ธ์€ ๊ทธํ•ด 11์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์€ 11์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ์›”๊ฒฝ๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด ์›”๊ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊พผ๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š” "์ƒ๋ฆฌํœด๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ด‰๊ฑด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ œ๋ƒ"๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ฒ ํ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์›”๊ฒฝํ†ต ๋“ฑ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹นํ•œ ์žฅ์• , ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์–ต์••์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ๋„ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ ๋ถ„ ์ œ๋„๋‚˜ ์นด์ŠคํŠธ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์•„์ณค๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํœด๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋‚œ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ๋“ค์€ "์—ฌ์„ฑ๋น„ํ•˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ ์ข‹์•„๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค", "์ƒ๋ฆฌํœด๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ด‰๊ฑด์ œ ์‹ ๋ถ„ ์ œ๋„ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ด€๊ณ„?", "์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ ์ง„์ค‘๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œ ํฌ ํ† ๋ก  ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋‚˜", "์ƒ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ง์€ ์•ˆํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ง€์•Š๋‚˜" ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋‹จ์ฒด์— ํ† ๋ก  ์ œ์•ˆ 2012๋…„ 12์›” 20์ผ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ 'MT ์ดˆ์ฒญ์žฅ'์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 12์›” 20์ผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด "12์›” 29์ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ 1๋ฐ•2์ผ MT ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ตญ์—ฌ๋Œ€์ดํ•™์ƒํšŒ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋‹จ์ฒด, ์—ฌ์ดˆ์นดํŽ˜ ๋“ฑ์— ์ดˆ์ฒญ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "์—ฌ์„ฑ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด, ๊ณฐTV๋กœ ์ƒ์ค‘๊ณ„ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 12์›” 29์ผ ์—ฌ์˜๋‚˜๋ฃจ ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ง‘๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ MT๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋…€์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ฒญ์— ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ํ™œ๋™์— ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ธ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 12์›” 24์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์„œ์‹ , ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ์„ ์ฒ ํ ์šด๋™ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ์„, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ์„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ์„๋„ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋˜๊ฐ€, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 1์›” 14์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ์นธ ์„ค์น˜๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ํ›„ 3์ผ๊ฐ„ ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ์นธ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฉด ๋ฐฑ์ง€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋ช…์˜๋กœ ๊ณต๋ฌธ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ์นธ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋‚จ์€์ฃผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—ฌ์„ฑํšŒ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ฒ˜์žฅ๋„ "์„œ์šธ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ์นธ ๋„์ž…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ดค์ง€๋งŒ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ถ”ํ–‰์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ง€๋„ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž„์‹ ๋ถ€ยท๋…ธ์ธยท์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋“ฑ ๊ตํ†ต ์•ฝ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŽธ์˜์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋” ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋Š๋ƒ"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ์นธ ์„ค์น˜๋Š” 1์›” 17์ผ ์ „๋ฉด ๋ฐฑ์ง€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 4์›” 4์ผ์—๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์„ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ์ž‰๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” "์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ขŒ์„์— ์ด์–ด ์ตœ๊ทผ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ ์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ „์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ˆ™์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ์กฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ™œ๊ฐœ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์„ฑํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋„ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์™œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ๋งŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š๋ƒ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ์€ ์™œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ง ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ ค๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ ์™ธ์— ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์ด๋“  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ ์–ด๋””์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ „์šฉ ์š”๊ตฌ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด๋ผ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” "์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ž๊พธ '์ „์šฉ'์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ฝ์ž์ž„์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ "์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ ํ•‘ํฌ ํƒ์‹œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์šฉ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ํก์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์šฐ์Šค์šด ์ผ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์ž ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋กœ์Šค์ฟจ์ด ํ•ฉํ—Œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์ง€์ž, ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ž…ํ•™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ž„์„ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ดํ‚ค ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™ 2013๋…„ 5์›”์—๋Š” ๋‚˜์ดํ‚ค ์ฃผ์ตœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ดํ‚ค ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ํ•ญ์˜ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€( ๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ดํ‚ค ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 5์›” 24์ผ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ์ž์‹ ๋„ ํšŒ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค, ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€)์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํšŒ์› 3์ธ์ด 5์›” 23์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5์›” 25์ผ ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™ 2011๋…„ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด ์ œ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐฉ์†ก ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋“ฑ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋ถ€์— ์ „๋…ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  PC๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค, ์„ฑ์ธ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ์ƒ์ผ์ด ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋งŒ 18์„ธ, ๋งŒ 19์„ธ๋Š” ์—„์—ฐํžˆ ์„ฑ์ธ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ํ‡ด์žฅ๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ๋‹จ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 1์›”์—๋Š” ๋ฒ•์›์— ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ, ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์—…๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋™ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ• ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™ 2011๋…„ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•„๋™ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ• ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2000๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์•„๋™ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ•์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์  ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ณ  ํ†ต๊ณผ๋œ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉฐ, 2011๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ • ์ถ”์ง„๋˜๋Š” ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ• ์ œ2์กฐ ์ œ5ํ˜ธ์˜ '์•„๋™์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐํ•ญ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์€ 11์›” 20์ผ ์›์•ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตญํšŒ์— ์ƒ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 11์›” 16์ผ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊น€ํฌ์ • ์ƒˆ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋‹น ์˜์›์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์˜ํ•œ ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๋ฏผํฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ†ตํ•ฉ๋‹น ์˜์›์ด ๋ฐœ์˜ํ•œ '์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ'์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊น€ํฌ์ • ์˜์›์€ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์†Œ์œ„์—์„œ ์ตœ ์˜์›์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์„ ํ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 12์›”์˜ ์–ธ๋ก  ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„๋™ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ•์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด๋ผ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๋™์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋งŒํ™” ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋™์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ•์˜ ํ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ ๊ทธ๋Š” 11์›” 16์ผ ์ดํ›„ ์•„๋™์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ•์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 11์›” 17์ผ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•ฉ์˜์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ•์„ ํ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰์„ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ด์ƒ ๋ณด๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ๋’ค ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋‹จ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด ์žฌ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 12์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ•์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํƒ„์••ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ, ๊ฒ€์—ด์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณ‘๋“  ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ฒด๋“ค, ์‹ธ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค, ์†Œ์‹œ์˜คํŒจ์Šค ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์ง€์‹์ธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ง€๋„์ธต์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„, ๋„๋•์  ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฆ„์— ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ๊ดด๋กญํžŒ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ, ์ฟจ๋ง์˜คํ”„์ œ, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฒ ํ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ์•ผ๋™๊ณผ ํฌ๋ฅด๋…ธ, ๊ฐ์ข… ์Œ๋ž€๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์••๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒ ํํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 2์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญํšŒ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ•์€ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ผ๋™ ์„ฑ์š• ํ•ด์†Œ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ผ๋™๊ณผ ์Œ๋ž€๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์š•์„ ๋‹๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์š•์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์Œ๋ž€๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํ•ด์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์Œ๋ž€๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ๋ž€๋ฌผ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์œ„ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘ผ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์œ ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€๋ก ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 10์›” 1์ผ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ์•ž ๊ด‘์žฅ ์ง‘ํšŒ, 11์›” ๊ตญํšŒ ํ† ๋ก ํšŒ๋‚˜ 1117 ์ง‘ํšŒ, 12์›” ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์Œ๋ž€๋ฌผ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์œ„ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์„ฑ์š•์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ์Œ๋ž€๋ฌผ ์‹œ์ฒญ ํ›„ ์„ฑ์š•์ด ๋ฌดํ•œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ข… ๋ฐ์ด ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ํ—ˆ์„ธ ๋น„ํŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์•  ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋”์น˜ํŽ˜์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๋„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ฏค์€ ๋‚ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํ™”์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€๋ก ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 3์›” 14์ผ์˜ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ์ด์™€ 2012๋…„ 11์›” 11์ผ์˜ ๋นผ๋นผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ด ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์„ ๋ฌผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ท„๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค, ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 10์›” 16์ผ์—๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ "๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‚จ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ’๋น„์‹ผ ๋ช…ํ’ˆ๋ฐฑ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋นš์„ ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ฐš์•„์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹น๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„์‹ผ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‚จ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ—ˆ์„ธ์™€ ์“ธ๋ฐ์—†๋Š” ์ž์กด์‹ฌ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ดด๋กœ์›€, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ์˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๋„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์€ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋˜๊ฐ€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋”์น˜ํŽ˜์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์–‘์„ฑ ํ‰๋“ฑ์ด๋ผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค ์•ž์—์„œ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์ฐฉํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด์–ด์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•๊ด€๋…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์–„ํŒํ•œ ์ž์กด์‹ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๋†ˆ๋“ค์ด ํ—ˆ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 11์›”์—๋Š” ์ฐฉํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•๊ด€๋…์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์† ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ, ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐœ๊ฐ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 3์›” 14์ผ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋ฐ์ด์— ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์ฐฉํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” "๋ฐœ๋ Œํƒ€์ธ ๋ฐ์ด ๋•Œ ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํ™”์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ช…ํ’ˆ๋ฐฑ ๋“ฑ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ '๋ณด๋‹ต'ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ๊ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๋ฉฐ "๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์—ฌ์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ท€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ณ‘์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ์ฃผ์žฅ, ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์• ์— ์—ฐ์—ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์ • ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ์ •๋ง ์‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š”์ง€, ๋ˆ๋งŒ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ถœํ•  ์—ฌ์ž์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ ๋น„ํŒ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ชจ์žฅ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 3์›” 8์ผ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ชจ์žฅ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์ง“์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ž‘ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ ํํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์—†์•ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ • ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ถŒ์ด ์•ˆ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์›”๊ธ‰์ด ๊ณ ์Šค๋ž€ํžˆ ๋ถ€์ธ ํ†ต์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๊ธˆ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‚จํŽธ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‚ด์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์šฉ๋ˆ์„ ํƒ€์จ ๋ˆˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ์™œ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ์˜ ์œ ๋ น์„ ๋“ค๋จน์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š๋ƒ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ทน์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ๋„ ์ „์—…์ฃผ๋ถ€๋“ , ์ง์žฅ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋“ , ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋…ธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋นจ๋ž˜, ์„ค๊ฑฐ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค ๋– ๋งก๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐํžˆ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋„ ๋ˆ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์— ์—„๋งˆ ์†์„ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๋ˆ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋‹ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฒŒ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง‘์•ˆ์€ ์—„๋งˆ๋“ค, ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ง‘์•ˆ์ด ์ขŒ์ง€์šฐ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทน์„ฑ๋งž์€ ์ž์‹๋“ค ๊ต์œก์—ด, ์ž์‹ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์œ„์žฅ์ „์ž…์—, ๊ฐ€์ • ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํœ˜์ฒญ๊ฑฐ๋ฆด์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ๋ผ๋„ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ด๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 5์›” 8์ผ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ–๋‹ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๋ฐœ์–ธ๊ถŒ์„ ์ค˜์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž๋…€๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง ๋ฏธ์„ฑ๋…„์ž๋ผ์„œ ์˜์‚ฌํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋งŒํผ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ นํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์œก์—ด, ์ž๋…€๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋œป๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ์ขŒ์ง€์šฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ ์‹ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ์—†์• ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ž‘ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ƒ๊ณ  ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์  ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ ์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” "๋™์„ฑ์• ๋‚˜ ๊ฒŒ์ด๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ƒ"๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— "์กฐ์žฅ์€ ์•ˆ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ฑ์ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์•ฝ์ž์ž–์•„์š”. ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ™œ๋™ 2013๋…„ 1์›”์—๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณต์„œ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์—…์ œํ’ˆ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋ฌดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 2์›” 10์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€๋ฆผ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค๋ฌธ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ • ์š”์ฒญํ•˜์—ฌ 2์›” 20์ผ ์„ฑ์‚ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 11์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ ์šด์˜์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ •์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 11์›” 19์ผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์ธก์— ์ „ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋‹นํ•˜์ž 11์›” 20์ผ ์ •์‹ ๊ณต๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœ์†กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 11์›” 20์ผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ฒด์œก์‚ฐ์—…๊ฐœ๋ฐœใˆœ์—์„œ 'ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „์„ โ€˜์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉโ€™์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด โ€˜์ฃผ๋ถ€โ€™์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ง์žฅ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ทผ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์šด์˜์ƒ์˜ ์ด์œ , ์ฆ‰ ์˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „์„ โ€˜์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ „์šฉโ€™์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ต๋ณ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฉ๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค'๋ฉฐ 2์ฐจ ์‹œ์ • ๊ฑด์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ทธ๋Š” 2012๋…„ 9์›” 16์ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ๊ถŒ์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํšŒ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ถœ์ž… ์ œํ•œ์€ ์„ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ์ •์กฐ์น˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง„์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 11์›” 7์ผ๊ณผ 11์›” 21์ผ ์ธ๊ถŒ์œ„ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 12์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์„œ๊ฐ•๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ ํœด๊ฒŒ์‹ค ์šด์˜๊ด€๋ จ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ ํœด๊ฒŒ์‹ค๋„ ์‹ ์„คํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ž€ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜์˜ค๋ก ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ˜์˜ค๋ƒ๊ณ  ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฆฌํœด๊ฐ€ ํŠน๊ถŒ ๋…ผ๋ž€ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฆฌํœด๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ํŠนํ˜œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 11์›” 13์ผ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์„์ƒ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํœด๊ฐ€, ์›”๊ฒฝ๊ถŒ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ ํŠนํ˜œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๋ณ‘์—ญ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ ๋งˆ์šด ์ค„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”ํ•œ ํ›„์•ˆ๋ฌด์น˜, ์ ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์žฅ์ด ์–ด๋””์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์—ญ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๋ฌด์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ์ด๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์„ฑ์š• ํ˜์˜ค๋ก  ๋น„ํŒ 2011๋…„ 11์›” KNS ๋‰ด์Šคํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” "๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‹ ๋ถˆ์ˆ˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ โ€˜์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋”ฑ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฃฝ์–ด๋„ ์ข‹๋‹คโ€™๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์š•์€ ๋Š™์–ด ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ฐ”์œ„์™€๋„ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ ์š•๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋˜ ์ค‘๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ์ •๋ ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์š• ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ 20๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๊บผ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ํ’ˆ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ์งˆํƒ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์›์ • ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๊ฐ€ ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด์™ธ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ชปํ•ด ๋‚จ์•„๋Œ์•„์„œ ํ•ด์™ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ˜์š”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ "์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์žฌํ™”๋Š” ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฌํ™”๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์š•์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๊ธˆ์š•์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋Š˜ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์„ฑ์š•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์„ฑ์š•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ์„ฑ์š• ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋น„๋‚œ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2011๋…„ 11์›” ํ•œ ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ "(2011๋…„ 3์›”์˜) '์„ฑ๋ช…์„œ' ๋…ผ๋ž€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ '๊ณผ์—ฐ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ํŠน๋ณ„๋ฒ•์ด ์œ ํšจํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฐ€'์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งคํŠน๋ณ„๋ฒ• ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์–ต์šธํ•œ ์ „๊ณผ์ž๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ์š• ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ผ๋ฉด ์• ๋„ ๋‚ณ์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ต์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•  ์ค„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์˜์กด๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ ค ๋“ค๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ธ ์ง€๊ธˆ 1990๋…„๋Œ€, 2000๋…„๋Œ€์˜ 20~40๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋”์ด์ƒ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ 1990๋…„๋Œ€, 2000๋…„๋Œ€์˜ 20~40๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค๋„ ๋”์ด์ƒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒŒ์จ ๋งŒํ™” ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์˜ํ™” ์Œ๋ž€๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ์ž์™€์˜ ์—ฐ์• , ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์€ ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ธ‰ ์•Œ๋ฐ”์ƒ ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋…ผ๋ž€ 10์—ฌ ๋ช…์˜ ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๋กœ ํ˜„์žฅ ํ™œ๋™, ํ™๋ณด, ๋ฌธ๊ฑด ์ž‘์—… ๋“ฑ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ ๊ทธ๋Š” 2013๋…„ 3์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต์ง€, ์œ ๊ธ‰ ์ง์›์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ ๊ธ‰ ์ง์›์ด์ž ์ผ๋ฒ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ํšŒ์›์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ตœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ทธํ•ด 5์›” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์›”๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฒ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์—๋Š” "์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€)์—์„œ ํ„ธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜จ ์• ๋“ค์ด ๋ญ‰์ณ์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ์šด๋™ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค"๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 5์›” ์›”๊ธ‰ ์ฒด๋ถˆ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€)์˜ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์„ ๋ฌด๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์ตœ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฒ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์งค๋ฐฉ๊ฒŒ์‹œํŒ์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์ž‘์„ ์‚ฌ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€) ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ ์˜๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ฑ์ถ”ํ–‰ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋‚จ์ž๋งŒ์˜ ๋ณ‘์—ญ์˜๋ฌด ๋ถ€๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์„œ์ •๋ฒ” ์„ฑํญํ–‰ ๋ฃจ๋จธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฒฝํฌ๋Œ€ ํŒจ๋ฅœ๋…€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ๋ณ‘์ง„ ์ •์ฑ„๊ธฐ ํ•œ์ง€ํ™˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ• ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ ์„œ์ •๋ฒ” ๊น€๋™๊ทผ ํ•œ์Šน์˜ค ๊น€์žฌ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ•์ง€ํ–ฅ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€ ๊ฝƒ๋ฑ€ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ํŠน๋ณ„๋ฒ• ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‚˜์น˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์„œ๊ฐ‘์ˆ™ ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ž์œ  ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ž์œ  ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1967๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 2013๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋‚จ์„ฑ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ์ต์‚ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€๋ฅœ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋Œ€๋ฅœ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ๋…• ์„ฑ์”จ ์ถ”๋ฝ์‚ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋™๊ตฌ (๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ) ์ถœ์‹  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung%20Jae-gi
Sung Jae-gi
Sung Jae-gi ( ; September 11, 1967ย โ€“ July 26, 2013) was a South Korean men's rights activist. Sung founded and was the first chairman of Man of Korea, a men's rights group advocating the abolition of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Familyโ€”whose Korean name (์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€; ๅฅณๆ€ง้ƒจ) translates as "Ministry of Women"โ€”and demanded compensation for the South Korean military-service requirement. During the early 21st century, Sung led the South Korean anti-feminist movement opposing female-preferential policies. In early adulthood he was a businessman, and in October 1999 he participated in the movement opposing the abolition of preferential treatment for discharged soldiers. Sung opposed the abolition of the Hoju system, and later participated in men's-rights activities. In 2006 he founded the Association of Anti-Feminism and Male Liberation. In 2007 he founded the Association for the Abolition of the Ministry of Women. The following year, Sung founded Man of Korea and was its chairman from 2008 until his death in 2013. His business activities included a nightclub and a consulting and executive search company. From 1999 until his death Sung argued for the restoration of the Korean Army bonus points system (๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ์ œ๋„). During the early 2010s he was an activist for the abolition of women-only facilities. In 2011, he began offering assistance and counseling to battered husbands, househusbands, teenage runaways and male and child victims of violent crime. Sung opened a shelter for homeless persons, male victims of violent crime, teenage runaways and gay and transgender people. From 1999 to 2013, Sung was part of the gender liberation and liberal movements and the movement to abolish the women's special-benefits policy. Near the end of his life Sung was reportedly up to โ‚ฉ100 million in debt. On July 25, 2013 he posted on the Man of Korea website his intention to commit suicide. The next day, Sung jumped from the Mapo Bridge in Seoul. His body was found four days later. Sung wrote under the pen names Blue Wolf (), Tongbalbass () and Tongbal (), and his nickname was Shimheon (์‹ฌํ—Œ ๅฏฉ่ป’ or ์‹ฌํ—Œ ๅฟƒ่ป’), Chongjuk(์ฒญ์ฃฝ ้‘็ซน). chinese name was Im-sung(์ž„์„ฑ ่‡จ่–). His family is part of the Changnyeong Sung clan (์ฐฝ๋…•์„ฑ์”จ ๆ˜Œๅฏงๆˆๆฐ). Early life Sung was born in Daegu on September 11, 1967. His father was wealthy, and his one uncle was a police officer in Daegu. During his youth, he developed masculinity and machismo. Sung became hostile, and was repulsed by traditional masculine behavior. In adolescence he became convinced of the need for men's liberation: "I was so grown, but nowadays teenage and 20, 30s young men are not like that. They tell another if it hurts, 'I am sick', tell another if they're tired, 'I am tired'. At that time Sung became conscious of authority, developed a loathing for the patriarchal system and complained that South Korean society treated males cruelly. After graduating from Daegu High School, he began studying economics at Yeungnam University in 1985 and graduated in February 1993. Young adulthood In 1987, Sung joined the South Korean Army and served with the 3rd Infantry Division (์œก๊ตฐ ์ œ3๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ ้™ธ่ป็ฌฌไธ‰ๆญฅๅ…ตๅธซๅœ˜) in Cheolwon (Gangwon Province) until 1990. He spent his early twenties as an insurance salesman, briefly managing his own business. In 2006, he operated a night club in Daegu. From August 26 to November 30 of that year, Sung worked for the Thomas McFly Consulting and Headhunting Company (ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋งฅํ”Œ๋ผ์ด ์ปจ์„คํŒ… & ํ—ค๋“œํ—ŒํŒ…์‚ฌ) in the Eastern District of Daegu before resigning to continue his human-rights campaigns. During the early 2000s, Sung joined the South Korean men's rights movement and campaigned for a variety of causes. On November 26, 2006 he founded the Association of Anti-Feminism for the Liberation of Men (), and on January 4, 2007 he founded the Association for the Abolition of the Ministry of Women (, ๅฅณๆ€ง้ƒจๅปขๆญข้‹ๅ‹•ๆœฌ้ƒจ). In 2013, both groups had several thousand members. Sung campaigned for the abolition of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family in the 2002 and 2007 presidential elections, questioning its justification. After the 2000s Sung emphasized personal values, individual rights and the right to privacy in his speeches, saying that personal values are God-given rights. He later led a campaign to abolish the Ministry of Gender Equality. In August 1994 Sung married Park Eun-kyong, an internist and professor at the College of Medicine of Chung-ang University. They had two daughters. Criticisms, including pornography control In 1999 Sung opposed abolishing the South Korean military's bonus-points system (๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ ;่ป ๅŠ ็ฎ—้ปž) and military veterans' compensation, and supported the abolition of the South Korean female quota (์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ• ๋‹น์ œ;ๅฅณๆ€งๅ‰ฒ็•ถๅˆถ) and female employment quota systems (์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณ ์šฉํ• ๋‹น์ œ;ๅฅณๆ€ง้›‡ๅ‚ญๅ‰ฒ็•ถๅˆถ). From 2004 to January 2005, he unsuccessfully opposed the abolition of the Hoju system (ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ œ ๆˆถไธปๅˆถ). Sung advocated the resurrection of the South Korean military bonus-points system and the abolition of female quotas until his death. Railing against what he saw as female chauvinism and Korean totalitarianism, he argued against reverse discrimination, said "Men are humans", objected to unilateral obligations and responsibilities imposed on Korean men and advocated men's liberation. According to Sung, "The oppressive measures on pornography by the Korean government are totally insane ... It is actually seen that it oppresses masculinity and that it distorts the essentials. It is all done by the Ministry of Gender Equality and womenโ€™s organizations led by Korean feminists." He argued that the totalitarianism of a few female chauvinists excessively suppressed male sexuality, the arts, pop culture and freedom of expression and thought. Comparing South Korean government policies to prohibition in the United States, Sung said that restricting pornography had undesirable side effects and labeled normal men as sex offenders. He encouraged self-examination to overcome sexual Puritanism: "You will understand easily if you know a bit about menโ€™s sexual mechanism. Pornography itself can ease and satisfy menโ€™s sexual impulses." Long criticized for his beliefs, Sung called South Korean policy excessively moralistic and overprotective of women and some South Korean politicians unrealistic and incompetent. Movement to protect military bonus points system From August 1999 to 2001, Sung advocated the protection of the South Korean military's bonus-points system and had a small number of sympathizers. In October 2001 the system was found unconstitutional and repealed, with Sung advocating its reconstruction: "What is my duty? Do you know why Man of Korea started? Because in 1999 military bonus points were abolished! Because of the excuse of gender equality for threatening national security." Sung long argued for the "resuscitation of military bonus points", reviving a reconstruction movement for the Korean military bonus-points system in 2011. He participated in civil-rights and masculist activities, leading a male-liberation movement. Sung requested compensation for his mandatory South Korean military service until his death. Men's rights movements Fathers' rights movement From 2004 to January 2005 Sung supported the Hoju system, reasoning that the system supported the last rights of fathers. Feeling that the system had symbolic meaning for fathers and families, he argued with South Korean radical feminists on the Internet. The Hoju system was abolished in January 2005, and Sung advocated its revival until his death. He long criticized the Ministry of Gender Equality. On December 12, 2012, Sung told presidential candidate Park Geun-hye that to "recover lost fathers' rights is the way for my family's happiness". Male protection From 2008 until his death, Sung was protective of weak men and disadvantaged, gay and transgender people and advocated for the protection of male and young victims of domestic violence. He opened male-protection facilities, the first on January 26, 2008 in Samsung-dong, Gangnam-gu. Sung supported refuges in Samseong-dong in Gangnam-gu, Seokcheon-dong in Songpa-gu and Yeongdeungpo-dong in Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul. He opposed racism and discrimination against minorities, male victims of crime, the weak and sexual minorities. Sung encouraged the recognition of homophobia, emphasizing that sexuality is personal, and provided accommodations and job placement for homeless, unemployed young male runaways and gay and transgender people. He opened the Man of Korea headquarters as a shelter on May 1, 2012. Men's rights On January 24, 2011, Sung opened a free facility in Samseong-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul for runaway husbands, young deported men, runaway teenage boys and homeless men. After a slow start, the facility took in an increasing number of people. Pornography advocacy Sung opposed crackdowns on pornography until his death, arguing that it reduced the number of sex crimes. At a conference, he said that if women's attire does not cause sex crimes, neither does pornography. According to Sung, pornography was necessary for economically- and physically-unattractive men. At a November 12, 2011 debate entitled "How Should We Regulate Child Pornography?" hosted by Choi Min-hee of the Democratic United Party at the National Assembly building in Yeouido, Seoul, Sung said: "Who are those crazy beings who oppose the protection of children and teens against sex crimes? ... The problem is the Burberry men [exhibitionists]. We should catch them, and not just make them not wear Burberry trench coats." Sung became an overnight hero to male netizens for defending online pornography and masturbation as benign. During a public hearing of the National Assembly that day, Sung criticized the Ministry of Gender Equality: "For those people who don't even understand the mechanisms of the male sex, what Youth Sex Protection Law do you want? What law do you want to be made? ... Who are those crazy beings who oppose the protection of children and teens against sex crimes? Of course our priority is to protect kids and teens against sexual offenses. Have any of you watched porn before? Have you watched porn to masturbate? Yes or no? But let me ask you one thing: is your goal to protect children and teenager from sexual offences? or is it to suppress every manโ€™s sexual desire and control his guilt?" He continued, saying "Female exposure is not the cause of oneโ€™s sex drive, and is not the cause of sex offenses, and yet animated porn becomes the cause of a manโ€™s sex crimes? Please stop making such bullshit claims! I donโ€™t know about other men, but isnโ€™t this nonsense? I too watch porn! And you know why?". He said that pornography was "a means for a man to ease his sex drive, relieve himself, and excrete his load. So because porn amplifies a manโ€™s sex drive, this makes him go outside, find a new victim and commit a new sex crime? Please stop romanticizing the whole thing!" According to Sung, "Just 20 years ago, women would go to the pharmacy and hide their sanitary pads in newspaper and buy them as if they were drugs. But 20 years later, Korean womenโ€™s sanitary pads are in your face, and they even have a menstruation festival ... Had men not acknowledged and understood femininity, do you think this would have been possible?" Man of Korea Founding On January 26, 2008, Sung founded Man of Korea (, ็”ทๆ€ง่ฏๅธถ) in Gangnam-gu, Seoul to promote men's rights, saying that men could be considered a minority in South Korean society. He publicly disparaged women and worked to abolish menstrual leave and other policies for working women. Opponents said that Sung's work to support the rights of men was misplaced because South Korea is a male-dominated society. During the 2012 Korean presidential election Sung suggested abolishing the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, denying that women are a social minority and accusing Korean society of discriminating against men. He controversially posted on his Twitter account, "Korean women, you should be ashamed of yourselves. Why are you making such a fuss about menstruating when the nationโ€™s birthrate is the lowest in the world?" White Stockings Campaign Sung mocked the White Tie Campaign organized by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, saying that the campaign supported prostitution (although he was said to have supported prostitution). On November 28โ€“29, 2011, Man of Korea launched their "White Stockings Campaign" in an email to members. The email claimed that the campaign was supported by the ministry, but the campaign lampooned the ministry's support program for former prostitutes. Man of Korea claimed that under the ministry plan, former prostitutes would receive job training at support centers and the ministry would give them โ‚ฉ410,000 per month and legal and medical services for up to three years. Sung was criticized for his support of prostitution and said on November 30, "We wanted to show that the ministryโ€™s support program for former prostitutes is not effective. The ministry spends about 11-12 billion won per year on the program. But such support is given to any women who claim they were prostitutes, and the ministry is unable to verify whether they were really engaged in the sex trade or not". His view that prostitutes were not victims contrasted with that of South Korean feminists, and he opposed treating female prostitution as a crime. Menstrual-leave criticism Sung criticized South Korean menstrual leave as sexist, arguing that it was unnecessary for most women since it protected motherhood. On October 3, 2012, he controversially posted on his Twitter account: "You [Korean women] should be ashamed of yourselves. Why are you making such a fuss about menstruating when the nation's birthrate is the lowest in the world?" In a January 2013 report by Alio, a website compiling management information in the public sector, 9.1 percent (272 out of 2,993) executive jobs in government departments and public firms were held by women and over half of the organizations had no female board members. Death and impact Preparation In early July 2013, Sung's wife briefly left him. On July 25, he declared himself a victim of reverse discrimination and announced his intention to commit suicide. Sung jumped from the Mapo Bridge into the Han River, leaving a note saying that he would risk his life to raise โ‚ฉ100ย million (about $94,000) in donations to pay debts owed by Man of Korea. He posted on the organization's website, "Dear citizens, I plan to jump off a bridge over the Han River. I hope you give us a last chance. Please lend us 100 million won which will be used for paying back debt and seed money of our organization". Sung's announcement was met with indifference. "Ridiculous. He is begging for money and heโ€™s holding himself as a hostage", read a post on the Man of Korea homepage. Another read, "Threat fund-raiser? Thatโ€™s creative. Just jump off the bridge like you promised". Sung later said that he did not intend to commit suicide, but wanted to draw attention to his group; he would jump, whether or not he received the money. He posted on Twitter, "Why do you all assume that jumping off the bridge will kill me? I have complete confidence in my survival", and later said: "Please regard my actions as 'trying to be less pathetic' while asking for money". Some Man of Korea members and other supporters were concerned about the jump. Jump Sung repeated his intention to survive the jump, saying that the bulgogi party scheduled for 7 pm in his office that day was still on. "Thatโ€™s why I said Iโ€™ll jump BEFORE 7 oโ€™clock. Letโ€™s eat bulgogi", he said. Before Sung jumped off the bridge, he wrote "I'm confident that I can survive". He checked the depth of the water before he jumped, and arranged for a lifeguard to watch the jump. However, he acknowledged the risk: "If something goes wrong with me, the Secretary General will succeed me as the representative of the association. Please remember me even if my lame attempt fails." He left a note: On July 26, 2013, Sung took a taxi from Yeongdeungpo to Mapo District with Han Seung-oh, Lee Ji-hun and five other people. Although he was accompanied by two lifeguards, it had rained heavily that day and the day before. At 3:00 pm, Sung jumped from the Mapo Bridge. just before the Jump, he was last said "Men are humans too (๋‚จ์ž๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. Namjado Saramyida)". Rescue efforts began at about 3:20 pm, and a broad search of the Han River was conducted. Although about 30 firefighters and a helicopter searched near the Mapo Bridge, he was not found by 9 pm Friday and the search was suspended for the night. About 50 firefighters from the Yeongdeungpo Fire Station, one helicopter and three rescue boats continued the search Saturday and Sunday; six ambulances stood by. On July 28, 2013. Sung's body was found near the south end of the Seogang Bridge, connecting Yeouido to northern Seoul, on July 29. He was barefoot, and his white shirt and dark-gray pants were what he was wearing when he jumped. On August 1, Sung was cremated and his ashes buried in a crypt in the Gyongsan Park Cemetery (๊ฒฝ์‚ฐ ๊ณต์› ๋ฌ˜์›) in Namchon (๋‚จ์ฒœ๋ฉด), Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang. There was a reported month-long increase in copycat suicides in August 2013. Legacy According to the Korea Times, the online grief and rage were misplaced. Han Seung-oh, Sung's nominated successor and a founding member of Man of Korea, called Sung's jump a "risky stunt" to raise โ‚ฉ100 million for the organization. See also Angry young man (South Korea) Politics of South Korea Na Hye-sok Heo Jung-suk Han Chi-hwan References External links Sung Jae-gi's Twitter account Man of Korea Webpage/ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ 1967 births 2013 deaths Suicides by jumping in South Korea Suicides by drowning in South Korea Male critics of feminism Masculists People from Daegu South Korean agnostics South Korean anti-feminists South Korean humanitarians Yeungnam University alumni
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%A5%B8%EB%8A%91%EB%8C%80%ED%9A%8C
ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ๋Š‘๋Œ€ํšŒ
ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ๋Š‘๋Œ€ํšŒ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์šด๋™ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐํšŒ์  ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์กฑ ์ดํ›„ ์„ฑ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์ƒํ™œ ์ง€์› ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€์™€ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ ์ œ ๋ถ€ํ™œ, ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ํŠน๋ณ„๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์—ฌ์™”๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์–‘์„ฑ ํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„, ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ํ์ง€, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํŠนํ˜œ, ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ฌด๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์ œํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ 2008๋…„ 1์›” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™, ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋˜ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ, ๊น€๋™์™„, ์†์Šน๋ฏผ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๋™ 142-3 ์—˜์ง€์—ํด๋ผํŠธ B๋™ 324ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐœ์กฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” '์•ฝ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž'๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹  ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™ 2008๋…„: ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์  ๋ถ€ํ™œ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์—ญ ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋งˆ๋ จ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 2์›” : ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์•ˆ๊ฑด์„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ์ธ์ˆ˜์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ๋„ฃ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 7์›” : ๊ฐ•์šฉ์„ ๋ฐœ์–ธ ํŒŒ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ๋ง ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์ง, ๋‹น์ง ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ์€ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค. 2011๋…„: ๋„ˆ๋Š” ํŽซ ์ƒ์˜๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. 2011๋…„: SC์ œ์ผ์€ํ–‰ '๋‚จํŽธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ' ์‹œ์ • ์š”์ฒญ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. 2011๋…„: ๊ฐ•์šฉ์„์˜ ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์ด 1๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์ž ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํžˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„: ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์˜ ํ˜„์—ญ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋™์›์ง€์ •์ œ๋„์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 5์›” ~ 12์›” : ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ ์˜๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ฑ์ถ”ํ–‰ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ํ”ผ์˜์ž ๋ฐฐ๋ชจ ์”จ์˜ ํ˜์˜์ ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฌด์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2011๋…„: ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ํŠน๋ณ„๋ฒ•์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ  ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค. 2012๋…„: ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€์˜ โ€˜๊ฐ€์กฑโ€™ ๋ช…์นญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ช…์นญ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„: ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์•ž์—์„œ ํ•ญ์˜ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 3์›” : ๋ถˆ์Šค์›์ƒท ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ„ํ•˜๊ด‘๊ณ  ํ์ง€์‹œํ‚ด 2012๋…„ 6์›” : ์›…์ง„์‹ํ’ˆ ํ•˜๋Š˜๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์‹œ์ • 2012๋…„ 7์›” : 7์›” 1๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ 3ํšŒ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์ง„์ž…์‹œ์œ„ 2012๋…„: ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ œ18๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋‹น ๋ฐ•๊ทผํ˜œ ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 11์›” : ๋กฏ๋ฐ์›”๋“œ ์—ฌ์šฐ๋“ค ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์ค‘์ง€ ์š”์ฒญ 2012๋…„ 11์›” : ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ ์šด์˜๊ด€๋ จ๊ฑด์˜ 2012๋…„ 12์›” : ์„œ๊ฐ•๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ ํœด๊ฒŒ์‹ค ์šด์˜๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฑด์˜๋ฐ ๋กœ๋ณต๊ณผ ํ† ํฌ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ 2013๋…„ 1์›” : ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€ -> ์ œ์ฒœ ๊ณต๊ณต๋„์„œ๊ด€ ๋ช…์นญ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ 2013๋…„ 1์›” : ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ์นธ ์ฒ ํ์‹œํ‚ด 2013๋…„ 1์›” : ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์—…์ œํ’ˆ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜๋ฌดํ™” ์ฒ ํšŒ์š”์ฒญ 2013๋…„ 2์›” : ๋Œ€๋ฆผ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค๋ฌธ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๊ด‘๊ณ ์‹œ์ • 2013๋…„ 3์›” : ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ „์šฉ์ขŒ์„ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™ ์ฃผ๋„ 2013๋…„ 5์›” 2์ผ ~ 5์›” 16์ผ : ์•„๋ชจ๋ ˆํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ๋ฏธ์Ÿ์„ผ์˜ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ '์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์ด์—ฌ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋ฐ˜์ „์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ์— ๋™์ฐธํ•˜๋ผ'๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ง€์ , ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€) ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ช…์˜๋กœ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ์‚ญ์ œ ํ˜น์€ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์š”์ฒญ, 5์›” 16์ผ ์•„๋ชจ๋ ˆํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ๋ฏธ์Ÿ์„ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ '์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค'์„ '์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค'๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 7์›” : ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€) ์ƒ์ž„๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ 7์›” 26์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 3์‹œ๊ฒฝ ์„œ์šธ ๋งˆํฌ๋Œ€๊ต์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ฐ•์— ํˆฌ์‹ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 10์›” : ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋Œ€๋”” ๊น€์žฅ๊น€์น˜ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 3์›” 11์ผ : ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€)๊ณต๋™๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊น€์ธ์„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ง์„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 3์›” 12์ผ : ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(๊ตฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€)๊ณต๋™๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊น€๋™๊ทผ์ด ๊ณต๋™๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊น€์ธ์„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋…๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ 2011๋…„ 11์›” ~ 2012๋…„ 1์›” : ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์˜ ํ˜„์—ญ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋™์›์ง€์ •์ œ๋„์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™ 2011๋…„: SC์ œ์ผ์€ํ–‰ '๋‚จํŽธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ' ์‹œ์ • ์š”์ฒญ ํ•ญ์˜์ง‘ํšŒ 2011๋…„: ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ ์˜๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ฑ์ถ”ํ–‰ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฌด์ฃ„ ํƒ„์› ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ 2012๋…„ 5์›” : ์–ด๋ฒ„์ด๋‚  ๋ฒ•์ • ๊ณตํœด์ผ๋กœ ์ง€์ • ์ด‰๊ตฌ 2012๋…„ 7์›” : ์ œ์ฒœ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ๋‚จ๋…€ ์—ญ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ํ•ญ์˜ ์ง‘ํšŒ 2012๋…„ : ๋Œ€์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์š”๊ตฌ ์ง‘ํšŒ 2012๋…„ 1์›” : ๊ฐ ๋ณดํ—˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฌด์ง์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋ฌด์ง๋‚จ์„ฑ๋งŒ ์œ„ํ—˜ 1๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์ •์š”์ฒญ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณดํ—˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์ •ํ•จ ๊ณต์ต ์†Œ์†ก 2011๋…„: ์ธ๊ถŒ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์˜ ํ˜„์—ญ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋™์›์ง€์ •์ œ๋„์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€, ์ฒ ํ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„: ๊ตฟ๋ณด์ด ์Œ์› ์ƒ์˜๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒญ 2011๋…„ 11์›” : ์žฅ๊ทผ์„ ๊น€ํ•˜๋Š˜ ์ฃผ์—ฐ ๋„ˆ๋Š” ํŽซ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋น„ํ•˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒ์˜๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒญ 2011๋…„ 5์›” ~ 2012๋…„ 4์›”: ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ ์˜๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ฑ์ถ”ํ–‰ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ํ”ผ์˜์ž ๋ฐฐ๋ชจ ์”จ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์†ก์— ๋™์ฐธ, ์ง€์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 1์›”: ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€์˜ โ€˜๊ฐ€์กฑโ€™ ๋ช…์นญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์€ ๋‚จ๋…€์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒญ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 1์›” 6์ผ : ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๋ณด์กฐ์› ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ์ œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹œ์ •์š”์ฒญ 2012๋…„ 5์›” : ๋ฐฑ์ง€์˜ ๊ตฟ๋ณด์ด ์Œ์›์œ ํ†ต๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒญ ์—ฐํ˜ 2006๋…„ 11์›” 28์ผ: ๋ฐ˜ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๋‚จ์„ฑํ•ด๋ฐฉ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ 2007๋…„ 1์›” 4์ผ: ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํ์ง€ ์šด๋™๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ 2008๋…„ 1์›”: ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์ž„๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ 2006๋…„ 11์›” 28์ผ ~ 2013๋…„ 7์›” 26์ผ ํ•œ์Šน์˜ค 2013๋…„ 7์›” 27์ผ ~ 2013๋…„ 8์›” 29์ผ ํ™ฉ์žฅ์ˆ˜ 2013๋…„ 8์›” 17์ผ ~ 2013๋…„ 9์›” 15์ผ ๊น€์ธ์„ 2013๋…„ 9์›” 16์ผ ~ 2013๋…„ 11์›” 11์ผ (๋‹จ๋…), 2013๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ ~ 2014๋…„ 3์›” 11์ผ (๊ณต๋™) ๊น€๋™๊ทผ 2013๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ ~ 2014๋…„ 3์›” 11์ผ (๊ณต๋™), 2014๋…„ 3์›” 12์ผ ~ , (๋‹จ๋…) ๋ฐ•ํ˜•์ค€ 2014๋…„ 3์›” 12์ผ ~ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์”จ๋„ค21์—์„œ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ์ด์†กํฌ์ผ์€ ๋ฐ˜์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ "์ด์ œ ๋Œ€๋†“๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด '๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€' ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์—ญ์„คํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด "๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค"๋ฉด์„œ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ "๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์ง„์„ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋กœ ํ’€์–ด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทน๋„์˜ ํ˜์˜ค๊ฐ์„ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” "๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ๊ธ์ •์ "์ด๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” "์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์ง€์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฌด์ž‘์ • '์—ฌ์„ฑ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์— ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๋น„๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถ„๋…ธํ‘œ์ถœ์ผ ๋ฟ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌยท๊ฐ๋…์„ ํ”ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด์— ์ง€์›๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋“ฑ๋ก ์‹œ ํ–‰์ •์ž์น˜๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€์˜ ์˜ˆํ•˜์— ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋“ฃ์ž, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ™๊ณ ๋์— ์ •๋ถ€์ง€์›์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณ„์Šน์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž, ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ˆ„๋ช… ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋‹ด๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ช…์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(็”ทๆ€ง้€ฃๅธถ)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€(็”ทๆ€ง้€ฃๅธถ)๋Š” 1998๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ„๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ์„ธ์šด ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณง ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋งŒ์˜ ๋ณ‘์—ญ์˜๋ฌด ๋ถ€๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ ์˜๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ฑ์ถ”ํ–‰ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ณดํ—ค๋ฏธ์•ˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์šฐ์›”์ฃผ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฌ๊ธฐ ํ•œ์ง€ํ™˜ ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ ์•„์ฒญ๋ฒ• ์„œ์ •๋ฒ” ์„ฑ์ถ”ํ–‰ ๋ฃจ๋จธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‚˜์น˜ ์ •์ฑ„๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์–‘์„ฑํ‰๋“ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๊ณต์‹ ์นดํŽ˜, ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„ ์นดํŽ˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋Œ€ 2006๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 2008๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์šด๋™ ๋‹จ์ฒด ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20of%20Korea
Man of Korea
Man of Korea (; literally Solidarity for Men) is a non-profit masculist organization in South Korea. It was founded in 2008, and first leader was Sung Jae-gi. Summary Man of Korea has insisted on the abolition of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family by reason of pro-woman on their own terms, and the revival of the Extra Point System for Veterans who served in the military in South Korea. The group has been under financial distress with more than 200 million won debts because it did not get government support. See also Angry young man (South Korea) Sources Kim Yong-suk: The Ddanji December, 2012. The ddanji group, 2012, External links Man of Korea website Man of Korea's Naver page, Naver References 2008 establishments in South Korea Masculism Non-profit organizations based in South Korea Organizations established in 2008 Opposition to feminism in South Korea Men in South Korea
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%A6%88%EC%98%A4%EC%B9%B4%ED%98%84%EB%A6%BD%20%EC%8B%9C%EB%AF%B8%EC%A6%88%20%ED%9E%88%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%9C%20%EA%B3%A0%EB%93%B1%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90
์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„๋ฆฝ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต
์Šค์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„๋ฆฝ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต()๋Š” ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด์‹œ ์•„ํ‚ค์š”์‹œ ๋งˆ์น˜์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฆฝ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ณ„ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” 1923๋…„์— ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„๋ฆฝ ์ดํ•˜๋ผ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ๊ฐœ๊ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•™์„ฑ์—์„œ 3๋…„ ํ•œ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ (์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ) "์Šˆํผ ์‚ฌ์ด์–ธ์Šค ํ•˜์ด ์Šค์ฟจ"์— ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์œ ๋ช… ์‹œ์ธ์˜ ๋„์ด ๋ฐ˜์Šค์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์‚ฌ, ๋…ธ๋ถ€ํ† ํ‚ค ๊ธฐ์š”์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณกํ–ˆ๋‹ค ์—ฐํ˜ 1923๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„๋ฆฝ ์ดํ•˜๋ผ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์„ค๋ฆฝ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Œ. 1924๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„๋ฆฝ ์ดํ•˜๋ผ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ๊ฐœ๊ต. 1939๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„๋ฆฝ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญ. 1948๋…„ ํ•™์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด ํ˜„๋ฆฝ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์ œ์ผ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญ. ์ •์‹œ์ œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„ค์น˜. 1949๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„๋ฆฝ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญ. 1968๋…„ ํ˜„๋‚ด ์ฒซ ์ด์ˆ˜๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜. ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์‚ฌ ํ•™๊ต ์ถ•์ œ ๋งค๋…„ 6์›” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ๊ณผ ํ† ์š”์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ผ์š”์ผ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค๋…„ 6์›” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ผ์š”์ผ์— ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ „๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.(์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๊ต๋‚ด ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์— ์˜ค๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.) ์ฒด์œก ์ถ•์ œ ๋งค๋…„ 10์›” ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์šด๋™์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ 2ํ•™๋…„๋•Œ 10์›”์ด๋‚˜ 12์›”์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ–‰์„ ์ง€๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต๊ณผ๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„(์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ), ์ด์ˆ˜๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ NASA, ์š”์„ธ๋ฏธํ‹ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณต์›, ์Šคํƒ ํผ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ, ํ˜„์ง€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์™€ ๊ต๋ฅ˜, ๋ณดํ†ต๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์™€ ํ˜„์ง€ ํ•™๊ต์™€์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ํ™œ๋™ยท๋™์•„๋ฆฌ ํ™œ๋™ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ์ „๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ œ53ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1974๋…„) ์ค€์šฐ์Šน ์ œ59ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1980๋…„) ์ค€์šฐ์Šน ์ œ61ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1982๋…„) ์šฐ์Šน ์ œ62ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1983๋…„) ์ค€์šฐ์Šน ์ „๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์ฒด์œก ๋Œ€ํšŒ - ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1972๋…„) ์šฐ์Šน ์—ํžˆ๋ฉ” ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1980๋…„) ์šฐ์Šน ์นด๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1981๋…„) ์šฐ์Šน ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1991๋…„) ์šฐ์Šน ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ์ถœ์ „ ์ œ39ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1957๋…„) ์ œ40ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1958๋…„) ๋ด„์˜ ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ์ถœ์ „ ์ œ30ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1958๋…„) ์ œ49ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ (1977๋…„) ๊ตํ†ต ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋„๋ณด 20๋ถ„. ์‹œ์ฆˆํ…Œ์ธ  ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ดํ•˜๋ผ ๋…ธ์„ ยท์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์•ž ๋ฒ„์Šค์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฐจ. ์ฃผ์š” ์œ ๋ช… ๋™๋ฌธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์กธ์—…๋…„๋„ ์ˆœ ์Šค๊ธฐ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋ฅ˜์ด์น˜ (์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ) ํƒ€์นด๋‹ค ์นด์ฆˆ๋ฏธ (์ „ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ์ค‘๊ณต์—… ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์นด์ฆˆ์•„ํ‚ค (์ „ ์ฃผ๋นŒ๋กœ ์ด์™€ํƒ€ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ๋…, ํ˜„ ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ๋…) ์šฐ์น˜์•ผ๋งˆ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ฃจ (์ „ ์ฃผ๋นŒ๋กœ ์ด์™€ํƒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ์šฐ์น˜์•ผ๋งˆ ์•„์ธ ์‹œ (์ „ ์ฃผ๋นŒ๋กœ ์ด์™€ํƒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ์˜คํ‚ค ๋‹ค์ผ€์‹œ (ํ˜„ ๊ตํ†  ์ƒ๊ฐ€ FC ๊ฐ๋…) ๋ชจ์น˜์ฆˆํ‚ค ์นด์ฆˆ์š”๋ฆฌ (์ „ ์‚ฐํ”„๋ ˆ์ฒด ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ ์ฝ”์น˜, ํ˜„ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ ์œ ์†Œ๋…„ํŒ€ ๊ฐ๋…) ์šฐ์น˜๋‹ค ์นด์ฆˆ์˜ค (์ „ ๋ฐ˜ํฌ๋ ˆ ๊ณ ํ›„ ๊ฐ๋…) ๋ชจ์น˜์ฆˆํ‚ค ํƒ€์ธ ์•ผ (์ „ ๋ฒ ๊ฐˆํƒ€ ์„ผ๋‹ค์ด ๊ฐ๋…) ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ฝ”์ง€ (์ „ ์‡ผ๋‚œ ๋ฒจ๋งˆ๋ ˆ ๊ฐ๋…, ์ „ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฐ๋…, ํ˜„ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ชจํ†  ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ FC ๊ฐ๋…) ์‚ฌ์™€์ด๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฒŒ์˜ค (์ „ ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ ๊ทธ๋žจํผ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜, ํ˜„ ์ œํ”„ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ ์ด์น˜ํ•˜๋ผ ์ง€๋ฐ” ์ฝ”์น˜) ์˜ค์—๋…ธ๋ฆฌ ์นด์ธ ๋ฏธ (์ „ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์—์ŠคํŽ„์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ, ์ „ ์™€์„ธ๋‹ค๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ๋…) ํ•˜์„ธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ผ„ํƒ€ (์ „ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์—์ŠคํŽ„์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ํ˜ธ๋ฆฌ์ด์ผ€ ํƒ€์ฟ ๋ฏธ (์ „ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์—์ŠคํŽ„์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์„ธ๋ ˆ์†Œ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ๋‹ค์ผ€๋‹ค ๋…ธ๋ถ€ํžˆ๋กœ (์ „ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋”” 1969 ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํ† ์˜ค๋ฃจ (์ „ ์ฃผ๋นŒ๋กœ ์ด์™€ํƒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜) ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ฟ ๋งˆ (์ „ ์ฃผ๋นŒ๋กœ ์ด์™€ํƒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜) ์†Œ๋งˆ ๋‚˜์˜คํ‚ค (์ „ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ํ”„๋ก ํƒˆ๋ ˆ ๊ฐ๋…, ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œใ€ˆํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์›”๋“œ์ปตใ€‰๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ํ˜ธ๋ฆฌ์ด์ผ€ ํžˆ๋กœ๋ฏธ์ธ  (์ „ FC ๋„์ฟ„ ์„ ์ˆ˜) ๋…ธ๋…ธ๋ฌด๋ผ ์š”์‹œ์นด์ฆˆ (์ „ ์ฝ˜์‚ฌ๋„๋ ˆ ์‚ฟํฌ๋กœ ์„ ์ˆ˜) ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ํ† ์‹œํžˆ๋ฐ (ํ˜„ ํ›„์ง€์—๋‹ค MYFC ๊ฐ๋…, ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œใ€ˆํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์›”๋“œ์ปตใ€‰๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ํƒ€์ง€๋งˆ ํžˆ๋กœ์•„ํ‚ค (์ „ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์—์ŠคํŽ„์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜) ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์ž์™€ ์•„ํ‚ค๋…ธ๋ฆฌ (์ „ ์„ธ๋ ˆ์†Œ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œใ€ˆํ•œ์ผ ์›”๋“œ์ปตใ€‰๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ํƒ€์นดํžˆ๋กœ (์ „ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์—์ŠคํŽ„์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜) ๋‚˜์นดํ•˜๋ผ์ด ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€ (์ „ ์•„๋น„์ŠคํŒŒ ํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นด ์„ ์ˆ˜) ์‚ฌ์ฝ”์ด ์‹ ์•ผ (์ „ FC ๋„์ฟ„ ์„ ์ˆ˜) ์•ผ๋งˆ์žํ‚ค ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋กœ (์ „ ๋ฐ˜ํฌ๋ ˆ ๊ณ ํ›„ ์„ ์ˆ˜) ํƒ€์นดํ•˜๋ผ ๋‚˜์˜คํžˆ๋กœ (ํ˜„ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์—์ŠคํŽ„์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œใ€ˆ๋…์ผ ์›”๋“œ์ปตใ€‰๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ๋งˆ์‚ฌ (ํ˜„ ์—ํžˆ๋ฉ” FC ์„ ์ˆ˜) ํƒ€์นด๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ์œ ํ‚ค (์ „ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์•„ํ‚คํƒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜) ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์œ ์Šค์ผ€ (ํ˜„ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋”” 1969 ์„ ์ˆ˜) ํ‚ค์ฟ ์˜ค์นด ํƒ€์ฟ ๋กœ (ํ˜„ ๋„์น˜๊ธฐ SC ์„ ์ˆ˜) ์•„๋ผํƒ€ ํ† ์‹œ์œ ํ‚ค (ํ˜„ ์ œํ”„ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ ์ด์น˜ํ•˜๋ผ ์ง€๋ฐ” ์„ ์ˆ˜) ์šฐ์น˜๋‹ค ์•„์ธ ํ†  (ํ˜„ FC ์ƒฌ์ผ€ 04 ์„ ์ˆ˜, ํ˜„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œใ€ˆ๋‚จ์•„๊ณต ์›”๋“œ์ปตใ€‰๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ํƒ€ํƒ€๋ผ ์•„์ธ ํ†  (ํ˜„ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ชจํ†  ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ FC ์„ ์ˆ˜) ์นด์ธ ์ž์™€ ์นด๋‚˜๋ฉ” (์ „ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ๋…, ํ˜„ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์—์ŠคํŽ„์Šค ๊ณ ๋ฌธ) ์  ์นด๋ฉ” ๋…ธ๋ถ€์œ ํ‚ค (์ „ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ๋…, ํ˜„ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ๋…) ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค ํ† ์ฟ ์˜ค (์ „ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋‹›ํฐํ–„ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜) ์šฐ๋ฃจ์‹œ๋ฐ”ํƒ€ ์นด์ธ ํžˆ์‚ฌ (์ „ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋„์š” ์นดํ”„ ์„ ์ˆ˜) ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œํƒ€ ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€ (ํ˜„ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ DeNA ๋ฒ ์ด์Šคํƒ€์Šค 2๊ตฐ ๊ฐ๋…) ๋งˆํ‚คํƒ€ ์ฟ„ํ—ค์ด (์ผ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์‹ฌํŒ์›) ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์œ ๋ช…์ธ ๋ชจ์น˜์ฆˆํ‚ค ์š”์‹œ์˜ค (์ž๋ฏผ๋‹นยท์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์›) ์ฟ ๋ผํƒ€ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ† ์‹œ (์ž๋ฏผ๋‹นยท์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์›) ๋ˆ„๋งˆ ๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ (์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ) ์˜ค์˜คํ•˜๋ผ ์œ ๋ฏธ (์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ) ์•ผ๋‚˜๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์•„์œ ๋ฏธ (์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ) ์™€๋‹ค ํ•˜๋ฃจํ‚ค (๋„์ฟ„๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ช…์˜ˆ ๊ต์ˆ˜) ์‚ฌ์นด์ด ์‚ฌํ† ์‹œ (๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ธ๊ฐ„ยทํ™˜๊ฒฝํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜) ๋‹ค์ผ€์šฐ์น˜ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ (๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€) ์—์ฟ ์Šค์— ์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋ฃจ (์ˆ˜ํ•„๊ฐ€) ๋‚˜์นด๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์นด์ธ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ (์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด ์€ํ–‰ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ด์‚ฌยท์€ํ–‰์žฅ) ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋…ธ๋ฆฌํ›„๋ฏธ (์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์€ํ–‰ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ด์‚ฌยท์€ํ–‰์žฅ) ๊ณ ๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ์œ ํƒ€์นด (์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ด์‚ฌ) ์—๋…ธํ‚ค๋„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ” (๋‹›์ผ€์ด CNBC ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œยท๊ธฐ์ž) ์Šค์ฆˆ๋ชจํ†  ์œ ์ด์น˜ (์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€ยท์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€ ใ€ˆ์Šˆ์—์ด์ƒค ์ œ16ํšŒ ์ฝ”๋ฐœํŠธ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒใ€‰) ์—๊ตฌ์น˜ ์œ ํ‚ค (๋ฐฐ์šฐ) ๋ชจ์น˜์ฆˆํ‚ค ํ…Œ๋ฅดํžˆ์ฝ” (ํƒ€๋งˆ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฒฝ์˜ยท์ •๋ณดํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„๋ฆฝ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต - ๊ณต์‹ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ 1923๋…„ ๊ฐœ๊ต ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด์‹œ์˜ ํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„์˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฆฝ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimizu%20Higashi%20High%20School
Shimizu Higashi High School
is known as a top high school in Shimizu, and one of the best high schools in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Shimizu Higashi High School is famous for high academic achievement especially in science and mathematics field as well as competitive sports teams. Notable alumni Shimizu Higashi High School soccer team is a prestigious team, and a number of professional soccer players have graduated Shimizu Higashi High School. These include: Ryuichi Sugiyama, Kenta Hasegawa, Katsumi Oenoki, Nobuhiro Takeda, Naoki Soma, Akinori Nishizawa, Naohiro Takahara, Atsuto Uchida, among many others. History 1923 - The school received approval from the Ministry of Education to establish a middle school in Ihara, Shizuoka Prefecture area. 1924 - The school was opened as a middle school in the Ihara (Shizuoka Prefecture) area. 1939 - The school was renamed as Shimizu. 1948 - The school system was reformed by Daiichi Shimizu, Shizuoka Prefecture. Part-time courses were established for the students. 1968 - Science and mathematics department was established. References SBS International Cup Archives 2000 Jubilo Iwata Players High School Ranking in Shizuoka Educational institutions established in 1923 High schools in Shizuoka Prefecture Schools in Shizuoka Prefecture Buildings and structures in Shizuoka (city) 1923 establishments in Japan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%89%EC%83%9D%202
๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ 2
๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ 2()๋Š” 1995๋…„ 1์›” 31์ผ์— ์—˜ํ”„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ์šฉ ์—ฐ์•  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋‹ค. ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ์˜ ์†ํŽธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์—๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์™ธ์ „์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กธ์—…์ƒ(ๅ’ๆฅญ็”Ÿ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ์˜ ์†ํŽธ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚œ์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด 3์ฃผ์˜€๋˜ ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ 12์›” 22์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1์›” 6์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 2์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ, ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•™๋…„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๋ฅ˜๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€ (ใ‚Šใ‚…ใ†ใฎใ™ใ‘) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 18์„ธ๋กœ, ์„ฑ(ๅง“)์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ƒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์•ผ์†Œํ•˜์น˜ ํ•™์›(ๅ…ซๅๅ…ซๅญฆๅœ’, ใ‚„ใใฏใกใŒใใˆใ‚“)์ด ๊ฐœ๊ตํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ œ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋„ค ์ „์ฒด์— ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ํŠน์ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •์˜๊ฐ๊ณผ ์™„๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์  ๋“ฑ์ด ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์žƒ์€ ํ›„, ์œ ๋ช… ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž์ธ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์™ธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋…€์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฃจ์‚ฌ์™€(้ณดๆฒข) ๋ชจ๋…€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ๋“ค ๋‚˜๋ฃจ์‚ฌ์™€ ์œ ์ด (้ณดๆฒข ๅ”ฏ, ใชใ‚‹ใ•ใ‚ ใ‚†ใ„) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 18์„ธ๋กœ, ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋™๊ฐ‘์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์„ "์˜ค๋น (ใŠๅ…„ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“)"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ „์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™๊ต์— ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ผ์†Œํ•˜์น˜ ํ•™์›(ๅ…ซๅๅ…ซๅญฆๅœ’, ใ‚„ใใฏใกใŒใใˆใ‚“)์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ณ  8์‚ด๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•™๊ต ์„ฑ์ ์€ ์ข‹๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ๋…ธ ํ† ๋ชจ๋ฏธ(ๆฐด้‡Ž ๅ‹็พŽ, ใฟใšใฎ ใจใ‚‚ใฟ) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 18์„ธ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์ง‘ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ฟ‰์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋”ธ๋กœ ํ•™๊ต ์„ฑ์ ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์กด์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž˜ ์šธ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฏธ (็ฏ ๅŽŸ ใ„ใšใฟ, ใ—ใฎใฏใ‚‰ ใ„ใšใฟ) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 18์„ธ๋กœ, ์‹œ๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ์ค‘๊ณต์—…(็ฏ ๅŽŸ้‡ๅทฅ)์˜ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋”ธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต ๊ถ๋„๋ถ€์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐœ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋‚จ์ž ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ณ„๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์—๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ด์ง€๋งˆ ์นด๋ Œ (่ˆžๅณถ ๅฏๆ†, ใพใ„ใ˜ใพ ใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚“) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 18์„ธ๋กœ, 8์‚ด๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋Œ ์Šคํƒ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ธ ์ˆ˜์ž…์œผ๋กœ "์นด๋ Œ ์–ด์ „(ๅฏๆ†ๅพกๆฎฟ)"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ €ํƒ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌด์ง„์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋“ฑ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋ผ์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋‚จ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์นดํ†  ๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ (ๅŠ ่—ค ใฟใฎใ‚Š, ใ‹ใจใ† ใฟใฎใ‚Š) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 18์„ธ๋กœ, ๋ง์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ํŽธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฑธ์น˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค ํžˆ๋กœ์ฝ”(้ˆดๆœจใฒใ‚ๅญ)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ช…์„ ์จ์„œ ํ•™๊ต ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ํŽธ์˜์ ์—์„œ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๋ง๊ณ ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์• ๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๋ชจ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์—„์ฒญ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์นด์™€ ์š”์ฝ” (ๅ—ๅท ๆด‹ๅญ, ใฟใชใฟใ‹ใ‚ ใ‚ˆใ†ใ“) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 18์„ธ๋กœ, ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ธ์˜ ์™ธ๋™๋”ธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด๋กœ ํ†ตํ•™์„ ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์• ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ˆœ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…์ ์š•์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์Šค๊ธฐ๋ชจํ†  ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ์ฝ” (ๆ‰ๆœฌ ๆกœๅญ, ใ™ใŽใ‚‚ใจ ใ•ใใ‚‰ใ“) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 18์„ธ๋กœ, ํฌ๊ท€๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด 3๋…„์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ž…์›ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ์ ์ž–๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Œ€๋กœ๋ผ๋ฉด ์•ผ์†Œํ•˜์น˜ ํ•™์›์— ๋‹ค๋…€์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•™๋…„์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ž…์›ํ•ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘์‹ค ์ฐฝ๋ฐ–์˜ ๊ฒฝ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ "ํ„ฐ๋ณด(ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒœ)"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ƒˆ๋งŒ์ด ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค ๋‚˜๋ฃจ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ฝ” (้ณดๆฒข ็พŽไฝๅญ, ใชใ‚‹ใ•ใ‚ ใฟใ•ใ“) ์œ ์ด์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋กœ, 10๋…„์ „์— ๋‚จํŽธ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์ƒํ™œ์ด ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€ํƒ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ฐป์ง‘์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ์žฌํ˜ผํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ, ์ฆ‰ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชจ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋น„๋„๋•์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์„ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ธ ์ฆˆํ‚ค ์ฝ”์ฆˆ์—(้ƒฝ็ฏ‰ ใ“ใšใˆ, ใคใฅใ ใ“ใšใˆ) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 16์„ธ๋กœ ์•ผ์†Œํ•˜์น˜ ํ•™์› 1ํ•™๋…„์— ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ถ€ ์†Œ์†์ธ๋ฐ, ์†Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋“ค์–ด ์™”๋˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์„ ๋™๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์–ด๋ ค๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๋ ˆ์ด (็‰‡ๆก ็พŽ้ˆด, ใ‹ใŸใŽใ‚Š ใฟใ‚Œใ„) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 25์„ธ๋กœ, ์•ผ์†Œํ•˜์น˜ ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ(ๅคๆ–‡) ์„ ์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ๋‹ด์ž„ ์„ ์ƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„น์‹œํ•œ ์™ธ๋ชจ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ˆ๋ปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์€ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Ÿด์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.๋ฏธ์ˆ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š” 35์‚ด์˜ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ž์‹ ์ด ์„ ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ๋ž€ํ•œ ๋ชธ๊ฐ€์ง ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒจ์šธ๋ฐฉํ•™์ด ๋˜์–ด๋„ ์ง„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—”๋”ฉ์—์„  ํ›„๋ฐฐ์œ„๋กœ ๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋’ค ๋‚จ์นœ ์•ž์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋Ÿดํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ์†Œ๋ณ€์„ ๋ฏธ๋ ˆ์ด ์„ ์ƒ์˜ ์ž… ์•ˆ์— ํ˜๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋งˆ์…”๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์นœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ณ„์„ ํ†ต๋ณดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋…ธ๋ฌด๋ผ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ†  (้‡Žใ€…ๆ‘ ็พŽ้‡Œ, ใฎใฎใ‚€ใ‚‰ ใฟใ•ใจ) ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๋ฒ„์Šค ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๋ ˆ ์„ ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์„œ๋กœ ์•Œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ด€๊ด‘์„ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ๋ฒ„์Šค ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ (็”ฐไธญ ็พŽๆฒ™, ใŸใชใ‹ ใฟใ•) ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ์—์„œ๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 20์„ธ๋กœ ์ฒด์œก๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ท€์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉฐ, ์นœ๊ตฌ ์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค ๋ฏธํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ผ์†Œํ•˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ฎ์€ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‹นํ˜นํ•ดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™œ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์šด๋™์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋กœ ์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์Šค๋‹ค ์•„์ฆˆ๋ฏธ (ๅฎ‰็”ฐ ๆ„›็พŽ, ใ‚„ใ™ใ  ใ‚ใšใฟ) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 21์„ธ๋กœ ์•ผ์†Œํ•˜์น˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฑยทํ™”์› ๋ณด์œก์›(่–ใƒป่Šฑๅœ’ไฟ่‚ฒๅœ’)์—์„œ ๋ณด์œก ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ์–ด๋ ค ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ์„ฑ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ •๋ ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ—Œ์‹ ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ์• ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ „์— ์‹ค์—ฐ๋‹นํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ฒด์œก๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ…๋„ ์‹ ์นธ์„ผ์ด ํ•œ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ซ“์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋˜ ์™€์ค‘์— ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‹œ๋งˆ ์ฟ ๋ฏธ์ฝ” (ๆฐธๅณถ ไน…็พŽๅญ, ใชใŒใ—ใพ ใใฟใ“) ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 18์„ธ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์˜จ์ฒœ ๊ด€๊ด‘์„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํˆฌ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ด€ ์ฃผ์ธ์˜ ์™ธ๋™๋”ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋™๊ฒฝํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์ถœํ•œ ํ›„ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์šด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ์„œ ์ถ”์œ„์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 8์‚ด๋•Œ์— ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์™ธ๋กœ์›€์„ ์ž˜ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ž˜ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ด‰์ œ์ธํ˜•์„ ๋น ๋œจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‹œ๋งˆ ์‚ฌ์น˜์ฝ” (ๆฐธๅณถ ไฝ็Ÿฅๅญ, ใชใŒใ—ใพ ใ•ใกใ“) ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์˜จ์ฒœ ๊ด€๊ด‘์„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํˆฌ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ด€ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฟ ๋ฏธ์ฝ”์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฟ ๋ฏธ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ์ €ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜จ์ฒœ์—์„œ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์—ด์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋Ÿด์„ ๋ฒ ํ’€๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์œก๋…ธ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜จ์ง€ ์•„๋ฆฌํ† ๋ชจ (่ฅฟๅพกๅฏบ ๆœ‰ๅ‹, ใ•ใ„ใŠใ‚“ใ˜ ใ‚ใ‚Šใจใ‚‚) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜จ์ง€ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋กœ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋กœ ์ง‘์ด ๋ถ€์ž์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ชจ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ค์นด ์š”์‹œํ‚ค(้•ทๅฒก ่Šณๆจน, ใชใŒใŠใ‹ ใ‚ˆใ—ใ) ๋ถ€์›์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ž์‹  ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ€์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋šฑ๋šฑํ•œ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฑธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠน๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‚จ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์—ฟ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์„œ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ”ผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์–ด๋กœ ๋‚™์ธ์ฐํžŒ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์„ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์นด์™€์ง€๋ฆฌ ์•„ํ‚ค๋ผ(ๅทๅฐป ใ‚ใใ‚‰, ใ‹ใ‚ใ˜ใ‚Š ใ‚ใใ‚‰) ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋กœ ํ•™๊ต ์œ ๋„๋ถ€ ์†Œ์†์ด๋‹ค. ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์—๋„ ์œ ๋„๋ณต์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์ž ์•„์ด์™€๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์ธ์—ฐ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์นด๋ Œ์˜ ํŒฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ…๋„ ์‹ ์นธ์„ผ(ๅคฉ้“ ๆ–ฐๅนน็ทš, ใฆใ‚“ใฉใ† ใ—ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚“ใ›ใ‚“) ์•ผ์†Œํ•˜์น˜ ํ•™์›์˜ ์ฒด์œก ์„ ์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์œ ๋„๋ถ€ ํ•™์ƒ ์ง€๋„๋„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ์•„์ธ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒํŠธ์ง‘์„ ์žก๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•„์ฆˆ๋ฏธ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ์Šคํ† ์ปค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ซ“์•„๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋ผ์„œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๋ ˆ์ด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์”์“ธํ•œ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ์„ ์ƒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ํ‰ํŒ์ด ์•ˆ์ข‹์€ ๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์นด์—๋ฃจ ์˜ค์•ผ์ง€(ใ‚ซใ‚จใƒซใŠใ‚„ใข) ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ค‘๋…„์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐป์ง‘์—์„œ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ฝ”์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๊พธ ๊ตฌ์• ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํžˆ์นด๋ฆฌ (ใฒใ‹ใ‚Š) ์„ฑ์€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์นด๋ Œ์˜ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๋กœ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์นด๋ Œ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ•ด ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์นด๋ฆฌ๋…ธ ๋ณด์ธ ์ฝ”(ๆ€’ใ‚Š้‡Ž ใƒœใƒ„ๅญ, ใ„ใ‹ใ‚Šใฎ ใƒœใƒ„ใ“) ์‹ฌ์•ผ์˜ ๋งˆ์„์„ ๋ฐฐํšŒํ•˜๋Š”, ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋žต ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กธ์—…์ƒ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์™ธ์ „ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋กœ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์‹œ๋กœ(ไธ‰ๅ››้ƒŽ)๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ์‚ฐ์‹œ๋กœ (ไธ‰ๅ››้ƒŽ, ใ•ใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ใ†) ์•ผ์†Œํ•˜์น˜ ํ•™์›์˜ ์กธ์—…์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฅ˜๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€์˜ 1๋…„ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฅ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ˆ˜์„์œผ๋กœ ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‹ธ์›€์— ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ด์˜จ์ง€์˜ ๊ณผ์™ธ์„ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์นดํ‚ค๋ฐ”๋ผ ๋ฏธ์œ ํ‚ค(ๆฆŠๅŽŸ ใฟใ‚†ใ, ใ•ใ‹ใใฐใ‚‰ ใฟใ‚†ใ) ์Œ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜จ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ณผ์™ธ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์•„ํ•œ ์šฉ๋ชจ์™€ ์ƒ๋ƒฅํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ›„๋ฐฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์กด๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์•  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ 1995๋…„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ณผ๋ถ€์˜ ์—ฐ์• ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋„์Šค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ FM ํƒ€์šด์ฆˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ PC-9800 ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ (์ฝ˜์†”) ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆํ„ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ PC ์—”์ง„ CD ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dky%C5%ABsei%202
Dลkyลซsei 2
is a video game published by ELF Corporation and the sequel to Dลkyลซsei. Dลkyลซsei 2 was released in 1995 for MS-DOS version and in 1997 for Microsoft Windows. A PlayStation version was released on August 7, 1997. The player plays the role of a high school male student. In the winter vacation of the last school year (from 22 December to 7 January), he has to choose one girl to be his girlfriend. There are 15 choices for him to make, some are his classmates and some have to be met in the city. The player has to meet the girls and make friends with one of them until the relationship develops to a point that the girl is willing to become his girlfriend. Characters Yui Narusawa (้ณดๆฒข ๅ”ฏ Narusawa Yui): A girl who calls Ryunosuke "elder brother" (ใŠๅ…„ใ•ใ‚“, oniisan) and who lives with him. Tomomi Mizuno (ๆฐด้‡Ž ๅ‹็พŽ Mizuno Tomomi): A childhood friend of Ryunosuke. Izumi Shinohara (็ฏ ๅŽŸ ใ„ใšใฟ Shinohara Izumi): A good friend of Tomomi. Ryunosuke cannot become Tomomi's boyfriend and Izumi's at the same time. Yลko Minamikawa (ๅ—ๅท ๆด‹ๅญ Minamikawa Yลko): A girl who always quarrels with Ryunosuke. Minori Katล (ๅŠ ่—ค ใฟใฎใ‚Š Katล Minori): A girl who works in a tuckshop called "Hiroko". Karen Maijima (่ˆžๅณถ ๅฏๆ† Maijima Karen): A girl who seldom goes to school since she works as an idol. Sakurako Sugimoto (ๆ‰ๆœฌ ๆกœๅญ Sugimoto Sakurako): A student at High School 88. The following girls are not classmates of Ryunosuke: Kozue Tsuzuki (้ƒฝ็ฏ‰ ใ“ใšใˆ Tsuzuki Kozue): A female schoolmate of Ryunosuke, two years his junior. Misako Narusawa (้ณดๆฒข ็พŽไฝๅญ Narusawa Misako): Yui's mother; she lives with Ryunosuke. Misato Nonomura (้‡Žใ€…ๆ‘ ็พŽ้‡Œ Nonomura Misato): A girl who works as a tour guide. Azumi Yasuda (ๅฎ‰็”ฐ ๆ„›็พŽ Yasuda Azumi): A girl who is a young baby-sitter. Misa Tanaka (็”ฐไธญ ็พŽๆฒ™ Tanaka Misa): A girl who comes to Ryunosuke's town during vacation. Misa is also a returning character from the first Dลkyลซsei, being a fan favorite. Sachiko Nagashima (ๆฐธๅณถ ไฝ็Ÿฅๅญ Nagashima Sachiko): The owner of the Nagashima hostel in Toji Onsen. Kumiko Nagashima (ๆฐธๅณถ ไน…็พŽๅญ Nagashima Kumiko): The daughter of Sachiko, she wants to live in the city instead of living in the countryside. Mirei Katagiri (็‰‡ๆก ็พŽ้ˆด Katagiri Mirei): Ryunosuke's teacher at school. Male characters in the game: Aritomo Saionji (่ฅฟๅพกๅฏบ ๆœ‰ๅ‹ Saionji Aritomo): One of Ryunosuke's classmates. He is from a rich family, and he is not particularly good friends with Ryunosuke. Yoshiki Nagaoka (้•ทๅฒก ่Šณๆจน Nagaoka Yoshiki): Another one of Ryunosuke's classmates. Akira Kawajiri (ๅทๅฐป ใ‚ใใ‚‰ Kawajiri Akira): A classmate and good friend of Ryunosuke. Shinkansen Tendล (ๅคฉ้“ ๆ–ฐๅนน็ทš Tendล Shinkansen): The PE teacher of the 88 high school who always torments his students. References External links Publisher Official Site Dลkyลซsei 2 at GameFAQs 1995 video games 1996 anime OVAs DOS games ELF Corporation games Eroge Hentai anime and manga FM Towns games NEC PC-9801 games PC-FX games PlayStation (console) games Super Nintendo Entertainment System Sega Saturn games TurboGrafx-CD games Video games developed in Japan Video games scored by Noriyuki Iwadare Windows games
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98%20%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%20%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD%20%EA%B5%90%EA%B5%AC%20%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D
ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋‹ค์Œ์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•ด์™ธ ์˜ํ† ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ด€๊ตฌ 15๊ฐœ์— ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ 15๊ฐœ,์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ 9๊ฐœ,๊ด€๊ตฌ์†Œ์† ๊ต๊ตฌ 71๊ฐœ์™€ ์„ฑ์ง์ž ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ 1๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ตํ™ฉ์ง์† ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ 1๊ฐœ,๊ต๊ตฌ 1๊ฐœ์™€ ๋™๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ 2๊ฐœ,์งํ• ์„œ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ 1๊ฐœ, ๊ตฐ์ข…๊ต๊ตฌ 1๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ํ† ์—” ๊ด€๊ตฌ 3๊ฐœ์— ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ 3๊ฐœ,์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ต๊ตฌ 5๊ฐœ ๊ตํ™ฉ์ง์†๊ต๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ตญ๊ด€๊ตฌ ๋ธŒ์žฅ์†ก๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Besanรงon) ๋ธŒ์žฅ์†ก ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Besanรงon) ๋‚ญ์‹œ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Nancy) ์ƒํด๋กœ๋”๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Saint-Claude) ์ƒ๋””์—๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Saint-Diรฉ) ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ญ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Verdun) ๋ณด๋ฅด๋„๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Bordeaux) ๋ณด๋ฅด๋„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bordeaux) ์•„์Ÿ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Agen) ์—๋ฅด์™€ ๋‹ฅ์Šค๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Aire et dax) ๋ฐ”์ด์š˜๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Bayonne) ํŽ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Pรฉrigueux) ํด๋ ˆ๋ฅด๋ชฝ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Clermont) ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๋ชฝ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Clermont) ๋ฅดํ”ผ ์•™๋ธ”๋ ˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay) ๋ฌผ๋žญ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Moulins) ์ƒํ”Œ๋กœ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Saint-Flour) ๋””์ข…๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Dijon) ๋””์ข… ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Dijon) ์ƒ์Šค์˜ค์„ธ๋ฅด ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Archdiocese of Sens-auxerre) ์˜คํˆ‰ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Autun) ๋Š๋ฒ ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Nevers) ๋ฏธ์…˜ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์„ฑ์ง์ž์น˜๊ตฌ(Territorial Prelature of Mission de France) ๋ฆด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Lille) ๋ฆด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Lille) ์บ‰๋ธŒ๋ ˆ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Archdiocese of Cambrai) ์•„๋ผ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Arras) ๋ฆฌ์˜น ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Lyon) ๋ฆฌ์˜น๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Lyon) ์•ˆ์‹œ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Annecy) ๋ฒจ๋ ˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Belley-Ars) ๊ทธ๋กœ๋…ธ๋ธ” ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Grenoble-Vienne) ์ƒํ…Œํ‹ฐ์—”๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Saint-ร‰tienne) ๋ฐœ๋ž‘์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Valence) ๋น„๋น„์— ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Viviers) ๋งˆ๋ฅด์„ธ์œ  ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Marseille) ๋งˆ๋ฅด์„ธ์œ  ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Marseille) ์—‘์Šค ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Archdiocese of Aix) ์•„๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Archdiocese of Avignon) ์•„์ž‘์‹œ์˜ค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ajaccio) ๋””๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋ฑ… ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Digne) ๋‘˜๋กฑ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Frรฉjus-Toulon) ๊ฐ€ํ”„ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Gap) ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Nice) ๋ชฝํŽ ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Montpellier) ๋ชฝํŽ ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Montpellier) ์นด๋ฅด์นด์† ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Carcassone) ๋ง๋“œ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Mende) ๋‹˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Nรฎmes) ํŽ˜๋ฅดํ”ผ๋‚ญ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Perpignan-Elne) ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Paris) ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Paris) ํฌํ—ค๋–ผ์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Crรฉteil) ์—๋ธŒํžˆ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of ร‰vryโ€“Corbeil-Essonnes) ๋ฏˆ๋ฃ… ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Meaux) ๋‚ญํ…Œ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Nanterre) ํํˆฌ์•„์ฆˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Pontoise) ์ƒ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Saint-Denis) ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์‚ฌ์œ  ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Versailles) ํ‘ธ์•„ํ‹ฐ์— ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Poitiers) ํ‘ธ์•„ํ‹ฐ์— ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Poitiers) ์•™๊ตด๋ ˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Angoulรชme) ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ์…€ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of La Rochelle) ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ฃผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Limoges) ํŠˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ (Diocese of Tulle) ๋žญ์Šค ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Reims) ๋žญ์Šค ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Archdiocese of Reims) ์•„๋ฏธ์•ต ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Amiens) ๋ณด๋ฒ  ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Beauvais) ์‚ด๋กฑ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Chรขlons) ๋ž‘๊ตฌ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Langres) ์ˆ˜์•„์†ก ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Soissons) ํŠธ๋กœ์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Troyes) ๋ Œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Rennes) ๋ Œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Rennes) ๋ผ๋ฐœ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Laval) ๋ฅด๋ง ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Le Mans) ๋ฅ˜์†ก ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Luรงon) ๋‚ญํŠธ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Nantes) ์บฅํŽ˜๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Quimper) ์ƒ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์™ธ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Saint-Brieuc) ๋ฐ˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Vannes) ๋ฃจ์•™ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Rouen) ๋ฃจ์•™ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Rouen) ๋ฐ”์ด์™ธ๊ต๊ตฌ (Diocese of Bayeux) ๊พธ๋–ต์“ฐ๊ต๊ตฌ Diocese of Coutances = Manche ์—๋ธŒ๋ขฐ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of ร‰vreux) ๋ฅด์•„๋ธŒ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Le Havre) ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Sรฉes) ํˆด๋ฃจ์ฆˆ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Toulouse) ํˆด๋ฃจ์ฆˆ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Toulouse) ์•Œ๋น„ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Archdiocese of Albi) ์˜ค์Šˆ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Archdiocese of Auch) ์นด์˜ค๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Cahors) ๋ชฝ๋˜๋ฐฉ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Montauban) ๋น ๋ฏธ์— ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Pamiers) ๋กœ๋ฐ์ฆˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Rodez) ํƒ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ ์—ฃ ๋ฃจ๋ฅด๋“œ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes) ํˆฌ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Tours) ํˆฌ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tours) ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฆˆ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Archdiocese of Bourges) ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์•„์ด๊ต๊ตฌ (Diocese of Blois) ์ƒค๋ฅดํŠธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Chartres) ์˜ค๋ฅผ๋ ˆ์•™ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Orlรฉans) ๊ตํ™ฉ์งํ•  ๊ต๊ตฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅด ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Archdiocese of Strasbourg) ๋ฉ”์ธ  ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Metz) ๊ตฐ์ข…๊ต๊ตฌ(Military Ordinariate of Diocรจse aux Armรฉes Franรงaises) ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ํ†  ๊ด€๊ตฌ ํฌํŠธ๋””ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Fort-de-France) ํฌ๋ฅด๋“œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Fort-de-France) ๋ฐ”์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Basse-Terre) ์นด์˜Œ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Cayenne) ํŒŒํ”ผ์—ํ…Œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Papeete) ํŒŒํ”ผ์—ํ…Œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Papeete) ๋ˆ„๋ฉ”์•„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Noumea) ๋ˆ„๋ฉ”์•„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Noumรฉa) ํฌํŠธ๋นŒ๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Port-Vila) ์™ˆ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ”ผํ‹ฐ๋‚˜๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Wallis et Futuna) ๊ตํ™ฉ์ง์† ์ƒ๋“œ๋‹ˆ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ˆ์˜น๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Saint-Denis-de-la-Rรฉunion) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Catholic-Hierarchy entry. Giga-Catholic Information. ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ณ„ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Catholic%20dioceses%20in%20France
List of Catholic dioceses in France
The Catholic Church in France mainly comprises a Metropolitan Latin Church hierarchy, joint in a national episcopal conference, consisting of fifteen ecclesiastical provinces, each under a Metropolitan Archdioceses (15) with a total of 80 suffragans: seven non-Metropolitan Archdioceses, 72 bishoprics and a Territorial Prelature two exempt non-Metropolitan Archdioceses the (exempt) Military Ordinariate. Furthermore, it has four exempt Eastern Catholic jurisdictions : three rite-specific (of which two are transnational) and a national Ordinariate for the Faithful of Eastern Rite for all others without rite-proper Ordinary. The French overseas departments and territories, although administratively and constitutionally part of the French republic, are not part of the French church under canon law but exempt and/or part of an episcopal conference in their respective continent. There is also an Apostolic Nunciature (as papal diplomatic representation at embassy-level) to France in the national capital Paris. the country also hosts three multilateral Holy See Representations: to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), to the Council of Europe in Strasburg and to the International Commission on Civil Status (ICCS). The following contains the list of the French Catholic Roman Catholic dioceses of France as since 2002. See also the List of Ancien Rรฉgime dioceses of France and the List of French dioceses in the 19th and 20th century for information prior to 2002. Pope John Paul II completely redrew the map of French ecclesiastical provinces in December 2002, in order to coincide more closely with the map of French administrative regions, but losing in several instances remaining boundaries surviving from late Roman times. This meant the creation of a few new Metropolitan archbishoprics and ecclesiastical provinces. This also entailed, for several archbishoprics, the loss of their metropolitan status (symbolised by the wearing of the pallium): their bishops nevertheless retained the title of archbishop. As a result of history, many former episcopal sees were united, mainly as a consequence of the French Revolution; hence many dioceses bear the names of several cities, in which case, only the first one is the cathedral see where the bishop still actually resides. In France, most dioceses coincide with a department of France, but there are a few exceptions, where some arrondissements are attached to a diocese outside the department, or form a separate diocese within the department (this happens mainly in departments with numerous populations, such as Nord or Bouches-du-Rhรดne). Along with the list of the new ecclesiastical provinces and their suffragan dioceses, this list also gives the equivalent of the diocesan jurisdiction in departmental terms. Current European French Dioceses Exempt, i.e. directly subject to the Holy See Exempt Latin Military Ordinariate of France Archdiocese of Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin) Diocese of Metz (Moselle) Eastern Catholic (exempt) jurisdictions Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in France, vested in the Metropolitan Archbishop of capital Paris. Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris, Armenian Rite, with Cathรฉdrale Sainte-Croix de Paris des Armรฉniens in Paris, for France, immediately subject to the Patriarch of Cilicia, but not part of his province. Maronite Eparchy of Notre-Dame du Liban de Paris, Antiochian Rite and West Syriac Rite, with Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris Cathedral, immediately subject to the Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch, but not part of his province; also Apostolic Visitor in Western and Northern Europe of the Maronites. Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris, Byzantine Rite, with St. Vladimir's Cathedral, Paris, directly subject to the Ukrainian Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyivโ€“Galicia, and covers for France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Episcopal Conference of ('Metropolitan', European) France Ecclesiastical Province of Besanรงon (Franche-Comtรฉ and part of Lorraine) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Besanรงon (Haute-Saรดne and Doubs, minus Montbรฉliard arrondissement) Diocese of Belfortโ€“Montbรฉliard (Territoire de Belfort and Montbรฉliard arrondissement) Diocese of Nancy and Toul (Meurthe-et-Moselle) Diocese of Saint-Claude (Jura) Diocese of Saint-Diรฉ (Vosges) Diocese of Verdun (Meuse) Ecclesiastical Province of Bordeaux (Aquitaine) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bordeaux (Gironde) Diocese of Agen (Lot-et-Garonne) Diocese of Aire and Dax (Landes) Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar, and Oloron (Pyrรฉnรฉes-Atlantiques) Diocese of Pรฉrigueux and Sarlat (Dordogne) Ecclesiastical Province of Clermont (Auvergne) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Clermont (Puy-de-Dรดme โ€” New archdiocese (2002)) Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire) Diocese of Moulins (Allier) Diocese of Saint-Flour (Cantal) Ecclesiastical Province of Dijon (Burgundy) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Dijon (Cรดte-d'Or โ€” New archdiocese (2002)) Archdiocese of Sens and Auxerre (Yonne) Diocese of Autun (Saรดne-et-Loire) Diocese of Nevers (Niรจvre) Territorial Prelature of the Mission de France at Pontigny (Pontigny) Ecclesiastical Province of Lille (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Lille (Nord, arrondissements of Dunkerque and Lille โ€” New archdiocese (2008)) Archdiocese of Cambrai (Nord, arrondissements of Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Cambrai, Douai, Valenciennes) Diocese of Arras (Pas-de-Calais) Ecclesiastical Province of Lyon (Rhรดne-Alpes) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Lyon (Rhรดne and the arrondissement of Roanne in the dรฉpartement of the Loire) Archdiocese of Chambรฉry, Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, and Tarentaise (Savoie) Diocese of Annecy (Haute-Savoie) Diocese of Belleyโ€“Ars (Ain) Diocese of Grenobleโ€“Vienne-les-Allobroges (Isรจre) Diocese of Saint-ร‰tienne (Loire, minus the arrondissement of Roanne) Diocese of Valence (Drรดme) Diocese of Viviers (Ardรจche) Ecclesiastical Province of Marseille (Provence-Alpes-Cรดte-d'Azur and Corsica) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhรดne, arrondissement of Marseille โ€” New archdiocese (2002)) Archdiocese of Aix-en-Provence and Arles (Bouches-du-Rhรดne, minus the arrondissement of Marseille (Arles is in the Bouches-du-Rhรดne)) Archdiocese of Avignon (Vaucluse) Diocese of Ajaccio (Upper Corsica and South Corsica) Diocese of Digne (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) Diocese of Frรฉjusโ€“Toulon (Var) Diocese of Gap and Embrun (Hautes-Alpes) Diocese of Nice (Alpes-Maritimes) Ecclesiastical Province of Montpellier (Languedoc-Roussillon) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Montpellier (Hรฉrault โ€” New archdiocese (2002)) Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne (Aude) Diocese of Mende (Lozรจre) Diocese of Nรฎmes (Gard) Diocese of Perpignanโ€“Elne (Pyrรฉnรฉes-Orientales) Ecclesiastical Province of Paris (Ile-de-France) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Paris (City-dรฉpartement of Paris) Diocese of Crรฉteil (Val-de-Marne) Diocese of ร‰vryโ€“Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne) Diocese of Meaux (Seine-et-Marne) Diocese of Nanterre (Hauts-de-Seine) Diocese of Pontoise (Val-d'Oise) Diocese of Saint-Denis in France (Seine-Saint-Denis) Diocese of Versailles (Yvelines) Ecclesiastical Province of Poitiers (Poitou-Charentes and Limousin) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Poitiers (Vienne and Deux-Sรจvres โ€” New archdiocese (2002)) Diocese of Angoulรชme (Charente) Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes (Charente-Maritime), also with jurisdiction at the French overseas collectivity Saint-Pierre and Miquelon Diocese of Limoges (Haute-Vienne and Creuse) Diocese of Tulle (Corrรจze) Ecclesiastical Province of Reims (Champagne-Ardenne and Picardy) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Reims (arrondissement of Reims in the Marne and dรฉpartement of the Ardennes) Diocese of Amiens (Somme) Diocese of Beauvais, Noyon, and Senlis (Oise) Diocese of Chรขlons (Marne, minus the arrondissement of Reims) Diocese of Langres (Haute-Marne) Diocese of Soissons, Laon, and Saint-Quentin (Aisne) Diocese of Troyes (Aube) Ecclesiastical Province of Rennes (Brittany and Pays de la Loire) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo (Ille-et-Vilaine) Diocese of Angers (Maine-et-Loire) Diocese of Laval (Mayenne) Diocese of Le Mans (Sarthe) Diocese of Luรงon (Vendรฉe) Diocese of Nantes (Loire-Atlantique) Diocese of Quimper and Lรฉon (Finistรจre) Diocese of Saint-Brieuc and Trรฉguier (Cรดtes-d'Armor) Diocese of Vannes (Morbihan) Ecclesiastical Province of Rouen (Upper and Lower Normandy) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Rouen (Seine-Maritime, minus the arrondissement of Le Havre) Diocese of Bayeux and Lisieux (Calvados) Diocese of Coutances (Manche) Diocese of ร‰vreux (Eure) Diocese of Le Havre (arrondissement of Le Havre in Seine-Maritime) Diocese of Sรฉes (Orne) Eccleasiastical Province of Toulouse (Midi-Pyrรฉnรฉes) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Toulouse (Haute-Garonne ) Archdiocese of Albi (Tarn) Archdiocese of Auch (Gers) Diocese of Cahors (Lot) Diocese of Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) Diocese of Pamiers (Ariรจge) Diocese of Rodez (Aveyron) Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes (Hautes-Pyrรฉnรฉes) Eccleasiastical Province of Tours (Centre-Val de Loire) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tours (Indre-et-Loire) Archdiocese of Bourges (Cher and Indre) Diocese of Blois (Loir-et-Cher) Diocese of Chartres (Eure-et-Loir) Diocese of Orlรฉans (Loiret) Defunct jurisdictions in European France Titular sees There were titular metropolitan sees that were both united with another diocese, such as the Archdiocese of Arles and the Archdiocese of Embrun. There were also titular episcopal sees, 41 of which were united and 18 were not united with other dioceses, these included: Accia, Agde (united), Alรฉria, Alรจs (united), Alet, Apt, Arisitum, Auxerre (united), Avranches (united), Bazas (united), Bรฉziers (united), Boulogne (united), Brianรงonnet, Carpentras, Castres (united), Cavaillon, Chรขlon-sur-Saรดne (united), Condom (united), Couserans (united), Die (united), Dol (united), Entrevaux, Laon (united), Lavaur (united), Lectoure (united), Lรฉon (united), Lescar (united), Lisieux (united), Lodรจve (united), Lombez (united), Mรขcon (united), Maillezais, Mariana en Corse, Mirepoix (united), Nebbio, Noyon (united), Oloron (united), Orange, Rieux (united), Riez (united), Sagone, Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges (united), Saint-Malo (united), Saint-Omer (united), Saint-Papoul, Saint-Paul-Trois-Chรขteaux (united), Saint-Pons-de-Thomiรจres (united), Saint-Quentin (united), Saintes (united), Sarlat (united), Senez, Senlis (united), Sisteron (united), Thรฉrouanne, Toul (united), Trรฉguier (united), Uzรจs (united), Vabres (united), and Vaison. There was the single titular abbacy of Cluny that became united with another diocese. Other defunct French sees There were other dioceses that no longer exist and were not united with current active dioceses, these included: Diocese of Aleth, Diocese of Antibes, Diocese of Bethlรฉem ร  Clamecy (alias Panthenor), Diocese of Bourg-en-Bresse, Diocese of Cimiez, Diocese of Dax (Acqs), Archdiocese of Eauze (Elusa), Diocese of Grasse, Diocese of Javols, Diocese of Limoux, Archdiocese of Narbonne, Diocese of Rezรฉ, Diocese of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, Diocese of Sospel, Archdiocese of Tarentaise, Diocese of Toulon, Diocese of Vence, Diocese of Vernay and the Archdiocese of Vienne. Overseas French dioceses all Latin (in many cases, in a conference/province(s) with non-French, mainly Anglophone, dioceses) Exempt, directly subject to the Holy See (Africa) Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Rรฉunion (Rรฉunion) Episcopal Conference of the Antilles Ecclesiastical Province of Martinique (Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana; exclusively Francophone) Metropolitan Archdiocese of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France (Martinique) Diocese of Basse-Terre and Pointe-ร -Pitre (Guadeloupe) Diocese of Cayenne (French Guiana) Episcopal Conference of the Pacific (Oceania) Ecclesiastical Province of Papeete Metropolitan Archdiocese of Papeete (French Polynesia, minus the Marquesas Islands) Taiohae o Tefenuaenata (Marquesas Islands) Ecclesiastical Province of Noumรฉa Metropolitan Archdiocese of Noumรฉa (New Caledonia) Diocese of Wallis and Futuna (Wallis-et-Futuna) Diocese of Port-Vila, on and for Vanuatu (formerly the Anglo-French condominium New Hebrides) Gallery of Archdioceses See also List of Catholic dioceses (structured view) List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical) List of Ancien Rรฉgime dioceses of France List of French dioceses in the 19th and 20th century Primate of Gaul Primate of Normandy Notes Sources and external links GCatholic.org - data for all sections. Catholic-Hierarchy entry. France France religion-related lists
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B8%A0%EB%8B%A4%20%EB%AF%B8%EB%82%98%EB%AF%B8
์ธ ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ
()๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ํ˜„ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์„ฑ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ์†Œ์†. ์• ์นญ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ ์—†์ด ใ€Œ์“ฐ๋‹ค์จฉใ€ใ€Œ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์จฉใ€๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฌผ ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žฅ๋ž˜ํฌ๋ง์€ ์„ฑ์šฐ๋กœ ์ •ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ด ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ดํ„ฐ์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์— ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž…ํžˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์„ฑ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์„œ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 4ํ•™๋…„๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 3ํ•™๋…„๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„๋™ ํ•ฉ์ฐฝ๋‹จ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘ยท๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ๋‚ด์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฐฝ๋ถ€์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ ๋„ ์ข‹์•„ ์ง„ํ•™์„ ๊ถŒ์œ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์šฐยท๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ด์ž ์€์‚ฌ์ธ ์ดํ†  ์—๋ฆฌ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ํ† ๋ฏธ์ž์™€ ๋ฏธ์น˜์—์—๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ใ€Œ์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆ ํ•™์›์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ ดใ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„ฑ์šฐ์˜ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆ ํ•™์›์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•œ ํ›„ ์˜ค๋””์…˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ์†Œ์†์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Žํ”„๋ž™ํƒˆใ€์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ฅ˜๋„ค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํˆฌ๋ช…๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€, ใ€Ž์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌใ€์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์œ ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ†ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€ ์—ญ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์†Œ๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ ํ™œ๋™ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ใ€Ž๋‹Œ์ž๋ณด์ด ๋ž€ํƒ€๋กœใ€์˜ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ์—๋„ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ™œ๋™๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 10์›” 24์ผ์— ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ+๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌ Starring ์“ฐ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ+๋ฏธ์นด๋ฏธ ์‹œ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ช…์˜๋กœ ใ€Œ๋ณด๋”๋ผ์ธ/๋ชจ๋†€๋กœ๊ทธใ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •. ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์ทจ๋ฏธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ทน ๊ด€๋žŒ์„ ๊ผฝ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ใ€Ž๋‹Œ์ž๋ณด์ด ๋ž€ํƒ€๋กœใ€๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ์—์„œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ใ€Ž์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌใ€์— ๊ฐ™์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์„ฑ์šฐ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ทนยท๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ๋„ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Žํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ธ”๋ž™ยทํ™”์ดํŠธใ€๋ฅผ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ฐ”๊ณ ๋Š” ใ€Œ์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ํ‚ค๋ฐ”๊ณ ใ€,ใ€Œํ„ฐ๊ฒ€๋‹ˆ์ธ์ฑ„๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‚ค์šธ ํ‚ค๋ฐ”๊ณ ใ€,ใ€Œ๊ฐ์ƒ์šฉ ํ‚ค๋ฐ”๊ณ ใ€ํ•ด์„œ 3๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ •์ž‘ ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ „์— ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šด์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์„ฑ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ง„+์‹œ๋ณด+๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์‹œ๊ณ„.R์„ ์ดฌ์˜ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์น˜๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ ค ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„ ํ•ดํ”„๋‹์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์œ ์ด๊ฐ™์ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์งง๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ž๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์ค‘ ใ€Œ์ด (ใ‚ค)ใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ใ€ŒTใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฝ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ ์ธ์‚ฟ๋ง์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ใ€Œ์–T (ใ‚„ใฃT)ใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์™ธ์น˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 2010๋…„ RAINBOW-2์‚ฌ 6๋ฐฉ์˜ 7๋ช…- - ์‹œ๊ฒŒ์˜ค ๊ดด๋‹ด ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘ - B์จฉ ๋‹ค๋งˆ๊ณ ์น˜! - ์น˜๋น„ ๋ผ๋ฃจ๋ผ๋ฃป์น˜, ๋„์ฝ”๋‚ซ์น˜ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค๋ณผ ์นด์ด - ์†Œ๋…€ ๋ชป๋ง๋ฆฌ๋Š” 3๊ณต์ฃผ - ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์œ„์‹œ - ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ํ‚ค๋ฐ”๊ณ  (ํ„ฐ๊ฒ€๋‹ˆ) 2011๋…„ A ์ฑ„๋„ - ์—ฌ์ค‘์ƒ A ๊ธธํ‹ฐ ํฌ๋ผ์šด - ์˜ค์šฐ๋งˆ ์Šˆ (์–ด๋ฆด ์ ), ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์นด์™€ ์ค€ ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ”ผ๋Š” ์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ - ์ฐจ๋‚ด ํŒ๋งค์› ์Šค์ผ“ ๋Œ„์Šค - ๋‹ค์นด์‹œ๋งˆ ์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฝ” ์ŠˆํŒ… ๋ฐ”์ฟ ๊ฐ„ - ์†Œ๋…€ ์›ํ”ผ์Šค - ์•„์ด, ์ฟ ์Ÿˆ ํ•ด์ ๋‹จ์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ, ์—ฌ์†๋‹˜ ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ - ํ›„๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์œ ์ด ํ”„๋ž™ํƒˆ - ํ”„๋ฅ˜๋„ค 2012๋…„ BRAVE10 - ๋ฌด๋…€ ๊ธธํ‹ฐ ํฌ๋ผ์šด - ํƒ€์นด๋ผ๋‹ค ๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์‚ฌํ‚ค-Saki- ์•„์น˜์นด ํŽธ episode of side-A - ์˜ค์นดํ•˜์‹œ ํ•˜์ธ ์„ธ ์Šค๋งˆ์ผ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด! - ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ, ์˜ค๋…ธ์šฐ์‹œ๋กœ ํ‚ค์š”๋ฏธ ์•ก์…€ ์›”๋“œ - ๋ฏธํƒ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฃจ ์œ ๋ ˆ์นด 7 AO - ์—ฌ์ง์› ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌโ™ชโ™ช - ํ›„๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์œ ์ด ์ด๋ˆ„x๋ณด์ฟ  SS - ์นด์™€์Šค๋ฏธ ์˜คํƒ€๋กœ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์œ„์‹œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2 - ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ํ‚ค๋ฐ”๊ณ  (ํ„ฐ๊ฒ€๋‹ˆ) ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ: Dear My Future - ์‹œ์ง€๋ฏธ ์นด๋ฆฐ ํ•˜์ด์Šค์ฟจ DxD - ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์Šค 2013๋…„ ์œ ์œ ์‹œํ‚ค - ์ด์น˜์ด ์œ ์ด ๋กœํ๋ธŒ! SS - ํƒ€์ผ€๋‚˜์นด ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค as Tsubaki Takenaka 2014๋…„ ์ „์ž์ƒ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„œ์  ์•„๊ฐ€์”จ - ์„ ์ƒ 2016๋…„ ์•„์ด์นด์ธ  ์Šคํƒ€์ฆˆ! - ์‹œ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ ํžˆ๋ฉ” ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 2010๋…„ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ๋ฌธํ•™์†Œ๋…€ - ์ด๋…ธ์šฐ์— ๋งˆ์ด์นด 2011๋…„ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์œ„์‹œ: ๋น„ํฌํ‹ฐ๋‹ˆ์™€ ํ‘์˜ ์˜์›… ์ œํฌ๋กœ๋ฌดยท๋น„ํฌํ‹ฐ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๋ฐฑ์˜ ์˜์›… ๋ ˆ์‹œ๋ผ๋ฌด - ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ํ‚ค๋ฐ”๊ณ  (ํ„ฐ๊ฒ€๋‹ˆ) 2012๋…„ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์œ„์‹œ: ํ๋ ˆ๋ฌด VS ์„ฑ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ผ€๋ฅด๋””์˜ค - ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ํ‚ค๋ฐ”๊ณ  (ํ„ฐ๊ฒ€๋‹ˆ) ๋ฉ”๋กœ์—ฃํƒ€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ง๋ฐ˜์ง ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์ดํ‹€ - ํ‚ค๋ฐ”๊ณ  (ํ„ฐ๊ฒ€๋‹ˆ) 2017๋…„ ๊ฑธ์ฆˆ ์•ค ํŒ์ฒ˜ ์ตœ์ข…์žฅ ์ œ1ํ™” 2018๋…„ ์ข€๋น„๊ณต์žฅ - ์นด์˜ค๋ฆฌ 2019๋…„ ๊ฑธ์ฆˆ ์•ค ํŒ์ฒ˜ ์ตœ์ข…์žฅ ์ œ2ํ™” ๊ฑธ์ฆˆ ์•ค ํŒ์ฒ˜ ์ตœ์ข…์žฅ 4DX OVA 2011๋…„ ์ „์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐœํ๋ฆฌ์•„ 3 -๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด์ƒ- - ์—์ด๋ฏธ ์• ํ”Œ, ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฆฝ์Šค 2012๋…„ ํ”ผ์นด์ธ„์˜ ์„œ๋จธ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ - ํ‚ค๋ฐ”๊ณ  (ํ„ฐ๊ฒ€๋‹ˆ) 2014๋…„ ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜์ธ„์•ผ์ธ„๋ฏธ - ํ›„๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์œ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ 2009๋…„ ๋ฌด์žฅ์‹ ํฌ BATTLE RONDO - ํˆฌ๊ตฌ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆํ˜• MMS ๋ž€์‚ฌ๋ฉ˜ํ†  2010๋…„ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด๋ผ์ด๋” ํด๋ผ์ด๋งฅ์Šค ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์Šค ์˜ค์ฆˆ ๊ฐ“ ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„์Šคํ„ฐ - ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต(ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด) ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ด์Šค vs. ํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ ๊ถค์  ์–ผํ„ฐ๋„ˆํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์‚ฌ์ปค - ์œ ์— 2011๋…„ ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค ์Šˆ๋ฐœ์ธ  ํฌํ„ฐ๋ธ” - ์—์ด์ž์™€ ์—์ด ์ „์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐœํ๋ฆฌ์•„ 3 -Unrecorded Chronicles- - ์—์ด๋ฏธ ์• ํ”Œ, ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฆฝ์Šค ํ…Œ์ผ์ฆˆ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์›”๋“œ ๋ ˆ๋””์–ธํŠธ ๋งˆ์ด ์†”๋กœ์ง€ 3 ํฌ์ผ“ํŒŒํฌ 2 ~Beyond the World~ - ํ‚ค๋ฐ”๊ณ  (ํ„ฐ๊ฒ€๋‹ˆ) 2012๋…„ Beast Breakers - ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ธ ๋งˆ ํžˆ๋‚˜ ๊ธธํ‹ฐ ํฌ๋ผ์šด ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค - ์˜ค์šฐ๋งˆ ์Šˆ ์‹ ยท๊ฒ€๊ณผ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ•™์›๋ฌผ. ๊ฐ์˜ ํ•™์› - ํŒŒ์ปค ์‹ฌ๋ น ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ~๋น™์˜๋œ ์ˆ˜์ฒฉ~ ์–ธ์ฒด์ธ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ ์•ก์‹œ๋ธŒ - ์—๋ฐ€ ์ฟ ๋กœํšจ 2 ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•„์ˆ˜๋ผ ํŽธ - ํžˆํ† ๋ฏธ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ํ•˜๋งˆ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ (์ดˆ!A&G+: 2011๋…„ 4์›” ~) ์œ ๋ฆฌ์œ ๋ผ๋ผ๋ผ๋ผ ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‹ค (๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด: 2011๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ ~) ์“ฐ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฒŒํ‚ค ๋ผ๋””์˜ค (๋ฐ”๋‚˜ํŒจ์Šค! ๋ผ๋””์˜ค: 2011๋…„) ์œ ๋ผ์ฟ  ์ตธ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ (๋‹›ํฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก: 2011๋…„ 11์›” 13์ผ) a-FANFAN (USEN: 2012๋…„ 4์›” 30์ผ ~ 5์›” 6์ผ, 2012๋…„ 7์›” 30์ผ ~ 8์›” 5์ผ) ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์•„์˜ค์•ผ๋งˆ 2๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์žฅ 3๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ €๋…๋†€ ์ €๋…๋†€์˜ ์‹œ ~๊ฐ€์„ ํŽธ~ ์‚ฌ์†Œ์„ค - ์„ ์ˆ ์ง‘ ์—ฌ์ž ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ๋”ฐ์œ„ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•„! - ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ธฐ์‹œ ์ฟ„์ฝ” ์ฝฉ์…ฐ๋ฅด์ฃผ - ๋งˆ์Šค์˜ค์นด ์—์ธ ๋ฏธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท TV 2011๋…„ ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ TV ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ ๋‹Œ์ž๋ณด์ด ๋ž€ํƒ€๋กœ - ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์‚ฌ์˜ํ™” ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ ๋‚จ์นœ+ - ์‚ฌ์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ CD ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CD ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CDํŒ "๋ฌธํ•™์†Œ๋…€"์™€ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ์ž ใ€ํ›„ํŽธใ€‘ - ์ด๋…ธ์šฐ์— ๋งˆ์ด์นด ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CD ์•Œํ† ๋„ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ” 3 ์„ธ๊ณ„์ข…์–ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๊ธด๋‹ค side ํ•€๋„ฌ ~After story~ - ์•„๋ฃจ๋งˆ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CD ์ฝ”๋ฐœํŠธ์„ฑ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CD Platinum ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ CD ๋ฐ์˜ค ํŽ˜์–ด๋ฆฌ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์™€ ๋น„๋ฐ€์˜ ๋ฐฉ ์Šค๋ฃจ๋ฉ” 6 - ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฃจ ์Œ์•… CD ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ (ํ›„๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์œ ์ด) ์œ ๋ฆฌ์œ ๋ผ๋ผ๋ผ ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฑด (2011๋…„ 7์›” 20์ผ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ใ€Ž์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌใ€์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๊ณก) ๋งˆ์ดํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ณด์ž (2011๋…„ 7์›” 20์ผ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ใ€Ž์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌใ€์—”๋”ฉ ๊ณก) ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆโ™ช02 ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ์›”๋“œ (2011๋…„ 8์›” 17์ผ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ใ€Ž์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌใ€์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์†ก) ์˜ค๋ฝ๋ถ€, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์™€ ํฌ๋ง๊ณผ ์šฐ์ •์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ (2011๋…„ 12์›” 29์ผ ์ฝ”๋ฏน๋งˆ์ผ“ 81 ํ•œ์ • CD) ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜โ™ช์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€Œ๋Š˜โ™ฅ๋ณ€ํ•จ์—†์ด...ใ€‚ใ€ (2012๋…„ 2์›” 15์ผ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ใ€Ž์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌใ€์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์†ก ์•จ๋ฒ”) ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌโ™ชโ™ช (ํ›„๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์œ ์ด) ์˜ˆ์Šค! ์œ ์œ ์œ โ˜†์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌโ™ชโ™ช (2012๋…„ 7์›” 4์ผ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ใ€Ž์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌโ™ชโ™ชใ€์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๊ณก) 100% ์ค‘~ํ•™์ƒ (2012๋…„ 7์›” 4์ผ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ใ€Ž์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌโ™ชโ™ชใ€์—”๋”ฉ ๊ณก) ์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌโ™ชโ™ช ๋ฎค์ง 04 E์นด๊ฒโ˜†YUI์นด๊ฒ (2012๋…„ 8์›” 1์ผ TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ใ€Ž์œ ๋ฃจ์œ ๋ฆฌโ™ชโ™ชใ€์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์†ก) ํ•˜๋งˆ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ Sing a Song Aloud!! (2012๋…„ 6์›” 24์ผ Web ๋ผ๋””์˜คใ€Žํ•˜๋งˆ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ใ€์ฃผ์ œ๊ณก) ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ ๋‚จ์นœ+/ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ ์—ฌ์นœ+ ๋ณด๋”๋ผ์ธ/๋ชจ๋†€๋กœ๊ทธ (2012๋…„ 10์›” 24์ผ DVD ์˜ํ™”ใ€Žํ•ธ๋“œํฐ ๋‚จ์นœ+ใ€ใ€Žํ•ธ๋“œํฐ ์—ฌ์นœ๏ผ‹ใ€์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€) ์™ธํ™”๋”๋น™ ์˜ํ™” The Good Wife - ์ƒค๋…ผ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ œ์ดํฌ์™€ ๋„ค๋ฒ„๋žœ๋“œ ํ•ด์ ๋“ค - ์ปค๋น„ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์‹œ๊ณ„.R ๋ฐ”๋‚˜ํŒจ์Šค! ํƒ€์šด ใ€Œํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฒŒํ‚คใ€ - ์ด์นด์™€ ์‡ผ์ฝ” ํ›„์ง€๋น„์ง€ (ํ›„์ง€ TV ์ •๋ณด๋ฐœ์‹  ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๋‚ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์“ฐ๋‹ค ์”จ๋Š” ๋‚ด์ผ๋„ ํž˜๋‚ผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š” (๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ) ๊ณต์‹ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ (์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์„ฑ์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ํ˜„ ์ถœ์‹  1989๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami%20Tsuda
Minami Tsuda
is a Japanese voice actress from Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. She is affiliated with Aoni Production. Early life and career Since she was eight years old, Minami Tsuda was fascinated with voice acting as she was influenced by her sister and grew from watching Sailor Moon and Pokรฉmon. At the age of 10, she joined a choir, where she met actress and singer Eri Itล as her instructor for the next eight years. After graduating from high school, Tsuda quit the choir and attended Aoni Juku, the voice acting school of the talent agency Aoni Production, in Tokyo upon the recommendation of voice actress Michie Tomizawa. Tsuda's first voice role was recorded incoming voices on mobile phones. In 2009, she took the role of Shige in Nintama Rantarล Musical, a musical theater performance based on the anime series of the same name. Filmography Anime TV series Original video animation (OVA) Original net animation (ONA) Anime films Video games Dubbing Animated TV series Live-action TV series Game of Thrones (2013), Sansa Starkย โ€“ Originally performed by Sophie Turner Audio dramas Citrus (2015), Mei Aihara References External links 1989 births Japanese video game actresses Japanese voice actresses Living people Voice actresses from Kanagawa Prefecture 21st-century Japanese actresses Aoni Production voice actors
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%A5%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9D
๋ฅ์Šคํ…
๋ฅ์Šคํ…() ๋˜๋Š” ๋”๋ธŒ์Šคํ…์€ UK ๊ฑฐ๋ผ์ง€, ํˆฌ์Šคํ… ๋“ฑ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์— ์ž๋ฉ”์ด์นด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์›ํ•œ ๋ฅ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์–น์€ ์Œ์•…์ด์ž, ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์นด ์Œ์•…์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ„ํŒŒ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋Œ„์Šค๋ฎค์ง๊ณผ ๊ถค๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” BPM๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ์พŒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ž์•„๋ƒˆ๋˜ ํƒ“์— ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์žฅ๋ฅด์— ์†ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ธ”๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์Œ์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ•œ ์‹ ์ข… ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ„์Šค ์Œ์•… ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฅ์Šคํ… ์—ดํ’์˜ ์ตœ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2012๋…„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ทธ๋ผ๋“  ์ƒํƒœ. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜์€ Skrillex, Knife party๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์š”์ฆ˜ ํด๋Ÿฝ์Œ์•…์ด ์ ์  ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์Œ์•…์˜ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ„์Šค ์Œ์•… ์žฅ๋ฅด์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์Œ์—ญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด ํฌ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ์˜๊ตญ UK ๊ฐœ๋Ÿฌ์ง€์˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌ์Šคํ…๋ฐ ๋”๋น™ ๋ ˆ๊ฒŒ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๊ณผ ์ •๊ธ€, ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ๋น„ํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฉ”์ด์นด ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์€ 1998๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํ†ต ํˆฌ์Šคํ… ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ B๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํŠธ๋ž™์€ ํˆฌ์Šคํ… ๊ฐœ๋Ÿฌ์ง€์—์„œ ํ‰์†Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณด์ปฌ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋” ์–ด๋‘ก๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ๋น„ํŠธ์™€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ์•ค ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2001๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ํด๋Ÿฝ Plastic People์—์„œ "Forward"๋‚˜์ดํŠธ (FWD)์—์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์Œ์•…์ด ์ „์‹œ ๋ฐ ํ™๋ณด๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ํžˆ ์›…์›…๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ธ”๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ธ”๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์€ ํˆฌ์Šคํ… ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์ด ์ฃผ ์š”์†Œ์ด์ง€ ์šฐ๋ธ”๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋Š” ์–‘๋…์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์€ ํˆฌ์Šคํ… ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์— ๋ฅ ์Œ์•…์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ฐ์„ ์–น์€ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ์ข… ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์•„์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜œ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆด๋ ‰์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ณต์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒ์ˆ ํ•œ ๋ฅ ์Œ์•… ๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฝ ํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋˜ ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์šฐ๋ธ”๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์™€ ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์ธ ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ, ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค ์‹ถ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์น˜์™€ ๋””์Šคํ† ์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฅ์Šคํ… ์˜๊ตญ ์–ธ๋”๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ํด๋Ÿฝ์”ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ํˆฌ์Šคํ… ๊ฐœ๋Ÿฌ์ง€์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ํŠน์ง•์ธ 2 Step ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ(ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์˜ ํฌ ์˜จ ๋” ํ”Œ๋กœ์–ด์—์„œ ๋น„ํŠธ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ํ‚ฅ์ด ๋‘๋ฒˆ ์ฐํžŒ ์—‡๋ฐ•์ž๋น„ํŠธ)์„ ๋ผˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ , ์ž๋ฉ”์ด์นด์˜ ๋ฅ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์–น์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์žฅ๋ฅด์ด๋‹ค. 1998๋…„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ํˆฌ์Šคํ… ๊ฐœ๋Ÿฌ์ง€์˜ ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ 2005๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฅ์Šคํ… ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์ ˆ์ œ๋œ ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ํญ๋ฐœํ•ด ์ธ๋”” ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์นด์˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ์žฅ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ธ”๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” US ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ด์„œ ๋ฅ์Šคํ… ์”ฌ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•œ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฆฌ๋”ค ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์—์„œ ์ด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด ๋ถ€ํ™œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฅ์Šคํ… ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰๋œ ์‹ ์ข… ๋ฅ์Šคํ…. ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ณผ ์†๋„๋งŒ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ์ด๋‚  ๋ฟ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์‹ ์„œ์‚ฌ์ด์ €๋‚˜ ํผ์ปค์…˜์˜ ์Œ์ƒ‰์€ ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋กœ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค. UK ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์ด UK ๊ฑฐ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ธ”๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋–ก์น  ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์„ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šคํ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์˜ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์„ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด์„œ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šคํ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ US ๋ฅ์Šคํ… ๋ฆฌ๋”ค ์œ„์˜ UK ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ํด๋žฉ(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)๋ฅผ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ์žฅ๋ฅด. UK ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์—์„  ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์…‹์ž‡๋‹จ์Œํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ฅ์Šคํ…๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ํŠน์ง• ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋ธŒ, ์—์ฝ”, ๋”œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„“์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฌต์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊น”์•„ 90ย Hz ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์„œ๋ธŒ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋„๋“œ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์–‘๊ฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์™€๋ธ”๋ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ต์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์„œ ์„œ๋ธŒ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์–ดํผ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋„๋“œ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํŠธ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ‚ฅ๊ณผ ์Šค๋„ค์–ด๋ฅผ ํˆฌ ์Šคํ… ๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ ์น˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ด์‚ฌ์ด ๋ฎคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์–ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์ข…์ข… ๋ ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์ƒ๊ทน ์žฅ๋ฅด์ธ ํ•˜๋“œ์ฝ”์–ด ํ…Œํฌ๋…ธ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ๋‹ค. BPM์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 110-150์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 150(75)์ด ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ์•ค ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ ˆ์ œ๋œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฅ์Šคํ…๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์Šคํ… ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 85(170) ์ „ํ›„์˜ BPM์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋น„ํŠธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์ ˆ, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฅด์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ์•ค ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์ด ์—†๊ณ , ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฏน์Šคํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์„ ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„ํžˆ ๋ผ์›Œ๋„ฃ๋Š” DJ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ Skrillex ์ด์ „๊ณผ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š”๋ฐ, Skrillex๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ธฐ DJ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์ดํ›„, ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํ—ค๋น„ํ•œ ๋ถ๋ฏธ๊ณ„์—ด ๋ฅ์Šคํ… ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„ˆ/์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฅ์Šคํ…, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์˜ˆ์ „์˜ ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ ์  ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š” ์ค‘. ๋ฅ์Šคํ…์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์ฑ„๋„ UKF Dubstep DubstepGutter Nocopyrightsounds The Dub Rebellion ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์Œ์•… ์žฅ๋ฅด ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋กœ๋‹‰ ๋Œ„์Šค ๋ฎค์ง ํ“จ์ „ ์Œ์•… ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์Œ์•… UK ๊ฐœ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์ „์ž ์Œ์•… ์žฅ๋ฅด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubstep
Dubstep
Dubstep is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in South London in the early 2000s. The style emerged as a UK garage offshoot that blended 2-step rhythms and sparse dub production, as well as incorporating elements of broken beat, grime, and drum and bass. In the United Kingdom, the origins of the genre can be traced back to the growth of the Jamaican sound system party scene in the early 1980s. Dubstep is generally characterised by the use of syncopated rhythmic patterns, with prominent basslines, and a dark tone. In 2001, this underground sound and other strains of garage music began to be showcased and promoted at London's night club Plastic People, at the "Forward" night (sometimes stylised as FWD>>), and on the pirate radio station Rinse FM, which went on to be considerably influential to the development of dubstep. The term "dubstep" in reference to a genre of music began to be used by around 2002 by labels such as Big Apple, Ammunition, and Tempa, by which time stylistic trends used in these remixes became more noticeable and distinct from 2-step and grime. A very early supporter of the sound was BBC Radioย 1 DJ John Peel, who started playing it from 2003 onwards. In 2004, the last year of his show, his listeners voted Distance, Digital Mystikz, and Plastician in their top 50 for the year. Dubstep started to enter mainstream British popular culture when it spread beyond small local scenes in late 2005 and early 2006; many websites devoted to the genre appeared on the Internet and aided the growth of the scene, such as dubstepforum, the download site Barefiles and blogs such as gutterbreakz. Simultaneously, the genre was receiving extensive coverage in music magazines such as The Wire and online publications such as Pitchfork, with a regular feature entitled The Month In: Grime/Dubstep. Interest in dubstep grew significantly after BBC Radio 1 DJ Mary Anne Hobbs started championing the genre, beginning with a show devoted to it (entitled "Dubstep Warz") in January 2006. Towards the end of the 2000s and into the early 2010s, the genre started to become more commercially successful in the UK, with more singles and remixes entering the music charts. Music journalists and critics also noticed a dubstep influence in several pop artists' work. Around this time, producers also began to fuse elements of the original dubstep sound with other influences, creating fusion genres including future garage and the slower and more experimental post-dubstep. The harsher electro-house and heavy metal-influenced variant brostep, led by American producers such as Skrillex, greatly contributed to dubstep's popularity in the United States. Characteristics The music website AllMusic has described dubstep's overall sound as "tightly coiled productions with overwhelming bass lines and reverberant drum patterns, clipped samples, and occasional vocals." According to Simon Reynolds, dubstep's constituents originally came from "different points in the 1989โ€”99 UK lineage: bleep 'n' bass, jungle, techstep, Photek-style neurofunk, speed garage, [and] 2 step." Reynolds comments that the traces of pre-existing styles "worked through their intrinsic sonic effects but also as signifiers, tokenings-back addressed to those who know". Dubstep's early roots are in the more experimental releases of UK garage producers, seeking to incorporate elements of drum and bass into the 2-step garage sound. These experiments often ended up on the B-side of a white label or commercial garage release. Dubstep is generally instrumental. Similar to a vocal garage hybrid โ€“ grime โ€“ the genre's feel is commonly dark; tracks frequently use a minor key or the Phrygian mode, and can feature dissonant harmonies such as the tritone interval within a riff. Compared to other styles of garage music, dubstep tends to be more minimalistic, focusing on prominent sub-bass frequencies. Some dubstep artists have also incorporated a variety of outside influences, from dub-influenced techno such as Basic Channel to classical music or heavy metal. Rhythm Dubstep rhythms are usually syncopated, and often shuffled or incorporating tuplets. The tempo is nearly always in the range of 132โ€“142 beats per minute, with a clap or snare usually inserted every third beat in a bar. In its early stages, dubstep was often more percussive, with more influences from twoโ€‘step drum patterns. Many producers were also experimenting with tribal drum samples, such as Loefah's early release "Truly Dread" and Mala's "Anti-War Dub". In an Invisible Jukebox interview with The Wire, Kode9 commented on a MRK1 track, observing that listeners "have internalized the double-time rhythm" and the "track is so empty it makes [the listener] nervous, and you almost fill in the double time yourself, physically, to compensate". Wobble bass One characteristic of certain strands of dubstep is the wobble bass, often referred to as the "wub", where an extended bass note is manipulated rhythmically. This style of bass is typically produced by using a low-frequency oscillator to manipulate certain parameters of a synthesiser such as volume, distortion or filter cutoff. The resulting sound is a timbre that is punctuated by rhythmic variations in volume, filter cutoff, or distortion. This style of bass is a driving factor in some variations of dubstep, particularly at the more club-friendly end of the spectrum. Wobble bass has been nicknamed, Wobble-step. Structure, bass drops, rewinds, and MCs Originally, dubstep releases had some structural similarities to other genres like drum and bass and UK garage. Typically, this would comprise an intro, a main section (often incorporating a bass drop), a midsection, a second main section similar to the first (often with another drop), and an outro. Many early dubstep tracks incorporate one or more "bass drops", a characteristic inherited from drum and bass. Typically, the percussion will pause, often reducing the track to silence, and then resume with more intensity, accompanied by a dominant sub-bass (often passing portamento through an entire octave or more, as in the audio example). It is very common for the bass to drop at or very close to 55ย seconds into the song, because 55ย seconds is just over 32ย measures at the common tempo of 140ย bpm. However, this (or the existence of a bass drop in general) is by no means a completely rigid characteristic, rather a trope; a large portion of seminal tunes from producers like Kode9 and Horsepower Productions have more experimental song structures which do not rely on a drop for a dynamic peak โ€“ and in some instances do not feature a bass drop at all. Rewinds (or reloads) are another technique used by dubstep DJs. If a song seems to be especially popular, the DJ will "spin back" the record by hand without lifting the stylus, and play the track in question again. Rewinds are also an important live element in many of dubstep's precursors; the technique originates in dub reggae soundsystems, is widely employed by pirate radio stations and is also used at UK garage and jungle nights. Taking direct cues from Jamaica's lyrically sparse deejay and toasting mic styles in the vein of reggae pioneers like U-Roy, the MC's role in dubstep's live experience is critically important to its impact. Notable mainstays in the live experience of the sound are MC Sgt Pokes and MC Crazy D from London, and Juakali from Trinidad. Production in a studio environment seems to lend itself to more experimentation. Kode9 has collaborated extensively with the Spaceape, who MCs in a dread poet style. Kevin Martin's experiments with the genre are almost exclusively collaborations with MCs such as Warrior Queen, Flowdan, and Tippa Irie. Skream has also featured Warrior Queen and grime artist JME on his debut album, Skream!. Plastician, who was one of the first DJ's to mix the sound of grime and dubstep together, has worked with notable grime setup Boy Better Know as well as renowned Grime MC's such as Wiley, Dizzee Rascal and Lethal Bizzle. He has also released tracks with a dubstep foundation and grime verses over the beats. Dubstep artist and label co-owner Sam Shackleton has moved toward productions which fall outside the usual dubstep tempo, and sometimes entirely lack most of the common tropes of the genre. History 1999โ€“2002: Origins The early sounds of proto-dubstep originally came out of productions during 1999โ€“2000 by producers such as Oris Jay, El-B, Steve Gurley and Zed Bias. Ammunition Promotions, who run the influential club night Forward>> and have managed many proto-dubstep record labels (including Tempa, Soulja, Road, Vehicle, Shelflife, Texture, Lifestyle and Bingo), began to use the term "dubstep" to describe this style of music in around 2002. The term's use in a 2002 XLR8R cover story (featuring Horsepower Productions on the cover) contributed to it becoming established as the name of the genre. Forward>> was originally held at the Velvet Rooms in London's Soho and later moved to Plastic People in Shoreditch, east London. Founded in 2001, Forward>> was critical to the development of dubstep, providing the first venue devoted to the sound and an environment in which dubstep producers could premier new music. Around this time, Forward>> was also incubating several other strains of dark garage hybrids, so much so that in the early days of the club the coming together of these strains was referred to as the "Forward>> sound". An online flyer from around this time encapsulated the Forward>> sound as "b-lines to make your chest cavity shudder." Forward>> also ran a radio show on east London pirate station Rinse FM, hosted by Kode9. The original Forward>> line ups included Hatcha, Youngsta, Kodeย 9, Zed Bias, Oris Jay, Slaughter Mob, Jay Da Flex, DJ Slimzee, and others, plus regular guests. The line up of residents has changed over the years to include Youngsta, Hatcha, Geeneus, and Plastician, with Crazy D as MC/host. Producers including D1, Skream and Benga make regular appearances.Another crucial element in the early development of dubstep was the Big Apple Records record shop in Croydon. Key artists such as Hatcha and later Skream worked in the shop (which initially sold early UK Hardcore / Rave, Techno and House and later, garage and drum and bass, but evolved with the emerging dubstep scene in the area), while Digital Mystikz were frequent visitors. El-B, Zed Bias, Horsepower Productions, Plastician, Nย Type, Walsh and a young Loefah regularly visited the shop as well. The shop and its record label have since closed. 2002โ€“2005: Evolution All throughout 2003, DJ Hatcha pioneered a new direction for dubstep on Rinse FM and through his sets at Forward>>. Playing sets cut to 10" one-off reggae-style dubplates, he drew exclusively from a pool of new South London producersโ€”first Benga and Skream, then also Digital Mystikz and Loefahโ€”to begin a dark, clipped and minimal new direction in dubstep. At the end of 2003, running independently from the pioneering FWD night, an event called Filthy Dub, co promoted by Plastician, and partner David Carlisle started happening regularly. It was there that Skream, Benga, Nย Type, Walsh, Chef, Loefah, and Cyrus made their debuts as DJs. South London collective Digital Mystikz (Mala and Coki), along with labelmates and collaborators Loefah and MC Sgt Pokes soon came into their own, bringing sound system thinking, dub values, and appreciation of jungle bass weight to the dubstep scene. Digital Mystikz brought an expanded palette of sounds and influences to the genre, most prominently reggae and dub, as well as orchestral melodies. After releasing 12-inch singles on Big Apple, they founded DMZ Records, which has released fourteen 12"s to date. They also began their night DMZ, held every two months in Brixton, a part of London already strongly associated with reggae. DMZ has showcased new dubstep artists such as Skream, Kodeย 9, Benga, Pinch, DJย Youngsta, Hijak, Joe Nice, and Vex'd. DMZ's first anniversary event (at the Mass venue, a converted church) saw fans attending from places as far away as Sweden, the United States, and Australia, leading to a queue of 600 people at the event. This forced the club to move from its regular 400-capacity space to Mass' main room, an event cited as a pivotal moment in dubstep's history. Later Mala would also found the influential label Deep Medi Musik. In 2004, Richard James' label, Rephlex, released two compilations that included dubstep tracks โ€“ the (perhaps misnamed) Grime and Grime 2. The first featured Plasticman, Mark One and Slaughter Mob, with Kode9, Loefah, and Digital Mystikz appearing on the second. These compilations helped to raise awareness of dubstep at a time when the grime sound was drawing more attention, and Digital Mystikz and Loefah's presence on the second release contributed to the success of their DMZ club night. Soon afterwards, the Independent on Sunday commented on "a whole new sound", at a time when both genres were becoming popular, stating that "grime" and "dubstep" were two names for the same style, which was also known as "sublow", "8-bar", and "eskibeat". 2005โ€“2008: Growth In the summer of 2005, Forward>> brought grime DJs to the fore of the line up. Building on the success of Skream's grimey anthem "Midnight Request Line", the hype around the DMZ night and support from online forums (notably dubstepforum.com) and media, the scene gained prominence after Radioย 1 DJ Mary Anne Hobbs gathered top figures from the scene for one show, entitled "Dubstep Warz", (later releasing the compilation album Warrior Dubz). The show created a new global audience for the scene, after years of exclusively UK underground buzz. Burial's self-titled album appearing in many critics' "Best ofย ..." lists for the year, notably The Wires Best Album of 2006. The sound was also featured prominently in the soundtrack for the 2006 sci-fi film Children of Men, which included Digital Mystikz, Random Trio, Kodeย 9, Pressure and DJ Pinch. Ammunition also released the first retrospective compilation of the 2000โ€“2004 era of dubstep called The Roots of Dubstep, co-compiled by Ammunition and Blackdown on the Tempa Label. The sound's first North American ambassador, Baltimore DJ Joe Nice helped kickstart its spread into the continent. Regular Dubstep club nights started appearing in cities like New York, San Francisco, Seattle, Montreal, Houston, and Denver, while Mary Anne Hobbs curated a Dubstep showcase at 2007's Sรณnar festival in Barcelona. Non-British artists have also won praise within the larger Dubstep community. The dynamic dubstep scene in Japan is growing quickly despite its cultural and geographical distance from the West. Such DJ/producers as Goth-Trad, Hyaku-mado, Ena and Doppelganger are major figures in the Tokyo scene. Joe Nice has played at DMZ, while the fifth instalment of Tempa's "Dubstep Allstars" mix series (released in 2007) included tracks by Finnish producer Tes La Rok and Americans JuJu and Mattyย G. Techno artists and DJs began assimilating dubstep into their sets and productions. Shackleton's "Blood on My Hands" was remixed by minimal techno producer Ricardo Villalobos (an act reciprocated when Villalobos included a Shackleton mix on his "Vasco" EP) and included on a mix CD by Panoramabar resident Cassy. Ellen Allien and Apparat's 2006 song "Metric" (from the Orchestra of Bubbles album), Modeselektor's "Godspeed" (from the 2007's Happy Birthday! album, among other tracks on that same album) and Roman Flugel's remix of Riton's "Hammer of Thor" are other examples of dubstep-influenced techno. Berlin's Hard Wax record store (operated by influential dub techno artists Basic Channel) has also championed Shackleton's Skull Disco label, later broadening its focus to include other dubstep releases. The summer of 2007 saw dubstep's musical palette expand further, with Benga and Coki scoring a crossover hit (in a similar manner to Skream's "Midnight Request Line") with the track "Night", which gained widespread play from DJs in a diverse range of genres. BBC Radio 1 DJ Gilles Peterson named it his record of 2007, and it was also a massive hit in the equally bassline-orientated, but decidedly more four-to-the-floor genre of bassline house, whilst Burial's late 2007 release Untrue (which was nominated for the 2008 Nationwide Mercury Music Prize in the UK) incorporated extensive use of heavily manipulated, mostly female, 'girl next door' vocal samples. Burial has spoken at length regarding his intent to reincorporate elements of musical precursors such as 2-step garage and house into his sound. Much like drum and bass before it, dubstep started to become incorporated into other media. In 2007, Benga, Skream, and other dubstep producers provided the soundtrack to much of the second series of Dubplate Drama, which aired on Channel 4 with a soundtrack CD later released on Rinse Recordings. A track by Skream also featured in the second series of the teen drama Skins, which also aired on Channel 4 in early 2008. In the summer of 2008, Mary Anne Hobbs invited Cyrus, Starkey, Oneman, DJ Chef, Silkie, Quest, Joker, Nomad, Kulture and MC Sgt Pokes to the BBC's Maida Vale studios for a show called Generation Bass. The show was the evolution from her seminal BBC Radio 1 Dubstepwarz Show in 2006, and further documented another set of dubstep's producers. Silkie and Quest, along with Kromestar and Heny G would all come through the Anti-Social Entertainment crew, with a show on Rinse FM and later Flex FM. As the genre has spread to become an international rather than UK-centric scene, it has also seen a number of women making headway into the scene in a variety of ways. Alongside Soulja of Ammunition Promotions and Mary Anne Hobbs, an influx of female producers, writers, photographers and DJs all have broken through in the up-til-then male orientated scene. With key 12" releases on Hyperdub, Immigrant and Hotflush Recordings, producers Vaccine, Subeena and Ikonika have introduced a palette of new sounds and influences to the genre, such as double-time bass drums, 8-bit video game samples, hand percussion and lushly arranged strings. Mary Anne Hobbs commented that, unlike "Grime and drum 'n' bass raves, the mood at dubstep nights is less aggressive, or more meditative, leading to a larger female attendance at events than with the genre's precursors. You see the female-to-male ratio constantly going up โ€“ it's got the potential to be 40:60". 2009โ€“2014: Mainstream popularity The influence of dubstep on more commercial or popular genres can be identified as far back as 2007, with artists such as Britney Spears using dubstep sounds; critics observed a dubstep influence in the song "Freakshow", from the 2007 album Blackout, which Tom Ewing described as "built around the 'wobbler' effect that's a genre standby." Benga and Coki's single "Night" still continued to be a popular track on the UK dance chart more than a year after its release in late 2007, still ranking in the top five at the start of April 2008 on Pete Tong's BBC Radio 1 dance chart list. However, the year 2009 saw the dubstep sound gaining further worldwide recognition, often through the assimilation of elements of the sound into other genres, in a manner similar to drum and bass before it. At the start of the year, UK electronic duo La Roux put their single "In for the Kill" in the remix hands of Skream. They then gave remix duties of "I'm Not Your Toy" to Nero and then again with their single "Bulletproof" being remixed by Zinc. The same year, London producer Silkie released an influential album, City Limits Vol. 1, on the Deep Medi Musik label, using 1970s funk and soul reference points, a departure from the familiar strains of dub and UK garage. The sound also continued to interest the mainstream press with key articles in magazines like Interview, New York, and The Wire, which featured producer Kode9 on its May 2009 cover. XLR8R put Joker on the cover of its December 2009 issue. In April 2009, UKF Dubstep, a YouTube channel brand was founded by Luke Hood which introduced Dubstep to many young generations internationally at the time. UKF Dubstep has exploded in popularity as the music genre has hit the mainstream. In November 2010 the channel had 100,000 subscribers, and as of November 2019 has over one million. "UKF features established and up and coming producers from around the world, featuring artists from Flux Pavilion / Knife Party to Friction / Hybrid Minds. We're sent a huge amount of music so it's our job to pick the best to upload on the channel for our audience to listen to. In just over 3 years our channels now have more than 2m subscribers and 4 channels โ€“ UKF Dubstep, Drum & Bass, Music and Mixes. The audience is getting more and more International and younger." Luke said on the interview with SoSoActive. In a move foreshadowed by endorsements of the sound from R&B, hip-hop and recently, mainstream figures such as Rihanna, or The Bomb Squad's Hank Shocklee, Snoop Dogg collaborated with dubstep producers Chase & Status, providing a vocal for their "underground anthem", "Eastern Jam". The 2011 Britney Spears track "Hold It Against Me" was also responsible for promoting dubstep tropes within pop music. Rihanna's Rated R album released such content the very year dubstep saw a spike, containing three dubstep tracks. Such events propelled the genre into the biggest radio markets overnight, with considerable airplay. Other hip-hop artists like Xzibit added their vocals to dubstep instrumental tracks for the mixtape project Mr Grustle & Tha Russian Dubstep LA Embrace The Renaissance Vol. 1 Mixed by Plastician. In summer 2009, rapper and actress Eve used Benga's "E Trips"; adding her own verses over the beat to create a new tune called "Me N My"; the first single from her unreleased album Flirt. The track was co-produced by Benga and hip hop producer Salaam Remi. Throughout 2010, the presence of dubstep in the pop charts was notable, with "I Need Air" by Magnetic Man reaching number 10 in the UK singles chart. This presented a turning point in the popularity of mainstream dubstep amongst UK listeners as it was placed on rotation on BBC Radio 1. "Katy on a Mission" by Katy B (produced by Benga) followed, debuting at number 5 in the UK singles chart, and stayed in the top 10 for five more weeks. Also in 2010, American producer Skrillex achieved moderate commercial success in North America with a dubstep-influenced sound. By 2011 his EP Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites had peaked at number three on the U.S.Billboard Dance/Electronic album charts. In February 2011, Chase & Status's second album No More Idols reached No. 2 in the UK album chart. On 1 May 2011, Nero's third single "Guilt" from their album reached number 8 in the Official UK Singles Chart. DJ Fresh and Nero both had number one singles in 2011 with "Louder" and "Promises". Strong baselines imported from dubstep continued in popular music with the Taylor Swift song "I Knew You Were Trouble", which made number 1 on Billboard's U.S. Mainstream Top 40 chart. 2011: Post-dubstep In early 2011, the term "post-dubstep" (sometimes known as "UK bass" or simply "bass music") was used to describe club music that was influenced by certain aspects of dubstep. Such music often references earlier dubstep productions as well as UK garage, 2-step and other forms of underground electronic dance music. Artists producing music described as post-dubstep have also incorporated elements of ambient music and early R&B. The latter in particular is heavily sampled by three artists described as post-dubstep: Mount Kimbie, Fantastic Mr Fox and James Blake. The tempo of music typically characterised as post-dubstep is approximately 130 beats per minute. The breadth of styles that have come to be associated with the term post-dubstep preclude it from being a specific musical genre. Pitchfork writer Martin Clark has suggested that "well-meaning attempts to loosely define the ground we're covering here are somewhat futile and almost certainly flawed. This is not one genre. However, given the links, interaction, and free-flowing ideasย ... you can't dismiss all these acts as unrelated" The production duo Mount Kimbie is often associated with the origination of the term post-dubstep. English music producer Jamie xx released remixes which are considered post-dubstep, including We're New Here (2011), a Gil Scott-Heron remix album. 2011: Brostep and American developments In 2011, dubstep gained significant traction in the US market, by way of a post-dubstep style known as brostep, with the American producer Skrillex becoming something of a "poster boy" for the scene. In September 2011, a Spin Magazine EDM special referred to brostep as a "lurching and aggressive" variant of dubstep that has proven commercially successful in the United States. Unlike traditional dubstep production styles, which emphasise sub-bass content, brostep accentuates the middle register and features "robotic fluctuations and metal-esque aggression". According to Simon Reynolds, as dubstep gained larger audiences and moved from smaller club-based venues to larger outdoor events, sub-sonic content was gradually replaced by distorted bass riffs that function roughly in the same register as the electric guitar in heavy metal. The term brostep has been used by some as a pejorative descriptor for a style of popular Americanised dubstep. The producer known as Rusko himself claimed in an interview on BBC Radio 1Xtra that "brostep is sort of my fault, but now I've started to hate it in a wayย ... It's like someone screaming in your faceย ... you don't want that." According to a BBC review of his 2012 album Songs, the record was a muddled attempt by Rusko to realign his music with a "Jamaican inheritance" and distance it from the "belching, aggressive, resolutely macho" dubstep produced by his contemporaries. Commenting on the success of American producers such as Skrillex, Skream stated: "I think it hurts a lot of people over here because it's a UK sound, but it's been someone with influences outside the original sound that has made it a lot bigger. The bad side of that is that a lot of people will just say 'dubstep equals Skrillex'. But in all honesty it genuinely doesn't bother me. I like the music he makes." Other North American artists that were initially associated with the brostep sound were Canadian producers Datsik and Excision. Their production style has been described by Mixmag as "a viciously harsh, yet brilliantly produced sound that appealed more to Marilyn Manson and Nine Inch Nails fans than it did to lovers of UK garage". The brostep sound also attracted the attention of metal bands. Nu metal band Korn's 2011 album The Path of Totality features several collaborations with electronic music producers, including Skrillex and Excision. This style of dubstep is sometimes known as metalstep. 2012โ€“2013: Riddim In the early 2010s, UK artists began to play with a style of dubstep reminiscent of a resurgence or continuation of original British dubstep styles. This became known as Riddim, a name coined by British producer Jakes around 2012. The name comes from the Jamaican Patois term riddim, which refers to the instrumental of dub, reggae and dancehall music. Riddim is characterised by repetitive and minimalist sub-bass and triplet percussion arrangements, similar to original dubstep, with a sound described as "wonky". Riddim is looked upon as a subgenre of dubstep, similarly to other sub genres like bro-step, drum-step, and wobble-step. It started gaining significant popularity around 2015. It is said that those who enjoy this style of music describe it as the "dirtier, swaggier" side of dubstep, whereas those looking at this from the outside, claim that it is "repetitive and chaotic". Notable artists of the genre include Subfiltronik, Bukez Finezt, P0gman, Badklaat, 50 Carrot, Dubloadz and Coffi. Notable tracks of the genre include "Yasuo" by Bommer and Crowell, "Orgalorg" by Infekt, and "Jotaro" by Phiso. Some commentators have suggested that Riddim is not a genre in its own right and is instead just a style of dubstep. Riddim producer Oolacile states "A lot of people who have been around a lot longer have a different idea of what riddim is. Older fans consider riddim to be the swampy, repetitive sound, and newer fans will associate riddim with the sound of the underground." 2014โ€“present: Decline in mainstream popularity Beginning in mid-2014, dubstep began to decline drastically in mainstream popularity, particularly in the United States, where many formerly successful dubstep artists became popular. Artists such as Skrillex, for instance, moved on to producing tracks for trap and pop artists, while artists such as Mount Kimbie and James Blake shifted their sounds from post-dubstep into more experimental or soulful electronic influenced music. Pioneers of dubstep such as Skream and Loefah moved away from the genre, moving on to other genres instead. Loefah stopped playing and producing dubstep and moved on to UK bass, founding his record label Swamp81 in the process. Skream shifted away from dubstep, choosing to instead produce and play house and techno music in his DJ sets and releasing various techno songs on Alan Fitzpatrick's record label We Are The Brave. 2016โ€“present: Colour bass Around the early to mid 2010s, a niche development of dubstep began to emerge which combines the aggression and impact of brostep with the rich tonality and musicality of melodic dubstep, drawing on the best elements of both sides and fusing tonality with mid-range bass sound design. Artists like 501, Subscape, and Gemini have experimented upon this style of production in the earlier 2010s. English dubstep producer Chime coined the term "colour bass'" describing this style of dubstep due to its focus on vibrant, bright and colourful production, and founded the record label Rushdown in 2016 to promote it. Despite the overall declining popularity of dubstep in mainstream culture, colour bass has been promoted by veteran electronic labels like Monstercat around the early 2020s, with artists like Skybreak, Ace Aura, and Chime himself finding success in producing colour bass music. See also List of dubstep musicians References External links GetDarker An online magazine full of interviews, articles, photos from events and videos. 10 Years ofย ... Dubstep A week dedicated to the movement by Drowned in Sound The Month In: Grime/Dubstep Columns by Martin Clark on Pitchfork BBC Collective dubstep documentary filmed at DMZ 1st Birthday, 2005. Interviews with Mala, Loefah, Skream, Kode9, Youngstaย ... Electronic dance music genres Music in London Youth culture in the United Kingdom 2000s in music 2000s in British music 2010s in music 2010s in British music English styles of music
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%83%81%EB%B2%95
์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•
์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•(ๆ˜ ๅƒๆณ•, )์€ ๋ผํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ’ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋” ์‰ฌ์šด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ํ‘ธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์€ ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, ๋ฐ”๋€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ „ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์— ๋น„์น˜๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์— ๋น„์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ• ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ๋„์ฒด ํ‰๋ฉด ์œ„์— ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ •์ „๊ธฐ ์œ ๋„์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ „์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ „๊ธฐํ•™ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ž. ๋„์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์˜ ์ „์œ„๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํŽธ์˜์ƒ 0์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์ž. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์— ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„์ฒด ํ‰๋ฉด์„ ์—†์• ์ž. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์นญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ •์ค‘์•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ 0์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๋””๋ฆฌํด๋ ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด (์ฆ‰, ํ‰๋ฉด ์œ„์— ์ „์œ„๊ฐ€ 0์ธ ๊ฒƒ)์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ผํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•ด๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด์™€ (๋„์ฒด ์œ„์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ) ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž„์˜์˜ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ• ๊ตฌ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„ ์˜ ๋„์ฒด ๊ตฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ์— ์ ์ „ํ•˜ ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—์„œ ๋งŒํผ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ ์œ ๋„์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋””๋ฆฌํด๋ ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‰๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๋„์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์ „์œ„๋ฅผ 0์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์ž. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋งŒํผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ฅผ ๋†“์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ์ƒˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๋””๋ฆฌํด๋ ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฉด ๋ฐ–์— ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋‚˜ ์ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ž„์˜์˜ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ˜• ์œ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ• ์„ ํ˜• ์œ ์ „์ฒด์— ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜ ์„ ํ˜• ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์œจ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„์น˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์ž. ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ๊ตฌ์† ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋˜๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์† ์ „ํ•˜์™€ ์›๋ž˜ ์ž…์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ์œ ๋„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์† ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ž…์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ์™€ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰ ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์œ ์ „์œจ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์œจ๊ณผ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ• ์ง„๊ณต์— ๋†“์ธ ๋„์ฒด ํ‰ํŒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์œจ , ์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์œจ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—์„œ ์ง์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ž. ์ด๋•Œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋งŒํผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๊ณณ์— ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„์น˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „์œ„๋Š” ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์œ„๋ฅผ ์— ์˜์ƒ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ฅผ, ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์œ„๋ฅผ ์— ์˜์ƒ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ฅผ ์œ„์น˜์‹œ์ผœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์œ„๋Š” ์—ฐ์†์ ์ด๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ž์œ  ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด์€ , ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์œ„์žฅ์€ ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘๋ฉด, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด์€ , ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‘ ์‹์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ , ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด , ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์˜์ƒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” , ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์œ„๋Š” ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์† ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ• ๋จผ์ € ์ž…์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์† ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด ์„ ํ˜• ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ง„๊ณต์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ „์œ„์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ฃผ์œ„๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์† ์ „ํ•˜ ์œ„์ชฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์— ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์† ์ „ํ•˜ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์— ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์† ์ „ํ•˜ 1, 2์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์œ„๋Š” 3, 4์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์˜์—ญ์— ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŒํผ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ ์ „ํ•˜ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์œ ์ „์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์† ์ „ํ•˜๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•ด ์ „์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์ง„๊ณต์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์œ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ๋Œ€์นญ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜์ƒ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€์ ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘๋ฉด, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด์€ , ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‘ ์‹์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ , ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด , ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์˜์ƒ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์œ„๋Š” ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ง์ ‘ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ „์œ„์™€ ๊ตฌ์† ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ „์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํž˜๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ• ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰ ์˜ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํž˜์€ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋งŒํผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋‘ ์‹ค์ œ ์ž…์ž๊ณ„์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ ์ „ํ•˜-์ „ํ•˜ ์Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ, ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋„์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „ํ•˜-์ „ํ•˜์Œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ด์„ ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ „์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ, ์œ ๋„ ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์žก์€ ์˜์ƒ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์˜์ƒ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์—์„œ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ• ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ „์œ„๋Š” ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋„์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์ด ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋„์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋„์ฒด ์œ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ™๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ํ˜• ์œ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ• ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ „์œ„๋Š” , ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์† ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆฌ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์ธํ•˜๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋…ธํŠธ โ€” ์˜์ƒ๋ฒ• ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™ ์ •์ „๊ธฐํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20image%20charges
Method of image charges
The method of image charges (also known as the method of images and method of mirror charges) is a basic problem-solving tool in electrostatics. The name originates from the replacement of certain elements in the original layout with imaginary charges, which replicates the boundary conditions of the problem (see Dirichlet boundary conditions or Neumann boundary conditions). The validity of the method of image charges rests upon a corollary of the uniqueness theorem, which states that the electric potential in a volume V is uniquely determined if both the charge density throughout the region and the value of the electric potential on all boundaries are specified. Alternatively, application of this corollary to the differential form of Gauss' Law shows that in a volume V surrounded by conductors and containing a specified charge density ฯ, the electric field is uniquely determined if the total charge on each conductor is given. Possessing knowledge of either the electric potential or the electric field and the corresponding boundary conditions we can swap the charge distribution we are considering for one with a configuration that is easier to analyze, so long as it satisfies Poisson's equation in the region of interest and assumes the correct values at the boundaries. Reflection in a conducting plane Point charges The simplest example of method of image charges is that of a point charge, with charge q, located at above an infinite grounded (i.e.: ) conducting plate in the xy-plane. To simplify this problem, we may replace the plate of equipotential with a charge โˆ’q, located at . This arrangement will produce the same electric field at any point for which (i.e., above the conducting plate), and satisfies the boundary condition that the potential along the plate must be zero. This situation is equivalent to the original setup, and so the force on the real charge can now be calculated with Coulomb's law between two point charges. The potential at any point in space, due to these two point charges of charge +q at +a and โˆ’q at โˆ’a on the z-axis, is given in cylindrical coordinates as The surface charge density on the grounded plane is therefore given by In addition, the total charge induced on the conducting plane will be the integral of the charge density over the entire plane, so: The total charge induced on the plane turns out to be simply โˆ’q. This can also be seen from the Gauss's law, considering that the dipole field decreases at the cube of the distance at large distances, and the therefore total flux of the field though an infinitely large sphere vanishes. Because electric fields satisfy the superposition principle, a conducting plane below multiple point charges can be replaced by the mirror images of each of the charges individually, with no other modifications necessary. Electric dipole moments The image of an electric dipole moment p at above an infinite grounded conducting plane in the xy-plane is a dipole moment at with equal magnitude and direction rotated azimuthally by ฯ€. That is, a dipole moment with Cartesian components will have in image dipole moment . The dipole experiences a force in the z direction, given by and a torque in the plane perpendicular to the dipole and the conducting plane, Reflection in a dielectric planar interface Similar to the conducting plane, the case of a planar interface between two different dielectric media can be considered. If a point charge is placed in the dielectric that has the dielectric constant , then the interface (with the dielectric that has the dielectric constant ) will develop a bound polarization charge. It can be shown that the resulting electric field inside the dielectric containing the particle is modified in a way that can be described by an image charge inside the other dielectric. Inside the other dielectric, however, the image charge is not present. Unlike the case of the metal, the image charge is not exactly opposite to the real charge: . It may even have the same sign, if the charge is placed inside the stronger dielectric material (charges are repelled away from regions of lower dielectric constant). This can be seen from the formula. Reflection in a conducting sphere Point charges The method of images may be applied to a sphere as well. In fact, the case of image charges in a plane is a special case of the case of images for a sphere. Referring to the figure, we wish to find the potential inside a grounded sphere of radius R, centered at the origin, due to a point charge inside the sphere at position (For the opposite case, the potential outside a sphere due to a charge outside the sphere, the method is applied in a similar way). In the figure, this is represented by the green point. Let q be the point charge of this point. The image of this charge with respect to the grounded sphere is shown in red. It has a charge of qโ€ฒ=โˆ’qR/p and lies on a line connecting the center of the sphere and the inner charge at vector position . It can be seen that the potential at a point specified by radius vector due to both charges alone is given by the sum of the potentials: Multiplying through on the rightmost expression yields: and it can be seen that on the surface of the sphere (i.e. when r=R), the potential vanishes. The potential inside the sphere is thus given by the above expression for the potential of the two charges. This potential will NOT be valid outside the sphere, since the image charge does not actually exist, but is rather "standing in" for the surface charge densities induced on the sphere by the inner charge at . The potential outside the grounded sphere will be determined only by the distribution of charge outside the sphere and will be independent of the charge distribution inside the sphere. If we assume for simplicity (without loss of generality) that the inner charge lies on the z-axis, then the induced charge density will be simply a function of the polar angle ฮธ and is given by: The total charge on the sphere may be found by integrating over all angles: Note that the reciprocal problem is also solved by this method. If we have a charge q at vector position outside of a grounded sphere of radius R, the potential outside of the sphere is given by the sum of the potentials of the charge and its image charge inside the sphere. Just as in the first case, the image charge will have charge โˆ’qR/p and will be located at vector position . The potential inside the sphere will be dependent only upon the true charge distribution inside the sphere. Unlike the first case the integral will be of value โˆ’qR/p. Electric dipole moments The image of an electric point dipole is a bit more complicated. If the dipole is pictured as two large charges separated by a small distance, then the image of the dipole will not only have the charges modified by the above procedure, but the distance between them will be modified as well. Following the above procedure, it is found that a dipole with dipole moment at vector position lying inside the sphere of radius R will have an image located at vector position (i.e. the same as for the simple charge) and will have a simple charge of: and a dipole moment of: Method of inversion The method of images for a sphere leads directly to the method of inversion. If we have a harmonic function of position where are the spherical coordinates of the position, then the image of this harmonic function in a sphere of radius R about the origin will be If the potential arises from a set of charges of magnitude at positions , then the image potential will be the result of a series of charges of magnitude at positions . It follows that if the potential arises from a charge density , then the image potential will be the result of a charge density . See also Kelvin transform Coulomb's law Divergence theorem Flux Gaussian surface Schwarz reflection principle Uniqueness theorem for Poisson's equation Image antenna Surface equivalence principle References Further reading Electromagnetism Electrostatics
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B5%88%EC%A0%9C%20%EC%98%B9%EC%BC%88%EC%B8%A0
๋ตˆ์ œ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ 
๋ตˆ์ œ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ (Bรถhse Onkelz, ์ดํ•˜ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ )๋Š” 1980๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2005๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ์ด๋‹ค.(2014๋…„ 1์›” 20์ผ ์žฌ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ์„ ์–ธ. ์ดํ•˜ ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜ '2014:๋ณต๊ท€' ์ฐธ์กฐ) ์Œ์•…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๋‚˜์น˜์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ 80๋…„๋Œ€ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ผ์‹œ์  ์šฐํŒŒ๋ก ์„ฑํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์กด์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ–‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ƒ‰๋Œ€๋ฐ›์•„ ์™”์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๋…์ผ TOP 10์ฐจํŠธ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1998๋…„ ์•จ๋ฒ” Viva los Tioz๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด ๊ณ„์† 1์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1980โ€“1981: ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ 1980๋…„ 11์›”, ๋‹น์‹œ 10๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์Šˆํ…ŒํŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ(Stefen Weidner), ์ผ€๋นˆ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ ๋Ÿฌ์…€(Kevin Richard Russel), ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ 'ํŽ˜' ์‡ผ๋กœํ”„์Šคํ‚ค(Peter โ€žPeโ€œ Schrowsky)๋Š” Unterfranken(์šดํ„ฐ ํ”„๋ž‘์ผ„)์˜ ํšŒ์Šค๋ฐ”ํ(Hรถsbach)์—์„œ ์„น์Šค ํ”ผ์Šคํ†จ์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ๋ผ๋ชฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํŽ‘ํฌ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์„œ์ „์— ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š”, ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฐ๋งค๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•˜์–ด์„œ ์žฅ๋‚œ์„ ์ณค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด "์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด, ์ €๊ธฐ ๋‚˜์œ ์‚ผ์ดŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜จ๋‹ค" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ 'Beulenpest(๋ณด์ผ๋ ŒํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ)'๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌํ‘ธ๋ฅดํŠธ ์•” ๋งˆ์ธ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1981๋…„ ๋งˆํ‹ฐ์•„์Šค '๊ณค์กฐ' ๋ขฐ์–ด(Matthias โ€žGonzoโ€œ Rรถhr)(๋‹น์‹œ 18์„ธ)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐด๋“œ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „, 80๋…„ ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•œ ์•ˆํ‹ฐ์พจ๋ฅดํผ(Antikรถrper)์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ขฐ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ์— ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์‡ผ๋กœํ”„์Šคํ‚ค๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„, ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€, ๋ขฐ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ, ๋Ÿฌ์…€์€ ๋ณด์ปฌ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ด๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ์•จ๋ฒ” 'Soundtrack zum Untergang Vol. II'๋ฅผ ๋…น์Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „, ๋ขฐ์–ด์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๋Š” ํฌ์ง€์…˜์„ ๊ต์ฒดํ•œ๋‹ค. 1981โ€“1985: ์Šคํ‚จํ—ค๋“œ ์‹œ์ ˆ 1981๋…„ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํ˜์˜ค ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณก Tรผrkรคhn rauhs์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐ๋ชจํ…Œ์žŽ์„ ๋…น์Œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์•จ๋ฒ” 'Kill the Hippies-Oi'๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋ชจ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ณก์„ 82๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ ์ขŒ์ต ํŽ‘ํฌ ์˜ด๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ์•จ๋ฒ” 'Soundtrack zum Untergang Vol. II'์— ์‹ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋น„์ •์น˜์  ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํŽ‘ํฌ์”ฌ์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ขŒํŽธํ–ฅํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , '์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ'์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ์—…ํ™”๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ์ด ์”ฌ์—์„œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  Oi-๋ฌด๋ธŒ๋จผํŠธ์— ๋”์šฑ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ด(Oi!)-์”ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์ •์น˜์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์Œ์•…์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” Oi!๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šคํ‚จํ—ค๋“œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์”ฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ผ€๋นˆ ๋Ÿฌ์…€์€ ์กฐ์„ ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ณค์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1983๋…„ 100์—ฌ ๊ณก์„ ๋…น์Œํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐ๋ชจ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธํ˜์˜ค ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” Deutschland den Deutschen(๋…์ผ์„ ๋…์ผ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ - ์—ญ์ž ์ฃผ)๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1984๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ๋ก-์˜ค-๋ผ๋งˆ(Rock-O-Rama)์—์„œ ๋ฐ๋ท”์•จ๋ฒ” der nette Mann์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์€ 'ํŽ‘ํฌ'์™€ '์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ'์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ 1986๋…„ 9์›” BPjS(Bundesprรผfstelle fรผr Jugendgefรคhrdende Schriften - ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์œ ํ•ด ๋งค์ฒด๋ฌผ ์‹ฌ์˜ ์œ„์›ํšŒ)์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ํ•ด๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, BPjS์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‘ ๊ณก์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ(Frankreich 84โ€˜, Bรถhse Onkelz), ์„ ์ •์  ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ(Mรคdchen) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณก์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ ์ฐฌ์–‘(Dr. Martens-Beat, FuรŸball und Gewalt und Der nette Mann)๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ Brรผhl ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํŒ๋งค ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Œ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ „๋ฉด ์••์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์‹œํšจ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”ํ›„ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์—๋Š” Stolz๋‚˜ Deutschland์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์Šคํ‚จํ—ค๋“œ ์”ฌ์„ ์ฐฌ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ํŒ๋งค๊ธˆ์ง€๋ น์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ดˆํŒ 1000์žฅ์ด ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. Oi! ์‹ ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ ํŒ์ด ๋‚˜๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค๊ธˆ์ง€๋ น์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์ง„ ํ›„์— ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1์ง‘์ด ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ ํ›„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ, ๋ขฐ์–ด, ์‡ผ๋กœํ”„์Šคํ‚ค๋Š” 1984๋…„ ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šคํ‚จํ—ค๋“œ ์”ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ•์••์„ฑ (์˜ˆ: ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ฝ”๋“œ)์— ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๊ปด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1986๋…„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์žก์ง€ 'Singen und Tanzen'๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ "์ด์ œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„์— ๋ชฐ๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์›ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์ปฌ ์ผ€๋นˆ ๋Ÿฌ์…€์€ 1985๋…„ ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šคํ‚จํ—ค๋“œ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋ฏธ๋ จ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ,๋ฐด๋“œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธด์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1984๋…„ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šคํฌ๋ฅ˜๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„, ์Šค์ปฌํ—ค๋“œ, ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํ„ธ ์–ดํƒ์„ ์œ„์‹œํ•œ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋“ค์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” Rock-O-Rama๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ์‚ฌ์žฅ Herbert Egoldt (ํ—ค์–ด๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์—๊ณจํŠธ)์™€ ๊ธˆ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”๊ณ„์•ฝ(์ด ์„ธ ์žฅ)์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1985๋…„ Bรถse Menschen โ€“ Bรถse Lieder์™€ Mexico๋ฅผ Rock-O-Rama์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ๋‹ค. Mexiko๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ ๋‹จ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ณก๋งŒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1985๋…„ 11์›” 9์ผ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํ‚จํ—ค๋“œ๋“ค๋งŒ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์˜ KdF-Bunker์—์„œ์˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธํ˜„์žฅ์„ ๋…นํ™”ํ•œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ์‹ ์ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ น๋“ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์”ฌ์ด ๊ทน์šฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์Šคํ‚จํ—ค๋“œ์‹ ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ„์—ด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ๋ฐ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1986-1992: ํŒ๋งค๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒ์ •๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ธ์‹ Der nette Mann์ด ํŒ๋งค ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์Šคํ‚จํ—ค๋“œ ์”ฌ์—์„œ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. SOS-Kinderdorf๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์„  ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  1989๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒํ™œ๋™์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1987๋…„ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์•จ๋ฒ” Onkelz wie wir๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด Kneipenterroristen์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ๋‘ ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ์ด์ „ ์•จ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ˆ ๊ณผ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ, ์Œ์•…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ํ—ค๋น„๋ฉ”ํƒˆ์”ฌ์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตณํ˜€ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์  ๋ฌธ์ œ(์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง, ๋ณด์ปฌ ์ผ€๋นˆ ๋Ÿฌ์…€์˜ ์•Œ์ฝœ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ค‘๋…)๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋†’์€ ํŒ๋งค๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์•จ๋ฒ” Es ist soweit โ€šWir hamโ€™ noch lange nicht genug๊ณผ Heilige Lieder๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฐจ์ฐจ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰, ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐœ๋ช… ์š”๊ตฌ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์žฆ์•„์ง„๋‹ค. 1990๋…„ ์ดˆ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ (์˜ˆ: ๋กœ์Šคํ† ํฌ์™€ ๋ฆฌํžˆํ…ํ•˜๊ฒ(Rostock-Lichtenhagen)์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํญ๋™(๊ณก: Deutschland im Herbst)๊ณผ ๋ฌ„๋ Œ(mรถllen)์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์‚ดํ•ด)์ด ์ปค์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜น์ผˆ์ฆˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ปค์ ธ๋งŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ก ์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋น„๋‚œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‚ฌ (์ถ”ํ›„ MTV์™€ VIVA๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ TV๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ)๋“ค์ด ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ๊ณก์„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์žํˆฐ(Saturn), ๋ฉ”๋””์•„ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌํŠธ(Media Markt), WOM(World of Musik)๋“ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋งค์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ Metal Enterprises(์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” 1990๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทน์šฐ ํŽธํ–ฅ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”๊ณผ ์ž‘๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.)๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทน์šฐ ํŒฌ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ์–ด ๋ชจ์œผ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„ Kรถnig fรผr einen Tag์„ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๋กœ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šด Best of Onkelz๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ปค๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋ผ์„œ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค. 1992โ€“1997 ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋น„๋‚œ ์‚ฌ์ด ์—ฌ๋ก ์˜ ๋ญ‡๋งค์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ , 1993๋…„ ๋”๋ธ” ์•จ๋ฒ” WeiรŸ์™€ Schwarz๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์Œ์•…์ฐจํŠธ 10์œ„, ๋…์ผ ์ฐจํŠธ 12์œ„์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘”๋‹ค. WeiรŸ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก์ธ Deutschland im Herbst์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์šฐ์ต ์”ฌ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์ง€ Rock Hard์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. "์ž‘๋…„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋กœ์Šคํ† ํฌ, ๋ฌ„๋ Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ง€๋‚˜์น  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. Deutschland im Herbst๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์„ ํƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค."Braune ScheiรŸe"(๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋“ค)๋Š” ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋”๋„ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋œ๋„ ๋ง๊ณ  ์žฌ์•™์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—†๋‹ค." 1994๋…„ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์„ ๋ฒ„์ง„๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ(Virgin Records)๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ์Œ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์ง„๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์—์„œ Hier sind Onkelz๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…์ผ ์ฐจํŠธ 5์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์ฃผ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋…น์ƒ‰๋‹น์˜ Michael Schmelich(๋ฏธ์ƒค์—˜ ์Šˆ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํžˆ)์™€ ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌํ‘ธํฌํŠธ(Frankfurt am Main)์‹œ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๋‹ด๋‹น๋ถ€์„œ์˜ Daniel Cohn-Bendit(๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ์ฝ˜-๋ฒค๋””ํŠธ) ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋ท” ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋…์ผ-์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํˆฌ์–ด์— ๋‚˜์„ ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ณด์ปฌ ๋Ÿฌ์…€์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์ค‘๋…์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1996๋…„ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์•จ๋ฒ” E.I.N.S(๋…์ผ ์ฐจํŠธ 4์œ„)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์–ธ๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” "์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์Šคํ‚จํ—ค๋“œ๋‹คโ€œ(Eigenlich Immer Noch Skins - ์—ญ์ž ์ฃผ)๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ๋กฑ์„ ์ผ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก Enie Tfahcstob rรผf Ediona-RAP์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 'Ihr sollt den Tag nicht vor dem Abend loben'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ•ด์˜จ(์˜ˆ: Die ร„rzte Schrei nach Liebe)์™€ ๋”” ํ† ํŠผ ํ˜ธ์  (Die Toten Hosen)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 96๋…„ ํˆฌ์–ด์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฅดํŠธ๋ฌธํŠธ์˜ Westfalehalle ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  97๋…„์— Live in Dortmund๋ผ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ๋‹ค. 1997โ€“2004: ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„ ์ง„์ž… 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋งค์žฅ์ธ ๋ฉ”๋””์•„ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌํŠธ์™€ WOM์€ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด 1998๋…„, ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ๋‘ํ„ฐ์›Œ์ง„ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ํŒฌ๋“ค์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ ์•จ๋ฒ” Viva los Tioz๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋งค ๊ฐœ์‹œ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋งŒ์— ์ดˆํŒ 30๋งŒ์žฅ์ด ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๋งค์ง„๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—ผ์„ ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ 3์œ„, ์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ 10์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” 1999๋…„ ๋ก/ํŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ '์˜ฌ ํ•ด์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน'์— ๋…ธ๋ฏธ๋„ค์ดํŠธ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์„ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์ง„ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์ธ 'rule23' ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ„์ง„๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 'rule23โ€˜์€ ์ถ”ํ›„ 'regel23'์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ ์•จ๋ฒ” Ein bรถses Mรคrchen...aus tausend finsteren Nรคchte์€ ๋…์ผ ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทผ์†Œํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ 2์œ„, ์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” 11์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ปคํŠธ๋œ Dunkler Ort๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐจํŠธ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ถŒ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ Dopamin๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์„ธ ์žฅ ์—ฐ์† ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์šด๋‹ค. 2003๋…„๊ณผ 2005๋…„์—๋„ ๋ก/ํŒ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ '์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œโ€˜์— ๋…ธ๋ฏธ๋„ค์ดํŠธ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์ขŒ,์šฐ๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ Rock-gegen-Rechts, Rock-gegen-Gewalt ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์‚ฌ์—…์— ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์›ƒ์‚ฌ์ด๋”๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ โ€š์–ด๋‘์šด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐโ€˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. MTV Masters๋Š” ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠน๋ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ โ€šKeine Amnestie fรผr MTVโ€˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…์ผ ์ฐจํŠธ์—์„œ 2์œ„, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ 8์œ„, ์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ 25์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์ •์ ์€ 2003๋…„ 8์›” ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค์ฆˆ(Rolling Stones)์˜ ํ•˜๋…ธ๋ฒ„ ๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—์„œ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ "German Nazi Punk Band to open for the Rolling Stones"(๋…์ผ์˜ ๋‚˜์น˜๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค์ฆˆ์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋‹ค. - ์—ญ์ž ์ฃผ)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ผ๊ฐ„์ง€ ๋‰ด์š• ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ(New York Post)๊ฐ€ 2003๋…„ 7์›” 2์ผ์ž ์‹ ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. 2004โ€“2005: ํ™œ๋™ ์ข…๋ฃŒ 2004๋…„ 5์›” 24์ผ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์€ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์•จ๋ฒ” Adios๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ ํ›„, 8์›” ๋ฐ”์ผ„ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์—์–ด ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์„ ๋งค์ง„๋œ 2004๋…„ ํˆฌ์–ด Tour 2004๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜, 2005๋…„ 7์›”17์ผ 18์ผ ์ดํ‹€๋™์•ˆ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ผ์šฐ์ง€์ธ ์˜ ์œ ๋กœ์Šคํ”ผ๋“œ ์›จ์ด(EuroSpeedway Lausitz)์—์„œ์˜ vaya con Tioz๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ณ„ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ณ„ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ebay์˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธํ‹ฐ์ผ“๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ๋งค ๊ฐœ์‹œ 22์ผ๋งŒ์— 10๋งŒ์žฅ ์ „๋Ÿ‰์ด ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์ด ๋ธŒ๋กœ์ปค๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ด๋ฒ ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ํญ๋“ฑํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํŒ๋งค ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ด๋ฒ ์ด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์ปค๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์—๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“๋ฐฐ์†ก์—…์ฒด์™€์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์ปค๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ณ„์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋กœ ๋ชจํ„ฐํ—ค๋“œ(Motรถrhead), ๋จธ์‹ ํ—ค๋“œ(Machine Head), J.B.O., ์ธ ์—‘์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ๋ชจ(In Extremo), ์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ” ํŽ€์น˜(Psychopunch), ์น ๋“œ๋Ÿฐ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋ณด๋ค(Children of Bodom), Pro-Pain(ํ”„๋กœ-ํŽ˜์ธ) ๊ณผ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ์นดํ”ผ๋ฐด๋“œ์ธ die Enkelz์™€ Kneipenterroristen๋“ฑ์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์Šคํ”ผ์ธ (Misfits)์™€ ํˆฌ๋ฅด๋ณด๋„ค๊ทธ๋กœ(Turbonegro)๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์†์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์—ฌ๋ก ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ทจ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆํ‚ค ๋ผ๋ชฌ(Marky Ramone)๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์ฝง์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋ฉฐ์น  ์ „์— ์ฐธ์„์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ณ„ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ 12๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณก๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ž€๋ด๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ(Brandenburg) ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•œ ๊ณก์ด์ž, ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณก๊ณผ์˜ ๋™๋ช… ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณก der natte Mann์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ง๊ณ ๋„ ์ง€๋‚œ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ ๊ณก๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•ด์„œ ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ 12๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‚  ๊ณต์—ฐ์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „ 10๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ณ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2005โ€“ํ˜„์žฌ: ํ•ด์ฒด ํ›„ 2007๋…„ 2์›” 16์ผ ๊ณ ๋ณ„ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ์˜์ƒ์„ Vaya con Tioz๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๋„ค ์žฅ์˜ DVD๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 11์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ์—์„œ๋Š” Onkelz wie wir์„ ์žฌ๋…น์Œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ '์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์Œ์•… DVD์ƒ'์„ ๊ฑฐ๋จธ์ฅ”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๋…ธ๋ฏธ๋„ค์ดํŒ…์— ์ด์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ์€ TV๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์˜์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šˆํ…ŒํŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ์™€ ๋งˆํ‹ฐ์•„์Šค ๋ขฐ์–ด๋Š” ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‘ ์žฅ์˜ ์†”๋กœ์•จ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ํ•œ ์žฅ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ ๋ณด์ปฌ ์ผ€๋นˆ ๋Ÿฌ์…€์€ ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌํ‘ธ๋ฅดํŠธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ 2๋…„ 3๊ฐœ์›”์˜ ์ง•์—ญํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2009๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์นด๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์†Œํ˜•์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ด๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๋บ‘์†Œ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์ €์งˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์€ํ‡ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๋Š” 2010๋…„ 12์›” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์— Rock Hard์™€ Metal Hammer์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์—…๋กœ๋“œ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํŒฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ํ•ด์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†”์งํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ปฌ ์ผ€๋นˆ ๋Ÿฌ์…€์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค์ฆˆ(Rolling Stones)์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ณต์—ฐ๋•Œ ๋Ÿฌ์…€์ด ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๊ณ , ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋ง์น˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์„ ๋•Œ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 8์›” 31์ผ์—๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ ํŽ˜ ์‡ผ๋กœํ”„์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์†”๋กœ์•จ๋ฒ” 'Dreck und Seelenbrokat'์ด ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜ ์‡ผ๋กœํ”„์Šคํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ผ์ดํ”„์น˜๊ฑฐ ํดํฌ์Šค์ฐจ์ดํ‰(Leipziger Volkszeitung)๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ์žฌ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ("์ผ€๋นˆ์ด ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ ๋‚ด๋…„์ด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋„ค ๋ช… ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์กฐ์œจ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋ผ์šฐ์ง€์ธ ๋ง ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.") 2014: ๋ณต๊ท€ 2014๋…„ 1์›” 20์ผ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ๋Œ์•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์œ ํˆฌ๋ธŒ ์ฑ„๋„์—โ€œNichts ist fรผr die Ewigkeitโ€œ๋ผ๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์— BGM์ด โ€œWir hamโ€™ noch lange nicht genugโ€œ์ธ ์งง์€ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™”๋‹ค. ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ 2014๋…„ 1์›” 30์ผ 00์‹œ์— ์นด์šดํŠธ ๋‹ค์šด์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” 2014๋…„ 6์›” 20์ผ์— ํ˜ธ์ผ„ํ•˜์ž„๋ง์—์„œ E.I.N.S๋ผ๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ํ•˜์— ์žฌ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•… ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ์Œ์•… ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋ฐด๋“œ ํ™œ๋™ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์Œ์•… ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ๋ผ๋ชฌ์Šค(Ramones)์™€ ์„น์Šค ํ”ผ์Šคํ†จ์ฆˆ(Sex Pistols)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํŽ‘ํฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ Oi! ๋ฌด๋ธŒ๋จผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, Sham 69, Cock Sparrer, Angelic Upstars ๋“ฑ์ด ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋กค๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋งˆํ‹ฐ์•„์Šค ๋ขฐ์–ด์˜ ๋ณ„๋ช…์ธ "๊ณค์กฐ"๋Š” Ted Nugent(ํ…Œ๋“œ ๋‰ด์ „ํŠธ)์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” Double Live Gonzo์—์„œ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ณค์กฐ์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฝ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜์ธ Stevie Ray Vaughan(์Šคํ‹ฐ๋น„ ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ณธ)์˜ ํŒฌ์ด๊ณ  WeiรŸ(1993)์•จ๋ฒ”์— Tribute to Stevie ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์• ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ์Œ์•…์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1985๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” Oi! ํŽ‘ํฌ, 1983๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์Šค์นดํŽ‘ํฌ, 1985๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋“œ๋ก์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์Œ์•…์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1987๋…„ ์•จ๋ฒ” โ€šOneklz wie wirโ€˜์•จ๋ฒ”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ—ค๋น„๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋“œ๋ก ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Œ์•…์  ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์…€์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•…๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ณก Lt.Stoned ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํ‚ค๋ธ๋ฆญ ๋ก์„ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ ์‡ผ๋กœํ”„์Šคํ‚ค๋„ ์ž‘๊ณก์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ชฌ๋“œ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฐ„์€ New Deal์˜ Fred Bauer๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” Heilige Lieder์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ•ฉ์ฐฝ๋‹จ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ์˜ค๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์˜ค๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„์˜ ์ฝ”๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๊ณก Wir hamโ€˜ noch lange nicht genug์—์„œ ์ฐจ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ณก Baja(Schwarz์•จ๋ฒ” ์ˆ˜๋ก)์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ž˜์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ์Šˆํ…ŒํŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐํ”ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ• 'Baja California'์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์€ ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. 1000 Fragen์€ ๋„์–ด์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ํ—Œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์  ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์™€ ์†”๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” Viva los Tioz์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋“œ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹ ๋””์‚ฌ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋กœ๋‹‰ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” Adios์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก Einmal์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œํƒ€์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์„ ๋‹ด์•˜๋‹ค. Erinnerungโ€š Gestern war heute noch morgen, Koma- Eine Nacht, die niemals endetโ€š Zu nah an der Wahrheit ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1999๋…„์˜ Lieder wie Orkane 3 ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ฉ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” Wilde Jungs, Heute trinken wir richtig, So sind wir und Nie wieder๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์ปค๋ฒ„๊ณก์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ปค๋ฒ„๊ณก์€ Slade์˜ Coz I luv you, Serge Gainsbourg์˜ Je t'aime... moi non plus, The Who์˜ My Generation ๊ณผ ์˜ํ™” Die Drei von der Tankstelle(1930)์˜ Ein guter Freund๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ถ€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณก์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ, ํ™˜์˜๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ณ , ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ฐ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์งํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ ๊ณก๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ฐด๋“œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ง๋“ค์„ ์•…์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋“ค์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณก ์ค‘ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋””์Šค์ฝ”๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์•จ๋ฒ”(1991๋…„ ํ›„)์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Finde die wahrheit(โ€ž์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ผ.....์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐˆ ๊ธธ์€ ๋ฉ€๊ณ , ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ๋„ˆ์˜ ๋์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค, ์ด์ œ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋– ๋ผ...โ€œ) Rรคtsel des Leben(์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ, ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ , ์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ’€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„Œ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค..โ€œ) ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ˆ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ Andreas "Trimmi" Trimborn(์•ˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ์•„์Šค ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ ํŠธ๋ฆผ๋ณด๋ฅธ)์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1990๋…„ 7์›”16์ผ ํ‰๋ถ€์— ์นผ์„ ๋งž๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”์ธ์€ ์ •๋‹น๋ฐฉ์œ„๋กœ ์„๋ฐฉ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ . ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณก๋“ค์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. (Nur die Besten sterben jung, โ€šDer Himmel kann wartenโ€š Der Platz neben mir - Part I + II.). Ganz egal๊ณผ Das Messer und die Wunde ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ •์น˜์  ํํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทน์šฐ์ฃผํŒŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. Hรคsslich, brutal und gewalttรคtig, Deutschland im Herbst, Hass-tler์™€ Ohne mich๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ScheiรŸegal, Schรถne neue Welt, Macht fรผr den der sie nicht will, Worte der Freiheit, Entfache dieses Feuer ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒ€์—ด, ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋ชฐ๋ฝํ›„์˜ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์œ ๊ณ ์Šฌ๋ผ๋น„์•„ ๋‚ด์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ถ€์กฑ, ๋™๋… ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ, ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•œ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋™ ์„ฑํญํ–‰, ์•„๋™ ์„ฑ๋งค๋งค ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ…Œ๋งˆ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณก Wie kann das sein("์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€, ๋ฐฉ์ฝ•๊ณผ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ๋ฅผ ์–ด์Šฌ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ฐฝ๋…€๋“ค...์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€โ€œ) โ€šViel zu jungโ€˜๊ณผ โ€šder nette Mann'์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋™ ์„ฑํญํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ง์„ค์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. Superstar์—์„œ๋Š” DSDS(Deutschland sucht den Superstar)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‡ผ๋ฅผ โ€š๋ˆ์— ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋จผ ์Œ์•…์‚ฐ์—…โ€˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์ปซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณก รœberstimuliert์™€ Regen์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”, ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒœํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ๋‹ค. Dunkler Ort์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋‘์šด ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค Kirche์—์„œ๋Š” ์นดํ†จ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ฆ˜, ๊ต์กฐ์ฃผ์˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์˜ ํƒœ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ, Gesichter des Todes ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ๋ˆ์„ ์ข‡๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, Exitus์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์•„๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ์•  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™” Kombat Sechzehn์˜ OST์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋œ 'Wenn du wirklich willst'์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์• ๋ฅผ, 'Das Wunder der Persรถnlichkeit', 'Mutier mit mir', 'Ich mache was ich will', 'Ich bin wie ich bin' ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ธฐ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์ด 'Wilde Zeit'(๊ฑฐ์นœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋“ค)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์ด ๋”์šฑ ์žฆ์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ณก Erinnerung ("๋‚œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žŠ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚œ ๋‚ด ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚ด ๊ธธ์„ ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•ด, ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์—ฌ ์ž˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ. ์•ˆ๋…•")์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜ ์‹ ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ”๋˜ Oi! ํŽ‘ํฌ ์”ฌ์„ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๋‚œ โ€“๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ- ์›์ธ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์ด ์‹œ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํŽ‘ํฌ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜€๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๋…น์Œํ•œ 1981๋…„์˜ ๊ณก Tรผrken raus ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๊ณก์—์„œ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” "Tรผrkenpack, raus aus unserm Land, geht zurรผck nach Ankara, denn ihr macht mich krank"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹ธ์›€์— ๋ง๋ ค๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ํ„ฐํ‚ค ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‚œ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜์—์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ โ€šํ„ฐํ‚ค์ธ์€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ผโ€˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ผ์ฐจ์› ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ณก โ€šOi,Oi,Oiโ€˜์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ Deutschland den Deutschen์—์„œ๋Š” Tรผrken raus์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋กœ ํ’€์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ณก์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํ˜์˜ค์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ 1981๋…„ ์˜ด๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ์•จ๋ฒ” โ€˜Kill the Hippiesโ€™์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก โ€˜SS-Staatโ€™์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด โ€œ๋‚˜์น˜์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์  ๋„๋ฐœโ€์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €์กฐํ•œ ์Œ์งˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋น„๋‚œ๋ก ์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ โ€œSS-Staat im Staate, wir wollenโ€™s nicht erleben"์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด "SS-Staat im Staate, wir wollenโ€™s miterleben"์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฌ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ํƒœ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ํŒฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๊ณก Tรผrken raus์™€ Deutschland den Deutschen์€ โ€ž๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹คโ€œ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ๋ฐ๋ชจํ…Œ์ž…์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์œ ํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šˆํ…ŒํŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. "๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ €์†ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์€ ๋ฐœ๋งค ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค." ์œ„ ๋‘ ๊ณก์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํŒ๋งค๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ ํŒ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์Œ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํŒ๋งค๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํŒ์ •๊ณผ ์••์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ๋ท”์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ณก๋“ค์ด ์ „๋ถ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‚œ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์žฅ ์ •๊ทœ ๋ฐ๋ท”์•จ๋ฒ” Der nette Mann(1984๋…„ 5์›” ๋ฐœ๋งค)์€ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก ์—ด๋„ค ๊ณก ์ค‘ ์—ฌ์„ฏ๊ณก์ด ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์œ ํ•ด ๋งค์ฒด๋ฌผ ์‹ฌ์˜ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์ง€๊ณก ํŒ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, 2๋…„ ํ›„์ธ 1986๋…„์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํŒ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ: Frankreich 84', Bรถhse Onkelz, ์„ ์ •์  ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ:Mรคdchen ํญ๋ ฅ ์ฐฌ์–‘์  ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ: Dr. Martens-Beat, FuรŸball und Gewalt , Der nette Mann. ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฌธ์„œ์—๋Š” ์›๊ณก์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๋‹จ์–ด์™€๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. 1985๋…„ Lรผbeck(๋คผ๋ฒก) ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ700๋ช…์˜ ์˜ค์ด! ์Šคํ‚จํ—ค๋“œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜๋“ค์ด ์šด์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ€๋นˆ์€ Deutschlandlied์˜ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์„ 'schwarz-rot-gold(ํ˜„์žฌ๋…์ผ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ ์ƒ‰)' ๋Œ€์‹  'schwarzโ€“weiรŸ-rot(ํ‘๋ฐฑ์ -๋‚˜์น˜๋…์ผ์˜ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ)' ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ผ€๋นˆ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์ฃผ๋จน์œผ๋กœ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” โ€ž๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ํ–‰๋™โ€œ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , "๊ทธ์˜ ๋…๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์— ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ์€ ๋”์šฑ ๋†’์•„์ ธ๋งŒ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒฌ๋“ค์€ ๋กœ์Šคํ† ํฌ์™€ ๋ฆฌํžˆํ…ํ•˜๊ฒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ™”ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ 93๋…„์— ์ž‘๊ณกํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ธ Deutschland im Herbst(๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„)์„ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์„ ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. "๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ ์ด๋‹ค/..../๊ทน์šฐํŒŒ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค/๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋„ˆ./ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ์Œ์„, ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค./๋ฌด์‹ํ•œ ์ž๋“ค, ํŒจ๋ฐฐ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค/..../์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง๊ณผ ๋„ˆํฌ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค./์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€ "์ด ๊ณก์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์“ด ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐด๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค."๋ผ๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ์•ˆ๋‚ด๋ฐฉ์†ก์—์„œ๋„ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ๊ทน์ขŒ, ๊ทน์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์  ํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ("์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์— ์ •์น˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."- ์Šˆํ…ŒํŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ) ๊ณต์—ฐ์žฅ์— ํ•˜์ผ„ํฌ๋กœ์ด์ธ (์ฒ ์‹ญ์ž)ํ˜น์€ ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ์‹ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์€ ๋ณด์•ˆ์š”์›์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ณต์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‚œ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, โ€ž๋…์ผ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์น˜์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ณผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ , ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์—ฐ ๋„์ค‘ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ํ–‰์œ„๋„ ์šฉ๋‚ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธโ€œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๊ณต์—ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜์ผ„ํฌ๋กœ์ด์ธ ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•๋ฌผ์„ ์›์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์— ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ช…์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—๋„ ๋น„๋‚œ์˜ ๋„๋งˆ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‚œ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€ โ€ž์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์† ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐโ€œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” Danke fรผr Nichts๋ผ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.: "๋„Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ โ€“ ๋‹ˆ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋ผ"์™€ "๋ฉฐ์น ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋„, ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋„ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ง„์‹ค์€ ๋„ค ์ด๋ฆ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋„ค ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค." ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” 1996๋…„ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋ฉ˜์˜ Rock-gegen-Rechts ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ทน์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ, ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธํ˜์˜ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜์˜ค ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์žฌ์ฐจ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋Š” Mensch?!๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋ฉ˜์˜ Stadthalle(์Šˆํƒ€ํŠธํ• ๋ ˆ)์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์ •๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ธˆ์ „์  ์ง€์›์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ  ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ธ๋””๋ฐด๋“œ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋ฉ˜์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฒญ์ด โ€š์™ธ๊ตญ์ธํ˜์˜คโ€˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—…์ ๋“ค์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜๋“ค์ด ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์žฅ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ์™ธ์ณค์œผ๋‚˜, ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ณด์•ˆ์š”์›๊ณผ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ Nazis raus(๋‚˜์น˜๋Š” ๊บผ์ ธ๋ผ!)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2001๋…„ 9์›” 3์ผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€์ฒญ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ๋ฒ•์ธ โ€œWirโ€๋Š” ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทน์šฐ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ๋‹ค. Kreator(ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ„ฐ), Destruction(๋””์ŠคํŠธ๋Ÿญ์…˜), Megaherz(๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ํ—ค๋ฅด์ธ )์™€ Sub7even(์„œ๋ธŒ์„ธ๋ธ)์ด ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์„ฐ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ˆ˜์ต๊ธˆ์€ 10๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒํšŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋น„๋‚œ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์Œ์•…๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ์™€ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ "๋‹ค๋ฆ„์Šˆํƒœํ„ฐ ์—์‡ผ"์˜ 1992๋…„ 11์›” 28์ผ์ž ๋…ผํ‰ "Was ist eine Jugendsรผnde?"์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ž Bert Hinsel (๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ํžŒ์ ค)์€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด "Arier on"(์•„๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ์กฑ์ด์—ฌ, ๊ณ„์† ์ง„๊ตฐํ•˜๋ผ)์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.(๋…ผํ‰ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์‚ญ์ œ) Noreira๋Š” ์•จ๋ฒ” Heilige Lieder์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณก์ธ๋ฐ ์›๋ž˜๋Š” Noreira๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ Noreia์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ผˆํŠธ์˜ ์‹ ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ดˆํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์‡„์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ 'r'ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆํŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋น„๋‹์ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํŒ LP์ปค๋ฒ„์—๋„ โ€šNoreiraโ€˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜น์กธํ•œ โ€š์ด์Šˆ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅโ€˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ 1996๋…„ ์•จ๋ฒ” E.I.N.S์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก Enie Tfahcstob rรผf Ediona-RAP (Eine Botschaft fรผr Paranoide - ํŽธ์ง‘์ฆ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๋†ˆ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์—ญ์ž ์ฃผ)โ€˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณก์„ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. "์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š๋ผ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ƒ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋„Œ ๋ถ„๋ช… ํŽธ์ง‘์ฆ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ์ฒญ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค ๋ณธ ๋†ˆ, ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ๊บผ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๋†ˆ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ์‚ฌํƒ„์ด๋‚˜ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜ ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋†ˆ๋“ค์ด๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์“ด๊ฑฐ๋‹ค. ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ง„์งœ ๋ฏธ๋ จํ•œ ๋†ˆ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ถ”์  ๋ง์ƒ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…€์„์ผ๊บผ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์Œํ•œ ๋†ˆ. ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์Œํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜ผ์ž ๋ฐฉ์— ๋ฐ•ํ˜€์„œ ๋ฌธ ์ž ๊ทธ๊ณ  ์—ด์‡ ๋‚˜ ๋˜์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ ค๋ผ.โ€œ 2001๋…„ 6์›”, ๋…์ผ ์Œ์•…๋ฐฉ์†ก์‚ฌ์ธ MTV Germany๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 'MTV Masters'์—์„œ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋“ค์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‹ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถ”ํ›„ MTV์™€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ผ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ MTV๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ดํ‹€์ „์— ๋งˆ์น˜ ํŽธ์ง‘์žฅ Leyla Piedayesh (๋ ˆ์ผ๋ผ ํ”ผ์—๋‹ค์˜ˆ์‰ฌ)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์œ„๋ผ๋„ ํ•˜๋“ฏ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ธ์„ ๋„ฃ์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MTV์ธก์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋ฅผ ์™œ๊ณกํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ MTV์ธก์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ MTV๋Š” Die ร„rzte(๋”” ์• ์–ด์ธ ํ…Œ), Afrob, D.Flamer๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ˆํ‹ฐ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ  ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,Sven Vรคth, Mark Spoon, Moses Pelham๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์นœ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ  ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋“ค์€ ์•„์˜ˆ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์กฐ์ฐจ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. MTV์™€์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜ ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„, ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์•จ๋ฒ” Keine Amnestie fรผr MTV (MTV๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์€ ์—†๋‹ค)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋ช…ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜๋กœ ๋‚™์ธ ์ฐํ˜€๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž, ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณผ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ถœ์ž…์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์žฅ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋“ค์€ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋”” ํ† ํŠผ ํ˜ธ์  (Die Toten Hosen)์˜ ๋ณด์ปฌ Campino(์บ„ํ”ผ๋…ธ)๋Š” Frankfurter Rundschau(ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌํ‘ธ๋ฅดํ„ฐ ๋ฃฌํŠธ์ƒค์šฐ)์ง€์™€ 1998๋…„ 12์›” 12์ผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ "์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜ ์ฐŒ๋„๋ ˆ๊ธฐ"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ โ€ž์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ 20๋…„ ์ „์— ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹คโ€œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ๊ณ , โ€ž์ด์ œ๋Š” ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•˜๋“œ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ๋กœ ๋ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค...์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚œ ์ข€ ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹คโ€œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ธ ๋”” ์• ์–ด์ธ ํ…Œ(Die ร„rzte)์˜ 'Schrei nach Liebe'์—๋Š” "Zwischen Stรถrkraft und den Onkelz steht 'ne Kuschelrock-LP"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” Unplugged Rockโ€™nโ€™Roll Realschule ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์˜ ์›๊ตฌ์ ˆ "zwischen Stรถrkraft und den andern"์„ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ Farin Urlaub(ํŒŒ๋ฆฐ ์šฐ์–ด๋ผ์šฐํ”„)๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€œ์ด๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ํŒฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜โ€œ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋“œ๋””์–ด ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๊ตฌ๋‚˜!!!โ€œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ€žZwischen Stรถrkraft und den anderenโ€œ ์ด ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์€ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์น˜๋ฐด๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋†“๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—†๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ณ„์† โ€˜den anderenโ€™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ โ€˜onkelzโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ณต์—ฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๊ฐ„์— ๋‚ด ์•Œ๋ฐ” ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€ ๋‘ ๋ฐด๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” 1996๋…„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ ์•จ๋ฒ” โ€šE.I.N.Sโ€˜์—์„œ โ€žIhr sollt den Tag nicht vor dem Abend loben(๊น€์นซ๊ตญ ์ณ ๋งˆ์‹œ์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ)โ€œ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ง์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€ž๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋’ค์…€๋„๋ฅดํ”„์— ์•ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•œ๋‹คโ€œ(๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋’ค์…€๋„๋ฅดํ”„๋Š” Die ร„rzte์™€ die Toten Hosen์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋‹ค.) โ€ž์ธ๋ฏผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•„ํŽธ/ ๊บผ์ ธ๋ผ/ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์„ ํ˜์˜คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€/ ๊ทผ๋ฐ ๋‚ด ์ง„์งœ ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ฑด๋ฐ/ ๋‹ˆ๋“ค ๊น€์นซ๊ตญ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ฝ” ๋‹ค์นœ๋‹ค!" ์ธ๋ฏผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•„ํŽธ(Opium fรผrs Volk)์€ die Toten Hosen์˜ 1996๋…„ ์•จ๋ฒ” ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฟ์ด๋‚˜ ์ณ๋จน์–ด๋ผ(ScheiรŸe fรผr die Massen)์€ die ร„rzte์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” โ€šMotherfucker 666โ€˜์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์†Œ์ ˆ "Ich scheiรŸ auf Ihre MaรŸe"๋ฅผ ์ธ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ โ€š์นœ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ํŒŒโ€˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ž˜ํผ Moses Pelham(๋ชจ์ œ์Šค ํŽ ํ•จ), Kรถln(์พฐ๋ฅธ)์ถœ์‹  ๋ก๋ฐด๋“œ BAP์˜ ๋ณด์ปฌ Wolfgang Niedecken(๋ณผํ”„๊ฐ• ๋‹ˆ์—๋ฐ์ผ„), ํ…Œํฌ๋…ธDJ Sven Vรคth(์ฆˆ๋ฒค ๋ฐฐํŠธ)์™€ Mark Spoon(๋งˆํฌ ์Šคํ‘ผ)๋“ฑ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์—…๊ณ„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋ฉ˜์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ฏผ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ด€ Dagmar Lill(๋‹ค๊ทธ๋งˆ ๋ฆด), ๋…น์ƒ‰๋‹น ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ Daniel Cohn-Bendit(๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ์ฝ˜-๋ฒค๋””ํŠธ), ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ Alice Schwarzer(์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์Šˆ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ฒ˜)๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ์™€ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜์˜ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜ ์‹ ์€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜๋“ค์€ "์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ Landser(๋ž€์ฒ˜)๋Š” 1995๋…„์˜ ๊ณก KPS์—์„œ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ๊ณก โ€žSignum des Verrats(1985๋…„ Bรถse Menschen โ€“ Bรถse Lieder์•จ๋ฒ” ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก)์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ "๋ตˆ์ œ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ , ๋‹ˆ๋“ค ์˜›๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋ฉ‹์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ/๋‹ˆ๋“ค๋„ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€/ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชป๋œ ์žฅ๋‚œ์„ ์ณค์ง€/์•„์ฃผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ/๋‹ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์˜›๋‚  ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•œ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ?/ ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์€ (๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์„) ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊บผ๋‹ค/์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฐ์‹ ์ž์˜ ๋‚™์ธ์ด/๋„ˆํฌ ์–ผ๊ตด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์ฐํ˜€์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜์น˜๋ฐด๋“œ Zillertaler Tรผrkenjรคger(์น ๋Ÿฌํƒˆ๋Ÿฌ ํŠ€์–ด์ผ„์–˜๊ฑฐ)๋Š” ํŒ๋งค๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์•จ๋ฒ” 12 Doitsche Stimmungshits์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก 1001 Nacht์—์„œ ์Šˆํ…ŒํŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ Klaus Farin(ํด๋ผ์šฐ์Šค ํŒŒ๋ฆฐ)์€ 2001๋…„์˜ ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ "๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆํ‹ฐ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ  ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์ด 20๊ณก๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋œ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŒฌ์„ 'Neffen und Nichten'(์กฐ์นด๋“ค)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ์™€ ํŒฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘ํ…๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์•จ๋ฒ” Ein bรถses Mรคrchen โ€ฆ aus tausend finsteren Nรคchten์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก 'Danke'์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1996๋…„ ๋ฐœ๋งค์ž‘์ธ E.I.N.S๋Š” ๋ฝ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง€(Rock Hard, Metal Hammer)์˜ ๋…์ž ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ก€ โ€š์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ—ค๋น„๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”'์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋‹น์‹œ์— ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๋””์Šค์ฝ”๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํŒ๋งค๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ, ๋ผ์šฐ์ง€์ธ  ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋Œ€ํ–‰์‚ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ธก์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋ผ์šฐ์ง€์ธ ์˜ ์œ ๋กœ ์Šคํ”ผ๋“œ ์›จ์ด(EuroSpeedwat Lausitz)์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ณ„์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ 12๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์šด์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 6๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ชจ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•  ๋™์•ˆ ์บ ํ•‘์žฅ์†Œ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ด์ฒดํ•œ ํ›„์—๋„ ์‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งค๋…„ ๋…์ผ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ G.O.N.D(GrรถรŸte Onkelz Nacht Deutschlands)์˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 2009๋…„์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 1๋งŒ 8์ฒœ๋ช…์ด ์šด์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1985๋…„ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” Tabea Blumenstein์˜ Zagarbata๋ผ๋Š” TV์˜ํ™”์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์Šคํ‚จํ—ค๋“œ์™€ ํŽ‘ํฌ ๋ฌด๋ธŒ๋จผํŠธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ํ‹ฐ์…”์ธ  ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ˆ˜์ต๊ธˆ์„ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋‹จ์ฒด 'Gesellschaft zur Rettung der Delphine e.V'์™€ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ์ฟ ์Šค์ฝ”์˜ ์•„๋™๋ณต์ง€์‹œ์„ค 'Casa de Milagros'(์นด์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๊ทธ๋กœ์Šค)๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” Chandler Sky Foundation, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ”ผ๋‚œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ง๋ช…์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•จ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์ฒด์— ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ทœ์•จ๋ฒ”๋ชฉ๋ก (์•จ๋ฒ” ๋ชฉ๋ก ์ „์ฒด๋Š” Bรถhse Onkelz/Diskografie ์ฐธ์กฐ) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1980๋…„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋œ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋…์ผ์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋…์ผ์˜ ํ—ค๋น„ ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ๋ฐด๋“œ 4์ธ์กฐ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2005๋…„ ํ•ด์ฒด๋œ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6hse%20Onkelz
Bรถhse Onkelz
Bรถhse Onkelz (), sensational spelling of bรถse Onkels (German for "evil uncles") is a German rock band formed in Frankfurt in 1980. The band reunited in 2014. Despite mass-media criticism concerning their past as skinheads, several of their later records topped the German album charts (selling over 5,338,000 records and 425,000 videos or DVDs). E.I.N.S. was their most successful album, with over 510,000 copies sold. History 1980โ€“1981: Founding Inspired by bands like the Sex Pistols and the Ramones, Bรถhse Onkelz began in November 1980 in Hรถsbach as a punk rock band. Founding members were Stephan "Der W" Weidner, Kevin Russell and Peter "Pe" Schorowsky. According to the official band biography, its name originated when teenagers in their neighbourhood warned their younger siblings about them with the words Vorsicht, da sind die bรถsen Onkels! Their name was an intentionally incorrect spelling of "evil uncles" (bรถse Onkel). Before that, they called themselves "Beulenpest" for two weeks (as seen on the Tour 2000 film). Initially, the band played primarily in the Frankfurt am Main area. Bรถhse Onkelz maintained its initial lineup until Matthias Rรถhr (nicknamed "Gonzo", after the Ted Nugent album of the same name) joined them in 1981. Musically he was the most experienced of the group, having played guitar for six years and playing in other bands (such as Antikรถrper). Since Weidner played guitar, Matthias started out on bass; however, they switched instruments before their first recordings for the punk sampler Soundtracks zum Untergang 2. 1981โ€“1985: Skinhead scene Soundtracks zum Untergang 2 (Soundtracks for the Downfall, Vol. 2) was a left-wing-oriented punk sampler, on which Bรถhse Onkelz featured in the band's first widely released recording. However, the movement behind that sampler - which at that time has been seen as being apolitical - moved further towards anarchism, so the band lost interest in that subculture. Football became more important in their lives, particularly the fights surrounding it. The band initially considered itself part of the (originally nonpolitical) Oi! subgenre, but it made its first shift to the political right during the early 1980s. The album Der nette Mann was released in 1984 by the Rock-O-Rama label, which had left its punk roots behind and concentrated on records by neo-Nazi and far-right bands. This album was 'indexed' in September 1986 because of its (alleged) sexism and glorification of violence. The album also contained the patriotic songs "Stolz" ("Pride") and "Deutschland" ("Germany"), which endeared the band to the far-right scene. The album was followed by Bรถse Menschen โ€“ Bรถse Lieder in 1985. Shortly after the release of the Mexico EP in late 1985, the band split with Rock-O-Rama; it had been defrauded of royalties and was concerned about the growing far-right reputation of the label, which did not represent its viewpoint. In 1985, Bรถhse Onkelz appeared in the TV movie Zagarbata by Tabea Blumenschein. The film was a ZDF co-production, directed by Christoph Dreher, about the skinhead and punk subcultures of the early 1980s. 1986โ€“1992: Banning and media attention Apart from the indexing of Der nette Mann in 1986, things were calm around the band after its departure from the skinhead scene. After one charity concert, there were no live performances until 1989. In 1987 they released the album Onkelz wie wir..., followed by Kneipenterroristen in 1988. The albums contained songs about drinking and violence, but were richer musically and lyrically. Despite Russell's alcohol and heroin addictions, the band continued to work together. During this period the band was ignored by the media; however, this changed with the growing album sales of Es ist soweit, Wir hamโ€™ noch lange nicht genug and Heilige Lieder. On 16 June 1990 the band's best friend, Andreas "Trimmi" Trimborn, was stabbed to death during an incident at a bar in Frankfurt's Sachsenhausen district. Two days later, Bรถhse Onkelz supporters located the assailant: a Bundeswehr soldier whose father held high military rank. The killer was acquitted; the judge stated that Bรถhse Onkelz and its entourage were known to be violent, and the stabbing was committed in self-defense. Even today, all witnesses reject the claim that Trimmi threatened the killer and his companion (both of whom had allegedly snorted cocaine minutes before the incident). Russell fell into a deep depression over the loss of his friend, masking his grief with drugs and alcohol; his substance-abuse habits became so destructive that he almost died. The songs "Nur die besten sterben jung" ("Only the best die young") and "Der Platz neben mir" ("The place beside me") were written for Trimmi. 1992โ€“1997: Commercial success and criticism In 1992, with no marketing, the album Heilige Lieder rose to No. 5 on the German LP charts. Despite its increasing commercial success, the band bore the stigma of being part of the right wing until its end. The Onkelz faced considerable criticism, which led to radio stations refusing to play their songs. Many observers did not believe that the band had "seen the light", considering their exit from the skinhead scene as a stratagem to avoid bans and prosecution. The band's reputation suffered, due to several poorly researched articles written about them. In response, Weidner wrote songs such as "Fahrt zur Hรถlle" ("Go to Hell") for WeiรŸ and "Danke fรผr nichts" ("Thanks for Nothing") for Hier sind die Onkelz (Here are the Onkelz). Large department stores, such as Media Markt, World of Music (WOM) and Saturn, refused to sell their albums. By the end of the 1990s, however, Media Markt and WOM relented. Only Saturn refused to sell them until the band's final album, Adios in 2005 (which, with their other later albums, topped the charts for several weeks). Since the early 1990s the Onkelz repeatedly took public positions against extremism of any kind, referring to themselves as outsiders with no political affiliation. In 1993, on their album WeiรŸ (referring to the Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen), the band recorded its first song clearly disapproving of right-wing extremism: "Deutschland im Herbst" ("Germany in Autumn"). Singing about "braune ScheiรŸe" ("brown scum") (referring to the colour of the NSDAP), "ich sehe blinden Hass, blinde Wut, feige Morde, Kinderblut" ("I see blind hatred, blind anger, cowardly murders, children's blood") and "blinde Parolen von Idioten und Verlierern" ("blind slogans from idiots and losers"). The song "Ohne mich" ("Without me") from their 1998 album Viva los Tioz speaks out against right- and left-wing extremism. The lyrics of the first verse argue that anti-fascists were, in fighting the band, not seeing their real enemy and were no better than fascists (at whom the second verse, which consists mostly of swearing, is directed). The band also acknowledges its past in the skinhead scene, singing: "Ihr seid dumm geboren, genau wie ich. Doch was ich lernte, lernt ihr nicht." ("You were born dumb just like me. But what I learned, you do not.") In 1994 the band moved to Virgin Records (its first major label), for which they released the album Hier sind die Onkelz a year later; it reached No. 5 on the album charts. The 1996 album E.I.N.S. followed (No. 4 on the charts), and its title was interpreted by some in the media as Eigentlich immer noch Skins (In Fact, Still Skins). The album featured a song, "Enie Tfahcstob rรผf Ediona-RAP", addressing this criticism. E.I.N.S was named in reader polls of music magazines (Rock Hard and Metal Hammer) one of the top 10 Best Metal Album of All Time (although it was not their best-seller). Since the mid-1990s, the band referred to their fans as "nephews" and "nieces", strengthening the communal spirit expressed in the song "Danke" from their album Ein bรถses Mรคrchen...aus tausend finsteren Nรคchten. 1997โ€“2004: No. 1 on the charts The band has a large fan base, and is one of the most successful German music groups. In 1998, they sold about 300,000 copies of the album Viva los tioz within the first 48 hours after release. In 2000 they released Ein bรถses Mรคrchen, their first album under their new record label (rule23 Recordings) and produced their first music video for the single "Dunkler Ort", which was broadcast on MTV. Later, an MTV Masters special about the Onkelz was made (which the band disliked). In 2002 they released the diss track "Keine Amnestie fรผr MTV" ("No Amnesty for MTV"), indicating that they would never work together in the future. In 2002 the Onkelz released the album Dopamin, which was recorded on the Spanish island of Ibiza and mastered at Abbey Road Studios in London. On 8 August 2003, despite negative publicity, the Bรถhse Onkelz were a supporting act for The Rolling Stones at their concert in the open-air arena at the Hanover Fairground. That year they played a club tour in Germany under their alias, "Los Tioz" (Spanish for "Die Onkelz"). 2004โ€“2005: Career end When the band's five-year contract with Virgin ended in 2003 they found a new distributor in SPV GmbH for their final album, Adios. On 24 May 2004 the Onkelz officially announced their retirement from the music business. After the release of the album, a performance at the Wacken Open Air in August 2004 and the sold-out "La Ultima" tour, their farewell show took place on 17 and 18 June 2005 at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz (in Lusatia, Brandenburg) under the name Vaya Con Tioz before an audience of approximately 120,000. It was the largest open-air show by a German band in history. Supporting bands included Motรถrhead, Machine Head, JBO, In Extremo, Psychopunch, Children of Bodom, Pro-Pain and the Onkelz cover bands Enkelz and Kneipenterroristen. 2005โ€“2013: Aftermath On 16 February 2007 their last concert was released on four DVDs entitled Vaya Con Tioz (Spanish for "go with the Onkelz"), a play on "Vaya con dios" ("Go with God"). In 2008 it was given an Echo (music award) in the category Musik-DVD-Produktion (national). In November 2007 the Onkelz released a new version of their album Onkelz wie wir... as their only chance to regain musical rights for their songs (which still belonged to their former label, Metal Enterprises. Weidner and Rรถhr have since released two solo albums and one Live album. On New Year's Eve 2009, Russell was involved in a hit-and-run auto accident under the influence of drugs in which two young men were seriously injured. On 4 October 2010, he was sentenced to two years and three months in prison by the Frankfurt am Main court. Events concerning Bรถhse Onkelz are organised in Germany, such as G.O.N.D. (GrรถรŸte Onkelz Nacht Deutschlands) (Biggest Onkelz Night of Germany) which has been held since 2006. In 2011, around 20,000 people attended. 2014: Comeback In late 2013 the E.I.N.S GmbH was founded by the two band members Matthias "Gonzo" Rรถhr and Peter "Pe" Schorowsky. E.I.N.S. GmbH was founded for planning and realizing concerts. From 20 January rumors began to spread around, that the band plans a comeback. On 1 February 2014 they launched a trailer on their official website, stating they would play a concert together and revealed the date and the location, which will be on 20 June on the German race track Hockenheimring. Later, the band posted a statement on Facebook in which they announced, that further things (like a tour or a new album) could happen, if the fans do want so. Music and lyrics The band's musical style has changed several times. Originally they played punk rock, beginning with their demo album. They were heavily inspired by punk bands (such as the Sex Pistols and the Ramones) and Oi! bands like Sham 69, Cock Sparrer and Angelic Upstarts. Their music was stylistically similar to Oi! during the early and mid-1980s, and later to heavy metal and hard rock. Russell's vocals have been a distinctive part of the band's style. On later albums, the band experimented with a variety of musical styles. The song "1000 Fragen" ("1000 Questions") is a tribute to The Doors, featuring metaphysical lyrics and organ music. On the album Viva los tioz they combined hard rock rhythms with electronic music. An Indian sitar was used in the song "Einmal" from the album Adios. The nickname of guitarist "Gonzo" is derived from the album Double Live Gonzo by Ted Nugent (an influence on Gonzo). He and Stephan Weidner were also fans of American blues rock musician Stevie Ray Vaughan, to whom they dedicated the instrumental "Tribute to Stevie" on their 1993 album WeiรŸ. The first song on most of their albums serves as an introduction to the band. Many of their songs are directed against their critics (particularly journalists)โ€”for example, "Danke fรผr nichts", "Zeig mir den Weg", "Jaja", "Keine Amnestie fรผr MTV". In earlier years, the Onkelz also sang drinking songs such as "Heute trinken wir richtig", "Alkohol" and "Freibier". The lyrics of later albums concern the meaning of life, as a line from "Finde die Wahrheit" demonstrates: "Denn die Wege sind lang, und selbst der Tod ist nicht ihr Ende, wach endlich auf!" ("For the paths are long, and even death isn't their end, wake up already!"). Similar songs include "Wieder mal 'nen Tag verschenkt", "Stand der Dinge", "Das Problem bist Du" and "Dunkler Ort". The trial of the murderer of Andreas "Trimmi" Trimborn was mentioned in several songs ("Nur die Besten sterben jung", "So geht's Dir (Deine Hรถlle)", "Das Messer und die Wunde", "Ganz egal" and "Der Platz neben mir"). Other subjects addressed in the band's lyrics are individualism, finding oneself and self-love. In "Wenn Du wirklich willst", they sing "Sei du selbst, steh zu dir, die Wahrheit wird gelebt und nicht doziert. Du bist was du warst und du wirst sein was Du tust, beginne dich zu lieben, und du findest, was du suchst" ("Be yourself, stand for you, the truth is lived and is not taught. You are what you were and you will be what you do, begin to love yourself and you will find what you are searching for."). Songs like "Das Wunder der Persรถnlichkeit", "Mutier mit mir", "Ich mache was ich will" and "Ich bin wie ich bin" are other examples. In later albums the past is repeatedly addressed, often concerning the wild experiences of band members. The song "Erinnerungen" contains the lines Ich erinner' mich gern an diese Zeit, eine Zeit die man nie vergiรŸt. Doch ich muss mein Leben leben, meinen Weg alleine gehn, mach's gut, Du schรถne Zeit, auf Wiederseh'n ("I gladly remember that time, a time that you never forget. But I have to live my life, have to go my way alone. Farewell, beautiful time, goodbye"), referring to the band's exit from the skinhead scene. The songs "Ein langer Weg", "ScheiรŸe passiert", "Nie wieder", "Flammen", "Deutschland im Herbst", "Buch der Erinnerungen" and "Ohne mich" have a similar motif. Accusations of right-wing extremism The band has been accusedโ€”despite many protestsโ€”of extreme right-wing tendencies, with their 1981 song "Tรผrken raus" cited as an example. This song was written during their punk phase, and the band says it was written as a reaction to a specific Turkish gang with whom they often fought. Critics claim that the song does not refer to a specific group, but demands that "all Turks have to go". The band contends that it was only an example of their primitive way of thinking at that time. The 1983 song "Deutschland den Deutschen" ("Germany For Germans") is also often mentioned; however, the band says that this song was also written in reaction to their experiences on the street. Another song from 1981, "SS-Staat" ("SS State") on Kill the Hippies โ€“ Oi!, is (according to the band) "a glaringly provocative anti-Nazi song". Due to poor recording quality, the line "SS-Staat im Staate, wir wollen's nicht erleben" ("SS state in the state, we don't want to experience it") can be misunderstood as "SS-Staat im Staate, wir wollen's mit erleben" ("SS state in the state, we want to experience it"). "Tรผrken raus" and "Deutschland den Deutschen" were never officially released; they were distributed by copying the demo tapes. Weidner said: "The lyrics were stupid, and of course there was never a release of this song; of course, there will be never such a release." The first two records of the band were released on the Rock-O-Rama label, during the mid 80's mostly known by releasing neonazi bands like Skrewdriver. The band has denied all right-wing accusations since 1985, and has written several songs against extremism, totalitarianism and racism. Later political songs promote independent opinion and oppose hate. Band members Kevin Russell โ€“ lead vocals (1980โ€“present) Stephan Weidner โ€“ bass, vocals (1980โ€“present) Peter Schorowsky โ€“ drums, percussion (1980โ€“present) Matthias Rรถhr โ€“ guitars (1981โ€“present) Discography Studio albums 1984: Der nette Mann (banned in Germany) (Rock-O-Rama Records) 1985: Bรถse Menschen โ€“ Bรถse Lieder (Rock-O-Rama Records) 1987: Onkelz wie wir... (Metal Enterprises) 1988: Kneipenterroristen (Metal Enterprises) 1990: Es ist soweit (Metal Enterprises) 1991: Wir ham' noch lange nicht genug (Bellaphon Records) 1992: Heilige Lieder (Bellaphon Records) 1993: WeiรŸ (Bellaphon Records) 1993: Schwarz (Bellaphon Records) 1995: Hier sind die Onkelz (Virgin Records) 1996: E.I.N.S. (Virgin Records) 1998: Viva los tioz (Virgin Records) 2000: Ein bรถses Mรคrchen โ€ฆ aus tausend finsteren Nรคchten (Rule 23) 2002: Dopamin (Rule 23) 2004: Adios (Regel 23, formerly Rule 23) 2007: Onkelz wie wir (re-recording, Rule 23) 2016: Memento (Matapaloz) 2020: Bรถhse Onkelz (Matapaloz) Since 2001, the albums released on the Bellaphon label have been distributed by SPV/regel23. The albums from the Metal Enterprises era (Kneipenterroristen, Es ist soweit, and the EP Lรผgenmarsch) have been distributed with a different cover by SPV/regel23 since March 2005. The album Onkelz wie wirโ€ฆ was re-recorded and released on 2 November 2007. On 4 December 2009, a remastered version of Onkelz wie wir... was released as Onkelz wie wir (Black Edition) by Reflex Distribution & Media (Intergroove), which bought the rights from Metal Enterprises. Singles Awards & record certifications Awards Record certifications Further reading Edmund Hartsch, Bรถhse Onkelz, Danke fรผr nichts, . Klaus Farin, Buch der Erinnerungen, . Cornelius Peltz, Hesse trifft Hesse โ€“ Eine Reise ins Universum der Persรถnlichkeit mit Hermann Hesse und Stephan Weidner, buy at Archiv der Jugendkulturen. Matthias Gonzo Rรถhr, Ralph Larmann: Meine letzten 48 Stunden mit den Bรถhsen Onkelz I.P. Verlag Jeske/Mader "2006โ€œ, . References External links Official website (English) Official website (German) Peter "Pe" Schorowsky Matthias "Gonzo" Rรถhr Stephan Weidner Musical groups established in 1980 Musical groups disestablished in 2005 German rock music groups German hard rock musical groups German heavy metal musical groups German punk rock groups German musical quartets Musical groups from Frankfurt Echo (music award) winners
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B0%20%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%84%202012
์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012
์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012(, ์ด์ „์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ ์ด๋ฆ„: ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 8)๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด์ž, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2008 R2์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š”๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 9์›” 4์ผ์— ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž‘๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012๋Š” ์•„์ดํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์—„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์—๋””์…˜์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2008 R2์— ๊ฒฌ์ฃผ์–ด ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋œ ํ•˜์ดํผ-V ๋ฒ„์ „, IP ์ฃผ์†Œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—ญํ• , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์ž‘์—… ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž, ReFS, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012, ์ฝ”๋“œ๋„ค์ž„ "์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 8",์€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ ์ค‘ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 4์›” 17์ผ, ์ตœ์ข… ์ œํ’ˆ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด "์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012"๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋Š” 2011๋…„ 9์›” 9์ผ BUILD 2011 ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์™€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋Š” MSDN ๊ตฌ๋…์ž์— ํ•œ์ •ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์œ ์ € ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 2์›” 16์ผ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋งˆ๊ฐ์ผ์„ 2012๋…„ 4์›” 8์ผ์—์„œ 2012๋…„ 1์›” 15์ผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ๋นŒ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „, ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋นŒ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ๋ฒ„์ „์€ 2012๋…„ 2์›” 29์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ์ปจ์Šˆ๋จธ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ›„๋ณด๋Š” 2012๋…„ 5์›” 31์ผ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ œํ’ˆ์€ 2012๋…„ 8์›” 1์ผ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„ฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 9์›” 4์ผ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012 ์—์„ผ์…œ์€ 2012๋…„ 10์›” 9์ผ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„ฐ๊ณ . 2012๋…„ 11์›” 1์ผ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 9์›” 23์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ, ๋“œ๋ฆผ์ŠคํŒŒํฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์ƒ์€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012 ์Šคํƒ ๋‹ค๋“œ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2008 R2์™€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  x86-64 CPU (64๋น„ํŠธ)๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2008์€ ์ด์ „ IA-32 (32๋น„ํŠธ) ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์—์„œ๋„ ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ๋ฐฑ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ณต์œ  ํ’€๋”์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด์ „ ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„œ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012๋กœ ๋งˆ์ด๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ํŠน์ง• ์„ค์น˜ ์˜ต์…˜ ์ด์ „ ๋ฒ„์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์„ค์น˜ ์—†์ด ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์ฝ”์–ด๊ณผ GUI ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์˜ค๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ค์น˜ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋งจ๋“œ ๋ผ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์ฝ”์–ด ์˜ต์…˜์ด ์ด์ œ ๊ถŒ์žฅ ์„ค์ •์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ค์น˜ ์˜ต์…˜์œผ๋กœ GUI ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํ†ฑ, ์…ธ ํ˜น์€ ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” MMC์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์ฝ”์–ด ๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์Šคํ† ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ Windows PowerShell์—๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2008 R2์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์–ด 2์—ฌ๊ฐœ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2300๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์—… ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012 ์—์„  ๊ตฌ ๋ฒ„์ „๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์ž‘์—… ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„  ํƒญ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜๋งŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ํƒญ์—์„ , ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ์–ด๋‘์šด ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์ •๋ณด ํƒญ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํƒญ์—์„  "CPU", "๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ", "๋””์Šคํฌ", "Wi-Fi" ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "์ด๋”๋„ท" ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8์˜ ์ž‘์—… ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, "๋””์Šคํฌ" ํ™œ๋™๋Ÿ‰ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. CPUํƒญ์—์„  ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ต์…˜ ์„ค์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ, ๊ฐ ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋…ธ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ 64๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” CPU ํƒญ์— ์—ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด ๋งต์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋‘์šด ์ƒ‰์กฐ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์ปค์„œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ์˜ NUMA ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ํ•ด๋‹น ID (์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ) ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ, ์‹œ์ž‘ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ๋‹ด๊ธด ์‹œ์ž‘ ํƒญ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ํƒญ์€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์—์„  ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ ์ž‘์—… ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์Šคํ† ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ •์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ์ผ ๋•Œ ์ธ์‹๋œ๋‹ค. IP ์ฃผ์†Œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ (IPAM) ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” IP ์ฃผ์†Œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด IPAM์€ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๋„ค์ž„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ (DNS) ๋ฐ ๋™์  ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ (DHCP) ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. IPv4, IPv6 ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ง€์›๋œ๋‹ค. ์•กํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์—์„  ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2008 R2์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์•กํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•กํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์„ค์น˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์•ˆ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„น์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  GUI๊ฐ€ ์•กํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํœด์ง€ํ†ต์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์•ˆ์— ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™”์—๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™”๋œ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012๋กœ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์—์„œ ์ „๋ถ€ ์ž‘์—…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•กํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŽ˜๋”๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ์„œ ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋ฉด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•กํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŽ˜๋”๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํด๋ ˆ์ž„์ด ์ผ€๋ฅด๋ฒ ๋กœ์Šค ํ† ํฐ์— ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•กํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ธ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํŒŒ์›Œ์…ธ ๋ช…๋ น์–ด๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์›Œ์…ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ทฐ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Hyper-V ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์—์„  ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ๋นŒ๋“œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์— ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ Hyper-V์˜ ์ƒˆ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. Hyper-V์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™”, ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ํ…Œ๋„Œ์‹œ, ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์ž์› ํ’€, ์‚ฌ๋‚ด ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋ฐฑ์—…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ, ์ด์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ž์› ์†Œ๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ œํ•œ๋“ค์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์™„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ Hyper-V์— ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋จธ์‹ ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์€ .vhdx ํฌ๋งท์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ ํ•˜๋“œ ๋””์Šคํฌ ๋‹น ์ตœ๋Œ€ 64๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ, 1ํ…Œ๋ผ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  64 ํ…Œ๋ผ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋””์Šคํฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‹น ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1024 ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋จธ์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŽ˜์ผ์˜ค๋ฒ„ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋‹น ์ตœ๋Œ€ 8์ฒœ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8์—์„  Hyper-V์— SLAT ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์—์„  ์ถ”๊ฐ€ RemoteFX ์—ญํ• ๋งŒ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ReFS ๋ณต์› ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ (ReFS), ์ฝ”๋“œ๋„ค์ž„ "Protogon" (ํ”„๋กœํ† ๊ณค)์ด ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ NTFS๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ผ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ReFS์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋””์Šคํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ReFS๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜จ๋””์Šคํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— B+ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ˜• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ๋‚ด ํŒŒ์ผ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ํด๋” ๋‚ด ํŒŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜, ์ด ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ํด๋” ์ˆ˜๋Š” 64๋น„ํŠธ ์ˆซ์ž ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํŒŒ์ผ ํฌ๊ธฐ 16 ์—‘์‚ฌ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ตœ๋Œ€ 18.4 ร— 1018๊ฐœ์˜ ํด๋” ๋ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ 1 ์š”ํƒ€๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ (64 KB์˜ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ํฌํ•จ)์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ฐ ํด๋” ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์ œํ•œ ์—†์ด ํฐ ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. (ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์ œํ•œ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ ์šฉ๋จ). ์—ฌ์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ํฐ ์ฒญํฌ, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ฒญํฌ, ์ž‘์€ ์ฒญํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์ธต ํ• ๋‹น์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒŒ์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ผ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” 32KB ์œ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ํฐ ์ฒญํฌ, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ž‘์€ ์ฒญํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์ธต ํ• ๋‹น์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ผ ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 32KB ์œ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ ๋ณต์› ReFS๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒˆ ์ฒญํฌ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ IO ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ ํ• ๋‹น ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ReFS ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์žฅ๋˜๋Š” 64 ๋น„ํŠธ ์ฒดํฌ์„ฌ์ด ๋‚ด์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์— ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŒŒ์ผ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „๋žต๋„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ ํ• ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํŒŒ์ผ๊ณผ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์†์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์†์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „์ฒด ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์› ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‚ด์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š” ReFS๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์‹œ CHKDSK์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด API ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ ReFS๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ API๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ReFS ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ์ž‘๋™๋œ๋‹ค. ReFS๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋ฐ NTFS์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ธ BitLocker ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”, ์ ‘๊ทผ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ, USN ์ €๋„, ์•Œ๋ฆผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ์‹ฌ๋ณผ๋ฆญ ๋งํฌ, ์ •์…˜ ํฌ์ธํŠธ, ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ํฌ์ธํŠธ, ๋ฆฌํŒŒ์Šค ํฌ์ธํŠธ, ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ์Šค๋ƒ…์ƒท, ํŒŒ์ผ ID, ๋ฐ oplock์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ReFS๋Š” ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™” ๊ณ„์ธต์ธ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ๋ง ๋ฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ดํ•‘์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐ„ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ํ’€์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ReFS ๋ณต์› ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ๋ง๋œ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์ฒดํฌ์„ฌ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์ •์ƒ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฑ๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์Šคํฌ๋Ÿฌ๋น™ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์†์ƒ๋œ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฒด ID, ์ถ•์•ฝ ์ด๋ฆ„, ํŒŒ์ผ ์ปดํ”„๋ ˆ์…˜, ํŒŒ์ผ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํŠธ๋žœ์žญ์…˜, ํ•˜๋“œ ๋งํฌ, ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ์†์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋””์Šคํฌ ์ธ์šฉ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ NTFS ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ReFS์— ์ง€์›๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŒŒ์Šค ํŒŒ์ผ์€ ์ง€์›๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋ช…๋œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›์€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8.1, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012 R2์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ReFS๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ค‘๋ณต ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ๋ง ํ˜น์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ดํ”„ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ํ’€์˜ ๋™์  ๋””์Šคํฌ๋Š” ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012 ์—์„œ๋Š”, ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ž๋™ ์—๋Ÿฌ ์ •์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ๋ง๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ง€์›๋œ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ž๋™ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8.1, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012 R2์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ReFS์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํŒ…์€ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ง€์›๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. IIS 8.0 ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ •๋ณด ์„œ๋น„์Šค (IIS)์˜ 8.0 ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. IIS์˜ ์ƒˆ ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์ด๋ฆ„ ์ธ๋””์ผ€์ด์…˜, ๊ฐ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ํ• ๋‹น๋œ CPU์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ์ค‘์•™ํ™”๋œ SSL ์ธ์ฆ์„œ, ์›น ์†Œ์ผ“ ์ง€์› ๋ฐ NUMA์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์› ๊ฐœ์„  ๋“ฑ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํ†ฑ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ 8.0 ์›๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํ†ฑ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ˜• ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ (์ง„๋ณด๋œ ๋ Œ๋”๋ง ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค), TCP ํ˜น์€ UDP์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „์†ก ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ์ž๋™ ์„ ํƒ, ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ํ„ฐ์น˜ ์ง€์›, vGPU์„ ์œ„ํ•œ DirectX 11 ์ง€์›, vGPU ์ง€์›๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ USB ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ด๋ ‰์…˜, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ด๋ฒˆ RDP 8.0 ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ RDP ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ”์— "์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ํ’ˆ์งˆ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด UDP์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ RDP ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012๋Š” x64 ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2008 ๋ฐ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2008 R2๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์›๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ด์ „์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ(์˜ˆ: ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2003)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ง€์›๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—๋””์…˜ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์—๋Š” ํŒŒ์šด๋ฐ์ด์…˜, ์—์„ผ์…œ, ์Šคํƒ ๋”๋“œ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ ์ด 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—๋””์…˜์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ZDNet์˜ ์‹œ๋ชฌ ๋น„์†์€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  "์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋” ๋ ˆ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ํŒ€ ์—”๋”์Šจ์€ "๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ๋ชจ๋“ˆํ™”, ๊ฐ•๋žตํ•œ ์ž๋™ํ™” ๋ฐ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™”๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ฐ ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋น— ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ "์ด๋Š”, ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋ชจ์ ์ธ ์—๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค."๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ "๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. '์ธํฌ์›”๋“œ'๋ผ๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012๊ฐ€ ํ˜นํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8์˜ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ ์œ ์ € ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊นŠ์ด์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์š”์†Œ๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์˜๋ฌด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์›Œ์…ธ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์ฝ”์–ด ๋ชจ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ IT ํ”„๋กœ์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํด ์˜คํ…Œ์ด๋Š” ํŒŒ์›Œ์…ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์œ ์ € ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋กœ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์€ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํƒ‘์„ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์—” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์‚ฌ ์ผ€๋‚˜์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ด OS๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํด ํŽ˜๋ฆด์€ "์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012 ์—์„ผ์…œ์€ ์ค‘์•™ํ™”๋œ ํŒŒ์ผ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ, ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ๋ฐฑ์—…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์›๊ฒฉ ์—‘์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜" ํŒ€ ์—”๋”์Šจ์€ ์ต์Šค์ฒด์ธ์ง€์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ, ์•กํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŽ˜๋”๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€์˜ ๋™๊ธฐํ™” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์ € ์ˆ˜ 25๋ช… ์ œํ•œ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ "SBS2011 ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์ „ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ํด ์„œ๋กฏ์€ "์‚ฌ๋‚ด์— IT ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋‚˜ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ œ๊ณต์ž์™€์˜ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์™ธ์ฃผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋„๋กœ๋งŒ ํŒŒ์šด๋ฐ์ด์…˜์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ "์—์„ผ์…œ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„๋• ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…์— ์ด์ƒ์ ์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012 R2 ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012 R2()๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8.1์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด์ž, ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ 2012์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š”๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 10์›” 18์ผ์— ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Windows Server 2012 - ํ…Œํฌ๋„ท Windows Server 2012 - MSDN Windows Server 2012 - Microsoft Evaluation Center ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ 8 X86-64 ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ 2012๋…„ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Server%202012
Windows Server 2012
Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8", is the sixth version of the Windows Server operating system by Microsoft, as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It is the server version of Windows based on Windows 8 and succeeds Windows Server 2008 R2, which is derived from the Windows 7 codebase, released nearly three years earlier. Two pre-release versions, a developer preview and a beta version, were released during development. The software was officially launched on September 4, 2012, which was the month before the release of Windows 8. It was succeeded by Windows Server 2012 R2 in 2013. Mainstream support for Windows Server 2012 ended on October 9, 2018, and extended support ended on October 10, 2023. Windows Server 2012 is eligible for the paid Extended Security Updates (ESU) program, which offers continued security updates until October 13, 2026. Windows Server 2012 removed support for Itanium and processors without PAE, SSE2 and NX. Four editions were released. Various features were added or improved over Windows Server 2008 R2 (with many placing an emphasis on cloud computing), such as an updated version of Hyper-V, an IP address management role, a new version of Windows Task Manager, and ReFS, a new file system. Windows Server 2012 received generally good reviews in spite of having included the same controversial Metro-based user interface seen in Windows 8, which includes the Charms Bar for quick access to settings in the desktop environment. Windows Server 2012 is the final version of Windows Server that supports processors without CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW, LAHF and SAHF. Its successor, Windows Server 2012 R2, requires a processor with CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW, LAHF and SAHF in any supported architecture. As of April 2017, 35% of servers were running Windows Server 2012, surpassing usage share of Windows Server 2008. History Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8", is the fifth release of Windows Server family of operating systems developed concurrently with Windows 8. Microsoft introduced Windows Server 2012 and its developer preview in the BUILD 2011 conference on September 9, 2011. However, unlike Windows 8, the developer preview of Windows Server 2012 was only made available to MSDN subscribers. It included a graphical user interface (GUI) based on Metro design language and a new Server Manager, a graphical application used for server management. On February 16, 2012, Microsoft released an update for developer preview build that extended its expiry date from April 8, 2012 to January 15, 2013. Before Windows Server 2012 was finalized, two test builds were made public. A public beta version of Windows Server 2012 was released along with the Windows 8 Consumer Preview on February 29, 2012. On April 17, 2012, Microsoft revealed "Windows Server 2012" as the final name for the operating system. The release candidate of Windows Server 2012 was released on May 31, 2012, along with the Windows 8 Release Preview. The product was released to manufacturing on August 1, 2012 (along with Windows 8) and became generally available on September 4, that year. However, not all editions of Windows Server 2012 were released at the same time. Windows Server 2012 Essentials was released to manufacturing on October 9, 2012 and was made generally available on November 1, 2012. As of September 23, 2012, all students subscribed to DreamSpark program can download Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter free of charge. Windows Server 2012 is based on Windows 8 and is the second version of Windows Server which runs only on 64-bit CPUs. Coupled with fundamental changes in the structure of the client backups and the shared folders, there is no clear method for migrating from the previous version to Windows Server 2012. Features Installation options Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 users can switch between "Server Core" and "Server with a GUI" installation options without a full re-installation. Server Core โ€“ an option with a command-line interface only โ€“ is now the recommended configuration. There is also a third installation option that allows some GUI elements such as MMC and Server Manager to run, but without the normal desktop, shell or default programs like File Explorer. User interface Server Manager has been redesigned with an emphasis on easing management of multiple servers. The operating system, like Windows 8, uses the Metro-based user interface unless installed in Server Core mode. The Windows Store is available by installing the desktop experience feature from the server manager, but is not installed by default. Windows PowerShell in this version has over 2300 commandlets, compared to around 200 in Windows Server 2008 R2. Task Manager Windows Server 2012 includes a new version of Windows Task Manager together with the old version. In the new version the tabs are hidden by default, showing applications only. In the new Processes tab, the processes are displayed in varying shades of yellow, with darker shades representing heavier resource use. Information found in the older versions are now moved to the new Details tab. The Performance tab shows "CPU", "Memory", "Disk", "Wi-Fi" and "Ethernet" graphs. Unlike the Windows 8 version of Task Manager (which looks similar), the "Disk" activity graph is not enabled by default. The CPU tab no longer displays individual graphs for every logical processor on the system by default, although that remains an option. Additionally, it can display data for each non-uniform memory access (NUMA) node. When displaying data for each logical processor for machines with more than 64 logical processors, the CPU tab now displays simple utilization percentages on heat-mapping tiles. The color used for these heat maps is blue, with darker shades again indicating heavier utilization. Hovering the cursor over any logical processor's data now shows the NUMA node of that processor and its ID, if applicable. Additionally, a new Startup tab has been added that lists startup applications, however this tab does not exist in Windows Server 2012. The new task manager recognizes when a Windows Store app has the "Suspended" status. IP address management (IPAM) Windows Server 2012 has an IP address management role for discovering, monitoring, auditing, and managing the IP address space used on a corporate network. The IPAM is used for the management and monitoring of Domain Name System (DNS) and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) servers. Both IPv4 and IPv6 are fully supported. Active Directory Windows Server 2012 has a number of changes to Active Directory from the version shipped with Windows Server 2008 R2. The Active Directory Domain Services installation wizard has been replaced by a new section in Server Manager, and a GUI has been added to the Active Directory Recycle Bin. Multiple password policies can be set in the same domain. Active Directory in Windows Server 2012 is now aware of any changes resulting from virtualization, and virtualized domain controllers can be safely cloned. Upgrades of the domain functional level to Windows Server 2012 are simplified; it can be performed entirely in Server Manager. Active Directory Federation Services is no longer required to be downloaded when installed as a role, and claims which can be used by the Active Directory Federation Services have been introduced into the Kerberos token. Windows Powershell commands used by Active Directory Administrative Center can be viewed in a "Powershell History Viewer". Hyper-V Windows Server 2012, along with Windows 8, includes a new version of Hyper-V, as presented at the Microsoft BUILD event. Many new features have been added to Hyper-V, including network virtualization, multi-tenancy, storage resource pools, cross-premises connectivity, and cloud backup. Additionally, many of the former restrictions on resource consumption have been greatly lifted. Each virtual machine in this version of Hyper-V can access up to 64 virtual processors, up to 1 terabyte of memory, and up to 64 terabytes of virtual disk space per virtual hard disk (using a new format). Up to 1024 virtual machines can be active per host, and up to 8000 can be active per failover cluster. SLAT is a required processor feature for Hyper-V on Windows 8, while for Windows Server 2012 it is only required for the supplementary RemoteFX role. ReFS Resilient File System (ReFS), codenamed "Protogon", is a new file system in Windows Server 2012 initially intended for file servers that improves on NTFS in some respects. Major new features of ReFS include: Improved reliability for on-disk structures ReFS uses B+ trees for all on-disk structures including metadata and file data. Metadata and file data are organized into tables similar to a relational database. The file size, number of files in a folder, total volume size and number of folders in a volume are limited by 64-bit numbers; as a result ReFS supports a maximum file size of 16 exabytes, a maximum of 18.4 ร— 1018 folders and a maximum volume size of 1 yottabyte (with 64 KB clusters) which allows large scalability with no practical limits on file and folder size (hardware restrictions still apply). Free space is counted by a hierarchical allocator which includes three separate tables for large, medium, and small chunks. File names and file paths are each limited to a 32 KB Unicode text string. Built-in resilience ReFS employs an allocation-on-write update strategy for metadata, which allocates new chunks for every update transaction and uses large IO batches. All ReFS metadata has built-in 64-bit checksums which are stored independently. The file data can have an optional checksum in a separate "integrity stream", in which case the file update strategy also implements allocation-on-write; this is controlled by a new "integrity" attribute applicable to both files and directories. If nevertheless file data or metadata becomes corrupt, the file can be deleted without taking the whole volume offline. As a result of built-in resiliency, administrators do not need to periodically run error-checking tools such as CHKDSK when using ReFS. Compatibility with existing APIs and technologies ReFS does not require new system APIs and most file system filters continue to work with ReFS volumes. ReFS supports many existing Windows and NTFS features such as BitLocker encryption, Access Control Lists, USN Journal, change notifications, symbolic links, junction points, mount points, reparse points, volume snapshots, file IDs, and oplock. ReFS seamlessly integrates with Storage Spaces, a storage virtualization layer that allows data mirroring and striping, as well as sharing storage pools between machines. ReFS resiliency features enhance the mirroring feature provided by Storage Spaces and can detect whether any mirrored copies of files become corrupt using background data scrubbing process, which periodically reads all mirror copies and verifies their checksums then replaces bad copies with good ones. Some NTFS features are not supported in ReFS, including object IDs, short names, file compression, file level encryption (EFS), user data transactions, hard links, extended attributes, and disk quotas. Sparse files are supported. Support for named streams is not implemented in Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, though it was later added in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2. ReFS does not itself offer data deduplication. Dynamic disks with mirrored or striped volumes are replaced with mirrored or striped storage pools provided by Storage Spaces. In Windows Server 2012, automated error-correction with integrity streams is only supported on mirrored spaces; automatic recovery on parity spaces was added in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2. Booting from ReFS is not supported either. IIS 8.0 Windows Server 2012 includes version 8.0 of Internet Information Services (IIS). The new version contains new features such as SNI, CPU usage caps for particular websites, centralized management of SSL certificates, WebSocket support and improved support for NUMA, but few other substantial changes were made. Remote Desktop Protocol 8.0 Remote Desktop Protocol has new functions such as Adaptive Graphics (progressive rendering and related techniques), automatic selection of TCP or UDP as transport protocol, multi touch support, DirectX 11 support for vGPU, USB redirection supported independently of vGPU support, etc. A "connection quality" button is displayed in the RDP client connection bar for RDP 8.0 connections; clicking on it provides further information about connection, including whether UDP is in use or not. Scalability Windows Server 2012 supports the following maximum hardware specifications. Windows Server 2012 improves over its predecessor Windows Server 2008 R2: System requirements Windows Server 2012 runs only on x86-64 processors. Unlike older versions, Windows Server 2012 does not support Itanium. Upgrades from Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 are supported, although upgrades from prior releases are not. Editions Windows Server 2012 has four editions: Foundation, Essentials, Standard and Datacenter. Reception Reviews of Windows Server 2012 have been generally positive. Simon Bisson of ZDNet described it as "ready for the datacenter, today," while Tim Anderson of The Register said that "The move towards greater modularity, stronger automation and improved virtualisation makes perfect sense in a world of public and private clouds" but remarked that "That said, the capability of Windows to deliver obscure and time-consuming errors is unchanged" and concluded that "Nevertheless, this is a strong upgrade overall." InfoWorld noted that Server 2012's use of Windows 8's panned "Metro" user interface was countered by Microsoft's increasing emphasis on the Server Core mode, which had been "fleshed out with new depth and ease-of-use features" and increased use of the "practically mandatory" PowerShell. However, Michael Otey of Windows IT Pro expressed dislike with the new Metro interface and the lack of ability to use the older desktop interface alone, saying that most users of Windows Server manage their servers using the graphical user interface rather than PowerShell. Paul Ferrill wrote that "Windows Server 2012 Essentials provides all the pieces necessary to provide centralized file storage, client backups, and remote access," but Tim Anderson contended that "Many businesses that are using SBS2011 and earlier will want to stick with what they have", citing the absence of Exchange, the lack of ability to synchronize with Active Directory Federation Services and the 25-user limit, while Paul Thurott wrote "you should choose Foundation only if you have at least some in-company IT staff and/or are comfortable outsourcing management to a Microsoft partner or solution provider" and "Essentials is, in my mind, ideal for any modern startup of just a few people." Windows Server 2012 R2 A second release, Windows Server 2012 R2, which is derived from the Windows 8.1 codebase, was released to manufacturing on August 27, 2013 and became generally available on October 18, 2013, by Microsoft. An updated version, formally designated Windows Server 2012 R2 Update, was released in April 2014. Support Lifecycle Microsoft originally planned to end mainstream support for Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 on January 9, 2018, with extended support ending on January 10, 2023. In order to provide customers the standard transition lifecycle timeline, Microsoft extended Windows Server 2012 and 2012 R2 support in March 2017 by 9 months. Windows Server 2012 reached the end of mainstream support on October 9, 2018 and Extended Support ended on October 10, 2023. Microsoft announced in July 2021 that they will distribute Extended Security Updates for Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 for up to 3 years after the end of Extended Support. For Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2, these updates will last until October 13, 2026. This will mark the final end of the Windows NT 6.2 product line after 14 years, 2 months and 12 days and will also mark the final end of the Windows NT 6.3 product line after 13 years, 1 month and 16 days. See also Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions Comparison of operating systems History of Microsoft Windows List of operating systems Microsoft Servers Notes References Further reading External links Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Server 2012 on TechNet Windows Server 2012 R2 on MSDN Windows Server 2012 on MSDN Tutorials and Lab Manual Articles of Windows Server 2012 R2 2012 X86-64 operating systems 2012 software
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๊ณ ์ „ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™
๊ณ ์ „ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™์€ ์ด๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ๊ณ ์ „์—ญํ•™์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ•˜์™€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ „ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™์€ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์  ํ˜„์ƒ ์ค‘ ๊ธธ์ด ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ปค์„œ ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž‘์€ ๊ธธ์ด ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์–‘์ž ์ „๊ธฐ์—ญํ•™์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ „ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์— ๋ผ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํŒŒ์ธ๋งŒ, ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ด๊ณผ ์ƒŒ์ฆˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค, ํŒŒ๋…ธํ”„์Šคํ‚ค์™€ ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค, ์žญ์Šจ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ์ž˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ด‘ํ•™์€ ๋น›์ด ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์—๋„ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋ฐ์ด์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ์ถ”์— ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ํด๋Ÿฌํฌ ๋งฅ์Šค์›ฐ์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์™€ ์ž๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์„ค๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” Pauli, Whittaker, Pais, and Hunt์˜ ์ €์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ Œ์ธ  ํž˜ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ ๋Œ€์ „๋œ ์ž…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋กœ๋ Œ์ธ  ํž˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๊ตต๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ’์€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜ q๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํž˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Š” ์ž…์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ, ๋Š” ์ž…์ž์˜ ์†๋„, ๋Š” ์ž…์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„ ์‹์€ ๋กœ๋ Œ์ธ  ํž˜์ด ๊ณง ๋‘ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์†๋„์™€ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์‹์€ ์‚ฌ์ฐจ์› ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์™€ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ํ…์„œ ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ E๋Š” ์ •์ ์ธ ์ „ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ q0๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜ ์ „ํ•˜๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, F๋Š” ์ •์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํž˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ E์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์œ„ N/C(๋‰ดํ„ด/์ฟจ๋กฌ)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” V/m(๋ณผํŠธ/๋ฏธํ„ฐ)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ •์ „๊ธฐํ•™์—์„œ ์ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ ์ฟจ๋กฑ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ n์€ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, qi๋Š” i๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•˜์ „์ž…์ž์˜ ์ „ํ•˜, ri๋Š” i๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•˜์ „์ž…์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜, r์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ฮต0๋Š” ์œ ์ „์œจ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฐ ์ „ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์€ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์€ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ ์ฒด์  ์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„ ๋‘ ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑฐ์ถ”์žฅ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ํฌํ…์…œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ ํฌํ…์…œ์€ ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์„ ์ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ฯ†(r)๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ํฌํ…์…œ์ด๋ฉฐ, C๋Š” ์„ ์ ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ ํฌํ…์…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์ •์˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ •์ ์ผ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์†์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€ 0์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์œ„ ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์ •์˜์— ์˜ํ•ด, ์ ์ „ํ•˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ ํฌํ…์…œ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ q๋Š” ์ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์ „ํ•˜์ด๋ฉฐ, r์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ํฌํ…์…œ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜, ri๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์œ„์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ ํฌํ…์…œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์€ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ ์ฒด์  ์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ ํฌํ…์…œ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ฯ†๋Š” ์Šค์นผ๋ผ์žฅ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ํ›„ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ํฌํ…์…œ์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ฯ† ์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด E์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ V/m์ž„์„ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๊ธฐํŒŒ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํŒŒ๋™์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์›์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํŒŒ๋™์€ ์ง„๊ณต์—์„œ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ํŒŒ์žฅ์ด ๊ธด ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ, ์ ์™ธ์„ , ๋น›(๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„ ), ์ž์™ธ์„ , X์„ , ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹ ์ฟจ๋กฑ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•จ๋งŒํผ, ๊ณ ์ „ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™์—์„œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ์œจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 0 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ, ๋™์ ์ธ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์˜ˆํ”ผ๋ฉ˜์ฝ” ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง„ ํผํ…์…œ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง„ ํผํ…์…œ์€ ์ ์ „ํ•˜์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์œ ๋„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์—๋‚˜๋ฅด-๋น„ํ—ค๋ฅดํŠธ ํผํ…์…œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์นผ๋ผ ํผํ…์…œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ q๋Š” ์ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์ „ํ•˜์ด๋ฉฐ, r์€ ์œ„์น˜์ด๊ณ , rq์™€ vq๋Š” ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์†๋„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ํผํ…์…œ๋„ ์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ์œ„ ํผํ…์…œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ์ด๋ก  ๊ณ ์ „ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ๊ด‘ํ•™, ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™, ์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™์€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋žตํ™”, ์ด์ƒํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์žฅ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค์งˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. (a) ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜: ๋™์ ์ธ ์ „์ „ํ•˜, ์ „๊ธฐ์ , ์ž๊ธฐ์  ์Œ๊ทน์ž, ๋„์ฒด์—์„œ ์ „๋ฅ˜, ๋“ฑ (b) ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ: ์ „์••, ๋ฆฌ์—๋‚˜๋ฅด-๋น„ํ—ค๋ฅดํŠธ ํผํ…์…œ, monochromatic plane waves, ์ „ํŒŒ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ, ์ ์™ธ์„ , ๋น›(๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„ ), ์ž์™ธ์„ , X์„ , ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ , ๋“ฑ (c) ๋งค์งˆ: ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ๋ถ„, ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜, ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€, ์ „์ž๊ธฐ์  ๋„ํŒŒ๊ด€, ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์šธ, ๊ณก๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์šธ, ๋ Œ์ฆˆ, ์ €ํ•ญ, ์ธ๋•ํ„ฐ, ์ถ•์ „๊ธฐ, ์Šค์œ„์น˜, ๋“ฑ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์„œ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํ•™ ๋งฅ์Šค์›ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ๋ฒ ๋ฒ„ ์ „๊ธฐ์—ญํ•™ Wheelerโ€“Feynman absorber theory Leontovich boundary condition ์ถœ์ฒ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20electromagnetism
Classical electromagnetism
Classical electromagnetism or classical electrodynamics is a branch of theoretical physics that studies the interactions between electric charges and currents using an extension of the classical Newtonian model; It is, therefore, a classical field theory. The theory provides a description of electromagnetic phenomena whenever the relevant length scales and field strengths are large enough that quantum mechanical effects are negligible. For small distances and low field strengths, such interactions are better described by quantum electrodynamics, which is a quantum field theory. Fundamental physical aspects of classical electrodynamics are presented in many texts, such as those by Richard Feynman, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, David J. Griffiths, Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky and Melba Phillips, and John David Jackson. History The physical phenomena that electromagnetism describes have been studied as separate fields since antiquity. For example, there were many advances in the field of optics centuries before light was understood to be an electromagnetic wave. However, the theory of electromagnetism, as it is currently understood, grew out of Michael Faraday's experiments suggesting the existence of an electromagnetic field and James Clerk Maxwell's use of differential equations to describe it in his A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873). The development of electromagnetism in Europe included the development of methods to measure voltage, current, capacitance, and resistance. Detailed historical accounts are given by Wolfgang Pauli, E. T. Whittaker, Abraham Pais, and Bruce J. Hunt. Lorentz force The electromagnetic field exerts the following force (often called the Lorentz force) on charged particles: where all boldfaced quantities are vectors: is the force that a particle with charge q experiences, is the electric field at the location of the particle, is the velocity of the particle, is the magnetic field at the location of the particle. The above equation illustrates that the Lorentz force is the sum of two vectors. One is the cross product of the velocity and magnetic field vectors. Based on the properties of the cross product, this produces a vector that is perpendicular to both the velocity and magnetic field vectors. The other vector is in the same direction as the electric field. The sum of these two vectors is the Lorentz force. Although the equation appears to suggest that the electric and magnetic fields are independent, the equation can be rewritten in term of four-current (instead of charge) and a single electromagnetic tensor that represents the combined field (): Electric field The electric field E is defined such that, on a stationary charge: where q0 is what is known as a test charge and is the force on that charge. The size of the charge does not really matter, as long as it is small enough not to influence the electric field by its mere presence. What is plain from this definition, though, is that the unit of is N/C (newtons per coulomb). This unit is equal to V/m (volts per meter); see below. In electrostatics, where charges are not moving, around a distribution of point charges, the forces determined from Coulomb's law may be summed. The result after dividing by q0 is: where n is the number of charges, qi is the amount of charge associated with the ith charge, ri is the position of the ith charge, r is the position where the electric field is being determined, and ฮต0 is the electric constant. If the field is instead produced by a continuous distribution of charge, the summation becomes an integral: where is the charge density and is the vector that points from the volume element to the point in space where E is being determined. Both of the above equations are cumbersome, especially if one wants to determine E as a function of position. A scalar function called the electric potential can help. Electric potential, also called voltage (the units for which are the volt), is defined by the line integral where ฯ†(r) is the electric potential, and C is the path over which the integral is being taken. Unfortunately, this definition has a caveat. From Maxwell's equations, it is clear that is not always zero, and hence the scalar potential alone is insufficient to define the electric field exactly. As a result, one must add a correction factor, which is generally done by subtracting the time derivative of the A vector potential described below. Whenever the charges are quasistatic, however, this condition will be essentially met. From the definition of charge, one can easily show that the electric potential of a point charge as a function of position is: where q is the point charge's charge, r is the position at which the potential is being determined, and ri is the position of each point charge. The potential for a continuous distribution of charge is: where is the charge density, and is the distance from the volume element to point in space where ฯ† is being determined. The scalar ฯ† will add to other potentials as a scalar. This makes it relatively easy to break complex problems down into simple parts and add their potentials. Taking the definition of ฯ† backwards, we see that the electric field is just the negative gradient (the del operator) of the potential. Or: From this formula it is clear that E can be expressed in V/m (volts per meter). Electromagnetic waves A changing electromagnetic field propagates away from its origin in the form of a wave. These waves travel in vacuum at the speed of light and exist in a wide spectrum of wavelengths. Examples of the dynamic fields of electromagnetic radiation (in order of increasing frequency): radio waves, microwaves, light (infrared, visible light and ultraviolet), x-rays and gamma rays. In the field of particle physics this electromagnetic radiation is the manifestation of the electromagnetic interaction between charged particles. General field equations As simple and satisfying as Coulomb's equation may be, it is not entirely correct in the context of classical electromagnetism. Problems arise because changes in charge distributions require a non-zero amount of time to be "felt" elsewhere (required by special relativity). For the fields of general charge distributions, the retarded potentials can be computed and differentiated accordingly to yield Jefimenko's equations. Retarded potentials can also be derived for point charges, and the equations are known as the Liรฉnardโ€“Wiechert potentials. The scalar potential is: where q is the point charge's charge and r is the position. rq and vq are the position and velocity of the charge, respectively, as a function of retarded time. The vector potential is similar: These can then be differentiated accordingly to obtain the complete field equations for a moving point particle. Models Branches of classical electromagnetism such as optics, electrical and electronic engineering consist of a collection of relevant mathematical models of different degrees of simplification and idealization to enhance the understanding of specific electrodynamics phenomena. An electrodynamics phenomenon is determined by the particular fields, specific densities of electric charges and currents, and the particular transmission medium. Since there are infinitely many of them, in modeling there is a need for some typical, representative (a) electrical charges and currents, e.g. moving pointlike charges and electric and magnetic dipoles, electric currents in a conductor etc.; (b) electromagnetic fields, e.g. voltages, the Liรฉnardโ€“Wiechert potentials, the monochromatic plane waves, optical rays; radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays etc.; (c) transmission media, e.g. electronic components, antennas, electromagnetic waveguides, flat mirrors, mirrors with curved surfaces convex lenses, concave lenses; resistors, inductors, capacitors, switches; wires, electric and optical cables, transmission lines, integrated circuits etc.; all of which have only few variable characteristics. See also Leontovich boundary condition Weber electrodynamics Wheelerโ€“Feynman absorber theory References Electromagnetism Electrodynamics
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20A.%20%EB%94%94%ED%82%A4
R. A. ๋””ํ‚ค
๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ๋””ํ‚ค(, 1974๋…„ 10์›” 29์ผ ~ )๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ด์ „ 1974๋…„์— ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์Šˆ๋นŒ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1993๋…„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ MLB ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ์—์„œ 10๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์ „์ฒด 277์œ„๋กœ ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์Šค์— ์ง€๋ช…๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ์ง„ํ•™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 1996๋…„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ MLB ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ์—์„œ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๋ ˆ์ธ์ €์Šค์—๊ฒŒ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์ „์ฒด 18์œ„๋กœ ์ง€๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ 81๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ”๋””์ปฌ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ธ๋Œ€ ์ค‘ 1๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ์ด 7๋งŒ5์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 7์›”์—๋Š” ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๋ ˆ์ธ์ €์Šค 2001๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์—์„œ๋Š” 9ํšŒ์— ๋‚˜์™€ 1์ด๋‹์„ ์‚ผ์ž๋ฒ”ํ‡ด๋กœ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค. 2003๋…„์—๋Š” 9์Šน 8ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 5.09์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์œจ, 2004๋…„์—๋Š” 6์Šน 7ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 5.61์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์œจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํฌํฌ๋ณผ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2005๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ํ—ˆํ”„์—๊ฒŒ ๋„ˆํด๋ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. 2006๋…„์—๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋“ฑํŒํ•ด์„œ 3์ด๋‹์„ ๋˜์ง€๋ฉฐ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋งž๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ข‹์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , 8์›” 23์ผ์— ์ง€๋ช…ํ• ๋‹น์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, 8์›” 26์ผ์— ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”ŒA๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด ๋๋‚œ 10์›” 11์ผ์—๋Š” FA๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2007๋…„ 1์›” 13์ผ์— ๋ฐ€์›Œํ‚ค ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์–ด์Šค์™€ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”ŒA์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 12์Šน 6ํŒจ, 3.80์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์œจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ 10์›” 29์ผ์— FA๊ฐ€ ๋์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๋•Œ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ์˜์ž…์„ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์• ํ‹€ ๋งค๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ์Šค 2007๋…„ 11์›” 28์ผ์— ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค์™€ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์ง€๋งŒ, 12์›”์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฃฐ5 ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ์—์„œ ์‹œ์• ํ‹€ ๋งค๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ง€๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ด์ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 3์›” 29์ผ์— ๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์— ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฃฐ5 ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ๊ทœ์•ฝ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ ์— ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ์˜ ํฌ์ˆ˜์ธ ํ—ค์–ด ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋ฐ์Šค์™€ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์• ํ‹€ ๋งค๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ด์—๋Š” 5์Šน 8ํŒจ, 5.21์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์œจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋งˆ์ณค๊ณ , 12์›” 9์ผ์— FA๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค 2008๋…„ 12์›” 26์ผ์— ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค์™€ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๋Š”๋‹ค. 2009๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ 35๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ฑํŒ(์„ ๋ฐœ๋“ฑํŒ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ)ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด ๋๋‚œ ๋’ค์ธ 10์›” 6์ผ์— FA๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š• ๋ฉ”์ธ  2010๋…„ 1์›” 5์ผ์— ๋‰ด์š• ๋ฉ”์ธ ์™€ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”ŒA์—์„œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•œ๋‹ค. 5์›” 19์ผ์—๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๋‚ด์…”๋„์Šค์ „์—์„œ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋“ฑํŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 6์ด๋‹์„ ๋˜์ง€๋ฉฐ 2์‹ค์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ŠนํŒจ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋“ฑํŒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„ ํ•„๋ฆฌ์Šค์ „์—์„œ๋Š” 6์ด๋‹์„ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. 8์›” 13์ผ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ•„๋ฆฌ์Šค์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋งŒ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ธํžˆํŠธ ๋…ธ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋†“์น˜๋ฉฐ ์™„๋ด‰์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€ํŒ€์˜ ์„ ๋ฐœ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์ธ ์ฝœ ํ•ด๋ฉ€์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค(ํ•ด๋ฉ€์Šค๋Š” 8์ด๋‹ 1์‹ค์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋””ํ‚ค์˜ ํ˜ธํˆฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค). 2011๋…„ 1์›” 31์ผ์—๋Š” ๋‰ด์š• ๋ฉ”์ธ ์™€ ์ด์•ก 780๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— 2๋…„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ(2013๋…„์— 500๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์˜ต์…˜ ํฌํ•จ)์„ ๋งบ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” 208.2์ด๋‹์„ ๋˜์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ 200์ด๋‹์„ ๋ŒํŒŒํ•œ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ง‰ํ•  ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ข‹์€ ์ปจ๋””์…˜์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šน์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์Œ“์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์— ์„ ์ถœ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๋””ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ์„ ๋ฐœํˆฌ์ˆ˜์— ์•Œ๋งž์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ํฌ์ˆ˜์ธ ๋ฒ„์Šคํ„ฐ ํฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆํด๋ณผ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์—์„œ๋Š” 6ํšŒ์— ๊ณ„ํˆฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€์„œ 1์ด๋‹์„ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์œ„์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” 20์Šน๊ณผ 2.73์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์œจ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ 1์œ„์ธ 230๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„๊ณผ 233.2์ด๋‹, 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์™„ํˆฌ์™€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์™„๋ด‰์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ 11์›” 14์ผ์— ๋„ˆํด๋ณผ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด ์˜ ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์ œ์ด์Šค 2012๋…„ 12์›” 17์ผ์— ํŠธ๋ž˜๋น„์Šค ๋‹ค๋…ธ, ์กด ๋ฒ…, ๋…ธ์•„ ์‹ ๋”๊ฐ€๋“œ, ์œŒ๋จธ ๋ฒ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์กฐ์‰ฌ ํ†จ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ๋‹ˆํ‚ค์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์ œ์ด์Šค๋กœ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋‚  ์ด์•ก 3,000๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— 3๋…„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ(2016๋…„ 1,200๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์˜ต์…˜ ํฌํ•จ)์„ ๋งบ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ด ์˜ ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ํ›„ ์˜คํ”„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1994๋…„์˜ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์ฝ˜, 1997๋…„์˜ ํŽ˜๋“œ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋„ค์Šค, 1998๋…„์˜ ๋กœ์ € ํด๋ ˆ๋ฉ˜์Šค์— ์ด์–ด 4๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด๋‹ค. 2013๋…„์—๋Š” ์›”๋“œ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ํด๋ž˜์‹์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ๋ฝ‘ํžŒ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” 14์Šน 13ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด ์˜ ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ์ „๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐฉ์–ด์œจ์ด ํฐ ํญ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค(2.73โ†’4.21). 2014๋…„์—๋Š” 6์›” 27์ผ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ํ™”์ดํŠธ์‚ญ์Šค์ „์—์„œ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1,000ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋…„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 14์Šน 13ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฉ์–ด์œจ์€ ์ „๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํŠน์ง• ํˆฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 85%๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆํด๋ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ๋„ˆํด๋ณผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์†๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅธ 120~130ย km/h์ •๋„์˜ ๊ตฌ์†์„ ๋˜์ง„๋‹ค. ์ปค๋ฆฌ์–ด ํ•˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 2012๋…„์—๋Š” 230๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ์žก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณผ๋„ท์€ 54๊ฐœ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋„ˆํด๋ณผ์„ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์นด์šดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์Œ“๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํƒ€์ž์˜ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ์„ ๋นผ์•—๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ‰๊ท  84๋งˆ์ผ(์•ฝ 135ย km/h)์ •๋„์˜ ํˆฌ์‹ฌ์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑํŒํ•  ๋•Œ ํฌ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ์šฉ ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ™œ 8์‚ด๋•Œ 13์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์—ฌ์ž ๋ฒ ์ด๋น„ ์‹œํ„ฐ์™€ 17์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ๋‚จ์žํ•œํ…Œ ์„ฑ์ ํ•™๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ 2012๋…„์— ์ถœํŒ๋œ ์ž์„œ์ „ใ€ŒWherever I Wind Upใ€์—์„œ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„์˜ ์„ฑ์  ์ธ์‹ ๋งค๋งค์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2011๋…„์—๋Š” ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์ž์„ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์ž๋กœ ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„์—๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณตํ—Œ์„ ํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜ ๋ฆฌํ‚ค ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 1์›”์—๋Š” ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด์„œ ์ž์„ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋‚ด์…”๋„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„ 1์œ„ : 2012๋…„ ๋‚ด์…”๋„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์™„๋ด‰ 1์œ„ : 2012๋…„ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „ ์„ ์ถœ 1ํšŒ : 2012๋…„ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด ์˜ ์ƒ 1ํšŒ : 2012๋…„ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณจ๋“ ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ 1ํšŒ : 2013๋…„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜ ๋ฆฌํ‚ค ์ƒ 1ํšŒ : 2012๋…„ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฝ‘๋Š” ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ 1ํšŒ : 2012๋…„ ํ•„๋”ฉ ๋ฐ”์ด๋ธ” ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ 1ํšŒ : 2013๋…„ ์ด ๋‹ฌ์˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ 1ํšŒ : 2012๋…„ 6์›” ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ํˆฌ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ์  2014์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ์ค€. ๊ฐ๋…„๋„์˜ ๊ตต์€ ๊ธ€์”จ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ตœ๊ณ . ์ฐธ์กฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1974๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด์Šˆ๋นŒ ์ถœ์‹  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๋ ˆ์ธ์ €์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์• ํ‹€ ๋งค๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‰ด์š• ๋ฉ”์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์ œ์ด์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด ์˜ ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ 2013๋…„ ์›”๋“œ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 1996๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 1996๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณต์Œ์ฃผ์˜์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20A.%20Dickey
R. A. Dickey
Robert Allen Dickey (born October 29, 1974) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Seattle Mariners, Minnesota Twins, New York Mets, Toronto Blue Jays and Atlanta Braves. After limited success in MLB as a conventional starting pitcher, Dickey learned to throw a knuckleball. In 2012, Dickey was selected to his first All-Star Game, won the Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award, and became the first knuckleball pitcher to win the Cy Young Award after posting a 20โ€“6 record with a league-leading 230 strikeouts. From 2013 to 2017, Dickey and Boston Red Sox pitcher Steven Wright were the only two active knuckleballers in the Majors. High school career Dickey attended Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville, Tennessee. He was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the 10th round (277th overall) of the 1993 MLB draft, but did not sign. College Dickey attended the University of Tennessee, where he played college baseball for the Tennessee Volunteers baseball team in the Southeastern Conference. Dickey majored in English literature at Tennessee, where he had a 3.35 GPA and was named Academic All-American. He was also named Academic All-SEC. Professional career 1996โ€“2006: Texas Rangers Dickey was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the first round (18th overall) of the 1996 MLB draft. After being drafted by the Rangers, Dickey was initially offered a signing bonus of $825,000, before a Rangers team physician saw Dickey's throwing (right) arm hanging oddly in a picture of him with other Team USA players in Baseball America. The Rangers subsequently did further evaluation of Dickey, leading to the discovery of a missing ulnar collateral ligament in his right elbow joint, and reduced their offer to $75,000. Dickey has been quoted as saying, "Doctors look at me and say I shouldn't be able to turn a doorknob without feeling pain," making his ability to pitch somewhat remarkable. Dickey debuted with the Rangers in 2001. "His stuff was dime-a-dozen, though: a high-80's fastball, an occasional fringy breaking ball, and a forkball he dubbed 'The Thing.'" The start of the 2004 season was thought to be a turning point in Dickey's career, as he managed to compile a 4โ€“1 record through his first five starts. This hot streak was short-lived, however, and he ended up finishing the season a disappointing 6โ€“7 with a 5.61 ERA. Transition to the knuckleball Throughout his career, Dickey did not know that his "forkball" pitch was actually a hard knuckleball, but by 2005, Dickey had realized that the best way to extend his career was to perfect the pitch. At the beginning of the 2006 season, the Rangers gave Dickey a chance to try out his knuckleball at the major league level by naming him the fifth starter. However, after giving up six home runs in his first start on April 6, tying the modern era baseball record with another knuckleballer, Tim Wakefield, he was demoted to the Rangers' Triple-A minor league affiliate, the Oklahoma RedHawks. 2007: Milwaukee Brewers On January 13, 2007, he signed a minor league deal with the Milwaukee Brewers and spent the 2007 season with the Triple-A Nashville Sounds. After finishing the season with a 12โ€“6 record and a 3.80 ERA, Dickey was named the Pacific Coast League Pitcher of the Year. 2007โ€“2009: Minnesota Twins & Seattle Mariners Dickey became a minor league free agent after the season. On November 28, 2007, he signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins that included an invitation to spring training, but was claimed in the Rule 5 draft by the Seattle Mariners on December 6, 2007. On March 29, 2008, the Mariners traded minor league catcher Jair Fernandez to the Twins to retain the rights for Dickey and initially optioned him to Triple-A Tacoma, recalling him to the major league club on April 14. On August 17, 2008, Dickey tied the record for most wild pitches in an inning, with four. This came against the Minnesota Twins in the fifth inning. He joins four others, including Hall of Famers Walter Johnson and Phil Niekro, who have accomplished this feat. In 2008, he led the majors in games started with fewer than four days of rest, with six. He became a free agent after the season after refusing a minor league assignment. On December 23, 2008, Dickey signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Minnesota Twins. He would go on to pitch in 35 games for the Twins in 2009. 2010โ€“2012: New York Mets On January 5, 2010, Dickey signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets, receiving an invitation to spring training. He was assigned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons to begin the season. While playing for the Bisons, Dickey threw a one-hitter on April 29. He gave up a single to the first batter, and then retired the next twenty-seven in a row. On May 19, 2010, the New York Mets purchased Dickey's contract from the Buffalo Bisons, and he made his first appearance as a Met against the Washington Nationals on the same day. In his debut for the Mets, Dickey pitched well, going six innings, giving up five hits, two earned runs, and striking out two, but received a no-decision. His next start, May 25 against the Philadelphia Phillies, he went six innings again, giving up 9 hits, walking 3 and striking out 7 in an 8โ€“0 shutout for his first victory as a Met. On August 13, 2010, Dickey threw a complete game one-hit shutout of the Philadelphia Philliesย โ€” the only hit being a single surrendered to Phillies starting pitcher Cole Hamels. Dickey finished the 2010 season with a very strong ERA of 2.84, which was 7th best in the National League and 10th in all of baseball, and served as a rare bright spot on an otherwise disappointing season for the Mets. In 2010, Dickey posted career highs in Games Started (26), wins (11), complete games (2), innings pitched (174.1), strikeouts (104), ERA (2.84), WHIP (1.19), and BAA (.252). On January 29, 2011, Dickey agreed to a two-year contract with the Mets. Under the agreement, Dickey received a $1 million signing bonus, $2.25 million in 2011, and $4.25 million in 2012. In addition, the Mets had a $5 million option for 2013 with a $300,000 buyout. During the 2011 season, Dickey posted career bests in game starts (32), innings pitched () and strikeouts (134). He finished the year with a record of only 8โ€“13, despite a 3.28 ERA that was 12th best in the National League. 2012: Cy Young Award season Dickey's performance in the first half of 2012 drew comparisons to some of the most dominant pitching streaks of the last 50 years. Mets Manager Terry Collins remarked, "I've never seen anything like this. Never. I've seen some dominant pitching, but nothing like what he's going through right now." Hall of Fame Pitcher and fellow knuckleballer Phil Niekro commented on Dickey, "I had a few streaks, but nothing like he's going through. I don't know if any other knuckleballer has ever been on a hot streak like he has been. He is just dynamite right now." Dickey recorded double-digit strikeouts in back-to-back games in May, becoming the first Mets pitcher to do so since Pedro Martรญnez in 2006. Over the two games, Dickey allowed one run in innings for an ERA of 0.63, and he was named National League Player of the Week for the week ending May 27, 2012. In Dickey's next two starts, he pitched innings, allowing no runs. During his next outing on June 13, Dickey allowed only one hit, struck out a career-high 12 batters, and walked none, facing only 29 total batters to lead the Mets to a 9โ€“1 victory over the Tampa Bay Rays. The only hit was an infield single by B.J. Upton on a play where third baseman David Wright tried to barehand the ball but failed to field it cleanly. The Mets formally appealed the official scorekeeping of the only hit allowed to be changed to an error on Wright, but MLB denied the appeal. Dickey was the first pitcher in the major leagues to reach 10 wins in 2012. In his next start, Dickey pitched a complete game one-hit shutout against the Orioles, becoming the first pitcher since Dave Stieb in 1988 to throw two consecutive one-hitters. He also became only the third pitcher, after Sandy Koufax and Nolan Ryan, to have two complete game one-hitters with 12 or more strikeouts in one season, and the only pitcher to do it in back-to-back starts. During this streak, Dickey set a new Mets franchise record of consecutive scoreless innings, besting Jerry Koosman's in 1973. On July 1, 2012, Dickey was named to the National League All-Star team. He was also honored with being the National League Pitcher of the Month after going 5โ€“0 with a 0.93 ERA for the month of June. On August 31, Dickey pitched his third complete game shutout of the year. The win marked the first time a Met pitcher had reached 17 wins since Al Leiter in 1998. Dickey won his 20th game of the season on September 27, 2012, tying his career high with 13 strikeouts. For the 2012 season, Dickey set new career bests in games started (33), wins (20), complete games (5), shutouts (3), innings pitched (), strikeouts (230), ERA (2.73), WHIP (1.05), and BAA (.226). Dickey won the NL Cy Young Award, beating out Gio Gonzรกlez of the Nationals and Clayton Kershaw of the Dodgers. He became the first knuckleballer in MLB history to win the award. He also became the third Met pitcher to win the award, joining Tom Seaver (, , and ) and Dwight Gooden (). 2013โ€“2016: Toronto Blue Jays On December 16, 2012, the Mets agreed to trade Dickey to the Toronto Blue Jays (along with Josh Thole and Mike Nickeas) in exchange for Travis d'Arnaud, John Buck, Noah Syndergaard and Wuilmer Becerra, contingent upon his agreeing to a contract extension with the Blue Jays. The two sides agreed on December 17 to a two-year, $25-million extension with a club option for a third year in 2016 at $12 million; the deal became official once Dickey passed his physical. On February 5, 2013, manager John Gibbons said Dickey would be the opening day starter for the Blue Jays. Dickey lost his first start for his new team, giving up four runs and five hits in six innings in a loss to the Cleveland Indians. Dickey pitched his first complete game and shutout as a Blue Jay in a game against the Tampa Bay Rays on June 26. Dickey would finish his first season as a Blue Jay with a record of 14โ€“13, an ERA of 4.21, and 177 strikeouts over 224 innings pitched. On October 25, Dickey was announced as a finalist for the AL Pitcher's Gold Glove, along with teammate Mark Buehrle and Detroit Tigers pitcher Doug Fister. He was awarded the 2013 Pitcher's Fielding Bible on October 28, 2013, and was announced as the AL Pitcher's Gold Glove Award winner on October 29. Dickey led all American League pitchers with 40 assists and 7 defensive runs saved, and yielded only 8 stolen bases. Dickey began the 2014 season with a 4โ€“4 record and a 4.20 ERA through his first 10 starts. On May 24, he won his fifth game of the season, 5โ€“2 over the AL West-leading Oakland Athletics. In doing so, he lowered his ERA to 3.95, the first time in his tenure as a Blue Jay in which his ERA has been below 4. On June 27, Dickey recorded his 1,000th career strikeout, coming against Tyler Flowers of the Chicago White Sox. He would start the final game of the Blue Jays season on September 28, against the Baltimore Orioles, and would pitch 6 innings and yield only 1 run, but Toronto would lose 1โ€“0. Dickey finished the season with a 14โ€“13 record, 3.71 ERA, 173 strikeouts, and a 1.23 WHIP in 34 starts totaling 215 innings. Dickey opened the 2015 season as the number two starter in the Jays rotation. On June 18, he made his first start against the Mets since being traded in 2012, and pitched 7 innings in a 7โ€“1 win. Dickey was placed on the bereavement list the following day after it was revealed that his father, Harry Lee Dickey, had died on June 16. At the All-Star break, Dickey had a 3โ€“10 record and a 4.87 ERA. He would turn his season around after the break, and earned his 100th career win on September 25. Dickey pitched a little over ninety-nine innings after the All-Star break, fourth most in the American League, resulting in eight wins with only one loss, 6th best in the AL. His ERA was a meagre 2.80 over that period, which would have tied him for the best in the American League with Justin Verlander (50 inning minimum), had it not been for two other Jays starters, Marco Estrada, with a 2.78 ERA, and David Price, at 2.55. Overall Dickey finished the season with an 11โ€“11 record, 3.91 ERA, and 126 strikeouts in 214 innings pitched. He made his postseason debut on October 12, starting game 4 of the ALDS against the Texas Rangers. At 40 years of age, Dickey became the oldest player in MLB history to make his postseason debut, pitching 4 innings before he was relieved by David Price, who would go on to earn the win. On November 3, Dickey's $12 million option for 2016 was exercised by the Blue Jays. During the offseason, he underwent surgery to repair a tear in his right meniscus. Dickey closed the 2016 regular season with a 10โ€“15 record, 4.46 ERA, and 126 strikeouts over 169 innings. Due to the acquisition of Francisco Liriano at the trade deadline, Dickey made only three pitching appearances in September. With the Blue Jays only needing four starters for the playoffs, Dickey was left off of the postseason roster in favor of Marcus Stroman, Aaron Sanchez, Marco Estrada, and J. A. Happ. Dickey became a free agent at the conclusion of the 2016 season. On October 27, Dickey was named a finalist for the pitchers Gold Glove Award, along with Justin Verlander and Dallas Keuchel. 2017: Atlanta Braves On November 10, 2016, Dickey signed a one-year, $7.5 million contract with the Atlanta Braves that included an $8 million club option for the 2018 season, with a $500,000 buyout. In 31 starts for the Atlanta Braves in the 2017 season, Dickey had a 10โ€“10 record with an ERA of 4.26. The Braves declined the 2018 option on Dickey, leaving him a free agent. He retired in 2018 after not being signed in free agency. Pitching style Dickey relied primarily on the knuckleball, using it around 80% of the time. His repertoire was rounded out by two-seam and four-seam fastballs (82โ€“85ย mph) and a rare changeup (76โ€“78ย mph). Dickey's knuckleball came in two formsย โ€” a "slow" knuckler in the low-to-mid 70s that has been clocked as low as 54ย mph, and a "fast" one in the upper 70s, sometimes reaching as fast as 83ย mph. Dickey tended to use the slow knuckleball when he was behind in the count, and used the fast one when he was ahead. However, he resorted to a fastball in most 3โ€“0 and 3โ€“1 counts. International career Dickey was a member of the Team USA at the 1996 Olympics that won a bronze medal in Atlanta. Dickey started two games, recording wins in both. Seventeen years later, Dickey once again pitched for Team USA in the 2013 World Baseball Classic. He started two games, going 0โ€“1 with a 5.00 ERA. Awards, honors, and notable achievements 2012 NL Cy Young Award winner All-Star selection (2012) National League Pitcher of the Month (June 2012) National League Player of the Week (May 27, 2012) Won a bronze medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta for Men's Baseball. Baseball Prospectus Cy Young Award (2012) Sporting News NL Pitcher of the Year (2012) Holds the Mets franchise record of consecutive scoreless innings (set June 13, 2012). Stands second among Mets pitchers all-time with consecutive innings pitched without giving up an earned run. Threw two consecutive one-hitters on June 13 and 18, 2012. The last time a pitcher had thrown two consecutive one-hitters was in 1988 in the AL and 1944 in the NL. During the June 18 one-hitter, he also set a career high in strikeouts with 13. Dickey is also the only pitcher to throw consecutive one hitters and post 10+ strikeouts. With his June 18, 2012, win over the Orioles, he became the only pitcher in major league history to have five consecutive starts without giving up any earned runs and still getting at least eight strikeouts in each game. Branch Rickey Award (2012) National League Outstanding Pitcher of the Year (2012) Received an Honorary degree of Doctor of Sacred Letters from Wycliffe College at the University of Toronto on May 13, 2013. Personal life Dickey is married and has two daughters and two sons. A born-again Christian, he helps operate the Ocala, Florida-based Honoring the Father Ministries which provides medical supplies, powdered milk, and baseball equipment to the impoverished in Latin America. A 2010 New York Times article reported that Dickey is an avid reader and that at the time, the stack of books in his locker included Life of Pi by Yann Martel and a collection of works by C. S. Lewis. Dickey has said that if he had not become a professional athlete, he would have become an English professor. Dickey named his bats for literary swordsโ€”Orcrist the Goblin Cleaver (from The Hobbit) and Hrunting (from Beowulf). Dickey mixed up Orcrist and Sting when explaining the origin of the name. Dickey's at-bat introduction song was the theme from Game of Thrones. In November 2011, Dickey announced that he would risk his 2012 season salary ($4,250,000) to attempt to climb Mount Kilimanjaro; he credits this aspiration to his boyhood reading of Hemingway's The Snows of Kilimanjaro. While climbing Mt. Kilimanjaro, he set out to raise awareness of the issue of human trafficking in India. His climb was in support of an organization called "Bombay Teen Challenge" that ministers to victims of human trafficking and their children in the heart of the red-light districts. Dickey returned from this trip in January 2012 with Mets bullpen catcher Dave Racaniello and the Cleveland Indians starting pitcher Kevin Slowey, and together raised over $100,000. His 2011 season was followed in the documentary film Knuckleball! His autobiography, Wherever I Wind Up: My Quest for Truth, Authenticity and the Perfect Knuckleball, written along with New York Daily News reporter Wayne Coffey, was released in 2012. In the book Dickey wrote that, at the age of 8, a 13-year-old female babysitter sexually abused him, and subsequently a teenage male sexually abused him. He also discussed his struggles with suicidal thoughts as an adult. In September 2012, Dial Press announced a deal with Dickey to publish three books, including a children's version of his memoir. On June 20, 2012, it was reported that Dickey was helping coach an 18-year-old knuckleball pitcher from Long Island, helping him become a walk-on pitcher for the University of Maryland Terrapins. In 2013, Dickey appeared in a video for I Am Second describing his suicide attempt, history of abuse, and becoming a born-again Christian. See also List of knuckleball pitchers List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders List of Olympic medalists in baseball New York Mets award winners and league leaders Toronto Blue Jays award winners and league leaders References Further reading External links Alan Schwarz, "New Twist Keeps Dickey's Career Afloat" New York Times, February 27, 2008 Minor League Splits and Situational Stats "Elusive Knuckleball Gives Pitcher Chance at Majors" NPR. February 28, 2008. R.A. the Knuckle Man by Rany Jazayerli at Grantland 1974 births Living people All-American college baseball players American evangelicals American expatriate baseball players in Canada Atlanta Braves players Baseball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics Baseball players from Tennessee Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Charlotte Rangers players Cy Young Award winners Frisco RoughRiders players Gold Glove Award winners Knuckleball pitchers Major League Baseball pitchers Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics Minnesota Twins players Nashville Sounds players National League All-Stars National League strikeout champions New York Mets players Oklahoma RedHawks players Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in baseball Rochester Red Wings players Seattle Mariners players Tacoma Rainiers players Tennessee Volunteers baseball players Texas Rangers players Toronto Blue Jays players Tulsa Drillers players World Baseball Classic players of the United States 2013 World Baseball Classic players Child sexual abuse in the United States
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.I.N.S.
E.I.N.S.
ใ€ŠE.I.N.S.ใ€‹๋Š” ๋…์ผ ํ•˜๋“œ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋ตˆ์ œ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ์ •๊ทœ13 ์ง‘์ด๋‹ค. 1996๋…„ 10์›” 23์ผ์— โ€˜โ€™๋ฒ„์ง„ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œโ€™โ€™์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์Œ์•… ์ „๋ฌธ์ง€ โ€˜โ€™๋กํ•˜๋“œโ€™โ€™์—์„œ๋Š” 10์  ๋งŒ ์ ์— 8.5์ ์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,โ€˜E.I.N.S'๋ฅผ ์•จ๋ฒ” ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค๊ณผ ํŒฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฐ˜ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ  ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์€ E.I.N.S (Eigentlich Immer Noch Skins โ€“์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‚˜์น˜, ์—ญ์ž ์ฃผ)๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ปค๋ฒ„ ์ปค๋ฒ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ผ๊ตด์€ ๋„ค ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ์„ ๋–ผ์–ด์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. (์ž…: ์Šˆํ…ŒํŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ, ์ฝ”: ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ์‡ผ๋กœํ”„์Šคํ‚ค, ๊ท€: ์ผ€๋นˆ๋Ÿฌ์…€, ๋ˆˆ: ๋งˆํ‹ฐ์•„์Šค ๋ขฐ์–ด) ์–ผ๊ตด ์œ„์—๋Š” ๋ตˆ์ œ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ๋กœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€, ์•„๋ž˜์—๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์ธ E.I.N.S๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… Danket dem Herrn ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ํฌ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฐด๋“œ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ํŒฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ€žduftende Blumen in Feldern voll ScheiรŸeโ€œ (Buch ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ: โ€žAlles Fleisch ist Gras, und all seine Gรผte ist wie eine Blume auf dem Feldeโ€œ, nach biblischer Ansicht hat ein Feld gedรผngt zu sein). Das โ€žPerlen vor die Sรคueโ€œ stammt aus dem ๋งˆํƒœ๋ณต์Œ,โ€žUns liegt das Herz auf der Zunge" ist ein abgewandeltes Zitat von ์šฅ๊ธฐ (โ€žMein Herz spricht die aufrichtigen Worteโ€œ). โ€žfantastische Vier"(ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ 4์ธ์กฐ)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋Š” 1987๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ ์•จ๋ฒ” Onkelz wie wir...๋™๋ช…์˜ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์—์„œ ์ฐจ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜์—์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€์ง€ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Nichts ist so hart wie das Leben ์ด ๊ณก์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆโ€˜์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒโ€™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋น„๋ก ํž˜๋“ค ์ง€๋ผ๋„โ€˜์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‚ด์€ ๋น„๊ฒํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. Wie tief willst du noch sinken ์ด ๊ณก์€ ์•ฝํ•ด๋น ์ง„ ๊ธฐํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ด๋‹ค. Ihr sollt den Tag nicht vor dem Abend loben ์ด ๊ณก์€ 90๋…„๋Œ€ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋”” ํ† ํŠผ ํ˜ธ์  ๊ณผ ๋”” ์• ์–ด์ธ ํ…Œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•ด์„œ ์“ด ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. 1997๋…„ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ Live in Dortmund ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด ๊ณก์ด ๋๋‚œ ๋’ค์— ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด โ€ž์ „์Ÿ",๋˜๋Š” "๋นŒ์–ด๋จน์„ ํ† ํŠผ ํ˜ธ์  "์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์ฐฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Zu nah an der Wahrheit ์ด ๊ณก์€ ํŒฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์• ์ •์„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Meister der Lรผgen ์ด ๊ณก์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์กฐ์‚ฌ ์—†์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ž๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ณด๋„๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒช์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Kirche ์ด ๊ณก์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๋ฅผ ๋””์Šคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๋Š”โ€ž๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ธฐ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋™์ •์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ถˆ์Œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"์™€ "์กฐ์งํ™”๋œ ์ข…๊ต๋Š” ํ‰ํ™”์™€ ๋‹จํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žฅ๋งค๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "์•…๋งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ž๋Š”,์‹ ๋„ ํ•„์š”์—†๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋Š” โ€ž์žฅ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„โ€œ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (์›€๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†  ์—์ฝ”, 1980). Flammen ์ด ๊ณก์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๋‹ค์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋‚œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. Koma - eine Nacht die niemals endet ๋‡Œ์‚ฌ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. Auf gute Freunde ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ƒํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์€ ๊ณก์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. Regen ์ด ๊ณก์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒœํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ์Šˆํ…ŒํŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ ํ˜ผ์ž ์ž‘๊ณกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Zeit zu gehn ์ด ๊ณก์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ๋น„๋ก ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ด€๊ณ„์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์ ˆ๊ตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. Enie Tfahcstob rรผf Ediona-RAP (Eine Botschaft fรผr PARanoide) ์ด ๊ณก์€ ์•จ๋ฒ” Heilige Lieder์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก์ธ Noreira(์ผˆํŠธ์˜ ์—ฌ์‹ )๊ฐ€ Noreia๋ผ๊ณ  ์ดˆํŒ์— ์ž˜๋ชป ์ธ์‡„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฐ˜์—๋„ ๊ฐ™์€LP๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋˜ Noreira ๋กœ ์ธ์‡„๋œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋˜ ๊ทน์šฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ์“ฐ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์›๋ž˜ ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ผ๋ฉด โ€šEine Botschaft fรผr Paranoideโ€˜(ํŽธ์ง‘์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€)์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์€ ์Šˆํ…ŒํŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋…น์Œ ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๋…น์Œํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ตˆ์ œ ์˜น์ผˆ์ธ ์˜ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ 1996๋…„ ์Œ๋ฐ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.I.N.S.
E.I.N.S.
E.I.N.S. (German for "O.N.E.") is the twelfth album by German rock band Bรถhse Onkelz . It was released in 1996. The album title is not an abbreviation: the dots between the letters should be seen to strengthen and emphasise the word eins ("one"). "E.I.N.S." was voted several times into the Top 10 of the column "Best metal album of all time" from several German magazines like Rock Hard or Metal Hammer. The cover shows a morphed face with one ear (Kevin Russell), one eye (Matthias "Gonzo" Rรถhr), nose (Peter "Pe" Schorowsky) and mouth (Stephan Weidner). The followed tour had the name "Unter dem Auge des Gonz" (Under the eyes of Gonz), and at the back of the stage was to see a huge eye. Track listing Danket dem Herrn (Thank the Lord) Nichts ist so hart wie das Leben (Nothing is as tough as life) Wie tief willst Du noch sinken (How deep do you want to sink) Ihr sollt den Tag nicht vor dem Abend loben (Don't praise the day before the evening) Zu nah an der Wahrheit (Too close to the truth) Meister der Lรผgen (Master of lies) Kirche (Church) Flammen (Flames) Koma - Eine Nacht, die niemals endet (Coma - A night that never ends) Auf gute Freunde (To good friends) Regen (Rain) Zeit zu gehn (Time to go) Enie Tfahcstob rรผf Ediona-RAP (A egassem rof sdiona-RAP)Track notes Danket dem Herrn In this typical opener song, where the band celebrates itself and their fans, there are bible quotes at some lines. "Duftende Blumen in Feldern voll ScheiรŸe" (Smelling flowers in fields full of shit) can be found in the Book of Isaiah as "All meat is grass, and all his goodness is like a tree at a field". Through the bible writers view, the fields had to be fertilized. The quote "Perlen vor die Sรคue" (Pearls before the sows) comes from the Gospel of Matthew. The line "Uns liegt das Herz auf der Zunge" (Our hearts are lying at our tongues) is a changed quote from Job , "My heart is telling the sincere words". The self designation "die fantastischen Vier" (The fantastic four) comes from the song "Onkelz wie wir" from the same-named album. Ihr sollt den Tag nicht vor dem Abend loben This song is written for two bands, which saying or singing every time they can something against the Onkelz: Die ร„rzte and Die Toten Hosen. The ร„rzte sang "zwischen Stรถrkraft und den Onkelz steht ne Kuschelrock-LP" (between Stรถrkraft and the Onkelz stands a Kuschelrock-CD) (From: "Schrei nach Liebe", 1993). Campino of the Tote Hosen compared the Onkelz with "Landser booklet lyrics". Stรถrkraft and Landser are two neonazi bands from Germany. "Ihr sollt den Tag nicht vor dem Abend loben" rather means "Don't count your chickens before they are hatched", though the translation in this title is more or less a one-to-one translation, showing the real meanings of the words used. Meister der Lรผgen Meister der Lรผgen (Masters of lies) is a song against the press. Kirche In opinion of the band, this song is addressed only to the Roman Catholic Church and not against the Christians. Stephan Weidner has the opinion, that the church "should distribute their money to the poor and not their compassion" and that "the organized religion is the biggest obstacle at the way to peace." The song itself requests to not use the church as a sprag. The sentence "Wer keine Angst vor dem Teufel hat, braucht auch keinen Gott" (Who doesn't fear the devil, doesn't need a god) comes from the novel "The Name of the Rose" (Umberto Eco, 1980). Enie Tfahcstob rรผf Ediona-RAP A journalist from the daily newspaper "Darmstรคdter Echo" believed they had found a scandal, when they saw that title of one of the Onkelz' songs, which in their opinion is to read backwards as "Arier On" . In fact, the song title isn't Noreira but Noreia, the name of a celtic god. In reaction of this and other witchhunts, the band released a song on the "E.I.N.S." Album called "Enie Tfahcstob rรผf ediona-RAP" - backwards "Eine Botschaft fรผr Paranoide" (A message for the paranoid). This features Stephan Weidner speaking backwards a message, which can be heard if the song is played in reverse: (translated) Congratulations. Must've been a lot of work playing this song backwards. Either you are one of the paranoid assholes we've created this song for, or you're simply curious. For the former, let me say: Anyone expecting satanic or fascist messages to be played backwards on our records must be downright silly and, what's more, probably has a persecution complex. You poor creature, we really feel sorry for you! Better lock yourself up and throw away the key.'' Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Bรถhse Onkelz albums 1996 albums German-language albums Virgin Records albums
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B8%20%EC%BB%A4%EB%A6%AC
๋ธ ์ปค๋ฆฌ
์›Œ๋ธ ์Šคํ…Œํ”ˆ ์ปค๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋‹ˆ์–ด(Wardell Stephen Curry, Sr., 1964๋…„ 6์›” 25์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์ „ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋†๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด์ž, NBA ์†Œ์†์˜ ์ŠˆํŒ… ๊ฐ€๋“œ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ธ ์ปค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณจ๋“ ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ์›Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด์Šค์˜ ํ”„๋žœ์ฐจ์ด์ฆˆ ์Šคํƒ€ ์Šคํ…Œํ”ˆ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ ๋„ค์ธ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋“œ ์„ธ์Šค ์ปค๋ฆฌ ํ˜•์ œ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. 1994๋…„์— ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ ํ˜ธ๋„ค์ธ  ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ NBA ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์‹์Šค๋งจ ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„, ํ˜„ ๋ถ€์ธ์ธ ์†Œ๋ƒ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ดํ˜ผ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํ†ต๊ณ„ NBA ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1986-87 | style="text-align:left;"| ์œ ํƒ€ | 67 || 0 || 9.5 || .426 || .283 || .789 || 1.2 || .9 || .4 || .1 || 4.9 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1987-88 | style="text-align:left;"| ํด๋ฆฌ๋ธ”๋žœ๋“œ | 79 || 8 || 19.0 || .458 || .346 || .782 || 2.1 || 1.9 || 1.2 || .3 || 10.0 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1988-89 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 48 || 0 || 16.9 || .491 || .345 || .870 || 2.2 || 1.0 || .9 || .1 || 11.9 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1989-90 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 67 || 13 || 27.8 || .466 || .354 || .923 || 2.5 || 2.4 || 1.5 || .4 || 16.0 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1990-91 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 76 || 14 || 19.9 || .471 || .372 || .842 || 2.6 || 2.2 || 1.0 || .3 || 10.6 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1991-92 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 77 || 0 || 26.2 || .486 || .404 || .836 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 1.2 || .3 || 15.7 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1992-93 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 80 || 0 || 26.2 || .452 || .401 || .866 || 3.6 || 2.3 || 1.1 || .3 || 15.3 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1993-94 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 82 || 0 || 26.5 || .455 || .402 || .873 || 3.2 || 2.7 || 1.2 || .3 || 16.3 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1994-95 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 69 || 0 || 24.9 || .441 || .427 || .856 || 3.4 || 1.6 || .8 || .3 || 13.6 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1995-96 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 82|| 29 || 28.9 || .453 || .404 || .854 || 3.2 || 2.1 || 1.3 || .3 || 14.5 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1996-97 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 68 || 20 || 30.6 || .459 || .426 || .803 || 3.1 || 1.7 || .9 || .2 || 14.8 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1997-98 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 52 || 1 || 18.7 || .447 || .421 || .788 || 1.9 || 1.3 || .6 || .1 || 9.4 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1998-99 | style="text-align:left;"| ๋ฐ€์›Œํ‚ค | 42 || 0 || 20.6 || .485 || .476 || .824 || 2.0 || 1.1 || .9 || .1 || 10.1 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1999-00 | style="text-align:left;"| ํ† ๋ก ํ†  | 67 || 9 || 16.3 || .427 || .393 || .750 || 1.5 || 1.3 || .5 || .1 || 7.6 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2000-01 | style="text-align:left;"| ํ† ๋ก ํ†  | 71 || 1 || 13.5 || .424 || .428 || .843 || 1.2 || 1.1 || .4 || .1 || 6.0 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2001-02 | style="text-align:left;"| ํ† ๋ก ํ†  | 56 || 4 || 15.8 || .406 || .344 || .892 || 1.4 || 1.1 || .4 || .1 || 6.4 |- |-class="sortbottom" | align="center" colspan="2" | ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ | 1,083 || 99 || 21.7 || .457 || .402 || .843 || 2.4 || 1.8 || .9 || .2 || 11.7 |- ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1987 | style="text-align:left;"| ์œ ํƒ€ | 2 || 0 || 2.0 || .000 || .000 || โ€” || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 0.0 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1988 | style="text-align:left;"| ํด๋ฆฌ๋ธ”๋žœ๋“œ | 2 || 0 || 8.5 || .250 || .000 || โ€” || .5 || 1.0 || .0 || .5 || 1.0 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1993 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 9 || 0 || 24.7 || .433 || .286 || .818 || 3.6 || 2.0 || 1.4 || .0 || 11.0 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1995 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 4 || 0 || 26.8 || .471 || .429 || .909 || 2.3 || 1.5 || .0 || .0 || 12.8 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1997 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 3 || 1 || 16.7 || .294 || .250 || 1.000 || .3 || 1.7 || 1.3 || .0 || 4.7 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1998 | style="text-align:left;"| ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ | 9 || 0 || 19.0 || .593 || .250 || .857 || 2.1 || 1.1 || .8 || .3 || 5.8 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1999 | style="text-align:left;"| ๋ฐ€์›Œํ‚ค | 3 || 0 || 16.3 || .404 || .125 || 1.000 || 1.3 || .3 || 1.0 || .0 || 3.0 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2000 | style="text-align:left;"| ํ† ๋ก ํ†  | 3 || 0 || 10.0 || .133 || .667 || .500 || .7 || .3 || .7 || .0 || 2.3 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2001 | style="text-align:left;"| ํ† ๋ก ํ†  | 12 || 0 || 15.2 || .500 || .378 || .833 || 1.2 || .8 || .5 || .1 || 6.5 |- |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2002 | style="text-align:left;"| ํ† ๋ก ํ†  | 4 || 0 || 14.8 || .422 || .800 || 1.000 || 1.3 || 1.0 || 1.3 || .5 || 7.0 |- |-class="sortbottom" | align="center" colspan="2" | ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ | 51 || 1 || 17.5 || .400 || .350 || .870 || 1.7 || 1.1 || .8 || .1 || 6.7 |- ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1964๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋†๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ ํ˜ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ปค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋†๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ŠˆํŒ… ๊ฐ€๋“œ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell%20Curry
Dell Curry
Wardell Stephen Curry Sr. (born June 25, 1964) is an American former professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1986 until 2002 and retired as the Charlotte Hornets' all-time leader in points (9,839) and three-point field goals made (929). Curry currently works as a color commentator, alongside Eric Collins, on Charlotte Hornets television broadcasts. He is the father of NBA players Stephen Curry and Seth Curry. Early life Born in Harrisonburg, Virginia, Curry was raised in Grottoes and played high school basketball at Fort Defiance, where he used his coach's barn to practice shooting daily. He finished as the all-time leading scorer in school history, and was named a McDonald's All-American in 1982. Curry also played baseball, and won state championships in both sports; he was selected by the Texas Rangers in the 1982 Major League Baseball draft. College career Curry was a four-year starter at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg along with contemporaries Bobby Beecher, Perry Young, Al Young, and Keith Colbert. The Hokies appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 1983 and 1984, finishing third in the latter. Although the team qualified for at-large bids to the NCAA tournament in 1985 and 1986, it lost in the first round on both occasions. In his senior season in 1986, Curry was named the player of the year in the Metro Conference. Prior to the 1986โ€“87 season, NCAA basketball did not feature a three-point line; Curry's accurate long-range shooting was not rewarded, as it would be later in his NBA career. (In the early and mid 1980s, the three-point line was introduced in many conferences at varying distances, but it was not recognized by the NCAA.) Curry also played baseball for Virginia Tech. He was selected by the Baltimore Orioles in the 14th round of the 1985 MLB draft but opted to continue playing basketball. Curry finished his Virginia Tech career with 2,389 points (second all-time) and 295 steals (all-time leader) in basketball, and a 6โ€“1 record with a 3.81 ERA in baseball. He was inducted into the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame in 1996, his first year of eligibility. Professional career Curry was selected with the 15th overall pick by the Utah Jazz in the 1986 NBA draft. He played one season in Utah before being traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in 1987, where he spent the 1987โ€“88 season. He was left unprotected by Cleveland for the 1988 NBA expansion draft and was the second player selected, the first by the Charlotte Hornets. Curry spent 10 seasons in Charlotte, mostly coming off the bench to provide instant offense with three-point shooting. He was a regular in the discussions for Sixth Man of the Year and won the honor in the 1993โ€“94 season. He was once the franchise's all-time statistical leader in points, games played, three-point field goals made and attempted, and three-point field goal percentage. When he left the team in 1998, he was the last player remaining from its inaugural season 10 years earlier. Curry played one season for the Milwaukee Bucks before playing his final three seasons in the NBA for the Toronto Raptors. He holds career averages of 11.7 points, 2.4 rebounds, and 1.8 assists. Curry retired as the all-time leading scorer in Hornets history with 9,839 points. NBA career statistics Regular season |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Utah | 67 || 0 || 9.5 || .426 || .283 || .789 || 1.2 || .9 || .4 || .1 || 4.9 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland | 79 || 8 || 19.0 || .458 || .346 || .782 || 2.1 || 1.9 || 1.2 || .3 || 10.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 48 || 0 || 16.9 || .491 || .345 || .870 || 2.2 || 1.0 || .9 || .1 || 11.9 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 67 || 13 || 27.8 || .466 || .354 || .923 || 2.5 || 2.4 || 1.5 || .4 || 16.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 76 || 14 || 19.9 || .471 || .372 || .842 || 2.6 || 2.2 || 1.0 || .3 || 10.6 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 77 || 0 || 26.2 || .486 || .404 || .836 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 1.2 || .3 || 15.7 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 80 || 0 || 26.2 || .452 || .401 || .866 || 3.6 || 2.3 || 1.1 || .3 || 15.3 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 82 || 0 || 26.5 || .455 || .402 || .873 || 3.2 || 2.7 || 1.2 || .3 || 16.3 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 69 || 0 || 24.9 || .441 || .427 || .856 || 3.4 || 1.6 || .8 || .3 || 13.6 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 82|| 29 || 28.9 || .453 || .404 || .854 || 3.2 || 2.1 || 1.3 || .3 || 14.5 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 68 || 20 || 30.6 || .459 || .426 || .803 || 3.1 || 1.7 || .9 || .2 || 14.8 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 52 || 1 || 18.7 || .447 || .421 || .788 || 1.9 || 1.3 || .6 || .1 || 9.4 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|Milwaukee | 42 || 0 || 20.6 || .485 || .476 || .824 || 2.0 || 1.1 || .9 || .1 || 10.1 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"| Toronto | 67 || 9 || 16.3 || .427 || .393 || .750 || 1.5 || 1.3 || .5 || .1 || 7.6 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"| Toronto | 71 || 1 || 13.5 || .424 || .428 || .843 || 1.2 || 1.1 || .4 || .1 || 6.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"| Toronto | 56 || 4 || 15.8 || .406 || .344 || .892 || 1.4 || 1.1 || .4 || .1 || 6.4 |- class="sortbottom" | align="center" colspan=2| Career | 1,083 || 99 || 21.7 || .457 || .402 || .843 || 2.4 || 1.8 || .9 || .2 || 11.7 |- Playoffs |- |style="text-align:left;"|1987 |style="text-align:left;"|Utah | 2 || 0 || 2.0 || .000 || .000 || โ€” || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 0.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|1988 |style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland | 2 || 0 || 8.5 || .250 || .000 || โ€” || .5 || 1.0 || .0 || .5 || 1.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|1993 |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 9 || 0 || 24.7 || .433 || .286 || .818 || 3.6 || 2.0 || 1.4 || .0 || 11.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|1995 |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 4 || 0 || 26.8 || .471 || .429 || .909 || 2.3 || 1.5 || .0 || .0 || 12.8 |- |style="text-align:left;"|1997 |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 3 || 1 || 16.7 || .294 || .250 || 1.000 || .3 || 1.7 || 1.3 || .0 || 4.7 |- |style="text-align:left;"|1998 |style="text-align:left;"|Charlotte | 9 || 0 || 19.0 || .593 || .250 || .857 || 2.1 || 1.1 || .8 || .3 || 5.8 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 1999 |style="text-align:left;"|Milwaukee | 3 || 0 || 16.3 || .404 || .125 || 1.000 || 1.3 || .3 || 1.0 || .0 || 3.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2000 |style="text-align:left;"| Toronto | 3 || 0 || 10.0 || .133 || .667 || .500 || .7 || .3 || .7 || .0 || 2.3 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2001 |style="text-align:left;"| Toronto | 12 || 0 || 15.2 || .500 || .378 || .833 || 1.2 || .8 || .5 || .1 || 6.5 |- |style="text-align:left;"| 2002 |style="text-align:left;"| Toronto | 4 || 0 || 14.8 || .422 || .800 || 1.000 || 1.3 || 1.0 || 1.3 || .5 || 7.0 |- class="sortbottom" | align="center" colspan=2| Career | 51 || 1 || 17.5 || .400 || .350 || .870 || 1.7 || 1.1 || .8 || .1 || 6.7 |- Post-playing career In 2004, Curry was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame. On June 18, 2007, Curry was named an assistant coach of the NBA's Charlotte Bobcats, but he stepped down before the season began so that he could attend his sons' basketball games. In 2009, Curry started working as a commentator, alongside longtime play-by-play announcer Steve Martin, for the Charlotte Bobcats (now Charlotte Hornets). In 2016, Curry was the recipient of the Bobby Jones Award at the Athletes in Action All Star Breakfast, which is held each year at the NBA All Star Weekend. Personal life On June 21, 1991, Curry and Charlotte Hornets teammate Muggsy Bogues appeared in a Minor League Baseball game for the Gastonia Rangers of the South Atlantic League. George Shinn, as owner of both teams, arranged the publicity stunt. Curry allowed only one run and struck out four batters in a three inning start. In 1995, Dell and his wife, Sonya ( Adams), founded the Christian Montessori School of Lake Norman, a preschool in Huntersville, North Carolina. In 1998, Curry established a charitable foundation, the Dell Curry Foundation, which is a youth oriented program in Charlotte, North Carolina. The foundation runs five learning centers in Charlotte to provide educational training and drug abuse counseling. Curry married his college sweetheart Sonya in 1988. They have three children, Stephen, Seth, and Sydel. Stephen is the starting point guard for the Golden State Warriors. While he has been with them, they have won four NBA championships alongside 2 NBA MVP Awards. Stephen is married to Ayesha Curry. Seth currently plays for the Dallas Mavericks. He is married to Callie Rivers, sister of current NBA player Austin Rivers and daughter of former NBA player and coach Doc Rivers. Curry's daughter Sydel played volleyball at Elon University and is married to NBA player Damion Lee. She was featured on Say Yes to the Dress in 2018. On August 23, 2021, Curry and his wife, Sonya, announced that they were divorcing after 33 years of marriage. References External links Virginia Tech Hall of Fame bio NBA.com profile NBA.com player bio 1964 births Living people African-American basketball players African-American Christians All-American college men's basketball players American expatriate basketball people in Canada American men's basketball players Basketball players from Charlotte, North Carolina Basketball players from Virginia Charlotte Bobcats announcers Charlotte Hornets expansion draft picks Charlotte Hornets players Cleveland Cavaliers players Curry family Gastonia Rangers players McDonald's High School All-Americans Milwaukee Bucks players Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball) People from Grottoes, Virginia People from Harrisonburg, Virginia Shooting guards Toronto Raptors players Utah Jazz players Utah Jazz draft picks Virginia Tech Hokies baseball players Virginia Tech Hokies men's basketball players
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%98%20%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%20%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD%20%EA%B5%90%EA%B5%AC%20%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D
์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก
์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ๋Š” 17๊ฐœ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— 17๊ฐœ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ์™€ 43๊ฐœ๊ต๊ตฌ 1๊ฐœ ๊ตฐ์ข…๊ต๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋™๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ์€ 1๊ฐœ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ „๋ก€๊ด€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ 4๊ฐœ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ „๋ก€๊ต๊ตฌ ์™€ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฐฉ์ „๋ก€๊ต๊ตฌ 5๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์—๋“œ๋จผํ„ด๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Edmonton) ์—๋“œ๋จผํ„ด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Edmonton) ์บ˜๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Calgary) ์•จ๋ฒ„ํƒ€์˜ ์„ธ์ธํŠธํŒŒ์šธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Saint Paul in Alberta) ๊ฐ€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Gatineau) ๊ฐ€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Gatineau) ์•„๋ชจ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Amos) ๋ชฝ-๋กœ์ด์–ด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Mont-Laurier) ๋ฅ€-๋…ธ๋ž€๋‹ค๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Rouyn-Noranda) ๊ทธ๋กœ์ด๋“œ-๋งฅ๋ ˆ๋„Œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Grouard-McLennan) ๊ทธ๋กœ์ด๋“œ-๋ฉ•๋ ˆ๋„Œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Grouard-McLennan) ๋งฅ์ผ„์ง€-ํฌ๋ฅด์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith) ํ™”์ดํŠธํ˜ธ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Whitehorse) ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Halifax) ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค-์•ผ๋ฅด๋จธ์Šค ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth) ์—”ํ‹ฐ๊ณ ๋‹ˆ์‰ฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Antigonish) ์ƒฌ๋กฏํƒ€์šด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Charlottetown) ํ‚ค์™€ํ‹ด-๋ฅด๋น  ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Keewatin-Le Pas) ํ‚ค์™€ํ‹ด-๋ฅด๋น  ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Keewatin-Le Pas) ์ถฐ์น -ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจ๋งŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Churchill-Baie d'Hudson) ๋ฌด์„œ๋‹ˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Moosonee) ํ‚น์Šคํ„ด ๊ด€๊ตฌ( province of Kingston) ํ‚น์Šคํ„ด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kingston) ํ”ผํ„ฐ๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Peterborough) ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie) ๋ฉํฌํ„ด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Moncton) ๋ฉํฌํ„ด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Metropolitan Archdiocese of Moncton) ๋ฐฐ์„œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Bathurst) ์—๋“œ๋ฌธ๋“œ์Šคํ†ค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Edmundston) ์„ธ์ธํŠธ์กด-๋‰ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์ฆˆ์œ… ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Saint John- New Brunswick) ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Montrรฉal) ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Montrรฉal) ์กธ๋ฆฌ์—๋œจ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Joliette) ์„ธ์ธํŠธ-์ง„-๋กฑ๊ดด์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Saint-Jean-Longueuil) ์„ธ์ธํŠธ-์ œ๋กฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Saint-Jรฉrรดme) ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ์ดํ•„๋“œ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Valleyfield) ์˜คํƒ€์™€ - ์ฝ˜์›ฐ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Ottawa - Cornwall) ์˜คํƒ€์™€ - ์ฝ˜์›ฐ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ottawa) ํ—ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Hearst) ํŽจ๋ถ€๋ฃฉ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Pembroke) ํ‹ฐ๋ฏผ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Timmins) ํ€˜๋ฒก ๊ด€๊ตฌ( province of Quรฉbec) ํ€˜๋ฒก ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Quรฉbec) ์‘ค๊พธ๋ ๋ฏธ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Chicoutimi) ์„ธ์ธํŠธ-์•ค-๋””-๋ผ-ํฌ์บ‡๋ ์— ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatiรจre) ๋œจ์™€ํžˆ๋น„์—ํ›„ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Trois Riviรจres) ๋ฆฌ์ž์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€๊ตฌ( province of Regina) ๋ฆฌ์ž์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Regina) ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šค ์•จ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Prince Albert) ์‚ฌ์Šค์ปคํˆฐ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Saskatoon) ํžˆ๋ฏ€์Šค๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Rimouski) ํžˆ๋ฏ€์Šค๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Rimouski) ๋ฐฐ์ฝ”๋ชจ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Baie-Comeau) ๊ฐ€์ŠคํŽ˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Gaspรฉ) ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋ณด๋‹ˆํŒŒ์“ฐ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Saint Boniface) ๋ณด๋‹ˆํŒŒ์“ฐ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Saint Boniface) ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ์กด์Šค ๋‰ดํŽ€๋“ค๋ž€๋“œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of St. John's Newfoundland ) ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ์กด์Šค ๋‰ดํŽ€๋“ค๋ž€๋“œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of St. John's, Newfoundland) ์ฝ”๋„ˆ๋ถ€๋ฃฉ ๊ณผ ๋ž˜๋ธŒ๋ผ๋„๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Corner Brook and Labrador) ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ํด์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Grand Falls) ์…”๋ถ€๋ฅต ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Sherbrooke) ์…”๋ถ€๋ฅต ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sherbrooke) ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”๋ ˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Nicolet) ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋ ์•„์Œ๋œจ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Saint-Hyacinthe) ํ† ๋Ÿฐํ†  ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Toronto) ํ† ๋Ÿฐํ†  ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Toronto) ํ•˜๋ฐ€ํ„ด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Hamilton) ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of London) ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Saint Catharines) ์ฌ๋”๋ฒ ์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Thunder Bay) ๋ฒค์ฟ ๋ฒ„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Vancouver) ๋ฒค์ฟ ๋ฒ„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Archdiocese of Vancouver ) ์บ  ๋ฃน์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Kamloops) ๋„ฌ์† ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Nelson) ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šค ์กฐ์ง€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Prince George) ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Victoria) ์œ„๋‹ˆํŽ™ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „๋ก€ ๊ตํšŒ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(province of Winnipeg) ์œ„๋‹ˆํŽ™ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Archeparchy of Winnipeg) ์—๋“œ๋จผํ„ด๊ต๊ตฌ(Eparchy of Edmonton) ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฏผ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Eparchy of New Westminster) ์„œ์Šค์ปคํˆฐ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Eparchy of Saskatoon) ํ† ๋Ÿฐํ†  ์™€ ๋™๋ถ€ ์นด๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada) ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋ผํ‹ด์ „๋ก€ ์œ„๋‹ˆํŽ™ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Archdiocese of Winnipeg) ๋งˆ๋กœ๋‹ˆํŠธ์ „๋ก€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint-Maron de Montrรฉal) ๋ฉœํ‚ค๋“œ์ „๋ก€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Melkite Catholic Eparchy of Saint-Sauveur de Montrรฉal) ์Šฌ๋กœ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์•„์ „๋ก€ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ์‹œ๋ฆด ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ๋ฉ”์˜๋“€์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Slovakian Catholic Eparchy of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto) ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ตฐ์ข… ๊ต๊ตฌ(Military Ordinariate of Canada) ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ณ„ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Catholic%20dioceses%20in%20Canada
List of Catholic dioceses in Canada
The Catholic Church in Canada comprises a Latin Church hierarchy, consisting of eighteen ecclesiastical provinces each headed by a metropolitan archbishop, with a total of 54 suffragan dioceses, each headed by a bishop, and a non-metropolitan archbishopric, plus a military ordinariate (including 14 auxiliary bishops, for a total of 79 bishops). a Ukrainian Catholic ecclesiastical province, comprising a metropolitan archeparchy and four suffragan eparchies six single jurisdictions for other Eastern Catholic Churches. Those bishops all belong to the Canadian episcopal conference, the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (C.C.C.B., HQ in national capital Ottawa). Three Eastern Catholic churches have US-based North American jurisdictions covering Canada, as does the Latin Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter for former Anglicans headquartered in the US. There also in an Apostolic Nunciature to Canada as papal diplomatic (embassy-level) representation. Current Latin Provinces and Dioceses Latin sui iuris jurisdictions The following particular churches are not suffragan to metropolitan sees, but are instead immediately subject to the Holy See: The Archdiocese of Winnipeg (not Metropolitan) is an independent Latin Church district, serving southwestern portions of Manitoba. The Military Ordinariate of Canada serves Canadian servicemen abroad and is not defined by geographical territory. The Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter serves Catholics of the Anglican Use in both Canada and the United States. Ecclesiastical province of Edmonton The province geographically consists of the majority of Alberta, except for the province's northwestern corner. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Edmonton Diocese of Calgary Diocese of Saint Paul in Alberta Ecclesiastical province of Gatineau The province geographically consists of the western third of Quebec. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Gatineau Diocese of Amos Diocese of Mont-Laurier Diocese of Rouyn-Noranda Ecclesiastical province of Grouard-McLennan The province geographically consists of the entirety of Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, plus the northwestern corner of Alberta, the western third of Nunavut, and a tiny portion of northern Saskatchewan. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Grouard-McLennan Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith Diocese of Whitehorse Ecclesiastical province of Halifax-Yarmouth The province is geographically conterminous with the provinces of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth Diocese of Antigonish Diocese of Charlottetown Ecclesiastical province of Keewatin-Le Pas The province geographically consists of the northern half of Manitoba, the northern third of Saskatchewan, the eastern two-thirds of Nunavut, and a portion of northwestern Ontario. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Keewatin-Le Pas Diocese of Churchill-Baie d'Hudson Ecclesiastical province of Kingston The province geographically consists of central and parts of eastern Ontario. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kingston Diocese of Peterborough Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie Ecclesiastical province of Moncton The province is geographically coterminous with the province of New Brunswick. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Moncton Diocese of Bathurst Diocese of Edmundston Diocese of Saint John in New Brunswick Ecclesiastical province of Montrรฉal The province geographically consists of south-central portions of Quebec. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Montrรฉal Diocese of Joliette Diocese of Saint-Jean-Longueuil Diocese of Saint-Jรฉrรดme Diocese of Valleyfield Ecclesiastical province of Ottawa-Cornwall The province geographically consists of northeastern and parts of eastern Ontario. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ottawa-Cornwall Diocese of Hearstโ€“Moosonee Diocese of Pembroke Diocese of Timmins Ecclesiastical province of Quรฉbec The province geographically consists of north-central portions of Quebec. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Quรฉbec Diocese of Chicoutimi Diocese of Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatiรจre Diocese of Trois Riviรจres Ecclesiastical province of Regina The province geographically consists of the southern two-thirds of Saskatchewan. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Regina Diocese of Prince Albert Diocese of Saskatoon Ecclesiastical province of Rimouski The province geographically consists of northeastern portions of Quebec. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Rimouski Diocese of Baie-Comeau Diocese of Gaspรฉ Ecclesiastical province of Saint Boniface The province geographically consists of the southeastern portion of Manitoba. Archdiocese of Saint Boniface Ecclesiastical province of St. John's The province is geographically coterminous with the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Metropolitan Archdiocese of St. John's, Newfoundland Diocese of Corner Brook and Labrador Diocese of Grand Falls Ecclesiastical province of Sherbrooke The province geographically consists of portions of southeastern Quebec. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sherbrooke Diocese of Nicolet Diocese of Saint-Hyacinthe Ecclesiastical province of Toronto The province geographically consists of southern and portions of northwestern Ontario. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Toronto Diocese of Hamilton Diocese of London Diocese of Saint Catharines Diocese of Thunder Bay Ecclesiastical province of Vancouver The province is geographically coterminous with the province of British Columbia except for the northernmost portion of B.C. above 57 degrees latitude. Metropolitan Archdiocese of Vancouver Diocese of Kamloops Diocese of Nelson Diocese of Prince George Diocese of Victoria Current Eastern Catholic province and dioceses These belong to particular churches sui iuris, which use a non-Latin rite (Byzantine or other) but are in full communion with Rome and the entirety of the Catholic Church, yet have their own patriarch or other hierarch directly under Rome Metropolia of Winnipeg (Ukrainian Catholic) The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Canada, a particular church, using the Byzantine Rite in both the Ukrainian language and local vernacular, is organized into a metropolia (or ecclesiastical province) consisting of a metropolitan archeparchy (archdiocese) and its four suffragan eparchies (dioceses) : Metropolitan Archeparchy of Winnipeg Eparchy of Edmonton Eparchy of New Westminster Eparchy of Saskatoon Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada Other Eastern Catholic dioceses in Canada Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Mar Addai of Toronto, part of the Chaldean Catholic Church Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Montreal, part of the Maronite Church Melkite Catholic Eparchy of Saint-Sauveur of Montrรฉal, part of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mississauga, part of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Syrian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate for Canada, part of the Syriac Catholic Church Slovakian Catholic Exarchate of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto, part of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh, USA (formerly part of the Slovakian Greek Catholic Church). International Eastern Catholic jurisdictions Several Eastern Catholic Churches have jurisdictions that include members and congregations in both the United States and Canada: Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Nareg in Glendale, part of the Armenian Catholic Church Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada, part of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church Romanian Catholic Eparchy of St George's in Canton, part of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church Former jurisdictions Titular see Roman Catholic Diocese of Gravelbourg Other suppressed jurisdictions Nearly all other former jurisdictions have direct successors, usually after promotion, except : Apostolic Prefecture of Placentia, suppressed (merged into Diocese of St. Johnโ€™s, Newfoundland) Territorial Abbacy of Saint Peterโ€“Muenster, suppressed (merged into Diocese of Saskatoon) Diocese of Labrador Cityโ€“Schefferville, suppressed (merged into Diocese of Amos, Diocese of Baie-Comeau and Diocese of Corner Brook and Labrador) Diocese of Harbour Grace, suppressed (merged into Diocese of Grand Falls) Diocese of Moosonee, suppressed (merged with the Diocese of Hearst, to create the new Diocese of Hearstโ€“Moosonee) Diocese of Yarmouth, suppressed (merged into Metropolitan Archdiocese of Halifax, which simultaneously became Metropolitan Archdiocese of Halifaxโ€“Yarmouth) Diocese of Alexandria-Cornwall, suppressed (merged into Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ottawa, which simultaneously became Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ottawa-Cornwall) Diocese of St. George's, suppressed (merged into Diocese of Corner Brook and Labrador) Gallery of Archdiocesan sees See also Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops Catholicism in Canada List of Catholic dioceses (structured view) List of dioceses of the Anglican Church of Canada Sources and external links GCatholic.org - data for all sections Catholic-Hierarchy entry CanadaMassTimes.org References Canada Catholic dioceses
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%B2%95%EC%A7%84%20%EA%B5%AC%EB%A3%A8%EA%B5%AC%EB%A3%A8
๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ง„ ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ
๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ง„ ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ()๋Š” ์—ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ทธ ํŒํƒ€์ง€ ๋งŒํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์•ฝ์นญ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ Jade Animation์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ, 1997๋…„ ํˆฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ ์ „์„ค์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ• ์ฟ ๋ฃจ์ฟ ๋ฃจ๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1998๋…„ 3์›” 24์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1998๋…„ 8์›” 11์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ MBC์—์„œ ํˆฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2002๋…„์—๋Š” ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 2์ž‘(์ „ 38ํ™”)์„ ํˆฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 7์›” 20์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„ 12์›” 20์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 3์ž‘์ด ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ์€ 2018๋…„ 4์›” 17์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„ 7์›” 2์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํˆฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ ๋งค์ฃผ ํ™”์š”์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 8์‹œ์— ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ์›”๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋…„ ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„ 1992๋…„ 8์›”ํ˜ธ์—์„œ 2003๋…„ 9์›”ํ˜ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จํ–‰๋ณธ์€ ์ „ 16๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ 1200๋งŒ๋ถ€ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„์— ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๊ณ„์—ด๊ตญ์—์„œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1996๋…„์—๋Š” ์‡ผ์น˜์ฟ ๊ณ„ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ง„ ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„์—๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„ (TX) ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‘๊ทผ๋‘๊ทผ โ™ก ์ „์„ค ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ง„ ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ 3๋ฒˆ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ์†ํŽธ ์—ฐ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹นํ•ด 11์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ง„ ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ 2()๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฌ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ์€ ๋Œ€์›์”จ์•„์ด์—์„œ 2018๋…„ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง ๋…น์Œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์—ฐ ํˆฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ์˜ (1998๋…„) ์„ฑ์„ ๋…€: ํ•ด์„ค์ž ์ž„์€์ •: ๋‹ˆ์ผ€ ์ •๋ฏธ์ˆ™: ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋ฆฌ ์ตœ์ค€์˜: ๋ถ๋ถ ์˜๊ฐ ์ด์ž๋ช…: ํ† ๋งˆ ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝํ˜œ: ๊นํ”Œ ๋ฐ•์„ ์˜(1๊ธฐ)โ†’๋ฐ•๊ฒฝํ˜œ(2๊ธฐ): ๋ฃฐ๋ฃจ ๊น€๋‚˜์—ฐ(1๊ธฐ)โ†’์ •์„ ํ˜œ(2๊ธฐ): ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์†์ข…ํ™˜: ๊ฐ€์•ผ ์ด์ธ์„ฑ(1๊ธฐ)โ†’๊น€๊ด‘๊ตญ(2๊ธฐ): ์ด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ฏผ์ •: ์ฅฌ์ฅฌ ์‹œ์˜์ค€: ๋ชฝํฌ ์ง‘์‚ฌ ๊น€์„ ํ˜œ: ์ „๊ณจ ๋ƒ„๋น„ ์‹œ์˜์ค€: ๋ชฝํฌ ์ •๋ช…์ค€: ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋ฐ•๋งŒ์˜: ๋„ํ‚ค๋„ ํˆฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ์‹ ๋ฐฉ์˜ (2018๋…„) ์ด์ˆ˜์ง„ : ๋‹ˆ์ผ€ ์ •ํ˜œ์› : ์ฟ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ์ตœ์ค€์˜ : ๋ถ๋ถ ์˜๊ฐ, ๋ฒ„๋“œ, ์„ํŒ, ๋Œ€์‹  ํ•œ์ฑ„์–ธ : ๋งˆ๋ฒ• ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ์ž์ž, ์ˆ˜๋‹ค์•…๋งˆ, ํ”ผํ”ผ๊ทธ, ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ์ •์œ ์ • : ์žฅ๋‹จ ์š”์ •, ๋ฏธ๊ทธ, ์ด๋ฃจํฌ, ๋ฆฌํŠธ, ์ธ„๋ฆฌ์นด, ์šฉ์šฉ, ํ”ผํ”ฝ, ์ผ€๋ฒ ์Šค๋ฒ ์Šค, ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์—ฌ์ž ์ •์„ ํ˜œ : ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ, ๋ ˆ๋‚˜, ์ด๋ฒจ, ์‹๋‹น ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ํ˜„๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜ : ์นด์„ธ๊ธฐ, ๋•…์˜ ์™•, ๋ฏธ์šฐ ์•„๋น , ๋‚จ ์˜๊ฐ ๋ฐ•๋งŒ์˜ : ์šฐ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ 13์„ธ, ๋ผ์ด๋ผ์ด, ๋ฐ”์ž๋‹ˆ, ๋„ํ‚ค๋„, ํด๋ ˆ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ ๊น€์ง€์œจ : ๊ฒŒ์ผ, ์„ธ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—ผ์ฅ3, ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด, ๋งˆ๋ถ€, ๋ถˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž, ๋ˆ„๋งˆํฌ, ๋น„๋น„์•ˆ, ๋ˆ์นด๋งˆ, ์žฅ๋‹จ ์™•์ž ๊น€๊ฐ€๋ น : ์—๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์—˜, ์ธ„๋ฅด, ์—ฌ์ž ์ธํ˜•, ๋ฉœ์‹œ ์ด์ž๋ช… : ๋ฉ”์ผ€๋ฉ”์ผ€, ํ† ๋งˆ, ์ˆ˜์ • ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์†Œ์ •ํ™˜ : ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ƒ์ธ, ์นด์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ณจ๋“œ, ๋ผ์ง€๋‹ˆ, ๋งˆ๋ฌผ์ƒ์‚ฌ ๊น€์‹ ์šฐ : ์‹ ๊ด€, ์„ธ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—ผ์ฅ1, ํ† ๋งˆ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ๊ณฐ๋Œ์ด, ํ† ๋ผํ† ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ฑ… ๊ตฌ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ฒด, ์žฅ๋กœ, ๊ฐ€๋ฉด๋‚จ, ์ƒ˜์˜ ์ •๋ น, ์ฟ ์—”์ฐจ2, ์˜ค์‹น์š”์ •, ์Šˆ๋‚˜๋ฒจ, ๋ฐ๋งˆ ์†์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ : ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ, ์„ธ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—ผ์ฅ2, ์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ” ์š”์ •, ๊ธฐ์ž, ์–€๋ฐ˜, ์กฐ์ง์›, ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ๋กœ, ๋ถ ์˜๊ฐ ๊น€์ •์€ : ๋ถ์ชฝ ๋งˆ์„ ์ดŒ์žฅ, ์ฝ”์ฝ”์ž, ์„œ์น˜์•„์ด, ์›€๊ฒ”, ๋„ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์˜๋ฏธ : ๋ฃฐ๋ฃจ, ์š”์ •2, ๋ฃจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค, ๋น›๋‚˜๋ฆฌ, ๋‚จ์ž ์ธํ˜• ์†์ข…ํ™˜ : ์นด์•ผ, ์‚ฌํƒ€๋‚˜ํ‹ฐ์•„ ์—ฌ๋ฏผ์ • : ์š”์ •1, ์ฅฌ์ฅฌ, ์ฟ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ์—„๋งˆ, ์ผ€๋ฒ ์Šค๋ฒ ์Šค ๊น€๊ด‘๊ตญ : ์ด์žฌ, ๋‚ด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜, ์ฟ ์—”์ฐจ1, ์—ฌ์žฅ๋‚จ์ž, ๊ณฐ๋Œ์ด ํƒœ์–‘, ๋ผ์นธ, ํƒˆํŠผ, ๋™ ์˜๊ฐ ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝํ˜œ : ๊นํ”Œ ํ•œ์‹  : ๊ธฐ์ž์ด์•„, ์ฟ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋น , ๋ฌผ์˜ ์™• ์‹œ์˜์ค€ : ๋ชฝํฌ, ํ‡ด๋งˆ ์ธํ˜•, ์™ˆ์™ˆ, ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก ์ดํ˜ธ์‚ฐ : ๊ฐ€ํƒ€๋ฆฌ, ๋„์ , ๋ถˆ์˜ ์™•, ์„œ ์˜๊ฐ ํ•œ์‹ ์ • : ๋ชจ๊ฒ”, ๋ ˆํ”ผ์•„ ํ™๋ฒ”๊ธฐ : ์•„๋‹ด์Šคํ‚ค, ์ด๋ฐ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•์„ฑํƒœ : ๋‘๋ชฉ ๊น€์„ ํ˜œ : ํŽ˜ํŽ™, ๋‚˜๋‚˜์ฝ”๋‚˜ ๊น€์ƒˆํ•ด : ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์นด ์ •๋ช…์ค€ : ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค, ๋ˆ„์‹œํƒ€ ๊น€์ •ํ›ˆ : ์ดŒ์žฅ, ์ง€ํ‚คํƒ€ ๋ฐฉ์—ฐ์ง€ : ์†Œ๋…€, ์šด๋ช…์˜ ์—ฌ์‹  ์ •์Šน์šฑ : ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ ๊น€์˜์€ : ํฌ๋ฃจ์ œ ์–‘์ •ํ™” : ํ”Œ๋ผ๋‚˜๋…ธ, ๋ฏธ์šฐ ์—„๋งˆ ๊น€์ฑ„ํ•˜ : ๊ฝƒ์˜ ์ •๋ น1, ๋ฏธ์šฐ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ์šฐ : ์–ด๋‘ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค1, ์ฟ ์—”์ฐจ1, ์ฟ ๋กœ์ฝ”1, ๊ณต๋ฃก๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊น€๋‹ค์˜ฌ : ์–ด๋‘ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค2, ์ฃผ์ˆ ์‚ฌ, ํŒŒ์ธ์• ํ”Œ ํญํƒ„, ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ1, ๋งˆํƒ€๋ฐ ์ด์ƒํ˜ธ : ์–ด๋‘ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค3, ๋งˆ๋ถ€, ์ฟ ์—”์ฐจ2, ๊ณ ์–‘์ด, ์ฟ ๋กœ์ฝ”2, ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ํ† ๋ผ ํ™์Šนํšจ : ์–ด๋‘ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค4, ๋ผ์ง€๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ, ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ2 ๋ฐ•์‹œ์œค: ๊ณ ์–‘์ด, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฌ์‹ 1, ๋ฆฌ๋ฆญ ์œ ์˜ : ๊ฝƒ์˜ ์ •๋ น2, ์Šค๋น„๋‚˜3 ๊น€๋„ํฌ : ํ”ผ์นด๋น„์•„, ์Šค๋น„๋‚˜2 ๊ฐ•์ƒˆ๋ด„ : ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฌ์‹ 2, ์Šค๋น„๋‚˜1 ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ(2018๋…„) ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์›”๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋…„ ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งŒํ™” ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ๋งŒํ™” ํŒํƒ€์ง€ ๋งŒํ™” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 1994๋…„ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 1995๋…„ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 2000๋…„ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 2017๋…„ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋‹›ํฐ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ I.G TV ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ๊ณ„์—ด ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ TV ๋„์ฟ„ ๊ณ„์—ด ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ TV ๋„์ฟ„ ๊ณ„์—ด ์‹ฌ์•ผ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” 1996๋…„ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ํŒํƒ€์ง€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐฉ์†ก์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ํˆฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋Œ€์›๋ฐฉ์†ก์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 1994๋…„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical%20Circle%20Guru%20Guru
Magical Circle Guru Guru
Magical Circle Guru Guru () is a Japanese manga by Hiroyuki Etล, which was serialized in Enix's Monthly Shลnen Gangan from 1992 to 2003. It was later adapted into an anime series on October 13, 1994. A second manga series was serialized in Gangan Online in 2012. Mahลjin Guru Guru is a light series aimed at older children. It contains occasional toilet gags and some innuendo. It also is a parody of early role-playing video games (RPGs), particularly turn-based games, such as those in the Dragon Quest series. The narrator speaks in place of the dialogue in such games, and this is one of the comedy elements of the show. Information boxes are often displayed on screen with accompanying narration in the traditional RPG style. The overall goal of the two main characters, Nike and Kukuri, is to defeat Giri, the ruler of the darkness. Since the anime is based on an RPG, several side quests need to be completed before they are able to locate him. A new series based on the manga animated by Production I.G aired from July to December 2017. Crunchyroll streamed the anime, marking the first anime from the Mahoujin Guru Guru franchise to receive an official English release. Characters Main characters Nike (pronounced Nee-kay) is the protagonist. Nike's father, Bado, had always wished to be a Hero, but due to the lack of any great evil to fight against, he had to give up on his dream. However, he made his son undergo hard training as a child in hopes that one day a great evil would arise and Nike could fight it. Because of this, Nike is a competent but cowardly fighter. Like Kukuri, he is initially immature and inexperienced. Nike is from Jimina Mura, (which translates to Plain Old Village). Initially, Nike wants to be a Wizard as he finds the thought of casting a fireball "cool", though his parents convince him to be the Hero. He initially thinks that he is of the Hero class, as do others. It is later revealed that he is a Thief. Despite this, he can use all the abilities of the Hero class, including Gallant Pose, which only a Hero can do. Bado is Nike's father. He received a critical hit in the form of a punch the first time he held the infant Nike. After that, he trained Nike to be a Hero. Right before he departs for Kodai Castle, Nike offers him his old helmet. The helmet is cracked, but Nike suggests he will wear it by tilting it to the side. Bado kicks Nike into the air and keeps the helmet on, saying that he looks like a gang leader. is Nike's mother. She knocks out Nike with a poison dart when he tries to flee. She cooks him a meal that resembles an adventuring map. Nike has to eat things in the proper order, which he does not, and ends up poisoned. Kukuri is a gentle-hearted magic apprentice. She has grown under the care of Jimuna Town's old witch, who received her when she was a baby from a wandering stranger, supposedly the last member of the Migu Migu Tribe. Being the last remaining member of the Migu Migu, Kukuri learns the dark summoning magic only the Migu Migu can use known as Guru Guru; it consists of drawing circles on the ground with a staff. She is eager and shows great affection towards Nike, almost always calling him "Mr. Hero" (Yusha in Japanese). She is extremely lucky or good in several sports and games such as rock-paper-scissors and cricket. She becomes very angry when someone says anything about her appearance. When she was steaming nervously, she got very angry when Nike called her a steamed octopus; she almost killed a monster who called her fat when she was dressed up like a Meke Meke. Old Witch is an old woman who raised Kukuri. She is called obaba (old hag) and cow by Kukuri. She lied to Kukuri that chocolate is poison to children to keep her from eating hers. Rivals Ena is a beautiful Wizard who is in love with Gail. She is dressed like a belly dancer. Gaile is a Fighter that thinks he is a Hero. Despite Gail's high level, he loses most battles, even the one with Nike the first time they met. Gail and Ena reveal that they usually do not have enough money to buy food as they use it to buy equipment; it is they reason they lose all the time. Others Kita Kita Oyaji Voiced by Kenichi Ogata (1994-2000), Katsuyuki Konishi (2017) Oyaji (real name Udberg Eldol), or "Old Man", used to be the mayor of Kitano, also called North Town. When the town's traditional dance Kita Kita could no longer be performed because no more girls were born, he started dancing it himself. He believes that as a result of a curse, they had commercialized the dance. His dance is often regarded as creepy and disgusting by the other characters. He usually follows the duo of Nike and Kukuri around. He wears a hula dress and usually finds some excuse to perform his Kita Kita dance, much to the duo's dismay. Apparently, he wants to pass on the Kita Kita dance to the next generation and is looking for trainees. In "Doki Doki Legend," it is learned he accidentally developed muscles from all the dancing and is able to defeat monsters in one punch. He has 1650 Hit Points in "Pickle of Happiness" that make him nearly immortal and able to sustain extreme levels of abuse that is inflicted upon him all the time. Toma Voiced by Yukiyo Fujii (2017) He joins the party and meets Nike and Kukuri in North village where he pretends to be of the Priest class. In "Doki Doki Legend" he plays a major role in Nike's party as a Magical engineer with the ability to invent magical items. He is shown to be level 12 when Nike and Kukuri were 2 and 3 respectively. Toma was interested in Migu. Migu's first encounter with Nike and Kukuri was in North Village, where she put on a front as a martial artist at the party they were attending .She tries to use sex appeal against the ratman guard at the dungeon of Mountain Saw-edge but the ratman flees as she scares him. She is Zaza's sister. Zaza joins the party and meets Nike and Kukuri in north village where he pretends to be a wizard. Zaza was interested in Kukuri. He is Migu's brother. Juju Voiced by Yuri Amano (Season 1 and Movie), Kae Araki (Season 2) (1994), Yล Taichi (2017) She is a Priestess of the Purato people. In "Doki Doki Legend" she joins Nike's party as a warrior priest. Her magic comes from praying to Purato's God. She proves to be a good exorcist. She appears very powerful but is impeded in her spell casting as seen when her combat Altar was broken by Gochinko's sword style. Gochinko Voiced by Rikiya Koyama (2017) He is a sword trainer and master of 'stupid' or 'queer' swordsmanship. This unique form of sword-fighting, which he teaches wearing a rundown small hall, specializes in making the enemy laugh to distract his attention. Gochinko places flowers on parts of his body and takes strange stances to make the enemy laugh and thus inflicts great damage as he is distracted. He tries to teach Nike swordsmanship and judges that Nike is very bad at it. He is a Purato agent and serves JuJu. Gipple Voiced by Urara Takano (1994), Takahiro Sakurai (2017) He is a small wind spirit who occasionally guides the duo, though he vanishes at the first sign of trouble. He can expand his cloak into a tent and store items in it. Gipple has an anthropomorphic body under the cloak and wears fundoshi. Gipple seems disgusted by any emotional or dramatic demonstration and expresses this whenever possible. Lunlun Felmรจre Voiced by Naoko Matsui (1994), Saori ลŒnishi (2017) She is a woman from a magic society who helps Nike and Kukuri from time to time. She uses snake magic and is the one who gave Gipple to Nike. In "Doki Doki Legend" she falls in love with Nike's Thief mentor Sly. Nike cannot help laughing when he hears her name and hides behind a rock to avoid being noticed. King Uruga XIII Voiced by Atsushi Ono He resides in Kodai castle. He is a short man with a long mustache and long black hair. He gives 800 Rin to Nike and Kukuri to aid their quest in defeating Giri. Guriel is a blonde fairy with a pink tutu and a ribbon on her head. She knew the secret weak point of Kisegi Gold and was imprisoned when she told about a hundred of her friends. After she was freed, she left famous rice crackers as a gift. Fairy Elder, No idea/nothingness faeries and Confusion faeries are others in the story. Beegain is a sage, who teaches Nike about Light magic and the Kira Kira sword. Wugenvillia is found in Potoma Academy in the Potoma kingdom. SteinWetts is also called Wetts. Ardenberg and Wanchin Monsters Lord Giri Voiced by: Ryลซzaburล ลŒtomo Giri is the series' main antagonist. After having been sealed by Guruguru magic for 300 years during the reign of King Uruga III, he returned and unleashed his army of monsters to take over the world. Since his only weakness is Guruguru magic, he tries to destroy Kukuri, the last Guruguru user in existence. He is always depicted sitting on a big armchair, completely hidden in a dark cloak with only his red eyes glowing through. In his demonic-looking hand he always holds a glass of wine. Raid Voiced by: Nobuhiko Okamoto (2017) He is a handsome demon-prince who is fond of Kukuri. His special name for her is "Pink Bomb," and he continually tries to split her away from Nike to fall in love with him. His magic attacks are powerful, but often involve complicated incantations and unusual results, such as gastric distress. Ratmen are very low-ranked type of monsters. They sometimes speak in Prose. They have 3 HP. Rai Rai is a flying monster that resembles a bird. Kisegi is a monster that fights with a club or a spear, has three horns on his head and adds -sss after every sentence. He is somehow related to cats, as he is extremely affected by catnip. He has 5 HP. Kisegi Gold is a Kisegi and boss of the dungeon at Mountain Saw-edge. His weak point is to the right of the scale below the crest between the two horns on the back of his shoulders. He appears stupid and has Ratmen write his lines. He can breathe fire, inflict double damage when enraged, and is part salamander. He usually fights with a huge sword. Man-eating plant is found in a room in the dungeon of Mountain Saw-Edge. NG is a blue monster sorcerer in a death pool. Chikuri Demon is a teammate with Search Eye and will tell lies to her enemies to cause division until they attack each other. She loves to talk and often unwittingly reveals the plans of Giri. Search Eye will scan his opponent for weaknesses then produce an illusion to lower his or her guard. At this point Chikuri will join the attack. Mandoragora is a monster with a gourd shaped watermelon for a head and tree branches for legs and arms. Its torso is covered in leaves. The top of its head opens up to reveal stems and red petals. This monster was always unlucky with girls, so he terrorized their village and demanded girls, who he made go through hard labor. Mandoragora can shield himself with his leaves and gain protection from fire. His main attack is Black pepper spores that launch from his head. His stems can be used as limbs or whips and his hands as claws. Yanban is a red man-like dog with intense eyebrows wearing a grey cloak. It is located in great numbers in the fairy village mountain and fights with a woodsman axe which it sometimes throws. It also wears a hat with several white feathers on top and white sandals. Its bite is venomous and deadly. The Yanban can also play with his target and lick his targets which makes them disgusted. Lovelovella is a heart-shaped creature with long hair. Her large sparkling eyes cause her opponents to laugh, so she can use her hair to smack them while their guard is down. Vacuum sucks in the surrounding area until its enemies are consumed. As he sucks in air, he expands larger and larger. He seems to be easily punctured. Gizaier, Darklings, and Dora Dora are other monsters. Media First anime series The first series Mahoujin Guru Guru (produced by Nippon Animation) has 45 episodes. It covers the content of manga volumes 1 - 4 and some other adventures not in the manga. After being sealed for 300 years, the demon lord Giri reawakens and sends off his monster minions to wreak havoc in the world. King Uruga XIII thus, decides to place announcements everywhere in the kingdom in search of a legendary hero who can defeat Giri. In the king's castle a competition will be held to discover who the true hero is. Forced by his parents to go to the castle, Nike first visits the witch's house, where Kukuri joins him. Together they travel around the world defeating monsters, gaining new abilities, trying to uncover the mysteries surrounding the Migu Migu tribe and making many friends while confronting enemies. Movie In the movie, Nike and Kukuri learn about the "Pickle of Happiness", an item which will grant a wish to the one who eats it. With the help of old friends, they must beat the monsters to the Pickle and convince its guardian residing in Megalo mountain, the Megalo dragon to give it to them. Doki Doki Legend The second anime series was created in 2000, six years after the original. It covers the contents of manga volumes 5 to 11 (there are 16 manga volumes in total). Nike and Kukuri receive a message from Wanchin, the old leader of the Migu Migu, who tells them they need to find the 4 elemental swords in order to defeat Giri. Thus, a new adventure starts. At the end of the manga Nike and Kukuri seal Giri, though this is not shown in the animation. Reboot series A third series was announced in January 2017 and adapts the manga from the first chapter. It was animated by Production I.G and aired from July 11 to December 19, 2017 consisting 24 episodes. Hiroshi Ikehata directed the anime, with Hisaaki Okui handled the series composition and Naoyuki Asano designed the characters. ORESAMA performed the first opening theme "Trip Trip Trip" and TECHNOBOYS PULCRAFT GREEN-FUND is composing the music and performed the ending theme "Round & Round & Round" alongside Bonjour Suzuki. ORESAMA also performed the second opening theme "Ryuusei Dance Floor". TECHNOBOYS PULCRAFT GREEN-FUND also performed the second ending theme "Magical Circle" alongside Shoko Nakagawa. Games Published by Enix, Mahลjin Guru Guru (SNES) Mahลjin Guru Guru (Game Boy), published by Takara Mahลjin Guru Guru 2 (SNES) Doki Doki Densetsu Mahลjin Guru Guru (Game Boy Color) Magical Battle Arena (crossover video game, Microsoft Windows) Magical Circle Guru-Guru: Stardust Adventure, the first Magical Circle Guru-Guru browser game is scheduled to launch on the G123 platform in 2023. Reception Since 1992, the manga has printed over 14 million copies in Japan. See also Akazukin Chacha List of Square Enix manga franchises References The anime encyclopedia: a guide to Japanese animation since 1917 External links Guru Guru @ Nippon Animation 1992 manga 1994 anime television series debuts 1996 anime films 1996 films 2000 anime television series debuts 2017 anime television series debuts Comedy anime and manga Fantasy anime and manga Gangan Comics manga Production I.G Shลnen manga Square Enix franchises TV Asahi original programming TV Tokyo original programming Video games developed in Japan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%91%90%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%20%EB%8B%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%94%94%EC%97%90
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์—๋‘์•„๋ฅด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋””์—(ร‰douard Daladier, 1884๋…„ 6์›” 18์ผ ~ 1970๋…„ 10์›” 10์ผ)๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. 1933๋…„, 1934๋…„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1938๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1940๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ธ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์—๋‘์•„๋ฅด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋””์—๋Š” 1884๋…„, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ณดํด๋คผ์ฆˆ์ฃผ ์นด๋ฅดํŒกํŠธ๋ผ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‘๊บผ์šด ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๋„“์€ ์–ด๊นจ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— "๋ณดํด๋คผ์ฆˆ์˜ ํ™ฉ์†Œ" ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ 1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ค‘์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šน์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์ง€์˜น ๋„๋‡Œ๋ฅด ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1919๋…„ ๊ธ‰์ง„์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹น ๋‹น์›์ด๋˜์–ด ํ•˜์› ์˜์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์— 1924๋…„, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—๋‘์•„๋ฅด ์—๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1933๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1940๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ธ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ „์—์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ•ญ๋ณต์ดํ›„ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์— ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1945๋…„ ๊ตฌ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1953๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1958๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์˜ํšŒ ํ•˜์›์˜์›๊ณผ ์•„๋น„๋‡ฝ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์€ํ‡ดํ•˜์—ฌ 1970๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽ˜๋ฅด ๋ผ์…ฐ์ฆˆ ๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ์•ˆ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜์ธ์ƒ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ์„ธ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์—ญ์ž„ 1919๋…„, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ธ‰์ง„๋‹น ๋‹น์›์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ณดํด๋คผ์ฆˆ์ฃผ ์˜ํšŒ ํ•˜์› ์˜์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1924๋…„, ์—๋‘์•„๋ฅด ์—๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1933๋…„, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋ฅ‘ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ž„๊ธฐํ•˜์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก 9๊ฐœ์›” ๋ฐ–์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ธดํŽธ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1934๋…„, ์Šคํƒ€๋น„์Šคํ‚ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์นด๋ฏธ์œ  ์‡ผํƒ• ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ›„์ž„ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ํ•œ ์ •๊ตญ์„ ์ˆ˜์Šตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹œ์œ„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 10์ผ ๋งŒ์— ์‚ฌ์ž„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1936๋…„, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์˜น ๋ธ”๋ฃธ์˜ ์ธ๋ฏผ์ „์„  ๋‚ด๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋””์—๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•œ ๊ธ‰์ง„๋‹น๊ณผ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 1937๋…„ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ›„ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋Œ€๋กœ ์นด๋ฏธ์œ  ์‡ผํƒ•, ๋ ˆ์˜น ๋ธ”๋ฃธ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด ์งฆ๊ฒŒ ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ›„์ž„ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ง€๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1938๋…„ 4์›” 10์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1940๋…„ 3์›” 21์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ 72๋Œ€ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ์จ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์—ญ์ž„์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฎŒํ—จ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ œ 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ 1939๋…„, ๋…์ผ-์†Œ๋ จ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์นจ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒจ์šธ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์ž, ์˜ํšŒ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์„ ํ•ด์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋…์ผ์˜ ํด๋ž€๋“œ ์นจ๊ณต ๋‹น์‹œ,๋…์ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์„์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ฝ”์นด์„œ์Šค๋ฅผ ํญ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ๊ฐ„์— ์ฒ ๊ด‘์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ,์†Œ๋ จ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ๋˜ ์Šค์›จ๋ด,๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ํ์ง€๋ถ€์ง€ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1939๋…„ 9์›” 1์ผ ๊ฐ–์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…์ผ์ด ํด๋ž€๋“œ๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ•˜์ž, 1939๋…„ 9์›” 2์ผ ์˜๋ถˆ์€ ๋…์ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ „ํฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ 1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „๋‹น์‹œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๋…์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํฌ์‹ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ „๋‹น์‹œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ Š์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ณต์„ธ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‹ค์ผ€ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋””์— ๋ณธ์ธ๋„ ์ฐธ์ „์ž์˜€๊ธฐ์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ณต์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ช…๋ นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„๋งŒ ์ „์Ÿ์ด๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ์ด์„ฑํ•˜๋‚˜ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ฐ€์งœ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. 1940๋…„ 3์›” 21์ผ, ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋””์—๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šธ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ์˜ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ํŒจ์ „๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด ์ด์‚ฌํ‡ดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ›„์ž„์œผ๋กœ ํด ๋ ˆ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ชฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋””์—์˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ์ทจ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ ˆ๋…ธ๋Š” ๋„์›€์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํด ๋ ˆ๋…ธ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์ธ 5์›” 9์ผ, ํด ๋ ˆ๋…ธ๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฏˆ๋žญ์„ ํ•ด์ž„์‹œํ‚ฌ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑด์˜ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋””์—์™€ ๊ฐ€๋ฏˆ๋žญ์˜ ์นœ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋งˆ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์œฝ๊ณ  ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ตฐ์ด ํŒจ์ „ํ•˜์ž, 5์›” 19์ผ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ์„ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋‘์•„๋ฅด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋””์— ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ํ•ด์ž„๋˜์–ด ํด ๋ ˆ๋…ธ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฏˆ๋žญ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ง‰์‹ฌ ๋ฒ ์ด๊ฐ• ์žฅ๊ตฐ์ด ์ž„๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ•ญ๋ณต์ดํ›„ ๋น„์‹œ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์ž ๋ชจ๋กœ์ฝ”๋กœ ๋„๋ง์น˜๋‚˜, 8์›” 6์ผ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์–ด ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1943๋…„ 5์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถ€ํ—จ ๋ฐœํŠธ ๊ฐ•์ œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ‹ฐ๋กค์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ฑ์— ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์นœ์œ„๋Œ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋  ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ฑ ์ „ํˆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ ๋ฆฌํ‹€์„ฑ ์ „ํˆฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถœ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„ 1958๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ œ4๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ ํ•˜์›์˜์›์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , 1953๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1958๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„๋น„๋‡ฝ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒค๋ฅผ ๋“œ ๊ณจ์˜ ์ œ5๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ดํ›„ ์€ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  1970๋…„ ํŽ˜๋ฅด ๋ผ์…ฐ์ฆˆ ๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ์•ˆ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1884๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1970๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์™ธ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ฐธ์ „ ๊ตฐ์ธ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ด€๋ จ์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard%20Daladier
ร‰douard Daladier
ร‰douard Daladier (; 18 June 1884 โ€“ 10 October 1970) was a French Radical-Socialist (centre-left) politician, and the Prime Minister of France who signed the Munich Agreement before the outbreak of World War II. Daladier was born in Carpentras and began his political career before World War I. During the war, he fought on the Western Front and was decorated for his service. After the war, he became a leading figure in the Radical Party and Prime Minister in 1933 and 1934. Daladier was Minister of Defence from 1936 to 1940 and Prime Minister again in 1938. As head of government, he expanded the French welfare state in 1939. Along with Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, Daladier signed the Munich Agreement in 1938, which gave Nazi Germany control over the Sudetenland. After Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. During the Phoney War, France's failure to aid Finland against the Soviet Union's invasion during the Winter War led to Daladier's resignation on 21 March 1940 and his replacement by Paul Reynaud. Daladier remained Minister of Defence until 19 May, when Reynaud took over the portfolio personally after the French defeat at Sedan. After the Fall of France, Daladier was tried for treason by the Vichy government during the Riom Trial and imprisoned first in Fort du Portalet, then in Buchenwald concentration camp, and finally in Itter Castle. After the Battle of Castle Itter, Daladier resumed his political career as a member of the French Chamber of Deputies from 1946 to 1958. He died in Paris in 1970. Early life Daladier was born in Carpentras, Vaucluse, on 18 June 1884, the son of a village baker. He received his formal education at the lycรฉe Duparc in Lyon, where he was first introduced to socialist politics. After his graduation, he became a school teacher and a university lecturer at Nรฎmes, Grenoble and Marseilles and then at the Lycรฉe Condorcet, in Paris, where he taught history. He began his political career by becoming the mayor of Carpentras, his home town, in 1912. He subsequently sought election to the Paris Chamber of Deputies but lost to a Radical-Socialist Party candidate; he later joined that party. Daladier had received military training before the war under France's conscription system. In August 1914, he was mobilised at the age of 30 with the French Army's 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment when World War I started with the rank of sergeant. In mid-1915, the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment was destroyed in heavy fighting against the Imperial German Army on the Western Front. The surviving remnant of it was assigned to other units, Daladier being transferred into the 209th Infantry Regiment. In 1916, he fought with the 209th in the Battle of Verdun and was given a field commission as a lieutenant in the midst of the battle in April 1916 having received commendations for gallantry in action. In May 1917, he received the Legion of Honour for gallantry in action and ended the war as a captain leading a company. He had also been awarded the Croix de Guerre. After his demobilisation, he was elected to the Paris Chamber of Deputies for Orange, Vaucluse, in 1919. Later, he would become known to many as "the bull of Vaucluse" because of his thick neck, large shoulders and determined look. However, cynics also quipped that his horns were like those of a snail. Interwar period After he entered the Chamber of Deputies, Daladier became a leading member of the Radical-Socialist Party and was responsible for building it into a structured modern political party. For most of the interwar period, he was the chief figure of the party's left wing, supporters of a governmental coalition with the socialist Section franรงaise de l'Internationale ouvriรจre (SFIO). A government minister in various posts during the coalition governments between 1924 and 1928, Daladier was instrumental in the Radical-Socialists' break with the SFIO in 1926, the first Cartel des gauches with the centre-right Raymond Poincarรฉ in November 1928. In 1930, he unsuccessfully attempted to gain socialist support for a centre-left government in coalition the Radical-Socialist and similar parties. In 1933, despite similar negotiations breaking down, he formed a government of the republican left. In January 1934, he was considered the most likely candidate of the centre-left to form a government of sufficient honesty to calm public opinion after the revelations of the Stavisky Affair, a major corruption scandal. The government lasted less than a week, however, since it fell in the face of the 6 February 1934 riots. After Daladier fell, the coalition of the left initiated two years of right-wing governments. After a year of being withdrawn from frontline politics, Daladier returned to public prominence in October 1934 and took a populist line against the banking oligarchy that he believed had taken control of French democracy: the Two Hundred Families. He was made president of the Radical-Socialist Party and brought the party into the Popular Front coalition. Daladier became Minister of National Defence in the Lรฉon Blum government and retained the crucial portfolio for two years. After the fall of the Blum government, Daladier became head of government again on 10 April 1938, orienting his government towards the centre and ending the Popular Front. Munich Agreement Daladier's last government was in power at the time of the negotiations preceding the Munich Agreement during which France pressured Czechoslovakia to hand the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany. In Aprilโ€“May 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain strongly but unsuccessfully pressed Daladier to renounce the French-Czechoslovak alliance, which led to Britain becoming involved in the crisis. From the British perspective, the problem was not the Sudetenland but the French-Czechoslovak alliance. British military experts were almost unanimous that Germany would defeat France in a war unless Britain intervened. The British thought that allowing Germany to defeat France would unacceptably alter the balance of power, and so Britain would have no choice but to intervene if a French-German war broke out. The alliance would have turned any German attack on Czechoslovakia into a Frenchโ€“German war. As British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax stated at a Cabinet meeting in March 1938, "Whether we liked or not, we had to admit the plain fact that we could not afford to see France overrun." At the Anglo-French summit on 28โ€“29 April 1938, Chamberlain pressured Daladier to renounce the alliance with Czechoslovakia, only to be firmly informed that France would stand by its obligations, which forced the British to be involved very reluctantly in the Sudetenland Crisis. The summit of 28โ€“29 April 1938 represented a British "surrender" to the French, rather than a French "surrender" to the British since Daladier made it clear France would not renounce its alliance with Czechoslovakia. Unlike Chamberlain, Daladier had no illusions about Hitler's ultimate goals. In fact, he told the British in a late April 1938 meeting that Hitler's real aim was to eventually secure "a domination of the Continent in comparison with which the ambitions of Napoleon were feeble". Daladier went on to say, "Today, it is the turn of Czechoslovakia. Tomorrow, it will be the turn of Poland and Romania. When Germany has obtained the oil and wheat it needs, she will turn on the West. Certainly we must multiply our efforts to avoid war. But that will not be obtained unless Great Britain and France stick together, intervening in Prague for new concessions [i.e. to the Sudeten Germans] but declaring at the same time that they will safeguard the independence of Czechoslovakia. If, on the contrary, the Western Powers capitulate again, they will only precipitate the war they wish to avoid." Nevertheless, perhaps discouraged by the pessimistic and defeatist attitudes of both military and civilian members of the French government and traumatised by the bloodbath in World War I that he had personally witnessed, Daladier ultimately chose to pressure Czechoslovakia into concessions. The French economic situation was very worrying since the French franc had been devalued on 4 May 1938 for the third time since October 1936. Daladier wanted to stabilise the franc and so had fixed the exchange rate to 176 francs per pound sterling. The crisis of 20โ€“22 May 1938 made the franc come under immense financial pressure since many investors did not wish to hold French assets or debts if France went to war. Jacques Rueff, the director of direction gรฉnรฉrale du mouvement des fonds and special adviser to Finance Minister, Paul Marchandeau, stated in a report that the government must cut defense spending or find more sources of short-term loans, as the French government was running out of money. Marchandeau stated that ordinary charges upon the treasury in 1938 would "exceed" 42 billion francs, and Rueff warned that France would go bankrupt once the legal limits upon short-term loans from the Bank of France was reached. Marchandeau, in testimony before the Senate Finance Committee, stated that the government had only 30 million francs in its account and 230 million francs available from the Bank of France. As French government expenditure for the month of May 1938 alone totalled 4,500 million francs, the British historian Martin Thomas wrote, "Daladier's government was utterly reliant upon the success of its devaluation". To provide revenue, the government needed to sell more short-term bonds, but investors were highly reluctant to buy French bonds if Germany was threatening Czechoslovakia and put France on the brink of war. Because the franc was tied to the pound, France needed loans from Britain, which were not forthcoming, and so France was left "with its hands tied". British and American investors were unwilling to buy French bonds as long as the Sudetenland Crisis continued, which caused "severe monetary problems" for the French government in Augustโ€“September 1938. Only when Daladier moved the "free-market liberal" Paul Reynaud from the Justice Ministry to the Finance Ministry in November 1938 did France regain the confidence of international investors, who resumed buying French bonds. Reports from the embassy in Warsaw and the legations in Belgrade and Bucharest emphasised that Yugoslavia and Romania would probably do nothing if Germany invaded Czechoslovakia, and Poland might very well join in with Germany since the Teschen conflict between Poland and Czechoslovakia had made them bitter enemies. Of France's potential allies in Eastern Europe, only the Soviet Union, which had no border with Czechoslovakia, professed a willingness to come to Czechoslovakia's aid if Germany invaded, but both Poland and Romania were unwilling to extend transit rights for the Red Army, which presented major problems. On 25 September 1938, at the Bad Godesberg Summit, Hitler rejected Chamberlain's offer to have the Sudetenland join Germany in few months, declared that the timeline was unacceptable and that the Sudetenland had to "go home to the Reich" by 1 October, and stated that the Polish and Hungarian claims against Czechoslovakia must also be satisfied by 1 October or Czechoslovakia would be invaded. Upon hearing what Hitler had demanded at the summit, Daladier told his cabinet that France "intended to go to war". The next day, Daladier told his close friend, US Ambassador William Christian Bullitt Jr., that he would much prefer war to the "humiliation" of the Bad Godesberg terms. Daladier ordered the French military to mobilise and to put France on a war footing, with a blackout being imposed at night so that German bombers would be not guided to French cities by the lights. On 26 September, Daladier ordered General Maurice Gamelin to London to begin staff talks with the Imperial General Staff. On 27 September, Gamelin, when asked by his chef de cabinet if Daladier was serious about war, replied, "He'll do it, he'll do it". However, on 29 September 1938, Chamberlain announced to the British House of Commons that he just received a phone call from Benito Mussolini, who said that Hitler had reconsidered his views and was now willing to discuss a compromise solution to the crisis in Munich. Ultimately, Daladier felt that France could not win against Germany without Britain on its side, and Chamberlain's announcement that he would be flying to Munich led him to attend the Munich Conference as well, which was held the next day on 30 September. The Munich Agreement was a compromise since Hitler abandoned his more extreme demands such as settling the Polish and Hungarian claims by 1 October, but the conference concluded that Czechoslovakia was to turn over the Sudetenland to Germany within ten days in October and would be supervised by an Anglo-Franco-Italo-German commission. Daladier was happy to have avoided war but felt that the agreement he had signed on 30 September in Munich was a shameful treaty that had betrayed Czechoslovakia, France's most loyal ally in Eastern Europe. Although Daladier feared public hostility to the Munich Agreement on his return to Paris, he was acclaimed by the crowd, which cheered the fact that there would not be another war. Most famously, when he saw the enthusiastic crowds waving at his plane as it landed at Le Bourget Airfield before landing, he turned to his aide Alexis Lรฉger (A.K.A Saint John Perse) and commented: "Ah! les cons! s'ils savaient..." ("Ah! The fools! If only they knew..."). Rearmament Daladier had been made aware in 1932 by German rivals to Hitler that Krupp manufactured heavy artillery, and the Deuxiรจme Bureau had a grasp of the scale of German military preparations but lacked hard intelligence of hostile intentions. In October 1938, Daladier opened secret talks with the Americans on how to bypass the Neutrality Acts and to allow the French to buy American aircraft to make up for the underproductive French aircraft industry. Daladier commented in October 1938, "If I had three or four thousand aircraft, Munich would never have happened". He was most anxious to buy American war planes as the only way to strengthen the French Air Force. Major problems in the talks were how the French would pay for the American planes and how to bypass the Neutrality Acts. In addition, France had defaulted on its World War I debts in 1932 and so fell foul of the 1934 Johnson Act, which banned American loans to nations that had defaulted on their World War I debts. In February 1939, the French offered to cede their possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific, together with a lump sum payment of 10 billion francs, in exchange for the unlimited right to buy American aircraft on credit. After tortuous negotiations, an arrangement was worked out in the spring of 1939 to allow the French to place huge orders with the American aircraft industry, but as most of the aircraft ordered had not arrived in France by 1940, the Americans arranged for French orders to be diverted to the British. At a rally in Marseille in October 1938, Daladier announced a new policy: J'ai choisi mon chemin: la France en avant! ("I have chosen my path; forward with France!"). He stated that his government's domestic and foreign policies were to be based on "firmness". What that meant, in practice, was the end of the social reforms of the Popular Front government to increase French productivity, especially by ending the 40-hour work week. In a series of decree laws issued on 1 November 1938 by Finance Minister Paul Reynaud, which bypassed the National Assembly, the 40-hour work week was ended, taxes were sharply increased; social spending was slashed, defence spending was increased, the power of unions were restricted and (most controversially) Saturday was once again declared to be a workday. In a radio broadcast on 12 November 1938, Reynaud stated, "We are going blindfold towards an abyss". He also argued that however much pain his reforms might cause, they were absolutely necessary. As part of the effort to put the French economy on a war footing, Reynaud increased the military budget from 29 billion francs to 93 billion francs. In response, the French Communist Party called for a general strike to protest the decrees that ended almost all of the reforms of the Popular Front. The one-day general strike of 30 November 1938, which pitted the government against unions supported by the Communist Party, proved to be the first test of Daladier's new policy of "firmness". Daladier declared a national emergency in response to the general strike, ordered the military to Paris and other major cities, suspended civil liberties, ordered the police to disperse striking workers with tear gas and to storm factories occupied by the workers and announced that any worker who took part in the strike would be fired immediately with no severance pay. After one day, the strike collapsed. At the time, Daladier justified his policy of "firmness" under the grounds that if France was to face the German challenge, French production would have to be increased and said that was the price of freedom. At the same time, the energetic Colonial Minister Georges Mandel was set about organising the French Colonial Empire for war. He established armament factories in French Indochina to supply the French garrisons there to deter Japan from invading, increased the number of colonial "coloured" divisions from 6 to 12, built defensive works in Tunisia to deter an Italian invasion from Libya and organised the colonial economies for a "total war". In France itself, Mandel launched a propaganda campaign emphasising how the French colonial Empire was a source of strength under the slogan "110 million strong, France can stand up to Germany" in reference to the fact that the population of Germany was 80 million and that of France was 40 million, with the extra 70 million credited to France being the population of its colonies. The 40-hour work week was abolished under Daladier's government, but a more generous system of family allowances was established and set as a percentage of wages: for the first child 5%, for the second child 10% and for each additional child 15%. Also created was a home mother allowance, which had been advocated by natalist and Catholic women's groups since 1929. All mothers who were not professionally employed and whose husbands collected family allowances were eligible for the new benefit. In March 1939, the government added 10% for workers whose wives stayed home to take care of the children. Family allowances were enshrined in the Family Code of July 1939 and, with the exception of the stay-at-home allowance, are still in force. In addition, a decree was issued in May 1938 to allow the establishment of vocational guidance centres. In July 1937, a new law, which was followed by a similar law in May 1946, empowered the Department of Workplace Inspection to order temporary medical interventions. On 30 November 1938, a major crisis in Franco-Italian relations began with stage-managed "spontaneous" demonstrations in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. On cue, the Italian deputies rose up to shout "Tunis, Corsica, Nice, Savoy!" Mussolini had expected that his "Sudeten methods" would lead to France ceding Tunisia, Corsica, Nice and Savoy to Italy, but Daladier rejected the Italian demands completely. In his annual Christmas radio broadcast to the French people, Daladier gave what the British historian D.C. Watt called "an extremely tough speech" rejecting all of the Italian demands and warned that France would go to war to defend its territory. The British historian Richard Overy wrote: "The greatest achievement of Daladier in 1939 was to win from the British a firm commitment", the so-called "continental commitment" that every French leader had sought since 1919. Daladier had a low opinion of Britain and told Bullitt in November 1938 that he "fully expected to be betrayed by the British.... he considered Chamberlain a desiccated stick; the King a moron; and the Queen an excessively ambitious woman.... he felt that England had become so feeble and senile that the British would give away every possession of their friends rather than stand up to Germany and Italy". In late 1938 to early 1939, the British embassy was bombarded with rumours from reliable sources within the French government that France would seek an "understanding" with Germany that would resolve all problems in their relations. The fact that French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet was indeed seeking such an understanding lent credence to such rumours. Daladier let Bonnet pursue his own foreign policy in the hope that it might finally spur the British into making the "continental commitment" since a France aligned with Germany would make the Reich Europe's strongest power and leave Britain with no ally of comparable strength in Europe. In January 1939, Daladier let the Deuxiรจme Bureau manufacture the "Dutch War Scare". French intelligence fed misinformation to MI6 that Germany was about to invade the Netherlands with the aim of using Dutch air fields to launch a bombing campaign to raze British cities to the ground. As France was the only nation in Western Europe with an army strong enough to save the Netherlands, the "Dutch War Scare" led the British to make anxious inquiries in Paris to ask the French to intervene if the Netherlands were indeed invaded. In response, Daladier stated that if the British wanted the French to do something for their security, it was only fair for the British do something for French security. On 6 February 1939, Chamberlain, in a speech to the House of Commons, finally made the "continental commitment" as he told the House: "The solidarity that unites France and Britain is such that any threat to the vital interests of France must bring about the co-operation of Great Britain". On 13 February 1939, staff talks between the British Imperial General Staff and the French General Staff were opened. Daladier supported Chamberlain's policy of creating a "peace front" that was meant to deter Germany from aggression but was unhappy with the British "guarantee" of Poland, which Chamberlain had announced to the House of Commons on 31 March 1939. France had been allied to Poland since 1921, but Daladier had been bitter by the German-Polish Nonaggression Pact of 1934 and the Polish annexation of part of Czechoslovakia in 1938. Like other French leaders, he regarded the Sanation regime ruling Poland as a fickle and unreliable friend of France. The rise in French industrial output and the greater financial stability in 1939 as a result of Reynaud's reforms led Daladier to view the possibility of war with the Reich more favourably than had been the case in 1938. By September 1939, France's aircraft production was equal to Germany's, and 170 American planes were arriving per month. The Neutrality Acts were still in effect, but the supportive stance of US President Franklin Roosevelt led Daladier to assume that the Americans would maintain a pro-French neutrality and that their tremendous industrial resources would aid France if the Danzig Crisis ended in war. Daladier was far keener than Chamberlain was to bring the Soviet Union into the "peace front" and believed that only an alliance with the Soviets could deter Hitler from invading Eastern Europe. Daladier did not want a war with Germany in 1939 but sought to have such an overwhelming array of forces arranged against Germany that Hitler would be deterred from invading Poland. Daladier believed that Polish Guarantee by Britain would encourage Poland to object to having the Soviet Union join the "peace front", which indeed proved to be the case. The Poles refused to grant transit rights to the Red Army, which the Soviets made a precondition for their joining the "peace front". Daladier felt that Chamberlain should not have made guarantee until the Poles had agreed to grant transit rights to the Red Army. He charged that the guarantee made British and French diplomats have more leverage over Polish Foreign Minister Colonel Jozef Beck, who was widely disliked by other diplomats for his stubbornness and haughty manners. Daladier felt that on economic and military grounds, it was better to have the Soviet Union serve as the "eastern pivot" of the "peace front" than for Poland to do so, as the British preferred. Daladier disliked the Poles and the guarantee but believed in maintaining the alliance with Poland; he believed that France should stand by its commitments. A public opinion poll in June 1939 showed that 76% of the French believed that France should immediately declare war if Germany tried to seize the Free City of Danzig. For Daladier, the possibility that the Soviet Union might join the "peace front" was a "lifeline" and the best way of stopping another world war. He was deeply frustrated by the Polish refusal to permit transit rights for the Red Army. On 19 August 1939, Beck, in a telegram to Daladier, stated: "We have not got a military agreement with the USSR. We do not want to have one". Though the Molotovโ€“Ribbentrop Pact of 23 August ruined Daladier's hopes of an Anglo-Franco-Soviet "peace front", he still believed that France and Britain could stop Germany together. On 27 August 1939, Daladier told Bullitt, "there was no further question of policy to be settled. His sister had put in two bags all the personal keepsakes and belonging he really cared about, and was prepared to leave for a secure spot at any moment. France intended to stand by the Poles, and if Hitler should refuse to negotiate with the Poles over Danzig, and should make war on Poland, France would fight at once". World War II After the Molotovโ€“Ribbentrop Pact was signed, Daladier responded to the public outcry by outlawing the French Communist Party on the basis that it had refused to condemn Joseph Stalin's actions. During the Danzig Crisis, Daladier was greatly influenced by the advice that he received from Robert Coulondre, the French ambassador in Berlin, that Hitler would back down if France made a firm enough stand toward Poland. On 31 August 1939, Daladier read out to the French cabinet a letter he received from Coulondre: "The trial of strength turns to our advantage. It is only necessary to hold, hold, hold!" After the German invasion of Poland on 1 September, he reluctantly declared war on 3 September and inaugurated the Phoney War. On 6 October, Hitler offered France and Britain a peace proposal. There were more than a few in the French government who were prepared to take Hitler up on his offer, but in a nationwide broadcast the next day, Daladier declared, "We took up arms against aggression. We shall not put them down until we have guarantees for a real peace and security, a security which is not threatened every six months". On 29 January 1940, in a radio address delivered to the people of France, The Nazi's Aim is Slavery, Daladier explicitly stated his opinion of the Germans: "For us, there is more to do than merely win the war. We shall win it, but we must also win a victory far greater than that of arms. In this world of masters and slaves, which those madmen who rule at Berlin are seeking to forge, we must also save liberty and human dignity". In March 1940, Daladier resigned as prime minister because of his failure to aid Finland's defence during the Winter War, and he was replaced by Paul Reynaud. Daladier remained defence minister, however, and his antipathy to the new prime minister prevented Reynaud from dismissing Maurice Gamelin as Supreme Commander of the French armed forces. As a result of the massive German breakthrough at Sedan, Daladier swapped ministerial offices with Reynaud and became foreign minister while Reynaud became defence minister. Gamelin was finally replaced by Maxime Weygand on 19 May 1940, nine days after the Germans began the Battle of France. Under the impression that the French government would continue in North Africa, Daladier fled with other members of the government to French Morocco, but he was arrested and tried for treason by the Vichy government during the Riom Trial. Daladier was interned in Fort du Portalet, in the Pyrenees. He was kept in prison from 1940 to April 1943, when he was handed over to the Germans and deported to Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany. In May 1943, he was transported to the Itter Castle, in North Tyrol, with other French dignitaries, where he remained until the end of the war. He was freed after the Battle for Castle Itter. Postwar After the war ended, Daladier was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1946 and acted as a patron to the Radical-Socialist Party's young reforming leader, Pierre Mendรจs-France. He also was elected as the Mayor of Avignon in 1953. He opposed the transferral of powers to Charles de Gaulle after the May 1958 crisis but, in the subsequent legislative elections of that year, failed to secure re-election. He withdrew from politics after a career of almost 50 years at the age of 74. Death Daladier died in Paris on 10 October 1970, at the age of 86. He was buried at the Pรจre Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. In visual media Daladier is portrayed by the English actor David Swift in Countdown to War (1989) and by French actor Stรฉphane Boucher in Munich โ€“ The Edge of War (2021). The Czech comedy Lost in Munich (2015) is about a 90-year-old parrot who used to live with Daladier and is still repeating his quotes related to the Munich Agreement Daladier's first ministry, 31 January โ€“ 26 October 1933 ร‰douard Daladier โ€“ President of the Council and Minister of War Eugรจne Penancier โ€“ Vice President of the Council and Minister of Justice Joseph Paul-Boncour โ€“ Minister of Foreign Affairs Camille Chautemps โ€“ Minister of the Interior Georges Bonnet โ€“ Minister of Finance Lucien Lamoureux โ€“ Minister of Budget Franรงois Albert โ€“ Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions Georges Leygues โ€“ Minister of Marine Eugรจne Frot โ€“ Minister of Merchant Marine Pierre Cot โ€“ Minister of Air Anatole de Monzie โ€“ Minister of National Education Edmond Miellet โ€“ Minister of Pensions Henri Queuille โ€“ Minister of Agriculture Albert Sarraut โ€“ Minister of Colonies Joseph Paganon โ€“ Minister of Public Works Charles Daniรฉlou โ€“ Minister of Public Health Laurent Eynac โ€“ Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones Louis Serre โ€“ Minister of Commerce and Industry Changes 6 September 1933 โ€“ Albert Sarraut succeeds Leygues (d. 2 September) as Minister of Marine. Albert Dalimier succeeds Sarraut as Minister of Colonies. Daladier's second ministry, 30 January โ€“ 9 February 1934 ร‰douard Daladier โ€“ President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs Eugรจne Penancier โ€“ Vice President of the Council and Minister of Justice Jean Fabry โ€“ Minister of National Defence and War Eugรจne Frot โ€“ Minister of the Interior Franรงois Piรฉtri โ€“ Minister of Finance Jean Valadier โ€“ Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions Louis de Chappedelaine โ€“ Minister of Military Marine Guy La Chambre โ€“ Minister of Merchant Marine Pierre Cot โ€“ Minister of Air Aimรฉ Berthod โ€“ Minister of National Education Hippolyte Ducos โ€“ Minister of Pensions Henri Queuille โ€“ Minister of Agriculture Henry de Jouvenel โ€“ Minister of Overseas France Joseph Paganon โ€“ Minister of Public Works ร‰mile Lisbonne โ€“ Minister of Public Health Paul Bernier โ€“ Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones Jean Mistler โ€“ Minister of Commerce and Industry Changes 4 February 1934 โ€“ Joseph Paul-Boncour succeeds Fabry as Minister of National Defence and War. Paul Marchandeau succeeds Piรฉtri as Minister of Finance. Daladier's third ministry, 10 April 1938 โ€“ 21 March 1940 ร‰douard Daladier โ€“ President of the Council and Minister of National Defence and War Camille Chautemps โ€“ Vice President of the Council Georges Bonnet โ€“ Minister of Foreign Affairs Albert Sarraut โ€“ Minister of the Interior Paul Marchandeau โ€“ Minister of Finance Raymond Patenรดtre โ€“ Minister of National Economy Paul Ramadier โ€“ Minister of Labour Paul Reynaud โ€“ Minister of Justice Cรฉsar Campinchi โ€“ Minister of Military Marine Louis de Chappedelaine โ€“ Minister of Merchant Marine Guy La Chambre โ€“ Minister of Air Jean Zay โ€“ Minister of National Education Auguste Champetier de Ribes โ€“ Minister of Veterans and Pensioners Henri Queuille โ€“ Minister of Agriculture Georges Mandel โ€“ Minister of Colonies Ludovic-Oscar Frossard โ€“ Minister of Public Works Marc Rucart โ€“ Minister of Public Health Alfred Jules-Julien โ€“ Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones Fernand Gentin โ€“ Minister of Commerce Changes 23 August 1938 โ€“ Charles Pomaret succeeds Ramadier as Minister of Labour. Anatole de Monzie succeeds Frossard as Minister of Public Works. 1 November 1938 โ€“ Paul Reynaud succeeds Paul Marchandeau as Minister of Finance. Marchandeau succeeds Reynaud as Minister of Justice. 13 September 1939 โ€“ Georges Bonnet succeeds Marchandeau as Minister of Justice. Daladier succeeds Bonnet as Minister of Foreign Affairs, remaining also Minister of National Defence and War. Raymond Patenรดtre leaves the Cabinet and the Position of Minister of National Economy is abolished. Alphonse Rio succeeds Chappedelaine as Minister of Merchant Marine. Yvon Delbos succeeds Zay as Minister of National Education. Renรฉ Besse succeeds Champetier as Minister of Veterans and Pensioners. Raoul Dautry enters the Cabinet as Minister of Armaments. Georges Pernot enters the Cabinet as Minister of Blockade. See also Interwar France French Third Republic 6 February 1934 crisis References Sources External links In Defence of France a 1939 book by Daladier at archive.org 1884 births 1970 deaths People from Carpentras Politicians from Provence-Alpes-Cรดte d'Azur Radical Party (France) politicians Prime Ministers of France French Ministers of War French Ministers of War and National Defence Transport ministers of France French Ministers of Overseas France Government ministers of France Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 13th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 14th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 15th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946) Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic Mayors of Avignon Heads of government who were later imprisoned French people imprisoned abroad French military personnel of World War I French people of World War II Prisoners and detainees of Vichy France Buchenwald concentration camp survivors Burials at Pรจre Lachaise Cemetery Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles War scare
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์ฒญ์šดํšจ์ž๋™
์ฒญ์šดํšจ์ž๋™(ๆทธ้›ฒๅญๅญๆดž)์€ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์ข…๋กœ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์ •๋™์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์šด๋™๊ณผ ํšจ์ž๋™์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ 2008๋…„ 11์›” 1์ผ ์ฒญ์šดํšจ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ•์ •๋™์€ ์„ธ์ข…๋กœ, ์ฒญ์šด๋™, ํšจ์ž๋™, ์‹ ๊ต๋™, ๊ถ์ •๋™, ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™, ํ†ต์ธ๋™, ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋™, ๋ˆ„์ƒ๋™, ๋ˆ„ํ•˜๋™์ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ง€๋ช… ์œ ๋ž˜ ์ฒญ์šดํšจ์ž๋™์˜ โ€˜์ฒญ์šดโ€™์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ฒญ์šด์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋’ค์ชฝ์˜ ์ฒญํ’๊ณ„(ๆทธ้ขจๆบช)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ณก์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์˜ โ€˜์ฒญโ€™์ž์™€ ๋ฐฑ์šด๋™(็™ฝ้›ฒๆดž)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์˜ โ€˜์šดโ€™์ž๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญํ’๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฐฑ์šด๋™์€ ์ธ์™•์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ง‘์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ, ๋ง‘์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ์ดˆ์—๋Š” ํ•œ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ๋ถ๋ถ€ โ€˜์ˆœํ™”๋ฐฉโ€™ ์ง€์—ญ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1914๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฑ์šด๋™ยท์ฒญํ’๋™ยท๋ฐ•์ •๋™(ๆœดไบ•ๆดž)ยท์‹ ๊ต(ๆ–ฐๆฉ‹)์˜ ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์ณ โ€˜์ฒญ์šด๋™โ€™(ๆทธ้›ฒๆดž)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1936๋…„ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒญ์šด์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1943๋…„ ์ข…๋กœ๊ตฌ์— ํŽธ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1946๋…„ ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฒญ์šด๋™์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜ํšจ์žโ€™๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์„ ์กฐ ๋•Œ ํ•™์ž ์กฐ์›(่ถ™็‘—)์˜ ์•„๋“ค ํฌ์‹ ๊ณผ ํฌ์ฒ  ํ˜•์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ํšจ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œํšจ์žฃ๊ณจ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ์ž๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณก(ๅญ่ฐท)์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ํšจ์ž๋™์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ˜ 1914๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ: ํ–‰์ •๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐœํŽธํ•จ ์ฒญ์šด๋™(ๆทธ้›ฒๆดž) โ† ๋ฐฑ์šด๋™(็™ฝ้›ฒๆดž) ยท ์ฒญํ’๋™(ๆทธ้ขจๆดž) ยท ๋ฐ•์ •๋™์ผ๋ถ€(ๆœดไบ•ๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ์‹ ๊ต์ผ๋ถ€(ๆ–ฐๆฉ‹ไธ€้ƒจ) ์‹ ๊ต๋™(ๆ–ฐๆฉ‹ๆดž) โ† ์‹ ๊ต์ผ๋ถ€(ๆ–ฐๆฉ‹ไธ€้ƒจ) ๊ถ์ •๋™(ๅฎฎไบ•ๆดž) โ† ์œก์ƒ๊ถ๋™์ผ๋ถ€(ๆฏ“็ฅฅๅฎฎๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ๋™๊ณก์ผ๋ถ€(ๆฑ่ฐทไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ์˜จ์ •๋™์ผ๋ถ€(ๆบซไบ•ๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ์‹ ๊ต์ผ๋ถ€(ๆ–ฐๆฉ‹ไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ๋ฐ•์ •๋™์ผ๋ถ€(ๆœดไบ•ๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ํšจ์ž๋™(ๅญๅญๆดž) โ† ๋ฐฑ๊ตฌ๋™์ผ๋ถ€(็™ฝ็‹—ๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ๋™๊ณก์ผ๋ถ€(ๆฑ่ฐทไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ์œก์ƒ๊ถ๋™์ผ๋ถ€(ๆฏ“็ฅฅๅฎฎๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ์žฅ๋™์ผ๋ถ€(ๅฃฏๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ํšจ๊ณก(ๅญ่ฐท) ยท ์˜จ์ •๋™์ผ๋ถ€(ๆบซไบ•ๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ์‹ ๊ต์ผ๋ถ€(ๆ–ฐๆฉ‹ไธ€้ƒจ) ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋™(ๆ˜Œๆˆๆดž) โ† ์˜ฅ์ •๋™(็Ž‰ไบ•ๆดž) ยท ๋Œ€๋™์ผ๋ถ€(ๅธถๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ๊ฐ„๊ณก(้–“่ฐท) ยท ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋™(ๆ˜Œๆˆๆดž) ยท ์žฅ๋™์ผ๋ถ€(ๅฃฏๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ๋ฐฑ๊ตฌ๋™์ผ๋ถ€(็™ฝ็‹—ๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ํ†ต๋™(้€šๆดž) โ† ํ†ต๊ณก(้€š่ฐท) ยท ์‚ฌํฌ๋™(ๅธๅœƒๆดž) ยท ์˜ฅ๋™์ผ๋ถ€(็Ž‰ๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ๋ˆ„์ƒ๋™(ๆจ“ไธŠๆดž) โ† ๋ˆ„๊ฐ๋™์ผ๋ถ€(ๆจ“้–ฃๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ๋ˆ„ํ•˜๋™(ๆจ“ไธ‹ๆดž) โ† ์˜ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ(ไบ”ๅทจ้‡Œ) ยท ๋‚จ์ฒ™๋™(ๅ—้šปๆดž) ยท ์†ก๋ชฉ๋™(ๆพๆœจๆดž) ยท ์žฅ์„ฑ๋™(้•ทๅŸŽๆดž) ยท ์œ ๋ชฉ๋™(ๆŸณๆœจๆดž) ยท ๋ณต์ •๋™(็ฆไบ•ๆดž) ยท ๋ˆ„๊ฐ๋™์ผ๋ถ€(ๆจ“้–ฃๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™(็Ž‰ไปๆดž) โ† ์˜ฅ๋™์ผ๋ถ€(็Ž‰ๆดžไธ€้ƒจ) ยท ์ธ์™•๋™(ไป็Ž‹ๆดž) 1936๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ: ๋™(ๆดž)์„ ์ •(็”บ)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ํ†ต๋™์„ ํ†ต์ธ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญ 1943๋…„ 6์›” 10์ผ: ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ์ข…๋กœ๊ตฌ์— ๋ฐฐ์† 1946๋…„ 10์›” 1์ผ: ์ •(็”บ)์„ ๋™(ๆดž)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ 1955๋…„ 4์›” 18์ผ: ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ–‰์ •๋™ ์„ค์น˜ ์žํ•˜๋™(็ดซ้œžๆดž): ์ฒญ์šด๋™ ยท ์‹ ๊ต๋™ ยท ๊ถ์ •๋™ ยท ์„ธ์ข…๋กœ 1๋ฒˆ์ง€ ์ฒญ์†ก๋™(ๅปณๆพๆดž): ํšจ์ž๋™ ยท ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋™ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ๋™(ๆจ“้–ฃๆดž): ๋ˆ„์ƒ๋™ ยท ๋ˆ„ํ•˜๋™ ์ธ์™•๋™(ไป็Ž‹ๆดž): ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ ยท ํ†ต์ธ๋™ 1970๋…„ 5์›” 18์ผ: ํ–‰์ •๋™ ์žํ•˜๋™์„ ์ฒญ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ, ๋ˆ„๊ฐ๋™์„ ๋ˆ„์ƒ๋ˆ„ํ•˜๋™์œผ๋กœ, ์ธ์™•๋™์„ ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฒญ์†ก๋™๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ์†ก๋™์„ ํšจ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋™ 1975๋…„ 10์›” 1์ผ: ํ–‰์ •๋™ ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™๊ณผ ๋ˆ„์ƒ๋ˆ„ํ•˜๋™์„ ๋ˆ„์ƒ๋™(๋ˆ„์ƒ๋™+๋ˆ„ํ•˜๋™+์˜ฅ์ธ๋™)๊ณผ ํšจ์ž๋™ ์ผ๋ถ€(ํ†ต์ธ๋™)๋กœ ๊ฐœํŽธ 1977๋…„ 9์›” 1์ผ: ํ–‰์ •๋™ ๋ˆ„์ƒ๋™๊ณผ ํšจ์ž๋™์„ ํšจ์ž๋™(ํšจ์ž๋™+์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋™+ํ†ต์ธ๋™+๋ˆ„์ƒ๋™+๋ˆ„ํ•˜๋™+์˜ฅ์ธ๋™)๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ง๋™ ์ผ๋ถ€(ํ†ต์˜๋™+์ ์„ ๋™)๋กœ ๊ฐœํŽธ 2008๋…„ 11์›” 1์ผ: ํ–‰์ •๋™ ์ฒญ์šด๋™๊ณผ ํšจ์ž๋™์„ ์ฒญ์šดํšจ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋™ ๋ฒ•์ •๋™ ์ฒญ์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ต๋™ ๊ถ์ •๋™ ํšจ์ž๋™ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋™ ํ†ต์ธ๋™ ๋ˆ„์ƒ๋™ ๋ˆ„ํ•˜๋™ ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ ์„ธ์ข…๋กœ 1๋ฒˆ์ง€ ์œ ์  ์ฒญ์šด๋™ ์ฐฝ์˜๋ฌธ(ๅฝฐ็พฉ้–€): ํ•œ์–‘๋„์„ฑ์˜ 4์†Œ๋ฌธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. 4์†Œ๋ฌธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์›ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ฒ  ์ง‘ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ์ค‘๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ์†ก๊ฐ• ์ •์ฒ ์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์šด๋™ 123๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒญ์šด์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์•ž์— ํ‘œ์ง€์„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ƒํ—Œ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ์ค‘๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ๊น€์ƒํ—Œ์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์šด๋™ 94-2๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์„  ์ƒ๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ •์„ ์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ๋กœ, ์ธ์™•์ œ์ƒ‰๋„์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. 52์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์šด๋™ 89-11๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์•ˆ์— ํ‘œ์ง€์„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์šด์žฅ(็™ฝ้›ฒ่ŽŠ) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ๋ง๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ๊น€๊ฐ€์ง„์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ์— 1915๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ํ‚คํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ ์„ธ์ดํƒ€๋กœ(ๅŒ—ๆ‘ๆทธๅคช้ƒž)๊ฐ€ ์ง€์€ ์š”์ •์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐœ์—… ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ช…์นญ์€ ์ฒญํ–ฅ์›(ๆทธ้ฆ™ๅœ’)์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 1929๋…„์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1962๋…„ 9์›”, ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„ํ›„๊ธฐ์„ฑ๋„๊ตํšŒ์—์„œ ์ด ์ผ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํฌ๊ต์›์ด ๋“ค์–ด์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์šด๊ฐ•๋Œ€(้›ฒๆฑŸ่‡บ) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ์ค‘๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ์กฐ์›(่ถ™็‘—)์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์šด๋™ 89-11๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์†ก๋‹น(่ฝๆพๅ ‚) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ์„ฑ์ˆ˜์นจ์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์šด๋™ 89๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ƒ์—…๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์„ธ์ฒญํ’(็™พไธ–ๆทธ้ขจ)ยท๋Œ€๋ช…์ผ์›”(ๅคงๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๆœˆ) ๊ฐ์ž: ์†ก์‹œ์—ด์ด ์ผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ฒญ์šด๋™ 52-58๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€˜๋Œ€๋ช…์ผ์›”โ€™ ๊ฐ์ž๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์šด๋™์ฒœ(็™ฝ้›ฒๆดžๅคฉ) ๊ฐ์ž: ๊น€๊ฐ€์ง„์ด ์ƒˆ๊ธด ๊ธ€์”จ๋กœ, ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ ์ œ40ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ฆ‰ํญ(ๆญฆ้™ต็€‘)ยท๋„ํ™”๋™์ฒœ(ๆกƒ่Šฑๆดžๅคฉ) ๊ฐ์ž: ์ฒญ์šด๋™ 1-1๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ต๋™ ์„ ํฌ๊ถ(ๅฎฃ็ฆงๅฎฎ) ํ„ฐ: ์˜์กฐ์˜ ํ›„๊ถ์ด์ž ์‚ฌ๋„์„ธ์ž์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์˜๋นˆ ์ด์”จ์˜ ์‹ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‹  ์‚ฌ๋ฌ˜์ธ ์„ ํฌ๊ถ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋˜ ํ„ฐ๋กœ, ์„ ํฌ๊ถ์€ 1908๋…„์— ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์น ๊ถ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์œ ํ˜•๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ ์ œ32ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ๊ต๋™ 1-1๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ฒœ(ๅŽๆณ‰)ยท๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์ฒœ(็”˜ๆตๆณ‰) ๊ฐ์ž: โ€˜ํ›„์ฒœโ€™ ๊ฐ์ž๋Š” โ€˜์„ ํฌ๊ถ ๋’คํŽธ์˜ ์ƒ˜โ€™ ๋˜๋Š” โ€˜์™•ํ›„์˜ ์ƒ˜โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. โ€˜๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์ฒœโ€™ ๊ฐ์ž๋Š” ์„ ํฌ๊ถ ๋’ค ์‚ฐ๊ธฐ์Šญ์—์„œ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜ค๋˜ ์ƒ˜๋ฌผ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ถ์ •๋™ยท์„ธ์ข…๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ถ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ •๊ถ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์กฐ ์ด์„ฑ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์–ด ์ž„์ง„์™œ๋ž€๋•Œ ๋ถˆํƒ„ํ›„ ํฅ์„ ๋Œ€์›๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณต์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ 240์—ฌ๋™์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ํ›ผ์†๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ถ ๋ณต์› ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€๋กœ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์น ๊ถ: ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ํ›„๊ถ 7์ธ์˜ ์‹ ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‹  ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ถ์ •๋™ 1-1๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œก์ƒ๊ถ, ์—ฐํ˜ธ๊ถ, ์ €๊ฒฝ๊ถ, ๋Œ€๋นˆ๊ถ, ์„ ํฌ๊ถ, ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ถ, ๋•์•ˆ๊ถ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ์œก์ƒ๊ถ(ๆฏ“็ฅฅๅฎฎ)์€ ์˜์กฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋ชจ์ธ ์ˆ™๋นˆ ์ตœ์”จ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‹  ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์  ์ œ149ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์™€๋Œ€ ์•ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ: ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ €๊ฒฉ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์•ˆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค. 1993๋…„ ๊น€์˜์‚ผ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณต์›์ธ ๋ฌด๊ถํ™”๋™์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ถ์ •๋™ 55-3๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ฒˆ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ์ค‘๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ๊น€๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ๋กœ, ๊ถ์ •๋™ 2๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊น€์ˆ˜ํ•ญ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ์ค‘๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ๊น€์ˆ˜ํ•ญ์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ๋กœ, ๊ถ์ •๋™ 2๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚™์†ก๋ฃจ(ๆด›่ชฆๆจ“) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ๊น€์ฐฝํก์ด 1682๋…„ ์ง€์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ํ„ฐ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒญ์™€๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•…๋ก์œ ๊ฑฐ(ๅฒณ้บ“ๅนฝๅฑ…) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ๊น€์ฐฝํก์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒญ์™€๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์ •์žฌ(้คŠๆญฃ้ฝ‹) ํ„ฐ: ์ˆ™์ข…์˜ ์…‹์งธ ์™•๋น„ ์ธ์›์™•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ฒญ์™€๋Œ€ ์˜๋นˆ๊ด€ ์ผ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ทจ๋กํ—Œ(็ฟ ้บ“่ป’) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ์ค‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ์ธ ์ด๋ณ‘์—ฐ์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒญ์™€๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์•…์‹ ์‚ฌ(็™ฝๅถฝ็ฅž็ฅ ) ํ„ฐ: 1395๋…„์— ๋ฐฑ์•…์‚ฐ์‹ (็™ฝๅฒณๅฑฑ็ฅž)์„ ๋ชจ์‹  ์‚ฌ๋‹น์„ ํ˜„ ๋ถ์•…์‚ฐ์˜ ์ •์ƒ๋ถ€์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฝ์ •(็จๆจ‚ไบญ) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ๊น€์ˆ˜ํ™์ด ์ง€์€ ๋ˆ„์ •์œผ๋กœ, ใ€Š์žฅ๋™ํŒ”๊ฒฝ์ฒฉใ€‹์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์€์•”(ๅคง้šฑๅฒฉ) ์„ธ์‹ฌ๋Œ€(ๆด—ๅฟƒ่‡บ) ์•…๋ก(ๅฒณ้บ“)ยท์Œ๊ณ„๋™(้›™ๆบชๆดž) ๊ฐ์ž: ์ฒญ์™€๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐ”์œ„์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜์•…๋กโ€™ ๊ฐ์ž๋Š” ์กฐ์„  ์ค‘๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ๊น€์ฐฝํก์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์˜ฅ์ฒœ(้ณด็Ž‰ๆณ‰) ๊ฐ์ž: ์ฒญ์™€๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์•”(้†’ๅท–) ๊ฐ์ž: ์ฒญ์™€๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์พŒ๋Œ€ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ: ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด์พŒ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 1939๋…„ ์ดˆ ์ผ๋ณธ ์œ ํ•™์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ ํ•œ์˜ฅ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ถ์ •๋™ 16-3๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ค๋กœ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํšจ์ž๋™ ์Œํ™๋ฌธ(้›™็ด…้–€) ํ„ฐ: ํšจ์„ฑ์ด ์ง€๊ทนํ•œ ์กฐ์›์„ ๊ธฐ๋ ค ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ •๋ฌธ(ๆ—Œ้–€)์„ ์„ธ์› ๋˜ ํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํšจ์ž๋™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์˜ ์œ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ตํฌ ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ: ์‹ ์ตํฌ๊ฐ€ 1954๋…„ 8์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1956๋…„ 5์›” ์ˆจ์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ, ํšจ์ž๋™ 164-2๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ ์ œ23ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋™ ์‚ฌ์žฌ๊ฐ(ๅธๅฎฐ็›ฃ) ํ„ฐ: ์™•์‹ค์˜ ์–ด๋ฅ˜, ์œก๋ฅ˜, ์†Œ๊ธˆ, ๋•”๋‚˜๋ฌด, ํšƒ๋ถˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ผ์„ ๋งก๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ, ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋™ ์ผ๋Œ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒด์‹ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘์„ฑ์†Œ(้žไฟก็ฎก็†้คŠๆˆๆ‰€) ํ„ฐ: ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ์— ํ†ต์‹  ์š”์›์„ ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ, ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋™ 117๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„๋ช…์—ฌ์ž๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ํ„ฐ: ๊ณ ์ข… ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ํ›„๊ถ ์ˆœํ—Œํ™ฉ๊ท€๋น„ ์—„์”จ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์—„์ค€์›์ด ์„ธ์šด ํ•™๊ต๋กœ, ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋™ 67๋ฒˆ์ง€์—์„œ 1989๋…„ ๋ชฉ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ธ๋™ ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€์™• ํƒ„์ƒ์ง€: ํ†ต์ธ๋™ 119๋ฒˆ์ง€ ์ผ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ: ํ†ต์ธ๋™ 154๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1933๋…„์— ๋งค๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•„์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์‹œ๋ถ€(ๅ…งไพๅบœ) ํ„ฐ: ์™•์‹ค์˜ ์‹์‚ฌ ๊ฐ๋…, ์™•๋ช… ์ „๋‹ฌ, ๊ถ๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ(ๅฎˆ้–€)๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ง(ๅฎˆ็›ด), ์ฒญ์†Œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งก๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ, ํ†ต์ธ๋™ ์ผ๋Œ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํฌ์„œ(ๅธๅœƒ็ฝฒ) ํ„ฐ: ์™•์‹ค์˜ ์ฑ„์†Œ์™€ ๋ฐญ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ, ์ดํ›„ ์ˆ˜์†ก๋™ 116๋ฒˆ์ง€๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„์ƒ๋™ ๋ฐฑํ˜ธ์ •(็™ฝ่™Žไบญ) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ์‹œ๋Œ€ ํ•œ์–‘์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ํ™œํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ฐ์ž๋งŒ์ด ๋ˆ„์ƒ๋™ 27-12๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ œ59ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œค๋™์ฃผ ํ•˜์ˆ™์ง‘ ํ„ฐ: ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐํฌ์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต ๊ธฐ์ˆ™์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์‹คํ•ด์ ธ ์œค๋™์ฃผ๋Š” 1941๋…„ 5์›” ๊น€์†ก์˜ ์ง‘์—์„œ ํ•˜์ˆ™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„์ƒ๋™ 9๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ง‘์€ 2000๋…„ ์ „ํ›„์— ํ—๋ ค ํ˜„์žฌ 3์ธต ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ฃผํƒ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„ํ•˜๋™ ๋…ธ์ฒœ๋ช… ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ: ๋ˆ„ํ•˜๋™ 225-1๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๋ฒ” ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ: ๋“ฑ๋ก๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ ์ œ171ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ˆ„ํ•˜๋™ 178ยท181๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ ์ž์ˆ˜๊ถ ํ„ฐ: ๊ด‘ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด ์ธ์™•์‚ฐ์˜ ์™•๊ธฐ(็Ž‹ๆฐฃ)๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ถ๊ถ๋กœ, ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ 45-1๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋™ ๊ณ„๊ณก: ์˜ฅ๋ฅ˜๋™์ฒœ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜๋กœ, ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ ์ œ31ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œก์ฒญํ—Œ(ๅ…ญ้‘่ป’) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ๊น€์ˆ˜ํ•ญ์˜ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ, 1683๋…„์— ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ 47-73๋ฒˆ์ง€ ์ผ๋Œ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒญํœ˜๊ฐ(ๆทธๆš‰้–ฃ) ํ„ฐ: ์œก์ฒญํ—Œ ๋งˆ๋‹น์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ, 1686๋…„์— ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญํœ˜๊ฐ์„ ์ง“๊ณ  30๋…„ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์ž ๊ธฐ์šธ์–ด์ ธ ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ๊น€์ฐฝ์—…์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง€์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ๊น€์ˆ˜๊ทผยท๊น€๋ณ‘๊ตญยท๊น€๋ณ‘๊ตยท๊น€ํ•™์ง„์ด ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ๊ทœํ˜ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฌ์šฐ๋ฌผ(็จผ้ฝ‹-) ํ„ฐ: ์ฒญํœ˜๊ฐ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ, ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ๊ฐ€์žฌ ๊น€์ฐฝ์—…์ด ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ™์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ 47-376๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•˜๋‚˜, ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์— ๋’ค๋ฎ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์†ก์„์›(ๆพ็Ÿณๅœ’) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ์ธ ์ฒœ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ 47๋ฒˆ์ง€ ์ผ๋Œ€์— ์ง€์€ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ, ์†ก์„์›์‹œ์‚ฌ(ๆพ็Ÿณๅœ’่ฉฉ็คพ)๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์ผ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฌํ•ญ์‹œ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒฝ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์žฅ(็ขงๆจนๅฑฑ่ŽŠ) ํ„ฐ: ์œค๋•์˜์ด 1910๋…„ 12์›”์— ์†ก์„์› ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—ฌ 1937๋…„ ์ค€๊ณตํ•œ ๋Œ€์ €ํƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ โ€˜์†ก์„์›โ€™์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฒฝ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1966๋…„ 4์›” 5์ผ ์ „์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1973๋…„ 6์›” ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ 47-27, 47-33๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ๋Œ€๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 3๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋…ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ: ์œค๋•์˜์ด ์ง€์–ด ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐ•๋…ธ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋˜ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ, ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ 168-2๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ ์„œ์šฉํƒ ๊ฐ€(็Ž‰ไปๆดž ๅพ้พๆพค ๅฎถ): ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ 47-133๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ์˜ฅ์œผ๋กœ, ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๋ฏผ์†์ž๋ฃŒ ์ œ23ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•ด์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒฝ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ€์† ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ด์—„(่€Œๅทฒๅนฟ) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ ์žฅํ˜ผ(ๅผตๆทท)์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ๋กœ, ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ ์ผ๋Œ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณก์œ ๊ฑฐ(ไป่ฐทๅนฝๅฑ…) ํ„ฐ: ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ •์„ ์ด 52์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ•˜๋˜ 84์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด๋˜ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ, ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ 20๋ฒˆ์ง€ ์ผ๋Œ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•™(ๅŒ—ๅญธ) ํ„ฐ: ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ 45๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ: ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ 56๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ด์พŒ๋Œ€์˜ ํ˜• ์ด์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ๋กœ, 1938๋…„์— ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์˜จ 2์ธต ์–‘์˜ฅ์ด๋‹ค. 1940๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ, ์ดํ™”์—ฌ์ „ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„๋œ ์‚ผ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ํŒจ์…˜์‡ผ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด ์ด๊ณณ 2์ธต ๋ฒ ๋ž€๋‹ค์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ๋ฅ˜๋™(็Ž‰ๆตๆดž) ๊ฐ์ž: ์šฐ์•” ์†ก์‹œ์—ด์˜ ๊ธ€์”จ๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž๋กœ, 1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋‚œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2019๋…„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์ธ๋™ 47-360๋ฒˆ์ง€(ํ•„์šด๋Œ€๋กœ9๊ฐ€๊ธธ 44-5)์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ฒญ์™€๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ฒฝํ˜ธ์‹ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅํšŒ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋‚˜์ด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ด€ ๊ตํ™ฉ์ฒญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ด€์ € ๊ต์œก ์ฒญ์šด์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ฒญ์šด์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ƒ์—…๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ตํ†ต (์„œ์šธ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  3ํ˜ธ์„ ) ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ถ์—ญ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์ข…๋กœ๊ตฌ ์ฒญ์šดํšจ์ž๋™ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์„ผํ„ฐ ์„œ์šธ ์ข…๋กœ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์ •๋™ 2008๋…„ ์„ค์น˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongunhyoja-dong
Cheongunhyoja-dong
Cheongunhyoja-dong is a dong, of Jongno-gu in Seoul, South Korea. External links Official website Neighbourhoods of Jongno-gu
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%BC%ED%95%98%EC%8B%9C%EC%99%95
์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ์™•
์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ์™•(, 1372๋…„ ~ 1439๋…„ ์Œ๋ ฅ 6์›” 1์ผ)์€ ๋ฅ˜ํ์™•๊ตญ ์ œ1์‡ผ์”จ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์ œ2๋Œ€ ๊ตญ์™•(์žฌ์œ„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„: 1422๋…„ ~ 1439๋…„)์ด์ž ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฅ˜ํ ๊ตญ์™•์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ํ˜ธ(็ฅž่™Ÿ)๋Š” ์„ธ์ง€ํƒ€๊ฐ€๋งˆ๋ชจ๋…ธ()์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ์‡ผ์‹œ์‡ผ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋„(็พŽ้‡Œๅญ)์˜ ๋”ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์‹œ์‡ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹œํ‚ค์•„์ง€(ไฝๆ•ทๆŒ‰ๅธ)๋กœ ใ€Œ๋‚˜์™€์‹œ๋กœ์šฐํ›„์•ผ(่‹—ไปฃๅคง่ฆช)ใ€๋กœ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ใ€Š์ค‘์‚ฐ์„ธ๋ณดใ€‹(ไธญๅฑฑไธ–่ญœ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์–ด๋ ค์„œ ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์ž๋„ ๋„˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์‹œํ‚ค์‡ผ์•„์ง€(ไฝๆ•ทๅฐๆŒ‰ๅธ)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ž ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด๋˜ 21์„ธ ๋•Œ ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ์™•์€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ๋‚œ์ž”(ๅ—ๅฑฑ)์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹œํ‚ค์•„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1398๋…„ ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋งˆ์ง€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์žํ† (ๅณถๅฐปๅคง้‡ŒๅŸŽ)์˜ ์•„์ง€ ์˜ค์—์ด์ง€(ๆฑช่‹ฑ็ดซ)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚œ์ž”์™•(ๅ—ๅฑฑ็Ž‹) ์‡ผ์‚ฟํ† (ๆ‰ฟๅฏŸๅบฆ)๋ฅผ ์ณ์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์˜ค์—์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ์ž”์˜ ์™•์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์™€ ๋™๋งน์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1406๋…„ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์™• ๋ถ€๋„ค์ด(ๆญฆๅฏง)์˜ ํญ์ •์„ ๋ช…๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์›Œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ณ์„œ ์‚ฟํ†  ์™•์กฐ(ๅฏŸๅบฆ็Ž‹ๆœ)๋ฅผ ๋ฉธ๋ง์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ค‘์‚ฐ์˜ ์™•์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐฌํƒˆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šˆ๋ฆฌ(้ฆ–้‡Œ, ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„ ๋‚˜ํ•˜์‹œ้‚ฃ่ฆ‡ๅธ‚)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์‡ผ์‹œ์‡ผ์™•์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธ„์ž”์™•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ขŒํ•ด ๊ตญ์ •์„ ์ง‘์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1416๋…„ ํ˜ธ์ฟ ์ž”๊ตญ(ๅŒ—ๅฑฑๅ›ฝ)์„ ์ณ์„œ ๋ฉธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋‚จ ์‡ผ์ธ„(ๅฐšๅฟ )๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์ฟ ์ž”์นธ์Šˆ(ๅŒ—ๅฑฑ็›ฃๅฎˆ)๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ๋ถ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 1421๋…„์— ์‡ผ์‹œ์‡ผ์™•์ด ์„œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 1422๋…„ ์ธ„์ž”์™•์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1424๋…„ ๋ด„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…(ๆ˜Ž)์— ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์กฐ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถ€์™•์˜ ๋ถ€๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ„์ž”์™• ์ฑ…๋ด‰์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. 1429๋…„ ๋‚œ์ž”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฏธ์ด(ไป–้ญฏๆฏŽ)๋ฅผ ์žก์•„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๋‚œ์ž”์„ ๋ฉธ๋ง์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ์‚ผ์‚ฐ(ไธ‰ๅฑฑ)์„ ํ†ต์ผ, ์ œ1์‡ผ์”จ ์™•์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฅ˜ํ ์—ด๋„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ†ต์ผ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 1430๋…„ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ๋ช…์— ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์กฐ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ช…์˜ ์„ ๋•์ œ(ๅฎฃๅพทๅธ)๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฐ(ๆŸดๅฑฑ)์„ ๋‹ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์‡ผ(ๅฐš)๋ผ๋Š” ์™•์„ฑ(็Ž‹ๅง“)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฅ˜ํ(็‰็ƒ)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์™•์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฅ˜ํ๊ตญ(็‰็ƒๅœ‹)์„ ์ž์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1431๋…„์—๋Š” ์กฐ์„ (ๆœ้ฎฎ)์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์œ„ ์ค‘ ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ์™•์€ ํ™”๊ต ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ํšŒ๊ธฐ(ๆ‡ทๆฉŸ)๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ ์ž„ํ•ด ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ์ƒ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ญ์ •์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๋ช… ์™•์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์„ ์ง„๋ฌธ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค. ํšŒ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฌ ์•„๋ž˜์„œ ์Šˆ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ(้ฆ–้‡ŒๅŸŽ)์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด ์ •๋น„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์•ˆ๊ตญ์‚ฐ(ๅฎ‰ๅ›ฝๅฑฑ)์— ๊ฝƒ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์‚ฐ๋ฌธ(ไธญๅฑฑ้–€)์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์™ธ์›(ๅค–่‹‘)์„ ์ •๋น„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜ํ•˜ ํ•ญ(้‚ฃ่ฆ‡ๆธฏ)์˜ ์ •๋น„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ช…๋‚˜๋ผ(ๆ˜Ž)์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ์กฐ์„ , ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋‚จ๋ฐฉ ์ œ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ต์—ญ์„ ์œต์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฅ˜ํ ๋ฒˆ์˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์Œ“์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ƒ ํšŒ๊ธฐ๋Š” 1439๋…„ ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ์™•์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๋’ค ์Šˆ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์— ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ์™•์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ฌ˜ ์ฒœ์‚ฐ๋ฆ‰(ๅคฉๅฑฑ้™ต) ์•ž์— ์ง‘์„ ์ง“๊ณ  ์™•์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฌ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํ›„ ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ์™•๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ์จ ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•œ ์‡ผ์ธ„(ๅฐšๅฟ ), ์‡ผ์‹œํƒ€์“ฐ(ๅฐšๆ€้”) ํ˜•์ œ ์™•์€ ์š”๋ฏธํƒ„์ดŒ(่ฎ€่ฐทๆ‘)์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‚˜(ๅ–œๅ)์— ํ•ฉ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1469๋…„ ์ œ1์‡ผ์”จ ์™•์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ2์‡ผ์”จ ์™•์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ๋’ค, ์‡ผ์—”์™•(ๅฐšๅœ“็Ž‹)์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋˜ ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฒœ์‚ฐ๋ฆ‰์— ๋ถˆ์„ ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ํƒœ์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ์™•๊ณผ ์‡ผ์ธ„, ์‡ผ์‹œํƒ€์“ฐ ์‚ผ๋ถ€์ž์˜ ์œ ๊ณจ์€ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์š”๋ฏธํƒ„ ์‚ฐ(่ฎ€่ฐทๅฑฑ) ๋งˆ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ(้–“ๅˆ‡)์˜ ์ด๋ผ๋ฏธ๋‚˜(ไผŠ่‰ฏ็š†)์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹œํ‚ค ์ˆฒ์— ๋ฌปํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ์™• ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉธ๋ง๋‹นํ•œ ๋‚œ์ž”๊ณผ ํ˜ธ์ฟ ์ž”์˜ ํ›„์˜ˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ๊ณจ์„ ํŒŒ๋‚ด์–ด ๋ณด๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋•Œ ํžˆ๋ผํƒ€์‹œ(ๅนณ็”ฐๅญ)์™€ ์•ผ๋น„ํƒ€์‹œ(ๅฑ‹ๆฏ”ไน…ๅญ)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ์™•์˜ ์œ ๊ณจ์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์— ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๋ฌป์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ใ€Šํ•ด๋™์ œ๊ตญ๊ธฐใ€‹(ๆตทๆฑ่ซธๅœ‹่จ˜)์—๋Š” ์„ธ์ข…(ไธ–ๅฎ—) 13๋…„ ์‹ ํ•ด(1431๋…„) ๋ฅ˜ํ๊ตญ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์™• ์ƒํŒŒ์ง€(็‰็ƒๅœ‹ไธญๅฑฑ็Ž‹ๅฐ™ๅทดๅฟ—)์˜ ๋ช…์˜๋กœ ์กฐ์„ ์— ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์กฐ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š์„ธ์ข…์‹ค๋กใ€‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด ํ•ด 9์›”์— ์ •์‚ฌ(ๆญฃไฝฟ) ํ•˜๋ก€๊ตฌ(ๅค็ฆฎไน…)์™€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ(ๅ‰ฏไฝฟ) ์˜๋ณด๊ฒฐ์ œ(ๅฎœๆ™ฎ็ตๅˆถ) ๋“ฑ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์“ฐ์‹œ๋งˆ(ๅฐ้ฆฌ)์˜ ์ƒ์„ ์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค ํƒ€๊ณ  ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋„(ๆ…ถๅฐ™้“) ๋‚ด์ดํฌ(ไนƒ่€Œๆตฆ)์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ž๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ƒ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฅ˜ํ ์™•๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์กฐ์„  ์˜ˆ์กฐ(็ฆฎๆ›น)๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์ง์ œํ•™ ๋ฐฐํ™˜(่ฃตๆก“)์„ ์„ ์œ„์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ๋ฅ˜ํ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์˜€๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋™ํ‰๊ด€(ๆฑๅนณ้คจ)์— ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 11์›” 9์ผ ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ถ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ๋ง๊ถ๋ก€์—์„œ ์‡ผํ•˜์‹œ์™•์˜ ๊ตญ์„œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์ข…์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์€ ๋ฅ˜ํ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ช… ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์ฑ…๋ด‰์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์šฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ํ’ˆ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ 3ํ’ˆ ๋ฐ˜์—ด๋กœ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์„ธ์ข… 15๋…„(1433๋…„) ๋ฅ˜ํ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฐ”์น˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ์“ฐ์‹œ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ฐฐ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์žฅ์ธ์ด ์กฐ์„ ์— ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฅ˜ํ ์„ ์žฅ(่ˆนๅŒ )๋“ค์ด ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“  ์›”์ž๊ฐ‘์„ (ๆœˆๅญ—็”ฒ่ˆน)์€ ์„ ์ฒด ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์žฅ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์•„๋žซ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‡ ๋ชป์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ  3,352๊ทผ 1๋ƒฅ์˜ ์‡ ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฅ˜ํ์‹ ์›”์ž๊ฐ‘์„ ์„ ์„œ๊ฐ•(่ฅฟๆฑŸ)์— ๋„์›Œ ์กฐ์„  ๋ฐฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฅ˜ํ ์žฅ์ธ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์„ ์ธก ๋ฐฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋นจ๋ž์ง€๋งŒ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ์ข…์€ ๋ฅ˜ํ์‹ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋žซ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ์ ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์กฐ์„ ์‹ ์ „ํ•จ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฅ˜ํ ์„ ์žฅ ์˜ค๋ณด์•ผ๊ณ (ๅพ็”ซไนŸๅค) ๋“ฑ์€ ์„ธ์ข…์˜ ๋œป์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์กฐ์„ ์— ๋‚จ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ 1๋…„ ๋งŒ์ธ ์„ธ์ข… 16๋…„(1434๋…„) 5์›”์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์กฐ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์˜(่ณปๅ„€)๋กœ ๊ด€(ๆฃบ)๊ณผ ์ข…์ด 50๊ถŒ, ์Œ€ 6์„์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ์žฅ ์˜ค๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋‘(ๅพๅคซๆฒ™่ฑ†)๋Š” ์„ธ์ข… 17๋…„(1435๋…„) 10์›” ์กฐ์ •์˜ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด ์กฐ์„ ์ธก ํ†ต์‚ฌ ๊น€์›์ง„(้‡‘ๅŽŸ็)์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒ˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๋ฅ˜ํ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊น€์›์ง„์€ 2๋…„ ๋’ค์— ๊น€์šฉ๋•(๊น€์›์ง„ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์†๋…€) ๋“ฑ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ 6๋ช…์„ ๋ฅ˜ํ ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ท€๊ตญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ข… 19๋…„(1437๋…„)์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ฅ˜ํ์–ดํŒŒ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€: ์‡ผ์‹œ์‡ผ์™•(ๅฐšๆ€็ดน็Ž‹) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ: ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋„(็พŽ้‡Œๅญ)์˜ ๋”ธ ์™•๋น„: ๋งˆ๋‚˜๋ฒ ์นด๋„ค(็œŸ้‹้‡‘, ์ดํ•˜์•„์ง€(ไผŠ่ฆ‡ๆŒ‰ๅธ)์˜ ๋”ธ) ์ž๋…€: ์žฅ๋‚จ: ์‚ฌ์‹œํ‚ค์™•์ž(ไฝๆ•ท็Ž‹ๅญ) ์ฐจ๋‚จ: ์‡ผ์ธ„์™•(ๅฐ™ๅฟ ็Ž‹) ์‚ผ๋‚จ: ๋‚˜ํ‚ค์ง„ ์™•์ž(ไปŠๅธฐไป็Ž‹ๅญ) ์‚ฌ๋‚จ: ์•ผ์—์„ธ์•„์ง€(ๅ…ซ้‡็€ฌๆŒ‰ๅธ) ์˜ค๋‚จ: ์‡ผํ‚จ๋ถ€์ฟ ์™•(ๅฐš้‡‘็ฆ็Ž‹) ์œก๋‚จ: ํ›„๋ฆฌ(ๅธƒ้‡Œ) ์น ๋‚จ: ์‡ผํƒ€์ดํ์™•(ๅฐšๆณฐไน…็Ž‹) ํŒ”๋‚จ: ๋งˆ์—๋‹ค์•„์ง€(ๅ‰็”ฐๆŒ‰ๅธ) ์žฅ๋…€: ์‚ฌ์Šค์นด์‚ฌ์•„์ง€์นด๋‚˜์‹œ(ไฝๅธ็ฌ ๆŒ‰ๅธๅŠ ้‚ฃๅฟ—) ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์ž” ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ธ„์ž” ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋ฅ˜ํ ๊ตญ์™• 1372๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1439๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 14์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D%20Hashi
Shล Hashi
was the last King of Chลซzan and the first king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, uniting the three polities of Chลซzan, Hokuzan, and Nanzan by conquest and ending the Sanzan period. Family Father: Shishล mother: daughter of Miiko Wife: Inami Machirugi Children: Hirata Sashiki Shล Chลซ Sho Nankijin Seiji Yasuji Sho Kinpuku Sho Furi Sho Taikyu Maeda Ajinosuke Biography As lord (aji) of Sashiki Magiri, he was seen as an able, well-liked administrator within his own lands who rose in prominence at the opening of the 15th century. He led a small rebellion against the lord of Azato district in 1402, however some historians believe it was against the neighboring ลŒzato Castle. Hashi then went on to overthrow chief Bunei of Chลซzan in 1404 and placed his father Shล Shishล on the throne. Even with his father as chief, however, Hashi held true political power, and organized envoys to Nanking, to assure China, to which the Ryลซkyลซ polities were tributaries, of his polity's continued cooperation and friendship. He also reorganized much of the administrative organs of the kingdom to better fit Chinese models. The people of Chลซzan also quickly adopted many elements of Chinese culture, and came to be recognized as "civilized", at least somewhat more so than earlier, by the Chinese. Hashi also oversaw the expansion and embellishment of Shuri Castle, and the placement of distance markers throughout the land, marking the distance to Shuri. Meanwhile, though Hokuzan, the neighboring polity to the north, held no advantages over Chลซzan economically or in terms of political influence, Hashi viewed their capital city castle of Nakijin Castle as a threat militarily. When that opportunity presented itself in 1419, after three Hokuzan aji (local lords) turned to his side, Hashi led his father's army, and conquered Nakijin in a swift series of attacks. The chief of Hokuzan, along with his closest retainers, committed suicide after a fierce resistance. A year after his father's death in 1421, Hashi requested official recognition and investiture from the Chinese imperial court, and received it in due course. It may be interesting to note that, despite the nominal independence of Ryลซkyลซ into the 19th century, this practice would continue. In 1428, the Xuande Emperor bestowed upon him the family name Shang (Shล in Japanese), registered a new title in their annals: Liuqiu Wang (็‰็ƒ็Ž‹, Jap: Ryลซkyลซ-ลŒ, King of Ryลซkyลซ), and sent Hashi's emissary back with a ceremonial dragon robe, and a lacquer tablet with the word Chลซzan inscribed upon it. This Chลซzan tablet was then placed on display on the Chลซzan gate in front of Shuri Castle, where it remained until the early 20th century. Thus, succeeding his father as chief of Chลซzan in 1422, and appointing his younger brother Warden of Hokuzan, he seized Nanzan Castle, capital of Nanzan, in 1429, from Lord Taromai. Thus uniting the island of Okinawa, he founded the Ryลซkyลซ Kingdom and the Shล dynasty. Up to this point, the three polities had operated on a very simple feudal model. Peasants were subsistence farmers who paid taxes to their local aji and performed various other labors and services to him; the aji in turn owed taxes and services to the head of their polity (hypothetically a chief, but called a prince in many English-language texts on the subject). Shล Hashi did not effect drastic dramatic changes upon this system, but reinforced it as part of his unification efforts; aji were made to owe their allegiance to his royal government at Shuri, rather than becoming lordless rebels or the like upon the defeat and absorption of their kingdom. Hashi also oversaw a significant expansion of trade, particularly with China, and organized envoys to other Asian countries as well. Documents survive today chronicling a number of missions to Ayutthaya, the capital of Siam at the time, to resolve trade issues. Recognizing the importance of trade to Ryลซkyลซ's continued prosperity, Shล Hashi promoted it strongly, and even ordered a bell cast and installed at Shuri Castle, upon which was inscribed "Ships are means of communication with all nations; the country is full of rare products and precious treasures." Through this trade, friendly diplomatic relations, and the overall organization and unity created by Shล Hashi, Ryลซkyลซ absorbed much of the foreign influences that would come to define its culture. Some examples include the Chinese ceremonial robes worn by kings and high officials when meeting with Chinese officials, the Japanese-inspired custom of aristocratic members of society wearing two swords, and the fusion of native, Japanese, Chinese, and Southeast Asian elements of music and dance. Shล Hashi died in 1439, at the age of sixty-eight, having united Ryลซkyลซ and established its place as a small, but recognized, power in the region. Upon his death, the court appointed his second son, Shล Chลซ, his successor, and sent emissaries to the Chinese court to ask for investiture, to the Japanese Shลgun in Kyoto and to the courts of a number of other kingdoms, as diplomatic missions. In popular culture In Karate Kid 2, the pivotal scene occurs in a castle attributed to King Sho Hashi. On 28 August 2009 the play King Sho Hashi - Dynamic Ryukyu was hosted by the Okinawa Association of America at the Redondo Beach Performing Arts Center in Los Angeles, California. In 2020, Ryukyu Broadcasting Corp aired a three-episode "history drama" about Shล Hashi's rise to power. Shล Hashi is referenced by character Chลzen Toguchi in Netflixโ€™s Cobra Kai Season 5 Episode 9 โ€œSurvivorsโ€ (2022). See also Foreign relations of Imperial China Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom Notes References Frรฉdรฉric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301 Kerr, George H. and Mitsugu Sakihara. (2000). Okinawa, the History of an Island People: The History of an Island People. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. Smits, Gregory (1999). Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ; OCLC 39633631 1371 births 1439 deaths Kings of Ryลซkyลซ First Shล dynasty
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98%20%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EB%A0%A5%20%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0%84
์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „
์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์€ ํ‰ํ™”์  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ˜น์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€ 1950๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์†Œ๋ จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์›์ž๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ „์ˆ˜๋ฐ›์•„ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์šฉ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1955๋…„ 4์›” ๋ถํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์› 2์ฐจ ์ดํšŒ์—์„œ ์›์ž ๋ฐ ํ•ต๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  1955๋…„ 6์›” ์†Œ๋ จ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ์›์ž๋ ฅ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”์  ์ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ ํšŒ์˜์— ๊ณผํ•™์› ๊ณผํ•™์ž 6๋ช…์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1956๋…„ 3์›” ์†Œ๋ จ๊ณผ ํ•ต์˜ ํ‰ํ™”์  ์ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์†Œ(ๆœ่˜‡)์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ•ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์ง ํ˜‘์ •์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํ˜‘์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ๋งค๋…„ 30๋ช…์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ๋“œ๋ธŒ๋‚˜ ํ•ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 1959๋…„ 9์›” ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ณผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์›์ž๋ ฅ์˜ ์ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜‘์ •์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋ จ์—์„œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ์ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ 1960๋…„๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์ด ํ•ต๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1962๋…„ 1์›” ์†Œ๋ จ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์šฉ ์›์ž๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์•„ ์˜๋ณ€์— ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜์—ฌ 1965๋…„ 6์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ IRT-2000ํ˜• ์›์ž๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์›์ž๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์›์ž๋กœ๋กœ ์•ฝ 2๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‹œํ—˜์šด์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 1967๋…„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ํ•ต์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋Š” 10% ์ €๋†์ถ• ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋†์ถ• ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„์€ ์†Œ๋ จ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์šฉํ›„ ํ•ต์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ์—์„œ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1964๋…„ 2์›”์—๋Š” ํ•ต๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1961๋…„์—์„œ 1967๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 3์ฒœ์—ฌ๋ช…์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ จ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ธ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‚ฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ํ‰ํ™”์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋‹ค. 1971๋…„ 4์›” ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ต๊ณผํ•™์ž 8๋ช…์„ ์ดˆ์ฒญ, ํ•ต๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์™€ ์›์ž๋กœ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1973๋…„ ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ํ•ต๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ, ๊น€์ฑ…๊ณต๋Œ€์— ํ•ต์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์›์ž๋กœ ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ 3์›” ์ตœ๊ณ ์ธ๋ฏผํšŒ์˜ 5๊ธฐ 3์ฐจ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์›์ž๋ ฅ๋ฒ•์ด ์Šน์ธ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ•์ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ 9์›” ๊ตญ์ œ์›์ž๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 12์›”์—๋Š” IAEA ๊ทน๋™์ง€์—ญ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ด์‚ฌ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์šฉ ์›์ž๋กœ์™€ ์ž„๊ณ„ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜๋ณ€์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—„๊ฒฉํžˆ ํ†ต์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1976๋…„์—๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์— ์›์ž๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ฐ ์šด์˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›, ์›์ž๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ์š”์›์„ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์‹œ์ผœ ์„œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„ ์ง„ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1975๋…„ ์˜๋ณ€๋™์œ„์›์†Œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์ž์ฒด ํ•ต์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1976๋…„ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„๊ณผ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  1978๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์ง€์—ญ๋‚ด ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„๊ด‘์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™ฉํ•ด๋ถ๋„ ํ‰์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ‰์•ˆ๋‚จ๋„ ์ˆœ์ฒœ์— ์ด ๋งค์žฅ๋Ÿ‰ 2,600๋งŒํ†ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ๊ฐ€์ฑ„๋Ÿ‰ 400 ๋งŒํ†ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1977๋…„ 7์›”์—๋Š” ์˜๋ณ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์ž๋กœ์™€ ์ž„๊ณ„์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ IAEA ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€ 1980๋…„์—์—๋Š” ํ‰ํ™”์  ์ด์šฉ ์šฐ์„ ์—์„œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์šฐ์„  ํ•ต์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„ 2์›” ์˜๋ณ€์— 5 MWe ์›์ž๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์  ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์›์ž๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ์ž์ฒด๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋ถํ•œ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฒœ์—ฐ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ‘์—ฐ๊ฐ์†ํ˜• ์›์ž๋กœ๋กœ์„œ, 50๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ G-1ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์›์ž๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์ด ์—†์–ด ํ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จ ์›์ž๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋Œ€์‹  ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ ์ถ”์ถœ์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•œ ํ‘์—ฐ ๊ฐ์†๋กœ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์ด ํ‘์—ฐ ๊ฐ์†๋กœ ์›์ž๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ ์ถ”์ถœ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์†Œ๋ จ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ์—†์ด ๋ถํ•œ๋‚ด ๋งค์žฅ๋œ ์ฒœ์—ฐ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„์„ ํ•ต์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ถํ•œ์ด ๋†์ถ• ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์ˆ˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ‘์—ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํ‘์—ฐ ๊ฐ์†์žฌ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๋ถํ•œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„ ํ™ฉํ•ด๋„ ํ‰์‚ฐ์— ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„ ์ •๋ จ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1987๋…„์— ์ œ 1 ์›์ž๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋™๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์„ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 50 MWe๊ธ‰ ์›์ž๋กœ์™€ 200 MWe ๋ฐœ์ „๋กœ๋ฅผ 1985๋…„๊ณผ 1989๋…„ ํƒœ์ฒœ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฐฉ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ณผ 660 MWe๊ธ‰ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ 3๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ ํฌ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์›์ž๋ ฅ ํ˜‘์ •์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์žฌ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ™”ํ•™์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ์‹œ์„ค์— ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ›„ ํ•ต์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ช…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ 5 MWe ์‹œํ—˜ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ถํ•œ์€ 1985๋…„ 12์›” 15์ผ ์กฐ์„ ๋กœ๋™๋‹น ๋น„์„œ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ 440 MW๊ธ‰(VVER-440ํ˜•) ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ 4๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์†Œ๋ จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ฝ์†๋ฐ›๊ณ , ํ•ต๋น„ํ™•์‚ฐ์กฐ์•ฝ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์˜๋ฌด์‚ฌํ•ญ์ธ ํ•ต์•ˆ์ „์กฐ์น˜ํ˜‘์ •์—๋Š” ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ IAEA ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ์€ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1992๋…„ 1์›” 30์ผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ˜‘์ •์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  1992๋…„ 5์›” 4์ผ ์ตœ์ดˆ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ IAEA์— ์ œ์ถœํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์„ ๋นš์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1992๋…„ 5์›” 25์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1993๋…„ 2์›” 6์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— 6์ฐจ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ IAEA ์ž„์‹œ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถํ•œ์ด 88๋…„, 90๋…„, 91๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ˆ˜ kg์˜ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ถํ•œ์€ 1990๋…„ 1ํšŒ์— ๋‹จ์ง€ 90 g์˜ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ๋’ค ํ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹ ๊ณ ์‹œ์„ค 2๊ณณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ๋˜์ž ๋ถํ•œ์€ 1993๋…„ 3์›” 12์ผ NPT ํƒˆํ‡ด๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด ์ „๋ฉด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 1993๋…„ 3์›” IAEA๋Š” ๊ธด๊ธ‰์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„์‚ฌ์ฐฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์–ด์„œ 1993๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ ํŠน๋ณ„์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถํ•œ ํ•ต๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ดํšŒ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—”์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1993๋…„ 4์›” 8์ผ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ NPT ๋ณต๊ท€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์žฅ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ , 1993๋…„ 4์›” 11์ผ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1993๋…„ 6์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ ํ•ต๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ถ๋ฏธํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ ๋ถํ•œ ํ•ต๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถํ•œ์— ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋„ 1994๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๊ฒฝ์ถ•์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์›์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—… 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ์›์ž๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ•ต๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์˜ํ˜น์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ถํ•œ์€ ํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ ค๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„ ํ•ต ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋•Œ ์ „์Ÿ์œ„ํ—˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์นดํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ถ์— ์ด์€ 3์ฐจ ๋ถ๋ฏธํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ 1994๋…„ 10์›” 21์ผ ๋ถ๋ฏธ๊ฐ„ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ” ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ•ฉ์˜์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ•ต๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋™๊ฒฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ 1,000 MWe๊ธ‰ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ 2๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถํ•ต ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ” ํ˜‘์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ‘์—ฐ ๊ฐ์†๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์€ ํ‘์—ฐ๊ฐ์†๋กœ์™€ ํ•ต ๊ด€๋ จ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋™๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 5 MWe์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ›„ ํ•ต์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ด‰์€ ์•ˆ์ „์กฐ์น˜ ํ›„ ์ œ 3๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํ‘์—ฐ๊ฐ์†๋กœ ๋™๊ฒฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ฒด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋งค๋…„ ์ค‘์œ  50๋งŒํ†ค์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ถ”์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์€ 1995๋…„ 1์›” ํ†ต์ผ์› ์‚ฐํ•˜์— ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ์‚ฌ์—…์ง€์›๊ธฐํš๋‹จ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1995๋…„ 3์›” ํ•œ๋ฏธ์ผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜์— ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์žฌ์›์กฐ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ฝ˜์†Œ์‹œ์›€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. KEDO์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ํ•œยท๋ฏธยท์ผยทEU๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ง‘ํ–‰์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง‘ํ–‰์ด์‚ฌ๊ตญ ์™ธ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ 9๊ฐœ๊ตญ(ํ•€๋žœ๋“œ, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„, ์น ๋ ˆ, ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜, ํด๋ž€๋“œ, ์ฒด์ฝ”)์ด ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋Œ€๋ถ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ, 1995๋…„ 6์›” ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์ฟ ์•Œ๋ผ๋ฃธ๋ฃจ๋ฅด ํ˜‘์ƒ์—์„œ KEDO๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ‚ค๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•œ๊ตญํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜• ์›์ „ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์—ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1996๋…„ 3์›” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ KEDO๋Š” ํ•œ์ „์ด ์ฃผ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ผ๊ด„๋„๊ธ‰๋ฐฉ์‹ ์‹œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ 12์›”์—๋Š” KEDO์™€ ๋ถํ•œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ˜‘์ •์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ , KEDO๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์žฌ ์œ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 1,000 MWe๊ธ‰ ๊ฐ€์••๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ด„๋„๊ธ‰๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์ƒํ™˜์€ ๊ฐ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ์™„๊ณต ํ›„ 3๋…„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜ 17๋…„ ๋ฌด์ด์ž ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ƒํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1999๋…„ 12์›” 15์ผ ํ•œ์ „๊ณผ KEDO๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ผ๋ฐ˜์กฐ๊ฑด 38๊ฐœ ์กฐํ•ญ๊ณผ 22๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ก์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜๋ฌด์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ์•ก, ๋ฐœํšจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ณ , 2000๋…„ 2์›” 3์ผ์ž๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ๋ฐœํšจ๋˜์–ด ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ณ„๋„์˜์žฅ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™•์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ 1997๋…„ 1์›” ๋ถˆ๋ณ€๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 40.8์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ด๊ณ , ์ฃผ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ KEDO์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ž…์€ํ–‰, KEDO์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ„ ์œต์ž๊ณ„์•ฝ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœํšจ๋œ๋‹ค. KEDO ์ง‘ํ–‰์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” 1997๋…„ 11์›” ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฑด์„ค ์˜ˆ์ƒ์‚ฌ์—…๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด 51.8์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1998๋…„ 7์›”์—๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์›ํ™”๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ํ•˜๋ฝ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์‚ฌ์—…๋น„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ 46์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์žฌ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, EU ๋“ฑ KEDO ์ง‘ํ–‰์ด์‚ฌ๊ตญ์€ 1998๋…„ 11์›” ์žฌ์›๋ถ„๋‹ด๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์›๋ถ„๋‹ดํ˜‘์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์€ ์‹ค ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„์˜ 70 %๋ฅผ ์›ํ™”๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ(46์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 3์กฐ 5,420์–ต์›)ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ์€ 10์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ๋‹น์˜ 1,165์–ต์—”์„ ์ •์•ก์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, EU๋Š” 7,500๋งŒ ECU๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ ์ค‘์œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋น„์šฉ ๋ฐ KEDO์˜ ์—ฌํƒ€ ์†Œ์š”์ž๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์›ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ‚ค๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1997๋…„ 8์›” ๊ธˆํ˜ธ์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…๋ถ€์ง€์—์„œ ์ฐฉ๊ณต์‹์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , 2000๋…„ 2์›” 3์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ง€๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋™์‹œ๊ณต๋‹จ(ํ•œ์ „ ๋ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€, ๋™์•„. ๋Œ€์šฐ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ค‘๊ณต์—…)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ๋„ ์‹ ํฌยท๊ธˆํ˜ธ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ 893๋งŒ7์ฒœm2์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ„ฐ ๋‹ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 4๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๋๋‚ด๊ณ , 2001๋…„ 9์›” 4์ผ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ถํ•œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ๊ฑด์„คํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๊ตด์ฐฉ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜ 2002๋…„ 10์›” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ ํŠน์‚ฌ์™€ ํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์‹œ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ฐจ ํ•ต์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ 2002๋…„ 12์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ ์ค‘์œ  ์ œ๊ณต์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ” ํ•ฉ์˜์—์„œ ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋กœ 2003๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์™„๊ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ จ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , 2003๋…„ 1์›” 10์ผ ๋ถํ•œ์€ NPT ํƒˆํ‡ด๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ 2์›” 10์ผ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ•ต ๋ณด์œ  ์„ ์–ธ, 4์ฐจ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ 6์ž ํšŒ๋‹ด์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ , 2005๋…„ 9์›” 19์ผ ๋ถ๋ฏธ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์€ 2006๋…„ 10์›” 3์ผ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ , 6์ผ ๋งŒ์ธ 10์›” 9์ผ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋„ ๊ธธ์ฃผ๊ตฐ ํ’๊ณ„๋ฆฌ ์ผ๋Œ€ ์ง€ํ•˜์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ 1Kt ์ •๋„์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2008๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 6์ฐจ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ 6์žํšŒ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถํ•ตํ๊ธฐ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ค‘ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 7์›” 15์ผ ์˜๋ณ€ ํ•ต์‹œ์„ค ๊ฐ€๋™ ์ค‘๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ , 2008๋…„ 6์›” 27์ผ ์˜๋ณ€ ์›์ž๋กœ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํƒ‘์„ ํญํŒŒํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 2009๋…„ 4์›” 5์ผ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋กœ์ผ“์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , 6์ž ํšŒ๋‹ด์— ๋ถˆ์ฐธ, ํ•ต์‹œ์„ค์„ ์žฌ๊ฐ€๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์€ 2009๋…„ 5์›” 25์ผ 2์ฐจ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , 2009๋…„ 6์›” 13์ผ ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์˜(์ œ 1874ํ˜ธ)ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ•ต ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์กฐ์•ฝ ๋ถํ•ต๋ฌธ์ œ ์—ฐํ‘œ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋กœ๋™ 1ํ˜ธ ๋Œ€ํฌ๋™ 1ํ˜ธ ํ•ต ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์กฐ์•ฝ ํ’๊ณ„๋ฆฌ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ด์ƒ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์••๋‘˜ ์นด๋””๋ฅด ์นธ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๊ธˆํ˜ธ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋…•๋ณ€ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๋‚จ๋ถ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ” ํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋ถํ•ต๋ฌธ์ œ ๋‚จ๋ถ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ-์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20in%20North%20Korea
Nuclear power in North Korea
North Korea (DPRK) has been active in developing nuclear technology since the 1950s. Although the country currently has no operational power-generating nuclear reactor, efforts at developing its nuclear power sector continue. Moreover, North Korea has developed nuclear weapons. It conducted what are widely accepted to have been nuclear tests in 2006, 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2017. History Early developments (1950sโ€“1960s) Since the 1950s, North Korea has been interested in nuclear technology and has pursued the use of nuclear technology by transferring knowledge and technology related to nuclear energy from the Soviet Union. In April 1955, it decided to establish the Atomic and Nuclear Physics Research Institute at the 2nd General Meeting of the North Korean Academy of Sciences and dispatched six scientists from the Soviet Union Academy to the conference held in the Soviet Union in June 1955. In September 1959, an agreement on the use of nuclear power was signed with the Soviet Union in Moscow, and the dispatch of a scientist from North Korea to the Soviet Union became a systematic step forward. An IRT-2000 pool-type research reactor was supplied by the Soviet Union for the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center in 1963, and began operation in 1965. After upgrades to the research reactor, the fuels now used are IRT-2M-type assemblies of 36% and 80% highly enriched uranium. As the center has not received fresh fuel since Soviet times, this reactor is now only run occasionally to produce iodine-131 for thyroid cancer radiation therapy. According to a 2022 study of Donghyun Woo, who relied on previously unexamined North Korean publications and Soviet archival materials, North Korea's early nuclear developments were motivated out of a desire to harness nuclear power for economic reasons rather than develop nuclear weapons for security reasons. Expansion of the program (1970sโ€“1990s) During the 1970s the North Korean research became more independent. In 1974 North Korea upgraded its Soviet-supplied reactor to 8 MW, and in 1979 it began to build a second, indigenous research reactor in Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center. Parallel to the construction of this reactor an ore processing plant and a fuel rod fabrication plant were built. During the 1980s, the North Korean government realized that light-water reactors (LWRs) were better suited to producing large amounts of electricity, for which there was a growing requirement. After the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia continued site selection fieldwork for the Sinpo LWR project. However, the North Koreans refused to pay for the work, and the project was effectively discontinued. Institute of Atomic Energy The Institute of Atomic Energy (IAE) in Pyongyang was founded in 1985, initially to house a 20 MeV cyclotron and laboratories imported under an IAEA technical cooperation program from the Soviet Union. The vast majority of cyclotron usage is to produce gallium-66 for liver and breast cancer treatment. The IAE has grown and now has three purposes: research, applying atomic energy to medicine and industry, and providing experimental facilities for nuclear studies students, particularly from Kim Il Sung University and Kim Chaek University of Technology. Denuclearization pledges In 1994, North Korea signed the U.S.-North Korea Agreed Framework with the United States. North Korea thereby agreed to end its graphite-moderated nuclear reactor program, including the construction of a 200 MWe power reactor at Taechon, in exchange for the construction of two 1000-MWe light-water reactors at Kumho, to be known as the Sinpo Nuclear Power Plant. Construction of these was started in 2000 by the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, but was suspended in November 2003. Under the Six-Party Talks held on 19ย September 2005, North Korea pledged to end all its nuclear programs and return to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, submitting to international inspections in return for benefits including energy aid and normalization of relations with Japan and the United States. On 25 June 2008, it was announced that North Korea was to end its nuclear program; its nuclear declaration was to be handed over to China in Beijing on 26 June 2008. The nuclear devices that North Korea already had, however, were to be handed over at a later date. Earlier, on 23 June, North Korea stated that it had begun to dismantle its nuclear program and declared that it would turn over all of its plans to the international community. In 2009, Siegfried Hecker, the co-director of the Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation, said that "prior to its April rocket launch, North Korea had discharged approximately 6,100 of the 8,000 fuel rods from its 5-megawatt reactor to the cooling pool, but disablement slowed to a crawl of 15 fuel rods per week, dragging out the projected completion of fuel unloading well into 2011. " Despite these apparent shutdown efforts, North Korea's nuclear tests in 2006, 2009 and 2013 have called into question its denuclearization commitment. In April 2013, amid rising tensions with the West, North Korea stated that it would restart the mothballed Yongbyon facility and resume production of weapons-grade plutonium. On 7 July 2018, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Kono and South Korean Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha met in Tokyo where they reaffirmed their unity in urging North Korea to denuclearize as promised. The ministers stressed the need to call on North Korea to take concrete steps toward denuclearization and to keep existing U.N. economic sanctions in place. Nuclear fusion claims In May 2010, North Korea's state newspaper, Rodong Sinmun, announced in an article that North Korea had successfully carried out a nuclear fusion reaction. The aforementioned article, referring to the alleged test as "a great event that demonstrated the rapidly developing cutting-edge science and technology of the DPRK", also made mention of efforts by North Korean scientists to develop "safe and environment-friendly new energy", and made no mention of plans to use fusion technology in its nuclear weapons program. Indigenous light water reactor development In 2009 North Korea announced its intention to build an indigenous experimental light water reactor (LWR) and the uranium enrichment technology to provide its nuclear fuel. In November 2010, a group of non-governmental U.S. experts reported that they had visited North Korea's Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, where they were shown an experimental 25โ€“30 MWe light water reactor in the early stages of construction, and a 2,000-gas centrifuge uranium enrichment plant, which was said to be producing low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel for the reactor. Construction of the uranium enrichment plant reportedly began in April 2009, and the initial target date for operational commencement for the reactor was 2012. In November 2011, satellite imagery indicated that the LWR construction was progressing rapidly, with the concrete structures largely completed. The LWR is being built on the site of the demolished cooling tower of the experimental Magnox reactor. Following the building of this experimental LWR, North Korea intends to build larger LWRs for electricity generation. Initial estimates were that the reactor would be put into operation in 2013, but the reactor was not externally complete until 2016. In 2017, several activities were noted involving construction, a dam was built to provide sufficient amount of water for the cooling system, switchyard and connections to transmission line were made along with facilities presumably used for maintenance and repair. In 2018 the preliminary testing of the reactor started and expected activation is for 2018 or 2019. However, according to satellite analysis, this reactor has yet to come online . Nuclear weapons program Following the 1958 U.S. deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in South Korea, the North Korean government asked both the Soviet Union and China for help in developing nuclear weapons, but was refused by both. However, the Soviet Union agreed to help North Korea develop a peaceful nuclear energy program, including the training of nuclear scientists. Eventually this technology base developed into a clandestine nuclear weapons program, leading to the 2006 and 2009 nuclear tests. In 2009, it was estimated that North Korea had up to ten functional nuclear warheads. After the death of Kim Jong Il in December 2011, the IAEA announced its readiness to return nuclear inspectors to North Korea, from which they were expelled in 2009, as soon as an agreement could be reached on steps towards denuclearization. Nonetheless, in early 2013, North Korea pledged to conduct more nuclear tests in the near future, and its third nuclear test took place in February 2013. Key nuclear organizations The North Korean Institute of Physics was founded in 1952. The various departments originally created within the Institute of Physics later served as the basis for several independent research centers, including the Institute of Atomic Physics, the Institute of Semiconductors and the Institute of Mathematics. A further reorganization of scientific research activities was carried out in the 1970s, during which the majority of North Korea's nuclear research institutes were transferred from Pyongyang to the city of Pyonsong, from the capital, and combined into a single scientific center. See also Energy in North Korea Nuclear proliferation Nuclear terrorism Nuclear warfare Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons References External links 38North.org (38 North is a project of the U.S.-Korea Institute at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins University) Economy of North Korea Military of North Korea Nuclear technology in North Korea Government of North Korea Nuclear program of North Korea Korea-related lists
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์กฐ๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ
์กฐ๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ(, 1485๋…„ ~ 1528๋…„)๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€์˜€๋‹ค. ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจ๋งŒ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 85๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ช‡๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋œ ์นœ๊ทผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ตœํ›„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”์šธํ•œ ์šด๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์•  ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์• ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถœ์ƒ์ง€์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ (ํ˜„์žฌ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ† ์Šค์นด๋‚˜์ฃผ) ๋ฐœ๋””๊ทธ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”ผ์—๋กœ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ์•„ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„ ๋‹ค ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ์™€ ํ”ผ์•”๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ์นดํŽ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ข‹์€ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ 1506๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋””์—ํ”„๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ณต๋ฌด์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด์—์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ƒ์„ ๋“ค์— ํ•ญํ•ด์ž๋กœ์„œ ํ•ญํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด์˜ ๋™๋ถ€ ๋์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ง€ ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ํŠธ๋กœ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ์ž์‹  ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ์–ป์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ „์Ÿ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ตญ์™•์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ํ•จ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ์  ํ˜น์€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๋ณต์ œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1523๋…„ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ”„๋ž‘์ˆ˜์•„ 1์„ธ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์ž„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ตญ์™•์€ ํƒœํ‰์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์งํ†ต ํ•ด๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ถ€ ํ•ด๋กœ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜์— ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒํ•ด๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ๋ถ์„œํ•ญ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒœํ‰์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ์งํ†ต์˜ ํ•ด๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตญ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์™•์€ ์ด ํ•ด๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์—์„œ ๋‰ดํŽ€๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์˜น์—์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์™•์˜ ์ถ•๋ณต๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” 1523๋…„ ํ›„์ˆœ์— ๋””์—ํ”„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•ญ์„  - ๋ผ ๋„ํ•€ (La Dauphine)ํ˜ธ, ์‚ฐํƒ€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ (Santa Maria)ํ˜ธ, ๋ผ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋ง๋“œ (La Normande)ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋น„ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ (Vittoria) ํ˜ธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์งํ›„, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํญํ’์— ์žกํ˜”๋‹ค. 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•ญ์„  ์‚ฐํƒ€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋น„ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ํญํ’์— ์žƒ๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ผ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋ง๋“œ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†์ƒ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ์˜ ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผ ๋„ํ•€ ํ˜ธ๋งŒ์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ญํ•ด๋“ค ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ญํ•ด ํ•œ์ฒ™์˜ ํ•ญ์„ , 50๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ช‡๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1524๋…„ 1์›” 17์ผ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋งˆ๋ฐ์ด๋ผ ์ œ๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋– ๋‚œ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ ์›๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธํ•ด 3์›” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ ์ผ€์ดํ”„ ํ”ผ์–ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๋””์–ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ ธ ํ™˜์˜์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋”์šฑ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌด์„ฑํ•œ ์ดˆ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 200 ๋งˆ์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋กœ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ์ •์ƒ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค ์ผ€์ดํ”„ ํ”ผ์–ด๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์›์ •์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋น™ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๋ป—์€ ๋Œ€์ง€์˜ ์ข์€ ๋•…์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ํฐ ๋ฌผ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํƒœํ‰์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋‚จํ•ด์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํŒ”๋ฏธ์ฝ” ํ•ดํ˜‘์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์šฐํ„ฐ๋ฑ…ํฌ์Šค ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ํฐ ์ดˆํ˜ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ํ•ญํ•ด์•„์—ฌ ๋ถ์„œํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1524๋…„ 4์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ์— ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ ์›๋“ค์€ ๋‰ด์š•๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜จํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๋””์–ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ข‹์€ ๋Œ€์ ‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋กฑ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋กœ๋“œ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ธ”๋ก ์„ฌ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ ์…‹๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‰ดํฌํŠธ์— ๋‹ป์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค ๋กœ๋“œ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 15์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์ธ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ข…์กฑ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ด์•ˆ ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ ์›๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋‰ดํŽ€๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ์— ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋๋‚ด๊ณ  ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 7์›” 8์ผ ๋””์—ํ”„์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„์˜ ํ•ญํ•ด๋“ค ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ 2๊ฐœ ๋” ํ•ญํ•ด๋“ค์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1527๋…„ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญํ•ด์— ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋กœ ์›์ •์— ํ•จ๋Œ€๋“ค์„ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํƒœํ‰์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์˜นํ”Œ๋ขฐ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ์กด๊ฐ•์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ ค๋ž€ ํ•ดํ˜‘์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ ๋น„์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์˜ ์„ธ์›”๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” 1528๋…„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ํ•ญํ•ด์— ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™์ƒ ์ง€๋กค๋ผ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ฌํ–‰์— ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›์ •์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ ํ•ด๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ 2์ฒ™ ํ˜น์€ 3์ฒ™์˜ ํ•ญ์„ ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋””์—ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค, ๋ฐ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์™€ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒํ•ด์˜ ์„ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์†Œ์•คํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ œ๋„๋กœ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒํ•ด์˜ ์„ฌ ๊ณผ๋“ค๋ฃจํ”„์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์กฑ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ ์‹์ธ์ข… ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ์™€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ ์›๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์กฑ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์žกํžˆ๊ณ , ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋จนํ˜”์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์ข…๋ง์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์•”์šธํ•œ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ดํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์ง„ ๋™์•ˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ "์žฅ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ž‘ํ‹ด" ()์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ํ•ด์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค์ด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์žกํ˜€ ์žฌํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™•์ฆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋“ค์— ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ์žŠํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‰ด์š• ์ง€์—ญ ํƒํ—˜์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„์— ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋ถ์„œํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํƒํ—˜์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํ—Œ๋“ค์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ 1524๋…„ ํ•ญํ•ด์™€ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์—์„œ ๋‰ดํŽ€๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ํƒํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ง€๋„ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ›„์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์šฉ๋  ์ง€๋„๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋•„๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์ŠคํƒœํŠผ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ž๋…ธ ๋‚ด๋กœ์Šค ๊ต์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ํ˜„์ˆ˜๊ต์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฐจ๋…ธ์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Verrazzano Centre for Historical Studies 1485๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1528๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€ 15์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ์ถœ์‹ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20da%20Verrazzano
Giovanni da Verrazzano
Giovanni da Verrazzano ( , , often misspelled Verrazano in English; 1485โ€“1528) was an Italian (Florentine) explorer of North America, in the service of King Francis I of France. He is renowned as the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between Florida and New Brunswick in 1524, including New York Bay and Narragansett Bay. Early life Verrazzano was born in Val di Greve, south of Florence, the capital and the main city of the Republic of Florence, the son of Piero Andrea di Bernardo da Verrazzano and Fiammetta Cappelli. It is generally claimed that he was born in the Castello di Verrazzano, hence its birth indicator (similar to Leonardo da Vinci). Some alternative theories have been elaborated; for example, certain French scholarship assumes that Verrazzano was born in Lyon, France, the son of Alessandro di Bartolommeo da Verrazano and Giovanna Guadagni. "Whatever the case," writes Ronald S. Love, "Verrazzano always considered himself to be Florentine," and he was considered a Florentine by his contemporaries as well. He signed documents employing a Latin version of his name, "Janus Verrazanus", and he called himself "Jehan de Verrazane" in his will dated 11 May 1526 in Rouen, France (preserved at the Archives dรฉpartementales de la Seine-Maritime). In contrast to his detailed account of his voyages to North America, little is known about his personal life. After 1506, he settled in the port of Dieppe, Kingdom of France, where he began his career as a navigator. He embarked for the American coast probably in 1508 in the company of captain Thomas Aubert, on the ship La Pensรฉe, equipped by the owner, Jean Ango. He explored the region of Newfoundland, possibly during a fishing trip, and possibly the St. Lawrence River in Canada; on other occasions, he made numerous voyages to the eastern Mediterranean. 1522โ€“24 voyage to North America In September 1522, the surviving members of the Magellan expedition returned to Spain, having circumnavigated the globe. Competition in trade was becoming urgent, especially with Portugal. King Francis I of France was urged by French merchants and financiers to establish new trade routes, and in 1523, the king asked Verrazzano to explore on France's behalf an area between Florida and Newfoundland, with the goal of finding a sea route to the Pacific Ocean. Within months, four ships set sail due west for the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, but a violent storm and rough seas caused the loss of two ships. The remaining two damaged ships, La Dauphine and La Normande, were forced to return to Brittany. Repairs were completed in the final weeks of 1523, and the ships set sail again. This time the ships headed south toward calmer waters, which were under hostile Spanish and Portuguese control. After a stop in Madeira, complications forced La Normande back to home port, but Verrazzano's ship La Dauphine departed on January 17, 1524, piloted by Antoine de Conflans, and headed once more for the North American continent. It neared the area of Cape Fear on about March 21st and, after a short stay, reached the Pamlico Sound lagoon of modern North Carolina. In a letter to Francis I, described by historians as the Cรจllere Codex, Verrazzano wrote that he was convinced that the Sound was the beginning of the Pacific Ocean from which access could be gained to China. Continuing to explore the coast further northwards, Verrazzano and his crew came into contact with Native Americans living on the coast. However, he did not notice the entrances to Chesapeake Bay or the mouth of the Delaware River. In New York Bay, he encountered the Lenape in about 30 Lenape canoes and observed what he deemed to be a large lake, really the entrance to the Hudson River. He then sailed along Long Island and entered Narragansett Bay, where he received a delegation of Wampanoag and Narragansett people. The words "Norman villa" are found on the 1527 map by Visconte Maggiolo identifying the site. The historian Samuel Eliot Morison writes that "this occurs at Angouleme (New York) rather than Refugio (Newport). It was probably intended to compliment one of Verrazzano's noble friends. There are several places called 'Normanville' in Normandy, France. The main one is located near Fรฉcamp and another important one near ร‰vreux, which would naturally be it. West of it, conjecturally on the Delaware or New Jersey coast, is a Longa Villa, which Verrazzano certainly named after Franรงois d'Orlรฉans, duc de Longueville." He stayed there for two weeks and then moved northwards. He discovered Cape Cod Bay, his claim being proved by a map of 1529 that clearly outlined Cape Cod. He named the cape after a general, calling it Pallavicino. He then followed the coast up to modern Maine, southeastern Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, and he then returned to France by 8 July 1524. Verrazzano named the region that he explored Francesca in honour of the French king, but his brother's map labelled it Nova Gallia (New France). Later life and death Verrazzano arranged a second voyage, with financial support from Jean Ango and Philippe de Chabot, which departed from Dieppe with four ships early in 1527. One ship was separated from the others in a gale near the Cape Verde Islands, but Verrazzano reached the coast of Brazil with two ships and harvested a cargo of brazilwood before returning to Dieppe in September. The third ship returned later, also with a cargo of brazilwood. The partial success did not find the desired passage to the Pacific Ocean, but it inspired Verrazzano's final voyage, which left Dieppe in early 1528. There are conflicting accounts of Verrazzano's demise. In one version, during his third voyage to North America in 1528, after he had explored Florida, the Bahamas, and the Lesser Antilles, Verrazzano anchored out to sea and rowed ashore, probably on the island of Guadeloupe. He was allegedly killed and eaten by the native Caribs. The fleet of two or three ships was anchored out of gunshot range, and no one could respond in time. However, older historical accounts suggest that Verrazzano was the same person as the corsair Jean Fleury, who was executed for piracy by the Spanish at Puerto del Pico, Spain. Legacy The geographic information derived from this voyage had a significant influence on sixteenth-century cartographers. Despite his discoveries, Verrazzano's reputation did not proliferate as much as other explorers of that era. For example, Verrazzano gave the European name Francesca to the new land that he had seen, in accordance with contemporary practices, after the French king in whose name he sailed. That and other names that he bestowed on features that he discovered have not survived. He had the misfortune of making major discoveries in the same three years (1519 to 1521) that the dramatic Conquest of the Aztec Empire and Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the world occurred. Magellan himself did not complete his voyage, but his publicist Antonio Pigafetta did so, and Spanish publicity outweighed the news of the French voyage. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a great debate in the United States about the authenticity of the letters that he wrote to Francis I to describe the geography, flora, fauna, and native population of the east coast of North America. Others thought that they were authentic, almost universally the current opinion, particularly after the discovery of a letter signed by Francis I, which referred to Verrazzano's letter. Verrazzano's reputation was particularly obscure in New York City, where the 1609 voyage of Henry Hudson on behalf of the Dutch Republic came to be regarded as the de facto start of European exploration of New York. It was only by a great effort in the 1950s and 1960s that Verrazzano's name and reputation were re-established as the European discoverer of the harbour, during an effort to name the newly built Narrows bridge after him. Commemorations In 1909, during the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, a bronze statue of Verrazzano by Ettore Ximenes was installed in Battery Park in Manhattan. There are numerous commemorations of the explorer on Staten Island. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, spanning The Narrows that separate Staten Island from Brooklyn, is perhaps the best known. Until October 2018, it was known as the "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge" with one "z". A Staten Island Ferry boat that served New York from the 1950s to the 1990s was also named for Verrazzano. The ferry was named the "Verrazzano", while the bridge was named "Verrazano", reflecting the confusion over the spelling of his name. A Little League team on Staten Island is also named for him. The Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, is named for him, as is Maryland's Verrazano Bridge. A vessel of the Regia Marina, a destroyer of the , was named after Verrazzano. She was launched in 1930 and sunk by a British submarine in 1942. There is a statue of him in the town of Greve in Chianti, Italy. There is a monument commemorating him in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware; it states on its south face: The monument further states on its east face: A native of Val Di Greve in the Tuscany region of Italy, he studied navigation as a young man and became a master mariner. He was engaged by the King of France to lead a voyage to North America in 1524. The purpose of Verrazzano's journey was to learn more about the continent. Traveling in a small ship known as the Dauphine, he explored coastal areas from the present-day State of North Carolina to Canada, observing the natural abundance of the land and the vibrant culture of its native peoples. His voyage is the earliest documented European exploration of this part of the Atlantic Coast.This monument rests upon stone from Castello di Verrazzano, the explorer's ancestral home. References Further reading Masini, Giancarlo; Gori, Iacopo (1999). How Florence Invented America, New York, Marsilio Publishers. Castelnovi Michele (2005), Luoghi e tempi di un errore cartografico: lโ€™istmo di Verrazzano (1524-1593), in Luoghi e tempo nella cartografia, Atti del Convegno nazionale dellโ€™Associazione Italiana di Cartografia Trieste aprile 2005, a cura di C. Donato, in โ€œBollettino dellโ€™Associazione Italiana di Cartografiaโ€, nn. 123-124, Trieste, 2005, pp. 295-306. External links Verrazzano Centre for Historical Studies 1485 births 1528 deaths People from Greve in Chianti Italian explorers of North America 16th-century people from the Republic of Florence Italian explorers Explorers of Canada Cannibalised people Explorers of Florida
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์กด ํ”ผํ„ฐ ์ ฑ์–ด
์กด ํ”ผํ„ฐ ์ ฑ์–ด(John Peter Zenger, 1697๋…„ 10์›” 26์ผ ~ 1746๋…„ 7์›” 28์ผ)๋Š” ๋…์ผ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ์‡„์—…์ž๋กœ ๋‰ด์š• ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ด๋…์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์„ ์ธ์‡„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ฑ์–ด๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆ ํšŒ์† ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์†Œ์†ก์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์ž์œ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์•  ์š”ํ•œ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ์ณ‰๊ฑฐ()๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํŒ”์ธ ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ผ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ธ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ง๊ฒ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฐ์†๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ํ†ต์น˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์น˜์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋นˆ๊ณคํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋กœ ์ด์ฃผ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ทผ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1710๋…„ ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์ƒ์ ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์— 3,000๋ช…์˜ ํŒ”์ธ  ๋‚œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์•ค ์—ฌ์™•์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 7๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋•…์„ ์•ฝ์†๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋น„์ฐธํ•œ ํ•ญํ•ด ์ค‘์— ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘์— 4๋ถ„์˜ 1์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถˆ์šด์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ ์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งˆ์ € ์“ฐ๋ผ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋Œ๋ณผ 3๋ช…์˜ ์ž๋…€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์นœ์ด ์‹ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ 13์„ธ์˜ ์กด ํ”ผํ„ฐ ์ ฑ์–ด์˜ ๋ถ€์นœ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฌ์Šต์˜ ์„ธ์›” 1711๋…„ ์ ฑ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธ์‡„์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ž๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“œํผ๋“œ์—๊ฒŒ 8๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฌ์Šต์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์Šต์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ ฑ์–ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊พธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ž…๋ฒ•์˜ ํšŒ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๋“ค์„ ์ธ์‡„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์–ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ 1722๋…„ ๋‰ด์š•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ ฑ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“œํผ๋“œ์™€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ 1726๋…„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž์‹  ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ๋น„์ง€๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‡„ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์˜๋Š” ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์–ด๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์ธ์‡„๋œ ์ฒซ ์‚ฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€์ธ์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  1722๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์žฌํ˜ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š• ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ์— ํœฉ์‹ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฌด ํ‰ํ™”์˜ ์ž ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 1732๋…„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋… ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์ฝ”์Šค๋น„์˜ ๋„์ฐฉ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์Šค๋น„ ์ด๋…์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๋„์™€ ํƒ์š•์€ ๋‰ด์š• ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์กด์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์š•์‹ฌ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋”๋Ÿฌ์› ๋˜ ์žฌ์ •์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋„์ค‘์— ์ฝ”์Šค๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์žฅ ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋…์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋“ค์ด ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์œ ๋ ฅํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์ˆ™๊ณ ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ๋‹น์ „์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ ฑ์–ด์˜ ์ „ ์ฃผ์ธ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“œํผ๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์‡„๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ใ€ˆ๊ฐ€์ œํŠธใ€‰(the Gazette) ๋งŒ์„ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ง๋‹คํˆผ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋Š˜์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŒŒ๋Š” ์ ฑ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‡„์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1733๋…„ 11์›” 5์ผใ€ˆ๋‰ด์š• ์œ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์ €๋„ใ€‰์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜ ์ธ์‡„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ ฑ์–ด์˜ ์˜์–ด ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง‘ํ•„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŒŒ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹  ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ณง ๊ทธ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์Šค๋น„์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์— ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋…์„ ๋†€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด๋ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•„๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“œํผ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ œํŠธ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์—†๋Š” ์ถฉ์„ฑ์— ์˜์ง€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ฑ์–ด ์†Œ์†ก ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ธ์‡„์—…์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ ฑ์–ด๋Š”ใ€ˆ์ €๋„ใ€‰(the Journal)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์Šค๋น„๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์–ด๋„ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ด ์ง„์••๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1734๋…„ 11์›” 17์ผ ์ ฑ์–ด๋Š” ์„ ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋น„๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์ธ์‡„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•์••์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์— ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”์™€ ์ ฑ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธํ•  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์•ค๋“œ๋ฃจ ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ„ด์˜ ์ ‘๋Œ€๋“ค์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ„ด์€ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›์—๊ฒŒ ์›…๋ณ€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆ ํ›ผ์† ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘˜๋‹ค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๋ชจ์ˆœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œจ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€์— ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์„ ๋™์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ„ด์„ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 10๊ฐœ์›” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ ฑ์–ด๋Š” ํ’€๋ ค๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ ฑ์–ด์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ํˆฌ์˜ฅ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€์ธ์€ 1746๋…„ 7์›” 28์ผ ์ ฑ์–ด์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ์‡„์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์—์„œ ์ ฑ์–ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŒŒ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ต์ž๋กœ ์ง€๋‚ด์™”๋‹ค. ์žฌํŒ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์น˜์  ํƒ€ํ˜‘๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํ›„์› ์ธ์‡„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์žฌํŒ์€ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋™์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์†ก ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์†Œ์†ก ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์ดํ›„์— ์ธ์‡„์—…์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์œ ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ์š”ํ–‰์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ์‡„์—…์ž๋“ค์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ง๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์˜นํ˜ธ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ ฑ์–ด ์†Œ์†ก ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ํ•œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋‚ด๋ถ„์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ผํ™”์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์œ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ž์œ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์†Œ์†ก ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์‹ ๋…๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ถฉ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Historybuff.com First report of the trial Zenger Trial John Peter Zenger The Crown v. Zenger Considering Zenger: Partisan Politics and the Legal Profession in Provincial New York "Peter Zenger and Freedom of the Press | Early American Bookmarks" (1957 book, edited by Vincent Buranelli) 1697๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1746๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ถœํŒ์ธ ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋‰ด์š• ์ถœ์‹  ์ž‘๊ฐ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Peter%20Zenger
John Peter Zenger
John Peter Zenger (October 26, 1697 โ€“ July 28, 1746) was a German printer and journalist in New York City. Zenger printed The New York Weekly Journal. He was accused of libel in 1734 by William Cosby, the royal governor of New York, but the jury acquitted Zenger, who became a symbol for freedom of the press. In 1733, Zenger began printing The New York Weekly Journal, which voiced opinions critical of the colonial governor, William Cosby. On November 17, 1734, on Cosby's orders, the sheriff arrested Zenger. After a grand jury refused to indict him, the Attorney General Richard Bradley charged him with libel in August 1735. Zenger's lawyers, Andrew Hamilton and William Smith, Sr., successfully argued that truth is a defense against charges of libel. Early life Peter Zenger was born in 1697 in the German Palatinate. Most of the details of his early life are obscure. He was the son of Nicolaus Eberhard Zenger and his wife Johanna. His father was a school teacher in Impflingen in 1701. The Zenger family had other children baptised in Rumbach in 1697 and in 1703 and in Waldfischbach in 1706. The Zenger family immigrated to New York in 1710 as part of a large group of German Palatines, and Nicolaus Zenger was one of those who died before settlement. The governor of New York had agreed to provide apprenticeships for all the children of immigrants from the Palatinate, and John Peter was bound for eight years as an apprentice to William Bradford, the first printer in New York. By 1720, he was taking on printing work in Maryland, though he returned to New York permanently by 1722. After a brief partnership with Bradford in 1725, Zenger set up as a commercial printer on Smith Street in New York City. On 28 May 1719, Zenger married Mary White in the First Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia. On 24 August 1722, widower Zenger married Anna Catharina Maul in the Collegiate Church, New York. He was the father of many children by his second wife, six of whom survived. Libel case In 1733, Zenger printed copies of newspapers in New York to voice his disagreement with the actions of the newly appointed colonial governor William Cosby. On his arrival in New York City, Cosby had plunged into a rancorous quarrel with the colony council over his salary, trying to recoup half of the salary of the previous acting governor Rip Van Dam. Unable to control the colony's supreme court, which had ruled against Cosby in the dispute, Cosby removed Chief Justice Lewis Morris, replacing him with the royalist justice James DeLancey. Supported by members of the Popular Party, Zenger's New-York Weekly Journal continued to publish articles critical of the royal governor. Finally, Cosby issued a proclamation condemning the newspaper's "divers scandalous, virulent, false and seditious reflections." Zenger was charged with libel. James Alexander was Zenger's first counsel, but the court found him in contempt and disbarred him, removing him from the case. After more than eight months in prison, Zenger went to trial, defended by the Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton and the New York lawyer William Smith, Sr. The case was now a cause cรฉlรจbre, with the public interest at fever-pitch. Rebuffed repeatedly by chief justice James DeLancey during the trial, Hamilton decided to plead his client's case directly to the jury. After the lawyers for both sides finished their arguments on August 5, 1735, the jury retired only to return in ten minutes with a verdict of not guilty. In defending Zenger in this landmark case, Hamilton and Smith attempted to establish the precedent that a statement, even if defamatory, is not libelous if it can be proved, thus affirming freedom of the press in America; however, succeeding royal governors clamped down on freedom of the press until the American Revolution. This case is the groundwork of freedom of the press, not its legal precedent. As late as 1804, the journalist Harry Croswell lost a series of prosecutions and appeals because truth was not a defense against libel, as decided by the New York Supreme Court in People v. Croswell. It was only the following year that the assembly, reacting to this verdict, passed a law that allowed truth as a defense against a charge of libel. "Cato" article In the February 25, 1733 issue of The New York Weekly Journal is an opinion piece written under the pseudonym "Cato." This was a pen-name used by British writers John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, whose essays were published as Cato's Letters (1723). Jeffery A. Smith writes that "Cato" was "The leading luminary of the 18th century libertarian press theory...Editions of Cato's Letters were published and republished for decades in Britain and were immensely popular in America." This article gave its readers a preview of the same argument attorneys Hamilton and Smith presented 18 months later in the government's libel case against Zenger โ€” that truth is an absolute defense against libel. The words are reprinted from Cato's essay "Reflections Upon Libelling": Death Zenger died in New York on July 28, 1746, at the age of 48 years old with his wife continuing his printing business. Legacy and honors During World War II, the Liberty ship was named in his honor. Zenger was a Madison, Wisconsin based underground newspaper that operated during the late 20th century. Zenger News is a wire service owned and operated by journalists. A ten foot high limestone statue of John Peter Zenger is mounted on the brick wall of P.S. 18 in the Bronx in New York City. The sculpture was created by sculptor Joseph Kiselewski. See also Early American publishers and printers Areopagitica Federal Hall Freedom of the press Freedom of speech in the United States Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site The New York Weekly Journal Bibliography Copeland, David. "The Zenger Trial." Media Studies Journal 14#2 (2000): 2โ€“7. Covert, Cathy. "'Passion Is Ye Prevailing Motive': The Feud Behind the Zenger Case." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (1973) 50#1 pp: 3โ€“10. Eldridge, Larry D. "Before Zenger: Truth and Seditious Speech in Colonial America, 1607โ€“1700." American Journal of Legal History (1995): 337-358. in JSTOR Levy, Leonard Williams, ed. Freedom of the press from Zenger to Jefferson: early American libertarian theories (Irvington Publishers, 1966) Further reading Primary sources John Peter Zenger; his press, his trial, and a bibliography of Zenger imprints ... also a reprint of the first edition of the trial by Livingston Rutherfurd, New York : Dodd, Mead & company, 1904 The tryal of John Peter Zenger, of New-York, printer, who was lately try'd and acquitted for printing and publishing a libel against the government: with the pleadings and arguments on both sides London : Printed for J. Wilford 1738 References External links Historybuff.com First report of the trial Zenger Trial John Peter Zenger The Crown v. Zenger Considering Zenger: Partisan Politics and the Legal Profession in Provincial New York "Peter Zenger and Freedom of the Press | Early American Bookmarks" (1957 book, edited by Vincent Buranelli) 1697 births 1746 deaths 18th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 18th-century American people American male journalists Colonial American printers German emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies German Palatines People from Sรผdliche WeinstraรŸe People of the Province of New York Journalists from New York City
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%AA%A8%ED%86%A0
์˜ค๋ชจํ† 
์˜ค๋ชจํ† (ๅคงๆœฌ)๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹ ํ† (็ฅž้“)๊ณ„์˜ ์‹ ํฅ์ข…๊ต์ด๋‹ค. ์†์นญ ์˜ค๋ชจํ† ๊ต(ๅคงๆœฌๆ•Ž)๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ์ •์‹ ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋’ค์— "ๆ•Ž"๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. 1892๋…„ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋‚˜์˜ค(ๅ‡บๅฃใชใŠ)๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ธˆ์‹ (่‰ฎใฎ้‡‘็ฅž)์ด ์‹ ๋‚ด๋ฆผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ต๋‹จ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ต๋‹จ(ๆ•Žๅœ˜)์€ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋‚˜์˜ค์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ„์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ(ๅ‡บๅฃ็Ž‹ไปไธ‰้ƒŽ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ„๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ธˆ์‹ ์„ ์‹ ํ† ์˜ ์‹  ๊ตฌ๋‹ˆํ† ์ฝ”๋‹ค์น˜๋…ธ๋ฏธ์ฝ”ํ† (ๅ›ฝไน‹ๅธธ็ซ‹็ฅž)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1892๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตํ† ๋ถ€ ์•„์•ผ๋ฒ ์‹œ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ž์‹๋“ค์ด ๊ด‘์ฆ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๋‚จ์ด ๊ฐ€์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์šฐํ™˜์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ธˆ์‹ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ด ์‹ ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹ ์ข…๊ต์ธ ๊ธˆ๊ด‘๊ต(้‡‘ๅ…‰ๆ•™)๋‚˜ ์ฒœ๋ฆฌ๊ต(ๅคฉ็†ๆ•™)๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ œ์••ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชธ์— ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์‹ ๊ณผ ์–ด์ฐŒ์–ด์ฐŒ ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณ‘์ž๋“ค์„ ๋‚ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ "์•„์•ผ๋ฒ ์˜ ๊ธˆ์‹ (้‡‘็ฅž)"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ต์„ธ๋ฅผ ํŽด๋˜ ๊ธˆ๊ด‘๊ต๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์—ฌ ๊ต์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธˆ๊ด‘๊ต ์•„์•ผ๋ฒ  ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์…”์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ธˆ๊ด‘๊ต๋„ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธˆ์‹ (้‡‘็ฅž)์„ ๋งํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ธˆ๊ด‘๊ต ์•„์•ผ๋ฒ  ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ธˆ์‹ ์„ ๊ธˆ๊ด‘๊ต์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์‹ ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์…จ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‚˜์˜ค์™€ ์•„์•ผ๋ฒ  ๊ตํšŒ์žฅ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธˆ๊ด‘๊ต์™€ ์—ฐ์„ ๋Š์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1898๋…„ ํ˜ผ๋‹ค ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์–ธ๋ นํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„, ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค๋ชจํ† ๊ต๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” 1๋Œ€ ๊ต์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ์‚ฌ(่–ๅธซ)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์˜ค๋ชจํ† ์˜ ๊ณต๋™๊ต์กฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ชจํ†  ๊ต๋‹จ์— ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ์ข…๊ต์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์˜ค์™€ ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์‹ ๋‚ด๋ฆผ์„ ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹ธ์› ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์€ ๋ง๋…„์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋กœ "์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฅต๋‹˜"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋์ด ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ค์˜ 5๋…€ ์Šค๋ฏธ์ฝ”์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜์˜ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ข…๊ต์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ„๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ธˆ์‹ ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜์˜ค์™€ ์ข…๊ต์  ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฅผ '๋ณ€์„ฑ๋‚จ์ž'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์— ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ฅผ '๋ณ€์„ฑ์—ฌ์ž'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์— ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋ฏผํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ๋˜ ์˜ค๋ชจํ† ๊ต๋Š” ๊ต์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1921๋…„์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ชจํ† ๊ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์••์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์˜ค๋ชจํ†  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกๅคงๆœฌไบ‹ไปถ)์ด๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝ์ฃ„์™€ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃ„๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค์Œํ•ด ํŠน์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ’€๋ ค๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1934๋…„ ๋„์ฟ„์˜ (ไนๆฎตๆœƒ้คจ)์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ ์‡ผ์™€์‹ ์„ฑํšŒ(ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ็ฅž่–ๆœƒ)๋Š” ์‹ ๋„๊ฐ€ 800๋งŒ ๋ช…์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ์ œ2์ฐจ ์˜ค๋ชจํ†  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(็ฌฌไบŒๆฌกๅคงๆœฌไบ‹ไปถ)์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜, ์˜ค๋ชจํ† ๊ต์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ต๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ํ—๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์ž‘์€ ๊ธˆ์„œ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๋Š” 1942๋…„์— ๋ณด์„์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์˜ฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ต๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ผ์ฒด ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1945๋…„์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ํŒจ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ต๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์••์ด ํ’€๋ฆฌ์ž ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1980๋…„์— ์ œ3๋Œ€ ๊ต์ฃผ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ชจํ† ๊ต ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ชจํ†  ๋ณธ๋ถ€(ๅคงๆœฌๆœฌ้ƒจ), ์˜ค๋ชจํ†  ์‹ ๋„ ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ(ๅคงๆœฌไฟกๅพ’่ฏๅˆๆœƒ)์™€ ์• ์„ ์›(ๆ„›ๅ–„่‹‘)์˜ ์„ธ ํŒŒ๋กœ ๋ถ„์—ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต๋‹จ์˜ 2๋Œ€ ์„ฑ์ง€๋Š” ๊ต๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ง€์ธ ๊ตํ† ๋ถ€ ์•„์•ผ๋ฒ ์‹œ์˜ ๋งค์†ก์›(ๆข…ๆพ่‹‘)๊ณผ ํฌ๊ต์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ธ ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์˜ค์นด์‹œ ์ฒœ์€ํ–ฅ(้พœๅฒกๅธ‚ ๅคฉๆฉ้„‰)์ด๋‹ค. 2๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ „์€ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋‚˜์˜ค์˜ ใ€Š์˜ค๋ชจํ†  ์‹ ์œ (ๅคงๆœฌ็ฅž่ซญ)ใ€‹์™€ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ์˜ ใ€Š์˜๊ณ„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ(้ˆ็•Œ็‰ฉ่ชž)ใ€‹์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” 10๋งŒ์—์„œ 50๋งŒ, ๊ตญ์™ธ์—๋Š” 5์ฒœ์—์„œ 1๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‹ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3๋Œ€ ๋ถ„ํŒŒ ์• ์„ ์›์„ ๋นผ๊ณ  2๋Œ€ ๋ถ„ํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๊ต์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ชจํ† ๊ต์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฃผ(ๆ•Žไธป)๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ต๋‹จ์€ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋‚˜์˜ค์˜ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ด์€ ์—ฌ์ž๋งŒ ๊ต์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์›์น™์„ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๊ต์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฌ์ž์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๊ณ„ ์„ธ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ชจํ†  ๋ณธ๋ถ€ (ๅคงๆœฌๆœฌ้ƒจ) ์˜ค๋ชจํ†  ์‹ ๋„์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฝ”(็›ดๅญ, ๋”ธ) ํ•˜๋ฃจํžˆ(ๆ˜ฅๆ—ฅ, ์†๋…€) ๋‚˜์˜ค์นด(็›ดไฝณ, ์ฆ์†๋…€) ์‚ฌ์œ„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ฐ๋ฆด์‚ฌ์œ„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๊ต๋‹จ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„ ์ง์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์˜ค๋ชจํ† ๊ต๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”, ์ด๋ž€์˜ ๋ฐ”ํ•˜์ด๊ต์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ต๋‹จ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์—์ŠคํŽ˜๋ž€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ›„์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—์ŠคํŽ˜๋ž€ํ†  ์ „ํŒŒ์— ๊ณต์ด ํฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋…„ '๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜์ƒ(ๅ‡บๅฃ่ณž)'์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ, ์•„์ดํ‚ค๋„์˜ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž ์šฐ์—์‹œ๋ฐ” ๋ชจ๋ฆฌํ—ค์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ชจํ† ๊ต์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ๊ตํƒ€๋กœ(ๅ‡บๅฃไบฌๅคช้ƒž), ใ€Š๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ(ๅทจไบบๅ‡บๅฃ็Ž‹ไปไธ‰้ƒŽ)ใ€‹ ์šฐ์—๋‹ค ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์•„ํ‚ค ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ ใ€Šใ€‹ ์ดํ†  ์—์ด์กฐ(ไผŠ่—คๆฆฎ่—) ๋“ฑ ใ€Šใ€‹ ใ€Šใ€‹ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์ข…๊ต๋ฒ•์ธ ์˜ค๋ชจํ† (๋ณธ๋ถ€) - ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์šฉ ์ข…๊ต๋ฒ•์ธ ์˜ค๋ชจํ† (๋ณธ๋ถ€) - ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ์šฉ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์ฒญ๋…„๋ถ€ ์ฒœ์„ฑ์‚ฌ(ๅคฉๅฃฐ็คพ, ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ) ์—์ŠคํŽ˜๋ž€ํ†  ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํšŒ ์˜ค๋ชจํ†  ์‹ ๋„์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹ ํฅ ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์˜ค์นด์‹œ ์•„์•ผ๋ฒ ์‹œ 1892๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ข…๊ต ๋‹จ์ฒด ์‹ ํ† ๊ณ„ ์‹ ํฅ ์ข…๊ต ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ข…๊ต๋ฒ•์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomoto
Oomoto
, also known as , is a religion founded in 1892 by Deguchi Nao (1836โ€“1918), often categorised as a new Japanese religion originated from Shinto. The spiritual leaders of the movement have always been women within the Deguchi family; however, Deguchi Onisaburล (1871โ€“1948) has been considered an important figure in Omoto as a seishi (spiritual teacher). Since 2001, the movement has been guided by its fifth leader, Kurenai Deguchi. History Deguchi Nao, a housewife from the tiny town of Ayabe, Kyoto Prefecture, declared that she had a "spirit dream" at the Japanese New Year in 1892, becoming possessed (kamigakari) by Ushitora no Konjin and starting to transmit his words. According to the official Oomoto biography of Deguchi, she came from a family which had long been in poverty, and had pawned nearly all of her possessions to feed her children and invalid husband. Deguchi was certainly not an otherwise famous figure, and independent accounts of her do not exist. After 1895, and with a growing number of followers, she became a teacher of the Konkลkyล religion. In 1898 she met Ueda Kisaburล who had previous studies in kamigakari (spirit possession), and in 1899 they established the Kinmeikai, which became the Kinmei Reigakkai later in the same year. In 1900 Kisaburล married Naoโ€™s fifth daughter Sumi and adopted the name Deguchi Onisaburล. Omoto was thus established based on Nao's automatic writings (Ofudesaki) and Onisaburลโ€™s spiritual techniques. Since 1908 the group has taken diverse names โ€” Dai Nihon Shลซseikai, Taihonkyล (1913) and Kลdล ลŒmoto (1916). Later the movement changed from Kลdล ลŒmoto ("great origin of the imperial way") to just ลŒmoto ("great origin") and formed the Shลwa Seinenkai in 1929 and the Shลwa Shinseikai in 1934. Asano Wasaburล, a teacher at , attracted various intellectuals and high-ranking military officials to the movement in 1916. By 1920 the group had their own newspaper, the Taishล nichinichi shinbun, and started to expand overseas. A great amount of its popularity derived from a method of inducing spirit possession called chinkon kishin, which was most widely practiced from 1919 to 1921. Following a police crackdown, Onisaburล banned chinkon kishin in 1923. Alarmed by the popularity of ลŒmoto, the Imperial Japanese Government, which promoted kokutai and the Imperial Way, condemned the sect for worshipping Ookunitokotachi above Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess from whom the Emperor of Japan claimed descent. This led to two major incidents when ลŒmoto was persecuted under the lรจse-majestรฉ law, the and the Public Security Preservation Law of 1925. In 1921, the first ลŒmoto Incident (ลŒmoto jiken) resulted in the ลŒmoto headquarters being destroyed, as well as Onisaburo and two adherents being jailed. In 1924, retired naval captain Yutaro Yano and his associates within the Black Dragon Society invited Onisaburo on a journey to Mongolia. Onisaburo led a group of ลŒmoto disciples, including Aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba. They were captured by the forces of Chinese warlord Zhang Zuolin, but were released upon realizing they were Japanese nationals. After he returned to Japan, he organized religious allies like Jinruiaizenkai to promote a universal brotherhood and world peace. Foreign religions from Korea, China, Russia, Germany and Bulgaria, including the Red Swastika Society, joined this movement. This was followed in 1935 by the second ลŒmoto Incident, which again left its headquarters in ruins and its leaders in jail; ลŒmoto was effectively outlawed until the end of World War II. With the second ลŒmoto Incident, Oomoto became the first religious organization who was prosecuted under the Public Security Preservation Law of 1925. After the war, the organization reappeared as Aizen'en, a movement dedicated to achieve world peace, and with that purpose it was registered in 1946 under the Religious Corporations Ordinance. In 1949 ลŒmoto joined the World Federalist Movement and the world peace campaign. In 1952 the group returned to its older name, becoming the religious corporation ลŒmoto under the Religious Corporations Law. At present time, the movement has its headquarters at Kyoto Prefecture and has a nominal membership of approximately 170,000. There is a temple for religious services in Ayabe, and a mission in a large park on the former site of Kameoka Castle that includes offices, schools, a publishing house, and shrines in Kameoka. International activities Since the time of Onisaburo Deguchi, the constructed language Esperanto has played a major role in the Oomoto religion. Starting in 1924, the religion has published books and magazines in Esperanto and this continues today. It is said that they introduced Esperanto when they had contact with the Bahรกสผรญ Faith in 1921. Oomoto and their adherents promote the Japanese arts and culture like Noh theater and the tea ceremony. Oomoto is engaged in peace campaigns, aid work, and other similar activities. From 1925 until 1933 Oomoto maintained a mission in Paris. From there, missionaries travelled throughout Europe, spreading the word that Onisaburo Deguchi was a Messiah or Maitreya, who would unify the world. Doctrine Omotokyo was strongly influenced by Konkokyo, Ko-Shintล (ancient Shinto) and folk spiritual and divination traditions; it also integrated Kokugaku (National Studies) teachings and modern ideas on world harmony and peace, creating a new doctrine. It shares with Konkokyo the belief in the benevolence of Konjin, who was previously considered an evil kami, and shares with other ancient Shinto schools the teachings that proclaim the achievement of personal virtue as a step to universal harmony. The fundamental narrative is that Ushitora no konjin, by whom Deguchi Nao was possessed, is actually Kunitokotachi no mikoto, who made the earth and was the original ruler of the world. Many years after Kunitokotachi no mikoto had made the earth and started to rule the world, other Gods who learned to be bad made him retired, drove him away to the Northeast and started to call him the worst god. This is the reason why the world is full of evil, and Deguchi Naoโ€™s prophecy was the beginning of the second rule of Kunitokotachi no mikoto, therefore a change of the world would begin soon. Through her prophecies, Ushitora no konjin warned people to stop selfishness. They even think Setsubun is persecution against Ushitora no Konjin. Believers think one God creates and fosters all things and lives in the universe. However, Oomoto is partly polytheism and they rather call all righteous gods, including the god who creates everything in the universe, Oomotosumeoomikami as oneness. Oomoto means the great origin, sume means "govern", and oomikami means God. Any god but one god appears in order to realize the aim of god, therefore in Oomoto every god or thing is just another appearance of one God after all. At the same time God is energy, which is the principle of the universe, and the universal spirit everything has. And believers think Ame-no-Minakanushi, god of the Abrahamic religions and others are different names of the god of creation. However, "Tales of the Spirit World" says the universe begins with the sudden advent of "ใƒฝ", which is called "Hochi". He develops into "โ—‰", which is called "su", is kotodama of su and is the great origin of god. In Oomoto, humans are given a special role in the Universe. As the most spiritual beings in the Universe, humans are the masters of the Universe and the agents of god, and if a spirit of a human reaches god and they are united, infinity power will be generated according to the will of God. The fundamental ways to reach god are the following: Body of God should be known through observation of the truth of the universe. Force of God should be known through the preciseness of motions of everything. Spirit of God should be known through recognition of souls of lives. Members of Oomoto believe in several kami. The most important are Ookunitokotachi, Ushitora no Konjin and Hitsujisaru. Oomoto members also tend to recognize notable religious figures from other religions, or even notable non-religious figures, as kami โ€“ for example, the creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof is revered as a God. However, all of these kami are believed to be aspects of a single God concept. The Oomoto affirmation of Zamenhof's godhood is stated, in Esperanto, as follows: Translated into English, the foregoing reads: ...[T]he spirit of Zamenhof even now continues to act as a missionary of the angelic kingdom; therefore, his spirit was deified in the Senrei-sha shrine. The belief that two kami, Kunitokodachi no Mikoto and Susano-o no Mikoto, were the original founders and rulers of Japan, who were driven away by Amaterasu ลŒmikami, the divine ancestor of the imperial line, is what placed this religion in opposition to the government in pre-war Japan. However, Amaterasu-oomikami is also considered to be a righteous god. Followers of Oomoto believe Haya-susano-o no Mikoto, who had been originally told to rule the earth by Izanagi, was punished for all the Amatsutsumi instead of all gods and is a redeemer of the world, mainly based on the story of Amano-Iwato and his expulsion from Takaamahara. Oomoto's goal is the realization of the world of Miroku, which means heaven in the real world. They express this in many ways, like "from plum blossom to pine", "purification of the world", "the opening of Amano-Iwato of the world", "the world of clear quartz", and so on. The founder emphasized the importance of soil and respect for them. This even led to some Onisaburo's ideas linked to agrarianism. Their doctrine includes an idea that things that happen in Ayabe would happen in Japan or in the world. The oppression of them, the ลŒmoto Incidents and consequent destruction of their facilities and organization are considered to have been omens of WW2 and consequent destruction of Japan. Known followers One of the more well-known followers of Oomoto was Morihei Ueshiba, a Japanese martial artist and the founder of Aikido. It is commonly thought that Ueshiba's increasing attachment to pacifism in later years and belief that Aikido should be an "art of peace" were inspired by his involvement with the sect. Oomoto priests oversee a ceremony in Ueshiba's honor every April 29 at the Aiki Shrine at Iwama. Yamantaka Eye โ€“ visual artist, DJ and member of avant musical group Boredoms Mokichi Okada, founder of the Church of World Messianity (aka Shinji Shumeikai), was a follower of Oomoto prior to founding his own religion. Masaharu Taniguchi, founder of the Seicho-no-Ie, was also a follower of Oomoto prior to founding his own religion. Alex Kerr, Japanologist, worked for the Oomoto Foundation for 20 years from 1977 on. References Further reading Nancy K. Stalker, "Prophet Motive: Deguchi Onisaburo, Oomoto and the Rise of New Religion in Imperial Japan," University Of Hawaii, 2008, Emily Groszos Ooms, Women and Millenarian Protest in Meiji Japan: Deguchi Nao and Omotokyo, Cornell Univ East Asia Program, 1993, The Great Onisaburo Deguchi, by Kyotaro Deguchi, translated by Charles Rowe, Iwao, Hino. The Outline of Oomoto. Kameoka, Japan, 1968. Murakami Shigeyoshi. Japanese Religion in the Modern Century. Translated by H. Byron Earhart. Tokyo, 1980. Originally published as Kindai hyakunen no shukyo. Yasumaru Yoshio. Deguchi Nao Tokyo, 1977. Bill Roberts, A Portrait of Oomoto: The Way of Art, Spirit and Peace In the 21st Century, Oomoto Foundation and Bill Roberts, International Department, The Oomoto Foundation, 2006. Bill Roberts, Portraits of Oomoto: Images of the people, shrines, rituals, sacred places and arts of the Oomoto Shinto religion over two decades, Oomoto Foundation, 2020, External links Bankyo Dokon โ€“ Seventy Years of Inter-Religious Activity at Oomoto, Oomoto Foundation, 1997 Nao Deguchi โ€“ A Biography of the Foundress of Oomoto, Based on Kaiso-den by Sakae ร”ishi, translated by Charles Rowe and Yasuko Matsudaira, Oomoto Foundation, 1982 Nordenstorm, L. ร”motos mission pรฅ esperanto. En japansk ny religion i fรถrรคndring frรฅn kiliastisk Maitreyafรถrvรคntan till religionsdialog. (The ร”moto-Mission in Esperanto. A Japanese new religion changing from chiliastic Ma-itreya-awaiting to religious dialogue.) Esperantofรถrlaget/Eldona Societo Esperanto. Stockholm, 2002. In Swedish with summaries in English and in Esperanto. Oomoto (Official site) Oomoto (at www.tryte.com.br) Religious organizations established in 1892 Japanese new religions 1892 establishments in Japan Shinto new religious movements 13 Shinto Sects
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC%20%EC%8A%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0
์นด๋ฅผ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ 
์นด๋ฅผ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ (, 1829๋…„ 3์›” 2์ผ ~ 1906๋…„ 5์›” 14์ผ)๋Š” ๋…์ผ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€์ด์ž, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€, ๊ฐœํ˜์ž์™€ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ์นผ ์…”์ฆˆ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” 1848๋…„ ๋…์ผ ํ˜๋ช… ํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏผ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์˜ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ๋‹น์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋ถ๊ตฐ์˜ ์žฅ๊ตฐ์„ ์ง€๋‚ธ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์งง๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•œ ์ž์œ  ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์„ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฐฝ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ƒ์›์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 13๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๋ฌด ์žฅ๊ด€(1877๋…„ ~ 81๋…„)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์•  1829๋…„ 3์›” 2์ผ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋…ธ๋ฅดํŠธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธํŒ”๋ Œ์ฃผ ์—๋ฅดํ”„ํŠธ์Šˆํƒ€ํŠธ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์ด์„ผ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ”๋ผ๋ฅด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์™€ ์—ฐ์„ค์ž์™€ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ๋„ค ์œ ์„ผ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์พฐ๋ฅธ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ํšŒ ๊น€๋‚˜์ง€์›€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์ • ๊ต์‚ฌ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—์„œ ์žฌ์ •์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์กธ์—… ์—†์ด 1๋…„ ์ผ์ฐ์ด ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ๊น€๋‚˜์ง€์›€์„ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ณธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1848๋…„ ๋…์ผ ํ˜๋ช… ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ณ ํŠธํ”„๋ฆฌํŠธ ํ‚น์ผˆ๊ณผ ์šฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ ํšŒ์›๋“ค ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌํžˆ ํฐ ์Šˆํ•„ํ•˜๊ฒ, ์š”ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค ์˜ค๋ฒ„๋ฒก, ์œจ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ์Šˆ๋ฏธํŠธ, ์นด๋ฅผ ์˜คํ†  ๋ฒ ๋ฒ„, ๋ฃจํŠธ๋น„ํžˆ ๋งˆ์ด์–ด์™€ ์•„๋Œํ”„ ์ŠˆํŠธ๋กœํŠธ๋งŒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์Šˆํˆฌ๋ดํ…๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋นˆ๋‘ฅ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์…ด์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ() ํ”„๋ž‘์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์•„์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1848๋…„ ๋…์ผ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋“ค์— ์‘๋‹ต์—์„œ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์™€ ํ‚น์ผˆ์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๊ฐœํ˜๋“ค์„ ์ฃผ์ฐฝํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๋ณด๋„ˆ ์ฐจ์ดํ‰()์„ ์ฐฝ์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ํ‚น์ผˆ์€ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž์˜€๊ณ , ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ์  ๊ณตํ—Œ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญํ• ๋“ค์€ ํ‚น์ผˆ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ด์„ผ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํšŒ์˜ ์˜์›์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚  ๋•Œ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌํ‘ธ๋ฅดํŠธ์˜ ์ž”๋ถ€ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋…์ผ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์— ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์š”๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ , ํ‚น์ผˆ๊ณผ ๋ณธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์˜จ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ด๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค - ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ์ง€๊ฒ”, ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ์‹ฌ๋ฉœํŽ˜๋‹ˆํžˆ, ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์•„๋„ค์ผ€, ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌํžˆ ๋ณด์ด์ŠคํŠธ, ๋ฃจํŠธ๋น„ํžˆ ๋ธ”๋ ์ปค์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •ํ†ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1849๋…„ ํŒ”์ธ ์™€ ๋ฐ”๋ด์—์„œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜๋ช… ์œก๊ตฐ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ด์„ผ ์œก๊ตฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ์‹ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ€์ธ ๋งˆํ‹ธ๋ฐ ํ”„๋ž€์น˜์Šค์นด ์•„๋„ค์ผ€์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์— ๋™ํ–‰๋œ ํฌ๋ณ‘ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์•„๋„ค์ผ€์˜ ๋ถ€์† ์‚ฌ๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋„ค์ผ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ํ›„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์˜ ์„ฑ์›์ž๋“ค์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋„ค์ผ€์˜ ๋™์ƒ ์—๋ฐ€ ์•„๋„ค์ผ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์•„๋„ค์ผ€๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋™์•ˆ ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹  ์˜์šฉ ๋ณด๋ณ‘ 34์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€์ธ ๋งˆํ‹ธํ…Œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ํŽ˜์ง€๋ก ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฐธ์ •๊ถŒ ์šด๋™๋“ค ๋‘˜๋‹ค์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1849๋…„ ํ˜๋ช… ์œก๊ตฐ์ด ๋ผ์Šˆํƒ€ํŠธ์˜ ์š”์ƒˆ์—์„œ ํŒจํ•  ๋•Œ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์ด์„ผ๊ตฐ์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ž‘์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ์ทจ๋ฆฌํžˆ๋กœ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1850๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ์ด์„ผ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์ŠˆํŒ๋‹ค์šฐ ๊ต๋„์†Œ์—์„œ ํ‚น์ผˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์—๋”˜๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ”์œผ๋‚˜ 1851๋…„ ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€์˜ ์ „๋‚  ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1852๋…„ 8์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋…์ผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏผ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” 1852๋…„ 7์›” ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€ ์š”ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค ๋กฑ๊ฒŒ์˜ ์‹œ๋ˆ„์ด ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ ˆํ…Œ ๋งˆ์ด์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌํ‹ฐ์—์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏผ์„ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ดˆ์— ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„์—์„œ ์‚ด๋˜ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ  ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ์นผ์ด ์ •์น˜์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ ˆํ…Œ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹ ์ฃผ ์›Œํ„ฐํƒ€์šด์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ฃผ์˜ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์— ์ž…๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1857๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ง€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ํ›„๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์—์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌํ–„ ๋ง์ปจ๊ณผ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋”๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด์ฃผ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ง์ปจ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋…์ผ์–ด๋กœ ์—ฐ์„ค์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ํˆฌํ‘œ์ธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ง์ปจ์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 1858๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹ ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐ€์›Œํ‚ค์—์„œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์‹ค์Šต์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1859๋…„ ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹ ์ฃผ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋„๋ง๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ•ด 4์›” 18์ผ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจ๋‰ด์ผ ํ™€์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ "์ง„์‹ค์  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ฃผ์˜"์— ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ "ํ† ์ฐฉ ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ถ€ํฅ"์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋งก์€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋…์ผ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋น„์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ 1859๋…„ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž„๋ช…์„ ๋ชฐ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 1860๋…„ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์ง‘ํšŒ์—์„œ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ H. ์Šˆ์–ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌํ‘œํ•œ ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์‚ฌ์ ˆ๋‹จ์˜ ์—ฐ์„ค์ž์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž„๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ์‹์— ๋ง์ปจ์„ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜จ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šˆ์–ด๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์•™์‹ฌ์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ํ›„, ํ˜๋ช…์ž๋กœ์„œ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘์–ด 1861๋…„ ๋ง์ปจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์— ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์„ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ๋‹จ๋…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋™์•ˆ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๋ถ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์žฅ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž„๊ด€ ์‚ฌ๋ น์„ ์Šน์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ง์ปจ์„ ์„ค๋“์‹œํ‚จ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” 1862๋…„ 4์›” ๋ถ๊ตฐ ์˜์šฉ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ค€์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๊ด€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6์›” ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์กด C. ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ชฌํŠธ ์•„๋ž˜์—, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ์ง€๊ฒ”์˜ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์— ๋””๋น„์ „์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ 8์›”์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฐ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1863๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์†Œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‘˜๋‹ค ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ O. ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ ์žฅ๊ตฐ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ฑˆ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์ฆˆ๋นŒ๊ณผ ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ์Šค๋ฒ„๊ทธ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋“ค์—์„œ 11 ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์— ๋””๋น„์ „์„ ์ง€๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋ผ๋ฆฐ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์ฑˆ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์ฆˆ๋นŒ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋œ ์ „๋žต์— ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์™€ ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊พธ๋ฏธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํ†ค์›” ์žญ์Šจ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋„๋œ ๋‚จ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ 11 ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์˜ ํ–‰๊ตฐ ๋ช…๋ น์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. 2๋‹ฌ ํ›„์— 11 ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์€ ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ์Šค๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์ „ํˆฌ์˜ ์ฒซ๋‚  ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊นจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์–‘์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 11 ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์€ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ฐ˜์ด๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์„ ๋‹๊ตฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ์Šค๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ์ด์–ด ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์˜ ๋””๋น„์ „์€ ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์ฑ„ํ„ฐ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ›—๋‚ ์˜ ์ƒ์› ์กฐ์ง€ํ”„ B. ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค, ์กด ํŒจํ„ฐ์Šจ ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ๋ฒ„์น˜์›”ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋™์ƒ ๋ฃจ์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฒ„์น˜์›”ํ„ฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐฐ์Šค ์„ฌ๋„ˆ ์ƒ์›์€ ์ฑ„ํ„ฐ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์˜ํšŒ์  ์—…์ €๋ฒ„์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚ด์Šˆ๋นŒ์—์„œ ํ›ˆ๋ น๋‹จ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋†“์—ฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ํ˜„์—ญ ๋ณต๋ฌด์— ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹ฌ๋“ค์— ์กฐ์ง€์•„์ฃผ์—์„œ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ์Šฌ๋กœ์ปด์˜ ์ฐธ๋ชจ ์ด์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ T. ์…”๋จผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1865๋…„ 4์›” ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„, ์œก๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1865๋…„์˜ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์•ค๋“œ๋ฃจ ์กด์Šจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šฌ๋กœ์ปด ์žฅ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์„ฑ์›ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹คํˆฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์™„๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ์žฌํ—ˆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์˜ํšŒ์  ์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋”์šฑ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ž…๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•”์‹œํ•œ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1866๋…„ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ํŽธ์ง‘์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์ง„ ํ•ด์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ธ์ธํŠธ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์กฐ์ง€ํ”„ ํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์Šต ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์ž๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šฉํ•œ ๋…์ผ์–ด ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๋ฒ ์Šคํ‹€๋ฆฌํ—ค ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ(์›จ์Šคํ„ด ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ)์˜ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž์™€ ์—๋ฐ€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ† ๋ฆฌ์–ด์Šค์™€ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1867๋…„ ~ 68๋…„์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋…์ผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์˜คํ†  ํฐ ๋น„์Šค๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์™€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํšŒ์ƒ๋ก์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1868๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์šด๋™์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ "์ง€๋ถˆ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ"(์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋นš๋“ค)์„ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๊ณ , "์ •์งํ•œ ๋ˆ"(๊ธˆ๋ณธ์œ„์ œ)๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ƒ์› 1868๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ƒ์›์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์š”๋ถ€์— ์ฒซ ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ณ ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„, ๋ฐ˜์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ณด์ „์„ ์ฃผ์ฐฝํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ฐ์„ค๋“ค๋กœ ํ‰ํŒ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์œจ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šค S. ๊ทธ๋žœํŠธ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊นจ์ ธ 1870๋…„ B. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์ธ  ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์„ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ž์œ  ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์šด๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์„ผ๋“ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์— ์ด์–ด ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๋žœํŠธ์˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฐํ† ๋„๋ฐ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž…์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜์› ์™ธ๊ต ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ถˆ ์ „์Ÿ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์œก๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์˜ ํŒ๋งค๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํƒ„์•ฝ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ์˜ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1869๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ํšŒ์— ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฒซ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ƒ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ œ์ฃผ์˜ ์žฌํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ณผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๋ฏผ๊ถŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์šฐ์›”์˜ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์žกํ˜ผ์˜ ๋‘๋ ค์›€๋“ค์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1870๋…„ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žœํŠธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์‚ฐํ† ๋„๋ฐ๊ณ  ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ฒฐ์˜์„œ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ฟ  ํด๋Ÿญ์Šค ํด๋žœ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์œ  ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋„์ „์ž์ด์ž ์ „ ๋งน๋ฐฉ์ธ ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ์ฝ”ํฌ๋ ์—๊ฒŒ 1874๋…„ ์ƒ์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง์„ ๋– ๋‚œ ํ›„, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž๋กœ ์ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1875๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋Ÿฌ๋”ํผ๋“œ B. ํ—ค์ด์Šค์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1877๋…„ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋œ ํ—ค์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด๋ฌด ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์ •์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๋””์–ธ๋“ค์— ์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋—์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์–ด๋„ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋“ค์˜ ๋น›์—์„œ ์ธ๋””์–ธ๋“ค์— ๊ทธ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋“ค์€ ์–ต์••์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋””์–ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€์กฑ์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ง„ํฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•์š”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค์ด์Šค ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์™€ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํšŒํ•ฉ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ถ”์žฅ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์•ฝ์†๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ง€์ผœ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1872๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ทธ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ž์œ  ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์ง‘ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ  ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ์• ๋ค์Šค ํ˜น์€ ๋ผ์ด๋จผ ํŠธ๋Ÿผ๋ถˆ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ง‘ํšŒ๋Š” ๊ด€์„ธ์— ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์˜ ์ „๋ง๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์šด๋™์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋‚˜์ค‘์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋น„ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ํ•˜ํผ์Šค ์œ„ํด๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ๋‚ด์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ํŽœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋žœํŠธ๋Š” ์••๋„์  ๋Œ€์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜ ํ›„ ์กฐ๋งŒ๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฌด ์žฅ๊ด€ 1876๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ—ค์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์›ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ—ค์ด์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฌด ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚ด๊ฐ ์ž„๋ช…๋“ค๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ทจ์ž„์‹์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฌด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—์„œ ๊ณตํ›ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋†“์—ฌ์ ธ ์›์ธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉด์ง์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์  ์‹œํ—˜๋“ค์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜์  ์ž„๋ช…๊ถŒ์„ ์ œ์™ธ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์„ฑ๊ณต ๋งŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž์› ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ก ์ž๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ง€์˜ ๋„๋‘‘๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆฒ์˜ ๋ณด์กด์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต์  ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฌด ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์˜ ์žฌ์ง ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ •์„ธ๊ตญ์„ ์ „์Ÿ๋ถ€๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์…”๋จผ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์›๋œ ์šด๋™์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์กฐ์•ฝ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆœ์„œ์—์„œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ „์Ÿ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ •์„ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋Š” ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ตœํ›„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ •์„ธ๊ตญ์€ ๋‚ด๋ฌด๋ถ€์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ •์„ธ๊ตญ์€ ๋‚ด๋ฌด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ง์œ„๋“ค์€ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์žฅ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์Šน์ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๊ณตํ—Œ์ด ์•„๋ฌด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด ์„ฑ์ทจ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋—์ด ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹ค๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์—…๋ฌด์˜ ๋„“์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๊ด€๊ณต๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฉด์ง์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง์œ„๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง„๊ธ‰๋“ค์ด ์ •์น˜์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ณตํ—Œ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ •์„ธ๊ตญ์˜ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ ฅ์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ธ๋””์–ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์ง€๋“ค์—์„œ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐํš์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋“ค์— ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์„ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ธ๋””์–ธ ์ •์„ธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ค์Šต์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‘๋‹ต์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ›„์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์œตํ•ฉ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํฅํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ƒ์•  1881๋…„ ๋‚ด๋ฌด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚œ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ•ด ๋…ธ๋˜ ํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ ๋…์ผ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ๋นŒ๋ผ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š• ์ด๋ธŒ๋‹ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๋„ค์ด์…˜์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ , ํ˜ธ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ™”์ดํŠธ์™€ ์—๋“œ์œˆ L. ๊ณ ๋“œํ‚จ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋“ค์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŽธ์ง‘ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 1883๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„ ๋‰ด์š• ์ด๋ธŒ๋‹ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1884๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ฒ„ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ธ”๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ํ›„๋ณด ์ž„๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์†Œ์† ์šด๋™์—์„œ ์ง€๋„์ž์˜€๋‹ค. 1888๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1892๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•จ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์„  ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •ํ†ต ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์˜€๋‹ค. 1892๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๊ฐœํ˜ ์—ฐ๋งน์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์กฐ์ง€ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์ปคํ‹ฐ์Šค์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์—‡๊ณ , 1901๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ง์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ 1892๋…„ ํ•˜ํผ์Šค ์œ„ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŽธ์ง‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์ปคํ‹ฐ์Šค์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ž‡๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1898๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ํฌ์ง€์…˜์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1895๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ํ“จ์…˜ ํƒœ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ํ™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ •๊ฒฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1896๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์ œ๋‹์Šค ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์˜ ์›์กฐ ์•„๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ๋ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์„คํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐ˜์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋งน์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํšŒ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 4๋…„ ํ›„ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์„ ์„ฑ์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์— ์ง„์‹ค๋กœ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ-์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ด์–ด ๋Œ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งคํ‚จ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๊ทนํžˆ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1904๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ํ›„๋ณด ์•Œํ„ด B. ํŒŒ์ปค๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์—์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌํ–„ ์ €์ฝ”๋น„์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๋‰ด์š•์ฃผ ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์กฐ์ง€ ๋…ธ์Šค์›จ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฒ ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋ณ„์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฐ 1906๋…„ 5์›” 14์ผ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‰ด์š•์ฃผ ์Šฌ๋ฆฌํ”ผํ™€๋กœ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šฌ๋ฆฌํ”ผํ™€๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ์•ˆ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ์˜ ๋ถ€์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ ˆํ…Œ ์—ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์œ ์น˜์› ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ ๋Š” "๋งž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ, ๋งŒ์—ญ ๋งž๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งž๋„๋ก ๊ฐ„์ง๋˜๊ณ , ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์›Œ๋ผ."๊ณ  ๋ง์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์นด๋ฅผ ์Šˆ๋ฅด์ธ  ๊ณต์› ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1829๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1906๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋…์ผ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ค€์žฅ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ž ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น (๋ฏธ๊ตญ)์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€ 1848๋…„ ํ˜๋ช… ๊ด€๋ จ์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ด€๋ จ์ž ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ƒ์›์˜์› ๋Ÿฌ๋”ํผ๋“œ B. ํ—ค์ด์Šค ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ฃผ์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ณธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ๋‹น์› ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ๋‹น์› ๋‰ด์š• ์ถœ์‹  ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹ ์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ์ž‘๊ฐ€ 48๋…„ ์„ธ๋Œ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Schurz
Carl Schurz
Carl Schurz (; March 2, 1829 โ€“ May 14, 1906) was a German revolutionary and an American statesman, journalist, and reformer. He migrated to the United States after the German revolutions of 1848โ€“1849 and became a prominent member of the new Republican Party. After serving as a Union general in the American Civil War, he helped found the short-lived Liberal Republican Party and became a prominent advocate of civil service reform. Schurz represented Missouri in the United States Senate and was the 13th United States Secretary of the Interior. Born in the Kingdom of Prussia's Rhine Province, Schurz fought for democratic reforms in the German revolutions of 1848โ€“1849 as a member of the academic fraternity association Deutsche Burschenschaft. After Prussia suppressed the revolution Schurz fled to France. When police forced him to leave France he migrated to London. Like many other "Forty-Eighters", he then migrated to the United States, settling in Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1852. After being admitted to the Wisconsin bar, he established a legal practice in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He also became a strong advocate for the anti-slavery movement and joined the newly organized Republican Party, unsuccessfully running for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin. After briefly representing the United States as Minister (ambassador) to Spain, Schurz served as a general in the American Civil War, fighting in the Battle of Gettysburg and other major battles. After the war, Schurz established a newspaper in St. Louis, Missouri, and won election to the U.S. Senate, becoming the first German-born American elected to that body. Breaking with Republican President Ulysses S. Grant, Schurz helped establish the Liberal Republican Party. The party advocated civil service reform, sound money, low tariffs, low taxes, an end to railroad grants, and opposed Grant's efforts to protect African-American civil rights in the Southern United States during Reconstruction. Schurz chaired the 1872 Liberal Republican convention, which nominated a ticket that unsuccessfully challenged President Grant in the 1872 presidential election. Schurz lost his own 1874 re-election bid and resumed his career as a newspaper editor. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1878. After Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won the 1876 presidential election, he appointed Schurz as his Secretary of the Interior. Schurz sought to make civil service based on merit rather than political and party connections and helped prevent the transfer of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to the War Department. Schurz moved to New York City after Hayes left office in 1881 and briefly served as the editor of the New York Evening Post and The Nation and later became the editorial writer for Harper's Weekly. He remained active in politics and led the "Mugwump" movement, which opposed nominating James G. Blaine in the 1884 presidential election. Schurz opposed William Jennings Bryan's bimetallism in the 1896 presidential election but supported Bryan's anti-imperialist campaign in the 1900 presidential election. Schurz died in New York City in 1906. Early life Carl Christian Schurz was born on March 2, 1829, in Liblar (now part of Erftstadt), in Rhenish Prussia, the son of Marianne (nรฉe Jussen), a public speaker and journalist, and Christian Schurz, a schoolteacher. He studied at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne, and learned piano under private instructors. Financial problems in his family obligated him to leave school a year early, without graduating. Later he graduated from the gymnasium by passing a special examination and then entered the University of Bonn. Revolution of 1848 At Bonn, he developed a friendship with one of his professors, Gottfried Kinkel. He joined the nationalistic Studentenverbindung Burschenschaft Franconia at Bonn, which at the time included among its members Friedrich von Spielhagen, Johannes Overbeck, Julius Schmidt, Carl Otto Weber, Ludwig Meyer and Adolf Strodtmann. In response to the early events of the revolutions of 1848, Schurz and Kinkel founded the Bonner Zeitung, a paper advocating democratic reforms. At first Kinkel was the editor and Schurz a regular contributor. These roles were reversed when Kinkel left for Berlin to become a member of the Prussian Constitutional Convention. When the Frankfurt rump parliament called for people to take up arms in defense of the new German constitution, Schurz, Kinkel, and others from the University of Bonn community did so. During this struggle, Schurz became acquainted with Franz Sigel, Alexander Schimmelfennig, Fritz Anneke, Friedrich Beust, Ludwig Blenker and others, many of whom he would meet again in the Union Army during the U.S. Civil War. During the 1849 military campaign in Palatinate and Baden, he joined the revolutionary army, fighting in several battles against the Prussian Army. Schurz was adjunct officer of the commander of the artillery, Fritz Anneke, who was accompanied on the campaign by his wife, Mathilde Franziska Anneke. The Annekes would later move to the U.S., where each became Republican Party supporters. Anneke's brother, Emil Anneke, was a founder of the Republican party in Michigan. Fritz Anneke achieved the rank of colonel and became the commanding officer of the 34th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Civil War; Mathilde Anneke contributed to both the abolitionist and suffrage movements of the United States. When the revolutionary army was defeated at the fortress of Rastatt in 1849, Schurz was inside. Knowing that the Prussians intended to kill their prisoners, Schurz managed to escape and travelled to Zรผrich. In 1850, he returned secretly to Prussia, rescued Kinkel from prison at Spandau and helped him to escape to Edinburgh, Scotland. Schurz then went to Paris, but the police forced him to leave France on the eve of the coup d'รฉtat of 1851, and he migrated to London. Remaining there until August 1852, he made his living by teaching the German language. Migration to America While in London, Schurz married fellow revolutionary Johannes Ronge's sister-in-law, Margarethe Meyer, in July 1852 and then, like many other Forty-Eighters, migrated to the United States. Living initially in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Schurzes moved to Watertown, Wisconsin, where Carl nurtured his interests in politics and Margarethe began her seminal work in early childhood education. In Wisconsin, Schurz soon became immersed in the anti-slavery movement and in politics, joining the Republican Party. In 1857, he ran unsuccessfully as a Republican for lieutenant governor. In the Illinois campaign of the next year between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, he took part as a speaker on behalf of Lincolnโ€”mostly in Germanโ€”which raised Lincoln's popularity among German-American voters. In 1858, Schurz was admitted to the Wisconsin bar and began to practice law in Milwaukee. Beginning 1859, his law partner was Halbert E. Paine. With Paine's encouragement, Schurz took more of an interest in politics and public speaking than in law. In the state campaign of 1859, Schurz made a speech attacking the Fugitive Slave Law, arguing for states' rights. In Faneuil Hall, Boston, on April 18, 1859, he delivered an oration on "True Americanism", which, coming from an alien, was intended to clear the Republican party of the charge of "nativism". Wisconsin Germans unsuccessfully urged his nomination for governor in 1859. In the 1860 Republican National Convention, Schurz was spokesman of the delegation from Wisconsin, which voted for William H. Seward. Despite this, Schurz was on the committee which brought Lincoln the news of his nomination. After Lincoln's election and in spite of Seward's objection, Lincoln sent Schurz as minister to Spain in 1861, in part because of Schurz's European record as a revolutionary. While there, Schurz did not manage to cause any lasting impact on the Spanish authorities regarding the conflict. He returned to the US in early 1862 to join the Union army. American Civil War During the American Civil War, Schurz served with distinction as a general in the Union Army. Persuading Lincoln to grant him a commission in the Union army, Schurz was commissioned brigadier general of Union volunteers in April 1862. In June, he took command of a division, first under John C. Frรฉmont, and then in Franz Sigel's corps, with which he took part in the Second Battle of Bull Run in August 1862. He was promoted to major general in 1863 and was assigned to lead a division in the XI Corps at the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, both under General Oliver O. Howard. A bitter controversy began between Schurz and Howard over the strategy employed at Chancellorsville, resulting in the routing of the XI Corps by the Confederate corps led by Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. Two months later, the XI Corps again broke during the first day of Gettysburg. Containing several German-American units, the XI Corps performance during both battles was heavily criticized by the press, fueling anti-immigrant sentiments. Following Gettysburg, Schurz's division was deployed to Tennessee and participated in the Battle of Chattanooga. There he served with the future Senator Joseph B. Foraker, John Patterson Rea, and Luther Morris Buchwalter, brother to Morris Lyon Buchwalter. Senator Charles Sumner (R-MA) was a Congressional observer during the Chattanooga Campaign. Later, he was put in command of a Corps of Instruction at Nashville. He briefly returned to active service, where in the last months of the war he was with Sherman's army in North Carolina as chief of staff of Henry Slocum's Army of Georgia. He resigned from the army after the war ended in April 1865. In the summer of 1865, President Andrew Johnson sent Schurz through the South to study conditions. They then quarreled because Schurz supported General Slocum's order forbidding the organization of militia in Mississippi. Schurz delivered a report to the U.S. Senate documenting conditions in the South which concluded that Reconstruction had succeeded in restoring the basic functioning of government but failed in restoring the loyalty of the people and protecting the rights of the newly legally emancipated who were still considered the slaves of society. It called for a national commitment to maintaining control over the South until free labor was secure, arguing that without national action, Black Codes and violence including numerous extrajudicial killings documented by Schurz were likely to continue. The report was ignored by the President, but it helped fuel the movement pushing for a larger congressional role in Reconstruction and holding Southern states to higher standards. Newspaper career In 1866, Schurz moved to Detroit, where he was chief editor of the Detroit Post. The following year, he moved to St. Louis, becoming editor and joint proprietor with Emil Preetorius of the German-language Westliche Post (Western Post), where he hired Joseph Pulitzer as a cub reporter. In the winter of 1867โ€“1868, he traveled in Germany; his account of his interview with Otto von Bismarck is one of the most interesting chapters of his Reminiscences. He spoke against "repudiation" of war debts and for "honest money"โ€”code for going back on the gold standardโ€”during the presidential campaign of 1868. U.S. Senator In 1868, he was elected to the United States Senate from Missouri, becoming the first German American in that body. He earned a reputation for his speeches, which advocated fiscal responsibility, anti-imperialism, and integrity in government. During this period, he broke with the Grant administration, starting the Liberal Republican movement in Missouri, which in 1870 elected B. Gratz Brown governor. After William P. Fessenden's death, Schurz became a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs where Schurz opposed Grant's Southern policy as well as his bid to annex Santo Domingo. Schurz was identified with the committee's investigation of arms sales to and cartridge manufacture for the French army by the United States government during the Franco-Prussian War. In 1869, he became the first U.S. Senator to offer a Civil Service Reform bill to Congress. During Reconstruction, Schurz was opposed to federal military enforcement and protection of African American civil rights, and held nineteenth century ideas of European superiority and fears of miscegenation. In 1870, Schurz helped form the Liberal Republican Party, which opposed President Ulysses S. Grant's annexation of Santo Domingo and his use of the military to destroy the Ku Klux Klan in the South under the Enforcement Acts. In 1872, he presided over the Liberal Republican Party convention, which nominated Horace Greeley for President. Schurz's own choice was Charles Francis Adams or Lyman Trumbull, and the convention did not represent Schurz's views on the tariff. Schurz campaigned for Greeley anyway. Especially in this campaign, and throughout his career as a Senator and afterwards, he was a target for the pen of Harper's Weekly artist Thomas Nast, usually in an unfavorable way. The election was a debacle for the Greeley supporters. Grant won by a landslide, and Greeley died shortly after election day in November, before the Electoral College had even met. Schurz lost the 1874 Senatorial election to Democratic Party challenger and former Confederate Francis Cockrell. After leaving office, he worked as an editor for various newspapers. In 1875, he assisted in the successful campaign of Rutherford B. Hayes to regain the office of Governor of Ohio. In 1877, Schurz was appointed United States Secretary of the Interior by Hayes, who had been by then been elected President of the United States. Although Schurz honestly attempted to reduce the effects of racism toward Native Americans and was partially successful at cleaning up corruption, his recommended actions towards American Indians "in light of late twentieth-century developments" were repressive. Indians were forced to move into low-quality reservation lands that were unsuitable for tribal economic and cultural advancement. Promises made to Indian chiefs at White House meetings with President Rutherford B. Hayes and Schurz were often broken. Secretary of the Interior In 1876, he supported Hayes for President, and Hayes named him Secretary of the Interior, following much of his advice in other cabinet appointments and in his inaugural address. In this department, Schurz put into force his belief that merit should be the principal consideration in appointing civil servants to jobs in the Civil Service. He was not in favor of permitting removals except for cause, and supported requiring competitive examinations for candidates for clerkships. His efforts to remove political patronage met with only limited success, however. As an early conservationist, he prosecuted land thieves and attracted public attention to the necessity of forest preservation. During Schurz's tenure as Secretary of the Interior, a movement to transfer the Office of Indian Affairs to the control of the War Department began, assisted by the strong support of Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman. Restoration of the Indian Office to the War Department, which was anxious to regain control in order to continue its "pacification" program, was opposed by Schurz, and ultimately the Indian Office remained in the Interior Department. The Indian Office had been the most corrupt office in the Interior Department. Positions in it were based on political patronage and were seen as granting license to use the reservations for personal enrichment. Because Schurz realized that the service would have to be cleansed of such corruption before anything positive could be accomplished, he instituted a wide-scale inspection of the service, dismissed several officials, and began civil service reforms whereby positions and promotions were to be based on merit not political patronage. Schurz's leadership of the Indian Affairs Office was at times controversial. While certainly not an architect of forced displacement of Native Americans, he continued the practice. In response to several nineteenth-century reformers, however, he later changed his mind and promoted an assimilationist policy. Later life Upon leaving the Interior Department in 1881, Schurz moved to New York City. That year German-born Henry Villard, president of the Northern Pacific Railway, acquired the New York Evening Post and The Nation and turned the management over to Schurz, Horace White and Edwin L. Godkin. Schurz left the Post in the autumn of 1883 because of differences over editorial policies regarding corporations and their employees. In 1884, he was a leader in the Independent (or Mugwump) movement against the nomination of James Blaine for president and for the election of Grover Cleveland. From 1888 to 1892, he was general American representative of the Hamburg American Steamship Company. In 1892, he succeeded George William Curtis as president of the National Civil Service Reform League and held this office until 1901. He also succeeded Curtis as editorial writer for Harper's Weekly in 1892 and held this position until 1898. In 1895 he spoke for the Fusion anti-Tammany Hall ticket in New York City. He opposed William Jennings Bryan for president in 1896, speaking for sound money and not under the auspices of the Republican party; he supported Bryan four years later because of anti-imperialism beliefs, which also led to his membership in the American Anti-Imperialist League. True to his anti-imperialist convictions, Schurz exhorted McKinley to resist the urge to annex land following the Spanishโ€“American War. In the 1904 election he supported Alton B. Parker, the Democratic candidate. Carl Schurz lived in a summer cottage in Northwest Bay on Lake George, New York which was built by his good friend Abraham Jacobi. Death and legacy Schurz died at age 77 on May 14, 1906, in New York City, and is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, New York. Schurz's wife, Margarethe Schurz, was instrumental in establishing the kindergarten system in the United States. Schurz is famous for saying: "My country, right or wrong; if right, to be kept right; and if wrong, to be set right." He was portrayed by Edward G. Robinson as a friend of the surviving Cheyenne Indians in John Ford's 1964 film Cheyenne Autumn. Works Schurz published a volume of speeches (1865), a two-volume biography of Henry Clay (1887), essays on Abraham Lincoln (1899) and Charles Sumner (posthumous, 1951), and his Reminiscences (posthumous, 1907โ€“09). His later years were spent writing the memoirs recorded in his Reminiscences which he was not able to finish, reaching only the beginnings of his U.S. Senate career. Schurz was a member of the Literary Society of Washington from 1879 to 1880. Memorials Schurz is commemorated in numerous places around the United States: Carl Schurz Park, a park in New York City, adjacent to Yorkville, Manhattan, overlooking the waters of Hell Gate. Named for Schurz in 1910, it is the site of Gracie Mansion, the residence of the Mayor of New York since 1942 Karl Bitter's 1913 monument to Schurz ("Defender Of Liberty And A Friend Of Human Rights") outside Morningside Park, at Morningside Drive and 116th Street in New York City Karl Bitter's 1914 monument to Schurz ("Our Greatest German American") in Menominee Park, Oshkosh, Wisconsin Carl Schurz and Abraham Jacobi Memorial Park in Bolton Landing, New York Schurz, Nevada named after him Carl Schurz Drive, a residential street in the northern end of his former home of Watertown, Wisconsin Schurz Elementary School, in Watertown, Wisconsin Carl Schurz Park, a private membership park in Stone Bank (Town of Merton), Wisconsin, on the shore of Moose Lake Carl Schurz Forest, a forested section of the Ice Age Trail near Monches, Wisconsin Carl Schurz High School, a historic landmark in Chicago, built in 1910. Schurz Hall, a student residence at the University of Missouri. Carl Schurz Elementary School in New Braunfels, Texas Mount Schurz, a mountain in eastern Yellowstone, north of Eagle Peak and south of Atkins Peak, named in 1885 by the United States Geological Survey, to honor Schurz's commitment to protecting Yellowstone National Park In 1983, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 4-cent Great Americans series postage stamp with his name and portrait The was commissioned in 1917 as a Patrol Gun Boat. Formerly the small unprotected cruiser of the German Imperial Navy, the ship had been taken over by the U.S. Navy when hostilities between Germany and the U.S. commenced, after having been interned in Honolulu in 1914. The Schurz sank after a collision on 21 June 1918 off Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. Several memorials in Germany also commemorate the life and work of Schurz, including: Carl-Schurz Kaserne, in Bremerhaven, has been home to U.S. Army units for several decades, including elements of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward). Today it houses Army transportation units and some civilian commercial activities related to commercial shipping. Streets named after him in Berlin-Spandau, Bremen, Stuttgart, Erftstadt-Liblar, Giessen, Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, Cologne, Neuss, Rastatt, Paderborn, Pforzheim, Pirmasens, Leipzig, Wuppertal Schools in Bonn, Bremen, Berlin-Spandau, Frankfurt am Main, Rastatt and his place of birth, Erftstadt-Liblar The Carl-Schurz-Haus Freiburg, in Freiburg im Breisgau is an innovative institute (formerly Amerika-Haus) fostering German-American cultural relations an urban area in Frankfurt am Main the Carl Schurz Bridge over the Neckar River a memorial fountain as well as the house where Lt. Schurz was billeted in 1849 in Rastatt German Armed Forces barracks in Hardheim German federal stamps in 1952 and 1976 Carl-Schurz-Medal awarded annually to one distinguished citizen of his home town. Harper's Weekly gallery See also List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members List of American Civil War generals (Union) Forty-Eighters German Americans in the Civil War German American German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA List of United States senators born outside the United States Notes References Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . Yockelson, Mitchell, "Hirschhorn", Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Heidler, David S., and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds., W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, . Further reading Schurz, Carl. The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz (three volumes), New York: McClure Publ. Co., 1907โ€“08. Schurz covered the years 1829โ€“1870 in his Reminiscences. He died in the midst of writing them. The third volume is rounded out with A Sketch of Carl Schurz's Political Career 1869โ€“1906 by Frederic Bancroft and William A. Dunning. Portions of these Reminiscences were serialized in McClure's Magazine about the time the books were published and included illustrations not found in the books. Bancroft, Frederic, ed. Speeches, Correspondence, and Political Papers of Carl Schurz (six volumes), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913. Brown, Dee, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 1971 Donner, Barbara. "Carl Schurz as Office Seeker," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 20, no.2 (December 1936), pp.ย 127โ€“142. Donner, Barbara. "Carl Schurz the Diplomat," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 20, no. 3 (March 1937), pp.ย 291โ€“309. Fish, Carl Russell. "Carl Schurz-The American," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 12, no. 4 (June 1929), pp.ย 346โ€“368. Fuess, Claude Moore Carl Schurz, Reformer, (NY, Dodd Mead, 1932) Nagel, Daniel. Von republikanischen Deutschen zu deutsch-amerikanischen Republikanern. Ein Beitrag zum Identitรคtswandel der deutschen Achtundvierziger in den Vereinigten Staaten 1850โ€“1861. Rรถhrig, St. Ingbert 2012. Schafer, Joseph. "Carl Schurz, Immigrant Statesman," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 11, no. 4 (June 1928), pp.ย 373โ€“394. Schurz, Carl. Intimate Letters of Carl Schurz 1841-1869, Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1928. Trefousse, Hans L. Carl Schurz: A Biography, (1st ed. Knoxville: U. of Tenn. Press, 1982; 2nd ed. New York: Fordham University Press, 1998) Twain, Mark, "Carl Schurz, Pilot," Harper's Weekly, May 26, 1906. External links Retrieved on 2008-08-12 Reynolds, Robert L. "A Man of Conscience", American Heritage Magazine, vol. 14, no. 2 (1963). "Schurz: The True Americanism" Harper's Magazine, November 1, 2008. "Carl Schurz" from Charles Rounds, Wisconsin Authors and Their Works, 1918. The Political Graveyard Abraham Lincoln's White House - Carl Schurz The Carl Schurz Papers, containing materials especially of interest to the examination of Schurz's image in the press and in the German-American community, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Constitutional Minutes episode about Carl Schurz from the American Archive of Public Broadcasting Constitutional Minutes- Series : Constitutional Minutes; Episode : Carl Schurz; Episode Number: 112 from American Archive of Public Broadcasting |- |- 1829 births 1906 deaths 19th-century American diplomats 19th-century American newspaper editors 19th-century American politicians Ambassadors of the United States to Spain Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery Civil service reform in the United States German American German-American Forty-Eighters German revolutionaries Prussian emigrants to the United States Hayes administration cabinet members Liberal Republican Party United States senators Missouri Liberal Republicans Missouri Republicans People from Erftstadt People from the Rhine Province People of Missouri in the American Civil War People of the Revolutions of 1848 People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War Republican Party United States senators from Missouri Union Army generals United States Secretaries of the Interior University of Bonn alumni Wisconsin Republicans Writers from Missouri Writers from New York City Writers from Wisconsin Military personnel from North Rhine-Westphalia
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๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„ ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜
๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„ ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜ OMRI (, ; 1987๋…„ 5์›” 1์ผ~)๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋…์ผ ๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์šฐ๋‹ˆ์˜จ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฐฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์œ ๋ฒคํˆฌ์Šค AS ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋ผ๋…ธํ‚ค์•„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๊ถŒ ์ „๋ ฅ์ธ AS ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 10์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์€ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 2010 ๋‚จ์•„๊ณต ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ตœ์ข… ์—”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์งํ›„ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ช…๋ฌธ ์œ ๋ฒคํˆฌ์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 4๋ฐฑ์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€์ธ๋งˆํฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด 3๋ฐฑ์˜ ์ค‘์•™์— ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ์น˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋นŒ๋“œ์—… ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ์•„ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ด‰์‡„๋‹นํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. 22-23 ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2023๋…„ 5์›” 17์ผ, ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜๋Š” ์œ ๋ฒคํˆฌ์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋Š” 23-24 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ง ํ˜„์—ญ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์€ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋‹ˆ์˜จ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์œ ๋ฒคํˆฌ์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ์™ธ ํ†ต๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜๋Š” 2023๋…„ 9์›” 1์ผ, ๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์šฐ๋‹ˆ์˜จ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” 12์ผ, ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฒคํˆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฒ•์  ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2010 ๋‚จ์•„๊ณต ์›”๋“œ์ปต, ์œ ๋กœ 2012 ๋“ฑ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ถœ์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค ์œ ๋กœ 2012 ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์„œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜๋ฆฐ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ถ•๊ตฌํŒฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ 2011๋…„ 6์›”์— ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฌ๊ฒผ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ถœ์‹  ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‚ค๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์นด๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„๋“ค ๋กœ๋ Œ์ดˆ(Lorenzo)๋Š” 2012๋…„ 6์›”์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๋น„ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋ณด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 10์›”, ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„ ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ์ง€ 3๋‹ฌ์ด ๋œ ์•„๋“ค๊ณผ ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜์˜ ์†๋ชฉ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ถŒ์ด์„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์— ์‘์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜์˜ ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ฐจ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์–ผ์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฅ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž, ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋จน์„ ๋‚ ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํŒ”, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋„๋“ค์„ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋„๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ฒ”์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋˜ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋„๋ง๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ณด๋ˆ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ธํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋‚ ๋ ˆ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A : 2005-06 ์บ„ํ”ผ์˜ค๋‚˜ํ†  ๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋‚ ๋ ˆ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋งˆ๋ฒ ๋ผ : 2007 ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋งˆ๋ฒ ๋ผ : 2006 ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A : 2011โ€“12, 2012โ€“13, 2013โ€“14, 2014โ€“15, 2015โ€“16, 2016โ€“17, 2018โ€“19, 2019โ€“20 ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ : 2014โ€“15, 2015โ€“16, 2016โ€“17, 2020โ€“21 ์ˆ˜ํŽ˜๋ฅด์ฝ”ํŒŒ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜ : 2012, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2020 UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ค€์šฐ์Šน (2014-15, 2016-17) UEFA ์œ ๋กœ : ์šฐ์Šน (2020), ์ค€์šฐ์Šน (2012) UEFA ๋„ค์ด์…˜์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : 3์œ„ (2020-21, 2022-23) FIFA ์ปจํŽ˜๋”๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์Šค์ปต : 3์œ„ (2013) ๊ฐœ์ธ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜ : 2015โ€“16 ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ํŒ€ : 2014โ€“15, 2015โ€“16, 2016โ€“17, 2019โ€“20 UEFA ์œ ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ : 2020 UEFA ์œ ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ MoM : 2020 UEFA ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์˜ ์Šค์ฟผ๋“œ : 2013-14, 2017-18 UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์˜ ์Šค์ฟผ๋“œ : 2016-17 UEFA ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ํŒ€ : 2016 FIFPro ์›”๋“œ 11 : 2017, 2021 ESM ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ํŒ€ : 2016-17 ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ธŒ์‚ฌ์ปค ์–ด์›Œ์ฆˆ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ : 2021 ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๊ณต๋กœ์žฅ 5๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ : 2021 ๋ฐœ๋กฑ๋„๋ฅด 2017 - 21 2021 - 14 ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1987๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋น„ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋ณด ์ถœ์‹  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ์ธํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋‚ ๋ ˆ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฐฑ 2010๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2012 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์œ ๋ฒคํˆฌ์Šค FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2013๋…„ FIFA ์ปจํŽ˜๋”๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์Šค์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2014๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํŠธ๋ ˆ๋น„์†Œ FBC 1993์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ AC ํ”ผ์‚ฌ 1909์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ SSC ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— B์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ œ๋…ธ์•„ CFC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ AC ๋ฐ€๋ž€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FIFA ์„ผ์ถ”๋ฆฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋‚จ์ž ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ผ์น˜์˜ค์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 1. FC ์šฐ๋‹ˆ์˜จ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋…์ผ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง„์ถœ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20Bonucci
Leonardo Bonucci
Leonardo Bonucci (; born 1 May 1987) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Bundesliga club Union Berlin and the Italy national team. Considered one of the best defenders of his generation, Bonucci is known for his technique, ball-playing skills, tackling and his ability to play in either a three or four-man defence. After beginning his career with Inter Milan in 2005, Bonucci spent the next few seasons on loan at Treviso and Pisa, before moving to Bari in 2009. His defensive performances alongside fellow Italian centre-back Andrea Ranocchia earned him a move to Juventus the following season, where he later became a key member of the club's three-man defensive line, alongside Giorgio Chiellini and Andrea Barzagli, establishing himself as one of the best defenders in world football. Among other titles, he went on to win six consecutive Serie A titles with the team between 2012 and 2017, having also played two UEFA Champions League finals in 2015 and 2017. In 2017, he moved to AC Milan, and one season later returned to Juventus, winning two more consecutive league titles. At the international level, Bonucci has earned over 120 caps since his senior debut in 2010, representing Italy at two FIFA World Cups (2010 and 2014), three European Championships, (2012, 2016, and 2020), and a FIFA Confederations Cup (2013); he won Euro 2020 and earned a runners-up medal at Euro 2012 and a third-place medal at the 2013 Confederations Cup. Bonucci has also won several individual honours for his performances: he was named to the UEFA Europa League Squad of the season during the 2013โ€“14 and 2017โ€“18 seasons, and is a four-time member of the Serie A Team of the Year. He was named the Serie A Footballer of the Year in 2016, and was also included in the UEFA Team of the Year in the same season. In 2017 and 2021, he was included in the FIFA FIFPro World11 and the IFFHS Men's World Team. He was also selected to the 2016โ€“17 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season and the 2016โ€“17 ESM Team of the Year. Club career Inter Milan Bonucci started his career in the youth ranks of his hometown club Viterbese but was loaned to Inter Milan in the summer of 2005. He played a number of pre-season friendlies for the Inter first team. He then became a member of the Inter U20 team. On 14 May 2006, Bonucci made his Serie A debut in the last match of the 2005โ€“06 season, in a 2โ€“2 away draw against Cagliari, which was Inter's 3,500th competitive match. On 7 July 2006, Inter bought Bonucci outright. He played his first Coppa Italia match against Messina on 9 November 2006 when he came off the bench for Fabio Grosso in the 86th minute. Bonucci featured in two more Coppa Italia games for Inter that season when he was brought on for the substituted Walter Samuel at half-time during the quarter-final second leg match against Empoli, and as a starter in the semi-final second leg tie against Sampdoria. In January 2007, Inter sold 50% of Bonucci's registration rights to Treviso, along with 50% of the registration rights for fellow Primavera team-mate Daniel Maa Boumsong. At that time Bonucci was tagged for a peppercorn fee of โ‚ฌ500. Bonucci subsequently remained at Inter until 30 June 2007 while Maa Boumsong returned from Treviso where he spent the first half of the season on loan. During Bonucci's last season with the Inter's youth side, he won the Campionato Nazionale Primavera (the national youth league title). Treviso and Pisa On 1 July 2007, Bonucci and Maa Boumsong formally became players of Treviso after their loan contract back to Inter had expired, as well as the renewal of the co-ownerships in June 2007. At Treviso, Bonucci made 20 starts in 27 Serie B appearances as one of the regular starters. In June 2008, among the other Inter youth products, Bonucci was the only player that was bought back from Treviso. However, he was loaned back to Treviso for the 2008โ€“09 season. According to a Treviso filing named Tabella Nยฐ5 โ€“ circolare Co.Vi.So.C. prot. Nยฐ4051.4/GC/pc del 11 maggio 2005 in their 2007โ€“08 financial report, Bonucci was sold for a โ‚ฌ700,000 fee. Bonucci played 13 Serie B matches for Treviso before leaving for another Serie B struggler Pisa on loan. Bari On 8 June 2009, Bonucci underwent a medical examination at Genoa. On 1 July, Inter officially announced that Bonucci, along with Acquafresca, Bolzoni and Meggiorini had been transferred to Genoa, as part of the deal that sent Diego Milito and Thiago Motta to Inter. Moreover, Ivan Fatiฤ‡ who was co-contracted ("co-owned") between Chievo and Inter, became co-contracted between Chievo and Genoa instead, according to a news article by La Gazzetta dello Sport. Bonucci was valued at โ‚ฌ3ย million at that time. On 2 July, he was transferred to Bari from Genoa, on a co-ownership deal, for โ‚ฌ1.75 million, along with Meggiorini (also on a co-ownership deal), Matteo Paro (on loan), Andrea Ranocchia (on loan) and Giuseppe Greco (on loan). At Bari he became a first team player in central defence under head coach Gian Piero Ventura, showing a composed yet strong and effective defensive playing style. He formed an extremely strong defensive partnership with Andrea Ranocchia which was so effective that, as of the midway point in the 2009โ€“10 season, Bari had the second best defensive record in Serie A. The strong partnership ended after Ranocchia got injured half-way through the season and was ruled out for the remaining fixtures. Juventus On 1 July 2010, Bonucci was signed by Juventus on a four-year contract for a total of โ‚ฌ15.5 million fee from Bari; Bari bought Bonucci from Genoa outright for โ‚ฌ8ย million. However, Genoa and Bari used part of the transfer receivables to sign the remaining 50% registration rights of Domenico Criscito and 50% of the registration rights of Sergio Bernardo Almirรณn from Juventus. Bonucci was assigned the shirt number 19. Partnered with Italy teammate Giorgio Chiellini in defence, Bonucci was immediately drafted into the starting line-up for the first matches of the season making his competitive debut at Shamrock Rovers in the Europa League and scoring his first goal for Juventus in the Europa League play-off match against Sturm Graz. The following season, due to the presence of veteran of Andrea Barzagli, it was expected that Bonucci would compete with him for a starting place alongside Chiellini in a four-man defence, as the club's new manager Antonio Conte was known for his preference for the 4โ€“2โ€“4 formation, a variant upon the 4โ€“4โ€“2 formation. However, after experimenting with several tactical systems, Conte eventually decided to play all three players in a three-man defence aided by wingbacks in a 3โ€“5โ€“2 formation, and Bonucci established himself once again in the starting eleven alongside Chiellini and Barzagli. Due to their performances together, the three-man defence earned the nickname BBC, a reference to the players' initials. Soon, the trio established themselves as one of the best defences in world football during the following seasons. On 2 April 2012 Juventus announced that he had signed a new 5-year contract effective on 1 July 2012. Bonucci won his first major title, the 2011โ€“12 Scudetto, and contributed two goals as Juventus finished the season undefeated and with one of the best defensive records in the top five European leagues. His good form that season earned him a place in the final UEFA Euro 2012 squad. Bonucci began the season by winning the 2012 Supercoppa Italiana with Juventus. He made his Champions League debut against Chelsea in the group stage and scored his first goal in the competition against Shaktar Donetsk in October 2012 in a 1โ€“1 draw. In December 2012 Bonucci was criticized for diving in a league game against Palermo on which was described by a number of journalists as "the worst dive ever". He was booked by the referee during the game and subsequently given a one-match ban and a โ‚ฌ2000 fine by the authorities. Juventus finished the season by winning the 2012โ€“13 Serie A title. The following season, Bonucci would help Juventus to defend the Supercoppa Italiana and the Serie A title, although Juventus would suffer a group-stage elimination in the UEFA Champions League. Nevertheless, he helped Juventus to reach the semi-finals of the Europa League, scoring a decisive goal against Lyon in the quarter-finals. During the 2014โ€“15 season, Bonucci made his 200th appearance with Juventus on 25 January 2015, in a 2โ€“0 win over Chievo. On 6 June 2015, Bonucci started for Juventus in the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final, but were defeated 3โ€“1 by Barcelona at Berlin's Olympiastadion. With 52 appearances, he made the most appearances for Juventus that season across all competitions, along with team-mates Claudio Marchisio and Roberto Pereyra. On 24 November 2015, Bonucci was nominated for the 2015 UEFA Team of the Year. On 2 March 2016, he captained Juventus in the absence of Gianluigi Buffon and Chiellini, scoring the decisive penalty in the resulting shoot-out of the second leg of the Coppa Italia semi-finals against Inter, at the San Siro, following a 3โ€“3 draw on aggregate, which allowed Juventus to progress to the final; however, due to the yellow card he received during the match, and having already been booked prior to the fixture, he missed the victorious final against Milan, which saw Juventus capture a domestic double for the second consecutive season, including a record fifth consecutive league title. During the beginning of the 2016โ€“17 season, Bonucci dedicated time to his ill son Matteo, missing select matches with Juventus and the national team. On 27 November, Bonucci suffered a severe thigh strain in an eventual 3โ€“1 away loss to Genoa, sidelining him for up to 60 days. On 19 December, Bonucci penned a new deal with Juventus, keeping him at the club until 2021. On 5 January 2017, Bonucci was named to the 2016 UEFA Team of the Year. On 30 January, Bonucci was named to the 2015โ€“16 Serie A Team of the Year, and was also named the 2016 Serie A Footballer of the Year. Bonucci made his 300th Juventus appearance in a 4โ€“1 home win over Palermo on 17 February; however, after Palermo scored a late goal, Bonucci had an argument on the touchline with coach Massimiliano Allegri, causing the club to fine and omit him from the squad for the first Champions League round of 16 leg with Porto on 22 February. On 17 May, Bonucci scored the last goal of a 2โ€“0 win in the final of the 2016โ€“17 Coppa Italia over Lazio. On 3 June, Bonucci started in his second Champions League Final in three years, but Juventus were defeated 4โ€“1 by defending champions Real Madrid. On 5 June, he was subsequently named to the UEFA Champions League squad of the season. AC Milan On 14 July 2017, Bonucci was signed by AC Milan on a five-year contract for a โ‚ฌ42 million fee. On 4 August 2017, Bonucci was named one of the three finalists for the Defender of the 2016โ€“17 UEFA Champions League season award. Milan's manager Vincenzo Montella subsequently named Bonucci as the team's new captain later that month. On 23 October, he was named to the 2017 FIFA FIFPro World11. Although much was expected of Bonucci and Milan, the first half of the 2017โ€“18 season was disappointing both for him and the club, and he drew criticism in the media over the quality of his performances. He scored his first goal for Milan on 6 January 2018, in a 1โ€“0 home win over Crotone. On 31 March, Bonucci scored the equalising goal against his former team away to Juventus, breaking goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon's record of longest consecutive minutes not conceded in an eventual 3โ€“1 defeat. Return to Juventus On 2 August 2018, Bonucci returned to Juventus as part of a swap deal with Milan involving Mattia Caldara; both Bonucci and Caldara were tagged for โ‚ฌ35ย million transfer fee. He signed a five-year contract until 30 June 2023. Bonucci made his return for Juventus in their opening Serie A match on 18 August, a 3โ€“2 away win over Chievo, contributing to Juventus's temporary equaliser, an own goal by Mattia Bani. On 29 September 2018, Bonucci scored his first goal for Juventus since his return from Milan, the final goal of a 3โ€“1 home win over Napoli. On 2 October, he made his 50th Champions League appearance in a 3โ€“0 home win over Young Boys. On 2 April 2019, Bonucci marked his 250th Serie A appearance with Juventus by scoring the opening goal in a 2โ€“0 away win against Cagliari. However, following the match, he was heavily criticised by several prominent figures after stating that teammate Moise Kean was partly to blame for the racial abuse he suffered from the crowd; England international Raheem Sterling deemed the comments 'laughable', while compatriot Mario Balotelli, English singer Stormzy, and former Juventus player Paul Pogba also criticised Bonucci's comments. Bonucci implied that Kean's goal celebration caused further jeers, stating to Sky Sport Italia: "Kean knows that when he scores a goal, he has to focus on celebrating with his teammates. He knows he could've done something differently too. There were racist jeers after the goal, Blaise heard it and was angered. I think the blame is 50โ€“50, because Moise shouldn't have done that and the Curva should not have reacted that way. We are professionals, we have to set the example and not provoke anyone." Later, he made a post on Instagram which read "Regardless of everything, in any case... no to racism." In response to the criticism, the following day, Bonucci posted on Instagram: "After 24 hours I want to clarify my feelings. Yesterday I was interviewed right at the end of the game, and my words have been clearly misunderstood, probably because I was too hasty in the way I expressed my thoughts. Hours and years wouldn't be enough to talk about this topic. I firmly condemn all forms of racism and discrimination. The abuses are not acceptable at all and this must not be misunderstood." After Chiellini suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury at the beginning of the 2019โ€“20 season, Bonucci captained Juventus in his absence. In November 2019, he signed a new contract with the club, running until 2024. On 20 September 2020, Bonucci scored in Juventus's opening match of the 2020โ€“21 season, a 3โ€“0 home win over Sampdoria in Serie A. On 20 November 2021, Bonucci scored his first brace in his career in a 2โ€“0 win against Lazio through two penalties. On 11 May 2023, he became the sixth player in the history of the club to reach 500 appearances alongside Juve legends Alessandro Del Piero, Gaetano Scirea, Giorgio Chiellini, Giuseppe Furino, and Gianluigi Buffon. Six days later, he announced he would retire when his contract expired in 2024. Following the end of the 2022โ€“23 season, it was reported on 13 July that new director Cristiano Giuntoli personally informed Bonucci that he would not be part of the club's plans among other players for the next season. Union Berlin On 1 September 2023, after having been excluded from the first team roster of Juventus, Bonucci signed for German club Union Berlin. On 12 September, it was reported that Bonucci would sue his former club Juventus for damages, related to not providing adequate training conditions in pre-season which affected the player's image. On 20 September, he made debut at the club by starting in a 1โ€“0 away defeat to Real Madrid in the Champions League, which was also his club's first ever match in the competition. Three days later, he played his first Bundesliga match, in which he conceded a penalty in a match which ended in a 2โ€“0 home defeat against Hoffenheim. On 7 October, he scored his first goal for the club via penalty in a 4โ€“2 loss against Borussia Dortmund. International career At youth level, Bonucci played for the Italy national under-21 football B team. He was called-up for a friendlies against Renate on 6 November 2007, and against the Under-20 Serie C representative team on 4 December 2007. He was also capped for the team in an internal friendly, which split the Under-21 Serie B team into two on 9 October 2007, on 21 October 2008, on 25 November, and on 24 March 2009, as team captain. He also received a call-up from the Italy U20 team on 31 May 2007. He was an unused substitute in the 0โ€“1 loss to the Serie D Best XI. 2010โ€“2014: Early senior career Bonucci made his debut with the Italy senior team on 3 March 2010, under manager Marcello Lippi, in a friendly match against Cameroon played in Monaco, which ended in a 0โ€“0 draw, and became one of the few debutants to have never played an official match for the national youth teams. He was included by manager Marcello Lippi in the starting line-up along with national team regulars Fabio Cannavaro and Giorgio Chiellini, forming a three-man defensive line in Lippi's 3โ€“4โ€“3 formation. Due to his performances during the 2009โ€“10 season, Bonucci was included in the Italy squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He scored his first international goal on 3 June 2010, in a 1โ€“2 friendly loss against Mexico, in a pre-tournament friendly match in Brussels. In the World Cup, he appeared as an unused substitute for all three of Italy's matches, as they suffered a first-round elimination, failing to win a match. After the World Cup, under new manager Cesare Prandelli, Bonucci took advantage of the international retirement of Cannavaro and broke into the starting line-up beside Juventus teammate Chiellini. He ended a fine 2011โ€“12 season by earning a place in the final 23-man Italy squad for UEFA Euro 2012, helping Italy to reach the final of the tournament, where they were defeated 4โ€“0 by defending champions Spain. He started in all but one match as Italy reached the finals. In the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, he missed his spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out against Spain in the semi-finals, shooting high over the bar as Italy went out of the competition losing 7โ€“6 on penalties; Italy would win the bronze medal match over Uruguay 4โ€“3 on penalties, after a 2โ€“2 draw following extra-time, allowing them to capture third place. Bonucci was selected by Cesare Prandelli to be part of the Italy squad that would take part at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Although he once again remained an unused substitute for the first two games, he made his World Cup debut on 24 June 2014, in a 0โ€“1 loss to Uruguay; as a result, Italy was eliminated in the first round of the competition for a second consecutive time. 2014โ€“2018: Euro 2016 and failed 2018 World Cup qualification On 4 September 2014, under new Italy manager Antonio Conte, Bonucci wore the captain's armband for Italy for the first time, following Daniele De Rossi's substitution in a 2โ€“0 friendly win over the Netherlands. On 31 May 2016, Bonucci was named to Conte's 23-man Italy squad for UEFA Euro 2016. On 13 June he set up Emanuele Giaccherini's goal, Italy's first of the match, with a long ball in a 2โ€“0 win over Belgium in the opening group match of Euro 2016; he was later booked for a tactical foul. After helping Italy to another clean-sheet in a 1โ€“0 victory in the second group match against Sweden on 17 June, Bonucci was once again praised for his defensive performances alongside Chiellini and Barzagli. On 22 June, he captained Italy in Buffon's absence in his nation's final group match, a 1โ€“0 defeat to Ireland. On 27 June he produced a Man of the Match performance in the round of 16 of the tournament as he helped Italy to keep a third clean sheet and defeat defending champions Spain 2โ€“0. In the quarter-final fixture against Germany on 2 July, he scored Italy's equalising goal from a penalty, although his spot-kick was saved by Manuel Neuer in the resulting shoot-out, as the reigning World Cup champions advanced to the semi-finals following a 6โ€“5 shoot-out victory. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, Italy finished in second place in Group G behind Spain and advanced to the play-off against Sweden. Italy failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup after a 1โ€“0 aggregate loss to the Scandinavians. 2019โ€“2021: Euro 2020 victory On 12 October 2019, Bonucci made his 92nd international appearance, under manager Roberto Mancini, in a 2โ€“0 home win over Greece, and overtook Alessandro Del Piero as the tenth-most capped player in the history of the Italian national team; the victory sealed Italy's qualification for Euro 2020. He made his 94th appearance for Italy on 15 November, in a 3โ€“0 away win over Bosnia and Herzegovina, in a Euro 2020 qualifier, equalling Giacinto Facchetti as the ninth most-capped Italian player of all time. On 11 October 2020, Bonucci made his 98th international appearance in a 0โ€“0 away draw against Poland in the UEFA Nations League, equalling Gianluca Zambrotta as the eightโ€“most capped player of allโ€“time for the Italian national team. On 25 March 2021, Bonucci made his 100th appearance for Italy in a 2โ€“0 home win over Northern Ireland, in the team's first 2022 World Cup qualifying match. In June 2021, Bonucci was included in Italy's squad for UEFA Euro 2020. During the tournament, he served as a temporary captain for Italy following an injury to Giorgio Chiellini in the first round. On 6 July, following a 1โ€“1 draw after extra-time against Spain in the semi-final of the competition, he scored Italy's third spot-kick in an eventual 4โ€“2 penalty shoot-out victory, to send Italy to the final. On 11 July, Bonucci won the European Championship with Italy following a 3โ€“2 victory over England at Wembley Stadium in a penalty shoot-out after a 1โ€“1 draw in extra-time. Bonucci scored Italy's only goal of the game in the 67th minute to tie the match, and later converted Italy's third penalty in the shoot-out; his goal during regulation time made him the oldest player ever to score in a European Championship final, at the age of 34 years and 71 days. For his performance during the final, he was named Star of the Match by UEFA. For his performances throughout the competition, he was later also named to the team of the tournament. 2022โ€“present: Captaincy On 23 September 2022, Bonucci took over as captain after Chiellini's international retirement, in which Italy defeated England 1โ€“0 during the Nations League A. In June 2023, he was included in the final squad for the Nations League Finals, where he played in the 2โ€“1 defeat against Spain in the semi-finals. Style of play A former midfielder who is usually deployed as ball-playing centre-back in a three-man defence (although he is also capable of playing in a four-man defence, both in the centre or out wide), Bonucci is primarily known for his technique, passing range, and his ability to launch an attack from the back with long passes. Although he is not the quickest player over short distances, he is a tall, mobile, and strong defender, with a good positional sense, as well as good anticipation, solid tackling, and an ability to read the game and mark opponents, on top of his ball skills; he also excels in the air, and frequently poses a goal threat from set pieces. Despite having been considered to be a talented and promising young defender, he was also criticised by certain pundits for being inconsistent and prone to errors or lapses in concentration in his youth, which were dubbed "Bonucciate" in the Italian media, a reference to their similarity to Cesare Maldini's Maldinate; in 2021, the neologism bonucciata was even included in the Italian encyclopedia Treccani. However, he showed notable improvements during the 2014โ€“15 season, and established himself as one of the best defenders in world football, also drawing praise from manager Pep Guardiola, who described Bonucci as one of his "favourite ever players". In 2016, Mario Sconcerti of Il Corriere della Sera ranked Bonucci among the greatest Italian defenders of all time. His unique playing style has led Giovanni Galli to compare him to former sweeper Gaetano Scirea. In 2012, The Guardian named him the 88th Best Player in the World and in 2016, he was named the 26th Best Player in the World. In 2016, his defensive attributes, as well as his skill on the ball, vision, and accurate passing, moved La Repubblica to dub him as โ€œBeckenbonucciโ€, a reference to former German sweeper Franz Beckenbauer. In addition to his defensive, playmaking and technical skills, Bonucci has also been praised for his leadership and ability to organise his back-line. In 2017, he was ranked by some as the best defender in the world. With Andrea Barzagli's retirement, the subsequent Bonucci-Chiellini axis was considered, in terms of longevity and performance at high levels, one of the most solid and complementary in international football, as well as being compared to duets from the past such as Beckenbauer-Schwarzenbeck, Scirea-Gentile or Baresi-Costacurta. Personal life On 18 June 2011, Bonucci married Martina Maccari (b. 19 November 1985), a former model and blogger, whom he first met in 2008 through a mutual friend. They have two sons, Lorenzo (b. July 2012) and Matteo (b. May 2014), and one daughter, Matilda (b. February 2019). Although Bonucci played for Juventus for several seasons, his eldest son, Lorenzo, supports Juventus's cross-city rivals, Torino. In July 2016, Bonucci's youngest son, Matteo underwent emergency surgery following the onset of an acute illness. In a 2017 interview with El Paรญs, Bonucci revealed that his son's illness had even led him to think about quitting football, commenting: Bonucci's older brother, Riccardo (b. November 1982), was also a footballer who once played as a central defender in Serie C1 with Viterbese. Their father owns a paint shop in Viterbo. In May 2012, during the 2011โ€“12 Italian football scandal investigations, Bonucci, along with Juventus teammate Simone Pepe and manager Antonio Conte, as well as many other players, were accused of match-fixing; Bonucci was accused of helping to fix the result of a 3โ€“3 draw against Udinese in May 2010, during his time with Bari, and faced a potential three-and-a-half year ban if found guilty. Bonucci denied any wrongdoing, however, and both he and Pepe were later acquitted in August later that year. In October 2012, Bonucci and his wife and then five-month-old son were confronted by an armed robber who demanded the defender hand over his watch. As the robber reached out to take the watch, Bonucci reportedly punched him and chased him down the street. The robber escaped with his accomplice on a motorbike. Bonucci is an anti-bullying activist. In December 2017, he made a cameo appearance in the music video for "Buona fortuna" by Benji & Fede, whose storyline deals with bullying. In October 2019, together with the journalist and editor Francesco Ceniti, he co-wrote and released a book "Il mio amico Leo" (My friend Leo), partially inspired by his own experiences and designed to provide support to bullying victims. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bonucci goal. Honours Inter Milan Serie A: 2005โ€“06 Campionato Nazionale Primavera: 2007 Coppa Italia Primavera: 2006 Juventus Serie A: 2011โ€“12, 2012โ€“13, 2013โ€“14, 2014โ€“15, 2015โ€“16, 2016โ€“17, 2018โ€“19, 2019โ€“20 Coppa Italia: 2014โ€“15, 2015โ€“16, 2016โ€“17, 2020โ€“21 Supercoppa Italiana: 2012, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2020; runner-up: 2014, 2019 UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2014โ€“15, 2016โ€“17 Italy UEFA European Championship: 2020; runner-up: 2012 FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2013 UEFA Nations League third place: 2020โ€“21, 2022โ€“23 Individual FIFA FIFPro World11: 2017, 2021 Serie A Team of the Year: 2014โ€“15, 2015โ€“16, 2016โ€“17, 2019โ€“20 Serie A Footballer of the Year: 2015โ€“16 UEFA Team of the Year: 2016 UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2013โ€“14, 2017โ€“18 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season: 2016โ€“17 ESM Team of the Year: 2016โ€“17 L'ร‰quipe Team of the Year: 2016 IFFHS Men's World Team: 2017, 2021 IFFHS UEFA Team of the Decade: 2011โ€“2020 IFFHS Men's UEFA Team of the Year: 2021 UEFA Euro Final Man of the Match: 2020 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2020 Globe Soccer Awards Best Defender of the Year: 2021 Orders 5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2021 See also List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps References External links Leonardo Bonucci at the 1. FC Union Berlin website Profile at AIC.Football.it Profile at Italia1910.com 1987 births Living people People from Viterbo Italian men's footballers Italy men's international footballers Men's association football defenders Inter Milan players Treviso FBC 1993 players Pisa SC players SSC Bari players Juventus FC players AC Milan players 1. FC Union Berlin players Serie A players Serie B players Bundesliga players 2010 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA Euro 2020 players FIFA Men's Century Club UEFA European Championship-winning players European champions for Italy Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Footballers from Lazio Sportspeople from the Province of Viterbo Italian expatriate men's footballers Italian expatriate sportspeople in Germany Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%AC%20%EC%A7%80%ED%95%98%EC%B2%A0
๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ 
๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ()์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ€˜๋ฒก์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์„ฌ๊ณผ ๋ผ๋ฐœ, ๋กฑ๊ดด์œ ์— ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ฌด ๋ฐ”ํ€ด ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์ง€ํ•˜๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ ์‚ฐํ•˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1966๋…„ 10์›” 14์ผ์— ์žฅ ๋“œ๋ผํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์— ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ ๊ฐœํ†ต ๋‹น์‹œ 3๊ฐœ ๋…ธ์„  26๊ฐœ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 4๊ฐœ ๋…ธ์„  68๊ฐœ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์—ฐ์žฅ์€ 71km์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ธํŠธ๋กœ๋ Œ์Šค๊ฐ•์„ ํ•˜์ €ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ๋กฑ๊ดด์œ ์— ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์ธ 2007๋…„์— ์—ฐ์žฅ๋œ ๋ผ๋ฐœ์—๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ, 2020๋…„ 4/4๋ถ„๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ํ‰์ผ์— ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ‰๊ท  40๋งŒ 6,500์—ฌ ๋ช…์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. STM์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 2018๋…„์—๋Š” ์ด ํƒ‘์Šน ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 100์–ต ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์‹ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์€ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๋‰ด์š• ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” 1962๋…„ 5์›”์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ์ง“๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ „์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ด์ „ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ์˜€๋˜ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์€ ๊ธ‰์† ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 1890๋…„๊ณผ 1910๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๊ตฌํ•ญ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ตฌ๋„์‹ฌ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋˜ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ด๋˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํ‡ด๊ทผํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตํ†ต ์ •์ฒด๋กœ ๋Š๋ฆฟํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ฉด ์ „์ฐจ๋Š” ๋งŒ์› ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ฉด ์ „์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ•˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์— ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 1902๋…„์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ํšŒ์‚ฌ (Montreal Subway Company)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋…ธ๋ฉด ์ „์ฐจ ๊ณ„ํš 1910๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋„ˆ๋„๋‚˜๋„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋…ธ๋ฉด ์ฒ ๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ (Montreal Street Rail Company), ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์‚ฌ (Montreal Central Terminal Company), ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์‚ฌ (Montreal Underground), ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์ฒ ๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ (Elevated Railway Company) ๋“ฑ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ๋งก๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‹œ ์ธก์— ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1912๋…„, ๋ถˆ์–ด๊ถŒ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์ธ ๊ธˆ์œต์กฐํ•ฉ (Comptoir Financier Franco-Canadien), ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ํ„ฐ๋„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ (Montreal Tunnel Company)๊ฐ€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋„์‹ฌ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ € ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ์„ฌ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒ ๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ์ƒ€๋‹ค. 1913๋…„, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ํŠธ๋žจ ํšŒ์‚ฌ (Montreal Tram Company)๊ฐ€ ์‹œ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ์ฃผ์š” ์—…์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ํŠธ๋žจ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ 4๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ์ง€์„ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹œ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ง์„ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ์ง€์„ ์ฒซ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ณ„ํš ์ดํ›„, ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฑด์„ค ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1920๋…„์—๋Š” ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ํŠธ๋žจ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‹น์‹œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฑด์„ค์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ 20๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง์— ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‹ฅ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์€ ๋นš๋”๋ฏธ์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ฉด ์ „์ฐจ ๋ฐฐ์ฐจ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ณ„ํš๋„ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ 1939๋…„์— ์นด๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•™ ์šฐ๋“œ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋„ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ณ„ํš์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‹œ์ ์€ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ฆˆ์Œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ 1944๋…„์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ํŠธ๋žจ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋…ธ์„  ๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฒฐ์‹ค์„ ๋งบ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1951๋…„, ์‹œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ํŠธ๋žจ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ฉด ์ „์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต์œ„์›ํšŒ (Commission de transport de Montrรฉal, CTM)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  1953๋…„์— ์ƒ๋“œ๋‹ˆ, ์ƒ์žํฌ, ์ƒํŠธ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฐ๋Š๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ 12.5km ์—ฐ์„ ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ† ๊ฐ€ 1954๋…„์— ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‹œ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ฑด์„ค์˜ ์ฒซ ์‚ฝ์€ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์š”๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฅ ๋“œ๋ผํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž๊ฐ€์šฉ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 1959๋…„ 11์›”, ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ๊ด‘์—ญ ํ™•์žฅ ํšŒ์‚ฌ (Sociรฉtรฉ d'expansion mรฉtropolitaine)๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ฅœ ํ„ดํ‚ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ์ง“๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ CTM์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์ง“๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฅ ๋“œ๋ผํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์žฌ์„  ๋˜๊ณ  ๋“œ๋ผํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธํŒ” ๋ฃจ์‹œ์•™ ์†”๋‹ˆ์—๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ์— ์ž…์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋ฒ ์ด๋น„๋ถ ์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ํ€˜๋ฒก์€ ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„ 8์›” 1์ผ, ์‹œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๊ณ  1961๋…„ 11์›” 3์ผ, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‹œ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” 1์–ต 3200๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•ด 16km์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ์ง“๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‚ฌ (1962-1967) 1961๋…„ ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์•ˆ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋„์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์–ด ๋‚˜๋ฅด๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ๋…ธ์„ , ๋˜๋Š” 1ํ˜ธ์„  (๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„ )์€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‹œ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฒˆํ™”๊ฐ€์ธ ์ƒํŠธ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฐ๋Š์™€ ์…ฐ๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋ฃจํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฉ”์ข…๋‡Œ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด๊ถŒ ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์•ณ์›Œํ„ฐ์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถˆ์–ด๊ถŒ ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ํ”„๋กฑํŠธ๋‚™์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. 2ํ˜ธ์„  (์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ )์€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ํฌ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋“œ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—ญ์— ์ข…์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋…ธ์„  ๋‘ ๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” 1962๋…„ 5์›” 23์ผ์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์‹œ ๊ณต๊ณต์‚ฌ์—…๋ถ€ ์†Œ์žฅ์ด์ž "๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€"๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฃจ์‹œ์•™ ๋ž„๋ฆฌ์—์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜ ํ•˜์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1963๋…„ 6์›” 11์ผ, ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋“  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ 2ํ˜ธ์„ ์€ ๋ถ๋ถ€์™€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ข…์ ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ณด๋‚˜๋ฐฉํŠ€๋ฅด์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด ํ•œ์ฐฝ์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” 5์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 12๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ 1966๋…„ 10์›” 14์ผ์— ์™„๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ƒ์—… ์šดํ–‰์€ 1966๋…„ 10์›”๊ณผ 1967๋…„ 4์›” ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์—ญ์ด ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ทจ์†Œ๋œ ๊ณ„ํš 3ํ˜ธ์„  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋„์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฝ๋ฃจ์•„์–„์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ฒ ๋„ (CN)์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์นด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์—๋นŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋…ธ์„ ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์ง€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด CN๊ณผ ํ•ด๋‹น ์„ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์ž์ฒด์™€ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์€ 1962๋…„ 11์›”์— 1967๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ ๊ฐœ์ตœ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ ๊ตฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ๊ณผ ์„ฌ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” 4ํ˜ธ์„  ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์„ ์šฐ์„  ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ•์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3ํ˜ธ์„ ์€ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชฝ๋ฃจ์•„์–„ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ „๋ฉด ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋‘๋ชฝํƒ€๋‰ด์„  ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฌด์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ธ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์ฒ ๋„ (Rรฉseau express mรฉtropolitain)๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์€ 5ํ˜ธ์„ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‹œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ๋กœ๋ Œ์Šค๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ์„ฌ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์–ด๋Š ์ง€์ž์ฒด์— ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ์ง“๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์„์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋กฑ๊ดด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ข…์ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 4ํ˜ธ์„  ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์€ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ๋“œ๋ชฝํ‹ฐ๋‹ˆ์—ญ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ๋กœ๋ Œ์Šค๊ฐ• ํ•˜์ €ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋กฑ๊ดด์œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์˜ค์Š๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ตฐ๋„์— ์ง€์–ด์งˆ ์—‘์Šคํฌ์žฅ์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ƒํ…”๋ Œ์„ฌ์€ ์—‘์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋„์ค‘์— ์„ฌ์„ ๋ฉ”์›Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฌ๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ธํŠธ๋ฅด๋‹ด์„ฌ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์„ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 4ํ˜ธ์„ ์€ 1967๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ์— ์—‘์Šคํฌ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์™„๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๋ง์€ 1967๋…„ 4์›” 28์ผ์— ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์ด ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ, ๋กฑ๊ดด์œ , ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ๋Š” ์ด ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„์šฉ 2์–ต 1,370๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋‹ดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์€ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ํ™•์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๋ง์ด ๋ถ€ํ’€์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋Š” ใ€Š์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ข… 2000ใ€‹ (Horizon 2000) ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ 2000๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 160km์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์žฅ (1971-1988) 1970๋…„, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์„ฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋กœ ์žฌ๊ฐœํŽธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด (Communautรฉ urbaine de Montrรฉal, CUM)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ถŒ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ์šด์˜๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ตํ†ต์œ„์›ํšŒ (Commission de transport de la CUM, CTCUM)๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์„คํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ „๋‘ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. CTCUM์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์„ฌ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ•ฉ์น˜๊ณ  1985๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ (Sociรฉtรฉ de transport de la communautรฉ urbaine de Montrรฉal, STCUM), 2002๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ (Sociรฉtรฉ de transport de Montrรฉal, STM)์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„ 5์›”์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์ด 1976๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ 1ํ˜ธ์„ ๊ณผ 2ํ˜ธ์„  ์—ฐ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋™์„œ์ถ• ๋…ธ์„ ์ธ 5ํ˜ธ์„  ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์„ ์ง“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 4์–ต 3์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์Šน์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„์˜ 60%๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” 1971๋…„ 10์›” 14์ผ์— 1ํ˜ธ์„  ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„ ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ์ง€์–ด์งˆ ํ”ผ๋‡Œํ”„์™€ 25๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ (์˜ค๋…ธ๋ ˆ ๋ณด๊ทธ๋ž‘์—ญ)๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์™ธ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๋กœ ํ™˜์Šนํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹œ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜• ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๊ตฌ๋งค์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ ํ™•์žฅ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋„ ๋ฐ˜์ž๋™ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—๋„ ์ ๊ทน ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰ ์ง์ „์ธ 1976๋…„ 6์›”์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1ํ˜ธ์„ ์€ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ญ๊ณผ ๋ผ์‚ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์•™๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‡ฝ ๊ณต์›๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚จ์„œ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ 1978๋…„ 9์›”์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์ดํ›„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋„ ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1975๋…„์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ผ์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ ์ง€์ถœ ๋น„์šฉ์€ 16์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ž๋‹ค. ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ ๋น„์šฉ์— ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋“œ๋ผํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 1976๋…„ 5์›” 19์ผ์— ๋ชจ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ฐฝ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด์˜€๋˜ 2ํ˜ธ์„  ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ 5ํ˜ธ์„  ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ž…์ฐฐ์€ ์ „๋ฉด ๋™๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ์€ ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์‚ฐํ•˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต์œ„์›ํšŒ (Bureau des transport de Montrรฉal)๋Š” ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— ๋‚˜๋ฎˆ๋ฅด์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์•„ํ”„๋ž‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ์ž…์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1977๋…„, ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋‹น์„ ๋œ ๋ฅด๋„ค ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ํฌ์˜ ํ€˜๋ฒก๋‹น ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 2ํ˜ธ์„  ์—ฐ์žฅ๊ณผ 5ํ˜ธ์„  ์‹ ์„ค ๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ถˆ ์œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์€ 1980๋…„์— ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค์ƒ์•™๋ฆฌ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€, 1981๋…„์— ์Šค๋…ธ๋“ ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—ญ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1979๋…„ 12์›”, ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ตํ†ต ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ 2ํ˜ธ์„ ์„ ๋’ค์ฝœ๋ ˆ์ฃผ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€, 5ํ˜ธ์„ ์„ ์Šค๋…ธ๋“ ์—ญ์—์„œ ์•™์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์ง€์„ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒ ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ๋“ค์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋‚œ์ƒ‰์„ ํ‘œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ดํ›„ 1981๋…„ 2์›”์— ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์— ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์„ ์Šน์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2ํ˜ธ์„ ์€ 1984๋…„์— ๋’ค์ฝœ๋ ˆ์ฃผ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  1986๋…„์— ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠ€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์„ฌ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฅผ U์ž๋กœ ์ž‡๋Š” ๋…ธ์„ ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•œ ๋’ค ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋…ธ์„ ์ด ์ฒซ ์‚ฝ์„ ๋“  ์ง€ 14๋…„๋งŒ์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์„ฌ ์ค‘์•™์„ ๋™์„œ๋กœ ์ž‡๋Š” 5ํ˜ธ์„  ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์€ 2ํ˜ธ์„  ์žฅ ํƒˆ๋กฑ์—ญ์—์„œ 1988๋…„์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ์Šค๋…ธ๋“ ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ €์กฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ STCUM์€ ๊ฐœํ†ต ๋‹น์‹œ 3๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 5์‹œ 30๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜คํ›„ 7์‹œ 30๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ์ฃผ ์Šน๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ง‰์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์˜คํ›„ 11์‹œ 10๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€, 2002๋…„์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ „ 12์‹œ 15๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด์™€ ์ง€์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋…ธ์„  1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ด์—ฐ์žฅ์€ 20๋…„ ๋งŒ์— 4๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ธธ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1981๋…„์— ํ€˜๋ฒก์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  1983-84๋…„์— ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๋’ค์ฝœ๋ ˆ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ ˆํŒกํ‹ฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž‡๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ ์ฒ ๋„์ธ 6ํ˜ธ์„ ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋‡Œํ”„์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ชฝ๋ ˆ์•Œ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” 7ํ˜ธ์„  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ผ๋””์†ก์—ญ๊ณผ ํ‘ธ์•ตํ† ํŠธ๋ž‘๋ธ”์„ ์ž‡๋Š” 8ํ˜ธ์„  ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ , ๋ฐฉ๋”์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ผ์‹ ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” 10ํ˜ธ์„ , ์•™๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‡ฝ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ผ์‚ด์„ ์ž‡๋Š” 11ํ˜ธ์„ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1985๋…„, ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์„  ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ž์œ ๋‹น ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์— ์ œ๋™์„ ๊ฑธ๊ณ  1988๋…„์— ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1989๋…„ ํ€˜๋ฒก์ฃผ ์ด์„ ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ 7ํ˜ธ์„  ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™”๊ณ  5ํ˜ธ์„ ์„ ์ƒ๋ฏธ์…ธ์—ญ์—์„œ ์•™์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋ฅด๋ฆฌ ๋‹น์ฃผ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ๊นŒ์ง€, 2ํ˜ธ์„ ์„ ๋ถ€์•„ํ”„๋ž‘์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ€˜๋ฒก์ฃผ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ€˜๋ฒก์ฃผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฐ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ •๋ถ€๋„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์—…์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ (2002-) 1996๋…„, ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ตํ†ต๊ธฐ๊ด€ (Agence mรฉtropolitaine de transport, AMT)์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AMT๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ์šด์˜์„ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ, AMT๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ตํ†ต๋ง (Rรฉseau de transport mรฉtropolitain, RTM)์œผ๋กœ, 2018๋…„ 5์›”์—๋Š” ์—‘์†Œ (exo)๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ์žฅ 1998๋…„, STCUM์€ 2ํ˜ธ์„  ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์„ ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ•์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ผ๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2002๋…„ 3์›” 18์ผ์— ์ฐฉ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์€ ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€ ์‚ฐํ•˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ AMT๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ ๋กœ ๋ฐ ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ (STM)๊ฐ€ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ์žฅ 5.2km ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ 2007๋…„ 4์›” 28์ผ์— ์™„๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ผ๋ฐœ์—๋Š” ์นด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์—, ๋“œ๋ผ์ฝฉ์ฝ”๋ฅด๋“œ, ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ์—ญ ๋“ฑ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ ์—ญ์ด ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธํ›„ ์‹œ์„ค ๊ต์ฒด ํ•œํŽธ 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ STM์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฐœํ†ต ์ดํ›„ ๊ณ„์† ์“ฐ๋˜ ๋…ธํ›„ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ยท๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ ๊ทน ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ ํ˜• ์ „๋™์ฐจ์ธ MPM-10 (์•„์ฅ๋ฅด)์ด 2016๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ˜์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ„ฐ๋„์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ-UQAM์—ญ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ญ์ด ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ง€์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•™์ฃผ ์—ฐ์žฅ 1998๋…„ 10์›” 14์ผ, ํ€˜๋ฒก ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์„ ํ”ผ๋‡Œํ”„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ผ๋ฐœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 9์›” 22์ผ, ํ€˜๋ฒก ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€ ์‹ค๋ฑ… ๊ณ ๋“œ๋กœ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์„ ์•™์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด 5๊ฐœ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ, 6km ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 2์›”, ์—ฐ์žฅ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด 15์–ต์—์„œ 30์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 4์›” 9์ผ, ์ฅ์Šคํƒฑ ํŠธ๋คผ๋„ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ด๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•„๋ฆฝ ์ฟ ์ด์•ผ๋ฅด ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋Š” 2027๋…„ ๊ฐœํ†ต์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„  ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•™์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์€ 39์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ตœ์ข… ์ถ”์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2021๋…„์— ์ฐฉ๊ณต์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 2์›” 19์ผ, ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„  ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋‹ด ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค ๋ณด๋‚˜๋ฐฉํŠ€๋ฅด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ 7์ธต์— ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—๋Š” 100์—ฌ ๋ช…์ด ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  2019๋…„ ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง์› ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์šดํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋…ธ์„ ๊ณผ ์šดํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ๋…ธ์„ ๊ณผ ์š”์ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ค์ „ 5์‹œ 24๋ถ„๊ณผ 30๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์˜ค์ „ 12์‹œ 30๋ถ„๊ณผ 1์‹œ 30๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์šดํ–‰์„ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„ ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ 2-4๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—๋Š” ์ด 68๊ฐœ ์—ญ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ค‘ ๋„ค ๊ณณ์€ ํ™˜์Šน์—ญ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ณณ์€ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์—ญ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 950m๋กœ, ์—ญ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์งง์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ํ•„์—ญ๊ณผ ๋งฅ๊ธธ์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด (296m) ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ-UQAM์—ญ๊ณผ ์žฅ ๋“œ๋ผํฌ์—ญ (2,362m) ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ ํ‰๊ท  ๊นŠ์ด๋Š” 15๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊นŠ์€ ์—ญ์€ ์ƒค๋ฅผ๋ถ€์•„๋กœ, ์˜ค๋…ธ๋ ˆ ๋ณด๊ทธ๋ž‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์ด ์ง€ํ•˜ 29.6m์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋œ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์€ ์•™๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‡ฝ์—ญ๊ณผ ๋กฑ๊ดด์œ -์œ„๋‹ˆ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์‹œํ…Œ ๋“œ ์…ฐ๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋ฃจํฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€ํ•˜ 4.3m์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์€ ๊ธธ์ด 152.4m, ๋„ˆ๋น„ ์ตœ์†Œ 3.8m๋กœ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ, ์Šค๋…ธ๋“ , ์žฅ ํƒˆ๋กฑ์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜์Šน์—ญ์˜ ์„ฌ์‹ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋Œ€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒค๋ฅผ๋ถ€์•„์™€ ๋“œ ๋ ˆ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—ญ์€ ์—ฐ์•ฝ ์ง€๋ฐ˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ธต ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์˜ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์— ๋ฐ€๋ด‰๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์ถ”์šด ๋‚ ์”จ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ 1976๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜๋น„ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ถœ์ž…๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด๋ฉด ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ํ„ฐ๋„์— ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๋„๋ธ”๋ก์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋‚ด์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ญ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ด์ฐจ ์ •๋ณด ์•ˆ๋‚ดํŒ 2014๋…„ ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋น„์ง€์˜น (MรฉtroVision) ์ „๊ด‘ํŒ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๋ฉด ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋น” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋น„์ถ”๋Š” ์ด ์ „๊ด‘ํŒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‘ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ ์˜ค๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ด‘๊ณ ์™€ ๋‰ด์Šค, ๋‚ ์”จ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ง€์—ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์šดํ–‰ ์ค‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์šดํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๊ฐ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์€ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์—ญ์€ 68๊ฐœ ์—ญ ์ค‘ 14๊ฐœ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตํ†ต ์•ฝ์ž ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ์—ญ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ 10๊ฐœ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ญ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธต์— ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํœ ์ฒด์–ด๋‚˜ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ตํ†ต ์•ฝ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์—ญ์€ 2007๋…„์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ 2ํ˜ธ์„  ๋ผ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, 2022๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋กœ 2ํ˜ธ์„ ์— ํฌ์ง„๋œ 31๊ฐœ ์—ญ์— ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์š”๊ธˆ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๊ณผ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์š”๊ธˆ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ํ•œ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๊ณผ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ฐœ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•œ ๋’ค 120๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌด์ œํ•œ ํ™˜์Šน์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋ฐœ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์นด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์—, ๋“œ ๋ผ ์ฝฉ์ฝ”๋ฅด๋“œ, ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ์—ญ๊ณผ ๋กฑ๊ดด์œ ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋กฑ๊ดด์œ -์œ„๋‹ˆ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์‹œํ…Œ ๋“œ ์…ฐ๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋ฃจํฌ์—ญ์€ ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค. ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ๋Š” ์—‘์†Œ์˜ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ์™€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๋™๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ด‘์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ (Autoritรฉ rรฉgionale de transport mรฉtropolitain, ARTM)์ด ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ฑ…์ •ํ•˜๋Š” TRAM ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์ด๋‚˜ ์ •๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ STM ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์„ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์˜ ๋ณด๋‚˜๋ฐฉํŠ€๋ฅด, ๋ฃจ์‹œ์•™ ๋ž„๋ฆฌ์—, ๋ฐฉ๋”, ๋“œ ๋ผ ์ฝฉ์ฝ”๋ฅด๋“œ์—ญ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์˜ ํŒŒํฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์š”๊ธˆ ์ œ๋„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฐœํ†ต ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ค„๊ณง ์จ์™”๋˜ ๊ฐœ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์Šน์ฐจ๊ถŒ์— ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ์˜์ˆ˜์ฆ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ผ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋ผ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ • ์Šน์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ๊ธธ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1966๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2009๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์Šน ํ‘œ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์Šน ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ์งœ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์ ํžŒ ํ™˜์Šน ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„ ์š”๊ธˆ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์Šน์ฐจ๊ถŒ์— ๊ฐœ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๋‚ ์งœ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ์–ด ์˜์ˆ˜์ฆ ๋ฐ ํ™˜์Šน ํ‘œ๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ  120๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๊ณผ ๋ฒ„์Šค ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌด์ œํ•œ ํ™˜์Šน์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ฒ€ํ‘œํ•  ๋•Œ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์งœ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. OPUS ์นด๋“œ 2008๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์š”๊ธˆ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋ฉด ์ „์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„์Šค์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์š”๊ธˆํ•จ์€ ํ˜„๊ธˆ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ž๊ธฐ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘œ์™€ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋น„์ ‘์ด‰์‹ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์นด๋“œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถฉ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์ ‘์ด‰์‹ ๊ตํ†ต์นด๋“œ์ธ OPUS ์นด๋“œ (์˜คํ“Œ์Šค ์นด๋“œ)๋กœ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „์ž ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ†ต์นด๋“œ ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ๋Š” RFID๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. OPUS ์นด๋“œ์—๋Š” ์ผํšŒ๊ถŒ, ์™•๋ณต ์Šน์ฐจ๊ถŒ, 10ํšŒ๊ถŒ, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ •๊ธฐ๊ถŒ, ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ์ •๊ธฐ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ TRAM ์ •๊ธฐ๊ถŒ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์Šน์ฐจ๊ถŒ์„ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด, ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๋งŒ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ์€ ๋’ท๋ฉด์— ์ฆ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” OPUS ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฐœ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ„์Šค์˜ ์ „์ž ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์€ ์Šน์ฐจ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. 2015๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ OPUS ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” OPUS ์นด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” STM์ด NFC ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ OPUS ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ์•ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ์œ ์ง€๋ณด์ˆ˜๋น„, ์„ค๋น„, ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์Šน์ฐจ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ •๊ธฐ๊ถŒ ํŒ๋งค๋กœ ์–ป๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต์€ ์ „์ฒด ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์˜ 45%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์„ฌ์˜ ์ง€์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ 32% ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ 6%, ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ 13%๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. STM์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๊ณผ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋”ฐ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์œ„ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๊ณผ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ STM์˜ ์ง์ ‘ ์šดํ–‰ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋น„์šฉ์€ 6์–ต 7,700๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ• ์ธ ์š”๊ธˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋Š” 5์–ต 3,900๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋„ 1์–ต 8,900๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. STM ์ด์˜ˆ์‚ฐ 14์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ค‘ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๊ฐ€ 64%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ค๋น„ ๋น„์šฉ์ด 23%, 31์–ต 6์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์ƒํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์ด 13%๋กœ ์ง‘๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๋งŒ ํ•œํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šด์˜๋น„ 3์–ต 100๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ค‘ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๊ฐ€ 76%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „๊ธฐ์„ธ๋Š” 9%๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ „์•ก ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ์„ค ์œ ์ง€ยท๋ณด์ˆ˜์™€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€, ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์„ฌ์˜ ์ง€์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 100% ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๊ต์ฒด ๋น„์šฉ์˜ 74%๋Š” ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€, ํ™˜ํ’๊ตฌ ๊ต์ฒด ์ž‘์—…์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๋น„์šฉ 33%๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ์ง€๋Š” STM์ด ์ „๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ „ ์‹œ์„ค ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์€ STM ๊ฒ€ํ‘œ์› 167๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ตญ (Service de police de la ville de Montrรฉal, SPVM)์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ „๋‹ด ์š”์› 115๋ช…์ด ์ˆœ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. SPVM ์š”์›๋“ค์€ 2์ฒœ์—ฌ ๋Œ€์˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์™€ ์•ˆ๋ฉด ์ธ์‹ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋Œ€ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์™€ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ํ†ต์‹  ์„ผํ„ฐ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์ƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์™€ ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์งค๋ง‰ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—๋งŒ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ด์ฐจ์—๋งŒ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋Š๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ๋„ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋น„์ƒ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋กœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ œ3๊ถค์กฐ ์„ ๋กœ์— ๋ฐœ์„ ๋””๋””์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ 15m ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ด ํ‘œ์ง€ํŒ์ด ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 150m ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ”ผ์†Œ์— ๋น„์ƒ ์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ, ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์™€ ์†Œํ™”์ „์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง€์ƒ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์ƒ๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ์ธต์—๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์†Œํ™”์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๋น„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ„ฐ๋„์— ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์†Œํ™”์ „์„ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์†Œํ™”์ „์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ™”์ „ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ์†Œํ™”์ „์ด ํญ๋ฐœํ•ด ํ„ฐ๋„ ์•ˆ์— ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ณ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ๊ฐœํ†ต ์ดํ›„ ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1967๋…„์— ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ด ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 1์–ต 3,600๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด์˜€๋˜ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ๋ฐ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ 3์–ต 6,700๋งŒ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ๋น„๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋‰ด์š• ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ƒ์Šน์„ธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง๊ณผ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฝ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1996๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ์Šน์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„  ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ-UQAM๊ณผ ๋งฅ๊ธธ์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด, ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ์ƒ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ์—ฐ์„ ์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์•„์›Œ์— ํ˜ผ์žกํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์•„์›Œ์— ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์—ด์ฐจ ๋ช‡ ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋‚ด์—๋Š” ์—์–ด์ปจ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋‚ด ํ˜ผ์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์€ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ-UQAM (์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 1264๋งŒ 200๋ช…), ๋งฅ๊ธธ (1179๋งŒ 3714๋ช…), ๊ธฐ-์ปจ์ปค๋””์•„ (1020๋งŒ 5552๋ช…), ๋ณด๋‚˜๋ฐฉํŠ€๋ฅด (943๋งŒ 502๋ช…), ๋กฑ๊ดด์œ -์œ„๋‹ˆ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์‹œํ…Œ ๋“œ ์…ฐ๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋ฃจํฌ์—ญ (850๋งŒ 4353๋ช…) ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ณณ ์ค‘ ๋„ค ๊ณณ์€ ์‹œ๋‚ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์€ ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 80๋งŒ 3,769๋ช…์ด ์Šน์ฐจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ •๋น„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ข…์ ์— ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ์œ„์ƒ ์ „๋‹ด ์ง์›์ด ๋งค์ผ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฒญ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. 331km์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ์™€ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ ๋ฐ”์˜ ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ด ์ง์›์ด ๋งก๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ยท๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์ด ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ฌ์•ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์ธ ์˜ค์ „ 1์‹œ 30๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ 50๋Ÿ‰, ์ž‘์—…์šฉ ์†Œํ˜• ๊ฒฌ์ธ์ฐจ 25๋Œ€, ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ 2๋Œ€, ์„ ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ 1๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ด 119๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ์ง€ยท๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฐค์‚ฌ์ด์— ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์™€ ์ง„๊ณต์ฒญ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ ๋””์ ค ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋กœ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํก์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์—… ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋น„์˜ค, ๋’ค๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋„ค, ์œ ๋นŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ „๋‘ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์žฅ ๋“œ๋ผํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ•˜ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตํ†ต ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ๋‚ ์”จ์—๋„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ถœํ‡ด๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์†กํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์€ ํ€˜๋ฒก์˜ ์ถ”์šด ๊ฒจ์šธ๊ณผ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ดํ›„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋œ ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ „ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์„œ ์ง€๋ถ•์„ ๋ฎ๋Š” ์ ˆ๊ฐœ ๊ณต๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—๋งŒ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์„œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ตด์ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํŒŒ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋“ค๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๊ณผ ๋‰ด์š• ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์“ฐ์ด๋˜ ๊ณต๋ฒ•์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ ๊ณต๋ฒ•์€ ํŒŒ๋‚ธ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์— ์ง€ํ•˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์„คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋„๋กœ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ตด์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„์‹œ ํ†ตํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ง€์žฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์„ฌ์˜ ํ•˜์ธต๋ฉด์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ์„ํšŒ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€๋งŒ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์„œ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ์ง“๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”์œ„์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ๋กœ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ตด์ฐฉ์ด ์ ˆ๊ฐœ ๊ณต๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„ค ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฅ ๋“œ๋ผํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€์žฅ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€ํ•˜์—์„œ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ๊ตด์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ 30%๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋„์ด ์ง€๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊นŠ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋ฐ˜์ด ์—ฐ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋˜์ง€๋ผ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ ๊ณต๋ฒ•์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ตํ–‰์— ๋œ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„  ์‹œ๋‚ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ƒํŠธ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฐ๋Š๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋“œ๋ฉ”์ข…๋‡Œ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ, ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ๋™๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋“œ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ „์ฒด์˜ 80%๋Š” ๋ฐœํŒŒ ๋ฐ ๊ตด์ฐฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘์•™ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด 7.1m, ๋†’์ด 4.9m ํ„ฐ๋„์— ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ์„ ๋กœ๋กœ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ฒ ๋„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฅ ๋“œ๋ผํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฒ ๋„์™€ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ผํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆ์ผ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ˆœ๋ฐฉ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋น„๊ต์  ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์Šน์ฐจ๊ฐ์ด ๋” ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์†Œ์Œ์ด ๋œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ฐ์† ๋“ฑํŒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ์ฐจ๋ฅœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Š” 1940๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์‹œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋˜ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์€ ์ง€๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์•„ ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ์ฐจ๋ฅœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๊ณณ๋„ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ผ ๊ธ‰์ปค๋ธŒ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ •๋งฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋„์— ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ์† ๋“ฑํŒ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ข‹์•„ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ฐ์†์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ํšŒ์„์€ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 200๋งŒ ์ž…๋ฐฉ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์— ์ƒˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์„ ํŽŒํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ„ฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „๋ฉด ์ง€ํ•˜๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ „๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ์€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ๋ฏธ์Š๋žญ๊ณผ RATP์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ STM์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์ˆ˜๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋กœ ์—ญ์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ญ์€ ์ง€์ƒ์ธต์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ญ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊นŠ์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ๊ณผ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ, ์ง„์ž… ํ†ต๋กœ์— ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…์ฒด๊ฐ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์€ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์ถฉ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ญ์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ์–‘์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์€ ์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์— ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ์ ๊ทน ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ•œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. 50์—ฌ ๊ฐœ ์—ญ์— ๋น„๊ต์  ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๊ฐ์ƒ, ์œ ๋ฆฌํŒ, ๋ฒฝํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 105๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐ˜์ฒด์ œ, ๋ฐ˜์ข…๊ต ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์–ธ์„œ์ธ ใ€Š์ „๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์ ˆใ€‹ (Refus global)์˜ ์„œ๋ช…์ž๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ 1966๋…„์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์ด ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘” ์ ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‘˜์”ฉ ์Œ“์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋™ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์ด ์—ฐ์žฅ๋œ 1973๋…„๊ณผ 1986๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค์‚ฌ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์— ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฏธ์ˆ ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ๋”๋ฆญ ๋ฐฑ์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฐ์ž๋ฅด์—ญ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ์ฒœ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ€˜๋ฒก์˜ ์Šˆํผ๋งˆ์ผ“ ์ฒด์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ธ๋ฒ„๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€ 1๋…„ ๋‚จ์ง“ ์ง€๋‚œ 1967๋…„์— ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€ (์ƒน๋“œ๋งˆ๋ฅด์Šค), ์ƒ์žฅ๋ฐฅํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธํšŒ (์…ฐ๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋ฃจํฌ), ๋ฐ์ž๋ฅด๋Œ• ์‹ ์šฉ์กฐํ•ฉ (ํฌ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์ง€, ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ-UQAM), ์žฅ์ธํšŒ (ํŒŒํ”ผ๋…ธ), ๋งฅ๋„๋„๋“œ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ (๋งฅ๊ธธ) ๋“ฑ์ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ฒซ ๊ฐœํ†ต ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”๊ฐ€์ด์ž ๋งŒํ™”๊ฐ€์˜€๋˜ ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ๋ผํŒœ์€ ํ€˜๋ฒก๊ณผ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ…Œ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์„ ์ด๊ด„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ผํŒœ์˜ ์ง€์นจ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ง€์ผœ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€ ํŽ˜๋กฑ์€ ์ƒน๋“œ๋งˆ๋ฅด์Šค์—ญ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ํƒ€์ผ์— ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด ๋…ธ์„ ์ด ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์ง€์นจ์€ ์ฒ ํšŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ๋ฒฝํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” MU๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋กฑ์˜ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ƒน๋“œ๋งˆ๋ฅด์Šค์—ญ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ ๋ฒฝ์˜ ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ƒ‰์น ํ•ด ์ƒ๋™๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์—ญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์Šค์ฝฐ๋ฅด๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„-OACI์—ญ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ง€์–ด์งˆ ๋•Œ ์–‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋ฅด ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ ์–‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ณ„๋‹จ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํผ์ง€๋ง‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœํด๋ฆฌํƒ„ (Mรฉtropolitaine) ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2000๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ด‘์žฅ์ด ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ์— ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœํด๋ฆฌํƒ„ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  RATP๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ํƒ€์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ˜• ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์‚ด๋ ค๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์— ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ์€ ์นด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์—์—ญ, ์žฅ ๋“œ๋ผํฌ์—ญ, ๋ชฝ๋ฃจ์•„์–„์—ญ, ํŒŒํ”ผ๋…ธ์—ญ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” 1930๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ฏธ์Š๋žญ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์„ ์“ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” 3๋Ÿ‰ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋Š์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ค‘ ์•ž๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” 2๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€์† ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ 1๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 2.51m๋กœ, ๋‰ด์š•๊ณผ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์ด 3.05m์ธ ์ ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์งง์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 3๋Ÿ‰, 6๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜๋Š” 9๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด 152.4m์˜ 9๋Ÿ‰ ์—ด์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์—๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ด ๋ฐ•์Šค์™€ ์ฐจ๋™ ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋Œ€์ฐจ์— ์žˆ๊ณ  750 ๋ณผํŠธ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ ๋กœ์™€ ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์„ ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฃผํ–‰, ์œ ๋™, ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋Œ€ ์œ„์—๋Š” ์–‘์ชฝ์— ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถค ์„ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธธ์ด 5.5m, ๋„ˆ๋น„ 25.4m์˜ ์ฒ ๊ทผ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์˜†์—๋Š” ์œ ๋™ ๋ฐ ์ „์› ๊ณต๊ธ‰์šฉ ์ฒ ๋ด‰์ด ํด๋ฆฌ์—์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ฒด ์œ„์— ์ˆ˜ํ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๋Œ€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ๋Œ€์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ง ๋„ค ๊ฐœ, ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ๋„ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด ๋„ค ๊ฐœ, ์ฒ ์ œ ๋ณด์กฐ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด ๋„ค ๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ง์ด ๊ฒฌ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ง€์ง€๋Œ€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ฐจ์— ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒ ์ œ ๋ณด์กฐ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํƒ€์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ํŽ‘ํฌ ๋‚  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ๋ณด์กฐ ํƒ€์ด์–ด ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ์ œ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋„ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์“ธ ์ผ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์Š๋žญ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์Šคํ†ค์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋Š” ์—ด์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€๋„ ์งˆ์†Œ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆ์ด ๋ถ™์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์Šค์ธ ์งˆ์†Œ๋กœ ์ฑ„์šด๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋Š” ์„ค์น˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ฒ€์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ 9์ฒœ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๊ต์ฒดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” 2013๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ผ ๋…„์— 9๋งŒ 4์ฒœ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์—์„œ 11๋งŒ ์ฒœ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๊ผด๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ์…ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 20๋งŒ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ€์† ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ง์€ 32๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ, ์œ ๋™ ํƒ€์ด์–ด๋Š” 53๋งŒ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ดํ›„ ๊ต์ฒดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 3์–ต 1,500๋งŒ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ์™€ํŠธ์‹œ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ค‘ 65%๋Š” ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์— ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์€ ํžˆ๋“œ๋กœํ€˜๋ฒก (Hydro-Quรฉbec) ์ด 7๊ฐœ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์†Œ์—์„œ 12.5ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ณผํŠธ์˜ ์ „์•• (ํ”„๋กœ๋น„๋˜์Šค, ๋ฅด์žฅ๋“œ๋ฅด, ๋”•์Šจ, ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ) ๋˜๋Š” 25 kV (์Šค๋…ธ๋“ , ์ƒ๋ฏธ์…ธ, ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ)๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์†Œ 7๊ณณ์€ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ 63๊ณณ์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ 3์ƒ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง๋ฅ˜ 750V๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์–‘๊ทน์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ๋„๋ด‰๊ณผ ์Œ๊ทน์ธ ์ฒ ๋กœ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํƒ„์†Œ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์žก์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์„ค๋˜์–ด ๊ธˆ์† ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ถ€์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋†“์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ๋„๋ด‰ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์จ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ 100% ์ง€ํ•˜๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ์†๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ „์ฒด ์—ด์˜ 80%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด์€ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—์–ด์ปจ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์—ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ„ฐ๋„์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋”์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ƒ‰๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์„ค์€ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ MR-73์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ™˜ํ’๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , MPM-10์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์—ด์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๊ณผ ํ„ฐ๋„์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋‚ด ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋‚ด ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ†ตํ’๊ตฌ์™€ ์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ 88๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ์ธต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์„ค์€ ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์— ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ”ผ ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ„ฐ๋„ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. "๋‘๋‘๋‘" 2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ MR-73 ์ „๋™์ฐจ์™€ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์— ๋„์ž…๋œ MPM-10 ์ „๋™์ฐจ์—๋Š” ์ถœ์ž…๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์„ ๋•Œ ํšจ๊ณผ์Œ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™์Œ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, MR-73 ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์ดˆํผ ์ œ์–ด ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ์†”-๋„-์†” 3๊ฐœ ์Œ์„ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ดˆํผ ์ œ์–ด ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์†ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€์—ด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก 5๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋งŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ์€ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์Œ์€ 1967๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€๋˜ ์—๋Ÿฐ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋Ÿฐ๋“œ์˜ ๊ณก์ธ ใ€ŠํŒฌํŽ˜์–ด ํฌ ๋” ์ปค๋จผ ๋งจใ€‹ (Fanfare for the Common Man) ์ฒซ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธ ์Œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ๋™ ์žฅ์น˜ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋Š” ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์† 10km์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํšŒ์ƒ ์ œ๋™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ œ๋™์€ ์—”์ง„์„ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค. MR-73๊ณผ MPM-10 ์ „๋™์ฐจ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ง์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฌด ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ์ฒ ๋ฅœ์— ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋•…์ฝฉ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ž์ž‘๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ œ๋™ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์„ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์ž๋™ ์šด์ „ ๋ฐฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ธฐ๊ด€์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ž๋™ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šด์ „ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ 1976๋…„์— 1, 2, 5ํ˜ธ์„ ์— ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ถœ์ž…๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์ž๋™ ์šด์ „ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šด์ „๋Œ€์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ • ์†๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ๋™์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ์œ„์น˜์— ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋ฉฐ ์ถœ์ž…๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฐ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ด€์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ์† 40km ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ • ์†๋„๋Š” ๊ด€์ œํƒ‘์—์„œ ์„ ๋กœ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ์ „๊ธฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์— ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์„ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ, ์—ด์ฐจ ์šด์ „๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ฐจ๋‚ด ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทœ์ • ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋™ ์ •์ฐจ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ๋กœ ํ† ๋Œ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋„ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ „๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์ œ๋™ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ œ๋™ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ถ€์˜ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋˜์–ด ์ œ๋™ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ œ์–ด ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ธ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์— ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์† 5km ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๊ณ  ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—ญ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์ž…๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด 9๋Ÿ‰ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ œ๋™ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ ์ง„์ž…์„ 152m (์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ๊ธธ์ด) ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์นด์šดํŠธ๋‹ค์šด์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ํšŒ์ƒ ์ œ๋™์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ œ๋™ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๋™ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž๋™ ์šด์ „ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์—ญ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์˜ ์›์ง€๋ฆ„์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ๋™ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ์—ญ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ฐจ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„ 5cm ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์šดํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ „๋™์ฐจ 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. MR-73์€ ๋ด„๋ฐ”๋””์–ด ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํฌํ…Œ์ด์ˆ€์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์ขŒ์„์˜ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋กœ (๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€์ƒ‰์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค) ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐ˜์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ MR-63์ด ํ‡ด์—ญํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„ ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์— ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. MPM-10์€ ๋ด„๋ฐ”๋””์–ด์™€ ์•Œ์Šคํ†ฐ์ด ํ•ฉ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 2012๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต์ฒญํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ํ˜• ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์•„์ฅ๋ฅด(Azur)๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MR-63 ๊ต์ฒด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์ด ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง€์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ์—ด์ฐจ์˜€๋˜ MR-63์€ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ์˜ MP 59 ์ „๋™์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ข…์ด๊ณ  ๋น„์ปค์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ 1965๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 67๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ˆ˜์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MR-63์€ 2018๋…„ 6์›” 21์ผ์— ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ํ‡ด์—ญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MR-63์€ ์ขŒ์„ ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ํฐ์ƒ‰์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„ ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์—๋งŒ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด 369๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์—ด์ฐจ ์ค‘ 33๋Ÿ‰์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” 1991๋…„๊ณผ 93๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ „๋ฉด ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2000๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ขŒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 313๋Œ€๋Š” MPM-10์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณต์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๊ต์ฒด 2001๋…„, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ›„ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ (STM)๋Š” ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๊ต์ฒด ์ž‘์—…์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์ธ MR-63์„ ์‹ ํ˜• ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ •๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๊ต์ฒด ์ž‘์—…์€ 2005๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 5์›” 11์ผ, ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ด„๋ฐ”๋””์–ด ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํฌํ…Œ์ด์ˆ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ STM์˜ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์—…์ฒด๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ 2010๋…„์— ์˜ˆ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ˆ˜์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 7์›” 31์ผ, ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ƒ๊ธ‰๋ฒ•์›์ด ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ์ž…์ฐฐ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ์•Œ์Šคํ†ฐ์˜ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ STM์€ ์‹ ํ˜• ์ „๋™์ฐจ 342๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ž…์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  126๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ฃผํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์–ด๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„, ๋ด„๋ฐ”๋””์–ด์™€ ์•Œ์Šคํ†ฐ์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ปจ์†Œ์‹œ์—„ ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ข… ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋น„์šฉ์ธ 12์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ 18์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ STM๊ณผ 8๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๋‹น ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด STM์€ MR-73์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 765๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 288๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ฃผํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์–ด๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ STM์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ž…์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 1์›” ์žฌ์ž…์ฐฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ž…์ฐฐ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ์ฃผ์ €์šฐ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ CAF (Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles) ๋‘ ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 7์›” 13์ผ, STM์€ ์ฒ ์ œ ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ฃผ์ €์šฐ์˜ ์ž…์ฐฐ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  CAF์˜ ์ž…์ฐฐ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์„์— ์ „๋™์ฐจ 1053๋Ÿ‰ ๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ž…์ฐฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 2012๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์ˆ˜์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ž…์ฐฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ง€์—ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 2010๋…„ 10์›” 5์ผ, STM์ด ์ž…์ฐฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ด„๋ฐ”๋””์–ด-์•Œ์Šคํ†ฐ ์ปจ์†Œ์‹œ์—„์ด ํ€˜๋ฒก์ƒ๊ธ‰๋ฒ•์›์— ์žฌ์ž…์ฐฐ์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฅ ์ƒค๋ ˆ ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๊ต์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์‹ ํ˜• ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ด„๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋””์—-์•Œ์Šคํ†ฐ ์ปจ์†Œ์‹œ์—„์— ์ˆ˜์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ปจ์†Œ์‹œ์—„๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ์—์„œ ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๋ฐœ์ฃผ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๋‹น 100๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋™์ฐจ 468๋Ÿ‰ ๊ต์ฒด ๋น„์šฉ์€ 14์–ต 1์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์น˜์†Ÿ์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ ํ˜• ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ 2010๋…„์— ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•œ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ์ „๋™์ฐจ (Matรฉriel pneumatique de Montrรฉal acquis en 2010)๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์˜ MPM-10์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” 2012๋…„์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2014๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์šดํ–‰์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 1์›”, ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์†ŒํŠธํ”„์›จ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด 6๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 6๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์šดํ–‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๋‹ค์Œ 2016๋…„ 2์›” 7์ผ, ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์— ์‹ ํ˜• ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์šดํ–‰ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ƒค๋ฅดํŽœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์ž๋™ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ 2006๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์— ์“ฐ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ํ‰์ผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์•„์›Œ์—๋Š” 6๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” 3๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ๋„ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์ •์ฐจ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ, ์‹œ๋ฐœ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— ์ž๋™ ์šด์ „ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๋™ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ์‹œ์ ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ๋งŽ์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์€ 9๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋œํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์€ ๋งค์ผ ์ƒ์‹œ 6๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ •์€ ์ž๋™ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šด์ „ ์žฅ์น˜์— ์ œํ•œ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋‚˜ ์ข…์ ์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์™€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ ์—ญ์— ์–ธ์ œ ์ •์ฐจํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์—ญ์—์„œ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ฐฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ž๋™ ์šด์ „ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ œ๋™ ์ง์ „์— ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์—”์ง„์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌํœ ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋˜ํ•œ 1, 3, 5์ดˆ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘์•™ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹œ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฐฐ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ์„ค์ •์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ์—ญ ๋‘ ์„ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ถค๋„ ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ด€์ œ์†Œ์— ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—์„œ ๋” ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ์ œํ•œ ์†๋„๋Š” ์‹œ์† 0-40km์ด๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ๋งจ ๋์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์„ ๋กœ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ถˆ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ณ  ๋น„์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰ ๋ถˆ์€ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. ์ •์ „์ด๋‚˜ ์„ ๋กœ ๋ธ”๋ก ๊ณ ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ถˆ์ด ๊นœ๋นก์—ฌ ์ด์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ์— ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ์ ๊ฒ€ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข…์ฐฉ์—ญ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์••์„ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ฐฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ด์–ด์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ์••์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์•• ์ ๊ฒ€์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์—๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์••์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŽ‘ํฌ๋‚œ ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์••์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋น„์ƒ ์ฐจ๋ฅœ์ด ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€์‹  ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ฒฐํ•จ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€์ œ์†Œ์— ์ „์†ก๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์šดํ–‰ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ์ค‘์•™ ๊ด€์ œ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ด€์ œ์†Œ๋Š” ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ™˜๊ธฐ, ๋น„์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ, ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹ , ์•ˆ๋‚ด๋ฐฉ์†ก, ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด๊ด„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•Œ์Šคํ†ฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ ์ด์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์Šค (Iconis)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ œ์†Œ๊ฐ€ 2012๋…„ 2์›”์— ๋ณด์•ˆ์ƒ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์“ฐ์˜€๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ด€์ œ์†Œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๋น„๋˜์Šค ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 2033๋ฒˆ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์…ฐ๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋ฃจํฌ์—ญ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์ธ MR-63์ด ์ƒ์—… ์šดํ–‰์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ง€ 50๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 2016๋…„, ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 400๋งŒ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ผผ๊ผผํ•œ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์—… ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋ฐ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ์šดํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. MR-63์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•œ ๋น„์ปค์Šค๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์€ STM ์ •๋น„ ์ง์›๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ํ€˜๋ฒก์˜ ํ•˜์ฒญ ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์“ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์•ž์œ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ€˜๋ฒก์ฃผ ๋ณด์Šค ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์—…์ฒด์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. MR-73์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 2003๋…„์— 200๋งŒ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ 2036๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๋ณด๊ทธ๋ž‘๋“œ, ์•™๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‡ฝ, ์ƒ์ƒค๋ฅผ, ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ ๋“ฑ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€์— ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€์ธ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠ€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•™๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‡ฝ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉ์ณ์„œ ์ „์ฒด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 46%์ธ 39๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 54%๋Š” ์ข…์ฐฉ์—ญ ํ›„๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฐ• ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ทธ๋ž‘ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€(Garage Beaugrand)๋Š” 1ํ˜ธ์„  ์ข…์ฐฉ์—ญ์ธ ์˜ค๋…ธ๋ ˆ ๋ณด๊ทธ๋ž‘์—ญ ๋™์ชฝ์ธ ์…ฐ๋‹ˆ์— ๋ณด๊ทธ๋ž‘ ๊ณต์› ์ง€ํ•˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธด ์„ ๋กœ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„ ๋กœ์—๋Š” 9๋Ÿ‰ ์—ด์ฐจ ๋‘ ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค์—๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ ๊ฒ€์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ MR-63์ด ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•™๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‡ฝ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€(Garage Angrignon)๋Š” 1ํ˜ธ์„  ์ข…์ฐฉ์—ญ์ธ ์•™๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‡ฝ์—ญ ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์•™๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‡ฝ ๊ณต์› ์ง€ํ•˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์› ์ง€ํ•˜๋กœ 500m๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฐ•์„  ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•™๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‡ฝ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋Š” 6์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์›์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์ƒ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ƒค๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€(Garage Saint-Charles)๋Š” 2ํ˜ธ์„  ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์—ญ ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ์•ต ๊ณต์› ์ง€ํ•˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธด ์„ ๋กœ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ์ง€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ 20๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€์—๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž” ์†Œ๋ฒ  ๊ณต์› ์ง€ํ•˜์— 1974๋…„์— ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ„ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•ด ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ฒญ์†Œ์ฐจ๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€๋˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ 2๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋‚ด ๋น„์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•ด ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€(Garage Montmorency)๋Š” 2ํ˜ธ์„  ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ์—ญ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ ํ™˜์Šน ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ ์ง€ํ•˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„ ๋กœ์— 9๋Ÿ‰ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋Œ€์”ฉ ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์งง์€ ์„ ๋กœ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2ํ˜ธ์„  ๋ผ๋ฐœ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์šดํ–‰์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋‚ด์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ •๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค์—๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ ๊ฒ€๊ณผ ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฐ• ์„ ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ญ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์žํฌ ํ…ŒํŠธ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์ชฝ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ 300m๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠ€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€(Garage Cรดte-Vertu)๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€ ๋กœ๋žญ๊ณผ ํ‹ฐ๋จผ์Šค์— ์ง€์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ, ํ™”์ด์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ณตํ„ฐ ๋‘ ๊ณณ ๋ฐ‘์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€๋Š” 2ํ˜ธ์„ ์˜ MPM-10 ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ถ„์„ ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ผ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠ€์—ญ ๋’ค๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” 600m์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ •๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธด ์„ ๋กœ๋กœ ์ด 12๋Œ€์˜ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์„ ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋…ธ์„ ์ด ์—ฐ์žฅ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์ •๋น„๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ์™€ ๋ณด๊ทธ๋ž‘ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์œ ๋นŒ ์ •๋น„์†Œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ •๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠ€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€์— ์ง€์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋นŒ ์ •๋น„์†Œ(Plateau d'Youville): ํฌ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์ง€์™€ ์ƒ๋กœ๋ž‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋นŒ ์ •๋น„์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ค‘๊ฒ€์ˆ˜, MR-73 ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ •๋น„ยท์ ๊ฒ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋น„์†Œ๋Š” 2ํ˜ธ์„  ํฌ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ 5ํ˜ธ์„  ํŒŒํฌ์™€ ๋“œ์นด์Šคํ…”๋…ธ์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ž๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์›์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ 3km์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์„ ๋กœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฐ• ์„ ๋กœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ข…์ ๊ณผ ๋…ธ์„ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ „๋™์ฐจ์™€ ์„ ๋กœ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋’ค๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋„ค ๋ถ€์† ์ •๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค(Centre d'attachement Duvernay)์€ ์ „๋™์ฐจ์™€ ์„ ๋กœ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ€์† ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ์ง€, ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—ญ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ 1ํ˜ธ์„ ๊ณผ 2ํ˜ธ์„  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์„ ๋กœ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒํŠธํ๋„ค๊ณต๋“œ๊ฐ€์— ๋’ค๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋„ค์™€ ๋น„๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์˜ค ๋ถ€์† ์ •๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค(Centre d'attachement Viau)์—๋Š” ์ „๋™์ฐจ์™€ ์„ ๋กœ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์˜ค์—ญ ์„œ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ๋น„์˜ค์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ •๋น„ ์‹œ์„ค์€ ๋น„์˜ค์—ญ ์„œ์ชฝ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ-UQAM ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์„ ๋กœ(Raccordement Berri-UQAM)๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ-UQAM์—ญ์—์„œ 1ํ˜ธ์„ ๊ณผ 4ํ˜ธ์„ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šค๋…ธ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ฐ• ์„ ๋กœ(Raccordement & arriรจre-gare Snowdon)๋Š” ์Šค๋…ธ๋“ ์—ญ ๋‚จ์ชฝ๊ณผ ์„œ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ 2ํ˜ธ์„ ๊ณผ 5ํ˜ธ์„ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ๋กœ, ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์Šค๋…ธ๋“  ์ฃผ๋ฐ• ์„ ๋กœ๋Š” ํ€ธ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋”ํผ๋ฆฐ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด 813m์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠ€ ์ฃผ๋ฐ• ์„ ๋กœ(Arriรจre-gare Cรดte-Vertu)๋Š” ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠ€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง€์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๋„ค์™€ ๋“œ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” 900m์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์—ด ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ณ„ํš ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋…ธ์„  ์—ฐ์žฅ์•ˆ์€ 2007๋…„์— ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์ด ๋ผ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ์•ˆ์€ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ 2008๋…„์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์„ ์›์•ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฏธ์…ธ์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋ฅด๋ฆฌ ๋‹น์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ: 2018๋…„์— ํ•„๋ฆฝ ์ฟ ์ด์•ผ๋ฅด ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฅ์Šคํƒฑ ํŠธ๋คผ๋„ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ด๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํŠธ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 2026๋…„ ๊ฐœํ†ต ์˜ˆ์ •์ธ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠ€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‘๋ชฝํƒ€๋‰ด์„  ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ์ •์ฐจ์—ญ์ธ ๋ถ€์•„ํ”„๋ž‘์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅ: ์ด ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ํ‘ธ์•„๋ฆฌ์— (Poirier)์™€ ๋ถ€์•„ํ”„๋ž‘ (Bois-Franc)์— ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์„ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ (ARTM) ์€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„  ์‹œ๋‚ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜ผ์žก์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„  ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ-UQAM์—ญ์—์„œ ๋งฅ๊ธธ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ •์ฐจ์—ญ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฐ์žฅ. ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„ ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„  ์„œ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๋…ธ์„  2017๋…„, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์‹œ ์ •๋‹น์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์ œ ๋ชฝ๋ ˆ์•Œ์€ ๋ชฝ๋ ˆ์•Œ๋…ธ๋ฅด์—์„œ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ผ์‹ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ•‘ํฌ ์„ ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ์„  ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ชฝ๋ ˆ์•Œ๋…ธ๋ฅด์—์„œ ์‹œ๋‚ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€ํ•˜๋กœ, ์‹œ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ผ์‹ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ œ ๋ชฝ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฝ๋ ˆ์•Œ๋…ธ๋ฅด์—์„œ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ 2016๋…„ 12์›”์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 6์›” 26์ผ, ํ€˜๋ฒก ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์— ์‹œ๋‚ด์™€ ๋ผ์‹  ๊ฐ„ ํ•‘ํฌ ์„  ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ๋„์–ด 2018๋…„, STM์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„  ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์Šน์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์ง€์™€ ๋ณด๋‚˜๋ฐฉํŠ€๋ฅด์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ๋„์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 10์›” 15์ผ, ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ญ์— ๋†’์ด 2.5m ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ๋„์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 2020๋…„ ์ค‘์ˆœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  2021๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„๊ณผ 2022๋…„ ๋ง ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  2023๋…„๊ณผ 26๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 30๊ฐœ ์—ญ์— ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ๋„์–ด๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ  2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ํ”ผ์—๋ฅด ์—˜๋ฆฌ์˜คํŠธ ํŠธ๋คผ๋„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์— ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ๋†“์•„๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค„๊ณง ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒ ํ™”ํ•œ ์„œ๋ถ€๊ถŒ ์ „์ฒ (Train de l'Ouest)์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ธ ์ž๋™ํ™” ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ ์ธ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์ฒ ๋„(Rรฉseau express mรฉtropolitain, REM)๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ถค๋„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. REM์€ ์—‘์†Œ์˜ ์ „์‹ ์ด์˜€๋˜ AMT๊ฐ€ 2007๋…„์— ์—๋‘์•„๋ฅด ๋ชฝํ”„ํ‹ฐ์™€ ๋งฅ๊ธธ์—ญ์„ ๋ชฝ๋ฃจ์•„์–„ ์ง€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž‡๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. REM์€ ํ€˜๋ฒก ์—ฐ๊ธˆ๋ณดํ—˜ ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์ž์‹ ํƒ๊ณต์‚ฌ(Caisse de dรฉpรดt et placement du Quรฉbec, CDPQ)๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” 2023๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ๋กœ๋ Œ์Šค๊ฐ• ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋กœ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์™€ ์„ฌ ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์ƒํƒ„๋“œ๋ฒจ๋ท”, ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ• ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘๋ชฝํƒ€๋‰ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํŠธ๋คผ๋„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ƒํŠธ๋ž„์—ญ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ ์€ ์ด 26๊ฐœ ์—ญ, ๊ธธ์ด 67km์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์— ๋งž๋จน๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด์ด๋‹ค. REM์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต๊ณผ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋งค์ผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 20์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ‰๊ท  ์ตœ์†Œ 15๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์€ 63์–ต 2์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ CDPQ๊ฐ€ 30์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€ ํ€˜๋ฒก์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 12์›” 15์ผ, ํ€˜๋ฒก์ฃผ์™€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์‹œ, CDPQ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‹œ๋‚ด์˜ ์ƒํŠธ๋ž„์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฅด๋„ค ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ํฌ์™€ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ฅด๋‹ด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌด์ธ ๊ณ ์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ ์„ ์ง€์„ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์…ฐ๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋ฃจํฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘ธ์•ตํ† ํŠธ๋ž‘๋ธ”๊นŒ์ง€, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ฅด๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ Cร‰GEP ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋น…ํ† ๋žญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 100์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋ฐœ ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์–‘์ฟ ๋ฅด ๋ผ๋ฐœ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ 2007๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ๋ผ๋ฐœ์— ์„ธ ๊ฐœ ์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์— ์„ธ ๊ฐœ ์—ญ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ๋ผ๋ฐœ์— 5๊ฐœ ์—ญ (์ˆ˜๋ธŒ๋‹ˆ๋ฅด (Souvenir), ์ƒ๋งˆ๋ฅดํƒฑ (Saint-Martin), ๋ฅด์นด๋ฅดํ‘ธ (Le Carrefour), ๋…ธํŠธ๋ฅด๋‹ด (Notre-Dame), ์‡ผ๋ฉ”๋ฐ (Chomedey)), ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์— 3๊ฐœ ์—ญ (ํ‘ธ์•„๋ฆฌ์— (Poirier), ๋ถ€์•„ํ”„๋ž‘ (Bois-Franc), ๊ตฌ์•ต (Gouin)) ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กฑ๊ดด์œ  2002๋…„, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์€ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ์‡ ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ๋กœ๋ Œ์Šค๊ฐ•์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒนํ”Œ๋žญ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ „์ฒ  ๋…ธ์„  ์‹ ์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AMT๋Š” 2012๋…„์— ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ใ€Š๋น„์ง€์˜น 2020ใ€‹ (Vision 2020) ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์— ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„ ์„ ๋กฑ๊ดด์œ  ์‹œ๋‚ด๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•ด 6๊ฐœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์„ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 11์›” 24์ผ, ARTM๊ณผ ํ€˜๋ฒก์ฃผ ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์„  ์—ฐ์žฅ์•ˆ๊ณผ ํƒ€์‰๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ  ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‘ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 6์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 2022๋…„์— ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™” ์†์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์†๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์•ˆ๋‚ด๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ์•ˆ๋‚ด๋ฐฉ์†ก ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ํ€˜๋ฒก ์—ฌ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ธ ๋ฏธ์…ธ ๋ฐ๋กœ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฐ€ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2003๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ…”๋ ˆ์‹œํ…Œ (Tรฉlรฉcitรฉ) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ฐ๋กœ๋ฆฌ์—์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ญ ์•ˆ๋‚ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณผ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์šดํ–‰ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์„ฑ์šฐ์ธ ์ฅ๋””์Šค ์œ„๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋‚ด๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์•…์‚ฌ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด 43๊ฐœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ 59๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜ํ”„ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์Šคํ‹ฐ์ปค๋‚˜ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2012๋…„์— ์•ˆ๋‚ดํŒ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์Šคํƒ€ใ€‹ (Les ร‰toles du mรฉtro) ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๊ณฑ ๊ณณ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์™€ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์•…์‚ฌ ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋’ค์— ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค, ํ”Œ๋ฃจํŠธ, ์•„์นดํŽ ๋ผ, ํ™”๊ฐ€, ์ €๊ธ€๋ง ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์ด ํŽผ์ณ์ง„๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ธ ใ€Š์Šฌํ”ˆ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์Œ์•…ใ€‹ (Music for a Blue Train) ์€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์•…์‚ฌ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์นด ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž์ธ ๋ฐฐ๋“œ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ์˜ํ™”์ธ ใ€Š๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ  ์™ผ์ชฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ใ€‹ (La Moitiรฉ gauche du frigo)์€ ๋ณด๋น„์•™์—ญ์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์Šคํ‹ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํƒฑ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์˜ํ™”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ, ๋งˆ๋ˆ„์—˜ ๊ฐ€์Šค, ์—๋ฆญ ๋ชฝ๊ทธ๋žญ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ€˜๋ฒก ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ๊ฐ”๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์•…์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋…๋ฆฝ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ์—ฐํ•ฉ (Association des musiciens indรฉpendents du mรฉtro, AMIM) ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, 2009๋…„ 10์›” 19์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน (Regroupement des musiciens du mรฉtro de Montrรฉal) ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฎค์ง€๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ชฝ๋ ˆ์•Œ (MusiMรฉtroMontrรฉal) ์ด ์ „์‹ ์ธ AMIM์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. STM์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ด ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์•…์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  STM๊ณผ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์•…์‚ฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ต์„ญ ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์•…์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ์•„๋ž˜ ์˜ํ™”์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€Š์กด ์œ…: ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋“œใ€‹ (2017): ๋‰ด์š• ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฐ์ž๋ฅด์—ญ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š์—‘์Šค๋งจ: ๋ฐ์ด์ฆˆ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํ“จ์ฒ˜ ํŒจ์ŠคํŠธใ€‹ (2014): ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ์˜ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฅด ์œ„๊ณ ์—ญ์€ ์Šค์ฝฐ๋ฅด๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„-OACI์—ญ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํผ๋ธ”๋ฆญ ์—๋„ˆ๋ฏธ ๋„˜๋ฒ„์›ใ€‹ (2008): ์…ฐ๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋ฃจํฌ์™€ ๋ณด๋‚˜๋ฐฉํŠ€๋ฅด์—ญ ใ€Š์บ์น˜ ๋ฏธ ์ดํ”„ ์œ  ์บ”ใ€‹ (2002): ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—ญ ใ€Š๋งˆ์—˜์ŠคํŠธ๋กฌใ€‹ (2000): ์•„์นด๋””์—ญ ใ€Š๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ  ์™ผ์ชฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ใ€‹ (2000): ๋ณด๋น„์•™์—ญ ใ€Š์ด์ œ ๋„ค ์ฐจ๋ก€์•ผ, ๋กœ๋ผ ์นด๋””์™ธใ€‹ (1998): ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฆฌ, ๋งฅ๊ธธ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฐ์ž๋ฅด, ์žฅ ๋“œ๋ผํฌ์—ญ ใ€Š์ž์นผใ€‹ (1997): ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ํ„ฐ๋„์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€Š์ฃผ์•„์ด์™ธ ์นผ๋ฒ ๋ฅดใ€‹ (1996): ๋ผ์‚ด์—ญ ใ€Š๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ใ€‹ (1989): ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค์ƒ์•™๋ฆฌ์—ญ ํ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ 2018๋…„์— MR-63 ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด์—ญํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ์ „๋™์ฐจ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ ์ •์›์—๋Š” ํ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๋‚ด ์ •์›์œผ๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„์—๋Š” ํ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๋‘ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‰ฌ๋“œ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์นดํŽ˜์™€ ์ˆ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์‹ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์—์ฝœ ํด๋ฆฌํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆํฌ์—์„œ๋„ ํ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํœด์‹ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ ํด๋ฆฌํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆํฌ ์•Œ์Šคํ†ฐ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฐœํ†ต ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋„์‹ฌ ํ„ฐ๋„์— ๊ด‘๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ๋งŒํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๋†’์ด์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋ฒฝ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1967๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1969๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„  ์•ณ์›Œํ„ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ์„ ๋กœ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋†“๊ณ  ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋†“์€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํ†ฑ ๋ชจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋™์ฐจ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ด ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์˜ ๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ผ์ธ ๋“ฑ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑดยท์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  1971๋…„ 12์›” 8์ผ, ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฐ• ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ์ „๋™์ฐจ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ด๋ฐ›์•„ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฐ• ์„ ๋กœ์™€ ์ „๋™์ฐจ 24๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ „์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šด์ „์‚ฌ๋Š” ์งˆ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ˆจ์กŒ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ 1์›” 9์ผ, 9๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋ชฝ๊ณผ ๋กœ๋ฆฌ์—์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ฅœ ํŽ‘ํฌ๋กœ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์„œ๊ณ  ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์ „์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์ „์› ๋Œ€ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ƒ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์€ ๋ฉฐ์น ๊ฐ„ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํŽธ์— ์†ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์Šน์ฐจ 100๋งŒ ํšŒ๋‹น 32๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2008๋…„๊ณผ 2013๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์—ญ์€ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ-UQAM์—ญ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„ ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์‚ด ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ž์‚ด ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์šดํ–‰์— ์ง€์žฅ์„ ์ค„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์Šน๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ธด๋‹ค. ์ž์‚ด์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด STM์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง์›๋“ค์€ ์ž์‚ด ์ง•์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. 1986๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1995๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—์„œ 115๋ช…์ด ์ˆจ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—์„œ ํ•œ ํ•ด ํ‰๊ท  20๋ช… ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ž์‚ด ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ 4๋ถ„์˜ 3์€ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์ƒ์„ ์ž…๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ถฉ ์„ค๋ช… ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„  ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ฌดํƒ€์ด์–ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—‘์†Œ (๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต) ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ Geschichte der Stationsnamen der Metro Montreal ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒ ๋„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal%20Metro
Montreal Metro
The Montreal Metro () is a rubber-tired underground rapid transit system serving Greater Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The Metro, operated by the Sociรฉtรฉ de transport de Montrรฉal (STM), was inaugurated on October 14, 1966, during the tenure of Mayor Jean Drapeau. It has expanded since its opening from 22 stations on two lines to 68 stations on four lines totalling in length, serving the north, east and centre of the Island of Montreal with connections to Longueuil, via the Yellow Line, and Laval, via the Orange Line. The Montreal Metro is Canada's busiest rapid transit system, delivering an average of daily unlinked passenger trips per weekday as of . It is North America's third busiest rapid transit system, behind the New York City Subway and the Mexico City Metro. In , trips on the Metro were completed. With the Metro and the newer driverless, steel-wheeled Rรฉseau express mรฉtropolitain, Montreal has one of North America's largest urban rapid transit systems, attracting the second-highest ridership per capita behind New York City. History Urban transit began in Montreal in 1861 when a line of horse-drawn cars started to operate on Craig (now St-Antoine) and Notre-Dame streets. Eventually, as the city grew, a comprehensive network of streetcar lines provided service almost everywhere. But urban congestion started to take its toll on streetcar punctuality, so the idea of an underground system was soon considered. Fifty years of projects In 1902, as European and American cities were inaugurating their first subway systems, the federal government created the Montreal Subway Company to promote the idea in Canada. Starting in 1910, many proposals were tabled but the Montreal Metro would prove to be an elusive goal. First, the Montreal Street Railway Company, the Montreal Central Terminal Company and the Montreal Underground and Elevated Railway Company undertook fruitless negotiations with the city. Then a year later, the Comptoir Financier Franco-Canadien and the Montreal Tunnel Company proposed tunnels under the city centre and the Saint-Lawrence River to link the emerging South Shore neighbourhoods but faced the opposition of railway companies. The Montreal Tramways Company (MTC) was the first to receive the approval of the provincial government in 1913 and four years to start construction. The reluctance of elected city officials to advance funds foiled this first attempt. The issue of a subway remained present in the newspapers but World War I and the following recession hitting Montreal prevented any execution. The gradual return of the financial health during the 1920s brought the MTC project back and attracted support from the Premier of Quebec. The Great Depression, indebting Montreal again and atrophying its streetcars attendance, overcame this new attempt and the next devised by Mayor Camillien Houde in 1939 as a way to provide work for the jobless masses. World War II and the war effort in Montreal resurrected trams crowding. In 1944, the MTC proposed a two-line network, one line running underneath Saint Catherine Street, the other under Saint Denis and Notre-Dame and Saint Jacques Streets. In 1953 the newly formed public Montreal Transportation Commission replaced streetcars by buses and proposed a single subway line reusing the 1944 plans and extending it all the way to Boulevard Crรฉmazie, right by the D'Youville maintenance shops. By this point, construction was already well underway on Canada's first subway line in Toronto under Yonge Street, which would be opened in 1954. Still, Montreal councillors remained cautious and no work was initiated. For some of them, including Jean Drapeau during his first municipal term, public transit was a thing of the past. In 1959, a private company, the Sociรฉtรฉ d'expansion mรฉtropolitaine, offered to build a rubber-tired metro but the Transportation Commission wanted its own network and rejected the offer. This was the last missed opportunity, for the re-election of Jean Drapeau as mayor and the arrival of his right-hand man, Lucien Saulnier, changed everything. In the early 1960s, the western world experienced an economic boom and Quebec underwent its Quiet Revolution. From August 1, 1960, many municipal services were reviewing the project and on November 3, 1961, the Montreal City Council voted appropriations amounting to $132 million ($1.06 billion in 2016) to construct and equip an initial network in length. Building the Metro The 1961 plan reused several previous studies and planned three lines carved into the rock under the city centre to the most populated areas of the city. The City of Montreal (and its chief engineer Lucien L'Allier) were assisted in the detailed design and engineering of the Metro by French consultant SOFRETU, owned by the operator of the Paris Mรฉtro. The French influence is clearly seen in the station design and rolling stock of the Metro. Rubber tires were chosen instead of steel ones, following the Parisian influence - as the rubber tired trains could use steeper grades and accelerate faster. 80% of the tunnels were built through rock, as opposed to the traditional cut-and-cover method used for the construction of the Yonge Subway in Toronto. The first two lines The main line, or Line 1 (Green Line) was to pass between the two most important arteries, Saint Catherine and Sherbrooke streets, more or less under the De Maisonneuve Boulevard. It would extend between the English-speaking west at Atwater station and French-speaking east at . Line 2 (Orange Line) was to run from north of the downtown, from Crรฉmazie station through various residential neighbourhoods to the business district at Place-d'Armes station. Construction of the first two lines began May 23, 1962, under the supervision of the Director of Public Works, Lucien L'Allier. On June 11, 1963, the construction costs for tunnels being lower than expected, Line 2 (Orange Line) was extended by two stations at each end and the new termini became the and stations. The project, which employed more than 5,000 workers at its height, and cost the lives of 12 of them, ended on October 14, 1966. The service was opened gradually between October 1966 and April 1967 as the stations were completed. Cancellation of Line 3 A third line was planned. It was to use Canadian National Railway (CN) tracks passing under the Mount Royal to reach the northwest suburb of Cartierville from the city centre. Unlike the previous two lines, trains were to be partly running above ground. Negotiations with the CN and municipalities were stalling as Montreal was chosen in November 1962 to hold the 1967 Universal Exposition (Expo 67). Having to make a choice, the city decided that a number 4 line (Yellow Line) linking Montreal to the South Shore suburbs following a plan similar to those proposed early in the 20th century was more necessary. Line 3 was never built and the number was never used again. The railway, already used for a commuter train to the North Shore at Deux-Montagnes, was completely renovated in the early 1990s and effectively replaced the planned third line. The next line would thus be numbered 5 (Blue Line). Subsequently, elements of the line, particularly the Deux-Montagnes commuter train, became the first line of the Rรฉseau Express Mรฉtropolitain. Expo 67 The Montreal municipal administration asked municipalities of the South Shore of the Saint Lawrence River which one would be interested in the Metro and Longueuil got the link. Line 4 (Yellow Line) would therefore pass under the river, from Berri-de-Montigny station, junction of Line 1 (Green Line) and Line 2 (Orange Line), to Longueuil. A stop was added in between to access the site of Expo 67, built on two islands of the Hochelaga Archipelago in the river. Saint Helen's Island, on which the station of the same name was built, was massively enlarged and consolidated with several nearby islands (including Ronde Island) using backfill excavated during the construction of the Metro. Notre Dame Island, adjacent, was created from scratch with the same material. Line 4 (Yellow Line) was completed on April 1, 1967, in time for the opening of the World's Fair. The first Metro network was completed with the public opening of Line 4 (Yellow Line) on April 28, 1967. The cities of Montreal, Longueuil and Westmount had assumed the entire cost of construction and equipment of $213.7 million ($1.6 billion in 2016). Montreal became the seventh city in North America to operate a subway. The 1960s being very optimistic years, Metro planning did not escape the general exuberance of the time, and a 1967 study, "Horizon 2000", imagined a network of of tunnels for the year 2000. Extensions and unbuilt lines In 1970, the Montreal Urban Community (MUC) was created. This group was made of municipalities that occupy the Island of Montreal and the city of Montreal was the biggest participant. MUC's mission was to provide standardized services at a regional level, one of them being transportation. The MUC Transportation Commission was thus created at the same time to serve as prime contractor for the Metro extensions. It merged all island transport companies and became the Sociรฉtรฉ de transport de la communautรฉ urbaine de Montrรฉal (STCUM) in 1985 and then the Sociรฉtรฉ de transport de Montrรฉal (STM) in 2002. Montreal Olympics The success of the Metro increased the pressure to extend the network to other populated areas, including the suburbs on the Island of Montreal. After being awarded, in May 1970, the 1976 Summer Olympics, a loan of $430 million ($2.7 billion in 2016) was approved by the MUC on February 12, 1971, to fund the extensions of Line 1 (Green Line) and Line 2 (Orange Line) and the construction of a transverse line: Line 5 (Blue Line). The Government of Quebec agreed to bear 60% of the costs. The work on the extensions started October 14, 1971, with Line 1 (Green Line) towards the east to reach the site where the Olympic Stadium was to be built and Autoroute 25 ( station) that could serve as a transfer point for visitors arriving from outside. The extensions were an opportunity to make improvements to the network, such as new trains, larger stations and even semi-automatic control. The first extension was completed in June 1976 just before the Olympics. Line 1 (Green Line) was later extended to the southwest to reach the suburbs of Verdun and LaSalle with the as the terminus station, named after the park and zoo. This segment opened at September 1978. In the process, further extensions were planned and in 1975 spending was expected to reach reached $1.6 billion ($7.3 billion in 2016). Faced with these soaring costs, the Government of Quebec declared a moratorium May 19, 1976, to the all-out expansion desired by Mayor Jean Drapeau. Tenders were frozen, including those of Line 2 (Orange Line) after the station and those of Line 5 (Blue Line) whose works were yet already underway. A struggle then ensued between the MUC and the Government of Quebec as any extension could not be done without the agreement of both parties. The Montreal Transportation Office might have tried to put the government in front of a fait accompli by awarding large contracts to build the tunnel between station and the Bois-Franc station just before the moratorium was in force. Moratorium on Metro expansion In 1977, the newly elected government partially lifted the moratorium on the extension of Line 2 (Orange Line) and the construction of Line 5 (Blue Line). In 1978, the STCUM proposed a map which includes a western extension of Line 5 (Blue Line) that includes stations in N.D.G., Montreal West, Ville St. Pierre, Lachine, LaSalle, and potentially beyond. Line 2 (Orange Line) was gradually extended westward to station in 1980 and to station in 1981. As the stations were completed, the service was extended. In December 1979 Quebec presented its "integrated transport plan" in which Line 2 (Orange Line) was to be tunnelled to Du Collรจge station and Line 5 (Blue Line) from station to Anjou station. The plan proposed no other underground lines as the government preferred the option of converting existing railway lines to overground Metro ones. The mayors of the MUC, initially reluctant, accepted this plan when Quebec promised in February 1981 to finance future extensions fully. The moratorium was then modestly lifted on Line 2 (Orange Line) that reached Du Collรจge station in 1984 and finally station in 1986. This line took the shape of an "U" linking the north of the island to the city centre and serving two very populous axes. The various moratoriums and technical difficulties encountered during the construction of the fourth line stretched the project over fourteen years. Line 5 (Blue Line), which runs through the centre of the island of Montreal, crossed the east branch of Line 2 (Orange Line) at the station in 1986 and its west branch at the Snowdon) station in 1988. Because it was not crowded, the STCUM at first operated Line 5 (Blue Line) weekdays only from 5:30 am to 7:30 pm and was circulating only three-car trains instead of the nine car trains in use along the other lines. Students from the University of Montreal, the main source of customers, obtained extension of the closing time to 11:10 pm and then 0:15 am in 2002. Recession and unfinished projects In the late 1980s, the original network length had nearly quadrupled in twenty years and exceeded that of Toronto, but the plans did not stop there. In its 1983โ€“1984 scenario, the MUC planned a new underground Metro Line 7 (White Line) ( station to Montrรฉal-Nord) and several surface lines numbered Line 6 (Du College station to Repentigny), Line 8 ( station to Pointe-aux-Trembles), Line 10 (Vendome station to Lachine) and Line 11 ( terminus to LaSalle). In 1985, a new government in Quebec rejected the project, replacing the Metro lines by commuter train lines in its own 1988 transport plan. Yet the provincial elections of 1989 approaching, the Line 7 (White Line) project reappeared and the extensions of Line 5 (Blue Line) to Anjou (Pie-IX, Viau, Lacordaire, Langelier and Galeries d'Anjou) and Line 2 (Orange Line) northward (Deguire/Poirier, Bois-Franc and Salaberry) were announced. At the beginning of the 1990s, there was a significant deficit in public finances across Canada, especially in Quebec, and an economic recession. Metro ridership decreased and the Government of Quebec removed subsidies for the operation of urban public transport. Faced with this situation, the extensions projects were put on hold and the MUC prioritized the renovation of its infrastructures. Creation of AMT, RTM, ARTM, and improvements In 1996, the Government of Quebec created a supra-municipal agency, the Agence mรฉtropolitaine de transport (AMT), whose mandate is to coordinate the development of transport throughout the Greater Montreal area. The AMT was responsible, among others, for the development of the Metro and suburban trains. On June 1, 2017, the AMT was disbanded and replaced by two distinct agencies by the Loi 76 (English: Law 76), the Autoritรฉ rรฉgionale de transport mรฉtropolitain (ARTM), mandated to manage and integrate road transport and public transportation in Greater Montreal; and the Rรฉseau de transport mรฉtropolitain (RTM, publicly known as exo), which took over all operations from the former Agence mรฉtropolitaine de transport. RTM now operates Montreal's commuter rail and metropolitan bus services, and is the second busiest such system in Canada after Toronto's GO Transit. Laval extension Announced in 1998 by the STCUM, the project to extend Line 2 (Orange) past the Henri-Bourassa terminus to the city of Laval, passing under the Riviรจre des Prairies, was launched March 18, 2002. The extension was decided and funded by the Government of Quebec. The AMT received the mandate of its implementation but the ownership and operation of the line stayed with the Sociรฉtรฉ de transport de Montrรฉal (STCUM successor). The work completed, opening to the public happened April 28, 2007. This extension added to the network and three stations in Laval (, De la Concorde and Montmorency). As of 2009, ridership increased by 60,000 a day with these new stations. Major renovations Since 2004, most of the STM's investments have been directed to rolling stock and infrastructure renovation programs. New trains (MPM-10) have been delivered, replacing the older MR-63 trains. Tunnels are being repaired and several stations, including , have been several years in rehabilitation. Many electrical and ventilation structures on the surface are in 2016 completely rebuilt to modern standards. In 2020, work to install cellular coverage in the Metro was completed. Station accessibility has also been improved, with over 26 of the 68 stations having elevators installed since 2007. Rรฉseau express mรฉtropolitain In August 2023, the first phase of the Rรฉseau express mรฉtropolitain (REM) opened between Gare Centrale and Brossard. The system is independent of, but connects to and hence complements, the Metro. Built by CDPQ Infra, part of the Quebec pension fund Caisse de dรฉpรดt et placement du Quรฉbec, the line will eventually run north-south across Montreal, with interchanges with the Metro at Gare Centrale (Bonaventure), McGill and ร‰douard-Montpetit. Future growth Blue line extension to Anjou Following the opening of Line 5 (Blue) in the 1980s, various governments have proposed extending the line east to Anjou. In 2013, a proposal to extend the line to Anjou was announced by the STM and the Quebec government. On 9 April 2018, premier of Quebec Philippe Couillard and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced their commitment to fund and complete the extension, then planned to open in 2026. In March 2022, it was announced that the federal government had agreed to provide $1.3 billion to the extension, with further costs to be covered by the provincial government. The extension will include five new stations, two bus terminals, a pedestrian tunnel connecting to the Pie-IX BRT and a new park-and-ride. Overall, the project is estimated to cost around $5.8 to $6.4 billion and is scheduled to be completed in 2030. Initial construction work began in August 2022. Pink Line In 2017, Valรฉrie Plante proposed the Pink Line as part of her campaign for the office of Mayor of Montreal. The new route would have had 29 stations and would have primarily linked northeastern Montreal with the downtown areas, as well as the western end of NDG and Lachine. The project has since been added to Quebec's 10-year infrastructure plan, and feasibility studies for the line's western section began in June 2021. Network The Montreal Metro consists of four lines, which are usually identified by their colour or terminus station. The terminus station in the direction of travel is used to differentiate between directions. Lines and operation The Yellow Line is the shortest line, with three stations, built for Expo 67. Metro lines that leave the รŽle de Montrรฉal are the Orange Line, which continues to Laval, and the Yellow Line, which continues to Longueuil. Metro service starts at 05:30, and the last trains start their run between 00:30 and 01:00 on weekdays and Sunday, and between 01:00 and 01:30 on Saturday. During rush hour, there are two to four minutes between trains on the Orange and Green Lines. The frequency decreases to 12 minutes during late nights. Fares The Sociรฉtรฉ de transport de Montrรฉal (STM) operates Metro and bus services in Montreal, and transfers between the two are free inside a 120-minute time frame after the first validation. On July 1, 2022, the ARTM reorganized its fare system into 4 zones: A, B, C, and D. The island of Montreal was placed in zone A and fares for zones B, C and D can be bought separately or together. The Metro fares are fully integrated with the Exo commuter rail system, which links the metropolitan area to the outer suburbs via six interchange stations (, , , De la Concorde, , and Parc) and the rรฉseau express mรฉtropolitain (REM), scheduled to open in the second quarter of 2023. The fares for Exo, the REM and the Metro for zone A are only valid on the island of Montreal. In order to take the Exo, REM or Metro trains from Montreal to Laval (zone B), you must have the corresponding fares for that zone; for example, an all modes AB fare. Fare payment is via a barrier system accepting magnetic tickets and RFID-like contactless cards. A rechargeable contactless smart card called "OPUS" was unveiled on April 21, 2008; it provides seamless integration with other transit networks of neighbouring cities by being capable of holding multiple transport tickets: tickets, books or subscriptions, a subscription for Montreal only and commuter train tickets. Moreover, unlike the magnetic stripe cards, which had been sold alongside the new OPUS cards up until May 2009, the contactless cards are not at risk of becoming demagnetized and rendered useless and do not require patrons to slide them through a reader. Since 2015, customers have been able to purchase an OPUS card reader to recharge their personal card online from a computer. In 2016, the STM is developing a smart phone application featuring NFC technology, which could replace the OPUS card. MรฉtroVision Metro stations are equipped with MรฉtroVision information screens displaying advertising, news headlines from the RDI, and MรฉtรฉoMรฉdia weather information, as well as STM-specific information regarding service changes, service delays and other information about using the system. By the end of 2014, the STM had installed screens in all 68 stations. Berriโ€“UQAM station was the first station to have these screens installed. Ridership Montreal Metro ridership has more than doubled since it opened: the number of passengers increased from 136 million in 1967 to 357 million in 2014. Montreal has one of North America's busiest public transportation systems with, after New York, the largest number of users compared to its population. However, this growth was not continuous: in the late 1960s and early 1990s, ridership declined during some periods. From 1996 to 2015, the number of passengers grew. Today, portions of the busiest lines, such as Line 1 between Berriโ€“UQAM and McGill stations and Line 2 between Jean-Talon and Champ-de-Mars, experience overcrowding during peak hours. It is not uncommon for travellers in these sections to let several trains pass before being able to board. Conditions at these stations worsen in summer because of the lack of air conditioning and heat generated by the trains. In 2014, the five most popular stations (in millions of inbound travellers) were (12.8), (11.1), (8.1), (8.1) and (7.6); all of these but Cรดte-Vertu are located downtown. The least busy station is , with 773,078 entries in 2011. Funding The network operations funding (maintenance, equipment purchase and salaries) is provided by the STM. Tickets and subscriptions cover only 40% of the actual operational costs, with the shortfall offset by the urban agglomeration of Montreal (28%), the Montreal Metropolitan Community (5%) and the Government of Quebec (23%). The STM does not keep separate accounts for Metro and buses services, therefore the following figures include both activities. In 2016, direct operating revenue planned by the STM totalled $667 million. To compensate for the reduced rates, the city will pay $513 million plus $351 million from Quebec. For a budget of $1.53 billion, salaries account for 57% of expenditures, followed in importance by financial expenses (22%) resulting from a 2.85 billion debt. For the Metro only, wages represented 75% of the $292 million operating costs, before electricity costs (9%). Heavy investment (network extensions) is entirely funded by the provincial government. Renovations and service improvements are subsidized up to 100% by the Government of Canada, the province and the urban agglomeration. For example, 74% of the rolling stock replacement cost is paid for by Quebec while 33% of the bill for upgrades to ventilation structures is covered by the federal government. Small investments to maintain the network in working order remain entirely the responsibility of the STM. Security Montreal Metro facilities are patrolled daily by 155 STM inspectors and 115 agents of the Montreal Police Service (SPVM) assigned to the subway. They are in contact with the command centre of the Metro which has 2,000 cameras distributed on the network, coupled with a computerized visual recognition system. On station platforms, emergency points are available with a telephone connected to the command centre, an emergency power supply cut-off switch and a fire extinguisher. The power supply system is segmented into short sections that can be independently powered, so that following an incident a single train can be stopped while the others reach the nearest station. In tunnels, a raised path at trains level facilitates evacuation and allows people movement without walking on the tracks. Every 15 meters, directions are indicated by illuminated green signs. Every 150 meters, emergency stations with telephones, power switches and fire hoses can be found. At the ventilation shafts locations in the old tunnels or every 750 meters in recent tunnels sections (Laval), emergency exits reach the surface. On the surface, blue fire hydrants in the streets are dry risers connected to the Metro fire control system. If a fire breaks out in tunnels, firefighters connect the red fire hydrant with the blue terminals to power the subway system. This decoupling prevents accidental flooding. Station design The design of the Metro was heavily influenced by Montreal's winter conditions. Unlike other cities' subways, nearly all station entrances in Montreal are set back from the sidewalk and completely enclosed; usually in small, separate buildings or within building facades. They are equipped with swivelling "butterfly" doors meant to mitigate the wind caused by train movements that can make doors difficult to open. The entire system runs underground and some stations are directly connected to buildings, making the Metro an integral part of Montreal's Underground City. The network has 68 stations, four of which have connections between Metro lines, and five connect to the commuter train network. They are mostly named after streets adjacent to them. The average distance between stations is , with a minimum in the city centre between and stations and a maximum between and stations of . Average station depth is . The deepest station of the network, , has its bound platform located underground. The shallowest stations are and Longueuil-Universitรฉ-de-Sherbrooke terminus, below surface. Platforms, long and at least wide, are positioned on either sides of the tracks except in the , and stations, where they are superimposed to facilitate transfers between lines in certain directions. and De l'Eglise stations are designed with bunk platforms for engineering reasons, the basement rock in their area (shales) being too brittle for a station with more footprint. The terminus stations of future extensions could be equipped with central platforms to accommodate a turning loop. Architectural design and public art The Montreal Metro is renowned for its architecture and public art. Under the direction of Drapeau, a competition among Canadian architects was held to decide the design of each station, ensuring that every station was built in a different style by a different architect. Several stations, such as , are important examples of modernist architecture, and various system-wide design choices were informed by the International Style. However, numerous interventions, such as the installation of public telephones and loudspeakers, with visible wiring, have had a significant impact on the elegance of many stations. Along with the Stockholm metro, Montreal pioneered the installation of public art in the Metro among capitalist countries, a practice that beforehand was mostly found in socialist and communist nations (the Moscow Metro being a case in point). More than fifty stations are decorated with over one hundred works of public art, such as sculpture, stained glass, and murals by noted Quebec artists, including members of the famous art movement, the Automatistes. Some of the most important works in the Metro include the stained-glass window at station, the masterpiece of major Quebec artist Marcelle Ferron; and the Guimard entrance at Square-Victoria-OACI station, largely consisting of parts from the famous entrances designed for the Paris Mรฉtro, on permanent loan since 1966 by the RATP to commemorate its cooperation in constructing the Metro. Installed in 1967 (the 100th anniversary of Hector Guimard's birth), this is the only authentic Guimard entrance in use outside Paris. Accessibility The Montreal Metro was a late adopter of accessibility compared to many metro systems (including those older than the Metro), much to the dismay and criticism of accessibility advocates in Montreal. The first accessible stations on the system were the three stations in Laval, , De la Concorde and , which opened in 2007 as part of the Orange Line extension. Four existing stations, , , and were made accessible between 2009 and 2010. , there are 26 accessible stations on the system, most of which are on the Orange Line. All interchange stations between subway lines are accessible, but is currently only accessible for the Orange and Green lines. From May 2022, work is underway at Berriโ€“UQAM to make the station fully accessible. In 2015, the new McGill University Health Centre mega-hospital opened adjacent to station, with a new underground pedestrian tunnel to link the hospital to the station. However, the STM was criticized as many visitors to the hospital have reduced mobility and the station was not accessible. Work began in 2017 to make the station accessible; it was completed in 2021. The Montreal Metro aims to have over 30 accessible stations by 2025 and expects all subway stations to be accessible by 2038. In comparison, the Toronto subway (first opened in 1954) will be fully accessible by 2025, and all Vancouver SkyTrain stations have been accessible from that system's opening in 1985, save for Granville station, which became accessible in 2006. Rolling stock The Montreal Metro's car fleet uses rubber tires instead of steel wheels. As the Metro runs entirely underground, the cars and the electrical system are not weatherproof. The trains are wide, narrower than the trains used by most other North American subway systems. This narrow width allowed the use of single tunnels (for both tracks) in construction of the Metro lines. The first generation of rolling stock in Montreal went beyond just adopting the MP 59 car from the Paris Mรฉtro. North American cities building metro systems in the 1960s and 1970s (Washington, D.C., San Francisco and Atlanta) were in search of modern rolling stock that not only best fit their needs but also encompassed a change in industrial design that focused on the aesthetics and performances. Until June 2018, some of the Montreal trains were among the oldest North American subway trains in service โ€“ the Canadian Vickers MR-63 dating back to the system's opening in 1966 โ€“ but extended longevity is expected of rolling stock operated under fully sheltered conditions. Unlike the subway cars of most metro systems in North America, but like those in most of Europe, Montreal's cars do not have air conditioning. In summer, the lack of cooled air can make trips uncomfortable for passengers. The claim, stated by the STM, is that with the Metro being built entirely underground, air conditioning would heat the tunnels to temperatures that would be too hot to operate the trains. Models Current Bombardier Transportation MR-73, introduced in 1976. Once used in majority on the Orange Line, they were migrated to the Green Line as MR-63 were being retired. They are now the sole rolling stock on the Blue and Yellow Lines, and run alongside the MPM-10 on the Green Line during weekdays. Bombardier-Alstom MPM-10, named "Azur" by the public in 2012, entered service in 2016. The order completely replaced the outgoing MR-63 model. They use an open gangway design that allows passengers to walk from one end of the train to the other. They are currently the sole rolling stock running on the Orange line, and run in mixed service with the MR-73 on the Green Line during weekdays. On weekends, only Azur trains are used on the Green Line. Retired Canadian Vickers MR-63, were in service from the metro's opening in October 1966 until June 2018. Of the original 369 cars built, 33 were destroyed in two separate accidents. On June 21, 2018, the last of the MR-63 trains was completely retired after 52 years of service. Design Montreal's Metro trains are made of low-alloy high-tensile steel, painted blue with a thick white band running lengthwise. Trains are assembled in three-, six- or nine-car lengths. Each three-car segment element consists of two motor cab cars encompassing a trailer car (M-T-M). Each car is wide and has three (MPM-10) or four (MR-63, MR-73) wide bi-parting leaf doors on each side for rapid passenger entry and egress. Design specifications called for station dwell times of typically 8 to 15 seconds. In response to overcrowding on the Orange Line, a redesign of the MR-73 cars removed some seats to provide more standing room. The newest Bombardier MPM-10 trains are open-gangway, allowing passengers to move between cars once on board such that the passenger load is more evenly distributed. Each car has two sets of bogies (trucks), each with four sets of support tires, guide tires and backup conventional steel wheels. The motor cars' bogies each have two direct-current traction motors coupled to reduction gears and differentials. Montreal's Metro trains use electromagnetic brakes, generated by the train's kinetic energy until it has slowed down to about . The train then uses composite brake blocks made of yellow birch injected with peanut oil to bring it to a complete stop. Two sets are applied against the treads of the steel wheels for friction braking. Hard braking produces a characteristic burnt popcorn scent. Wooden brake shoes perform well, but if subjected to numerous high-speed applications they develop a carbon film that diminishes brake performance. The rationale for using wooden brake shoes soaked in peanut oil was health concernsthe use of wooden brake shoes avoids releasing metal dust into the air upon braking. It also reduces screeching noise when braking and prolongs the life of steel wheels. Rubber tires on the Montreal Metro transmit minimal vibration and help the cars go uphill more easily and negotiate turns at high speeds. However, the advantages of rubber tires are offset by noise levels generated by traction motors which are noisier than the typical North American subway car, although the concrete trackbed favoured over stone ballasting much amplifies the noisiness itself. Trains can climb grades of up to 6.5% and economise the most energy when following a humped-station profile (track profiles that descend to accelerate at leaving a station and ascend upon entering the station). Steel-wheel train technology has undergone significant advances and can better round tight curves, and climb and descend similar grades and slopes but despite these advances, steel-wheel trains still cannot operate at high speeds () on the same steep or tightly curved track profiles as a train equipped with rubber tires. The release of the MR-73 generation of Metro cars introduced three audible tones heard when departing, generated by chopper circuitry. The chopper circuitry incrementally increases the traction power fed to the trains' traction motors when accelerating from a stop, allowing trains to start smoothly and avoid overloads. The final tone is present throughout the train ride on MR-73s but is not heard at higher speeds because of ambient noise. Equipment on the newest generation of Metro cars does not produce the audible tones when accelerating, though a recording of similar tones is played as an auditory signal in advance of door closure, referred to as the "dou-dou-dou" door closing signal in a 2010 STM advertising campaign. The three tones are essentially the same as the iconic first three trumpet notes from Aaron Copland's musical piece "Fanfare for the Common Man". Announcements for the Montreal Metro are pre-recorded and voiced by actress Michรจle Deslauriers. Train operation The MR-73 and the former MR-63 trains are equipped with a manual train control system, and the MPM-10 is equipped with automatic train control. On MR-73 trains, the train operator opens and closes the doors and controls the traction/brake control system. On MPM-10 trains, the operator can operate the doors manually or they can be operated automatically, and then pushes the button, and then the train drives itself. The train operator can also drive the MPM-10 train manually at their discretion. Signalling is effected through coded pulses sent through the rails. Coded speed orders and station stop positions transmitted through track beacons are captured by beacon readers mounted under the driver cabs. The information sent to the train's electronic modules conveys speed information, and it is up to the train automatic control system computer to conform to the imposed speed. Additionally, the train computer can receive energy-saving instructions from track beacons, providing the train with four different economical coasting modes, plus one mode for maximum performance. In case of manual control, track speed is displayed on the cab speedometer indicating the maximum permissible speed. The wayside signals consist of point (switch/turnout) position indicators in proximity to switches and inter-station signalling placed at each station stop. Trains often reach their maximum permitted speed of within 16 seconds depending on grade and load. Trains are programmed to stop at certain station positions with a precise odometer (accurate to plus or minus five centimetres, 2"). They receive their braking program and station stop positions orders (one-third, two-thirds, or end of station) from track beacons prior to entering the station, with additional beacons in the station for ensuring stop precision. The last beacon is positioned at precisely 12 turns of wheels from the end of the platform, which help improve the overall precision of the system. Trains draw current from two sets of 750-volt direct current guide bar/third rails on either side of each motor car. Nine-car trains draw large currents of up to 6,000 amperes, requiring that all models of rolling stock have calibrated traction motor control systems to prevent power surges, arcing and breaker tripping. Both models have electrical braking (using motors) to assist primary friction braking, reducing the need to replace the brake pads. The trains are equipped with double coverage broadband radio systems, provided by Thales Group. Rolling stock maintenance Garages Idle trains are stored in five garages: Angrignon, Beaugrand, Cote-Vertu, Saint-Charles and Montmorency. Except Angrignon, they are all underground and can accommodate around 46% of the rolling stock. Remaining trains are parked in terminus tail tracks. Angrignon garage, west of Line 1 terminus, is a surface building next to Angrignon Park housing six tracks accepting two nine-car trains each. Beaugrand garage is located east of Line 1 terminus . It is entirely under the Chรฉnier-Beaugrand Park, and its main access point is through the Honorรฉ-Beaugrand station. It has seven tracks and accommodates light maintenance on MR-63 cars with two test tracks. Saint-Charles garage, north of terminus, is located under Gouin Park. With eight tracks, allowing 20 trains to be parked, it is the main garage of Line 2. Also, under Jeanne-Sauvรฉ Park, a training facility used by the firefighters contains one of the burnt MR-63 cars from 1973 and an obsolete picking train. Montmorency garage is built perpendicular to its terminal station to allow an easier potential expansion of the Line 2 deeper in Laval territory. Cote-Vertu garage was constructed underground at the end of Thimens boulevard to accommodate additional MPM-10 trains on Line 2. Accessible via a tunnel, it will house a small maintenance facility and two long tracks for a total of twelve parking places. Two more tracks could be added later with the line extension. Maintenance and repair facilities Rolling stock maintenance is effected in four facilities in three locations. Two small tracks are located at Montmorency and Beaugrand garages, and two large are at the Plateau d'Youville facility. A fifth facility is under construction at the Cote-Vertu garage. The only repair facility for the Montreal Metro is the Atelier Plateau d'Youville, located at the intersection of Crรฉmazie (part of Trans-Canada Highway) and Saint-Laurent Boulevards. Built alongside the first segment and opened in October 1966 on the site of a former streetcar depot, it is a large above-ground facility that provides major repairs to Metro cars and is the main base for the track assembly workshops (where track sections are pre-assembled prior to installation). The two-way service tunnel connecting the network to the Youville portal gate is found between Crรฉmazie and Sauvรฉ stations. Formerly, the Atelier Plateau d'Youville was connected to the Canadian national rail network with a connecting track to the CN St Laurent Subdivision, which was mainly used for delivery of MR-63 trains. Tail tracks and connecting tracks Centre d'attachement Duvernay is a garage and base for maintenance of way equipment. It accesses the network through the Line 1/Line 2 interchange southeast of . The access building is located at the corner of Duvernay and Vinet streets in Sainte-Cunรฉgonde. Centre d'attachement Viau is a garage and base for maintenance of way equipment. It accesses the network immediately west of the station (Line 1). The access building is within the Viau station building; facilities are visible from trains going west of the station. Berriโ€“UQAM link is connecting Lines 1 and 4 south of Berriโ€“UQAM station. Snowdon link and tail is an interchange track between Lines 2 and 5 south/west of station used for the storage of maintenance of way equipment. There are no surface facilities. The tail tracks west of Snowdon station extend about west of the station, reaching the border of the city of Hampstead. The end of the track is marked by an emergency exit on the corner of Queen Mary and Dufferin Roads. Cote-Vertu tail track extends after the terminus station towards the intersection of Grenet and Deguire streets. Future projects City of Montreal On June 12, 2008, the City of Montreal released its overall transportation plan for the immediate future. On April 9, 2018, construction on the Blue Line's five new stations was announced and began in 2021. The following projects were given priority status in the overall transportation scheme: The Blue Line extension from station up to the boroughs of Saint-Leonard and Anjou, committing to the line's original design. It would consist of five new stations: Pie-IX, Viau, Lacordaire, Langelier and Anjou. The Orange Line extension northwest from Cรดte-Vertu station, up to the existing Bois-Franc rail station, with an intermediate station at Rue Poirier. The station at Bois-Franc would be intermodal with the Rรฉseau express mรฉtropolitain (part of the Deux-Montagnes commuter rail line at the time of the report). In the long term, a new extension of the Yellow Line from Berriโ€“UQAM is being studied that would go to station to ease congestion on that part of the Green Line. In 2006 and 2007, Montreal's West Island newspapers discussed plans to extend the Blue Line from into the Notre-Dame-de-Grรขce area of Montreal, as depicted in its original design. City of Longueuil In 2001, the Rรฉseau de transport de Longueuil (RTL) has considered an extension of the Yellow Line with four new stations (Vieux-Longueuil, Gentilly, Curรฉ-Poirier/Roland-Therrien and Jacques-Cartier/De Mortagne) beyond , under the city of Longueuil to Collรจge ร‰douard-Montpetit but their priority was switched to the construction of the proposed light rail project in the Champlain bridge corridor. In 2008, Longueuil Mayor Claude Gladu brought the proposal back to life. A 2006 study rejected the possibility and cost of an extension from station to the City of Brossard on the south shore of Montreal as an alternative to the proposed light rail project in the Champlain bridge corridor. In 2012, the AMT study Vision 2020, proposed extending the Yellow Line under Longueuil with six new stations. City of Laval On July 22, 2007, the mayor of Laval, Gilles Vaillancourt, with the ridership success of the current Laval extension, announced his wish to loop the Orange Line from to stations with the addition of six (or possibly seven) new stations (three in Laval and another three in Montreal). He proposed that Transports Quebec, the provincial transport department, set aside $100 million annually to fund the project, which is expected to cost upwards of $1.5 billion. On May 26, 2011, Vaillancourt, after the successful opening of highway 25 toll bridge in the eastern part of Laval, proposed that Laval develop its remaining territories with a transit-oriented development (TOD) build around five new Metro stations: four on the west branch (Gouin, Lรฉvesque, Notre-Dame and Carrefour) of the Orange Line and one more on the east branch (De l'Agora). The next-to-last station on the west branch would act as a corresponding station between the east and the west branches of the line. Pioneer in tunnel advertising In the early years of the Montreal Metro's life, a unique mode of advertising was used. In some downtown tunnels, cartoons depicting an advertiser's product were mounted on the walls of the tunnel at the level of the cars' windows. A retail film processing outfit called Direct Film advertised on the north wall in the Westbound track of the Guy (now Guyโ€“Concordia)-to-Atwater Station (Green Line) during 1967โ€“1969. Strobe lights, aimed at the frames of the cartoon and triggered by the passing train, sequentially illuminated the images so that they appeared to the viewer (passenger) on the train as a movie. Today known as "tunnel movies" or "tunnel advertising", they have been installed in many cities' subways around the world in recent years, for example in the Southgate tube station in London and the MBTA Red Line in Boston. See also Notes and references Notes References Further reading The Montreal Mรฉtro, a source of pride (PDF document) P.Laprise, ed. (1983). The Montreal Metro. Montreal: Metropolitan Transit Bureau. Bombardier Transportation. (1974). MR-73: Fiche technique. Programme triennial d'immobilisations 2006-2007-2008 (PDF document) Voitures de mรฉtro MR-73 rรฉnovรฉes (PDF document) Rรฉnovation des voitures de mรฉtro MR-73 (PDF document) Le ยซ dou-dou-dou ยป du mรฉtro โ€“ Le hacheur de courant (PDF document) Bibliography External links History of Metro station names in Montrรฉal Agence mรฉtropolitaine de transport โ€” Information on extension to Laval 1966 establishments in Quebec Modernist architecture in Canada 750 V DC railway electrification Rubber-tyred metros Railway lines opened in 1966
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%A6%AC%20%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B8
ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ์ผ€์ธ
ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ์ผ€์ธ MBE(, 1993๋…„ 7์›” 28์ผ~)์€ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ปค์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋…์ผ ๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์—๋ฅธ ๋ฎŒํ—จ ์™€ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ํ™‹์Šคํผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŒ€์„ ์ž„๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2013-14์‹œ์ฆŒ ํŒ€ ์…”์šฐ๋“œ ๊ฐ๋… ํ•˜์— ์ฒซ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ถœ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 3์—ฐ์† ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋งนํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2014-15 ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์•„์Šคํ…Œ๋ผ์Šค ํŠธ๋ฆฌํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 10๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์•„์Šคํ†ค ๋นŒ๋ผ์ „์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ง„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์•„๋ฐ๋ฐ”์š”๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๊ต์ฒด๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ํƒ€์šด์„ผ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์–ป์€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ๊ณจ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 12๋ผ์šด๋“œ ํ— ์‹œํ‹ฐ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 16๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์Šค์™„์ง€ ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” 3๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์˜ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 17๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋ฒˆ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ๋’ค์ด์–ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ธ 18๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 20๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒผ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ 2๊ณจ 2๋„์›€์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŒ€์„ ์ž„๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2013-14์‹œ์ฆŒ ํŒ€ ์…”์šฐ๋“œ ๊ฐ๋… ํ•˜์— ์ฒซ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ถœ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 3์—ฐ์† ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋งนํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2014-15 ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์•„์Šคํ…Œ๋ผ์Šค ํŠธ๋ฆฌํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 10๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์•„์Šคํ†ค ๋นŒ๋ผ์ „์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ง„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์•„๋ฐ๋ฐ”์š”๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๊ต์ฒด๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ํƒ€์šด์„ผ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์–ป์€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ๊ณจ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 12๋ผ์šด๋“œ ํ— ์‹œํ‹ฐ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 16๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์Šค์™„์ง€ ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” 3๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์˜ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 17๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋ฒˆ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ๋’ค์ด์–ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ธ 18๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 20๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒผ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ 2๊ณจ 2๋„์›€์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ผ€์ธ์€ 4์›” 26์ผ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ 2014-15 PFA ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ๋ฐ ์ด์–ด PFA ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ํŒ€ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11 ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๋””์—๊ณ  ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€์™€ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ผ€์ธ์€ 2015-16 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— 25๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ€๋นˆ ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค(๋‹น์‹œ ์„ ๋œ๋žœ๋“œ) ์ดํ›„, 16๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ํ† ์ข… ๋“์ ์™•์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2016-17 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋Š” 29๋“์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“์ ์™•์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1999๋…„ ๋งˆ์ดํด ์˜ค์–ธ์— ์ด์–ด 18๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ 2์—ฐ์† ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋“์ ์™•์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ์˜ค์–ธ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์—ญ๋Œ€ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ 2์‹œ์ฆŒ ์—ฐ์† 25๊ณจ ๋ŒํŒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , 2017๋…„ 9์›” 9์ผ(ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ๊ฐ„) ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋””์Šจ ํŒŒํฌ์—์„œ 2017/2018 EPL 4๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ํ™‹์Šคํผ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ 100๊ณจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 12์›” 26์ผ(ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‹œ๊ฐ„) ์˜๊ตญ ์›ธ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ 2017/2018 EPL 20๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šคํ–„ํŠผ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ•œ ํ•ด 39๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์–ด๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ•œ ํ•ด ์ตœ๋‹ค๊ณจ ๊ธฐ๋ก(36๊ณจ)์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ปต ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด 56๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์–ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ 2017๋…„ ํ•œ ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 201๊ณจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค(7์›”16์ผ๊ธฐ์ค€) 2020-21์‹œ์ฆŒ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ์ผ€์ธ์€ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 23๊ณจ 17์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ตœ๋‹ค๋“์ ๊ณผ ์ตœ๋‹ค๋„์›€์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 6์›” ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ 2024๋…„ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์‹ ํ•œ ์ผ€์ธ์€ "๋‚˜๋Š” ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ด ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ํŒ€์ด ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์†Œ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด์—๋ฅธ ๋ฎŒํ—จ 2023๋…„ 8์›” 12์ผ, ๋ฐ”์ด์—๋ฅธ ๋ฎŒํ—จ์€ ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ์ผ€์ธ์ด ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ํ™‹์Šคํผ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด์—๋ฅธ ๋ฎŒํ—จ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด์—๋ฅธ ๋ฎŒํ—จ์€ ์ผ€์ธ๊ณผ 2027๋…„ 6์›” 30์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ํšจํ•œ 4๋…„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ผ€์ธ์€ ๋ฐ”์ด์—๋ฅธ ๋ฎŒํ—จ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋“ฑ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋กœ 9๋ฒˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด์—๋ฅธ ๋ฎŒํ—จ์€ ์ผ€์ธ์˜ ์ด์ ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ํ™‹์Šคํผ์— 8,640๋งŒ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ(์•ฝ 1์–ต ์œ ๋กœ)๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ผ€์ธ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ํ™‹์Šคํผ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด์—๋ฅธ ๋ฎŒํ—จ์€ 2019๋…„ ์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆํ‹ฐ์ฝ” ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด์—๋ฅธ ๋ฎŒํ—จ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•œ ๋ฃจ์นด์Šค ์—๋ฅด๋‚œ๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์šด 8,000๋งŒ ์œ ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊นจ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํด๋Ÿฝ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์˜์ž… ์ด์ ๋ฃŒ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์˜์ž… ์ด์ ๋ฃŒ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. 2023-24 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2010๋…„ 1์›” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ U-17 ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ์†Œ์ง‘๋˜์–ด ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์นœ์„  ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด U-19 ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2012๋…„ UEFA U-19 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1๋…„ ํ›„ ์—ด๋ฆฐ 2013๋…„ FIFA U-20 ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—๋„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ€์ธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ ์ด๊ธฐ์— ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ผ€์ธ์€ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 3์›” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ์†Œ์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ์ผ€์ธ์€ ์•„์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์Šน์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  4๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœํ›„ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์—๊ฒŒ 2:1๋กœ ํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  3,4์œ„์ „์—์„œ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—ํ•œํ…Œ 2:0์œผ๋กœ ํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  4์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ 6๊ณจ ๋“์ ์œผ๋กœ 2018๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๋“์ ์™•์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 3์›” 23์ผ, ์ผ€์ธ์€ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ๋””์—๊ณ  ์•„๋ฅด๋งŒ๋„ ๋งˆ๋ผ๋„๋‚˜์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€๊ณผ์˜ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2024 ์˜ˆ์„  C์กฐ 1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์„ ๋ฐœ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด 44๋ถ„ ์กฐ๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ ๋”” ๋กœ๋ Œ์ดˆ์˜ ํ•ธ๋“œ๋ณผ ํŒŒ์šธ๋กœ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์ด ํš๋“ํ•œ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ 54๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ 2๋Œ€ 1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” 1961๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€๊ณผ์˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์›์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ผ€์ธ์€ ์›จ์ธ ๋ฃจ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ 53๊ณจ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๋‹ค ๋“์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 3์›” 26์ผ ์ผ€์ธ์€ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€๊ณผ์˜ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2024 ์˜ˆ์„  C์กฐ 2์ฐจ์ „์— ์„ ๋ฐœ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด 37๋ถ„ ๋ถ€์นด์š” ์‚ฌ์นด์˜ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ผ€์ธ์˜ ์ „ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ฝ”์น˜ ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค ์ž‰๊ธ€์†Œํ”„๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.15์„ธ์— U-18์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ฐฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋“œ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™€๋”ฉ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”๋กœ ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค. 10๋Œ€ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์ผ€์ธ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒ์ผ์ด 7์›”์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค๋งŒํผ ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์Šคํ”ผ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”์น˜๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐํƒ„ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ† ํฌ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋Š” 2013๋…„ 2์›” ์ผ€์ธ์„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ์„ผํ„ฐ ํฌ์›Œ๋“œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ปค๋กœ์„œ ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ผ์ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋“์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ŠˆํŒ…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ „์— ์ข‹์€ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต์ค‘์—์„œ ์•ฝํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋กœ์˜ ์ž„๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋“์ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†  ์†”๋‹ค๋„์™€ ์ž์ฃผ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋˜ ์ผ€์ธ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋งˆ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์˜ค ํฌ์ฒดํ‹ฐ๋…ธ ๊ฐ๋…์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜์˜ ์ฃผ์ „ ํฌ์›Œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์ฒดํ‹ฐ๋…ธ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ์ผ€์ธ์€ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ํž˜๋“  ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๊ณผ ์ค€๋น„, ์˜์–‘์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ธ ์ „ ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ๊ฐ๋… ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋Š” ์ผ€์ธ์„ "๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์„ผํ„ฐ ํฌ์›Œ๋“œ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํด๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์€ "๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์ Š์€ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด์ •์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋…ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋“์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค." ๊ทธ์˜ ์ „ ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ 21์„ธ ์ดํ•˜ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋ ˆ์Šค ํผ๋””๋‚ธ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ€์ธ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ „ ํฌ์›Œ๋“œ ํ…Œ๋”” ์…ฐ๋ง์—„์—, ๊ทธ์˜ ์Š›์˜ ํž˜๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์–ด๋Ÿฌ์— ๋น„์œ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ์œก์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ปค์ธ ์ผ€์ธ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ์ „ ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ํฌ์›Œ๋“œ ์œ„๋ฅด๊ฒ ํด๋ฆฐ์Šค๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค 2015๋…„ 3์›” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ ๊ทธ๋ ‰ ๋‹ค์ดํฌ๋Š” ์ผ€์ธ์„ ์ Š์€ ์˜๊ตญ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒค์น˜๋งˆํฌ๋กœ ์ง€๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์–ด๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ปค๋Š” ์ผ€์ธ, ๋””์—๊ณ  ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€ ๋ฐ ์„ธ๋ฅดํžˆ์˜ค ์•„๊ตฌ์—๋กœ๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณผ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์†๋„ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ—ค๋” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 1์›” ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜์ด ์ฒผ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘” ํ›„ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ฑฐ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฐ€๋Ÿฌ๋Š” "์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒผ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŽผ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ผ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 2์›” BBC ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋Š” ์ผ€์ธ์ด "ํ™€๋“œ์—… ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์™€ ๊ทผ์ ‘ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค"์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ์ง€์…˜์—์„œ๋„ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ปค๋กœ์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ๋‹ฌ, Match of the Day ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ธ ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ ๋จธํ”ผ๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ํŒ€์ด ์ผ€์ž„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ "๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์•ฝ์ ์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ESPN ๊ธฐ์ž ๋งˆ์ดํด ์ฝ•์Šค๋Š” "์ผ€์ธ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ณจ ๋“์ ์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ ์ข…์ข… ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ˜• ๋ฏธ๋“œ ํ•„๋”๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ๋‹ค." ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ผ€์ธ์€ ์•„์›ƒ์•ค์•„์›ƒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ปค๋กœ์„œ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋“์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ์•ผ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๋งํฌ์—… ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊นŠ์ด ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒ€์›์„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์— ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจ์Šค ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํด์Šค๋‚˜์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฉ”์ด์ปค๋กœ์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„, ์˜ตํƒ€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ์ƒ˜ ๋งค๊ณผ์ด์–ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ "์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ 9๋ฒˆ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋น„ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค. 2020๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ€์ธ์€ ํ—ค๋”ฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ํ”„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด์ ธ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ€์ธ์€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ดํŠผ ์•ค ํ˜ธ๋ธŒ ์•จ๋น„์–ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์• ๋ค ๋Ÿด๋ผ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ์–ป์€ ํ›„, ์ „ ์•„์Šค๋„ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋งˆํ‹ด ํ‚ค์˜จ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ "๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ์ผ€์ธ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ „์ˆ ์€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ ํŒฐ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ผ€์ดํž์ด "๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ถ•๊ตฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒŒ์šธ์„ ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋•Œ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋Œ€ํšŒ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ํ™‹์Šคํผ FC (2009~2023) EFL์ปต ์ค€์šฐ์Šน : 2014-15, 2020-21 ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ค€์šฐ์Šน (2016-17) UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ค€์šฐ์Šน (2018-19) ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ (2015~ ) FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต : 4์œ„ (2018) UEFA ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ : ์ค€์šฐ์Šน (2020) UEFA ๋„ค์ด์…˜์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3์œ„: 2018-19 ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋“์ ์™• : 2015-16, 2016-17, 2020-21 ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋„์›€์™• : 2020-21 ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ด๋‹ฌ์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜: 2015๋…„ 1์›”ใ†2์›”, 2016๋…„ 3์›”, 2017๋…„ 2์›”ใ†9์›”ใ†12์›” PFA ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์˜ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์ƒ : 2014-15 PFA ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ํŒ€ : 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18 FSF ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜: 2017 ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜: 2017, 2018 ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ํ™‹์Šคํผ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜: 2014-15, 2020-21 ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ํ™‹์Šคํผ ์›ํ™‹์Šคํผ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜: 2020-21 ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ํ™‹์Šคํผ ์˜คํ”ผ์…œ ์„œํฌํ„ฐ์ฆˆ ํด๋Ÿฝ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜: 2020-21 ๋ฐ€์›” ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์˜ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด: 2011-12 ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํ’‹๋ณผ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜: 2018, 2021 IFFHS ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋“์ ์ž: 2017 FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต : ๊ณจ๋“  ๋ถ€์ธ , ๋“œ๋ฆผํŒ€, ํŒํƒ€์ง€ํŒ€ (์ด์ƒ 2018) 2018๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๋งจ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ๋งค์น˜ : vs. ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์ง€, vs. ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ (์ด์ƒ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ), vs. ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„ (16๊ฐ•์ „) ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ตœ๋‹ค ์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ : 4๋„์›€ (20-21 ์‹œ์ฆŒ vs ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šคํ–„ํŠผ) ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ๋‹ค ๋“์ : 39๊ณจ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ๋‹ค ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ: 8ํšŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 10-10(๋“์ -๋„์›€) : 16๋ผ์šด๋“œ (20-21) ๋ฐœ๋กฑ๋„๋ฅด 2017 - 10 2018 - 10 2021 - 23 2022 - 21 FIFA ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2017 - 24 2018 - 10 2019 - 10 ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1993๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ปค ํ† ํŠธ๋„˜ ํ™‹์Šคํผ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ด ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์—”ํŠธ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ€์›” FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์น˜ ์‹œํ‹ฐ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ๋ฐ”์ด์—๋ฅธ ๋ฎŒํ—จ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋‚จ์ž U-21 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹œ ํ’‹๋ณผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง„์ถœ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2018๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2022๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์˜์ œ๊ตญ ํ›ˆ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ถœ์‹  ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ๊ณ„ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์ธ ๋…์ผ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Kane
Harry Kane
Harry Edward Kane (born 28 July 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Bundesliga club Bayern Munich and captains the England national team. A prolific goalscorer with strong link play, Kane is regarded as one of the best strikers in the world. He is both Tottenham Hotspur's and England's all-time highest goalscorer, as well as being the second-highest all-time goalscorer in the Premier League. Kane has scored over 350 goals for club and country. Beginning his senior career with Tottenham Hotspur in 2009, Kane had loan spells out to clubs across the English football pyramid, including Leyton Orient, Millwall, Leicester City, and Norwich City. Kane's involvement at Tottenham increased after Mauricio Pochettino became head coach in 2014, and in his first full season at the club he was named PFA Young Player of the Year. In the 2015โ€“16 and 2016โ€“17 seasons, Kane finished as the league's top goalscorer. In the latter campaign, he helped Tottenham finish as Premier League runners-up and was named PFA Fans' Player of the Year. Kane registered his best campaign statistically to date in the 2017โ€“18 season, with 41 goals scored in 48 games across all competitions, and in the following season, he finished as a runner-up in the UEFA Champions League. He ended the 2020โ€“21 season as the league's top goalscorer and top assist provider. In 2023, Kane became the most expensive signing in Bundesliga history, costing โ‚ฌ110 million, as he signed for Bayern Munich. Kane has scored 61 goals in 87 appearances for England. He appeared more than 30 times at youth international level and made a goalscoring debut with the senior team in March 2015, at age 21. Kane featured and scored during England's successful UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying campaign, and represented the country at the tournament. He was named England captain just before the 2018 FIFA World Cup, in which he finished as the competition's top goalscorer, winning the Golden Boot, leading England to fourth place, their highest finish since 1990. He led England to the runner-up position at UEFA Euro 2020, marking their first appearance in a final at the tournament and their first major final since 1966. Early life Harry Edward Kane was born on 28 July 1993 in Walthamstow, London, to Kim (nรฉe Hogg) and Patrick Kane and has one older brother, Charlie. He has Irish ancestry through his father, who is from Galway. The family moved to Chingford where Kane attended Larkswood Primary Academy until 2004, followed by Chingford Foundation School (also attended by David Beckham). He played football from a young age, joining a local club, Ridgeway Rovers, when he was six in 1999. Kane talked about footballing in the family: Kane also said: "Most of my family were Spurs fans and I grew up 15 minutes from the ground, so I was always going to be a Spurs fan". He named former Spurs striker Teddy Sheringham his childhood idol, and saw him as a "great finisher" and a role model in his ability to get in the box and score goals. Other childhood sporting influences he cited include David Beckham and Jermain Defoe. Kane has also spoken of his admiration for the former Brazil forward Ronaldo, adding that he loved to watch footage of him on YouTube: "He was one of the first ones I looked at and thought, 'Wow. He's a goalscorer, I want to be a goalscorer.'" Club career Tottenham Hotspur 2004โ€“10: Youth career Kane first played for a local club, Ridgeway Rovers, and joined the Arsenal youth academy when he was eight years old. He was released after one season for being "a bit chubby" and not "very athletic", according to Liam Brady who was then in charge of Arsenal's academy. Manager Arsรจne Wenger stated in November 2015 that he was disappointed that Arsenal chose to release Kane. He also had a trial at Tottenham Hotspur but was not initially successful, and he returned to his old club Ridgeway Rovers. In 2004, at the age of eleven, he joined Watford academy for a four- to six-week trial, and was then given another chance at Tottenham after he impressed playing for Watford against Tottenham. He first played at Tottenham as a midfielder โ€“ initially in a holding position, then as an attacking midfielder. In his early days at Tottenham, Kane did not stand out as a player as he was neither big nor was he particularly quick, but those who worked with him noted his constant desire to improve various aspects of his game. A couple of years after joining, he had a large growth spurt that made him taller and physically stronger. In the 2008โ€“09 season, he played in the under-16s side that competed in the Copa Chivas tournament in Mexico, and the Bellinzona tournament in Switzerland, scoring three goals. In July 2009, on his 16th birthday, he signed a scholarship contract with Tottenham. In the 2009โ€“10 season, Kane played 22 times for Tottenham's under-18s, scoring 18 goals. Kane appeared on the first-team bench twice during the 2009โ€“10 season. Both matches were in home domestic cup victories: one the League Cup fixture against Everton on 27 October 2009 and the other in the FA Cup fourth-round replay against Bolton Wanderers on 24 February 2010. 2010โ€“14: Loan spells across England He signed his first professional contract with the club in July 2010. On 7 January 2011, Kane moved to Leyton Orient on loan until the end of the 2010โ€“11 season. Manager Russell Slade was "happy" at his arrival and said, "I'm sure he will have an impact with us over the coming months". He made his first-team debut for Orient on 15 January, coming on as a substitute for Scott McGleish in the 73rd minute of a 1โ€“1 draw away to Rochdale. A week later, Kane scored his first first-team goal against Sheffield Wednesday; making his first-ever start, "unmarked" Kane scored from a Dean Cox free kick in the 57th minute as Orient eventually won 4โ€“0. Slade said that he was "delighted" that Kane scored a goal on his first league start. On 12 February, he scored twice in a 4โ€“1 win over Bristol Rovers, after coming on as a substitute for McGleish in the 70th minute. He ended the season scoring five goals in 18 matches. On 25 August 2011, Kane made his first appearance for Tottenham, starting in the second leg of their UEFA Europa League qualification round against Hearts, with Tottenham making changes after winning the first leg 5โ€“0. His debut was a goalless match, although he won a penalty after being fouled by goalkeeper Jamie MacDonald, who then saved the penalty which Kane took himself. He went on to make six appearances in the Europa League that season, scoring his first Tottenham goal in the 4โ€“0 win away to Shamrock Rovers on 15 December 2011. On 29 December 2011, Kane and Tottenham teammate Ryan Mason agreed to join Championship club Millwall on loan from 1 January 2012 until the end of the season. After making his debut against Bristol City, manager Kenny Jackett said that he had "very good debut" but was "unlucky not to score". He also said that Kane would "be a good addition" for the club in the second half of the season. He went on to score seven goals in the final 14 matches of the season. Kane scored nine goals in 27 matches which resulted in him being named Millwall's Young Player of the Year for 2011โ€“12. His run of goals scored towards the end of the season has been credited with helping to raise Millwall in the table away from the threat of relegation that season. Kane spent pre-season 2012โ€“13 season with Tottenham, scoring a hat-trick in a 6โ€“0 away win against Southend United on 10 August 2012. On 18 August, he made his Premier League debut, against Newcastle United. Coming as an 86th-minute substitute for Sandro, Tottenham lost 2โ€“1. On 31 August 2012, Kane joined Premier League team Norwich City on a season-long loan, making his debut as a substitute against West Ham United. Kane suffered an injury, breaking a metatarsal bone, in the League Cup tie against Doncaster Rovers in only his second appearance. The 19-year-old underwent his rehabilitation at Tottenham but returned to action for Norwich on 29 December 2012, coming off the bench at half time as Norwich lost 3โ€“4 to Manchester City. However, with Tottenham having been unable to add to their attacking options during the January transfer window, they opted to recall Kane on 1 February 2013, four months before he was due to return. Twenty days after he was recalled to Tottenham, Kane joined Leicester City for the remainder of the season to aid in the club's push for automatic promotion from the Championship. He marked his home debut with a goal against Blackburn Rovers, in a 3โ€“0 win on 26 February 2013. He made 13 appearances for the East Midlands club, eight from the bench, and they reached the play-off semi-final before being eliminated by Watford. Kane scored his first Tottenham goal of the 2013โ€“14 season at White Hart Lane in a League Cup tie against Hull City, scoring the equaliser in extra time, the match finished 2โ€“2. Tottenham won 8โ€“7 on penalties, with Kane taking and converting the fifth of the nine sets of spot-kicks. On 7 April 2014, Kane was given his first Premier League start for Tottenham by manager Tim Sherwood, in a 5โ€“1 win against Sunderland, and scored his first Premier League goal in the 59th minute. He also scored in the following match, helping Tottenham to recover from a 3โ€“0 deficit against West Bromwich Albion before eventually drawing 3โ€“3. He scored for the third match in a row on 19 April, this time helping Tottenham to a 3โ€“1 London derby win at home over Fulham. 2014โ€“15: PFA Young Player of the Year Kane made his first appearance of the 2014โ€“15 season as a substitute against West Ham on the opening day of the Premier League season, providing an assist for the match-winning goal by Eric Dier. He scored in both matches against Cypriot opposition AEL Limassol in Tottenham's UEFA Europa League play-offs, scoring an 80th-minute winner in the first leg, and opening the scoring in the 3โ€“0 second leg victory after missing a penalty. He scored a late goal against Nottingham Forest in the League Cup to secure a 3โ€“1 victory for Tottenham on 24 September 2014. On 23 October 2014, Kane scored his first professional hat-trick for Tottenham in a 5โ€“1 win over Asteras Tripoli in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League. Kane was forced to play in goal for the final three minutes, after Hugo Lloris had been sent off with no substitutions remaining, and conceded a goal when he dropped a free-kick from Jerรณnimo Barrales. On 2 November 2014, Kane came on as a second-half substitute in Tottenham's 2โ€“1 win over Aston Villa and scored his first Premier League goal of the season to win the match in the 90th minute. Manager Mauricio Pochettino, who was appointed to replace Sherwood and had a rocky start at the club, has since said that this goal saved him from the sack. Kane then became a regular in Spurs' starting line-up under Pochettino; he was selected to start a week later for the first time in this Premier League season, and although the team lost 2โ€“1 at home to Stoke City, he retained his place in the first XI for Spurs' 2โ€“1 win away to Hull City on 23 November, scoring the team's equalising goal. Between 14 and 26 December, Kane scored in three consecutive 2โ€“1 wins for Tottenham, against Swansea City, Burnley and Leicester City respectively. On 1 January 2015, Kane scored twice and won a penalty as Tottenham defeated rivals and league leaders Chelsea 5โ€“3, and he scored a further two in a 3โ€“0 away win against West Bromwich Albion on 31 January, including one from a penalty. Kane set up Christian Eriksen's late equaliser against Sheffield United on 28 January 2015, a goal which put Tottenham into the 2015 League Cup final. His performances led to him being named as the Premier League Player of the Month for January 2015. On 2 February 2015, Kane signed a new five-and-a-half-year contract with the club. Five days later, he scored both of Tottenham's goals as they came from behind to defeat Arsenal in the North London derby, his 21st and 22nd goals of the season across all competitions. After scoring against Arsenal, Liverpool and West Ham United, Kane was again named as the Premier League Player of the Month for February 2015, becoming only the fourth player to win the award in consecutive months. Tottenham lost the League Cup final 2โ€“0 to rivals Chelsea on 1 March 2015, which Kane described as the "worst feeling in the world". Twenty days later, he scored his first Premier League hat-trick in a 4โ€“3 home win over his former loan club Leicester; this brought him to 19 league goals in the season, making him the division's top scorer. On 5 April, Kane captained Tottenham for the first time in a 0โ€“0 draw with Burnley at Turf Moor. Two weeks later, he scored his 30th goal of the season in a 3โ€“1 win against Newcastle United at St James' Park, making him the first Tottenham player to reach that milestone since Gary Lineker in 1991โ€“92. Later that month, he was included as one of two forwards in the PFA Team of the Year, alongside Chelsea's Diego Costa. He was also voted the PFA Young Player of the Year. On 24 May 2015, he headed in an Eric Dier cross for the only goal of an away win over Everton on the final day of the season to confirm fifth place for Tottenham, thus qualifying them to the group stage of the following season's UEFA Europa League. It was his 21st goal of the league campaign, equalling a Premier League club record alongside Teddy Sheringham, Jรผrgen Klinsmann and Gareth Bale. At the end of the season, Kane remarked that he had done more in the single campaign than he had expected to do in his whole career. 2015โ€“16: Premier League top goalscorer On Tottenham's pre-season tour of Australia, Kane attracted numerous fans while visiting the Westfield Sydney shopping centre, resulting in the club sending a minibus to escort him away. On 29 July 2015, Tottenham were the guests in the 2015 MLS All-Star Game at Dick's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, Colorado. They lost 2โ€“1 to the MLS All-Stars, with Kane scoring their consolation goal in the 37th minute after beating a challenge from Omar Gonzalez, and he was later substituted in the 77th minute. Kane's squad number was changed from 18 to 10, previously worn by Emmanuel Adebayor. In an interview with The Daily Telegraph, he said that he changed the number "to become a club legend". With Adebayor and Roberto Soldado having been put up for sale, he began the season as the club's only forward, and the third-choice captain behind Hugo Lloris and Jan Vertonghen. After a 748-minute drought, he scored his first goal of the season on 26 September 2015 as Tottenham came from behind to defeat leaders Manchester City 4โ€“1. Eight days later, he scored an own goal from Jonjo Shelvey's corner kick away to Swansea City, but Tottenham fought back to a 2โ€“2 draw. On 25 October 2015, Kane scored a hat-trick, including a penalty which he won himself, as Tottenham came from conceding a first-minute goal to triumph 5โ€“1 away to Bournemouth at Dean Court. Eight days later, he recorded his fifth goal of the season with the final goal in a 3โ€“1 win at home to Aston Villa. On 8 November 2015, he gave Tottenham a half-time lead against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium, albeit in a 1โ€“1 draw; this goal past Petr ฤŒech was from his first touch of Danny Rose's long pass. Eighteen days after that, he recorded his ninth goal in six matches, the only one of an away match against QarabaฤŸ FK, qualifying Tottenham to the knockout stages of the season's UEFA Europa League. On 19 December 2015, Kane made his 100th appearance for the club in a 2โ€“0 win away to Southampton, and scored his 10th goal in his last 10 matches. A week later, he added two more in a 3โ€“0 win over former loan employers Norwich, putting him on 27 Premier League goals for the year 2015, breaking Sheringham's club record. On 10 January 2016, he scored his 50th goal for Tottenham in a 2โ€“2 draw against Leicester in the third round of the FA Cup. Kane was Premier League Player of the Month for the third time in March 2016, after scoring five goals in four games, including an angled strike from the corner of the 18-yard box in the North London derby which Kane called "one of my best goals technically". After scoring his 22nd league goal of the season in a 1โ€“1 draw against Liverpool at Anfield on 2 April, Kane became the club's highest goalscorer in a single Premier League season, with six games of the season remaining. Kane ended the season winning the Premier League Golden Boot, finishing one goal ahead of Sergio Agรผero and Jamie Vardy with 25 goals. He was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the second consecutive season, as he helped Tottenham to a third-place finish, and UEFA Champions League qualification. 2016โ€“17: League runner-up and second Golden Boot In the absence of Hugo Lloris, Kane captained Tottenham in their opening home match of the 2016โ€“17 season, assisting Victor Wanyama's winning goal as Spurs beat Crystal Palace 1โ€“0 in a London derby at White Hart Lane. He opened his scoring account in the fourth matchday of the Premier League season, providing the final goal in a 4โ€“0 win away to Stoke City. On 14 September 2016, Kane made his UEFA Champions League debut in Spurs' 2โ€“1 loss to Monaco at Wembley Stadium. Four days later, he scored the winning goal against Sunderland in the Premier League, but had to be helped off the field after twisting his right ankle attempting a tackle of Papy Djilobodji. Reports indicated that the ligaments in Kane's ankle were damaged, ruling him out for six-to-eight weeks. After missing five league matches and three in the Champions League group phase, Kane made his return at rivals Arsenal on 6 November, scoring from the penalty spot to equalise in a 1โ€“1 draw. On 22 November, he scored his first Champions League goal in the return fixture against Monaco at the Stade Louis II, a game which saw Spurs eliminated from the competition with a 2โ€“1 loss. On 1 December 2016, Kane signed a new contract with Tottenham, keeping him at the club until 2022. On 1 January 2017, made his 100th Premier League appearance, scoring the first Premier League goal of the new year against Watford on the 27-minute mark, which he extended to a brace after scoring again in the 33rd minute. In his first match after the birth of his daughter, Kane scored a hat-trick in a 4โ€“0 win against West Brom on 14 January. In the fifth round of the 2016โ€“17 FA Cup on 19 February 2017, Kane scored all three goals as Tottenham beat Fulham 3โ€“0. This meant his fifth career hat-trick, and his second in 2017. On 26 February 2017, Kane once again scored a hat-trick as Tottenham beat Stoke 4โ€“0, his third hat-trick in nine games, and his second in consecutive domestic games. The first of these goals was his 100th in club football. He was named Player of the Month for the fourth time in his career in February 2017. In March 2017, he injured his ankle in an FA Cup match against former loan club Millwall. On 15 April, Kane scored his 20th Premier League goal of the season against Bournemouth on his first start in a month after returning from injury. This made him the fourth player in Premier League history to achieve 20 goals in three consecutive seasons, after Alan Shearer, Thierry Henry and Ruud van Nistelrooy. On 20 April, Kane was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the third consecutive season. He was also included in the six player shortlists for the PFA Players' Player of the Year and PFA Young Player of the Year awards. Two days later, he scored in Tottenham's 4โ€“2 FA Cup semi-final loss to rivals Chelsea at Wembley Stadium. In the last match at White Hart Lane on 14 May, Harry Kane scored the 2โ€“0 goal as Tottenham beat Manchester United 2โ€“1. With two games remaining of the season, Kane stood on 22 goals, two fewer than Romelu Lukaku. With a combined seven goals in the last two fixtures however, a 6โ€“1 win over reigning champions Leicester City and a 7โ€“1 win against Hull City, Kane finished as the top scorer of the Premier League on 29 goals, and thus won his second consecutive Golden Boot, becoming only the fifth player to do so. 2017โ€“18: Record breaking year After not finding the back of the net in Tottenham's first three games, Kane scored a brace in three of his next four appearances for the club across all competitions. His opening goal against Everton on 9 September was his 100th overall for the club, coming in his 169th appearance. On 26 September, Kane scored his first UEFA Champions League hat-trick in a 3โ€“0 group stage win against Cypriot champions APOEL. He was awarded Premier League Player of the Month for the fifth time, and named September 2017 โ€“ in which he scored 13 goals in 10 club and international games โ€“ as the best month of his career. On 23 December, Kane equalled Alan Shearer's record of 36 Premier League goals in a calendar year, having scored a hat-trick in a 0โ€“3 away win to Burnley. He surpassed Shearer's record the following game with another hat-trick in the 5โ€“2 home win against Southampton, ending the year with 39 Premier League goals. The hat-trick, his sixth of the year in the Premier League (eighth in all competitions), also made him the first player in Premier League history to score six hat-tricks in a year. With a total of 56 goals scored in all competitions for the year, he also became Europe's top goal scorer of 2017, breaking the seven-year dominance of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo as Europe's top goalscorer in a calendar year. In January 2018, he scored twice in the 4โ€“0 home win against Everton, and became Tottenham's top goalscorer in the Premier League era, breaking Teddy Sheringham's record of 97 Premier League goals for the club. On 4 February, Kane scored an added-time penalty to equalise in a 2โ€“2 draw with Liverpool at Anfield for his 100th Premier League goal; he achieved the century of league goals in 141 games, beaten only by Alan Shearer's 124. He was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the fourth consecutive season in April 2018, alongside fellow forwards Mohamed Salah and Sergio Agรผero. On 8 June, Kane signed a new contract to keep him at the club until 2024. 2018โ€“19: UEFA Champions League runner-up Kane started the season opener against Newcastle United without scoring, before opening his account against Fulham the following weekend. In doing so he ended his hoodoo of failing to score a Premier League goal in the month of August. He also scored for the first time at Old Trafford in the following game as Tottenham won 3โ€“0 in what was only their third away win against Manchester United since 1992, as well as the biggest away win against the club in 46 years. He scored the opening goal against Cardiff City on 1 January 2019, and with that goal, he became the first player to have scored a goal against every Premier League team he has faced. On 13 January 2019, in a match against Manchester United, Kane injured his ankle ligaments late in the game, thereby missing some crucial games including the Champions League round of 16 home game. He returned to the first team squad on 23 February 2019, in a match against Burnley, and was immediately placed in the starting XI. He scored the equalizing goal in the 65th minute to tie the score 1โ€“1, although the match ended a 2โ€“1 defeat. He scored the only goal in the Champions League round of 16 away tie against Borussia Dortmund to ensure a 4โ€“0 win on aggregate and progress to the club's second quarter-final in the Champions League. The goal also made him the club's top goalscorer in European competitions with 24 goals scored. During the first leg of the quarter-final in the Champions League on 9 April 2019 against Manchester City, he again suffered an ankle injury, which ended his season domestically in the Premier League. He did, however, return for the Champions League final on 1 June, although his selection after his injury became a subject of debate as Tottenham lost 2โ€“0 to Liverpool. 2019โ€“20: Injury struggles Kane started Tottenham's first game of the 2019โ€“20 season, scoring twice in a 3โ€“1 home win against Aston Villa. Kane's first goal of the game was his first at the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium. On 1 January 2020, in the away match against Southampton that ended in a 1โ€“0 defeat, Kane suffered a hamstring injury. The damage to his hamstring required an operation which would see him out of action for a few months. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in the suspension of League matches, he did not play any further matches until 19 June. On 23 June, in his 200th Premier League appearance for Tottenham, he scored his first goal of 2020 against West Ham, sealing a 2โ€“0 win. 2020โ€“21: Third Golden Boot and Playmaker of the Season Kane scored his first goal of the season in the Europa League match against Lokomotiv Plovdiv, helping the team to win 2โ€“1 after Plovdiv had two players sent off late in the second half. His first league goal of the 2020โ€“21 season came in the second league match following a spree of four goals which were all scored by Son Heung-min and assisted by Kane, giving Spurs a 5โ€“2 win over Southampton. This is the first time in Premier League history a player has provided four assists to the same teammate in a match and Kane became just the sixth player in Premier League history to assist four goals in a single match, and the first English player to do so. Kane scored a hat-trick against Maccabi Haifa in the UEFA Europa League play-off round on 1 October, securing qualification for the group stage. On 4 October, he scored a brace in a 6โ€“1 away win against Manchester United, which is the biggest win for Tottenham at Old Trafford and their best result against United since a home win in 1932. He scored his 200th goal for Tottenham in his 300th appearance for the club in the 3โ€“1 win over Ludogorets in the group stage of the Europa League. Kane scored in Tottenham's 2โ€“0 victory over rivals Arsenal making him the record highest goalscorer in the history of the North London Derby with 11 goals. It was also Kane's 100th home goal for Tottenham in all competitions, and his 250th career goal for club and country. On 2 January 2021, Kane converted a penalty to open the scoring and later provided an assist during Tottenham's 3โ€“0 home victory over Leeds United. This brought both Kane's goal and assist tally in the league to 10, making him the first player in Europe's top five leagues to reach double digits for goals and assists in the 2020โ€“21 season. On 7 March, he scored a brace against Crystal Palace in a 4โ€“1 win; the last goal was assisted by Son Heung-min, and this, their 14th combined goal effort whereby one assisted another, set a record for the most goal combinations in a Premier League season. On 23 May, he scored a goal in a 4โ€“2 win over Leicester City, to reach his 23rd goal of the season and to win the third Golden Boot award in his career. He also won the Premier League Playmaker of the Season award for most assists in a season, becoming the first player to win both the Golden Boot and Playmaker awards in the same season since the introduction of the playmakers' award in 2018. 2021โ€“22: Desire to leave Tottenham The 2021โ€“22 season was preceded by a dispute over a desire by Kane to leave Tottenham, saying he had a gentlemen's agreement with chairman Daniel Levy that would allow him to leave in the summer. The agreement was not honoured, and Levy rejected the interest expressed by Manchester City for Kane's services, including a ยฃ127 million transfer bid. Kane failed to turn up for pre-season training and did not play the first two games of the season. He made his season bow on 22 August as a substitute against Wolverhampton Wanderers โ€“ his first appearance since returning late for pre-season. Kane announced his desire to stay at Tottenham on 25 August after the move to Manchester City failed to materialise, with Kane stating: "I will be staying at Tottenham this summer and will be 100 per cent focused on helping the team achieve success." The following day Kane made his first appearance in the UEFA Europa Conference League, against Paรงos de Ferreira. He scored twice in a 3โ€“0 win to secure the team's progress to the group stage. On 30 September, in the second match of the group stage, he scored a hat-trick in 20 minutes against Mura after coming on as a substitute to win 5โ€“1. This was the first hat-trick ever scored in the Europa Conference League, and made Kane the first player to score a hat-trick in all three current major UEFA club competitions (i.e. Champions League, Europa League, and Europa Conference League). On 17 October 2021, Kane scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 3โ€“2 away win against Newcastle United. His second goal of the season came on 19 December, when he scored the opener in a 2โ€“2 home draw against Liverpool. On 19 February 2022, Kane scored twice, including a 95th-minute winner, in a thrilling 3โ€“2 victory over Manchester City. This ended City's 15-game unbeaten streak in the league. On 26 February, Kane scored against Leeds United, and assisted Son; the assist was the 37th time Kane and Son had combined to score, setting a new record of goal-scoring partnerships in the Premier League. On 16 March, Kane scored in a 2โ€“0 win away at Brighton, bringing his Premier League away goal tally to 95, surpassing Wayne Rooney's record for most Premier League goals scored away from home. 2022โ€“23: All-time Tottenham top goalscorer and final year at the club Kane scored his first goal of the season in the London derby away at Chelsea, rescuing a point for Tottenham by scoring in the sixth minute of injury time to bring the score to 2โ€“2. This took his tally of Premier League goals scored for Tottenham to 184, equalling Sergio Agรผero's record of most goals scored for a single Premier League club. Kane broke the record the following game when he scored the only goal in the game against Wolverhampton Wanderers, becoming the first player to score 185 goals in the Premier League for a single club. On 5 February 2023, Tottenham stated that Kane had become their all-time top scorer, overtaking Jimmy Greaves with his 267th goal for Tottenham and 200th in the Premier League, in a 1โ€“0 home victory against Manchester City. This fact was disputed, however, as Tottenham do not count the two goals Greaves scored in the 1962 FA Charity Shield, which would put him on 268. On 11 March 2023, Kane scored his 269th and 270th goals with a brace in a 3โ€“1 victory against Nottingham Forest giving him the now undisputed record. In 2023, he finished second to Erling Haaland, with 30 goals, becoming the first player to score 30 times in two separate 38-game Premier League seasons. Following the departure of Karim Benzema from Real Madrid on 6 June 2023, manager Carlo Ancelotti, who was interested in signing Kane, reportedly asked his board to initiate a possible transfer. In late June 2023, Bayern Munich made an initial bid for Kane of ยฃ70 million with one year left in his contract, which was rejected. In July, he was included in Tottenham's squad for their pre-season tour, with Bayern Munich honorary president Uli HoeneรŸ saying that there had been talks between the club and the player's advisors, stating that Kane had "clearly signalled in all conversationsโ€ that he wished to transfer to Bayern Munich. On 6 August, Kane scored four goals as Tottenham beat Shakhtar Donetsk 5โ€“1 in their penultimate pre-season friendly before the start of the Premier League. On the next day, Tottenham rejected another bid from Bayern Munich, for a reported fee of ยฃ86 million. On 10 August, it was reported that Bayern Munich and Tottenham had agreed a deal in principle for Kane which was worth more than โ‚ฌ100 million (ยฃ86.4m). His departure was later confirmed by manager Ange Postecoglou via press conference. The same day, it was reported that Kane was to undergo a medical at Bayern Munich after being given permission to travel to Germany by Tottenham. On 12 August, Kane posted a farewell video on Instagram, thanking Tottenham staff and supporters for his time at the club. Tottenham released an official statement shortly after thanking Kane for his service. Tottenham chairman Daniel Levy also mentioned that Kane wanted a new challenge and decided not to sign a new contract with the club. Bayern Munich After Bayern Munich and Tottenham agreed on a deal on 10 August 2023, Kane agreed personal terms and flew to Munich the next day. On 12 August, Bayern Munich announced the signing of Kane on a four-year contract. Kane became the most expensive signing in Bundesliga history, costing โ‚ฌ100m plus โ‚ฌ10m bonuses in transfer fees, surpassing the โ‚ฌ80m transfer fee paid by Bayern Munich for Lucas Hernandez in 2019. He also became the third Englishman to join the club, following Owen Hargreaves and Omar Richards. Kane made his debut for Bayern on the same day he joined the club, as a 64th-minute substitute in a 3โ€“0 defeat to RB Leipzig in the 2023 DFL-Supercup. He scored his first goal for the club on the opening day of the 2023โ€“24 Bundesliga season, also providing the assist for Leroy Sanรฉ's early opener, as Bayern won 4โ€“0 away to Werder Bremen. On 27 August, Kane netted his first Bayern brace in a 3โ€“1 home league victory against Augsburg. On 15 September, Kane scored his 300th career club goal as Bayern's home league match against Bayer Leverkusen ended in a 2โ€“2 draw. On 20 September, he scored his first Champions League goal for Bayern on his European debut, converting a penalty in a 4โ€“3 win over Manchester United. On 23 September, Kane got his first hat-trick for Bayern as well as two assists in a 7โ€“0 victory against VfL Bochum, taking his league goal tally to seven and setting a new club record for most goals by a player in his first five Bundesliga appearances. The hat-trick was also his first domestic league triple since December 2017. On 28 October, Kane scored a second-half hat-trick and got an assist in an 8โ€“0 victory over Darmstadt, including a goal from inside his own half. International career 2010โ€“2015: Youth level In January 2010, Kane was called up to play for the England under-17 team for the Algarve Tournament in Portugal. Kane missed the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Championship due to illness, with England going on to win the tournament in his absence. He scored three goals in six appearances in total at under-17 level. He later moved up to the under-19s and scored twice in a 6โ€“1 victory over Albania on 8 October 2010. Kane played a large role in the England under-19s progression to the semi-finals of the 2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship in Estonia. Kane scored the winner against France in the final group stage match to ensure the team a safe passage through to the semi-finals. In total, Kane appeared 14 times for the England under-19 team and contributed 6 goals during that period. On 28 May 2013, he was named in manager Peter Taylor's 21-man squad for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He made his debut on 16 June, in a 3โ€“0 win in a warm-up match against Uruguay. He assisted Luke Williams' goal in the opening group-stage match on 23 June 2013 against Iraq. He then scored in the following match against Chile, collecting a pass after work by Ross Barkley and firing in from the edge of the penalty area. On 13 August 2013, Kane made his debut for the under-21s against Scotland. In that match, he came on as a substitute in the 58th minute, and England won 6โ€“0. On 10 October, he scored a hat-trick for England under-21s against San Marino during 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification. Kane was named in the England under-21 squad for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in the Czech Republic, despite opposition from his club manager Mauricio Pochettino. He played every minute of England's campaign at the tournament, which ended with them eliminated in last place in their group. 2015โ€“2018: Senior debut and first major tournaments Kane was also eligible for the Republic of Ireland through his father, who was born in Galway, but in August 2014 he ruled out switching allegiance, saying that he wanted to break into the England senior team. After a good run of form with Tottenham and being the third top goal scorer in the Premier League with 16 goals, on 19 March 2015 Kane was named by manager Roy Hodgson in the England squad to face Lithuania in a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match and Italy in a friendly. He made his international debut at Wembley Stadium, replacing Wayne Rooney in the second half against Lithuania, and scored just 80 seconds later with a header from a Raheem Sterling cross. On 30 March 2015, the day before the Italy match, Hodgson announced that Kane would start alongside Rooney, and he played the full 90 minutes of the 1โ€“1 draw at Juventus Stadium. In his next appearance on 5 September 2015, substitute Kane scored the fifth of England's six goals in a win over San Marino which qualified them for UEFA Euro 2016. Kane scored his third England goal against Switzerland in another qualifier three days later, which they won 2โ€“0. On 12 October 2015, as England finished their qualification campaign with a 10th win from 10 matches, Kane's shot hit the post for an own goal by Lithuanian goalkeeper Giedrius Arlauskis in a 3โ€“0 away victory. On 22 May 2016, Kane opened the scoring in a 2โ€“1 friendly win over Turkey at the City of Manchester Stadium, but later missed a penalty. He was the first England player to fail to score from the penalty spot during a game since Frank Lampard in 2010, and the first to miss the target since Peter Crouch in 2006. At the European Championship in France that June, Kane was assigned to take corner kicks, a tactic which was criticised by pundits, but defended by Hodgson, who said that Kane was the best for the role. On 10 June 2017, Kane captained England for the first time in their 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier with Scotland at Hampden Park, scoring an added-time equaliser to rescue a 2โ€“2 draw. On 5 October, he scored an added-time winner against Slovenia which confirmed England's qualification to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. 2018โ€“2020: Assuming the captaincy and FIFA World Cup Golden Boot Kane was named in the 23-man England squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup and was made captain. On 18 June, Kane scored both of England's goals in a 2โ€“1 win over Tunisia, his winning goal coming deep in injury time, in the team's opening group game of the World Cup. In the next group game on 24 June, Kane scored a hat-trick in England's 6โ€“1 win over Panama, which was England's largest ever World Cup victory. With his three goals against Panama, Kane became the third England player to score a hat-trick in a World Cup match, after Geoff Hurst against West Germany in the 1966 final and Gary Lineker against Poland in 1986. Kane scored his sixth goal of the finals as England overcame Colombia in the Round of 16. Scoring a penalty in a match that finished 1โ€“1 after 120 minutes, also scoring in the penalty shoot-out as England prevailed 4โ€“3; this was the first time that England had managed to win a penalty shoot-out at the World Cup. Kane didn't score again for the rest of the tournament as England finished in fourth place after losing 2โ€“0 Belgium in the third place playoff. However, his six goals in the tournament earned him the Golden Boot as the top goalscorer of the World Cup, the first England player to win the award since Gary Lineker became the first to do so in the 1986 tournament. The September international break saw the introduction of the UEFA Nations League. England's first match was on 8 September 2018 against Spain, which Kane captained for the full 90 minutes in a game which saw England lose 2โ€“1. On 15 October, England played Spain for the second time in the group, this time running out 3โ€“2 winners with Kane assisting two of the three goals. On 14 November, before a friendly against the United States (US), Kane presented Wayne Rooney with England's Golden Boot in recognition of Rooney's 53 England goals, a record that makes him England's all-time top goal scorer. In an interview following the match, which ended in a 3โ€“0 win for England, Rooney revealed that he wanted Harry Kane to present him the award as he believed that Kane will one day beat it. Three days after the US match, Kane captained England in their final Nations League group match against Croatia as the Three Lions won 2โ€“1. Kane first assisted Jesse Lingard's equaliser then scored the winning goal which saw England top the group and qualify for the finals in June 2019. 2021โ€“2023: Euro 2020 runner-up and all-time England top scorer In the qualifying round of UEFA Euro 2020, Kane captained the 1,000th match played by England, and scored a hat-trick against Montenegro. This brought his tally to 31, which placed him 6th in the all-time list of England's top goalscorers, but also made him the highest-ever scoring England captain. The 7โ€“0 win also secured England's qualification to UEFA Euro 2020. Kane was in fine form throughout the qualifying process, becoming the first Englishman to score in every game in a qualifying campaign, registering a total of twelve goals โ€“ the joint-most for an England player in a single year. In the round of 16 match on 29 June 2021, Kane scored the second goal against Germany. This was his first goal of the tournament. The match resulted in a 2โ€“0 victory for England. He scored a further two goals in the quarter-finals match against Ukraine on 3 July. In the semi-finals against Denmark, Kane scored the winning goal in a 2โ€“1 triumph that secured England's place in the Euro 2020 final, the country's first final in a major competition since 1966, which they subsequently lost to Italy on penalties after a 1โ€“1 draw in regular time. In the unsuccessful shootout, Kane did convert his penalty but England ultimately lost 3โ€“2. In the last two 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Albania and San Marino, Kane scored back-to-back first-half hat-tricks (including a "perfect hat-trick" against the former and four goals against the latter) to help secure England's qualification to the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification. In June 2022, in the league phase of the 2022โ€“23 UEFA Nations League, Kane scored his 50th international goal in the game against Germany, making him only the second player to score 50 goals for England, only three goals behind Wayne Rooney in the all-time England top-scorer list. At the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Kane scored twice, enough to equal Rooney's all-time top-scoring record, as England reached the quarter-finals; however they were eliminated by France after he missed a penalty in their 2โ€“1 defeat. On 23 March 2023, he scored a penalty in a UEFA Euro 2024 qualifier to help England win 2โ€“1 over reigning European champion Italy, which is also England's first away win against Italy since 1961. This goal, his 54th for England, overtook Rooney's record and made Kane England's all-time record goalscorer. Kane achieved this feat with 39 fewer games than Rooney, with a score rate of 0.7 goals per game, higher than most England's recent top goalscorers. On 17 October, he scored a brace in a 3โ€“1 win against Italy in the second leg of the Euro 2024 qualifier, which was England's first win against their opponent at Wembley Stadium since 1977. Player profile Development Kane's former youth coach Alex Inglethorpe has said of him:When he first came into the under-18s as a 15 year old, he stood out in the sense he looked a bit gangly. He moved slightly awkwardly, he was a bit cumbersome. But look closer, he had a lot of ability, a great technique. I think he surprised people how good he was. Tactically he was very flexible. He often played in midfield. I remember seeing him once playing as a holding midfielder. While a teenager, Kane initially struggled in Tottenham's academy, as partially due to his date of birth in July, he was not as physically developed as other players, nor was he as quick. However, he gained the respect of coaches with his technique and desire for self-improvement. When profiling Kane in February 2013, Talksport said that he was best as a second striker, despite also having ability as a centre forward or in a wide position. They wrote that he preferred to place his shots, although he could also score from distance. The report also noted that he had good pace, but was weak in the air and had not scored on his loan at Norwich. Initially a back-up to ยฃ26ย million Spanish import Roberto Soldado and frequently loaned out, Kane was eventually made Tottenham's starting forward by manager Mauricio Pochettino. Under Pochettino, Kane said that his game has improved through the tough training techniques instituted by the manager. He also strives to achieve marginal gain in order to maximise his potential by tweaking various aspects of his training and preparations as well as nutrition. Analysis Former Tottenham manager David Pleat described Kane as an "old-fashioned traditional centre-forward". Clive Allen, who coached him at Tottenham, stated that "one thing I'd say about him, which unfortunately you don't say about a lot of young footballers, is that he had a passion for the game. He loves football, he loves playing, he loves scoring goals". His former Tottenham under-21 coach Les Ferdinand likened Kane's movement to their former forward Teddy Sheringham, and the power and accuracy of his shots to Alan Shearer. A tall and physical striker, Kane's style of play has been compared to that of former Tottenham forward Jรผrgen Klinsmann, a comparison Kane called flattering in February 2015. In March 2015, Football Association chairman Greg Dyke named Kane as the benchmark for clubs producing young English players. Shearer said that month that the three best strikers playing in the league were Kane, Diego Costa and Sergio Agรผero. Although he was initially criticised for his limited aerial game in his early career, as well as his lack of significant pace, he became more prolific with his head as his career progressed. After Tottenham's victory over Chelsea in January 2015, blogger Chris Miller wrote, "Nobody thought he was the guy who was going to give that performance against Chelsea". In February 2015, BBC Sport wrote that Kane was best as a lone striker, with his "hold-up play and close control" making him apt in other positions as well. Also that month, Match of the Day pundit Danny Murphy said that the England team should be built around Kane, stating, "I'm struggling to see a weakness in the lad's game". ESPN reporter Michael Cox stated that "Kane was initially considered a pure goal scorer, he's actually a good all-round player, often playing as an attacking midfielder", pointing out that during the 2018 FIFA World Cup "Kane's contributions in deeper positions were outstanding, his back-to-goal work as impressive as ever". Indeed, although Kane is predominantly known for his clinical finishing and prolific goalscoring ability as an out-and-out striker, he is also known for his vision, technique, link-up play, and passing ability, which enables him to drop deep, bring his teammates into play, and create chances for other players; he is therefore also capable of playing in a more creative role as a false 9 or even as a number 10. As such, in 2022, Sam McGuire of Opta Sports identified him as "the most creative number 9 in the world." Additionally, he is also known for his defensive work-rate, and is an accurate penalty taker. Beginning in 2020, Kane started to be criticised about a perceived tactic of backing into defenders jumping for headers, causing the players to fall backwards onto the pitch, potentially risking serious injury. After doing so to Brighton & Hove Albion player Adam Lallana and winning a penalty, Kane was criticised by ex-Arsenal player Martin Keown who said, "He looks at his opponent, knows what he is going to do and makes a back for him. I think it is dangerous play from Harry Kane and he knows what he is doing and I don't even think it is a penalty." However, this tactic has been defended by Crystal Palace defender Gary Cahill who said, "I think that's just part of football. I think an element of that is being clever and experienced and knowing when you can maybe draw a foul in." Media and sponsorship Kane began a boot sponsorship deal with footwear company Skechers in August 2023 after his agreement with sportswear and equipment supplier Nike ended. Following his 100th Premier League goal in February 2018 Nike launched the special-edition Hypervenom 3 HK. In 2018 he featured in a Nike commercial, 'Nothing Beats A Londoner', along with other sports stars based in the city, including quadruple Olympic champion Mo Farah and Chelsea playmaker Eden Hazard, highlighting London's diversity. Ahead of UEFA Euro 2016, Kane featured in advertisements for Mars Bars and Beats by Dr. Dre headphones, the latter alongside Antoine Griezmann, Mario Gรถtze and Cesc Fร bregas. Kane features in EA Sports' FIFA video game series: he was named in the Team of the Year in FIFA 18, joining Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo in attack. Kane and Camila Cabello announced the winner of the "Best International Male Solo Artist" award at the 2018 Brit Awards at the O2 Arena on 21 February, namely Kendrick Lamar. On 14 May 2020, Kane announced that he would sponsor Leyton Orient's shirts for the next season to help support the first club he played for professionally through the COVID-19 pandemic. The unusual sponsorship deal, the first of its kind in English football, has the approval of Premier League, English Football League and Football Association, and the sponsorship has been donated to charities which will receive 10% of the proceeds of the respective shirt sales โ€“ the home shirt shows a thank you message to the NHS frontline workers tackling the pandemic, the away shirt sporting a logo of Haven House Children's Hospice while the third kit features the mental health charity Mind. Personal life In an interview given in February 2015, Kane said he was in a relationship with Katie Goodland, whom he has known since childhood. He told Esquire, "We went to school together, so she's seen my whole career. Of course, she's finding it a little crazy. I think she's even been in the papers a couple of times, taking the dogs out." On 1 July 2017, Kane announced his engagement to Goodland on his Twitter account, and said in June 2019 that they had married. Kane and Katie Goodland announced the birth of their first child, a daughter, in January 2017. The birth of their second daughter was announced in August 2018. Their first son was born December 2020. Their second son was born in August 2023. Kane and Goodland have two Labrador retrievers, Brady and Wilson, named after NFL quarterbacks, Tom Brady and Russell Wilson. Kane has cited The Brady 6, a documentary about Brady, as an inspiration for his development. In 2019, Kane expressed an interest in becoming a kicker in the NFL "in 10 to 12 years". Kane abstains from alcohol during the football season, and starting from 2017, he hired a full-time chef to optimise his nutrition. He plays golf in his free time. Kane was appointed a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to football. On 10 October 2022, Kane launched the Harry Kane Foundation, which 'seeks to change perceptions of mental health by normalising conversations and promoting positive habits to end stigma around the subject'. To mark the occasion, Kane featured on CBeebies' Bedtimes Stories. Career statistics Club International Honours Tottenham Hotspur Football League Cup/EFL Cup runner-up: 2014โ€“15, 2020โ€“21 UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2018โ€“19 England UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2020 UEFA Nations League third place: 2018โ€“19 Individual Millwall Young Player of the Year: 2011โ€“12 Premier League Player of the Month: January 2015, February 2015, March 2016, February 2017, September 2017, December 2017, March 2022 PFA Premier League Team of the Year: 2014โ€“15, 2015โ€“16, 2016โ€“17, 2017โ€“18, 2020โ€“21, 2022โ€“23 PFA Young Player of the Year: 2014โ€“15 Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year: 2014โ€“15, 2020โ€“21, 2022โ€“23 Premier League Golden Boot: 2015โ€“16, 2016โ€“17, 2020โ€“21 Premier League Playmaker of the Season: 2020โ€“21 PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2016โ€“17 Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year: 2017 England Player of the Year Award: 2017, 2018 FIFA World Cup Golden Boot: 2018 FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2018 IFFHS World's Best Top Goal Scorer: 2017 London Football Awards Premier League Player of the Year: 2018, 2021 Orders Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire: 2019 Freedom of the City of London: 2023 See also List of top international men's football goal scorers by country List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more Premier League goals References External links Profile at the FC Bayern Munich website Profile at the Football Association website 1993 births Living people Footballers from Chingford Footballers from Walthamstow English men's footballers Men's association football forwards Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Leyton Orient F.C. players Millwall F.C. players Norwich City F.C. players Leicester City F.C. players FC Bayern Munich footballers English Football League players Premier League players Bundesliga players First Division/Premier League top scorers England men's youth international footballers England men's under-21 international footballers England men's international footballers UEFA Euro 2016 players 2018 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2020 players 2022 FIFA World Cup players English expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Germany English expatriate sportspeople in Germany Members of the Order of the British Empire English people of Irish descent
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98%20%EC%82%B0%ED%9B%84%EC%A1%B0%EB%A6%AC
ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ
ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ(็”ฃๅพŒ่ชฟ็†, Postpartum care)๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์€ ํ›„ ํ—ˆ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์Œ์‹, ํ™œ๋™, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ณด์‚ดํ•Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž„์‹  ์ „์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํœด์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์นญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‚ฐ ์ „์— ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ง‘์•ˆ์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๋Œ๋ด„ ํ˜น์€ ์œก์•„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฉด์ œ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„์ด์™€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ํšŒ๋ณต์— ์ „๋…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณด์•„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ๋ด„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถœ๊ฐ€์™ธ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋˜ ๋”ธ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŽธ๊ฒฌ ์—†์ด ์นœ์ •์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์นœ์ •์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๋Œ๋ด„์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์–‘๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์€ ์›ํ˜•์ด๋ฉฐ ๋„“์€ ํŽธ์ด๋ผ ๋น„๊ต์  ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ข‹์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์‹œ ํšŒ์Œ๋ถ€ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋™์–‘๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์€ ํƒ€์›ํ˜•์˜ ์ข์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์„ ๋•Œ์— ๋น„๊ต์  ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„œ์–‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ถœ์‚ฐ ํ›„ ํšŒ๋ณต์— ํž˜์ด ๋“ค์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋™์–‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ถœ์‚ฐ ํ›„ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด๋กœ๋Š” Sanhujori๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ํ’์Šต๊ณผ ์ „ํ†ต, ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์Œ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ (์ง‘์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ€์–ดํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋˜๋Š” ์—…์ฒด, ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ€์–ด๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ) ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์งง๊ฒŒ๋Š” 1์ฃผ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ๋Š” 3,4์ฃผ ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฅ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์šด๋™์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 30๋ถ„ ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๊ฑท๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘, ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜ ๊ทผ์œก์ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋”์œ„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋•€์€ ์ฒด์˜จ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋•€์„ ๋‹ฆ์•„ ๋ณด์†ก๋ณด์†กํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์†์˜ท์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ฐˆ์•„์ž…์–ด ์ฒญ๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์†์˜ท์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 5~6ํšŒ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐˆ์•„์ž…์–ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์†Œ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์› ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์›์€ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์™€ ์•„๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์„ค ์„ผํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. 1998๋…„ ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์›์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์›์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์งˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์„ผํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ 2000๋…„ ์ด์ „์— ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ€์‹คํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ™”์žฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ฒฉ ๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์›์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ตญ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, 2012๋…„์— ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 50%๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‚ฐ ํ›„์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์‹ ์ฒด ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ง€, ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ์ค‘๋ฌดํœด ์ผ€์–ด ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ›„์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฝƒ๊ฝ‚์ด ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์›ƒ์Œ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ์ง‘์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์™€ ๋™๊ฑฐ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐœ์—…์†Œ์™€ ์—„๋งˆ๋“ค์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ž์ฒด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋นจ๋ž˜, ๋ฐฉ ์ฒญ์†Œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง‘์•ˆ์ผ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์š”์ฆ˜์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ด์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์œ ์ž…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋™๋ถ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์กฑ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ๊ณ ์šฉ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” YMCA, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด, ๋ณด๊ฑด์†Œ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ „๋ฌธ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์†Œ์•ก ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ž๊ฒฉ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›(KQDC)์ด ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๊ฒฉ ์‹œํ—˜์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ฆ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จํŽธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์‚ฐ ํ›„ ๋‚จํŽธ์€ ์ถœ์‚ฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์–‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋ณด์‚ดํ•Œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ์ •์„œ์  ์ง€์›์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฐํ›„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์ •์‹ ์  ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์‚ฐํ›„ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์†์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ์„ฑ ์—ญํ•  ์ „ํ™˜์„ ๋•๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธด ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋งŽ์€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋“ค์ด ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์กฐํ•ญ๊ณผ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์กฐํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐฌ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์šด์„ ๋‚ด๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ์ฐฌ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์šด์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฐ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ด์™„๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณต ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •์„œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ผ๋ ค๋‚˜ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํœด์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ค€๋น„๋œ ์Œ์‹์„ ์ž˜ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ์Œ์‹์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ, ๋นˆ๋„, ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์–‘ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•จ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํž˜์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ชธ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์›Œ๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๋ชธ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๊ฒฐ ์œ ์ง€๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๊ฒฐ์œ ์ง€๋Š” ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐํ™”์™€ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ •์„ฑ๊ป ๋Œ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ •์„ฑ๊ป ๋Œ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฐ๊ด€์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ํ™œ๋™์ง€์นจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์›๋ฆฌ ์†์—๋Š” ๋™์–‘์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ์Œ์–‘๊ฐœ๋…(Oriental paradigm)์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ณด์–‘์‹ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ชธ์ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์–‘์‹์„ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์„ญ์ทจํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋น„๋งŒ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ชธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์นซํ•˜๋ฉด ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์ฆ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋ชธ์กฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์นญ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ์ฒด์กฐ ํ˜น์€ 30๋ถ„ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋กœ์Šค ์šด๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€, ์‚ฐํ›„ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง์„ ๊ต์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜๊ต์ • ์šด๋™์„ ๋งค์ผ 30๋ถ„ ๋‚ด์™ธ๋กœ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉด ์‚ฐํ›„ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ผ์น ์ผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒ€์—ญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ฌธํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhujori
Sanhujori
Sanhujori () is the Korean system of postpartum care, a culturally specific form of postpartum care. Sanhujori include consuming healthy foods, doing exercise and warming up the body. The sanhujori period typically lasts approximately from one week to one month. Sanhujori is a compound word: 'sanhu' (; after the childbirth) and 'jori' (; the regaining of the physical condition by doing a variety of recovery activities). In a pre-modern society, sanhujori services were provided by the family members of mothers. However, the traditional extended family system has been broken up and the services began to be offered by private postpartum centers (sanhujoriwon) and postpartum care workers (sanhujorisa). People often believe that sanhujori has a great impact on women's life-long health conditions; mothers who do not properly perform sanhujori practices may suffer from a range of illnesses, such as joint inflammation, urinary incontinence, low blood pressure, and depression. History In Korean history, sanhujori services were usually provided by the mother's family members and in-law families. These family members performed a range of tasks, such as cooking foods for them and taking care of their newborns, thereby liberating the mothers from the heavy housework load. Through this process, mothers had an opportunity to recover their health and learn knowledge and skills, which are necessary for child caring in the future. On the other hand, some sanhujori practices were superstitious rather than practical; family members sometimes blocked mothers from participating in funeral events or talking with chief mourners as it was feared that it would bring bad luck both for mothers and infants. As the traditional extended family structure almost disappeared and a nuclear family system is prevailing in recent society, sanhujori services started to be provided by sanhujoriwons, which means a Korean-style private postpartum care center. This type of private centers was first introduced in 1996 in Korea. Concepts Sanhujoriwon A sanhujoriwon (์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์›) is a private center which offers customized services both for mothers and their infants during the postpartum period. Until late 1998, the demand for sanhujoriwon had exceeded its supply and the simple opening of a sanhujoriwon usually guaranteed its success. As a result, poor-quality, unqualified centers had mushroomed before 2000. While many underqualified centers have since been closed due to poor management and fire incidents, the number of sanhujoriwons has increased gradually recently. According to a national survey, it was estimated that about 50 percent of the total female population in Korea have used such a postpartum center after childbirth, in 2012. The services include skin therapy, body massages, and 24/7 care of newborns. Some centers offer education programs of flower arrangement and laughter therapy to prevent postpartum depression. Sanhujorisa A sanhujorisa (์‚ฐํ›„์กฐ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ) is a type of care worker who visits a mother's house and provides visiting services for postnatal care. Sanhujorisa workers are broadly categorized into part-time workers and co-living employees. Depending on broker agencies and the demands of mothers, they perform a variety of house chores, such as laundry, room cleaning, and care of other family members, alongside the sanhujori service itself. These days, as a result of globalization and a massive inflow of immigrant workers, Joseonjok immigrants, who migrate from Northeast China, are becoming the largest portion of the sanhujorisa job market. In the public sector, the YMCA, local governments, and public health centers are providing education programs to train professional sanhujorisa for a small payment or at no charge. On the other hand, in the private sector, Korea Qualification Development Center (KQDC) is granting certificates for those who successfully complete education programs and pass a qualification examination for the position. This job used to be known in English as a monthly nurse, but now may be called a "postnatal doula", "maternity nurse" or "newborn care specialist" โ€“ all specialized nannies. Husbands and Sanhujori After childbirth, the husband supports the mother in the early stages of childbirth. The most necessary thing for the mother to start postpartum care, is the husband's warm interest and care. A husband's emotional support satisfies the physical and mental needs of postpartum women in stressful situations, it lowers postpartum depression, bonds family relations, and helps the maternal role transition. Sanhujori can be a long process, and when the husband wants to be able to participate in the postpartum care, he will face many difficulties. Studies have shown that many fathers have a low knowledge of postpartum practices and care, therefore the father is excluded from participating in postpartum care from the start. Practices The main tenets of sanhujori emphasize activities and foods that keep the body warm, rest and relaxation to maximize the body's return to its normal state, maintaining cleanliness, eating nutritious foods, and peace of mind and heart. For postnatal care, the time periods of first three weeks, three months, and six months are important. The first three weeks are a period to be cautious of everything and throughout the months the body will recover and revert to its pre-pregnancy state. Eating beneficial sanhujori foods To facilitate recovery after childbirth, many Korean mothers consume the specific type of Korean traditional cuisines, which is commonly called "sanhujori foods." Common characteristics of sanhujori foods are summarized as being soft, warm, and refreshing while cuisines with spicy flavors are perceived to be bad for the postpartum period. Among a variety of sanhujori cuisines, seaweed soup is most widely consumed by Korean mothers. Researchers demonstrated that seaweed contains a great deal of omega-3 fatty acids, i.e., polyunsaturated fatty acids found in certain seeds and fish, and the soup with seaweed helps to accelerate the recovery time of mothers. Other than seaweed soup, Korean women also eat a variety of traditional dishes, such as a pork bone soup, ray soup, and dried cod soup (bugeoguk, ๋ถ์–ด๊ตญ). Carp fish have a lot of high protein and is easy for digestion. It aids in preventing post-natal anemia and helps to discharge stagnated blood from the uterus. Eating Carp also promotes secretion of milk. Pumpkin expels unnecessary moisture inside the body and is good for inflammation. Corn silk tea is easy on the kidneys. Mussels help cure stomach pain caused by postpartum congested blood. Keep the body warm To keep their body warm, Korean mothers avoid cold temperatures and cold foods such as ice cream and cold water. Staying indoors and refraining from outdoor activities is perceived as one of the effective ways to keep the mother's body warm. Even exposure to a cold breeze caused by the shutting of doors is a taboo in the period of the sanhujori practices. If a mother fails to keep their body warm, it is traditionally believed that she will become vulnerable to sanhubyeong, which means a life-long illness after the postpartum period. Warm postnatal sitz baths encourage rapid healing of wounds through a reduction of pain, relief of hemorrhoids from child birth, prevention of infection, and promotion of blood circulation. This refers to placing a mother's whole hip including her perineal part in warm water of around 40 degrees Celsius while sitting. Doing moderate physical exercise Childbirth tends to lower the immunity of mothers, and they may have pains and swellings in their bodies. During the postpartum period, Korean mothers do light stretching and self-massage of the muscles to relax and strengthen their bodies. It is scientifically proved that 30 minutes exercise, per day, is helpful in recovering the bladder and pelvic muscles rapidly. Postnatal Sickness Koreans have believed that if Sanhujori practices is poorly performed or not performed at all, mothers would suffer the aftereffects of childbirth called Sanhubyeong (์‚ฐํ›„๋ณ‘) or sanhupung (์‚ฐํ›„ํ’). These aftereffects where thought to last throughout the mother's entire life. Studies have shown that women who do not properly follow Sanhujori practices can experience many ailments. The new mother could be subject to arthritis, neuralgia, postpartum stroke, and other disorders throughout the mother's lifespan. Postpartum strokes are the most common of postnatal symptoms. Postpartum strokes occur in the form of symptoms such as dizziness, headache, numbness in the waist area, knees, ankles, or wrists, and have cold sweats. To prevent these ailments, mothers and newborn babies must have proper care and treatment for at least three weeks to 100 days to secure lifelong health. See also Postpartum care Postpartum confinement Postpartum period Taegyo References Healthcare in North Korea Korean culture Quarantine Women's culture Healthcare in South Korea
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%20%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%20%EC%9C%A1%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC%EB%A0%B9%EB%B6%80%20%EA%B5%B0%EC%A0%95%EC%B2%AD
์žฌ์กฐ์„  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ
์žฌ์กฐ์„  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ(, ) ๋˜๋Š”ย ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •(็พŽ่ปๆ”ฟ)์€ 1945๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒจ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝํ•œ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ผํŒ”์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ๊ทธ ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์ œ24๊ตฐ๋‹จ์ด ์ ๋ นํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 1945๋…„ 9์›” 8์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ 1948๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ต์น˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ(็พŽ่ปๆ”ฟๆœŸ) ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์— ํ†ต์น˜๊ถŒ์ด ์ดํ–‰๋œ ํ›„์—๋„ 1949๋…„ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ •์น˜๊ณ ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์†ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์ œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 1944๋…„ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฒญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ฐธ์ „ ํ›„ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๋„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ 1945๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ จ์€ ์ฒญ์ง„ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๊ณ„์† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์†Œ๋ จ์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชซ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์†Œ๋ จ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ จ์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋„ ์—„์—ฐํ•œ ์ฐธ์ „๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์Šน์ „๊ตญ, ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตญ์ด๋ฉฐ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž์™€ ๋ถ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›Œ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ จ์€ 1945๋…„ 8์›” 25์ผ ๋ถ์œ„ 38ยฐ์„  ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋ถ„ํ• ์ ๋ น์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ƒ๋ฅ™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 9์›” 2์ผ ์กฐ์„  ์ฃผ๋‘” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ(้ง้Ÿ“็พŽ่ป ่ปๆ”ฟๅปณ, Military Government, United States Armed Forces in Korea, MGUAK) ๊ฐœ์ฒญ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ์šธ ์ค‘์•™์ฒญ์—์„œ ๊ณต์‹ ์—…๋ฌด์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ 1์›” 2์ผ ๋ช…์นญ์„ ์ฃผํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ(้ง้Ÿ“็พŽ่ปๆ”ฟๅปณ, United States Army Military Government in Korea, USAMGIK)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ 6์›” 4์ผ ๋‚จ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ๋„์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ์€ ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€(Unified Combatant Command)๋กœ ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ๋„์ •๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๋Œ€์–ธ๋ก  ๋ช…์นญ์€ 1948๋…„ 5์›” 30์ผ ์ œํ—Œ๊ตญํšŒ ๊ฐœ์› ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ์ฃผ๋‘” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ 1945๋…„ 9์›” 2์ผ ๋”๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋งฅ์•„๋” ์œ ์—”๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์€ ์‡ผ์™€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ณต ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ช…๋ น ์ œ1ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ ๋ น์ง€์—ญ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ• ์ง„์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์— ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ณต๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋งฅ์•„๋” ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ œ24๊ตฐ๋‹จ์„ ์กฐ์„  ์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€ํ•  ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ๋‚จํ•œ์€ ์ ๋ น์ง€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋งฅ์•„๋”๋Š” ์ „๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž„๋ฌด์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต์ง์—์„œ ์ถ•์ถœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋”๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋งฅ์•„๋”๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๊ณผ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ง€์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. 9์›” 8์ผ ์กด ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ฏธ์œก๊ตฐ ์ค‘์žฅ ํœ˜ํ•˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ œ24๊ตฐ๋‹จ์€ ๋ฐฐํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ฒœ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์—์„œ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์—ฌ์šดํ™ ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ต์„ญ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ ์Šน์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 9์›” 8์ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋‘” ์งํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๊ณผ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ ํŒŒ๋ฉด์„ ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” 9์ผ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ น์žฅ๊ด€์€ ํฌ๊ณ ๋ น ์ œ1ํ˜ธ๋กœ "38ยฐ์„  ์ด๋‚จ์˜ ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ๊ตฐ์ •์„ ํŽผ ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ํฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ , 9์›” 12์ผ ์•„์น˜๋ณผ๋“œ V. ์•„๋„๋“œ ๋ฏธ์œก๊ตฐ ์†Œ์žฅ์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์žฅ๊ด€์— ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฐ์ •์„ ์„ ํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ ๋กœ๋ Œ์Šค ์‰ฌํฌ(Lawrence E. Schick) ์ค€์žฅ์€ ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜๊ณ , ์—๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ๋‹ฌ(Emery J. Woodall) ๋ฏธ ์œก๊ตฐ ์†Œ์žฅ์€ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” 14์ผ์—๋Š” ๋‚จ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ตญ์žฅ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด์ž„๋๊ณ , ๋ฌด์žฅํ•ด์ œ๋‹นํ•œ ์—”๋„ ๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ์ฟ  ์ •๋ฌด์ด๊ฐ, ์ด๋…๋ถ€ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€์žฅ ์†Œ๋‹ค ํ›„์ฟ ์กฐ(ๆ—ฉ็”ฐ็ฆ่—) ์—ญ์‹œ ํ•ด์ž„์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 9์›” 12์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ ์ค‘์ถ”์› ์˜์›๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ์งํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹น์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์žฅ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ๋„์˜ ์žฅ๊ด€์— ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด 9์›” 14์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ž„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ์ถœ์‹  ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ ๊ณ ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ํ–‰์ •๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ํ†ต์น˜๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ง๋‹จ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ 10์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜ ์ธ๊ณ„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๋์— ํ•ด์ž„์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 9์›” 2์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10์›” 28์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃผ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ฐ ๋„์™€ ๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•ด์ž„๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์ธ์ˆ˜์ธ๊ณ„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋Œ์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•œ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฌธ ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜์ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” 11์›” 30์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด์ž„, ํŒŒ๋ฉดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์กฐ์„  ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘์ธ ํ–‰์ •, ์น˜์•ˆ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์•ˆ๋‚ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ท€๊ตญ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์ •๋œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ตญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์žฅ 1945๋…„ 9์›” 2์ผ ๋ฏผ์ •์žฅ๊ด€(Civil Administrator) : ๋ธŒ๋ž˜์ด๋„ˆ๋“œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ(Brainard E. Prescott) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ ๋Œ€๋ น ์ •๋ฌด์ด๊ฐ(Chief of the Secretariat) : ์กด ์–ธ๋”์šฐ๋“œ(John Underwood) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ ๋Œ€๋ น ๊ธฐํš๋ถ€์žฅ(Secretary of Planning Section) : ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์–ด์Šค ๋ฉ”์ด(Mettious W. May, Jr.) ๋Œ€๋ น ํšŒ๊ณ„๋ถ€์žฅ(Secretary of Accounts Section) : ์•„์„œ ๋กœ์Šค(Arthur Roth) ๋Œ€๋ น ๊ณต๋ณด์ฒ˜์žฅ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ(Acting Secretary of Intelligence and Information Section) : ๊ธ€๋ Œ ๋„ค๋จผ(Glenn Nemman) ๋Œ€๋ น ์ธ์‚ฌ์ฒ˜์žฅ(Secretary of Personnel Section) : ํœด ๋ธ”๋ ˆ๋“œ์Šค(Hugh R. Bledsoe) ์ค‘๋ น, ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์žฅ ์ด๋ฌด์ฒ˜์žฅ(Secretary of General Affairs) : ์—๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ๋“ค(Emery J. Woodall) ์†Œ๋ น, ์ด๋ฌด๊ณผ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ ๊ฒธ์ž„ ์™ธ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์žฅ(Secretary of Foreign Affairs) : ๊ณ ๋“  ์—”๋”์Šค(Gordon B. Enders) ์†Œ๋ น ๋ฏผ์ •์ฒ˜์žฅ(Secretary to Office of Civil Administrator) : ์›จ์ธ ์—์Šคํ…Œ์Šค(Wayne J. Estes) ์†Œ๋ น ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ(Chief. Bureau of Education) : ์–ผ ๋กœ์นด๋“œ(Earl N. Lockard) ๋Œ€์œ„ ์„ ์ž„ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์žฅ๊ต(Chief Liaison Officer) : ํœด ๋ธ”๋ ˆ๋“œ์†Œ์–ด(Hugh H. Bledsoe) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ค‘๋ น ์™ธ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ต(Foreign Affairs Officer) : ๊ณ ๋“  ์—”๋ฐ๋ฅด์Šค(Gordon D. Enders) ์ค‘๋ น ์™ธ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„์ฑ…์ž„์ž(Research and Analysis Director) : ๋กœ๋‚ ๋“œ ํ•˜ํŠธ๋จผ(Ronald F. Hartman) ์ค‘๋ น, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ์žฅ ์ •๋ณด๊ตญ์žฅ(Korean Relations and Information) : ํด ํ—ค์ด์›Œ๋“œ(Paul H. Hayward, Chief) ์ค‘๋ น ๊ตญ์œ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜์žฅ(Property Custodian) : ์–ผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ๋‹‰์Šค(Earl L. Mullinix) ์ค‘๋ น, ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์žฅ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ(Chief of Justice Bureau) : ์—๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ๋‹ฌ(Emery J. Woodall) ์†Œ๋ น ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ(Chief of Police Bureau) : ๋ ˆ์ด๋ชจ์–ด ์•„๊ณ (Reamor W. Argo) ๋Œ€๋ น ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ตญ์žฅ(Public Health and Wealth) : ๊ธ€๋ Œ ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ(Glenn McDonald) ์ค‘๋ น ๋ฐ ํด ๋ง๊ณคํŽ ํ„ฐ(Paul. B. Lingonfelter) ์ค‘๋ น ๊ตํ†ต์šด์†ก๊ตญ์žฅ(Chief of Bureau of Communications and Transportation) : ์›”๋ฆฌ์•” ํ—๋ฆฌํžˆ(William J. Herlihy) ์ค‘๋ น, ๊ตํ†ต์šด์†ก๊ตญ์žฅ 9์›” 6์ผ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์„ 2๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ, ํ†ต์‹ ๊ตญ์žฅ : ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ํ—๋ฆฌํžˆ(William J. Herlihy) ์ค‘๋ น, ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์žฅ : ์™€๋“œ L. ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ„ด(Ward L. Hemilton) ์ค‘๋ น ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ(Chief of Finance Bureau) : ์ฐฐ์Šค ๊ณ ๋“ (Charles J. Gordon) ์ค‘๋ น, ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ ๋†์ƒ์—…๊ตญ์žฅ(Chief. Bureau of Agriculture and Commerce) : ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋งˆํ‹ด(James Martin) ์ค‘๋ น ๊ด‘๊ณต์—…๊ตญ์žฅ(Chief. Bureau of Mining and Industry) : ํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค(Fred W. Louis) ์†Œ๋ น 1945๋…„ 9์›” 12์ผ ์ •๋ฌด์ด๊ฐ : ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ค€์žฅ ์ฐฐ์Šค S. ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค(Charlse S. Harris) ์ •๋ฌด์ด๊ฐ๊ด€๋ฐฉ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์žฅ : ์ •์ผํ˜•(๋Œ€๋ฆฌ, 1945.10.18) -> ์ •์ผํ˜•(1946.1.20) ์ •๋ฌด์ด๊ฐ๊ด€๋ฐฉํšŒ๊ณ„๊ณผ์žฅ : ์ด์ข…์ค€(ๆŽ็จฎๆบ–, 1946.1.20) ๊ตฐ์ •์žฅ๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฐฉ์žฅ : ๋Œ€๋ น J. O. ์–ธ๋”์šฐ๋“œ ๊ธฐํš์ฒ˜์žฅ : ๋Œ€๋ น ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์นด์Šค W. ๋ฉ”์ด(Metticus W.May) ๊ด‘๊ณต๊ตญ์žฅ : ๋Œ€๋ น ์„ . C. ์–ธ๋”์šฐ๋“œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ€์žฅ ๊ฒธ ์กฐ์„  ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ : ๋Œ€๋ น ์•„์„œ ์„ธ์ด๋ฌด์–ด ์ฑ”ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ(Arthur Seymour Champeny, ๊ฒธ์ž„, 11.14. ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์ง์€ ์‰ฌํฌ ์ž„๋ช…) ์กฐ์„  ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ : ๋Œ€๋ น ๋กœ๋ Œ์Šค ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ์‰ฌํฌ(Lawrence Edward Schick, 1945.11.14. ~ ) ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ : ๋Œ€๋ น ๋กœ๋ Œ์„ฌ -> ์กฐ๋ณ‘์˜ฅ(1945.10.20.~), ๋Œ€๋ น ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ H. ๋งค๊ธธ๋ฆฐ(William H. Maglin, 1945.12.27 ~ ) ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ : ์กฐ๋ณ‘์˜ฅ(1946.1.2, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ), , ๋Œ€๋ น ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ H. ๋งค๊ธธ๋ฆฐ(William H. Maglin, 1946.2.4) ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ : ์ค‘๋ น ์—๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ J. ์šฐ๋‹ฌ(Emery J. Woodall)->์†Œ๋ น ๋งคํŠธ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ(Matt Taylor, 11์›” 20์ผ) -> ๊น€์˜ํฌ(๋Œ€๋ฆฌ, 1945๋…„ 12์›” 10์ผ) ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ : ์ค‘๋ น ์ฐฐ์Šค. J ๊ณ ๋“ (Charles J. Gordon) -> ๊น€๋„์—ฐ(1946.2.4) ๋†์‚ฐ๊ตญ์žฅ : ์ค‘๋ น ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋งˆํ‹ด(James Martin, 1945.9.29.) -> ์ดํ›ˆ๊ตฌ(ๆŽๅ‹ณๆฑ‚, 1946๋…„ 1์›” 6์ผ) ์ฒด์‹ ๊ตญ์žฅ : ์ค‘๋ น ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ J. ํ• ๋ฆฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์žฅ : ์ค‘๋ น ์›Œ๋“œ L. ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ„ด(Ward L. Hamilton, 1945๋…„ 9์›” 29์ผ) -> ์ค‘๋ น ์•„์„œ J. ์ฝ”๋„ฌ์Šจ(Arthur J. Cornelson, 1946๋…„ 1์›” 4์ผ ~ ) ์šด์ˆ˜๊ตญ์žฅ : ์ค‘๋ น ์•„์„œ J. ์ฝ”๋„ฌ์Šจ(Arthur J. Cornelson) -> ์šด์ˆ˜๋ถ€์žฅ : ๋Œ€๋ น ์ฝ”๋„ฌ์Šจ(Arthur J. Cornelson, 1946.2.4) ์ •๋ณด๊ตญ์žฅ : ์ค‘๋ น ํด ํ—ค์ด์›Œ๋“œ(Paul Hayward) ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ : ๋Œ€์œ„ ์–ผ. N. ๋ฝ์นด๋“œ(Earl N. Lockard, ~ 1945๋…„ 12์›” 21์ผ๊นŒ์ง€) ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€์žฅ : ์†Œ๋ น ์–ผ. N. ๋ฝ์นด๋“œ(Earl N. Lockard, ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ ์žฌ์ง ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ์œก๊ตฐ ๋Œ€์œ„์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๊ธ‰, ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ์„ ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ฐœํŽธ) -> ์†Œ๋ น ์˜ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ O. ํŒŒ์ดํ…์ €(Aubrey O. Pittenger, 1946๋…„ 3์›” 18์ผ) ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€ ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ : ์œ ์–ต๊ฒธ(ๅ…ชๅ„„ๅ…ผ, 1945๋…„ 12์›” 21์ผ) ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ ํ•™๋ฌด๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณ„์žฅ(1945๋…„ 12์›” 21์ผ)->์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ์žฅ(1946๋…„ 1์›”) : ํ™ฉ์• ์‹œ๋• ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๊ต์œก์‹ฌ์˜์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์› : ์•ˆ์žฌํ™, ์œ ์–ต๊ฒธ, ๊น€ํ™œ๋ž€ ๋ณด๊ฑด์œ„์ƒ๊ตญ์žฅ : ์†Œ๋ น ๊ธ€๋ Œ W. ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ(Glenn W. McDonald) -> ์†Œ๋ น ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ R. ์œŒ๋ผ๋“œ(William R. Willard, ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ, 1945๋…„ 12์›” 15์ผ) -> ๋Œ€๋ น ์กด K. ๊ธ€๋ Œ(John K. Cullen, 1946๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ ~) ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€์žฅ : ์ค‘๋ น ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ๊ด‘๊ณต๊ตญ์žฅ : ์˜ค์ •์ˆ˜(ๅณๆฅจๆด™) ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ํ† ๋ชฉ๊ตญ์žฅ : ์ตœ๊ฒฝ๋ ฌ(ๅด”ๆ™ฏ็ƒˆ) ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ๋…ธ๋™๊ตญ์žฅ : ์ด๋Œ€์œ„(ๆŽๅคงๅ‰) ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ตญ์žฅ : ์†Œ๋ น ์—˜๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์›”๋ผ์Šค(Elbert C. Wallace) ๊ณต๋ณด๊ตญ์žฅ :์ด์ฒ ์›(ๆŽๅ“ฒๆบ) ์‹๋Ÿ‰ํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜์žฅ : ์ง€์šฉ์€(ๆฑ ้Ž”ๆฎท, 1946๋…„ 1์›” 6์ผ) ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ ์ž„๋ช… ๊ฑด๊ตญ์ค€๋น„์œ„์›ํšŒ ์‚ฐํ•˜ ๊ฐ ์น˜์•ˆ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง๋˜์–ด ํ™œ๋™์ค‘์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 8์›” 17์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8์›” 20์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ์—…๋ฌด์— ์†์„ ๋†“์•„๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ , ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์†์„ ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ ๋‚ด ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๊ตญ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์„ ํšก๋ นํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ง€๋ฌธ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ, ์†Œ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ๋‚ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜•๋ฌด์†Œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํŒŒ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜•๋ฌด์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ž„์˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ํ‹ˆํƒ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€, ๋ฒ•๊ด€๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ํŒ”์•„๋„˜๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ตญ, ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๊ณต๊ธˆ 20๋งŒ ์—” ์ด์ƒ์„ ํšก๋ นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ™•์ธ๋˜์–ด 9์›” 8์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ • ์ฃผ๋‘” ํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ์••์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” 8์ผ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฌ˜๋ฌต(ๆŽๅฏ้ป˜) ๋“ฑ์€ 3์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์„ ์ง๋ฌด์— ๋ณต๊ท€์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. 9์›” 18์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์žฅ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ์žฅ(ๅฑ€้•ท)์— ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  9์›” 19์ผ '์žฌ์กฐ์„  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹ ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์ ๋ น๊ตฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ ๋ น๊ตฐ์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์„ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ž„์„ ์ง‘์ค‘ ๋ถ€๊ฐ, ํ™๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ•ยท์‚ฌ์ƒ๋ฒ”์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•…๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ํ์ง€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฒ•ยท๋ณด์•ˆ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์€ ์กด์†์‹œ์ผœ ํ†ต์น˜์— ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊น€์„ฑ์ˆ˜, ๊น€๋„์—ฐ, ์œค๋ณด์„ , ์กฐ๋ณ‘์˜ฅ, ๊น€๋ณ‘๋กœ, ์žฅํƒ์ƒ ๋“ฑ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ 11๋ช…์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์žฅ๊ด€ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋’ค์— ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์„ ํ–‰์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , 10์›” 2์ผ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ถ€์žฅ, ๊ตญ์žฅ์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์žฅ๊ต์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ 9์›” 12์ผ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์žฅ(้ƒจ่™•้•ท) 20๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ํ–‰์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜ ์ด์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 9์›” 30์ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ถ€์žฅ ์—๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ๋‹ฌ์€ ์ „๊ตญ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ ์†Œ์ง‘ํ•œ ๋’ค ๊น€์˜ํฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฉด์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์› ํŒ์‚ฌ์™€ 2๋ช…์„ ์ฆ‰์„์—์„œ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 10์›” 2์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ํŒ์‚ฌ์— ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 10์›” 11์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ํŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ 105๋ช… ์ „์› ํ•ด์ž„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๋ฒ•์›์žฅ ์ „์›, 2๋ช…์˜ ๋ถ€์žฅํŒ์‚ฌ, 8๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐฐ์„ํŒ์‚ฌ, ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์žฅ 3๋ช…, ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŒ์‚ฌ, ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ ์ž„๋œ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „์› ํ•ด์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 195๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ž๋Š” 140๋ช… ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 10์›” 12์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๊น€์šฉ๋ฌด(้‡‘็”จ่Œ‚) ์žฌํŒ์žฅ์„ ์œ ์ž„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ต ๋Œ€์‹  ์„œ๊ด‘์„ค(ๅพๅ…‰ๅจ), ์ด์ข…์„ฑ(ๆŽๅฎ—่–), ์‹ฌ์ƒ์ง(ๆฒˆ็›ธ็›ด), ์ด์ธ(ๆŽไป) ๋“ฑ์„ ์žฌํŒ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 11์›” ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๊ณ„ํš, 12์›” 31์ผ์— ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋‚  ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์ž์—๋Š” ๊น€์šฉ๋ฌด, ๊น€์ฐฌ์˜ ๋“ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์„ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ž„์‹œ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ž„์‹œ์ •๋ถ€ ์ธก์—์„œ 1946๋…„ 1์›” 1์ผ ์‹ ํƒํ†ต์น˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์ดํŒŒ์—…์„ ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ค์ž ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž„์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธํ•ด 2์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ์šดํ˜•, ์žฅ๊ฑด์ƒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜จ๊ฑด ์ขŒํŒŒ์™€ ์›์„ธํ›ˆ, ์•ˆ์žฌํ™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜จ๊ฑด ์šฐํŒŒ, ์ด์ˆœํƒ, ๊น€์•ฝ์ˆ˜, ๋…ธ์ผํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•œ๋ฏผ๋‹น ํƒˆ๋‹นํŒŒ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๊ถŒ ์ด์–‘์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์กฐ์„  ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ(์žฌ์กฐ์„  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ)์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ œ์˜ ๋‚จ์กฐ์„ ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ(๋ฏธ์ œ์˜ ๋‚จ์กฐ์„ ๊ฐ„์„ญํ†ต์น˜๊ธฐ)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์žฌ์กฐ์„  ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 12์›” 16์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ์ธ ์ถœ์‹  ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์˜๊ตญ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ๋…์ผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์œ ํ•™์„ ๋‹ค๋…€์˜จ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ž์™€ ๋ฒ•ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต์ž๋“ค ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์•™์ฒญ์— ์†Œ์ง‘, ์˜ํšŒ์„ค์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 12์›” 16์ผ ์˜คํ›„ ํ•œ๋ฏผ๋‹น์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹น๋‚ด ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์—ฐ๊ตฌ์œ„์›์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…๋ฒ•, ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์žฅ ๋ฏผ์ •์žฅ๊ด€ : ์•ˆ์žฌํ™, 1947๋…„ ์‹ ์„ค, ๊ตฐ์ •์žฅ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋™๊ฒฉ์ž„ ๋ฏผ์ •์žฅ๊ด€ ๋น„์„œ์‹ค์žฅ : ์ž„์„ํ•„(ๆž—้Œซๅผผ) ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๋ถ€์žฅ : ์กฐ๋ณ‘์˜ฅ(1946.2.4. ๋‹จ๋…) ->1946๋…„ ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๋ถ€๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ตญ์žฅ ๊ฒธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ์žฅ : ์žฅํƒ์ƒ -> ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๋ถ€๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ณผ์žฅ : ์ตœ๋Šฅ์ง„ -> ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๋ถ€๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ตญ์žฅ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€์žฅ : ์ด์ธ ์šด์ˆ˜๋ถ€์žฅ(๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ๊ณผ ์šด์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘) : ๋ฏผํฌ์‹ ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€์žฅ : ์œคํ˜ธ๋ณ‘(ๅฐน็šก็‚ณ, 1946.10.22.) ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋ถ„๊ตญ์žฅ : ์œค์น˜์˜ ๋†๋ฆผ๋ถ€์žฅ : ์œค๋ณด์„  ํ•™๋ฌด๋ถ€์žฅ : ์œ ์–ต๊ฒธ(์œ ์ž„, 1947๋…„ 11์›” 14์ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง) -> ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€์žฅ : ์˜ค์ฒœ์„(ๅณๅคฉ้Œซ, ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ, 1947.11.14. ~ ) -> ์˜ค์ฒœ์„(ๅณๅคฉ้Œซ, 1947.12.9 ~ ) ํ•™๋ฌด๋ถ€ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์žฅ : ํ™ฉ์• ์‹œ๋•(์œ ์ž„) ์ธ์‚ฌํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜์žฅ : ์ •์ผํ˜• -> ์‹ฌ์ฒœ(ๆฒˆๅท, 1948. 1. 6) ์ธ์‚ฌํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜ ์ฐจ์žฅ: ์‹ฌ์ฒœ ์„œ๋ฌด์ฒ˜์žฅ : ์ด์ข…ํ•™(ๆŽ้พๅญธ) ์™ธ๋ฌด๋ถ€์žฅ : ๋ฌธ์žฅ์šฑ ์šด์ˆ˜๋ถ€์žฅ : ๋ฏผํฌ์‹(้–”็†™ๆค) ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€์žฅ : ์˜ค์ •์ˆ˜(ๅณๆฅจๆด™, 1947.4.6) ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ๊ด‘๊ณต๊ตญ์žฅ : ๊น€๊ธฐ๋• (้‡‘ๅŸบๅพท) ํ† ๋ชฉ๋ถ€์žฅ : ์ตœ๊ฒฝ๋ ฌ(ๅด”ๆ™ฏ็ƒˆ, 1946.8.7. ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ํ† ๋ชฉ๊ตญ์„ ํ† ๋ชฉ๋ถ€๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ) ํ† ๋ชฉ๋ถ€ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ตญ์žฅ : ์ฒœ์ข…ํšจ(ๅƒๅฎ—ๅญ, 1947.3.9. ๋ฉด์ง) -> ์„œ์ƒ์ผ ๋…ธ๋™๋ถ€์žฅ : ์ด๋Œ€์œ„(ๆŽๅคงๅ‰, 1946.7.12. ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ๋…ธ๋™๊ตญ์„ ๋…ธ๋™๋ถ€๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ) ๊ณต๋ณด๋ถ€์žฅ :์ด์ฒ ์›(ๆŽๅ“ฒๆบ) ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์žฅ : ๊น€์šฉ๋ฌด ํ†ต์œ„๋ถ€์žฅ(๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์žฅ) : ๋ฅ˜๋™๋ ฌ, 1945๋…„ 12์›” ์‹ ์„ค ๊ฐ์ฐฐ์œ„์›์žฅ : ์ •์ธ๋ณด ํ†ต์—ญ : ์œค์น˜์˜, ์œค๋…ธ๋ผ, ์ฒœ์ข…ํšจ(๊ฒธ์ž„), ์œค๊ด‘์„  ์™ธ ์˜ํšŒ์™€ ์‚ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 1946๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๋…์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ถ€์žฅ ๊ฒธ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ๊ตญ์žฅ์— ์ด์ธ, ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์žฅ์— ๊น€์šฉ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ถŒ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์น˜์•ˆ๊ถŒ ์ด์–‘ ๋ฐ ์ •๊ถŒ ์ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 1946๋…„ 10์›” ๊ณผ๋„์ž…๋ฒ•์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ์ด ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” 46๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ ๋„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์„  ์˜์› 46๋ช… ๋“ฑ ์ด 92๋ช…์˜ ์ธ์›์„ ๋‚จ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ๋„์ž…๋ฒ•์œ„์›ํšŒ ์˜์›์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ œ๊ตญ ์ค‘์ถ”์›์ด ํ์ง€๋œ ํ›„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์˜ํšŒ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์˜์žฅ์€ ๊น€๊ทœ์‹, ๋ถ€์˜์žฅ์€ ์‹ ์ตํฌ, ์œค๊ธฐ์„ญ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ ์ค‘์•™์ฒญ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๋„์ž…๋ฒ•์˜์›์ด ๊ฐœ์›ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์• ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1946๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฏผ์ •์žฅ๊ด€ ์•ˆ์žฌํ™์„ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•ด ํ–‰์ •๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ณ  ํ†ต์น˜์ž ๋ฐ 4๋ถ€ ์š”์ธ ์ตœ๊ณ  ํ†ต์น˜์ž : ์กด ํ•˜์ง€ ํ–‰์ • ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ : ์•ˆ์žฌํ™ ๊ณผ๋„์ž…๋ฒ•์˜์› ์˜์žฅ : ๊น€๊ทœ์‹, ๋ถ€์˜์žฅ : ์‹ ์ตํฌ, ์œค๊ธฐ์„ญ, ์ตœ๋™์˜ค ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์žฅ : ๊น€์šฉ๋ฌด, ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์ด์žฅ : ์ด์ธ ๊ฐ์ฐฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ(๊ฐ์‚ฌ) ์œ„์›์žฅ : ์ •์ธ๋ณด ๊ต์œก ์ •์ฑ… 1945๋…„ 9์›” 2์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ • ์ฃผ๋‘” ํ›„ ์–ผ ๋ฝ์นด๋“œ(Earl N. Lockard) ๋Œ€์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์€ ํ•™๊ต๋‹ด๋‹น, ํŽธ์ˆ˜๋‹ด๋‹น, ๊ธฐํš๋‹ด๋‹น, ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ฐ ํ›„์ƒ๋ณต์ง€ ๋‹ด๋‹น, ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋‹ด๋‹น, ๋ฒ•๋ น์ •๋น„๊ตญ, ์‚ฌ์—…๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ์€ 1945๋…„ 12์›” ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ฐœํŽธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€ ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ์— ์œ ์–ต๊ฒธ(ๅ…ชๅ„„ๅ…ผ)์„, ๋ถ€๊ตญ์žฅ์— ์˜ค์ฒœ์„์„ 1945๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€ ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ, ๋ฒ•๋ น์ •๋น„๊ตญ, ์‚ฌ์—…๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ดˆ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก๊ณผ, ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก๊ณผ, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ต์œก๊ณผ, ๊ธฐํš๊ณผ, ํŽธ์ˆ˜๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํŽธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ต์œก ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ, ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€์žฅ ๋ผ์นด๋“œ ์†Œ๋ น์€ ๋ณด์„ฑ์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ฒœ์„์„ ์ž๋ฌธ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋น™ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ๋ช…๋ง๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๊ต์œก์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 9์›” 2์ผ ์ฒซ ์ถ”์ฒœ์ž๋กœ ์ดˆ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก๋ถ„๊ณผ์— ๊น€์„ฑ๋‹ฌ(ํœ˜๋ฌธ์˜์ˆ™ ๊ต์žฅ), ์žฅ๋ฉด(ํ˜œํ™”์œ ์น˜์›์žฅ), ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก๋ถ„๊ณผ์— ํ˜„์ƒ์œค(์ค‘๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ˆ๊ณผ๋ถ€์žฅ), ์ „๋ฌธ๋ถ„๊ณผ์— ์œ ์–ต๊ฒธ(์—ฐํฌ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ถ€๊ต์žฅ), ์œค์น˜ํ˜ธ, ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก๋ถ„๊ณผ์— ๊น€์„ฑ์ˆ˜(๋ณด์„ฑ์ „๋ฌธ ๊ต์žฅ), ์—ฌ์ž๊ต์œก์— ๊น€ํ™œ๋ž€(์ดํ™”์—ฌ์ „ ๊ต์ˆ˜), ๋ฐ•์ธ๋•, ๊ต์œก์ „๋ฐ˜ ์„œ๋ฌด๋ถ„๊ณผ์— ๋ฐฑ๋‚™์ค€(์—ฐํฌ์ „๋ฌธ ๊ต์ˆ˜), ์ตœ๊ทœ๋™(์ค‘๋™ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์žฅ)์ด ์ถ”์ฒœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 9์›” 14์ผ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ธ‰ํ•™๊ต ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ํŽธ์ฐฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ ์ „๋‹ด ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋กœ ์ตœํ˜„๋ฐฐ, ์ดํฌ์Šน, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋กœ ์ตœ์Šน๋งŒ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜์—ฌ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๊ต์œก์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›๊ณผ ํ˜‘์˜ ํ˜น์€ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜, ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ์œค์น˜ํ˜ธ๋Š” 12์›” 6์ผ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊น€์„ฑ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1945๋…„ 9์›” 22์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ • ์ƒ์ž„๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฑ๋‚จํ›ˆ์„ ์ถ”์ฒœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 11์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ผ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๊ต์œก์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์€ ์˜ค์ฒœ์„, ๊น€์„ฑ์ˆ˜, ํ˜„์ƒ์œค, ๊น€๊ทœ์‹, ์œ ์–ต๊ฒธ, ์œ ์ง„์˜ค, ์œค์ผ์„ , ์กฐ๋ฐฑํ˜„, ์žฅ๋ฉด, ๋ฐฑ๋‚™์ค€, ์ด๋ณ‘๋„, ๊น€ํ™œ๋ž€, ์œค์น˜์˜, ์•ˆ์žฌํ™, ์ •์ธ๋ณด, ์•ˆํ˜ธ์ƒ ๋“ฑ์„ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๊ต์œก์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์ด‰ํ•ด 1946๋…„ 5์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ ๋‚ด ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •, ๊ต์œก์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ„ํš, ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ, ์‹ฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ • ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ์†Œ์ง‘, ์ž๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ต์œก์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๊ต์œก์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” 1946๋…„ 5์›” ํ•ด์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ 3์›” 18์ผ์—๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ น ์˜ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ O. ํŒŒ์ดํ…์ €(Aubrey O. Pittenger๊ฐ€ ์ž„๋ช…๋œ ๋’ค 1947๋…„ 2์›”์—๋Š” ์œ ์–ต๊ฒธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ถŒ์„ ๋„˜๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ฌด๋ถ€์žฅ ์œ ์–ต๊ฒธ์€ ์œ ์ž„๋์ง€๋งŒ 1947๋…„ 11์›” 14์ผ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€์ฐจ์žฅ ์˜ค์ฒœ์„(ๅณๅคฉ้Œซ)์„ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋‹ฌ ๋’ค ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 12์›”์—๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ ํ•™๋ฌด๊ณผ๋‚ด์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ๋ฌธ๋งน ์ „๋‹ด ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณ„์žฅ์— ํ™ฉ์• ์‹œ๋•์„ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด 1์›” ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ์‹œ์ผœ ํ•™๋ฌด๊ตญ ์งํ• ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™ฉ์• ์‹œ๋•์„ ์œ ์ž„์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌธํ•ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ 2์›” 23์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ตญ์‚ฌ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ๊ธ‰ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1947๋…„ 2์›” ๊ฒฝ์— ์ƒ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜๊ณ , 1949๋…„ 12์›” ๊ฒฝ์— ํ•˜๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ๊ตญ์‚ฌ๋Š” 1947๋…„ 12์›”์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ ํ›ˆ๋ น ํฌ๊ณ ์— ์˜ํ•ด, ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ง€๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋Š” 1945๋…„ 12์›” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ์ด ์ด๋ณ‘๋„ ๋“ฑ ์ง„๋‹จํ•™ํšŒ์— ์ง‘ํ•„์„ ์œ„์ด‰ํ•˜์—ฌ 1946๋…„ 5์›”์— ์ค‘๋“ฑ์šฉ ๊ตญ์‚ฌ ๊ต๋ณธ์ด ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตญ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๊ตณ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ขŒ์šฐํ•ฉ์ž‘ ์ •์ฑ… 1946๋…„ 5์›” ์ œ1์ฐจ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต๋™์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๋ ฌ๋˜์ž ์‹ ํƒํ†ต์น˜๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•ฉ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„, ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ • ๊ณ ๋ฌธ L. ๋ฒ„์น˜ ์ค‘์œ„์˜ ์ฃผ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊น€๊ทœ์‹ยท์—ฌ์šดํ˜• ๋“ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•ฉ์ž‘์šด๋™์ด ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์กฐ์„ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์— ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ž ์กฐ๋ด‰์•” ๋“ฑ์˜ 1์ฐจ ํƒˆ๋‹น, ์—ฌ์šดํ™, ์žฅ๊ฑด์ƒ ๋“ฑ์˜ 2์ฐจ ํƒˆ๋‹น์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•ฉ์ž‘์„ธ๋ ฅ์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์†ก์ง„์šฐ, ์—ฌ์šดํ˜•, ์žฅ๋•์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณ„์†๋œ ์•”์‚ด๊ณผ ํ•™๋ณ‘๋™๋งน์› ํ”ผ์‚ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, ์ •์ธ์ˆ˜๊ตฐ ํ”ผ์‚ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, ์œค๋ช…์„  ํ”ผ์‚ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, ์ธ๋ฏผ์ผ๋ณด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์กŒ๊ณ , ๋‚จ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ๋„์ž…๋ฒ•์˜์›์—์„œ๋„ ์‹ ํƒํ†ต์น˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์˜, ์ขŒ์šฐํ•ฉ์ž‘์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹  ์ •๋ถ€์— ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์ด์–‘ํ•˜๋ ค๋˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ 5์›” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ด ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ •ํŒ์‚ฌ ์œ„์กฐ์ง€ํ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ 9์›” ์ดํŒŒ์—…๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ 10.1 ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์—์„œ ๊ทน์šฐํŒŒ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋˜ ์ด์Šน๋งŒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋งฅ์•„๋” ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค, ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•ฉ์ž‘์„ ์ขŒํŒŒ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์„ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ 1947๋…„ 10์›” ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต๋™์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๋ ฌ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์—”์— ์ƒ์ •ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ์—” ์ดํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์˜ํ•˜์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ 1์›” UN์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ž„์‹œ์œ„์›๋‹จ์ด ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ, ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ จ ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ ํ•ด 2์›” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ(๋‚จํ•œ)์—์„œ๋งŒ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด UN์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ 1์›” 2์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์žฅ, ๊ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋„์™€ ์œ ๋ ฅ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ(๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋ถ€, ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ถ€) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์žฅ์„ ํ•ด์ž„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•œ์ธ์„ ๋ถ€์„œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ๋ฌด์›์€ ํ–‰์ •๊ณ ๋ฌธ, ํ–‰์ •์ž๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ 10์›”์—๋Š” ์˜ํšŒ, ๊ตญํšŒ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‚จ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ๋„์ž…๋ฒ•์˜์›์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏผ์„  ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด์ž์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์—์„œ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์„  ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•ด ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์†Œ๋ จ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1948๋…„ 5์›” 10์ผ์— ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์— ํ•œํ•œ ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ 5์›” 10์ผ ๋‚จํ•œ์—์„œ ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์–ด ๊ตญํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ตฐ์ •์ฒญ์—์„œ ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›” 15์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›” 27์ผ์—๋Š” ์กด ํ•˜์ง€ ์ค‘์žฅ ๋Œ€์‹  ์กด ์ฝ”์šธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ฃผ๋‘”๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ 9์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์œค์น˜์˜, ์žฅํƒ์ƒ, ์กฐ๋ณ‘์˜ฅ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ž๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์ด์–‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 10์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ ๊ฒธ ์ •์น˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1949๋…„ 6์›”์— ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง ๋ฏธ ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ์ œ24๊ตฐ๋‹จ์žฅ์ด ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์ •์žฅ๊ด€์„ ๊ฒธ์งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ ์˜ˆํ•˜์— ๊ตฐ์ •์žฅ๊ด€์‹ค๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋‘”๊ตฐ 24๊ตฐ๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ณ , 24๊ตฐ๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์—๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์˜ˆํ•˜ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์ง€์›์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€(ASCOM), ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋Œ€(์ „์ˆ ๊ตฐ), 6์‚ฌ๋‹จ, 7์‚ฌ๋‹จ์ด ์†Œ์†๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์ •์žฅ๊ด€์‹ค ์˜ˆํ•˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ฐธ๋ชจ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ง์†์ฐธ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ์ •์น˜๊ณ ๋ฌธ์‹ค, ์ค‘์•™๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„์›ํšŒ, ์ค‘์•™์‹๋Ÿ‰ํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜, ์ค‘์•™๋ฌผ๊ฐ€ํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜์˜ ์งํ•  3์ฒ˜์™€ ์ฒด์‹ ๋ถ€, ๋ฌธ๊ต๋ถ€, ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€, ์šด์ˆ˜๋ถ€, ๊ณต๋ณด๋ถ€, ๋†๋ฌด๋ถ€, ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€, ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€, ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๊ตญ(๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ฒฉ์ƒ), ํ†ต์œ„๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ€์™€ ์ธ์‚ฌํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜, ๊ด€์žฌ์ฒ˜, ๊ธฐํš์ฒ˜, ์™ธ๋ฌด์ฒ˜, ํšŒ๊ณ„์ฒ˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ 5์ฒ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ง€๋„์ž ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ ์กด ํ•˜์ง€ (John R. Hodge), 1945๋…„ 9์›” 8์ผ ~ 1948๋…„ 8์›” 26์ผ ์กด ์ฝ”์šธํ„ฐ(John B. Coulter) 1948๋…„ 8์›” 27์ผ ~ 1949๋…„ 1์›” 11์ผ ๊ตฐ์ •์žฅ๊ด€ ์•„์น˜๋ณผ๋“œ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ ์•„๋„๋“œ (Archibald V. Arnold, 1945๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ ~ 1945๋…„ 12์›” 17์ผ), ๋ฏธ ์œก๊ตฐ ์†Œ์žฅ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ, ์กฐ์…‰ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์‰ฌ์ธ (Josef Robert Sheetz), 1949๋…„ 9์›” 29์ผ, ๋ฏธ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ค€์žฅ ์•„์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์น˜ (Archer L. Lerch, 1945๋…„ 12์›” 18์ผ ~ 1947๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ), ๋ฏธ ์œก๊ตฐ ์†Œ์žฅ(์žฌ์ง ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ๋ง) ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ•ผ๋ฏน(Charles G. Helmick, 1947๋…„ 9์›” 12์ผ ~ 1947๋…„ 10์›” 30์ผ), ๋ฏธ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ค€์žฅ, ์ง๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ F. ๋”˜ (William F. Dean, 1947๋…„ 10์›” 30์ผ ~ 1948๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ) ๋ฏธ ์œก๊ตฐ ์†Œ์žฅ ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ•ผ๋ฏน(Charles G. Helmick, 1948๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ ~ 1949๋…„ 1์›” 11์ผ), ๋ฏธ ์œก๊ตฐ ์†Œ์žฅ ์•ˆ์žฌํ™(ๅฎ‰ๅœจ้ดป)์€ 1947๋…„ 10์›” 30์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1948๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏผ์ •์žฅ๊ด€์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฌด์ด๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ค€์žฅ ์ฐฐ์Šค S. ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค(Charlse S. Harris), 1945๋…„ 8์›” 28์ผ ~ 1945๋…„ 9์›” 28์ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ 24๊ตฐ๋‹จ 10๊ตฐ ํฌ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋Œ€์žฅ ์ค€์žฅ ์กฐ์…‰ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์‰ฌ์ธ (Josef Robert Sheetz), 1945๋…„ 9์›” 28์ผ ~ 1946๋…„ 5์›” 15์ผ ๋Œ€๋ น ์•„์„œ ์„ธ์ด๋ฌด์–ด ์ฑ”ํŒจ๋‹ˆ(Arthur Seymour Champeny), 1946๋…„ 5์›” 15์ผ ~ 1947๋…„ 10์›” 30์ผ ๋ฏผ์ •๊ด€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜๋“œ E. ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ(Brainard E. Prescott) 1945๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ ~ 1945๋…„ 9์›” 28์ผ ์กฐ์…‰ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์‰ฌ์ธ (Josef Robert Sheetz), 1945๋…„ 9์›” 29์ผ ~ 1946๋…„ 1์›” 2์ผ, ์ •๋ฌด์ด๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ์ •๊ด€ ๊ฒธ์ง ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์นด์Šค W. ๋ฉ”์ด(Metticus W.May) 1946๋…„ 1์›” 3์ผ ~ 1946๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ชฝ A. ์ž๋…ธ์Šคํ‚ค(Raymond A. Janowski) 1946๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ ~ 1946๋…„ 3์›” 8์ผ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด(William A. Glass, Jr.), 1946๋…„ 3์›” 30์ผ ~ 1946๋…„ 4์›” 6์ผ ์•„์„œ ์„ธ์ด๋ฌด์–ด ์ฑ”ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ(Arthur S. Champeny), 1946๋…„ 4์›” 7์ผ ~ 1946๋…„ 5์›” 15์ผ E. A. J. ์กด์Šจ 1947๋…„ ~ 1948๋…„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ํ–‰์ •์žฅ๊ด€ ๊ฐ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ B. ๋งˆ์ด์–ด์Šค 1945๋…„ 10์›” 2์ผ ~ 1946๋…„ 2์›” ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋ถ„๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ๋ฏผ์ •์ฒญ ์ฃผํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ์ตœ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๋ถ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๋ฏผ์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ž„์‹œ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ์˜ ํ–‰์ • ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ 1945๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ 1946๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ 1947๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ 1948๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ 1949๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ-๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์œก๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ S. ํŠธ๋ฃจ๋จผ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ ๋ น ๋ƒ‰์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •์ฒด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Army%20Military%20Government%20in%20Korea
United States Army Military Government in Korea
The United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) was the official ruling body of the Southern half of the Korean Peninsula from 8 September 1945 to 15 August 1948. The country during this period was plagued with political and economic chaos, which arose from a variety of causes. The after-effects of the Japanese occupation were still being felt in the occupation zone, as well as in the Soviet zone in the North. Popular discontent stemmed from the U.S. Military Government's support of the Japanese colonial government; then once removed, keeping the former Japanese governors on as advisors; by ignoring, censoring and forcibly disbanding the functional and popular People's Republic of Korea (PRK); and finally by supporting United Nations elections that divided the country. The U.S. administration refused to recognize the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, despite the South Korean government considering it their predecessor since 1987. In addition, the U.S. military was largely unprepared for the challenge of administering the country, arriving with no knowledge of the language or political situation. Thus, many of their policies had unintended destabilizing effects. Waves of refugees from North Korea (estimated at 400,000) and returnees from abroad caused further turmoil. Background The short-lived People's Republic of Korea had been established in August, in consultation with Japanese authorities, and rapidly exerted control throughout the country. The U.S. Military Government outlawed it in the South shortly after their arrival. The leader of the People's Republic, Yeo Un-hyeong, stepped down and formed the People's Party of Korea. The U.S. administration also refused to recognize the members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, led by Kim Gu, who were obliged to enter the country as private citizens. Key events After the surrender of the Empire of Japan to the Allies, the division at the 38th parallel marked the beginning of Soviet and American command over North Korea and South Korea, respectively. From 1945 to 1948 the overall responsibility of southern Korea was given to General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers due to the vague orders and lack of guidance from both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Department of State regarding Korea. Washington, D.C. decided to give MacArthur a free hand to deal with Korea however he wished. He ordered the XXIV Corps under Lt. General John R. Hodge to not only accept the surrender of Japanese forces but also to set up a military occupation of Korea. U.S. forces landed at Incheon on 8 September 1945, and established a military government shortly thereafter. The forces landing at Incheon were of the XXIV Corps of the U.S. Tenth Army. Four days before he arrived in Korea, Hodge told his officers that Korea "was an enemy of the United States". On 9 September, at a surrender ceremony, Hodge announced that the Japanese colonial government would remain intact, including its personnel and its governor-general. After a major outcry, Hodge replaced the governor-general with an American and removed all the Japanese bureau chiefs, though he, in turn, enlisted the former Japanese bureaucrats as advisors. Faced with mounting popular discontent, in October 1945 Hodge established the Korean Advisory Council. The majority of the Council seats were given to members of the Korean Democratic Party which had been formed at the encouragement of the U.S. and was primarily made up of large landowners, wealthy businesspeople, and former officials in the colonial government. A few members of the PRK were offered to join, but they refused and instead criticized the Council appointees for their collaboration with the Japanese. A proposal was made in 1945 for a long-term trusteeship arrangement. In December 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to administer the country under the U.S.โ€“Soviet Joint Commission, as termed by the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers. It was agreed that Korea would govern independently after four years of international oversight. However, both the United States and the USSR approved Korean-led governments in their respective halves, each of which was favorable to the occupying power's political ideology. From a number of perspectives, it may be argued that not all Koreans necessarily favoured these arrangements. In the south the interim legislature and the interim government were headed by Kim Kyu-shik and Syngman Rhee, respectively, and the elections for which were met with a large uprising. The USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December and outlawed the people's committees on 12 December 1945. However, in September 1946 the Communist Party of Korea initiated a General Strike. This started among railway workers in Busan but it spread to other industries by 24 September and more than a quarter of a million workers joined in the strike. The USAMG organised military operations to oppose the strikers and also encouraged right-wing anti-communist groups. On 1 October a strike protest in Daegu was fired on by police and a worker was killed. Demonstrations in the following days developed into the 'Autumn Uprising'. The U.S. administration responded by declaring martial law, firing into crowds of demonstrators and killing a publicly unknown number of people. The Jeju Uprising started during the U.S. occupation period in April 1948 when left wing radicals killed 30 South Korean police officers. This uprising happened after a South Korean communist named Pak Hon-yong (who collaborated with Kim Il-sung in Pyongyang) called on left wing and communist groups south of the 38th parallel to oppose the 1948 Korean elections by whatever means necessary, and called for a general strike to begin on 7 February. At this point, there were at least 60,000 members of the communist Workers' Party of South Korea on Jeju, and at least 80,000 active supporters. These members and supporters not only went on strike but in some cases attacked government installations and engaged with police forces in open conflict. These engagements between SKLP guerrillas against rightist groups and police continued through March 1948. Violence escalated dramatically following South Korea's independence in August 1948. President Syngman Rhee's government largely suppressed the uprising by May 1949. The conflict in Jeju saw atrocities by both sides and caused the deaths of 14,000 to 30,000 people. Education Among the earliest edicts promulgated by USAMGIK was one reopening all schools, issued in November 1945. No immediate changes were made in the educational system, which was simply carried over from the Japanese colonial period. In this area, as in others, the military government sought to maintain the forms of the Japanese occupation system. Although it did not implement sweeping educational reforms, the military government did lay the foundations for reforms which were implemented early in the First Republic. In 1946, a council of about 100 Korean educators was convened to map out the future path of Korean education. Politics Although the military government was hostile to leftism from the beginning, it did initially tolerate the activities of left-wing political groups, including the Korean Communist Party. They had attempted to strike a balance between hard-left and hard-right groups, encouraging moderation. However, these overtures frequently had the adverse effect of angering powerful leaders such as Syngman Rhee. This period of reconciliation did not last long. Within a short time, the military government actively disempowered and eventually banned popular organizations that were gaining support within the general public, including the People's Republic of Korea. The justification given by the USAMGIK was its suspicion that they were aligned with the communist bloc, despite professing a relatively moderate stance compared to the actual Korean Communist Party, which had also been banned at this time. A good symbol of how the U.S. military occupation of southern Korea went overall was when Hodge and the USAMGIK created the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly in December 1946. This assembly was supposed to formulate draft laws to be used as "the basis for political, economic, and social reforms." However, the left-wing political faction, consolidated under the South Korean Workers Party, ignored the assembly and refused to participate. The conservative faction's Korea Democratic Party, supported by landlords and small-business owners, also opposed the assembly because their main leaders were excluded from it by the USAMGIK. The problem was that even though many of the 45-member assembly were conservatives most of the members were nominated by the moderate Kim Kyu-sik, who was the Vice President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (this was the mostly moderate institution created in 1919 during the Japanese-occupied Korea era with the ultimate goal of delivering independence to Korea in the form of a republic) and was Hodge's choice to lead a future independent South Korea. Unfortunately, Kim was not charismatic and could not inspire either the left wing or the right wing to support him. Inter-Korean relations At the time of division, the overwhelming majority of Korean industry was concentrated in the North, while most of the agricultural land was in the South. Power lines and shipping connections were maintained during this period, but were frequently and unpredictably cut off. The North, controlled during this period by the Soviet Union, had the ability to wreak havoc in the South by cutting off the supply of electricity or fertilizer, and frequently did so. Economy The economy of South Korea did not fare well during this period, although the foundations of recovery were laid. A 1947 assessment by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee found that the U.S. had mismanaged the Korean economy and failed to enact needed land and labor reforms. The report concluded, "Thus far the U.S. has done little more than hold its own in South Korea. The operation to date has been improvised from day to day to prevent complete collapse, and has left almost untouched the most basic problems." Counterfeiting was reportedly a serious problem during this period. Dissolution Following the constitutional assembly and presidential elections held in May and July 1948 respectively, its first government officially proclaimed the existence of the Republic of Korea on 15 August 1948. American troops finally withdrew in 1949. See also Operation Blacklist Forty Korean general strike of September 1946 History of South Korea Provisional People's Committee for North Korea Soviet Civil Administration โ€“ Soviet counterpart in North Korea Autumn Uprising of 1946 References External links Unofficial list of US National Archives documents concerning USAMGIK Paramilitary politics under the USAMGIK and the establishment of the ROK, Kim Bong-jin, Korea Journal 43 (2), pp.ย 289โ€“322 (2003). American military occupations 20th-century history of the United States Army History of South Korea 1945 in South Korea 1946 in South Korea 1947 in South Korea 1948 in South Korea History of United States expansionism South Koreaโ€“United States relations Allied occupation of Korea Provisional governments
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EB%A8%B9%EC%99%95%20%EB%9E%84%ED%94%84
์ฃผ๋จน์™• ๋ž„ํ”„
ใ€Š์ฃผ๋จน์™• ๋ž„ํ”„ใ€‹()๋Š” 2012๋…„ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ 3D ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ์›”ํŠธ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์›”ํŠธ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์žฅํŽธ ์˜ํ™” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 52๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 8๋น„ํŠธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ โ€˜๋‹ค๊ณ ์ณ ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šคโ€™์—์„œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•…๋‹น ์ฃผ๋จน์™• ๋ž„ํ”„. 30๋…„์งธ ๋งค์ผ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ฉฐ ์ง์—…์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ์•…๋‹น์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. โ€˜๋‹ค๊ณ ์ณ ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šคโ€™ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๋”ฐ์˜ค๋ฉด ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์€ ๋ž„ํ”„๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๋”ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ๊ธ‰๊ธฐ์•ผ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์ดํƒˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค! ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๋”ฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ŠˆํŒ…๊ฒŒ์ž„ โ€˜ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ ๋“€ํ‹ฐโ€™๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ๊ฐ„ ๋ž„ํ”„๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ โ€˜์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์‹œโ€™์— ๋ถˆ์‹œ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ.. โ€˜์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์‹œโ€™์—์„œ ๋ž„ํ”„๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค! ๋ž„ํ”„์˜ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ํš๋“๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ,, ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ์™€ ๋ž„ํ”„๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์œˆ์œˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ? ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ? ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— โ€˜์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์‹œโ€™์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค! ๋ž„ํ”„์™€ ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ณ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€! ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ž„ํ”„๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜์›…์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€! ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ž„ํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋– ๋‚œ ํ›„ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋”ฑ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์€ โ€˜๋‹ค๊ณ ์ณ ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šคโ€™ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ์˜ค๋ฝ์‹ค์—์„œ ํ‡ด์ถœ๋  ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ? ๋ฐฐ์—ญ ์กด C. ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ - ๋ž„ํ”„ ์žญ ๋งฅ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด - ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค ์ œ์ธ ๋ฆฐ์น˜ - ์นผํ›ˆ ๋ณ‘์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ผ ์‹ค๋ฒ„๋งจ - ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ํŠœ๋”• - ํ‚น ์บ”๋”” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋”๋น™ ์ •์ค€ํ•˜ - ๋ž„ํ”„ ๊น€ํ™˜์ง„ - ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค ์ด์ง„ํ™” - ์นผํ›ˆ ์†Œ์—ฐ - ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ ์žฅ์Šน๊ธธ - ํ‚น ์บ”๋””(ํ„ฐ๋ณด) ๋ฅ˜๋‹ค๋ฌดํ˜„ - ๋ˆ ์ •์Šน์šฑ - ์žฅ๊ธฐ์—ํ”„ ๋ฐ•์กฐํ˜ธ - ์ผ„ / ํด๋ผ์ด๋“œ / ์นผํ›ˆ์˜ ์ „ ๋‚จํŽธ ์œค์„ธ์›… - ์ฝ”ํ—ˆํŠธ ์ „๊ด‘์ฃผ - ๋น… ์ง„ / ์Šคํ”ผ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋šฑ๋ณด ์ด๋ด‰์ค€ - ํ™€๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ต๊ด€ / ๋ฒ ์–ด๋“œ ํŒŒํŒŒ ์ด๊ด‘์ˆ˜ - ๋ฒ ๊ฐ€ ๊น€์žฅ - ์†Œ๋‹‰ ๋” ํ—ค์ง€ํ˜ธ๊ทธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง์ œ์ž‘ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด์ œ์ž‘ : Disney Character Voices International Inc. ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด ๋”๋น™ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฝ”์ด์น˜ - ๋ž„ํ”„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€ ์—์ด์ง€ - ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค ํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ ์„ธ์ด์ฝ” - ์นผํ›ˆ ๋ชจ๋กœํ˜ธ์‹œ ์Šค๋ฏธ๋ ˆ - ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ ํƒ€๋‹ค๋…ธ ์š”ํ—ค์ด - ํ‚น ์บ”๋””(ํ„ฐ๋ณด) ์ผ๋ณธ๋ง์ œ์ž‘ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์ œ์ž‘ : Disney Character Voices International Inc. ์Œ์•… Sugar Rush ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ๋ž„ํ”„์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ โ€˜๋‹ค๊ณ ์ณ ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šคโ€™์—์„œ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋‹ค ๋ถ€์‹œ๋Š” ์•…๋‹น ๋ž„ํ”„! ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ง˜๋„ ์—ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๋”ฐ์˜ค๋ฉด ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์— ํ˜นํ•ด ์ด ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋ฐ–์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์ฃฝ์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋„ ์˜์›…์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” โ€˜์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œโ€™์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์† ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋”ฐ๋Œ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ์•„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ํž˜๊ป ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฐฉํ•œ ์‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ โ€˜๋‹ค๊ณ ์ณ ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šคโ€™์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต! ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ž„ํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ž„ํ”„ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ช‡์‹ญ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ด์–ด์˜จ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ํ‡ด์ถœ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜์ž ๋ž„ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๊ณ ์ณ ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค๋†“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ž„ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ชจํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€˜ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ ๋“€ํ‹ฐโ€™์— ๋ž„ํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์ž„์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์นผํ›ˆ ๋ณ‘์žฅ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒซ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ โ€˜์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์‹œโ€™์—์„œ ์ง€์ง๋Œ€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ๋”ฐ๋Œ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ์— ์†Œ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋ž„ํ”„๊ฐ€ โ€˜ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ ๋“€ํ‹ฐโ€™์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์˜จ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ์†์— ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฑธ๊ณ  ๋ž„ํ”„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ž„ํ”„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ ์—ฐ์Šต๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‘˜์˜ ์šฐ์ •์€ ์Œ“์—ฌ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด โ€˜์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์‹œโ€™๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•  ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์†์—์„œ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ญ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์™„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์งˆํˆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ๋ง์น  ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜จ ํ‚น์บ”๋””๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์นญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋ณด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์™„์ฃผํ•˜์ž ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ๋ฆฌ์…‹ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋“ค๋„ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค โ€˜์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์‹œโ€™์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ธ ๊ณต์ฃผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚น ์บ”๋””(ํ„ฐ๋ณด)์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ํ‚น ์บ”๋””๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ๋ง์น˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  โ€˜์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์‹œโ€™์— ์ž ์ž…ํ•œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์›๋ž˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ„ฐ๋ณด์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž ๋‚˜์œ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  โ€˜์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์‹œโ€™์— ์นจ์ž…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์ฃผ์ธ ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์†์—์„œ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋„ฌ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ž ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์นผํ›ˆ๋ณ‘์žฅ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์† ์•…๋‹น๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กด์žฌ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ฐ€ '์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์‹œ'์— ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด '์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์‹œ'์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์ธ์„ ์žƒ์€ ์•„ํ”ˆ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์žˆ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์  ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ ์ฃผ๋จน์™• ๋ž„ํ”„๋Š” 2012.12.19.์ผ๋‚  ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‹ฐ์ € ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํŽธ์€ 2012.08.28.,๋ฉ”์ธ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํŽธ์€ 2012.11.23.์ผ๋‚  ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ‰์ด ์ข‹์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์ „ํ†ต์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋“ค์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ๋น„์ฃผ์–ผ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰, ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ํ‰์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฝ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด ์„ฑ์ธ์ธต์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜๊ฒฌ๋„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. โ€˜์ œ 25ํšŒ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์ƒ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์ƒโ€™ ํ›„๋ณด์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋จน์™• ๋ž„ํ”„ 2: ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์˜์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 2012๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์˜ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์˜ค๋ฒ„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์˜ํ™”์˜ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์˜ค๋ฒ„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์›”ํŠธ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์˜ํ™” ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์˜ํ™” ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ๊ฐ๋… ๋ฐ๋ท” ์˜ํ™” ๋ฆฌ์น˜ ๋ฌด์–ด ๊ฐ๋… ์˜ํ™” 2012๋…„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ์šฐ์ •์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck-It%20Ralph
Wreck-It Ralph
Wreck-It Ralph is a 2012 American animated comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It was directed by Rich Moore (in his feature directorial debut) and produced by Clark Spencer, from a screenplay written by Phil Johnston and Jennifer Lee, and a story by Moore, Johnston, and Jim Reardon. John Lasseter served as the filmโ€™s executive producer. Featuring the voices of John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman, Jack McBrayer, and Jane Lynch, the film tells the story of the eponymous arcade game villain who rebels against his "bad guy" role and dreams of becoming a hero. Wreck-It Ralph premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on October 29, 2012, and went into general release on November 2. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing $496 million worldwide against a $165 million budget and winning the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, as well as receiving nominations for the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. A sequel, Ralph Breaks the Internet, was released on November 21, 2018. Plot Whenever Litwak's Arcade closes, the various video game characters leave their in-game roles and socialize via a power strip called Game Central Station. One evening, Wreck-It Ralph, the villain of platform game Fix-it Felix, Jr., visits a villain support group called Bad-Anon, expressing frustration with his assigned role. When Ralph is excluded and ostracized from his game's 30th-anniversary party, he decides to win a medal and earn respect. Upon overhearing that one can earn medals in a first-person shooter called Hero's Duty, Ralph sneaks in and steals one while the characters fight insectoid monsters known as Cy-Bugs. Ralph accidentally launches himself in an escape shuttle with a Cy-Bug inside and crash-lands in the confectionery-themed kart racing game Sugar Rush. With Ralph gone, his game is labeled "out of order" and put in danger of being unplugged. Fix-It Felix, Jr, the hero, leaves the game to find Ralph, allying with Sergeant Calhoun, the heroine of Hero's Duty. Calhoun is tracking the Cy-Bug, as Cy-Bugs behave as a virus once outside their game. Felix worries Ralph will meet the same fate as Turbo, the protagonist of the racing game TurboTime, who became jealous of a newly-installed RoadBlasters cabinet's success and tried to take it over, resulting in both games being unplugged. In Sugar Rush, a girl named Vanellope von Schweetz steals Ralph's medal and uses it to buy her way into the nightly race that determines which characters will be playable the next day. King Candy, the ruler of Sugar Rush world, forbids her to race, as she is a glitch that teleports erratically. Vanellope promises to get the medal back if Ralph helps her win; he helps her build a new kart and teaches her to drive inside Diet Cola Mountain. Meanwhile, Calhoun and Felix arrive in Sugar Rush, where they fall into "Nesquik-sand", work together to escape, and begin to fall in love. King Candy hacks into Sugar Rush source code and retrieves the medal, giving it back to Ralph. He claims that if Vanellope becomes a playable character, her glitching may lead to Sugar Rush being labeled out of order and unplugged. Ralph decides he cannot allow Vanellope to race, and he destroys her kart. Calhoun abandons Felix when he inadvertently reminds her of her late fiancรฉ, who was killed by a Cy-Bug during their wedding; Felix is imprisoned by King Candy's assistant, Sour Bill, while Calhoun discovers that the Cy-Bug has multiplied exponentially. A despondent Ralph returns to Fix-it Felix, Jr., but the game has been evacuated. Ralph notices that the Sugar Rush cabinet displays Vanellope as an actual playable character. Realizing King Candy's deception, Ralph returns to Sugar Rush and interrogates Sour Bill, learning that King Candy damaged Vanellope's code. King Candy's edits to the code also have ensured no one but himself knows Vanellope's true role. However, if Vanellope completes a race, all of King Candy's changes will be deleted, as the game will reset itself. Ralph reconciles with and frees Vanellope and Felix from prison. Felix fixes the kart, and Vanellope belatedly enters the race, just before the Cy-Bugs emerge and start destroying the game. Calhoun, Felix, and Ralph help evacuate the characters. Unaware of this development, King Candy attempts to ram Vanellope off the track, causing them both to glitch. Their glitching inadvertently reveals King Candy to be Turbo, who secretly took over Sugar Rush after surviving the unplugging of TurboTime. Vanellope flees as Turbo is devoured by a Cy-Bug, which fuses with him into an insectoid monster. Everyone but Vanellope evacuates, as glitches cannot leave their games. Remembering from Hero's Duty that a beacon will draw and destroy the Cy-Bugs, Ralph battles Turbo and collapses the Mentos roof of Diet Cola Mountain, creating a glowing eruption that lures and destroys Turbo and the Cy-Bugs. Vanellope rescues Ralph and crosses the finish line. The game resets, revealing her as the true ruler of Sugar Rush, though she keeps her glitching ability, considering it an advantage. Ralph returns to his game, content with his role as a villain and finally respected by his fellow characters. Felix and Calhoun marry, and Ralph watches Vanellope become Sugar Rush favorite character. Cast John C. Reilly as Ralph, a gigantic but soft-hearted man who is the villain of the fictional arcade game Fix-It Felix Jr. Sarah Silverman as Vanellope von Schweetz, a racer/glitch in Sugar Rush. Jack McBrayer as Felix, a repairman who is the hero of Fix-It Felix Jr. Jane Lynch as Sergeant Tamora Jean Calhoun, the lead character of Hero's Duty. Alan Tudyk as King Candy, the competitive and stubborn ruler of Sugar Rush. He is later revealed to be Turbo, an infamous racer from TurboTime who invaded and crashed Roadblasters out of jealousy. King Candy's vocal stylings are based on comedian Ed Wynn, and his physical mannerisms are modeled from Wynn's Mad Hatter character in Alice in Wonderland. Mindy Kaling as Taffyta Muttonfudge, a racer in Sugar Rush who thinks that Vanellope is a threat. Joe Lo Truglio as Markowski, a soldier from Hero's Duty that Ralph meets in Tapper. Ed O'Neill as Mr. Stan Litwak, owner of Litwak's Family Fun Center & Arcade. Dennis Haysbert as General Hologram, a holographic general in Hero's Duty. Adam Carolla as Wynnchel, a Long John who is a member of the Sugar Rush police department. Horatio Sanz as Duncan, a doughnut who is a member of the Sugar Rush police department. Rich Moore as Sour Bill, a sour ball and King Candy's assistant. The cast also includes the Fix-It Felix Jr. Nicelanders, Edie McClurg as Mary, Raymond S. Persi as Mayor Gene, Jess Harnell as Don, Rachael Harris as Deanna, and Skylar Astin as Roy; Katie Lowes as Candlehead, Jamie Elman as Rancis Fluggerbutter, Josie Trinidad as Jubileena Bing-Bing, and Cymbre Walk as Crumbelina DiCaramello, racers in Sugar Rush; Phil Johnston as Surge Protector, Game Central Station security; Stefanie Scott as Moppet Girl, a young arcade-game player; John DiMaggio as Beard Papa, the security guard at the Sugar Rush candy-kart factory; Raymond Persi as a Zombie, Brian Kesinger as a Cyborg (based on Kano from Mortal Kombat) and Martin Jarvis as Saitine, a devil-like villain, who attends the Bad-Anon support group; Tucker Gilmore as the Sugar Rush Announcer; Brandon Scott as Kohut, a soldier in Hero's Duty; and Tim Mertens as Dr. Brad Scott, a scientist who is Sgt. Calhoun's deceased fiancรฉ in Hero's Duty (voiced by Nick Grimshaw in the UK version but not in the UK home release). The film features several cameos from real-world video game characters including: Tapper (Maurice LaMarche), the bartender from Tapper; Sonic the Hedgehog (Roger Craig Smith); Ryu (Kyle Hebert), Ken Masters (Reuben Langdon), M. Bison (Gerald C. Rivers), and Zangief (Rich Moore) from Street Fighter II; Clyde (Kevin Deters) from Pac-Man; and Yuni Verse (Jamie Sparer Roberts) from Dance Dance Revolution (specifically X2). A character modeled after dubstep musician Skrillex makes an appearance in the fictional Fix-It Felix Jr. as the DJ at the anniversary party of the game. Video game cameos and references In addition to the spoken roles, Wreck-It Ralph contains a number of other video game references, including characters and visual gags. The video game villains at the support meeting, in addition to those mentioned above, include Bowser from the Mario franchise, Doctor Eggman from Sonic the Hedgehog, and Neff from Altered Beast. Additionally, the game cabinet of the fictional Fix It Felix, Jr. arcade game is stylized to strongly resemble the cabinet of Nintendo's original 1981 Donkey Kong arcade game, with Ralph and Felix taking similar poses as Donkey Kong and Mario, respectively. The Hero's Duty game is a reference to the hugely successful first-person shooter games Halo and Call of Duty. Characters from Q*bert are shown as "homeless" characters and later taken in by Ralph and Felix into their game (Q*bert also speaks to Felix at one point using the signature synthesized gibberish and word-balloon symbols from his game, called Q*bert-ese). Scenes in Game Central Station and Tapper's bar include Chun-Li, Cammy and Blanka from Street Fighter, Pac-Man, Blinky, Pinky, and Inky from Pac-Man, the Paperboy from Paperboy, the two paddles and the ball from Pong, Dig Dug, a Pooka, and a Fygar from Dig Dug, The Qix from Qix, Frogger from Frogger, and Peter Pepper from BurgerTime. Lara Croft and Mario are also mentioned. Additional references are based on sight gags. The residents of Niceland and the bartender from Tapper are animated using a jerky motion that spoofs the limited animation cycles of the sprites of many eight- and sixteen-bit arcade games. King Candy uses the Konami Code on an NES controller to access the programming of Sugar Rush. Throughout Game Central Station is graffiti that includes "Aerith lives" (referencing the character of Aerith Gainsborough from Final Fantasy VII), "All your base are belong to us" (an Engrish phrase popularized from the game Zero Wing), "Sheng Long Was Here" (referencing an April Fool's joke around a made-up character Sheng Long from Street Fighter), and "Jenkins" (a nod to the popular Leeroy Jenkins meme from World of Warcraft). There is also a reference to the Metal Gear series when Ralph is searching for a medal in Tapper's Lost and found, finding first a Super Mushroom from the Mario franchise, and then Metal Gear Solids "Exclamation point" (with the corresponding sound effect from the game). Mr. Litwak wears a black and white striped referee's shirt, a nod to the iconic outfit of Twin Galaxies founder Walter Day. One of the songs in the credits is an original work from Buckner and Garcia, previously famous for writing video game-themed songs in the 1980s. The Walt Disney Animation Studios opening logo is animated in an 8-bit pixelated fashion, whereas the Walt Disney Pictures closing production logo appears in a glitched state, a reference to the kill screen from many early arcade games such as Pac-Man. The high score on the main screen of Fix-It Felix, Jr., 120501, refers to the birthdate of Walt Disney, December 5, 1901. Production Concept and story The concept of Wreck-It Ralph was first developed at Disney, in the late 1980s, under the working title High Score. Since then, it was redeveloped and reconsidered several times: In the late 1990s, it took on the working title Joe Jump, then in the mid-2000s as Reboot Ralph. John Lasseter, the head of Walt Disney Animation Studios and executive producer of the film, describes Wreck-It Ralph as "an 8-bit video-game bad guy who travels the length of the arcade to prove that he's a good guy." In a manner similar to Who Framed Roger Rabbit and the Toy Story films, Wreck-It Ralph featured cameo appearances by a number of licensed video-game characters. For example, one scene from the film shows Ralph attending a support group for the arcade's various villain characters, including Clyde from Pac-Man, Doctor Eggman from Sonic the Hedgehog, and Bowser from Super Mario Bros. Rich Moore, the film's director, had determined that for a film about a video-game world to feel authentic, "it had to have real characters from real games in it." Moore aimed to add licensed characters in a similar manner as cultural references in Looney Tunes shorts, but considered "having the right balance so a portion of the audience didn't feel they were being neglected or talked down to." However, Moore avoided creating the movie around existing characters, feeling that "there's so much mythology and baggage attached to pre-existing titles that I feel someone would be disappointed," and considered this to be a reason why movies based on video game franchises typically fail. Instead, for Ralph, the development of new characters representative of the 8-bit video game was "almost like virgin snow," giving them the freedom to take these characters in new directions. Before production, the existing characters were added to the story either in places they would make sense to appear or as cameos from a list of characters suggested by the film's creative team, without consideration if they would legally be able to use the characters. The company then sought out the copyright holders' permissions to use the characters, as well as working with these companies to assure their characters were being represented authentically. In the case of Nintendo, the writers had early on envisioned the Bad-anon meeting with Bowser as a major character within the scene; according to Moore, Nintendo was very positive towards this use, stating in Moore's own words, "If there is a group that is dedicated to helping the bad guy characters in video games then Bowser must be in that group!" Nintendo had asked that the producers try to devise a scene that would be similarly appropriate for Mario for his inclusion in the film. Despite knowing they would be able to use the character, the producers could not find an appropriate scene that would let Mario be a significant character without taking away the spotlight from the main story and opted to not include the character. Moore debunked a rumor that Mario and his brother character Luigi were not included due to Nintendo requesting too high a licensing fee, stating that the rumor grew out of a joke John C. Reilly made at Comic-Con. Dr. Wily from Mega Man was going to appear but was cut from the final version of the film. Overall, there are about 188 individual character models in the movie as a result of these cameo inclusions. An earlier draft of the screenplay had Ralph and Vanellope spending time going around the game world to collect the pieces for her kart for Sugar Rush, and at times included Felix traveling with the pair. During these scenes, Ralph would have lied to Felix regarding his budding relationship with Calhoun, leading eventually to Ralph becoming depressed and abandoning his quest to get his medal back. At this point, a fourth game world, Extreme Easy Living 2, would have been introduced and was considered a "hedonistic place" between the social nature of The Sims and the open-world objective-less aspects of Grand Theft Auto, according to Moore. Ralph would go there too, wallowing in his depression, and would find happiness by gaining "Like It" buttons for doing acceptable actions in the party-like nature of the place. Moore stated that while it was difficult to consider dropping this new game world, they found that its introduction in the second half of the film would be too difficult a concept for the viewer to grasp. They further had trouble working out how a social game would be part of an arcade, and though they considered having the game be running on Litwak's laptop, they ultimately realized that justifying the concept would be too convoluted. Line art sketches and voice-over readings of the scene were included on the home media release of the film. Animation, designs, and camera work The film introduced Disney's new bidirectional reflectance distribution functions, with more realistic reflections on surfaces, and new virtual cinematography Camera Capture system, which makes it possible to go through scenes in real time. To research the Sugar Rush segment of the film, the visual development group traveled to trade fair ISM Cologne, a See's Candy factory, and other manufacturing facilities. The group also brought in food photographers, to demonstrate techniques to make food appear appealing. Special effects, including from "smoke or dust," looks distinct in each of the segments. Music The film's score was composed by Henry Jackman. Three original songs were performed in the film by Owl City, AKB48, and Buckner & Garcia. The soundtrack also features the songs "Celebration", "Bug Hunt" (Skrillex and Noisia remix), and "Shut Up and Drive". Early in the development process, Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez wrote an original song for the film; it was later cut out. Marketing A teaser trailer for Wreck-It Ralph was released on June 6, 2012, debuting with Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and Rock of Ages. This also coincided with the 2012 Electronic Entertainment Expo, for which Disney constructed a mock aged arcade cabinet for the fictional Fix-It Felix Jr. game on display on the show floor. Disney also released a browser-based Flash-based version of the Fix-It Felix Jr. game as well as iOS, Android, and Windows Phone versions, with online Unity-based versions of Sugar Rush and Hero's Duty. A second trailer for the film was released on September 12, 2012, coinciding with Finding Nemo 3D and Frankenweenie, along with its final updated movie poster. To promote the home media release of Wreck-It Ralph, director Rich Moore produced a short film titled Garlan Hulse: Where Potential Lives. Set within the movie's universe, the mockumentary film was designed as a parody of The King of Kong. Release Theatrical The film was originally scheduled for a release on March 22, 2013, but it was later changed to November 2, 2012, due to it being ahead of schedule. The theatrical release was accompanied by Disney's animated short film, Paperman. Home media Wreck-It Ralph was released on Blu-ray Disc (2D and 3D) and DVD in North America on March 5, 2013, from Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. The film was made available for digital download in selected regions on February 12, 2013. Wreck-It Ralph debuted at No. 1 in Blu-ray and DVD sales in the United States. Wreck It Ralph was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray on November 6, 2018. Reception Box office Wreck-It Ralph grossed $189.4 million in North America and $281.8 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $496.5 million. In North America, the film debuted with $13.5 million, an above-average opening-day gross for an animated film released in November. During its opening weekend, the film topped the box office with $49 million, making it the largest opening for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film at the time. The film fell 33% to $33 million in its second weekend, finishing second behind newcomer Skyfall. Critical response The review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that of critics have given the film a positive review, based on reviews with an average score of . The site's consensus reads: "Equally entertaining for both kids and parents old enough to catch the references, Wreck-It Ralph is a clever, colorful adventure built on familiar themes and joyful nostalgia." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "More than in most animated films, the art design and color palette of Wreck-It Ralph permit unlimited sets, costumes, and rules, giving the movie tireless originality and different behavior in every different cyber world." A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote, "The movie invites a measure of cynicismโ€”which it proceeds to obliterate with a 93-minute blast of color, noise, ingenuity and fun." Peter Debruge of Variety stated, "With plenty to appeal to boys and girls, old and young, Walt Disney Animation Studios has a high-scoring hit on its hands in this brilliantly conceived, gorgeously executed toon, earning bonus points for backing nostalgia with genuine emotion." Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said, "The movie's subversive sensibility and old-school/new-school feel are a total kick," while Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "With a mix of retro eye-candy for grown-ups and a thrilling, approachable storyline for the tykes, the film casts a wide and beguiling net." Conversely, Christopher Orr of The Atlantic found it "overplotted and underdeveloped." Awards and nominations Franchise Sequel Ralph Breaks the Internet is the sequel to Wreck-It Ralph. The film follows Ralph and Vanellope as they travel to the Internet to get a replacement part for Sugar Rush and prevent Mr. Litwak from disposing of the game. The film was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios with Moore and Johnston directing. The film was released November 21, 2018 by Walt Disney Pictures. Video games In addition to the Flash version of the Fix-It Felix Jr. game, Disney released a tie-in side-scrolling platform game called Wreck-It Ralph for the Wii, Nintendo 3DS, and Nintendo DS, to mostly negative reviews. The arcade style side-scrolling game was developed by PipeWorks and published by Activision and serves as a "story extension" to the film; it is the first Disney video game since Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure to be published by Activision. Taking place following the events of the film, players may play as Wreck-It Ralph or Fix-It Felix, causing or repairing damage, respectively, following another Cy-Bug incident. Game levels are based on the locations in the film like the Fix-It Felix Jr., Hero's Duty, and Sugar Rush games as well as Game Central Station. It was released in conjunction with the film's release, in November 2012. In October 2012, Disney released fully playable browser-based versions of the Hero's Duty and Sugar Rush games on the new official film site. A mobile game titled Wreck-it Ralph was released in November 2012 for iOS and Android systems, with a Windows Phone 8 version following almost a year later. Initially, the game consisted of three mini-games, Fix-it Felix Jr., Hero's Duty and Sweet Climber, which were later joined by Turbo Time and Hero's Duty: Flight Command. The game was retired on August 29, 2014. Ralph also appears in Sega's Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed as a playable guest character. Ralph and Vanellope appear as playable characters in Disney Infinity as well (voiced by Brian T. Delaney and Sarah Silverman, respectively); the Disney Store released their individual figures on January 7, 2014. A combo "toy box pack" of the two figures with Sugar Rush customization discs was released April 1, 2014, from the Disney Store. Wreck-It Ralph is a playable world on the mobile game Disney Crossy Road. Ralph made his debut appearance in the Kingdom Hearts video game series in Kingdom Hearts III, serving as a Link summon. A world based on Wreck-It Ralph was added to the mobile game Kingdom Hearts Union ฯ‡ as part of an update in April 2019. In the game, the story of the world loosely follows the plot of the film, culminating with a boss battle against Turbo. Ralph, Vanellope, Calhoun and Felix appear in the mobile game Disney Heroes: Battle Mode as characters. Ralph and Vanellope are the first unlocked characters. Ralph, Vanellope, Calhoun and Felix appear as playable characters to unlock for a limited time in Disney Magic Kingdoms, as well as Niceland as an attraction. Further reading References External links Wreck-It Ralph at Walt Disney Animation Studios Wreck-It Ralph (franchise) 2012 films 2012 3D films 2012 computer-animated films 2012 directorial debut films 2012 action comedy films 2010s American animated films 2010s buddy comedy films 2010s fantasy comedy films American action comedy films American buddy comedy films American children's animated comic science fiction films American children's animated science fantasy films American computer-animated films Animated films about auto racing Animated films about friendship American animated feature films Animated buddy films Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature Broadcast Film Critics Association Award winners Animated crossover films 2010s English-language films Films directed by Rich Moore Films scored by Henry Jackman Animated films about children Metafictional works Films about video games Films set in computers Films about parallel universes Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures animated films Films with screenplays by Phil Johnston (filmmaker) Films with screenplays by Jennifer Lee (filmmaker) Films with screenplays by Jim Reardon Animated films about prejudice 2010s children's animated films 3D animated films 2012 animated films 2012 comedy films Films produced by Clark Spencer
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ๊ตํšŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ๋Š” 18๊ฐœ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— 18๊ฐœ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ, 68๊ฐœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ต๊ตฌ, 5๊ฐœ ์„ฑ์ง์ž์น˜๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ต๊ตฌ ์•„์นดํ’€์ฝ” ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Acapulco) ์•„์นดํ’€์ฝ” ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Acapulco) ์น ํŒ์‹ฑ๊ณ -์น ๋ผํŒŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa) ์‹œ์šฐ๋‹ค๋“œ ์•Œํƒ€๋ฏธ๋ผ๋…ธ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano) ํ‹€๋ผํŒŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tlapa) ๋ฐ”ํ•˜์นผ๋ฆฌํฌ๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Baja California) ํ‹ฐํ›„์•„๋‚˜ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tijuana) ๋ผํŒŒ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of La Paz) ๋ฉ”ํžˆ์นผ๋ฆฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Mexicali) ์—”์„ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ensenada) ๋ฐ”ํžˆ์˜ค ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Bajรญo) ๋ ˆ์˜จ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Leรณn) ์„ธ๋ผ์•ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Celaya) ์ด๋ผํ‘ธ์•„ํ†  ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Irapuato) ์ผ€๋ ˆํƒ€๋กœ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Querรฉtaro) ์น˜์•„ํŒŒ์Šค ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Chiapas) ํˆญ์Šคํ‹€๋ผ๊ตฌํ‹ฐ์—๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiรฉrrez) ์‚ฐํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋ผ์Šค์นด์‚ฌ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of San Cristรณbal de las Casas) ํƒ€ํŒŒ์ถœ๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tapachula) ์น˜์™€์™€ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Chihuahua) ์น˜์™€์™€ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chihuahua) ๋ˆ„์—๋ณด ์นด์‚ฌ์Šค ๊ทธ๋ž€๋ฐ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes) ๋งˆ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Cuauhtรฉmoc Madera) ํŒŒ๋ž„ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Parral) ์‹œ์šฐ๋‹ค๋“œ ํ›„์•„๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ciudad Juรกrez) ํƒ€๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tarahumara) ๋‘๋ž‘๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Durango) ๋‘๋ž‘๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Durango) ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ‹€๋ž€ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Mazatlรกn) ํ† ๋ ˆ์˜จ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Torreรณn) ๊ณ ๋ฉ”์Šค ํŒ”๋ผ์‹œ์˜ค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Gรณmez Palacio) ์—˜์‚ดํ†  ๊ณ ์œ„์„ฑ์ง์ž๊ตฌ(Territorial Prelature of El Salto) ๊ณผ๋‹ฌ๋ผํ•˜๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Guadalajara) ๊ณผ๋‹ฌ๋ผํ•˜๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Guadalajara) ์•„๊ณผ์Šค์นผ๋ฆฌ์—”ํ…Œ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Aguascalientes) ์•„ํ‹€๋ž€ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Autlรกn) ์‹œ์šฐ๋‹ค๋“œ ๊ตฌ์Šค๋งŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ciudad Guzmรกn) ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Colima) ์‚ฐํ›„์•ˆ ๋ฐ ๋กœ์Šค ๋ผ๊ณ ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of San Juan de los Lagos) ํ…Œํ”ฝ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tepic) ์—˜๋‚˜์•ผ๋ฅด ๊ณ ์œ„์„ฑ์ง์ž๊ตฌ(Territorial Prelature of El Nayar) ์—๋ฅด๋ชจ์‹œ์˜ค ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Hermosillo) ์—๋ฅด๋ชจ์‹œ์š” ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Hermosillo) ์‹œ์šฐ๋‹ค๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๊ณค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ciudad Obregรณn) ์ฟจ๋ฆฌ์•„์นธ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Culiacรกn) ์ด๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Hidalgo) ํˆด๋ž€์‹ฑ๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tulancingo) ์šฐ์—ํ›„ํ‹€๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Huejutla) ํˆด๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tula) ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Mรฉxico) ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mรฉxico) ์•„ํ‹€๋ผ์ฝ”๋ฌผ์ฝ” ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Atlacomulco) ์ฟ ์—๋ฅด๋‚˜๋ฐ”์นด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Cuernavaca) ํ†จ๋ฃจ์นด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Toluca) ํ…Œ๋‚œ์‹ฑ๊ณ  ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tenancingo) ๋ชฌํ…Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Monterrey) ๋ชฌํ…Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Monterrey) ์‹œ์šฐ๋‹ค๋“œ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ciudad Victoria) ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Linares) ๋งˆํƒ€๋ชจ๋กœ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Matamoros) ๋ˆ„์—๋ณด ๋ผ๋ ˆ๋„ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Nuevo Laredo) ํƒํ”ผ์ฝ” ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tampico) ํ”ผ์—๋“œ๋ผ์Šค ๋„ค๊ทธ๋ผ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Piedras Negras) ์‚ดํ‹ฐ์š” ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Saltillo) ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Morelia) ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Morelia) ์•„ํŒŒ์นญ์นธ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Apatzingรกn) ํƒ€์บ„๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tacรกmbaro) ์‚ฌ๋ชจ๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Zamora) ์‹œ์šฐ๋‹ค๋“œ ๋ผ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์นด๋ฅด๋ฐ๋‚˜์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ciudad Lรกzaro Cรกrdenas) ์™€ํ•˜์นด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Oaxaca) ์™€ํ•˜์นด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Oaxaca) ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ†  ์—์Šค์ฝ˜๋””๋„ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Puerto Escondido) ํ…Œ์šฐ์•ˆํ…ŒํŽ™ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tehuantepec) ํˆญ์Šคํ…ŒํŽ™ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tuxtepec) ์šฐ์•„์šฐํ‹€๋ผ ๊ณ ์œ„์„ฑ์ง์ž๊ตฌ(Territorial Prelature of Huautla) ๋ฏน์„ธ์Šค ๊ณ ์œ„์„ฑ์ง์ž๊ตฌ(Territorial Prelature of Mixes) ํ‘ธ์—๋ธ”๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Puebla) ํ‘ธ์—๋ธ”๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Puebla) ์šฐ์•„ํ›„์•„ํŒ ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์˜จ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Huajuapan de Leรณn) ํ…Œ์šฐ์•„์นธ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tehuacรกn) ํ‹€๋ฝ์Šค์นผ๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tlaxcala) ์‚ฐ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ํฌํ† ์‹œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of San Luis Potosรญ) ์‚ฐ๋ฃจ์ด์Šคํฌํ† ์‹œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of San Luis Potosรญ) ์‹œ์šฐ๋‹ค๋“œ ๋ฐ”์˜ˆ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ciudad Valles) ๋งˆํ…Œ์šฐ์•Œ๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Matehuala) ์‚ฌ์นดํ…Œ์นด์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Zacatecas) ํ‹€๋ž„๋„คํŒํ‹€๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Tlalnepantla) ํ‹€๋ž„๋„คํŒํ‹€๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla) ์ฝฐ์šฐํ‹ฐํ‹€๋ž€ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Cuautitlรกn) ์—์นดํ…ŒํŽ™ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ecatepec) ๋„ค์‚ฌ์šฐ์•Œ์ฝ”์š”ํ‹€ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Nezahualcรณyotl) ํ…์Šค์ฝ”์ฝ” ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Texcoco) ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ ๋ฐ ์ฐฐ์ฝ” ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Valle de Chalco) ํ…Œ์˜คํ‹ฐ์šฐ์•„์นธ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Teotihuacรกn) ํ• ๋ผํŒŒ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Xalapa) ํ• ๋ผํŒŒ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Xalapa) ์ฝ”๋ฅด๋„๋ฐ” ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Cรณrdoba) ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๋ฐ” ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Orizaba) ํŒŒํŒํ‹€๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Papantla) ์‚ฐ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ ํˆญ์Šคํ‹€๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of San Andrรฉs Tuxtla) ํˆญ์ŠคํŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tuxpan) ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ฟ ๋ฅด์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Veracruz) ์œ ์นดํƒ„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Yucatรกn) ์œ ์นดํƒ„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Yucatรกn) ์บ„ํŽ˜์ฒด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Campeche) ํƒ€๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ” ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tabasco) ์บ‰์ฟค ์ฒดํˆฌ๋ง ๊ณ ์œ„์„ฑ์ง์ž๊ตฌ(Territorial Prelature of Cancรบn Chetumal) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Catholic-Hierarchy entry. Giga-Catholic Information. ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ณ„ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Catholic%20dioceses%20in%20Mexico
List of Catholic dioceses in Mexico
The Roman Catholic Church in Mexico comprises eighteen ecclesiastical provinces each headed by an archbishop. The provinces in turn comprise 18 archdioceses, 69 dioceses, and 5 territorial prelatures and each headed by a bishop (of some kind). List of Dioceses Ecclesiastical province of Acapulco Archdiocese of Acapulco Diocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano Diocese of Tlapa Ecclesiastical province of Antequera, Oaxaca Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca Diocese of Puerto Escondido Diocese of Tehuantepec Diocese of Tuxtepec Prelature of Huautla Prelature of Mixes Ecclesiastical province of Chihuahua Archdiocese of Chihuahua Diocese of Ciudad Juรกrez Diocese of Cuauhtรฉmoc-Madera Diocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes Diocese of Parral Diocese of Tarahumara Ecclesiastical province of Durango Archdiocese of Durango Diocese of Mazatlรกn Diocese of Torreรณn Diocese of Gรณmez Palacio Prelature of El Salto Ecclesiastical province of Guadalajara Archdiocese of Guadalajara Diocese of Aguascalientes Diocese of Autlรกn Diocese of Ciudad Guzmรกn Diocese of Colima Diocese of San Juan de los Lagos Diocese of Tepic Prelature of Jesรบs Marรญa del Nayar Ecclesiastical province of Hermosillo Archdiocese of Hermosillo Diocese of Ciudad Obregรณn Diocese of Culiacรกn Diocese of Nogales Ecclesiastical province of Jalapa (Xalapa) Archdiocese of Jalapa (Xalapa) Diocese of Coatzacoalcos Diocese of Cรณrdoba Diocese of Orizaba Diocese of Papantla Diocese of San Andrรฉs Tuxtla Diocese of Tuxpan Diocese of Veracruz Ecclesiastical province of Leรณn Archdiocese of Leรณn Diocese of Celaya Diocese of Irapuato Diocese of Querรฉtaro Ecclesiastical province of Mรฉxico Archdiocese of Mexico Diocese of Azcapotzalco Diocese of Iztapalapa Diocese of Xochimilco Ecclesiastical province of Monterrey Archdiocese of Monterrey Diocese of Ciudad Victoria Diocese of Linares Diocese of Matamoros Diocese of Nuevo Laredo Diocese of Piedras Negras Diocese of Saltillo Diocese of Tampico Ecclesiastical province of Morelia Archdiocese of Morelia Diocese of Apatzingan Diocese of Ciudad Lรกzaro Cรกrdenas Diocese of Tacรกmbaro Diocese of Zamora Ecclesiastical province of Puebla de los Angeles Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles Diocese of Huajuapan de Leรณn Diocese of Tehuacรกn Diocese of Tlaxcala Ecclesiastical province of San Luis Potosรญ Archdiocese of San Luis Potosรญ Diocese of Ciudad Valles Diocese of Matehuala Diocese of Zacatecas Ecclesiastical province of Tijuana Archdiocese of Tijuana Diocese of Ensenada Diocese of La Paz en la Baja California Sur Diocese of Mexicali Ecclesiastical province of Tlalnepantla Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla Diocese of Cuautitlรกn Diocese of Ecatepec Diocese of Netzahualcรณyotl Diocese of Texcoco Diocese of Valle de Chalco Diocese of Izcalli Ecclesiastical province of Toluca Archdiocese of Toluca Diocese of Atlacomulco de Fabela Diocese of Cuernavaca Diocese of Tenancingo Ecclesiastical province of Tulancingo Archdiocese of Tulancingo Diocese of Huejutla Diocese of Tula Ecclesiastical province of Tuxtla Gutiรฉrrez Archdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiรฉrrez Diocese of San Cristรณbal de Las Casas Diocese of Tapachula Ecclesiastical province of Yucatรกn Archdiocese of Yucatรกn Diocese of Campeche Diocese of Tabasco Diocese of Cancรบn-Chetumal Gallery of Episcopal Sees References External links GCatholic.org. Catholic Church in Mexico Mexico Catholic dioceses
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%97%ED%8A%A0
์Šค์œ—ํŠ 
์Šค์œ—ํŠ (Sweetune)์€ย ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์Œ์•… ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹ฑ ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ,ย ํ•œ์žฌํ˜ธ, ๊น€์Šน์ˆ˜, ์†ก์ˆ˜์œค, ์ด์ฐฝํ˜„, YUE, ๊ณ ๋‚จ์ˆ˜, ์•ˆ์ค€์„ฑ, ํ™์Šนํ˜„, ์ •๋ณ‘๊ทœ, ํ•œ๋ณด๋žŒ, ์ดํ˜•์„, 12์ธ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ, ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€, ์ž‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ SMAP : ใ€ŠWe are SMAP!ใ€‹ FEEL IT* ์นด๋ผ ใ€ŠSBS ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์—„๋งˆ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก๊ธฐ O.S.Tใ€‹ Fighting* ใ€Š๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ 1์ง‘ 1st Mini Albumใ€‹ Rock U, ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ญ์•ผ, Good Day* ใ€ŠGood Day ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2ใ€‹ Good Day ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2*, Good Day ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2 (Inst.) ใ€Š๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ 2์ง‘ Pretty Girl : 2nd Mini Albumใ€‹ Honey, Pretty Girl ใ€Š์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ์—๋””์…˜ Honeyใ€‹ Honey, ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ญ์•ผ(Plastic Ver.), Good Day ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2 ใ€Š์•„์ด๋ฎค์ง€์…˜ใ€‹ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง˜ ใ€Š๊ฝƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚จ์ž OST Part 2ใ€‹ Love is Fire ใ€Š์ •๊ทœ 2์ง‘ Revolutionใ€‹ Mr., Wanna*, ๋งˆ๋ฒ•, Take A Bow, ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง˜ ใ€Š๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ 3์ง‘ Lupinใ€‹ Tasty Love, Lupin, Umbrella ใ€Š๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ 4์ง‘ Jumpingใ€‹ Love is, Jumping, Burn, Binks ใ€ŠWe're With Youใ€‹ We're with you*, We're with you (Remix) ใ€Š์ •๊ทœ 3์ง‘ KARA 3rd Album STEPใ€‹ STEP ใ€Š๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ 5์ง‘ KARA 5th Mini Album 'PANDORA'ใ€‹ Way, Pandora, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์šด ๋‚ ์—” ใ€ŠKARA Solo Collectionใ€‹ ๋ฐฑ์ผ๋ชฝ, Guilty, Lost(Feat.์ •์ง„์šด) ใ€Š์ •๊ทœ 4์ง‘ KARA 4th Album 'Full Bloom'ใ€‹ ์ˆ™๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ชป ๋ผ ์ธํ”ผ๋‹ˆํŠธ ใ€ŠFirst Invasionใ€‹ She's Back* ใ€ŠEvolutionใ€‹ BTD (Before the Dawn), Hysterie, Can U Smile ใ€ŠInspiritใ€‹ Nothing's Over, Shot, Can You Smile (Remake) ใ€Š1์ง‘ OVER THE TOPใ€‹ ๋‚ด๊บผํ•˜์ž, 3๋ถ„์˜ 1, Julia, Amazing ใ€Š1์ง‘ Paradiseใ€‹ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์Šค (Paradise), Cover Girl ใ€Šํ•˜์–€ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ (Lately)ใ€‹ ํ•˜์–€ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ (Lately) ใ€ŠInfinitizeใ€‹ ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์ž, ๊ทธ ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„, ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ๋งŒ, ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋‹ค ใ€ŠNew Challengeใ€‹ Welcome To Our Dream, Man in Love (๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ• ๋•Œ), ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹์„ ์ˆœ ์—†๋‹ค., ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›€์ด ๋‹ฟ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—, 60์ดˆ (INFINITE Ver.), ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค ใ€Š์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ๊ธธ๋ž˜ OST Part 1ใ€‹ ํ™˜์ƒ๊ทธ๋…€ ใ€ŠGalaxy Musicใ€‹ Request(๋ฆฌํ€˜์ŠคํŠธ) ใ€Š2์ง‘ Season 2ใ€‹ Last Romeo ใ€Š๊ทธ ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ (๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ)ใ€‹ ๊ทธ ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ (๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ) ๊น€์„ฑ๊ทœ ใ€ŠAnother Meใ€‹ 60์ดˆ, ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ๋งŒ(Acoustic Ver.) f(x) : ใ€Šํ”ผ๋…ธํ‚ค์˜ค (PINOCCHIO)ใ€‹ ์•„์ด (Love) ๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ ใ€ŠGossip Girlใ€‹ I Believe ใ€ŠAใ€‹ A ใ€ŠMachใ€‹ Mach ๋‚˜์ธ๋ฎค์ง€์Šค ใ€ŠFigaroใ€‹ Figaro* ใ€ŠNEWSใ€‹ News ใ€ŠSweet Rendezvousใ€‹ ๋„Œ ๋ญ๋‹ˆ, Ticket ใ€ŠDOLLSใ€‹ Dolls, ์ณ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ด ใ€ŠWILDใ€‹ WILD, Action, ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ํœด์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฐ ใ€ŠPrima Donnaใ€‹ ๊ฑด (Gun), A Few Good Man, ์ฒœ์ƒ์—ฌ์ž, Last Scene ๋ณด์ดํ”„๋ Œ๋“œ ใ€Š๋‚ด ์—ฌ์ž ์†๋Œ€์ง€๋งˆใ€‹ ๋‚ด ์—ฌ์ž ์†๋Œ€์ง€๋งˆ, ์ ์ ์ * ใ€ŠI'll be thereใ€‹ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๊ฒŒ (I'll be there), ํ˜ผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘˜* ใ€ŠLove Styleใ€‹ Love Style (๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ์Šคํƒ€์ผ), ์†Œ๋‚˜๊ธฐ, ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ง€๋งˆ ใ€ŠBe my shine ~ๅ›ใ‚’้›ขใ•ใชใ„~ใ€‹โ€ป์ผ๋ณธ๋ฐ๋ท”์‹ฑ๊ธ€ Be my shine ~ๅ›ใ‚’้›ขใ•ใชใ„~ ใ€Š์•ผ๋ˆ„์Šคใ€‹ ์•ผ๋ˆ„์Šค (Janus), Go Back ์•„์ด์•ผ (I Yah) ์•„์ด์•ผ (I Yah) On & On (์˜จ์•ค์˜จ) On & On (์˜จ์•ค์˜จ) ใ€ŠSEVENTH MISSIONใ€‹ โ€ป์ผ๋ณธ1์ง‘์•จ๋ฒ” Be my shine ~ๅ›ใ‚’้›ขใ•ใชใ„~ MY LADY ๏ฝžๅ†ฌใฎๆ‹ไบบ๏ฝž ์Šคํ”ผ์นด ใ€Š๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•ˆ ๋ฃฐ๋ › (Russian Roulette)ใ€‹ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•ˆ ๋ฃฐ๋ › (Russian Roulette) ใ€ŠLonelyใ€‹ Lonely ใ€ŠGhostใ€‹ Ghost ใ€ŠKBS ๋น… O.S.T.ใ€‹ ๋น„์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฏธ์šด์‚ฌ๋žŒ ใ€Š2012 SBS ๊ฐ€์š”๋Œ€์ „ The Color Of K-Pop : Dramatic Blueใ€‹ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ‹ฑ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ฒ ์ด๋น„์†Œ์šธ : ใ€Š๋‚จ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ดใ€‹ ๋‚จ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด (Feat. ํœ˜์„ฑ) ์œ ์ง€์• : ใ€ŠDelightใ€‹ Delight ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ: ใ€ŠSANCTUARYใ€‹ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€์„ธ์š” ใ€Š์น˜์œ ใ€‹ ๊ทธ๋‚ ์˜ ๋„ˆ ์Šคํ…”๋ผ ใ€Š๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”ใ€‹ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š” ใ€ŠMarionetteใ€‹ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„คํŠธ (Marionette) ใ€ŠMaskใ€‹ Mask ใ€Š๋ฉ์ฒญ์ดใ€‹ ๋ฉ์ฒญ์ด (Fool) ใ€Š๋–จ๋ ค์š”ใ€‹ ๋–จ๋ ค์š” ํ…Œ์ด : ใ€Š5์ง‘ The Noteใ€‹ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ใ€Š์ˆœ์• ๋ณด - ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ O.S.T.ใ€‹ ์ด์ง€ํ˜• - ๋ฌธ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ„๋™ํ•˜ - ์ˆœ์• ๋ณด 8eight - ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ ์„œ์ง€์˜ : ใ€Š1์ง‘ Listen To My Heartใ€‹ Sweet Love, ํ•˜์–€ ์ผ๊ธฐ, Stay in Me, ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋ฟ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์šด ๋‚ ์—*, ๋ชธ์‚ด, ์•ˆ๋…•.. ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘* ใ€ŠKBS ๋ด„์˜ ์™ˆ์ธ ใ€‹ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค - ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ* SS501 ใ€Š๋„Œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ฒœ๊ตญใ€‹ ๋„Œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ฒœ๊ตญ, ๋„Œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ฒœ๊ตญ (Inst.) ใ€ŠFindใ€‹ ๋„Œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ฒœ๊ตญ, Find, ๋„Œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ฒœ๊ตญ (Inst.), Find (Inst.), ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ดX5, ๊ณ ๋ง™๋‹ค(accoustic Ver.) ใ€ŠSS501 Special Album U R Manใ€‹ I Am ใ€ŠF4 ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ์—๋””์…˜ 2ใ€‹ Sometime ใ€ŠSS501 Collection 2ใ€‹ ํ•˜๋ฉด์€ ์•ˆ๋ผ (Feat.์ง€์„ ) (์ •๋ฏผ Solo) ใ€Š์•…๋…€์ผ๊ธฐ OSTใ€‹ Lonely Girl ํ—ˆ์˜์ƒ ใ€ŠMBC ์นœ๊ตฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ „์„ค O.S.T.ใ€‹ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์„ ์ง€์›Œ๊ฐ€ ใ€ŠLET IT GOใ€‹ LET IT GO (Feat.ํ˜„์•„) ใ€ŠLIFEใ€‹ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์ •์„ ๊น€ํ˜„์ค‘ : ใ€Š๊ณ ๋ง™๋‹คใ€‹ ๊ณ ๋ง™๋‹ค* ์œ ์Šน์ฐฌ : ใ€ŠPICTURESใ€‹ ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ค* KUHO : ใ€ŠMissing Youใ€‹ Missing You* FUNNY : ใ€ŠFUNNYใ€‹ Miracle* FORTE : ใ€ŠHappy Chiarใ€‹ White Season ๊ฐ•๊ท ์„ฑ&๋‹ˆ์ฝœ : ใ€Šํ•ดํ”ผ์—”๋“œใ€‹ ํ•ดํ”ผ์—”๋“œ ์ถ˜์ž : ใ€Š์ถ˜์žใ€‹ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ํด๋ฆญ๋น„(Click-B) : ใ€ŠThe Best Of Click-Bใ€‹ Never Say ใ€Š์ •๊ทœ 4์ง‘ Cowboyใ€‹ Still ๊น€๋™์™„ : ใ€ŠThe Secretใ€‹ Honey (feat. ERIC)* ํ™€๋ผ๋‹น : ใ€ŠSPOTLIGHTใ€‹ ๋น„ํŠธ์œˆ*, ์ด๊ธฐ์ฐฌ ใ€Š7์ง‘ Naturalใ€‹ ๊ฟˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€ ใ€Š9์ง‘ Para Tiใ€‹ ๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ ๋‚ ๋‹ค (with ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค, ์ด๊ธฐ์ฐฌ, ๋ณ„, ํ™”์š”๋น„) ใ€ŠStage #1ใ€‹ ์˜ค๋Š˜์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ใ€Š10์ง‘ Singing All My Song For Youใ€‹ ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€, ํ•œ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—์ด์Šคํƒ€์ผ ใ€ŠKBS ๊ฝƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚จ์ž O.S.T. part 2.ใ€‹ ์•„์‰ฌ์šด ๋งˆ์Œ์ธ ๊ฑธ* ใ€ŠDynamiteใ€‹ Dynamite* ๋ฏธ์•ผ : ใ€ŠKBS ํ—ฌ๋กœ! ์• ๊ธฐ์”จ O.S.T.ใ€‹ Stay by my side, Stay by my side (Orch ver) ใ€Š๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋ผ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ์–ด O.S.T.ใ€‹ JUST - RUN ๋”๋”๋ฐด๋“œ - Find A Way, Find A Way (Acoutic Version) ์ด์‹œ์˜ : ใ€Š์ง€์ง€๋ฆฌใ€‹ ์ง€์ง€๋ฆฌ ์•„๋‹ด : ใ€ŠGenesisใ€‹ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๋‚˜๋น„๋“œ : ใ€ŠTell Me The Worldใ€‹ Say* ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด ์•„์ด๋“œ ๊ฑธ์Šค : ใ€ŠFesta On Ice 2010ใ€‹ Magic* ํ•˜๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜ : ใ€ŠHARISUใ€‹ BABY BOO, Only One, Secret ใ€ŠSBS ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ปคํ”Œ O.S.T.ใ€‹ ํˆฌ์ธ - ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€* ใ€Š์•…๋…€์ผ๊ธฐ O.S.T. Special Editionใ€‹ ์—์ด๋ฏธ&๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ - ์•…๋…€์ผ๊ธฐ* ใ€ŠMBC ๋Š‘๋Œ€ O.S.T.ใ€‹ ๋‚˜์œค๊ถŒ - COME BACK TO ME* ใ€ŠMBC ๊ฐ•์ ๋“ค O.S.T.ใ€‹ As One - COME ON B.B* ํˆฌ์ธ ใ€Š1์ง‘ Two Someใ€‹ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ (Bossa Version)*, ๋„์™€์ฃผ์„ธ์š”*, Say, ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด๋‚˜์š”, ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ ใ€ŠSBS ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ด O.S.T.ใ€‹ ๋ฆฐ - ์•„๋‚˜์š” ์„ธ์ด - ๋ฐ”๋ž˜์š” ํ•˜๊ทผ์˜ - ์•„๋‚˜์š” (Piano Solo versoin) ๋ฒ ์ด์ง€ : ใ€Š1.5์ง‘ XOXOใ€‹ ์ง€์ง€๋ฆฌ* ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋จธ์Šค : ใ€ŠA Love Ideaใ€‹ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† , Blue SOL : ใ€ŠDestinyใ€‹ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ  (Come back to Me), IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NITE ์†Œ์ฐฌํœ˜ : ใ€ŠThe Trueใ€‹ ๋Š˜ ์†์ƒ๋ฏธ : ใ€ŠSonใ€‹ No Make Up ๋ฐ€ํฌ : ใ€ŠWith Freshnessใ€‹ Sad Letter, Reason ์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ใ€ŠShineใ€‹ ๋ชป๋‚œ์ด (Unpretty), Just For My Love ใ€ŠSweet Lipsใ€‹ Only One, No way ใ€Š2004 Summer Vacation In SMTOWN๏ผŽCOM 'Hot Mail (์—ฌ๋ฆ„ํŽธ์ง€)ใ€‹ ๋‹ค๋‚˜ - Baby Come Tonight ํ•‘ํด : ใ€ŠI'll be loving you foreverใ€‹ Fortune (for ๆ˜ฅ) ใ€ŠKBS ๋ชป๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ O.S.T.ใ€‹ JUST - ์ค‘๋… ์ผ๊ธ‰๋น„๋ฐ€''' ใ€ŠTime's Upใ€‹ She ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ•œ์žฌํ˜ธ (์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ํ•œ์žฌํ˜ธ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ๊ณต์‹ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetune
Sweetune
Sweetune () is a South Korean music producer team, originally consisting of Han Jae-ho and Kim Seung-soo, and now including nine other members. They have produced many hit songs and albums for Korean idols and Japanese idols, including Kara, Rainbow, Infinite, Nine Muses, Boyfriend and Spica. Sweetune is known for their 1980s-style synth-pop and disco sound. Team members The Sweetune team includes music producers, composers, songwriters and engineers. Current members Han Jae-ho (founder) Kim Seung-soo (founder) Song Soo-yoon Lee Chang-hyun Go Nam-soo Go Myung-jae Ahn Joon-sung Jung Byung-kyu Han Bo-ram Hong Seung-hyun Yue Kim Former members Before debuting with Spica, Kim Boa worked for Sweetune as a vocal coach, and also recorded background vocals and guide vocals. In 2014, three team members (Lee Joo-hyung, Hwang Hyun and G-High) left Sweetune and formed their own music production team, MonoTree. Production discography 2008 Kara โ€“ Rock U and Pretty Girl 2009 Kara โ€“ Pretty Girl Special Edition and Revolution Rainbow โ€“ Gossip Girl A'st1 - Dynamite 2010 Aira Mitsuki - "LOVE Re:" Brown Eyed Girls โ€“ "Magic" Infinite โ€“ First Invasion Kara โ€“ Lupin and Jumping 2011 Baby Soul ft. Wheesung โ€“ "Stranger" Boyfriend โ€“ "Don't Touch My Girl" and "I'll Be There" bump.y โ€“ "Kiss!" and "New Day" f(x) โ€“ "Love" from Pinocchio Heo Young-saeng โ€“ "Let It Go" from Let It Go Idoling!!! โ€“ "Shลjo no Jidai Kara" from Sisters and Yarakai Heart Infinite โ€“ Evolution, Inspirit and Over the Top Kara โ€“ Step Nine Muses - Figaro Rainbow โ€“ So Girls 2012 Beast โ€“ "Hateful Person" from Big OST Boyfriend โ€“ Love Style, Janus and "My Lady" Dramatic Blue โ€“ "Tearfully Beautiful" Infinite โ€“ Infinitize Kara โ€“ Pandora Nine Muses โ€“ Sweet Rendezvous Spica โ€“ "Russian Roulette" and "Lonely" D-Date โ€“ "Catch A Train" 2013 Boyfriend โ€“ Seventh Mission Heo Young-saeng โ€“ She Infinite โ€“ New Challenge Kara โ€“ Full Bloom Nine Muses โ€“ "Dolls", Wild, Prima Donna and "Glue" Yoo Ji-ae โ€“ "Delight" 2014 Boyfriend โ€“ Witch Infinite โ€“ Season 2 Nicole โ€“ First Romance Spica โ€“ "Ghost" Stellar โ€“ Marionette and "Mask" 2015 Romeo โ€“ "Lovesick" and "Target" Snuper โ€“ "Shall We Dance" Nicole - Something Special 2016 Snuper โ€“ "Platonic Love", "Compass" and "Rain of Mind" 100% โ€“ "Time Leap" A.DE โ€“ Good Time Nicole - Don't Stop Nicole - Happy Nicole - Lunar 2017 Lovelyz โ€“ "Emotion" and "The" 100% โ€“ "Sketchbook" Snuper โ€“ "Hide and Seek", "Back:Hug", "My Girl's Fox" and "The Star of Stars (์œ ์„ฑ)" Top Secret โ€“ "Time's Up", "She", "Something Special", "Can't Wait", "Mind Control", "Dumb" and "Up&Down" Target โ€“ "Tempest", "Atsui Omoi" Pick A Green (์ดˆ๋กํ”ฝํ•˜๋‚˜) from The Unit: Idol Rebooting Project โ€“ "๋‚ด๊บผ (You're Mine)" Weki Meki โ€“ "i-Teen Girls Special" 2018 Infinite โ€“ "Pray (Maetal's Sorrow)" Target โ€“ "Still", "Awake" and "Afterwards" Golden Child โ€“ "Miracle", "It's U" and "Lady" Lovelyz โ€“ "Heal", "That Day" and "Lost N Found" Top Secret โ€“ "Love Story", "Paradise" SNUPER โ€“ "Like Star" 2019 Target โ€“ "Beautiful" IZ โ€“ "EDEN" TST โ€“ "Wake Up" Goo Hara - Midnight Queen (EP) 2020 IZ โ€“ THE:IZ JEONG MIN - REWIND KEEMBO โ€“ Scandalous, 99, Scene 2021 KEEMBO โ€“ Scandal, Whatever 2022 Sanha - HELLO RoaD-B - Nonstop (Co-writers: Choi Yunho and Song Sooyoon) CSR - "Euratcha!" Notes References External links South Korean record producers South Korean songwriters
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%80%ED%90%81%20%EB%8C%80%20%EC%BD%94%EC%98%A4%EB%A1%B1%20%EC%86%8C%EC%86%A1
๋“€ํ ๋Œ€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์†Œ์†ก
๋“€ํฐ ๋Œ€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์†Œ์†ก (E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. v. Kolon Industries Inc. et al., case number 3:09-cv-00058, in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia)์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๋กœํŽŒ ํด ํ—ค์ด์ŠคํŒ…์Šค์— ํ•ญ์†Œ์ „๋ฌธ๋กœํŽŒ์ธ ๋ฐดํฌ๋กœํ”„ํŠธ(Bancroft)๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์†ก์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ๋“€ํฐ์€ ์ž์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฒจ๋‹จ์„ฌ์œ ์†Œ์žฌ(์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ) ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ๋นผ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์ธ๋”์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚ธ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€ ์นจํ•ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ 2011๋…„ 11์›” ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์˜์—… ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์นจํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋“€ํฐ์— 1์กฐ ์›์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 8์›”์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋™๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์ด ๋นผ๋Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋“€ํฐ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ฐฉํƒ„๋ณต์šฉ ํ•ฉ์„ฌ์„ฌ์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋งค๊ธˆ์ง€ ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ ๋“€ํฐ์˜ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์ด 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•œ ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šฐ 30์–ต ์› ๊ทœ๋ชจ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด ํ‰๊ฒฐ๋กœ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์€ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์•ก์˜ ๋ฌด๋ ค 300๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฌผ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์ด ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ธˆ 2,954์–ต์›๊ณผ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ 913์–ต์›์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ 2015๋…„ 4์›”์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ฐœ์š” ๋“€ํฐ์˜ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ชฌ๋“œ ์†Œ์žฌ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ 25๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ผํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํด ๋ฏธ์ฒผ(52์„ธ, ์„ธ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐํ•„๋“œ ์นด์šด๋”” ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ)์€ 2009๋…„ FBI๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ ˆ์ทจ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ฐฉํ•ด์ฃ„๋กœ ์ง•์—ญ 18๊ฐœ์›”๊ณผ 3๋…„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ด€์ฐฐํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํด ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์€ 2003๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ง์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ์žฆ์€ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ 2006๋…„ 2์›” 6์ผ ์—…๋ฌด ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ณ ๋๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์€ ๋“€ํฐ์—์„œ ํ‡ด์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 2๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ผ€๋ธ”๋ผ ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ํŒ๋งค์™€ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๊ด€๋ จ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ 2006๋…„ ํ‡ด์‚ฌ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋“€ํฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•ด๊ณ ๋œ์ง€ ์•ฝ 2์ฃผํ›„์ธ 2006๋…„ 3์›” 24์ผ ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ ์ง์›์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ โ€˜์ผ€๋ธ”๋ผโ€™์™€ โ€˜ํ—ค๋ผํฌ๋ก โ€™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์„ฌ์œ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์ง€์‹์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ ์ง์›๊ณผ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์ด ์žˆ์€ ๋’ค ์•ฝ 1๋…„ ํ›„์ธ 2007๋…„ 3์›” ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ, ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ๋ณธ์‚ฌ ์ง์›๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์˜ โ€˜์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธโ€™(Consultant)๋กœ ์ฑ„์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 4์›” ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์˜ โ€˜ํ—ค๋ผํฌ๋ก โ€™๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์„ฌ์œ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ๊ณผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ ๋“€ํฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ŸํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์ธ๋”์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์ด ์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์€ 2007๋…„ 9์›” 5์ผ ๋“€ํฐ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€๋ฌธ์„œ๋ผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” "๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์–ด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™"์ด๋ž€ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์ง์›์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๋“€ํฐ์€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์ด ์ „ํ˜„์ง ๋“€ํฐ ์ง์›๋“ค์„ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  FBI์™€ ์ƒ๊ณต๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 3์›” 12์ผ FBI์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ƒ๊ณต๋ถ€ ์š”์›์ด ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์˜ ์ง‘์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์„œ์™€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์••์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํฌ๋ Œ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด "๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์–ด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™"์„ ํฌํ•จ ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋“€ํฐ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์€ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰์ดํ›„ ์ •๋ถ€์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์— ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์ง์›๊ณผ์˜ ํ†ตํ™” ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋…น์Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ตํ™”์‹œ ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋“€ํฐ์ด ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…๋น„๋ฐ€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ์ด์ต, ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก, ํ˜•์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก์— ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ๋“€ํฐ ์ „์ง์›์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 8์›” 26์ผ ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ชฌ๋“œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๋”๋ธ”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ ๋“€ํฐ ์ „ ์ง์›์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์š”์›๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์ด 3๋ช…์˜ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์ง์›๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์š”์›์ด ์˜ค๋””์˜ค์™€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ  ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์ง์›๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ฒผ ๋“ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋˜ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ž„์€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์— ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ธ์ƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ "์ด์ „์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์„ ๋…น์Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ๋„˜๊ธฐ๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์€ 2010๋…„ 4์›” 19์ผ ์ž์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ง•์—ญ 18๊ฐœ์›”๊ณผ ๋“€ํ์— ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋น„์šฉ $187,895.90์„ ๋ฐฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์†Œ์†ก์ œ๊ธฐ 2009๋…„ 2์›” ็พŽ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์› ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋จผ๋“œ ์ง€์›์— ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ ๋“€ํฐ์€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€์˜ ๋„์šฉ(Trade Secret Misappropriation), ๋น„๋ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ ˆ๋„(Theft of Confidential Business Information), ๊ณต๋ชจ(Conspiracy) ๋ฐ โ€˜์ผ€๋ธ”๋ผโ€™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์ƒ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ์นด์ด์ŠคํŠธ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ KIST. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ KIST๋Š” 1981๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผํ•™์›๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์นด์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๋ช…์นญ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1989๋…„์— KIST๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.)์˜ ์œคํ•œ์‹ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์ด 79๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…์ž๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋”๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋“€ํ์ธก์˜ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์œ ํšจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ๋๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์†Œ์†ก์€ ๋“€ํฐ์ด ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์„ฌ์œ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 60๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ฌ์œ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์™”๊ณ  1979๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›(KIST)๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜ 30๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•ด์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ํŠนํ—ˆ์™€ ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋“€ํฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•ด ์ž๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ผ์€ ํ”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ”๋ฒ• ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ ๋ฒ•์›์€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์ž„์ง์›์ด ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ณด์ „๋ช…๋ น์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›์—๊ฒŒ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ถ”์ •(์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋“€ํฐ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค)ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์†Œ์†ก ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ณ ์˜๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ฉธํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ  ํŒจ์†ŒํŒ๊ฒฐ (default judgment)๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํŒจ์†Œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ ค์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์ž„์ง์›๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ฉธํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์ž„์ง์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ ์‹œ์— ๋‚ด๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ œ์žฌ๋Š” ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ž€ ๋‹ด๋‹นํŒ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐํ”ผ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ๊ณผ ๋“€ํฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ด๋‹นํŒ์‚ฌ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋™๋ถ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ํŽ˜์ธ(Robert E. Payne)ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํŒ์‚ฌ ์ž„์šฉ ์ „ 21๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋งฅ๊ณผ์ด์–ด ์šฐ์ฆˆ(McGuire Woods)๋ผ๋Š” ๋กœํŽŒ์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค๋žœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋“€ํฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋กœํŽŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งฅ๊ณผ์ด์–ด ์šฐ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ๋„ ๋“€ํฐ์ธก ์†Œ์†ก๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ธ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋งฅ๊ณผ์ด์–ด ์šฐ์ฆˆ์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•  ๋‹น์‹œ ๋“€ํฐ-์•…์กฐ(Akzo)๊ฐ„ ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์†Œ์†ก์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์ธก ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์ธ๋‹จ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ธฐํ”ผ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํŽ˜์ธ ํŒ์‚ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์› 9๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›๋‹จ์€ ๋ฌด์ง์ž(๊ฐ€์ •์ฃผ๋ถ€) ๋ฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์‚ฌ์—… ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž(๊ฒฝ๋น„์›, ์šด๋™์ฝ”์น˜, ๋ณดํ—˜๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €)๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ 1๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚œํ•ดํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ž์ฃผ ์กด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ  ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์› ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 8๋ช…์ด ํ‰๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ด€ํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ ์†Œ์†ก ๊ด€ํ•  ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์›๋ž˜ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ๊ณผ ์ „์ง ๋“€ํฐ ์ถœ์‹  ์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธ(๋ฏธ์ฒผ)๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์ปจ์„คํŒ… ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณธ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ๊ณผ FBI๋Š” ๋“€ํฐ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์„ ์ •๋ณด์›์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์œ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์ฒผ์€ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋…นํ™”์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ํ˜ธํ…”๋กœ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์ง์›์„ ์œ ์ธ, ๋“€ํฐ์˜ ํ˜„์ง ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ์ œ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•จ์ •์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์ง์›๋“ค์€ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ทจ๋“ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ FBI๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ์ฒดํฌ์— ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋“€ํฐ์€ ์ด ํ˜ธํ…” ๋ฏธํŒ…์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์†Œ์†ก ๋“€ํฐ์€ 2006๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2008๋…„ 3์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ํ•ด๋ผํฌ๋ก  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์ง์› ๋“ฑ 7๋ช…์ด ๋“€ํฐ์˜ ์ „์ง ์ง์› 5๋ช…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ปจ์„คํŒ…์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋“€ํฐ์˜ ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์„ฌ์œ  ์ผ€๋ธ”๋ผ ์ œ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์˜์—…์ž๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๋“ยท์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์ค‘์•™์ง€๊ฒ€ ์ฒจ๋‹จ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ˆ˜์‚ฌ1๋ถ€์— ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์นจํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ๋„ ๋“€ํฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋“€ํฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง„์ •, ๋งž๊ณ ์†Œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์†ก๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ฒ•์ธ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์™ธ์— ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ด‘์žฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์„ ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์ค‘์•™์ง€๊ฒ€ ์ฒจ๋‹จ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ˆ˜์‚ฌ1๋ถ€(๋ถ€์žฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊น€์˜์ข…)๋Š” ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ๊ณผ ๋“€ํฐ์ด "์ฒจ๋‹จ์„ฌ์œ ์ธ ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ์ œ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋“ฑ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์นจํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‚ด์‚ฌ์ข…๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ธ์ค‘์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  2012๋…„ 3์›” ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์†ก 2009๋…„ 4์›”์— ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์€ ๋“€ํฐ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋…์ ๋ฒ• ์†Œ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉํ•ญ์†Œ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์žฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์†Œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ชฌ๋“œ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์› ๋Œ€๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์€ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ๊ณผ ์ „ใ†ํ˜„์ง ์ž„์ง์› 5๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์„ฌ์œ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€ ์นจํ•ด ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ ์ •์‹ ๊ธฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 8์›” 21์ผ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ๊ธฐ์†Œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ „์šฉ 1๊ฑด๊ณผ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋„ 4๊ฑด, ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉํ•ด 1๊ฑด ๋“ฑ ์ด 6๊ฐœ ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์ด ์ด 2์–ต 2,600๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹น์ด๋“์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ ๋งฅ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” "์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ—ค๋ผํฌ๋ก  ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ผ€๋ธ”๋ผ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์†Œ์ธ์˜ ๋ช…๋‹จ์„ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์€ โ€œ๊นŠ์€ ์œ ๊ฐ์„ ํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํžˆ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ๋ฐฉ์นจโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์ด 2007๋…„ 6์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ๊ธฐ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ ์ธก ์†Œ์†ก๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ธ ์ œํ”„ ๋žœ๋‹ฌ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” โ€œํ”ํžˆ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•ด ํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑดํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฐจํ›„์— ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก์„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ ์—†์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋žœ๋‹ฌ์€ โ€œ๋ฏธ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ 2007๋…„ 6์›” ์ด๋ž˜ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ € ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋“€ํฐ์ด 3๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด ์žฌํŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ดํ›„์—์•ผ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ฉฐ โ€œ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์ด ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์†Œํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์ด ์ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ, ๋“€ํฐ์— 1์กฐ์› ๋ฐฐ์ƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ €๋„ 2012.03.07 ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ์ „์ž์™€ ์• ํ”Œ์˜ ์†Œ์†ก ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์†Œ์†ก 2011๋…„ ํŒ๋ก€ ๋“€ํฐ ์˜์—…๋น„๋ฐ€ ํŒ๋ก€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont%20v.%20Kolon%20Industries
DuPont v. Kolon Industries
DuPont v. Kolon Industries is an intellectual property lawsuit centering on the allegation that Kolon Industries (of ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กฑ๊ทธ๋ฃน), a South Korea-based company, stole trade secrets concerning the production and marketing of Kevlar from DuPont, an American chemical company. Kevlar is a high strength synthetic fiber used in applications as diverse as bicycle tires and body armor. On September 14, 2011, a jury found in favour of DuPont and awarded damages of $919.9ย million. A 2015 settlement reduced the damages to $275 million. Background Kevlar is a registered trademark for a para-aramid synthetic fiber developed at DuPont in 1965 and used commercially from the early 1970s onwards. On February 3, 2009, DuPont filed suit against Kolon for "theft of trade secrets and confidential information" relating to its product, Heracron. The suit alleged that Michael Mitchell, a Kolon employee who formerly worked at DuPont, had "retained certain highly confidential information on his home computer" that he illegally passed to his new employer. Following an investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Mitchell pleaded guilty to the theft of trade secrets and was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment in March 2010. Destruction of evidence On July 21, 2011, the court found that Kolon had intentionally destroyed relevant evidence. Kolon was sanctioned for this behavior when evidence was produced of screenshots showing explicit instructions to delete potentially relevant emails and documents in violation of litigation holds supposedly in effect. According to a forensic analyst acting for DuPont at least 17,811 files and emails were deleted, many of which were deemed relevant to the case. As a result of this finding the jury was given an adverse inference instruction, and Kolon was ordered to pay DuPont's costs in connection with the motion. District Judge Robert E. Payne explained that "the actions taken by the key employees discussed herein were intentional, in bad faith and quite serious." Judgment and reactions On September 14, 2011, a jury in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia found in favor of DuPont which was awarded damages of $919.9ย million. Kolon announced that it intended to appeal and described the judgment as "the result of a multiyear campaign by DuPont aimed at forcing Kolon out of the aramid fiber market", adding "Kolon had no need for and did not solicit any trade secrets or proprietary information of DuPont, and had no reason to believe that the consultants it engaged were providing such information. Indeed, many of the 'secrets' alleged in this case are public knowledge." It also confirmed that it intended to continue a retaliatory antitrust case alleging monopolistic practices on the part of DuPont. Thomas G. Powell, President of DuPont Protection Technologies, said "The size of this award is one of the largest in defense of business processes and technologies. It also sends a message to potential thieves of intellectual property that DuPont will pursue all legal remedies to protect our significant investment in research and development and our proprietary information for the benefit of our shareholders and customers... Not only are the technologies and processes of Kevlar important to DuPont, but also to the thousands of soldiers, law enforcement officers and first responders globally whose lives Kevlar protects." In a press release DuPont further stated that it intended to seek the award of costs and injunctive relief, requiring Kolon to return the stolen information and cease production of products made using the information. Appeal and settlement In 2014, a federal appeals court overturned the 2011 verdict. On April 30, 2015, Kolon Industries settled and agreed to pay $275 million in damages to DuPont. The company also pleaded guilty to a federal charge of conspiracy to convert trade secrets, for which they will pay $85 million in criminal fines. References Trade secret case law United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia cases United States intellectual property case law 2011 in United States case law DuPont
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%20%28%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85%20%EA%B7%B8%EB%A3%B9%29
ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€ (์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน)
ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€(FIESTAR)๋Š” ๋กœ์—”์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์†Œ์†์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ 5์ธ์กฐ ๊ฑธ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€(FIESTAR)๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด๋กœ ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” FIESTA์™€ STAR์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์–ด๋กœ ์ถ•์ œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์š”๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ„์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 9์›”์— ๋กœ์—”์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด๋”ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 9์›” 22์ผ ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด๋”ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์ด ๋กœ์—”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”๋กœ ํŽธ์ž…๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋กœ์—”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 6์ธ์กฐ์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2014๋…„ 3์›” 20์ผ ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ์ฒด์Šค์นด๊ฐ€ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•ด 5์ธ์กฐ๋กœ ์žฌํŽธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 2018๋…„ 5์›” 15์ผ์— ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ์ „์›์˜ ์ „์† ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ํ•ด์ง€๋˜์–ด ํŒ€์ด ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋ฐฉ์†ก ํ™œ๋™ 2012๋…„ 9์›” 1์ผ ~ 10์›” 14์ผ Vista ์Œ์•…๋ฐฉ์†ก ํ™œ๋™(๋ฎค์ง๋ฑ…ํฌ,์‡ผ!์Œ์•…์ค‘์‹ฌ,์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์š”,Simply Kpop ๋“ฑ) 9์›” 7์ผ MBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค "์‹ ๋™์˜ ์‹ฌ์‹ฌํƒ€ํŒŒ'" ์ถœ์—ฐ 9์›” 8์ผ KBS ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๋ฆฌํ€˜์ŠคํŠธ ์ถœ์—ฐ 9์›” 11์ผ MBC ๋ฎค์ง ์‡ผ!์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ ์ถœ์—ฐ 9์›” 15์ผ KBS 2FM "์œ ์ธ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์š”" ์ถœ์—ฐ 9์›” 16์ผ ๊ฐœ๊ทธ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ "๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ" ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ํšŒ ์žฌ์ด, ๋ฆฐ์ง€, ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ (์•„์ด์œ  ๋™๋ฐ˜ ์ถœ์—ฐ) 9์›” 19์ผ MBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค "์‹ ๋™์˜ ์‹ฌ์‹ฌํƒ€ํŒŒ" ํ˜œ๋ฏธ, ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 9์›” 23์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์†ก "๋ฐ•์ค€ํ˜•์˜ ํ•ดํ”ผํƒ€์ž„" ์ถœ์—ฐ, SBS ๋ผ๋””์˜ค '๋ถ์˜ ์˜์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ' ์ถœ์—ฐ 9์›” 27์ผ MBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค "์‹ ๋™์˜ ์‹ฌ์‹ฌํƒ€ํŒŒ" ์žฌ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐ 9์›” 29์ผ MBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค "๊ฐ„๋ฏธ์—ฐ์˜ ์นœํ•œ์นœ๊ตฌ" ๋ฆฐ์ง€, ์ฒด์Šค์นด ์ถœ์—ฐ 10์›” 5์ผ MBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค "์‹ ๋™์˜ ์‹ฌ์‹ฌํƒ€ํŒŒ" ์žฌ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐ 10์›” 7์ผ SBS "๋„์ „ ์ฒœ๊ณก" ์žฌ์ด, ๋ฆฐ์ง€, ์˜ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ 10์›” 12์ผ KBS ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ํ™ฉ์ •๋ฏผ์˜ FM๋Œ€ํ–‰์ง„ ์ถœ์—ฐ 10์›” 13์ผ OBS ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€ ํ•œ๋งˆ์Œ ์Œ์•…ํšŒ, SBS ๋ผ๋””์˜ค'๊น€์ฐฝ๋ ฌ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋“œ์Šค์ฟจ', MBC '์„ธ๋ฐ”ํ€ด' ์ถœ์—ฐ 10์›” 28์ผ MBC "์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ" ์ถœ์—ฐ 11์›” 4์ผ KBS "์ถœ๋ฐœ ๋“œ๋ฆผํŒ€2" ์ถœ์—ฐ (๋ผ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ์ถœ์—ฐ) 11์›” 7์ผ MBC every1 "์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์•„์ด๋Œ"์ถœ์—ฐ (์Šคํ”ผ์นด ๋™๋ฐ˜ ์ถœ์—ฐ) 11์›” 10์ผ ~ 12์›” 14์ผ We Don't Stop ์Œ์•…๋ฐฉ์†ก ํ™œ๋™(๋ฎค์ง๋ฑ…ํฌ,์‡ผ!์Œ์•…์ค‘์‹ฌ,์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์š”,Simply Kpop ๋“ฑ) 11์›” 11์ผ SBS ๋†์‹ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ๋‚˜๋ˆ” ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ์ถœ์—ฐ 11์›” 11์ผ ~ 12์›” 30์ผ tvN "๋”๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ&์•„์ด๋Œ" ์žฌ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 2์ผ KBS 2FM "์œ ์ธ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์š”" ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 9์ผ SBS๋ผ๋””์˜ค "๋ถ์˜ ์˜์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ" ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 16์ผ SBS๋ผ๋””์˜ค "์ •์„ ํฌ์˜ ์˜ค๋Š˜๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐค" ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 21์ผ KBS ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ํ•œ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 23์ผ KBS "์—ด๋ฆฐ์Œ์•…ํšŒ" ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 25์ผ KBS2 "1๋Œ€100" ์žฌ์ด, ์˜ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ, ์•„๋ฆฌ๋ž‘tv ์‹ฌํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ดํŒ ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 28์ผ MBC MUSIC "All The K Pop" ์ถœ์—ฐ 2013๋…„ 1์›” 1์ผ KBS2 "1๋Œ€100" ์žฌ์ด, ์˜ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ 1์›” 13์ผ KBS "์ถœ๋ฐœ ๋“œ๋ฆผํŒ€2" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 5์›” 2์ผ SBS "๊พธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ํƒ๊ตฌ์ƒํ™œ" ์ถœ์—ฐ 5์›” 8์ผ, 15์ผ MBC every1 "๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ณ ๋ž˜" ์ถœ์—ฐ 5์›” 16์ผ KBS2 "์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ" ์ถœ์—ฐ 5์›” 21์ผ, 28์ผ MBC MUSIC "All the K-POP" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 11์›” 1์ผ ~ 12์›” 15์ผ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š” ์Œ์•…๋ฐฉ์†ก ํ™œ๋™(๋ฎค์ง๋ฑ…ํฌ,์‡ผ!์Œ์•…์ค‘์‹ฌ,์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์š”,Simply Kpop ๋“ฑ) 11์›” 11์ผ ~ 12์›” 22์ผ KBS Cool FM "์ตœ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜์˜ ํŒ์ŠคํŒ์Šค" - ํ˜น์‹œ, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ์ฝ”๋„ˆ ์žฌ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐ 11์›” 11์ผ MBC '๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ข‹์€๋‚ ' ์ถœ์—ฐ 11์›” 22์ผ SBS ํŒŒ์›ŒFM "์˜์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ" ์žฌ์ด, ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ, ์˜ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ 11์›” 23์ผ tvN SNL ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ์žฌ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐ, MBC ํ‘œ์ค€FM "์‹ ๋™์˜ ์‹ฌ์‹ฌํƒ€ํŒŒ" ์ถœ์—ฐ 11์›” 25์ผ MBC ํ‘œ์ค€FM "์‹ ๋™์˜ ์‹ฌ์‹ฌํƒ€ํŒŒ" - ์ง„์งœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฝ”๋„ˆ ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 11์›” 28์ผ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋ž‘ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค "Sound K" ์ถœ์—ฐ 11์›” 28์ผ ~ 2014๋…„ 1์›” 16์ผ SBS Mtv "์ฑ„๋„ ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€" ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 1์ผ SBS "๋„์ „ ์ฒœ๊ณก" ์žฌ์ด, ๋ฆฐ์ง€, ์˜ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 6์ผ MBC ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 9์ผ KBS "์œ„๊ธฐํƒˆ์ถœ๋„˜๋ฒ„์›" ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 19์ผ ~2014๋…„ 1์›” 9์ผ KBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ˆ์œ ๋‚จ์ž ์žฌ์ด (์กฐ์—ฐ ์ตœ๋„ํฌ ์—ญ) ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 26์ผ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉFM <My Friend ์ผ๋ฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค> ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 28์ผ SBS ์†๊ธฐ์ • ํ‰ํ™”์Œ์•…ํšŒ ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 31์ผ SBS ๋ผ๋””์˜ค "์˜์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ" ๋ฆฐ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ 2014๋…„ 1์›” 2์ผ Arirang Radio "Music Access" ์ฒด์Šค์นด ์ถœ์—ฐ 1์›” 7์ผ SBS MTV "๋” ์‡ผ" 90๋…„์ƒ ๋ง๋  ๊ฑธ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํŠน๋ณ„ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ํ˜œ๋ฏธ ์ถœ์—ฐ 1์›” 13์ผ ~ 2์›” 10์ผ tvN "E News" ์ฝ”๋„ˆ ์„ฑ์ง€ ์ˆœ๋ก€ ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 2์›” 16์ผ KBS2 "์ถœ๋ฐœ ๋“œ๋ฆผํŒ€" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 2์›” 24์ผ KBS2 "์œ„๊ธฐํƒˆ์ถœ๋„˜๋ฒ„์›" ์žฌ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐ 3์›” 10์ผ KBS2 "์œ„๊ธฐํƒˆ์ถœ๋„˜๋ฒ„์›" ๋ฆฐ์ง€, ํ˜œ๋ฏธ ์ถœ์—ฐ 3์›” 12์ผ MBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค "์‹ ๋™์˜ ์‹ฌ์‹ฌํƒ€ํŒŒ" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 3์›” 24์ผ ~ ํ˜„์žฌ MBC Music "๋ฉ˜ํƒˆ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜" ๋ฆฐ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ (1ํšŒ ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€ ์นด๋ฉ”์˜ค ์ถœ์—ฐ) 3์›” 29์ผ MBC C-Radio "์šฐ์ƒ๋ณธ์ƒ‰" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 4์›” 2์ผ ํ•œ๊ตญํ”„๋กœ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋„ฅ์„ผ vs ๋‘์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ตฌ, ์‹œํƒ€, ๊ณต์—ฐ 4์›” 9์ผ MBC Music "์•„์ด๋Œ๋Œ„์Šค๋Œ€ํšŒ D-Style" ์˜ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ 2015๋…„ 6์›” 19์ผ ~ 9์›” 4์ผ MBC every1 "๋น„๋ฐ€๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋…€" ์žฌ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐ 9์›” 11์ผ ~ 11์›” 13์ผ Mnet "์–ธํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋žฉ์Šคํƒ€ 2" ์˜ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 15์ผ ~ 24์ผ ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„ TV์บ์ŠคํŠธ "๋Œ€์„ธ๋Š” ๋ฐฑํ•ฉ" ์žฌ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 16์ผ MBC "ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์–ด์žฅ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค์Šคํƒ€" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 2016๋…„ 2์›” 6์ผ ~ 2์›” 13์ผ MBC "๋งˆ์ด ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 2์›” 21์ผ ~ 4์›”10์ผ MBC "์ง„์งœ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์ด" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 3์›” 5์ผ ~ 9์›”24์ผ MBC "์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 3์›” 9์ผ MBC every1 "์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์•„์ด๋Œ" ์ถœ์—ฐ 6์›” 17์ผ~ 9์›”6์ผ K STAR "ํ•จ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 6์›” 20์ผ~27์ผ JTBC "๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•ด" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ, ์˜ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ 6์›” 21์ผ JTBC "ํˆฌ์œ  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ - ์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋งจ" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ, ๋ฆฐ์ง€, ์˜ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ 6์›” 27์ผ JTBC "๋น„์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 7์›” 19์ผ ~ 9์›”27์ผ JTBC "๊ฑธ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ" ํ˜œ๋ฏธ ์ถœ์—ฐ 9์›” 16์ผ MBC "๋“€์—ฃ๊ฐ€์š”์ œ" ๋ฆฐ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ 10์›” 15์ผ~22์ผ MBC "๋งˆ์ด ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „" ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 2016๋…„ 10์›” 18์ผ~2017๋…„ 1์›” 17์ผ JTBC "ํž™ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ2" ์˜ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ํ™œ๋™ 2012๋…„ 9์›” 9์ผ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฐฑ๋ฐฐ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ์ถœ์—ฐ, 2012 ์ธ์ฒœ ํ•œ๋ฅ˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ์ถœ์—ฐ 9์›” 27์ผ 2013 ์ถฉ์ฃผ์„ธ๊ณ„์กฐ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ธฐ์› ๋น…์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ์ถœ์—ฐ 10์›” 17์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ์œก์ƒ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ํํšŒ์‹ ์ถœ์—ฐ 10์›” 31์ผ ํ•œ์ด์Œ ์—‘์Šคํฌ ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณต์—ฐ ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 24์ผ ๊น€์—ฐ์šฐ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ 2013๋…„ 4์›” ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ๋ท” ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์žฌ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐ 7์›” 26์ผ ~ 10์›” 25์ผ ๋กœ์—”TV (ํ˜„. 1theK) "ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€์˜ A-HA!" ์žฌ์ด, ์ฒด์Šค์นด, ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฃจ ์ถœ์—ฐ 9์›” ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŒฌ๋”๊ธฐํš ์žฌ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐ 12์›” 24์ผ ์ด์Šน๊ธฐ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ ์žฌ์ด, ์Ÿˆ๋Ž… ๋“œ ๋ผ๋ง ํ™”๋ณด ์ดฌ์˜ ๋ฆฐ์ง€, ํ•˜์ด์Šค์ฟจ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ (์ƒคํŽ˜์ด ์—ญ) ์ถœ์—ฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๊ฐค๋Ÿญ์‹œ S4 ZOOM ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์ถœ์—ฐ (์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋กœ์ผ€) 2014๋…„ ์˜ˆ์ง€, ์ฒด์Šค์นด ์ง€์•„ ์ •๊ทœ 3์ง‘ ํ”ผ์ณ๋ง, ๋กœ์—”ํ‹ฐ๋น„ ์›๋”๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ถœ์—ฐ 2014 ์ธ์ฒœ์„ธ๊ณ„ํœ ์ฒด์–ด๋†๊ตฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋Œ€ํšŒ ํ™๋ณด๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์œ„์ถ• 2014๋…„ SBS ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š๋‚ด๊ฒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ทธ๋…€ใ€‹ - ํ”ผ์—์Šคํƒ€ ์—ญ 2015๋…„ ์„œ์šธ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ ์ œ2๊ธฐ๋™๋‹จ ํ™๋ณด๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์œ„์ด‰ ํˆฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ 2015 ํ™๋ณด๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์œ„์ด‰ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋‚ด์—ญ 2012๋…„ ์ œ4ํšŒ ์„œ์šธ ์„์„ธ์Šค ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์‹ ์ธ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ƒ 2012๋…„ ์‹ฌํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ดํŒ ์•„์ด๋Œ ๋ฃจํ‚ค ์ƒ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ„์Šค ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 5์ธ์กฐ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์นด์นด์˜ค์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์†Œ์† 2012๋…„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋œ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2018๋…„ ํ•ด์ฒด๋œ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํ”Œ๋žœ์—์ด ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์†Œ์†
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiestar
Fiestar
Fiestar () was a South Korean girl group formed by Kakao M. Before the group's debut, they released a duet with label mate IU titled โ€œSea of Moonlightโ€ for LOEN Entertainment's collective label album. The track ended up being a domestic success and entered the top ten of the Gaon Digital Chart, earning the group attention before their debut. The group officially debuted on August 31, 2012 with the single album "Vista" and six members: Cao Lu, Jei, Linzy, Hyemi, Cheska and Yezi. The group released their second single album "We Don't Stop" on November 9, this time to mixed reviews. On March 20, 2014, member Cheska officially left the group. In July of that same year, they released a song titled "One More" to backlash and controversy due to its supposedly risquรฉ lyrics, the song ended up being banned from broadcast by MBC, and the group had to change the lyrics for their follow up promotions. The group's first mini album was released in March 2015 titled Black Label. The group's second mini album was released in March 2016 titled A Delicate Sense. Two months later, the group released the song "Apple Pie" which ended up being their last single before the group's official disbandment in May 2018 following their contract expiration, in which four of the members decided not to renew. History Pre-debut Prior to their debut, the members of Fiestar had been training as a group for two years and individually for an average of four years. Cao Lu had previously debuted as a soloist in China after winning a 2004 CCTV singing contest. Her album Cat was released in 2005 under the stage name LuLu. Yezi was previously an underground rapper prior to becoming an idol. She released a majority of mixtapes and received positive reviews from netizens before debut. The group's leader, Jei, had previously been a model for online clothing stores and appeared in music videos including Infinite's "Paradise", and Bongshil Sister's "My Love". She also featured on Taw's "Happy Hours", under the stage name Joo. Linzy had been a trainee under YG Entertainment and was intended to be a 2NE1 member and then a member of another YG girl group, before the group was scrapped and even disbanded before debut. In 2010, she recorded a song for the Korean drama Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2012โ€“2013: Debut and further releases Before their official debut, Fiestar released a duet with label mate IU for LOEN Entertainment's collective label album. The track was titled "Sea of Moonlight" and was a domestic chart success. They also collaborated with Tiger JK for the pre-release song "Wicked". The group released their first official single, "Vista", on August 31, 2012. The tracks from the corresponding EP all charted on the K-pop Billboard Hot 100. Fiestar's second single "We Don't Stop" was released on November 9, with the B-side track "Sweet Love" featuring ballad singer Kim Yeon-woo. Live promotions for the album began on Music Bank the following day. Alongside group promotions, Jei appeared in TVN's reality program Romantic and Idol, and alongside IU for the comedy show Gag Concert along with Jei, Cao Lu and Linzy. Vocalists Linzy and Hyemi appeared on KBS's 1000 Song Challenge, and the group as a whole made appearances on Weekly Idol and Dream Team 2. They also endorsed HIM Magazine. In 2013, Linzy played Sharpay Evans in the CJE&M Korean musical adaptation of High School Musical, sharing the role with The Grace's Dana. The show's run began on July 2 at the Blue Square Samsung Card Hall. During the year, Fiestar also participated in a video series entitled "Fiestar's A-HA! For the Global K-Pop Fan" as well as endorsements for the Samsung Galaxy S4. On August 27, a pre-release single, "Whoo!" featuring Eric Benรฉt, was released online. Despite there being no live promotions for the single, it was a chart success. In September, LOEN Entertainment created the sub-label Collabodadi, under which Fiestar would continue to release their music. On November 1, the group released the single "I Don't Know" from the EP Curious, making their stage comeback on Music Core the following day. Following promotions, the reality television show Channel FIESTAR! aired on SBS MTV. 2014โ€“2015: Cheska's departure and Black Label On March 20, 2014, LOEN Entertainment announced that Cheska would be leaving the group and would not be replaced by any new members, and Fiestar's comeback was scheduled for mid-July after being postponed due to the Sewol ferry tragedy. On June 16, a single in collaboration between The Friends and Fiestar for the 2014 Brazil World Cup titled "I Love Korea" was released. On July 1, the music video for the single "One More" was released. On March 4, 2015, Fiestar's first mini album, Black Label, was released with title track "You're Pitiful". Six months after the album's release, on September 22, Collabodadi was dissolved, with LOEN Tree becoming the sole in-house label of LOEN Entertainment. Thus, Fiestar returned to LOEN Tree after a two-year run under Collabodadi. On December 17, Cao Lu appeared on Radio Star as a guest along with rapper Jessi, Got7's Jackson, and Lena Park as part of the Outsiders special. She gained national attention for her appearance on the program and became the number one trending topic on Naver, with Fiestar also trending. 2016โ€“2018: Last activities and disbandment In March 2016, Fiestar released their second mini album A Delicate Sense. The album consists of six tracks, including lead single "Mirror". Notably, all the members also participated in the production. On May 31, 2016, Fiestar returned with the digital single "Apple Pie". On May 15, 2018, after a year of no group activities, it was announced that Fiestar had officially disbanded following the expiration of four of the members' contracts on April 30 and only Cao Lu's contract would be expiring on May 31. On May 29, 2018, former member Cheska announced via her Instagram that she was leaving Korea and quitting music. She thanked her fans for supporting her, but stated that she decided to walk away as "music was slowly killing [her]". "One More" controversy Fiestar's single "One More" was banned from broadcast by MBC for its supposedly risquรฉ lyrics. While the song had originally passed scrutiny from the three major broadcasting stations (KBS, MBC and SBS), backlash from public commentators forced the networks to review the song's content. While their representatives claimed that the song was innocuous, the group re-recorded the song and changed the lyrics. The controversy spawned from the lyrics prompted MBC to crack down further on songs with ambiguous or easily misconstrued lyrical content. Former members Cao Lu () Jei () Linzy () Hyemi () Cheska () Yezi () Discography Extended plays Singles Other charted songs Soundtrack appearances Other appearances Videography Music videos Awards and nominations Notes References External links Fiestar on LOEN Entertainment K-pop music groups Kakao M artists Musical groups established in 2012 South Korean dance music groups South Korean electronic musicians South Korean girl groups South Korean synthpop groups 2012 establishments in South Korea South Korean musical quintets Musical groups disestablished in 2018 Women in electronic music
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%BD%A9%20%EC%A4%91%EB%AC%B8%20%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99
ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™
ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™(, , CUHK)์€ ํ™์ฝฉ ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์ด ์‚ฌํ‹ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฆฝ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ, ํ™์ฝฉ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‹ค. ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ํ™์ฝฉ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ถฉ์น˜ ํ•™์›(ๅด‡ๅŸบๅญธ้™ข)๊ณผ ์‹ ์•„ ์„œ์›(ๆ–ฐไบžๆ›ธ้™ข), ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์„œ์›(่ฏๅˆๆ›ธ้™ข)์ด ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•™๋ถ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์› ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” 1963๋…„์— ์„ธ ๊ณณ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์‹ ์•„ ์„œ์›์€ 1949๋…„์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์ œ2์ฐจ ๊ตญ๊ณต ๋‚ด์ „์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ฐ˜๊ณต ์œ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์•„ ์„œ์›์˜ ๊ต์œก ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์— ์‹ ์•„ ์„œ์›์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋ฃฝ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์บ ํผ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋‚œ์„ ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์žฌ์ •์ ์ธ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1956๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํฌ๋“œ ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ƒˆ ์บ ํผ์Šค๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด ๊ณต์‚ฐํ™”๋˜๊ณ  1950๋…„์— ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ž ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ํ•™๊ต๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ๊ตํšŒ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ๊ตํšŒ์™€ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ ํ•™ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž 1951๋…„์— ์ถฉ์น˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์น˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ 1956๋…„์— ์‚ฌํ‹ด ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ์„ธ์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ 1๋…„ ์ „์ธ 1962๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถฉ์น˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—๋Š” 10๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•™๋ถ€์— 531๋ช…์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ 40๋ช…์˜ ์ •๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์„œ์›์€ 1956๋…„์— ๊ด‘๋‘ฅ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์ด ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ผ€์ธ ๊ฐ€(Caine Road)์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์„œ์›์˜ ์บ ํผ์Šค์—๋Š” 600์—ฌ ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์€ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ๋นˆํ‹ˆ์„ ๋ฉ”์›Œ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1949๋…„ ์ „์— ์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ณ€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ์˜์–ด์— ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ด ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ™์ฝฉ ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1957๋…„์— ์ถฉ์น˜ ํ•™์›๊ณผ ์‹ ์•„ ์„œ์›, ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์„œ์›์€ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณต๋™ ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฆฝ 1959๋…„ 6์›”์— ํ™์ฝฉ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ์ถฉ์น˜ ํ•™์›๊ณผ ์‹ ์•„ ์„œ์›, ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์„œ์›์„ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก๋Œ€ํ•™์กฐ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ก€๋Š” 1960๋…„ 5์›” 19์ผ์— ์ œ์ •๋๋‹ค. 1961๋…„ 6์›”์—๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์„ธ์šธ ๊ณณ์„ ์กฐ์–ธํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ž ์ค‘๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์ค€๋น„์œ„์›ํšŒ(ไธญๆ–‡ๅคงๅญธ็ฑŒๅ‚™ๅง”ๅ“กๆœƒ)๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. 1962๋…„ 5์›”์—๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ’€ํ„ด ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ’€ํ„ด ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์œ„์›์žฅ์ด์ž ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ์˜๊ตญ ์„œ์‹์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋ถ€์ด์žฅ์ธ ์กด ํ’€ํ„ด์€ ํ™์ฝฉ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์„ธ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ’€ํ„ด ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” 1963๋…„ 6์›”์— ํ™์ฝฉ ์ž…๋ฒ•ํšŒ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”๊ณ  9์›”์— ํ™์ฝฉ์ค‘๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์กฐ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋๋‹ค. 1963๋…„ 10์›” 17์ผ ํ™์ฝฉ ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋‹น์—์„œ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ํ•™์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์ด๋…์ธ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๊ฒฝ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๊ต ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€์™€ ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์น˜ ํ•™์›์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ์‹ ์•„ ์„œ์› ๋ฐ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์„œ์›์„ ์ž…์ฃผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ง“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1963๋…„ ~ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์บ ํผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์‹ ์•„ ์„œ์›๊ณผ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์„œ์›์€ ์บ ํผ์Šค ๋ถ€์ง€์˜ ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ ์ž ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1975๋…„์— ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ด์žฅ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์œ„์›์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์กด ํ’€ํ„ด ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” 5์ผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ชจ์•˜๋‹ค. ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ํ•™์‚ฌ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์žฌ์ •, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž…ํ•™, ์ง์› ์ฑ„์šฉ, ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ •, ์‹œํ—˜, ํ•™์œ„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜์˜ ๊ด€ํ•  ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‘๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ’€ํ„ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ–‰์ • ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‹จ์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์•„ ์„œ์›์˜ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ๋นˆ ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋‚จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ’€ํ„ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ถฉ์น˜ ํ•™์›์˜ ์ด์‚ฌ์˜€๋˜ ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ ํ™ฉ์€ ์ค‘์•™์ง‘๊ถŒํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ๊ทธ์ € ๋ถ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ’€ํ„ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ 1976๋…„์— ํ™์ฝฉ์ค‘๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ฒ•์— ํฌํ•จ๋๊ณ , 1976๋…„ 12์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ’€ํ„ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์ธ ์‡ผ ์„œ์›(้€ธๅคซๆ›ธ้™ข)์€ 1985๋…„ 5์›”์— ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 5์–ต ํ™์ฝฉ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ธ ๋Ÿฐ๋Ÿฐ ์‡ผ ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์ธ ์‡ผ ์„œ์›์€ 1990๋…„ 3์›”์— ๋Ÿฐ๋Ÿฐ ์‡ผ์™€ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์ด๋…์ธ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์œŒ์Šจ์ด ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ์ถฉ์น˜ ํ•™์›์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด์ž ํ–‰์ •๋™์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ๋” ํฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด 10์—ฌ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ช‡ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ์‹ 3๋…„์ œ ํ•™์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ๋“ค์–ด ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ 334 ํ•™์ œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜์ž ํ™•์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„์— ์ƒˆ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์ธ ์‹ ํฅ ์„œ์›(ๆ™จ่ˆˆๆ›ธ้™ข)๊ณผ S.H. ํ˜ธ ์„œ์›(ๅ–„่กกๆ›ธ้™ข)์ด ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๊ณ  2007๋…„์—๋Š” CW ์ถ” ์„œ์›(ๆ•ฌๆ–‡ๆ›ธ้™ข)๊ณผ ์šฐ์ด์ˆœ ์„œ์›(ไผๅฎœๅญซๆ›ธ้™ข), ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์‹ฑ ์„œ์›(ๅ’Œ่ฒๆ›ธ้™ข)์ด ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 5์›” 29์ผ์—๋Š” ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์บ ํผ์Šค ์•ˆ์— '๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฌ์‹ ์ƒ'์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 6์›” 1์ผ์—๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฌ์‹ ์ƒ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ž ๋กœ๋ Œ์Šค ๋ผ์šฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ถ€์ด์žฅ ์ฃผ์ตœ๋กœ ํ–‰์ •๊ณ„ํš์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ค‘๋ฆฝ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ์š”์ฒญ์€ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง์›๋“ค์€ ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์ง‘๋๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒํšŒ์žฅ ์—๋ฆญ ๋ผ์ด๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ’ˆ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต ์ž„์›๋“ค์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 6์›” 4์ผ ํ•™๊ต ์ธก์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฌ์‹ ์ƒ์˜ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒด์ œ ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๋Œ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™(college)์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ž์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ถฉ์น˜ ํ•™์›๊ณผ ์‹ ์•„ ์„œ์›, ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์„œ์›, ์‡ผ ์„œ์›, ์‹ ํฅ ์„œ์›, S.H. ํ˜ธ ์„œ์›, ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์‹ฑ ์„œ์›, ์šฐ์ด์ˆœ ์„œ์›, CW ์ถ” ์„œ์› ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๋ถ€์†๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ™์‚ฌ์™€ ์‹๋‹น ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ง€๋„์™€ ์ „์ธ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ต๊ณผ์™ธ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ๋ฐ ์ฒด์œกํ™œ๋™์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ต์œก์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ์ผ-์ค‘๊ตญ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›(Yale-China Chinese Language Centre)์€ 1963๋…„์— ์‹ ์•„ ์„œ์›๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ผ-์ค‘๊ตญ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฃผ์ตœ๋กœ ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ผ-์ค‘๊ตญ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์€ 1974๋…„์— ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด์™€ ๊ด‘๋‘ฅ์–ด ๊ต์œก์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™ ๋ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€์–ธ์–ดํ•™๋ถ€์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์•„ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›(Childhood Bilingualism Research Centre)์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์•„ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์€ ํ™์ฝฉ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐ ์‚ผ์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ , ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ์œ ์•„๊ธฐ์— ์–ป์€ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•จ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์ƒ์œ„ 3๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์ˆ  ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ๋Š” 2006๋…„๊ณผ 2010๋…„, 2011๋…„, 2013๋…„, 2016๋…„, 2017๋…„ ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋… 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. QS ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ 2018๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 48์œ„ ๋ฐ ์•„์‹œ์•„ 10์œ„, 2022๋…„ 38์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™์›์€ 2012๋…„ ํŒŒ์ด๋‚ธ์…œ ํƒ€์ž„์Šค EMBA ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ 17์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™ ์„์‚ฌ ๊ต์œก ์ œ๋„๋Š” 2012๋…„ ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์ŠคํŠธ ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ 94์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™์ฝฉ ์ค‘๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ 2016๋…„ QS ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ 47์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ธ๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€(Faculty of Arts) ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€ ์ข…๊ต ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€ ์˜๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ•™๋ถ€ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ณธํ•™๋ถ€ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™ ๋ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€์–ธ์–ดํ•™๋ถ€ ์Œ์•…ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ฒ ํ•™๋ถ€ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€(Faculty of Business Administration) ํšŒ๊ณ„ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ธˆ์œตํ•™๋ถ€ ํ˜ธํ…”๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์œกํ•™๋ถ€(Faculty of Education) ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ์ง€๋„ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์œกํ–‰์ • ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์œก์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๋ถ€ ์šด๋™๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ฒด์œก๊ต์œกํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(Faculty of Engineering) ์˜์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ถ€(Faculty of Law) ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ถ€ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€(Faculty of Medicine) ๋งˆ์ทจ ๋ฐ ์ง‘์ค‘์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๊ณผ ์˜์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™์› ํ™”ํ•™๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ํ•™์› ์ž„์ƒ์ข…์–‘๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฒค์…˜ ์˜์ƒ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์•ฝํ•™ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋„ค๋”์†” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๋ถ€ ์‚ฐ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์ •ํ˜•์™ธ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์™ธ์ƒํ•™๊ณผ ์ด๋น„์ธํ›„๊ณผ ์†Œ์•„๊ณผ ์•ฝํ•™์› ์ •์‹ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฐ 1์ฐจ์˜๋ฃŒํ•™์› ์™ธ๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(Faculty of Science) ํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๋ถ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(Faculty of Social Science) ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ž์›๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๋ถ€ ์ •๋ถ€ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๋ถ€ ์–ธ๋ก ํ•™์› ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€ํ•™๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1963๋…„ ๊ฐœ๊ต ๊ณต๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฝ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™๋ฐœ์ „ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌํ‹ด๊ตฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20University%20of%20Hong%20Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong
The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) is the first public research university in Hong Kong. It was founded as a federation of three existing colleges โ€“ Chung Chi College, New Asia College and United College โ€“ the oldest of which was founded in 1949. The Chung Chi College was a consolidation of thirteen Christian universities in China before the change of regime in 1949. These thirteen Christian universities include Zhejiang University in Hangzhou established in 1845, St. John's University in Shanghai established in 1879, Lingnan University in Guangzhou established in 1888, and the Yenching University established in 1919. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, therefore, holds the deepest historical roots, positioning CUHK as the most historically rich institution of higher education in Hong Kong. CUHK is now organized into nine constituent colleges and eight academic faculties, and remains the only collegiate university in the territory. The university operates in both English and Chinese, although classes in most colleges are taught in English. Four Nobel laureates are associated with the university, and it is the only tertiary institution in Hong Kong with recipients of the Nobel Prize, Turing Award, Fields Medal and Veblen Prize sitting as faculty in residence. History Origins The university was formed in 1963 as a federation of three existing colleges. The first of these, New Asia College, was established in 1949 by anti-Communist Confucian scholars from Mainland China amid the revolution there. Among the founders were Ch'ien Mu, Tang Junyi, and Tchang Pi-kai. Curriculum focused particularly on Chinese heritage and social concerns. The early years of this school were tumultuous, with the campus relocating several times between rented premises around Kowloon. Academics there were often self-exiled from the mainland and they struggled financially, with students sometimes sleeping on rooftops and teachers foregoing pay to sustain the college. Funds were gradually raised and the school moved to a new campus in Kau Pui Lung, built with the support of the Ford Foundation, in 1956. Following the Communist revolution and the breakdown in relations between China and the United States at the 1950 outbreak of the Korean War, all Christian colleges and universities in the People's Republic of China were shut down. Chung Chi College was founded in 1951 by Protestant churches in Hong Kong to continue the theological education of mainland churches and schools. The 63 students of its first year operating were taught in various churches and rented premises on Hong Kong Island. The college moved to its present location in Ma Liu Shui (i.e., the present CUHK campus) in 1956. By 1962, a year before the founding of CUHK, Chung Chi had 531 students in 10 departments taught by a full-time faculty of 40, excluding tutors. United College was founded in 1956 with the merging of five private colleges in Guangdong province: Canton Overseas, Kwang Hsia, Wah Kiu, Wen Hua, and Ping Jing College of Accountancy. The first school president was Dr F.I. Tseung. The original campus on Caine Road on Hong Kong Island accommodated over 600 students. These three colleges (along with some others created during this era) helped fill a void in the post-secondary education options available to Hong Kong Chinese students. Before 1949, such students could attend a university in the mainland. But with this option spoiled by the upheavals in China, students were unable to further their studies at a university unless their English proficiency was sufficient to enrol at the University of Hong Kong, then the only university in the territory. In 1957, New Asia College, Chung Chi College, and United College came together to establish the Chinese Colleges Joint Council. Foundation In June 1959, the Hong Kong government expressed its intent to establish a new university with a medium of instruction of Chinese. The same year, the Post-Secondary Colleges Ordinance was announced to provide government funding and official recognition to New Asia, Chung Chi and United colleges in hopes that the money would "enable them to raise their standards to a level at which they might qualify for university status, probably on a federal basis". The ordinance was enacted on 19 May 1960. The Chinese University Preparatory Committee was established in June 1961 to advise the government on possible sites for the new university. The following May, the Fulton Commission was formed to assess the suitability of the three government-funded Post-Secondary Colleges to become constituent colleges of the new university. The commission, headed by Vice-Chancellor John Fulton of the newly established University of Sussex, visited Hong Kong over the summer and produced an interim report recommending the establishment of the federal university comprising the three colleges. The Fulton Commission report was tabled in the Legislative Council in June 1963, and the Chinese University of Hong Kong Ordinance was passed in September of that year. The school was officially inaugurated in a ceremony at City Hall on 17 October 1963, officiated by the founding chancellor, Sir Robert Brown Black. The next year, Dr. Li Choh-ming was appointed the first vice-chancellor of the university. The university originally comprised the Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Science and Faculty of Social Science. Construction began at the site of the new campus in the Ma Liu Shui area, where Chung Chi College was already established, for new facilities to house central administration and the relocated New Asia and United colleges. 1963โ€“present Construction of the new campus continued throughout the 1960s to a development plan produced by W. Szeto and Partners. Above the valley occupied by Chung Chi College, on two plateaux formed by granite quarrying for the Plover Cove dam, the quarters for the other two colleges would flank the Central Campus housing administrative buildings and other shared facilities. Some of the most iconic buildings on campus, like the University Library, were built in this period along the monumental axis of the University Mall in the subdued concrete aesthetic for which the school is known. The School of Education, which would later become a faculty, was founded in 1965. The Graduate School, the first in Hong Kong, was founded in 1966 and the first batch of master's degrees were awarded the following year. In the early 1970s, New Asia and United College moved into their new premises on the highest plateau of the campus. The Student Union was established in 1971. The School of Medicine was founded in 1977 and the teaching hospital, the Prince of Wales Hospital in nearby Sha Tin New Town, was established several years later. The university constitution was also reviewed in the 1970s with an aim to assessing the school's growth and charting its future. In 1975 the chancellor appointed an external commission, again chaired by Lord Fulton, to review the university constitution. Aside from Fulton, the commission comprised I.C.M. Maxwell (its secretary), Sir Michael Herries, and Professor C.K. Yang. The commission held five days of filmed hearings to garner comments from stakeholders. This second Fulton Report recommended that academic policy, finances, matriculation of students, appointment of staff, curriculum, examinations, and the awarding of degrees fall under the purview of the university administration. Buildings would also be maintained by the university regardless of which college owned them. The colleges would be entrusted with small group "student-oriented teaching". Rationalisation was suggested to reduce duplication of efforts among the different colleges. The federal structure of the university would thus be replaced by something closer to that of a unitary university. This was controversial among the colleges. The Board of Governors of New Asia College flatly rejected the recommendations of the report, alleging that it would destroy the collegiate system, turning the colleges into "empty shells". Dr. Denny Huang, a longtime member of the Board of Governors of Chung Chi College, criticised the effort to centralise powers and stated that the college governorship would be reduced to "nothing more than managers of an estate". The Fulton Report recommendations were packaged into the Chinese University of Hong Kong Bill 1976. In defence of the bill the acting Secretary for Social Services, M.C. Morgan, said that "a situation with each college developing into a little university of its own was not compatible with the sensible evolution of a modern major seat of higher learning". The changes recommended by the report came into effect in December 1976. The first non-founding college, Shaw College, was named after its patron, Sir Run Run Shaw, who donated five hundred million Hong Kong dollars toward its establishment in May 1985. The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Declaration of Shaw College) Ordinance was passed by the Legislative Council in July 1986, and the fourth college was officially opened in March 1990 by Run Run Shaw and Governor David Wilson. The 1990s brought about another building boom. The original Chung Chi teaching and administration blocks were demolished and replaced with larger, more modern structures in several phases over the course of a decade. The Ho Sin-Hang engineering block opened in 1994 to house the new School of Engineering. In 1994, the school transitioned to a British-style three-year bachelor's degree system. The Hong Kong Internet Exchange, a metropolitan network backbone, was founded in 1995 and remains an internet hub for the region. In the 2000s, the underwent another period of expansion, in part to accommodate increased student numbers brought about by the 334 Scheme. Five new colleges came into operation: Morningside College (Hong Kong) and S. H. Ho College were announced in 2006, and were followed in 2007 by C. W. Chu College, Wu Yee Sun College and Lee Woo Sing College. These colleges are smaller in scale than the older ones, each comprising only one or two blocks rather than an entire section of campus and housing fewer students, but they nonetheless each contain the usual array of facilities like student hostels, amenities and communal dining halls. New teaching blocks and a student amenity centre were also opened near the railway station. Goddess of Democracy On 29 May 2010, when the CUHK student union sought to permanently locate a 'Goddess of Democracy' statue on campus, the administrative and planning committee of the university convened an emergency meeting for 1 June, chaired by incumbent vice-chancellor Lawrence Lau, to consider the request. The application was turned down; the reason provided was the need for the university to maintain political neutrality. Staff and students objected to the refusal, however, accusing the committee of self-censorship; students declared they were prepared for a stand-off against the university, saying they would ensure the statues were accommodated on campus "at all costs". A student meeting was convened, and student union President Eric Lai told 2,000 attendees that the university officials should apologise for their opposition of the art display. On 4 June, bowing to public outcry and student pressure, the university relented, and allowed the statue on campus. Vice-chancellor-designate Joseph Sung, who was consulted on the vote in absentia, admitted that it was the biggest political storm in 21 years. He revealed that, in addition to preserving political neutrality, safety and security concerns were factors in the decision. He also drew a distinction between this application โ€“ for a permanent University installation โ€“ and hypothetical applications for short-term expressions of free speech, suggesting the latter would have been more likely to be approved, but he criticised the management team as "immature" and "inexperienced" in handling the incident. An editorial in The Standard criticised the committee's naivety in not anticipating the reaction. It was also highly critical of Sung for seeking to distance himself from the decision with such a "lame excuse". Outgoing vice-chancellor Lawrence Lau defended the committee's decision as "collective and unanimous" after "detailed consideration," citing the unanimous vote of the administrative and planning committee, and he disagreed with Sung's characterisation of the management team. While the vote was unanimous, however, Sung stated that he had suggested the wording of the decision include the qualification that the committee "had not reached a consensus." The student union said the two professors should have communicated to reach a consensus, and that Lau's reply "failed to explain why the school used political neutrality as a reason to reject the statue." 2019 protest conflict During the 2019โ€“20 Hong Kong protests, the campus became the site of a series of clashes between protesters and the Hong Kong Police Force. Students and protesters disrupted traffic near the university to facilitate a Hong Kong-wide general strike on 11 November 2019. On 12 November, the riot police entered the campus and fired 1,567 tear gas rounds, 380 bean bag rounds and 1,312 rubber bullets while protesters built barricades, throwing bricks and petrol bombs. President Rocky Tuan tried to seek mediation with the police, which was rejected. It resulted in a two-day siege of the university by the police from 13 to 15 November. Most protesters left the campus by 15 November. At least 70 students were injured. Protestors barricaded most entrances and exits, leading to a campus-wide transport disruption. The increasing violence led to the University Senate voting to cancel the ongoing semester, followed by a university-wide evacuation. Administration and organisation Governance Prior to Hong Kong's handover, the colony's governor was the de jure chancellor of the university. That role was assumed by the territory's chief executive following the handover. For a list of pre- and post-handover university chancellors, refer to the articles for the governor of Hong Kong and the chief executive of Hong Kong. Administration President and vice-chancellor The president/vice-chancellor is under the council of the university, followed by the pro-vice-chancellor/vice-president. There are nine colleges and eight faculties, each of which has its own dean/head. List of presidents and vice-chancellors since 1963 Li Choh-ming (1963โ€“78) Ma Lin (1978โ€“87) Sir Charles Kao (1987โ€“96) Arthur Li (1996โ€“2002) Ambrose King (2002โ€“30 June 2004) Lawrence Lau (1 July 2004 โ€“ 30 June 2010) Joseph Sung (1 July 2010 โ€“ 31 December 2017) Rocky Tuan (1 January 2018 โ€“ present) Organisation CUHK is a comprehensive research university with most departments and schools organised into eight faculties, namely the Faculties of Arts, Business Administration, Education, Engineering, Law, Medicine, Science, and Social Science, along with a graduate school which administers all the postgraduate programmes provided by different academic units. Moreover, associate School of Continuing and Professional Studies (CUSCS) offers associate degree and higher diploma programmes. Funding In 2005, the university budget was HK$4,558 million, with government subvention of about HK$2,830 million. In the 2018โ€“19 fiscal year (starts 1 April), total income was increased to $9,624 million while government subvention had risen to $5,121 million, about 53.2% of the total budget. Academics Teaching and learning CUHK currently adopts a strategic plan in five fields of academic inquiry: Biomedical Sciences, Chinese Studies, Economics & Finance, Geoinformation & Earth Sciences and Information Sciences. Despite the stipulation of using Chinese language as the principal medium in the university's ordinance, CUHK has emphasised the importance of both English and Chinese. However, most classes still adopt English as the main language of instruction. Research The Yale-China Chinese Language Centre (CLC), formerly New Asia โ€“ Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center, was founded in 1963 under the joint auspices of New Asia College and the Yale-China Association. The centre became part of Chinese University in 1974 and has been responsible for the teaching of one language education (Putonghua and Cantonese) of university students as well as other Putonghua and Cantonese learners. Courses are offered for non-native speakers and for native speakers of Chinese. Programmes are divided into Putonghua courses for local students, Cantonese courses for mainland Chinese Students and Putonghua and Cantonese courses for non-native Chinese speakers. The university also hosts several research centres. The Childhood Bilingualism Research Centre (CBRC) is part of the Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages. Research at the centre includes documenting the development of bilingualism in bilingual children and assessing the bilingual competence they gain in childhood; raising the public's awareness of Hong Kong children's development of biliteracy and trilingualism; and studying and supporting the revitalisation of minority languages in the context of bilingual and multilingual education. The centre is directed by Professor Virginia Yip and Professor Stephen Matthews. The Universities Service Centre for China Studies (USC), founded in 1963 as "The Universities Service Center," was renamed and moved from Kowloon to the campus in 1988. Its mission is to support the study of contemporary China and Hong Kong, especially among mainland Chinese, Hong Kong, and international scholars. The centre houses a major collection of mainland newspapers, periodicals, and official publications. Libraries and museums The University Library System (ULS) comprises seven different libraries and several special collections. The largest library is the University Library at the Central Campus, which recently underwent a significant renovation and building expansion. The other six libraries are the Elisabeth Luce Moore Library, Chโ€™ien Mu Library, Wu Chung Library, Architecture Library, Li Ping Medical Library, and Lee Quo Wei Law Library. Among the collections housed by ULS includes the Hong Kong Studies Archive, Hong Kong Literature Collection, Chinese Overseas Collection, Nobel Laureate GAO, Xingjian Collection, Nobel Laureate CY Yang Archive, American Studies Resource Collection and Modern Chinese Drama Collection. CUHK also houses the Chinese University of Hong Kong Art Museum, which houses "a wide range of artefacts illuminating the rich arts, humanities and cultural heritage of ancient and pre-modern China." A new Museum of Climate Change, the first such museum in Hong Kong, opened in December 2013 in the Yasumoto International Academic Park building. Funded by the Hong Kong Jockey Club, the 100 exhibits on display illustrate the effects of climate change. The museum is open to the public free of charge. Also in 2013, the University Gallery opened in the central library to showcase the history of the school in light of its Golden Jubilee anniversary. Reputation and rankings CUHK has been consistently regarded as one of the top three universities in Hong Kong by various university rankings. Overall rankings CUHK has been the top Hong Kong institution in the ARWU, which is based on awards and research output, including those league tables in 2006, 2010, 2011, and 2013. CUHK was ranked 47th worldwide in QS WUR 2024, 45th worldwide in THE WUR 2023, and 53rd in the world by US News & Report 2022โ€“2023. The HKU Public Opinion Programme survey (2012) gave it the 2nd place. China's Alumni Association placed it among the "6-Star Greater China's Universities" (the highest level). It was ranked fourth in the association's 2014 Ranking of Institutions with the Most Best Disciplines in HK, Macau and Taiwan. CUHK was the 63rd best-ranked university worldwide in 2022 in terms of aggregate performance across THE, QS, and ARWU, as reported by ARTU. Subject/Area rankings Besides overall rankings, a list of subject rankings of Hong Kong tertiary institutions is available to show the strength of its individual disciplines ranked by the above organisations. CUHK business school was ranked 17th in the Financial Times EMBA rankings, and its MBA programme was placed 27th worldwide in the Global MBA Rankings (2013) and 94th in the Economist's 2012 ranking. CUHK received eight Higher Education Outstanding Scientific Research Output Awards (Science and Technology) from the Ministry of Education (MoE) in 2014, including two first-class awards and five second-class awards in Natural Sciences, making it the institution receiving the highest number of awards in the local tertiary sector. Despite a short history of 36 years as of 2017, CUHK's medical school was ranked as world's #49 in 2014 and #47 in 2016 in QS ranking. It has built abundant specialty research centres and hailed constant research innovations by its faculty. The medical school curriculum also places a heavy emphasis on bioethics and humanity in medicine and has built this course track in collaboration with Columbia University. CUHK is expecting its first and only private hospital to finish construction in 2021. The hospital's philanthropic mission is to provide affordable and quality health care to serve local Hong Kong citizens and it will help admit and treat public hospital patients to ease the burden of overflow beginning in its 5th year of operation. Student life School environment CUHK possesses the largest campus of all higher education institutions in Hong Kong. The hilly campus hosts a range of facilities essential for an all-round campus experience, such as libraries, art museums, music halls, a swimming pool, sports fields, tennis courts, squash courts, a water sports centre and gymnasiums. Many points (e.g., Pavilion of Harmony) around the campus offer attractive views of Tide Cove and the Tolo Harbour. The university has two full-size sports grounds with running tracks: the Sir Philip Haddon-Cave Sports Field and the Lingnan Stadium. The Olympic-size swimming pool at the Benjamin Franklin Centre was completed in 1973, with an opening ceremony held in October 1974 hosted by Charles T. Cross. The university Water Sports Centre, on the shore of Tide Cove, offers facilities and equipment hire for sailing, rowing, and windsurfing. Most of CUHK is in Sha Tin District although small parts are in Tai Po District. Collegiate system As a collegiate university, the school comprises nine colleges that differ in character and history, each retaining substantial autonomy on institutional affairs: Chung Chi College, New Asia College, United College, Shaw College, Morningside College, S. H. Ho College, Lee Woo Sing College, Wu Yee Sun College and C. W. Chu College. All undergraduates are affiliated to one of them. Colleges are designed as communities with their own hostels, dining halls and other facilities. Students receive pastoral care and whole-person education, including formal and non-formal general education by means of close interaction with teachers and peers, and in some colleges, assemblies and college final year project. Colleges promote extracurricular social and athletic activities with an aim of building camaraderie among students. This focus on 'student orientated teaching', education through both formal teaching and student empowerment, distinguishes CUHK from other universities in the territory. When the structure of the university was revamped in 1976, and the autonomy of the colleges diminished, Lord Fulton clarified the role of the colleges: "the natural home of student-oriented teaching is the college [which] is an association of senior and junior members come together in pursuit of shared academic interests and aims." He wrote that the colleges help students achieve "a sense of his or her personal significance and responsibility, and on that basis to enrich the common life." Transportation Although the campus is located away from the busier districts of Hong Kong, access to the school is easy. The university is served by University station of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) as well as the Hong Kong bus system. Bus and railway stations are located beside Chung Chi College, with additional bus stops just outside the two school entrances on Tai Po Road. To cope with new students from the 3-3-4 education system, the new exit D of University station opened in September 2012. A system of shuttle bus routes, operated by the university's Transport Office, runs between the MTR station, academic buildings, and residences. Shuttle buses are free for students and staff. There are paid shuttle light bus operating from Monday to Saturday as well. The topography of the campus, as well a layout confusing to newcomers, may deter many from walking around campus. Many buildings on campus incorporate lifts and bridges designed to provide shortcuts in ascending the hill. The latest campus master plan has recognized this strategy as desirable and proposes the development of new walking routes to reduce reliance on the campus bus system. Notable people As of 2013, four Nobel Prize winners are associated with the university, including Chen Ning Yang, James Mirrlees, Robert Alexander Mundell and former university president Charles K. Kao. Other notable faculty members include mathematician Shing-Tung Yau, laureate of the Fields Medal and the Veblen Prize, and computational theorist Andrew Yao, laureate of the Turing Award, and surgeon James Ware. See also Education in Hong Kong Joint University Programmes Admissions System List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong List of universities in Hong Kong Orientation camps in Hong Kong Renditions The Chinese University of Hong Kong Chorus The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen The Chinese University Press CUHK democracy wall standoff Notes References External links 1963 establishments in Hong Kong Educational institutions established in the 1960s Universities and colleges established in 1963 Ma Liu Shui Nursing schools in Hong Kong
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%9D%98%20%EC%95%84%EB%93%A4%EB%93%A4
์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค
์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค(Sons of Liberty)์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ „์Ÿ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด 13 ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ์• ๊ตญ ๊ธ‰์ง„ํŒŒ์˜ ํ†ต์นญ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…๋ฆฝ ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋งŽ์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ ์• ๋ค์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋œ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์˜ ์กฐ์ง์€ 1773๋…„ โ€˜๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ์ฐจ ์‚ฌ๊ฑดโ€™์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ž˜ 1765๋…„ 2์›” ๋ณธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ใ€ˆ์ธ์ง€์„ธ๋ฒ•ใ€‰์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ ์†์—์„œ โ€˜์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“คโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ง์˜ ์œ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜์ธ์ง€์„ธ๋ฒ•โ€™์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•œ ์ฐฐ์Šค ํƒ€์šด์„ผ๋“œ๋Š” โ€œ์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ...... ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์˜์› ์•„์ด์ž‘ ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ๋Š” โ€œ์ œ๊ตญ ๊ตฐ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ •์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ? ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋ผ! ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์••์ •์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์ •์ฐฉ์ผ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ โ€œ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์กฐ์น˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ˜๋ ค์™”๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ๋ฒ•(์ธ์ง€์„ธ๋ฒ•)์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์˜ˆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์„์—๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์„ธ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผœ โ€˜์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“คโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ๋‹น๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ถฉ์„ฑํŒŒ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์—ญ์ž์ด๊ณ , โ€˜ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“คโ€™, โ€˜๋‚˜์œ ์•„๋“ค๋“คโ€™ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์†Œ์„ค์—์„œ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ง€ํ•˜ ์กฐ์ง์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์ธ๋“ค์„ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ํ†ต์นญ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ์• ๊ตญํŒŒ๋Š” ์ด ๋ง์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ โ€˜์ž์œ ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌดโ€™์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ต๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ์ง‘์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…์ข… ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํŒŒ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์„ ์ž์นญํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด๋™์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 1765๋…„ 8์›”์—๋Š” ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ ์• ๋ค์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, โ€˜๋กœ์–„ ๋‚˜์ธโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ „์‹ ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์• ๋ค์Šค ๋“ฑ ๊ธ‰์ง„ํŒŒ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. 11์›” 6์ผ์—๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์™€์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 12์›”์—๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋™๋งน์ด ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด 1์›”์—๋Š” ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด๊ณผ ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ์˜ ์กฐ์ง ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ต์‹  ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‰ด์š•, ๋‰ดํ–„ํ”„์…”, ๋‰ดํฌํŠธ, ๋กœ๋“œ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฝ๋ง์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์€ ๋‰ด์ €์ง€, ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ, ๋…ธํฝ, ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์™€ ์กฐ์ง€์•„์—์„œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋‚˜ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋‚จ๋™๋ถ€์˜ ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋Š” 1765๋…„ ใ€ˆ์ธ์ง€์„ธ๋ฒ•ใ€‰์— ์ €ํ•ญํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒฐ์˜, ์‹œ์œ„์šด๋™, ํ˜‘๋ฐ•๊ณผ ํญํ–‰ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ใ€ˆ์ธ์ง€์„ธ๋ฒ•ใ€‰์ด ํ์ง€๋˜์ž, ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ๊ธ‰์ง„ํŒŒ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ €ํ•ญ์šด๋™์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 1766๋…„, ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์€ ๋‰ด์š• ์‹œ์— โ€˜์ž์œ ์˜ ๊นƒ๋Œ€โ€™๋ฅผ ์„ธ์›Œ ์ธ์ง€์„ธ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฒ ํ๋ฅผ ์ถ•๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ์˜ ๊นƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฏธ์˜ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์• ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊นƒ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ , ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ 1766๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ์œผ๋กœ 1775๋…„ ๋ด„์— ์• ๊ตญํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‰ด์š• ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹ค๊ถŒ์„ ๋นผ์•—์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ž์œ ์˜ ๊นƒ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฒ ์—ฌ ๋„˜์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1776๋…„ 10์›” 28์ผ์ด๋‹ค. 1768๋…„์—๋Š” ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์ด ใ€ˆํƒ€์šด์  ๋“œ๋ฒ•ใ€‰์„ ๋ณด์ด์ฝงํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜๊ตญ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ํ์‡„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1772๋…„์˜ ใ€ˆ๊ฐ€์ŠคํŽ˜์ด ํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉํ™”์‚ฌ๊ฑดใ€‰์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. 1773๋…„ 12์›” ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์€ ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์—์„œ ์„ ์–ธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๊ณ  โ€œ๋‰ด์š• ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„ (The Association of the Sons of Liberty of New York)โ€์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ใ€ˆ์ฐจ๋ฒ•ใ€‰์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํ–‰์„ ๋ฐฉ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ โ€˜๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋’ค โ€œ์ด ๊ฒฐ์˜์— ์œ„๋ฐฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋„, ๊ณ ์šฉ๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ธ์—ฐ๋„ ๋งบ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์€ โ€˜๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ์ฐจ ์‚ฌ๊ฑดโ€™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง์ ‘ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ•ด ใ€ˆ์ฐจ๋ฒ•ใ€‰์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์žฅ ํ•œ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋™์ธ๋„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ์„ ์Šต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ๋งŒ์— ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ The Sons of Liberty, ushistory.org The Sons of Liberty, u-s-history.com Sons of Liberty: Terrorists, Archiving Early America Albany Sons of Liberty Constitution Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, December 15, 1773 ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ํ˜๋ช… ๋ฏผ์กฑ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์šด๋™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons%20of%20Liberty
Sons of Liberty
The Sons of Liberty was a loosely organized, clandestine, sometimes violent, political organization active in the Thirteen American Colonies founded to advance the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. It played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765<ref>John Phillips Resch, ed., culture, and the homefront (MacMillan Reference Library, 2005) 1: 174โ€“75</ref> and throughout the entire period of the American Revolution. In popular thought, the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders. More likely, the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws. The well-known label allowed organizers to make or create anonymous summons to a Liberty Tree, "Liberty Pole", or other public meeting-place. Furthermore, a unifying name helped to promote inter-Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown's actions. Their motto became "No taxation without representation." History In 1765, the British government needed money to afford the 10,000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies, and intended that the colonists living there should contribute. The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists, and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes; they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative. This became commonly known as "No Taxation without Representation." Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament. The most incendiary tax was the Stamp Act of 1765, which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions (starting in the colony of Virginia), public demonstrations, threats, and occasional hurtful losses. The name is presumed to have been inspired by the phrase's use in a pro-American, anti-taxation speech in the House of Commons on February 6, 1765, by Irish MP Isaac Barrรฉ. The organization spread hour by hour, after independent starts in several different colonies. In August 1765, the group was founded in Boston, Massachusetts. A precursor of this group was the Loyal Nine. By November 6, a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies. In December, an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut. January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City, and by March, Providence had initiated connections with New York, New Hampshire, and Newport, Rhode Island. March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. In Boston, another example of violence could be found in their treatment of local stamp distributor Andrew Oliver. They burned his effigy in the streets. When he did not resign, they escalated to burning down his office building. Even after he resigned, they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson. It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities. Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear. To celebrate the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, the Sons of Liberty in Dedham, Massachusetts, erected the Pillar of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767. This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution. This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates. There was nothing "secret" about the Sons of Liberty in Boston: on August 14, 1769, they held a public rally in celebration of the 4th Anniversary of their founding. At 11 in the morning they gathered at the Liberty Tree in Boston where they gave speeches and made toasts; they then paraded to the Liberty Tree Tavern in nearby Dorchester, where they held a celebratory dinner of 300 members of the organization in a tent set up next to the tavern, where "Music played, and at proper Intervals Cannon were fired. [...] About Five o'Clock the Company left [the tavern] in a Procession that extended near a Mile and a half, and before Dark entered the City, went round the State House and retired each to his own House." At this time in the history of their organization they still considered themselves to be loyal subjects of the monarchy of Great Britain; when it came time at both events to give a round of toasts, the first toasts were to "The King, the Queen and the Royal Family"; only much later during the course of the Revolution did they begin to stridently oppose giving any support to the monarchy. The Bostonian branch of the Sons of Liberty were responsible for organizing and executing the famous Boston Tea Party of 1773 in response to the Tea Act. Early in the American Revolution, the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups, such as the Committee of Safety. New York "The association of the Sons of Liberty was organized in 1765, soon after the passage of the Stamp Act, and extended throughout the colonies, from Massachusetts to South Carolina. It appears that New York was the central post from which communications were dispatched, to and from the east and to the south as far as Maryland..." While the exact name "Sons of Liberty" may not have been taken up as their official moniker by the leaders of the New York opposition to the Stamp Act in 1765 - they were popularly known there around that time as "The Liberty Boys" - it appears that they were known to other "Sons of Liberty" organizations in other states by that name not long after that time. There is a letter written by the "Sons of Liberty" in Baltimore, Maryland, "to the Sons of Liberty in New York", dated 6 March 1766 in which the Baltimore "Sons" thanked their New York brethren for having forced Zacharias Hood, who had been appointed stamp-master for Maryland, into resigning his commission. Hood had arrived in New York on a ship from London, and as soon as his mission became known to The Liberty Boys of New York, they arranged for a meeting with him at which they reasoned with him in their own inimitable way and thus secured his "resignation." A list of New York members of the Sons of Liberty compiled by the Sons in Maryland, written on 1 March 1766, lists the following correspondents in the colony of New York: "New York [city] โ€” John Lamb, Isaac Sears, William Wiley, Edward Laight, Thomas Robinson, Flores Bancker, Charles Nicoll, Joseph Allicoke, and Gershom Mott. Jer. Van Rensselaer, Maynard Roseboom, Rob. Henry, and Thos. Young, Albany. John S. Hobart, Gilbert Potter, Thomas Brush, Cornelius Conklin, and Nathaniel Williams, Huntington, Long Island. George Townsend, Barack Sneething, Benjamin Townsend, George Weeks, Michael Weeks, and Rowland Chambers, Oyster Bay, Long Island." In December 1773, a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was "an enemy to the liberties of America" and that "whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with, or employ, or have any connection with him."After the end of the American Revolutionary War, Isaac Sears, Marinus Willet, and John Lamb revived in New York City the Sons of Liberty. In March 1784, they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1. The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists. In violation of the Treaty of Paris (1783), they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists. Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists, citing the supremacy of the treaty. Flags An original flag flown from the Liberty Tree is in the collection of Revolutionary Spaces in Boston at the Old State House. The flag is wool with nine vertical stripes, four white and five red. The owner of the flag post-Revolution, Samuel "Rat-Trap" Adams, claimed that the flag was used by the Sons of Liberty, although there is no contemporary documentation of a non-British striped flag used by the Sons of Liberty. A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by the Continental Navy and by American merchant ships during the war, although the two styles of flag do not appear to be related. Famous Sons of Liberty Boston Samuel Adams โ€“ political writer, tax collector, cousin of John Adams, fire warden. Founded the Sons Of Liberty Benjamin Church โ€“ first Surgeon-General of the United States Army and known traitor. Banished from Massachusetts in 1778. Benjamin Edes โ€“ journalist/publisher Boston Gazette Benjamin Kent โ€“ Attorney General John Hancock โ€“ merchant, smuggler, fire warden James Otis โ€“ lawyer, Massachusetts Paul Revere โ€“ silversmith, fire warden James Swan โ€“ financier Isaiah Thomas โ€“ printer, Boston then Worcester, first to read Declaration of Independence in Massachusetts Joseph Warren โ€“ doctor, soldier Thomas Young โ€“ doctor New York Joseph Allicocke โ€“ One of the leaders of the Sons, and possibly of African ancestry. John Lamb โ€“ trader Alexander McDougall โ€“ captain of privateers Hercules Mulligan โ€“ haberdasher, spy under George Washington for the Continental Army, friend of Alexander Hamilton Isaac Sears โ€“ captain of privateers Haym Salomon โ€“ financial broker, New York and Philadelphia Marinus Willett - militia officer, cabinet maker, student Other Benedict Arnold โ€“ businessman, later General in the Continental Army and then the British Army Timothy Bigelow โ€“ blacksmith, Worcester, Massachusetts John Brown โ€“ business leader of Providence, Rhode Island Samuel Chase โ€“ signer of the Declaration of Independence John Crane โ€“ carpenter, colonel in command of the 3rd Continental Artillery Regiment, Braintree, Massachusetts William Ellery โ€“ signer of the Declaration of Independence Christopher Gadsden โ€“ merchant, Charleston, South Carolina William Goddard (publisher) (1740-1817) โ€“ Co-founded US Post Office with Benjamin Franklin Patrick Henry โ€“ lawyer, Virginia Jedediah Huntington - General in the Continental Army William Paca โ€“ signer of the Declaration of Independence Charles Willson Peale โ€“ portrait painter and saddle maker, Annapolis, Maryland Matthew Phripp โ€“ merchant, chairman of the Norfolk committee of safety, prominent Freemason, and colonel of the militia. Norfolk, Virginia Benjamin Rush โ€“ physician, Philadelphia Charles Thomson โ€“ tutor, secretary, Philadelphia William Williams โ€“ signer of the Declaration of Independence Later societies At various times, small secret organizations took the name "Sons of Liberty". They generally left very few records. In the early 19th century, there was an organization in Bennington, Vermont, named the Sons of Liberty, that included local notables such as military officer Martin Scott and Hiram Harwood. The Improved Order of Red Men, established in 1834, claimed to be descended from the original Sons of Liberty, noting that the Sons participated in the Boston Tea Party dressed as their idea of "Indians". The name was also used during the American Civil War. The Copperhead group, the Knights of the Golden Circle, reorganized in 1863 as the "Order of American Knights". In 1864, it became the Order of the Sons of Liberty, with the Ohio politician Clement L. Vallandigham, most prominent of the Copperheads, as its supreme commander. In most areas, only a minority of its membership was radical enough to discourage enlistments, resist the draft, and shield deserters. The group held numerous peace meetings. A few agitators, some of them encouraged by Southern money, talked of a revolt in the Old Northwest, with the goal of ending the war. In 1864, both the KGC and the Order of the Sons of Liberty were prosecuted for treason by federal authotities, especially in Indiana. In 1948, a radical wing of the Zionist movement, calling itself the "Sons of Liberty", launched a boycott of British films in the U.S., in response to British policies in Palestine. See also Loyal Nine, precursor to the Sons of Liberty Daughters of Liberty Stamp Act Congress Patriot (American Revolution) Sons of Liberty (miniseries) Liberty Tree (Charleston) References Notes Further reading 18th century Sons Carson, Clayborne, Jake Miller, and James Miller. "Sons of Liberty." in Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States (2015): 276+ Dawson, Henry Barton. The Sons of Liberty in New York (1859) 118 pages; online edition Foner, Philip Sheldon. Labor and the American Revolution (1976) Westport, CN: Greenwood. 258 pages Labaree, Benjamin Woods. The Boston Tea Party (1964). Maier, Pauline. "Reason and Revolution: The Radicalism of Dr. Thomas Young," American Quarterly Vol. 28, No. 2, (Summer 1976), pp.ย 229โ€“249 in JSTOR , a Marxist interpretation Walsh, Richard. Charleston's Sons of Liberty: A Study of the Artisans, 1763โ€“1789 (1968) Warner, William B. Protocols of Liberty: Communication Innovation and the American Revolution (University of Chicago Press, 2013) Later groups Churchill, Robert. "Liberty, conscription, and a party divided-The Sons of Liberty conspiracy, 1863โ€“1864." Prologue-Quarterly of the National Archives 30#4 (1998): 294โ€“303. Rodgers, Thomas E. "Copperheads or a Respectable Minority: Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War-Era Democrats." Indiana Magazine of History'' 109#2 (2013): 114โ€“146. in JSTOR External links The Sons of Liberty, ushistory.org The Sons of Liberty, u-s-history.com Albany Sons of Liberty Constitution Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, December 15, 1773 1765 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies American Revolution National liberation movements New York (state) in the American Revolution Patriotic societies Patriots in the American Revolution Secret societies in the United States Tarring and feathering in the United States Samuel Adams John Hancock Patrick Henry Paul Revere
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์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ทœ์•ฝ
์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์˜์†์  ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์•ฝ()์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ 13 ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์šฐํ˜ธ ๋™๋งน์„ ์ •ํ•œ ์•ฝ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ๋น„์ค€ ์ด์ „ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ—Œ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์•ฝ๊ด€์€ 16๊ฐœ์›”์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ํ† ๋ก  ๋์—, ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ 1777๋…„ 11์›” 15์ผ์— ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์–ด 1781๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ 13์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Šน์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœํšจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ทœ์•ฝ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•ฝ๊ด€์€ ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ์˜์— ์™ธ๊ต, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 13๊ฐœ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚ด์ • ํ˜ผ๋ž€ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1787๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์ •๋˜์–ด 1790๋…„ 5์›” 29์ผ์— 13๊ฐœ ์ฃผ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์„ ๋น„์ค€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์€ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ทœ์•ฝ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ๋‹น์‹œ ์™•์‹ค๋ น ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์‹œ๋„๋Š” 1754๋…„ ์˜ฌ๋ฒ„๋‹ˆ ํšŒ์˜๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒค์ €๋ฏผ ํ”„๋žญํด๋ฆฐ์€ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 20๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ, ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠนํžˆ ์™•์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์‹ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋ถˆ๋ณต์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋ž€๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ์™•์‹ค์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฌด์žฅ ์ถฉ๋Œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1775๋…„, ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์•ž์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ, ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ž„์‹œ ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์„œํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜€๊ณ , ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋ฐ”๋นด์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ์ „๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์ •์น˜์ , ์™ธ๊ต์ , ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ œํ•œ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž„์‹œ ํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ „์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ• ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ณ€์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด์ค„ ์™ธ๊ตญ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1776๋…„ ์ดˆ, ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ํŽ˜์ธ์€ ใ€Š์ƒ์‹ใ€‹(Common Sense)์˜ ์ดˆํŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์Šตโ€์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ด๊ฐ•์ด ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์˜์ œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์„ ์–ธ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์™•๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์™•๊ตญ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์  ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ •์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์•ž์—์„œ ๋†“์—ฌ์ง„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์—ญ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ธ์€ โ€œ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ์–ธ์ด ์—†์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒ•์ •์˜ ๊ด€๋ก€๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋…๋ฆฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์ • 1773๋…„ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ์ฐจ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ›„ 13๊ฐœ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ๊ฒฐ์˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋…๋ฆฝ ํ›„์—๋„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™๋งน ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 13๊ฐœ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๊ตญ์— ์ €ํ•ญ ์šด๋™์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•ด์˜จ ์• ๊ตญํŒŒ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ 13๊ฐœ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์— ์ฆˆ์Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜๋Š” 1776๋…„ 7์›” 4์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์„ ์–ธ ์ฑ„ํƒ ์งํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 13๊ฐœ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋™๋งน์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ ์›์•ˆ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์€ ์กด ๋””ํ‚จ์Šจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1776๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ์— ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ดˆ์•ˆ์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด 1777๋…„ 11์›” 15์ผ์— ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ๋น„์ค€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 13 ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์— ์ƒ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1778๋…„ 2์›” 5์ผ์— ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„์ค€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 1781๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ์— ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„์ค€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์กฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํšจ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ค€๊นŒ์ง€ 3๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ† ์˜ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ์ด ์–ฝํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋•… ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์—…์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆํ‹€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ, ๋‰ด์ €์ง€, ๋ธ๋ผ์›จ์–ด ๋“ฑ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ† ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ด ๋•…์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์„ธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ท€์†์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋‰ด์š•, ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์˜ ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ๊ฐ• ์ด๋ถ์˜ ๋•…์˜ ์˜์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ์ด์–‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐ„์‹ ํžˆ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์€ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. (๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ 300๋งŒ ์—์ด์ปค์˜ ๋•…์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. "์„œ์ชฝ ํŠน๋ณ„ ๋ณด๋ฅ˜์ง€ "). ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํšจ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  1781๋…„ 3์›” 2์ผ์ด ์•ฝ๊ด€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒํ•œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์€ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ๋…๋ฆฝ, ์ž์œ , ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์˜๊ตฌ ๋™๋งน์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”, ์™ธ๊ต ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ตํ™˜, ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€์™ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ์˜์— ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์˜๊ฒฐ์€ ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด 1ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , 9ํ‘œ์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฒฐ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์ž‘์€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์กฑ ๋‹น์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•ด ์˜จ ์˜จ ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ 1ํ‘œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ์˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ, ์™ธ๊ต, ์ฃผํ™” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์€ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์—†์ด ๋Œ€์™ธ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌด์—ญ์„ ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋น„๊ตฐ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ๊ถŒํ•œ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๊ธˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์žฌ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์€ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ž…์›์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ต์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ๋„ ๋ฏธ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1776๋…„์—์„œ 1777๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํšŒ์˜์— ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์• ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์ž ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์• ๊ตญํŒŒ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์˜ํšŒ๋งŒ ์ธ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ์— ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜ (์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ์˜)์— ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์— ์™ธ๊ต๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ฌด์—ญ์„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•  ๋ฆฌ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜์— ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ 1780๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1777๋…„์—๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ ์‹ฌ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํฌ๋Š” 3๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜์— ์ˆ˜์ž… ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ง•์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ›„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ณผ 13์˜ ์กฐ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ช… ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 13์กฐ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š”๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ช…์นญ์„ "๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ"์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์šฐํ˜ธ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฏผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋™์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํšŒ์˜์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์˜์›์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋น„, ์™ธ๊ต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์œก๊ตฐ ์žฅ๊ต์˜ ์ž„๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ถŒํ•œ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ€์ž… ์ž๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ ๋ฐœํšจ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜์˜ ์ฑ„๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ช… ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž ์„œ๋ช…์ด ์ ํ˜€์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์€ 1777๋…„ 11์›” 15์ผ์— ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์–ด, ๋น„์ค€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์— ์†ก๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์— ์†ก๋ถ€๋œ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์—๋Š” ์„œ๋ช…์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์กฐํ•ฉ ํšŒ์˜ ์˜์žฅ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ๋กœ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์™€ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์˜ ์„œ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ†ฐ์Šจ์˜ ์„œ๋ช…๋งŒ์ด ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์—๋Š” ์ผ์ฒด์˜ ์„œ๋ช…์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋‚ ์งœ๋„ ๋น„์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ์˜๋Š” 1778๋…„ 6์›” 27์ผ์— ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์˜ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ๋ช… ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ(ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ์— ๋ณด๊ด€๋œ ๋ณต์ œ์—)์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ†ต๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1778๋…„ 7์›” 9์ผ ์„œ๋ช…์„ ๊ธฐ์ž…ํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋น„์ค€์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋‰ดํ–„ํ”„์…”, ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ , ๋กœ๋“œ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ, ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท, ๋‰ด์š•, ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ 8๊ฐœ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹จ์ด ์„œ๋ช…์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์™€ ์กฐ์ง€์•„ ๋‘ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋„ ๋น„์ค€์€ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹จ์ด ๋ถ€์žฌํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋‚  ์„œ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์ €์ง€, ๋ธ๋ผ์›จ์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ ์„ธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์€ ๋น„์ค€์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„œ๋ช…์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ›„ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹จ ์ค‘ ์กด ํŽœ ๋งŒ ๋จผ์ € ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 7์›” 10์ผ ๋‚ ์งœ์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹จ์€ 7์›” 21์ผ์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง€์•„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹จ์€ 7์›” 24์ผ์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹จ์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ์„œ๋ช…์„ ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. 8์›” 8์ผ์—๋Š” ๋‰ดํ–„ํ”„์…”์˜ ์กด ์›ฌํŠธ์›Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋ช…์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์„œ๋ช…์„ ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋น„์ค€์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์„ธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ค‘ ๋‰ด์ €์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ๋น„์ค€์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์—ฌ 11์›” 26์ผ์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ๋ธ๋ผ์›จ์–ด๋„ ๋น„์ค€์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์—ฌ, 1779๋…„ 2์›” 12์ผ์— ์„œ๋ช…์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์„œ๋ช…์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹จ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚ ์งœ๋Š” 1781๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„œ๋ช…์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท ๋กœ์ € ์…”๋จผ ์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ ์›”์ฝง ํ‹ฐํ„ฐ์Šค ํ˜ธ์Šค๋จธ ์•ค๋“œ๋ฃจ ์• ๋ค์Šค ๋ธ๋ผ์›จ์–ด ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ๋งฅํ€ธ ์กด ๋”•์Šจ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์Šค ๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ค์ดํฌ ์กฐ์ง€์•„ ์กด ์›”ํ„ด ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ํ…”ํŽ˜์–ด ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ๋žญ์›Œ๋”” ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ ์กด ํ•ธ์Šจ ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์–ผ ์บ๋Ÿด ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ๋งŒ ์กด ํ•ธ์ฝ• ์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ ์• ๋ค์Šค ์—˜๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ๋‹ค๋‚˜ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋กœ๋ฒจ ์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ ํ™€ํŠผ ๋‰ดํ–„ํ”„์…” ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„ ๋ฐ”ํ‹€๋ฆฟ ์กด ์›ํŠธ์›Œ์Šค ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด ๋‰ด์ €์ง€ ์กด ์œ„๋”์Šคํ‘ผ ๋„ˆ์ƒˆ๋‹ˆ์–ผ ์Šค์ฟ ๋” ๋‰ด์š• ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋“€์•ค ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋“€์–ด ๊ณ ๋ฒ ๋„ˆ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์กด ํŽœ ์ฝ”๋„ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ด์Šค ํ•˜๋„ท ์กด ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์–ผ ๋กœ๋ฒ„๋“€ ์กฐ๋„ˆ์„  ๋ฐ”์•ผ๋“œ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ํด๋ง๊ฑด ์กฐ์ง€ํ”„ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋กœ๋“œ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์—˜๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ๋จธ์ฒœํŠธ ์กด ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ๋กœ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ด ์กด ๋งค์Šˆ์Šค ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ํ—›์Šจ ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ํ•ด์ด์›Œ๋“œ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ๋ฆฌ ์กด ๋ฐฐ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ์• ๋ค์Šค ์กด ํ•˜๋น„ ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ๋ผ์ดํŠธํ’‹ ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ์ •๊ณผ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• 1786๋…„ 5์›”, ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ•‘ํฌ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•‘ํฌ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ •์€ ๊ตญ์™ธ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฌด์—ญ์— ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํšŒ์˜์— ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง•์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ์€ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒด์ œ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์— ์ œ์˜ํ•ด ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ ˆ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. [[1786๋…„ 9์›”, ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ถ€ ์„ธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ ์• ๋„ˆํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ ํ†ต์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ† ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.(์• ๋„ˆํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํšŒ์˜) ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ†ต์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒด์ œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์™€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด 1787๋…„ 5์›”์— ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฉด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฒฐ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์žฅ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ„ด์€ 1787๋…„ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด2์›” 21์ผ]]์— ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํšŒ์˜๋Š” โ€œ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •๋งŒ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹คโ€๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋ฅผ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1787๋…„ 5์›” 25์ผ์—์„œ 9์›” 17์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋กœ๋“œ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 12 ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์žฅ์€ ์กฐ์ง€ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์ด ์ด์˜์—†์ด ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 1787๋…„ 9์›” 17์ผ์— ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ์ • ์ตœ์ข…์•ˆ์ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์–ด ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ์˜์— ์†ก๋ถ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ์˜๋Š” 9์›” 28์ผ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์Šน์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์ค€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด 1788๋…„ 6์›” 21์ผ, ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์€ 9 ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋น„์ค€์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํšจํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 1790๋…„ 5์›” 29์ผ, 13๊ฐœ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์„ ๋น„์ค€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์€ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งˆ์ณค๋‹ค. ์˜์˜ 1777๋…„์— ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์€ ์ „๋…„์— ์ค€๋น„๋œ ์ดˆ์•ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ์„ํšŒ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ œ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ด ์„ ์–ธ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ํ˜๋ช… ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์€ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์„ ์ข…์ข… ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ถŒ๊ณ , ํ†ต๋ณด๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์ถ”์ง„ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋Š” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฏผ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •ํ†ต์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜์— ์˜์กดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜์— ์ •ํ†ต์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ • ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํšŒ์˜์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ ์‹ฌ์˜์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํšŒ์˜๋Š” 1785๋…„๊ณผ 1787๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์กฐ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1785๋…„์˜ ๊ณต์œ ์ง€ ์กฐ๋ก€๋Š” ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ† (์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ๊ฐ•, ์˜ค๋Œ€ํ˜ธ, ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ)์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์†Œ์œ ์ง€์˜ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ๊ณต์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ 1๋ฉด 6๋งˆ์ผ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ ์‹œ๊ตฐ๊ตฌ ๋ผ๋Š” ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ 1๋ฉด 1๋งˆ์ผ์˜ 36 ๊ตฌํš์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์…˜์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์  ๊ณต์œ ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 35 ๊ตฌํš์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ 1์—์ด์ปค ๋‹น 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋งค๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ํ•˜์— ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 1787๋…„์˜ ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€ ์กฐ๋ก€๋Š” ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ† ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„์‹œ ํ†ต์น˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€ ์กฐ๋ก€๋Š” ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— 3 ~ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์ค€์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 6๋งŒ ๋ช…์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ์ฃผ์™€ ๋Œ€๋“ฑํ•œ ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์กฐ๋ก€๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ ํ…์ŠคํŠธํŒ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทœ์•ฝ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตฌ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ทœ์•ฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž๋ฃŒ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ: 11์›” 15์ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์˜จ๋ผ์ธโ€”์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ทœ์•ฝ ํ”„๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ทœ์•ฝ ์˜ค๋””์˜ค ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ทœ์•ฝ, 4๊ถŒ ์ฑ•ํ„ฐ 45 (253 ํŽ˜์ด์ง€) of Conceived in Liberty by Murray Rothbard, in PDF ํ˜•์‹. ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผํŒ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ทœ์•ฝ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ œ์‚ฌ ํ—Œ์žฅ ํ์ง€๋œ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ฃผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ํšŒ์˜ 1777๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 1781๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 1777๋…„ ๋ฌธ์„œ 1781๋…„ ๋ฒ•
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles%20of%20Confederation
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was an agreement among the 13 states of the United States, formerly the Thirteen Colonies, that served as the nation's first frame of government. It was debated by the Second Continental Congress at Independence Hall in Philadelphia between July 1776 and November 1777, and finalized by the Congress on November 15, 1777. It came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 colonial states. A guiding principle of the Articles was the establishment and preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the states. The Articles consciously established a weak central government, affording it only those powers the former colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament. The document provided clearly written rules for how the states' league of friendship, known as the Perpetual Union, would be organized. While waiting for all states to ratify, the Congress observed the Articles as it conducted business, directing the war effort, conducting diplomacy with foreign states, addressing territorial issues and dealing with Native American relations. Little changed procedurally once the Articles of Confederation went into effect, as ratification did little more than constitutionalize what the Continental Congress had been doing. That body was renamed the Congress of the Confederation; but most Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress, since its organization remained the same. As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing U.S. states, its delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government (such as in assembling delegates, raising funds, and regulating commerce) rendered it ineffective at doing so. As the government's weaknesses became apparent, especially after Shays' Rebellion, some prominent political thinkers in the fledgling union began asking for changes to the Articles. Their hope was to create a stronger government. Initially, in September 1786, some states met to address interstate protectionist trade barriers between them. Shortly thereafter, as more states became interested in meeting to revise the Articles, a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. This became the Constitutional Convention. Delegates quickly agreed that the defects of the frame of government could not be remedied by altering the Articles, and so went beyond their mandate by replacing it with a new constitution. On March 4, 1789, the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution. The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive (the president), courts, and taxing powers. Background and context The political push to increase cooperation among the then-loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin's proposed Albany Plan, an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems. Over the next two decades, some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen; others would weaken, especially in the degree of loyalty (or lack thereof) owed the Crown. Civil disobedience resulted in coercive and quelling measures, such as the passage of what the colonials referred to as the Intolerable Acts in the British Parliament, and armed skirmishes which resulted in dissidents being proclaimed rebels. These actions eroded the number of Crown Loyalists (Tories) among the colonials and, together with the highly effective propaganda campaign of the Patriot leaders, caused an increasing number of colonists to begin agitating for independence from the mother country. In 1775, with events outpacing communications, the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government for the United Colonies. It was an era of constitution writingโ€”most states were busy at the taskโ€”and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution; a "rulebook" for how the new nation should function. During the war, Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political, diplomatic, military and economic authority. It adopted trade restrictions, established and maintained an army, issued fiat money, created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments. To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation, the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it. In early 1776, Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the "custom of nations" demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain. The monarchies of France and Spain, in particular, could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch. Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a "manifesto" which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners. Without such a declaration, Paine concluded, "[t]he custom of all courts is against us, and will be so, until, by an independence, we take rank with other nations." Beyond improving their existing association, the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations. On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent; at the same time, he also urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states. Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration, a model treaty, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the states' entry into the international system; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states; and the Articles of Confederation, which established "a firm league" among the thirteen free and independent states, constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs. Drafting On June 12, 1776, a day after appointing the Committee of Five to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence, the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 with one representative from each colony to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states. The committee was made up of the following individuals: John Dickinson (Pennsylvania, chairman of the committee) Samuel Adams (Massachusetts) Josiah Bartlett (New Hampshire) Button Gwinnett (Georgia) Joseph Hewes (North Carolina) Stephen Hopkins (Rhode Island) Robert R. Livingston (New York) Thomas McKean (Delaware) Thomas Nelson (Virginia) Edward Rutledge (South Carolina) Roger Sherman (Connecticut) Thomas Stone (Maryland) Francis Hopkinson (New Jersey, added to the committee last) The committee met frequently, and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12, 1776. Afterward, there were long debates on such issues as state sovereignty, the exact powers to be given to Congress, whether to have a judiciary, western land claims, and voting procedures. To further complicate work on the constitution, Congress was forced to leave Philadelphia twice, for Baltimore, Maryland, in the winter of 1776, and later for Lancaster then York, Pennsylvania, in the fall of 1777, to evade advancing British troops. Even so, the committee continued with its work. The final draft of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was completed on November 15, 1777. Consensus was achieved by including language guaranteeing that each state retained its sovereignty, leaving the matter of western land claims in the hands of the individual states, including language stating that votes in Congress would be en bloc by state, and establishing a unicameral legislature with limited and clearly delineated powers. Ratification The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in late November 1777. The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16, 1777; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779, 14 months into the process. The lone holdout, Maryland, refused to go along until the landed states, especially Virginia, had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union. It would be two years before the Maryland General Assembly became satisfied that the various states would follow through, and voted to ratify. During this time, Congress observed the Articles as its de facto frame of government. Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2, 1781. Congress was informed of Maryland's assent on March 1, and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land. The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates: Article summaries The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble, thirteen articles, a conclusion, and a signatory section. The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation's central government. Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress, which was empowered to make war and peace, negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries, and to resolve disputes between the states. The document also stipulates that its provisions "shall be inviolably observed by every state" and that "the Union shall be perpetual". Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles: Establishes the name of the confederation with these words: "The stile of this confederacy shall be 'The United States of America.'" Asserts the sovereignty of each state, except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government: "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated." Declares the purpose of the confederation: "The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever." Elaborates upon the intent "to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union," and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states, excluding "paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice." All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel. If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state, he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed. Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation (the "United States in Congress Assembled") to each state, which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members. Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures. No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years. Only the central government may declare war, or conduct foreign political or commercial relations. No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles, and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all. No states may form any sub-national groups. No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed. No state may wage war without permission of Congress, unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy, unless infested by pirates, but every State is required to keep ready, a well-trained, disciplined, and equipped militia. Whenever an army is raised for common defense, the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below. Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures, and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each. Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled. Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war; to exchange ambassadors; to enter into treaties and alliances, with some provisos; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water; to grant letters of marque and reprisal (documents authorizing privateers) in times of peace; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures, but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge; to set weights and measures (including coins), and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states. The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them. Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial. The court's decision is final. Congress shall regulate the post offices; appoint officers in the military; and regulate the armed forces. The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three-year term of the Congress. Congress may request requisitions (demands for payments or supplies) from the states in proportion with their population, or take credit. Congress may not declare war, enter into treaties and alliances, appropriate money, or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assenting. Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months. When Congress is in recess, any of the powers of Congress may be executed by "The committee of the states, or any nine of them", except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute. If Canada [referring to the British Province of Quebec] accedes to this confederation, it will be admitted. No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states. Affirms that the Confederation will honor all bills of credit incurred, monies borrowed, and debts contracted by Congress before the existence of the Articles. Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual, and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures. Congress under the Articles Army Under the Articles, Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the Continental Army, but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding. This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding, supplies, and even food. Further, although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers, as a tool to build a centralized war-making government, they were largely a failure; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote: Phelps wrote: The Continental Congress, before the Articles were approved, had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life. However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation, and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor. No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783โ€“84. General Henry Knox, who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution, blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army. The army had long been supportive of a strong union. Knox wrote: As Congress failed to act on the petitions, Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris, four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened, "As the present Constitution is so defective, why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so; that is, to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution." Once the war had been won, the Continental Army was largely disbanded. A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks. Meanwhile, each of the states had an army (or militia), and 11 of them had navies. The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met. In 1783, George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy, but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily. The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states. Any contributions were voluntary, and in the debates of 1788, the Federalists (who supported the proposed new Constitution) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally, and contributed when the Continental army protected their state's interests. The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs. Dougherty (2009) concludes that generally the States' behavior validated the Federalist analysis. This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms. Foreign policy The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended hostilities with Great Britain, languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a quorum so that it could be ratified. Afterward, the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance. Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time, causing difficulties in raising a quorum. The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists, including George Washington. Many of the most prominent national leaders, such as Washington, John Adams, John Hancock, and Benjamin Franklin, retired from public life, served as foreign delegates, or held office in state governments; and for the general public, local government and self-rule seemed quite satisfactory. This served to exacerbate Congress's impotence. Inherent weaknesses in the confederation's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy. In 1786, Thomas Jefferson, concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates, wrote in a diplomatic correspondence to James Monroe that, "It will be said there is no money in the treasury. There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth." Furthermore, the 1786 Jayโ€“Gardoqui Treaty with Spain also showed weakness in foreign policy. In this treaty, which was never ratified, the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years, which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains. Finally, due to the Confederation's military weakness, it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil โ€” forts which, in 1783, the British promised to leave, but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation. This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of Jay's Treaty in 1795 after the federal Constitution came into force. Taxation and commerce Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government's power was kept quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions but lacked enforcement powers. Implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures. Congress was denied any powers of taxation: it could only request money from the states. The states often failed to meet these requests in full, leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money. As more money was printed by Congress, the continental dollars depreciated. In 1779, George Washington wrote to John Jay, who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress, "that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions." Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45ย million from the States. In an appeal to the States to comply, Jay wrote that the taxes were "the price of liberty, the peace, and the safety of yourselves and posterity." He argued that Americans should avoid having it said "that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent" or that "her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith." The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them. Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and, as a result, all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies. The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War, and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War. Some States paid off their war debts and others did not. Federal assumption of the states' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention. Accomplishments Nevertheless, the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long-lasting impact. The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government, set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units, and set aside land in each township for public use. This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization, as in Europe, and it established the precedent by which the national (later, federal) government would be sovereign and expand westwardโ€”as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty. The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River. Frontier lands were surveyed into the now-familiar squares of land called the township (36 square miles), the section (one square mile), and the quarter section (160 acres). This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi (excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire). Then, when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867, the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler-farmers. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims, organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states. Although it did not happen under the articles, the land north of the Ohio River and west of the (present) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, eventually became the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and the part of Minnesota that is east of the Mississippi River. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery. New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states. No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec (referred to as "Canada" in the Articles) into the United States if it chose to do so. It did not, and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission. Additionally, ordinances to admit Frankland (later modified to Franklin), Kentucky, and Vermont to the Union were considered, but none were approved. Presidents of Congress Under the Articles of Confederation, the presiding officer of Congressโ€”referred to in many official records as President of the United States in Congress Assembledโ€”chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess, and performed other administrative functions. He was not, however, an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive, since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress. There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles. The first, Samuel Huntington, had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28, 1779. U.S. under the Articles The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure. The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation but granted to the Congressโ€”the only federal institutionโ€”little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced. There was no president, no executive agencies, no judiciary, and no tax base. The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states, which seldom arrived. Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast-growing nation together, they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue, as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control. By 1783, with the end of the British blockade, the new nation was regaining its prosperity. However, trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires. The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships. France and Spain established similar policies. Simultaneously, new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again. Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution. The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations (debts) incurred during the war, or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development, only aggravated a gloomy situation. In 1786โ€“87, Shays' Rebellion, an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system, threatened the stability of state government. The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency, spawning the expression "not worth a continental". Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States. Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784, although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone. When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States, he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce. Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty. Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress, or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain. Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws. Meanwhile, each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect. When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping, Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports. By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping. State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit. Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population. The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor. Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress. Hamilton led a group of like-minded nationalists, won Washington's endorsement, and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long-term crisis. Signatures The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15, 1777. A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress. On November 28, the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned, and the cover letter, dated November 17, had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson, who were the President and Secretary to the Congress. The Articles, however, were unsigned, and the date was blank. Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27, 1778. They ordered a final copy prepared (the one in the National Archives), and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification. On July 9, 1778, the prepared copy was ready. They dated it and began to sign. They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed. On that date, delegates present from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified. New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland could not, since their states had not ratified. North Carolina and Georgia also were unable to sign that day, since their delegations were absent. After the first signing, some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended. For example, John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8. John Penn was the first of North Carolina's delegates to arrive (on July 10), and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21, 1778. The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation. Georgia signed on July 24, New Jersey on November 26, and Delaware on February 12, 1779. Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims. Chevalier de La Luzerne, French Minister to the United States, felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government. In 1780, when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the Chesapeake Bay for protection from the British (who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay), he indicated that French Admiral Destouches would do what he could but La Luzerne also "sharply pressed" Maryland to ratify the Articles, thus suggesting the two issues were related. On February 2, 1781, the much-awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis. As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session, "among engrossed Bills" was "signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber, in the presence of the members of both Houses... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation" and perpetual union among the states. The Senate then adjourned "to the first Monday in August next." The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12. The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1, 1781, and was celebrated in the afternoon. With these events, the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state. Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half, and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years. Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates, and some of the signers had only recently arrived. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time. Signers The signers and the states they represented were: Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Massachusetts Bay John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr. New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Rhode Island and Providence Plantations William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr. Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee Roger Sherman (Connecticut) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the Continental Association, the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. Robert Morris (Pennsylvania) signed three of the great state papers of the United States: the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. John Dickinson (Delaware), Daniel Carroll (Maryland) and Gouverneur Morris (New York), along with Sherman and Robert Morris, were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution). Parchment pages Original parchment pages of the Articles of Confederation, National Archives and Records Administration. Revision and replacement In September 1786, delegates from five states met at what became known as the Annapolis Convention to discuss the need for reversing the protectionist interstate trade barriers that each state had erected. At its conclusion, delegates voted to invite all states to a larger convention to be held in Philadelphia in 1787. The Confederation Congress later endorsed this convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation". Although the states' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles, delegates held secret, closed-door sessions and wrote a new constitution. The new frame of government gave much more power to the central government, but characterization of the result is disputed. The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment, while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships. Historian Forrest McDonald, using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39, described the change this way: In May 1786, Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation. Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce, and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries. Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations, however, and Congress failed to reach a consensus. The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states, especially after Shays' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts. Historian Ralph Ketcham commented on the opinions of Patrick Henry, George Mason, and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution: Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787. Jillson and Wilson (1994) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms, rules and institutional structures of the Congress, and the propensity to divide along sectional lines. Rakove identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation. The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power. It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island. Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures "stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes, mustering men, and gathering supplies from a war-weary populace." The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783, especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy. Finally, the Confederation's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means, thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power. When the war ended in 1783, certain special interests had incentives to create a new "merchant state," much like the British state people had rebelled against. In particular, holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims. Also, manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods, but competition among states made this impossible without a central government. Legitimacy of closing down Two prominent political leaders in the Confederation, John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that "the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states, to which the states gave their voluntary consent, and until those obligations were fulfilled, neither nullification of the authority of congress, exercising its due powers, nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges." According to Article XIII of the Confederation, any alteration had to be approved unanimously: [T]he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State. On the other hand, Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states, without unanimity: The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time, and remains a topic of scholarly discussion. In 1788, James Madison remarked (in Federalist No. 40) that the issue had become moot: "As this objectionโ€ฆ has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention, I dismiss it without further observation." Nevertheless, it is a historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground. At the time, there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation, but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply. Moreover, the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding. Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it, and thus "other states-parties did not have to comply with the Articles' unanimous consent rule". In contrast, law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states, and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it. Final months On July 3, 1788, the Congress received New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution, thus, according to its terms, establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states. The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state. The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that, in light of this development, it would be "unadvisable" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so "under the Articles of Confederation" only, but not "under the Constitution". By the end of July 1788, 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution. Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October. On Saturday, September 13, 1788, the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution, and on Monday, September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states, set the first Wednesday in January 1789 for appointing electors, set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and vote for a new president, and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day "for commencing proceedings" under the new Constitution. On that same September 13, it determined that New York would remain the national capital. See also Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture Founding Fathers of the United States Journals of the Continental Congress History of the United States (1776โ€“1789) Libertarianism Perpetual Union Vetocracy Citations General and cited references (Collection published 1995.) External links Text version of the Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Articles of Confederation and related resources, Library of Congress Today in History: November 15, Library of Congress United States Constitution Onlineโ€”The Articles of Confederation Free Download of Articles of Confederation Audio Mobile friendly version of the Articles of Confederation 1777 in Pennsylvania 1777 in the United States 1781 in American law 1781 in the United States Defunct constitutions Documents of the American Revolution Federalism in the United States History of York County, Pennsylvania Legal history of the United States Ordinances of the Continental Congress Pennsylvania in the American Revolution Political charters United States documents York, Pennsylvania
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ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ
ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ()์€ ์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ผ€ํ†ค ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์•ŒํŒŒ ์ผ€ํ† ์‚ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ™”ํ•™์‹์€ CH3COCOOH์ด๋‹ค. ์ง์—ผ๊ธฐ์ธ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์—ผ(pyruvate, CH3COCOOโˆ’)์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์—์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ๋„๋‹น์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ(์˜ˆ: ํฌ๋„๋‹น)๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA์™€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ธ ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํšจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ –์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธํฌ์— ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•๋˜๋ฉด ์ –์‚ฐ ๋ฐœํšจ๋‚˜ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๋ฐœํšจ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™ 1834๋…„์— ํ…Œ์˜คํ•„ ์งˆ ํŽ ๋ฃจ์ฆˆ๋Š” ํƒ€ํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ(L-ํƒ€ํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ)๊ณผ ๋ผ์„ธ๋ฏธ์‚ฐ(D- ๋ฐ L-ํƒ€ํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ)์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผ๋กœํƒ€ํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ(๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ)์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์— ์˜Œ์Šค ์•ผ์ฝ”๋ธŒ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์…€๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํŠน์ง•์ง“๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ์•ก์ฒด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์„ž์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ํƒ€ํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์นผ๋ฅจ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ(์˜ˆ: ๊ณผ๋ง๊ฐ„์‚ฐ ์นผ๋ฅจ ๋˜๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฐฑ์ œ)์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœํ•„๋ Œ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝœ์˜ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์•ˆํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ ์—ผํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด์•ˆํ™” ์นผ๋ฅจ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์กฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. CH3COCl + KCN โ†’ CH3COCN + KCl CH3COCN โ†’ CH3COCOOH ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ์งˆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ 1๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์€ 2๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ(๋˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ(TCA) ํšŒ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ํฌ๋ ™์Šค ํšŒ๋กœ)๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋œ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ธ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ณด์ถฉ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ฅ์‚ด์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์‚ด์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์€ 1953๋…„์— ๋…ธ๋ฒจ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™ยท์˜ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์ž ํ•ธ์Šค ์• ๋Œํ”„ ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ธŒ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ๋ฆฌํ”„๋งŒ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ(TCA) ํšŒ๋กœ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ค‘์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•๋˜๋ฉด ์‚ฐ์€ ํ˜๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์–ด ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ –์‚ฐ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ(๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‰์–ด)์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์ –์‚ฐ ๋ฐœํšจ์—์„œ ์ –์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ –์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ๋ฐœํšจ์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•„์„ธํŠธ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ต์ฐจ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ธ ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ(PEP)์€ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฐœ์—ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์™€ ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์ด ์˜ฅ์‚ด์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA๋กœ์˜ ํƒˆ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™” ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ํƒˆ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์ด ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์‚ด์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™” ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์ด ์˜ฅ์‚ด์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์ด๋ฐ˜์‘ ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์ด ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ –์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํ™˜์› ์ –์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ํ™˜์›๋˜์–ด ์ –์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฉ๋„ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์ฒด์ค‘ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณด์ถฉ์ œ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ„์•ฝ(ํ”Œ๋ผ์‹œ๋ณด)์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์ด ์ฒด์ค‘๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ ์ธ ์•ฝ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„ค์‚ฌ, ๋ถ€๊ธฐ(bloating), ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง€์งˆ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ(LDL) ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋“ค์€ ์ฒด์ค‘ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์ด NADH ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ž๊ทน์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด ์™ธ(in vitro) ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด(in vivo) ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Pyruvic acid mass spectrum ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์„ธํฌ ํ˜ธํก ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž ์šด๋™์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์•ŒํŒŒ-์ผ€ํ† ์‚ฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvic%20acid
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid (IUPAC name: 2-oxopropanoic acid, also called acetoic acid) (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group. Pyruvate, the conjugate base, CH3COCOOโˆ’, is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell. Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or converted to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA. It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine and can be converted into ethanol or lactic acid via fermentation. Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration), and alternatively ferments to produce lactate when oxygen is lacking. Chemistry In 1834, Thรฉophile-Jules Pelouze distilled tartaric acid and isolated glutaric acid and another unknown organic acid. Jรถns Jacob Berzelius characterized this other acid the following year and named pyruvic acid because it was distilled using heat. The correct molecular structure was deduced by the 1870s. Pyruvic acid is a colorless liquid with a smell similar to that of acetic acid and is miscible with water. In the laboratory, pyruvic acid may be prepared by heating a mixture of tartaric acid and potassium hydrogen sulfate, by the oxidation of propylene glycol by a strong oxidizer (e.g., potassium permanganate or bleach), or by the hydrolysis of acetyl cyanide, formed by reaction of acetyl chloride with potassium cyanide: CH3COCl + KCN โ†’ CH3COCN + KCl CH3COCN โ†’ CH3COCOOH Biochemistry Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, which is the main input for a series of reactions known as the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle). Pyruvate is also converted to oxaloacetate by an anaplerotic reaction, which replenishes Krebs cycle intermediates; also, the oxaloacetate is used for gluconeogenesis. These reactions are named after Hans Adolf Krebs, the biochemist awarded the 1953 Nobel Prize for physiology, jointly with Fritz Lipmann, for research into metabolic processes. The cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, because citric acid is one of the intermediate compounds formed during the reactions. If insufficient oxygen is available, the acid is broken down anaerobically, creating lactate in animals and ethanol in plants and microorganisms (and carp). Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted by fermentation to lactate using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and the coenzyme NADH in lactate fermentation, or to acetaldehyde (with the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase) and then to ethanol in alcoholic fermentation. Pyruvate is a key intersection in the network of metabolic pathways. Pyruvate can be converted into carbohydrates via gluconeogenesis, to fatty acids or energy through acetyl-CoA, to the amino acid alanine, and to ethanol. Therefore, it unites several key metabolic processes. Pyruvic acid production by glycolysis In the last step of glycolysis, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase. This reaction is strongly exergonic and irreversible; in gluconeogenesis, it takes two enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase, to catalyze the reverse transformation of pyruvate to PEP. Pyruvate molecules Decarboxylation to acetyl CoA Pyruvate decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex produces acetyl-CoA. Carboxylation to oxaloacetate Carboxylation by pyruvate carboxylase produces oxaloacetate. Transamination to alanine Transamination by alanine transaminase produces alanine. Reduction to lactate Reduction by lactate dehydrogenase produces lactate. Environmental chemistry Pyruvic acid is an abundant carboxylic acid in secondary organic aerosols. Uses Pyruvate is sold as a weight-loss supplement, though credible science has yet to back this claim. A systematic review of six trials found a statistically significant difference in body weight with pyruvate compared to placebo. However, all of the trials had methodological weaknesses and the magnitude of the effect was small. The review also identified adverse events associated with pyruvate such as diarrhea, bloating, gas, and increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The authors concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support the use of pyruvate for weight loss. There is also in vitro as well as in vivo evidence in hearts that pyruvate improves metabolism by NADH production stimulation and increases cardiac function. See also Pyruvate scale Notes References External links Pyruvic acid mass spectrum Alpha-keto acids Cellular respiration Exercise physiology Metabolism Glycolysis
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9%EC%8B%A0%EC%83%9D%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1
ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ
ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ(่‘ก่„็ณ–ๆ–ฐ็”Ÿๅˆๆˆ, , GNG)์€ ํŠน์ • ๋น„ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ, ๋™๋ฌผ, ๊ท ๋ฅ˜, ์„ธ๊ท  ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฝฉํŒฅ ๊ฒ‰์งˆ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น(์ €ํ˜ˆ๋‹น์ฆ)์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์   ๋ถ„ํ•ด) ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹์ด์„ฑ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ์‹, ์ €ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์‹์ด, ์šด๋™ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹จ์‹, ๊ธฐ์•„, ์ €ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์‹์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์€ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์ƒ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ(์ผ€ํ†ค์ฒด์ƒ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์€ ์•„๋‹˜), ์ง€์งˆ(ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€)์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋กค, ํ™€์ˆ˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ(์ง์ˆ˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์€ ์•„๋‹˜, ์•„๋ž˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ), ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ –์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹จ์‹ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ผ€ํ†ค์ฒด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์•„์„ธํ†ค์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฝฉํŒฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹จ์‹์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ATP ๋˜๋Š” GTP์˜ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด์™€ ์ง์„ ์ง€์–ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งค์šฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํก์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 4๋ถ„์ž์˜ ATP์™€ 2๋ถ„์ž์˜ GTP๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ATP๋Š” ฮฒ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ์ –์‚ฐ, ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋กค(ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„), ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ ๋ฐ ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ „์ฒด ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ 90% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์ƒ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ๋“ค(์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด)๋„ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœํ”ผ์˜จ์‚ฐ์€ ์ฃผ์š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ˜์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœํ”ผ์˜จ์‚ฐ์€ ํ™€์ˆ˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ง€์‚ฌ์Šฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์˜ ฮฒ ์‚ฐํ™”์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ –์‚ฐ์€ ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์šด๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด ์ –์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ ํšŒ๋กœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ธ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํƒˆ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธํ™”๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ(ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ) ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ –์‚ฐ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ํฌ๋„๋‹น ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 12์‹œ๊ฐ„, 20์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ 40์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์‹ ํ›„ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ –์‚ฐ์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 41%, 71% ๋ฐ 92%์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์ง์ˆ˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์ด ํฌ๋„๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™€์ˆ˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์€ ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA ๋ฐ ํ”„๋กœํ”ผ์˜ค๋‹-CoA๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ”„๋กœํ”ผ์˜ค๋‹-CoA๋Š” ์„์‹œ๋‹-CoA์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„์‹œ๋‹-CoA๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์–ด ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ˆ˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์€ ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA๋งŒ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด 4ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‹ค์ด์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ง์‚ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ์™€ ์•„์ด์†Œ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜, ์‹๋ฌผ, ์„ธ๊ท ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ ํšจ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง์‚ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ๋งŒ์„ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž(์•„์ด์†Œ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹˜)๋Š” ์ ˆ์ง€๋™๋ฌผ, ๊ทนํ”ผ๋™๋ฌผ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง์‚ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณต๋ฅ˜(์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ)์™€ ์œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜(์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฅ)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํƒœ๋ฐ˜ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์†Œ-14(14C)๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋  ๋•Œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ ํ‘œ์ง€ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์ƒ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ตํ™˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ ํ’€์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์ƒ์„ฑ์„ฑ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์˜ ์‚ฐํ™”๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ 2ํƒ„์†Œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ธ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ์ˆœ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ€ํ†ค์ฆ์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA๋Š” ์•„์„ธํ†ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ผ€ํ†ค์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์•ฝ 60%์˜ ์•„์„ธํ†ค์ด ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด์ธ ์•„์„ธํ†จ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์ผ€ํ†ค์ฒด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์•„ ๋™์•ˆ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 11%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ดํ™”์ž‘์šฉ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ATP ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์น˜ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ„, ์ฝฉํŒฅ, ์žฅ, ๋ฐ ๊ทผ์œก์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์ ธ ์™”์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ์„ฑ์ƒ๊ต์„ธํฌ์—์„œ๋„ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์€ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ –์‚ฐ, ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋กค, ํฌ๋„๋‹น์ƒ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ(ํŠนํžˆ ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฝฉํŒฅ์€ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ –์‚ฐ, ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ, ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋กค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ –์‚ฐ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ฝฉํŒฅ์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์   ๋ถ„ํ•ด์™€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ฝฉํŒฅ์€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹์‚ฌ ํ›„ ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์   ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ณ  ์ฝฉํŒฅ์€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋กค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํ”ผ์˜จ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฐ˜์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ„์€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์ƒ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ(์˜ˆ: ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ)์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ –์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋ ฅ์€ ์†ก์•„์ง€์™€ ์–‘์—์„œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ถ” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ถ” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–‘์˜ ์ฝฉํŒฅ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœํ”ผ์˜จ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์œจ์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ข…์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์„ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์„ ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด‰๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์ธ ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์— ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ง‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก์€ ์ „์šฉ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด์— ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ง์‚ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์–ด ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€๊ณ  ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ 11๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ์†Œ ์ด‰๋งค ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฝฉํŒฅ์—์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์˜ ํƒˆ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋˜ํ•œ 1๋ถ„์ž์˜ ATP๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰๋งค๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA(๊ฐ„์—์„œ ฮฒ ์‚ฐํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋จ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰์ง„๋˜๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ADP์™€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ต์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ NADH๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ง์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์›๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ง์‚ฐ์€ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ NAD+๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์‚ด๋กœ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์€ ํƒˆ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋™์•ˆ GTP๋Š” GDP๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ๋‹น 1,6-์ด์ค‘์ธ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๋‹น 1,6-์ด์ค‘์ธ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ณผ๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ 1๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  1๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํฌ์Šคํฌํ”„๋Ÿญํ† ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค-1์€ ๊ณผ๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ATP๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋‹น 1,6-์ด์ค‘์ธ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ADP๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์†๋„ ์ œํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ํฌ์Šคํฌํ—ฅ์†Œ์Šค ์ด์„ฑ์งˆํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณผ๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค(ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘). ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํƒˆ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ํฌ๋„๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์€ ์„ธํฌ ์•ˆํŒŽ์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ(ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ)์€ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์†Œํฌ์ฒด์˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ•์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์–ด ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ธ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ๋‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ—ฅ์†Œํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น๊ณผ ATP๋ฅผ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ADP๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด‰๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์€ ์†Œํฌ์ฒด ๋ง‰์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ธํฌ์งˆ๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ ˆ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐ˜์‘์†๋„๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ—ฅ์†Œํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค/๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค, ํฌ์Šคํฌํ”„๋Ÿญํ† ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค-1 ๋ฐ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ, ๊ณผ๋‹น 1,6-์ด์ค‘์ธ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ ๋ฐ ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค/ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA์™€ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ํšจ์†Œ์ธ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”ํšจ์†Œ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ๋‹น 1,6-์ด์ค‘์ธ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํšจ์†Œ์ธ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ , ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ญ๋น„ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ –์‚ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋Š” 86๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์šฐํšŒํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์€ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์™€ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ์˜ ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์งˆํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์†๋„๋Š” ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ํšจ์†Œ์ธ ๊ณผ๋‹น 1,6-์ด์ค‘์ธ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ cAMP์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์นด๊ณค(ํ˜ˆ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‚ฎ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋จ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์นด๊ณค์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค A(cAMP ์กฐ์ ˆ ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค)์— ์˜ํ•œ ํšจ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์นด๊ณค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธธํ•ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์€ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์นด๊ณค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํฌ์Šคํฌ์—”์˜ฌํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ œ์ธ ๋ฉ”ํŠธํฌ๋ฅด๋ฏผ์€ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์–ต์ œ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜ˆ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ณต ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๋†๋„์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์  ์œ ๋„๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์นด๊ณค, ๋‹น์งˆ ์ฝ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์ฝ”์ด๋“œ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ˜ˆ์ฆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋™๋˜๋Š” ์ฝฉํŒฅ๊ณผ ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ FOX ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ FOXO6์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ณต ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์€ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์„ญ์ทจ์‹œ FOXO6์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์€ FOXO6์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•ด๋„ ๊ณ„์† ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น(๊ณ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น์ฆ)์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฑ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ œ์ธ ๋ฉ”ํŠธํฌ๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ํ‘œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ƒ์ฒด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ํ•™ ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ • ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์‚ฐํ™” ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Overview at indstate.edu Interactive diagram at uakron.edu The chemical logic behind gluconeogenesis metpath: Interactive representation of gluconeogenesis ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋‹น์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ์šด๋™์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ฐ„์žฅํ•™ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. It is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. It is one of two primary mechanisms โ€“ the other being degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis) โ€“ used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood sugar levels, avoiding low levels (hypoglycemia). In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc. In many other animals, the process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense exercise. In humans, substrates for gluconeogenesis may come from any non-carbohydrate sources that can be converted to pyruvate or intermediates of glycolysis (see figure). For the breakdown of proteins, these substrates include glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol, odd-chain fatty acids (although not even-chain fatty acids, see below); and from other parts of metabolism that includes lactate from the Cori cycle. Under conditions of prolonged fasting, acetone derived from ketone bodies can also serve as a substrate, providing a pathway from fatty acids to glucose. Although most gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver, the relative contribution of gluconeogenesis by the kidney is increased in diabetes and prolonged fasting. The gluconeogenesis pathway is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP, effectively making the process exergonic. For example, the pathway leading from pyruvate to glucose-6-phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP to proceed spontaneously. These ATPs are supplied from fatty acid catabolism via beta oxidation. Precursors In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate, glycerol (which is a part of the triglyceride molecule), alanine and glutamine. Altogether, they account for over 90% of the overall gluconeogenesis. Other glucogenic amino acids and all citric acid cycle intermediates (through conversion to oxaloacetate) can also function as substrates for gluconeogenesis. Generally, human consumption of gluconeogenic substrates in food does not result in increased gluconeogenesis. In ruminants, propionate is the principal gluconeogenic substrate. In nonruminants, including human beings, propionate arises from the ฮฒ-oxidation of odd-chain and branched-chain fatty acids, and is a (relatively minor) substrate for gluconeogenesis. Lactate is transported back to the liver where it is converted into pyruvate by the Cori cycle using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate, the first designated substrate of the gluconeogenic pathway, can then be used to generate glucose. Transamination or deamination of amino acids facilitates entering of their carbon skeleton into the cycle directly (as pyruvate or oxaloacetate), or indirectly via the citric acid cycle. The contribution of Cori cycle lactate to overall glucose production increases with fasting duration. Specifically, after 12, 20, and 40 hours of fasting by human volunteers, the contribution of Cori cycle lactate to gluconeogenesis was 41%, 71%, and 92%, respectively. Whether even-chain fatty acids can be converted into glucose in animals has been a longstanding question in biochemistry. Odd-chain fatty acids can be oxidized to yield acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA, the latter serving as a precursor to succinyl-CoA, which can be converted to oxaloacetate and enter into gluconeogenesis. In contrast, even-chain fatty acids are oxidized to yield only acetyl-CoA, whose entry into gluconeogenesis requires the presence of a glyoxylate cycle (also known as glyoxylate shunt) to produce four-carbon dicarboxylic acid precursors. The glyoxylate shunt comprises two enzymes, malate synthase and isocitrate lyase, and is present in fungi, plants, and bacteria. Despite some reports of glyoxylate shunt enzymatic activities detected in animal tissues, genes encoding both enzymatic functions have only been found in nematodes, in which they exist as a single bi-functional enzyme. Genes coding for malate synthase alone (but not isocitrate lyase) have been identified in other animals including arthropods, echinoderms, and even some vertebrates. Mammals found to possess the malate synthase gene include monotremes (platypus) and marsupials (opossum), but not placental mammals. The existence of the glyoxylate cycle in humans has not been established, and it is widely held that fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose in humans directly. Carbon-14 has been shown to end up in glucose when it is supplied in fatty acids, but this can be expected from the incorporation of labelled atoms derived from acetyl-CoA into citric acid cycle intermediates which are interchangeable with those derived from other physiological sources, such as glucogenic amino acids. In the absence of other glucogenic sources, the 2-carbon acetyl-CoA derived from the oxidation of fatty acids cannot produce a net yield of glucose via the citric acid cycle, since an equivalent two carbon atoms are released as carbon dioxide during the cycle. During ketosis, however, acetyl-CoA from fatty acids yields ketone bodies, including acetone, and up to ~60% of acetone may be oxidized in the liver to the pyruvate precursors acetol and methylglyoxal. Thus ketone bodies derived from fatty acids could account for up to 11% of gluconeogenesis during starvation. Catabolism of fatty acids also produces energy in the form of ATP that is necessary for the gluconeogenesis pathway. Location In mammals, gluconeogenesis has been believed to be restricted to the liver, the kidney, the intestine, and muscle, but recent evidence indicates gluconeogenesis occurring in astrocytes of the brain. These organs use somewhat different gluconeogenic precursors. The liver preferentially uses lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids (especially alanine) while the kidney preferentially uses lactate, glutamine and glycerol. Lactate from the Cori cycle is quantitatively the largest source of substrate for gluconeogenesis, especially for the kidney. The liver uses both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to produce glucose, whereas the kidney only uses gluconeogenesis. After a meal, the liver shifts to glycogen synthesis, whereas the kidney increases gluconeogenesis. The intestine uses mostly glutamine and glycerol. Propionate is the principal substrate for gluconeogenesis in the ruminant liver, and the ruminant liver may make increased use of gluconeogenic amino acids (e.g., alanine) when glucose demand is increased. The capacity of liver cells to use lactate for gluconeogenesis declines from the preruminant stage to the ruminant stage in calves and lambs. In sheep kidney tissue, very high rates of gluconeogenesis from propionate have been observed. In all species, the formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate and TCA cycle intermediates is restricted to the mitochondrion, and the enzymes that convert Phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) to glucose-6-phosphate are found in the cytosol. The location of the enzyme that links these two parts of gluconeogenesis by converting oxaloacetate to PEP โ€“ PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK) โ€“ is variable by species: it can be found entirely within the mitochondria, entirely within the cytosol, or dispersed evenly between the two, as it is in humans. Transport of PEP across the mitochondrial membrane is accomplished by dedicated transport proteins; however no such proteins exist for oxaloacetate. Therefore, in species that lack intra-mitochondrial PEPCK, oxaloacetate must be converted into malate or aspartate, exported from the mitochondrion, and converted back into oxaloacetate in order to allow gluconeogenesis to continue. Pathway Gluconeogenesis is a pathway consisting of a series of eleven enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The pathway will begin in either the liver or kidney, in the mitochondria or cytoplasm of those cells, this being dependent on the substrate being used. Many of the reactions are the reverse of steps found in glycolysis. Gluconeogenesis begins in the mitochondria with the formation of oxaloacetate by the carboxylation of pyruvate. This reaction also requires one molecule of ATP, and is catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase. This enzyme is stimulated by high levels of acetyl-CoA (produced in ฮฒ-oxidation in the liver) and inhibited by high levels of ADP and glucose. Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate using NADH, a step required for its transportation out of the mitochondria. Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate using NAD+ in the cytosol, where the remaining steps of gluconeogenesis take place. Oxaloacetate is decarboxylated and then phosphorylated to form phosphoenolpyruvate using the enzyme PEPCK. A molecule of GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP during this reaction. The next steps in the reaction are the same as reversed glycolysis. However, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase converts fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, using one water molecule and releasing one phosphate (in glycolysis, phosphofructokinase 1 converts F6P and ATP to F1,6BP and ADP). This is also the rate-limiting step of gluconeogenesis. Glucose-6-phosphate is formed from fructose 6-phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase (the reverse of step 2 in glycolysis). Glucose-6-phosphate can be used in other metabolic pathways or dephosphorylated to free glucose. Whereas free glucose can easily diffuse in and out of the cell, the phosphorylated form (glucose-6-phosphate) is locked in the cell, a mechanism by which intracellular glucose levels are controlled by cells. The final gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose, occurs in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, where glucose-6-phosphate is hydrolyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase to produce glucose and release an inorganic phosphate. Like two steps prior, this step is not a simple reversal of glycolysis, in which hexokinase catalyzes the conversion of glucose and ATP into G6P and ADP. Glucose is shuttled into the cytoplasm by glucose transporters located in the endoplasmic reticulum's membrane. Regulation While most steps in gluconeogenesis are the reverse of those found in glycolysis, three regulated and strongly endergonic reactions are replaced with more kinetically favorable reactions. Hexokinase/glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase enzymes of glycolysis are replaced with glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and PEP carboxykinase/pyruvate carboxylase. These enzymes are typically regulated by similar molecules, but with opposite results. For example, acetyl CoA and citrate activate gluconeogenesis enzymes (pyruvate carboxylase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, respectively), while at the same time inhibiting the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase. This system of reciprocal control allow glycolysis and gluconeogenesis to inhibit each other and prevents a futile cycle of synthesizing glucose to only break it down. Pyruvate kinase can be also bypassed by 86 pathways not related to gluconeogenesis, for the purpose of forming pyruvate and subsequently lactate; some of these pathways use carbon atoms originated from glucose. The majority of the enzymes responsible for gluconeogenesis are found in the cytosol; the exceptions are mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase and, in animals, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The latter exists as an isozyme located in both the mitochondrion and the cytosol. The rate of gluconeogenesis is ultimately controlled by the action of a key enzyme, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, which is also regulated through signal transduction by cAMP and its phosphorylation. Global control of gluconeogenesis is mediated by glucagon (released when blood glucose is low); it triggers phosphorylation of enzymes and regulatory proteins by Protein Kinase A (a cyclic AMP regulated kinase) resulting in inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of gluconeogenesis. Insulin counteracts glucagon by inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Type 2 diabetes is marked by excess glucagon and insulin resistance from the body. Insulin can no longer inhibit the gene expression of enzymes such as PEPCK which leads to increased levels of hyperglycemia in the body. The anti-diabetic drug metformin reduces blood glucose primarily through inhibition of gluconeogenesis, overcoming the failure of insulin to inhibit gluconeogenesis due to insulin resistance. Studies have shown that the absence of hepatic glucose production has no major effect on the control of fasting plasma glucose concentration. Compensatory induction of gluconeogenesis occurs in the kidneys and intestine, driven by glucagon, glucocorticoids, and acidosis. Insulin resistance In the liver, the FOX protein FOXO6 normally promotes gluconeogenesis in the fasted state, but insulin blocks FOXO6 upon feeding. In a condition of insulin resistance, insulin fails to block FOXO6 resulting in continued gluconeogenesis even upon feeding, resulting in high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Insulin resistance is a common feature of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. For this reason gluconeogenesis is a target of therapy for type 2 diabetes, such as the antidiabetic drug metformin, which inhibits gluconeogenic glucose formation, and stimulates glucose uptake by cells. Origins Gluconeogenesis is considered one of the most ancient anabolic pathways and is likely to have been exhibited in the last universal common ancestor. Rafael F. Say and Georg Fuchs stated in 2010 that "all archaeal groups as well as the deeply branching bacterial lineages contain a bifunctional fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase/phosphatase with both FBP aldolase and FBP phosphatase activity. This enzyme is missing in most other Bacteria and in Eukaryota, and is heat-stabile even in mesophilic marine Crenarchaeota". It is proposed that fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase was an ancestral gluconeogenic enzyme and had preceded glycolysis. But the chemical mechanisms between gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, whether it is anabolic or catabolic, are similar, suggesting they both originated at the same time. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is shown to be nonenzymatically synthesized continuously within a freezing solution. The synthesis is accelerated in the presence of amino acids such as glycine and lysine implying that the first anabolic enzymes were amino acids. The prebiotic reactions in gluconeogenesis can also proceed nonenzymatically at dehydration-desiccation cycles. Such chemistry could have occurred in hydrothermal environments, including temperature gradients and cycling of freezing and thawing. Mineral surfaces might have played a role in the phosphorylation of metabolic intermediates from gluconeogenesis and have to been shown to produce tetrose, hexose phosphates, and pentose from formaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, and glycolaldehyde. See also Bioenergetics References External links Overview at indstate.edu Interactive diagram at uakron.edu The chemical logic behind gluconeogenesis metpath: Interactive representation of gluconeogenesis Metabolism Biochemistry Metabolic pathways Carbohydrates Glycobiology Exercise physiology Hepatology Diabetes
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์ฒด์Šค ์šฉ์–ด ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ฒด์Šค ์šฉ์–ด ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹ * ์šฉ์–ด(terminology) ์šฉ์–ด ์„ค๋ช… ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐฌ๋น—(Gambit) ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์Šค์ฝ”์–ด(Game score) ์Šค์ฝ”์–ด ์‹œํŠธ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ(GM,Grandmaster) ๊ตญ์ œ ์ฒด์Šค ์—ฐ๋งน์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒด์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ ์นญํ˜ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฟ ๋น„์ˆ(Good bishop) ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€(Grandmaster draw) ๊ทธ๋ฆญ ๊ธฐํ”„ํŠธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฆฌํŒŒ์ด์Šค(Greek gift sacrifice) ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ(Knight) ํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ํฐ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ํŒŒ์ผ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํฐ ๋…ธ์—„(Norm) ๋…ธ๋ฒจํ‹ฐ(Novelty) ๋‹ค ๋‹คํฌ ์Šคํ€˜์–ด(Dark squares) ๋‹คํฌ-์Šคํ€˜์–ด ๋น„์ˆ(Dark-square bishop) ๋ฐ๋“œ ๋“œ๋กœ์šฐ(Dead draw) ๋””ํŽœ์Šค(Defence) ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ‰ํŠธ(Deflect) ๋ฐ๋ชฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ณด๋“œ(Demonstration board) ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋…ธํ…Œ์ด์…˜(Descriptive notation) ๋””์ฝ”์ด(Decoy) ๋ฐ์ŠคํŽ˜๋ผ๋„ ๋””์Šค์ปค๋ฒ„๋“œ ์–ดํƒ(Discovered attack) ๋””์Šค์ปค๋ฒ„๋“œ ์ฒดํฌ(Discovered check) ๋””๋ฒจ๋กญ(develop) ๋‹ค์ด์• ๊ฑฐ๋„(Diagonal) ๋„๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์…˜(Domination) ๋”๋ธ” ์–ดํƒ(Double attack) ๋”๋ธ” ์ฒดํฌ(Double check) ๋”๋ธ”๋“œ ํฐ(Doubled pawns) ๋”๋ธ”๋“œ ๋ฃฉ(Doubled rooks) ๋“œ๋กœ์šฐ(Draw) ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ๋ผ์ธ(Drawing line) ๋“œ๋ ˆ์œ„์‹œ(Drawish) ๋“œ๋กœ์šฐ ์˜ค์ฆˆ(Draw odds) ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ์›จํฐ(Drawing weapon) ๋”ํผ(Duffer) ๋‹ค์ด๋„ˆ๋ฏธ์ฆ˜(Dynamism) ๋ผ ๋žญํ‚น ๋น„์ˆ(Raking bishops) ๋ฃฉ(Rook) ๋žญํฌ(Rank) ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์ธ(Resign) ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋“œ ์ฒด์Šค(Rapid chess) ๋ฆฌํ“จํŠธ(Refute) ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ ์Šคํ€˜์–ด(Related squares) ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•€(Relative pin) ๋ฆฌ์ €๋ธŒ ํ…œํฌ(Reserve tempo) ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฒด์Šค(Romantic chess) ๋ฃฉ ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ(Rook lift) ๋ฃฉ ํฐ(Rook pawn) ๋ฃฉ ํŒŒ์ผ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํฐ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ-๋กœ๋นˆ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ(Round-robin tournament) ๋กœ์—ด ํฌํฌ(Royal fork) ๋กœ์—ด ํ”ผ์Šค(Royal pieces) ๋กœ์Šค ์˜คํ”„ ์ฒด์Šค(Laws of Chess) ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋‹ ์ฒด์Šค(Lightning chess) ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ์Šคํ€˜์–ด(Light squares) ๋ผ์ดํŠธ-์Šคํ€˜์–ด ๋น„์ˆ(Light-square bishop) ๋ผ์ธ(Line) ๋ฆฌํ€ด๋ฐ์ด์…˜(Liquidation) ๋กฑ ๋‹ค์ด์• ๊ฑฐ๋„(Long diagonal) ๋กฑ-๋ ˆ์ธ์ง€ ํ”ผ์Šค(Long-range piece) ๋กœ์Šค(Loss) ๋ฃจ์„ธ๋‚˜ ํฌ์ง€์…˜(Lucena position) ๋ฃจํ”„ํŠธ(Luft) ๋งˆ ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ(Mate) ์ฒดํฌ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ๋ฏธ๋“ค๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ผ์ธ(Main line) ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ํ”ผ์Šค(Major piece) ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ(Majority) ๋งจ(Man) Marรณczy Bind(Marรณczy Bind) ๋งค์น˜(Match) ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ(Material) ๋งค์ดํŒ… ์–ดํƒ(Mating attack) ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์–ด์ฒ˜(Miniature) ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ์ต์Šค์ฒด์ธ์ง€(Minor exchange) ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ํ”ผ์Šค(Minor piece) ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์–ดํƒ(Minority attack) ๋ชจ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ(Mobility) ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ํฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ(Mobile pawn center) ๋ฌด๋ธŒ(Move) ๋ฌด๋ธŒ ์˜ค๋”(Move order) ๋ฏธ์Šคํ‹ฐ์–ด๋ฆฌ์–ด์Šค ๋ฃฉ ๋ฌด๋ธŒ(Mysterious rook move) ๋ฐ” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ(Battery) ๋ฐฑ ๋žญํฌ(Back rank) ๋ฐฑ-๋žญํฌ ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ(Back-rank mate) ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ–‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ํŒจํ„ด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ-๋žญํฌ ์œ„ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค(Back-rank weakness) ๋ฐฑ์›Œ๋“œ ํฐ(Backward pawn) ๋ฒ ๋“œ ๋น„์ˆ(Bad bishop) Bind (Bind) ๋น„์ˆ(Bishop) ๋น„์ˆ ์˜จ ์˜คํฌ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์Šค(Bishops on opposite colors) ๋น„์ˆ ํŽ˜์–ด(Bishop pair) ๋น„์ˆ ํฐ(Bishop pawn) ๋ธ”๋ž™(Black) ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋“œํด๋“œ ์ฒด์Šค(Blindfold chess) ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์ฒด์Šค(Blitz chess) ๋ธ”๋ผ์ผ€์ด๋“œ(Blockade) ๋ธ”๋Ÿฐ๋”(Blunder) ๋ณด๋“œ(Board ) ์ฒด์Šค๋ณด๋“œ,์ฒด์ŠคํŒ๋•Œ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋ด์˜ ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ(Boden's Mate) ๋ณด๋ด์˜ ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ๋ถ ๋“œ๋กœ์šฐ(Book draw) ๋ถ ๋ฌด๋ธŒ(Book move) ๋ถ ์œˆ(Book win) ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ(Break) ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์Šค๋ฃจ(Breakthrough) ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋น„ํ‹ฐ(Brevity) ๋ธŒ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์•ค์‹œ(Brilliancy) ๋ธŒ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์•ค์‹œ ํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ(Brilliancy prize) ๋ธŒ๋ก ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ ๋”œ๋ ˆ์ด(Bronstein delay) ๋ฒ„๊ทธํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์ฒด์Šค(Bughouse chess) ๋ธ”๋ฆฟํŠธ ์ฒด์Šค(Bullet chess) ๋ฒ„์ŠคํŠธ(Bust) ๋ฐ”์ด(Bye) ์‚ฌ ์Šคํ์–ด(Skewer) ์Šคํ…Œ์ผ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ(Stalemate) ์Šค์œˆ๋“ค(Swindle) ์„ธํฌ(Sac) ์„ธํฌ๋ฆฌํŒŒ์ด์Šค(Sacrifice) ์„ธํฌ๋ฆฌํŒŒ์ด์Šค ์ƒŒ์Šค ๋ถ€์•„(Sans voir) (from the French) See Blindfold chess. ์Šค์นผ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ(Scholar's mate) ์Šค์ฝ”์–ด(Score) ์Šค์ฝ”์–ด ์‹œํŠธ(Score sheet) ์”ฐ๋“œ ๋ฌด๋ธŒ(Sealed move) ๋ด‰์ˆ˜(ๅฐๆ‰‹) ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ(Second) ์‹œ์†Œ(Seesaw) ์œˆ๋“œ๋ฐ€ ์„ธ๋ฏธ-์˜คํ”ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„(Semi-Open Game) ์„ธ๋ฏธ-ํด๋กœ์ฆˆ๋“œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„(Semi-Closed Game) ์„ ์„ธํฌ๋ฆฌํŒŒ์ด์Šค(Sham sacrifice) ์ƒคํ”„(Sharp) ์‹ฌํ”Œ๋ฆฌํ”ผ์ผ€์ด์…˜(Simplification) ์”จ๋ฉ€ํ…Œ์ด๋‹ˆ์–ด์Šค ์ฒด์Šค(Simultaneous chess) ๋‹ค๋ฉด๊ธฐ ์Šคํ‚คํ‹€์ฆˆ(Skittles) ์Šค๋ชจ๋”๋“œ ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ(Smothered mate) ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ(Solid) ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ(Sound) ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค(Space) ์ŠคํŒจ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ๋น„์ˆ(Spanish bishop) ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํŠธ ์ฒดํฌ(Spite check) ์Šคํ€ด์ฆˆ(Squeeze) ์Šคํ†คํ„ด ์ฒด์Šค ์…‹(Staunton chess set) ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„(Stem game) ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆํ‹ฐ์ง€(Strategy) ์ „๋žต ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ์“ฐ(Strength) ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑํฌ์ธํŠธ(Strongpoint) ์„œ๋“  ๋ฐ์Šค(Sudden death) ์Šค์œ„์Šค ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ(Swiss tournament) ์‹œ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ(Symmetry ) ์ด ์ด์”จ์—ํ”„(ECF) English Chess Federation ์ด์”จ์˜ค(ECO) ์ฒด์Šค ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „ ์—์ง€(Edge) ์ด์—˜์˜ค ๋ ˆ์ดํŒ… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(Elo rating system ) ์—”๋“œ๊ฒŒ์ž„(Endgame) ์—”๋“œ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๋ฒ ์ด์Šค(Endgame tablebase) ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ์•„ํ‹ฐํ”ผ์…œ ์บ์Šฌ๋ง ์•™ํŒŒ์ƒ(En passant) ์œˆ๋“œ๋ฐ€ ์–ธ๋”๋งˆ์ด๋‹ ์˜คํ”ˆ ํŒŒ์ผ ์˜ค๋ฒ„๋กœ๋”ฉ ์–ดํฌ์ง€์…˜ ์–ธ๋” ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜ ์—”ํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ(En prise) ์—ํŽ„๋ ˆํŠธ ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ(Epaulette mate) ์ต์Šคํ…๋””๋“œ ํฌ์ง€์…˜ ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝ์…˜(Extended Position Description (EPD)) ์ดํ€„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ(Equalise/Equalize) ํ”Œ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ์Šคํ€˜์–ด(Flight square) ์ต์Šค์ฒด์ธ์ง€(Exchange) ์ต์Šค์ฒด์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜(Exchange variation) ์ต์Šค๋น„์…˜(Exhibition ) ์ต์ŠคํŽœ๋””๋“œ ์„ผํ„ฐ(Expanded centre) ์ž J'adoube (ํ„ฐ์น˜-๋ฌด๋ธŒ ๋ฃฐ) ์ฐจ ์ฒดํฌ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ์ฒด์Šค๋ณด๋“œ ์ฒด์Šค ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ์ฒด์Šค ์—”์ง„ ์ฒด์Šค ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „(ECO) ์นด ํ€ธ ํ‚น ํฌ๋กœ์Šค ์ฒดํฌ ํ‚ค ์Šคํ€˜์–ด ํ‚น ์›Œํฌ ์นด๋กœ-์นธ ๋””ํŽœ์Šค ์นด์šดํ„ฐํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ํ‚น and ํฐ vs ํ‚น ์—”๋“œ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ‚ค๋น„์ธ  - Kibitz, Kibitzer ํƒ€ ํ„ฐ์น˜-๋ฌด๋ธŒ ๋ฃฐ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํฌ์ง€์…˜ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์•ต๊ทค๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ (์ฒด์Šค) ํŒŒ ํ•€ ํŒป์ €(patzer) ์ฒด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฐ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜ ํฐ ์Šคํ†ฐ ํฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋Ÿญ์ณ ํฌํฌ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ-๋ฌด๋ธŒ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฐดํ‹ฐ์ง€ ํผํŽ˜์ถ”์–ผ ์ฒดํฌ ํ’€์Šค ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ํ”„๋ Œ์น˜ ๋””ํŽœ์Šค ํฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”ผ์•™์ผ€ํ†  ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ํฐ์„ ์ „์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋น„์ˆ์„ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ์นธ์œผ๋กœ ๋””๋ฒจ๋กญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ”„ํ‹ฐ-๋ฌด๋ธŒ ๋ฃฐ ํŒŒ์ผ ํ”ผ์Šค ํ•˜ ์ฒด์Šค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์šฉ์–ด ๋ชฉ๋ก
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20chess
Glossary of chess
This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin. For a list of unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece; for a list of terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems; for a list of named opening lines, see List of chess openings; for a list of chess-related games, see List of chess variants; for a list of terms general to board games, see Glossary of board games. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z See also Chess equipment Notes References (1989 reprint by Chartwell Books, ) Chess Wikipedia glossaries using description lists
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%20%EC%9A%94%EC%83%88%20%EB%B0%A9%EC%96%B4%EC%A0%84
๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ „
๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ „()์€ 1941๋…„ 6์›” 22์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 29์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ „ํˆฌ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋…์ผ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ข…์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์ •์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1965๋…„ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ๋Š” 1941๋…„ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํ›ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์›… ์š”์ƒˆ ์นญํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฑด์ถ”๊ณ ๋”˜ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ๋Š” 1939๋…„ ๋‚˜์น˜ ๋…์ผ์˜ ํด๋ž€๋“œ ์นจ๊ณต ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ธŒ์…ฐ์‹œ์น˜ ๋ฆฌํ…Œํ”„์Šคํ‚ค ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1939๋…„ ๋…์ผ-์†Œ๋ จ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์นจ ์กฐ์•ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ํด๋ž€๋“œ ์˜ํ† ์˜ 52%๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ จ ์˜ํ† ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1941๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—” ๋…์ผ์ด ์†Œ๋ จ์„ ์นจ๊ณตํ•  ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์š”์ƒˆ ๊ณต๋žต์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋กœ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „ ์ฒซ๋‚  ์ค‘์•™ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ƒค๋ฐ”-๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ” ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€ํฌ๊ฐ•์„ ๋„ํ•˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ์š”์ƒˆ์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ตฐ์ธ, ์ „์ฐจ๋ณ‘, ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋น„๋Œ€, NKVD ์š”์›์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ 9,000๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์ƒˆ์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์—” ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ ๋Œ€๋ น ๋ฏธํ•˜์ผ ํŒŒํ‘ธ์‹œ์ƒคํ”„์ฝ”์™€ ์†Œ์žฅ ์ด๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋„๋กœ๋น„์น˜ ๋ผ์ž๋ Œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ6, ์ œ42 ์†Œ์ด๋ณ‘ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์ผ๋ถ€์™€ NKVD ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜๋น„๋Œ€ ์˜ˆํ•˜ ์ œ17 ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฐฉ์œ„๋Œ€, ์ œ132 NKVD ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋Œ€๋Œ€, ์˜๋ฌด์—ฌ๋‹จ, ์˜๋ฌด๋ฒผ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋‚ด์—” ๊ตฐ์ธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ 300๋ช…๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ ์ฒซ๋‚  ์š”์ƒˆ ๊ณต๋žต์— ๋‚˜์„ค ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 17,000๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ œ45 ๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ ์ „ ์ฒซ 5๋ถ„๊ฐ„์€ ์ œ31, ์ œ34 ๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ์˜ ํฌ๋ณ‘ ํฌ๊ฒฉ ์ง€์›์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ45์‚ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ณ„ํš์—์„œ๋„ ์ „์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ •๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 6์›” 22์ผ ์ œ34์‚ฌ๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๊ฒฉํฌ(Sturmgeschรผtze) ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ 6์›” 29์ผ์—” Ju 88 ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ 23ํšŒ ํญ๊ฒฉ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํฌ์œ„์ „ 1941๋…„ 6์›” 22์ผ, ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ์—†์ด ์ถ”์ถ•๊ตญ์ด ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ฒซ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 29๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ํฌ์™€ ๋„ค๋ฒจ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํผ(Nebelwerfers)๋ฅผ ๋™์›ํ•œ ํฌ๊ฒฉ ์ดํ›„ ๋…์ผ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ํฌ๊ฒฉ์€ ์ „ํˆฌ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋œ ์š”์ƒˆ์— ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ์ค‘์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ๋ช…์†์‹ค์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ฒฉ ์‹œ์ž‘ 4๋ถ„ ํ›„ ๋…์ผ ์ฒซ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํฌ๊ฐ•์„ ๋„ํ•˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์€ ์ด์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ „์„ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์š”์ƒˆ ๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋Œ์ž…ํ•œ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ์œ„๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์Šต์˜ ์šฐ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„์† ๋ณด๋ณ‘์˜ ์š”์ƒˆ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ์ž‘์ „์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์š”์ƒˆ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ฒซ๋‚ ์—๋งŒ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ 281๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ‹€๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 24์ผ ๋ฐค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ 368๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ 4-5,000๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 6์›” 25์ผ๊ณผ 26์ผ์—๋Š” ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 26์ผ ๋ฐค์—” ๋™๋ถ€ ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ฆฐ ์š”์ƒˆ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ ๋ น๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ถ€ ์š”์ƒˆ์—” ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ ์ œ45 ๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์ธ ์†Œ์žฅ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์Šค์น˜๋ฆฌํผ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ตœ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€(OKW)์— ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์€ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์Šต, ์ˆ˜์  ์—ด์„ธ, ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ์™ธ๋ถ€์™€์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์„ธ์— ๋ชฐ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ €ํ•ญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํฌ, 15 cm ๋„ค๋ฒจ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํผ 41 ๋กœ์ผ“ํฌ, ํ™”์—ผ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋„์šฐ์–ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์ƒˆ ๋‚ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿผ๊ณผ ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ฒจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋‹ค ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์†Œ์ด์œผ๋กœ ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐ˜ํŒŒ๋œ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋…ธํšํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ ๊ตฐ์„ ์ •์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์น˜๋ฆฌํผ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ถ€๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ œ์ธ ๋ฃจ๋Œํ”„ ๊ตฌ์Šคํ†จํ”„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6์›” 24์ผ, ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์ด ์š”์ƒˆ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์€ ์ด๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ๋ฐ”์น˜๋ณดํ”„ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์€ ์ •์น˜์žฅ๊ต ์˜ˆํ•Œ ํฌ๋ฏผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6์›” 26์ผ์—” ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ ๋ถ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํฌ์œ„๋ง์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Ÿฌ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€๋‚  ์ฃผ๋ฐ”์น˜๋ณดํ”„์™€ ํฌ๋ฏผ์ด ํฌ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฐ”์น˜๋ณดํ”„๋Š” ํ•จ๋ฉœ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ํฌ๋กœ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆํ•Œ ํฌ๋ฏผ์€ ์ •์น˜์žฅ๊ต์ด์ž ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฆ‰์‹œ์ด์‚ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ถ€ ์š”์ƒˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ๋ฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ 6์›” 29์ผ ๋ฃจํ”„ํŠธ๋ฐ”ํŽ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํญ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋น„๊ตฐ 360๋ช…์ด ํ•ญ๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. R. ๊ตฌ์Šคํ†จํ”„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8์ผ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ์ „ํˆฌ ํ›„ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์ด ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜€๋˜ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ, ์ฒ ๋„ ์žฅ์•… ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํฌ ๊ฐ• ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์ ๋ น์€ ์ „์Ÿ ์ฒซ๋‚  ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์™€ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ ์ตœ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šค ์Šค์น˜๋ฆฌํผ ์žฅ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ 1941๋…„ 6์›” 22์ผ-29์ผ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์š”์ƒˆ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ธ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ช…๋ นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” 1941๋…„ 7์›” 8์ผ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์€ 1941-1942๋…„ ๊ฒจ์šธ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋‹ˆ ๋งˆ์„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋…ธํšํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™๋ถ€ ์š”์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๋ฝ๋œ ํ›„์—๋„ ์†Œ๋ จ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ๋ถ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋‚ด์— ๊ณ„์† ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋ฒฝ์— ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ „์˜ ์ƒ์ง•๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผํ‹ฐ ์ค‘ 2๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ „์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์†Œ๋ น์ธ ํ‘œํŠธ๋ฅด ๊ฐ€๋ธŒ๋ฆด๋กœํ”„๋Š” 7์›” 23์ผ์—์•ผ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ €์ž๋“ค์€ 8์›” 8์ผ ์•„๋Œํ”„ ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆํ†  ๋ฌด์†”๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์ž ์ค‘์š”์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์•ผ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์„ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฝ‘์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์„œ์ƒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” 1941๋…„ 6์›” 29์ผ ์ดํ›„ ์ €ํ•ญ์€ 1941๋…„ 7์›” 23์ผ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด๊ฒฉ์ „๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ ์ค‘์œ„๋ฅผ ํฌ๋กœ๋กœ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ ์ „ํˆฌ๋กœ 429๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  668๋ช…์ด ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์€ 6,800๋ช…์ด ํฌ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2,000๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1941๋…„ 6์›” 30์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋™๋ถ€ ์ „์„ ์—์„œ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 8,886๋ช…๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์š”์ƒˆ ์ „ํˆฌ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฐ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ ์ „ํˆฌ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ 5%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌํŒŒ 1971๋…„์—” ์š”์ƒˆ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์— '๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ „ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์ถ”๋ชจ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ฃผ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋…์šธ์ด ์ „์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์ฃผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ Kristian Gantser [Christian Ganzer]: Stalina dlinnaya tenโ€™. Plen kak klyuchevaya problema istoriografii oborony Brestskoy kreposti [Stalin's long shadow. Captivity as the central problem of a historiography of the defense of the Brest fortress]. In: Kristian Gantser [Christian Ganzer], Irina Yelenskaya, Yelena Pashkovich [et al.] (ed.): Brest. Leto 1941 g. Dokumenty, materiyaly, fotografii. Smolensk: Inbelkulโ€™t, 2016, p.ย 22-41. Kristian Gantser [Christian Ganzer], Irina Yelenskaya, Yelena Pashkovich [et al.] (ed.): Brest. Leto 1941 g. Dokumenty, materiyaly, fotografii. Smolensk: Inbelkulโ€™t, 2016. Ganzer, Christian: German and Soviet Losses as an Indicator of the Length and Intensity of the Battle for the Brest Fortress (1941). In: The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 27, Issue 3, p.ย 449-466. Ganzer, Christian; Paลกkoviฤ, Alena: โ€žHeldentum, Tragik, Kรผhnheit.โ€œ Das Museum der Verteidigung der Brester Festung. In: Osteuropa 12/2010, pp.ย 81โ€“96. Christian Ganzer: Remembering and Forgetting: Hero Veneration in the Brest Fortress. In: Siobhan Doucette, Andrej Dynko, Ales Pashkevich (ed.): Returning to Europe. Belarus. Past and Future. Warsaw 2011, p.ย 138-14. Ganzer, Christian: Czy โ€žlegendarna twierdzaโ€œ jest legendฤ…? Oborona twierdzy brzeskiej w 1941 r. w ล›wietle niemeckich i austriackich dokumentรณw archiwalnych. In: Wspรณlne czy osobne? Miesca pamiฤ™ci narodรณw Europy Wschodniej. Biaล‚ystok/Krakรณw 2011, S. 37-47. Kershaw, Robert, War Without Garlands: Operation Barbarossa 1941-1942, Ian Allan Publishing, 2010 Moschansky, I. & V. Parshin, THE TRAGEDY OF BREST 1941, Military Chronicle 2007 Paperback (Russian text but English summary and captions) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1941๋…„ 6์›” ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ-๋ฆฌํ† ๋ธŒ์Šคํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ํฌ์œ„๋ง์˜ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ ์˜์ƒ. - ๋…์ผ ์ „์Ÿ๋‰ด์Šค (Die Deutsche Wochenschau Nr.565) ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ ์ „ํˆฌ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ - ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”์ƒˆ ์ถ”๋ชจ๊ด€ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ-๋ฆฌํ† ๋ธŒ์Šคํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ง„. 1941๋…„ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋กœ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „ ๋…์ผ์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํฌ์œ„์ „ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ๊ณต์„ฑ์ „ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์Šค 1941๋…„ 6์›”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense%20of%20Brest%20Fortress
Defense of Brest Fortress
The defense of Brest Fortress was the first battle of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union launched on 22 June 1941. The German Army attacked without warning, expecting to take Brest on the first day, using only infantry and artillery, but it took them a week, and only after two bombardments by the Luftwaffe. Many defenders were killed or captured. Background The area around the nineteenth-century Brest Fortress was the site of the 1939 Battle of Brzeล›ฤ‡ Litewski, when the German XIX Panzer Corps captured it from the Polish Army during the Polish September Campaign. According to the terms of the 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, the territory around Brest and 52 per cent of Poland was assigned to the Soviet Union. In the summer of 1941, the Germans advanced to capture the fortress from the Red Army. The Germans planned to seize Brest and the Brest Fortress, which was in the path of Army Group Centre, during the first day of Operation Barbarossa. The fortress and the city controlled the crossings over the Bug River, as well as the Warsawโ€“Moscow railway and highway. Opposing forces The Brest garrison consisted of approximately 9,000 Soviet soldiers, including regular soldiers, tankmen, border guards and NKVD operatives. The Red Army soldiers belonged to elements of the 6th and 42nd Rifle Divisions, under Colonel Mikhail Popsuy-Shapko and Major-general Ivan Lazarenko respectively, the 17th Frontier Guards Detachment of the NKVD Border Troops and various smaller units (including the hospital garrison and a medical unit, as well as units of the 132nd Separate NKVD Convoy Battalion, etc.) inside the fortress. There were also 300 families of the servicemen inside the fortress. The Austrian 45th Infantry Division (about 17,000 strong) had to take the fortress during the first day. For the first five minutes of the shelling it was supported by parts of the artillery of the 31st and 34th Infantry Divisions. The 45th Division had neither aircraft nor tanks at its disposal but was supported on 22 June by a battery of assault guns () from 34th Division and on 29 June, by some Ju 88 bombers that dropped 23 bombs. Siege The fortress had no warning when the Axis invasion began on 22 June 1941, and it became the site of the first battle between Soviet forces and the Wehrmacht. The attack started with a 29-minute bombardment by artillery and . Many of the Soviet survivors of the fighting wrote after the war that the fortress was bombed by German aircraft. Due to the simultaneous artillery fire, tank support against the fortress made this not possible. Only two air raids took place on 29 June 1941, but then only the East Fort on the northern island of the fortress was bombed by the . The initial artillery fire took the fortress by surprise, inflicting severe material damage and personnel casualties. The first German assault groups crossed the Bug river four minutes after the bombardment had started; the surprised Soviet defenders were unable to form a solid front and instead defended isolated strongpointsโ€“the most important of which was the fortress. Some Soviet troops managed to escape the fortress but most were trapped inside by the encircling German forces. Despite having the advantage of surprise, the attempt by the Germans to take the fortress with infantry quickly stalled with many losses: about 281 Wehrmacht soldiers died the first day in the fighting for the fortress. Fighting continued two more days. By the evening of 24 June 1941, some 368 Germans had been killed and 4,000โ€“5,000 Red Army soldiers had been captured . On 25 and 26 June 1941, local fighting continued mainly in the citadel. In the evening of 26 June 1941 most of the northern Kobrin fortification, except the East Fort, was captured. Of the fighting around East Fort, the commander of the 45th Infantry Division, Generalmajor Fritz Schlieper, wrote to Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW, German armed forces high command) Although the Soviet soldiers in the opening hours of the battle were stunned by the surprise attack, outnumbered, short of supplies and cut off from the outside world, many of them held out much longer than the Germans expected. The Germans used artillery, rocket mortars 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41 and flame throwers. The civilians inside the fortress tended the wounded, reloaded the machine-gun drums and belts and took up rifles to help defend the fortress. Children brought ammunition and food supplies from half-destroyed supply depots, scavenged weapons and watched enemy movements. Schlieper wrote in his detailed report that, Chaplain Rudolf Gschรถpf wrote, On 24 June, with Germans having taken most parts of the fortress, some Soviet troops were able to link up and coordinate their actions under the command of Captain Ivan Zubachyov; his second in command was Regimental Commissar Yefim Fomin. On 26 June small Soviet forces tried to break out from the siege but failed and suffered many casualties; that day Zubachyov and Fomin were captured. Zubachyov was sent to a POW camp in Hammelburg where he died; Yefim Fomin was executed on spot under the Commissar Order and as a Jew. As the East Fort could not be taken by infantry, the Luftwaffe bombed it twice on 29 June and forced its approximately 360 defenders to surrender. Gschรถpf wrote The total German losses in the battle for the Brest fortress were about 429 killed and about 668 wounded. Soviet losses numbered about 6,800 POWs and about 2,000 dead. The magnitude of these losses can be weighed by the fact that total German losses on the Eastern Front up to 30 June 1941 amounted to 8,886 killed; the fighting at Brest accounted for over 5 per cent of all German fatalities. After eight days of battle, the Germans had captured the fortress but the strategic objectives - control over the Panzerrollbahn I, the road to Moscow, the important railway line and the bridges over the Bug river - were accomplished the very first day of the war. Because of the high German losses the German High Command demanded General Fritz Schlieper to present a detailed report regarding combat at Brest 22โ€“29 June 1941. It was made on July 8, 1941. A copy was captured by the Red Army near the town of Livny, Russia in winter 1941โ€“1942. Some individual soldiers and perhaps small groups of Red Army soldiers kept hiding in the fortress after the fall of the Eastern Fort. After the war graffiti were found on some fortress walls. They became iconic symbols of the defense. Two of them said and It is said that Major Pyotr Gavrilov, one of the best known defenders of Brest (later decorated for it as Hero of the Soviet Union) was captured only on 23 July. The only documented proof of resistance after 29 June 1941 is a report that states that a shoot-out occurred on July 23, 1941, with the subsequent capture of a Soviet lieutenant ("Oberleutnant") the next day. Aftermath Since the mid-1950s, a myth grew that the fortress held out for 32 days and that the defenders refused to surrender. Brest Fortress became a symbol of Soviet resistance. In 1965, the fortress received the title of Hero Fortress for the 1941 defense. In 1971, a huge memorial was opened with the Museum of the Defense of the Brest Fortress as its centrepiece. Several monuments in the style of socialist realism dominate the area. The main monument, a -high concrete head, in 2014 was purportedly "awarded" the title of "the world's ugliest monument" by CNN, for which the CNN Moscow Chief of staff had to apologize, as this caused outrage. The events surrounding the defense of Brest Fortress were dramatized in the 1957 film Immortal Garrison and again in the 2010 film Fortress of War. The Soviet writer Boris Vasilyev wrote a novel named His Name Is Not in the List (ะ’ ัะฟะธัะบะฐั… ะฝะต ะทะฝะฐั‡ะธะปัั) about a soldier named Nikolai Pluzhnikov who defended the Brest Fortress in 1941. At the end of the novel, when Pluzhnikov was captured by the German troops and was interrogated, he simply replied "I am a Russian soldier," and died due to exhaustion from months of fighting. Vasilyev's novel was dramatized in the 1995 film I, a Russian soldier (ะฏ โ€” ั€ัƒััะบะธะน ัะพะปะดะฐั‚), directed by Andrey Malyukov. Amongst the huge amount of Soviet literature there are no academic publications, since Soviet historians avoided the topic. The first Russian semi-academic monograph was published only in 2008 by Rostislav Aliev. The first and so far only PhD thesis on the Battle of Brest 1941 was defended in 2019 and published in 2021 by Christian Ganzer. References Further reading Aliev, Rostislav & Britton, Stuart, The Siege of Brest 1941: A Legend of Red Army Resistance on the Eastern Front, Pen & Sword, October 2013. Kristian Gantser [Christian Ganzer]: Stalina dlinnaya tenโ€™. Plen kak klyuchevaya problema istoriografii oborony Brestskoy kreposti [Stalin's long shadow. Captivity as the central problem of a historiography of the defense of the Brest fortress]. In: Kristian Gantser [Christian Ganzer], Irina Yelenskaya, Yelena Pashkovich [et al.] (ed.): Brest. Leto 1941 g. Dokumenty, materiyaly, fotografii. Smolensk: Inbelkulโ€™t, 2016, p.ย 22-41. Kristian Gantser [Christian Ganzer], Irina Yelenskaya, Yelena Pashkovich [et al.] (ed.): Brest. Leto 1941 g. Dokumenty, materiyaly, fotografii. Smolensk: Inbelkulโ€™t, 2016. Ganzer, Christian: German and Soviet Losses as an Indicator of the Length and Intensity of the Battle for the Brest Fortress (1941). In: The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 27, Issue 3, p.ย 449-466. Christian Ganzer: Kampf um die Brester Festung 1941. Ereignis - Narrativ - Erinnerungsort, Paderborn 2021 (Krieg in der Geschichte 115). Ganzer, Christian; Paลกkoviฤ, Alena: โ€žHeldentum, Tragik, Kรผhnheit.โ€œ Das Museum der Verteidigung der Brester Festung. In: Osteuropa 12/2010, pp.ย 81โ€“96. Ganzer, Christian: Remembering and Forgetting: Hero Veneration in the Brest Fortress. In: Siobhan Doucette, Andrej Dynko, Ales Pashkevich (ed.): Returning to Europe. Belarus. Past and Future. Warsaw 2011, p.ย 138-14. Ganzer, Christian: Czy โ€žlegendarna twierdzaโ€œ jest legendฤ…? Oborona twierdzy brzeskiej w 1941 r. w ล›wietle niemeckich i austriackich dokumentรณw archiwalnych. In: Wspรณlne czy osobne? Miesca pamiฤ™ci narodรณw Europy Wschodniej. Biaล‚ystok/Krakรณw 2011, S. 37-47. Kershaw, Robert, War Without Garlands: Operation Barbarossa 1941-1942, Ian Allan Publishing, 2010 Moschansky, I. & V. Parshin, THE TRAGEDY OF BREST 1941, Military Chronicle 2007 Paperback (Russian text but English summary and captions) External links Soviet Citadel of Brest-Litovsk is Captured Jun 1941, Combat footage. German Wartime Newsreel (Die Deutsche Wochenschau Nr.565) ะŸะพะดะฒะธะณ ะณะตั€ะพะตะฒ ะฑะตััะผะตั€ั‚ะตะฝ ะ‘ั€ะตัั‚ัะบะฐั ะบั€ะตะฟะพัั‚ัŒ (English version available) World War II aerial photo German Wehrmacht movie ending with Brest claimed to be in German hands World War II sites in Belarus World War II sites of the Soviet Union Conflicts in 1941 History of Brest, Belarus Brest Sieges involving Germany Battles and operations of the Sovietโ€“German War Belarus in World War II June 1941 events Attacks on military installations in the 1940s
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%8D%94%EB%A6%AD%20%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%B1
๋กœ๋”๋ฆญ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ
๋กœ๋”๋ฆญ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ(Roderick Strong, 1979๋…„ 7์›” 26์ผ ~ )์€ ๋ณธ๋ช…์€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋“œ์ง€(Chris Lindsey)๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ํ”„๋กœ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ํ”„๋กœ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง ์ž…๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ‚ค๋Š” 179cm(5 ft 10 in)์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” 94kg(207 lb)์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์‰ฌ๋Š” ์ ํ•‘ ํ•˜์ด ๋‹ˆ, ์—”๋“œ ์–ด๋ธŒ ํ•˜์•„ํ…Œ์ต/์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค(๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ์ปฌ ์ˆ˜ํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šค ํŒ”๋กœ์šฐ ๋”๋ธ” ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐฑ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค), ์‹ ํ‚ฅ(๋Ÿฐ๋‹ ์„ฌ๋จธ์†”ํŠธ ๋“œ๋กญํ‚ฅ), ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ ํ™€๋“œ(๋ฆฌํ”„ํŒ… ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ํฌ๋žฉ ์œ„๋“œ ์–ด ๋‹ˆ ํˆฌ ๋” ๋ฐฑ ์˜ค์–ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์žฌํ‚ท ์ดˆํฌ)๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ NXT์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์ธ ์–ธ๋””์Šคํ“จํ‹ฐ๋“œ ์—๋ผ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. Professional wrestling highlights Finishing moves Jumping high knee - 2015 (ROH); used as a characteristic move in WWE End of Heartache / Strong Breaker (Vertical suplex followed by a double knee backbreaker) Sick Kick (Running somersault dropkick) Strong Hold (Lifting boston crab with a knee to the back or straight jacket choke) - 2018-present; used previously as a characteristic move Signature movers Diving elbow drop Double leg slam Gibson Driver (Tiger driver) - adopted by James Gibson Jumping STO Multiple backbreaker variations Argentine Belly to back Canadian Multiple kick variations Powerโ€“Breaker (Powerbomb onto the knee) Running front Capture suplex onto the knee Spinning crane Strong Breaker II (Backbreaker rack double knee) Overhead double underhook suplex Reverse cloverleaf, sometimes with bodyscissors Sitout suplex slam Slingshot vertical suplex powerslam Manager Jade Chung Ron Niemi Socal Val Paul London Truth Martini Nickname "The Messiah of the Backbreaker" "Mr. Ring of Honor/ROH" Entrance themes "5 Minutes Alone" of the Panther "Did My Time" by Korn "Amazing" by Dale Oliver (TNA) "A Victim, A Target" by Misery Signals "Emofarm" by Eliot Purse and Judson F. Snell (ROH; used as a member of the Decade) "Gallantry" by CFO$ (NXT; 19 October 2016-21 December 2016) "Next Level (V1)" by CFO$ (NXT; 18 January 2017-23 September 2017) "Next Level (V2)" by CFO$ (NXT; 30 September 2017-7 April 2018) "Shock the System" by CFO$ (NXT; 7 April 2018-present; used as a member of the Undisputed Era) ์ˆ˜์ƒ AWF ์›”๋“œ ํ—ค๋น„์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) NWA ์›”๋“œ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค X ๋””๋น„์ ผ์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (3ํšŒ) FIP ์›”๋“œ ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (2ํšŒ) - ์—๋ฆญ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ์Šค (1ํšŒ), ๋ฆฌ์น˜ ์Šค์™„ (1ํšŒ) FIP ์›”๋“œ ํ—ค๋น„์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (3ํšŒ) FEW ์›”๋“œ ํ—ค๋น„์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) IPW ์›”๋“œ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์œ ๋‹ˆํŒŒ์ด๋“œ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ €์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) IPW ์›”๋“œ ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) - ์„ธ๋“œ๋ฆญ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ IWA ์›”๋“œ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์ฝ”์ŠคํŠธ ํ—ค๋น„์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) ๋ ˆ๋ณผ๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ (2008) LWF ์›”๋“œ ํ—ค๋น„์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) PWX ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) - ์—๋”” ์—๋“œ์›Œ์ฆˆ PWG ์›”๋“œ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) PWG ์›”๋“œ ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (3ํšŒ) - ๋ฐ์ด๋น„ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜์ฆˆ (1ํšŒ), PAC (1ํšŒ), ์žญ ์—๋ฐ˜์Šค (1ํšŒ) ๋‹ค์ด๋„ˆ๋งˆ์ดํŠธ ๋‘์—„๋ฒ„๋Ÿฟ ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€์›จ์ดํŠธ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ (2007) - PAC ๋‹ค์ด๋„ˆ๋งˆ์ดํŠธ ๋‘์—„๋ฒ„๋Ÿฟ ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€์›จ์ดํŠธ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ (2008) - ์žญ ์—๋ฐ˜์Šค PWI ๋žญํฌ๋“œ ํž˜ #13 ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ํƒ‘ 500 ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ฆˆ ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง ์ธ ๋” PWI 500 ์ธ 2011 ์•ค๋“œ 2016 ๋‹ˆํŒ TV ์ปต ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด ํ—ค๋น„์›จ์ดํŠธ ํƒœ๊ทธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์•„์›ƒ์Šคํƒ ๋”ฉ ํผํฌ์–ด๋จผ์Šค ์–ด์›Œ์ฆˆ (2010) - ์—๋”” ์—๋“œ์›Œ์ฆˆ ROH ์›”๋“œ ํ—ค๋น„์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) ROH ์›”๋“œ ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) - ์˜ค์Šคํ‹ด ์—๋ฆฌ์Šค ROH ์›”๋“œ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (2ํšŒ) ์•„๋„ˆ ์ปจํ‹€๋ฆฟ (2010) ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์ปจํ‹€๋ฆฟ (2010) ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ํฌ๋ผ์šด ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ ๋งค์น˜ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์ด์—ด (2006) - ์žญ ์—๋ฐ˜์Šค vs ์Šˆํผ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค ์•ค๋“œ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜์ฆˆ 2006๋…„ 3์›” 4์ผ ํ”„๋กœ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง ๊ฐœ๋ฆด๋ผ ๋งค์น˜ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์ด์—ด (2013) - ์—๋”” ์—๋“œ์›Œ์ฆˆ vs ์ด๋„ˆ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ๋จธ์‹  ๊ฑด์Šค(๋ฆฌ์น˜ ์Šค์™„ ์•ค๋“œ ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์…ฐ) ์•ค๋“œ ์˜ ๋ฒ…์Šค(๋งท ์žญ์Šจ ์•ค๋“œ ๋‹‰ ์žญ์Šจ) ์˜จ 2013๋…„ 8์›” 9์ผ SFCW ์›”๋“œ ํ—ค๋น„์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) SFCW ์›”๋“œ ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) - ์ €์Šคํ„ด ๋ฒ ๋„˜ WWE NXT ์›”๋“œ ๋…ธ์Šค์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) WWE NXT ์›”๋“œ ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (2ํšŒ) - ๋ฐ”๋น„ ํ”ผ์‰ฌ, ์• ๋ค ์ฝœ ์•ค๋“œ ์นด์ผ ์˜ค๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ (1ํšŒ) ์•ค๋“œ ์นด์ผ ์˜ค๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ (1ํšŒ) WWE NXT ํฌ๋ฃจ์ €์›จ์ดํŠธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) WWE NXT ์ด์–ผ ์—”๋“œ ์–ด์›Œ์ฆˆ ํฌ ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์ด์—ด (2018) - ์นด์ผ ์˜ค๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Ring of Honor profile Online World of Wrestling profile 1979๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ํ”„๋กœ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick%20Strong
Roderick Strong
Christopher Lindsey (born July 26, 1983) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he performs under the ring name Roderick Strong. He is best known for his tenure with WWE, where he performed on the NXT brand. He is also known for his 13-year tenure with Ring of Honor (ROH), where he is a former one-time ROH World Champion, a two-time ROH World Television Champion, and a one-time ROH World Tag Team Champion with Austin Aries, which made him the second-ever ROH Triple Crown Champion (after Eddie Edwards). In 2000, he debuted on the Floridian independent circuit. He worked for IPW Hardcore and NWA Florida, before debuting for ROH in September 2003. In mid-2004, Strong joined forces with Alex Shelley, Austin Aries, and Jack Evans, collectively known as Generation Next. As part of Generation Next, Strong won the ROH World Tag Team Championship with Austin Aries. Strong later turned on Aries, forming a new faction, the No Remorse Corps, with Davey Richards and Rocky Romero. During this time, he was also competing for ROH's sister promotion, Full Impact Pro (FIP), and debuted for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG). Strong toured Japan with Dragon Gate and Pro Wrestling Noah and had a brief stint in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) in 2005. In FIP, he won the World Heavyweight Championship three times, and the Tag Team Championship twice, once with Erick Stevens and once with Rich Swann. In PWG, he is a one-time World Champion and a three-time World Tag Team Champion, having held the title with Davey Richards, Pac, and Jack Evans, respectively. In addition, he is the only wrestler to win PWG's annual Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament with two different partners (Pac in 2007 and Jack Evans in 2008). After signing with WWE in 2016, Strong debuted in NXT as a fan-favorite before turning into a villain and joining The Undisputed Era, where he became a two-time NXT Tag Team Champion (both with Kyle O'Reilly) and a one-time NXT North American Champion. As the leader of The Diamond Mine, he became NXT Cruiserweight Champion once. Early life Lindsey was born in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, but relocated to Florida at a young age. Following a troubled childhood, Lindsey graduated from Riverview High School, where he played American football. He attended the University of South Florida on an academic scholarship. Lindsey majored in business for two years before dropping out. Professional wrestling career Early career (2000โ€“2005) In the autumn of 1994, Lindsey's father, a collegiate wrestler, began training as a wrestler under Jim Neidhart. After Lindsey attended several training sessions and met Harry Smith, a third generation wrestler, he decided to become a wrestler. Lindsey was also trained by his father, Neidhart and a number of other wrestlers in Tampa, Florida, and debuted in 2000 as The Jester on the Floridian independent circuit for the RWA. Strong wrestled his first match for the Independent Professional Wrestling promotion, competing in a twenty-man cruiserweight Battle royal. He was initially one-third of a stable known as "Risk Factor" with The Kamikaze Kid and Kid Lethal before he formed a tag team with his trainee and kayfabe brother, Sedrick Strong. The Strong Brothers defeated Wrongful Death (Naphtali and Dagon Briggs) for the IPW Tag Team Championship on June 28, 2002, in St. Petersburg, Florida. They held the title until September 20, when they lost to Naturally Marvelous (Scoot Andrews and Mike Sullivan) in a steel cage match in which Roderick suffered a concussion. After Sedrick cost the Strong Brothers a number of matches, Roderick turned into a villain on February 8, 2003, betraying Sedrick and aligning himself with the Alliance of Defiance, a dominant villainous stable. After IPW closed down in late 2003, Strong began working for NWA Florida, a promotion which had had a working relationship with IPW for two years. Strong defeated David Babylon for the Florida Unified Cruiserweight Championship on July 19, 2003, in St. Petersburg. While Strong was champion, the title was renamed the Florida Unified Junior Heavyweight Championship. He lost the title to Jerrelle Clark in a four-way match on December 13, 2003, in St. Petersburg. Clark vacated the title on January 10, 2004, after winning the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship, and Strong defeated Mikey Batts for the vacant title on February 21 in the New Alhambra Sports and Entertainment Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He lost the title to Sedrick Strong on April 29, 2004, in New Port Richey, Florida. In addition to wrestling for NWA Florida, Strong served as the head trainer of the territory's wrestling school. On January 13, 2005, Strong made a one-off appearance in World Wrestling Entertainment's SmackDown episode, representing Tampa. On the episode, Strong was defeated by Kurt Angle in Angle's "3-Minute Hometown Hero Challenge". Ring of Honor Generation Next and No Remorse Corps (2003โ€“2008) Strong joined the Pennsylvania-based Ring of Honor (ROH) promotion in September 2003. On May 22, 2004, at Generation Next he formed a stable known as Generation Next with Alex Shelley, Austin Aries and Jack Evans. Generation Next quickly dominated the ROH roster, declaring themselves the future of wrestling. After defeating several others, they defeated CM Punk, Ace Steel, R. J. Brewer and Jimmy Jacobs (mentored by Ricky Steamboat) on October 2 at The Midnight Express Reunion. Strong began punctuating his ring style with stiff offense while acting as the enforcer of Generation Next. In November 2004 he formed a regular tag team with Evans, and on December 26 he, Evans, and Aries threw Shelley out of the group when he refused to resign as leader. Strong and Evans continued to team throughout early-2005, but were unable to win the ROH Tag Team Championship. On September 24 at 2005 Survival of the Fittest, Strong defeated Samoa Joe, Jay Lethal, Generation Next teammate Austin Aries, and Colt Cabana to win the titular event, thus earning himself another shot at the ROH World Championship in the future. On October 1 at Joe vs. Kobashi, valet Jade Chung aligned herself with Strong (and the remainder of Generation Next) after he defeated her former client, Jimmy Rave. The following night, Strong defeated James Gibson in the latter's farewell match for Ring of Honor before returning to World Wrestling Entertainment. Following the match, Gibson gave a farewell speech in which he called Strong the "MVP" of Ring of Honor. Strong lost to ROH World Champion Bryan Danielson on October 29 in Woodbridge, Connecticut, and on November 5 in Chicago, with the match going over 45 minutes. On March 31 in Chicago, Strong faced Bryan Danielson a third time for the ROH World Championship, with a 60-minute time limit, but Roderick came up short with Danielson rolling up Strong at the 56 minute mark for the victory. At Final Battle 2005 on December 17, 2005, Strong and Aries defeated Sal Rinauro and Tony Mamaluke to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship. They held the titles until September 16, 2006, when they were defeated by The Kings of Wrestling (Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli). In February 2007, Strong turned on Aries to form a new faction with Davey Richards called the No Remorse Corps. The No Remorse Corps went on to feud with Aries' new faction The Resilience. Rocky Romero joined the NRC, while Matt Cross and Erick Stevens joined The Resilience. Though the NRC dominated the feud for the most part, the feud's end came with Strong losing matches to Aries at both Undeniable and Reckless Abandon in a 30-minute Iron Man match. Strong then began to feud with Stevens over the FIP title. Strong lost the title to Stevens at Final Battle 2007, but won it back at FIP Redefined. He continued to hold onto the belt in several matches with Stevens, and won a Fight Without Honor against Stevens at ROH Respect is Earned II by superplexing Stevens off a ladder through two tables. However, he lost the FIP title to Stevens at FIP Hot Summer Nights 2008 in a Dog Collar match to end their feud. At Respect is Earned II, Davey Richards turned on Strong to join Sweet and Sour Inc. Championship reigns (2008โ€“2013) On an episode of ROH on HDNet, Strong was chosen as a judge for the Tyler Black/Austin Aries match for the ROH World Title on February 13. Strong accepted the position as Black promised that, should he win the title, Strong will be given a championship match. On May 22, 2010, Strong turned into a villain and debuted Truth Martini as his new manager. At the following pay-per-view, Death Before Dishonor VIII, on June 19, Strong defeated Colt Cabana, Steve Corino, Shawn Daivari, Tyson Dux and Eddie Edwards in a gauntlet match, with an assist from Martini, to earn the right to challenge for the ROH World Championship. On September 11, 2010, at Glory By Honor IX, Strong defeated Tyler Black in a No Disqualification match to win the ROH World Championship for the first time. He then took a brief leave of absence from ROH to travel to Pro Wrestling Noah with ROH World Television Champion Eddie Edwards to participate in the Nippon Television Junior Heavyweight Tag League. On March 2, 2011, ROH announced that Strong had signed a new contract with the promotion. Just over two weeks later, on March 19, Strong lost the ROH World Championship to Eddie Edwards at Manhattan Mayhem IV. On April 1 at Honor Takes Center Stage, Strong faced Richards once again in a rematch from their encounter at Final Battle. This time, Richards defeated Strong after making him submit to an Ankle Lock. The following night, on the second night of the iPPV, Strong lost again, this time to El Generico. After the match, Strong's teammate from the House of Truth, Michael Elgin, attacked Generico until Colt Cabana made the save. Christopher Daniels also came out, presumably to assist fellow babyfaces Cabana and Generico, but turned heel after hitting Generico with the Book of Truth and hitting Cabana with the Angel's Wings, thus joining the House of Truth. On August 13 at the first ever TV tapings of Ring Of Honor Wrestling under Sinclair Broadcasting Group, Strong received another shot at the ROH world title against Davey Richards but was unsuccessful. On March 31, 2012, at Showdown in the Sun, Strong defeated Jay Lethal to win the ROH World Television Championship for the first time, in the process becoming the second person to win the ROH Triple Crown. On June 29, Strong lost the title to Adam Cole. After defeating former stablemate Michael Elgin on December 16 at Final Battle 2012: Doomsday, Strong quit the House of Truth. On March 2, 2013, at the 11th Anniversary Show, Strong would end his feud with Elgin, being defeated in a Two out of three falls match. Various feuds and departure (2013โ€“2016) Throughout 2013, Strong won numerous singles matches and in mid-2013, began a friendly rivalry with Adam Cole with both men trading victories. After the ROH World Championship was vacated, Strong entered a tournament to determine the new champion as a face, defeating Matt Taven in his first round match on August 3. On August 17, Strong was eliminated from the tournament in the second round by Kevin Steen. On October 5, Strong challenged tournament winner and ROH World Champion, Adam Cole, in a No Disqualification, No Count Out match, but would come up short. In late 2013, Strong would dub the name "Mr. Ring of Honor" for his consistent stint in ROH. On December 14, 2013, at Final Battle 2013, Roderick Strong would turn into a villain with B. J. Whitmer and Jimmy Jacobs, by attacking Eddie Edwards, citing that they were sick of people being celebrated when they walk out of ROH, while the constants in ROH would go unappreciated. This villainous group is known as The Decade. On January 4, 2014, Strong was defeated by the returning A.J. Styles. Throughout 2014, Strong was ousted from The Decade after falling out with Adam Page, Strong then fended off an attack from Page and Whitmer to set up a match for Final Battle, and as a result. Strong defeated Adam Page at Final Battle 2014, and then B. J. Whitmer in a grudge match at ROH's 13th Anniversary Show to end his feud with The Decade. Strong would go on to appear on the lower card for the first few months of 2015, defeating Christopher Daniels at Supercard of Honor IX. Along with the rest of the ROH roster, Roderick Strong was involved with the Ring of Honor and New Japan Pro-Wrestling collaborated events War of the Worlds, held on May 12 and 13; and Global Wars held on May 15 and 16. At the first War of the Worlds event, Strong won his match with NJPW wrestler Kushida, but lost his match at the second event to NJPW mainstay Hiroshi Tanahashi, considered one of the top three stars of New Japan. He appeared at both Global Wars events; on the first night, he teamed with the Briscoes and War Machine (Hanson and Ray Rowe) to defeat Bullet Club (A. J. Styles (then IWGP Heavyweight Champion), Doc Gallows, Karl Anderson, and the Young Bucks). On the second night, he lost to Shinsuke Nakamura, another one of the top three stars of NJPW. After the ROH/NJPW events, Strong garnered high praise from wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer, reporting that both Tanahashi and Nakamura were giving him "rave reviews". Following the ROH/NJPW events, Strong set his sights on the ROH World Championship. At Best in the World, Strong defeated Michael Elgin and Moose in a three-way match to become the number one contender to the ROH World Championship. Strong received his title match at Death Before Dishonor XIII, challenging Jay Lethal (also the ROH World Television Champion), but was unsuccessful as the match went to a 60-minute time-limit draw. After failing to capture the title, Roderick Strong began campaigning for a match against IWGP Heavyweight Champion Kazuchika Okada, the only one of the top three NJPW talents (alongside Hiroshi Tanahashi and Shinsuke Nakamura) he had yet to wrestle. Okada accepted the challenge, setting the two up for a match at Field of Honor, where Okada was victorious. Strong finally received a rematch with Lethal for the ROH World Championship on the August 21 episode of ROH Wrestling, but was defeated. Strong continued to be unsuccessful in his endeavours, as he lost a number one contenders match at All Star Extravaganza VII, losing to A. J. Styles in a four-way match (along with Adam Cole and Michael Elgin). Despite his recent misfortunes, Strong continued to feud with Jay Lethal, where he was announced as being the partner of A. J. Styles and ACH in a "Champions vs. All-Stars" elimination match at Glory By Honor XIV against Lethal and ROH World Tag Team Champions The Kingdom (Matt Taven and Michael Bennett). In the lead-up to the match, Strong earned a match for Jay Lethal's ROH World Television Championship on the first night of Glory By Honor XIV on October 23. Strong was successful in the match, capturing the TV title for the second time. Being a champion, Strong was placed on the Champions team with Lethal and the Kingdom against the new All-Stars team (after Styles and ACH had both been injured the previous night), turning the six-man tag team match into an eight-man tag team match. Strong's team was victorious, with Strong and Lethal being the only two remaining in the match. After the match, Strong had a stare-down with both Styles and Lethal. After being injured during the Survival of the Fittest tournament, Strong issued an open challenge for the upcoming Final Battle pay-per-view event, which was accepted by Bobby Fish, who had defeated him in a match on September 12. On December 18, the first night of the event, Strong retained the title against Fish. During the match Strong submitted to Fish, but the referee did not see, and the match continued. Strong once more turned into a villain after hitting Fish with a Sick Kick to win. The following night, Strong solidified his villainous turn by defeating ECW alumni Stevie Richards. Heading into 2016, Roderick Strong continued to feud with Bobby Fish, where the two were scheduled for a rematch for Strong's TV Championship at ROH's 14th Anniversary event on February 26. However Strong lost the ROH World Television Championship to New Japan Pro-Wrestling's Tomohiro Ishii at the ROH/NJPW co-produced Honor Rising: Japan 2016 event in Tokyo's Korakuen Hall. He then went on to be pinned by Ishii in a three-way match at ROH 14th Anniversary, which also involved Fish. Strong was then defeated May 8 by Dalton Castle, who became the new number-one contender to the TV title. On June 22, 2016, ROH announced that Strong would be leaving the promotion following the June 25 television tapings. June 24 at Best in the World '16 Roderick Strong lost to Mark Briscoe after a pair of fisherman suplex drivers/brainbusters. The following day, June 25, his last day at ROH, Strong was defeated again by Dalton Castle, who had just lost his TV title challenge against Bobby Fish at Best in the World. Although taped in June it did not air until July 15. On that day, he said that he will always be known as "Mr. ROH". Full Impact Pro (2004โ€“2015) Roderick Strong made his Full Impact Pro (FIP) debut in 2004 against Austin Aries. On November 10, 2006, in Inverness, Florida, Strong defeated Bryan Danielson in a title-versus-career match to win the FIP Heavyweight Championship, the heavyweight championship of the Floridian Full Impact Pro promotion. When he defended the title against Pac in Liverpool on March 3, the FIP Heavyweight championship became known as the FIP World Heavyweight Championship. On December 6, 2013, Strong and Rich Swann defeated The Bravado Brothers (Harlem and Lancelot) to win the FIP Tag Team Championship. Next day, at Violence is the Answer, they retained the title against Andrew Everett and Caleb Konley. On May 2, 2014, Strong and Swann lost the FIP Tag Team Championship to The Juicy Product. On February 20, 2015, Strong won the FIP World Heavyweight Championship for the third time. He lost the title to Rich Swann on April 18. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005โ€“2006) In his first major appearance with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, Strong lost a special "Showcase Match" to Austin Aries at the Unbreakable pay-per-view on September 11, 2005. On September 22, it was announced that he had signed a contract with TNA, and would wrestle A.J. Styles in the opening match on the premiere episode of TNA Impact! on Spike TV on October 1. Strong went on to lose the subsequent bout. At Bound for Glory, Strong competed in a Fatal 4-way match on the preshow which was won by Sonjay Dutt. on the October 29 episode of Impact, Strong and Alex Shelley lost to A.J. Styles and Sonjay Dutt. At Genesis, Strong competed in an Eight-man tag team elimination match which his team won. At Turning Point, Strong and Alex Shelley lost to Austin Aries and Matt Bentley. On December 3 Strong lost to Matt Bentley in a match taped for Xplosion. on the December 31 episode of Impact, Strong lost to Samoa Joe. In 2006, he formed a stable in TNA with Austin Aries and Alex Shelley and at Final Resolution they defeated Chris Sabin, Matt Bentley and Sonjay Dutt in a Six-man tag team match. on the January 7 episode of Impact, Strong, Austin Aries and Alex Shelley defeated A.J. Styles, Christopher Daniels and Chris Sabin in a six man tag team match. on the February 4 episode of Impact, Strong and Aries defeated The Naturals in a #1 Contenders Tournament match. on the February 11 episode of Impact, Strong and Aries lost to Sonjay Dutt and Chris Sabin in the Tournament final. At Against All Odds, Strong and Austin Aries lost to The Naturals (Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens). on the February 18 episode of Impact, Strong competed in a 3-WAY to Qualify for Team USA for TNA's world cup but lost the match. on the February 25 episode of Impact, Strong lost to A.J. Styles. In February 2006, he and Aries were both suspended for two months for arriving four hours late for the pay-per-view TNA Against All Odds 2006. He returned to TNA in April 2006, but was released shortly thereafter with his final TNA match being on the April 8 episode of Impact where he lost a World X Cup Three Way Qualifying Match which was won by Alex Shelley. Japan (2005โ€“2013) Strong has made several tours of Japan, starting in December 2005 with Dragon Gate. Since 2009 he has worked for Pro Wrestling Noah, where, in July 2013, he and Slex entered in the NTV G+ Cup Junior Heavyweight Tag League for the vacant GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship. However, the team won only two points and failed to advance in the tournament. Pro Wrestling Guerrilla World Tag Team Champion (2005โ€“2008) Strong made his Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) debut on February 12, 2005, losing to Ricky Reyes. On December 16, Strong and Jack Evans defeated 2 Skinny Black Guys (El Generico and Human Tornado) to become number one contenders to the PWG World Tag Team Championship. They challenged champions Super Dragon and Davey Richards on March 4, 2006, in a losing effort. Throughout 2006, Strong won numerous singles matches and made his Battle of Los Angeles tournament debut. He defeated Rocky Romero in the opening and Dragon Kid in the quarterfinal rounds before losing to Davey Richards, the eventual winner, in the semifinals. On November 17, Strong teamed with Richards to defeat Super Dragon and B-Boy for the PWG World Tag Team Championship; however, Super Dragon and B-Boy regained the titles the following day. Strong would win his second World Tag Team Championship at the inaugural Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament, held over two nights in May 2007. Originally, Strong was scheduled to team with Evans, but Evans was unable to appear. Strong instead teamed with British wrestler PAC, defeating Richards and Super Dragon, the Muscle Outlaw'z (Naruki Doi and Masato Yoshino) and the Briscoe Brothers (Jay and Mark Briscoe), respectively, to win the tournament and titles. On July 26, they lost the titles to Kevin Steen and El Generico. A month later, Strong entered the 2007 Battle of Los Angeles, this time defeating Austin Aries, Joey Ryan, and Alex Shelley on his way to the finals, where he was eliminated by CIMA in a match also involving El Generico. On February 24, 2008, Strong took part in a one-night tournament to determine a new PWG World Champion. The previous champion, Low Ki, had gotten injured, forcing him to vacate. Strong was supposed to face Low Ki for the title, and thus was given a bye into the final round. The tournament (dubbed ยกDia de los Dangerous!) final saw Strong wrestle Human Tornado and Karl Anderson in a three-way match, which Strong lost. On May 17 and 18, he entered the second annual DDT4 with Evans. They went on to defeat the teams of Scorpio Sky and Ronin and Los Luchas (Phoenix Star and Zokre) on their way to the finals, where they beat the World Tag Team Champions Kevin Steen and El Generico to become champions and tournament winners. On July 6 at Life During Wartime, The Age of the Fall (Tyler Black and Jimmy Jacobs) defeated the team of Generico (substituting for Evans) and Strong to win the titles. The next month, Strong beat Tyler Black in singles action. He entered his third Battle of Los Angeles and was eliminated in the first round by eventual winner Low Ki. Championship pursuits (2009โ€“2011) At the 2009 DDT4 on May 22, Strong teamed with Bryan Danielson to make it to the final round for a third year in a row. They beat The Dynasty (Scott Lost and Joey Ryan) and the Motor City Machine Guns (Shelley and Chris Sabin) before losing to World Tag Team Champions The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson). Strong received his second PWG World Championship title shot on August 28, 2009, challenging Chris Hero, but was unable to win. That year, he also again made it to the final round of Battle of Los Angeles, losing the potential victory and vacant World Championship to Kenny Omega. On January 30, 2010, Strong wrestled Hero and Rob Van Dam in a three-way match at PWG's WrestleReunion 4 showcase. On April 10, he faced Richards for the World Championship, but went on to lose. On May 9, Strong was unable to make it to the DDT4 finals, losing in the opening round. At Seven on July 30, Strong was beaten by Danielson in a singles match. He entered the 2010 Battle of Los Angeles and beat Paul London in the opening round before losing to Claudio Castagnoli the next day. At All Star Weekend 8 โ€“ Night Two on May 28, 2011, Strong and former partner Aries lost a World Tag Team Championship title match against The Young Bucks. Strong entered the 2011 Battle of Los Angeles and was eliminated by Eddie Edwards in the opening round. On December 10, Strong defeated the debuting Amazing Red. The Dojo Bros (2012โ€“2013) On April 21, 2012, Strong teamed with PWG debutant Sami Callihan at DDT4, but again lost before making it to the semifinals. He entered his seventh consecutive Battle of Los Angeles in September, beating Drake Younger in the opening round and losing to Ricochet in the quarterfinals. At Failure to Communicate on October 27, Strong defeated the debuting Rich Swann. At the inaugural Mystery Vortex, which took place on December 1, Strong teamed with Eddie Edwards and earned back-to-back tag team victories; the duo first defeated The Young Bucks in the opening match, then beat World Tag Team Champions Super Smash Brothers (Player Uno and Stupefied) in a non-title bout. PWG World Champion and Mount Rushmore (2014โ€“2016) At PWG's eleventh anniversary show, Strong defeated Adam Cole to become the #1 contender for the PWG World Championship which was held by Kyle O'Reilly. After congratulating O'Reilly for his successful title defense over Chris Hero, he then attacked O'Reilly turning heel once again. He later justified his turn by claiming he was "tired of being the guy who has the great matches" and he was tired of being "the gatekeeper of PWG.". In August, Strong would enter the 2014 Battle of Los Angeles, defeating Biff Busick in the first round, and would make it to the finals albeit through cheating; getting a disqualification win over A.J. Styles and getting a bye over Kyle O'Reilly in the semifinals after attacking him before the match. The three-way final match, which also included Johnny Gargano, was won by Ricochet. At Untitled II, Strong unsuccessfully challenged O'Reilly for the title. At Black Cole Sun, Strong defeated O'Reilly in a Guerrilla Warfare match to win the PWG World Championship for the first time after goading O'Reilly into a match after O'Reilly defeated BOLA winner Ricochet in a near thirty-minute match. Strong successfully defended the title against Trevor Lee at From Out of Nowhere, Zack Sabre Jr. in a critically acclaimed match at Don't Sweat the Technique and Brian Cage and Chris Hero in a three-way match at 2015 DDT. At Mystery Vortex III, Strong successfully defended the title against "Speedball" Mike Bailey in an open challenge and later helped The Young Bucks capture the PWG World Tag Team Championship and afterwards formed a new version of the Mount Rushmore stable with them and the returning Super Dragon. On December 11, Adam Cole joined the stable. On March 5, 2016, Strong lost the PWG World Championship to Zack Sabre Jr. He would later cash in his rematch clause against Sabre at Thirteen on July 29, 2016, and lose. He followed the match with a farewell speech to signal his departure from PWG after eleven years with the promotion. WWE NXT Championship pursuits (2016โ€“2018) Strong made his NXT debut on the October 19, 2016, episode of NXT as Austin Aries' partner in the second Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament, defeating Otis Dozovic and Tucker Knight. On October 25, 2016, WWE officially announced Strong as part of the latest group of recruits joining the WWE Performance Center. On the December 14 episode of NXT, Strong defeated Elias Samson, in doing so getting himself entered into a fatal four-way match to determine a new number one contender for the NXT Championship as well as establishing himself as a fan favorite. Strong competed in the fatal-four way on the December 21 episode of NXT, but was unsuccessful. Strong defeated Andrade "Cien" Almas at NXT TakeOver: San Antonio in his first TakeOver appearance. Strong then began a rivalry with the faction SAnitY after coming to the aid of Tye Dillinger and No Way Jose, who were also battling the group. At NXT TakeOver: Orlando, Strong teamed with Dillinger, Ruby Riot and Kassius Ohno (replacing No Way Jose who had been attacked earlier in the night) to take on SAnitY in an 8-person mixed tag team match in a losing effort. On May 20, at NXT TakeOver: Chicago, Strong defeated Eric Young, giving Young his first pinfall loss in NXT. On the July 5 episode of NXT, Strong challenged Bobby Roode for the NXT Championship, but lost the match. After Drew McIntyre won the NXT Championship from Roode at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III, Strong defeated Roode on the August 30 episode of NXT. Strong unsuccessfully challenged McIntyre for the NXT Championship on the October 5 episode of NXT. Strong was defeated by Almas on the October 25 episode of NXT following interference from Zelina Vega. Strong entered a storyline with The Undisputed Era (Adam Cole, Bobby Fish, and Kyle O'Reilly). For weeks, the trio tried to recruit Strong to join the group in an attempt to overtake NXT. During a match between SAnitY and The Authors of Pain on the November 1 episode of NXT, The Undisputed Era interfered and caused the match to end in a no-contest. Strong entered the fray and pulled out an Undisputed Era armband, seemingly joining the group. However, Strong attacked the three, and cleared the ring alongside The Authors of Pain. General manager William Regal emerged on the ramp, and announced a WarGames match for NXT TakeOver: WarGames (originally known as TakeOver: Houston). Strong would team with The Authors of Pain against The Undisputed Era and SAnitY. At the event, Strong (who dressed in a similar attire to his teammates) and The Authors of Pain were unsuccessful in winning. On the December 20 episode of NXT, Strong was defeated by Lars Sullivan in a qualifying match for a number one contender's fatal four-way match for the NXT Championship. On the January 30, 2018, episode of 205 Live, 205 Live General Manager Drake Maverick announced the 2018 WWE Cruiserweight Championship Tournament. Strong was later announced as a participant in the tournament, in which he would defeat Hideo Itami in the first round and Kalisto in the quarter-finals on the February 6 and February 27 episodes of 205 Live before being defeated by Cedric Alexander in the semi-finals on the March 13 episode of 205 Live. The Undisputed Era (2018โ€“2021) At NXT TakeOver: New Orleans, during the triple threat match for the NXT Tag Team Championship and the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic trophy, Strong turned on his partner Pete Dunne and joined The Undisputed Era, turning heel. The next morning at WrestleMania Axxess, Strong teamed with O'Reilly to defend the NXT Tag Team Championship, making him one of the champions via the Freebird Rule. At the Greatest Royal Rumble, Strong competed in the namesake match, entering at #34 and eliminating Rhyno before being eliminated by Baron Corbin. At NXT TakeOver: Chicago II, O'Reilly and Strong defeated Danny Burch and Oney Lorcan to retain the NXT Tag Team Championship. On day 2 of the 2018 WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament, O'Reilly and Strong lost the NXT Tag Team Championship against Moustache Mountain (Tyler Bate and Trent Seven). However, they would regain the championships on the July 11, 2018, episode of NXT, after Bate threw in the towel over an injured Seven. At NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn 4 on August 18, O'Reilly and Strong defeated Moustache Mountain again to retain the titles. All four members of the Undisputed Era competed in a WarGames match at NXT TakeOver: Wargames II on November 17 against Ricochet, Pete Dunne, War Machine (Rowe, and Hanson), in a losing effort. At NXT TakeOver: Phoenix on January 26, 2019, Strong and O'Reilly lost the NXT Tag Team Championship to the War Raiders, ending their reign at 219 days. At NXT TakeOver: New York on April 5, Strong interfered in Adam Cole's NXT Championship match against Johnny Gargano. Afterwards, Strong would begin a feud with Matt Riddle. At NXT TakeOver: XXV on June 1, Strong was defeated by Riddle. On August 10 at NXT TakeOver: Toronto, Strong competed in a triple threat match against Pete Dunne and Velveteen Dream for the NXT North American Championship, which Dream won to retain the title. On September 18 during the debut episode of NXT on the USA Network, Strong defeated Velveteen Dream after interference from the Undisputed Era to win the NXT North American Championship, giving him his first single title in WWE, and giving the Undisputed Era all three male championships available in NXT. He would then, alongside the Undisputed Era, begin a feud against Tommaso Ciampa, Riddle, and Keith Lee which would lead to a WarGames match at NXT TakeOver: WarGames, in which the Undisputed Era lost to the team of Ciampa, Lee, Dominik Dijakovic, and Kevin Owens. The next night at Survivor Series, he then defeated SmackDown's Intercontinental Champion Shinsuke Nakamura and Raw's United States Champion A.J. Styles in an inter-brand triple threat match. On the December 25 episode of NXT, Strong would defeat Austin Theory to retain his NXT North American Title. At NXT Worlds Collide, Strong and the rest of The Undisputed Era would face Imperium but would lose the match. On the January 22, 2020, episode of NXT, Strong lost the North American Championship to Keith Lee in the main event, ending his reign at 126 days. Strong then began feuding with Dexter Lumis, who came to Velveteen Dream's aid to help him in his war with The Undisputed Era. During that time, Dexter kidnapped Strong during the In Your House event to keep him from interfering in Cole's match with Dream. Though returned to his allies, Strong was heavily traumatized by the kidnapping and developed a deathly fear of Dexter as a result. His teammates attempted to curtail his sudden panic and fear by having him go to therapy but his therapist was O'Reilly in disguise, due to Cole's paranoia that Strong might renounce villainy as a result of his encounter with Dexter. At The Great American Bash, Strong lost to Lumis in a strap match. In September, The Undisputed Era started a feud with Pat McAfee, Oney Lorcan, Danny Burch, and Pete Dunne, turning them face in the process. This culminated at NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2020) in a WarGames match with the Undisputed Era winning. At NXT TakeOver: Vengeance Day, Cole superkicked O'Reilly, leaving the future of the faction in uncertainty. On the February 24, 2021, episode of NXT, Cole turned on and double-crossed Strong, thus disbanding The Undisputed Era. After the dissolution of The Undisputed Era, Strong took time off from NXT. Diamond Mine (2021โ€“2022) Strong made his return on June 22 episode of NXT, attacking Kushida, and formed the Diamond Mine stable along with Tyler Rust (who was released weeks after and later replaced by Creed Brothers and Ivy Nile) and Hachiman, with Malcolm Bivens as their manager, turning heel once again. On the September 21 episode of NXT 2.0, Strong defeated Kushida to win the NXT Cruiserweight Championship. At NXT WarGames, Strong defeated Joe Gacy, retaining his championship. On the NXT: New Year's Evil, he lost the title to Carmelo Hayes, unifying both North American and Cruiserweight Championships. Strong and the rest of Diamond Mine would slowly turn face at the start of 2022, when they entered a feud with Imperium. In September, Strong suffered an ankle injury and was written off NXT TV. It was then reported by Dave Meltzer of The Wrestling Observer that Strong had healed from his injury and NXT had no plans for him. Strong's final on-screen appearance in WWE was on October 11, 2022, as he motivated Julius Creed ahead of his Ambulance Match with Damon Kemp at Halloween Havoc. In November, Strong's contract with WWE expired and he quietly departed the company. All Elite Wrestling (2023โ€“present) On April 26, 2023, Strong made his surprise debut in All Elite Wrestling (AEW), appearing on AEW Dynamite and saving Adam Cole from an attack by Jericho Appreciation Society. The following week, Strong, Cole, Orange Cassidy, and Bandido defeated the JAS. On the May 17 edition of Dynamite, Strong defeated Chris Jericho in a Falls Count Anywhere match, with the help from Cole. On the July 1 episode of AEW Collision, Strong competed in the Owen Hart Foundation Men's Tournament, losing to Samoa Joe in the quarterfinals of the tournament. In August 2023, Strong, who suffered a neck injury (kayfabe), along with The Kingdom confronted Adam Cole for his alliance with MJF. On September 6 episode of Dynamite, Strong competed in the Grand Slam Tournament, defeating Trent Beretta in the quarterfinals, Darby Allin in the semifinals and lost to Samoa Joe in the final round on September 13 and after the match Strong suffered another neck injury (kayfabe). Personal life In December 2015, Lindsey got engaged to mixed martial artist and fellow wrestler Marina Shafir. In 2017, they welcomed their first child, a boy named Troy Veniamin Lindsey. Lindsey and Shafir were married on November 7, 2018. Championships and accomplishments American Wrestling Federation AWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Championship Wrestling from Florida NWA Florida X Division Championship (3 times) Full Impact Pro FIP Tag Team Championship (2 times) โ€“ with Erick Stevens (1) and Rich Swann (1) FIP World Heavyweight Championship (3 times) Florida Entertainment Wrestling FEW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Independent Professional Wrestling IPW Florida Unified Cruiserweight Championship (1 time) IPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) โ€“ with Sedrick Strong Independent Wrestling Association East Coast IWA East Coast Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South Revolution Strong Style Tournament (2008) Lethal Wrestling Federation LWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Premiere Wrestling Xperience PWX Tag Team Championship (1 time) โ€“ with Eddie Edwards Pro Wrestling Guerrilla PWG World Championship (1 time) PWG World Tag Team Championship (3 times) โ€“ with Davey Richards (1), Pac (1) and Jack Evans (1) Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament (2007) โ€“ with PAC Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament (2008) โ€“ with Jack Evans Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked No. 13 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2011 and 2016 Pro Wrestling Noah Nippon TV Cup Jr. Heavyweight Tag League Outstanding Performance Award (2010) โ€“ with Eddie Edwards Ring of Honor ROH World Championship (1 time) ROH World Tag Team Championship (1 time) โ€“ with Austin Aries ROH World Television Championship (2 times) Survival of the Fittest (2005) Honor Gauntlet (2010) Toronto Gauntlet (2010) Second Triple Crown Champion SoCal Uncensored Match of the Year (2006) with Jack Evans vs. Super Dragon and Davey Richards, March 4, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla Match of the Year (2013) with Eddie Edwards vs. Inner City Machine Guns (Rich Swann and Ricochet) and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) on August 9 South Florida Championship Wrestling SFCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) SFCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) โ€“ with Justin Venom Wrestling Observer Newsletter Most Improved Wrestler (2005) WWE NXT Cruiserweight Championship (1 time) NXT North American Championship (1 time) NXT Tag Team Championship (2 times) โ€“ with Bobby Fish, Adam Cole, and Kyle O'Reilly (1)1 and Kyle O'Reilly (1) NXT Year-End Award (2 times) Tag Team of the Year (2018, 2020) โ€“ with Kyle O'Reilly (2018), and with The Undisputed Era (2020) Notes 1. Fish and O'Reilly originally won the title as a duo, but Cole and Strong also became recognized as champions under the Freebird Rule after Fish suffered an injury. He won the title a second time just with O'Reilly. References External links Online World of Wrestling profile 1983 births 21st-century professional wrestlers American male professional wrestlers Living people Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida Professional wrestlers from Wisconsin Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan NXT Tag Team Champions NXT North American Champions NXT/WWE Cruiserweight Champions Riverview High School (Riverview, Florida) ROH World Champions ROH World Television Champions Sportspeople from Eau Claire, Wisconsin ROH World Tag Team Champions PWG World Champions PWG World Tag Team Champions FIP World Heavyweight Champions All Elite Wrestling personnel
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%B0%B0%EC%97%BD
๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ
๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ(endoderm)์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ์•„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์‚ผ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ(three germ layer) ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์™ธ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ(ectoderm, outside layer)๊ณผ ์ค‘๋ฐฐ์—ฝ(mesoderm, middle layer)์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์ด๋‹ค. ์›์‹œ ์ฐฝ์ž(archenteron)๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ž๋ฐฐ(gastrula)์˜ ๋‚ด์ธต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ ๋ฐฐ์•„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 5์ฃผ ํ›„์— ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ดํ›„์— ์›์ฃผํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ƒํ”ผ ๋‚ด์ธต(epithelial lining)์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ 1817๋…„ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ด์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•™์ž์ธ Heinz Christian Pander์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‚ผ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ ๋ณ‘์•„๋ฆฌ(Gallus gallus) ๋ฐฐ์•„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์›์‹œ ์ƒ์‹์ธต (three primordial germ layer)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1873๋…„์— ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ด์ž ์ง„ํ™”์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ธ Ray Lankester์— ์˜ํ•ด โ€˜๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ โ€˜์™ธ๋ฐฐ์—ฝโ€™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ์•„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ, ์ฐฝ์ž๋ฐฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ(gastrulation)๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ 2~3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์ธต(germ layer)์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์ž๋ฐฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์˜ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ธต๊ณผ ์™ธ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐฐ์•„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.ย ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ(primary germ layer)์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธต์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ชฝ ์ธต์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํ”ผ(epithelium)๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์›์‹œ ์ฐฝ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์›์‹œ ์ฐฝ์ž์˜ ์ƒํ”ผ ๋‚ด๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œํ™”๊ด€, ๊ฐ„, ์ทŒ์žฅ ๋ฐ ํ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ™” ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ 4๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ถ„ํ™”๋Šฅ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋„ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ๊ณผ ์ค‘๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ์ „๋ฐฉ -ํ›„๋ฐฉ์˜ ํŒจํ„ดํ™”(anterior-posterior patterning) ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ทŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ(๊ฐˆ๋ฆผ, bifurcation) ์›์‹œ์„ (primitive streak)์˜ ์•ž์ชฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋Š” Forkhead box A2(Foxa2)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐ„, ํ, ์ทŒ์žฅ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์žฅ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ ์ตœ์ข… ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ(definitive endoderm, DE)์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ Hhex, Sox2 ๋ฐ Foxa2๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ž ์ฐฝ์ž(์ „์žฅ, foregut) ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜ธ๋ฉ”์˜ค๋ฐ•์Šค ์œ ์ „์ž Cdx1, Cdx2 ๋ฐ Cdx4๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋’ค ์ฐฝ์ž(ํ›„์žฅ, hindgut)๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์•„ ์ ‘ํž˜(embryonic folding) ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์œ ๋„(mesodermal induction)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ž ์ฐฝ์ž, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ฐฝ์ž ๋ฐ ๋’ค ์ฐฝ์ž๋กœ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŒจํ„ด์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์•„ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. TGF-ฮฒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ(transforming growth factor beta signaling)์˜ ์ƒํ–ฅ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ BMP(Bone Morphogenetic Proteins) ๋ฐ FGF/MAPK ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ(fibroblast growth factor/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ทŒ์žฅ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์ •(specify)ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๊ด€์‹น(respiratory bud)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๊ด€์‹น ์ƒํ”ผ์™€ ์ค‘๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” FGF(fibroblast growth factor)์™€ FGFR(fibroblast growth factor receptor)์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์กฐ์ง(production) ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํ‘œ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด€์ธ ์†Œํ™”๊ด€(digestive tract) ๋ฐ ํ˜ธํก๊ด€(respiratory tube)์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ป—์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ด€์€ ์†Œํ™”๊ด€์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ๊ด€์˜ ์‹น(buds)์€ ๊ฐ„, ๋‹ด๋‚ญ ๋ฐ ์ทŒ์žฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ด€์ธ ํ˜ธํก๊ด€์€ ์†Œํ™”๊ด€์˜ ์ฆ์‹๋ฌผ(ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฌผ, outgrowth)์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ๋กœ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ทŒ์žฅ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์ธ๋‘(pharynx) ์†Œํ™”๊ด€๊ณผ ํ˜ธํก๊ด€์€ ๋ฐฐ์•„์˜ ์•ž๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์‹ค(chamber)์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์˜์—ญ์„ โ€˜์ธ๋‘โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋‘๋Š” 3๊ฐœ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฝ”์ธ๋‘(๋น„๊ฐ•์ธ๋‘, nasopharynx), ์ž…์ธ๋‘(๊ตฌ์ธ๋‘, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์ธ๋‘๋ถ€, oropharynx), ํ›„๋‘์ธ๋‘(ํ›„์ธ๋‘, laryngopharynx) ๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ธ๋‘(hypopharynx)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ™”๊ด€๊ณผ ํ˜ธํก๊ด€์˜ ์ „๋ฐฉ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ(anterior endodermal portion)์€ ์ธ๋‘์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๋‘์˜ ์ƒํ”ผ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํŽธ๋„์„ , ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ , ํ‰์„  ๋ฐ ๋ถ€๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์ด ๋ฐฐ์•„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์•ˆ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ์–ด๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ž ์ฐฝ์ž(์ „์žฅ, foregut)์™€ ๋’ค ์ฐฝ์ž(ํ›„์žฅ, hindgut)๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๋ง๋‹จ์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ํŒ(oral plate) ๋˜๋Š” ์ž…์˜ค๋ชฉ(์›์‹œ์ž…, stomodeum)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์˜์—ญ์— ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰ํžŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜์—ญ์€ ๋ฐฐ์•„์—์„œ ์•ž์ฐฝ์ž ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ๊ณผ ์ž…์˜ค๋ชฉ ์™ธ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์ด ์œตํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์•„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 22์ผ ์งธ์— ํŒŒ์—ด๋˜์–ด ์†Œํ™”๊ด€์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€(oral opening)๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์™ธ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ฐฐ์—ด์€ ์ž…์˜ค๋ชฉ ์™ธ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์ด ๋ฐฐ์•„์˜ ๋ณต๋ถ€์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ํœ˜์–ด์ง„ ๋‡Œ ์™ธ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์™ธ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ผํŠธ์ผ€๋‚ญ(Rathkeโ€™s pouch)์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‡Œํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ์•„๋Š” 4์Œ์˜ ์ธ๋‘๋‚ญ(pharyngeal pouch)์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์ธ๋‘๋‚ญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์ธ๋‘๊ตฝ์ด(์ธ๋‘๊ถ, pharyngeal arch)๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 1-1. ์ฒญ์™€(auditory cavity) ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ์ธ๋‘๋‚ญ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์™€๋Š” ์ค‘์ด ๋ฐ ์ด๊ด€(์œ ์Šคํƒ€ํ‚ค์˜ค๊ด€, eustachian tube)๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1-2. ํŽธ๋„์„ (tonsil) ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ๋‘๋‚ญ์—์„œ ํŽธ๋„์„ ์˜ ๋ฒฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„(walls of the tonsils)์ด ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ๋‹ค. 1-3. ํ‰์„ (thymus) ๋ฐ ๋ถ€๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ (parathyroid) ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ๋‘๋‚ญ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํ‰์„ ์€ ๋ฐฐ์•„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ T ๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ๋‘๋‚ญ์—์„œ ํ•œ ์Œ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•œ ์Œ์€ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ๋‘๋‚ญ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ๋‹ค. 1-4. ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ (thyroid gland) ์ธ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜์˜จ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. 1-5. ์†Œํ™”๊ด€(digestive tube) ์ธ๋‘์˜ ํ›„๋ฐฉ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์†Œํ™”๊ด€์ด ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹๋„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ„, ์†Œ์žฅ, ๋Œ€์žฅ์ด ์ฐจ๋ก€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋Š” ์†Œํ™”๊ด€ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋น„์„  ๋‚ด๋ง‰๋งŒ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ(mesodermal mesenchyme cell)๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋™์šด๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋™๊ทผ์œก(peristalsis)์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œํ™”๊ด€์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ๋‹ค. 1-5-1. ์œ„(stomach) ์œ„๋Š” ์ธ๋‘ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ ๋ถ€์œ„(dilated region)๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 1-5-2. ์žฅ(intestines) ์œ„์— ์ด์–ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚œํ™ฉ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ(๋‚œํ™ฉ๋‚ญ, yolk sac)์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋Š์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์žฅ์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ๋์˜ ํ•จ๋ชฐ์€ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ๊ณผ ์™ธ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์„ค๊ฐ•๋ง‰(cloacal membrane)์ด ์ด ๋‘ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํŒŒ์—ด๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ญ๋ฌธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค. 1-8. ํ˜ธํก๊ด€(respiratory tube) ํ‘œ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์—์„œ ํ˜ธํก ์ƒํ”ผ๋Š” ๋ชฉ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์—์„œ ๊ณง๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‰๋ถ€ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ๋‘๋‚ญ ์Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ธ๋‘ ์ €๋ถ€ ์ค‘์•™์—์„œ ํ›„๋‘๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ(ํ›„๋‘๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณ ๋ž‘, laryngotracheal groove)๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ธก์œผ๋กœ ๋ป—์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์™€ ํ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋‘๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ ํ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํํฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ง‰์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ๋Š” ์†Œํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ์†Œํ™”๊ด€์˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ธํก๊ด€์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. 1-8-1. ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ์‹ค(respiratory diverticulum) ์ธ๋‘ ์ €๋ถ€(์ธ๋‘ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ, pharyngeal floor)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ๋‘๋‚ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. 2. ๋ถ€์†๊ธฐ๊ด€(accessory organs) ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ ์œ„(stomach)์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์†๊ธฐ๊ด€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ง‰์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์†๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์น˜์•„, ํ˜€ ๋ฐ ์ƒ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€(์นจ์ƒ˜, ๊ฐ„, ๋‹ด๋‚ญ ๋ฐ ์ทŒ์žฅ)์„ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š” ๋ง์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ฐ„, ๋‹ด๋‚ญ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ทŒ์žฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. 2-1. ๊ฐ„(liver) ๊ฐ„์‹น(๊ฐ„๊ฒŒ์‹ค, hepatic diverticulum)์€ ์•ž์ฐฝ์ž์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฐ„์—ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์˜ ๊ด€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์—ฝ์€ ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์˜ ๊ด€์ด ์ฆ์‹ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ˜์ƒํ”ผ(์„ ์ƒํ”ผ, glandular epithelium) ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2-2. ๋‹ด๋‚ญ(gallbladder) ๊ฐ„์‹น์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์†Œํ™”๊ด€์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ด€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ด๋‚ญ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. 2-3. ์ทŒ์žฅ(pancreas) ์ทŒ์žฅ์€ ์œ„์˜ ๋ฐ‘๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ญ์ด์ง€์žฅ(duodenum) ๋“ฑ์ชฝ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ทŒ์žฅ ์‹น(dorsal pancreatic bud)๊ณผ ๋ณต์ธก์˜ ์ทŒ์žฅ ์‹น(ventral pancreatic bud)์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ทŒ์žฅ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹น์€ ์œ„(stomach)์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋“ฑ์ชฝ ๋ฐ ๋ณต์ธก ์ทŒ์žฅ ์‹น์ด ์ทŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„์›๊ธฐ(liver primordium) ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋˜ ๋“ฑ์ชฝ ์ทŒ์žฅ์ด ๋’ค์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณต์ธก ์ทŒ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์œตํ•ฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋“ฑ์ชฝ ์ทŒ๊ด€์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์š” ์ทŒ๊ด€(main pancreatic duct)์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์ธก ์ทŒ๊ด€์€ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์†Œํ™”ํšจ์†Œ ์šด๋ฐ˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ๋ถ„ํ™” 1. ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ๋ถ„ํ™”์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1์ฐจ ์กฐ์ง(primary tissues)์˜ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ ์˜ํ•™ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ์€ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ „๋ถ„ํ™”๋Šฅ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ถ„ํ™”๋Šฅ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋„ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ๋ถ„ํ™”์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ(signaling pathway) ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์ง„ํ™” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ ์ตœ์ข… ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋จผ์ € ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ถ„ํ™”๋Šฅ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์— ํ‘œ์ค€ Wnt ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” CHIR-99021๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…๋œ GSK3(Glycogen synthase kinase 3)์˜ ์†Œ๋ถ„์ž ์–ต์ œ์ œ(small-molecule inhibitor) ๋ฐ Nodal/TGF-ฮฒ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” activin A๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ข… ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. 3. ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ factor ๋ฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋งˆ์ปค(expressed markers) 4. ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์„ธํฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 5. ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ถ„ํ™”๋Šฅ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, ๊ทธ์ค‘ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์„ฑ ์žฅ์• (genetic disorders) ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง, ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. 5-1. ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ์ทŒ์žฅ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „์‚ฌ ์ธ์ž ๋ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์›์‹œ์ฐฝ์ž์˜ ํŒจํ„ด ํ˜•์„ฑ (primitive gut patterning) ์ค‘์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(developmental competence) ํš๋“ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ ๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5-2. ์œ ์ „์„ฑ ์žฅ์•  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์ „ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์žฅ์•  (inherited metabolic disorders, IMDs)๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์„ฑ ์žฅ์•  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‹ด๊ด€ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์  ๋‹ด๊ด€๋ณ‘์ฆ(cholepathia)์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๊ณ , ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ํ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‚ญํฌ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ์ฆ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์ทŒ์žฅ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์  ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋˜๋Š” ์ทŒ์žฅ ๋ฌดํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋…ธ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ๋ณ‘ํƒœ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์„ฑ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์œ ์ „์  ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 5-3. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์žฅ ๋“ฑ ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž„์ƒ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, CFTR ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋‹ด๊ด€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ ์งˆํ™˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ญํฌ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ์ฆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํšจ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์ž…์ฆ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ทŒ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์ทŒ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ์žฅ ์ƒํ”ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5-4. ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์˜ ํ‘œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค์ด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” Cํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค, Bํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค, ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ƒ์กด ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์‹๋ณ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋…ธ์ด๋“œ๋Š” Salmonella Typhimurium๊ณผ ์žฅ ์ƒํ”ผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋“ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์œ„ ์„ธํฌ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋…ธ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ Helicobacter pylori ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ํ ์„ธํฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ํ ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์งˆํ™˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์งง๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋งŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ์— ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 5-5. ์„ธํฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ(cell therapy) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์„ธํฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์„ธํฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ฆ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด์‹์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ธํฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์š”๋ฒ•์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋…ธ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์žฅ ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋Šฅ์„  ์„ธํฌ(neural crest cells)์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žฅ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋…ธ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์ทŒ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž„์ƒ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™(plant biology)์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹น๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ”ผ์งˆ(cortex)์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ชฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋Š™์–ด๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚ด๋ฐฐ์—ฝ์ด ๋ชฉ์งˆํ™”(lignify)๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•™ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐฐ์—ฝ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•™ ๋‚ญ๋ฐฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoderm
Endoderm
Endoderm is the innermost of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the ectoderm (outside layer) and mesoderm (middle layer). Cells migrating inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the endoderm. The endoderm consists at first of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the epithelial lining of multiple systems. In plant biology, endoderm corresponds to the innermost part of the cortex (bark) in young shoots and young roots often consisting of a single cell layer. As the plant becomes older, more endoderm will lignify. Production The following chart shows the tissues produced by the endoderm. The embryonic endoderm develops into the interior linings of two tubes in the body, the digestive and respiratory tube. Liver and pancreas cells are believed to derive from a common precursor. In humans, the endoderm can differentiate into distinguishable organs after 5 weeks of embryonic development. Additional images See also Ectoderm Germ layer Histogenesis Mesoderm Organogenesis Endodermal sinus tumor Gastrulation Cell differentiation Triploblasty List of human cell types derived from the germ layers References Germ layers Developmental biology Embryology Gastrulation
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C%20%EB%B4%84
๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋ด„
๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์กฐ์„ธํ”„ ๋ด„ ์™•๋ฆฝํ•™ํšŒ ํšŒ์› (, ; 1917๋…„ 12์›” 20์ผ - 1992๋…„ 10์›” 27์ผ)์€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์–‘์ž ์ด๋ก , ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฒ ํ•™์— ๋น„์ •ํ†ตํŒŒ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ-๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ-์˜๊ตญ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณตํ—Œ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์ด-๋ด„ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์–‘์ž ์ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณผ์  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ์  ํ•ด์„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ์–‘์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํŠธ์  ๋ชจํ˜•(Cartesian model)(์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ, ์ •์‹ ์  ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ์Œ)์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Š” "ํ•จ์ถ•์ " ๋ฐ "์„ค๋ช…์ " ์งˆ์„œ("implicate" and "explicate" order)์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–‘์ž ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์–‘์ž ์กด์žฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ตญ์†Œํ™”๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํŠนํžˆ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์˜์‹์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ด„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ •์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์™„์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์™„์ (supportive) ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณจ์นซ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ด„์€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์˜คํŽœํ•˜์ด๋จธ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 1949๋…„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์Œ“์•„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ์‹œ๋ฏผ(British citizen)์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1956๋…„ ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋…„๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ด„์€ ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ฃผ ์œŒํฌ์Šค๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ณ„ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์—˜ ๋ด„Samuel Bohm๊ณผ ๋ฆฌํˆฌ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„๊ณ„ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์  ์ฃผ์ธ์ด์ž ์ง€์—ญ ๋ž๋น„์˜ ์กฐ์ˆ˜์ธ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ์ž๋ž๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ์ž๋ž์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ญ๋Œ€์— ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ก ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ํŽœ์‹ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€(ํ˜„์žฌ ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต)์— ๋‹ค๋…€์„œ 1939๋…„์— ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ 1๋…„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์˜คํŽœํ•˜์ด๋จธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ด๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ์˜คํŽœํ•˜์ด๋จธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ๋“ค(์กฐ๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ ๋กœ์‹œ ๋กœ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์ธ Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz, ์กฐ์…‰ ์™€์ธ๋ฒ„๊ทธJoseph Weinberg, ๋งฅ์Šค ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋จผMax Friedman)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™๋„ค์— ์‚ด์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธ‰์ง„ ์ •์น˜์— ์ ์  ๋” ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ Š์€ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž ๋™๋งน(Young Communist League), ์ง•๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์บ ํผ์Šค ์œ„์›ํšŒ(Campus Committee to Fight Conscription), ํ‰ํ™” ๋™์› ์œ„์›ํšŒ(American Peace Mobilization)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง€์› ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ด„์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—… ์กฐ์ง ํšŒ์˜(Congress of Industrial Organizations)(CIO)์— ์†Œ์†๋œ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋…ธ๋™ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ธ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€, ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด, ํ™”ํ•™์ž ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž ์—ฐํ•ฉ(Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists, and Technicians)์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์ง€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์›์ž ํญํƒ„์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋™์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํŽœํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋Š” ๋ด„์—๊ฒŒ ๋กœ์Šค์•จ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ์Šค(์›์ž ํญํƒ„์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1942๋…„์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ผ๊ธ‰ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ)์—์„œ ๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž์ธ ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค ์ค€์žฅ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์น˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์ฒฉ ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์™€์ธ๋ฒ„๊ทธWeinberg์™€์˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์šฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ณธ ํ›„์— ๋ด„์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์Šน์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์— ๋ด„์€ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ์— ๋‚จ์•„์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋งˆ, ์‹ฑํฌ๋กœํŠธ๋ก (synchrotron) ๋ฐ ์‹ฑํฌ๋กœ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœํŠธ๋ก (Synchrocyclotron)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ 1943๋…„์— PhD๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ F. ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ํ”ผํŠธDavid Peat์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, "๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑํ•œ ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ(์–‘์„ฑ์ž์™€ ์ค‘์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ)์€ ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ด„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์• ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค!" ์˜คํŽœํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ด„์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ์ฃผ ์˜คํฌ๋ฆฌ์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” Y-12 ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ 1945๋…„ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์— ํˆฌํ•˜๋œ ์›์žํญํƒ„์˜ ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„ ๋†์ถ•์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์บ˜๋ฃจํŠธ๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์นด์‹œ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋– ๋‚จ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ๋ด„์€ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ทผ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1949๋…„ 5์›”, ํ•˜์› ๋น„๋ฏธ ํ™œ๋™ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ๋ด„์ด ์ด์ „์— ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋กœ ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฆ์–ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ์ฆ์–ธ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •ํ—Œ๋ฒ• 5์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„์— ๋ด„์€ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1951๋…„ 5์›”์— ๋ฌด์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ •์ง์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์˜ ๋ฌด์ฃ„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ํ›„ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด์— ๋ณต์ง์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋กค๋“œ W. ๋„์ฆˆHarold W. Dodds ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ์ด์žฅ์€ ๋ด„์˜ ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์กฐ๊ต๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜คํŽœํ•˜์ด๋จธ(1947๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค)๋Š” "์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  [...] ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด์ „ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์กฐ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค." ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์€ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ํ‹ฐ์˜ด๋…ธJayme Tiomno์˜ ์ดˆ์ฒญ๊ณผ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ์˜คํŽœํ•˜์ด๋จธ์˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํŒŒ์šธ๋ฃจ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์–‘์ž ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ด„ ํ™•์‚ฐ(Bohm diffusion) ๊ทธ์˜ ์ดˆ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ, ๋ด„์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™, ํŠนํžˆ ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ์ด๋ก ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณตํ—Œ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋งˆ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ด„ ํ™•์‚ฐ(Bohm diffusion)์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ „์ž ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1951๋…„์— ์ถœํŒ๋œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฑ…์ธ ใ€Š์–‘์ž ์ด๋ก (Quantum Theory)ใ€‹์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ด„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ์“ด ์–‘์ž ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ •ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์— ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์˜ WKB ๊ทผ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ์  ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ๋ก ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ์  ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผ์„ฑ์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ์ , ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹ค์žฌ์— ๊ท€์†์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ•ด์„(๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์ด-๋ด„ ์ด๋ก , ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ํŒŒ๋™ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•จ)์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ์  ์–‘์ž ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ˆจ์€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ  ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ '์กด์žฌ๋ก ์  ์ด๋ก '์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ๋ด„๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ๋ฐ”์งˆ ํ•˜์ผ๋ฆฌBasil Hiley๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— "์ˆจ์€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰์ด "์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ" ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ด„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ EPR ์—ญ์„ค์€ ๊ตญ์†Œ์  ์ˆจ์€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์กด ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ๋ฒจ์˜ ๋ฒจ ๋ถ€๋“ฑ์‹์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒจ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ 1951๋…„ 10์›” 10์ผ ๋ด„์ด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ํ›„ ์ƒํŒŒ์šธ๋ฃจ ์ฃผ์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์„ ์••์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ๋งŒ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณตํฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํฌ๋งํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์„ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ํ›„์ธ 1986๋…„์— ์•ผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ์ƒํŒŒ์šธ๋ฃจ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ 1952๋…„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅํ”ผ์—๋ฅด ๋น„์ง€์—Jean-Pierre Vigier๋Š” ์ƒํŒŒ์šธ๋ฃจ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ด„๊ณผ 3๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ–ˆ๊ณ ; ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์ž ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋งŒPeter Bergmann์˜ ์ œ์ž์ธ ๋ž„ํ”„ ์‰ด๋ŸฌRalph Schiller๋Š” 2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ์˜ ์กฐ์ˆ˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ; ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ‹ฐ์˜ด๋…ธTiomno ๋ฐ ๋ฐœํ„ฐ ์‰ฌ์ฒ˜Walther Schรผtzer์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ–ˆ๊ณ ; ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ฒˆ์ง€Mario Bunge๋Š” 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์‰”๋ฒ„๊ทธMรกrio Schenberg, ์žฅ ๋งˆ์ด์–ดJean Meyer, ๋ ˆ์ดํ…Œ ๋กœํŽ˜์ŠคLeite Lopes์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์„ ๋„์™”๋˜ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ํŒŒ์ธ๋งŒ, ์ด์ง€๋„์–ด ์•„์ด์ž‘ ๋ผ๋น„, ๋ ˆ์˜จ ๋กœ์  ํŽ ๋“œLรฉon Rosenfeld, ์นด๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌํžˆ ํฐ ๋ฐ”์ด์ธ ์ œ์ปค, ํ—ˆ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์—˜. ์•ค๋”์ŠจHerbert L. Anderson, ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ์ปค์ŠคํŠธDonald Kerst, ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ”์Šค ๋ชจ์‹ ์Šคํ‚คMarcos Moshinsky, ์•Œ๋ ˆํ•œ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ฉ”๋””๋‚˜Alejandro Medina ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ด์  ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ์ „ ์กฐ์ˆ˜์ธ ๊ท€๋„ ๋ฒกGuido Beck๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์œ„์›ํšŒ(CNPq)๋Š” ์ธ๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ด„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ง€์—์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๋งˆ๋ธ๋ฃฝMadelung์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฃจ์ด ๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์ด์™€ ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์— ๋ถ€๋”ช์ณค๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ฝ”ํŽœํ•˜๊ฒ ํ•ด์„์ด ์–‘์ž ์—ญํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1951๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1953๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ด„๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ํŒŒ์ธ์ŠคDavid Pines๋Š” ๋žœ๋ค ์œ„์ƒ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ(Random phase approximation)๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์†Œ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. EPR ์—ญ์„ค์˜ ๋ด„๊ณผ ์•„ํ•˜๋กœ๋…ธํ”„ ํ˜•์‹ 1955๋…„ ๋ด„์€ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์ดํŒŒ์˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์˜จ์—์„œ 2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” 1956๋…„์— ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ("์‚ฌ๋ž„") ์šธํ”„์ŠจSarah("Saral") Woolfson์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1957๋…„ ๋ด„๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ œ์ž ์•ผํ‚ค๋ฅด ์•„ํ•˜๋กœ๋…ธํ”„Yakir Aharonov๋Š” ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ-ํฌ๋Œ์Šคํ‚ค-๋กœ์   (EPR) ์—ญ์„ค์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์ถœํŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํ•€์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์›๋ž˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กด ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ๋ฒจ์ด 1964๋…„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ EPR ์—ญ์„ค์˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„ํ•˜๋กœ๋…ธํ”„โ€“๋ด„ ํšจ๊ณผ 1957๋…„ ๋ด„์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ†จ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1959๋…„์— ๋ด„๊ณผ ์•„ํ•˜๋กœ๋…ธํ”„๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ์ฐจํ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ทธ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ํผํ…์…œ์€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์•„ํ•˜๋กœ๋…ธํ”„-๋ด„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ํผํ…์…œ(Magnetic vector potential)์ด ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ (์–‘์ž) ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1961๋…„์— ๋ด„์€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋ฒ„ํฌ๋ฒก ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ ์ด๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1987๋…„์— ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋ณด๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•จ์ถ•์  ๋ฐ ์„ค๋ช…์  ์งˆ์„œ ๋ฒ„ํฌ๋ฒก ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ด„๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์งˆ ํ•˜์ผ๋ฆฌBasil Hiley์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋ด„์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ํ•จ์ถ•์ , ์„ค๋ช…์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ์„ฑ์  ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ™•์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„๊ณผ ํž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ "์‚ฌ๋ฌผ, ์ž…์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ, ๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ฒด"๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์  ํ™œ๋™(underlying activity)์˜ "๋ฐ˜์ž์œจ์  ์ค€๊ตญ์†Œ์  ํŠน์ง•"์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์ž‘์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์–‘์ž ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ „์  ํ•œ๊ณ„(classical limit)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ์„œ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "ํ™€๋กœ๋ฌด๋ธŒ๋จผํŠธ(holomovement)"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ™€๋กœ๋…ธ๋ฏน ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ด„์€ ์Šคํƒ ํผ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž ์นผ H. ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋žŒKarl H. Pribram๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ™€๋กœ๋…ธ๋ฏน ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ์–‘์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ํŒŒ๋™ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ํ™€๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‹๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ด„์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ, ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜์‹์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ—ค๊ฒ” ์ฒ ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ™•์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋Š” 1961๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž, ์—ฐ์„ค๊ฐ€, ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ธ ์ง€๋‘ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ 25๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋…น์Œ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์˜ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ ์ฒ ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ด„์˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณตํ—Œ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ณด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์–‘๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ด„์˜ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์˜คํ•˜์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ์˜คํฌ ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ธŒ ์Šค์ฟจ(Oak Grove School)์—์„œ 1990๋…„์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜คํฌ ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ธŒ ์Šค์ฟจ์—์„œ ๋ด„์ด ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ใ€Š์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ (Thought as a System)ใ€‹๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์—์„œ ๋ด„์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์—์„œ ๋ด„์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ, ๊ณผํ•™ ๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ(ubiquitous tool)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์‹ฌ์ฝ” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…, ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์  ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ž„์— ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ฐฉ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์™œ๊ณกํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„์ž…๋œ ์™œ๊ณก์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ณ ์œ  ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์ธ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์‹์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ ์œ  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ๋ด„์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก  ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚จ ํด๋ž€๋“œ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ์ฝ”๋ฅด์ง€๋ธŒ์Šคํ‚คAlfred Korzybski์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ €์„œ ใ€Š์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด(On Creativity)ใ€‹์—์„œ "ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„"์ด๋ฉฐ "๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์„ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฐธ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฅผ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค." ๋ด„์€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ… ใ€Š๊ณผํ•™, ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ(Science, Order and Creativity)ใ€‹์—์„œ ๋ฃจํผํŠธ ์ƒ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ดํฌRupert Sheldrake๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋ผ์ดํžˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ด„์€ ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ”๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์—ด์‡ ์™€ ์ˆŸ๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ๋ฐ”์งˆ ํ•˜์ผ๋ฆฌBasil Hiley๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ›ผ์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆํ‹ด ๊ฐ€๋“œ๋„ˆ๋Š” ใ€Š์Šค์ผ‘ํ‹ฐ์นผ ์ธ์ฝฐ์ด์–ด๋Ÿฌ(Skeptical Inquirer)ใ€‹ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ด„์ด 1959๋…„์— ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ์ง€๋‘ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋“œ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ด„์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด(ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ "์ „์ž์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ •์‹ ์ด ๊ณ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์š”์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค.)๋Š” "๋ฒ”์‹ฌ๋ก (panpsychism)๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ํฌ์˜€๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„ ๋Œ€ํ™” ๋ง๋…„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ๋ด„์€ "๋ด„ ๋Œ€ํ™”(Bohm Dialogue)"๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„, ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์ง€์œ„์™€ "์ž์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„"์ด ์˜์‚ฌ ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ „์ œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์‹ ๋…๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‚˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ "์ค‘๋‹จ"ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ • ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ "๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ทธ๋ฃน"์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋„“์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ด„์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋…„ ๋ด„์€ 1987๋…„ ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ํ›„์—๋„ ์–‘์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ›„์— ์ถœํŒ๋œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ž‘์—…์ธ ใ€Š๋ถ„ํ• ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ: ์–‘์ž ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์  ํ•ด์„(The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory)ใ€‹ (1993)์€ ๋ฐ”์งˆ ํ•˜์ผ๋ฆฌBasil Hiley์™€์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์„œ ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์ด์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ถ„์„(Group Analysis)์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ž์ธ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆญ ๋“œ ๋งˆ๋ ˆ<sub>Patrick de Marรฉ<sub>์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ด ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1990๋…„์— ์™•๋ฆฝํ•™ํšŒ์˜ ํŽ ๋กœ์šฐ(Fellow of the Royal Society)๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ถ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋ฌด๋ ต, ๋ด„์€ ์ด์ „์— ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1991๋…„ 5์›” 10์ผ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ๋ชจ์ฆ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ‘์›(Maudsley Hospital)์— ์ž…์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ ์š”๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์˜ ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ด„์˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด์ž ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž์ธ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์ƒค์ธ๋ฒ„๊ทธDavid Shainberg์™€ ์ƒ๋‹ดํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ด„์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ 8์›” 29์ผ์— ํ‡ด์›ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด ์žฌ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ด„์€ 1992๋…„ 10์›” 27์ผ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ํ—จ๋˜์—์„œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๋กœ 74์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ํผํ…์…œ(Infinite Potential)ใ€‹์€ ๋ด„์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. F. ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ํ”ผํŠธF. David Peat์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ, ๋ด„์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณผ ์–‘์ž ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ด„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์กŒ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ณผ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋ด„์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ–ˆ๋‹ค; 1957๋…„ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ†จ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ฝœ์Šคํ„ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ(Colston Research Society)์˜ 9์ฐจ ์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์—„์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ํฐ ๊ด€์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ 1951. Quantum Theory, New York: Prentice Hall. 1989 reprint, New York: Dover 1957. Causality and Chance in Modern Physics, 1961 Harper edition reprinted in 1980 by Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Press 1962. Quanta and Reality, A Symposium, with N. R. Hanson and Mary B. Hesse, from a BBC program published by the American Research Council 1965. The Special Theory of Relativity, New York: W.A. Benjamin. 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order, London: Routledge; 1983 Ark paperback; 2002 paperback 1985. Unfolding Meaning: A weekend of dialogue with David Bohm (Donald Factor, editor), Gloucestershire: Foundation House; 1987 Ark paperback; 1996 Routledge paperback 1985. The Ending of Time, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, San Francisco: Harper 1987. Science, Order, and Creativity, with F. David Peat. London: Routledge. 2nd ed. 2000. 1989. Meaning And Information, In: P. Pylkkรคnen (ed.): The Search for Meaning: The New Spirit in Science and Philosophy, Crucible, The Aquarian Press, 1989. 1991. Changing Consciousness: Exploring the Hidden Source of the Social, Political and Environmental Crises Facing our World (a dialogue of words and images), coauthor Mark Edwards, Harper San Francisco 1992. Thought as a System (transcript of seminar held in Ojai, California, from 30 November to 2 December 1990), London: Routledge. 1993. The Undivided Universe: An ontological interpretation of quantum theory, with B.J. Hiley, London: Routledge, (final work) 1996. On Dialogue. editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge; 2004 edition 1998. On Creativity, editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge; 2004 edition 1999. Limits of Thought: Discussions, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, London: Routledge 1999. Bohmโ€“Biederman Correspondence: Creativity and Science, with Charles Biederman. editor Paavo Pylkkรคnen 2002. The Essential David Bohm. editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, preface by the Dalai Lama 2017. David Bohm: Causality and Chance, Letters to Three Women, editor Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer 2018. The Unity of Everything: A Conversation with David Bohm, with Nish Dubashia. Hamburg, Germany: Tredition 2020. David Bohmโ€™s Critique of Modern Physics, Letters to Jeffrey Bub, 1966-1969, Foreword by Jeffrey Bub, editor Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฒ ํ•™ ๋ด„ ์™ธํ”ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€(Bohm sheath criterion) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ(List of American philosophers) ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๊ฐ์†Œ(Orchestrated objective reduction) ์นผ H. ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋žŒKarl H. Pribram ์–‘์ž ๋งˆ์Œ(Quantum mind) ์–‘์ž ์‹ ๋น„์ฃผ์˜(Quantum mysticism) ๋žœ๋ค ์œ„์ƒ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ(Random phase approximation) ํ™€๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ David Z. Albert (May 1994). "Bohm's Alternative to Quantum Mechanics". โ€˜โ€™Scientific Americanโ€˜โ€™. 270 (5): 58. Bibcode:1994SciAm.270e..58A. Joye, S.R. (2017). โ€˜โ€™The Little Book of Consciousness: Pribram's Holonomic Brain Theory and Bohm's Implicate Orderโ€˜โ€™. The Viola Institute. Greeg Herken (2002). Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller. Holt. ISBN 0-8050-6589-X. (information on Bohm's work at Berkeley and his dealings with HUAC) F. David Peat (1997). Infinite Potential: the Life and Times of David Bohm. Addison Wesley. B.J. Hiley, F. David Peat, ed. (1987). Quantum Implications: Essays in Honour of David Bohm. Routledge. David Bohm; Sarah Bohm (1992). Thought as a System. Routledge. (transcript of seminar held in Ojai, California, from 30 November to 2 December 1990) Peter R. Holland (2000). The Quantum Theory of Motion: an account of the de Broglie-Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge University Press. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ William Keepin: A life of dialogue between science and spirit โ€“ David Bohm. In World Scriptures: Leland P. Stewart (ed.): Guidelines for a Unity-and-Diversity Global Civilization, World Scriptures Vol. 2, AuthorHouse. (2009) pp. 5โ€“13 William Keepin: Lifework of David Bohm. River of Truth, Re-vision, vol. 16, no. 1, 1993, p. 32. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ The David Bohm Society The Bohm Krishnamurti Project: Exploring the Legacy of the David * * Bohm and Jiddu Krishnamurti Relationship David Bohm's ideas about Dialogue the David_Bohm_Hub. Includes compilations of David Bohm's life and work in form of texts, audio, video, and pictures Lifework of David Bohm: River of Truth : Article by Will Keepin (PDF-version) Interview with David Bohm provided and conducted by F. David Peat along with John Briggs, first issued in Omni magazine, January 1987 Archive of papers at Birkbeck College relating to David Bohm and David Bohm at the National Archives David Bohm at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm 8 May 1981 , American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives 1979 Audio Interview with David Bohm by Martin Sherwin at Voices of the Manhattan Project The Bohm Documentary by David Peat and Paul Howard (in production) The Best David Bohm Interview about "The Nature of Things" by David Suzuki 26 May 1979 Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 8 May 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - interview conducted by Lillian Hoddeson in Edgware, London, England Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 6 June 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session I, interviews conducted by Maurice Wilkins Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 12 June 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session II Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 7 July 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session III Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 25 September 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session IV Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 3 October 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session V Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 22 December 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session VI Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 30 January 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session VII Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 7 February 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session VIII Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 27 February 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session IX Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 6 March 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session X Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 3 April 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session XI Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 16 April 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session XII 1917๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1992๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ก ์ž ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฆฌํˆฌ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ก ์ž ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์ธ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์™•๋ฆฝํ•™ํšŒ ์„ํ•™ํšŒ์› ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ด€๋ จ์ž ์œŒํฌ์Šค๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์‹  ์–‘์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ์ƒํŒŒ์šธ๋ฃจ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Bohm
David Bohm
David Joseph Bohm (; 20 December 1917 โ€“ 27 October 1992) was an Americanโ€“Brazilianโ€“British scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind. Among his many contributions to physics is his causal and deterministic interpretation of quantum theory known as De Broglieโ€“Bohm theory. Bohm advanced the view that quantum physics meant that the old Cartesian model of realityโ€”that there are two kinds of substance, the mental and the physical, that somehow interactโ€”was too limited. To complement it, he developed a mathematical and physical theory of "implicate" and "explicate" order. He also believed that the brain, at the cellular level, works according to the mathematics of some quantum effects, and postulated that thought is distributed and non-localised just as quantum entities are. Bohm's main concern was with understanding the nature of reality in general and of consciousness in particular as a coherent whole, which according to Bohm is never static or complete. Bohm warned of the dangers of rampant reason and technology, advocating instead the need for genuine supportive dialogue, which he claimed could bridge and unify conflicting and troublesome divisions in the social world. In this, his epistemology mirrored his ontology. Born in the United States, Bohm obtained his Ph.D. under J. Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California, Berkeley. Due to his Communist affiliations, he was the subject of a federal government investigation in 1949, prompting him to leave the U.S. He pursued his career in several countries, becoming first a Brazilian and then a British citizen. He abandoned Marxism in the wake of the Hungarian Uprising in 1956. Youth and college Bohm was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, to a Hungarian Jewish immigrant father, Samuel Bohm, and a Lithuanian Jewish mother. He was raised mainly by his father, a furniture-store owner and assistant of the local rabbi. Despite being raised in a Jewish family, he became an agnostic in his teenage years. Bohm attended Pennsylvania State College (now Pennsylvania State University), graduating in 1939, and then the California Institute of Technology, for one year. He then transferred to the theoretical physics group directed by Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California, Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, where he obtained his doctorate. Bohm lived in the same neighborhood as some of Oppenheimer's other graduate students (Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz, Joseph Weinberg, and Max Friedman) and with them became increasingly involved in radical politics. He was active in communist and communist-backed organizations, including the Young Communist League, the Campus Committee to Fight Conscription, and the Committee for Peace Mobilization. During his time at the Radiation Laboratory, Bohm was in a relationship with the future Betty Friedan and also helped to organize a local chapter of the Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians, a small labor union affiliated to the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Work and doctorate Manhattan Project contributions During World War II, the Manhattan Project mobilized much of Berkeley's physics research in the effort to produce the first atomic bomb. Though Oppenheimer had asked Bohm to work with him at Los Alamos (the top-secret laboratory established in 1942 to design the atom bomb), the project's director, Brigadier General Leslie Groves, would not approve Bohm's security clearance after seeing evidence of his politics and his close friendship with Weinberg, who had been suspected of espionage. During the war, Bohm remained at Berkeley, where he taught physics and conducted research in plasma, the synchrotron and the synchrocyclotron. He completed his PhD in 1943 by an unusual circumstance. According to biographer F. David Peat, "The scattering calculations (of collisions of protons and deuterons) that he had completed proved useful to the Manhattan Project and were immediately classified. Without security clearance, Bohm was denied access to his own work; not only would he be barred from defending his thesis, he was not even allowed to write his own thesis in the first place!" To satisfy the University, Oppenheimer certified that Bohm had successfully completed the research. Bohm later performed theoretical calculations for the Calutrons at the Y-12 facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. These calculations were used for the electromagnetic enrichment of uranium for the bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. McCarthyism and leaving the United States After the war, Bohm became an assistant professor at Princeton University. He also worked closely with Albert Einstein at the nearby Institute for Advanced Study. In May 1949, the House Un-American Activities Committee called upon Bohm to testify because of his previous ties to unionism and suspected communists. Bohm invoked his Fifth Amendment right to refuse to testify, and he refused to give evidence against his colleagues. In 1950, Bohm was arrested for refusing to answer the committee's questions. He was acquitted in May 1951, but Princeton had already suspended him. After his acquittal, Bohm's colleagues sought to have him reinstated at Princeton, but Princeton President Harold W. Dodds decided not to renew Bohm's contract. Although Einstein considered appointing him as his research assistant at the Institute, Oppenheimer (who had served as the Institute's president since 1947) "opposed the idea and [...] advised his former student to leave the country". His request to go to the University of Manchester received Einstein's support but was unsuccessful. Bohm then left for Brazil to assume a professorship of physics at the University of Sรฃo Paulo, at Jayme Tiomno's invitation and on the recommendation of both Einstein and Oppenheimer. Quantum theory and Bohm diffusion During his early period, Bohm made a number of significant contributions to physics, particularly quantum mechanics and relativity theory. As a postgraduate at Berkeley, he developed a theory of plasmas, discovering the electron phenomenon known as Bohm diffusion. His first book, Quantum Theory, published in 1951, was well received by Einstein, among others. But Bohm became dissatisfied with the orthodox interpretation of quantum theory he wrote about in that book. Starting from the realization that the WKB approximation of quantum mechanics leads to deterministic equations and convinced that a mere approximation could not turn a probabilistic theory into a deterministic theory, he doubted the inevitability of the conventional approach to quantum mechanics. Bohm's aim was not to set out a deterministic, mechanical viewpoint but to show that it was possible to attribute properties to an underlying reality, in contrast to the conventional approach. He began to develop his own interpretation (the De Broglieโ€“Bohm theory, also called the pilot wave theory), the predictions of which agreed perfectly with the non-deterministic quantum theory. He initially called his approach a hidden variable theory, but he later called it ontological theory, reflecting his view that a stochastic process underlying the phenomena described by his theory might one day be found. Bohm and his colleague Basil Hiley later stated that they had found their own choice of terms of an "interpretation in terms of hidden variables" to be too restrictive, especially since their variables, position, and momentum "are not actually hidden". Bohm's work and the EPR argument became the major factor motivating John Stewart Bell's inequality, which rules out local hidden variable theories; the full consequences of Bell's work are still being investigated. Brazil After Bohm's arrival in Brazil on 10 October 1951, the US Consul in Sรฃo Paulo confiscated his passport, informing him he could retrieve it only to return to his country, which reportedly frightened Bohm and significantly lowered his spirits, as he had hoped to travel to Europe. He applied for and received Brazilian citizenship, but by law, had to give up his US citizenship; he was able to reclaim it only decades later, in 1986, after pursuing a lawsuit. At the University of Sรฃo Paulo, Bohm worked on the causal theory that became the subject of his publications in 1952. Jean-Pierre Vigier traveled to Sรฃo Paulo, where he worked with Bohm for three months; Ralph Schiller, student of cosmologist Peter Bergmann, was his assistant for two years; he worked with Tiomno and Walther Schรผtzer; and Mario Bunge stayed to work with him for one year. He was in contact with Brazilian physicists Mรกrio Schenberg, Jean Meyer, Leite Lopes, and had discussions on occasion with visitors to Brazil, including Richard Feynman, Isidor Rabi, Lรฉon Rosenfeld, Carl Friedrich von Weizsรคcker, Herbert L. Anderson, Donald Kerst, Marcos Moshinsky, Alejandro Medina, and the former assistant to Heisenberg, Guido Beck, who encouraged him in his work and helped him to obtain funding. The Brazilian CNPq explicitly supported his work on the causal theory and funded several researchers around Bohm. His work with Vigier was the beginning of a long-standing cooperation between the two and Louis De Broglie, in particular, on connections to the hydrodynamics model proposed by Madelung. Yet the causal theory met much resistance and skepticism, with many physicists holding the Copenhagen interpretation to be the only viable approach to quantum mechanics. From 1951 to 1953, Bohm and David Pines published the articles in which they introduced the random phase approximation and proposed the plasmon. Bohm and Aharonov form of the EPR paradox In 1955 Bohm relocated to Israel, where he spent two years working at the Technion, at Haifa. There, he met Sarah ("Saral") Woolfson, whom he married in 1956. In 1957, Bohm and his student Yakir Aharonov published a new version of the Einsteinโ€“Podolskyโ€“Rosen (EPR) paradox, reformulating the original argument in terms of spin. It was that form of the EPR paradox that was discussed by John Stewart Bell in his famous paper of 1964. Aharonovโ€“Bohm effect In 1957, Bohm relocated to the United Kingdom as a research fellow at the University of Bristol. In 1959, Bohm and Aharonov discovered the Aharonovโ€“Bohm effect, showing how a magnetic field could affect a region of space in which the field had been shielded, but its vector potential did not vanish there. That showed for the first time that the magnetic vector potential, hitherto a mathematical convenience, could have real physical (quantum) effects. In 1961, Bohm was made professor of theoretical physics at the University of London's Birkbeck College, becoming emeritus in 1987. His collected papers are stored there. Implicate and explicate order At Birkbeck College, much of the work of Bohm and Basil Hiley expanded on the notion of implicate, explicate, and generative orders proposed by Bohm. In the view of Bohm and Hiley, "things, such as particles, objects, and indeed subjects" exist as "semi-autonomous quasi-local features" of an underlying activity. Such features can be considered to be independent only up to a certain level of approximation in which certain criteria are fulfilled. In that picture, the classical limit for quantum phenomena, in terms of a condition that the action function is not much greater than Planck's constant, indicates one such criterion. They used the word "holomovement" for the activity in such orders. Holonomic model of the brain In collaboration with Stanford University neuroscientist Karl H. Pribram, Bohm was involved in the early development of the holonomic model of the functioning of the brain, a model for human cognition that is drastically different from conventionally-accepted ideas. Bohm worked with Pribram on the theory that the brain operates in a manner that is similar to a hologram, in accordance with quantum mathematical principles and the characteristics of wave patterns. Consciousness and thought In addition to his scientific work, Bohm was deeply interested in exploring the nature of consciousness, with particular attention to the role of thought as it relates to attention, motivation, and conflict in the individual and in society. Those concerns were a natural extension of his earlier interest in Marxist ideology and Hegelian philosophy. His views were brought into sharper focus through extensive interactions with the philosopher, speaker, and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti, beginning in 1961. Their collaboration lasted a quarter of a century, and their recorded dialogues were published in several volumes. Bohm's prolonged involvement with the philosophy of Krishnamurti was regarded somewhat skeptically by some of his scientific peers. A more recent and extensive examination of the relationship between the two men presents it in a more positive light and shows that Bohm's work in the psychological field was complementary to and compatible with his contributions to theoretical physics. The mature expression of Bohm's views in the psychological field was presented in a seminar conducted in 1990 at the Oak Grove School, founded by Krishnamurti in Ojai, California. It was one of a series of seminars held by Bohm at Oak Grove School, and it was published as Thought as a System. In the seminar, Bohm described the pervasive influence of thought throughout society, including the many erroneous assumptions about the nature of thought and its effects in daily life. In the seminar, Bohm develops several interrelated themes. He points out that thought is the ubiquitous tool that is used to solve every kind of problem: personal, social, scientific, and so on. Yet thought, he maintains, is also inadvertently the source of many of those problems. He recognizes and acknowledges the irony of the situation: it is as if one gets sick by going to the doctor. Bohm maintains that thought is a system, in the sense that it is an interconnected network of concepts, ideas and assumptions that pass seamlessly between individuals and throughout society. If there is a fault in the functioning of thought, therefore, it must be a systemic fault, which infects the entire network. The thought that is brought to bear to resolve any given problem, therefore, is susceptible to the same flaw that created the problem it is trying to solve. Thought proceeds as if it is merely reporting objectively, but in fact, it is often coloring and distorting perception in unexpected ways. What is required in order to correct the distortions introduced by thought, according to Bohm, is a form of proprioception, or self-awareness. Neural receptors throughout the body inform us directly of our physical position and movement, but there is no corresponding awareness of the activity of thought. Such an awareness would represent psychological proprioception and would enable the possibility of perceiving and correcting the unintended consequences of the thinking process. Further interests In his book On Creativity, quoting Alfred Korzybski, the Polish-American who developed the field of General Semantics, Bohm expressed the view that "metaphysics is an expression of a world view" and is "thus to be regarded as an art form, resembling poetry in some ways and mathematics in others, rather than as an attempt to say something true about reality as a whole". Bohm was keenly aware of various ideas outside the scientific mainstream. In his book Science, Order and Creativity, Bohm referred to the views of various biologists on the evolution of the species, including Rupert Sheldrake. He also knew the ideas of Wilhelm Reich. Contrary to many other scientists, Bohm did not exclude the paranormal out of hand. Bohm temporarily even held Uri Geller's bending of keys and spoons to be possible, prompting warning remarks by his colleague Basil Hiley that it might undermine the scientific credibility of their work in physics. Martin Gardner reported this in a Skeptical Inquirer article and also critiqued the views of Jiddu Krishnamurti, with whom Bohm had met in 1959 and had had many subsequent exchanges. Gardner said that Bohm's view of the interconnectedness of mind and matter (on one occasion, Bohm summarized: "Even the electron is informed with a certain level of mind.") "flirted with panpsychism". Bohm dialogue To address societal problems during his later years, Bohm wrote a proposal for a solution that has become known as "Bohm Dialogue", in which equal status and "free space" form the most important prerequisites of communication and the appreciation of differing personal beliefs. An essential ingredient in this form of dialogue is that participants "suspend" immediate action or judgment and give themselves and each other the opportunity to become aware of the thought process itself. Bohm suggested that if the "dialogue groups" were experienced on a sufficiently-wide scale, they could help overcome the isolation and fragmentation that Bohm observed in society. Later life Bohm continued his work in quantum physics after his retirement, in 1987. His final work, the posthumously published The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory (1993), resulted from a decades-long collaboration with Basil Hiley. He also spoke to audiences across Europe and North America on the importance of dialogue as a form of sociotherapy, a concept he borrowed from London psychiatrist and practitioner of Group Analysis Patrick de Marรฉ, and he had a series of meetings with the Dalai Lama. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1990. Near the end of his life, Bohm began to experience a recurrence of the depression that he had suffered earlier in life. He was admitted to the Maudsley Hospital in South London on 10 May 1991. His condition worsened and it was decided that the only treatment that might help him was electroconvulsive therapy. Bohm's wife consulted psychiatrist David Shainberg, Bohm's longtime friend and collaborator, who agreed that electroconvulsive treatments were probably his only option. Bohm showed improvement from the treatments and was released on 29 August, but his depression returned and was treated with medication. Bohm died after suffering a heart attack in Hendon, London, on 27 October 1992, aged 74. The film Infinite Potential is based on Bohm's life and studies; it adopts the same name as the biography by F. David Peat. Reception of causal theory In the early 1950s, Bohm's causal quantum theory of hidden variables was mostly negatively received, with a widespread tendency among physicists to systematically ignore both Bohm personally and his ideas. There was a significant revival of interest in Bohm's ideas in the late 1950s and the early 1960s; the Ninth Symposium of the Colston Research Society in Bristol in 1957 was a key turning point toward greater tolerance of his ideas. Publications 1951. Quantum Theory, New York: Prentice Hall. 1989 reprint, New York: Dover, 1957. Causality and Chance in Modern Physics, 1961 Harper edition reprinted in 1980 by Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Press, 1962. Quanta and Reality, A Symposium, with N. R. Hanson and Mary B. Hesse, from a BBC program published by the American Research Council 1965. The Special Theory of Relativity, New York: W.A. Benjamin. 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order, London: Routledge, , 1983 Ark paperback: , 2002 paperback: 1985. Unfolding Meaning: A weekend of dialogue with David Bohm (Donald Factor, editor), Gloucestershire: Foundation House, , 1987 Ark paperback: , 1996 Routledge paperback: 1985. The Ending of Time, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, San Francisco: Harper, . 1987. Science, Order, and Creativity, with F. David Peat. London: Routledge. 2nd ed. 2000. . 1989. Meaning And Information, In: P. Pylkkรคnen (ed.): The Search for Meaning: The New Spirit in Science and Philosophy, Crucible, The Aquarian Press, 1989, . 1991. Changing Consciousness: Exploring the Hidden Source of the Social, Political and Environmental Crises Facing our World (a dialogue of words and images), coauthor Mark Edwards, Harper San Francisco, 1992. Thought as a System (transcript of seminar held in Ojai, California, from 30 November to 2 December 1990), London: Routledge. . 1993. The Undivided Universe: An ontological interpretation of quantum theory, with B.J. Hiley, London: Routledge, (final work) 1996. On Dialogue. editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: , paperback: , 2004 edition: 1998. On Creativity, editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: , paperback: , 2004 edition: 1999. Limits of Thought: Discussions, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, London: Routledge, . 1999. Bohmโ€“Biederman Correspondence: Creativity and Science, with Charles Biederman. editor Paavo Pylkkรคnen. . 2002. The Essential David Bohm. editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, . preface by the Dalai Lama 2017. David Bohm: Causality and Chance, Letters to Three Women, editor Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-55491-4. 2018. The Unity of Everything: A Conversation with David Bohm, with Nish Dubashia. Hamburg, Germany: Tredition, . 2020. David Bohm's Critique of Modern Physics, Letters to Jeffrey Bub, 1966โ€“1969, Foreword by Jeffrey Bub, editor Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-45536-1. See also American philosophy Bohm sheath criterion List of American philosophers Orchestrated objective reduction Karl H. Pribram Quantum mind#Bohm Quantum mysticism Random phase approximation The Holographic Universe References Sources (information on Bohm's work at Berkeley and his dealings with HUAC) (transcript of seminar held in Ojai, California, from 30 November to 2 December 1990) Further reading William Keepin: A life of dialogue between science and spirit โ€“ David Bohm. In World Scriptures: Leland P. Stewart (ed.): Guidelines for a Unity-and-Diversity Global Civilization, World Scriptures Vol.ย 2, AuthorHouse. (2009) , pp.ย 5โ€“13 William Keepin: Lifework of David Bohm. River of Truth, Re-vision, vol.ย 16, no.ย 1, 1993, p.ย 32 (online at scribd) External links The David Bohm Society The Bohm Krishnamurti Project: Exploring the Legacy of the David Bohm and Jiddu Krishnamurti Relationship David Bohm's ideas about Dialogue the David_Bohm_Hub. Includes compilations of David Bohm's life and work in form of texts, audio, video, and pictures : Article by Will Keepin () Interview with David Bohm provided and conducted by F. David Peat along with John Briggs, first issued in Omni magazine, January 1987 Archive of papers at Birkbeck College relating to David Bohm and David Bohm at the National Archives David Bohm at the Mathematics Genealogy Project 1979 Audio Interview with David Bohm by Martin Sherwin at Voices of the Manhattan Project The Bohm Documentary by David Peat and Paul Howard (in production) The Best David Bohm Interview about "The Nature of Things" by David Suzuki 26 May 1979 Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 8 May 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ interview conducted by Lillian Hoddeson in Edgware, London, England Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 6 June 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session I, interviews conducted by Maurice Wilkins Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 12 June 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session II Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 7 July 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session III Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 25 September 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session IV Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 3 October 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session V Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 22 December 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session VI Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 30 January 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session VII Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 7 February 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session VIII Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 27 February 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session IX Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 6 March 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session X Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 3 April 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session XI Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 16 April 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives โ€“ Session XII 1917 births 1992 deaths 20th-century American philosophers Academics of Birkbeck, University of London Alumni of the University of Bristol American agnostics American emigrants to the United Kingdom American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent 20th-century American physicists English agnostics English Jews English philosophers English physicists British consciousness researchers and theorists Fellows of the Royal Society Jewish agnostics Jewish American scientists Jewish philosophers Manhattan Project people People from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Quantum mind Quantum physicists Academic staff of the University of Sรฃo Paulo American emigrants to Brazil American expatriates in Israel Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom American plasma physicists
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์„์‹ ์‚ฐ
์„์‹ ์‚ฐ()์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹์ด (CH2)2(CO2H)2์ธ ๋‹ค์ด์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ "ํ˜ธ๋ฐ•"์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด "succinum"์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ ํ˜ธ๋ฐ•์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ํ˜ธ๋ฐ•์‚ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์Œ์ด์˜จ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ์„์‹œ๋„ค์ดํŠธ(succinate)๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์„์‹œ๋„ค์ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์˜ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ATP๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ๋„ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์ธ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์™€ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Œ€์‚ฌ(ํŠนํžˆ ATP ํ˜•์„ฑ)์™€ ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ATP ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์žฅ์• ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ(Leigh syndrome), ๋ฉœ๋ผ์Šค ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ(MELAS syndrome)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด ์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘, ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง ์†์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์  ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ํฐ์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ง›์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด์˜จํ™”๋˜์–ด ์ง์—ผ๊ธฐ์ธ ์„์‹œ๋„ค์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์–‘์„ฑ์ž์‚ฐ์ธ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ 2๋ฒˆ์˜ ํƒˆ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ๋‹ค. (CH2)2(CO2H)2 โ†’ (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)โˆ’ + H+ (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)โˆ’ โ†’ (CH2)2(CO2)22โˆ’ + H+ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ pKa๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4.3 ๋ฐ 5.6์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์Œ์ด์˜จ์€ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์ด๋ฉฐ Na(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2) ๋ฐ Na2(CH2)2(CO2)22โˆ’ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ(succinic acid)์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์„์‹œ๋„ค์ดํŠธ(succinate)๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„์‹œ๋‹๊ธฐ(succinyl group)๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ชจ๋…ธ์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ด์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ํ•ด๋กญ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ˆˆ์— ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด์—ํ‹ธ์„์‹œ๋„ค์ดํŠธ(diethylsuccinate, (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์ด์—์Šคํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์ด์—ํ‹ธ ์—์Šคํ„ฐ(diethyl ester)๋Š” ์Šคํ† ๋ธŒ ์ถ•ํ•ฉ(Stobbe condensation) ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜๋ฌผ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ 1,4-๋ทฐํ…Œ์ธ๋‹ค์ด์˜ฌ, ๋ง๋ ˆ์‚ฐ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜๋ฌผ, ์„์‹ ์ด๋ฏธ๋“œ, 2-ํ”ผ๋กค๋ฆฌ๋””๋…ผ ๋ฐ ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํ‘ธ๋ž€์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์—…์ ์ธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ํ˜ธ๋ฐ•์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ธ๋ฐ•์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ฐœํšจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ์—…์  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ง๋ ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์†Œํ™”, 1,4-๋ทฐํ…Œ์ธ๋‹ค์ด์˜ฌ์˜ ์‚ฐํ™”, ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝœ์˜ ์นด๋ณด๋‹ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ง๋ ˆ์‚ฐ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ทฐํ…Œ์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„์œ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท (Escherichia coli)์ด๋‚˜ ๋งฅ์ฃผํšจ๋ชจ๊ท (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๋ฐœํšจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜์œจ์˜ ์ƒ์—…์ ์ธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 16,000~30,000ํ†ค์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 10%์”ฉ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์šฉ 2004๋…„์— ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ์ƒ์œ„ 12๊ฐœ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž, ์ˆ˜์ง€ ๋ฐ ์šฉ๋งค์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํด๋ฆฌ์—์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์•Œํ‚ค๋“œ ์ˆ˜์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. 1,4-๋ทฐํ…Œ์ธ๋‹ค์ด์˜ฌ์€ ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฐ ์ „์ž ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ, ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ฒด, ํœ  ์ปค๋ฒ„, ๋ณ€์† ๊ธฐ์–ด ์†์žก์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1,4-๋ทฐํ…Œ์ธ๋‹ค์ด์˜ฌ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๊ณตํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ƒ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์‹์ด ๋ณด์ถฉ์ œ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์‹์ด ๋ณด์ถฉ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝ๊ตญ์—์„œ GRAS(Generally Recognized As Safe, ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝ๊ตญ(FDA)์˜ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์ฆ)๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์‹ํ’ˆ ๋ฐ ์Œ๋ฃŒ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ง›๊ณผ ๊ฐ์น ๋ง›์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฉํ–ฅ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ˜•์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ด์˜จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฉ”ํ† ํ”„๋กค๋กค ์„์‹œ๋„ค์ดํŠธ(metoprolol succinate), ์ˆ˜๋งˆํŠธ๋ฆฝํƒ„ ์„์‹œ๋„ค์ดํŠธ(sumatriptan succinate), ๋…์‹ค๋ผ๋ฏผ ์„์‹œ๋„ค์ดํŠธ(doxylamine succinate), ์†”๋ฆฌํŽ˜๋‚˜์‹  ์„์‹œ๋„ค์ดํŠธ(solifenacin succinate)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ(O2)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํ™”ํ•™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ธ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ GTP(๋˜๋Š” ATP)๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ ์„์‹œ๋‹-CoA ํ•ฉ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ด‰๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„์‹œ๋‹-CoA๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹œ๋‹-CoA + GDP(๋˜๋Š” ADP) + Pi โ†’ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ + CoA + GTP(๋˜๋Š” ATP) ์ด์–ด์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ + FAD โ†’ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ + FADH2 ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์™€๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด II๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด II๋Š” ์ „์ž์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด์ธ FAD์™€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ [2Fe-2S] ์ฒ -ํ™ฉ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์œ ๋น„ํ€ด๋…ผ์„ ํ™˜์›์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์†Œ๋‹จ์œ„์ฒด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ „์ž๊ณต์—ฌ์ฒด๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ํ™˜์›์  ๋ถ„์ง€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Actinobacillus succinogenes, Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens, Mannheimia succiniciproducens ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ • ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์€ ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ์˜ฅ์‚ด์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ โ†’ ๋ง์‚ฐ โ†’ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ณตํ•™์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆœ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹น์˜ ๋ฐœํšจ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฐœํšจ์ฃผ์— ์ง ๋ง›, ์“ด๋ง›, ์‹ ๋ง›์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ง์‚ฐ-์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธ์‚ฐ ์…”ํ‹€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์–ด์„œ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ 2๋ถ„์ž์˜ 2ํƒ„์†Œ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ๊ธฐ(์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA์˜)๋ฅผ 4ํƒ„์†Œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ๊ท , ์‹๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์กด์†๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„์ด์†Œ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์„ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์ธ ์•„์ด์†Œ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํƒˆ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํšŒํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์ด์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GABA ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ฮณ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ(ฮณ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt)๊ฐ€ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ์žฌ์ง„์ž… ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ GABA ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” GABA๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ์‡„ ํšŒ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. GABA ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ์„ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„์‹œ๋‹-CoA๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์šฐํšŒํ•ด์„œ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— GABA๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ณ , ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ์€ ฮณ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅด์‚ฐ(GABA)๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ฮณ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅด์‚ฐ(GABA)์€ ฮณ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ์„ธ๋ฏธ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ์„ธ๋ฏธ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ์„ธ๋ฏธ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ(succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ์žฌ์ง„์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋œ๋‹ค. GABA ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์€ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ต์„ธํฌ, ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ์ด์ž์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ , ๋†์ถ•๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ, ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ, ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ๋ฐ ํ—ด์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‹ค์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆœ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.5 mM์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” 2~20 ฮผM์ด๋‹ค. ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์„ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์ด ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‚ฐํ™”๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด III๊ฐ€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ์‚ฐํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋œ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด I์—์„œ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ž‘์šฉ ์ด์™ธ์— ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ถ„์ž ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ ์˜์กด์„ฑ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ฅ์‹œ์ œ๋„ค์ด์Šค ํšจ์†Œ๊ตฐ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ์•ก์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ํ‘œ์  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธ์‹๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ณผ๋‹ค์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์†Œ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด, ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ถ•์ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด์›ƒ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›๋ž˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์•  ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฝ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ง‰ ๋ฐ ์›ํ˜•์งˆ๋ง‰์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ-ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ/๋ง์‚ฐ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด์ธ SLC25A10 (๋‹ค์ด์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด๋ง‰์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ 1.5 kDa ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„ํŠน์ด์  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ†ต๋กœ์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์™ธ๋ง‰์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์›ํ˜•์งˆ๋ง‰์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†ก์€ ์กฐ์ง ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ํ›„๋ณด ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜ˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ-๋น„์˜์กด์  ์Œ์ด์˜จ ๊ตํ™˜์ฒด์ธ INDY (I'm not dead yet) ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์„ธํฌ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง, ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ, ๊ฐ„, ์‹ฌ์žฅ, ๋ง๋ง‰ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฝฉํŒฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์œ ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. G-๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์ธ GPR91์€ SUCNR1๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ Arg99, His103, Arg252, Arg281 ์€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–‘์ „ํ•˜๋กœ ํ•˜์ „๋œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. GPR91์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„๋“œ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์€ 800๊ฐœ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํ™œ์„ฑ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ 200๊ฐœ์˜ ์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ—˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์นœํ™”๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ-GPR91์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ EC50 ์€ 20~50 uM ๋ฒ”์œ„์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ GPR91์€ Gs, Gi ๋ฐ Gq๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ GPR91 ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ง๋ง‰์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•๋œ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ผํฌ๋ฆฐ(paracrine) ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ GPR91์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋ฐ ์„ฌ์œ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ์œ ์ง€์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ง‰์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ง๋ง‰ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ ์„ธํฌ(retinal ganglion cell)์— ์ถ•์ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ํฌ๋ฆฐ(autocrine) ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ๋ง๋ง‰ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์‹ ์ƒ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž(vascular endothelial growth factor)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ํ˜•์„ฑ์ธ์ž(angiogenic factor)์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์„ธํฌ ์™ธ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ GPR91 ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๊ทผ์œก์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์ธ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๊ทผ์œก์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. GPR91์˜ ์ž๊ทน์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋Œ€ํ™” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” MEK1/2 ๋ฐ ERK1/2 ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋ฐ Ca2+ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์นผ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋ฆฐ-์˜์กด์  ๋น„๋Œ€ํ™” ์œ ์ „์ž ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ผ์ดํŽ˜์ด์Šค C ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ SUCNR1์€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ์ฃผํ™”์„ฑ์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์ˆ™ ์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, SUCNR1์€ TNF-ฮฑ ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฃจํ‚จ-1ฮฒ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ†จ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ƒ์Šน์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ T์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•ญ์› ์ œ์‹œ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์‹œ์ผœ ํŠน์ด์  ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ SUCNR1์€ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์—์„œ P2Y12 ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” G ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ์‘์ง‘์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. ์ฝฉํŒฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ GPR91์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์น˜๋ฐ€๋ฐ˜(macula densa)๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด ์„ธํฌ(juxtaglomerular cell)์—์„œ ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ˆ์••์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์žฅ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์  ์ €ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค ๋ฐ DNA ๋””๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค, ํ”„๋กค๋ฆด ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค๋ ˆ์ด์Šค, ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ ํ”„๋กค๋ฆด 4-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ๋ฐ ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ ์˜์กด์  ๋‹ค์ด์˜ฅ์‹œ์ œ๋„ค์ด์Šค์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ ์˜์กด์  ๋‹ค์ด์˜ฅ์‹œ์ œ๋„ค์ด์Šค๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹คํ™”, ๋ถˆํฌํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ํ์‡„๋ฅผ ์ด‰๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ  ๋ณด์กฐ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ์งˆ ์‚ฐํ™”์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ์„ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ๊ณผ CO2๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ ์˜์กด์  ๋‹ค์ด์˜ฅ์‹œ์ œ๋„ค์ด์Šค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ ํšจ์†Œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” 2-ํžˆ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋”œ 1-์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํ‹ธ/๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฐ€์˜ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž”๊ธฐ์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ์ฒ  ์ด์˜จ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์œ„๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ํšจ์†Œ-๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํ™”์  ํƒˆ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”๋Š” ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์— ๋ฐฐ์œ„๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ํŽ˜๋ฆด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ Fe2+ ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ง‰์•„์„œ ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํšจ์†Œ ์ €ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ ์ธ์ž ํ™œ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค ๋ฐ DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ 5-๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์‹  DNA ๋ณ€ํ˜• ํšจ์†Œ(DNA modifying enzyme) ๋ฐ (ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค-H3)-๋ฆฌ์‹ -36-๋””๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ TET(ten-eleven translocation) ํšจ์†Œ๊ตฐ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋†๋„ ์ƒ์Šน์€ ๊ณผ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”, ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „์  ์นจ๋ฌต, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„ ๋ถ„ํ™”์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์•” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํ”„๋กค๋ฆด ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์–ต์ œ๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ ์ธ์ž์ธ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ ์œ ๋„์ธ์ž(hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1ฮฑ)๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กค๋ฆด ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋Š” ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ์„ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ๊ณผ CO2๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ํƒˆ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ”„๋กค๋ฆฐ์„ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹คํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ HIF ํ”„๋กค๋ฆด 4-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ HIF์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. HIF1ฮฑ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋กค๋ฆฐ ์ž”๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹คํ™”๋Š” ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด/ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์•„์ข€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กค๋ฆด ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ()์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์š”๊ตฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, HIF1ฮฑ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์–ต์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋†๋„์˜ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ํ”„๋กค๋ฆด ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•ด์„œ HIF1ฮฑ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ •์‚ฐ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์—์„œ๋„ HIF1-์˜์กด์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. HIF1์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์‹ ์ƒ, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ํ˜•์„ฑ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ, ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด ๋ฐ ์ข…์–‘ ์นจ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 60๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์—์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ•  ์—ผ์ฆ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ์„ ์ฒœ์  ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ HIF1-ฮฑ ๋˜๋Š” GPR91 ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ผ์ฆ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์€ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ํ™”ํ•™ ์œ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ญ์› ์ œ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ HIF1์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ์ „์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฅ˜ํ‚จ-1ฮฒ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ HIF1-์˜์กด์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ข…์–‘๊ดด์‚ฌ์ธ์ž ๋˜๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฅ˜ํ‚จ 6์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ HIF1์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์— ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์•„์ง ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ†จ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ ์กฐ์ ˆ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ๋‹ค๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด์™€ GABA ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ ๋˜๋Š” GABA ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ(GABA shunt)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…์–‘ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์•” ์œ ๋ฐœ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์€ ์ข…์–‘ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋น„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์„ฑ ๋ถ€์‹ ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ข…(paraganglioma) ๋ฐ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์„ธํฌ์ข…(pheochromocytoma)์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ƒ์‹ค ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ์ข…์–‘, ์‹ ์žฅ ์ข…์–‘, ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ์ข…์–‘, ๊ณ ํ™˜ ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์•„์„ธํฌ์ข…์—์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์•” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ฮฑ-์ผ€ํ† ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ ์˜์กด์  ๋‹ค์ด์˜ฅ์‹œ์ œ๋„ค์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. (ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค-H3)-๋ฆฌ์‹ -36-๋””๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์™€ TET(ten-eleven translocation) ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ์–ต์ œ๋Š” ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์žฅ์• ์™€ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ HIF-1ฮฑ์˜ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์ด ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ์ฆ์‹, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ข…์–‘ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•” ์œ ๋ฐœ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ๊ณผ ฮฑ-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, HIF-์œ ๋„ ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ์žฌ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์†์ƒ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์€ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ์žฌ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์†์ƒ(reperfusion injury)๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ(ischemia) ๋™์•ˆ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ ๋ง์‚ฐ-์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธ์‚ฐ ์…”ํ‹€์˜ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์ถ•์ ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๊ด€๋ฅ˜์‹œ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์ž์‚ด ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰, ์„ธํฌ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์— ์‚ฐํ™”์  ์†์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ์ถ•์ ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์–ต์ œ๋Š” ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ์žฌ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์†์ƒ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ๋งค๊ฐœ ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ์–ต์ œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ˜ธ๋ฐ• (ํ™”์„) ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ FDA Succinic Acid Calculator: Water and solute activities in aqueous succinic acid ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์„ธํฌ ํ˜ธํก ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž ๋‹ค์ด์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ ๋ถ€ํ˜•์ œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic%20acid
Succinic acid
Succinic acid () is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling. As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function. Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome, and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury. Succinic acid is marketed as food additive E363. The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber. Physical properties Succinic acid is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste. In an aqueous solution, succinic acid readily ionizes to form its conjugate base, succinate (). As a diprotic acid, succinic acid undergoes two successive deprotonation reactions: (CH2)2(CO2H)2 โ†’ (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)โˆ’ + H+ (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)โˆ’ โ†’ (CH2)2(CO2)22โˆ’ + H+ The pKa of these processes are 4.3 and 5.6, respectively. Both anions are colorless and can be isolated as the salts, e.g., Na(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2) and Na2(CH2)2(CO2)2. In living organisms, primarily succinate, not succinic acid, is found. As a radical group it is called a succinyl () group. Like most simple mono- and dicarboxylic acids, it is not harmful but can be an irritant to skin and eyes. Commercial production Historically, succinic acid was obtained from amber by distillation and has thus been known as spirit of amber. Common industrial routes include hydrogenation of maleic acid, oxidation of 1,4-butanediol, and carbonylation of ethylene glycol. Succinate is also produced from butane via maleic anhydride. Global production is estimated at 16,000 to 30,000 tons a year, with an annual growth rate of 10%. Genetically engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are proposed for the commercial production via fermentation of glucose. Chemical reactions Succinic acid can be dehydrogenated to fumaric acid or be converted to diesters, such as diethylsuccinate (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2. This diethyl ester is a substrate in the Stobbe condensation. Dehydration of succinic acid gives succinic anhydride. Succinate can be used to derive 1,4-butanediol, maleic anhydride, succinimide, 2-pyrrolidinone and tetrahydrofuran. Applications In 2004, succinate was placed on the US Department of Energy's list of top 12 platform chemicals from biomass. Precursor to polymers, resins, and solvents Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins. 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be synthesized using succinic acid as a precursor. The automotive and electronics industries heavily rely on BDO to produce connectors, insulators, wheel covers, gearshift knobs and reinforcing beams. Succinic acid also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications. Acylation with succinic acid is called succination. Oversuccination occurs when more than one succinate adds to a substrate. Food and dietary supplement As a food additive and dietary supplement, succinic acid is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Succinic acid is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry. It is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste. As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, it is also used to control acidity or as a counter ion. Drugs involving succinate include metoprolol succinate, sumatriptan succinate, Doxylamine succinate or solifenacin succinate. Biosynthesis Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle Succinate is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a primary metabolic pathway used to produce chemical energy in the presence of O2. Succinate is generated from succinyl-CoA by the enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase in a GTP/ATP-producing step: Succinyl-CoA + NDP + Pi โ†’ Succinate + CoA + NTP Catalyzed by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), succinate is subsequently oxidized to fumarate: Succinate + FAD โ†’ Fumarate + FADH2 SDH also participates in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, where it is known as respiratory complex II. This enzyme complex is a 4 subunit membrane-bound lipoprotein which couples the oxidation of succinate to the reduction of ubiquinone via the intermediate electron carriers FAD and three 2Fe-2S clusters. Succinate thus serves as a direct electron donor to the electron transport chain, and itself is converted into fumarate. Reductive branch of the TCA cycle Succinate can alternatively be formed by reverse activity of SDH. Under anaerobic conditions certain bacteria such as A. succinogenes, A. succiniciproducens and M. succiniciproducens, run the TCA cycle in reverse and convert glucose to succinate through the intermediates of oxaloacetate, malate and fumarate. This pathway is exploited in metabolic engineering to net generate succinate for human use. Additionally, succinic acid produced during the fermentation of sugar provides a combination of saltiness, bitterness and acidity to fermented alcohols. Accumulation of fumarate can drive the reverse activity of SDH, thus enhancing succinate generation. Under pathological and physiological conditions, the malate-aspartate shuttle or the purine nucleotide shuttle can increase mitochondrial fumarate, which is then readily converted to succinate. Glyoxylate cycle Succinate is also a product of the glyoxylate cycle, which converts two two-carbon acetyl units into the four-carbon succinate. The glyoxylate cycle is utilized by many bacteria, plants and fungi and allows these organisms to subsist on acetate or acetyl CoA yielding compounds. The pathway avoids the decarboxylation steps of the TCA cycle via the enzyme isocitrate lyase which cleaves isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate. Generated succinate is then available for either energy production or biosynthesis. GABA shunt Succinate is the re-entry point for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt into the TCA cycle, a closed cycle which synthesizes and recycles GABA. The GABA shunt serves as an alternate route to convert alpha-ketoglutarate into succinate, bypassing the TCA cycle intermediate succinyl-CoA and instead producing the intermediate GABA. Transamination and subsequent decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate leads to the formation of GABA. GABA is then metabolized by GABA transaminase to succinic semialdehyde. Finally, succinic semialdehyde is oxidized by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) to form succinate, re-entering the TCA cycle and closing the loop. Enzymes required for the GABA shunt are expressed in neurons, glial cells, macrophages and pancreatic cells. Cellular metabolism Metabolic intermediate Succinate is produced and concentrated in the mitochondria and its primary biological function is that of a metabolic intermediate. All metabolic pathways that are interlinked with the TCA cycle, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol, and heme, rely on the temporary formation of succinate. The intermediate is made available for biosynthetic processes through multiple pathways, including the reductive branch of the TCA cycle or the glyoxylate cycle, which are able to drive net production of succinate. In rodents, mitochondrial concentrations are approximately ~0.5 mM while plasma concentration are only 2โ€“20 ฮผM. ROS production The activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), which interconverts succinate into fumarate participates in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by directing electron flow in the electron transport chain. Under conditions of succinate accumulation, rapid oxidation of succinate by SDH can drive reverse electron transport (RET). If mitochondrial respiratory complex III is unable to accommodate excess electrons supplied by succinate oxidation, it forces electrons to flow backwards along the electron transport chain. RET at mitochondrial respiratory complex 1, the complex normally preceding SDH in the electron transport chain, leads to ROS production and creates a pro-oxidant microenvironment. Additional biologic functions In addition to its metabolic roles, succinate serves as an intracellular and extracellular signaling molecule. Extra-mitochondrial succinate alters the epigenetic landscape by inhibiting the family of 2-oxogluterate-dependent dioxygenases. Alternative, succinate can be released into the extracellular milieu and the blood stream where it is recognized by target receptors. In general, leakage from the mitochondria requires succinate overproduction or underconsumption and occurs due to reduced, reverse or completely absent activity of SDH or alternative changes in metabolic state. Mutations in SDH, hypoxia or energetic misbalance are all linked to an alteration of flux through the TCA cycle and succinate accumulation. Upon exiting the mitochondria, succinate serves as a signal of metabolic state, communicating to neighboring cells how metabolically active the originating cell population is. As such, succinate links TCA cycle dysfunction or metabolic changes to cell-cell communication and to oxidative stress-related responses. Transporters Succinate requires specific transporters to move through both the mitochondrial and plasma membrane. Succinate exits the mitochondrial matrix and passes through the inner mitochondrial membrane via dicarboxylate transporters, primarily SLC25A10, a succinate-fumarate/malate transporter. In the second step of mitochondrial export, succinate readily crosses the outer mitochondrial membrane through porins, nonspecific protein channels that facilitate the diffusion of molecules less than 1.5 kDa. Transport across the plasma membrane is likely tissue specific. A key candidate transporter is INDY (I'm not dead yet), a sodium-independent anion exchanger, which moves both dicarboxylate and citrate into the bloodstream. Extracellular signaling Extracellular succinate can act as a signaling molecule with hormone-like function, targeting a variety of tissues such as blood cells, adipose tissue, immune cells, the liver, the heart, the retina and primarily the kidney. The G-protein coupled receptor, GPR91 also known as SUCNR1, serves as the detector of extracellular succinate. Arg99, His103, Arg252, and Arg281 near the center of the receptor generate a positively charged binding site for succinate. The ligand specificity of GPR91 was rigorously tested using 800 pharmacologically active compounds and 200 carboxylic acid and succinate-like compounds, all of which demonstrated significantly lower binding affinity. Overall, the EC50 for succinate-GPR91 is in the 20โ€“50 uM range. Depending on the cell type, GPR91 can interact with multiple G proteins, including Gs, Gi and Gq, and enabling a multitude of signaling outcomes. Effect on adipocytes In adipocytes, the succinate-activated GPR91 signaling cascade inhibits lipolysis. Effect on the liver and retina Succinate signaling often occurs in response to hypoxic conditions. In the liver, succinate serves as a paracrine signal, released by anoxic hepatocytes, and targets stellate cells via GPR91. This leads to stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis. Thus, succinate is thought to play a role in liver homeostasis. In the retina, succinate accumulates in retinal ganglion cells in response to ischemic conditions. Autocrine succinate signaling promotes retinal neovascularization, triggering the activation of angiogenic factors such as endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Effect on the heart Extracellular succinate regulates cardiomyocyte viability through GPR91 activation; long-term succinate exposure leads to pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Stimulation of GPR91 triggers at least two signaling pathways in the heart: a MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 pathway that activates hypertrophic gene expression and a phospholipase C pathway which changes the pattern of Ca2+ uptake and distribution and triggers CaM-dependent hypertrophic gene activation. Effect on immune cells SUCNR1 is highly expressed on immature dendritic cells, where succinate binding stimulates chemotaxis. Furthermore, SUCNR1 synergizes with toll-like receptors to increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha and interleukin-1beta. Succinate may enhance adaptive immunity by triggering the activity of antigen-presenting cells that, in turn, activate T-cells. Effect on platelets SUCNR1 is one of the highest expressed G protein-coupled receptors on human platelets, present at levels similar to P2Y12, though the role of succinate signaling in platelet aggregation is debated. Multiple studies have demonstrated succinate-induced aggregation, but the effect has high inter-individual variability. Effect on the kidneys Succinate serves as a modulator of blood pressure by stimulating renin release in macula densa and juxtaglomerular apparatus cells via GPR91. Therapies targeting succinate to reduce cardiovascular risk and hypertension are currently under investigation. Intracellular signaling Accumulation of either fumarate or succinate reduces the activity of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, including histone and DNA demethylases, prolyl hydroxylases and collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylases, through competitive inhibition. 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases require an iron cofactor to catalyze hydroxylations, desaturations and ring closures. Simultaneous to substrate oxidation, they convert 2-oxoglutarate, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate, into succinate and CO2. 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases bind substrates in a sequential, ordered manner. First, 2-oxoglutarate coordinates with an Fe(II) ion bound to a conserved 2-histidinylโ€“1-aspartyl/glutamyl triad of residues present in the enzymatic center. Subsequently, the primary substrate enters the binding pocket and lastly dioxygen binds to the enzyme-substrate complex. Oxidative decarboxylation then generates a ferryl intermediate coordinated to succinate, which serves to oxidize the bound primary substrate. Succinate may interfere with the enzymatic process by attaching to the Fe(II) center first, prohibiting the binding of 2-oxoglutarate. Thus, via enzymatic inhibition, increased succinate load can lead to changes in transcription factor activity and genome-wide alterations in histone and DNA methylation. Epigenetic effects Succinate and fumarate inhibit the TET (ten-eleven translocation) family of 5-methylcytosine DNA modifying enzymes and the JmjC domain-containing histone lysine demethylase (KDM). Pathologically elevated levels of succinate lead to hypermethylation, epigenetic silencing and changes in neuroendocrine differentiation, potentially driving cancer formation. Gene regulation Succinate inhibition of prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) stabilizes the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)1ฮฑ. PHDs hydroxylate proline in parallel to oxidatively decarboxylating 2-oxyglutarate to succinate and CO2. In humans, three HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylases regulate the stability of HIFs. Hydroxylation of two prolyl residues in HIF1ฮฑ facilitates ubiquitin ligation, thus marking it for proteolytic destruction by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Since PHDs have an absolute requirement for molecular oxygen, this process is suppressed in hypoxia allowing HIF1ฮฑ to escape destruction. High concentrations of succinate will mimic the hypoxia state by suppressing PHDs, therefore stabilizing HIF1ฮฑ and inducing the transcription of HIF1-dependent genes even under normal oxygen conditions. HIF1 is known to induce transcription of more than 60 genes, including genes involved in vascularization and angiogenesis, energy metabolism, cell survival, and tumor invasion. Role in human health Inflammation Metabolic signaling involving succinate can be involved in inflammation via stabilization of HIF1-alpha or GPR91 signaling in innate immune cells. Through these mechanisms, succinate accumulation has been shown to regulate production of inflammatory cytokines. For dendritic cells, succinate functions as a chemoattractant and increases their antigen-presenting function via receptor stimulated cytokine production. In inflammatory macrophages, succinate-induced stability of HIF1 results in increased transcription of HIF1-dependent genes, including the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ฮฒ. Other inflammatory cytokines produced by activated macrophages such as tumor necrosis factor or interleukin 6 are not directly affected by succinate and HIF1. The mechanism by which succinate accumulates in immune cells is not fully understood. Activation of inflammatory macrophages through toll-like receptors induces a metabolic shift towards glycolysis. In spite of a general downregulation of the TCA cycle under these conditions, succinate concentration is increased. However, lipopolysaccharides involved in the activation of macrophages increase glutamine and GABA transporters. Succinate may thus be produced from enhanced glutamine metabolism via alpha-ketoglutarate or the GABA shunt. Tumorigenesis Succinate is one of three oncometabolites, metabolic intermediates whose accumulation causes metabolic and non-metabolic dysregulation implicated in tumorigenesis. Loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase, frequently found in hereditary paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma, cause pathological increase in succinate. SDH mutations have also been identified in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, renal tumors, thyroid tumors, testicular seminomas and neuroblastomas. The oncogenic mechanism caused by mutated SHD is thought to relate to succinate's ability to inhibit 2-oxogluterate-dependent dioxygenases. Inhibition of KDMs and TET hydroxylases results in epigenetic dysregulation and hypermethylation affecting genes involved in cell differentiation. Additionally, succinate-promoted activation of HIF-1ฮฑ generates a pseudo-hypoxic state that can promote tumorneogensis by transcriptional activation of genes involved in proliferation, metabolism and angiogenesis. The other two oncometabolites, fumarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate have similar structures to succinate and function through parallel HIF-inducing oncogenic mechanisms. Ischemia reperfusion injury Succinate accumulation under hypoxic conditions has been implicated in the reperfusion injury through increased ROS production. During ischemia, succinate accumulates. Upon reperfusion, succinate is rapidly oxidized leading to abrupt and extensive production of ROS. ROS then trigger the cellular apoptotic machinery or induce oxidative damage to proteins, membranes, organelles etc. In animal models, pharmacological inhibition of ischemic succinate accumulation ameliorated ischemia-reperfusion injury. As of 2016 the inhibition of succinate-mediated ROS production was under investigation as a therapeutic drug target. See also Flame retardant Oil of amber, procured by heating succinic acid Citric acid cycle Metabolite Oncometabolism References External links FDA Succinic Acid Calculator: Water and solute activities in aqueous succinic acid ScienceDirect: Succinic Acid - Production of organic acids and enzymes / biocatalysts from food waste PubChem: Compound Summary for Succinic Acid Citric acid cycle compounds Dicarboxylic acids Excipients Succinates E-number additives
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์Šค์ผ“ ๋Œ„์Šค์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋งŒํ™” ๋ฐ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์ธ "์Šค์ผ“ ๋Œ„์Šค"์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ ์ˆœ์€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CD / ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ (์ผ๋ณธํŒ / ๊ตญ๋‚ดํŒ) ์ˆœ (ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ) ์นด์ด๋ฉ” ํ•™์› ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ ์ผ€์ด๋ฉ” ํ•™์› ํ•™๊ต์ƒํ™œ์ง€์›๋ถ€, ํ†ต์นญ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์€ ๊ต๋‚ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด๋‚˜ ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ”์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ถ€. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ด ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ๋‚ด ์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฆ„ ์„ผํ„ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜์žํ‘œ๊ธฐ "SKET"์€ "Support(์ง€์›)", "Kindness(์นœ์ ˆ)", "Encouragement(๊ฒฉ๋ ค)", "Troubleshoot(๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๏ผ‰"์˜ ์•ฝ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๋ด‡์Šจ / ํ›„์ง€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์œ ์Šค์ผ€ (ํ˜„์„ธ์›) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์š”์‹œ๋…ธ ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค / ์‹ ์šฉ์šฐ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ ๋ถ€์žฅ. 2-C๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ์†. ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํŠน๊ธฐ(?)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋ฉด ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ํŠน๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํฐ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ. ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”(์€๊ณต์ฃผ)์™€๋Š” ํ‰์†Œ์— ์ปคํ”Œ๋กœ ์˜คํ•ด๋ฐ›์„ ๋งŒํผ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ •์ž‘ ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ , ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์Šค์ผ€(๊ตฌ์„ธ์ค€)์™€ ํ‰์†Œ์—๋„ ํ‹ฐ๊ฒฉํƒœ๊ฒฉ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ธ ๋™์ƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊นŠ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ ์  ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋“ฏ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ , ์—„๋งˆ์ธ ํ›„์ง€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์•„์นด๋„ค ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ” / ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ์นด ํžˆ๋ฉ” (์€๊ณต์ฃผ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์‹œ๋ผ์ด์‹œ ๋ฃŒ์ฝ” / ์ •ํ˜œ์› ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ ๋ถ€๋‹จ์žฅ. 2-C๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ์†. ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋‚˜, ์˜์™ธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉด๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.(๋น„๋ฐ”๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ฐฐํ‹€์—์„œ ์š”๋ฆฌ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฝ๋‚ธ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค) ๋ณด์Šจ์„ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋™๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์—์„œ ์›ฌ๋งŒํ•œ ์˜๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณด์Šจ๊ณผ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ œ์–ด ํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜ค๋‹ˆํžˆ๋ฉ”(๋„๊นจ๋น„๊ณต์ฃผ)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์ด ๋ถ™์—ˆ๋˜ ๋งŒํผ ์‹ธ์›€์‹ค๋ ฅ๋„ ๊ฐ€ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•„๋“œ ํ•˜ํ‚ค์Šคํ‹ฑ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋ก ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ „ํˆฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์€๊ณต์ฃผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํŽธ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์‚ฌ์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ฟคํ’๋งˆ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์น˜ / ์šฐ์Šค์ด ์นด์ฆˆ์š”์‹œ (์„œํฌ์ฐฌ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์Šค๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ† ๋ชจ์นด์ฆˆ / ์นด๋‚˜๋‹ค ์•„ํ‚ค(์œ ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ) / ์ดํ˜ธ์‚ฐ / ๊น€์œจ(์œ ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ) ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ ์„œ๊ธฐ. 2-C๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ์†. ์ •๋ณด๊พผ, ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ณด์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ ฅ์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋‚˜ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์Œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ›„๋ฏธ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ถˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ๋™์ƒ์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•œ๊ฒƒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…๋„ ๋™์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ„๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธ‰์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์‹œ์™€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์— ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ ๋ถ€์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.(์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฐ˜ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค.) ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž˜์ƒ๊ธด ์™ธ๋ชจ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์Šจ์„ ๋™๊ฒฝ ๋˜๋Š” ์กด๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ„์ผ ์•„๋‹Œ์ผ์—๋„ ๋ณด์Šจ์˜ ๋ถ€ํƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์•„๋‹ˆ ๋ณด์Šจ์˜ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด๋“ ์ง€ ์†์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฐฉํ•œ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์šฐ์Šค์ผ€ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์•ผ๋ฒ  ๋งˆ์‚ฌํžˆํ†  ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์˜ ์• ์™„๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ํ›„ํฌ๋กœ์šฐ. ํ’ˆ์ข…์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ํฐ ๋ถ€์—‰์ด. :ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ "ํ›„๋ฃจ๊พธ"๋ผ๋Š” ์šธ์Œ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ์•„์•ผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋•๋ถ„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋”์‹ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งน๊ธˆ๋ฅ˜๋‹ต์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์œ ์ˆœํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ ๋ถ€์‹ค์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ์— ์•‰์•„์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๋Š”์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ์ง‘ํ–‰๋ถ€ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์— ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์ƒํšŒ์žฅ ์•„๊ฐ€ํƒ€๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๋ง์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ(๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ด‡์Šจ๊ณผ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ)ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ ์นœํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ์ง‘ํ–‰๋ถ€ ์ „์›, ๋ด‡์Šจ๊ณผ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์†Œ์ง€๋กœ (ํ•œํƒœํ‰) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์„ธํ‚ค ํ† ๋ชจ์นด์ฆˆ / ์†Œ์ •ํ™˜ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ์žฅ. 3-A๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ์†. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด ๋งŒํ™” ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒœ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ฒŒ์„๋Ÿฌ์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ํšŒ์žฅ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์Šค์ผ€๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ์•„์•ผ์˜ ์˜ค๋น ์ธ๋ฐ. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ฝคํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šค. ์‚ฌ์•„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ. ํ›„์— ํ•™์ƒํšŒ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์ธ ๋™๋„๋Œ€ํ•™(์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋„์ฟ„๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋””)์— ์ˆ˜์„์— ๋งŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์Šค์ผ€ (๊ตฌ์„ธ์ค€) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ์ด ํƒ€์นดํžˆ๋กœ / ์‹œ๋ชจ๋…ธ ํžˆ๋กœ / ํ™๋ฒ”๊ธฐ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ๋ถ€ํšŒ์žฅ. 2-F๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ์†. ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ณ ์ง€์‹ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž์ด์ž, ์„ธ์ด๊ฒŒ์ธ  ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ถ€ ํ•™์›์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์—„์ฒญ ์• ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์žฅ์ธ ์•„๊ฐ€ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฆ„์„ ํ”ผ์›Œ์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์—…๋ฌด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ํšŒ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด ํ˜•์ธ ๋ณด์Šจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•™์ˆ™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ , ๋ณด์Šจ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฉด๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์  ์„ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์ด ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์งˆ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ฏธ์  ์„ผ์Šค. ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”๊ณ , ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์•„์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งค์ผ ๋งž๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณด์Šจ์ด ๊ตฌํ•ด์ค€ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š”, ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ ธ์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ถŒํˆฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌด์ˆ ์„ ์ตํ˜€์„œ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฒ—๊ณ  ์ฝ˜ํ…ํŠธ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๊ฐ€ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ, ํ•™์ƒํšŒ์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹  ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ณจ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฉํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋‰ด ๋ฏธ๋ชจ๋ง (๋‹จ๋ฏธ๋ฆผ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์—๋…ธ๋ชจํ†  ์•„์ธ ์ฝ” / ํƒ€์นด๋ชจํ†  ๋ฉ”๊ตฌ๋ฏธ / ์ด์ง€์˜ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ํšŒ๊ณ„. ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทธ๋ฃน์ธ ์šฐ๋‰ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์˜์• . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„ ๋ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋’ค๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฒœ๋งŒ์—”์„ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊บผ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์ด ์ข๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๋‚จ์ž ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ์—ฌ์ž ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ถ๊ถ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋“ฑ. ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€ ๋งํˆฌ๋„ ์•„๊ฐ€์”จ ๋งํˆฌ. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ง‰์žฅ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์„ ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ. ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ์žฅ์ด ๋˜์ž, ํšŒ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํšŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ฑ…์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๋ง์„ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ๋‚˜ ํ‚ค์ฟ ๋…ธ (์ฒœ๊ตญํ™”) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์—”๋„ ์•„์•ผ / ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ์œ ์šฐ / ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝํ˜œ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ์„œ๊ธฐ. 2-G๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ์†. ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๋…์„ค๊ฐ€. ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ์ธํ˜•์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฉด๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธํ˜•์ด ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง€์ž ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต๋„ ๋ณด์ผ ์ •๋„. ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ. ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์ฐŒ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ œ์••์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ. ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ •์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋งŽ์€ ํŽธ. ๋ณ„๋ช…์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์˜จ '๋ฐ์ด์ง€' 3ํ•™๋…„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์„œ๊ธฐ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ฐ” ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฃจ (์œ ๋„์—ฝ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ํ† ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฏธ ์ฝ”์Šค์ผ€ / ๋…ธ์ง€๋งˆ ์ผ„์ง€ / ๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ์ฒ  ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ์„œ๋ฌด. 3-C๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ์†. ๊ฝƒ๋ฏธ๋‚จ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ. ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ฃผ์œ„ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•œ ํŒฌํด๋Ÿฝ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ. ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์งฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต๋„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ ์— ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์•ฝํ•ด์„œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋งŒ ๋งก์•„๋„ ์ทจํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ์•„๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์†Œ์ง€๋กœ์™€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์นœํ•˜๋‹ค. ์€๊ทผํžˆ ๋‚˜๋ฅด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ. ์šฐ์‚ฌ๋ฏธ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ด๊ตฌ์น˜ ์œ ์นด ์‹ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ํšŒ๊ณ„. 1-B๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ์†. ๋‚จ์žํ˜์˜ค์ฆ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ์ง€๋ฉด, '๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ'๋ผ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‹ˆ์™€๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์ž ํ˜์˜ค์ฆ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชธ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์—๋กœ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ €๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋ผ ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด์„œ. ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณจ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์ง€๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ง์„ ์„ž๊ธฐ ์‹ซ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ท€์ฐฎ์€ ์•„์ด. ์นดํ†  ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์˜ค์šฐ์‚ฌ์นด ๋ฃŒํƒ€ ์‹ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ์„œ๋ฌด. 1-D๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ์†. ์ง„์งœ ๋‹Œ์ž๋กœ. ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•œ ๋น„๋ฆฌ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์˜ ์ง„์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ์ผ“๋‹จ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•™์› ์ƒํ™œ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด๋‚˜ ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ”์„ ํ•˜์ฒญ๋ฐ›์•„, ์ž์‹ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํŠน๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋œ ๋™์•„๋ฆฌ๋™์ด๋ฉฐ, ํƒํŠธ, ์‹คํฌ, ์Šค๋งˆ์ผ์˜ 1ํ•™๋…„ 3๋ช…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ๋ช…์นญ์€ ใ€Œํ•™์› ์ƒํ™œ ์‘์›๋ถ€ใ€์ด๋ฉฐ, ์˜์žํ‘œ๊ธฐ "POCKET"๋Š” "Potentical(์žฌ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด)", "Outstanding(๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด)", "Clever(์˜๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ)", "Keen(๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…์„ํ•ด)", "Efficient(์œ ๋Šฅํ•œ)", "Team(์ง‘๋‹จ)", ํ˜น์€,"Perverse(๋’คํ‹€๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด)" "Offensive(์ ์— ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋˜์–ด)" "Cheeky(๊ฑด๋ฐฉ์ง€๊ณ )" "Knavish(๊ฐ„์‚ฌํ•ด์„œ)" "Egoistic(๋ฉ‹๋Œ€๋กœ์ธ)" "Team(์ง‘๋‹จ)"์˜ ์•ฝ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ํƒํŠธ / ์•ผ๊ธฐ ํƒ€์ฟ ํ†  ํฌ์ผ“๋‹จ ๋‹จ์›. 1ํ•™๋…„. ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ใ€Œ์˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ์–ตใ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋กœ, ๊ทธ ใ€Œ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์—…ใ€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์žฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด, ์‹คํฌ๋‚˜ ์Šค๋งˆ์ผ์— ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋“ฑ, 3๋ช… ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ •์ฒด๋Š” ์นด์ด๋ฉ”์ด ํ•™์› ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ถ€์ธ ์•ผ๊ธฐ ์นด์˜ค๋ฃจ์˜ ์นœ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ. ๋ˆ„๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ƒ๋ƒฅํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ธ ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์„ ๊น”๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์ผœ์„œ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํ˜ผ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์„ ํ•จ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ฑด๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‹คํฌ / ์•„์ฆˆ๋งˆ ํ‚ค๋ˆ„์— ํฌ์ผ“๋‹จ ๋‹จ์›. 1ํ•™๋…„. ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์†œ์”จ์˜ ๋งˆ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ใ€Œ์†์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ใ€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜๋ขฐ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นด ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ, ์—ด์‹ฌ์ธ ํ•˜์นดํƒ€ ๋ณ€์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆ์ผ / ์‚ฌ์นด์Šค ํžˆ๋ฐ์‚ฌํ†  ํฌ์ผ“๋‹จ ๋‹จ์›. 1ํ•™๋…„. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ œ์ผ์˜ ๊ณก์˜ˆ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณก์˜ˆ์ ์ธ ใ€Œ๋ชธ์˜ ์˜ˆใ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜๋ขฐ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒํ† ๋งˆ์ž„์˜ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ๋ฌผ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊นŠ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํƒ€์นดํ•˜์‹œ ์น˜์•„ํ‚ค๋Š” ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋น„์ธ  ๋ชจ๋ชจ์นด (๋ชจ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ด๋…ธ์šฐ์— ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ / ๊น€์œจ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ์ผ ๊ณต์—… ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๋‘๋ชฉ. ํ—ˆ๋‚˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ๋‚˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ํŽธ. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—„์ฒญ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ์น˜์›์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ์ธํ˜•๊ทน์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์„ฑ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋„์ „. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ์„ฑ์šฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ง„์ถœ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŒŒํŒŒ๋ผ์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ „์— ์—ฌ์ž๊นกํŒจ์˜€์Œ์ด ๋“คํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž, ์„ฑ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ์šฉ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ๋™ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ฐ๋…์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„. ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ ๋ณธ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์•„์ด๋Œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํŒฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋“ฏ. ์š”์ฆ˜์€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฐ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋กœ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ๊ณผ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŒŒํŒŒ๋ผ์น˜์™€ ์—ด์„ฑํŒฌ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋Š˜๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”๋„ ๋†€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์น˜๋‹ค. ํƒ€์นดํ•˜์‹œ ์น˜์•„ํ‚ค (์ธํƒœํฌ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ฟ ์‚ฌ๋…ธ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ / ์‚ฌํ†  ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฏธ / ๊น€์˜์€ 2-B๋ฐ˜. ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ๋ถ€ ์บกํ‹ด(์ฃผ์žฅ). ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ์™ธ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ฃ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ง์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€๊ฐ€์žฅ. ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ์ด ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ฆฌํŒ ์บ”๋””๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์Šค์ผ“ ๋Œ„์Šค ๋‚ด ์ •์ƒ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์™ธ๋กœ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์‹์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์‹์‹  ์ปจ์…‰์ด ๋ถ™๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋“ค์ด ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋œฌํžˆ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ถ์€ ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€์€ ๋ชป ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. 1ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉํ™ฉํ•˜๋˜ ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”๋ฅผ ์žก์•„์ฃผ๋˜ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค.(๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ณด์Šจ.) ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์†Œ์ค‘ํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ธ๋ฐฐ. ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์ธ ์ œ๋„ค์‹œ์Šค๋„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•ด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋œจ๊ณ , ์ œ๋„ค์‹œ์Šค ์›”๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ž‘ํ”„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฐ์Šน์˜ ์ฃผ์—ญ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ ค MVP๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ผ€๋ฏธ์ธ  ์‹ ์กฐ์šฐ (๋ฐฑ๊ด€์šฐ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์นด์ฆˆ์œ ํ‚ค / ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ผ€ ์ผ„ํƒ€ / ๊น€๊ตญ์ง„ / ๊น€์ƒˆํ•ด(์œ ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ) 2-A๋ฐ˜. ๊ฒ€๋„๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์žฅ. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šค์ผ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง“์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜...! ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ฑ„ํŒ…์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜... ๋™์ƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒ€๋„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜•์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ผฝ์ž๋ฉด ๊ฒ€๋„ ์‹œ์ž‘์ „์— ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šค์ผ€๋ฅผ ํ•œ์•Œ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉด ํ‰์†Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํž˜์„ ๋‚ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šค์ผ€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋ฒ™๋– ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šค์ผ€๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—†๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฐ”๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ฐฐํ‹€์—์„œ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋„์ค‘ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ—ˆ์•ฝํ•จ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šค์ผ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์Šนํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ ˆ๋งŒ์€ ๋ง‰์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆํƒ€๊นŒ์šด ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ, ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ธ ํƒ€์ผ€๋ฏธ์ธ  ํ›ˆ์กฐ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ผ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ชจ์— (๋งน์†Œ์‹ฌ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ๋‚˜๋ฐ”ํƒ€๋ฉ” ํžˆํ† ๋ฏธ / ํ† ์š”๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋ฉ”๊ตฌ๋ฏธ / ๊น€์œจ 2-C๋ฐ˜. ๋ฌด์ง„์žฅ ๋šฑ๋šฑํ•œ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์™ธ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ฑ. '์•ผ๋ฐ”์Šค'(ํ•œ๊ตญํŒ์€ 'ํด๋‚ฌ์–ด')๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡. ์ด์™ธ๋กœ ์น˜์–ด๋ฆฌ๋”ฉ๋ถ€. ์• ์™„๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ์›์ˆญ์ด์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์˜ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์„ฑ์šฐ ๋•๋ถ„์ผ์ง€๋„. 3์ž ์ž…์ด ๋งค๋ ฅํฌ์ธํŠธ๋กœ ์ฐ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณจ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ขฐ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์˜ˆ๋ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ. ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ์œ ํ‚ค ๋ ˆ์ด์ฝ” (์—ฌ์šฐ๋ น) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ์œ ์šฐ / ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์นด์‚ฌ ํ›„๋ฏธ์ฝ” / ์ด์†Œ์€ 2-A๋ฐ˜. ์˜ค์ปฌํŠธ๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์›. ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ณตํฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์™ธ๋ชจ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ํ™”์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊พธ๋ฉฐ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋…€. ์Šค์œ„์น˜์™€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€๋ฐ. ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๋งน์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜์™€ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ฝ”์ด๊ธฐ์— ๋‹คํˆผ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์—. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ฉด. ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ซ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์€ ๋“ฏ. ๊ณตํฌ์˜ํ™”์ธ ์ฐฉ์‹ ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋‚œํ›„ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ชจ๋ชจ์นด์˜ ํŒฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์˜ ๋ถ€์‹ค๋กœ ์ถœ์ž…ํ• ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ด์•„๋‹Œ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์ฝ”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž…์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. J์† ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜(์† ์ค€์ด์น˜)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณธ์˜์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ณตํฌ์บ๋ฆญ์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋ผ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์˜คํ† ๋ฉ” ๋กœ๋ง (๋‚˜์˜ˆ์Šฌ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์•„์ด / ์นด์•ผ๋…ธ ์•„์ด / ๊น€์ƒˆํ•ด ์†Œ๋…€๋งŒํ™”๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์žฅ์œผ๋กœ. ์†Œ๋…€๋งŒํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ณ ์ƒ. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งŒํ™” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ ˆ๋ง์ . ์†Œ๋…€๋งŒํ™” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์ƒ์„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์€๊ทผํžˆ ๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ปจ์…‰์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์Šจ์„ ์™•์ž๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒํ™”๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ์•„๋‹ค๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ง€์‹๋งŒํผ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์žก์ง€์— ๋‹จํŽธ๋งŒํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์žฌ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ ์†Œ๋…€๋งŒํ™”๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๋“ ๋“ ํ•œ ๋ถ€์žฅ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ…Œ ํ‚ค์š”์‹œ (๋‹จํ…Œ, ์šฐ์ง„ํ‘œ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ฝ˜๋„ ํƒ€์นด์‹œ / GACKT / ๋ฐ•์„ฑํƒœ 2-E๋ฐ˜. ๋น„์ฃผ์–ผ ๊ณ„์—ด ์Œ์•…์„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ง์„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋Œ๋ ค์„œ ์ž˜ ์ง€์–ด๋‚ด์„œ ๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ดํ•ด๋ถˆ๊ฐ€. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์™ธ๋กœ ์—ฐ์• ๋ฅผ ๋™๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์ •ํŒŒ. ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•ด์„œ ๊นจ์ง€๊ณ , ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ž˜๋ชปํ•ด์„œ ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ๋ณด์Šจ์ด ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฒ์— ์งˆ๋ ค์„œ ๊นจ์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์ž ๊ฒฐ์— ๋“ค์€ ์—”์นด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์—”์นด ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋น™์˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ณด์Šจ์˜ ์กฐ์น˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ณ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ. ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ผฝ์ž๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ฉดํ•™์Šต์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚จ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ›„๋ฏธ (๋ฌธ์„ธ๋ฏธ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ์•„์ฆˆ๋ฏธ / ์—ฌ์œค๋ฏธ ๋งŒํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ์†Œ์†. ๋ถ€์žฅ์ธ ๋กœ๋ง๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋กœ๋ง์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘....!, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋กœ๋ง์„ ์ž˜ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฐฉํ•œ ๋ถ€์› ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ์ฝ”๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์— ์†Œ๊ฐœ์‹œ์ผœ์ค€ ์žฅ๋ณธ์ธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์‹œํƒ€ ์ฝ”๋งˆ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ๋…ธํ†  ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์ฝ” ๋งŒํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ์˜ ํ›„๋ฏธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ. ํ†ต์นญ ์ฝ”๋งˆ์งฑ. ํ‚ค๋„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํฌ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿผ์Ÿ์ด. ๊ดด๋ ฅ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋กœ. ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์›€์ด ๊ทน์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ช… '์ฝ”๋งˆํฌ'๋ผ๋Š” ์žฅํ’์„ ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์Šจ. ๋‹ค์ด๋ชฌ ์•„ํ‚คํ† ์‹œ (๋ฌธ๋ช…์ง€) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ํžˆ๋…ธ ์‚ฌํ† ์‹œ / ๋ฐ•์„ฑํƒœ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ ๋ถ€์žฅ. ๋ณ„์นญ์€ '์—๋‹ˆ๊ทธ๋งŒ(์ด๋‹ˆ๊ทธ๋งจ)'. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฝƒ๋ฏธ๋‚จ. ์‚ฌ์‹ค. ์—๋‹ˆ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋‹น๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ป”๋ป”ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„ ๋ฒ—์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋งŽ๊ณ , ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿผ์Ÿ์ด. ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ ๋ถ€์›์ธ ํ€˜์ซ‘์„ ์ง์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆœ์ข…์ ์ธ ํ€˜์ซ‘์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„ ๋ฒ—์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์–ด์„œ ์• ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด๋ง์ƒ์ฆ์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ง์ƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ์ด๋ค„์ ธ์„œ ๋”์šฑ ์•ˆ์Šต์ด๋‹ค.... ์•„๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ์•„์•ผ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž์™€ ์นด๋‚˜ ์•„๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์†Œ์ง€๋กœ์˜ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ. ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธค๋ฐ๋ ˆ์—, ์ฒœ์—ฐ์—, ๊ฑฐ์œ ์—, ํŠธ์œˆ ํ…Œ์ผ์—, ๋‹ˆ์‚ญ์Šค . ๋ณด์Šจ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฏ. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณด์Šจ์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์‹œํฐ๋‘ฅํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด์ž, ๊นจ๋—์ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ ๋ถ€์‹ค์—๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ ๋“œ๋‚˜๋“ค๋ฉฐ ํŒฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ4์˜ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ ๋ถ€์›์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ง‘์„ผ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณดํ†ต ์—ฌ์ž์• ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ํ‰์†Œ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋“ฏ ์• ์™„ ๋ถ€์—‰์ด์ธ ํ˜ธ์šฐ์Šค์ผ€์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐฅ์„ ์ฑ™๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๋ฐฐ์‹๋‹ด๋‹น, ์˜ค๋น ์ธ ์•„๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์†Œ์ง€๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ท€์ฐฎ์•„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”๋“ฏ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ญ์‹œ ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐฉํ•œ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ ์Šค๊ธฐํ•˜๋ผ ํ…ŸํŽ˜์ด (์ด์˜จ์œ ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ํ˜ธ์‹œ ์†Œ์ด์น˜๋กœ / ์‚ฌ์นด๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€ / ๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ์ฒ  2-C๋ฐ˜. ์ „ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 1ํšŒ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ. ๋†๊ตฌ๋ถ€์— ํ™œ์•ฝ์ค‘. ๋น„์ค‘์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์—†๋Š” ํŽธ. ์ฃ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋ฃจ (์žฅ๋•๋Œ€) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ดํ†  ์ผ„ํƒ€๋กœ / ์นด๋„ค๋ฏธ์ธ  ๋…ธ๋ถ€์•„ํ‚ค / ์‹œ์˜์ค€ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•™๋…„์ธ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•™์ƒ. ํƒ€์นดํ•˜์‹œ ์น˜์•„ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ชป ์™ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‚œ๊ฐํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํƒ€์นด์ฝ” (๋ฐ•์Šฌ๊ธฐ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ํžˆ๋ผํƒ€ ๋งˆ๋‚˜ / ๋‚˜์นด์ธ ์นด์‚ฌ ์œ ์šฐ์นด / ๊น€ํ˜„์ง€ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๋ถ€ ์†Œ์†. ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ฐ๋กœ์˜ ์œ ๋ น์˜ ์ž์ž‘๊ทน์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋‚˜์œ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋„ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ฝ”์™€๋Š” ์นœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ธ๋“ฏ. ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ ๋ผ ํƒ€์ฟ ์˜ค (์˜ค๋•ํ›„) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์†Œ๋…ธ๋ฒ  ์š”์‹œ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ / ๋„์šฐ์ž์นด ์ฝ”์กฐ / ๊น€์ •์€ ๋งŒํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์žฅ. ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋‚˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ์—์„œ๋„ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์˜คํƒ€์ฟ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์™€๋Š” ์ฃฝ์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋งž๋Š”๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ”ผ๊ทœ์–ด๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ์• ๋‹ˆ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๋‹ต๋ก€๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ชจ์นด์˜ ํŒฌ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋ชจ์นด์˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ณค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ธ  (์ฒ ํ˜ธ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ด๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ…Œ์ธ  / ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋งˆ์œ ๋ฏธ(์œ ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ) / ์‹œ์˜์ค€ / ์„ ํ˜ธ์ œ(์œ ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ) ์ฒด๊ฒฉ์€ ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜‘๋ฐ•์— ์˜์™ธ๋กœ ์•ฝํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž. ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ํ—ค์–ด์ง„ ์†Œ๊ฟ‰์นœ๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€์—ญ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ƒ๋‹ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๋ณด์Šจ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์„ ์ฒœ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ‘๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค์™€ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ˆœ์ •๋‚จ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค์˜ ๋ณธ์‹ฌ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ…Œ์ธ ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„. ๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๊ณ ์˜จ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ฐฑ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ํ…Œ์ธ ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๋”ฑ ๋งž๋Š” ์Šค์›จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ต๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ํ…Œ์ธ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์€ ํ•™์„ ์ ‘์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰ ํ•™์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „์ฒ  ์•ž์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฒš๊ฝƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ... ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•™์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค๋Š” ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ…Œ์ธ ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฒ”์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ‚คํƒ€์˜ค์˜ค์ง€ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์•ผ (์—ฐ๊ทน๋ถ€์žฅ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์นด๋‚˜์•ผ ํžˆ๋ฐ์œ ํ‚ค / ๋ฐ•๋งŒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ทน๋ถ€์žฅ. ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ์•ผ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ์™€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ ์œ ์น˜์›์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ทน์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ผ์„œ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์ด ์• ์จ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ทน์†Œํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ง๊ฐ€๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ง“์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค. ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์•ผ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ์ง‘ํ–‰๋ถ€์—๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํƒํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ์ง‘ํ–‰๋ถ€๋Š” ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ๋„ ์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง‰์žฅ์ง“์„ ์ €์งˆ๋ €๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•™์ƒํšŒ ์ง‘ํ–‰๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋น„๊ฒํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์šฉ์„œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋จน์„ ๋งž๊ณ  ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฟ ๋ผ๋ชจํ†  ์•„์œ ๋ฏธ (์ž„์•„์˜) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์•„์ด์ž์™€ ๋งˆ์ด / ์ด์†Œ์€ 2-E๋ฐ˜. ์•ผ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹จํ…Œ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ. ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ, ๋‹จํ…Œ์˜ ๋ง์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ๋กœ ์ „๊ต 2๋“ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž. ์• ๋‹ˆํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์‹ ์ฒด๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์š•์‹ ์ด๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋‚˜์‹ ์ด๋‚˜... ์•ผ๊ธฐ ์นด์˜ค๋ฃจ (์–‘์ธ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ๋‚˜์ธ ์นด ์นด์˜ค๋ฆฌ / ์ด์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ถ€. ์—„์ฒญ ์ฟจํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ์›ƒ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ •์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ƒ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ํฌ์ผ“๋‹จ์˜ ํƒ€์ฟ ํ† ์˜ ์นœ๋ˆ„๋‚˜. ์šฐ์น˜๋‹ค ํƒ€์นด์•„ํ‚ค (๊ฐ•๊ฐ€๋žŒ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ํƒ€์น˜๋ฐ”๋‚˜ ์‹ ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€ / ์ตœ์ง€ํ›ˆ 2-C๋ฐ˜. ์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ขฐํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜จ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ƒฅํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ†  ์ฟ ๋ฏธ (์œค๋ณด๋ฏธ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ์œ ์นด / ๊น€์˜์€ 2-C๋ฐ˜. ํ‘๋ฐœ์˜ ๋กฑ ํ—ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ง•์˜ ์–ธ๋™์ด ์–ด๋ฅธ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ํ•™์ƒ. ์• ๋‹ˆํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ํŽธ. ์ฟ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ  ๋‚˜์˜ค์œ ํ‚ค ์„ฑ์šฐ: ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ† ์˜ค๋ฃจ / ์ด์ฃผ์ฐฝ ํ•™๋‚ด์˜ ์•…๋• ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธํšŒ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”. ํƒ€์ผ€๋ฏธ์ธ  ์‹ ํŽ˜์ด (๋ฐฑ๊ด€์ˆ˜) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค ํƒ€์ธ ํžˆ์‚ฌ / ๋ฐ•์„ฑํƒœ / ๊น€์˜์€(์œ ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ) 1-D๋ฐ˜. ํƒ€์ผ€๋ฏธ์ธ  ์‹ ์กฐ์˜ ๋™์ƒ. ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•™์ƒ์ธ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํ˜•์ธ ์‹ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ํ˜•์ธ ์‹ ์กฐ์™€ ๋Œ€๋ จ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘. ์ด๊ฐ€๋ผ์‹œ ์„ธ์ด์ง€ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ๋งˆ๋‚˜์นด ์ผ€์ด๊ณ  / ์•„์‚ฌ๋ˆ„๋งˆ ์‹ ํƒ€๋กœ ์ „ ์Šค์ผ“ ๋ด„๋ฒ„์ฆˆ์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ ๋‹‰๋„ค์ž„์€ ์„ธ์ด์ง€. ์Šค๊ธฐ์‚ฌํ‚ค ์•„์•ผ๋…ธ (์‹ ํ˜œ์ธ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ๋งˆ๋‚˜๋ฏธ / ๊น€์˜์€ ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ณ ์ƒ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ. ์นด์ด๋ฉ”์ด ๋ก ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ ์ „์— ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋…์ผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ๊นŒ๋ง๊นŒ ์ฃผ์ €ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฐ์Šต์ค‘์ธ ๋ณด์Šจ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋ณด์Šจ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ๋ณด์Šจ์—๊ฒŒ ํ„ธ์–ด๋†“๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณด์Šจ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋…์ผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•™์„ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ€˜์ซ‘ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ํ‚คํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ ์—๋ฆฌ / ๋ฐฉํ˜„์ง€ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ์†Œ์†์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ํ•™์ƒ. ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„ ์ผ์„๋•Œ๋Š” ์ถฉ์„ฑ์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์• ๊ต๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„ ๋ฒ—์œผ๋ฉด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๋œ์žฅ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์Šค๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์˜ค๋ฆฌ (์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ž˜) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ผ€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์— / ๊น€๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ถ€ ์†Œ์†. ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” '์œ ๋ฆฌ๋‚จ์ž'๋ฅผ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์ด ์žก๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚˜์„œ๋Š”๋ฐ. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฝ” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์›ํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์„œ ์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฝ”์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๋ˆ„๋ช…์„ ์”Œ์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰. '์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋‚จ์ž ์‚ฌ๊ฑด'์˜ ์ง„๋ฒ”. ํƒ€์นด์‹œ๋งˆ ์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฝ” (์‹ ์€๋น„) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ธ ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์™€ / ๋ฐฉํ˜„์ง€ 2-F๋ฐ˜. ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋ถ€์˜ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €. ์‚ฌ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ‚จ ์ง“์ธ์ค„๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋Š” ์ง“์„ ์ €์งˆ๋ €์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์›ํ•œ์ด ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋šฑ๋šฑํ•œ ๋ชธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋ƒˆ๋˜ ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ด์„ ๋บ๊ณ , ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํ‚ค์šฐ์น˜ ์ง„ (๋‚จ์ง„์ƒ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ๋ฏธ์•ผ์‹œํƒ€ ์—์ด์ง€ / ์˜คํ‚ค์ธ  ์นด์ฆˆ์œ ํ‚ค / ํ•œ์‹  1-C๋ฐ˜. ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ฐฐ์— ์–ฝํ˜€์„œ ํญํ–‰์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ. ์ด์ƒํ˜•์ด ์ ์Ÿ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์คฌ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์—, ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”๋ฅผ ์ซ“์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ท€์ฐฎ์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ€์งœ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ์ž‘์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์“ฐ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฐ์• ์— ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•œ ๋ณด์Šจ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์• ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์™€ ๋ณด์Šจ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ต์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ซ“์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘์ง€๋งŒ, ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์€ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•„ํ‚ค๋‚˜ (๋งˆ์œ ๋ฆฌ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ฝ”ํ† ๋ถ€ํ‚ค ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์ฝ” / ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ 2-B๋ฐ˜. ์บกํ‹ด์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ. ์•„ํ‚ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ “๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์บกํ‹ด์ด ์ฃผ์›Œ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” ์ ์‹ฌ์‹์‚ฌ ํ›„ ๋“œ๋กญ ์บ”๋””๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์–ด๋Š ๋‚ , ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ† ์—๊ฒŒ ์บกํ‹ด์ด ๋“œ๋กญ ์บ”๋””๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„ํ‚ค๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ ํ„ฑ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์บกํ‹ด์ด ๋“œ๋กญ ์บ”๋””๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์บกํ‹ด๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜คํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‘˜๋งŒ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ์™œ ๋‚จ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š๋ƒ๋ฉด์„œ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋“œ๋กญ ์บ”๋””ํ†ต์„ ์ฐฝ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์บกํ‹ด๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์›ํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ ๋˜์ง„ ๋“œ๋กญ ์บ”๋””ํ†ต์„ ์ฐพ์€ ์บกํ‹ด๊ณผ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”ํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์˜คํ•ด๋„ ํ’€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ†  (์ •ํƒœํ•˜) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์˜ค๋…ธ ์œ ์šฐํ‚ค / ๊ถŒ์„ฑํ˜ 2-B๋ฐ˜. ์•„ํ‚ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋˜ ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ. ์•„ํ‚ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์บกํ‹ด์ด ์ค€ ๋“œ๋กญ ์บ”๋”” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„ํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ์บกํ‹ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์†Œ์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ์›ํ‰. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์บกํ‹ด์—๊ฒŒ ์•„ํ‚ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ•™๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ์›์ž‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ด ์ „๋ถ€์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” 72ํ™”์— ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์˜ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์นดํƒ€ ์ตธํƒ€๋กœ ํ˜•์‚ฌ๋ถ€์›. ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋ฆฌ ์นด๋‚˜์ฝ” ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์นด๋…ธ ์œ ์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€. ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊น๊นํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์•„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋…ธ๋ฆฌ ๋‚จ์ž ๋งŒํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€. ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ ๋ฐ๋ฃจ์•„ํ‚ค ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋ถ€. ๋‚˜์นดํƒ€๋‹ˆ 2-A๋ฐ˜. ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ธ„์šฐ๋งˆ ํ…Œ์ธ ์ง€ (์ถ”๋‚ฉํ’) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ๋‚˜์นดํƒ€ ํ•˜์•ผํ†  / ๋‚˜์นดํƒ€ ์ฃ ์ง€ / ์ตœ์ง€ํ›ˆ 2-C๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ด์ž„. ๋‹ด๋‹น๊ณผ๋ชฉ์€ ํ™”ํ•™. ๋™์‹œ์— ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ. ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ทธ์ง€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์€๊ทผํžˆ ๊ท€์ฐจ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ํ™˜์ž. ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ดค๋”๋‹ˆ ์ดํ˜ผ๋‚จ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์™ธ๋™๋”ธ์ธ ์Šค์ฆˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์žฌํ˜ผ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ผ ๋ ˆ๋ฏธ (๋„๋ ˆ๋ฏธ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ํƒ„๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ / ๊น€ํ˜„์ง€ 2-C๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ž„์ด์ž, ์‹ ์ž… ์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌ ๊ต์‚ฌ. ๋ง์‹ค์ˆ˜๋„ ์—„์ฒญ ์žฆ๊ณ , ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋œ๋ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์„ ํ•œ ํŽธ. ๊ทธ ์ „์—๋Š” '์—„๋งˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜'๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž(ํ•œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋ฉด ๋ฝ€๋ฏธ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ)์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฝ๋Š” ๋™ํ™”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์€ ํŽธ. ์ธ„์šฐ๋งˆ ํ…Œ์ธ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ง์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์ธ„์šฐ๋งˆ ์นด์ธ ์ง€์˜ ๋”ธ์ธ ์ธ„์šฐ๋งˆ ์Šค์ฆˆ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์กŒ๊ณ . ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ ์นด์ด๋ฉ” ํ•™์›์˜ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ. ์นด๋ผ๋งˆ์ธ  ์ผ„์ž๋ถ€๋กœ (๊ฐ•์›์‚ผ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์˜ค๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์ผ„์ด์น˜ / ์†์ข…ํ™˜ ์นด์ด๋ฉ” ํ•™์›์˜ ๊ต์žฅ. ์†์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์ƒํ•œ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ง€๋‚˜์น  ์ •๋„. ๊ต์‚ฌ์กฐํšŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜, ํ•™์ƒํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ํ•  ์ •๋„. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฝ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์นด์ด๋ฉ”์ด ๋ก ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ์„ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ŸฌํŠธ๋‹‰ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํŠน๊ธฐ๋‹ค. ์•ผ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋ฒ  ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ์˜ค (์˜ค๋ณ€๋ฐฉ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ฝ˜๋…ธ ์ฅฐ / ํžˆ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋…ธ๋ถ€์œ ํ‚ค / ๋ฐ•์„ฑํƒœ ์ง€๋ฆฌ ๊ต์‚ฌ. ์ •๋ง ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์ธ ์ œ๋„ค์‹œ์Šค์™€ ํœดํŽ˜๋ฆฌ์˜จ์„ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ง์ž‘ ๊ฒŒ์ž„(ํ™ฉํ…๋„ ์ œ์ž‘)์„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜. ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์ค€ ํ™ฉ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ€ ์ฅฐ์ด์น˜ (์žฅ์‚ผ๋™) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ฝ”์Šค๊ธฐ ์ฅฌ๋กœํƒ€ / ๋ฐ•๋งŒ์˜ 2-B๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ด์ž„์˜ ๊ณต์˜ˆ ๊ต์‚ฌ. 13์ผ์˜ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์‚ด์ธ๋งˆ ์ œ์ด์Šจ๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ณ„๋ช…์ด 'J์† ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜'์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์˜จ์ˆœํ•œ ํŽธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งž์„ ์— ์‹คํŒจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ํ•œ์ž ๋Œ€์—ด์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณ„ ์•„๋‹˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์นด๋„ค๊ธฐ (์„ฑ์งˆ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์‚ฌ์นด๊ตฌ์น˜ ์ฝ”์ด์น˜ / ํ™๋ฒ”๊ธฐ ์˜์–ด ๊ต์‚ฌ. ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ๋ถ€ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ. ๋ง์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ผญ ์˜์–ด๋‹จ์–ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ์Šค์ผ“๋‹จ์„ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ‘์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ ์  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉด์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ •์ƒ์ธ์ด ์ ์€ ์ด ์Šค์ผ“ ๋Œ„์Šค ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ(?) ์ •์ƒ์ธ. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์š”์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์„ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฟ ์ธ ์™€ ์„ ์ƒ์„ ์กฐ์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ทธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ•™์ƒ์ง€๋„๋ถ€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋„ ๊ฒธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž„. ์ดํ†  2-D๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ด์ž„. ์š”์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ (์ด๊ธฐ์—ด) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์นด์™€์‹œ๋งˆ ํ† ์ฟ ์š”์‹œ / ์„ ํ˜ธ์ œ 2-E ๋‹ด์ž„์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌ ๊ต์‚ฌ. ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ถ€ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡๋œ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์ œ๋ช…. ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ผ ๋ ˆ๋ฏธ. ์ผ€์ฆˆ์นด ๋งŒํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ. ์ฟ ์ธ ์™€ ๋‹ค์ด์ง€๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํ‚ค ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ต์‚ฌ. ์นดํ†  ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์•ˆ ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์›ํ‰์ด๊ณ , ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์–ต์šธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋Š” ๋ง‰์žฅ๊ต์‚ฌ. ์นด์ด๋ฉ”์ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ถ€ ํ•™์›์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์นดํ†  ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ผ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–•๋ณด๊ณ , ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ '์˜ค๋‹ˆํžˆ๋ฉ”' ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋„์ง‘์–ด๋‚ด์„œ ๊ดด๋กญํžŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน๋„์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋˜๊ณ  ์ธ์งˆ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํƒœ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์Šจ๊ณผ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋‚ฉ์น˜์žฅ์†Œ์— ์ฐพ์•„์˜ค์ž, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง‰์žฅ์ง“์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ , ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ์™€ ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ž, ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•œ ๋ณด์Šจ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋ฐฉ ๋งž๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง“์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ž, ์ฟ ์ธ ์™€๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์ œ๋ช…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,๋ณด์Šจ๊ณผ ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํญํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚ฉ์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•™ 2์ฃผ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฟ ์ธ ์™€๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋จ์œผ๋กœ, ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ํŒ์—๋Š” ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ํ›„์ง€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์•„์นด๋„ค (ํ˜„์€์˜ฅ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ์•„์ผ€๋…ธ / ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝํ˜œ ํ›„์ง€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์œ ์Šค์ผ€(๋ด‡์Šจ)์˜ ์˜๋ถ“ ์—„๋งˆ. ์ง์—…์€ ์˜๋ฅ˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ณด์Šจ๊ณผ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์˜ ์นœ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ณผ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ผฝ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„์ง€์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ (ํ˜„๋ฃจ๋ฏธ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์นด์‹œ์™€๊ธฐ ์œ ํ‚ค(AKB48) / ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ํ›„์ง€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์œ ์Šค์ผ€(๋ด‡์Šจ)์˜ ์˜๋ถ“ ๋™์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•„์นด๋„ค์˜ ์นœ๋”ธ. ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋ฃŒ์Šค์ผ€ (๊ฐ•์ค€์ˆ˜) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์š”์‹œ๋…ธ ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค / ์ตœ์Šนํ›ˆ ํ›„์ง€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์œ ์Šค์ผ€(๋ด‡์Šจ)์™€ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์˜ ์นœ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€. ๋ด‡์Šจ์„ ๋นผ๋‹ฎ์€ ์šฉ๋ชจ์™€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋งˆ ํ•˜๋ฃจ (ํ•˜์›์ด) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์•„์‚ฌ๋…ธ ๋งˆ์Šค๋ฏธ / ์ดํ˜„์ง„ ๋ฃŒ์Šค์ผ€์˜ ์•„๋‚ด์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ›„์ง€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์œ ์Šค์ผ€(๋ด‡์Šจ)์™€ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์˜ ์นœ์—„๋งˆ. ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค ์˜์‚ฌ (๊ตฌ์ง„์ฒ  ์›์žฅ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์•ผ๋‚˜์นด ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ / ํ•œ์‹  ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์˜ ์˜๋ถ“ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ, ใ€Œ๋™๋ฐฑ ์˜์›ใ€์˜ ์›์žฅ. ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด (๋ช…์ง€ํ˜œ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ด์‹œ์นด์™€ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์นด / ์ด์†Œ์€ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์˜ ์˜๋ถ“ ์—„๋งˆ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ „ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ. ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ํžˆ์‚ฌ์นด์™€ ์•„์•ผ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์นธ์‚ฌ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ. ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ์นด ํžˆ๋ฉ”(ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”)์™€ ์‹œ๋Œ ์‹๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ใ€Œ์ „์„ค์˜ ๊ท€์‹ ์‹ ๋ถ€ใ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์œ ์‚ฌ ์ฝ”์ง€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์นธ์‚ฌ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ. ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์•„๋น ๋‹ค. ์—„๋งˆ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ž์ƒํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ธ๋“ฏ. ์šฐ์Šค์ด ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ›„๋ฏธ (์„œ์˜์ฐฌ) ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์นดํ‚คํ•˜๋ผ ํ…Œ์ธ ์•ผ / ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ•˜๋ผ ์นด์˜ค๋ฃจ(์œ ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ) / ์ตœ์Šนํ›ˆ / ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๋‚˜(์œ ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ) ์šฐ์Šค์ด ์นด์ฆˆ์š”์‹œ(์Šค์œ„์น˜)์˜ ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ. ์–ด์ด์—†๊ฒŒ๋„ ์นผ์— ์ฐ”๋ ค์„œ ์ฆ‰์‚ฌ. ์ธ„์šฐ๋งˆ ์Šค์ฆˆ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์˜ค๊ตฌ๋ผ ์œ ์ด ์ธ„์šฐ๋งˆ ํ…Œ์ธ ์ง€์˜ ์™ธ๋™๋”ธ. ์•„๋น ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฉํ•œ ๋”ธ์ด๋‚˜, ์•„๋น ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์–ด๋ฅธ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ˆ™๋…€. ์šฐ๋‰ด ๋ฆฐํƒ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋‰ด์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋‰ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์‚ฌ์žฅ. ์€ํ˜ผ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ 26ํ™” ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํŽธ์— ์€ํ˜ผ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์นดํƒ€ ๊ธดํ† ํ‚ค ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์Šค๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ† ๋ชจ์นด์ฆˆ / ๊ตฌ์žํ˜• ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹ ํŒŒ์น˜ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์‚ฌ์นด๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€ / ํ™๋ฒ”๊ธฐ ์นด๊ตฌ๋ผ ์„ฑ์šฐ: ์ฟ ๊ธฐ๋ฏธ์•ผ ๋ฆฌ์— / ๊น€ํ˜„์‹ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋งŒํ™” ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sket%20Dance%20characters
List of Sket Dance characters
This is a list of characters from the anime and manga series Sket Dance by Kenta Shinohara. Main characters The Sket-dan / The team leader, an expert marksman and artist whose usually erratic personality is replaced with a brilliant deductive mindset by ceremonially donning goggles in a process called 'Concentrate'โ€”this allows him to make eerily accurate inferences by concentrating entirely on absolutely all the available evidence, to the extent of accurately recalling background noise. He enjoys the sense of adventure he receives from helping others for its own sake, but can become very emotionally involved with more serious cases to the extent of verbally abusing those he sees to be betraying their friends. Despite Bossun's deceptively sharp acumen, he is notably socially awkward around attractive women. He frequently breaks the Fourth Wall; he also vocally guards his position as the protagonist of the series when sidelined. However, when he won the Character Popularity contest (which had a whole chapter based around it), he was extremely humble about it. On his fifteenth birthday, he discovered that he was not related to his mother, Akane, and his sister, Rumi. His actual parents were Akane's best friends, Ryousuke and Haru. When Bossun was about to be born, his parents died in two separate accidents. His father died while saving a child, and his mother died from giving birth. He ran away from home and wandered around aimlessly. After meeting Taisuke Mishima, the child who his father had saved, Bossun received the present that Ryousuke had meant to give to Haru after the birth. Bossun read the letters, saying about how he should help other people. However, in anger, he flung down the letters and claimed that he would only live for himself. After watching a student his age be bullied (it was actually Tsubaki, but he had longer hair and glasses then, so they didn't recognize each other after they met again), he discovered that he had truly inherited his parents' blood because he couldn't resist helping other people. He, later on, returned to Akane and Rumi, and continued to live with them. Bossun continued to believe that he was alone in the world, before the doctor who had helped deliver him came to him on his 17th birthday and told him that he had a younger twin brother. As a result, he realized that his brother was actually Tsubaki Sasuke from the Student Council. Bossun felt deep down that he had already known because everybody kept saying that they were similar. Despite knowing that they were brothers, both Tsubaki and Bossun continue to have an awkward rivalry with each other, often breaking into fights, but slowly getting closer, as brothers should. He also has inherited some behavior from Akane having shown that whenever she yells at Bossun at some point she would end up saying "dummy" repeatedly. He has shown a great assortment of talents, such as being able to draw as well as a manga artist, able to make origami be extremely lifelike, and being excellent at riddles, the second-best in the school. He is the older twin of Tsubaki, he is slightly lazier and childish than him, but he can be mature when in a serious case, also he is more creative than Tsubaki. In the last chapter of the manga, he graduated from Kaimei High School and Himeko revealed her true feelings for him. He is last seen living in the United States helping two children crying near a road. / / The "Amazon"- a dangerous close-range fighter who serves as the Sket Dan's muscle using her hockey stick. Already a formidable fighter without it, with this weapon she is capable of defeating multiple opponents instantaneously. In the past, Himeko, was just a tomboy from Osaka. When her family moved to Tokyo, she found it hard to find friends, even on the Hockey team. This changed when Arisa Kanou (referred to as Aa-chan), a member of the team started befriending her. One day, Himeko saw her friend Aa-chan threatened by the school's delinquents, the rest of her friends told her to ignore it, but Himeko refused and went to protect her. The delinquents got into a fight, in which Himeko was losing but did not give in stating she would protect her friend. But the delinquent simply mocked her, stating Aa-chan was not threatened at all and that in fact, she was the leader of the gang. This shocking fact along with Aa-chan cursing at her, made Himeko go wild and she grabbed a hockey stick and beat everyone. Aa-chan spread rumors that she was an ogress, and Himeko was slowly isolated from the school, while other delinquents came to fight her, all of whom she defeated. She gained the nickname "Legendary Yankee Onihime", which quickly became a symbol of "power and fear". Eventually tired of this life she transferred to another school at a distance from her house which was the one Bossun attended. She spent her days isolated, due to her experiences with Aa-chan, deciding to never have friends. But Bossun, and the class representative, Takahashi Chiaki attempted to correct this behavior by attempting to be her friend. When Chiaki gets into trouble, with some delinquents, she is reluctant to help Chiaki, due to her past experiences. Bossun scolds her at this, that despite her experiences she should not be so unwilling to trust people and that he would never betray a friend. Hearing this she quickly went to beat up the delinquents threatening Chiaki, but not before being saved by Bossun. She then, reveals her nickname, but to her surprise neither Bossun nor Chiaki are frightened. She states that she has hurt too many people, but Bossun states her strength is not something to be ashamed, but proud of, and asks her to be part of Sket-dan. Recently, memories of an unknown boy in a school uniform have prevented her from fully enacting these violent impulses Himeko feels that she is saved from Bossun and becomes loyal to him despite their constant bickering. Obsessed with bizarre flavors of lollipop such as 'Mackerel-Miso' which can almost kill anyone without a powerful "fighting spirit" who tries eating them, she almost constantly has one sticking out of her mouth, which is frequently mistaken for a habit of smoking from a distance. Despite her weird sense of taste, she is also very good at cooking. She holds great faith in Bossun, as she, like Switch is willing to do anything Bossun says, and has shown feelings for Bossun, as shown by her jealousy when he went on a group date and being embarrassed, when on a fake date with him, In 'Himekoi' chapter it is fully seen that she does have a crush on Bossun and nearly confessing it but fail (just like in the last chapter of 'Trouble travel'). She has a great love for cute things, as seen when she acted motherly for Bossun when he was a child due to Mr. Chลซma's youth potion, even fainting from how cute Bossun was. She has shown great interest to have Bossun and Tsubaki improve their brotherly relationship, which she shares with Switch, and the Student Council, with the exception of Tsubaki. In the last chapter, she graduated and finally made her true feelings to Bossun known, but without receiving any clear reciprocation from him on her confession. She is last seen as an adult with slightly longer hair. / The 'brains' of the team (in contrast to Bossun's intuition and Himeko's brawn) in charge of intelligence-gathering and, in contrast to the more excitable other Sket Dan members, largely concerned with "honest, data-substantiated fact". He originally was very different from his current self, his huge change is due to the death of his little brother, which he blames himself for. Originally, he was far more normal, but had an inferiority complex about his little brother Switch, who had talents that far surpassed his, despite being very proud of him. This complex was further emphasized when their childhood friend Sawa acted like she was more interested in his little brother, when in reality they had mutual feelings. When Sawa was being stalked, he originally was going to protect her, but felt useless in front of his younger brother and let him take his place. He went for a walk and met a friend of Sawa and told her Sawa was going out with Switch. Then he spotted the stalker, but found out that he was only an admirer. Kazuyoshi realized that Sawa's friend was the true culprit who planned to hurt Sawa. By the time he arrived, his little brother had been murdered after protecting Sawa. After his brother's death, he takes on his appearance and name because he feels responsible for his death, and stops speaking shortly after until Bossun comes to his aid. Kazuyoshi never speaks aloud (his trauma causing a severe form of selective mutism) and instead uses his laptop to communicate using the "Speech Synthesis Software" his brother developed to communicate in between constant bouts of forum trolling and dating-simulation play throughs. Switch is the proprietor of a vast school-wide intelligence network consisting largely of perverts and outcasts, and thus in possession of almost unlimited information on everyone in the vicinity of the school; the ensuing potential for blackmail makes him a bad person to cross. Surprisingly popular with the ladies, he expresses interest in very little outside of his Sket Dan duties - except, curiously, for frequent 'Science vs. the Supernatural' debates with occult fanatic Yuuki Reiko which seem to be sparked by mutual attraction. Beyond computer skills, Switch has shown frequent and unexplained access to high-tech gear such as computerized training equipment and minute homing devices. He hates Otaku, despite being one. He is completely loyal to Bossun: as he states, they feel indebted to Bossun for his guidance, and wants to be useful to him. In the last chapter, he delivers the graduation speech on behalf of his graduating class โ€“ coming to terms with his past by finally letting go off his laptop and speaking in public with his actual voice again. He is last seen as an adult, highly implied to be dating Momoka. Recurring characters Student Council members The Kaimei High School Student Council, occasional rivals and later allies of the Sket-dan, uphold school rules and handle administrative duties, like the creation and funding of clubs. Within the Sket Dance world, there is a manga series about them, running in Shลnen Jump, and a tie-in game on Vivage City, a cellular phone game company. President of the Student Council and a third-year student. He later steps down from president when he graduated and passes the torch to Tsubaki (as of chapter 147-148). A very cool, charismatic, laid-back individual, who seemingly does nothing as President. He entrusts most responsibilities to the Vice President, Sasuke Tsubaki. He is well-known for his intelligence. His IQ is around 160. Due to his high IQ, he is the best at riddles in school. His ability to read and understand people is used to manipulate them to do what he wants, such as motivating Bossun into competing with him seriously. This same ability is why he has the complete loyalty of Student Council members, Sasuke and Daisy. His performance in the Gachinko Vivage Battle's "Pixie Garden" match with Bossun shows that he is a good strategist, who learns quickly, and is adept at lying, being regarded as the antagonist comic of the manga / series Sket Dance. Despite his ruthlessness, and professions that he is very cunning, he's against cheating to win. He has a tendency to forget things he's said, such as the bet he pretended to make with Bossun to get him fired up. He is very lazy, known to sleep in the counsel's classroom. He is very protective of his sister and will become enraged if any guy gets close to her, which is shown in his misunderstanding of her relationship with Tsubaki. He has a unique laughter "kakaka". (drama CD), Hiro Shimono (anime) The Vice President of the Student Council, who takes his responsibilities very seriously, even overzealously, willing to punch a hole in a wall and injure himself to get his point across. He later becomes President after Agata graduated (chapter 147/148). He believes that the Sket-dan is useless and should be abolished, leading to conflicts with Bossun. The two consider each other rivals and his desire to defeat Bossun and the Sket-dan motivate him to do things he wouldn't otherwise do. He is a skilled fighter, and the boxing club at their school wanted him on their team. He often blushes when he feels shy. He also researches his opponents' weaknesses and uses them to his advantage. He is very similar to Bossun, as many other people had noted. He can be as excellent as Bossun when it comes to solving riddles as the two have obtained similar answer for the last question during the quiz battle between Student Council and Quiz Club. It was later revealed that Tsubaki and Bossun are twin brothers, separated from birth. After the discovery, Tsubaki and Bossun's relationship became even more awkward, but they slowly began to grow closer, with Bossun even inviting Tsubaki over for dinner to meet Akane and Rumi. Akane noted that while Bossun looked more like his father, Ryousuke, Tsubaki looked more like his mother, Haru. He is the younger twin of Bossun, also he is slightly diligent and maturer than him, but can be childish sometimes, often when both of them are fighting, but he lacks creativity, unlike Bossun who is more creative than him. In the last chapter, he graduated. He is last seen studying at a doctor college while wearing the Sket Dance logo T-Shirt. (drama CD), Megumi Takamoto (anime) The Treasurer of the Student Council. Later become Vice-President after Tsubaki became president. She's a very gentle girl and the wealthy granddaughter of the Unyuu Group's leader. She is competent enough to know how to allocate hidden funds for the Student Council, but this is countered by her desire to spend frivolously. She believes money is a means to all ends, from love confessions to winning competitions. Despite this, she considers herself an advocate of proper conduct, and even lectures Tsubaki for his uncivilized actions. Outside of her financial duties, she provides refreshments and first aid supplies to the other Student Council members. (drama CD), Yu Kobayashi (anime) The Secretary of the Student Council, nicknamed "Daisy-chan." She is a Second-year student Sket Dance, who will do whatever Sลjirล tells her to do, from participating in the Gachinko Vivage Battle Tournament to going undercover on a Student Council Operation to catch a ring of blackmailers. She speaks harshly, and insults people on purpose, often saying things like "Drown in a gutter and die", or "Drown, die, revive, and die again." She has good aim, and relentlessly attacks without hesitation. While she seems calm and composed on the outside, she is quick to judge others, and thus, underestimate them. She doesn't handle failure very well, and will console herself by cuddling stuffed animals. She especially dislikes bothering other people, so she rarely asks for help. (drama CD), Kenji Nojima (anime) A Student Council Member responsible for General Affairs, and a Third-year Student. Later graduates. He is a narcissist, who loves having his picture taken. He is popular with girls, and also has a very devoted fan club called the "Shinbals". He is an extremely good chef, considered "exceptional even among professionals." Michiru often plays the straight man opposite the quirks of the other student council and is also one of the few people who understands that Sลjirล has a manipulative side. He has been together with Agata since middle school and knows him very well among others. (anime) The new General Affairs Manager after Shinba graduates. First appeared in chapter 152, he is said to be a decedent from ninjas. He has a strong sense of justice and makes excuses because he doesn't want people to know that he is a ninja. He purposely let himself get hit by a ball to hide his abilities. He later helped Sket-Dan catch Kagerou, a thief pretending to be a ninja. His goal is to make the school his. Originally not listening to Tsubaki, and even considering him unfit to be president, he did things his own way due to an incident back in middle school where he lost faith in relying on others. After Tsubaki stood up for him and promised not to abandon him, he has become fiercely protective of him and more willing to work with others. His and Tsubaki's relationship is often juxtaposed with that Himeko and Bossun's, being the loyalty they feel towards their respected leaders. (anime) The new Treasurer as of chapter 153. She does not like men since she grew up in an all-women environment all her life. An example of this would be that she wants to expel all the male students. She won't even talk to them and has a snobby princess attitude. When she is touched by men, she turns into her alter ego, Bunny. Bunny is the polar opposite of her counterpart, Hani. She hates women and has a lust for men, even becoming more erotic and seductive towards them. When she is touched by women, however, she turns back into Hani. Kaimei High School faculty (drama CD), Jouji Nakata (anime) The little-seen and inhumanly apathetic "Club Supervisor" of the Sket Dan spends most of his time in his lab instead of minding them, where his only gift seems to be for creating dangerous and unstable explosive devices. Despite this, he has created potions of science fiction effect, such as a youth potion and potions able to change a person's personality. As his token support is prerequisite to Sket Dan's existence, he holds the threat of its withdrawal over the members' heads when he wishes to coerce them into some unreasonable 'favour'. He is often referred to as "Chu-san". He has a daughter named Suzu. Remi is often referred to as "Onee-san". She took over as teacher's assistant after the previous one went on maternity leave. She is very scatter brained and clumsy but very happy and energetic as she was formerly a host of the educational children's show "Can Mommy Come Too?". She fell in love with Chu-san. An eccentric geography teacher who hires the Sket Dan to help him form a 'Genesis' club ('Genesis' being the name of a ball game taught to him by 'Master Won' similar to tennis, but involving a volleyball, and fishing nets), the idea was receded when Tsubaki explained that if the three were to start the 'Genesis' club, the Sket Dan would be disbanded. Later, Yamanobe taught them 'Hyperion', a part-chess part-DND board game which only male players seem to enjoy. He also introduced a crappy Super Mario game parody. Kaimei High School students Chiaki Takahashi first appeared in chapter 5 of the manga and episode 3 of the anime. She is usually addressed as "Captain" as she is the captain of Kaimei High School's softball team. She was Himeko's first friend - it was her that made Himeko accept friends again. She had done this by persuading Himeko, everyday, into being her friend. She also befriended Bossun in the process. She lost her mother at a young age. Thus, she grew up with much more responsibility than others, even to the point of wanting to take care of her younger brother while she's busy with school. She is well known for being responsible, proven with the fact that she, other than the softball club's captain, is also class representative. She is also kind and caring but can be a bit clumsy at times. She also has this certain charisma that affects a lot of people around her, making them become much more passionate in what they are currently doing. She has been considered cute and attractive quite a few times. Something else that is notable about her is her love for eating, which she has taken up to the extreme now that she "can eat faster than the speed of sound". Roman Saotome first appeared in chapter 7 of the manga and episode 4 of the anime. She is in the same grade as Bossun, Himeko, and Switch. She has a crush on Bossun and calls him "Prince", although it isn't much of a developed crush and more of a schoolgirl crush. She has a special ability, the Otome Filter, which makes everything look the way she wants it to. Ranging from seeing a guy more handsome (ex. the guy from the Gachinko Vivage Battle in episode 11) to seeing a purple towel turn into a puppy (ex. Bossun holding a Pellolipop towel in episode 4). Her Otome Filter can also manifest so others can see it as well, causing others to think they're dreaming. She loves Shลjo manga and wants to be a manga artist when she grows up, but she doesn't seem to draw well. She often acts as if she's from a clichรฉd shojo manga and often narrates her own life. Reiko first appears in chapter 3 of the manga and episode 5 of the anime. She has a ghost-like appearance making many people believe she actually is a ghost. She has bags under her eyes and a bent back and usually a dark black aura. She strongly believes in the occult and has a friendly rivalry with Switch who doesn't believe in the occult due to his strong belief in science. Although she is shown to have no interest in fashion, it is proven by Switch that with a makeover, Reiko can look pretty. (Episode 21) Shinzo first appears in chapter 4 of the manga and episode 2 of the anime. He is the captain of the kendo club at Kaimei. He relies on his mints to wake himself up and bring himself to full potential before a match and is trying hard not to do that. He claims to want to be a samurai but a running gag through the story is that Shinzo will do things that make him un-samurai-like (ex. playing on his cellphone). He is often shown wearing samurai clothing and having his hair tied up. Since his father is an actor, he is also caught speaking in play-like language. Yabasawa is a rather large girl but has great confidence in herself-especially in her looks. She has a "3" shaped mouth - and this mouth shape is the reason the sket team entered into a contest with the student council, for a "3" shaped mouth for her avatar on her phone. She is a member of the school's cheerleading squad and has been noted to have a good singing voice. The word "yabas" (the first part of her name) is used extensively throughout her conversations, she often finishes sentences with it, she uses it as a single word statement to express surprise and substitutes it for other words "that's so totally yabas" / compounds it with other words "yabastactic". She has a perverted pet monkey called Yeti who wears a yellow backpack. The monkey often causes mischief by doing odd stuff to girls. Saaya first appears in chapter 128 of the manga and in the end of episode 51 of the anime. She is the sister of Student Council former president Sojiro Agata. She is a twin tailed tsundere girl and seems quite snobbish towards males because of this character trait. Chiaki advises her to visit the Sket Dance club room where she ends up befriending all of the members and soon develops a crush on Bossun. She also forces Bossun, Himeko, and Switch to adopt the owl she finds in the Park which they name Hosuke. Initially they find it troublesome to take care of him but soon realise that it's actually very easy and that he is intelligent in his own way. Her brother is extremely protective of her, and gets angry if boys so much as touch her. He misconcludes that Saaya and Tsubaki have a crush on each other and the more Saaya and the others try to clear this, the more complicated the love diagram in his head becomes, which is a running gag after her appearance. In the end, she graduates and is last seen going to college with a little hairstyle change. References Sket Dance
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%A1%B0%EB%A6%AC
๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ
๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ(ไธๆข็†, )๋Š” ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌยท๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ(่ƒŒ็†)ยท๋ชจ์ˆœยท๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด(ไธๅฏ่งฃ) ๋“ฑ์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ์„œ, ์ฒ ํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” '์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ'์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์กฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋งŒ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์‹ค์กด์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์นด๋ฎˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์• ๋ฅผ ์จ๋„ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— '์˜์›'์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜์ƒ์„ ํ’ˆ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ๋‚ด์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํฌ๋ง์„ ํ’ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋นผ์•—์•„ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์žฅํด ์‚ฌ๋ฅดํŠธ๋ฅด๋Š” ์†Œ์„ค ใ€Š๊ตฌํ† ใ€‹(1928๋…„)์—์„œ "๋งˆ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์— ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ '์‚ฌ๋ฌผ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด'๋ฅผ ์ง์‹œํ•  ๋•Œ์— ๊ทธ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ฑ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋•Œ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์นด๋ฎˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ๋ณด ์ „์ง„์‹œ์ผœ ์ฒ ํ•™ ์—์„ธ์ด ใ€Š์‹œ์ง€ํ”„ ์‹ ํ™”ใ€‹(1942๋…„)์—์„œ "๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋ž€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋…์ด๊ณ  ์ œ1์˜ ์ง„๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์นด๋ฎˆ๋Š” ์ด ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด "์‚ถ์˜ ๋์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ธ์ƒ์€ ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„๋ก ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•ด๋„, ๋‚œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ '์˜ค์ง' ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ๋‚œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š” '์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ'์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด ์ด์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–ด์ฒ˜๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด '์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ' ์‹ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์›์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋‚˜ ์˜์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฌ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์นด๋ฎˆ๋Š” ใ€Š์‹œ์ง€ํ”„ ์‹ ํ™”ใ€‹์˜ ์ฒซ์งธ ์ค„์—์„œ ์ง„์‹ค๋กœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€, ์ฆ‰ ์ž์‚ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šต๊ด€๊ณผ ํƒ€์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์‹ค์—์˜ ์š•๋ง์„ ์†์ด๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๋ฌธ๋“ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทผ์›์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ , ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์ž๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์‚ถ์— ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง„๋‹ค. ์• ์ดˆ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ต ์—†๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌผ์Œ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ„ '๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ'์ด ํƒœ๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์— ๋˜์ ธ์ง„ ์‹ค์กด์˜ '๋ถ€์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ ์ด์œ '์™€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€์žฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” '์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ตด์˜ ์ด์„ฑ'์ด ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–‘์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด ์—†๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ, ๊ดด๋ฆฌ, ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์นด๋ฎˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ '๋‚˜๋Š” ์™œ ์‚ฌ๋Š”๊ฐ€?'๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‚ถ์— ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž์‚ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์Šต๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์šด๋ช…์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ถ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋น„๊ทน์  ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์นด๋ฎˆ๋Š” "์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•ญ์˜ ๊ณต์กด ์ƒํƒœ, ์ฆ‰ ์ด์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์Šค๋ชจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์นด์˜ค์Šค์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ด๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์—, ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์ถ”๋ก ์ด๋ž€ ์• ๋‹น์ดˆ ๊ณผ์š•์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์š”์ปจ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋ž€ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์จ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์„ ๊ฐ์˜คํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ถŒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์นด๋ฎˆ๋Š” ์†Œ์„ค ใ€Š์ด๋ฐฉ์ธใ€‹(1942๋…„)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๊ตฌ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์— ์ ˆ๋งํ•œ ์ Š์€ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์‹ ์  ๋„๋•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ค์กด์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์นด๋ฎˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋น ์ ธ ์ ˆ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์‚ด์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„, ์˜์‹๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ ์†์—์„œ ์น˜์—ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” '๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์  ์ธ๊ฐ„'์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์นด๋ฎˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” '๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„(l'homme absurde)'์€ '๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„', ์ฆ‰ '๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธ๊ฐ„'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ง€ '๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ALEX ARNE LANG ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™ ์ด๋ก  ์‹ค์กด์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdism
Absurdism
Absurdism is the philosophical theory that the universe is irrational and meaningless. It states that trying to find meaning leads people into a conflict with the world. This conflict can be between rational man and an irrational universe, between intention and outcome, or between subjective assessment and objective worth, but the precise definition of the term is disputed. Absurdism claims that the world as a whole is absurd. It differs in this regard from the less global thesis that some particular situations, persons, or phases in life are absurd. Various components of the absurd are discussed in the academic literature and different theorists frequently concentrate their definition and research on different components. On the practical level, the conflict underlying the absurd is characterized by the individual's struggle to find meaning in a meaningless world. The theoretical component, on the other hand, emphasizes more the epistemic inability of reason to penetrate and understand reality. Traditionally, the conflict is characterized as a collision between an internal component, belonging to human nature, and an external component, belonging to the nature of the world. However, some later theorists have suggested that both components may be internal: the capacity to see through the arbitrariness of any ultimate purpose, on the one hand, and the incapacity to stop caring about such purposes, on the other hand. Certain accounts also involve a metacognitive component by holding that an awareness of the conflict is necessary for the absurd to arise. Some arguments in favor of absurdism focus on the human insignificance in the universe, on the role of death, or on the implausibility or irrationality of positing an ultimate purpose. Objections to absurdism often contend that life is in fact meaningful or point out certain problematic consequences or inconsistencies of absurdism. Defenders of absurdism often complain that it does not receive the attention of professional philosophers it merits in virtue of the topic's importance and its potential psychological impact on the affected individuals in the form of existential crises. Various possible responses to deal with absurdism and its impact have been suggested. The three responses discussed in the traditional absurdist literature are suicide, religious belief in a higher purpose, and rebellion against the absurd. Of these, rebellion is usually presented as the recommended response since, unlike the other two responses, it does not escape the absurd and instead recognizes it for what it is. Later theorists have suggested additional responses, like using irony to take life less seriously or remaining ignorant of the responsible conflict. Some absurdists argue that whether and how one responds is insignificant. This is based on the idea that if nothing really matters then the human response toward this fact does not matter either. The term "absurdism" is most closely associated with the philosophy of Albert Camus. However, important precursors and discussions of the absurd are also found in the works of Sรธren Kierkegaard. Absurdism is intimately related to various other concepts and theories. Its basic outlook is inspired by existentialist philosophy. However, existentialism includes additional theoretical commitments and often takes a more optimistic attitude toward the possibility of finding or creating meaning in one's life. Absurdism and nihilism share the belief that life is meaningless. But absurdists do not treat this as an isolated fact and are instead interested in the conflict between the human desire for meaning and the world's lack thereof. Being confronted with this conflict may trigger an existential crisis, in which unpleasant experiences like anxiety or depression may push the affected to find a response for dealing with the conflict. Recognizing the absence of objective meaning, however, does not preclude the conscious thinker from finding subjective meaning in arbitrary places. Definition Absurdism is the philosophical thesis that life, or the world in general, is absurd. There is wide agreement that the term "absurd" implies a lack of meaning or purpose but there is also significant dispute concerning its exact definition and various versions have been suggested. The choice of one's definition has important implications for whether the thesis of absurdism is correct and for the arguments cited for and against it: it may be true on one definition and false on another. In a general sense, the absurd is that which lacks a sense, often because it involves some form of contradiction. The absurd is paradoxical in the sense that it cannot be grasped by reason. But in the context of absurdism, the term is usually used in a more specific sense. According to most definitions, it involves a conflict, discrepancy, or collision between two things. Opinions differ on what these two things are. For example, it is traditionally identified as the confrontation of rational man with an irrational world or as the attempt to grasp something based on reasons even though it is beyond the limits of rationality. Similar definitions see the discrepancy between intention and outcome, between aspiration and reality, or between subjective assessment and objective worth as the source of absurdity. Other definitions locate both conflicting sides within man: the ability to apprehend the arbitrariness of final ends and the inability to let go of commitments to them. In regard to the conflict, absurdism differs from nihilism since it is not just the thesis that nothing matters. Instead, it includes the component that things seem to matter to us nonetheless and that this impression cannot be shaken off. This difference is expressed in the relational aspect of the absurd in that it constitutes a conflict between two sides. Various components of the absurd have been suggested and different researchers often focus their definition and inquiry on one of these components. Some accounts emphasize the practical components concerned with the individual seeking meaning while others stress the theoretical components about being unable to know the world or to rationally grasp it. A different disagreement concerns whether the conflict exists only internal to the individual or is between the individual's expectations and the external world. Some theorists also include the metacognitive component that the absurd entails that the individual is aware of this conflict. An important aspect of absurdism is that the absurd is not limited to particular situations but encompasses life as a whole. There is a general agreement that people are often confronted with absurd situations in everyday life. They often arise when there is a serious mismatch between one's intentions and reality. For example, a person struggling to break down a heavy front door is absurd if the house they are trying to break into lacks a back wall and could easily be entered on this route. But the philosophical thesis of absurdism is much more wide-reaching since it is not restricted to individual situations, persons, or phases in life. Instead, it asserts that life, or the world as a whole, is absurd. The claim that the absurd has such a global extension is controversial, in contrast to the weaker claim that some situations are absurd. The perspective of absurdism usually comes into view when the agent takes a step back from their individual everyday engagements with the world to assess their importance from a bigger context. Such an assessment can result in the insight that the day-to-day engagements matter a lot to us despite the fact that they lack real meaning when evaluated from a wider perspective. This assessment reveals the conflict between the significance seen from the internal perspective and the arbitrariness revealed through the external perspective. The absurd becomes a problem since there is a strong desire for meaning and purpose even though they seem to be absent. In this sense, the conflict responsible for the absurd often either constitutes or is accompanied by an existential crisis. Components Practical and theoretical An important component of the absurd on the practical level concerns the seriousness people bring toward life. This seriousness is reflected in many different attitudes and areas, for example, concerning fame, pleasure, justice, knowledge, or survival, both in regard to ourselves as well as in regard to others. But there seems to be a discrepancy between how seriously we take our lives and the lives of others on the one hand, and how arbitrary they and the world at large seem to be on the other hand. This can be understood in terms of importance and caring: it is absurd that people continue to care about these matters even though they seem to lack importance on an objective level. The collision between these two sides can be defined as the absurd. This is perhaps best exemplified when the agent is seriously engaged in choosing between arbitrary options, none of which truly matters. Some theorists characterize the ethical sides of absurdism and nihilism in the same way as the view that it does not matter how we act or that "everything is permitted". On this view, an important aspect of the absurd is that whatever higher end or purpose we choose to pursue, it can also be put into doubt since, in the last step, it always lacks a higher-order justification. But usually, a distinction between absurdism and nihilism is made since absurdism involves the additional component that there is a conflict between man's desire for meaning and the absence of meaning. On a more theoretical view, absurdism is the belief that the world is, at its core, indifferent and impenetrable toward human attempts to uncover its deeper reason or that it cannot be known. According to this theoretical component, it involves the epistemological problem of the human limitations of knowing the world. This includes the thesis that the world is in critical ways ungraspable to humans, both in relation to what to believe and how to act. This is reflected in the chaos and irrationality of the universe, which acts according to its own laws in a manner indifferent to human concerns and aspirations. It is closely related to the idea that the world remains silent when we ask why things are the way they are. This silence arises from the impression that, on the most fundamental level, all things exist without a reason: they are simply there. An important aspect of these limitations to knowing the world is that they are essential to human cognition, i.e. they are not due to following false principles or accidental weaknesses but are inherent in the human cognitive faculties themselves. Some theorists also link this problem to the circularity of human reason, which is very skilled at producing chains of justification linking one thing to another while trying and failing to do the same for the chain of justification as a whole when taking a reflective step backward. This implies that human reason is not just too limited to grasp life as a whole but that, if one seriously tried to do so anyway, its ungrounded circularity might collapse and lead to madness. Internal and external An important disagreement within the academic literature about the nature of absurdism and the absurd focuses specifically on whether the components responsible for the conflict are internal or external. According to the traditional position, the absurd has both internal and external components: it is due to the discrepancy between man's internal desire to lead a meaningful life and the external meaninglessness of the world. On this view, humans have among their desires some transcendent aspirations that seek a higher form of meaning in life. The absurd arises since these aspirations are ignored by the world, which is indifferent to our "need for validation of the importance of our concerns". This implies that the absurd "is not in man ... nor in the world, but in their presence together". This position has been rejected by some later theorists, who hold that the absurd is purely internal because it "derives not from a collision between our expectations and the world, but from a collision within ourselves". The distinction is important since, on the latter view, the absurd is built into human nature and would prevail no matter what the world was like. So it is not just that absurdism is true in the actual world. Instead, any possible world, even one that was designed by a divine god and guided by them according to their higher purpose, would still be equally absurd to man. In this sense, absurdity is the product of the power of our consciousness to take a step back from whatever it is considering and reflect on the reason of its object. When this process is applied to the world as a whole including God, it is bound to fail its search for a reason or an explanation, no matter what the world is like. In this sense, absurdity arises from the conflict between features of ourselves: "our capacity to recognize the arbitrariness of our ultimate concerns and our simultaneous incapacity to relinquish our commitment to them". This view has the side-effect that the absurd depends on the fact that the affected person recognizes it. For example, people who fail to apprehend the arbitrariness or the conflict would not be affected. Metacognitive According to some researchers, a central aspect of the absurd is that the agent is aware of the existence of the corresponding conflict. This means that the person is conscious both of the seriousness they invest and of how it seems misplaced in an arbitrary world. It also implies that other entities that lack this form of consciousness, like non-organic matter or lower life forms, are not absurd and are not faced with this particular problem. Some theorists also emphasize that the conflict remains despite the individual's awareness of it, i.e. that the individual continues to care about their everyday concerns despite their impression that, on the large scale, these concerns are meaningless. Defenders of the metacognitive component have argued that it manages to explain why absurdity is primarily ascribed to human aspirations but not to lower animals: because they lack this metacognitive awareness. However, other researchers reject the metacognitive requirement based on the fact that it would severely limit the scope of the absurd to only those possibly few individuals who clearly recognize the contradiction while sparing the rest. Thus, opponents have argued that not recognizing the conflict is just as absurd as consciously living through it. Arguments For Various popular arguments are often cited in favor of absurdism. Some focus on the future by pointing out that nothing we do today will matter in a million years. A similar line of argument points to the fact that our lives are insignificant because of how small they are in relation to the universe as a whole, both concerning their spatial and their temporal dimensions. The thesis of absurdism is also sometimes based on the problem of death, i.e. that there is no final end for us to pursue since we are all going to die. In this sense, death is said to destroy all our hard-earned achievements like career, wealth, or knowledge. This argument is mitigated to some extent by the fact that we may have positive or negative effects on the lives of other people as well. But this does not fully solve the issue since the same problem, i.e. the lack of an ultimate end, applies to their lives as well. Thomas Nagel has objected to these lines of argument based on the claim that they are circular: they assume rather than establish that life is absurd. For example, the claim that our actions today will not matter in a million years does not directly imply that they do not matter today. And similarly, the fact that a process does not reach a meaningful ultimate goal does not entail that the process as a whole is worthless since some parts of the process may contain their justification without depending on a justification external to them. Another argument proceeds indirectly by pointing out how various great thinkers have obvious irrational elements in their systems of thought. These purported mistakes of reason are then taken as signs of absurdism that were meant to hide or avoid it. From this perspective, the tendency to posit the existence of a benevolent God may be seen as a form of defense mechanism or wishful thinking to avoid an unsettling and inconvenient truth. This is closely related to the idea that humans have an inborn desire for meaning and purpose, which is dwarfed by a meaningless and indifferent universe. For example, Renรฉ Descartes aims to build a philosophical system based on the absolute certainty of the "I think, therefore I am" just to introduce without a proper justification the existence of a benevolent and non-deceiving God in a later step in order to ensure that we can know about the external world. A similar problematic step is taken by John Locke, who accepts the existence of a God beyond sensory experience, despite his strict empiricism, which demands that all knowledge be based on sensory experience. Other theorists argue in favor of absurdism based on the claim that meaning is relational. In this sense, for something to be meaningful, it has to stand in relation to something else that is meaningful. For example, a word is meaningful because of its relation to a language or someone's life could be meaningful because this person dedicates her efforts to a higher meaningful project, like serving God or fighting poverty. An important consequence of this characterization of meaning is that it threatens to lead to an infinite regress: at each step, something is meaningful because something else is meaningful, which in its turn has meaning only because it is related to yet another meaningful thing, and so on. This infinite chain and the corresponding absurdity could be avoided if some things had intrinsic or ultimate meaning, i.e. if their meaning did not depend on the meaning of something else. For example, if things on the large scale, like God or fighting poverty, had meaning, then our everyday engagements could be meaningful by standing in the right relation to them. However, if these wider contexts themselves lack meaning then they are unable to act as sources of meaning for other things. This would lead to the absurd when understood as the conflict between the impression that our everyday engagements are meaningful even though they lack meaning because they do not stand in a relation to something else that is meaningful. Another argument for absurdism is based on the attempt of assessing standards of what matters and why it matters. It has been argued that the only way to answer such a question is in reference to these standards themselves. This means that, in the end, it depends only on us, that "what seems to us important or serious or valuable would not seem so if we were differently constituted". The circularity and groundlessness of these standards themselves are then used to argue for absurdism. Against The most common criticism of absurdism is to argue that life in fact has meaning. Supernaturalist arguments to this effect are based on the claim that God exists and acts as the source of meaning. Naturalist arguments, on the other hand, contend that various sources of meaning can be found in the natural world without recourse to a supernatural realm. Some of them hold that meaning is subjective. On this view, whether a given thing is meaningful varies from person to person based on their subjective attitude toward this thing. Others find meaning in objective values, for example, in morality, knowledge, or beauty. All these different positions have in common that they affirm the existence of meaning, in contrast to absurdism. Another criticism of absurdism focuses on its negative attitude toward moral values. In the absurdist literature, the moral dimension is sometimes outright denied, for example, by holding that value judgments are to be discarded or that the rejection of God implies the rejection of moral values. On this view, absurdism brings with it a highly controversial form of moral nihilism. This means that there is a lack, not just of a higher purpose in life, but also of moral values. These two sides can be linked by the idea that without a higher purpose, nothing is worth pursuing that could give one's life meaning. This worthlessness seems to apply to morally relevant actions equally as to other issues. In this sense, "[b]elief in the meaning of life always implies a scale of values" while "[b]elief in the absurd ... teaches the contrary". Various objections to such a position have been presented, for example, that it violates common sense or that it leads to numerous radical consequences, like that no one is ever guilty of any blameworthy behavior or that there are no ethical rules. But this negative attitude toward moral values is not always consistently maintained by absurdists and some of the suggested responses on how to deal with the absurd seem to explicitly defend the existence of moral values. Due to this ambiguity, other critics of absurdism have objected to it based on its inconsistency. The moral values defended by absurdists often overlap with the ethical outlook of existentialism and include traits like sincerity, authenticity, and courage as virtues. In this sense, absurdists often argue that it matters how the agent faces the absurdity of their situation and that the response should exemplify these virtues. This aspect is particularly prominent in the idea that the agent should rebel against the absurd and live their life authentically as a form of passionate revolt. Some see the latter position as inconsistent with the idea that there is no meaning in life: if nothing matters then it should also not matter how we respond to this fact. So absurdists seem to be committed both to the claim that moral values exist and that they do not exist. Defenders of absurdism have tried to resist this line of argument by contending that, in contrast to other responses, it remains true to the basic insight of absurdism and the "logic of the absurd" by acknowledging the existence of the absurd instead of denying it. But this defense is not always accepted. One of its shortcomings seems to be that it commits the is-ought fallacy: absurdism presents itself as a descriptive claim about the existence and nature of the absurd but then goes on to posit various normative claims. Another defense of absurdism consists in weakening the claims about how one should respond to the absurd and which virtues such a response should exemplify. On this view, absurdism may be understood as a form of self-help that merely provides prudential advice. Such prudential advice may be helpful to certain people without pretending to have the status of universally valid moral values or categorical normative judgments. So the value of the prudential advice may merely be relative to the interests of some people but not valuable in a more general sense. This way, absurdists have tried to resolve the apparent inconsistency in their position. Examples According to absurdism, life in general is absurd: the absurd is not just limited to a few specific cases. Nonetheless, some cases are more paradigmatic examples than others. The myth of Sisyphus is often treated as a key example of the absurd. In it, Zeus punishes King Sisyphus by compelling him to roll a massive boulder up a hill. Whenever the boulder reaches the top, it rolls down again, thereby forcing Sisyphus to repeat the same task all over again throughout eternity. This story may be seen as an absurdist parable for the hopelessness and futility of human life in general: just like Sisyphus, humans in general are condemned to toil day in and day out in the attempt to fulfill pointless tasks, which will be replaced by new pointless tasks once they are completed. It has been argued that a central aspect of Sisyphus' situation is not just the futility of his labor but also his awareness of the futility. Another example of the absurdist aspect of the human condition is given in Franz Kafka's The Trial. In it, the protagonist Josef K. is arrested and prosecuted by an inaccessible authority even though he is convinced that he has done nothing wrong. Throughout the story, he desperately tries to discover what crimes he is accused of and how to defend himself. But in the end, he lets go of his futile attempts and submits to his execution without ever finding out what he was accused of. The absurd nature of the world is exemplified by the mysterious and impenetrable functioning of the judicial system, which seems indifferent to Josef K. and resists all of his attempts of making sense of it. Importance Philosophers of absurdism often complain that the topic of the absurd does not receive the attention of professional philosophers it merits, especially when compared to other perennial philosophical areas of inquiry. It has been argued, for example, that this can be seen in the tendency of various philosophers throughout the ages to include the epistemically dubitable existence of God in their philosophical systems as a source of ultimate explanation of the mysteries of existence. In that regard, this tendency may be seen as a form of defense mechanism or wishful thinking constituting a side-effect of the unacknowledged and ignored importance of the absurd. While some discussions of absurdism happen explicitly in the philosophical literature, it is often presented in a less explicit manner in the form of novels or plays. These presentations usually happen by telling stories that exemplify some of the key aspects of absurdism even though they may not explicitly discuss the topic. It has been argued that acknowledging the existence of the absurd has important consequences for epistemology, especially in relation to philosophy but also when applied more widely to other fields. The reason for this is that acknowledging the absurd includes becoming aware of human cognitive limitations and may lead to a form of epistemic humbleness. The impression that life is absurd may in some cases have serious psychological consequences like triggering an existential crisis. In this regard, an awareness both of absurdism itself and the possible responses to it can be central to avoiding or resolving such consequences. Possible responses Most researchers argue that the basic conflict posed by the absurd cannot be truly resolved. This means that any attempt to do so is bound to fail even though their protagonists may not be aware of their failure. On this view, there are still several possible responses, some better than others, but none able to solve the fundamental conflict. Traditional absurdism, as exemplified by Albert Camus, holds that there are three possible responses to absurdism: suicide, religious belief, or revolting against the absurd. Later researchers have suggested more ways of responding to absurdism. A very blunt and simple response, though quite radical, is to commit suicide. According to Camus, for example, the problem of suicide is the only "really serious philosophical problem". It consists in seeking an answer to the question "Should I kill myself". This response is motivated by the insight that, no matter how hard the agent tries, they may never reach their goal of leading a meaningful life, which can then justify the rejection of continuing to live at all. Most researchers acknowledge that this is one form of response to the absurd but reject it due to its radical and irreversible nature and argue instead for a different approach. One such alternative response to the apparent absurdity of life is to assume that there is some higher ultimate purpose in which the individual may participate, like service to society, progress of history, or God's glory. While the individual may only play a small part in the realization of this overarching purpose, it may still act as a source of meaning. This way, the individual may find meaning and thereby escape the absurd. One serious issue with this approach is that the problem of absurdity applies to this alleged higher purpose as well. So just like the aims of a single individual life can be put into doubt, this applies equally to a larger purpose shared by many. And if this purpose is itself absurd, it fails to act as a source of meaning for the individual participating in it. Camus identifies this response as a form of suicide as well, pertaining not to the physical but to the philosophical level. It is a philosophical suicide in the sense that the individual just assumes that the chosen higher purpose is meaningful and thereby fails to reflect on its absurdity. Traditional absurdists usually reject both physical and philosophical suicide as the recommended response to the absurd, usually with the argument that both these responses constitute some form of escape that fails to face the absurd for what it is. Despite the gravity and inevitability of the absurd, they recommend that we should face it directly, i.e. not escape from it by retreating into the illusion of false hope or by ending one's life. In this sense, accepting the reality of the absurd means rejecting any hopes for a happy afterlife free of those contradictions. Instead, the individual should acknowledge the absurd and engage in a rebellion against it. Such a revolt usually exemplifies certain virtues closely related to existentialism, like the affirmation of one's freedom in the face of adversity as well as accepting responsibility and defining one's own essence. An important aspect of this lifestyle is that life is lived passionately and intensely by inviting and seeking new experiences. Such a lifestyle might be exemplified by an actor, a conqueror, or a seduction artist who is constantly on the lookout for new roles, conquests, or attractive people despite their awareness of the absurdity of these enterprises. Another aspect lies in creativity, i.e. that the agent sees themselves as and acts as the creator of their own works and paths in life. This constitutes a form of rebellion in the sense that the agent remains aware of the absurdity of the world and their part in it but keeps on opposing it instead of resigning and admitting defeat. But this response does not solve the problem of the absurd at its core: even a life dedicated to the rebellion against the absurd is itself still absurd. Defenders of the rebellious response to absurdism have pointed out that, despite its possible shortcomings, it has one important advantage over many of its alternatives: it manages to accept the absurd for what it is without denying it by rejecting that it exists or by stopping one's own existence. Some even hold that it is the only philosophically coherent response to the absurd. While these three responses are the most prominent ones in the traditional absurdist literature, various other responses have also been suggested. Instead of rebellion, for example, absurdism may also lead to a form of irony. This irony is not sufficient to escape the absurdity of life altogether, but it may mitigate it to some extent by distancing oneself to some degree from the seriousness of life. According to Thomas Nagel, there may be, at least theoretically, two responses to actually resolving the problem of the absurd. This is based on the idea that the absurd arises from the consciousness of a conflict between two aspects of human life: that humans care about various things and that the world seems arbitrary and does not merit this concern. The absurd would not arise if either of the conflicting elements would cease to exist, i.e. if the individual would stop caring about things, as some Eastern religions seem to suggest, or if one could find something that possesses a non-arbitrary meaning that merits the concern. For theorists who give importance to the consciousness of this conflict for the absurd, a further option presents itself: to remain ignorant of it to the extent that this is possible. Other theorists hold that a proper response to the absurd may neither be possible nor necessary, that it just remains one of the basic aspects of life no matter how it is confronted. This lack of response may be justified through the thesis of absurdism itself: if nothing really matters on the grand scale, then this applies equally to human responses toward this fact. From this perspective, the passionate rebellion against an apparently trivial or unimportant state of affairs seems less like a heroic quest and more like a fool's errand. Jeffrey Gordon has objected to this criticism based on the claim that there is a difference between absurdity and lack of importance. So even if life as a whole is absurd, some facts about life may still be more important than others and the fact that life as a whole is absurd would be a good candidate for the more important facts. History Absurdism has its origins in the work of the 19th-century Danish philosopher Sรธren Kierkegaard, who chose to confront the crisis that humans face with the Absurd by developing his own existentialist philosophy. Absurdism as a belief system was born of the European existentialist movement that ensued, specifically when Camus rejected certain aspects of that philosophical line of thought and published his essay The Myth of Sisyphus. The aftermath of World War II provided the social environment that stimulated absurdist views and allowed for their popular development, especially in the devastated country of France. Foucault viewed Shakespearean theater as a precursor of absurdism. Immanuel Kant An idea very close to the concept of the absurd is due to Immanuel Kant, who distinguishes between phenomena and noumena. This distinction refers to the gap between how things appear to us and what they are like in themselves. For example, according to Kant, space and times are dimensions belonging to the realm of phenomena since this is how sensory impressions are organized by the mind, but may not be found on the level of noumena. The concept of the absurd corresponds to the thesis that there is such a gap and human limitations may limit the mind from ever truly grasping reality, i.e. that reality in this sense remains absurd to the mind. Sรธren Kierkegaard A century before Camus, the 19th-century Danish philosopher Sรธren Kierkegaard wrote extensively about the absurdity of the world. In his journals, Kierkegaard writes about the absurd: Here is another example of the Absurd from his writings: How can this absurdity be held or believed? Kierkegaard says: Kierkegaard provides an example in Fear and Trembling (1843), which was published under the pseudonym Johannes de Silentio. In the story of Abraham in the Book of Genesis, Abraham is told by God to kill his son Isaac. Just as Abraham is about to kill Isaac, an angel stops Abraham from doing so. Kierkegaard believes that through virtue of the absurd, Abraham, defying all reason and ethical duties ("you cannot act"), got back his son and reaffirmed his faith ("where I have to act"). Another instance of absurdist themes in Kierkegaard's work appears in The Sickness Unto Death, which Kierkegaard signed with pseudonym Anti-Climacus. Exploring the forms of despair, Kierkegaard examines the type of despair known as defiance. In the opening quotation reproduced at the beginning of the article, Kierkegaard describes how such a man would endure such a defiance and identifies the three major traits of the Absurd Man, later discussed by Albert Camus: a rejection of escaping existence (suicide), a rejection of help from a higher power and acceptance of his absurd (and despairing) condition. According to Kierkegaard in his autobiography The Point of View of My Work as an Author, most of his pseudonymous writings are not necessarily reflective of his own opinions. Nevertheless, his work anticipated many absurdist themes and provided its theoretical background. Albert Camus Though the notion of the 'absurd' pervades all Albert Camus's writing, The Myth of Sisyphus is his chief work on the subject. In it, Camus considers absurdity as a confrontation, an opposition, a conflict or a "divorce" between two ideals. Specifically, he defines the human condition as absurd, as the confrontation between man's desire for significance, meaning and clarity on the one handโ€”and the silent, cold universe on the other. He continues that there are specific human experiences evoking notions of absurdity. Such a realization or encounter with the absurd leaves the individual with a choice: suicide, a leap of faith, or recognition. He concludes that recognition is the only defensible option. For Camus, suicide is a "confession" that life is not worth living; it is a choice that implicitly declares that life is "too much." Suicide offers the most basic "way out" of absurdity: the immediate termination of the self and its place in the universe. The absurd encounter can also arouse a "leap of faith," a term derived from one of Kierkegaard's early pseudonyms, Johannes de Silentio (although the term was not used by Kierkegaard himself), where one believes that there is more than the rational life (aesthetic or ethical). To take a "leap of faith," one must act with the "virtue of the absurd" (as Johannes de Silentio put it), where a suspension of the ethical may need to exist. This faith has no expectations, but is a flexible power initiated by a recognition of the absurd. Camus states that because the leap of faith escapes rationality and defers to abstraction over personal experience, the leap of faith is not absurd. Camus considers the leap of faith as "philosophical suicide," rejecting both this and physical suicide. Lastly, a person can choose to embrace the absurd condition. According to Camus, one's freedomโ€”and the opportunity to give life meaningโ€”lies in the recognition of absurdity. If the absurd experience is truly the realization that the universe is fundamentally devoid of absolutes, then we as individuals are truly free. "To live without appeal," as he puts it, is a philosophical move to define absolutes and universals subjectively, rather than objectively. The freedom of man is thus established in one's natural ability and opportunity to create their own meaning and purpose; to decide (or think) for oneself. The individual becomes the most precious unit of existence, representing a set of unique ideals that can be characterized as an entire universe in its own right. In acknowledging the absurdity of seeking any inherent meaning, but continuing this search regardless, one can be happy, gradually developing meaning from the search alone. Camus states in The Myth of Sisyphus: "Thus I draw from the absurd three consequences, which are my revolt, my freedom, and my passion. By the mere activity of consciousness I transform into a rule of life what was an invitation to death, and I refuse suicide." "Revolt" here refers to the refusal of suicide and search for meaning despite the revelation of the Absurd; "Freedom" refers to the lack of imprisonment by religious devotion or others' moral codes; "Passion" refers to the most wholehearted experiencing of life, since hope has been rejected, and so he concludes that every moment must be lived fully. Relation to other concepts Existentialism and nihilism Absurdism originated from (as well as alongside) the 20th-century strains of existentialism and nihilism; it shares some prominent starting points with both, though also entails conclusions that are uniquely distinct from these other schools of thought. All three arose from the human experience of anguish and confusion stemming from existence: the apparent meaninglessness of a world in which humans, nevertheless, are compelled to find or create meaning. The three schools of thought diverge from there. Existentialists have generally advocated the individual's construction of their own meaning in life as well as the free will of the individual. Nihilists, on the contrary, contend that "it is futile to seek or to affirm meaning where none can be found." Absurdists, following Camus' formulation, hesitantly allow the possibility for some meaning or value in life, but are neither as certain as existentialists are about the value of one's own constructed meaning nor as nihilists are about the total inability to create meaning. Absurdists following Camus also devalue or outright reject free will, encouraging merely that the individual live defiantly and authentically in spite of the psychological tension of the Absurd. Camus himself passionately worked to counter nihilism, as he explained in his essay "The Rebel", while he also categorically rejected the label of "existentialist" in his essay "Enigma" and in the compilation The Lyrical and Critical Essays of Albert Camus, though he was, and still is, often broadly characterized by others as an existentialist. Both existentialism and absurdism entail consideration of the practical applications of becoming conscious of the truth of existential nihilism: i.e., how a driven seeker of meaning should act when suddenly confronted with the seeming concealment, or downright absence, of meaning in the universe. While absurdism can be seen as a kind of response to existentialism, it can be debated exactly how substantively the two positions differ from each other. The existentialist, after all, does not deny the reality of death. But the absurdist seems to reaffirm the way in which death ultimately nullifies our meaning-making activities, a conclusion the existentialists seem to resist through various notions of posterity or, in Sartre's case, participation in a grand humanist project. Existential crisis The basic problem of absurdism is usually not encountered through a dispassionate philosophical inquiry but as the manifestation of an existential crisis. Existential crises are inner conflicts in which the individual wrestles with the impression that life lacks meaning. They are accompanied by various negative experiences, such as stress, anxiety, despair, and depression, which can disturb the individual's normal functioning in everyday life. In this sense, the conflict underlying the absurdist perspective poses a psychological challenge to the affected. This challenge is due to the impression that the agent's vigorous daily engagement stands in incongruity with its apparent insignificance encountered through philosophical reflection. Realizing this incongruity is usually not a pleasant occurrence and may lead to estrangement, alienation, and hopelessness. The intimate relation to psychological crises is also manifested in the problem of finding the right response to this unwelcome conflict, for example, by denying it, by taking life less seriously, or by revolting against the absurd. But accepting the position of absurdism may also have certain positive psychological effects. In this sense, it can help the individual achieve a certain psychological distance from unexamined dogmas and thus help them evaluate their situation from a more encompassing and objective perspective. However, it brings with it the danger of leveling all significant differences and thereby making it difficult for the individual to decide what to do or how to live their life. Epistemological skepticism It has been argued that absurdism in the practical domain resembles epistemological skepticism in the theoretical domain. In the case of epistemology, we usually take for granted our knowledge of the world around us even though, when methodological doubt is applied, it turns out that this knowledge is not as unshakable as initially assumed. For example, the agent may decide to trust their perception that the sun is shining but its reliability depends on the assumption that the agent is not dreaming, which they would not know even if they were dreaming. In a similar sense in the practical domain, the agent may decide to take aspirin in order to avoid a headache even though they may be unable to give a reason for why they should be concerned with their own wellbeing at all. In both cases, the agent goes ahead with a form of unsupported natural confidence and takes life largely for granted despite the fact that their power to justify is only limited to a rather small range and fails when applied to the larger context, on which the small range depends. Others It has been argued that absurdism is opposed to various fundamental principles and assumptions guiding education, like the importance of truth and of fostering rationality in the students. See also Absurdist fiction Credo quia absurdum Discordianism Existential nihilism Existentialism Irrationality Isโ€“ought problem Kafkaesque Factโ€“value distinction Lottery of birth Meaning of life Nihilism Non sequitur (literary device) Pataphysics Peter Wessel Zapffe Philosophical pessimism The Stranger (novel) Theatre of the Absurd Absurdistan Church of the SubGenius Terror management theory Useโ€“mention distinction References Further reading OBERIU, edited by Eugene Ostashevsky. Northwestern University Press, 2005. Thomas Nagel: Mortal Questions, 1991. External links Absurdist Monthly Review magazine Existentialist concepts Nihilism Metaphysical theories Philosophy of life
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์ž๋‹ˆ ํ‚คํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€
์ž๋‹ˆ ํ‚คํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€(, ๋ณธ๋ช…: ; ์กด ํžˆ๋กœ๋ฌด ๊ธฐํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€, 1931๋…„ 10์›” 23์ผ ~ 2019๋…„ 7์›” 9์ผ)๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์—ฐ์˜ˆ ๊ธฐํš์ž๋กœ ์ž๋‹ˆ์Šค ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ, ์ œ์ด ๋“œ๋ฆผ, ์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜, ์ž๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ถœํŒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ด์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํƒœ์ƒ์ด๋ผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ์  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ ๋„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๊ตญ์ ์ž์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 2014๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ ์€ ์ƒ์‹คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 3๋‚จ 1๋…€ ์ค‘ ์ฐจ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ˆ„๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž๋‹ˆ์Šค ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ, ์ž๋‹ˆ์Šค ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ  ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ํ‚คํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€(๋ณธ๋ช…: ํ›„์ง€์‹œ๋งˆ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ์•ผ์Šค์ฝ”()์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์นด์ธ ํ›„์ง€์‹œ๋งˆ ์ฅฌ๋ฆฌ ์ผ€์ด์ฝ”๋Š” ์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ด์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์žฅ, ์ œ์ด ์Šคํ†ฐ, ์œ ๋‹ˆ์กด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ด์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 6์›” 18์ผ์— ์ง€์ฃผ ๋ง‰ํ•˜ ์ถœํ˜ˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๋‚ด ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ํ›„์†ก๋˜์–ด ์ž…์›, ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ 2019๋…„ 7์›” 9์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 4์‹œ 47๋ถ„๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ดํ›„ 2022~2023๋…„ ์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ ์ „ ์—ฐ์Šต์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋‹ˆ ํ‚คํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€ ์„ฑํ•™๋Œ€ ํญ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ž‡๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์นต ๋’ค์ง‘ํ˜”๊ณ , ์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌํ›„ ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋กœ ์ƒ์ „ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋•…์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ ฅ ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ์‹œ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—… ์กฐ์น˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๋ถ€ ์กธ์—… ์ž๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜, ์ž์‹ ์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋„์ฟ„ยท์š”์š”๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ๋ น ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์ˆ™์†Œ "์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ํ•˜์ด์ธ "์—์„œ ์ด์›ƒ ์†Œ๋…„ 30๋ช…์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ์†Œ๋…„ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ํŒ€์˜ ์ฝ”์น˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํŒ€ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋ณ„๋ช…์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ "์ž๋‹ˆ(Johnny)"์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์™€ "์ž๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํŒ€์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ๋Š” ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์ธ ์˜ค, ์˜ค๋ฐ”ํƒ€ ์•ผ์Šค์‹œ, ์‹œ๋ผํƒ€ ๊ณ ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‘์›๋‹จ์—๋Š” ๋งˆ์ธ ์‹œ๋งˆ ํ† ๋ชจ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋„์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ๋„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋‚ ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ์Šต์žฅ๋„ ๋ฆฟ์ฟ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ๋‚ , ์ด ํŒ€์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์ค‘์—์„œ ์š”์š”๊ธฐ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” 4๋ช…์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•ด, ์˜ํ™”๊ด€์— ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณธ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌใ€‹์— ์ผ๋™์ด ๊ฐ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ด 4๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ๋…„์œผ๋กœ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ธ ์ž๋‹ˆ์Šค(ํ†ต์นญ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์ž๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ)๋ฅผ 1962๋…„ 4์›”์— ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์ด์ผ€๋ถ€์ฟ ๋กœ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๊ตฌ์น˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ "์•„๋ผ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅํ•™์› (ํ˜„ ๋‚˜์™€ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜)์— ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 1962๋…„ 6์›” ์ž๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์—…. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์— ์šด์˜๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 1975๋…„ 1์›”์— ๋…๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์ธ ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋‚˜ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ํ‚คํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” 1950๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์š”์“ฐ์•ผ ์‚ฐ์ตธ๋ฉ”์˜ ์—”์“ฐ์ง€์ž์นด ์–ธ๋• ์ž…๊ตฌ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ํŽธ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ "์Šคํฟ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐ”์˜ ์†๋‹˜์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋„์ฟ„ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์ž(์ดํ›„ ์ž‘๊ฐ€)์ธ ํ›„์ง€์‹œ๋งˆ ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ํ์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ์˜ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” 70๋…„๋Œ€ ํฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์ฆˆ, ๊ณ  ํžˆ๋กœ๋ฏธ, ๋…ธ๋ฌด๋ผ ์š”์‹œ์˜ค, 80๋…„๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ํ‚คํƒ€์ด, ์†Œ๋…„๋Œ€, ํžˆ์นด๋ฃจ๊ฒ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1991๋…„ SMAP ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ดํ›„ ์ž๋‹ˆ์Šค ์†Œ์† ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์•„์ด๋Œ์€ ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ 2000๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋“ค์–ด์„  ์ด์ „๋งŒํผ์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์ง„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๊ณ„ ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์•„์ด๋Œ๊ณ„์—์„  ๋…๋ณด์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผํ™” ์ž๋‹ˆ ๊ธฐํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ์†Œ์† ํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” "YOU"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ, ์š”์ฝ”์•ผ๋งˆ ์œ ๋ฅผ "์š”์ฝ”"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ช(๋„ํ‚ค์˜ค)์˜ ๊ณ ์ฟ ๋ถ„์”จ๋Š” ์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋ฐฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ "์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ผ์š”์ผ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, YOU, ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์— ์™€๋ฒ„๋ ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์†Œ์† ํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ์˜ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด, ์†Œ์† ํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ์ด "YOUใ€~โ€(๋„ˆ, ~ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ ค)"๋ผ๋Š” ๋งํˆฌ๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทธ์˜ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์†Œ์† ํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ๋‚˜ 2020๋…„๋Œ€ ์„ฑ์ฐฉ์ทจ ํŒŒ๋ฌธ์ด ํญ๋กœ๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. "๊ฒฝ์–ด๋Š” ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ"์ด๋ž€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ, ์ž๋‹ˆ์Šค์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์–ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ . ์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ์† ํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ "๋ฐ˜๋ง๋กœ ๋งํ•ด"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์† ํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ์˜ ํ˜ธ์นญ์€ "์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ ์ƒ(์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ์”จ)"๋˜๋Š” "์‚ฌ์žฅ๋‹˜"์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋‚ด์—ญ 2003๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ฟ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ์˜ค ์—ฐ๊ทน์ƒ - ํŠน๋ณ„์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ. โ€ป์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—๋Š” ๋„๋ชจํ†  ๊ณ ์ด์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋„ค์Šค ์›”๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”์ฆˆ ์„ ์ • "๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์Šคํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ", "๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋„˜๋ฒ„์› ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์„ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹ฑํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ"์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 2020๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ์„ฑ์ฐฉ์ทจ ํŒŒ๋ฌธ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋„ค์Šค๋ถ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ ์‚ญ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์Œ์•… ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ํ˜‘ํšŒ(JASRAC) - ํŠน๋ณ„ ํ‘œ์ฐฝ โ€ป์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—๋Š” ์ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€ํ‚ค ๊ณ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ œ์ด์Šคํ†ฐ ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ œ์ด๋“œ๋ฆผ ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ 1931๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 2019๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์Œ์•… ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ์ถœ์‹  ์กฐ์น˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฌธ ์ž๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ ๊ฒŒ์ด ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Kitagawa
Johnny Kitagawa
John Hiromu Kitagawa (Japanese name ; October 23, 1931 โ€“ July 9, 2019), known professionally as , was an American-born Japanese businessman and talent manager. He was best known as the founder and president of Johnny & Associates, a talent agency for numerous popular boy bands in Japan. He held the Guinness World Records for the most No. 1 artists, the most No. 1 singles, and the most concerts produced by an individual. Kitagawa assembled, produced and managed more than a dozen popular bands, including Tanokin Trio, Hey! Say! JUMP, SMAP, Arashi, Kanjani8, V6, NEWS and KAT-TUN. Kitagawa's influence spread beyond music to the realms of theatre and television. Regarded as one of the most powerful figures in the Japanese entertainment industry, he held a virtual monopoly on the creation of boy bands in Japan for more than 40 years. Kitagawa also founded the idol trainee system, where talents are signed on to the agency and trained until they are ready to debut professionally, which has been adopted by other idol industries. Kitagawa himself avoided the public spotlight. He rarely permited his photograph to be taken, and did not make public appearances with his groups. A memorial concert was held after his death in 2019, with 154 of Johnny's artists and other celebrities in attendance. From 1988 to 2000, Kitagawa was the subject of a number of claims that he had taken advantage of his position to engage in improper sexual relationships with boys under contract to his talent agency. Kitagawa denied these claims, but Tokyo High Court concluded that the allegations of sexual exploitation of adolescent boys by Kitagawa were true, though no criminal charges were ever filed against him. In 2023, four years after his death, his sexual abuse was revealed publicly for the first time after a report concluded that he committed sexual abuse from the early 1970s until the mid-2010s, including the rape of hundreds of boys who were members of Johnny & Associates before their debut. As of 2023, a reported number of 478 persons have claimed to have been victimized by Kitagawa, of those, 325 sought compensation, and only 150 have been confirmed to have belonged in the company. Later in the year, it was revealed that Johnny & Associates would be renamed to Smile Up, and that anything bearing the name "Johnny", such as related companies and performing groups, would undergo changes to remove any trace of Kitagawa's name. Early life Born in 1931 in Los Angeles, California, United States, Johnny Kitagawa returned with his family to Japan in 1933. His father Rev. Taido Kitagawa was a Buddhist priest and the third head bishop of the Koyasan Buddhist Temple in Little Tokyo from 1924 to 1933. His older sister was Mary Yasuko Fujishima. Kitagawa taught English to orphans from the Korean War for the United States Army. In the early 1950s, he returned to Japan to work at the United States Embassy. While walking through Yoyogi Park in Tokyo, he encountered a group of boys playing baseball. He recruited them to form a singing group, acting as their manager. He named the group "Johnnys". Johnnys achieved a measure of success by using a then-novel formula of mixing attractive performers singing popular music with coordinated dance routines. Johnnys were the first all-male pop group in Japan, and set the pattern that Kitagawa followed with his subsequent acts. The term "Johnny's" came to apply generically to any of the performers under Kitagawa's employ. Concurrently, he graduated from Sophia University and received his bachelor's degree in International Studies. Career Founding Johnny & Associates In 1968, Kitagawa achieved wider success with a four-member boy band known as Four Leaves. The song and dance group met with success, as reflected by seven consecutive appearances on the annual invitation-only Kลhaku Uta Gassen, beginning in 1970. Four Leaves performed together for ten years before disbanding in 1978. In 2002, Kitagawa oversaw the band's reunion. Kitagawa went on to assemble, produce and manage many of the top all-male bands in Japan, including groups such as Hey! Say! JUMP, SMAP, Tokio, V6, Arashi, Tackey & Tsubasa, Kanjani8, NEWS, KAT-TUN, and KinKi Kids among many others. Kitagawa was able to expand his sphere of influence to television, as his performers regularly appeared on television, with many appearing on their own variety programs. They regularly acted as pitchmen for commercial products, and appeared in movies. The success of Kitagawa's performers led to increased profitability, and Johnny & Associates generated 2.9 billion yen in annual profits at the height of the boy band boom. In 1997, performers belonging to the talent agency appeared in more than 40 television programs, and another 40 commercials. The success of his company made Kitagawa one of the richest men in Japan. He held the Guinness World Records for the most No. 1 artists, the most No. 1 singles, and the most concerts produced by an individual. The formula Kitagawa repeatedly employed a standard formula in the development and marketing of his acts. Johnny & Associates held open tryouts for potential performers. The production agency recruited boys as young as ten into a talent pool known as Johnny's Juniors. Successful applicants lived in a company dormitory and attend a company-run school. They trained to hone their showmanship in the form of singing, dancing and acting. Kitagawa held an annual summer festival known as "Johnny's Summary". Promising members of Johnny's Jr. appeared alongside of established members of Kitagawa's stable of entertainers. The junior members acted as background dancers for the major acts, to allow for name recognition prior to being launched as a separate group. The members of the Juniors appeared in on Hachi-ji da J, a weekly television variety show. Members sang, danced, and performed in comedic sketches as they further developed the skills to graduate to a major act. Kitagawa's focus was on the development of his groups as complete entertainers. Shonentai, for example, did not release a single until it had been together for more than seven years. In a 1996 interview, Kitagawa said "I'm not very interested in records. Once you release a record, you have to sell that record. You have to push one song only. You can't think of anything else. It's not good for the artist." Once launched, Kitagawa was known to use his established groups to induce television stations to report on his newer acts, and ensure favorable press coverage for his acts and himself. Programs that gave unfavorable coverage did not receive interviews or television appearance from popular stars managed by Kitagawa. Kitagawa maintained a high degree of control over his acts, to the extent that their images did not appear on the company website. Performers were expected to maintain a public image that was conducive to marketing to young women. As a result, members of bands produced by Kitagawa avoided public mention of their private lives. Kitagawa himself avoided the public spotlight. He rarely permited his photograph to be taken, and did not make public appearances with his groups. Death On July 9, 2019, Kitagawa died at a hospital in Tokyo after suffering a subarachnoid hemorrhage stroke on June 18, at the age of 87. A memorial concert was held on September 4, 2019 at the Tokyo Dome, with 154 of Johnny's artists and other celebrities in attendance, including Akiko Wada and Dewi Sukarno. His body was cremated, and his ashes were distributed to several people, including Masahiro Nakai. Following Kitagawa's death in 2019, Johnny & Associates began expanding accessibility for their talent. This included the opening of an official Twitter account for itself (which shared information about Johnny's talent, mostly in English), as well as different social media accounts for the artists. Sexual abuse scandal In the early 1960s, Kitagawa was accused of sexually assaulting students at Shin Geino Gakuin, a talent training school located in Toshima Ward, Tokyo. In 1988, former Four Leaves member Koji Kita alleged in his book Dear Hikaru Genji that he had been propositioned by Kitagawa and that Kitagawa operated a casting couch. In 1996, former Johnny Jr.'s member Junya Hiramoto alleged in his book All About Johnnys that Kitagawa shared the boys' communal dormitory and insisted on washing their backs at bath time. In 2001, Shลซkan Bunshun ran a series of similar sexual harassment allegations along with claims that Kitagawa had allegedly forced the boys to drink alcohol and smoke. Johnny & Associates sued Shukan Bunshunfor defamation, and in 2002, the Tokyo District Court ruled in favor of Kitagawa, awarding him in damages. In 2003, the fine was lowered to on the basis that the drinking and smoking allegations were defamatory, while the sexual harassment claims were not. Kitagawa filed an appeal to the Supreme Court of Japan. It was rejected in 2004. The case saw minimal coverage in Japan, with many journalists attributing it to Kitagawa's influence on Japanese mass media. In March 2023, the BBC released a documentary centered on the sexual abuse claims against Kitagawa, Predator: The Secret Scandal of J-Pop, presented by Mobeen Azhar. In response, Johnny & Associates stated that they were creating "transparent organizational structures" that would be announced later in the year. In April 2023, musician and former Johnny's Jr. member Kauan Okamoto told a press conference held at the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan that he had been subjected to sexual abuse by Kitagawa on a number of occasions between 2012 and 2016, and called on the management to acknowledge the misconduct. Okamoto estimated that between 100 and 200 boys were invited to Kitagawa's home during his time at Johnny's, and claimed that when Kitagawa told one of his guests to go to bed early, everyone knew "it was your turn". In response to Okamoto's press conference, Johnny & Associates released a statement saying that it would "continue its unified effort to thoroughly ensure compliance without exception, and tackle strengthening of a system of governance," but the company did not directly address the allegations at the time. Later that month, NHK reported that Johnny & Associates was interviewing their employees and talents, and had sent a document out to business partners saying that they were looking into the allegations. The document said that the company took the allegations seriously and that their investigations so far had uncovered no cases of misconduct, adding that they were aware that such in-house interviews were not enough to uncover the truth. After the press conference, NHK reported on the abuse on April 13. This was the first television report on the scandal by NHK. On May 14, 2023, Julie Keiko Fujishima, Kitagawa's niece and president of Johnny & Associates, issued an apology to those who had alleged sexual abuse by Kitagawa. She added that she was committed to implementing measures addressing the victims' needs. Two days after Johnny & Associates released their statement, Okamoto and the former Johnny's Jr. Yasushi Hashida, along with Okamoto attended a parliamentary meeting at the National Diet organized by the Constitutional Democratic Party. Hashida said that he was sexually abused around twice by Kitagawa when he was 13 years old. Both Hashida and Okamoto credited coverage of the sexual abuse allegations by the foreign press as being key to paving the way for its coverage in the domestic press. In July 2023, the United Nations Human Rights Council investigated Kitagawa's abuse at the agency. An independent probe established by Johnny & Associates reported the findings of their investigation on August 29, 2023, saying that Kitagawa repeatedly committed sexual abuse from the early 1970s until the mid-2010s. On September 7, 2023, Johnny & Associates formally acknowledged Kitagawa's abuse for the first time. Aftermath On 6 September 2023, Guinness World Records decided to remove Kitagawa's achievement of producing the most top songs on the pop music chart from its official website. However, they did not eliminate his record titles, as he was never convicted. This decision was accepted as a wise decision by the newly appointed president of Johnny & Associates, Higashiyama. Companies such as Suntory and McDonald's which had previously contracted with Johnny & Associates for advertising or promotional campaigns decided to either retract or not renew their contracts with Johnny's artists as a response to Kitagawa's scandal. Suntory demanded plans of prevention and reparations for the victims as prerequisites of reestablishing partnership. Several major news outlets, including NHK, issued mea culpas in recognition of their years of silence that effectively allowed Kitagawa's sexual abuses to continue unabated. Bungeishunjลซ and Mobeen Azhar were awarded in 2023 by the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan (FCCJ) for their coverage of the scandal. The FCCJ likened this scandal to the Assassination of Shinzo Abe, citing media silence on the systemic abuses by organizations close to powerful figures. Several Japanese news outlets reported on October 1, 2023 that Johnny & Associates was considering creating a new company to manage its performers, while the current Johnny & Associates would change its name and continue to exist for the purpose of compensating abuse victims. It was also reported that Noriyuki Higashiyama, who became the head of Johnny & Associates after the resignation of Julie K. Fujishima, was also expected to head the new company. On October 2, Johnny & Associates held a press conference to outline their plans, announcing that they would be renaming the current company to Smile Upโ€“taking a name that they had used in their 2020 charity projectโ€“effective October 17. Smile Up will continue to exist under the ownership of Fujishima and will eventually close down once all sexual abuse compensation requests, which numbered 325 at the time of the announcement, have been processed. Higashiyama told reporters that performers working under the new, yet-to-be-named management company "will have the freedom to pursue their own career paths without being restricted or entirely dependent on the company." It was also announced that anything bearing the name "Johnny", such as related companies and company sections like Johnny's Island and J-Storm and performing groups such as Johnny's West and Kanjani Eight, would undergo changes to remove any trace of the Johnny's name. Higashiyama said that "all things with the Johnny's name will have to go," while Fujishima, who did not attend the October 2 press conference, said that she wanted to "erase all that remains of Johnny from this world." References Further reading Documentary; video access restricted to the UK. 1931 births 2019 deaths 20th-century American businesspeople American people of Japanese descent Businesspeople from Los Angeles Child sexual abuse in Japan Japanese businesspeople Johnny Kitagawa Rape in Japan Sophia University alumni Talent managers Violence against men in Asia
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%85%EC%97%84%EC%B2%B4%ED%81%AC
๊น…์—„์ฒดํฌ
ใ€ˆ๊น…์—„์ฒดํฌใ€‰ ()๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์•„์ด๋Œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน AKB48์˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € 27๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋งค ์ „์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ 'AKB48 27th ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ'์—์„œ ๋ฝ‘ํžŒ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 3์œ„(๋“ฑ์žฅํšŒ์ˆ˜ 30์ฃผ), ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ํŠธ๋ž™ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ž˜ํ‹ฐ๋„˜(25๋งŒ ์ด์ƒ), CD๋ Œํƒˆ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 10์œ„, ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜ ์•ฝ 2์ฒœ 4๋ฐฑ๋งŒ, ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ์žฌํŒฌ ํ•ซ100 ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 3์œ„ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก ํƒ€์ž… A ํƒ€์ž… B ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ์„ ๋ฐœ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ใ€ˆ๊น…์—„ ์ฒดํฌใ€‰ (์„ผํ„ฐ : ์˜ค์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆ ์œ ์ฝ”) AKB48:์˜ค์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆ ์œ ์ฝ” (1์œ„), ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ๋งˆ์œ  (2์œ„), ์นด์‹œ์™€๊ธฐ ์œ ํ‚ค (3์œ„), HKT48:์‚ฌ์‹œํ•˜๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ (4์œ„), ์‹œ๋…ธ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์ฝ” (5์œ„), ๋‹ค์นดํ•˜์‹œ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ (6์œ„), ์ฝ”์ง€๋งˆ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋‚˜ (7์œ„), ์ดํƒ€๋…ธ ํ† ๋ชจ๋ฏธ (8์œ„), SKE48 / AKB48: ๋งˆ์ธ ์ด ์ฅฌ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ (9์œ„), SKE48: ๋งˆ์ธ ์ด ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (10์œ„), ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ž์™€ ์‚ฌ์— (11์œ„), ์นด์‚ฌ์ด ํ† ๋ชจ๋ฏธ (12์œ„), ํ‚คํƒ€ํ•˜๋ผ ๋ฆฌ์— (13์œ„), ๋ฏธ๋„ค๊ธฐ์‹œ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ (14์œ„), ์š”์ฝ”์•ผ๋งˆ ์œ ์ด (15์œ„), ์šฐ๋ฉ”๋‹ค ์•„์•ผ์นด (16์œ„) ใ€ˆ์œ ๋ฉ”๋…ธ ์นด์™€ใ€‰ (์„ผํ„ฐ : ๋งˆ์—๋‹ค ์•„์ธ ์ฝ”) AKB48: ์ฝ”์ง€๋งˆ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋‚˜, ์‹œ๋…ธ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”, ๋‹ค์นดํ•˜์‹œ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ, ๋งˆ์—๋‹ค ์•„์ธ ์ฝ”, ์˜ค์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆ ์œ ์ฝ”, ์ดํƒ€๋…ธ ํ† ๋ชจ๋ฏธ, ๋ฏธ๋„ค๊ธฐ์‹œ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ, ์นด์‹œ์™€๊ธฐ ์œ ํ‚ค, ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ๋งˆ์œ , SKE48 / AKB48:๋งˆ์ธ ์ด ์ฅฌ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ใ€ˆ๋‚œํ…Œ ๋ณดํ—ค๋ฏธ์•ˆใ€‰ ์–ธ๋”๊ฑธ์ฆˆ (์„ผํ„ฐ : ํƒ€์นด์ฃ  ์•„ํ‚ค) AKB48: ํƒ€์นด์ฃ  ์•„ํ‚ค (17์œ„), NMB48:์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ์‚ฌ์•ผ์นด (18์œ„), NMB48 / AKB48:์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ๋ฏธ์œ ํ‚ค (19์œ„), ์•„ํ‚ค๋ชจํ†  ์‚ฌ์•ผ์นด (20์œ„), ์‚ฌํ†  ์•„๋ฏธ๋‚˜ (21์œ„), ์ฟ ๋ผ๋ชจ์น˜ ์•„์Šค์นด (22์œ„), ์‹œ๋งˆ์žํ‚ค ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด (23์œ„), SKE48:๋‹ค์นด์•ผ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์•„์นด๋„ค (24์œ„), SKE48:ํ•˜ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ์™€์ฝ” (25์œ„), ๋งˆ์Šค๋‹ค ์œ ์นด (26์œ„), SKE48:์˜ค์˜ค์•ผ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ (27์œ„), SKE48:์•ผ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ์ฟ ๋ฏธ (28์œ„), SKE48:์Šค๋‹ค ์•„์นด๋ฆฌ (29์œ„), SKE48:ํ›„๋ฃจ์นด์™€ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ (30์œ„), SKE48:ํ‚ค์žํ‚ค ์œ ๋ฆฌ์•„ (31์œ„), SKE48:์˜ค๊ธฐ์†Œ ์‹œ์˜ค๋ฆฌ (32์œ„) ใ€ˆ๋„๋ ˆ๋ฏธํŒŒ ์˜จ์น˜ใ€‰ ๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฑธ์ฆˆ (์„ผํ„ฐ : ์ด์™€์‚ฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค) AKB48:์ด์™€์‚ฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค (33์œ„), SKE48:๋งˆ์ธ ๋ฌด๋ผ ์นด์˜ค๋ฆฌ (34์œ„), SKE48:๋ฌด์นด์ด๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋‚˜์ธ  (34์œ„), ๋‚˜์นด์•ผ ์‚ฌ์•ผ์นด (36์œ„), ๋‚˜์นดํƒ€ ์น˜์‚ฌํ†  (37์œ„), ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๋ฏธํ˜ธ (38์œ„), ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ค ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ผ (39์œ„), ํ›„์ง€์— ๋ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ (40์œ„), ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ์นด๋‚˜ (41์œ„), ๋งˆ์—๋‹ค ์•„๋ฏธ (42์œ„), NMB48:ํ›„์ฟ ๋ชจํ†  ์•„์ด๋‚˜ (43์œ„), ๋‚˜์นด๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด (44์œ„), ๋‹ค๋…ธ ์œ ์นด (45์œ„), NMB48:์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‚˜๋‚˜ (46์œ„), HKT48:๋ฏธ์•ผ์™€ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ (47์œ„), ์นดํƒ€์•ผ๋งˆ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด (48์œ„) ใ€ˆShow Fight!ใ€‰ ํ“จ์ฒ˜๊ฑธ์ฆˆ (์„ผํ„ฐ : ๋ฌดํ†  ํ† ๋ฌด) AKB48:๋ฌดํ†  ํ† ๋ฌด (49์œ„), ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด (50์œ„), ํ‚ค์ฟ ์น˜ ์•„์•ผ์นด (51์œ„), ์˜ค์˜คํƒ€ ์•„์ด์นด (52์œ„), ๋งˆ์ธ ์ด ์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฝ” (53์œ„), ์•ผ๋งˆ์šฐ์น˜ ์Šค์ฆˆ๋ž€ (54์œ„), ๋‹ˆํ†  ๋ชจ์—๋…ธ (55์œ„), SKE48:ํ‚ค๋ชจํ†  ์นด๋…ผ (56์œ„), SKE48:์˜ค์˜ค๋ฐ” ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ (57์œ„), ์ด์น˜์นด์™€ ๋ฏธ์˜ค๋ฆฌ(58์œ„), ์˜ค์˜ค์•ผ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์นด (59์œ„), NMB48:์˜ค๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์™€๋ผ ๋งˆ์œ  (60์œ„), ์‚ฌํ†  ์Šค๋ฏธ๋ ˆ (61์œ„), SKE48:๋‚˜์นด๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์œ ์นด (63์œ„), SKE48:์•ผ์นดํƒ€ ๋ฏธํ‚ค (62์œ„), ์ฝ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ์นด (64์œ„) ใ€ˆ์•„๋…ธ ํžˆ๋…ธ ํ›„๋ฆฐใ€‰ ์›จ์ดํŒ…๊ฑธ์ฆˆ AKB48: ๋งˆ์ธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ ๋‚˜์ธ ๋ฏธ, ์šฐ์น˜๋‹ค ๋งˆ์œ ๋ฏธ, ๋‹ค๋‚˜๋ฒ  ๋ฏธ์ฟ , ๋‚˜์นด์ธ ์นด ํ† ๋ชจ๋ฏธ, ๋…ธ๋‚˜์นด ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ† , ์‚ฌํ†  ๋‚˜์ธ ํ‚ค, ์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค ์‹œํ˜ธ๋ฆฌ, ์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ผ, ์น˜์นด๋…ธ ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ์•„๋ฒ  ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ๋‚˜, ์ด์™€ํƒ€ ์นด๋ Œ, ์นดํ†  ๋ ˆ๋‚˜, ์นด์™€์—์ด ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ์‹œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด, ๋‹ค์นดํ•˜์‹œ ์ฅฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋‹ค์ผ€์šฐ์น˜ ๋ฏธ์œ , ๋‚˜์นด๋งˆํƒ€ ์‹œ์˜ค๋ฆฌ, ๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”, ์ด์ฆˆํƒ€ ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ์ฝ”์ง€๋งˆ ๋‚˜์ธ ํ‚ค, ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ๋‚˜ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์™€์นด๋‚˜, ํ›„์ง€ํƒ€ ๋‚˜๋‚˜, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ์•„์•ผ์นด, ์•„์ด๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ๋ชจ์—, ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฏธ์•ผ ๋งˆ์ด์นด, ์ด์™€ํƒ€ํ…Œ ์‹œํ˜ธ, ์šฐ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ์•„์•ผ๋…ธ, ์˜ค์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆ ๋ฃŒ์นด, ์˜ค์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ์œ , ์˜ค์นด๋‹ค ์•„์•ผ์นด, ํ‚คํƒ€ ์‹œ์˜ค๋ฆฌ, ํ‚คํƒ€์ž์™€ ์‚ฌํ‚ค, ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์š”์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์—๋ ˆ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ์‚ฌํ‚ค ์œ ์นด๋ฆฌ, ์‹œ๋…ธ์žํ‚ค ์•„์•ผ๋‚˜, ํƒ€์นด์‹œ๋งˆ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ํ•˜์„ธ์นด์™€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋‚˜, ํžˆ๋ผํƒ€ ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋ฌด๋„ค ์นด์˜ค๋ฃจ, ๋ฌด๋ผ์•ผ๋งˆ ์œ ์ด๋ฆฌ, ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋…ธ๋ถ€, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ, ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ๋„ค๋„ค SKE48:์นดํ†  ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ, ํ‚ค๋…ธ์‹œํƒ€ ์œ ํ‚ค์ฝ”, ์ฟ ์™€๋ฐ”๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค, ๋‹ค์นด๋‹ค ์‹œ์˜ค๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ์•„ํ‚ค, ํžˆ๋ผํƒ€ ๋ฆฌ์นด์ฝ”, ํžˆ๋ผ๋งˆ์ธ  ์นด๋‚˜์ฝ”, ์•„์นด์—๋‹ค ๋ฆฌ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ์•„๋น„๋ฃจ ๋ฆฌํ˜ธ, ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ์•ˆ๋‚˜, ์นดํ†  ํ† ๋ชจ์ฝ”, ๊ณ ํ†  ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์ฝ”, ์‚ฌํ†  ์„ธ์ด๋ผ, ์‚ฌํ†  ๋ฏธ์—์ฝ”, ๋งˆ์ธ ๋ชจํ†  ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ ˆ์ด์นด, ์ด์†Œํ•˜๋ผ ์ฟ„์นด, ์šฐ์—๋…ธ ์นด์Šค๋ฏธ, ์šฐ๋ฉ”๋ชจํ†  ๋งˆ๋„์นด, ์นด๋„ค์ฝ” ์‹œ์˜ค๋ฆฌ, ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ์•„๋ฏธ, ์‚ฌ์นด์ด ๋ฉ”์ด, ์‹œ๋ฐ”ํƒ€ ์•„์•ผ, ๋‹ค์นด๊ธฐ ์œ ๋งˆ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค์ผ€์šฐ์น˜ ๋งˆ์ด, ์ธ ์ฆˆํ‚ค ๋ฆฌ์นด, ํ•˜๋ผ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ, ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œํƒ€ ์œ ์นด๋ฆฌ, ์ด๊ตฌ์น˜ ์‹œ์˜ค๋ฆฌ, ์ด์น˜๋…ธ ๋‚˜๋ฃจ๋ฏธ, ์ด๋ˆ„์ฆˆ์นด ์•„์‚ฌ๋‚˜, ์ด์™€๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ, ์—๊ณ  ์œ ๋‚˜, ์˜ค์˜ค์™€ํ‚ค ์•„๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ, ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋…ธ ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ, ํ‚คํ†  ๋ชจ๋ชจ๋‚˜, ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ์—๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ, ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ๋งˆํ‚ค์ฝ”, ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋‚˜์ฝ”, ๋‹ˆ๋„์ด ์‚ฌ์•ผ์นด, ํžˆ์˜คํ‚ค ๋ฏธํ‚ค, ํ›„์ง€๋ชจํ†  ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค, ํ›„ํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด, ํ›„๋ฃจํ•˜ํƒ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค, ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ๋…ธ ํ˜ธ๋…ธ์นด, ๋ฏธ์•ผ๋งˆ์— ์•„๋ฏธ, ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ˜ธ NMB48:์นด๋„์™€ํ‚ค ์นด๋‚˜์ฝ”, ํ‚ค์‹œ๋…ธ ๋ฆฌ์นด, ํ‚ค๋…ธ์‹œํƒ€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋‚˜, ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋‹ˆ ๋ฆฌํ˜ธ, ์ฝ˜๋„ ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ์‹œ๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ์นธ๋‚˜, ์ฃ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์ผ€์ด, ์‹œ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ, ๋งˆ์ธ ๋‹ค ์‹œ์˜ค๋ฆฌ, ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ ์œ ํ‚ค, ์š”์‹œ๋‹ค ์•„์นด๋ฆฌ, ์˜ค์˜คํƒ€ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋‚˜, ์˜คํ‚คํƒ€ ์•„์•ผ์นด, ์นด์™€์นด๋ฏธ ๋ ˆ๋‚˜, ํ‚ค๋…ธ์‹œํƒ€ ๋ชจ๋ชจ์นด, ์‹œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ ˆ๋‚˜, ์ฃ  ์—๋ฆฌ์ฝ”, ๋‹ค์นด๋…ธ ์œ ์ด, ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ, ํžˆ์นด์™€ ์•„์•ผ๋ฉ”, ํ›„์ง€ํƒ€ ๋ฃจ๋‚˜, ๋ฏธํƒ€ ๋งˆ์˜ค, ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ ์•„์•ผ์นด, ๋ฌด๋ผ์„ธ ์‚ฌ์—, ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋ผ ํ›„์ฝ”, ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ธฐ์‹œ ๋‚˜์ธ ๋ฏธ, ์š”๊ธฐ ์ผ€์ด๋ผ, ์•„์นด์ž์™€ ํ˜ธ๋…ธ, ์•„์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์œ ํ‚ค, ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ์œ ๋ฏธ, ์ด์‹œ์ฆˆ์นด ์•„์นด๋ฆฌ, ์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ๋‚˜, ์šฐ์—๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๋ ˆ์ด, ์šฐ๋…ธ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค, ์šฐ๋ฉ”ํ•˜๋ผ ๋งˆ์ฝ”, ์˜ค์˜คํƒ€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ, ์นดํ†  ์œ ์นด, ์นด๋ฏธ์—๋‹ค ์—๋ฏธ์นด, ์ฟ ์‚ฌ์นด ๊ณ ๋…ธ๋ฏธ, ์ฟ ์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ์ฟ ๋กœ์นด์™€ ํ•˜์ฆˆํ‚ค, ์ฝ”๋…ธ ์‚ฌํ‚ค, ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฃจ๋ฏธ, ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ๋ฆฌ์นด์ฝ”, ์ฝ”์•ผ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์•„๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ, ์‚ฌํ†  ์†Œ๋ผ์ด, ์Šค๊ธฐ๋ชจํ†  ์นด๋…ธ, ๋‹ค์นด์•ผ๋งˆ ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”, ํ† ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ผ, ๋‚˜์นด๊ฐ€์™€ ํžˆ๋กœ๋ฏธ, ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์ž์™€ ๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ํ•˜์•ผ์‹œ ๋ชจ๋ชจ์นด, ํžˆ์‚ฌ๋‹ค ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”, ๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ผ ์•„๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ, ๋ฌด๋กœ ์นด๋‚˜์ฝ”, ์•ผ๋ถ€์‹œํƒ€ ์ฃผ, ์•ผ๋งˆ์šฐ์น˜ ์ธ ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ, ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ํžˆํ† ๋ฏธ HKT48: ์•„๋‚˜์ด ์น˜ํžˆ๋กœ, ์šฐ์—ํ‚ค ๋‚˜์˜ค, ์ฟ ๋งˆ์ž์™€ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜, ์ฝ”๋‹ค๋งˆ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด, ์ฝ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์œ ์ด, ์‹œ๋ชจ๋…ธ ์œ ํ‚ค, ์Šค๊ฐ€๋ชจํ†  ์œ ์ฝ”, ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ๋‚˜์ธ ๋ฏธ, ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ, ๋‚˜์นด๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์น˜์š”๋ฆฌ, ๋งˆ์ธ ์˜ค์นด ๋‚˜์ธ ๋ฏธ, ๋ฌด๋ผ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ๋‚˜, ๋ชจํ† ๋ฌด๋ผ ์•„์˜ค์ด, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์•ผ์Šค ๋งˆ๋„์นด, ์™€์นดํƒ€๋ฒ  ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด, ์•„๋ฒ  ์ฟ„์นด, ์ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๋‚˜, ์—ํ†  ์‚ฌ์•ผ์นด, ๋‚˜์นด๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„์•ผ์นด, ํ›„์นด๊ฐ€์™€ ๋งˆ์ด์ฝ” ๋ฐœ๋งค์ผ JKT48 ๋ฒ„์ „ ใ€ˆใ€‰๋Š” AKB48์˜ ์ž๋งค ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ธ JKT48์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋กœ Hits Records์—์„œ 2014๋…„ 6์›” 11์ผ์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.. ์•…๊ณก์˜ ๋ฐœ๋งค์— ์•ž์„œ โ€œJKT48 6th ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐโ€๊ฐ€ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ , ใ€ˆGingham Checkใ€‰๋Š” ์ด ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ์œ„ 16์œ„๊นŒ์ง€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์˜ ์„ผํ„ฐ ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋”” ๋ˆ„๋žŒ๋“œํ•˜๋‹ˆ ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๋‹ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋ฐ˜์€ ํ†ต์ƒ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ๊ทน์žฅ๋ฐ˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ƒ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐœ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์ง„ 1๋งค(16์ข… ์†์—์„œ 1๋งค๊ฐ€ ๋žœ๋ค์œผ๋กœ ๋ด‰์ž…)์™€ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ์งํ•„ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์นด๋“œ, ๊ทน์žฅ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์นด๋“œ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์•…์ˆ˜๊ถŒ 1๋งค(JKT48 ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์ž…)์™€ โ€œCall Gingham Checkโ€ ์นด๋“œ(ALFA MIDI, LAWOSN์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์ž…)๊ฐ€ ๋ด‰์ž…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ƒ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ใ€Œ๊น…์—„์ฒดํฌใ€๋ฅผ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ปค๋ฒ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ„์ „๋„ ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก CD DVD ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ์›๊ณก ์ฐธ์กฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ํ‚น ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ํƒ€์ž… A ํ•œ์ •ํŒ ํƒ€์ž… A ํ†ต์ƒํŒ ํƒ€์ž… B ํ•œ์ •ํŒ ํƒ€์ž… B ํ†ต์ƒํŒ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ AKB48์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ JKT48์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ 2012๋…„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์Œ์•… ํ‚น๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ (์ผ๋ณธ)์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ 2012๋…„ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingham%20Check
Gingham Check
is the 27th major single by the Japanese idol girl group AKB48. The members were chosen from their placements in the AKB48's 2012 general election. The single was released in Japan on August 29, 2012. It includes the graduation song for long-time headlining member Atsuko Maeda. 2012 general election On March 26, 2012, AKB48 announced it would be holding an election to determine the lineup for its 27th major single. The field of candidates consisted of 243 members from AKB48, SKE48, NMB48, and HKT48, and the ballots were available in the group's 26th single, "Manatsu no Sounds Good!" The election results were announced on June 6 at Nippon Budokan and results were broadcast live on TV for the first time. Yuko Oshima came first, followed by Mayu Watanabe and Yuki Kashiwagi. This is the first single without Atsuko Maeda in the main lineup (excluding rock-paper-scissors singles) as she did not participate as a candidate in the election, and graduated from the group two days before the single's release. This is the second time Yuko Oshima became AKB48's center since "Heavy Rotation". This is also the last senbatsu participation for long-time AKB48 member Tomomi Kasai. Promotion and release The single was released in three versions: Type A, Type B and Theater Edition. Music video The video is directed by Joseph Kahn. and features actors Hideo Ishiguro (Kamen Rider Den-O), Kouhei Takeda (Hana Kimi, Kamen Rider Kiva), Dori Sakurada (Kamen Rider New Den-O) and Akira Nakao. Yuko Oshima and Mayu Watanabe appeared in the video in two teams of black (Oshima's) and red (Watanabe's). Atsuko Maeda also makes an appearance in the video. The video consists of three story-lines that parody films: terrorists invade a police department, a schoolgirl explores a haunted hospital and a Golza from Ultraman Tiga attacks a city. It features a battle between the Motorgirls and the Car Devils. Track listing Type A Type B Theater Edition Personnel "Gingham Check" The lineup for the title track consists of the top 16 members from AKB48's 2012 general election. Center: Yลซko ลŒshima Team A: Haruna Kojima, Mariko Shinoda, Minami Takahashi Team K: Tomomi Itano, Ayaka Umeda, Yลซko ลŒshima, Minami Minegishi, Sae Miyazawa, Yui Yokoyama Team B: Tomomi Kasai, Yuki Kashiwagi, Rie Kitahara, Mayu Watanabe SKE48 Team S / AKB48 Team K: Jurina Matsui SKE48 Team S: Rena Matsui HKT48 Team H: Rino Sashihara "Yume no Kawa" Atsuko Maeda's graduation song. Maeda had graduated two days prior to the single's release. Team A: Haruna Kojima, Mariko Shinoda, Minami Takahashi, Atsuko Maeda Team K: Tomomi Itano, Yลซko ลŒshima, Minami Minegishi Team B: Yuki Kashiwagi, Mayu Watanabe SKE48 Team S / AKB48 Team K: Jurina Matsui "Nante Bohemian" Performed by Under Girls, which consist of members who ranked 17 to 32 in AKB48's 2012 general election. Center: Aki Takajล Team A: Asuka Kuramochi, Aki Takajล Team K: Sayaka Akimoto Team B: Amina Satล, Yuka Masuda Team 4: Haruka Shimazaki SKE48 Team S: Masana Oya, Yuria Kizaki, Akari Suda, Kumi Yagami SKE48 Team KII: Shiori Ogiso, Akane Takayanagi, Sawako Hata, Airi Furukawa NMB48 Team N / AKB48 Team B: Miyuki Watanabe NMB48 Team N: Sayaka Yamamoto "Doremifa Onchi" Performed by Next Girls, which consist of members who ranked 33 to 48 in AKB48's 2012 general election. Center: Misaki Iwasa Team A: Misaki Iwasa, Haruka Katayama, Haruka Nakagawa, Chisato Nakata, Sayaka Nakaya, Ami Maeda Team K: Reina Fujie Team B: Kana Kobayashi, Miho Miyazaki Team 4: Yuka Tano, Mariya Nagao SKE48 Team KII: Manatsu Mukaida SKE48 Kenkyลซsei: Matsumura Kaori NMB48 Team N: Aina Fukumoto, Nana Yamada HKT48 Team H: Sakura Miyawaki "Show fight!" Performed by Future Girls, which consist of members who ranked 49 to 64 in AKB48's 2012 general election. Center: Tomu Muto Team A: Aika ลŒta, Shizuka ลŒya Team K: Ayaka Kikuchi, Moeno Nito, Sakiko Matsui Team B: Haruka Ishida, Mika Komori, Sumire Satล Team 4: Miori Ichikawa, Mina ลŒba, Suzuran Yamauchi Team Kenkyลซsei: Tomu Muto SKE48 Team S: Yuka Nakanishi SKE48 Team KII: Miki Yakata SKE48 Team E: Kanon Kimoto NMB48 Team N: Mayu Ogasawara "Ano Hi no Fลซrin" Performed by Waiting Girls, which consist of members who participated as a candidate for AKB48's 2012 general election, but did not place in the top 64. There were a total of 171 members in this group. Team A: Natsumi Matsubara Team K: Mayumi Uchida, Miku Tanabe, Tomomi Nakatsuka, Misato Nonaka Team B: Natsuki Satล, Shihori Suzuki, Mariya Suzuki, Rina Chikano Team 4: Maria Abe, Anna Iriyama, Karen Iwata, Rena Kato, Rina Kawaei, Haruka Shimada, Juri Takahashi, Miyu Takeuchi, Shiori Nakamata, Mariko Nakamura Undecided Team: Rina Izuta, Natsuki Kojima, Marina Kobayashi, Wakana Natori, Nana Fujita, Ayaka Morikawa Kenkyลซsei: Moe Aigasa, Maika Amemiya, Saho Iwatate, Ayano Umeta, Ryoka Oshima, Ayaka Okada, Shiori Kita, Saki Kitazawa, Erena Saeed-Yokota, Yukari Sasaki, Ayana Shinozaki, Yurina Takashima, Haruna Hasegawa, Rina Hirata, Kaoru Mitsumune, Yuiri Murayama, Shinobu Mogi, Sakura Moriyama, Nene Watanabe SKE48 Team S: Rumi Kato, Yukiko Kinoshita, Mizuki Kuwabara, Shiori Takada, Aki Deguchi, Kanako Hiramatsu SKE48 Team KII: Riirina Akeda, Riho Abiru, Anna Ishida, Tomoko Kato, Risako Goto, Seira Sato, Mieko Sato, Rina Matsumoto, Rieka Yamada SKE48 Team E: Kyoka Isohara, Kasumi Ueno, Madoka Umemoto, Shiori Kaneko, Ami Kobayashi, Mei Sakai, Aya Shibata, Yumana Takagi, Mai Takeuchi, Rika Tsuzuki, Minami Hara, Yukari Yamashita SKE48 Kenkyลซsei: Shiori Iguchi, Narumi Ichino, Asana Inuzuka, Tsugumi Iwanaga, Mikoto Uchiyama, Yuna Ego, Arisa ลŒwaki, Risa Ogino, Momona Kitล, Emiri Kobayashi, Makiko Saito, Nanako Suga, Sayaka Niidoi, Miki Hioki, Mizuki Fujimoto, Haruka Futamura, Nao Furuhata, Honoka Mizuno, Ami Miyamae, Mizuho Yamada NMB48 Team N: Kanako Kadowaki, Rika Kishino, Haruna Kinoshita, Riho Kotani, Rina Kondล, Kanna Shinohara, Kei Jลnishi, Miru Shiroma, Shiori Matsuda, Yลซki Yamaguchi, Akari Yoshida NMB48 Team M: Riona ลŒta, Ayaka Okita, Rena Kawakami, Momoka Kinoshita, Rena Shimada, Eriko Jo, Yui Takano, Airi Tanigawa, Ayame Hikawa, Runa Fujita, Mao Mita, Ayaka Murakami, Sae Murase, Fลซko Yagura, Natsumi Yamagishi, Keira Yogi NMB48 Kenkyลซsei: Hono Akazawa, Hono Akazawa, Yuki Azuma, Anri Ishizuka, Yลซmi Ishida, Anna Ijiri, Mirei Ueda, Mizuki Uno, Mako Umehara, Yลซri ลŒta, Yลซka Kato, Emika Kamieda, Konomi Kusaka, Rina Kushiro, Hazuki Kurokawa, Saki Kลno, Narumi Koga, Rikako Kobayashi, Arisa Koyanagi, Sorai Satล, Nanami Sasaki, Riko Takayama, Sora Tลgล, Hiromi Nakagawa, Rurina Nishizawa, Momoka Hayashi, Riko Hisada, Arisa Miura, Kanako Muro, Shu Yabushita, Tsubasa Yamauchi, Hitomi Yamamoto HKT48 Team H: Chihiro Anai, Nao Ueki, Serina Kumazawa, Haruka Kodama, Yui Komori, Yuki Shimono, Yลซko Sugamoto, Natsumi Tanaka, Airi Taniguchi, Chiyori Nakanishi, Natsumi Matsuoka, Anna Murashige, Aoi Motomura, Madoka Moriyasu, Haruka Wakatabe HKT48 Kenkyลซsei: Kyลka Abe, Mina Imada, Sayaka Etล, Ayaka Nakanishi, Maiko Fukagawa Charts Oricon (Japan) G-music (Taiwan) Release history JKT48 Version "" is the sixth released single from the Indonesian idol girl group JKT48. Promotion and release JKT48 held their first Members Election to select members that would participate for this single. The single was released in a dedicated concert on 11 June 2014. Track listing The single has two editions: the regular version (CD+DVD) and theater version (CD only) (one distributed in ALFA MIDI ยท LAWSON and one from JKT48 theater). Regular version Bonus Member photo Member's autographed card message (First 10,000 buyers) Theater version Bonus ALFA MIDI ยท LAWSON Call card Trump card JKT48 Theater Trump card Handshake ticket Notes References Releases Other references External links 2012 singles AKB48 songs Billboard Japan Hot 100 number-one singles Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn Oricon Weekly number-one singles Songs with lyrics by Yasushi Akimoto King Records (Japan) singles 2012 songs MNL48 songs pt:Gingham Check
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%A6%9D%EB%85%80
์ฃผ์ฆ๋…€
์ฃผ์ฆ๋…€(ๆœฑๆ›พๅฅณ, 1926๋…„ 2์›” 11์ผ ~ 1980๋…„ 9์›” 18์ผ)๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  1926๋…„ ํ•จ๋‚จ ์˜ํฅ ์ถœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•จ๋‚จ์—ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทน๋‹จ ๊ณ ํ˜‘(้ซ˜ๅ”)์—์„œ ์œ ์น˜์ง„ ์ž‘ ใ€Š๋ฌด์˜ํƒ‘ใ€‹์˜ โ€˜์‹œ๋…€โ€™ ์—ญ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ใ€Š์ฒญ์ถ˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌใ€‹, ใ€Š์œ ๋ นใ€‹, ใ€Š๋งน์ง„์‚ฌ๋Œ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌใ€‹๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์Œ“์•„๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค(์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ํ™”์ธ์‚ฌ์ „). 1949๋…„ ์œค๋Œ€๋ฃก ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ใ€Š์กฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆใ€‹๋กœ ์˜ํ™”๊ณ„์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™”์ธ ใ€Š์—ฌ์„ฑ์ผ๊ธฐใ€‹(ํ™์„ฑ๊ธฐ)์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ใ€Š์• ์ธใ€‹(1965), ใ€Š์‹ค๋‚™์›์˜ ๋ณ„ใ€‹(1957) ๋“ฑ์˜ ํฅํ–‰์ž‘์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ฅ๋„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ 1958๋…„ ๋ถ€์ผ์˜ํ™”์ œ ์—ฌ์šฐ์ฃผ์—ฐ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋ง ๊ฐ๋…๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜ธํก์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์—ฌ์šฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋กœ ๊ทน์ด ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ใ€Š๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹คใ€‹(1959), ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ์—ญ์„ ๋งก์€ ใ€Šํ•˜๋…€ใ€‹(1960), ํ๋น„ ์œค์”จ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•œ ใ€Š์—ฐ์‚ฐ๊ตฐใ€‹(1961), ๋…ธํŒŒ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด์—ฐ์„ ํŽผ์นœ ใ€Š๊ณ ๋ ค์žฅใ€‹(1963) ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ์ฆ๋…€๋Š” ํ•œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์— ๊ณ ์ฐฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 1962๋…„ ํ—ˆ์˜๊ณผ ์ดํ˜ผ ํ›„ ์žฌ์ •์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜(์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ํ™”์ธ์‚ฌ์ „), ๊น€์ˆ˜์šฉ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ใ€Š์‚ฐ๋ถˆใ€‹, ใ€Š๋งŒ์„ ใ€‹(1967)์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ข…์ƒ, ์ฒญ๋ฃก์ƒ, ๋ถ€์ผ์ƒ ์—ฌ์šฐ์ฃผ์—ฐ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์žฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ <์‚ฐ๋ถˆ>์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „ํ›„ ๊ณผ๋ถ€์ดŒ์ด ๋œ ๋งˆ์„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๋ถ€ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์š•์„ ๊ฑฐ์นจ์—†์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ƒ์„ ์—ด์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ใ€Š์•ˆ๊ฐœใ€‹(1967), ใ€Šํ”ผํ•ด์žใ€‹(1969), ใ€Šํ† ์ง€ใ€‹(1974), ใ€Šํ™ฉํ† ใ€‹(1975), ใ€Š์•ผํ–‰ใ€‹(1977) ๋“ฑ ๊น€์ˆ˜์šฉ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์—ด์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์™•์„ฑํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋˜ ์ฃผ์ฆ๋…€๋Š” 1980๋…„ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ 54์„ธ๋กœ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค(๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์‹ ๋ฌธ). ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž‘ ์˜ํ™” ์•ผํ–‰ (1977) ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์‹œ๋Œ€ (1976) ๋‚ด๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ํ’์ฐจ (1976) ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค (1976) ์• ์ข… (1975) ํ™ฉํ†  (1975) ์กธ์—…์‹œํ—˜ (1975) ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์ –์€ ์ƒŒ๋“œ๋ฐฑ (1975) ์ฒญ์ถ˜๊ทน์žฅ (1975) ์•„๋‚ด๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰์ง„ (1974) ํšŒ์ƒ (1974) ๋ฑƒ๊ณ ๋™ (1974) ์ฒ ๋ฉด๊ฐ (1974) ํ™ฉํ™€ (1974) ํ† ์ง€ (1974) ๋ณธ๋Šฅ (1974) ์ฆ์–ธ (1973) ๋ชจ์ •์— ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‘์•„๋“ค (1972) ์—ฌ๊ณ ์‹œ์ ˆ (1972) ๋Œ€์ง€์˜ฅ (1972) ์ด๋ณ„์˜ ๊ธธ (1972) ์ž‘์€ ๊ฟˆ์ด ๊ฝƒํ•„ ๋•Œ(์ผ๋ช…:๋ถˆํƒ€๋ผ ์ฒญ์ถ˜) (1972) ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๋ฐ˜์ง€ (1972) ํŒ”๋„์กธ์—…์ƒ (1972) ํ™์‚ด๋ฌธ (1972) ์ธ์ƒ์œ ํ•™์ƒ (1971) ์ƒ๊ฐ๋งˆ๋งˆ ๋ฏธ์›Œ์š” (1971) ๊ทธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์Šด์— ๋‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋ฒˆ(์—ด๋Œ€์–ด) (1971) ๊ณตํฌ์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ถ€๋‘ (1971) ๋ถ„๋ก€๊ธฐ (1971) ์‚ฌ๋…€์˜ ํ•œ (1970) ๊ผฌ๋งˆ์‹ ๋ž‘ (1970) ์ € ํ•˜๋Š˜์—๋„ ์Šฌํ””์ด(์†) (1970) ๊ผฌ๋งˆ์‹ ๋ž‘(์† ๊ผฌ๋งˆ์‹ ๋ž‘) (1970) ์—ฌ์ž์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— (1970) ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์•„๊ธฐ์‹ ๋ž‘ (1970) ์ฒญ์ถ˜๋ฌด์ • (1970) ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ฉด์‚ฌํฌ (1970) ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (1970) ํŒ”๋„์—ฌ๊ตฐ (1970) ๋ฌผ๋ง์ดˆ (1969) ๊ฐ€์Šด์— ๋งบํžŒ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ (1969) ํšŒ์ „๋ชฉ๋งˆ (1969) ์šธ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์™ธ๊ธฐ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ (1969) ์ด์กฐ ์—ฌ์ธ์ž”ํ˜น์‚ฌ (1969) ํ›„์ทจ๋Œ (1969) ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ (1969) ์œค์‹ฌ๋• (1969) ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์ž (1969) ์žฌ์ƒ (1969) ์ƒํ•ด ์ž„์‹œ์ •๋ถ€ (1969) ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ํŽธ์ง€ (1969) ๊ฝƒ๋ฒ„์„  (1969) ๊ตฌ์Šฌ๊ณต์ฃผ (1968) ์ถ˜ํ–ฅ (1968) ๊ฐˆ๋ง (1968) ์ž˜๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๊ฒฝ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋น„ํ™” ์ž˜๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค) (1968) ํ”ผํ•ด์ž (1968) ๊ฐ์ž (1968) ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€์”จ (1968) ๋ชป๋‹คํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ (1968) ํ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์กฐ (1968) ์ˆ˜์ „์ง€๋Œ€ (1968) ์—„๋งˆ์•ผ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜์•ผ ๊ฐ•๋ณ€์‚ด์ž (1968) ๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ (1968) ๊ฐ•์‚ฐ์— ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ”ผ๋„ค (1968) ๋™๊ฒฝํŠนํŒŒ์› (1968) ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ (1968) ์ˆœ์• ๋ณด (1968) ์ Š์€ ๋Šํ‹ฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด (1968) ์–ธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ผ๊ธฐ (1968) ๋Œ€๊ดด์ˆ˜ ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ (1967) ๋™์‹ฌ์ดˆ (1967) ๊ณ ๋ฐœ (1967) ์ธ์กฐ๋ฐ˜์ •(๋ฐ˜๋ž€ ์ธ์กฐ๋ฐ˜์ •) (1967) ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ (1967)ย - ์ ๋ก€ ๋งŒ์„  (1967) ์—ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋…ธ์‹ ์‚ฌ (1967) ์—˜๋ ˆ์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ์™• (1967) ๊ณ ํ–ฅ (1967) ์šธ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์™”๋‚˜ (1967) ์• ์ธ (1967) ๋น™์šฐ (1967) ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์žฅ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค (1967) ๊ฐ€์Šด ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ (1967) ์•ˆ๊ฐœ (1967)ย - ์ด๋ชจ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ์ž„๊ธˆ (1967) ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋™์ด (1967) ๊ทธ๋Š˜์ง„ ์‚ผ๋‚จ๋งค (1966) ํฐ๋ฒฝ ๊ฒ€์€๋ฒฝ (1966) ๋ฒ•์ฐฝ์„ ์šธ๋ฆฐ ์˜ฅ์ด (1966) ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์š”์ง€๊ฒฝ (1966) ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ™ฉํ›„ ์œค๋น„ (1966) ์ € ๊ฐ•์€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค (1966) ๋‚˜๋Š” ์™•์ด๋‹ค (1966) ์‚ด์ธ๋ช…๋ น (1965) ๋งน๊ฝ์ด(์ผ๋ช… ์—ฌ๊ณ 3๋…„์ƒ) (1965) ์ด ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ผ (1965) ๋ฌด๋ช…๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž (1965) ์ € ํ•˜๋Š˜์—๋„ ์Šฌํ””์ด (1965)ย - ๋ฐ•์šฐ์˜ฅ ์ฅ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์—๋„ ๋ณ•๋“ค๋‚  ์žˆ๋‹ค (1965) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ฒญ์ถ˜ (1965) ๋‚˜๋„ ์—ฐ์• ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (1965) ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ฌ์ž (1965) ์—ฌ์ž 19์„ธ (1964) ๋– ๋‚  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ง์—†์ด (1964) ์‹ญ์ž๋งค ์„ ์ƒ (1964) ๋‘๊ณ ๋งŒ ๋ณด์„ธ์š” (1964) ๋‹จ์žฅ๋ก (1964) ์›”๊ธ‰๋ด‰ํˆฌ (1964) ์‚ผํ†ต ํŒ”๋ฐ˜ ์—ฌ๋ฐ˜์žฅ (1964) ๋งจ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ฒญ์ถ˜ (1964)ย - ์˜ค์—ฌ์‚ฌ ์•„์ŠคํŒ”ํŠธ (1964) ์›์•™์„  (1964) ๋‹จ์ข…์• ์‚ฌ (1963) ์—ฌ๋„ (1963) ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋ผ (1963) ๋‚จ์ž ์กฐ์ข…๋ฒ• (1963) ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์˜ค (1963) ์กฐ๊ฐ•์ง€์ฒ˜ (1963) ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๊ณ ๋… (1963) ๊ณ ๋ ค์žฅ (1963)ย - ๊ณผ๋ถ€ ์ƒˆ์—„๋งˆ (1963) ๋Œ€์ง€์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž(ๅคงๅœฐ์˜ ๆ”ฏ้…่€…) (1963) ์‚ฌ๋ช…๋‹น (1963) ์ฒญ์ถ˜๊ต์‹ค (1963) ์Œ€ (1963) ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์ด์˜ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ (1963) ์œจ๊ณก๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ (1963) ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค (1963) ๋ฐฑ๋…„ํ•œ (1963) ์น ๊ณต์ฃผ (1962) ์ธ๋ชฉ๋Œ€๋น„ (1962) ์›”๊ธ‰์Ÿ์ด (1962) ์Šฌํ””์€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ (1962) ์ƒˆ๋Œ (1962) ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ˆ˜์˜ (1962) ์ผํŽธ๋‹จ์‹ฌ (1961) ๋ถ‰์€ ๋‘๋ชฉ (1961) ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ (1961) ๋‹น์Ÿ๋น„ํ™” (1961) ์•…์˜ ๊ฝƒ (1961) ๋‚ด๋ชธ์— ์†์„ ๋Œ€์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ (1961) ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๊ตฐ(์žฅํ•œ์‚ฌ๋ชจํŽธ) (1961)ย - ํ๋น„์œค์”จ ๋ฐ”๋ณด์˜จ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ•๊ณต์ฃผ (1961) ์Šฌํ””์€ ์—†๋‹ค (1961) ์žฅํฌ๋นˆ (1961) ํ˜„ํ•ดํƒ„์€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค (1961)ย - ํžˆ๋ฐ๊ผฌ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์šด ์–ผ๊ตด (๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์šด ๊ทธ ์–ผ๊ตด) (1960) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ํž˜ (1960) ์•„์•„ ๋ฐฑ๋ฒ” ๊น€๊ตฌ์„ ์ƒ (1960)ย - ์•„๋‚ด ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค๋น ๋น  (1960)ย - ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋…€ (1960)ย - ๋™์‹ ์•„๋‚ด ๋ฌผ๋ง์ดˆ (1960)ย - ์ˆ˜๋…€(๊ณ ์•„์›์žฅ) ๋‘ ์—ฌ์ธ (1960) ํ™€๋กœ ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ณ„ (1959) ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณตํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฐ€ (1959) ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ”ผ๋Š” ๊ฝƒ (1959) ํ™ฉํ˜ผ์˜ ์• ์ƒ (1959) ๋™์‹ฌ์ดˆ (1959) ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ƒ์ฒ˜ (1959) ์•„๋‚ด (1959) ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (1959)ย - ์„ฑํฌ ์ž๋‚˜ ๊นจ๋‚˜ (1959) ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด (1959) ๋ฐฑ์ง„์ฃผ (1959) ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์—ด์ฐจ (1959) ๋ชจ๋…€ (1958) ๋งˆ๋„์˜ ํ–ฅ๋ถˆ (1958) ๋ณ„๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€ (1958) ๊ฝƒ๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด (1958) ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ณ„ (1958) ์‹ค๋ฝ์›์˜ ๋ณ„(ํ›„ํŽธ) (1958) ๋ณ„์•„ ๋‚ด ๊ฐ€์Šด์— (1958) ์ธ์ƒํ™”๋ณด (1957) ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ (1957) ์ฒญ์‹คํ™์‹ค (1957) ์‹ค๋ฝ์›์˜ ๋ณ„ (1957) ์ฒ˜์™€ ์• ์ธ (1957) ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ผ์ƒ (1957) ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์  (1956) ์ธ์ƒ์—ญ๋งˆ์ฐจ (1956) ์• ์ธ (1956) ์ž์œ ์ „์„  (1955) ์›ํ•œ์˜ ์„ฑ (1955) ์• ์›์˜ ํ–ฅํ†  (1954) ์—ฌ์ธ์• ์‚ฌ (1950) ๋†€๋ถ€์™€ ํฅ๋ถ€ (1950) ์กฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ (1949) ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ผ๊ธฐ (1949) ์ˆ˜์ƒ 1958๋…„ ์ œ1ํšŒ ๋ถ€์ผ์˜ํ™”์ƒ ์—ฌ์šฐ์ฃผ์—ฐ์ƒ ใ€Š์‹ค๋ฝ์›์˜ ๋ณ„ใ€‹ 1967๋…„ ์ œ6ํšŒ ๋Œ€์ข…์ƒ ์˜ํ™”์ œ ์—ฌ์šฐ์กฐ์—ฐ์ƒ ใ€Š๋งŒ์„ ใ€‹ 1967๋…„ ์ œ5ํšŒ ์ฒญ๋ฃก์˜ํ™”์ƒ ์—ฌ์šฐ์ฃผ์—ฐ์ƒ ใ€Š์‚ฐ๋ถˆใ€‹ 1968๋…„ ์ œ11ํšŒ ๋ถ€์ผ์˜ํ™”์ƒ ์—ฌ์šฐ์ฃผ์—ฐ์ƒ ใ€Š์‚ฐ๋ถˆใ€‹ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1926๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1980๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์˜ํ™” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ๋„ ์ถœ์‹  20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%20Jeung-ryu
Ju Jeung-ryu
Ju Jeung-ryu (February 11, 1926 โ€“ 1980) was South Korean actress whose fame peaked in the 1950s and 1960s. She starred in about 400 films. Ju was born in Yonghung, Hamkyongnam-do, nowadays in North Korea. While attending Hamnam Girls' High School, Ju became an ardent play fan. When she became eighteen, she ran away from home and joined in the theater company, Gohyeop. Her first role as an actress was a maid in Muyeongtap (๋ฌด์˜ํƒ‘) written by Yu Chi-jin. Filmography *Note; the whole list is referenced. Producer Awards 1967 6th Grand Bell Awards : Best Supporting Actress for Full Ship (Manseon) See also Cinema of Korea References External links 1926 births 1980 deaths South Korean film actresses South Korean television actresses 20th-century South Korean actresses
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%88%98%ED%9D%AC
๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํฌ
๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํฌ(้ซ˜็ง€ๅ–œ 1976๋…„ 7์›” 18์ผ ~ )๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ถœ์‹  ํ•™๊ต ์•ˆ์–‘์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์—ฐ์˜ˆ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ง„๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜ํ™”๊ณผ ์ƒ์•  2005๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์นœ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ธˆ์ž์”จใ€‹์—์„œ ๋งˆ๋…€ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ด์˜์• ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์ž„์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์—ด์—ฐํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , 2011๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์จ๋‹ˆใ€‹์— ์น ๊ณต์ฃผํŒŒ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ์žฅ๋ฏธ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์—ฐ๊ทน 1999๋…„. 2004๋…„, 2005๋…„, 2008๋…„, 2009๋…„ : ใ€Š์ฒญ์ถ˜์˜ˆ์ฐฌใ€‹ - ๊ฐ„์งˆ ์—ญ/๋ ˆ์ง€ ์—ญ (2005๋…„) ใ€Š์„œ์ชฝ๋ถ€๋‘ใ€‹ ใ€Š๋งจ๋“œ๋ผ๋ฏธ๊ฝƒใ€‹ 2004๋…„ : ใ€Š์„ ๋ฐ์ด ์„œ์šธใ€‹ 2005๋…„ ~ 2006๋…„ : ใ€Š์œก๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฅ™ใ€‹ - ์ดํ•œ์ฃผ ์—ญ 2007๋…„, 2009๋…„, 2011๋…„ : ใ€Š๊ฒฝ์ˆ™์ด, ๊ฒฝ์ˆ™์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ใ€‹ - ์–ด๋ฉ” ์—ญ 2007๋…„ : ใ€Š๋ฐฑ๋ฌด๋™์—์„œใ€‹ - ์—ฌ ์—ญ 2008๋…„ : ใ€Š์•ผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊พธ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณคใ€‹ - ๊ณ ์˜์ˆœ ์—ญ 2010๋…„ : ใ€Š์˜ค์žฅ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฐœํ†ฑใ€‹ - ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ : ใ€Šํ’์ฐฌ๋…ธ์ˆ™ใ€‹ - ์ •๊ฐ‘ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ : ใ€Š์ฅใ€‹ - ๋ง‰๋‚ด๋”ธ ์—ญ 2012๋…„, 2013๋…„ : ใ€Š๋กœ๋ฏธ์˜ค์™€ ์ค„๋ฆฌ์—ฃใ€‹ - ์œ ๋ชจ ์—ญ ใ€Š์„ ๋…€์”จ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€‹ ใ€Š์‚ฝ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋„๋ผใ€‹ ใ€Š์ฒด์–ดใ€‹ ใ€Š๋”œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ดˆ์ด์Šคใ€‹ ใ€Š20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์†Œ๋…„ ์†Œ๋…€ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€์ง‘ใ€‹ ใ€Š๋Œ€๋Œ€์†์†ใ€‹ ใ€Š๊ฝƒ๋‹ค๋ฐฉ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šคใ€‹ ์˜ํ™” 2000๋…„ : ใ€Šํ”Œ๋ž€๋‹ค์Šค์˜ ๊ฐœใ€‹ - ์œค์žฅ๋ฏธ ์—ญ 2001๋…„ : ใ€Š์‚ฌ์ž์„ฑ์–ดใ€‹ - ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์—ญ 2002๋…„ : ใ€Š์•„ ์œ  ๋ ˆ๋””?ใ€‹ - ํฐ์—„๋งˆ ์—ญ 2005๋…„ : ใ€Š๋ถ„ํ™์‹ ใ€‹ - ๋ฏธํฌ ์—ญ 2005๋…„ : ใ€Š์นœ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ธˆ์ž์”จใ€‹ - ๋งˆ๋…€ ์—ญ 2005๋…„ : ใ€Š๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด ์šด๋ช…ใ€‹ - ํ™ฉ์œ ์ˆœ ์—ญ 2006๋…„ : ใ€Š์˜ˆ์˜์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“คใ€‹ - ๋”ธ๊พน ์—ญ 2006๋…„ : ใ€Š์ฒœ๋…„ํ•™ใ€‹ - ์šฉํƒ ์ฒ˜ ์—ญ 2006๋…„ : ใ€Š๊ดด๋ฌผใ€‹ - ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ 2006๋…„ : ใ€Š์ƒ์ง•์  ๊ทธ๋…€ใ€‹ - ์ˆ˜ํฌ ์—ญ 2007๋…„ : ใ€Š๊ทธ๋†ˆ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌใ€‹ - ์ฐจ์ˆ˜ํฌ ์—ญ 2008๋…„ : ใ€Š๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ฑ… 198์ชฝใ€‹ - ํŒฝ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์—ญ 2009๋…„ : ใ€Š๋ถˆ๊ฝƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚˜๋น„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผใ€‹ - ์†Œํฌ ์—ญ 2009๋…„ : ใ€Š์นœ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์ด?ใ€‹ - ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ 2011๋…„ : ใ€Š๋ฐ”๋‹คใ€‹ - ์ˆ˜ํฌ ์—ญ 2011๋…„ : ใ€Š์จ๋‹ˆใ€‹ - ์žฅ๋ฏธ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ : ใ€Š์˜ฅ๋น› ์Šฌํ””ใ€‹ 2014๋…„ : ใ€Šํƒ€์งœ: ์‹ ์˜ ์†ใ€‹ - ์†ก๋งˆ๋‹ด ์—ญ 2015๋…„ : ใ€Š๋ฏธ์“ฐ ์™€์ดํ”„ใ€‹ - ๋ถ€๋…€ํšŒ์žฅ ์—ญ 2018๋…„ : ใ€Š๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌใ€‹ - ๊ท€๋ณด์ฒด์œก๊ด€ ํšŒ์› ์—ญ 2019๋…„ : ใ€Š์ž์ „์ฐจ์™• ์—„๋ณต๋™ใ€‹ - ํฌ๋ชฉ์  ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ ์—ญ 2019๋…„ : ใ€Š์–ด๋ฆฐ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธใ€‹ - ๋ฏธ์•  ์—ญ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2000๋…„ : SBS ใ€Š์ž๊พธ๋งŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ์‹ถ๋„คใ€‹ - ํ•œ๋ฏธํ–ฅ ์—ญ 2001๋…„ : MBC ใ€Š์—ฐ์ธ๋“คใ€‹ 2009๋…„ : SBS ใ€Š์ž๋ช…๊ณ ใ€‹ - ๋ชจ์–‘ํ˜œ ์—ญ 2009๋…„ : MBC ใ€Š๋งจ๋•…์— ํ—ค๋”ฉใ€‹ - ํ—ˆ์ˆ™ํฌ ์—ญ, ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ 2010๋…„ : tvN ใ€Š์œ„๊ธฐ์ผ๋ฐœ ํ’๋…„๋นŒ๋ผใ€‹ - ๊น€์ถ”์ž ์—ญ 2010๋…„ : SBS ใ€Š์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์ ใ€‹ - ์€์ˆ™ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ : MBC ใ€Š๋ฌด์‹ ใ€‹ - ๋‚œ์žฅ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ : SBS ใ€ŠํŒจ์…˜์™•ใ€‹ - ๋ฐ˜์žฅ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ : KBS ใ€Š๋น…ใ€‹ - ์ด๊ฒฝ๋ฏธ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ : SBS ใ€Š์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ทธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒใ€‹ - ๋ณ„๊ด€๋งค์  ์ฃผ์ธ ์—ญ 2012๋…„ : MBC ใ€Š์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‚˜๋ดใ€‹ - ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ 2013๋…„ : KBS ใ€Š์‚ฌ์ถ˜๊ธฐ ๋ฉ”๋“ค๋ฆฌใ€‹ 2013๋…„ : KBS ใ€Š์ง์žฅ์˜ ์‹ ใ€‹ - ํ™ˆ์‡ผํ•‘ MD ์—ญ, ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ 2015๋…„ : MBC ใ€Š์•ต๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ง˜ใ€‹ - ํ•œ๊ณต์ฃผ ์—ญ 2015๋…„ : JTBC ใ€Š์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์€๋™์•„ใ€‹ - ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ 2015๋…„ : KBS2 ใ€Š๋ฐœ์น™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๊ณ ใ€‹ - ์ตœํ˜„๋ฏธ ์—ญ 2015๋…„ : JTBC ใ€Š์†ก๊ณณใ€‹ 2016๋…„ : MBC ใ€Š๋งˆ์ด ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ๋ฒ ์ด๋น„ใ€‹ - ๊ฐ•์œค์ˆ™ ์—ญ 2018๋…„ : MBN ใ€Š๋งˆ๋…€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ใ€‹ - ์กฐ์•ต๋‘ ์—ญ 2018๋…„ : tvN ใ€Š๋น… ํฌ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธใ€‹ 2019๋…„ : MBC ใ€Š๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์—†๋‹คใ€‹ - ์–‘๊ธˆํฌ ์—ญ 2020๋…„ : KBS2 ใ€Šํฌ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธใ€‹ - ๊น€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ 2020๋…„ : ์ฑ„๋„A ใ€Š๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋งใ€‹ - ์ •๋ฏธ์ง„ ์—ญ 2023๋…„ : ์›น๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š๋‚˜์˜ X๊ฐ™์€ ์Šค๋ฌด์‚ดใ€‹ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ 2017๋…„ : ์ฑ„๋„A ใ€Š๊ฐœ๋ฐฅ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2ใ€‹ - ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ 2022๋…„: JTBC ใ€Š์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋›ด๋‹ค-๋งˆ๋…€์ฒด๋ ฅ ๋†๊ตฌ๋ถ€ใ€‹ -๊ณ ์ •์ถœ์—ฐ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋‚ด์—ญ 2006๋…„ ๋™์•„์—ฐ๊ทน์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ PLAY DB ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํฌ Daum ์˜ํ™” ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ทน๊ณ„์˜ ๋น…๋งˆ๋งˆ' ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ?..ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์—ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1976๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์•ˆ์–‘์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฌธ ๋Œ€์ง„๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์—ฐ๊ทน ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์˜ํ™” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%20Soo-hee
Go Soo-hee
Go Soo-hee (born July 18, 1976) is a South Korean actress. Filmography Film Television series Variety show References External links ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํฌ at Naver ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํฌ at Cine 21 1976 births Living people Actresses from Daegu South Korean film actresses South Korean television actresses South Korean stage actresses 20th-century South Korean actresses 21st-century South Korean actresses Anyang Arts High School alumni Daejin University alumni Place of birth missing (living people)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/PJ%20%ED%95%98%EB%B9%84
PJ ํ•˜๋น„
PJ ํ•˜๋น„(, MBE, 1969๋…„ 10์›” 9์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ, ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์™€ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฐ„, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๊ธฐํƒ€, ์ƒ‰์†Œํฐ, ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์นด ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•…๊ธฐ๋„ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” 1988๋…„ ์˜คํ† ๋งคํ‹ฑ ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐด๋“œ์— ๋ณด์ปฌ์ด์ž ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ, ์ƒ‰์†Œํฐ ์ฃผ์ž๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Œ์•… ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์˜€๋˜ ์กด ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์™€๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1991๋…„ PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋ผ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ๋‘ ์žฅ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” <Dry>(1992๋…„), <Rid of Me>(1993๋…„)๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์†”๋กœ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” 9์žฅ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” <Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea>์™€ <Let England Shake>๋กœ ๋จธํ๋ฆฌ์ƒ์„ 2001๋…„๊ณผ 2011๋…„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ํ›„๋ณด์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋ฒˆ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์— ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ฒˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋จธํ๋ฆฌ์ƒ์—๋„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋” ํ›„๋ณด์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ 1992๋…„ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์‹ ์ธ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1995๋…„ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•จ๋ฒ” <Rid of Me>, <Bring You My Love>, <Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea>๋ฅผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ 500์žฅ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ NME ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์™€ย 2013๋…„ 6์›”, MBE์—์„œ ์Œ์•…๊ณต๋กœ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ ํด๋ฆฌ ์ง„ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” 1969๋…„ 10์›” 9์ผ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œํฌํŠธ, ๋„์‹ฏ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์„ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋†์žฅ์—์„œ ์ž๋ž๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์  ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์บกํ‹ด ๋น„ํ”„ํ•˜ํŠธ, ๋ฐฅ ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์Œ์•…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์—ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ์‹œ์ ˆ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์ƒ‰์†Œํฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ ๋ณผ๋กœ๋‰ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜ ํฌํฌ ๋“€์˜ค ํด์บฃ์ธ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณก๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋นŒ๋Œ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ•™ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•… ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์˜คํ† ๋งคํ‹ฑ ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ: 1988-1991๋…„ 1988๋…„ 7์›”, PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์˜คํ† ๋งคํ‹ฑ ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ(Automatic Dlamini)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์Œ“๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์ƒ‰์†Œํฐ, ๊ธฐํƒ€, ๋ฐฑ๋ณด์ปฌ์„ ๋งก์•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ๋ท” ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠThe D is for Drumใ€‹ ํ™๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™/์„œ๋…, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ, ํด๋ž€๋“œ ๋“ฑ์ง€๋กœ์˜ ํˆฌ์–ด์—๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…น์Œ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1991๋…„ 1์›” ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์˜คํ† ๋งคํ‹ฑ ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์˜€๋˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์Šค์™€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์™€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์˜คํ† ๋งคํ‹ฑ ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์กด ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์Œ์•…์  ์†Œ์šธ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ"๋ผ๊ณ ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋น„์˜ ์†”๋กœ ์•จ๋ฒ”๋“ค์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ณต๋™์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํˆฌ์–ด์—์„œ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋“€์˜ค๋กœ ๋‘ ์žฅ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจํ๋‚˜์ธ ๋Š” ํ•˜๋น„์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฎค์ง ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ํฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋งคํ‹ฑ ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋•Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” "๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ณก์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ฏผ์† ์Œ์•…์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณก๋“ค์€ ํฌํฌํ’์œผ๋กœ ์–‘์ฒ  ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•…๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋‚œ๋ฌดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์•ž์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณก์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค ์•ž์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กด ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ "๋ฐด๋“œ์™€ ์กด์ด ๊ณต์—ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. PJ ํ•˜๋น„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ค: ใ€ŠDryใ€‹์™€ ใ€ŠRid of Meใ€‹: 1991-1993๋…„ 1991๋…„ 1์›”, ์˜คํ† ๋งคํ‹ฑ ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ๋กญ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์Šค, ์ด์–ธ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์…‹์ด์„œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ค PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํƒ€์™€ ๋ณด์ปฌ, ์—˜๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ๋ณด์ปฌ, ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜คํ† ๋งคํ‹ฑ ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฏธ์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ณธ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ์—‰๋ง์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํšŒ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ 50๋ช… ์ฏค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณก์„ ํ•˜์ž ๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ…… ๋น„์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ช…๋งŒ์ด ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ž ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ณค๋‹ค. '์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”? ๋ˆ์„ ์ค„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•ด์š”, ๋ˆ์€ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ตฌ์š”!'" 1991๋…„ 6์›”, ์•„์ง ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ง€ ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํ•˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐ๋ชจ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ๋…น์Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์— ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์ธ ํˆฌ ํ“จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ "Dress"๊ฐ€ 1991๋…„ 10์›” ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๋Š”๋‹ค. "Dress"๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋งค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ฐฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์กด ํ•„์€ "PJ๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณก๊ณผ ํŽธ๊ณก์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์— ์ง“๋ˆŒ๋ฆฐ ๋“ฏ, ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ธ ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜ ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐํƒ„ํ•  ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ถœ์‹œ ํ•œ ์ฃผ ํ›„์— ์ด๋“ค์€ BBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค1์˜ ํ•„ ์„ธ์…˜์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด 2์›”์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "Sheela-Na-Gig" ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฐฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  3์›”์— ๋ฐ๋ท” ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠDryใ€‹๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” ์—ญ์‹œ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ๊ทน์ฐฌ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ๋ฐ”๋‚˜์˜ ์ปคํŠธ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์•จ๋ฒ”๋“ค์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ 16์œ„์— ๊ผฝ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค์€ PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋ฅผ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์™€ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์‹ ์ธ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1992๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๋šซ๊ณ  ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ(ํด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋žจ)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€์ฃผ์—์„œ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์•Œ๋น„๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ž‘์—…์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ํŒŒํ‚ค๋ค ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ๋…น์Œ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1993๋…„ 5์›” ใ€ŠRid of Meใ€‹๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค์—์„œ๋Š” "๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์—๋กœํ‹ฐ์‹œ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•œ ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐจ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค์—์„œ ๊ณ ์Šค, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ›‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ณก์—์„œ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํˆฌ์–ด ์ค‘์— ๋‚ด๋ถ€์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด "๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑท์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ๋ฉ€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์Šฌํ”ˆ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ ˆ์‹คํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํˆฌ์–ด๋Š” 1993๋…„ 8์›” U2์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ฒดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€ŠRid of Meใ€‹๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ธ ใ€ŠDryใ€‹๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํŒ๋งค๋˜์ž ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์€ ใ€Š4-Track Demosใ€‹๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” PJ ํ•˜๋น„์˜ ์†”๋กœ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„ ์ดˆ U2์˜ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €์ธ ํด ๋งฅ๊ธฐ๋„ค์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ใ€ŠTo Bring You My Loveใ€‹์™€ ใ€ŠIs This Desire?ใ€‹: 1993โ€“1999๋…„ PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์†”๋กœ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠTo Bring You My Loveใ€‹์—๋Š” ์ด์ „ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์ธ ์กด ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์™€ ๋ฐฐ๋“œ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž ๋ฏน ํ•˜๋น„, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ ์žฅ ๋งˆํฌ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ดํ›„ PJ ํ•˜๋น„์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋…น์Œ์— ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ œ์ž‘์€ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋งก์•˜๊ณ  ์ข€ ๋” ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋กœ ํ˜„์•…๊ธฐ์™€ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฐ„, ์‹ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์Œ์•…์  ํญ์„ ๋„“ํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค์€ "ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋‹‰ ์ผ€์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ŠคํŽ ์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋“ฏ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋” ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ณ  ์„น์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์ธ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ใ€ŠTo Bring You My Loveใ€‹๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€์˜ ๊ณ ์Šค ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์ง„ ํˆฌ์–ด์—์„œ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋˜ ๋ก ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "Down By Water"๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•˜๊ณ  ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์žฅ์ด ํŒ”๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ์—…์  ์„ฑ๊ณต๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ณด์ด์Šค, ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค, USA ํˆฌ๋ฐ์ด, ํ”ผํ”Œ, ๋‰ด์š• ํƒ€์ž„์Šค, ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ํƒ€์ž„์Šค ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ 1995๋…„ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฝ‘์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šคํ•€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•จ๋ฒ” 90์— 3์œ„๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ 1์œ„๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฐ”๋‚˜์˜ ใ€ŠNevermindใ€‹(1991๋…„), 2์œ„๋Š” ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆญ ์—๋„ˆ๋ฏธ์˜ ใ€ŠFear of a Black Planetใ€‹(1990๋…„)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1996๋…„ ใ€ŠTo Bring You My Loveใ€‹์€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ์ด์–ด ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณก๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์นด์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1997๋…„ ๋…น์Œ ์ž‘์—…์—๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ์˜€๋˜ ๋กญ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ „์ž‘์— ์ด์–ด ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ๋งก์•„ ๋‹ค์Œํ•ด 4์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠIs This Desire?ใ€‹(1998๋…„)๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ํ‰์€ ์—‡๊ฐˆ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์–ผํ„ฐ๋„ˆํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์Œ์•…์— ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "A Perfect Day Elise"๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ฐจํŠธ 25์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ใ€ŠStories from the City, Stories from the Seaใ€‹์™€ ใ€ŠUh Huh Herใ€‹: 2000โ€“2006๋…„ 2000๋…„ ์ดˆ PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ๋กญ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์Šค, ๋ฏน ํ•˜๋น„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠStories from the City, Stories from the Seaใ€‹๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ์˜๊ตญ ๋„๋ฅด์…‹, ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ, ๋‰ด์š• ๋“ฑ์ง€์—์„œ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ๊ณก๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „ ์•จ๋ฒ”๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ์ธ๋”” ๋ก๊ณผ ํŒ ๋ก์˜ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋„์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๋‰ด์š•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์—๋Š” ๋ผ๋””์˜คํ—ค๋“œ์˜ ํ†ฐ ์š”ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ๊ณก์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ "This Mess We're In"์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ณด์ปฌ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ 10์›”์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ๊ทธ ํ‰๊ณผ ์ƒ์—…์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋Œ€์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์žฅ ์ด์ƒ์ด ํŒ”๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐจํŠธ์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋ก ์•จ๋ฒ”๊ณผ "This Is Love"๋กœ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ก ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค ํ›„๋ณด์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ 2001๋…„ ๋จธํ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•…์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‚ ์€ ๊ณต๊ต๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ 9ยท11 ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‚ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋„์‹œ์ธ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C.์—์„œ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” "๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋งŒ์ด ๊ธฐ์–ต๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์•ž์— ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹œ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ "๋งค์šฐ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋‚ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. 3๋…„ ์ •๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠUh Huh Herใ€‹๋Š” 2004๋…„ 5์›” ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š4-Track Demosใ€‹(1993๋…„) ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ดํ›„ ํ•˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ์ „ ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๊ณ  (๋“œ๋Ÿผ๋งŒ ๋กญ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค) ์ œ์ž‘๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ํŒ๋งค๋„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์–ด์„œ ์˜๊ตญ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ฐจํŠธ 12์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ BPI ๊ณต์ธ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ 7๊ฐœ์›” ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณต์—ฐ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ 2006๋…„ <On Tour: Please Leave Quietly>๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ DVD๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€ŠWhite Chalkใ€‹์™€ ใ€ŠLet England Shakeใ€‹: 2007โ€“2014๋…„ 2006๋…„ 5์›”, ๋‹ค์Œ ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „๋ถ€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 10์›”์— ์กด ํ•„์˜ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์„ธ์…˜์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์€ ใ€ŠThe Peel Sessions 1991โ€“2004ใ€‹ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ƒˆ๊ณ  ์ œ์ž‘์ž ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ, ์กด ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ, ์—๋ฆญ ๋“œ๋ฃจ ํŽ ๋“œ๋งŒ, ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์— ์ง ํ™”์ดํŠธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ๋…น์Œ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 9์›”์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋œ ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠWhite Chalkใ€‹๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์–ผํ„ฐ๋„ˆํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ก ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๊ณผ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” "์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด 100๋…„ ์ „์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด 100๋…„ ํ›„ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๋ฉด์„œ ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ "์ •๋ง ์ด์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” ํ™๋ณด ํˆฌ์–ด์—์„œ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ ์—†์ด ์˜คํ† ํ•˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์•…๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 4์›” ์•ค๋“œ๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ ์‡ผ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์‹ ๊ณก "Let England Shake"๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณก๋“ค์ด "๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž€ ๊ณณ๊ณผ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์†์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ฉฐ "์ •์น˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์กŒ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠLet England Shakeใ€‹๋Š” 2011๋…„ 2์›” ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน์ฐฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. NME์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์–ด๋‘  ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰"๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ์ž‘๊ณก ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด "ํ”ผ๋น„๋ฆฐ๋‚ด ๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค", "์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ", "๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์Œ์•…๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค" ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‰๋ก ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์„œ ๊นŠ์€ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„๊ณผ์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์—๋Š” ์กด ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏน ํ•˜๋น„, ์žฅ ๋งˆํฌ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋จธํ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•…์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์„œ ์ด ์ƒ์„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋„ค์Šค๋ถ์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•จ๋ฒ” ํŒ๋งค๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ์‚ฌ์ด์— 1,190%๋‚˜ ์น˜์†Ÿ์•˜๋‹ค. ใ€ŠLet England Shakeใ€‹๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ•ด 9์›” ๊ณจ๋“œ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  MOJO์™€ ์–ธ์ปท์—์„œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 8์›”, ๊ด€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ชจ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์— ์˜๊ตญ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‡ํ˜”๋˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ด <Shaker Aamer>๋ž€ ๊ณก์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ 4๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹จ์‹ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€ŠThe Hope Six Demolition Projectใ€‹: 2015๋…„-ํ˜„์žฌ 2015๋…„ 1์›”์— PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์•„ํ™‰ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠThe Hope Six Demolition Projectใ€‹๋ฅผ ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋กœ ๋…น์Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์„œ๋จธ์…‹ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ๋‚ด์— ๋…น์Œ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ธ ใ€ŠLet England Shakeใ€‹์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒผ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ƒ‰์†Œํฐ๊ณผ ์˜คํ† ํ•˜ํ”„, ๋ถ€์ฃผํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋Š” ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€ŠThe Hope Six Demolition Projectใ€‹๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์˜ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์–ผํ„ฐ๋„ˆํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์•จ๋ฒ” ํ›„๋ณด์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2016-17๋…„ 9์ธ์กฐ ๋ฐด๋“œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ๋ฏธ, ๋‚จ๋ฏธ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๊ณ  ๊ณต์—ฐ๋“ค์€ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ทน์ฐฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ์š” "Henry Lee"๋ฅผ ๋‹‰ ์ผ€์ด๋ธŒ์™€ ๋“€์—ฃ์œผ๋กœ ๋…น์Œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋ฐฅ ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๊ณก "Death is Not End"์— ํ”ผ์ฒ˜๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‘ ๊ณก ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹‰ ์ผ€์ด๋ธŒ ์•ค๋“œ ๋” ๋ฐฐ๋“œ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ ใ€ŠMurder Balladsใ€‹(1996๋…„)์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ํ•„๋ฆฝ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์˜ํ™” <๋‹คํฌ ๋ˆˆ> ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ "Who Will Love Me Now?"๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์Šค์นผ ์ฝ”๋ฉœ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠL'Argot du Bruitใ€‹์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๊ณก์„ ๋ถˆ๋ €์œผ๋ฉฐ 1998๋…„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ‚ค ์—”์ ค์Šค ์œ„๋“œ ๋”ํ‹ฐ ํŽ˜์ด์‹œ์Šค์˜ ๊ณก <Broken Homes>์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ŠคํŒŒํดํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์˜ 2001๋…„ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠIt's a Wonderful Lifeใ€‹์—์„œ ๊ธฐํƒ€์™€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๋ฐฑ๋ณด์ปฌ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ณก์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‹œ ํ™ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ธ ๋ฐ์ €ํŠธ ์„ธ์…˜ ์ค‘ ใ€ŠVolume 9: I See You Hearin' Meใ€‹์™€ ใ€ŠVolume 10: I Heart Discoใ€‹์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ณก์„ ๋ถˆ๋ €์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฎค์ง ๋น„๋””์˜ค์—๋„ ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„์—๋Š” ํ‹ฐํŒŒ๋‹ˆ ์•ค๋”์Šค์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠFunny Cry Happy Giftใ€‹์— ์ œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์•ค ํŽ˜์ด์Šคํ’€์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠBefore the Poisonใ€‹์—๋„ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์™€ ์ž‘๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ž˜ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์กด ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์™€ ๋งŒ๋“  1996๋…„ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠDance Hall at Louse Pointใ€‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” "์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ „์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋˜ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2009๋…„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ใ€ŠA Woman a Man Walked Byใ€‹ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์ „ ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด ์•จ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ฐจํŠธ 25์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 2009๋…„ 1์›” ํ—จ๋ฆฌํฌ ์ž…์„ผ์˜ <ํ—ค๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๋ธ”๋ ˆ๋ฅด>๋ผ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ์›จ์ด ์—ฐ๊ทน ์Œ์•…์„ ์ž‘๊ณกํ–ˆ๊ณ  2011๋…„ 11์›”์—๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์˜๋น…์—์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์—ฐํ•˜๋Š” <ํ–„๋ฆฟ>์˜ ์Œ์•… ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ณกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 5์›”์—๋Š” ๋งˆํฌ ์ปค์Šจ์˜ ์˜ํ™” <์™“ ์ด์ฆˆ ๋””์Šค ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ฝœ๋“œ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ>์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋‘ ๊ณก์„ ์ผ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค์˜ <ํ”ผํ‚ค ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋”์Šค> ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2์— PJ ํ•˜๋น„์˜ ๊ณก๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 2019๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ <๋” ๋ฒ„์ธ„์Šค>์˜ ์Œ์•…์„ ์ž‘๊ณกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•… ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ๋„“์€ ์ฝ˜ํŠธ๋ž„ํ†  ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•จ๋ฒ”๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„ ๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†ค ๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” "์ƒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ์ž‘์—…ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค... ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Š˜ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€ํ‰์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์›€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์Œ์•… ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–ผํ„ฐ๋„ˆํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ก, ํŽ‘ํฌ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค, ์•„ํŠธ ๋ก, ์ „์œ„ ๋ก ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์นด, ์ธ๋”” ๋ก, ํฌํฌ ์Œ์•… ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋“ค๋„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•จ๋ฒ”๋งˆ๋‹ค ์˜ท์ด๋‚˜ ํ—ค์–ด์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋“ฑ ์™ธ๋ชจ์—๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์•„ํŠธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ณต์—ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฏธ์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฐ€์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจํ๋‚˜์ธ ์™€ ์ž‘์—…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€ŠTo Bring You My Loveใ€‹ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ฆˆ์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ณต์—ฐ์— ์—ฐ๊ทน์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์ „ ํŒจ์…˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒ€์€ ๋ ˆ๊น…์Šค์™€ ํ„ฐํ‹€๋„ฅ ์Šค์›จํ„ฐ, ๋ถ€์ธ ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค, ์บฃ์ŠˆํŠธ, ๊ฐ€๋ฐœ์— ์ง„ํ•œ ํ™”์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1996๋…„ ์Šคํ•€ ๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” "์šฐ์•„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋„๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ ๋ฐ ์„ž์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Š˜ ๋Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์–ผ๋ฃฉ์ง„ ํ™”์žฅ์„ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋’คํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ดํ›„์— ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ๋Š” "๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด ์•ˆ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ใ€ŠTo Bring You My Loveใ€‹ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์ด ๋“ค๋ ค์ค€ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์žฌ์ฆˆ, ์•„ํŠธ ๋ก ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์Œ์•…์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "๋‚˜๋Š” ์กด ๋ฆฌ ํ›„์ปค, ํ•˜์šธ๋ง ์šธํ”„, ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์กด์Šจ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฏธ ํ—จ๋“œ๋ฆญ์Šค์™€ ์บกํ‹ด ๋น„ํ”„ํ•˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด ์•ˆ์— ๊ณ„์† ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ํ”ฝ์‹œ์Šค์˜ ํŒฌ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์Šฌ๋ฆฐํŠธ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ผฝ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐฅ ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ, ๋‹ ์˜, ์ผ€์ดํŠธ ๋ถ€์‹œ๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋น„๋ฅผ ํŒจํ‹ฐ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณค ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” "๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅธ ์–ธ๋ก "์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ถ€ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ํŒจํ‹ฐ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ์—ด์ •์ด ๋„˜์นœ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ณต์—ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ˆ˜์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ "๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์น˜๊ณ  ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ฏผ์† ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์˜ํ™”์Œ์•… ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์ธ ์—”๋‹ˆ์˜ค ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”๋„ค, ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์ธ ์•„๋ฅด๋ณด ํŒจ๋ฅดํŠธ, ์—๋ฆญ ์‚ฌํ‹ฐ, ์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ ๋ฐ”๋ฒ„, ํ—จ๋ฆฌํฌ ๊ณ ๋ ˆํ‚ค ๋“ฑ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋„ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹œ์ธ, ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ์ž‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•ด๋Ÿด๋“œ ํ•€ํ„ฐ, T. S. ์—˜๋ฆฌ์—‡, ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ฒ„ํ‹€๋Ÿฌ ์˜ˆ์ด์ธ , ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์กฐ์ด์Šค, ํ…Œ๋“œ ํœด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์…ฐ์ธ ๋งฅ๊ณ ์™„๊ณผ ์ œ์ฆˆ ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์›Œ์Šค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ™œ๋™ ์Œ์•… ์™ธ์— PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋„ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 1998๋…„ ํ•  ํ•˜ํ‹€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ํ™” <์ธ์ƒ ์ „์„œ>์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋ง‰๋‹ฌ๋ผ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํŒ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋„ ๋ช‡ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ „์‹œํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2010๋…„ ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ํฌ๋“œ ์ฝ”ํด๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์žก์ง€ <์กฐ์—ํŠธ๋กœํ”„>์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ์šฐ๋”” ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๋‹จํŽธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” "๋‚ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์žก์ง€์—์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฉฐ (ใ€ŠLet England Shakeใ€‹) ์•จ๋ฒ”๊ณผ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 10์›” ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฐ€์ธ ์‹œ๋ฌด์Šค ๋จธํ”ผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ย  <The Hollow of The Hand>๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ์‹œ์ง‘์„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘˜์€ ์ฝ”์†Œ๋ณด, ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„, ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C. ๋“ฑ์„ ์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ก€ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฌด์Šค ๋จธํ”ผ๋Š” ใ€ŠLet England Shakeใ€‹์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จํŽธ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋น„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 4์›”์—๋Š” <Orlam>์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„œ์‚ฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ถœํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž์ „์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1998๋…„ ํƒ€์ž„์Šค์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” "๊ณ ๋‡Œํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์˜ฅ์—์„œ ์˜จ ํ‘๋งˆ์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•…๋งˆ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์Šคํ•€ ๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” "์–ด๋–ค ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ง€๊ณง๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ <Down by the Water> ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์• ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ต์‚ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ •๋„๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ์ด์ž ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฐ€์ธ ์กฐ ๋”œ์›Œ์Šค์™€ ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1996-1997๋…„์—๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‹‰ ์ผ€์ด๋ธŒ์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ท€๋‹ค ํ—ค์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹‰ ์ผ€์ด๋ธŒ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” ใ€ŠThe Boatman's Callใ€‹(1997๋…„)์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ <Into My Arms>, <West Country Girl>, <Black Hair>๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณก๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. PJ ํ•˜๋น„์˜ ์˜ค๋น  ์‚ฌ์šธ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋„ค ๋ช…์˜ ์กฐ์นด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‰์ƒ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‚ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. PJ ํ•˜๋น„๋Š” 2013๋…„ ์Œ์•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๋กœ๋กœ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค 2์„ธ ์—ฌ์™•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋Œ€์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ ํ›ˆ์žฅ(MBE)์˜ ํšŒ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ๋จธํ๋ฆฌ์ƒ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก ใ€ŠDryใ€‹ (1992๋…„) ใ€ŠRid of Meใ€‹ (1993๋…„) ใ€ŠTo Bring You My Loveใ€‹ (1995๋…„) ใ€ŠIs This Desire?ใ€‹ (1998๋…„) ใ€ŠStories from the City, Stories from the Seaใ€‹ (2000๋…„) ใ€ŠUh Huh Herใ€‹ (2004๋…„) ใ€ŠWhite Chalkใ€‹ (2007๋…„) ใ€ŠLet England Shakeใ€‹ (2011๋…„) ใ€ŠThe Hope Six Demolition Projectใ€‹ (2016๋…„) ใ€ŠI Inside the Old Year Dyingใ€‹ (2023๋…„) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ํด๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋น„ (Polly Harvey) โ€“ ๋ณด์ปฌ, ์ƒ‰์†Œํฐ, ๊ธฐํƒ€, ์˜คํ† ํ•˜ํ”„, ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ, ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฐ„, ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ, ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ, ์ฒผ๋กœ, ๋น„๋ธŒ๋ผํฐ, ๋งˆ๋ฆผ๋ฐ”, ๋ฒจ/์ฐจ์ž„, ํผ์ปค์…˜, ์ ฌ๋ฒ , ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค, ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””์นด, ์น˜ํ„ฐ, ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์นด, ํ•˜ํ”„, ์‹œ๊ทธ ํ”ผ๋“ค (1991๋…„-ํ˜„์žฌ) ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ ์—๋“œ์›Œ์ฆˆ (Terry Edwards) โ€“ ๋ฐฑ๋ณด์ปฌ, ์ƒ‰์†Œํฐ, ํผ์ปค์…˜, ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ, ๊ธฐํƒ€, ํ”Œ๋ฃจํŠธ, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์นด, ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””์นด, ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ (1993๋…„ - ๊ณต์—ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ, 1997 ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ, 2014โ€“2017๋…„) ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์กด์Šคํ†ค (James Johnston) โ€“ ๋ฐฑ๋ณด์ปฌ, ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ, ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ, ๊ธฐํƒ€, ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฐ„ (1993๋…„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ, 2014โ€“2017๋…„) ์กด ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์‹œ (John Parish) โ€“ ๋ฐฑ๋ณด์ปฌ, ๊ธฐํƒ€, ๋“œ๋Ÿผ, ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค, ๋ฐด์กฐ, ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฐ„, ์šฐํด๋ ๋ ˆ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผ๋ณธ ๋กœ์ฆˆ, ๋ฉœ๋กœํŠธ๋ก , ์‹ค๋กœํฐ, ํผ์ปค์…˜ (1998๋…„, 2006๋…„โ€“ํ˜„์žฌ) ๋ฏน ํ•˜๋น„ (Mick Harvey) โ€“ ๋ฐฑ๋ณด์ปฌ, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค, ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ, ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฐ„, ๊ธฐํƒ€, ๋“œ๋Ÿผ, ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์›€, ์•„์ฝ”๋””์–ธ, ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์นด, ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ, ๋กœ์ฆˆ, ์‹ค๋กœํฐ ํผ์ปค์…˜ (1994โ€“2001๋…„, 2009๋…„โ€“ํ˜„์žฌ) ์žฅ ๋งˆํฌ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ (Jean-Marc Butty) โ€“ ๋ฐฑ๋ณด์ปฌ, ๋“œ๋Ÿผ, ํผ์ปค์…˜ (1994โ€“1996๋…„, 2006๋…„-ํ˜„์žฌ) ์„œํ›ˆ 2013๋…„ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ ํ›ˆ์žฅ 5๋“ฑ๊ธ‰(MBE) ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1969๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋ก ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ž ๋ก ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋งˆํ‹ด์Šค ๋™๋ฌธ ๋„์‹ฏ์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์˜์ œ๊ตญ ํ›ˆ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PJ%20Harvey
PJ Harvey
Polly Jean Harvey (born 9 October 1969) is an English singer-songwriter. Primarily known as a vocalist and guitarist, she is also proficient with a wide range of instruments. Harvey began her career in 1988 when she joined local band Automatic Dlamini as a vocalist, guitarist and saxophonist. The band's frontman, John Parish, became her long-term collaborator. In 1991, she formed an eponymous trio called PJ Harvey and subsequently began her career as PJ Harvey. The trio released two studio albums called Dry (1992) and Rid of Me (1993) before disbanding, after which Harvey continued as a solo artist. Since 1995, she has released a further nine studio albums with collaborations from various musicians including Parish, former bandmate Rob Ellis, Mick Harvey, and Eric Drew Feldman, and has also worked extensively with record producer Flood. Among the accolades Harvey has received are both the 2001 and 2011 Mercury Prize for Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea (2000) and Let England Shake (2011), respectively, making her the only artist to have been awarded the prize twice. She has also garnered eight Brit Award nominations, seven Grammy Award nominations and two further Mercury Prize nominations. Rolling Stone awarded her three accolades: 1992's Best New Artist and Best Singer Songwriter, and 1995's Artist of the Year. Rolling Stone also listed Rid of Me, To Bring You My Love, and Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea on its list of their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2011, she was awarded for Outstanding Contribution to Music at the NME Awards. In the 2013 Birthday Honours, she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to music. Early life Polly Jean Harvey was born on 9 October 1969 in Bridport, Dorset, the second child of Ray and Eva Harvey. Her parents owned a quarrying business on Ham Hill, the site of a large Iron Age hillfort, and she grew up on the family farm in Corscombe. During her childhood, she attended Beaminster School in nearby Beaminster, where she received guitar lessons from folk singer-songwriter Steve Knightley. Her parents introduced her to music that would later influence her work, including blues, Captain Beefheart and Bob Dylan. Her parents were avid music fans and regularly arranged get-togethers and small gigs, counting Ian Stewart among their oldest friends. As a teenager, Harvey began learning saxophone and joined an eight-piece instrumental group, Bologne, run by composer Andrew Dickson. She was also a guitarist with folk duo the Polekats, with whom she wrote some of her earliest material. After finishing school, she joined Yeovil College and attended a visual arts foundation course. Career Automatic Dlamini: 1988โ€“1991 In July 1988, Harvey became a member of Automatic Dlamini, a band based in Bristol with whom she gained extensive ensemble-playing experience. Formed by John Parish in 1983, the band consisted of a rotating line-up that at various times included Rob Ellis and Ian Oliver. Harvey had met Parish in 1987 through mutual friend Jeremy Hogg, the band's slide guitarist. Providing saxophone, guitars and backing vocals, she travelled extensively during the band's early days, including performances in East and West Germany, Spain and Poland to support the band's debut studio album, The D is for Drum. A second European tour took place throughout June and July 1989. Following the tour, the band recorded Here Catch, Shouted His Father, their second studio album, between late 1989 and early 1990. This is the only Automatic Dlamini material to feature Harvey, but remains unreleased, although bootleg versions of the album are in circulation. In January 1991, Harvey left to form her own band with former bandmates Ellis and Oliver, though she had also formed lasting personal and professional relationships with other members, especially Parish, to whom she has referred as her "musical soulmate". Parish would subsequently contribute to, and sometimes co-produce, Harvey's solo studio albums and has toured with her a number of times. As a duo, Parish and Harvey have recorded two collaborative albums where Parish composed the music and Harvey wrote the lyrics. Additionally, Parish's girlfriend in the late 1980s was photographer Maria Mochnacz. She and Harvey became close friends and Mochnacz went on to shoot and design most of Harvey's album artwork and music videos, contributing significantly to her public image. Harvey has said of her time with Automatic Dlamini: "I ended up not singing very much but I was just happy to learn how to play the guitar. I wrote a lot during the time I was with them but my first songs were crap. I was listening to a lot of Irish folk music at the time, so the songs were folky and full of penny whistles and stuff. It was ages before I felt ready to perform my own songs in front of other people." She also credits Parish for teaching her how to perform in front of audiences, saying "after the experience with John's band and seeing him perform I found it was enormously helpful to me as a performer to engage with people in the audience, and I probably did learn that from him, amongst other things." PJ Harvey Trio; Dry and Rid of Me: 1991โ€“1994 Harvey decided to name her new band the PJ Harvey Trio, rejecting other names as "nothing felt right at all or just suggested the wrong type of sound", and also to allow her to continue music as a solo artist. The trio consisted of Harvey on vocals and guitar, Ellis on drums and backing vocals, and Oliver on bass. Oliver later departed to rejoin the still-active Automatic Dlamini. He was subsequently replaced with Steve Vaughan. The trio's "disastrous" debut performance was held at a skittle alley in Charmouth Village Hall in April 1991. Harvey later recounted the event saying: "we started playing and I suppose there was about fifty people there, and during the first song we cleared the hall. There was only about two people left. And a woman came up to us, came up to my drummer, it was only a three piece, while we were playing and shouted at him 'Don't you realise nobody likes you! We'll pay you, you can stop playing, we'll still pay you!'" The group relocated to London in June 1991 when Harvey applied to study sculpture, still undecided as to her future career. During this time, the group recorded a set of demo songs and distributed them to record labels. Independent label Too Pure agreed to release the band's debut single "Dress" in October 1991, and later signed PJ Harvey. "Dress" received mass critical acclaim upon its release and was voted Single of the Week in Melody Maker by guest reviewer John Peel, who admired "the way Polly Jean seems crushed by the weight of her own songs and arrangements, as if the air is literally being sucked out of themย ... admirable if not always enjoyable." However, Too Pure provided little promotion for the single and critics claim that "Melody Maker had more to do with the success of the "Dress" single than Too Pure Records." A week after its release, the band recorded a live radio session for Peel on BBC Radio 1 on 29 October featuring "Oh, My Lover", "Victory", "Sheela-Na-Gig" and "Water". The following February, the trio released "Sheela-Na-Gig" as their equally-acclaimed second single and their debut studio album, Dry (1992), followed in March. Like the singles preceding it, Dry received an overwhelming international critical response. The album was cited by Kurt Cobain of Nirvana as his sixteenth-favourite album ever in his posthumously published Journals (2002). Rolling Stone also named Harvey as Songwriter of the Year and Best New Female Singer. A limited edition double LP version of Dry was released alongside the regular version of the album, containing both the original and demo versions of each track, called Dry Demonstration, and the band also received significant coverage at the Reading Festival in 1992. Island (PolyGram) signed the trio amid a major label bidding war in mid-1992, and in December 1992 the trio travelled to Cannon Falls, Minnesota in the United States to record the follow-up to Dry with producer Steve Albini. Prior to recording with Albini, the band recorded a second session with John Peel on 22 September and recorded a version of Bob Dylan's "Highway 61 Revisited," and two new songs "Me Jane" and "Ecstasy." The recording sessions with Albini took place at Pachyderm Recording Studio and resulted in the band's major label debut Rid of Me in May 1993. Rolling Stone wrote that it "is charged with aggressive eroticism and rock fury. It careens from blues to goth to grunge, often in the space of a single song." The album was promoted by two singles, "50ft Queenie" and "Man-Size", as well as tours of the United Kingdom in May and of the United States in June, continuing there during the summer. However, during the American leg of the tour, internal friction started to form between the members of the trio. Deborah Frost, writing for Rolling Stone, noticed "an ever widening personal gulf" between the band members, and quoted Harvey as saying "It makes me sad. I wouldn't have got here without them. I needed them back then โ€“ badly. But I don't need them anymore. We all changed as people." Despite the tour's personal downsides, footage from live performances was compiled and released on the long-form video Reeling with PJ Harvey (1993). The band's final tour was to support the Irish rock band U2 in August 1993, after which the trio officially disbanded. In her final appearance on American television in September 1993 on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Harvey performed a solo version of "Rid of Me." As Rid of Me sold substantially more copies than Dry, 4-Track Demos, a compilation album of demos for the album was released in October and inaugurated her career as a solo artist. In early 1994, it was announced that U2's manager, Paul McGuinness, had become her manager. To Bring You My Love and Is This Desire?: 1995โ€“1999 As Harvey embarked on her solo career, she explored collaborations with other musicians. In 1995 she released her third studio album, To Bring You My Love, featuring former bandmate John Parish, Bad Seeds multi-instrumentalist Mick Harvey and French drummer Jean-Marc Butty, all of whom would continue to perform and record with Harvey throughout her career. The album was also her first material to be produced by Flood. Simultaneously a more blues-influenced and more futuristic record than its predecessors, To Bring You My Love showcased Harvey broadening her musical style to include strings, organs and synthesisers. Rolling Stone said in its review that "Harvey sings the blues like Nick Cave sings gospel: with more distortion, sex and murder than you remember. To Bring You My Love was a towering goth version of grunge." During the successive tours for the album, Harvey also experimented with her image and stage persona. The record generated a surprise modern rock radio hit in the United States with its lead single, "Down by the Water." The music video received heavy rotation on MTV and became Harvey's most recognizable song. Three consecutive singlesโ€”"C'mon Billy", "Send His Love to Me" and "Long Snake Moan"โ€”were also moderately successful. The album was a commercial success selling one million copies worldwide including 370,000 in the United States. It was also certified Silver in the United Kingdom within seven months of its release, having sold over 60,000 copies. In the United States, the album was voted Album of the Year by The Village Voice, Rolling Stone, USA Today, People, The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times. Rolling Stone also named Harvey 1995's Artist of the Year and Spin ranked the album third in The 90 Greatest Albums of the 1990s, behind Nirvana's Nevermind (1991) and Public Enemy's Fear of a Black Planet (1990). In 1996, Harvey also received her first Grammy Award nominations for Best Alternative Music and Best Female Rock Vocal Performance ("Down by the Water"). In July 2020, a vinyl reissue of To Bring You My Love was announced, including unreleased demos. In 1996, following the international success of To Bring You My Love and experimental collaboration album Dance Hall at Louse Point with John Parish, Harvey began composing material that would end up on her fourth studio album, during what she referred to as "an incredibly low patch". The material diverged significantly from her previous work and introduced electronica elements into her song-writing. During recording sessions in 1997 original PJ Harvey Trio drummer Rob Ellis rejoined Harvey's band, and Flood was hired again as producer. The sessions, which continued into April the following year, resulted in Is This Desire? (1998). Though originally released to mixed reviews in September 1998, the album was a success and received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Alternative Music Performance. The album's lead single, "A Perfect Day Elise," was moderately successful in the United Kingdom, peaking at number 25 on the UK Singles Chart, her most successful single to date. Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea and Uh Huh Her: 2000โ€“2006 In early 2000, Harvey began work on her fifth studio album Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea with Rob Ellis and Mick Harvey. Written in her native Dorset, Paris and New York, the album showcased a more mainstream indie rock and pop rock sound to her previous albums and the lyrics followed themes of love that tied into Harvey's affection for New York City. The album also featured Radiohead frontman Thom Yorke on three tracks, including his lead vocals on "This Mess We're In". Upon its release in October 2000 the album was a critical and commercial success, selling over one million copies worldwide and charting in both the United Kingdom and the United States. The album's three singlesโ€”"Good Fortune", "A Place Called Home" and "This Is Love"โ€”were moderately successful. The album also received a number of accolades including a BRIT Award nomination for Best Female Artist and two Grammy Award nominations for Best Rock Album and Best Female Rock Performance for the album's third single, "This Is Love". However, most notably, Harvey was nominated for, and won, the 2001 Mercury Prize. The awards ceremony was held on the same day as the September 11 attacks on the United States and Harvey was on tour in Washington, D.C., one of the affected cities, when she won the prize. Reflecting on the win in 2011, she said: "quite naturally I look back at that and only remember the events that were taking place across the world and to win the prize on that dayโ€”it didn't have much importance in the grand scheme of things", noting "it was a very surreal day". The same year, Harvey also topped a readers' poll conducted by Q magazine of the 100 Greatest Women in Rock Music. During three years of various collaborations with other artists, Harvey was also working on her sixth studio album, Uh Huh Her, which was released in May 2004. For the first time since 4-Track Demos (1993), Harvey played every instrumentโ€”with the exception of drums provided by Rob Ellisโ€”and was the sole producer. The album received "generally favourable reviews" by critics, though its production was often criticised. It was also a commercial success, debuting and peaking at number 12 in the UK Albums Chart and being certified Silver by the BPI within a month of its release. Harvey also did an extensive world tour in promotion of the album, lasting seven months in total. Selected recordings from the tour were included on Harvey's first live DVD, On Tour: Please Leave Quietly, directed by Maria Mochnacz and released in 2006. White Chalk and Let England Shake: 2007โ€“2014 During her first performance since the Uh Huh Her tour at the Hay Festival of Literature & Arts on 26 May 2006, Harvey revealed that her next studio album would be almost entirely piano-based. Following the October release of The Peel Sessions 1991โ€“2004, a compilation of songs recorded from 1991 to 2000 during her radio sessions with John Peel, she began recording her seventh studio album White Chalk in November, together with Flood, John Parish and Eric Drew Feldman and drummer Jim White in a studio in West London. White Chalk was released in September 2007 and marked a radical departure from her usual alternative rock style, consisting mainly of piano ballads. The album received favourable reviews, its style being described by one critic as containing "pseudo-Victorian elementsโ€”drama, restraint, and antiquated instruments and sounds." Harvey herself said of the album: "when I listen to the record I feel in a different universe, really, and I'm not sure whether it's in the past or in the future. The record confuses me, that's what I likeโ€”it doesn't feel of this time right now, but I'm not sure whether it's 100 years ago or 100 years in the future", summing up the album's sound as "really weird." During the tour for the album Harvey performed without a backing band, and also began performing on an autoharp, which continues to be her primary instrument after guitar and has influenced her material since White Chalk. March 2009 saw the release of her second collaboration studio album with John Parish A Woman a Man Walked By. Written in the vein of punk blues, folk and experimental rock, it was preceded by the lead single "Black Hearted Love". As with their first effort, Parish wrote all of the music and played most of the instruments, leaving Harvey to the lyrics and singing. In April 2010, Harvey appeared on The Andrew Marr Show to perform a new song titled "Let England Shake." In a pre-performance interview with Marr, she stated that the new material she had written had been "formed out of the landscape that I've grown up in and the history of this nation" and as "a human being affected by politics." Her eighth studio album Let England Shake was released in February 2011, and received universal critical acclaim. NMEs 10/10 review summarised the album as "a record that ventures deep into the heart of darkness of war itself and its resonance throughout England's past, present and future" and other reviews also noted its themes and writing style as "bloody and forceful," mixing "ethereal form with brutal content," and "her most powerful." Dealing with the then-conflict in Afghanistan and other episodes from English history, the album featured John Parish, Mick Harvey and Jean-Marc Butty as Harvey's backing band and the quartet toured extensively in its promotion. Following the release of the album's two well-received singlesโ€”"The Words That Maketh Murder" and "The Glorious Land"โ€”and the collection of short films by Seamus Murphy to accompany the album, Harvey won her second Mercury Music Prize on 6 September. The award marked her as the first artist to receive the award twice, entering her into the Guinness World Records as the only artist to have achieved this., and sales of Let England Shake increased 1,190% overnight following her win. On 23 September, Let England Shake was certified Gold in the United Kingdom and was listed as album of the year by MOJO and Uncut. On 3 August 2013, Harvey released a song "Shaker Aamer" in support of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp detainee by the same name who was the last British citizen to be held there. The song describes in detail what Aamer endured during his four-month hunger strike. The Hope Six Demolition Project, and I Inside the Old Year Dying: 2015โ€“present On 16 January 2015, PJ Harvey began recording her ninth studio album, The Hope Six Demolition Project, in front of a live audience. A custom built recording studio was made in London's Somerset House. Uncut magazine noted that much like her previous album Let England Shake, many of the lyrics were politically charged, but this time it was more globally focused. While recording she was shown to be using saxophones, an autoharp and a bouzouki. Flood was confirmed to be the producer of the album. On 18 December 2015, Harvey released a 20-second teaser for the album, which contained a release date of spring 2016. On 21 January 2016, the debut single, "The Wheel", was played on Steve Lamacq's show on BBC Radio 6 Music. The album was released on 15 April. A new video, "The Orange Monkey", was shared on 2 June 2016. Directed by Irish filmmaker Seamus Murphy, it was made from footage of Murphy's and Harvey's trips to Afghanistan. Together they have also traveled to Washington, D.C., and Kosovo and their collaboration yielded the 2015 book The Hollow of the Hand, which collected her poems and his photographs. Their impressions from the journey and the creative process behind the recording of the new album were chronicled in the documentary called A Dog Called Money, which was premiered at the 69th Berlin International Film Festival. The album reached #1 on the UK Albums Chart and was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Alternative Music Album category. Harvey spent much of 2016 and 2017 touring the world with her nine-piece band, playing mainly on saxophone and taking her critically lauded live show around North America, South America, Europe and Australasia. Harvey remained active since then, frequently releasing folk songs for soundtracks to popular TV Series and films. In 2019, she released the instrumental soundtrack album to the Ivo van Hove stage adaptation of All About Eve with the vocals of Gillian Anderson and Lily James. In October 2022, she released another full soundtrack album to the Irish black comedy Apple TV+ TV Series Bad Sisters together with Tim Phillips. From 2020 up to 2022, UMC/Island Records and Beggars Group launched the reissue campaign of her studio work, accompanied by separate demo records to each album. In the culmination of the reissue project, the compilation of 59 songs, previously unavailable physically or digitally, titled B-Sides, Demos and Rarities was released on 4 November 2022. In June 2022, Harvey stated that her next studio album is scheduled to be released in summer 2023. In January 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Harvey at number 145 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time. In April 2023, it was announced on Harvey's official website that her tenth studio album I Inside the Old Year Dying would be released on 7 July 2023 on Partisan Records. It also marked the first time (since the release of Dry on Too Pure in 1992), Harvey releasing her album on the independent label, after 30 years being signed on Island Records, part of Universal Music Group. The first single "A Child's Question, August" premiered on 26 April 2023. Subsequent UK and European tour in support of the new album with 26 dates has been scheduled for Septemberโ€“October 2023. Collaborations and projects Besides her own work, Harvey has also collaborated with a number of other artists. In 1995, she recorded a duet of American folk song "Henry Lee" with her then-partner Nick Cave and also featured on the Bob Dylan cover "Death is Not the End," both released on Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds' Murder Ballads (1996). In the same year she sang the theme song "Who Will Love Me Now?" on Philip Ridley's film The Passion of Darkly Noon. After her 1995 tour, she met Pascal Comelade and decided to collaborate with him, singing on several tracks including "Love Too Soon" on his album L'Argot du Bruit. In May 1998, before the release of Is This Desire?, she featured on Tricky's Angels with Dirty Faces, performing lead vocals on "Broken Homes", and also contributed to Sparklehorse's 2001 album It's a Wonderful Life performing guitar, piano and backing vocals on two songs, "Eyepennies" and "Piano Fire." Following the tour in promotion of Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea, she contributed vocals to eight tracks on Volume 9: I See You Hearin' Me and Volume 10: I Heart Disco by Josh Homme's side project the Desert Sessions, also appearing in the music video for "Crawl Home." Throughout 2004, Harvey produced Tiffany Anders' album Funny Cry Happy Gift, and also produced, performed on and wrote five songs for Marianne Faithfull's album Before the Poison, and contributed backing vocals on "Hit the City," "Methamphetamine Blues" and "Come to Me" on Mark Lanegan's album Bubblegum. Harvey contributed the song "Slow-Motion Movie-Star", an outtake from Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea, to Mick Harvey's fourth studio album, Two of Diamonds, released in 2007. Harvey has also recorded two studio albums with long-time collaborator John Parish. Dance Hall at Louse Point (1996) was written collectively with Parish with the exception of the song "Is That All There Is?", written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. The album also listed her as Polly Jean Harvey, which may have impacted album sales. Harvey has also reflected on how the album was "an enormous turning point" and "lyrically, it moved me into areas I'd never been to before." In 1998, she also performed lead vocals on "Airplane Blues," as a soundtrack accompaniment to the Wingwalkers art exhibition by Rebecca Goddard and Parish's wife, Michelle Henning, which was released as the closing song on Parish's second solo album How Animals Move in 2002. Following the release of White Chalk, Harvey reunited with Parish to record A Woman a Man Walked By, released in March 2009. Like Dance Hall at Louse Point, the album received positive reviews and was a moderate commercial success, peaking at number 25 in the UK Albums Chart. She collaborated with Egyptian musician Ramy Essam on "The Camp", a charity single released in June 2017 to benefit displaced children in the Lebanese Bekaa Valley fleeing the Syrian civil war. Aside from collaborations, Harvey has also embarked on a number of projects as a composer. In January 2009, a new stage production of Henrik Ibsen's Hedda Gabler opened on Broadway. Directed by Ian Rickson and starring Mary-Louise Parker in the title role, the play featured an original score of incidental music written by Harvey. In November 2011, Harvey also composed part of the score for Young Vic's long-running production of Hamlet in London. She subsequently worked with Rickson a number of times, contributing music for his stage production of Electra, The Nest, and The Goat. In 2019, Harvey scored Ivo van Hove's West End production of All About Eve. She documented her artistic process for writing scores in an episode of the BBC Radio 4 programme 'Behind the Scenes' hosted by journalist John Wilson. In May 2012, Harvey composed two songs, "Horse" and "Bobby Don't Steal", for Mark Cousins' film What is This Film Called Love?, which also features "To Bring You My Love". In 2014, a number of Harvey's songs were featured in the second season of Peaky Blinders. In March 2018, Harvey and Parish released a song called "Sorry For Your Loss" as tribute to singer-songwriter Mark Linkous, who took his own life in 2010. In 2019, Harvey composed the score for Shane Meadows' miniseries, The Virtues, broadcast on Channel 4. In 2022, Harvey composed the score for Sharon Horgan, Dave Finkel, and Brett Baer's Apple TV+ series Bad Sisters. Musical style and influences Harvey possesses an expansive contralto vocal range. Harvey aims to not repeat herself in her music, which results in every album sounding different to her previous works. In an October 2004 interview with Rolling Stone, she said: "when I'm working on a new record, the most important thing is to not repeat myself ... that's always my aim: to try and cover new ground and really to challenge myself. Because I'm in this for learning." While her musical style has been described as alternative rock, punk blues, art rock, and avant-rock, she has experimented with various other genres including electronica, indie rock and folk music. She changes her physical appearance for each album by altering her mode of dress or hairstyle, creating a unique aesthetic that extends to all aspects of the album, from the album art to the live performances. She works closely with friend and photographer Maria Mochnacz to develop the visual style of each album. Around the time of To Bring You My Love, for example, Harvey began experimenting with her image and adopting a theatrical aspect to her live performances. Her former fashion style, which consisted of simple black leggings, turtleneck sweaters and Dr. Martens boots, was replaced by ballgowns, catsuits, wigs and excessive make-up. She also began using stage props like a Ziggy Stardust-style flashlight microphone. She denied the influence of drag, Kabuki or performance art on her new image, a look she affectionately dubbed "Joan Crawford on acid" in an interview with Spin in 1996, but admitted that "it's that combination of being quite elegant and funny and revolting, all at the same time, that appeals to me. I actually find wearing make-up like that, sort of smeared around, as extremely beautiful. Maybe that's just my twisted sense of beauty." However, she later told Dazed & Confused magazine, "that was kind of a mask. It was much more of a mask than I've ever had. I was very lost as a person, at that point. I had no sense of self left at all", and has never repeated the overt theatricality of the To Bring You My Love tour. At an early age, she was introduced by her parents to blues music, jazz and art rock, which would later influence her: "I was brought up listening to John Lee Hooker, to Howlin' Wolf, to Robert Johnson, and a lot of Jimi Hendrix and Captain Beefheart. So I was exposed to all these very compassionate musicians at a very young age, and that's always remained in me and seems to surface more as I get older. I think the way we are as we get older is a result of what we knew when we were children." Other influential artists were "Nina Simone, the Rolling Stones, people like that I grew up listening to but find I returned to". During her teenage years, she began listening to new wave and synth-pop bands such as Soft Cell, Duran Duran and Spandau Ballet, although later stated that it was a phase when she was "having a bit of a rebellion against my parents' record collection." In her later teenage years, she became a fan of Pixies, and she then listened to Slint. She has named Bob Dylan, and Neil Young, when talking about her influences. Many critics have compared Harvey to Patti Smith, which Harvey dismisses as "lazy journalism". However, recently Harvey has said that Smith is "so energising to see and so passionate with what she's doing". Harvey has also cited Siouxsie Sioux in terms of live performance, stating : "She is so exciting to watch, so full of energy and human raw quality". She has also drawn inspiration from Russian folk music, Italian soundtrack composer Ennio Morricone, classical composers like Arvo Pรคrt, Erik Satie, Samuel Barber, and Henryk Gรณrecki. As a lyricist, Harvey has cited numerous poets, authors and lyricists as influences on her work including Harold Pinter, T. S. Eliot, W. B. Yeats, James Joyce, Ted Hughes and contemporaries such as Shane MacGowan and Jez Butterworth. Elvis Presley was also mentioned in her 2022 book Orlam and the 2023 single A Child's Question, August. Other ventures Outside her better-known music career, Harvey is also an occasional artist and actress. In 1998, she appeared in Hal Hartley's film The Book of Life as Magdalenaโ€”a modern-day character based on the Biblical Mary Magdaleneโ€”and had a cameo role as a Playboy Bunny in A Bunny Girl's Tale, a short film directed by Sarah Miles, in which she also performs "Nina in Ecstasy", an outtake from Is This Desire? (1998). Harvey also collaborated with Miles on another film, Amaeru Fallout 1972, which includes Harvey performing a cover of "When Will I See You Again". Harvey is also an accomplished sculptor who has had several pieces exhibited at the Lamont Gallery and the Bridport Arts Centre. In 2010, she was invited to be the guest designer for the summer issue of Francis Ford Coppola's literary magazine Zoetrope: All-Story. The issue featured Harvey's paintings and drawings alongside short stories by Woody Allen. Her most recent artwork features in her second book of poetry Orlam. In December 2013, Harvey gave her debut public poetry reading at the British Library. On 2 January 2014, she guest-edited BBC Radio 4's the Today programme. In October 2015, Harvey published her first collection of poetry, a collaboration with photographer Seamus Murphy, entitled The Hollow of The Hand. To create the book, Harvey and Murphy made several journeys to Kosovo, Afghanistan and Washington, D.C. Their experiences were documented in Murphy's film A Dog Called Money, which was released in UK cinemas and online on 8 November 2019. The pair had previously worked together to create 12 short films for Let England Shake. In April 2022, she published a book-length narrative poem titled Orlam. Personal life Harvey rejects the notion that her song lyrics are autobiographical, telling The Times in 1998: "the tortured artist myth is rampant. People paint me as some kind of black witchcraft-practising devil from hell, that I have to be twisted and dark to do what I am doing. It's a load of rubbish". What is more, she later told Spin: "some critics have taken my writing so literally to the point that they'll listen to 'Down by the Water' and believe I have actually given birth to a child and drowned her." In the early 1990s, Harvey was romantically involved with drummer and photographer Joe Dilworth of Stereolab. From 1996 to 1997, following their musical collaborations, Harvey had a relationship with Nick Cave, and their subsequent break-up influenced Cave's follow-up studio album The Boatman's Call (1997), with songs such as "Into My Arms", "West Country Girl" and "Black Hair" being written specifically about her. Harvey has one older brother, Saul, and four nephews through him. She expressed a fondness for children in 1995 and stated that she would love to have them, saying: "I wouldn't consider it unless I was married. I would have to meet someone that I wanted to spend the rest of my life with. That's the only person who I would want to be the father of my children. Maybe that will never happen. I obviously see it in a very rational way but I'd love to have children." Harvey was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to music. Discography Dry (1992) Rid of Me (1993) To Bring You My Love (1995) Is This Desire? (1998) Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea (2000) Uh Huh Her (2004) White Chalk (2007) Let England Shake (2011) The Hope Six Demolition Project (2016) I Inside the Old Year Dying (2023) Personnel Current members Polly Harvey โ€“ vocals, saxophone, guitar, autoharp, piano, organ, keyboards, violin, cello, vibraphone, marimba, bells and chimes, percussion, djembe, bass, melodica, zither, harmonica, harp, cigfiddle (since 1991) John Parish โ€“ backing vocals, guitar, drums, keyboards, bass, banjo, organ, ukulele, trombone, rhodes, mellotron, xylophone, percussion (1994โ€“1998, since 2006) Jean-Marc Butty โ€“ backing vocals, drums, percussion (1994โ€“1996, since 2006) James Johnston โ€“ backing vocals, keyboards, violin, guitar, organ (1993 live performance guest, since 2014) Giovanni Ferrario โ€“ backing vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards (2006โ€“2009, since 2023) Former collaborators Eric Drew Feldman โ€“ piano, keyboards, bass, optigan, mellotron, minimoog, backing vocals (1994โ€“2009) Mick Harvey โ€“ backing vocals, bass, keyboards, organ, guitar, drums, harmonium, accordion, bass harmonica, piano, rhodes, xylophone, percussion (1994โ€“2001, 2009โ€“2017) Rob Ellis โ€“ drums and percussion, vocals, harmonium, piano, electric piano, tambourine, synthesizer, keyboards, bells, harpsichord, vibraphone (1991โ€“1993, 1998โ€“2004) Steve Vaughan โ€“ bass (1991โ€“1993) Nick Bagnall โ€“ bass, keyboards (1994โ€“1996) Joe Gore โ€“ guitar, e-bow (1994โ€“1996) Jeremy Hogg โ€“ guitar (1996โ€“1998) Margaret Fiedler โ€“ guitar, cello (2000โ€“2001) Tim Farthing โ€“ guitar (2000โ€“2001) Simon "Dingo" Archer โ€“ bass (2004) Josh Klinghoffer โ€“ guitar, drums, percussion (2004) Jim White โ€“ drums (2006โ€“2007) Carla Azar โ€“ drums (2006โ€“2008, studio guest) Alain Johannes โ€“ backing vocals, guitars, keyboards, percussion, saxophone (2015โ€“2017) Enrico Gabrielli โ€“ backing vocals, percussion, bass clarinet, swanee whistle, basset clarinet (2015โ€“2017) Alessandro Stefana โ€“ backing vocals, guitars (2015โ€“2017) Terry Edwards โ€“ backing vocals, saxophones, percussion, keyboards, guitar, flute, bass harmonica, melodica, trumpet (1993 live performance guest, 1997 studio guest, 2015โ€“2017) Kenrick Rowe โ€“ backing vocals, percussion (2015โ€“2017) Awards and nominations List of awards and nominations received by PJ Harvey References Further reading External links 1969 births Living people 20th-century British guitarists 20th-century English women singers 20th-century English singers 21st-century British guitarists 21st-century English women singers 21st-century English singers 21st-century multi-instrumentalists Alternative rock guitarists Alternative rock pianists Alternative rock singers Alumni of Central Saint Martins British autoharp players British alternative rock musicians English contraltos English women guitarists English multi-instrumentalists English rock guitarists English rock musicians English women singer-songwriters English singer-songwriters Women rock singers Island Records artists Ivor Novello Award winners Members of the Order of the British Empire NME Awards winners People from Beaminster People from Bridport Musicians from Dorset Punk blues musicians Vagrant Records artists Women punk rock singers Women saxophonists 20th-century women guitarists 21st-century women guitarists 20th-century women pianists 21st-century women pianists
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%91%90%20%EC%A0%90%EC%84%B1%EC%88%A0
ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ 
์กฐํ‹ฐ์ƒค(๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด๋กœ "๋น›๊ณผ ์ฒœ์ฒด"๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐํ‹ฐ์Šค์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ์กฐํ‹ฐ์‹œ)๋Š” ํžŒ๋‘์˜ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋‹ค ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.: ์‹ฏ๋‹จํƒ€: ์ธ๋„ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™. ์‚ผํžˆํƒ€: ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์ง€์ง„, ์ •์ง€์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, ์žฌ์ • ์ƒํƒœ, ํƒ์ผ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ , ์ง‘๊ณผ ๊ฑด์ถ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ(ใ€Š๋ฐ”์Šคํˆฌ ์ƒค์ŠคํŠธ๋ผใ€‹), ๋™๋ฌผ, ์ง•์กฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์กฐ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ์–ธํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์† ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ . ํ˜ธ๋ผ: ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์˜ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ . ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์†Œ์šฐ์ฃผ์™€ ๋Œ€์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ใ€Š๋ฒ ๋‹คใ€‹(๊ฒฝ์ „)์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„œ์–‘(ํ—ฌ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜) ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ, ์•„์•ผ๋‚จ์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์ถ˜๋ถ„์ ์˜ ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ์„ธ์ฐจ์— ๋งž์ถฐ์ง€๋Š” ํ•ญ์„ฑ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์€ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ €ํƒ(๋‚˜ํฌ์ƒคํŠธ๋ผ)์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ—ฌ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•˜์œ„ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ํžŒ๋‘์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํžŒ๋‘ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ, ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์กฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฌ ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์ง€์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์—ญ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ญ๋ฒ• ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ํœด์ผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์ด ์Šค๋ฉฐ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ, ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์€ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ค‘์—์„œ์˜ ์ž…์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค. 2001๋…„์˜ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋ผ ํ”„๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ธ๋„์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ํ•™์œ„ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ (Hindu astrology)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ์˜์–ด๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์กฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋™์˜์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋‹ค ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ (Vedic astrology)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ์•„์œ ๋ฅด๋ฒ ๋‹ค๋‚˜ ์š”๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ์„œ์ ๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ฒ ๋‹ค์—๋Š” ์กฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์ด ์—†๊ณ , ์ธ๋„ ์•„๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ์˜ ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฒ ๋‹ค ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์— ํ—ฌ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ฒ ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ช…์นญ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์กฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋‹ค์˜ ์ œ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ ๊ทœ์œจ์ธ ๋ฒ ๋‹จ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์กฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ œ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‚ ์งœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ค€๋น„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์•„ํƒ€๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋ฒ ๋‹ค์™€ ์ฐฌ๋„๊ฐธ ์šฐํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์ƒค๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•…๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฐฌ๋„๊ฐธ์—๋Š” ๋ผํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ํ˜„์žฌ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์•…๊ท€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฒ ๋‹คใ€‹๋„ ์•…๊ท€ ์Šค๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋ˆ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋งˆํ•˜๋ฐ”๋ผํƒ€์™€ ๋ผ๋งˆ์•ผ๋‚˜์—์„œ "๊ทธ๋ผํ•˜"๋Š” ์Šค๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋ˆ„๋ฅผ ์นญํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. (๊ธฐ์›์ „ 3์„ธ๊ธฐ) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ•ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •์ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ๋‹ค. ํ—ฌ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ดํ›„์— ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๊ณฑ ์š”์ผ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ฌ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์€ ์–‘์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด๋‘ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒ์Šน์ ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ์—ด๋‘ ๊ณณ์˜ ์ ์„ฑํ•™์  ์žฅ์†Œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „ํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์ด ์ธ๋„์— ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›ํ›„ ์ดˆ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ใ€Š์•ผ๋ฐ”๋‚˜์ž์นดํƒ€ใ€‹์ด๋‹ค. 2์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์„œ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํŠธ๋ž์Šค์ธ ์‚ฌ์นด์˜ ์™• ๋ฃจ๋“œ๋ผ๋‹ค๋งŒ 1์„ธ์˜ ํ›„์› ํ•˜์— ์•ผ๋ฐ”๋„ค์Šค๋ฐ”๋ผ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์•ผ๋ฐ”๋‚˜์ž์นดํƒ€("๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธˆ์–ธ")๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด๋กœ ๋œ ์ธ๋„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ ์„ฑํ•™ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, 270๋…„์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ดํ›„์˜ ์Šคํ‘ธ์ง€๋“œ๋ฐ”์ž์˜ ์‹œ์ง‘๋ณธ๋งŒ์ด ์ž”์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์š”์ผ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ ์ธ๋„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์€ ์•„๋žด๋ฐ”ํƒ€(476๋…„์ƒ)์˜ ใ€Š์•ผ๋ผ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์•ผใ€‹์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์น˜์ฝ” ์•ผ๋…ธ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, 300๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฆ‰ ์ดˆํŒ ์•ผ๋ฐ”๋‚˜์ž์นดํƒ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„๋žด๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์•ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๋„์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์„ ์ธ๋„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์—…์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ 300๋…„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ผํ•˜๋ฏธํžˆ๋ผ์˜ ใ€ŠํŒ์นด์‹ฏ๋‹จํ‹ฐ์นดใ€‹๊ฐ€ 6์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋„์˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์„ค์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์ธ๋„ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์ด ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์„ธ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ํŽธ์ฐฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ, ์นผ๋žด๋‚˜๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋งˆ์— ์˜ํ•œ ใ€Š๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ•˜ํŠธ ํŒŒ๋ผ์‚ฌ๋ผ ํ˜ธ๋ผ์‚ฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผใ€‹์™€ ใ€Š์‚ฌ๋ผ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌใ€‹๊ฐ€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋ผ์ƒค์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” 7์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ œ1๋ถ€(1~51์žฅ)๊ณผ 8์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ œ2๋ถ€(52~71์žฅ)์˜ 71์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์™„์„ฑ๋ณธ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ ๋˜ํ•œ 800๋…„๊ฒฝ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1963๋…„๊ณผ 1961๋…„์— N.N. ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šˆ๋‚˜ ๋ผ์šฐ์™€ V.B. ์ถ”๋“œํ•˜๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์˜ ์˜์–ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ณธ๋“ค์ด ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 16 ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฐ€('๋ถ€๋ถ„, ๋ถ„ํ• '์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์˜ ์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด) ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ• ์˜ ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.: ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์กฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„ ํ˜•์‹ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.(์ธ๋„ ๋™๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ์žˆ๋‹ค. :en:#Chart styles์ฐธ์กฐ) ๊ธฐํ˜ธ: ์•„์Šˆ - Ra: ๋ผํ›„, Sa: ํ† ์„ฑ, Ve: ๊ธˆ์„ฑ, Su: ํƒœ์–‘, Ma:ํ™”์„ฑ, Me: ์ˆ˜์„ฑ, As: ๋ผ๊ทธ๋‚˜, Mo: ๋‹ฌ, Ke: ์ผ€ํˆฌ, Ju: ๋ชฉ์„ฑ. ๊ทธ๋ผํ•˜: ํ–‰์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ผํ(์ ์œ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ฅ ์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์–ด เค—เฅเคฐเคน, ์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ผํ•˜) ์•„ํ™‰ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ผํ•˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋ผํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.: ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ์–‘๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ผํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”๋‚˜(์ฃผ์ธ ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‡ ์•ฝ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.: ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.: ๋ผ์‹œ: ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€ ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ ๋‹ˆ๋ผ์•ผ๋‚˜: ํ•ญ์„ฑ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€)๋Š” (์‚ฌ๋‚˜์•ผ: ํšŒ๊ท€ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ) ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ 360๋„์˜ ๋ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ 12 ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ (30๋„์”ฉ์˜) ์—ด๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ผ์‹œ(์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด๋กœ '๋ถ€๋ถ„')๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋‹ค(์กฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฌ)์™€ ์„œ์–‘์˜ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€๋Š” ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋‘ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ, ์„œ์–‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์€ (ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ์ถ˜๋ถ„์ ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š”) ํšŒ๊ท€ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ์กฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ (ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ํ•ญ์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š”) ํ•ญ์„ฑ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ ์˜ ์„ธ์ฐจ์šด๋™์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ๋‘ ์ฒœ๋…„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ํ™ฉ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ ์€ ์•ฝ 22๋„ ์ด๋™ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„œ์–‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—์„œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค ํ•ญ์„ฑ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€์—์„œ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 23์ผ์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์กฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€ ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.: ๋ธŒํ•˜๋ฐ”: ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—์„œ, ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋ฐ”(์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด: '๋ถ„ํ• ')์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฐจํƒ€์นด: ์ถœ์ƒ ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„๋Š” ๋ธŒํ•˜๋ฐ” ์นดํฌ๋ผ(์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด: '๋ฐ”ํ€ด')์ด๋‹ค. ๋ธŒํ•˜๋ฐ” ์นดํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ 360ยฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋˜๊ณ , ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ํŠน์ • ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นด๋ผ์นด(์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด: '์šด๋ช…์„ฑ') ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ํฌ์ƒคํŠธ๋ผ ๋‚˜ํฌ์ƒคํŠธ๋ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ €ํƒ์€ ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ 27 ๋ถ„ํ•  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ํ•ญ์„ฑ(๋“ค)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ (์ค‘์„ธ) ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์€ 27~28 ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‚˜ํฌ์ƒคํŠธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ™ฉ๋„์˜ 13ยฐ20โ€™์”ฉ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜ํŠธ์ƒคํŠธ๋ผ์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—†์–ด์ง„ 28๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‚˜ํฌ์ƒคํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ์•„๋น„์ œ์—ํƒ€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‚˜ํฌ์ƒคํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” 3ยฐ20โ€™์”ฉ์˜ ๋„ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋‹ค๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ƒค: ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค์ƒค(๋ฐ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ž]]: เคฆเคถเคพ, ์‚ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด๋กœ 'ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ') ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ด ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆผ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค์ƒค ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ ์„ฑ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋น”์†Œํƒ€๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค์ƒค ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋งˆํ•˜ ๋‹ค์ƒค๋Š” ์ถœ์ƒ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋งˆํ•˜๋‹ค์ƒค๋Š” ๋ถ€ํฌํ‹ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅด๋‹ค์ƒค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์•ˆ๋ถ„๋œ ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋„ ์•ˆ๋ถ„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.(๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ถœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.) ๋‹ค์Œ ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ํ”„๋ผํƒผํŠธ๋ผ ๋‹ค์ƒค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œํฌ์Šˆ๋งˆ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅด๋‹ค์ƒค๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋‚˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅด๋‹ค์ƒค๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐํ•˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅด๋‹ค์ƒค๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น”์‡ผํƒ€๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค์ƒค์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.: ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์Šˆํ‹ฐ: ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์Šˆํ‹ฐ(์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด๋กœ '์‹œ์•ผ'๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป) ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—์„œ, ๊ฐ์€ ํ•œ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์ „์ฒด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋จผ ๊ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ™”์„ฑ์ด 4๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  8๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, 8๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฐ์€ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋ฉฐ, 7๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€์˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ 4๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ฐจ๋ผ: ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ฐจ๋ผ(์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด: 'ํ†ต๊ณผ') ์ถœ์ƒ ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„๋Š” ์ถœ์ƒ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทธ๋ผํ•˜๋“ค์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋“ค์€ ์ถœ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ผํ•˜์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์„ ํšŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ณ ์ฐจ๋ผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์š”๊ฐ€: ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์š”๊ฐ€(์‚ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด: '๊ฒฐํ•ฉ') ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—์„œ, ์š”๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์š”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜„์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์š”๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์š”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์นด์•Œ ์‚ฌ๋ฅดํ”„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ์นด์•Œ ์‚ฌ๋ฅดํ”„ ์š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ๋ช…์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ผ: ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํž˜ ๋””๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ผ(์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด: '๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํž˜') ๊ทธ๋ผํ•˜๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ • ๋ฐฉ์œ„์˜ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋“ค์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ํž˜์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค.: ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„ ๋ผ๊ทธ๋‚˜: ์ƒ์Šน์  ๋ผ๊ทธ๋‚˜(์‚ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด: '์ƒ์Šน์ ') ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋ผ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์˜ํ˜ผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ถ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ ‘์ด‰์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ฒซ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€ํ‰์„ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์Šน์  ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ผ๊ทธ๋‚˜ ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ผ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ƒ์Šน์ ์˜ ์•ž์˜ 15๋„์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋’ค๊นŒ์ง€ 30๋„์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์Šน์  ์ฆ‰ ๋ผ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถœ์ƒ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์ง€ํ‰์„ ์—์„œ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถœ์ƒ ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„์˜ ํ•ด์„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์™€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ ์ธ ๋ผ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถœ์ƒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์˜ ์ง€ํ‰์„ ์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€ ๋ ์˜ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์นด๋ผ์นด ์•„ํŠธ๋งˆ์นด๋ผ์นด(์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด: '์˜ํ˜ผ'์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” '์•„ํŠธ๋งˆ'์™€ '์šด๋ช…์„ฑ'์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” '์นด๋ผ์นด'์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์–ด) ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์•„ํŠธ๋งˆ์นด๋ผ์นด๋Š” ์˜ํ˜ผ์˜ ์˜ํ•จ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆํƒธ์นด๋ผ์นด๋Š” ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ถœ์ƒ ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ๋„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒํ•˜๋ผํŠธ๋ผ์นด๋ผ์นด: ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค ๋งˆํŠธ๋ฅด์นด๋ผ์นด: ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ํ”ผํŠธ๋ฅด์นด๋ผ์นด: ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ์กฐ์ƒ ํ‘ธํŠธ๋ผ์นด๋ผ์นด: ์ž๋…€, ์„ฑ ์ฆˆ๋‚˜ํ‹ฐ์นด๋ผ์นด: ์นœ์ฒ™๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์กฑ ๋‹ค๋ผ์นด๋ผ์นด: ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž ๊ฐ„๋‹จํƒ€: ์—…๋ณด์˜ ๋งค๋“ญ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํƒ€(์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด: '๋งค๋“ญ'์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋“œ์™€ '๋'์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆํƒ€์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์–ด) ๊ฐ„๋‹จํƒ€๋Š” ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์˜์ ์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์—…๋ณด์˜ ๋งค๋“ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋‹จํƒ€๋Š” ์ถœ์ƒ ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„์„œ ๋ฐฑ๋„์™€ ํ™ฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์˜ํ˜ผ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„์•ผ๋‚จ์‚ฌ: ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ ์•„์•ผ๋‚จ์‚ฌ(์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด: '์ด๋™'์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ƒ๋‚˜์™€ '์š”์†Œ'๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” '์•”์‚ฌ'์˜ ํ•จ์„ฑ์–ด)๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€(์‚ฌ๋‚˜์•ผ)์™€ ํ•ญ์„ฑ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€(๋‹ˆ๋ผ์•ผ๋‚˜) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด์ด๋‹ค. ํšŒ๊ท€ ํ™ฉ๋„๋Œ€์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ถ„์  ์„ธ์ฐจ ์šด๋™์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ญ์„ฑ ํ™ฉ๋„์—์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์šฐ๋Œœ: ์—ฐ์†Œ ๋งˆ์šฐ๋Œœ(์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด: '์—ฐ์†Œ')๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ [[ํ•ฉ (์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™)|ํ•ฉ[[์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์—ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๋„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํ‹ฐ: ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ํ†ต๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์ถœ์ƒ ๋‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ† ์„ฑ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณผ(ํ† ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณต๊ท€)๋กœ์จ, ์ถœ์ƒ ์ฒœ๊ถ๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ 7.5๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋Š” ํ† ์„ฑ์ด ๋ง์˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŒก์˜ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์— ์ž…์žฅํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด, ๋‹ฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์€ ํ† ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์–‘์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ 2~3ยฐ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ†ต๊ณผ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์€ ๋‹ค๋ค„์งˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•”์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ…Œ ์‚ฌํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ง„๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ณ€๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ธ๋„ ๋ฐ์ด๋น— ํ•‘๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํžŒ๋‘ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ „ํ†ต ์˜์ˆ ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ์–‘์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ „๋˜์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ „ํ†ต ๊ณผํ•™์ด๋‹ค. ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์€ ๋™์‹ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ํžŒ๋‘๊ต์˜ ๋ฏผ์† ์‹ ์•™์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธจ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ํžŒ๋‘์ธ๋“ค์œผ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ์•  ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์นด๋ฅด๋งˆ์˜ "์—ด๋งค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฉ์ธ ๋‚˜๋ฐ”ํฌ๋ผํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์ธ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฐ”๋ผ์— ์ข…์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์†์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์˜ ์ง€์œ„ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—, ๋ฐ”๋ผํ‹ฐ์•ผ ์ž๋‚˜ํƒ€ ๋‹น์ด ์ธ๋„ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ์กฐ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋น„ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ, ์ข…๊ต์  ์šฐํŒŒ์™€ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์ธต ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์Ÿ์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์™€ ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋„์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์™€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ž์› ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ถ€๋Š” "์ฃ ํ‹ฐ๋ฅด ๋น„๊ฐผ"(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ฃ ํ‹ฐ๋ฅด ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‚˜๋‚˜)๋˜๋Š” "๋ฒ ๋‹ค ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ "์„ ์ธ๋„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์˜ ํ•™๊ณผ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•จ์€ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋ผ ํ”„๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 9์›”์—, ์ธ๋„ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ ํƒ„์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ž์› ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ "๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฃฉํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๋„์•ฝ์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ต๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„, ์ธ๋„ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์ด‰์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋กœ, ๋” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํƒ„์›์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 2์›”, ๋ด„๋ฐ”์ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์›์€ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์ด ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋„์ „ํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ธ๋„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ฐจ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋”” ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ  ์ธ๋„ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์กฐํ‹ฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์ฒœ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฒ ๋‹ค ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ  ํŒ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€ ํžŒ๋‘ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํžŒ๋‘ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก  ํžŒ๋‘๋ ฅ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Kim Plofker, "South Asian mathematics; The role of astronomy and astrology", Encyclopรฆdia Britannica (online edition, 2008) David Pingree and Robert Gilbert, "Astrology; Astrology In India; Astrology in modern times", Encyclopรฆdia Britannica (online edition, 2008) "Hindu Chronology" :en:Encyclopรฆdia Britannica Eleventh EditionEncyclopรฆdia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911) David Pingree, "Astronomy and Astrology in India and Iran", Isis ~ Journal of The History of Science Society (1963), 229โ€“246. David Pingree, in J. Gonda (ed.) A History of Indian Literature, Vol VI, Fasc 4, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden (1981). Ebenezer Burgess, "On the Origin of the Lunar Division of the Zodiac represented in the Nakshatra System of the Hindus", Journal of the American Oriental Society (1866). William D. Whitney, "On the Views of Biot and Weber Respecting the Relations of the Hindu and Chinese Systems of Asterisms"", Journal of the American Oriental Society (1866). Satish Chandra, "Religion and State in India and Search for Rationality", Social Scientist (2002). ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋‰ด์—์ด์ง€ ์ ์„ฑ์ˆ  ํžŒ๋‘๊ต
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%20astrology
Hindu astrology
Hindu astrology, also called Indian astrology, Jyotisha or Jyotishya (from Sanskrit , from โ€œlight, heavenly body"), and more recently Vedic astrology, is the traditional Hindu system of astrology. It is one of the six auxiliary disciplines in Hinduism that is connected with the study of the Vedas. The Vedanga Jyotisha is one of the earliest texts about astronomy within the Vedas. Some scholars believe that the horoscopic astrology practiced in the Indian subcontinent came from Hellenistic influences. However, this is a point of intense debate, and other scholars believe that Jyotisha developed independently, although it may have interacted with Greek astrology. Following a judgment of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001 which favoured astrology, some Indian universities now offer advanced degrees in Hindu astrology. A statistical study conducted by Nagesh Rajopadhye and astrology researcher Prakask Ghatpande found that none of the basic principles of astrology they tested had valid predictive power. They said it is no better than pure chance, like tossing a coin. The scientific consensus is that astrology is a pseudoscience. Etymology Jyotisha, states Monier-Williams, is rooted in the word Jyotish, which means light, such as that of the sun or the moon or heavenly body. The term Jyotisha includes the study of astronomy, astrology and the science of timekeeping using the movements of astronomical bodies. It aimed to keep time, maintain calendars, and predict auspicious times for Vedic rituals. History and core principles Jyotiแนฃa is one of the Vedฤแน…ga, the six auxiliary disciplines used to support Vedic rituals. Early jyotiแนฃa is concerned with the preparation of a calendar to determine dates for sacrificial rituals, with nothing written regarding planets. There are mentions of eclipse-causing "demons" in the Atharvaveda and Chฤndogya Upaniแนฃad, the latter mentioning Rฤhu (a shadow entity believed responsible for eclipses and meteors). The term graha, which is now taken to mean the planet, originally meant demon. The แนšigveda also mentions an eclipse-causing demon, Svarbhฤnu. However, the specific term graha was not applied to Svarbhฤnu until the later Mahฤbhฤrata and Rฤmฤyaแน‡a. The foundation of Hindu astrology is the notion of bandhu of the Vedas (scriptures), which is the connection between the microcosm and the macrocosm. The practice relies primarily on the sidereal zodiac, which differs from the tropical zodiac used in Western (Hellenistic) astrology in that an ayanฤแนƒล›a adjustment is made for the gradual precession of the vernal equinox. Hindu astrology includes several nuanced sub-systems of interpretation and prediction with elements not found in Hellenistic astrology, such as its system of lunar mansions (Nakแนฃatra). It was only after the transmission of Hellenistic astrology that the order of planets in India was fixed in that of the seven-day week. Hellenistic astrology and astronomy also transmitted the twelve zodiacal signs beginning with Aries and the twelve astrological places beginning with the ascendant. The first evidence of the introduction of Greek astrology to India is the Yavanajฤtaka which dates to the early centuries CE. The Yavanajฤtaka ( "Sayings of the Greeks") was translated from Greek to Sanskrit by Yavaneล›vara during the 2nd century CE, and is considered the first Indian astrological treatise in the Sanskrit language. However the only version that survives is the verse version of Sphujidhvaja which dates to AD 270. The first Indian astronomical text to define the weekday was the ฤ€ryabhaแนญฤซya of ฤ€ryabhaแนญa (born AD 476). According to Michio Yano, Indian astronomers must have been occupied with the task of Indianizing and Sanskritizing Greek astronomy during the 300 or so years between the first Yavanajataka and the ฤ€ryabhaแนญฤซya. The astronomical texts of these 300 years are lost. The later Paรฑcasiddhฤntikฤ of Varฤhamihira summarizes the five known Indian astronomical schools of the sixth century. Indian astronomy preserved some of the older pre-Ptolemaic elements of Greek astronomy. The main texts upon which classical Indian astrology is based are early medieval compilations, notably the , and Sฤrฤvalฤซ by . The Horฤshastra is a composite work of 71 chapters, of which the first part (chapters 1โ€“51) dates to the 7th to early 8th centuries and the second part (chapters 52โ€“71) to the later 8th century. The Sฤrฤvalฤซ likewise dates to around 800 CE. English translations of these texts were published by N. N. Krishna Rau and V. B. Choudhari in 1963 and 1961, respectively. Modern Hindu astrology Astrology remains an important facet of folk belief in the contemporary lives of many Hindus. In Hindu culture, newborns are traditionally named based on their jyotiแนฃa charts (Kundali), and astrological concepts are pervasive in the organization of the calendar and holidays, and in making major decisions such as those about marriage, opening a new business, or moving into a new home. Many Hindus believe that heavenly bodies, including the planets, have an influence throughout the life of a human being, and these planetary influences are the "fruit of karma". The Navagraha, planetary deities, are considered subordinate to Ishvara (the Hindu concept of a supreme being) in the administration of justice. Thus, it is believed that these planets can influence earthly life. Astrology as a science Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe. Scientific testing of astrology has been conducted, and no evidence has been found to support any of the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions. There is no mechanism proposed by astrologers through which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth. In spite of its status as a pseudoscience, in certain religious, political, and legal contexts, astrology retains a position among the sciences in modern India. India's University Grants Commission and Ministry of Human Resource Development decided to introduce "Jyotir Vigyan" (i.e. ) or "Vedic astrology" as a discipline of study in Indian universities, stating that "vedic astrology is not only one of the main subjects of our traditional and classical knowledge but this is the discipline, which lets us know the events happening in human life and in universe on time scale" in spite of the complete lack of evidence that astrology actually does allow for such accurate predictions. The decision was backed by a 2001 judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court, and some Indian universities offer advanced degrees in astrology. This was met with widespread protests from the scientific community in India and Indian scientists working abroad. A petition sent to the Supreme Court of India stated that the introduction of astrology to university curricula is "a giant leap backwards, undermining whatever scientific credibility the country has achieved so far". In 2004, the Supreme Court dismissed the petition, concluding that the teaching of astrology did not qualify as the promotion of religion. In February 2011, the Bombay High Court referred to the 2004 Supreme Court ruling when it dismissed a case which had challenged astrology's status as a science. despite continuing complaints by scientists, astrology continues to be taught at various universities in India, and there is a movement in progress to establish a national Vedic University to teach astrology together with the study of tantra, mantra, and yoga. Indian astrologers have consistently made claims that have been thoroughly debunked by skeptics. For example, although the planet Saturn is in the constellation Aries roughly every 30 years (e.g. 1909, 1939, 1968), the astrologer Bangalore Venkata Raman claimed that "when Saturn was in Aries in 1939 England had to declare war against Germany", ignoring all the other dates. Astrologers regularly fail in attempts to predict election results in India, and fail to predict major events such as the assassination of Indira Gandhi. Predictions by the head of the Indian Astrologers Federation about war between India and Pakistan in 1982 also failed. In 2000, when several planets happened to be close to one another, astrologers predicted that there would be catastrophes, volcanic eruptions and tidal waves. This caused an entire sea-side village in the Indian state of Gujarat to panic and abandon their houses. The predicted events did not occur and the vacant houses were burgled. Texts The ancient extant text on Jyotisha is the Vedanga-Jyotisha, which exists in two editions, one linked to Rigveda and other to Yajurveda. The Rigveda version consists of 36 verses, while the Yajurveda recension has 43 verses of which 29 verses are borrowed from the Rigveda. The Rigveda version is variously attributed to sage Lagadha, and sometimes to sage Shuci. The Yajurveda version credits no particular sage, has survived into the modern era with a commentary of Somakara, and is the more studied version. The Jyotisha text Brahma-siddhanta, probably composed in the 5th century CE, discusses how to use the movement of planets, sun and moon to keep time and calendar. This text also lists trigonometry and mathematical formulae to support its theory of orbits, predict planetary positions and calculate relative mean positions of celestial nodes and apsides. The text is notable for presenting very large integers, such as 4.32 billion years as the lifetime of the current universe. The ancient Hindu texts on Jyotisha only discuss time keeping, and never mention astrology or prophecy. These ancient texts predominantly cover astronomy, but at a rudimentary level. Technical horoscopes and astrology ideas in India came from Greece and developed in the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE. Later medieval era texts such as the Yavana-jataka and the Siddhanta texts are more astrology-related. Discussion The field of Jyotisha deals with ascertaining time, particularly forecasting auspicious day and time for Vedic rituals. The field of Vedanga structured time into Yuga which was a 5-year interval, divided into multiple lunisolar intervals such as 60 solar months, 61 savana months, 62 synodic months and 67 sidereal months. A Vedic Yuga had 1,860 tithis (, dates), and it defined a savana-day (civil day) from one sunrise to another. The Rigvedic version of Jyotisha may be a later insertion into the Veda, states David Pingree, possibly between 513 and 326 BCE, when Indus valley was occupied by the Achaemenid from Mesopotamia. The mathematics and devices for time keeping mentioned in these ancient Sanskrit texts, proposes Pingree, such as the water clock may also have arrived in India from Mesopotamia. However, Yukio Ohashi considers this proposal as incorrect, suggesting instead that the Vedic timekeeping efforts, for forecasting appropriate time for rituals, must have begun much earlier and the influence may have flowed from India to Mesopotamia. Ohashi states that it is incorrect to assume that the number of civil days in a year equal 365 in both Hindu and Egyptianโ€“Persian year. Further, adds Ohashi, the Mesopotamian formula is different from the Indian formula for calculating time, each can only work for their respective latitude, and either would make major errors in predicting time and calendar in the other region. According to Asko Parpola, the Jyotisha and luni-solar calendar discoveries in ancient India, and similar discoveries in China in "great likelihood result from convergent parallel development", and not from diffusion from Mesopotamia. Kim Plofker states that while a flow of timekeeping ideas from either side is plausible, each may have instead developed independently, because the loan-words typically seen when ideas migrate are missing on both sides as far as words for various time intervals and techniques. Further, adds Plofker, and other scholars, that the discussion of time keeping concepts are found in the Sanskrit verses of the Shatapatha Brahmana, a 2nd millennium BCE text. Water clock and sun dials are mentioned in many ancient Hindu texts such as the Arthashastra. Some integration of Mesopotamian and Indian Jyotisha-based systems may have occurred in a roundabout way, states Plofker, after the arrival of Greek astrology ideas in India. The Jyotisha texts present mathematical formulae to predict the length of day time, sun rise and moon cycles. For example, The length of daytime = muhurtas where n is the number of days after or before the winter solstice, and one muhurta equals of a day (48 minutes). Water clockA prastha of water [is] the increase in day, [and] decrease in night in the [sun's] northern motion; vice versa in the southern. [There is] a six-muhurta [difference] in a half year. โ€” Yajurveda Jyotisha-vedanga 8, Translator: Kim Plofker Elements There are sixteen Varga (, 'part, division'), or divisional, charts used in Hindu astrology: Zodiac The Nirayana, or sidereal zodiac, is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees, which, like the Sฤyana, or tropical zodiac, is divided into 12 equal parts. Each part (of 30 degrees) is called a sign or rฤล›i (Sanskrit: 'part'). Vedic (Jyotiแนฃa) and Western zodiacs differ in the method of measurement. While synchronically, the two systems are identical, Jyotiแนฃa primarily uses the sidereal zodiac (in which stars are considered to be the fixed background against which the motion of the planets is measured), whereas most Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac (the motion of the planets is measured against the position of the Sun on the spring equinox). After two millennia, as a result of the precession of the equinoxes, the origin of the ecliptic longitude has shifted by about 22 degrees. As a result, the placement of planets in the Jyotiแนฃa system is roughly aligned with the constellations, while tropical astrology is based on the solstices and equinoxes. Nakแนฃhatras, or lunar mansions The nakshatras or lunar mansions are 27 equal divisions of the night sky used in Hindu astrology, each identified by its prominent star(s). Historical (medieval) Hindu astrology enumerated either 27 or 28 nakแนฃatras. In modern astrology, a rigid system of 27 nakแนฃatras is generally used, each covering 13ยฐย 20โ€ฒ of the ecliptic. The missing 28th nakshatra is Abhijeeta. Each nakแนฃatra is divided into equal quarters or padas of 3ยฐย 20โ€ฒ. Of greatest importance is the Abhiล›eka Nakแนฃatra, which is held as king over the other nakแนฃatras. Worshipping and gaining favour over this nakแนฃhatra is said to give power to remedy all the other nakแนฃatras, and is of concern in predictive astrology and mitigating Karma. The junction of two rashis as well as Nakshatras is known as Gandanta. Daล›ฤs โ€“ planetary periods The word dasha (Devanฤgarฤซ: เคฆเคถเคพ, Sanskrit,, 'planetary period') means 'state of being' and it is believed that the daล›ฤ largely governs the state of being of a person. The Daล›ฤ system shows which planets may be said to have become particularly active during the period of the Daล›ฤ. The ruling planet (the Daล›ฤnฤtha or 'lord of the Daล›ฤ') eclipses the mind of the person, compelling him or her to act per the nature of the planet. There are several dasha systems, each with its own utility and area of application. There are Daล›ฤs of grahas (planets) as well as Daล›ฤs of the Rฤล›is (zodiac signs). The primary system used by astrologers is the Viแนล›ottarฤซ Daล›ฤ system, which has been considered universally applicable in the Kali Yuga to all horoscopes. The first Mahฤ-Daล›ฤ is determined by the position of the natal Moon in a given Nakแนฃatra. The lord of the Nakแนฃatra governs the Daล›ฤ. Each Mahฤ-Dฤล›ฤ is divided into sub-periods called bhuktis, or antar-daล›ฤs, which are proportional divisions of the maha-dasa. Further proportional sub-divisions can be made, but error margins based on accuracy of the birth time grow exponentially. The next sub-division is called pratyantar-daล›ฤ, which can in turn be divided into sookshma-antardasa, which can in turn be divided into praana-antardaล›ฤ, which can be sub-divided into deha-antardaล›ฤ. Such sub-divisions also exist in all other Daล›ฤ systems. Heavenly bodies The navagraha () are the nine celestial bodies used in Hindu astrology: Surya (Sun) Chandra (Moon) Budha (Mercury) Shukra (Venus) Mangala (Mars) Bแน›haspati, or "Guru" (Jupiter) Shani (Saturn) Rahu (North node of the Moon) Ketu (South node of the Moon) The navagraha are said to be forces that capture or eclipse the mind and the decision making of human beings. When the grahas are active in their daล›ฤs, or periodicities they are said to be particularly empowered to direct the affairs of people and events. Planets are held to signify major details, such as profession, marriage and longevity. Of these indicators, known as Karakas, Parashara considers Atmakaraka most important, signifying broad contours of a person's life. Rahu and Ketu correspond to the points where the moon crosses the ecliptic plane (known as the ascending and descending nodes of the moon). Classically known in Indian and Western astrology as the "head and tail of the dragon", these planets are represented as a serpent-bodied demon beheaded by the Sudarshan Chakra of Vishnu after attempting to swallow the sun. They are primarily used to calculate the dates of eclipses. They are described as "shadow planets" because they are not visible in the night sky. Rahu and Ketu have an orbital cycle of 18 years and they are always retrograde in motion and 180 degrees from each other. Gocharas โ€“ transits A natal chart shows the position of the grahas at the moment of birth. Since that moment, the grahas have continued to move around the zodiac, interacting with the natal chart grahas. This period of interaction is called gochara (Sanskrit: , 'transit'). The study of transits is based on the transit of the Moon (Chandra), which spans roughly two days, and also on the movement of Mercury (Budha) and Venus (ลšukra) across the celestial sphere, which is relatively fast as viewed from Earth. The movement of the slower planets โ€“ Jupiter (Guru), Saturn (ลšani) and Rฤhuโ€“Ketu โ€” is always of considerable importance. Astrologers study the transit of the Daล›ฤ lord from various reference points in the horoscope. Yogas โ€“ planetary combinations In Hindu astronomy, yoga (Sanskrit: , 'union') is a combination of planets placed in a specific relationship to each other. Rฤja yogas are perceived as givers of fame, status and authority, and are typically formed by the association of the Lord of Keแน…dras ('quadrants'), when reckoned from the Lagna ('ascendant'), and the Lords of the Trikona ('trines', 120 degreesโ€”first, fifth and ninth houses). The Rฤja yogas are culminations of the blessings of Viแนฃแน‡u and Lakแนฃmฤซ. Some planets, such as Mars for Leo Lagna, do not need another graha (or Navagraha, 'planet') to create Rฤjayoga, but are capable of giving Rฤjayoga by themselves due to their own lordship of the 4th Bhฤva ('astrological house') and the 9th Bhฤva from the Lagna, the two being a Keแน…dra ('angular house'โ€”first, fourth, seventh and tenth houses) and Trikona Bhฤva respectively. Dhana Yogas are formed by the association of wealth-giving planets such as the Dhaneล›a or the 2nd Lord and the Lฤbheล›a or the 11th Lord from the Lagna. Dhana Yogas are also formed due to the auspicious placement of the Dฤrฤpada (from dara, 'spouse' and pada, 'foot'โ€”one of the four divisionsโ€”3 degrees and 20 minutesโ€”of a Nakshatra in the 7th house), when reckoned from the ฤ€rลซแธha Lagna (AL). The combination of the Lagneล›a and the Bhฤgyeล›a also leads to wealth through the Lakแนฃmฤซ Yoga. Sanyฤsa Yogas are formed due to the placement of four or more grahas, excluding the Sun, in a Keแน…dra Bhฤva from the Lagna. There are some overarching yogas in Jyotiแนฃa such as Amฤvasyฤ Doแนฃa, Kฤla Sarpa Yoga-Kฤla Amแน›ta Yoga and Graha Mฤlika Yoga that can take precedence over Yamaha yogar planetary placements in the horoscope. Bhฤvas โ€“ houses The Hindu Jฤtaka or Janam Kundali or birth chart, is the Bhฤva Chakra (Sanskrit: 'division' 'wheel'), the complete 360ยฐ circle of life, divided into houses, and represents a way of enacting the influences in the wheel. Each house has associated kฤraka (Sanskrit: 'significator') planets that can alter the interpretation of a particular house. Each Bhฤva spans an arc of 30ยฐ with twelve Bhฤvas in any chart of the horoscope. These are a crucial part of any horoscopic study since the Bhฤvas, understood as 'state of being', personalize the Rฤล›is/ Rashis to the native and each Rฤล›i/ Rashi apart from indicating its true nature reveals its impact on the person based on the Bhฤva occupied. The best way to study the various facets of Jyotiแนฃa is to see their role in chart evaluation of actual persons and how these are construed. Dแน›iแนฃแนญis Drishti (Sanskrit: , 'sight') is an aspect to an entire house. Grahas cast only forward aspects, with the furthest aspect being considered the strongest. For example, Jupiter aspects the 5th, 7th and 9th house from its position, Mars aspects the 4th, 7th, and 8th houses from its position, and its 8th house. The principle of Drishti (aspect) was devised on the basis of the aspect of an army of planets as deity and demon in a war field. Thus the Sun, a deity king with only one full aspect, is more powerful than the demon king Saturn, which has three full aspects. Aspects can be cast both by the planets (Graha Dแน›แนฃแนญi) and by the signs (Rฤล›i Dแน›แนฃแนญi). Planetary aspects are a function of desire, while sign aspects are a function of awareness and cognizance. There are some higher aspects of Graha Dแน›แนฃแนญi (planetary aspects) that are not limited to the Viล›eแนฃa Dแน›แนฃแนญi or the special aspects. Rฤล›i Dแน›แนฃแนญi works based on the following formulaic structure: all movable signs aspect fixed signs except the one adjacent, and all dual and mutable signs aspect each other without exception. See also References Bibliography Further reading Burgess, Ebenezer (1866). "On the Origin of the Lunar Division of the Zodiac represented in the Nakshatra System of the Hindus". Journal of the American Oriental Society. Chandra, Satish (2002). "Religion and State in India and Search for Rationality". Social Scientist Jain, Sanat K. "Astrology a science or myth", New Delhi, Atlasntic Publishers 2005 - highlighting how every principle like sign lord, aspect, friendship-enmity, exalted-debilitated, Mool trikon, dasha, Rahu-Ketu, etc. were framed on the basis of the ancient concept that Sun is nearer than the Moon from the Earth, etc. Pingree, David (1963). "Astronomy and Astrology in India and Iran". Isis โ€“ Journal of The History of Science Society. pp.ย 229โ€“246. Pingree, David (1981). in J. Gonda (ed.) A History of Indian Literature. Vol VI. Fasc 4. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Pingree, David and Gilbert, Robert (2008). "Astrology; Astrology In India; Astrology in modern times". Encyclopรฆdia Britannica. online ed. Plofker, Kim. (2008). "South Asian mathematics; The role of astronomy and astrology". Encyclopรฆdia Britannica, online ed. Whitney, William D. (1866). "On the Views of Biot and Weber Respecting the Relations of the Hindu and Chinese Systems of Asterisms", Journal of the American Oriental Society Popular treatments Frawley, David (2000). Astrology of the Seers: A Guide to Vedic (Hindu) Astrology. Twin Lakes Wisconsin: Lotus Press. Frawley, David (2005). Ayurvedic Astrology: Self-Healing Through the Stars. Twin Lakes Wisconsin: Lotus Press. Sutton, Komilla (1999). The Essentials of Vedic Astrology. The Wessex Astrologer, Ltd.: Great Britain. External links Astrology Hindu astronomy Superstitions of India Vedangas
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๋ฅด๋…ธ FT-17
๋ฅด๋…ธ FT-17๋Š” ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ๋•Œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ, ๋‹น์‹œ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. FT๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์ „์‹์˜ ํฌํƒ‘์„ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฆฌํ‹€์œŒ๋ฆฌ(Little Willie)๋„ ํšŒ์ „์‹์˜ ํฌํƒ‘์„ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ–ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋Š” ์ฑ„์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฅด๋…ธFT์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ: ์•ž๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ํฌํƒ‘, ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์—”์ง„, ๋Œ์ถœํ•œ ๋ฌดํ•œ๊ถค๋„๋Š” 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์ฐจ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ ์œ ์‚ฐ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ "์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ ์ „์ฐจ"๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1916๋…„ 5์›” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์™€ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ œ์กฐํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ฅด๋…ธ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์ด ๋ฅด๋…ธ(Louis Renault) ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ „์ฐจ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๋งŒํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋„์— ๋ฃจ๋Œํ”„ ์–ธ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋งˆ์ด์–ด(Rodolphe Ernst-Metzmaier)๋ผ๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๋งก๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋ฅด๋…ธ์‚ฌ(็คพ๏ผ‰์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋‘ ํƒฑํฌ, ์Šˆ๋‚˜์ด๋” CA1(Schneider CA1: 1916๋…„), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒน ์ƒค๋ชฝ(Saint-Chamond: 1917๋…„)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ „์ฐจ๋ถ€์˜ ์žฅ ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ ์œ ์ง„ ์—์Šคํ‹ฐ์—ฅ(Jean Baptiste Eugรจne Estienne) ๋Œ€๋ น์„ ์„ค๋“์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘, ์†œ ์ „ํˆฌ (Battle of Somme: 1916๋…„ 9์›” 15์ผ)์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์ „์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ž, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ตฐ์€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์†Œํ˜•์ „์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜•์ „์ฐจ(ํ›—๋‚  Char 2C)๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ณ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „์ฐจ๋ถ€์˜ ์—์Šคํ‹ฐ์—ฅ ๋Œ€๋ น์˜ ์„ค๋“์œผ๋กœ ๋ฅด๋…ธ์˜ ์†Œํ˜• ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์Ÿ ๋ง๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ˜•์ „์ฐจ Char 2C์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ž‘๊ธฐ๋Š” 1917๋…„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‚˜, ๋ผ๋””์—์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํŒฌ ๋ฒจํŠธ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 1917๋…„์—๋Š” 84๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๋‚˜, 1918๋…„ ์ข…์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” 2697๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 3177๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ๋Š” 4000๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜๋ฌผ์ž ๊ธฐ๋ก์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ตฐ์— ์กฐ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด 3177๋Œ€์ด๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด 514๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, 24๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ดํƒœ๋ฆฌ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์–ด, ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ 3,694๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌํƒ‘ ์ฒ˜์Œ์˜ 150๊ธฐ๋Š” ์›ํ˜• ์ฃผ์กฐ ํฌํƒ‘์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ›ˆ๋ จ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์šฉ์ด ํ•œ๋Œ€ ๋ณด๋น™ํ†ค ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ๋ณด๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํฌํƒ‘๋„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋Š” ์ฑ„์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฑ„์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ์—ฃ(Berliet)์˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐํ˜• ํฌํƒ‘์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒณ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ˜ธ์น˜ํ‚ค์Šค(Hotchkiss) M1914, 8mm๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์ด๋‚˜ ํ”„ํ†  SA 37mm(Puteaux SA)ํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ธฐํ˜•์—๋Š” ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ์ฃผ์กฐ์™€ ์šฉ์ ‘ ์œตํ•ฉํฌํƒ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌํƒ‘์€ ๋ณผ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ง ์œ„์—์„œ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํšŒ์ „์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์–ด๋Š ๊ฐ๋„์—์„œ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ณ ์ •๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌํƒ‘์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ Girod of Ugine์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณต์žฅ์— ์กฐ๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณต์žฅ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ •๋„์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฅด๋…ธ์˜ ๊ณต์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ทผ๊ต์˜ Boulogne-Billancourt์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์˜ 3530๋Œ€ ์ค‘, ๋ฅด๋…ธ์—์„œ 1820๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด 52%๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ์—(Berliet)๊ฐ€ 800๋Œ€๋กœ 23% ์กฐ๋‹ฌ, ์†Œ๋ฎค์•„(SOMUA) (a subsidiary of Schneider & Cie)๊ฐ€ 600๋Œ€๋กœ 17%, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋”œ๋ผ๋‹ˆ ๋ฒจ๋ทฐ Delaunay-Belleville๊ฐ€ 280๋Œ€๋กœ 8%๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฃจ์ด ๋ฅด๋…ธ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์ด 7820๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ 1918๋…„์—๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํฌํƒ‘์€ ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์—๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ „์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฅด๋…ธFT๋Š” 1918๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตฐ๋„ 1์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „ ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ 33์„ธ์˜€๋˜ ์กฐ์ง€ ํŒจํŠผ ์†Œ๋ น์€ ๋ฅด๋…ธ FT๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฐจ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์šด์ „๊ณผ ์ •๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. FTํƒฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1918๋…„ 5์›” 31์ผ ๋งŒ(Marne)์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์Ž„์†ก(Soissons)๊ณผ ๋นŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅด ์ฝ”ํ…Œ๋ ˆ(Villers-Cottererts)์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ Ploisy-Chazelle ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ FT์ „์ฐจ๋Š” ์Šˆ๋‚˜์ด๋” CA1(Schneider CA1)๊ณผ ์ƒน์‚ฌ๋ชฝ(Saint Chamond) ํƒฑํฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „ ๋ง๊ธฐ, ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋™์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด FTํƒฑํฌ๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์ด๋‚˜ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ „์„ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šด๋ฐ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—์Šคํ‹ฐ์—ฅ ๋Œ€๋ น์€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์†Œํ˜•์ „์ฐจ๋กœ ์ ๊ตฐ์„ ๋ชฐ์•„์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ๊ณ , ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์€ 1917๋…„ ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ผ์ „ํฌ, ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ณ‘๊ธฐ, ํƒฑํฌ๋“  ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์•™๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์›Œ, ๋ฅด๋…ธ FTํƒฑํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณ„ํš์€ 12,260๋Œ€(๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์šฉ 4,440๋Œ€ ํฌํ•จ)์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ์ข…์ „ ํ›„, ๋ฅด๋…ธ FT์™€ ํด๋ž€๋“œ, ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ, ์—์Šคํ† ๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋ฆฌํŠœ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋กœ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„, ์œ ๊ณ ์Šฌ๋ผ๋น„์•„, ์ฒด์ฝ”์Šฌ๋กœ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์•„, ์Šค์œ„์Šค, ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—, ๋„ค๋ธ๋ž€๋“œ, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ, ํ„ฐํ‚ค, ์ด๋ž€, ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋Œ€๊ตญ๋“ค๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ „์ฐจ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๊ณ , ์‹ค์ „์—์„œ๋„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋‚ด๋ž€, ํด๋ž€๋“œ-์†Œ๋ จ ์ „์Ÿ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด๋ž€, Rif์ „, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋‚ด๋ž€, ์—์Šคํ† ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ „๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ์‹์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ํด๋ž€๋“œ, ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ, ์œ ๊ณ ์Šฌ๋ผ๋น„์•„ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์˜€๊ณ , 1940๋…„ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์นจ๊ณต ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ตฐ์—๋Š” 8๊ฐœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 63๋Œ€์˜ FTํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , 3๊ฐœ ์ „์ฐจ ์†Œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 10๋Œ€์”ฉ ์žฅ๋น„๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด 534๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์นจ๊ณต๋‹น์‹œ ์‹ค์ „ํˆฌ์ž…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ํƒ‘์žฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋นˆ์•ฝํ•œ 2ํ˜ธ ์ „์ฐจ์™€๋„ ๋งž์„ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ „ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ์‹์ด๋ผ, 115๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์„œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ˆ˜๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๊ณ , ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์˜ ์นจ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์ „์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰ํžˆ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง„ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ 575๋Œ€์˜ FTํƒฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›—๋‚  ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์€ ๋…ธํšํ•œ 1,704๋Œ€์˜ FT์ „์ฐจ ์ค‘, 100๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ˆ˜๋น„๋Œ€๋กœ, 650๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋ถ€๋Œ€, ํ˜น์€ ํ•ญ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ›„๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” 1944๋…„ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์ด์ „์— ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์ „์—๋„ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. FT๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ „์ฐจ์˜ ์„ ์กฐ๋กœ์„œ FT Kรฉgresse, NC1, NC2, Char D1๊ณผ Char D2๋ฅผ ํ›„์†์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒœ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ฃผ๋ ฅ์ „์ฐจ๋กœ ํ”ผ์•„ํŠธ 3000์„ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ FT์˜ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ จ์€ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ๋ฅด๋…ธ 14๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋…ธํšํ•ด์„œ ํฌ๋ผ์Šค๋…ธ์— ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ 1920๋…„์— ๋ณต๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ , 15๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์„ 1920-1922๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์‹ค์ „์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฅด๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ จ์— ๋ผ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ 1928-1931๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์†Œ๋ จ์—์„œ ์ž์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ T-18ํƒฑํฌ์— ๋ฅด๋…ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ FTํƒฑํฌ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„, ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์ฒด์ฝ”์Šฌ๋กœ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์•„, ์—์Šคํ† ๋‹ˆ์•„, ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ๋…์ผ, ์ด๋ž€, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ฆฌํŠœ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋„ค๋ธ๋ž€๋“œ, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€, ํด๋ž€๋‹ค, ๋กœ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ฐฑ๊ตฐ, ์†Œ๋ จ, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ, ์Šค์›จ๋ด, ์Šค์œ„์Šค, ํ„ฐํ‚ค, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด, ์˜๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์œ ๊ณ ์Šฌ๋ผ๋น„์•„ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ช… FT๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทผ์›์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. FT๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด๋กœ faible tonnage (์ ์€ ํ†ค์ˆ˜) or franchisseur de tranchรฉes (์ฐธํ˜ธ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , FT17์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ๋„ ๊ณต์‹๋ช…์นญ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฅด๋…ธ ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ ๋‘์ž์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๋ถ™์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฅด๋…ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‘์ž๊ฐ€ FT์˜€์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ๋ช…์นญ์€ automitrailleuse ร  chenilles Renault FT modรจle 1917์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋œป์€ "๋ฌดํ•œ๊ถค๋„ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ, ๋ฅด๋…ธ FT๋ชจ๋ธ 1917"์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฅด๋…ธ์—์„œ๋Š” FT๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค." "FT 17" ํ˜น์€ "FT-17"์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„, 1917๋…„์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋”ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ํƒฑํฌ๋„ M1917๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜์–ด๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ FT17๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๊ณ , 1917๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ๋Š” FT๋กœ ๋ฐ–์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค., ๊ฐ„ํ˜น 37mmํฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ๋ฅด๋…ธFT๋ฅผ FT18์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ํƒ‘์žฌ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„์— ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ถ”์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฅด๋…ธ์—์„œ๋Š” 1917๋…„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ 1918๋…„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ํƒ‘์žฌ๊ธฐ์™€ 37mmํฌ ํƒ‘์žฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ํƒฑํฌ (char mitrailleuse)์™€ ์บ๋…ผํƒฑํฌ(char canon)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ–์— ๋ถ„๊ฐ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์šฐ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—”์ง„์€ 18๋งˆ๋ ฅ ์—”์ง„์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—”์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—”์ง„์œผ๋กœ FT17๊ณผ FT18์„ ๋ถ„๊ฐ„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ FTํƒฑํฌ์— ๋ชจ๋ธ 1931๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ FT31์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , 1์ฐจ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ 75mmํฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฅด๋…ธ75BS, ๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ํƒฑํฌ๋Š” ๋ฅด๋…ธTSF (radio tank)๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ƒํ˜• Char canon: 37ย mm Puteaux SA18 ํฌ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๊ธฐ - ์ „ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 3/5๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” 1/3 ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ 37mm ํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋จ. Char mitrailleuse: 8ย mm ํ˜ธ์น˜ํ‚ค์Šค M1914 ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๊ธฐ -์•ฝ 2/5๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” 3/5 ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋จ. FT 75 BS: ์ž์ฃผํฌ ๋ฒ„์ „. Blockhaus Schneider 75mm ํฌ ์žฅ์ฐฉ - 39๋Œ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ. Char signal or TSF: "TSF"๋Š” tรฉlรฉgraphie sans fil ( "๋ฌด์„ " )์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€๊ธฐ๋กœ, 3๋ช…์˜ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. 300๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 188๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋จ. FT modifiรฉ 31: 7.5ย mm Reibel ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ํƒ‘์žฌ. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ 1931๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” 1580๋Œ€์˜ FT ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋จ. ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ FT31๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํƒฑํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฅดํ†  R35ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. FT-Ko: 1919๋…„์— 13๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 37ย mm Puteaux SA18ํฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋งŒ์ฃผ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. 6ํ†ค M1917 ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ณต์ œ์ƒ์‚ฐ 950๋Œ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ. 374๋Œ€๋Š” ํฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , 50๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ํƒฑํฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ 236๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Russkiy Reno: ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ฅด๋…ธ: ์†Œ๋ จ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ ํƒฑํฌ๋กœ์„œ, ํ›—๋‚  T34ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” Krasnoye Sormovo๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ. Renault FT CWS: the Renault FT CWS or Zelazny ("mild steel") ์—ฐ์งˆ์˜ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋งŒ ์“ฐ์˜€๋˜ ํด๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ํƒฑํฌ. (ํด๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์‹ค์ „์šฉ ํƒฑํฌ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ). ํ›ˆ๋ จ์šฉ๋„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ œ ์—”์ง„๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ฐจ์ฒด์™€ ํฌํƒ‘๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋‹ค. 27 CWS FTํƒฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Renault M26/27: FTํƒฑํฌ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜, ๊ณ ๋ฌด๊ถค๋„ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ: ์œ ๊ณ ์Šฌ๋ผ๋น„์•„์—์„œ ์“ฐ์˜€๊ณ , ํด๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ๋„ 5๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. T-18 ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ, ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜๋“ฑ FT์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋‹ฎ์€ ํƒฑํฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์•„ํŠธ 3000 ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ Polish gas tank 1926๋…„ 7์›” 5์ผ ํฌํƒ‘๋Œ€์‹  ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šค ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ง‰์šฉ/ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐ€์Šค์ „์šฉ FTํƒฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ํด๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ FT๊ฐœ์กฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” FT-17 ์•ฝ 41๋Œ€์˜ FT๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. 20๋Œ€์˜ 6ํ†ค ํƒฑํฌ์™€, ๋‘๋Œ€์˜ ์†Œ๋ จํ˜• Russkiy Reno๊ณผ and 3๋Œ€์˜ FT TSF ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ํƒฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. Musรฉe des Blindรฉs, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์†Œ๋ฎค๋ฅด (Saumur, France). FT 3๋Œ€ ์†Œ์žฅ, ๋‘๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒจํŠผ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์„ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์†ก. 2003๋…„ ์ด์ „์— ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋˜ 4๋Œ€ ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํฌํŠธ ๋…น์Šค(Fort Knox)์˜ ํŒจํŠผ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€, 4๋Œ€์งธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์นด๋ถˆ ์†Œ์žฅ. ์†Œ๋ฎค๋ฅด ํƒฑํฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—๋„ FT TSF๋ผ๋””์˜ค ํƒฑํฌ 1๋Œ€ ์†Œ์žฅ ์ค‘. ๊ถค๋„๋“ฑ์ด ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ์ •์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. Musรฉe de l'Armรฉe, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ Paris, France. One FT. Glade of the Armistice, near Compiรจgne, France. One FT. Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‰ด์š•์ฃผ์˜ ๋ผ์ธ๋ฒก (Rhinebeck, NY). ๊ฐ€๋™ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ 6ton ํƒฑํฌ. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ชฌํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์ค„๋ผ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์†Œ์žฅ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ œ FT1๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ 1์ฐจ๋Œ€์ „ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ํŒ”๋ ธ๋‹ค. Bovington Tank Museum, ์˜๊ตญ ๋ณด๋น™ํ„ด ์ „์ฐจ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ United Kingdom. One FT, ์—ฐ์งˆ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์šฉ FT. Museu Militar Conde de Linhares ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฐ์ž๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One FT. Ropkey Armor Museum, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธ๋””์•„๋‚˜ ํฌ๋ผํฌ์ฆˆ๋นŒ (Crawfordsville, Indiana) A Six-Ton Model 1917. Patton Museum ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒจํŠผ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€. 2003๋…„ FTํƒฑํฌ ๋‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„ ์นด๋ถˆ์—์„œ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ ์†Œ๋ น์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ , ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ—ˆ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ 2๋Œ€๋Š” ํŒจํŠผ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ณ ์ณ์ ธ์„œ ์ „์‹œ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ํŒจํŠผ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ํ•œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. Louisiana State Military Museum at Jackson Barracks, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์•„๋‚˜์ฃผ ๋‰ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ์ฆˆ (New Orleans, Louisiana). 2005๋…„ ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด ์ „์‹œ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. Royal Military Museum,๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์— Belgium. One FT is on permanent display. The National World War I Museum, located at Liberty Memorial, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ, ์บ”์ž์Šค ์‹œํ‹ฐ์— ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์˜ ํญ๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํŒŒ์†๋œ FTํƒฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œ์ค‘. Musรฉe de l'armรฉe Suisse, Burgdorf, Switzerland. ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋ฒŒ๊ทธ๋Œํ”„์— ์Šค์œ„์Šค๋กœ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ 1922๋…„์— ๋„์ž…๋œ ํƒฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. National Military Museum (Romania), ๋กœ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ถ€์นด๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ Bucharest, Romania. An FT, in permanent outdoor display. Military Museum (Belgrade), ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„, ๋ฒจ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ Belgrade, Serbia. An FT, in permanent outdoor display. Parola Tank Museum, ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ํŒŒ๋กค๋ผ Parola, Finland. FT ํ•œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์ „์‹œ ํ•œ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ „์‹œ์ค‘. ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ 2๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 2011๋…„ ์˜ํ™” "Battle Of Warsaw 1920"์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ์นผ๋ผ์ผ (Carlisle, PA) 2012๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์‹œ์ค‘. The US First Infantry Division museum at Cantigny in ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด์ฃผ์˜ ์›Œ๋ Œ๋นŒ (Warrenville, IL)์— M1917 ํ•œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์‹œ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์นด๋ถˆ์— ์ง“๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉด, FT ํ•œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ „์‹œํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์˜คํƒ€์™€์—์„œ 2012๋…„ 8์›” M1917 ์ด ์ „์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ Notes Citations ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Zaloga, Steven J., James Grandsen (1984). Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two, London: Arms and Armour Press. . SNL G012 Canadian Renault 20 tanks Canadian tanks Canadian main battle tanks Zaloga,Steven J., (2010) "French Tanks of World War 1 " , Osprey Publishing, . Covers the Renault FT extensively. Jurkiewiecz,Bruno, (2008) Les Chars Francais au Combat,(over 150 llustrations)ECPAD/YSEC,BP 405 27405 Louviers Cedex France. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ YouTube video clip Musรฉe des blindรฉs de Saumur American six-ton tank M1917 โ€“ Walk around photos American six-ton tank M1917(Fort Knox) โ€“ Walk around photos French Renault FT tank โ€“ Walk around photos Description and pictures at WWII Vehicles Chars-francais.net FT in Japanese service Canada's M1917 Tanks, 1940 FT tanks in Czechoslovak Army ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ „์ฐจ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋ชฉ๋ก 1917๋…„ ๋„์ž… ๋ฅด๋…ธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ข…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault%20FT
Renault FT
The Renault FT (frequently referred to in post-World War I literature as the FT-17, FT17, or similar) was a French light tank that was among the most revolutionary and influential tank designs in history. The FT was the first production tank to have its armament within a fully rotating turret. The Renault FT's configuration (crew compartment at the front, engine compartment at the back, and main armament in a revolving turret) became and remains the standard tank layout. Consequently, some armoured warfare historians have called the Renault FT the world's first modern tank. Over 3,000 Renault FT tanks were manufactured by French industry, most of them in 1918. After World War I, FT tanks were exported in large numbers. Copies and derivative designs were manufactured in the United States (M1917 light tank), in Italy (Fiat 3000) and in the Soviet Union (T-18 tank). The Renault FT saw combat during the interwar conflicts around the world, but was considered obsolete at the outbreak of World War II. Development The FT was designed and produced by the Sociรฉtรฉ des Automobiles Renault (Renault Automobile Company), one of France's major manufacturers of motor vehicles then and now. It is thought possible that Louis Renault began working on the idea as early as 21 December 1915, after a visit from Colonel J. B. E. Estienne. Estienne had drawn up plans for a tracked armoured vehicle based on the Holt caterpillar tractor, and, with permission from General Joffre, approached Renault as a possible manufacturer. Renault declined, saying that his company was operating at full capacity producing war materiel and that he had no experience of tracked vehicles. Estienne later discovered that the Schneider company, were working on a tracked armoured vehicle, which became France's first operational tank, the Schneider CA. At a later, chance meeting with Renault on 16 July 1916, Estienne asked him to reconsider, which he did. The speed with which the project then progressed to the mock-up stage has led to the theory that Renault had been working on the idea for some time. Louis Renault himself conceived the new tank's overall design and set its basic specifications. He imposed a realistic limit to the FT's projected weight, which could not exceed 7 tons. Louis Renault was unconvinced that a sufficient power-to-weight ratio could be achieved with the production engines available at the time to give sufficient mobility to the heavy tank types requested by the military. Renault's most talented industrial designer, Rodolphe Ernst-Metzmaier, generated the FT's detailed execution plans. Charles-Edmond Serre, a long time associate of Louis Renault, organized and supervised the new tank's mass production. The FT's tracks were kept automatically under tension to prevent derailments, while a rounded tail piece facilitated the crossing of trenches. Because the engine had been designed to function normally under any slant, very steep slopes could be negotiated by the Renault FT without loss of power. Effective internal ventilation was provided by the engine's radiator fan, which drew its air through the front crew compartment of the tank and forced it out through the rear engine's compartment. Renault's design was technically far more advanced than the other two French tanks at the time, namely the Schneider CA1 (1916) and the heavy Saint-Chamond (1917). Nevertheless, Renault encountered some early difficulties in getting his proposal fully supported by Estienne. After the first British use of heavy tanks on 15 September 1916 during the Battle of the Somme, the French military still pondered whether a large number of light tanks would be preferable to a smaller number of superheavy tanks (the later Char 2C). On 27 November 1916, Estienne had sent to the French Commander in Chief a personal memorandum proposing the immediate adoption and mass manufacture of a light tank based on the specifications of the Renault prototype. After receiving two large government orders for the FT tank, one in April 1917 and the other in June 1917, Renault was at last able to proceed. His design remained in competition with the superheavy Char 2C until the end of the war. The prototype was refined during the second half of 1917, but the Renault FT remained plagued by radiator fan belt problems throughout the war. Only 84 were produced in 1917, but 2,697 were delivered to the French army before the Armistice. Naming Although it has sometimes been stated that the letters FT stand for the French terms faible tonnage (low tonnage), faible taille (small size), franchisseur de tranchรฉes (trench crosser), or force terrestre (land force), none of these names are correct. Neither was it named the FT 17 or FT-17; nor was there an FT18. The name is derived from the two-letter production code that all new Renault projects were given for internal use: the one available was 'FT'. The prototype was at first referred to as the automitrailleuse ร  chenilles Renault FT modรจle 1917. Automitrailleuse ร  chenilles means "armoured car [lit: motorized machine gun] with tracks." By this stage of the war, automitrailleuse was the standard word for an armoured car, but by the time the FT was designed there were two other types of French tank in existence and the term char d'assaut (from the French char - a cart or wagon, and assaut; attack or assault), soon shortened to char, had at the insistence of Colonel Estienne, already been adopted by the French and was in common use. Once orders for the vehicle had been secured it was the practice at Renault to refer to it as the "FT". The vehicle was originally intended to carry a machine-gun, and was therefore described as a char mitrailleur - mitrailleur (from mitraille; grapeshot) had by this time come to mean "machine-gunner". Many sources, predominantly English language accounts, refer to the FT as the "FT 17" or "FT-17." This term is not contemporary, and appears to have arisen post World War One. In Estienne's biography, his granddaughter states, "It is also referred to as the FT 17: the number 17 was added after the war in history books, since it was always referred to at Renault as the FT." Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Malmassari (French tank officer and Doctor of History) states, "The Renault tank never carried the name FT 17 during the First World War, although the initials F.T. seem to appear in August 1917." Some confusion might also have been caused by the fact that the American version of the vehicle, produced in the US under licence from Renault, was designated the M1917. When it was decided to equip the FTs with either cannon or machine-guns, the cannon version was designated char canon (cannon tank) and the latter, in accordance with French grammar, renamed char mitrailleuse (machine-gun tank). It is frequently claimed that some of these tanks were designated FT 18. Reasons given for the claim include: it distinguished tanks produced in 1918 from those of 1917; it was applied to FTs armed with cannon as opposed to those with machine-guns; it distinguished FTs with a cast, rounded turret from those with a hexagonal one; it referred to the 18 horsepower engine; it indicated a version to which various modifications had been made. Renault records make no distinction between 1917 and 1918 output; the decision to arm FTs with a 37mm gun was made in April 1917, before any tanks had been manufactured; because of various production difficulties and design requirements, a range of turret types were produced by several manufacturers, but they were all fitted to the basic FT body without any distinguishing reference; all FTs had the same model 18ย hp engine. The Renault manual of April 1918 is entitled RENAULT CHAR D'ASSAUT 18 HP, and the illustrations are of the machine-gun version. The official designation was not changed until the 1930s, when the FT was fitted with a 1931 Reibel machine gun and renamed the FT modifiรฉ 31. By this time, the French Army was equipped with several other Renault models and it had become necessary to distinguish between the various types. Production France About half of all FTs were manufactured in Renault's factory at Boulogne-Billancourt near Paris, with the remainder subcontracted to other companies. Of the original order for 3,530, Renault accounted for 1,850 (52%), Berliet 800 (23%), SOMUA (a subsidiary of Schneider & Cie) 600 (17%), and Delaunay-Belleville 280 (8%). When the order was increased to 7,820 in 1918, production was distributed in roughly the same proportion. Louis Renault agreed to waive royalties for all French manufacturers of the FT. United States When the US entered the war in April 1917, its army was short of heavy materiel, and had no tanks at all. Because of the wartime demands on French industry, it was decided that the quickest way to supply the American forces with sufficient armour was to manufacture the FT in the US. A requirement of 4,400 of a modified version, the M1917, was decided on, with delivery expected to begin in April, 1918. By June 1918, US manufacturers had failed to produce any, and delivery dates were put back until September. France therefore agreed to lend 144 FTs, enough to equip two battalions. No M1917s reached the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) until the war was over. Turret The first turret designed for the FT was a circular, cast steel version almost identical to that of the prototype. It was designed to carry a Hotchkiss 8mm machine gun. In April 1917 Estienne decided for tactical reasons that some vehicles should be capable of carrying a small cannon. The 37mm Puteaux gun was chosen, and attempts were made to produce a cast steel turret capable of accommodating it, but they were unsuccessful. The first 150 FTs were for training only, and made of non-hardened steel plus the first model of turret. Meanwhile, the Berliet Company had produced a new design, a polygonal turret of riveted plate, which was simpler to produce than the early cast steel turret. It was given the name "omnibus", since it could easily be adapted to mount either the Hotchkiss machine gun or the Puteaux 37mm with its telescopic sight. This turret was fitted to production models in large numbers. In 1918 Forges et aciรฉries Paul Girod produced a successful circular turret which was mostly cast with some rolled parts. The Girod turret was also an "omnibus" design. Girod supplied it to all the companies producing the FT, and in the later stages of the war it became more commonplace than the Berliet turret. The turret sat on a circular ball-bearing race, and could easily be rotated by the gunner/commander or be locked in position with a handbrake. Service history World War I The Renault FT was widely used by French forces in 1918 and by the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Western Front in the later stages of World War I. Its battlefield debut occurred on 31 May 1918, east of the Forest of Retz, east of Chaudun, between Ploisy and Chazelles, during the Third Battle of the Aisne. This engagement, with 30 tanks, successfully broke up a German advance, but in the absence of infantry support, the vehicles later withdrew. From then on, gradually increasing numbers of FTs were deployed, together with smaller numbers of the older Schneider CA1 and Saint-Chamond tanks. As the war had become a war of movement during mid-1918, during the Hundred Days Offensive, the lighter FTs were often transported on heavy trucks and special trailers rather than by rail on flat cars. Estienne had initially proposed to overwhelm the enemy defences using a "swarm" of light tanks, a tactic that was eventually successfully implemented. Beginning in late 1917, the Entente allies were attempting to outproduce the Central Powers in all respects, including artillery, tanks, and chemical weapons. Consequently, a goal was set of manufacturing 12,260 FT tanks (7,820 in France and 4,440 in the United States) before the end of 1919. It played a leading role in the offensives of 1918, when it received the popular name of "Victory Tank". The British Army used 24 FTs for command and liaison duties, usually with the gun removed. Italy received 3 FTs in June 1918, but they did not see action and no other tanks were received until the end of the war. Interwar period After the end of World War I, Renault FTs were exported to many countries (Belgium, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland, Iran, Japan, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, and Yugoslavia). Renault FT tanks were used by most nations having armoured forces, generally as their prominent tank type. They were used in anti-Soviet conflicts such as the Russian Civil War and Polish-Soviet War. On 5 February 1920 Estonia purchased nine vehicles from France. French tanks deployed in Vladivostok were given to the Chinese Fengtian Army of Zhang Zuolin in 1919. 14 more Renaults were bought in 1924 and 1925. These tanks saw action to protect the border from the Soviets in the 1920s and against the warlord Wu Peifu in 1926. After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, nearly all were handed over to the Manchukuo Imperial Army. Renault tanks were also used in colonial conflicts, for instance crushing a revolt in Italian Libya in 1919. The French Army sent a company of FT tanks to Syria during the Great Druze Revolt. In Brazil, the FT tanks were used by the Old Republic to crush various revolts between 1924 and 1927 and by Vargas forces against the Constitutionalist Revolution. During the Rif War, after the Annual disaster, the Spanish Army ordered 10 FT armed with Hotchkiss machine guns and 1 char TSF to supplement a first Renault bought in 1919. These tanks formed a company deployed from 1921. After a first failure, they proved to be very effective and six more were delivered in 1925. The Spanish FT were the first tanks in history to take part in an amphibious assault, the Alhucemas landing. The French Army deployed two battalions of FT during the war, including one company of tanks with Kรฉgresse tracks. After the end of the war, the French tanks remained in North Africa to finish the "pacification" of Morocco in the Atlas Mountains. When the Spanish Civil War broke, half of the Renault crews remained loyal to the Spanish Republic while the others joined the rebels. France later sent 32 FTs to the Republicans; the number of FTs sold to the Republicans by Poland is unclear; estimates vary between 16 and 94. World War II and after Renault FT tanks were also fielded in limited numbers during World War II, in Poland, Finland, France, Greece, Romania and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, although they were already obsolete. In May 1940, the French Army still had seven front-line battalions, each equipped with 63 FTs, one under-strength battalion as well as three independent companies, each with 10, for a total organic strength of 504. 105 more were in service in the colonies of Morocco and Algeria and 58 in French Levant, Madagascar and Indochina. Some FT tanks had also been buried within the ground and encased in concrete to supplement the Maginot Line. The fact that several units used the Renault FT gave rise to the popular myth that the French had no modern equipment at all; actually, they had as many modern tanks as the Germans; however, the majority had one-man turrets and were less efficient than German tanks such as the Panzer III and IV. The French suffered from strategic and tactical weaknesses rather than from equipment deficiencies, although many of the French tanks were also markedly slow (unlike the German tanks of the time). When the best French units were cut off by the German drive to the English Channel, around 390 FTs, previously used for training or stored in depots, joined the 184 to 192 FTs in service with internal security units. The Wehrmacht captured 1,704 FTs. They used about 100 for airfield defence and about 650 for patrolling occupied Europe. Some were used by the Germans in 1944 for street-fighting in Paris, but by this time they were hopelessly out of date. Vichy France used Renault FTs against Allied invasion forces during Operation Torch in Morocco and Algeria. The French tanks were no match for the newly arrived American M4 Sherman and M3 Stuart tanks. The last combat of the French Army FTs was during the Japanese invasion of French Indochina, when a section defended the Hue fortress. The last "combat" use may have been in the 1980s during the Sovietโ€“Afghan War, when some FTs were reportedly used as pillboxes or roadblocks. Derivatives The FT was the ancestor of a long line of French tanks: the FT Kรฉgresse, the NC1, the NC2, the Char D1, and the Char D2. The Italians produced the FIAT 3000, a moderately close copy of the FT, as their standard tank. The Soviet Red Army captured 14 burnt-out Renaults from White Russian forces and rebuilt them at the Krasnoye Sormovo Factory in 1920. Nearly 15 exact copies, called "Russki Renoe", were produced in 1920โ€“1922, but they were never used in battle because of many technical problems. In 1928โ€“1931, the first completely Soviet-designed tank was the T-18, a derivative of the Renault with sprung suspension. Operators (some tanks, four discovered by US forces in 2003) (54 tanks bought in 1919, used until 1934 in a tank regiment and then used by the Gendarmerie before being scrapped in 1938) (12 Carros de assalto, six with 37mm gun, five with 7mm Hotchkiss MGs and one TSF, bought in 1921, later joined by approximatively 28 others, in active service until 1938 and in training service until 1942) (~20 FTs, used by the Fengtian clique and then by the Northeastern Army) (12 former Yugoslav tanks used by the Ustaลกe Militia and 12 others by the Army against the partisans) (seven tanks, bought in 1921-1923 and used until 1933) (four FTs with gun and eight FT with machine guns, bought in 1924 and used until 1940) (34 tanks, used since 1919) Vichy France Captured tanks given by Nazi Germany. (captured) (captured) (some tanks received from France in 1924, actual delivery disputed) (13 tanks, some used alongside Renault NC1s in Manchuria in 1932) (seven FTs in 1919 and many more Fiat 3000s) (12 FTs with Maxim machine guns, bought in 1923) (ex-Chinese tanks from 1931, with some Japanese or French tanks later supplied) (one FT with Schwarzlose machine gun, used for trials) (one ex-American tank, used 1936-1940) (74-76 Renault FTs, including 40 tanks with 37mm guns, bought in 1919, used by the Regiment 1 Care de Lupta and during WW2 by an internal security battalion) Russian White movement (18 FTs delivered from France between 1919 and 1925 and 48 others delivered from France and Poland to the Spanish Republic) (one tank bought for trials in 1923) (two tanks bought in 1921 and three others in 1939 for training the infantry to the tanks) (one company of Renault FT, received from France in 1921 or 1928) (24 on loan in 1918, for command and reconnaissance. Returned after War.) Variants Char canon: an FT with a 37ย mm Puteaux SA18 short-barreled gun: about 3/5 of tanks ordered, about 1/3 of tanks actually produced Char mitrailleuse: an FT with an 8ย mm Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun: about 2/5 of tanks ordered, about 3/5 of tanks produced FT 75 BS: a self propelled gun with a short barreled Blockhaus Schneider 75mm gun: 40 were produced. Char signal or TSF: a command tank with a radio. "TSF" stands for tรฉlรฉgraphie sans fil ("wireless"). No armament, three-men crew, 300 ordered, 100 produced. FT modifiรฉ 31: upgraded tanks with 7.5ย mm Reibel machine gun. After trials from 1929 to 1931, this modification was made in 1933โ€“1934 on 1000 chars mitrailleurs still in French stocks. This version was sometimes referred to as the "FT 31", though this was not the official name. FT dรฉsarmรฉ : French char canon whose 37mm gun has been removed in the 1930s to arm modern tanks, and used for various purposes: Pont Bourguignon sur char FT: FT without turret carrying a light bridge, from an idea of General Louis Ferdinand Bourguignon. some were rearmed with an FM 24/29 light machine gun FT-Ko: Thirteen modified units imported by the Imperial Japanese Army in 1919, armed with either the 37mm SA18 cannon or machine guns; used in combat in the Manchurian Incident and subsequently for training M1917: US-built copy. 950 built, 374 of which were gun tanks and fifty of which were radio tanks. During World War II the Canadian Army purchased 236 redundant M1917s for training purposes. Russkiy Reno: the "Russian Renault", the first Soviet tank, produced at Krasnoye Sormovo. A close copy. 17 units were produced. Also known as "Tank M" or "KS tank". Renault FT CWS: the Renault FT CWS or Zelazny ("iron") tanks were built in Poland for use as training vehicles only (Polish combat tanks were French manufactured). These tanks used spare French engines and components. The hulls and turrets were manufactured to French specifications in all other respects. Around 27 CWS FT tanks were built. CWS is the abbreviation for Centralne Warsztaty Samochodowe (translated as "Central Workshops for Motor vehicles" or "Central Truck Workshop"), a plant in Warsaw which performed maintenance and depot level repair. Renault M26/27: a development of the FT with a different suspension and Kรฉgresse rubber tracks; a number were used in Yugoslavia and five in Poland. FIAT 3000: an Italian derivation. T-18: A Soviet derivation with sprung suspension and Fiat engines. Polish gas tank: A Polish modification built in the Wojskowy Instytut Gazowy ("Military Gas Institute") and tested on the Rembertรณw proving ground on 5 July 1926. Instead of a turret, the tank had twin gas cylinders. It was designed to create smoke screens, but could also be used for chemical attacks. Only one was produced. Renault FT AC: A December 1939 plan to convert France's obsolete FTs into tank destroyers. The tank never left the drawing board. It was designed to have a 47mm APX anti-tank gun instead of the turret. Surviving vehicles Approximately 41 FTs, two Russkiy Renos, and three FT TSF survive in various museums around the world. Twenty M1917s also survive. Europe: Musรฉe des Blindรฉs, Saumur, France. The museum owns three FTs, with two in running order. The inoperable one came from Afghanistan, and is in a static display. Two other tanks from Afghanistan were given to the Patton Museum of Cavalry & Armor at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Another one was given to Poland, where it has been renovated and is in running order. The Musรฉe des Blindรฉs also owns an FT TSF. Musรฉe de la Grande Guerre, Meaux, Seine-et-Marne, France. One FT canon. Musee de l'Armee, Paris, France. One FT Glade of the Armistice, near Compiรจgne, France. One FT Bovington Tank Museum, United Kingdom. One FT, an unarmoured training model prototype built in 1917. The Weald Foundation, U.K., has an FT and a TSF. Both restorations finished 2018. Royal Military Museum, Belgium. One FT is on permanent display. National Military Museum, Bucharest, Romania. An FT is on permanent outdoor display. Military Museum (Belgrade), Belgrade, Serbia. An FT is on permanent outdoor display. Parola Tank Museum, Parola, Finland. An FT is on display in the tank hall. Musรฉe de l'armรฉe Suisse, Burgdorf, Switzerland. An FT is displayed as the first tank of the Swiss Army, adopted in 1922. Museo de Medios Acorazados, El Goloso (Spain). An FT model 1917 under repair. Rogaland Krigshistoriske Museum, Stavanger, Norway () Polish Army Museum, Warsaw, Poland. Acquired from Afghanistan in 2012, renovated to running order. Overloon War Museum, Overloon, Netherlands has a Renault FT bearing German markings. This vehicle was captured in France and subsequently used by the German army to patrol and guard the Volkel airbase during World War II. Two full-scale, working replicas of Renault FTs were built from scratch by an enthusiast, the late Robert Tirczakowski for Jerzy Hoffman's 2011 film Battle of Warsaw 1920. Tellevik Coastal Fort, Norway. One FT. Wehrtechnische Studiensammlung Koblenz, Germany. One FT. Fort De Seclin, Near Lille, France. One FT. Ministรจre Des Armรฉes, Paris, France. One FT. MM Park, La Wantzenau, France. Two FT restoration projects. Fondation Automobile Marius Berliet, Le Montellier, France. One FT. General Military Academy, Zaragoza, Spain. One FT. Infantry Academy, Toledo, Spain. One FT. Ouvrage Hackenberg Maginot Line Fortress, Veckring, France. One FT TSF. Fort Du Zeiterholz, Entrange, France. One FT TSF. Asia: Patriot Park, Kubinka, Russia. One FT and one Russkiy Reno. North America: U.S. Army Armor and Cavalry Collection, Fort Benning, Georgia in the United States. In 2003, two FT tanks, one would have mounted a 37mm cannon and the other an 8mm mg, were discovered in Kabul by Major Robert Redding. With permission from the Afghan government, the two tanks were transferred to the United States, where one of them, a machine gun tank, was restored and originally put on display in the Patton Museum of Cavalry & Armor, until the Armor Branch collection was transferred to Fort Benning. This FT is currently on display in the Armor Gallery of the NIM. The Armor Collection currently is restoring the other FT, 37mm gun tank. A previous FT at Fort Knox was transferred to US Army Heritage & Education Center at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Louisiana State Military Museum at Jackson Barracks in New Orleans, Louisiana. An FT was inundated by floodwaters of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. It was restored by the Museum of the American G.I. and has been returned to display. National World War I Museum, located at Liberty Memorial, Kansas City, Missouri. An FT, damaged by German artillery. An FT is on static display at the US Army Heritage and Education Center at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. The Museum of the American G.I. in College Station, Texas has a completely original, fully functional, fully operational FT with functional 37mm main gun. The tank saw service during the war and exhibits minor battle damage on some track segments. National Museum Of The United States Army, Virginia, USA. One FT. Fort Lee, Virginia, USA. One FT with 6-Ton M1917 turret. South America: Museu Militar Conde de Linhares in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One FT. Museu Eduardo Andrรฉ Matarazzo, Bebedouro, Brazil. One FT is on permanent display 1st Region Regional Maintenance Military Park, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. One FT. Museu Histรณrico Do Exรฉrcito E Forte De Copacabana, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. One FT. Centro De Instruรงรฃo De Blindados, Santa Maria, Brazil. One FT. Academia Militar Das Agulhas Negras, Resende, Brazil. One FT. 2nd Regiment Guard Cavalry, Pirassununga, Brazil. One FT. Museum Eduardo Andrรฉ Matarazzo, Bebedouro, Brazil. One FT. Australia: Australian War Memorial, Canberra. One FT at the Treloar storage and conservation annexe in Mitchell, Australian Capital Territory See also G-numbers, part of former US cataloging system for military vehicles Tanks of France Notes References Sources Further reading Ayres, Leonard P. (1919), The War with Germany. A Statistical Summary, Washington, Government Printing Office. p.ย 80 (Tanks) Crowell, Benedict (1919) America's Munitions 1917-1918, Chapter 8 : Tanks, Washington Government Printing Office. Dingli, Laurent ( 2000 ), Louis Renault , Grandes Biographies, Flammarion. Estienne Mondet, Arlette, ( 2010 ), Le general J.B.E. Estienne . Pere des Chars , L'Harmattan, Paris, Gougaud, Alain, (1987) L'Aube de la Gloire: Les auto mitrailleuses et les chars francais pendant la Grande Guerre, Histoire technique et militaire, Societe Ocebur (Guides Muller), . Hatry, Gilbert, ( 1978 ), Renault Usine de Guerre , Eds. Lafourcade, Paris, -. A full chapter is dedicated to the industrial production history of the Renault FT Jurkiewiecz, Bruno, (2008) Les Chars Francais au Combat 1917โ€“1918, (over 150 illustrations) ECPAD/YSEC, BP 405 27405 Louviers Cedex France. A compatible DVD of period films demonstrating the French WW I tanks, including the Renault FT, is attached to this book. Malmassari, Paul (2009) Les Chars de la Grande Guerre. "14-18 Le Magazine de la Grande Guerre" . Ortholan, Henri, ( 2008 ), La Guerre des Chars. Bernard Giovangeli Editeur, Paris, Perre, J. (1940) Batailles et Combats des Chars Francais: La bataille defensive Avril-Juillet 1918. Second Tome. Charles Lavauzelle & Cie. Renault Char d'Assaut 18 HP, Notice descriptive et Reglement de Manoeuvre et d'Entretien( Avril 1918 ). A.Omeyer, 26 Boulevard Beaumarchais, Paris 11eme. 68 pages and 15 plates. This is the original Renault factory complete user's manual for the "FT tank". It can be consulted on line at "scribd.com" (World Digital Library) External links Chars-francais.net FT tanks in Czechoslovak Army Char Lรฉger Renault FT Modรจle 1917 (video) Replica Renault FT Tank (video) Walkaround Renault FT swiss army FT-17 - The WW1 Tank Used Until the 1980s World War I light tanks World War I tanks of France World War II tanks of France FT Light tanks of the interwar period History of the tank Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1917 World War II light tanks Military vehicles introduced in the 1910s Light tanks of France
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ใ€Š์•ผ์—์˜ ๋ฒš๊ฝƒใ€‹()์€ 2013๋…„ 1์›” 6์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 12์›” 15์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ NHK์˜ 52๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์—ฐ์€ ์•„์•ผ์„ธ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด. ๊ฐœ์š” ๋‹น์ดˆ NHK์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 2011๋…„ 3์›” 11์ผ ๋™์ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„, ๋ฐฉ์นจ์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•ด ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„ ์•„์ด์ฆˆ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ์ƒค ํ•™์›์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งˆ ์กฐ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งˆ ์•ผ์—์˜ ์ƒ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. NHK์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์—์„œ ๋ง‰๋ง๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๋ช‡๋ฒˆ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌด๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ 1985๋…„์— ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ•œ ใ€Š๋ด„์˜ ํŒŒ๋„ใ€‹์ดํ›„, 28๋…„๋งŒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 6์›” 22์ผ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐœํ‘œํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ค, ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฃผ์—ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์•„์•ผ์„ธ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š”์™€ ์ฃผ์—ฐ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋ก€์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๋žญํฌ์ธ์€ 2012๋…„ 9์›” 9์ผ. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌด๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ ํ˜„ ์•„์ด์ฆˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋กœ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์ดฌ์˜์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด 9์›” 13์ผ์—๋Š” ์“ฐ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ž ํšŒ๊ฒฌ์ด ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ผ์กฑ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž ๋‹ˆ์ด์ง€๋งˆ ์•ผ์— - ์•„์•ผ์„ธ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์นด ์นด์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์‡ผ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€ - ํ•˜์„ธ๊ฐ€์™€ ํžˆ๋กœํ‚ค ๋‹ˆ์ด์ง€๋งˆ ์กฐ - ์˜ค๋‹ค๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ์นด์ฟ ๋งˆ - ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์ง€๋งˆ ํžˆ๋ฐํ† ์‹œ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ๊ณคํŒŒ์น˜ - ๋งˆ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ์œ ํƒ€์นด ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ์‚ฌ์ฟ  - ํ›„๋ถ€ํ‚ค ์ค€ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ์šฐ๋ผ - ํ•˜์„ธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ฟ„์ฝ” ์˜ค๋‹ค ํ† ํ‚ค์— - ํƒ€๋‹ˆ๋ฌด๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ธ ํ‚ค ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ - ์ฟ ๋„ ์•„์Šค์นด ๋‹ˆ์ด์ง€๋งˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ์•„์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์•„์ด์ฆˆ ๋งˆ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ๋งˆ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ ์นดํƒ€๋ชจ๋ฆฌ - ์•„์•ผ๋…ธ ๊ณ  ํ…Œ๋ฃจํžˆ๋ฉ” - ์ด๋‚˜๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฏธ ๋งˆ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ ์นดํƒ€ํƒ€์นด - ๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฉ”๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€ ํ† ์‹œํžˆ๋ฉ” - ๋‚˜์นด๋‹ˆ์‹œ ๋ฏธํ˜ธ ๋งˆ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋…ธ๋ฆฌ - ์‹œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฅ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ  ํƒ€๋ชจ๋…ธ - ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋‹ค ํ† ์‹œ์œ ํ‚ค ์•ผ๋งˆ์นด์™€ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ์•ผ๋งˆ์นด์™€ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ - ํƒ€๋งˆ์•ผ๋งˆ ํ…Œ์ธ ์ง€ ์•ผ๋งˆ์นด์™€ ํ›„ํƒ€๋ฐ” - ์ด์น˜์นด์™€ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฝ” ์•ผ๋งˆ์นด์™€ ํ† ์„ธ - ์‹œ๋ผํ•˜๋„ค ์œ ๋ฆฌ ์•ผ๋งˆ์นด์™€ ์ผ„์ง€๋กœ - ์นด์ธ ์ง€ ๋ฃŒ ์•ผ๋งˆ์นด์™€ ์Šคํ…Œ๋งˆ์ธ  - ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ•˜๋ผ ํ‚ค์ฝ” ์ง„๋ณด ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ์ง„๋ณด ์Šˆ๋ฆฌ - ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ํƒ€์ฟ ๋ฏธ ์ง„๋ณด ์œ ํ‚ค์ฝ” - ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜ ์„ธ์ด ํƒ€์นด๊ธฐยทํ›„์ง€ํƒ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ํƒ€์นด๊ธฐ ํ† ํ‚ค์˜ค - ์นธ์ง€์•ผ ์‹œํ˜ธ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ๊ณ ๋กœ - ํ›„๋ฃจ์•ผ ์ผ„์ง€ ์•„์ด์ฆˆ ๋ฒˆ ์ค‘์‹  ์นด์ง€์™€๋ผ ํ—ค์ด๋งˆ - ์ด์ผ€์šฐ์น˜ ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€์™€ ์นธ๋ฒ  - ๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹œ๋„ ์•„ํ‚ค์ฆˆํ‚ค ํ…Œ์ด์ง€๋กœ - ํ‚คํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ ์œ ํ‚ค์•ผ ์š”์ฝ”์•ผ๋งˆ ์น˜์นด๋ผ - ์ฟ ๋‹ˆํžˆ๋กœ ํ† ๋ฏธ์œ ํ‚ค ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์•„์ด์ฆˆ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ(่—ฉๅฃซ) ๋‹ค์ผ€๋ฌด๋ผ ์ฝ”์šฐ๋…ธ์‹  - ์•„์ฆˆ๋งˆ ํƒ€์ผ€์‹œ ๊ณ ์ด๋ฐ ํ…Œ์ธ ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€ - ์‹œ๋ผ์ด์‹œ ํ† ๋ชจ์•ผ ์•„์ด์ฆˆ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค ํžˆ๋‚˜ํƒ€ ์œ ํ‚ค - ์ฝ”๋ฆฌํ‚ค ์•„์•ผ๋ฉ” ๋‚˜์นด๋…ธ ํƒ€์ผ€์ฝ” - ์ฟ ๋กœํ‚ค ๋ฉ”์ด์‚ฌ ๊ตํ† ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ตํ†  ๋ถ€ ๋งˆํ‚ค๋ฌด๋ผ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์˜ค - ํƒ€์นด์‹œ๋งˆ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํžˆ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ์ƒค(ๅŒๅฟ—็คพ)์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ณด๋“œ ๊ตํ†  ๋‡จ์ฝ”๋ฐ”(ๅฅณ็ด…ๅ ด)์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๊ตํ† ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์˜ค์˜ค๊ฐ€ํ‚ค์•ผ ์„ธ์ดํ•˜์น˜ - ๋งˆ์ธ ์นดํƒ€ ํžˆ๋กœํ‚ค ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ •๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ  ํƒ€์นด๋ชจ๋ฆฌ #์‚ฌ์ธ ๋งˆ ๋ฒˆ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์นด์ธ  ์นด์ด์Šˆ - ๋‚˜๋งˆ์„ธ ์นด์ธ ํžˆ์‚ฌ ํ‚ค๋„ ํƒ€์นด์š”์‹œ - ์˜ค์ด์นด์™€ ๋ฏธ์ธ ํžˆ๋กœ ์ด์™€์ฟ ๋ผ ํ† ๋ชจ๋ฏธ - ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์นด์ด ์นด์ฆˆํ‚ค ์ดํƒ€๊ฐ€ํ‚ค ํƒ€์ด์Šค์ผ€ - ์นดํ†  ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์•ผ ์˜ค์˜ค์•ผ๋งˆ ์ด์™€์˜ค - ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์น˜ ํƒ€์นด์‹œ ์‚ฐ์กฐ ์‚ฌ๋„คํ† ๋ฏธ - ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ์ด ์—์ด์Šค์ผ€ ์—๋„ ๋ง‰๋ถ€ ๋„์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€ ์‡ผ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ๋„์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€ ์š”์‹œ๋…ธ๋ถ€ - ์ฝ”์ด์ฆˆ๋ฏธ ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋กœ ๋„์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ด์—์‚ฌ๋‹ค - ์š”์‹œ๋‹ค ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ๋„์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ด์—๋ชจ์น˜ - ํ•˜์•ผ๋งˆ ์‡ผ๋…ธ ๋ง‰๊ฐ(ๅน•้–ฃ, ๋ง‰๋ถ€ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋‡Œ๋ถ€)์ œํ›„ ์ด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์Šค์ผ€ - ์—๋…ธํ‚ค ํƒ€์นด์•„ํ‚ค ์•„๋ฒ  ๋งˆ์‚ฌํžˆ๋กœ - ํžˆ์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ธ  ๋…ธ๋ถ€์š”์‹œ ์•ˆ๋„ ์ธ ์‹œ๋งˆ๋…ธ์นด๋ฏธ - ์ฟ ๋ผ์ด์‹œ ์ด์‚ฌ์˜ค ์•„๋ฒ  ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ†  - ์‚ฌ์™€ํƒ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ฃจ ๋งˆ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ ์•ผ์Šคํžˆ๋ฐ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์‹ ํ•˜(ๅน•่‡ฃ) ์—๋…ธ๋ชจํ†  ๋‹ค์ผ€์•„ํ‚ค - ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•ผ ์‹ ์„ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ(ๆ–ฐ้ธ็ต„) ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ” ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ํžˆ์ง€์นดํƒ€ ํ† ์‹œ์กฐ - ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ ์ฅฐ ๊ณค๋„ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฏธ - ์นด๋ฏธ์˜ค ์œ  ์˜คํ‚คํƒ€ ์†Œ์ง€ - ์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค ์‹ ์ง€ ํ† ๋„ ํ—ค์ด์Šค์ผ€ - ์Šค๋ฏธ์š”์‹œ ์•„ํ‚ค๋…ธ๋ฆฌ ์˜› ์ œ๋ฒˆ(่ซธ่—ฉ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒˆ)ใƒป์‚ฌ์กฑ(ๅฃซๆ—, ๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ถœ์‹  ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ) ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋งˆ ๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์นด๋ชจ๋ฆฌ - ํ‚ท์นด์™€ ์ฝ”์ง€ ์ดˆ์Šˆ ๋ฒˆ ์š”์‹œ๋‹ค ์‡ผ์ธ - ์˜ค๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ŠŒ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์นด ๊ฒ์ฆˆ์ด - ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์นด๋งˆ์‚ฌ ํ† ์‚ฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹ˆํ˜ผ๋งˆ์ธ  ๋ฒˆ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์˜ค์šฐ์šฐ์—์ธ (ๅฅฅ็พฝ่ถŠ)์˜ ์ œ๋ฒˆ ์šฐ์—์Šค๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ - ์ฟ ๋ผ๋ชจ์น˜ ์นด์ฆˆํžˆ๋กœ ๋‹คํ…Œ ์š”์‹œ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ - ์•„๋งˆ๋…ธ ์นด์ธ ํžˆ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ œํ›„ ๋งˆ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ ์ŠŒ๊ฐ€์ฟ  - ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ ํžˆ๋กœ์•„ํ‚ค ๋„์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์•„ํ‚ค - ์ด๋ถ€ํ‚ค ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋„์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€ ์š”์‹œ์นด์ธ  - ์นด๋„ค์ฝ” ์ผ„ ๋„์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€ ์š”์‹œ์•„์ธ  - ์Šค๊ธฐ์šฐ๋ผ ํƒ€์ด์š” ๋งˆ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์•„ํ‚ค - ๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ํ•˜์•ผํ†  ๋งˆ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ ๋ชจ์น˜์•„ํ‚ค - ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ์œ  ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ง€์‚ฌ(ๅฟ—ๅฃซ) ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋งˆ ์‡ผ์ž” - ์˜ค์ฟ ๋‹ค ์—์ด์ง€ ์กฐ์ • ์ฝ”๋ฉ”์ด ์ฒœํ™ฉ - ์ด์น˜์นด์™€ ์†Œ๋ฉ”๊ณ ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋…ธ์— ํƒ€๋‹คํžˆ๋กœ - ์™€์นด๋งˆ์ธ  ํƒ€์ผ€์‹œ ๋‚˜์นด๊ฐ€์™€๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ - ์ฝ”์Šค๋‹ค ์•ผ์Šคํ†  ๋‚˜์นด์•ผ๋งˆ ํƒ€๋‹ค์•ผ์Šค - ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฅ˜์ด์น˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์นผ ๋ ˆ๋งŒ - ์—๋ฆญ ๋ณด์‹ ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ณด๋“œ์œˆ(Anthonius Franciscus Bauduin) ์š”๋„ค์ž์™€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํŽ˜๋ฆฌ - ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ์—์‰ฌํŠผ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ(Julius Hawley Seelye) - ๋žœ๋”” ๊ณ ์ธ์ฆˆ ์ œ์ž‘์ง„ ๊ฐ๋ณธ : ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ๋ฌด์ธ ๋ฏธ ์Œ์•… : ๋‚˜์นด์ง€๋งˆ ๋…ธ๋ถ€์œ ํ‚ค ํ…Œ๋งˆ ์Œ์•… : ์‚ฌ์นด๋ชจํ†  ๋ฅ˜์ด์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ์ด๊ด„ : ๋‚˜์ดํ†  ์‹ ์Šค์ผ€ ์—ฐ์ถœ : ์นดํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์˜์ผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ œ, ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  โ€ป ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” '์ตœ์ € ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ '์ด๊ณ , ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” '์ตœ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ '์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ NHK ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ ํ˜„์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ 2013๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ NHK ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ง‰๋ง์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์•„์ด์ฆˆ ์ „์Ÿ ์•„์ด์ฆˆ๋ฒˆ ํฌ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์‹  ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ•™๊ต ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ „์Ÿ ๋งŒํ™” ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yae%27s%20Sakura
Yae's Sakura
is a 2013 Japanese historical drama television series and the 52nd NHK taiga drama. Written by Mutsumi Yamamoto, the drama focuses on Niijima Yae, who is portrayed by Haruka Ayase. Yae is a strong believer in women's rights and the story follows her journey in Japan, during the time it is opened up to Western ideas. Yae, who came from the Aizu Domain (now within Fukushima Prefecture), was chosen for the taiga drama as her story of loss and hope was felt to be timely in the aftermath of the 2011 Tลhoku earthquake and tsunami. The drama was nominated for the International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series, losing to Utopia. Production Kunishirล Hayashi - Sword fight arranger Cast Haruka Ayase as Niijima Yae Rio Suzuki as childhood Yae Her family Hidetoshi Nishijima as Yamamoto Kakuma, Yae's brother Hiroki Hasegawa as Kawasaki Shonosuke, Yae's first husband Joe Odagiri as Joseph Hardy Neesima, Yae's second husband Jun Fubuki as Yamamoto Saku, Yae's mother Yutaka Matsushige as Yamamoto Gonpachi, Yae's father Kyลko Hasegawa as Higuchi Ura, Kakuma's first wife Mitsuki Tanimura as Yamamoto Tokie, Kakuma's second wife Masahiro Toda as Tokuzล, manservant of the Yamamoto family Aizu Domain Gล Ayano as Matsudaira Katamori, 9th daimyล of the Aizu Domain Toshiyuki Nishida as Saigล Tanomo, chief senior counselor of the Aizu clan Izumi Inamori as Matsudaira Teru, adoptive sister of Katamori Ayame Goriki as Hinata Yuki, childhood friend of Yae Meisa Kuroki as Nakano Takeko, a female swordmaster for the Aizu Domain Takumi Saito as Jinbo Shuri, chief retainer of the Aizu domain and son of Kuranosuke Masane Tsukayama as Jinbo Kuranosuke, chief retainer of the Aizu domain Tetsuji Tamayama as Yamakawa Hiroshi, major general of the Imperial Japanese Army and childhood friend of Yae Mikako Ichikawa as Yamakawa Futaba Ryo Katsuji as Yamakawa Kenjirล Kumiko Akiyoshi as Yamakawa En Kiko Mizuhara as ลŒyama Sutematsu Morio Kazama as Hayashi Yasusada Hiroyuki Ikeuchi as Kajiwara Heima Shido Nakamura as Sagawa Kanbei Shingo Yanagisawa as Kayano Gonbei Shihori Kanjiya as Fujita Tokio, childhood friend of Yae Junko Miyashita as Takagi Sumie Tokugawa shogunate Kotaro Koizumi as Tokugawa Yoshinobu Takaaki Enoki as Ii Naosuke Shinsengumi Yลซ Kamio as Kondล Isami Jun Murakami as Hijikata Toshizล Kenji "KJ" Furuya as Saitล Hajime Tadashi Mizuno as Nagakura Shinpachi Shinji Suzuki as Okita Sลji Government of Meiji Katsuhisa Namase as Katsu Kaishลซ Mitsuhiro Oikawa as Kido Takayoshi Kazuki Kosakai as Iwakura Tomomi Satoshi Tokushige as ลŒkubo Toshimichi Masaya Kato as Itagaki Taisuke Takashi Sorimachi as ลŒyama Iwao Eisuke Sasai as Sanjล Sanetomi Toranosuke Katล as Itล Hirobumi Manabu Ino as Yamagata Aritomo Chลshลซ Domain Shun Oguri as Yoshida Shลin Takamasa Suga as Kusaka Genzui Hitoshi Ozawa as Sera Shลซzล Satsuma Domain Koji Kikkawa as Saigล Takamori Yoichi Hayashi as Shimazu Nariakira Others Hiroaki Murakami as Matsudaira Yoshinaga Eiji Okuda as Sakuma Shลzan Goro Ibuki as Tokugawa Nariaki Kyลซsaku Shimada as Maki Yasuomi Mitsuki Tanimura as Oda Tokie (Kakumaโ€™s second wife) Hiroki Matsukata as ลŒgakiya Seihachi Eric Bossick as Carl Wilhelm Heinrich Lehmann Mayuko Kawakita as Tsuda Umeko Ichikawa Somegorล VII as Emperor Kลmei Kenji Masaki as Sakamoto Ryลma Masahiro Takashima as Makimura Masanao Production On June 22, 2011, NHK announced that its 52nd taiga drama is titled Yae's Sakura and will be about the life of Niijima Yae, the "Jeanne d'Arc of Bakumatsu", with Mutsumi Yamamoto as writer and Katu Takล as director. The historical figure of Niijima was chosen for her story of loss and hope, along with her coming from the Aizu domain (now within the Fukushima Prefecture), to help inspire Japan after the 2011 Tลhoku earthquake and tsunami, which seriously affected Fukushima more than the other prefectures. Music Ryuichi Sakamoto was announced as the series' theme music composer on April 10, 2012. This is Sakamoto's first time composing music for a taiga drama. TV schedule Reception In 2014, the series was nominated for the International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series. Home media The first 15 episodes of Yae's Sakura were released on Blu-ray on October 23, 2013. The next 16 episodes received a Blu-ray release on January 22, 2014, which includes two behind-the-scenes featurettes and the textless series intro among others. The last 19 episodes of the series were released on Blu-ray on March 19, 2014, with the release featuring cast interviews and a behind-the-scenes featurette among others. All of the Blu-ray releases are region free. Soundtracks NHK Taiga Drama "Yae no Sakura" Original Soundtrack I (January 30, 2013) NHK Taiga Drama "Yae no Sakura" Original Soundtrack II (July 31, 2013) NHK Taiga Drama "Yae no Sakura" Original Soundtrack III (November 13, 2013) NHK Taiga Drama "Yae no Sakura" Original Soundtrack Complete Edition (January 1, 2014) References External links Taiga drama 2013 Japanese television series debuts 2013 Japanese television series endings Cultural depictions of Tokugawa Yoshinobu Television series set in the 1850s Television series set in the 1860s Television series set in the 1870s Television series set in the 1880s Television series set in the 1890s Television series set in the 1900s Television shows set in Kyoto
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C3%EB%B3%91%EC%9B%90
์ œ3๋ณ‘์›
ใ€Š์ œ3๋ณ‘์›ใ€‹์€ 2012๋…„ 9์›” 5์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2012๋…„ 11์›” 8์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ tvN ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ ์ œ2ํšŒ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ ๊ณต๋ชจ์ „์—์„œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๋‹น์ดˆ SBS์—์„œ ์—„ํƒœ์›…, ๋ฌธ์ฑ„์›, ์ด์ค€ํ˜์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„ํ˜ PD๊ฐ€ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋˜์ž tvN์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋นˆ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” SBS๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ 2009๋…„ 8์›” SBSํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์—… ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•ด SBS ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์™ธ์ฃผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ SBS ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š์˜ฅํƒ‘๋ฐฉ ์™•์„ธ์žใ€‹๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํƒ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์œผ๋ฉฐ SBS๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ 2009๋…„ 8์›” SBSํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์—…๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•ด SBS ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ SBSํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์€ SBS์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋Œ€์‹  SBS ๋Œ€ํƒ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด์ž SBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ 2009๋…„ 8์›” SBSํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์—…๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•˜์—ฌ SBS ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์™ธ์ฃผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ใ€Š์˜ฅํƒ‘๋ฐฉ ์™•์„ธ์žใ€‹๋Š” SBSํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์น˜์ž๋ฉด ใ€Š๋ฐฑ์•ผ 3.98ใ€‹ ์ดํ›„ 14๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์™ธ์ฃผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ SBS ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ํ•œ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์–‘๋ฐฉยทํ•œ๋ฐฉ ํ˜‘์ง„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋„์ž…๋œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ์ž์กด์‹ฌ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋ชฉ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊น€์Šน์šฐ : ๊น€๋‘ํ˜„ ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ ์•ˆ๋„๊ทœ) - ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜ ์˜ค์ง€ํ˜ธ : ๊น€์Šนํ˜„ ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ ํ•จ์›์ง„) - ํ•œ์˜์‚ฌ, ์นจ๊ตฌ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜ ๊น€๋ฏผ์ • : ์ง„ํ˜œ์ธ ์—ญ - ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ 2๋…„์ฐจ ์ตœ์ˆ˜์˜ : ์ด์˜์ง„ ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ ์ด์œ ์ •) - ๋น„์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ, ๊ต๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์ข… ํ™˜์ž ๊น€๋‘ํ˜„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ๋ฌผยท์–‘์˜ํ•™ ๋ณ‘์›ํŒ€ ๋ฐ•๊ทผํ˜• : ๊น€ํ•˜์œค ์—ญ - ๊น€๋‘ํ˜„ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€. ๋‡Œ์ข…์–‘ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž ์ด์ •ํ—Œ : ์ด๋™์„ฑ ์—ญ - ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ข…์–‘ ๋‚ด๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜ ์ตœ์œค์†Œ : ์ •์Šนํฌ ์—ญ - ์‘๊ธ‰์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์†Œ์† ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ 1๋…„์ฐจ ์œ ํƒœ์›… : ๋ฐ• ์น˜ํ”„ ์—ญ - ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ์ „๊ณต ๊น€์ข…๊ตฌ : ์–‘ํ•œ๊ทœ ์—ญ - ์ด๊ด„๋ณ‘์›์žฅ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์™ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ : ์‹ ์„œํฌ ์—ญ - ๊น€๋‘ํ˜„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๊น€์Šนํ˜„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ๋ฌผยทยทํ•œ์˜ํ•™ ๋ณ‘์›ํŒ€ ์ดํ˜ธ์žฌ : ์ตœํ˜„์šฑ ์—ญ - ํ•œ์˜์‚ฌ, ๊น€์Šนํ˜„ ๋ฉ˜ํ†  ์ž„ํ˜•์ค€ : ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์•ˆ ์—ญ - ํ•œ๋ฐฉ๋‚ด๊ณผ์˜, ๊น€์Šนํ˜„ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์ž„ํ•˜๋ฃก : ์ฑ„์ธ๊ตญ ์—ญ - ํ•œ๋ฐฉ๋ณ‘์›์žฅ ๋ฏธ์ƒ : ์ •์€ํ˜œ ์—ญ - ๊น€์Šนํ˜„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋ณ‘์› ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์กฐ์›ํฌ : ์œค ๊ณผ์žฅ ์—ญ - ์˜์ƒ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณผ์žฅ ๋‚จ๋ฌธ์ฒ  : ์กฐ์„ฑ์šฑ ์—ญ - ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์žฅ ๋ฐฑ์‹  : ์ˆ˜๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ™ : ์˜ค ๊ณผ์žฅ ์—ญ - ์‘๊ธ‰์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณผ์žฅ ์ž„์˜์‹ ๋„์˜ˆ์„ฑ : ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ 1๋…„์ฐจ ์—ญ ์ดํƒœ๊ฒ€ : ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ ์—ญ ๊น€๊ฒฝ์„  ๊น€์˜์ค€ ํ•œ๋Œ€๊ทœ ์ฐจ์šด์šฉ ํ•˜์šฉ์ง„ : ์นจ๊ตฌ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊น€์ค€ํ‘œ ํ•œ์ •์› ์ฑ„์†กํ™” : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์กฐ์€๋น› : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ํ•œ๋ฏผ : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์ด์ƒˆ๋ณ„ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ •๋™๊ทœ : ๋ณ‘์› ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์—ญ ์ •๋ณ‘ํ˜ธ : ๋ณ‘์› ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์—ญ ์—ฌ์ข…์—ฝ ๊น€ํฌ์ • : ํ•œ์ƒ์ค€ ํ™˜์ž ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ์กฐ์•„๋ผ : ํ•œ์ƒ์ค€ ํ™˜์ž ๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญ ์ตœ์ค€์„œ ์ด์Šฌ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์‹œ๋‚ด : ๊ธฐ๋„์‚ฝ๊ด€ ํ•œ ์•„์ด์˜ ์—„๋งˆ ์—ญ ๊น€์žฌํ˜„ ๊น€๋ช…์‹ ์šฐ์˜ํƒ ๋ฐฉ์œค์ฒ  ๊น€ํšจ๊ท  ์ด์Šน์ง„ ๋‚จ์ •ํฌ : ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ถ€์ง„ : ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ ๋ฐ•๋Œ€๊ด‘ ๊น€๋ฏธ์ˆ™ ์žฅํฌ์ง„ : ๊น€ํ•˜์œค ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ๊น€๊ณ„์„  : ์†Œ์•„๋งˆ๋น„ ํ™˜์ž ์—„๋งˆ ์—ญ ์ด์ฑ„์€ : ์†Œ์•„๋งˆ๋น„ ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ ํ™์„์กฐ ์žฅ์ƒˆ๋ก  ์œ ์ง€์€ ์ตœ์ˆ˜์ง„ : ์ •์˜์ง„ ์—ญ - ๊น€์Šนํ˜„ ์ฒซ์‚ฌ๋ž‘, ๋‚œ์†Œ์•” ๋ง๊ธฐ ์†Œํฌ์ • : ์–‘ํ™”์ž ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ - ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋‚œ๋™๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ๋ณ‘๋ณ€ ํ™˜์ž ํ•จ๊ฑด์ˆ˜ : ์–‘ํ™”์ž ํ™˜์ž ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ญ ๊น€๋ช…๋ฏผ : ๋ฐ•์ง„์•„ ํ™˜์ž ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ญ ์ง„๋ช…์„  : ํ™˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž ์—ญ ์ด๋™์ง„ ์ด๊ฒฝํฌ ๋ฐ•์ง„์˜ : ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ์—ญ ๊ณต์œ ์„ : ๋ณ‘์›์žฅ ๋น„์„œ ์—ญ ๊น€๊ฐ•์ˆ˜ ์ด์ˆ˜์—ฐ ์–‘์ผ์˜ค : ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›/์ง€ํœ˜์ž ์—ญ ์ด๋ช…ํฌ ์˜ค์ง€์˜ : ์นจ๊ตฌ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊น€๊ฒฝ์•  : ๋ฐ•์ง„์•„ ํ™˜์ž ์‹œ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ๊น€ํ‰๊ทผ ๊น€์˜ํ™˜ : ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊น€๋ฏผ์ƒ : ์ด์ง„์ˆ˜ ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ ์ด์–‘์ค€ ์ „์Šน์—ฝ ๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ : ์ด์ง„์ˆ˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ด์›ƒ์ง‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ์—ญ ๊น€์ž์˜ : ์ด์ง„์ˆ˜ ํ™˜์ž ์ด์›ƒ์ง‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ์—ญ ์ด์›…ํฌ : ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰๋Œ€์› ์—ญ ์œคํฌ์ˆ˜ : ์ด์ง„์ˆ˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋”ธ ์—ญ ๋ด‰๋ช…ํ•„ : ๋‚จ์ง€ํ˜„ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ € ์—ญ ๊น€์ •ํ›ˆ ์œคํšจ๋ช… ๊น€๋ณ‘์ถ˜ : ์ตœํ˜„์šฑ ๋™์ƒ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•ํ˜œ์ง„ : ์ง„ํ˜œ์ธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ์†ก์˜์žฌ : ๊ฒฝ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ญ ์œค์˜ˆ์ธ : ๊ฒฝ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ ๋ฐ•๋ฏผ์˜ : ์ด๋™์„ฑ ๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญ ๊น€๊ฒฝ๋นˆ : ์ด๋ฏผ์ค€ ์—ญ - ์ด๋™์„ฑ ์•„๋“ค, ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž ๊น€ํ™๊ทผ ๋ฌธ์ƒˆ์•” ์ด๋ฏธ์•  ๋ชจ์ •์€ ์ด์ฐฝ์„ธ : ์ง„์˜ํ˜ธ ์—ญ - ์ง„ํ˜œ์ธ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ํ•œ์˜์‚ฌ ๊น€์˜ค๋ณต : ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ : ํ•™ํšŒ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๋‚จ์ž ์—ญ ์ตœ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ ๊น€์ฃผํ™ฉ ์žฅ์œค์„ฑ ํ—ค๋‹ˆ ์ผ€ํ‹ฐ ์˜ค์ƒ์šฐ ์˜ค์ธ์ˆ˜ ์ž„์ผ๊ทœ : ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ํ™์žฌ์„ฑ : ๊ณต์—ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ์—ญ ๊น€ํ˜œ๋ž€ ํ™ฉ์ธ์ฒญ ๊น€๋™์ธ ์ด์˜์ง„ ๋ฐ•์ •ํ™˜ ๋ฐ•์šฉ๊ธฐ : ๋ชจ์ƒ์‹ ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ - ๊ฑด๋‹ฌ ๋ณด์Šค ์ด์žฌํ›ˆ : ๊ฑด๋‹ฌ 1 ์—ญ ๋ฏผ์ฒ  : ๊ฑด๋‹ฌ 2 ์—ญ ๋…ธํ˜„๋™ : ๊ฑด๋‹ฌ 3 ์—ญ ๊ถŒ์ˆœํ˜ธ ํ•œ์ƒ์ค€ ์†์ •ํฌ ์ด์ฃผํฌ ๊น€๋ฏผํ˜ธ ์ •๋„˜์ณ : ์ˆ ์ง‘ ์ง์› ์—ญ ํ™์„œ์˜ ๊น€์˜๋ฏผ ์‹ ์ˆ˜ํฌ ๋ฐ•๋Œ€๊ทœ : ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ์› ์—ญ ์กฐ๋•์ œ : ์ง•๊ณ„์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์› ์—ญ ์ด์ •๋ฏผ ๊น€๊ธฐ์„ฑ ๊น€์ฃผํ™ฉ ์ตœํ™์ผ : ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์—ญ ์ด๊ฒฝํฌ ๋ฐ•์žฌ์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑํฌ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋‚จ์ง€ํ˜„ : ๋‚จ์ง€ํ˜„ ์—ญ - ๋ฆฌํ—ˆ์„ค ๋ฌด๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋„˜์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ (6ํšŒ) ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2012๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ tvN์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ tvN์˜ ์‹ฌ์•ผ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2012๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2012๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ tvN ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Third%20Hospital
The Third Hospital
The Third Hospital () is a 2012 South Korean medical drama, starring Kim Seung-woo, Oh Ji-ho, Kim Min-jung and Choi Soo-young. It centers on the conflicts between Western and Eastern medicine and the rivalry between two brothers who espouse them. It aired on cable channel tvN from September 5 to November 8, 2012 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 20 episodes. Plot The show is set in a hospital that houses both Western and Eastern medicine traditions. Seung-hyun and Doo-hyun are brothers and geniusesโ€”Doo-hyun is a neurosurgeon, while Seung-hyun is the Oriental medicine specialist. The two, along with each their own friends and teams, will compete ferociously with each other because of their different views on medicine, but also come together to help save patientsโ€™ lives. Cast Kim Seung-woo as Kim Doo-hyun Ahn Do-gyu as child Doo-hyun Oh Ji-ho as Kim Seung-hyun Kim Min-jung as Jin Hye-in Choi Soo-young as Lee Eui-jin Choi Yoon-so as Jung Seung-hee Park Geun-hyung as Kim Ha-yoon (Doo-hyun's and Seung-hyun's father) Im Ha-ryong as Chae In-gook Im Hyung-joon as Min Joo-ahn as Chief Park Kim Jong-goo as Yang Hyan-goo Lee Tae-kyum as Ahn Hyung-joon Nam Moon-chul as Jo Sung-wook Lee Jung-hun as Lee Dong-sung Do Ye-sung as Hyun Sang-wook Nam Ji-hyun as female singer (cameo) Choi Soo-jin as Jeong Eui-jin (cameo) So Hee-jung Park Dae-kyu Notes References See also Brain Behind the White Tower External links TVN (South Korean TV channel) television dramas 2012 South Korean television series debuts 2012 South Korean television series endings Korean-language television shows South Korean medical television series
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%95%B4%EC%95%88%20%EB%8D%94%EB%B9%84
๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋”๋น„
๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋”๋น„๋Š” K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์†Œ์† ํฌํ•ญ ์Šคํ‹ธ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ์šธ์‚ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋”๋น„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋”๋น„ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋‚จ ๋”๋น„๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. 7๋ฒˆ ๊ตญ๋„ ๋”๋น„๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋”๋น„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 2006๋…„๋„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ธ๋ก ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. FIFA์—์„œ๋„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ์ „ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ, FIFA ๊ณต์‹ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์˜ 2009๋…„ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ํ’‹๋ณผ(Classic Football)-๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ ์ฝ”๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ์–‘ ํŒ€์˜ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋”๋น„๋Š” K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฌธ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฐ„ ๋งž๋Œ€๊ฒฐ๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ช…์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ถœํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•œ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–‘์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋‘ ํด๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋”๋น„ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์—ฐ๊ณ ์ œ ์‹œํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ ์ง€์ธ ํฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์šธ์‚ฐ์— ์ •์ฐฉ ํ›„ 1998๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ 2์ฐจ์ „์ด ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ 1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ 3-2๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘” ํฌํ•ญ์€ 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ๋„ 1-1๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ง‰๋ฐ”์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „์„ ๋ˆˆ์•ž์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 45๋ถ„ ์šธ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊น€๋ณ‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•ด ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํ—ค๋”ฉ๊ณจ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ์Šน๋ถ€์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋์— ์šธ์‚ฐ์ด 4-1๋กœ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋‘ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งŒ๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ณผ์—ด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ 2001๋…„ ๊น€๋ณ‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทน์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๋‘ ํŒ€์€ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋‚˜ FA์ปต 4๊ฐ•์ „ ๋“ฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธธ๋ชฉ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์„œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋”๋น„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ 7์›” 28์ผ์—๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋กœ ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ „ ํฌํ•ญ ์†Œ์†์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์˜ค๋ฒ”์„์ด ์šธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ 1๋…„ 4๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์˜ค๋ฒ”์„์€ 2010๋…„์— ์นœ์ •ํŒ€ ํฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ(2010๋…„ 5์›” 5์ผ, 8์›” 29์ผ)์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„์ด 10๋…„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์ฒญ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌํ•ญ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ, 16๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜์„œ 7๋“์  3๋„์›€์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„, ์—ฐ๋ด‰ ํ˜‘์ƒ ๋ฐ ํฌ์ง€์…˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ํฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2011 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์šธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํฐ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„ ๋”๋น„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆด ์ •๋„๋กœ ์• ์ฆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„์€ ํฌํ•ญ ์Šคํ‹ธ์•ผ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ํฌํ•ญ ํŒฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์„ผ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2011 ๋‘ ํŒ€์€ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํฌํ•ญ์€ 2์œ„๋กœ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ 6์œ„๋กœ ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์šธ, ์ˆ˜์› ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฌํ•ญ ์Šคํ‹ธ์•ผ๋“œ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํฌํ•ญ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ค‘ 2๋ฒˆ์˜ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ ๊น€์Šน๊ทœ์˜ 2๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์„ ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋“์ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ 1๋ฒˆ์˜ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œ์ผœ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 12์›” 1์ผ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํด๋ž˜์‹ 2013 40๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๋‘ ํŒ€์€ ์ด ๋‚ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์šฐ์Šน์˜ ํ–ฅ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์šธ์‚ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šธ์‚ฐ์˜ ํ™ˆ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜€๊ณ  ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ ๋น„๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ํ™•์ •์ง“๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ํฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ์„  ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ด๊ฒจ์•ผ ์—ญ์ „ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ ๊น€์‹ ์šฑ๊ณผ ํ•˜ํ”ผ๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ˆ˜๋น„์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Š” ์šธ์‚ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ํฌํ•ญ์˜ ์ค‘์•™ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ๊น€์›์ผ์ด ๊ณจ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ํฌํ•ญ์˜ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์—ญ์ „ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 3์›” 8์ผ ์Šคํ‹ธ์•ผ๋“œ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํด๋ž˜์‹ 2014 ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šธ์‚ฐ์ด ๊น€์‹ ์šฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ๋กœ ํฌํ•ญ์—๊ฒŒ 1-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ, ์ง€๋‚œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์šฐ์Šน์ปต์„ ๋‚ด์ค€ ์•„ํ””์„ ์„ค์š•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 7์›” 12์ผ ์šธ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜์ผ์˜ 2๋„์›€ ํ™œ์•ฝ์— ํž˜์ž…์€ ํฌํ•ญ์ด ์šธ์‚ฐ์„ 2-0์œผ๋กœ ๊บพ์—ˆ๊ณ  8์›” 31์ผ ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜๊ตฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 26๋ถ„์— ํ„ฐ์ง„ ๊น€์‹ ์šฑ์˜ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ๋กœ ์šธ์‚ฐ์ด ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ ํฌํ•ญ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜์ผ์ด ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊น€์žฌ์„ฑ์ด ์—ญ์ „๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘์•™ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฐ์Šฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ‡ด์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ ์—ด์„ธ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 11์›” 9์ผ ํฌํ•ญ ํ™ˆ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–‘ํŒ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ 2๊ณจ์”ฉ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 3์›” 15์ผ ์Šคํ‹ธ์•ผ๋“œ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํด๋ž˜์‹ 2015 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” 1999๋…„ ์ดํ›„ 16๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๋ฌด๋ ค 6๊ณจ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์›์ •ํŒ€ ์šธ์‚ฐ์ด ํ™ˆํŒ€ ํฌํ•ญ์—๊ฒŒ 4-2 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๊ณ , 5์›” 25์ผ์— ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜๊ตฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šธ์‚ฐ์˜ ์–‘๋™ํ˜„์ด 2๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํฌํ•ญ์ด ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ณ ์™€ ๊น€์Šน๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณจ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋ถ™์œผ๋ฉฐ 2-2 ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๋กœ ๋์ด ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 8์›” 19์ผ ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜๊ตฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌํ•ญ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์—ด๊ณผ ์šธ์‚ฐ ์ œํŒŒ๋กœํ”„๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ณจ์”ฉ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 5์›” 14์ผ ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜๊ตฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํด๋ž˜์‹ 2016 10๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” 2008๋…„ 11์›” 22์ผ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2008 6๊ฐ• PO ์ดํ›„ ์•ฝ 7๋…„ 8๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์— ๋ฌด๋“์  ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๋“์ ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ ์ธ ์šด์˜์„ ํ•œ ์–‘ํŒ€์— ๋งŽ์€ ์งˆํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์Ÿ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 6์›” 29์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํด๋ž˜์‹ 2016 17๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌํ•ญ์ด ์šธ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์ด์ ํ•ด ์˜จ ์–‘๋™ํ˜„์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด 4 ๋Œ€ 0์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก, 2013๋…„ 5์›” 18์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ์šธ์‚ฐ์ „ ํ™ˆ ๋ฌด์Šน ์ง•ํฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ๋”๋น„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋‹ค ์ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ๋”๋น„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ํ•œ ์ค„์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ผ๋‹ค. ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ ์ง์ „ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋›ด 11๋ช…์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ 7๋ช…์„ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์šธ์‚ฐ ํŒฌ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๋กœํ…Œ์ด์…˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ 0-4 ๋Œ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•˜์ž ๊ฒฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œค์ •ํ™˜ ๊ฐ๋…๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์ž ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์œค์ •ํ™˜ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค ์šธ์‚ฐ ํŒฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ํ›„์—์•ผ ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋‹จ๋ฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, 2016๋…„ 9์›” 18์ผ ์—ด๋ฆฐ 157๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋”๋น„์—์„œ๋Š” ์šธ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฉ˜๋””์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ๋กœ ํฌํ•ญ์— 1-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง€๋‚œ 0-4 ๋Œ€ํŒจ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐš์•˜๊ณ , ๊น€๋ณ‘์ง€์˜ ์€ํ‡ด์‹์ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 12์›” 1์ผ ์šธ์‚ฐ์ข…ํ•ฉ์šด๋™์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 38๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” 2013์‹œ์ฆŒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šน์˜ ํ–ฅ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „ ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ ์ „๋ถ์— ์Šน์  3์ ์ฐจ๋กœ ์•ž์„œ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ณ  ์ „๋ถ์ด ๊ฐ•์›์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€๋งŒ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด 2005๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒซ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ „์— ์™„๋ธ์†์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1-0์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ›„ ์ผ๋ฅ˜์ฒธ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋“์ ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 2-1๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ ๋งน๊ณต์„ ํผ๋ถ€์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋“์ ์—๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ณจํ‚คํผ ๊น€์Šน๊ทœ์˜ ์Šค๋กœ์ธ ์‹ค์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์ค€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณจ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ 3-1๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ”์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ข…๋ฃŒ์ง์ „ ํŒ”๋กœ์„ธ๋น„์น˜์—๊ฒŒ PK๊ณจ์„ ํ—Œ๋‚ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ 1-4 ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ํŽผ์ณ์ง„ ์ „๋ถ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์›์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์†์ค€ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ๋กœ ์ „๋ถ์ด 1-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ ํ—ˆ๋ฌดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์Šน ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. (๊ณต๊ต๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ ์ด ๋‚  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 6๋…„ ์ „ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ ์งœ์— ํฌํ•ญ์—๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ํŒจํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๋†“์ณ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•…๋ชฝ์ด ์žฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.) 2020๋…„ 6์›” 6์ผ ํฌํ•ญ ์Šคํ‹ธ์•ผ๋“œ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 2020 5๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šธ์‚ฐ์ด ์ด์ฒญ์šฉ์˜ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๊ณจ์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด 4-0 ๋Œ€์Šน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๊ณ , ์ง€๋‚œ 2019 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ตœ์ข…์ „์—์„œ ํŒจํ•œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์™€ 4๋…„ ์ „ ํฌํ•ญ ์›์ •์—์„œ ๋‹นํ•œ 0-4 ๋Œ€ํŒจ์˜ ๋นš์„ ๋˜๊ฐš์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , 8์›” 15์ผ์— ์šธ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ๋˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 16๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊น€์ธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„์š˜์กด์Šจ์˜ ๊ณจ๋กœ 2-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋’€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ 2020 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ค‘ ํ˜„์ถฉ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ด‘๋ณต์ ˆ์— ํฌํ•ญ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ 2์—ฐ์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , 2020๋…„ 9์›” 23์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ FA์ปต 4๊ฐ•์ „์—์„œ ์šธ์‚ฐ์ด ํฌํ•ญ์„ ์Šน๋ถ€์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋์— 4-3์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์Šน ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, 2020๋…„ 10์›” 18์ผ ํŒŒ์ด๋„ A์—์„œ ํฌํ•ญ์ด ํ™ˆ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฅ˜์ฒธ์ฝ”์™€ ํŒ”๋กœ์„ธ๋น„์น˜์˜ ๋งนํ™œ์•ฝ์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ์šธ์‚ฐ์„ 4-0์œผ๋กœ ๊บพ์–ด 2019 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ตœ์ข…์ „์— ์ด์–ด ์šธ์‚ฐ์˜ ์šฐ์Šน๊ธธ์„ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ์ €์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„, ์šธ์‚ฐ์€ ์ „๋ถ์—๊ฒŒ ํ™ˆ์—์„œ ํŒจํ•˜์—ฌ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. 2021 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋Š” ์šธ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ๋งŒ 2์Šน 1๋ฌด๋กœ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ํฌํ•ญ๊ณผ์˜ ACL 4๊ฐ•์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šน๋ถ€์ฐจ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์Šน ์ง„์ถœ์ด ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2022 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋Š” 3์›” 20์ผ์— ์—ด๋ ธ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์šธ์‚ฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ๋‚ด์— ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ํ™•์ง„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋’ค์— ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋’ค์ธ 3์›” 27์ผ์— ์šธ์‚ฐ์ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ํ›„์œ ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ฐจ์ถœ ๋“ฑ ์•…์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  2-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์–‘ ํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ•ํฌ (ํฌํ•ญ: 1983, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 1984โ€“1992) ์ •์ข…์„  (ํฌํ•ญ: 1985, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 1989โ€“1994) ๊น€ํ™์šด (ํฌํ•ญ: 1987-1991, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 1993) ์กฐ๊ธ์—ฐ (ํฌํ•ญ: 1985โ€“1991, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 1992) ์œค๋•์—ฌ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 1986โ€“1991, ํฌํ•ญ: 1992) ๊น€์Šน์ค€ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2015-2019, ํฌํ•ญ: 2022) ์™•์„ ์žฌ (ํฌํ•ญ: 1987โ€“1988, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 1988โ€“1989) ๊น€๋ณ‘์ง€ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 1992โ€“2000, ํฌํ•ญ: 2001โ€“2005) ๊น€์ƒํ›ˆ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 1996โ€“2001, ํฌํ•ญ: 2002โ€“2003) ์„œ๋™์› (์šธ์‚ฐ: 1997-1999, ํฌํ•ญ: 2001) ์ด๊ธธ์šฉ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 1999โ€“2002, ํฌํ•ญ: 2003โ€“2004) ์ตœ์ฒ ์šฐ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2000โ€“2001, ํฌํ•ญ: 2002โ€“2003) ๊ถŒ์ •ํ˜ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2001โ€“2004, ํฌํ•ญ: 2007) ์šฐ์„ฑ์šฉ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2003โ€“2004, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2007โ€“2008) ์˜ค๋ฒ”์„ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2003โ€“2007, 2020-2021, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2009โ€“2010) ์ด์ง„ํ˜ธ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2003โ€“2011, ํฌํ•ญ: 2010 (์ž„๋Œ€)) ๊น€์ง„์šฉ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2004โ€“2005, ํฌํ•ญ: 2012 (์ž„๋Œ€)) ๊น€์ง€ํ˜ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2005โ€“2007, ํฌํ•ญ: 2008โ€“2011) ์ด์›์žฌ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2005โ€“2007, 2010-2014, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2009โ€“2010) ์–‘๋™ํ˜„ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2005-2008, 2014-2015, ํฌํ•ญ: 2016-2017) ๊ณ ์Šฌ๊ธฐ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2005โ€“2009, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2010โ€“2012) ์ตœํƒœ์šฑ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2006โ€“2007, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2014) ์ด์žฌ์› (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2006-2007, 2014, ํฌํ•ญ : 2015-2016) ๊น€์ง€๋ฏผ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2007, ํฌํ•ญ: 2008) ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2008, ํฌํ•ญ: 2009) ์•Œ๋ฏธ๋ฅด (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2007, 2008โ€“2009, ํฌํ•ญ: 2010) ๋…ธ๋ณ‘์ค€ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2008โ€“2013, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2010 (์ž„๋Œ€)) ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2010, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2011) ์ด๊ธฐ๋™ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2010โ€“2011, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2011) ์ตœ์žฌ์ˆ˜ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2010-2012, ํฌํ•ญ : 2015 (์ž„๋Œ€)) ์‹ ์ง„ํ˜ธ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2011โ€“2015, 2021-2022, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2019-2020) ๋ฐ•์„ฑํ˜ธ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2012โ€“2013, 2015 ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2016) ์œ ์ค€์ˆ˜ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2014-2018, ํฌํ•ญ: 2019) ์ •์žฌ์šฉ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2016-2019, ํฌํ•ญ: 2019) ์‹ ํ˜•๋ฏผ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2008-2012, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2021-2022) ๊น€์„ฑ์ฃผ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2018, ํฌํ•ญ: 2021) ๊น€๋ฏผํ˜ (ํฌํ•ญ: 2018, ์šธ์‚ฐ: 2022-ํ˜„์žฌ) ๊น€์ธ์„ฑ (์šธ์‚ฐ: 2016-2021, ํฌํ•ญ: 2023-ํ˜„์žฌ) ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ „์  K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต FA์ปต AFC ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ „๊ตญ์ถ•๊ตฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋”๋น„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ FIFA.com - ํด๋ž˜์‹ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณต์‹ ์›น์ง„ - K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 5๋Œ€ ๋”๋น„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋”๋น„ ํฌํ•ญ ์Šคํ‹ธ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์šธ์‚ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghaean%20derby
Donghaean derby
Donghaean Derby (, lit. 'east sea coast derby' (with 'East Sea' being the South Korean name for Sea of Japan), is a oldest and fierce football rivalry between Pohang Steelers and Ulsan Hyundai, two professional football clubs based in Gyeongsang Province in South Korea.Pohang and Ulsan are geographically close east coast ports of Korea. History After both teams settled down in their current cities in the mid-1990s, the rivalry between the two slowly formed. The rivalry truly started after the 1998 K League Championship, in which the two clubs met in the semifinal. In the first leg, Pohang beat Ulsan 3-2 in a thrilling match in which three goals were scored in the added minutes of the second half. In the second leg, held in the Ulsan Stadium, they were drawing 1-1, which meant Pohang were about to progress to the final, until Ulsan's goalkeeper Kim Byung-Ji scored a last-minute header after a free-kick. The goal made the aggregate score 4-4, and Ulsan eventually became the winner after Kim Byung-Ji saved Pohang's two penalties in the following penalty shoot-out. In 2001, Kim Byung-Ji, who had been having a series of conflicts with Ulsan because the club did not let him move to Europe, moved directly to Pohan, recording the highest transfer fee in the K League at that time. His move intensified the tension between two clubs. From then, two clubs met coincidentally in several important matches. Two clubs met in the 2004 K League Championship semi-final and Pohang progressed to the final with Andrรฉ Luiz Tavares's goal. Four years later, they met again in the 2008 K League Championship First Round. After a goalless draw, the game continued to penalties, in which Ulsan won by 4-2. The name Donghaean means East Coast, where Pohang and Ulsan are located. Venues Players who have played for both clubs Choi Kang-hee (Pohang: 1983, Ulsan: 1984โ€“1992) Chung Jong-son (Pohang: 1985, Ulsan: 1989โ€“1994) Cho Keung-yeon (Pohang: 1985โ€“1991, Ulsan: 1992) Yoon Deok-yeo (Ulsan: 1986โ€“1991, Pohang: 1992) Wang Sun-jae (Pohang: 1987โ€“1988, Ulsan: 1988โ€“1989) Kim Byung-ji (Ulsan: 1992โ€“2000, Pohang: 2001โ€“2005) Kim Sang-hoon (Ulsan: 1996โ€“2001, Pohang: 2002โ€“2003) Lee Kil-yong (Ulsan: 1999โ€“2002, Pohang: 2003โ€“2004) Choi Chul-woo (Ulsan: 2000โ€“2001, Pohang: 2002โ€“2003) Kwon Jung-hyuk (Ulsan: 2001โ€“2006, Pohang: 2007) Woo Sung-yong (Pohang: 2003โ€“2004, Ulsan: 2007โ€“2008) Oh Beom-seok (Pohang: 2003โ€“2007, 2020โ€“present Ulsan: 2009โ€“2010) Lee Jin-ho (Ulsan: 2003โ€“2011, Pohang: 2010(loan)) Kim Jin-yong (Ulsan: 2004โ€“2005, Pohang: 2012) Kim Jee-Hyuk (Ulsan: 2005โ€“2007, Pohang: 2008โ€“2011) Lee Won-Jae (Pohang: 2005โ€“2007, Ulsan: 2009โ€“2010, Pohang: 2010โ€“2012) Yang Dong-hyen (Ulsan: 2005โ€“2008, 2014โ€“2015, Pohang: 2016โ€“2017) Go Seul-ki (Pohang: 2005โ€“2009, Ulsan: 2010โ€“2012) Choi Tae-uk (Pohang: 2006โ€“2007, Ulsan: 2014) Lee Jae-won (Ulsan: 2006โ€“2007, 2014, Pohang: 2015โ€“2016) Kim Ji-min (Ulsan: 2007, Pohang: 2008) Brasรญlia (Ulsan: 2008, Pohang: 2009) Almir (Ulsan: 2008โ€“2009, Pohang: 2010) No Byung-jun (Pohang: 2008โ€“2013, Ulsan: 2010(loan)) Seol Ki-hyeon (Pohang: 2010, Ulsan: 2011) Lee Gi-dong (Pohang: 2010โ€“2011, Ulsan: 2011) Choi Jae-soo (Ulsan: 2010โ€“2012, Pohang: 2015) Sin Jin-ho (Pohang: 2011โ€“2015, 2021โ€“present Ulsan: 2019โ€“2021) Park Sung-ho (Pohang: 2012โ€“2013, 2015 Ulsan: 2016) Yoo Jun-soo (Ulsan: 2014โ€“2018, Pohang: 2019) Jung Jae-yong (Ulsan: 2016โ€“2019, Pohang: 2019) Shin Hyung-min (Pohang: 2008โ€“2012, Ulsan: 2021โ€“present) Kim Seong-ju (Ulsan: 2018, Pohang: 2021โ€“present) Match reports League matches League Cup matches FA Cup matches AFC Champions League matches Korean National Football Championship Records and statistics As of 20 October 2021 Penalty shoot-outs results are counted as a drawn match. All-time results See also List of association football rivalries List of sports rivalries Nationalism and sport References Pohang Steelers Ulsan Hyundai FC Football rivalries in South Korea
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%95%84%ED%82%A8%20%EB%B0%9C%EB%9D%BC%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4
ํ˜ธ์•„ํ‚จ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด
ํ˜ธ์•„ํ‚จ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด()๋Š” ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด์ž ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ์ด๋‹ค. 1960-1962๋…„, 1966-1978๋…„, 1986-1996๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฐ”๋ ˆํ…Œ์˜ ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ” ์ด๋ฏผ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋…์žฌ์ž ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š”(Rafael Trujillo) ํ•˜์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์ง์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š”(Hรฉctor Trujillo) ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์ง€๋‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜์ž ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง์„ ์Šน๊ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2๋…„๋งŒ์— ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€๋กœ ์‹ค๊ฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 1966๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋„ 1970๋…„, 1974๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์ž„์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 1978๋…„ ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ๊ตฌ์Šค๋งŒ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋ฐ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1982๋…„ ๋Œ€์„ ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ด๋ฐ”๋„๋ฅด ํ˜ธ๋ฅดํ—ค ๋ธ”๋ž‘์ฝ”(Salvador Jorge Blanco)์—๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 1986๋…„ 41%์˜ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ๋กœ ํ•˜์ฝ”๋ณด ๋งˆํ˜๋ฃจํƒ€(Jacobo Majluta) ๅ‰๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž„๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์˜จ๊ฑดํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํŽผ์ณค์Œ์—๋„, ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ์–ต์•• ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1991๋…„ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์ฝ” ๅ‰๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋„ 1990๋…„, 1994๋…„ ๋ฌด๋‚œํžˆ ์žฌ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ๋ ฅ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ(๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ์„ ์•“๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค) ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ์•…ํ™”๋˜์ž ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ 2๋…„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ ํ–ฅ๋…„ 96์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํƒ€๊ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ "๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ "์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณด์ „์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค(์ผ๋ก€๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…น์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด์—๊ฒŒ ๋นš์„ ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„ ๊ณผ์–ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๊ถŒ ํ†ต์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด ๋…ผ๋ž€๊ณผ(์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค), ๋ถ€์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐœ์ž…(1966๋…„ ๋Œ€์„  ๋ฐ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ง‘๊ถŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœํ—Œ), ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ ํ™•์‚ฐ, ๋นˆ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค(๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ์„ ์•“๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค). ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฐ€์Šค ์š”์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ(์—ผ์†Œ์˜ ์ถ•์ œ)์˜ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ ฅ ํ˜ธ์•„ํ‚จ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” 1906๋…„ 9์›” 1์ผ, ์‚ฐํ‹ฐ์•„๊ณ  ํ˜„์˜ ๋น„์•ผ ๋น„์†Œ๋…ธ(๋‚˜๋ฐ”๋ ˆํ…Œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Œ)์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ํ˜ธ์•„ํ‚จ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด ๋ ˆ์Šคํ”ผ์—๋ฅด(Joaquรญn Balaguer Lespier)๋Š” ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์—์„œ ์˜จ ์นดํƒˆ๋ฃจ๋ƒ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์นด๋ฅด๋ฉ˜ ์…€๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅด๋„(Carmen Celia Ricardo)๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ˆ„์—˜ ๋ฐ ํ—ค์ˆ˜์Šค ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅด๋„(Manuel de Jesus Ricardo)์™€ ๋กœ์‚ฌ ์•„๋ฉœ๋ผ ์—์šฐ๋ ˆ์•„์šฐ์Šค(Rosa Amelia Heureaux) ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์•„ํ‚จ์€ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ”ผ์—๋ฅด์™€ ์นด๋ฅด๋ฉ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์ž๋…€ ์ค‘ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์•„๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค(๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋”ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค). ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆด ์  ๋ฌธํ•™์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž์„œ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์„ ์ ๋ นํ•˜์ž ๊ทธ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์ •์น˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ „๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฐํ† ๋„๋ฐ๊ณ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋•„๊ณ , ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ I ํŒํ…Œ์˜จ์†Œ๋ฅด๋ณธ์—์„œ ์งง์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ์—, ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋“œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋น„์ˆ˜ โ€“ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ โ€“ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์™ธ์‹ฌ์„ ๋Š๊ปด ๊ธ€๋กœ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•Œ๋น„์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ด์ •๊ณผ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์› ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ํ™œ๋™ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” 1930๋…„ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ ์ด์ „์—๋„ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š” ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค). 1932๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1935๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ด€์˜ ๋น„์„œ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1936๋…„ ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š”(Rafael Trujillo)์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ฐจ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1937๋…„ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1940๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1943๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„ ํŠน๋ช…๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋กœ, 1943๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1947๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด ํŠน๋ช…๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1947๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1949๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1949๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1955๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1953๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1956๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์™ธ๊ต๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น 1960๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋œ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ 36๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ค๊ถŒ์„ ์ฅ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒํผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋นˆ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์œผ๋กœ ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š”์˜ ์ œ์ž๋กœ์„œ, ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ์น˜ํ•˜์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์ง์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘ 1952๋…„ ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง์„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์ƒ์ธ ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š”์—๊ฒŒ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„๋งŒ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ผ ๋ฟ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ผญ๋‘๊ฐ์‹œ์˜€๋‹ค(์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค). 1956๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋น„์„œ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, 1957๋…„ 5์›” 16์ผ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜์˜ ๊ผญ๋‘๊ฐ์‹œ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฆ‰, ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜์˜ ๋…์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ด์— ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1960๋…„ 8์›” 3์ผ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง์„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ž„ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š”, ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜์ž ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง์„ ์Šน๊ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ œ1-์ถ•์ถœ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง์„ ์Šน๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1960๋…„ 8์›” 3์ผ ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜์ด ์•”์‚ด๋˜์ž ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ๋žŒํ”ผ์Šค ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š”(Ramfis Trujillo)๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ํ†ต์น˜ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ผญ๋‘๊ฐ์‹œ์™€๋„ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜์˜ ์•”์‚ด ์ดํ›„, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์‹ค๊ถŒ์„ ์ฅ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์‹ค๊ถŒ์„ ์ฅ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์—ด์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 1961๋…„ 1์›” ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์™€ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์นจ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ํ•ด์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋žŒํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ธ ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด์™€ ํ˜ธ์„ธ ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฉ˜๋”” ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ์ž„์‹œ๋ฐฉํŽธ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์ž์œ ์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. OAS๋Š” ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜์ด ๋กœ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํƒ•์ฟ ๋ฅด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋žŒํ”ผ์Šค๋„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์ „์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•ผ๋‹น ํƒ„์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ฐœํ˜๋‹น์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์‹œ๋ฏผ์—ฐํ•ฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๋Œ€์ค‘์šด๋™์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ผ๋‹น์€ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” 9์›”์— ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด์™€ ํ˜ธ์„ธ ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š”๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•ผ๋‹น์€ ๋žŒํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ํ‡ด์ž„์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋žŒํ”ผ์Šค๋Š” 11์›” 17์ผ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์žฅ์„ฑ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ฒด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์นœ์นด์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ํผ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์— ์ž‘์€ ํ•จ๋Œ€์™€ 1800๋ช…์˜ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ์™€ ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด์˜ ์ •์น˜์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ํ†ต์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ตฐ์žฅ์„ฑ์ธ ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์Šค ์—์ฐจ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ฒœ๋ช…, ์นœํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š” ํ˜•์ œ๋Š” 11์›” 20์ผ ์—์ฐจ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ฐจ๊ด€์ด ๋˜์ž ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ถ•์ถœ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์‹œ๋ฏผ์—ฐ๋งน(UCN)์€ 1964๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž ๋น„๋ฆฌ์•„ํ†  ํ”ผ์•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ๋ถ€๋Š” UCN์˜ ํž˜์ด ์ปค์ง€์ž ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—์ฐจ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ํ˜„ ์ •๊ถŒ(๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด ์ฒด์ œ)์˜ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค‘์žฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1962๋…„ 1์›” 7๋ช…(๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋„ํ•˜๋˜ UCN์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ‰์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š”(๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ์˜ํšŒ์™€ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ• ) ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. OAS๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด์–ด, ์—์ฐจ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ๋ถ€๋Š” ํญ๋™์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋” 1์›” 14์ผ ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1์›” 16์ผ, ์—์ฐจ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ถœํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์„ ์ฒดํฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์น˜์ž UCN์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์—์ฐจ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ดํ‹€ ํ›„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ต๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ‰์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ๋ณด๋„ค์ด(Rafael Bonnelly)์˜ ์ง€๋„ ํ•˜์— ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•๊ณผ ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋„ค์ด๋Š” 1๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ตญ์ •์„ ์ด๊ด„ํ•œ ๋’ค ํ›„์•ˆ ๋ณด์‰ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณด์‰ฌ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 7๊ฐœ์›”๋ฐ–์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€๋กœ ์ „๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ 1965๋…„ 4์›” 24์ผ ๋‚ด์ „์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ณด์‰ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ท€์‹œํ‚ฌ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž„์‹œ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๊ณ , ๋ฆฐ๋“  ์กด์Šจ(Lyndon Johnson) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ 4์›” 28์ผ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ํ•ด ์ผ๋Œ€์— ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 42,000 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹œ์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€๋„์ž ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ๊ณ ๋„์ด(Hรฉctor Garcรญa Godoy)๋Š” 1966๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด, ํ›„์ž„์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ถœ๋งˆ, ํ›„์•ˆ ๋ณด์‰ฌ ๅ‰๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ œ2, "12๋…„" 1966๋…„, ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ›„์•ˆ ๋ณด์Šค์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ด ๋งŒ์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์˜จ๊ฑดํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ 1970๋…„ 3์„ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1974๋…„ 4์„ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ง‘๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์— ๋‹ฅ์ณค๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ํƒ€๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•™๊ต, ๋Œ, ๋„๋กœ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋‹ฅ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์‚ด์ธ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ž์‹ ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ์„ ํˆฌ์˜ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ข…๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํˆฌ์˜ฅ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์™€์ค‘์— ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ๊ฑฐ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ, ํ‡ด์ž„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฌ๋„์ „ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ง‘๊ถŒ์˜ ์•ผ์š•์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๊ณ , 1978๋…„ 5์„ ์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋Œ€์„ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ผ๊ถŒ์˜ ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ๊ตฌ์Šค๋งŒ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋ฐ์Šค์™€ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋Œ€์„ ์—์„œ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 5์„ ์— ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋„์ „์€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1982๋…„ ๋‹ค์‹œ 5์„ ์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ผ๊ถŒํ›„๋ณด ์‚ด๋ฐ”๋„๋ฅด ํ˜ธ๋ฅดํ—ค ๋ธ”๋ž‘์ฝ”(Salvador Jorge Blanco)์—๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋ ต ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋ฐ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ž๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์š•์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , 1986๋…„ ๋‹ค์‹œ 5์„ ์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ฆ…์“ฐ๊ณ  5์„ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„, ๋ธ”๋ž‘์ฝ” ์น˜ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€ํŒจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ œ3-ํ‡ด์ž„ ์ฃฝ์Œ ์œ ์‚ฐ ์ €์„œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ธ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธ€์„ ์ผ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์˜์ž์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ์ˆฒ ์ง€ํ‚ด์ด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ณ„ํ˜• ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ์ด๊ฑด ํ˜ธํ™”๋ณ„์žฅ์„ ์ง€์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์˜ ํƒ์š•ํ˜• ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ์Šต์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„๋กœ๊ณต์‚ฌ์™€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์ค‘๋‹จ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…น์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด์—๊ฒŒ ๋นš์„ ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„ ๊ณผ์–ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™€๋กœ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ง๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ์„ ์•“์•˜๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฐ€์Šค ์š”์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ธ ใ€Š์—ผ์†Œ์˜ ์ถ•์ œใ€‹์—๋„ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ›„์•ˆ ๋ณด์‰ฌ(Juan Bosch) ๅ‰๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตํ™ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜์—ฌ 40๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒ์ž์ดŒ์„ ๋ถˆ๋„์ €๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ํ˜ธ์•„ํ‚จ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด ๋ ˆ์Šคํ”ผ์—๋ฅด(Joaquรญn Balaguer Lespier)๋Š” ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์—์„œ ์˜จ ์นดํƒˆ๋ฃจ๋ƒ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์นด๋ฅด๋ฉ˜ ์…€๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅด๋„(Carmen Celia Ricardo)๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ˆ„์—˜ ๋ฐ ํ—ค์ˆ˜์Šค ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅด๋„(Manuel de Jesus Ricardo)์™€ ๋กœ์‚ฌ ์•„๋ฉœ๋ผ ์—์šฐ๋ ˆ์•„์šฐ์Šค(Rosa Amelia Heureaux) ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์•„ํ‚จ์€ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ”ผ์—๋ฅด์™€ ์นด๋ฅด๋ฉ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์ž๋…€ ์ค‘ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์•„๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค(๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋”ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค). ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋…์‹ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์˜์ž์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์Šค์Šน๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋˜, ๋…์žฌ์ž ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š”(Rafael Trujillo)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์š”์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ์ˆฒ ์ง€ํ‚ด์ด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ณ„ํ˜• ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ์ด๊ฑด ํ˜ธํ™”๋ณ„์žฅ์„ ์ง€์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์˜ ํƒ์š•ํ˜• ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ์Šต์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„๋กœ๊ณต์‚ฌ์™€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์ค‘๋‹จ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…น์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด์—๊ฒŒ ๋นš์„ ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„ ๊ณผ์–ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๅ‰๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์ธ ์•จ ๊ณ ์–ด(Al Gore)์˜ ์ €์„œ ใ€Š๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์ง„์‹คใ€‹์—๋Š” ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆฒ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1906๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 2002๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์นดํƒˆ๋ฃจ๋ƒ๊ณ„ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ธ ์นดํƒˆ๋ฃจ๋ƒ๊ณ„ ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์ธ ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”๊ณ„ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์žฅ์•  ์ •์น˜์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ณต์ฃผ์˜์ž ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ์ธ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š” ํ›„์•ˆ ๋ณด์‰ฌ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์žฅ๊ด€ ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด ํŠธ๋ฃจํžˆ์š” ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„ ์ฃผ์žฌ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด ์ฃผ์žฌ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ฃผ์žฌ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ณ„ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ธ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๊ณ„ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ธ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ธ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ์‚ฐํ‹ฐ์•„๊ณ ์ฃผ (๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ) ์ถœ์‹  20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn%20Balaguer
Joaquรญn Balaguer
Joaquรญn Antonio Balaguer Ricardo (1 September 1906 โ€“ 14 July 2002) was a Dominican politician, scholar, writer, and lawyer. He was President of the Dominican Republic serving three non-consecutive terms for that office from 1960 to 1962, 1966 to 1978, and 1986 to 1996. His enigmatic, secretive personality was inherited from the Trujillo era, as well as his desire to perpetuate himself in power through dubious elections and state terrorism, and he was considered to be a caudillo. His regime of terror claimed 11,000 victims who were either tortured or forcibly disappeared and killed. Nevertheless, Balaguer was also considered to be instrumental in the liberalization of the Dominican government, and his time as leader of the Dominican Republic saw major changes such as legalized political activities, surprise army promotions and demotions, promoting health and education improvements and instituting modest land reforms. Early life and introduction to politics Balaguer was born on 1 September 1906 in Navarrete, later named Villa Bisonรณ in the Santiago Province in the northwestern corner of the Dominican Republic. His father was Joaquรญn Jesรบs Balaguer Lespier, a Puerto Rican native of Catalan and French ancestry, and his mother was Carmen Celia Ricardo Heureaux, daughter of Manuel de Jesus Ricardo and Rosa Amelia Heureaux (of French descent), who was also a half-cousin of President Ulises Heureaux. Balaguer was the only son in a family of several daughters. From a very early age, Balaguer felt an attraction to literature, composing verses that were published in local magazines even when he was very young. He was taught by Santiago-born educator and feminist writer Rosa Smester Marrero; in his memoirs, Balaguer recalled Smester's great influence on his intellectual formation. After graduating from school, Balaguer earned a law degree from the University of Santo Domingo (UASD) and studied for a brief period at the University of Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne As a youth, Balaguer wrote of the awe with which he was struck by his father's fellow countryman, the Harvard graduate and political leader from Puerto Rico, Pedro Albizu. Despite the profound differences regarding their ethical and world visions, Albizu's fiery and charismatic rhetoric captured Balaguer's imagination and his recollection of this occasion was a harbinger of his passion for politics and intellectual debate. Balaguer's political career began in 1930 (before Rafael Trujillo took control of the government) when he was appointed Attorney in the Court of Properties. In later years, he served as Secretary of the Dominican Legation in Madrid (1932โ€“1935), Undersecretary of the Presidency (1936), Undersecretary of Foreign Relations (1937), Extraordinary Ambassador to Colombia and Ecuador (1940โ€“1943 and 1943โ€“1947), Ambassador to Mexico (1947โ€“1949), Secretary of Education (1949โ€“1955), and Secretary of State of Foreign Relations (1953โ€“1956). First presidency and its aftermath When Trujillo arranged to have his brother Hรฉctor re-elected to the presidency in 1957, he chose Balaguer as vice-president. Three years later, when pressure from the Organization of American States (OAS) convinced Rafael that it was inappropriate to have a member of his family as president, Trujillo forced his brother to resign, and Balaguer succeeded to the post. The situation was dramatically altered, however, when Trujillo was assassinated in May 1961. Balaguer initially remained president, with the real power held by Trujillo's son, Ramfis. They initially took steps to liberalize the regime, granting some civil liberties and easing Trujillo's tight censorship of the press. Meanwhile, he revoked the nonaggression pact made with Cuba in January 1961. These measures did not go nearly far enough for a populace who had no memory of the instability and poverty that preceded Trujillo, and wanted more freedom and a more equitable distribution of wealth. At the same time, Ramfis' reforms went too far for the hard-line trujillistas led by his own uncles, Hรฉctor and Josรฉ Arismendi Trujillo. As the OAS continued economic sanctions imposed for Trujillo's attempted murder of Venezuelan President Romulo Betancourt, Ramfis warned that the country could descend into civil war between left and right. Although official and unofficial repression of the opposition parties (the Dominican Revolutionary Party and National Civic Union, as well as the communist Dominican Popular Movement) continued, Balaguer publicly condemned this repression and in September he pledged to form a coalition government. Hector and Jose Trujillo left the country in October but the opposition parties demanded Ramfis withdraw from the government as well. At the end of October, Ramfis announced that he would resign if the OAS agreed to lift the economic sanctions. The OAS agreed on November 14 but Ramfis' uncles returned to the country the following day, hoping to lead a military coup. Ramfis resigned and went into exile on November 17 and rumours circulated that Air Force general Fernando Arturo Sรกnchez Otero would support pro-Castro revolutionaries. The United States now sent a small fleet of ships and 1,800 marines to patrol Dominican waters. The US consul informed Balaguer that these forces stood ready to intervene at his request, and would be supported by forces from Venezuela and Colombia. Air Force general Pedro Rafael Ramรณn Rodrรญguez Echavarrรญa announced his support for Balaguer and bombed pro-Trujillo forces. The Trujillo brothers again fled the country on November 20 and Echavarrรญa became Secretary of Armed Forces. The Union Civica Nacional (UCN) called a national strike and demanded the formation of a provisional government under their leader, Viriato Fiallo, with elections to be delayed until 1964. The military were vehemently against the UCN taking power and Echaverrรญa proposed a continuation of the Balaguer regime until the elections. The American consul mediated between the two sides and in January 1962 final agreement led to the creation of a seven-member Council of State, led by Balaguer but including members of the UCN, to replace both the Dominican Congress and the President and his cabinet until the election. The OAS finally lifted sanctions against the country upon the formation of the council. However, popular unrest against Balaguer continued and many saw Echaverrรญa as positioning himself to seize power. Military forces opened fire on demonstrators on 14 January which led to rioting the following day. On 16 January, Balaguer resigned and Echaverrรญa staged a military coup d'รฉtat and arrested the other members of the council. With the US supporting the UCN and a new national strike beginning immediately, Echaverrรญa was arrested by other officers two days later. The Council of State was restored under the leadership of Rafael Bonnelly and Balaguer went into exile in New York and Puerto Rico. Juan Bosch was elected president in 1962 in the country's first free election. He only held office from February 1963 to September 1963, when he was overthrown in a military coup seven months later. The country then began a tumultuous period which by 24 April 1965 saw the start of the Dominican Civil War. Military officers had revolted against the provisional Junta to restore Bosch, whereupon U.S. President Lyndon Johnson, under the pretext of eliminating Communist influence in the Caribbean, sent 42,000 U.S. troops to defeat the revolt in Operation Power Pack, on 28 April. The provisional government, headed by Hรฉctor Garcรญa-Godoy, announced general elections for 1966. Balaguer seized his chance once he had the backing of the United States government, and returned to the Dominican Republic with the purpose of destroying the popular groups that had participated in the rebellions of 1965. He formed the Reformist Party and entered the presidential race against Bosch, campaigning as a moderate conservative advocating gradual and orderly reforms. He quickly gained the support of the establishment and easily defeated Bosch, who ran a somewhat muted campaign out of fear of military retribution. "The Twelve Years" (1966โ€“1978) Balaguer found a nation severely beaten by decades of turbulence, with few short times of peace, and virtually ignorant of democracy and human rights. He sought to pacify the enmities surviving from the Trujillo regime and from the 1965 civil war, but political murders continued to be frequent during his administration. He succeeded in partially rehabilitating the public finances, which were in a chaotic state, and pushed through a modest program of economic development. He was easily reelected in 1970 against fragmented opposition and won again in 1974 after changing the voting rules in a way that led the opposition to boycott the race. During his years as president (known popularly in Dominican politics as simply "the twelve years"), Balaguer ordered the construction of schools, hospitals, dams, roads, and many important buildings. He also presided over steady economic growth, funded public housing, opened public schools, and expanded education during his term. Additionally, over 300 politicians became millionaires during his presidency. However, his administration soon developed a distinct authoritarian cast, constitutional guarantees notwithstanding. Political opponents were jailed and sometimes killed (by one estimate, 3,000 people with center-left leanings were murdered), and opposition newspapers were occasionally seized. Despite his authoritarian methods, Balaguer had far less power than Trujillo, and his rule was milder. Defeat and return to power In 1978 Balaguer sought another term. However, by this time, inflation was on the rise, and the great majority of the people had gotten little benefit from the economic boom of the past decade. Balaguer faced Antonio Guzmรกn, a wealthy rancher running under the banner of the Dominican Revolutionary Party. When election returns showed an unmistakable trend in Guzmรกn's favor, the military stopped the count. However, amid vigorous protests at home and strong pressure abroad, the count resumed. When the returns were all in, Guzmรกn handed Balaguer the first loss of his electoral career. When Balaguer left office that year, it marked the first time in the Dominican Republic's history that an incumbent president peacefully surrendered power to an elected member of the opposition. In the 1982 elections, the PRD's Salvador Jorge Blanco defeated Balaguer, who had merged his party with the Social Christian Revolutionary Party to form the Social Christian Reformist Party two years earlier. Balaguer ran again in the 1986 elections, and took advantage of a split in the PRD and an unpopular austerity program to win the presidency again after an eight-year absence. By this time, he was 80 years old and almost completely blind (he had lived with glaucoma for many years). Third presidency Balaguer's third presidency was considerably more liberal than the "Twelve Years" had been. He was more tolerant of opposition parties and human rights. He undertook massive infrastructure projects, such as the construction of highways, bridges, schools, housing projects and hospitals. Following the style of Trujillo, these highly visible projects were much publicized over government-controlled media and through grandiose public ceremonies designed to enhance Balaguer's popularity. The projects were also used as a means to reward his political supporters with lucrative public works contracts. The economy also improved considerably. Balaguer was narrowly reelected in the elections of 1990, defeating his old foe Juan Bosch by only 22,000 votes out of 1.9 million votes cast amid charges of fraud. For the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' landing in the Americas and the visit of Pope John Paul II, Balaguer spent millions on a restoration of parts of historic, colonial Santo Domingo, and on sprucing up the parts of the city to be transversed by the pope, including the construction of a grand new avenue lined with modern housing blocks. More controversial was that Balaguer spent two hundred million US dollars on the construction of a massive ten-story Columbus Lighthouse. Completed in 1992, the Columbus Lighthouse was designed to beam the image of a Christian cross into the night sky and to be visible for tens of miles. Since completion, the Columbus Lighthouse, which supposedly houses Columbus's remains, has been a minor tourist attraction. Its light has almost never been used due to extremely high energy costs and frequent blackouts in the country. In the 1994 elections, Balaguer decided to run again for the presidency, even though he was almost 90 years old and completely blind. This time, his most prominent opponent was Josรฉ Francisco Peรฑa Gรณmez of the PRD. The campaign was one of the nastiest in Dominican history. Balaguer frequently played up Peรฑa Gรณmez' Haitian ancestry to his advantage. Balaguer claimed that Peรฑa would try to merge the country with Haiti if elected. When the returns were announced, Balaguer was announced as the winner by only 30,000 votes. However, many PRD supporters showed up to vote only to discover their names had vanished from the rolls. Peรฑa Gรณmez declared fraud and called a general strike. Demonstrations took place in support of the strike. An investigation later revealed that the electoral board did not know the total number of registered voters, and the voting lists distributed at polling stations did not match those given to the parties. The investigation also revealed that about 200,000 people had been removed from the polls. Amid such questions about the poll's legitimacy, Balaguer agreed to hold new elections in 1996โ€”in which he would not be a candidate. It would be the first presidential election since 1966 in which Balaguer's name did not appear on the ballot. In the 1996 elections, Balaguer's vice president, Jacinto Peynado, finished well short of making it to the runoff. Balaguer then threw his support to the Dominican Liberation Party's Leonel Fernรกndez in an unusual coalition with Bosch, his political foe of over 30 years. Death and legacy In 2000, Balaguer sought the presidency yet again. Although by this time he could not walk without assistance, he nonetheless plunged into the campaign, well aware that his large reservoir of supporters could mean the difference in the election. He won around 23% of the votes in the election, with PLD candidate Danilo Medina just barely nosing him out for a spot in the runoff with PRD candidate Hipรณlito Mejรญa, who came just a few thousand votes short of outright victory. Balaguer stated that he himself personally accepted Mejรญa's election, but hinted that his supporters would split their votes between Mejรญa and Medina in the runoff. Medina would have needed nearly all of Balaguer's supporters to cross over to him in order to have any realistic chance of overcoming a 25-point deficit in the first round. When it was apparent Medina would not get nearly enough support from Balaguer's voters to have a chance at victory, he pulled out of the runoff, handing the presidency to Mejรญa. On July 14, 2002, Joaquรญn Balaguer died of heart failure at Santo Domingo's Abreu Clinic at the age of 95. He was a polarizing figure who could incite as much hate as love from the population. Despite his image as a standard Latin American caudillo, Balaguer at the same time developed a legacy as a great reformer as well. His land reform policies were praised for successfully distributing land to peasants and earned him support from the country's rural population. Ronald Reagan once said of him "President Balaguer has been a driving force throughout his country's democratic development. In 1966 he led democracy's return to the Dominican Republic after years of political uncertainty and turmoil. Indeed, he is, in many ways, the father of Dominican democracy" and Jimmy Carter complimented him saying "President Balaguer has set an example for all leaders in this nation in changing his own country and his own people away from a former totalitarian government to one of increasingly pure democracy." A metro station in Santo Domingo is named after Balaguer. He is one of the central characters in Mario Vargas Llosa's novel The Feast of the Goat. Bibliography Balaguer was a prolific author, who wrote many books for contemporary Dominican literature. His most famous work was his only narrative novel, called "Los Carpinteros". The most controversial of his works is perhaps "Memorias de un Cortesano en la Era de Trujillo", in which Balaguer, shielded by his political power admitted knowing the truth about the death of the revolutionary journalist Orlando Martรญnez. Balaguer left a blank page in the middle of the book to be filled in at the time of his death. Balaguer explored several branches of literature. As a thorough researcher, he published many biographical books still used as reference, along with compilations and analysis of Dominican folk poets. As a poet, he was mostly of Post-Romantic influence, and his style remained strictly unchanged along his long career. Other themes, despite the sorrow expressed, are mostly noble: and idyllic view of nature, nostalgia, and memoirs of the past. His total list of literary works is as follows: Salmos paganos (1922) Claro de luna (1922) Tebaida lรญrica (1924) Nociones de mรฉtrica castellana (1930) Azul en los charcos (1941) La realidad dominicana (1941) El Tratado Trujilloโ€‘Hull y la liberaciรณn financiera de la Repรบblica Dominicana (1941) La polรญtica internacional de Trujillo (1941) Guรญa emocional de la ciudad romรกntica (1944) Letras dominicanas (1944) Heredia, verbo de la libertad (1945) Palabras con acentos rรญtmicos (1946) Realidad dominicana. Semblanza de un paรญs y un rรฉgimen (1947) Los prรณceres escritores (1947) Semblanzas literarias (1948) En torno de un pretendido vicio prosรณdico de los poetas hispanoamericanos (1949) Literatura dominicana (1950) El Cristo de la libertad (1950) Federico Garcรญa Godoy (antologรญa, 1951) El principio de alternabilidad en la historia dominicana (1952) Juan Antonio Alix: Dรฉcimas (Prรณlogo y recopilaciรณn, 1953) Consideraciรณn acerca de la producciรณn e inversiรณn de nuestros impuestos (1953) Apuntes para una historia prosรณdica de la mรฉtrica castellana (1954) El pensamiento vivo de Trujillo (1955) Historia de la literatura dominicana (1956) Discursos. Panegรญricos, polรญtica y educaciรณn polรญtica internacional (1957) Colรณn, precursor literario (1958) El centinela de la frontera. Vida y hazaรฑas de Antonio Duvergรฉ (1962) El Reformismo: filosofรญa polรญtica de la revoluciรณn sin sangre (1966) Misiรณn de los intelectuales (Discurso, 1967) Con Dios, con la patria y con la libertad (Discurso, 1971) Conjura develada (Discurso, 1971) Ante la tumba de mi madre (1972) Temas educativos y actividades diplomรกticas (1973) La marcha hacia el Capitolio (1973) Discursos. Temas histรณricos y literarios (1973) Temas educativos y actividades diplomรกticas (1974) Cruces iluminadas (1974) La palabra encadenada (1975) Martรญ, crรญtica e interpretaciรณn (1975) La cruz de cristal (1976) Discursos escogidos (1977) Discurso en el develamiento de la estatua del poeta Fabio Fiallo (1977) Juan Antonio Alix, crรญtica e interpretaciรณn (1977) Pedestales. Discursos histรณricos (1979) Huerto sellado. Versos de juventud (1980) Mensajes al pueblo dominicano (1983) Entre la sangre del 30 de mayo y la del 24 de abril (1983) La isla al revรฉs (1983) Galerรญa heroica (1984) Los carpinteros (1984) La venda transparente (1987) Memorias de un cortesano de la ยซEra de Trujilloยป (1988) Romance del caminante sin destino (Enrique Blanco) (1990) Voz silente (1992) De vuelta al capitolio 1986โ€‘1992 (1993) Espaรฑa infinita (1997) Grecia eterna (1999) La raza inglesa (2000) Notes References External links Diariolibre.com UCSB.edu UCSB.edu Official page Biography by CIDOB Foundation (in Spanish) Memoria.com 8M.com |- 1906 births 2002 deaths People from Santiago Province (Dominican Republic) Dominican Republic people of Catalan descent Dominican Republic people of French descent Dominican Republic people of Puerto Rican descent Dominican Republic anti-communists Social Christian Reformist Party politicians Presidents of the Dominican Republic 20th-century Dominican Republic poets Dominican Republic male poets University of Paris alumni Blind politicians Politicide perpetrators Vice presidents of the Dominican Republic Dominican Republic novelists Male novelists Ambassadors of the Dominican Republic to Colombia Ambassadors of the Dominican Republic to Ecuador Ambassadors of the Dominican Republic to Mexico 20th-century novelists Dominican Republic expatriates in France Caribbean writers Blind lawyers Blind poets
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%91%EC%83%81%EC%83%98%20%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%AC
๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ
๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ()์€ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด์„œ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ๋ฐœ์œก์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋„“์€ ๋œป์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์€ ํ‹ฐ๋ก์‹ (, T4), ์‚ผ์š”๋“œํ‹ฐ๋กœ๋‹Œ(triiodothyronine, T3), ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์นผ์‹œํ† ๋‹Œ(thyrocalcitonin)์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‹ฐ๋ก์‹ ๊ณผ ์‚ผ์š”๋“œํ‹ฐ๋กœ๋‹Œ ๋งŒ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„๋‡Œ์˜ ์‹œ์ƒํ•˜๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜์ž๊ทนํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ()์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‡Œํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ์ž๊ทน ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‡Œํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ์ž๊ทน ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ()์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ด‰์ง„๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒด๋‚ด์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์•„์ด์˜ค๋”˜์ด ๋Šฅ๋™ ์šด๋ฐ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ์„ธํฌ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ธ”๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์š”์˜ค๋“œ๊ฐ€ 3๋ถ„์ž ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ T3, 4๋ถ„์ž ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ T4๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ค‘ 90 % ์ด์ƒ์ด T4์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋น„๋œ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์€ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€์œ„์—๋งŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชธ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์งˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์œก์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋ชธ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์šธ ๋•Œ ๋ชธ์„ ๋– ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชธ์— ์—ด์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชธ์— ์—ด์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทผ์œก์„ ์ง„๋™์‹œ์ผœ ์—ด์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ชธ์† ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์–‘์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์€ ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋”๋งŽ์€ ์—ด์„ ๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์€ ์ธ์ฒด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชธ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”๋””๊ฒŒ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„˜์น˜๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ผ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜์ฆ์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ชธ์ด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์‹์š•์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒด์ค‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ฐ•๋™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด ์ ์•ก๋ถ€์ข…์ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ•ญ์ง„์ฆ์€ ๋ชธ์— ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ • ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ ธ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ๋ชธ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์—ด์ด ๋‚˜์„œ ๋”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์ง€๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ๋ชธ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์–‘์†Œ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์–‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹์š•์€ ์™•์„ฑํ•ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒด์ค‘์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์€ ํƒœ์•„์™€ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์œก์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋‹ค. ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ์ž„์‹  12์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์—„๋งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒœ์•„์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์€ ์—„๋งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์— ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋‡Œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๊ณผ ์—„๋งˆ์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‡Œ์˜ 90% ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” 1์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •์‹  ์ง€์ฒด ์žฅ์• ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1859๋…„ ๋…์ผ ์‰ฌํ”„๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜์ด ์ƒ๋ช… ์œ ์ง€์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ˆํ”ผ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ์ „์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๋’ค ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜์„ ์ด์‹ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1891๋…„ ๋จธ๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” ์ ์•ก์ˆ˜์ข… ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์–‘์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งค์ผ„์ง€๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ์†Œ์•„๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ ํ—ˆ์น˜์Šจ์€ ์š”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ์—ฌํฌ ๋‚ด์— ์ฝœ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋†์ถ•๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๊ณ , 1899๋…„ ์˜ค์Šค์™ˆ๋“œ๋Š” ์š”๋“œํ™”๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€์—๋กœ๊ธ€๋กœ๋นˆ()๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. 1914๋…„ ๋ฉ”์ด์˜ค ํด๋ฆฌ๋‹‰์˜ ์ผ„๋“ค์€ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์š”๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ง€์ž๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๋‹น ์ธ๋Œ(indole) ํ•ต ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์— ์š”๋“œ ์›์ž ์„ธ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์—์„œ thyroxyindole์„ ์ค„์ธ ํƒ€์ด๋ก์‹ ()๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Š” ํƒ€์ด๋ก์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 1926๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๋งํ„ด์€ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๋‹น ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์š”๋“œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด, ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋งํ„ด์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์˜ ๋ช…๋ช…๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํƒ€์ด๋ก์‹ ์— e๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์—ฌ ํ‹ฐ๋ก์‹ ()์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณ ์น  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ„๋“ค์ด ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด ๋‚ธ ํ‹ฐ๋ก์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋งํ„ด์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ œ์ œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜์ข…์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1949๋…„์—๋Š” ์žฅ์—์„œ ํก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋ณด ํ‹ฐ๋ก์‹ () ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ํ”ผํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์™€ ๊ทธ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ํ‹ฐ๋ก์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ๋‚ด ์‚ผ์š”๋“œํ‹ฐ๋กœ๋‹Œ(triiodothyronine)์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ €ํ•˜์ฆ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์ข… ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ์Šค๋ณ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ํ•ญ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜์ œ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ํ‹ฐ์˜ค์šฐ๋ผ์‹ค ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ๋งˆ์กธ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์นผ์‹œํ† ๋‹Œ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์•„์ด์˜ค๋„ํ‹ฐ๋กœ๋‹Œ ํ‹ฐ๋ก์‹  ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„๊ณ„ ๋™๋ฌผํ•™ ์ƒ˜ (๊ธฐ๊ด€) ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์•„์ด์˜ค๋”˜ํ™” ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹  ์œ ๋„์ฒด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid%20hormones
Thyroid hormones
Thyroid hormones are any hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). They are tyrosine-based hormones that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine, derived from food. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), whose half-life of around one week is longer than that of T3. In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is approximately 14:1. T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5โ€ฒ-deiodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes, thus dietary selenium is essential for T3 production. American chemist Edward Calvin Kendall was responsible for the isolation of thyroxine in 1915. In 2020, levothyroxine, a manufactured form of thyroxine, was the second most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 98million prescriptions. Levothyroxine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Function The thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. It acts to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone) and neural maturation, and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. These hormones also regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, affecting how human cells use energetic compounds. They also stimulate vitamin metabolism. Numerous physiological and pathological stimuli influence thyroid hormone synthesis. Thyroid hormone leads to heat generation in humans. However, the thyronamines function via some unknown mechanism to inhibit neuronal activity; this plays an important role in the hibernation cycles of mammals and the moulting behaviour of birds. One effect of administering the thyronamines is a severe drop in body temperature. Medical use Both T3 and T4 are used to treat thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism). They are both absorbed well by the stomach, so can be given orally. Levothyroxine is the pharmaceutical name of the manufactured version of T4, which is metabolised more slowly than T3 and hence usually only needs once-daily administration. Natural desiccated thyroid hormones are derived from pig thyroid glands, and are a "natural" hypothyroid treatment containing 20% T3 and traces of T2, T1 and calcitonin. Also available are synthetic combinations of T3/T4 in different ratios (such as liotrix) and pure-T3 medications (INN: liothyronine). Levothyroxine Sodium is usually the first course of treatment tried. Some patients feel they do better on desiccated thyroid hormones; however, this is based on anecdotal evidence and clinical trials have not shown any benefit over the biosynthetic forms. Thyroid tablets are reported to have different effects, which can be attributed to the difference in torsional angles surrounding the reactive site of the molecule. Thyronamines have no medical usages yet, though their use has been proposed for controlled induction of hypothermia, which causes the brain to enter a protective cycle, useful in preventing damage during ischemic shock. Synthetic thyroxine was first successfully produced by Charles Robert Harington and George Barger in 1926. Formulations Most people are treated with levothyroxine, or a similar synthetic thyroid hormone. Different polymorphs of the compound have different solubilities and potencies. Additionally, natural thyroid hormone supplements from the dried thyroids of animals are still available. Levothyroxine contains T4 only and is therefore largely ineffective for patients unable to convert T4 to T3. These patients may choose to take natural thyroid hormone, as it contains a mixture of T4 and T3, or alternatively supplement with a synthetic T3 treatment. In these cases, synthetic liothyronine is preferred due to the potential differences between the natural thyroid products. Some studies show that the mixed therapy is beneficial to all patients, but the addition of lyothyronine contains additional side effects and the medication should be evaluated on an individual basis. Some natural thyroid hormone brands are FDA approved, but some are not. Thyroid hormones are generally well tolerated. Thyroid hormones are usually not dangerous for pregnant women or nursing mothers, but should be given under a doctor's supervision. In fact, if a woman who is hypothyroid is left untreated, her baby is at a higher risk for birth defects. When pregnant, a woman with a low-functioning thyroid will also need to increase her dosage of thyroid hormone. One exception is that thyroid hormones may aggravate heart conditions, especially in older patients; therefore, doctors may start these patients on a lower dose and work up to a larger one to avoid risk of heart attack. Thyroid metabolism Central Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) are produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and are regulated by TSH made by the thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary gland. The effects of T4 in vivo are mediated via T3 (T4 is converted to T3 in target tissues). T3 is three to five times more active than T4. Thyroxine (3,5,3โ€ฒ,5โ€ฒ-tetraiodothyronine) is produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It is produced as the precursor thyroglobulin (this is not the same as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)), which is cleaved by enzymes to produce active T4. The steps in this process are as follows: The Na+/Iโˆ’ symporter transports two sodium ions across the basement membrane of the follicular cells along with an iodide ion. This is a secondary active transporter that utilises the concentration gradient of Na+ to move Iโˆ’ against its concentration gradient. Iโˆ’ is moved across the apical membrane into the colloid of the follicle by pendrin. Thyroperoxidase oxidizes two Iโˆ’ to form I2. Iodide is non-reactive, and only the more reactive iodine is required for the next step. The thyroperoxidase iodinates the tyrosyl residues of the thyroglobulin within the colloid. The thyroglobulin was synthesised in the ER of the follicular cell and secreted into the colloid. Iodinated Thyroglobulin binds megalin for endocytosis back into cell. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released from the anterior pituitary (also known as the adenohypophysis) binds the TSH receptor (a Gs protein-coupled receptor) on the basolateral membrane of the cell and stimulates the endocytosis of the colloid. The endocytosed vesicles fuse with the lysosomes of the follicular cell. The lysosomal enzymes cleave the T4 from the iodinated thyroglobulin. The thyroid hormones cross the follicular cell membrane towards the blood vessels by an unknown mechanism. Text books have stated that diffusion is the main means of transport, but recent studies indicate that monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and 10 play major roles in the efflux of the thyroid hormones from the thyroid cells. Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660ย kDa, dimeric protein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is produced by attaching iodine atoms to the ring structures of this protein's tyrosine residues; thyroxine (T4) contains four iodine atoms, while triiodothyronine (T3), otherwise identical to T4, has one less iodine atom per molecule. The thyroglobulin protein accounts for approximately half of the protein content of the thyroid gland. Each thyroglobulin molecule contains approximately 100โ€“120 tyrosine residues, a small number of which (<20) are subject to iodination catalysed by thyroperoxidase. The same enzyme then catalyses "coupling" of one modified tyrosine with another, via a free-radical-mediated reaction, and when these iodinated bicyclic molecules are released by hydrolysis of the protein, T3 and T4 are the result. Therefore, each thyroglobulin protein molecule ultimately yields very small amounts of thyroid hormone (experimentally observed to be on the order of 5โ€“6 molecules of either T4 or T3 per original molecule of thyroglobulin). More specifically, the monatomic anionic form of iodine, iodide (Iโ€”), is actively absorbed from the bloodstream by a process called iodide trapping. In this process, sodium is cotransported with iodide from the basolateral side of the membrane into the cell, and then concentrated in the thyroid follicles to about thirty times its concentration in the blood. Then, in the first reaction catalysed by the enzyme thyroperoxidase, tyrosine residues in the protein thyroglobulin are iodinated on their phenol rings, at one or both of the positions ortho to the phenolic hydroxyl group, yielding monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT), respectively. This introduces 1โ€“2 atoms of the element iodine, covalently bound, per tyrosine residue. The further coupling together of two fully iodinated tyrosine residues, also catalysed by thyroperoxidase, yields the peptidic (still peptide-bound) precursor of thyroxine, and coupling one molecule of MIT and one molecule of DIT yields the comparable precursor of triiodothyronine: peptidic MIT + peptidic DIT โ†’ peptidic triiodothyronine (eventually released as triiodothyronine, T3) 2 peptidic DITs โ†’ peptidic thyroxine (eventually released as thyroxine, T4) (Coupling of DIT to MIT in the opposite order yields a substance, r-T3, which is biologically inactive.) Hydrolysis (cleavage to individual amino acids) of the modified protein by proteases then liberates T3 and T4, as well as the non-coupled tyrosine derivatives MIT and DIT. The hormones T4 and T3 are the biologically active agents central to metabolic regulation. Peripheral Thyroxine is believed to be a prohormone and a reservoir for the most active and main thyroid hormone T3. T4 is converted as required in the tissues by iodothyronine deiodinase. Deficiency of deiodinase can mimic hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency. T3 is more active than T4, though it is present in less quantity than T4. Initiation of production in fetuses Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from hypothalamus by 6 โ€“ 8 weeks, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion from fetal pituitary is evident by 12 weeks of gestation, and fetal production of thyroxine (T4) reaches a clinically significant level at 18โ€“20 weeks. Fetal triiodothyronine (T3) remains low (less than 15ย ng/dL) until 30 weeks of gestation, and increases to 50ย ng/dL at term. Fetal self-sufficiency of thyroid hormones protects the fetus against e.g. brain development abnormalities caused by maternal hypothyroidism. Iodine deficiency If there is a deficiency of dietary iodine, the thyroid will not be able to make thyroid hormones. The lack of thyroid hormones will lead to decreased negative feedback on the pituitary, leading to increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone, which causes the thyroid to enlarge (the resulting medical condition is called endemic colloid goitre; see goitre). This has the effect of increasing the thyroid's ability to trap more iodide, compensating for the iodine deficiency and allowing it to produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone. Circulation and transport Plasma transport Most of the thyroid hormone circulating in the blood is bound to transport proteins, and only a very small fraction is unbound and biologically active. Therefore, measuring concentrations of free thyroid hormones is important for diagnosis, while measuring total levels can be misleading. Thyroid hormone in the blood is usually distributed as follows: Despite being lipophilic, T3 and T4 cross the cell membrane via carrier-mediated transport, which is ATP-dependent. T1a and T0a are positively charged and do not cross the membrane; they are believed to function via the trace amine-associated receptor (TAR1, TA1), a G-protein-coupled receptor located in the cytoplasm. Another critical diagnostic tool is measurement of the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) that is present. Membrane transport Contrary to common belief, thyroid hormones cannot traverse cell membranes in a passive manner like other lipophilic substances. The iodine in o-position makes the phenolic OH-group more acidic, resulting in a negative charge at physiological pH. However, at least 10 different active, energy-dependent and genetically regulated iodothyronine transporters have been identified in humans. They guarantee that intracellular levels of thyroid hormones are higher than in blood plasma or interstitial fluids. Intracellular transport Little is known about intracellular kinetics of thyroid hormones. However, recently it could be demonstrated that the crystallin CRYM binds 3,5,3โ€ฒ-triiodothyronine in vivo. Mechanism of action The thyroid hormones function via a well-studied set of nuclear receptors, termed the thyroid hormone receptors. These receptors, together with corepressor molecules, bind DNA regions called thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) near genes. This receptor-corepressor-DNA complex can block gene transcription. Triiodothyronine (T3), which is the active form of thyroxine (T4), goes on to bind to receptors. The deiodinase catalyzed reaction removes an iodine atom from the 5โ€ฒ position of the outer aromatic ring of thyroxine's (T4) structure. When triiodothyronine (T3) binds a receptor, it induces a conformational change in the receptor, displacing the corepressor from the complex. This leads to recruitment of coactivator proteins and RNA polymerase, activating transcription of the gene. Although this general functional model has considerable experimental support, there remain many open questions. More recently genetic evidence has been obtained for a second mechanism of thyroid hormone action involving one of the same nuclear receptors, TRฮฒ, acting rapidly in the cytoplasm through the PI3K. This mechanism is conserved in all mammals but not fish or amphibians, and regulates brain development and adult metabolism. The mechanism itself parallels the actions of the nuclear receptor in the nucleus: in the absence of hormone, TRฮฒ binds to PI3K and inhibits its activity, but when hormone binds the complex dissociates, PI3K activity increases, and the hormone bound receptor diffuses into the nucleus. Thyroxine, iodine and apoptosis Thyroxine and iodine stimulate the apoptosis of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins in amphibian metamorphosis, and stimulate the evolution of their nervous system transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog. In fact, amphibian frog Xenopus laevis serves as an ideal model system for the study of the mechanisms of apoptosis. Effects of triiodothyronine Effects of triiodothyronine (T3) which is the metabolically active form: Increases cardiac output Increases heart rate Increases ventilation rate Increases basal metabolic rate Potentiates the effects of catecholamines (i.e. increases sympathetic activity) Potentiates brain development Thickens endometrium in females Increases catabolism of proteins and carbohydrates Measurement Further information: Thyroid function tests Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) can be measured as free T3 and free T4, which are indicators of their activities in the body. They can also be measured as total T3 and total T4, which depend on the amount that is bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). A related parameter is the free thyroxine index, which is total T4 multiplied by thyroid hormone uptake, which, in turn, is a measure of the unbound TBG. Additionally, thyroid disorders can be detected prenatally using advanced imaging techniques and testing fetal hormone levels. Related diseases Both excess and deficiency of thyroxine can cause disorders. Hyperthyroidism (an example is Graves' disease) is the clinical syndrome caused by an excess of circulating free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, or both. It is a common disorder that affects approximately 2% of women and 0.2% of men. Thyrotoxicosis is often used interchangeably with hyperthyroidism, but there are subtle differences. Although thyrotoxicosis also refers to an increase in circulating thyroid hormones, it can be caused by the intake of thyroxine tablets or by an over-active thyroid, whereas hyperthyroidism refers solely to an over-active thyroid. Hypothyroidism (an example is Hashimoto's thyroiditis) is the case where there is a deficiency of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, or both. Clinical depression can sometimes be caused by hypothyroidism. Some research has shown that T3 is found in the junctions of synapses, and regulates the amounts and activity of serotonin, norepinephrine, and ฮณ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. Hair loss can sometimes be attributed to a malfunction of T3 and T4. Normal hair growth cycle may be affected disrupting the hair growth. Both thyroid excess and deficiency can cause cardiovascular disorders or make preexisting conditions worse. The link between excess and deficiency of thyroid hormone on conditions like arrhythmias, heart failure, and atherosclerotic vascular diseases, have been established for nearly 200 years. Abnormal thyroid functionโ€”hypo- and hyperthyroidismโ€”can manifest as myopathy with symptoms of exercise-induced muscle fatigue, cramping, muscle pain and may include proximal weakness or muscle hypertrophy (particularly of the calves). Prolonged hypo- and hyperthyroid myopathy leads to atrophy of type II (fast-twitch/glycolytic) muscle fibres, and a predominance of type I (slow-twitch/oxidative) muscle fibres. Muscle biopsy shows abnormal muscle glycogen: high accumulation in hypothyroidism and low accumulation in hyperthyroidism. Myopathy associated with hypothyroidism includes Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome (childhood-onset), Hoffman syndrome (adult-onset), myasthenic syndrome, and atrophic form. Myopathy associated with hyperthyroidism includes thyrotoxic myopathy, thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, and Graves' ophthalmopathy. In Graves' ophthalmopathy, the proptosis is secondary to extraocular muscle (EOM) enlargement and gross expansion of orbital fat. Preterm births can suffer neurodevelopmental disorders due to lack of maternal thyroid hormones, at a time when their own thyroid is unable to meet their postnatal needs. Also in normal pregnancies, adequate levels of maternal thyroid hormone are vital in order to ensure thyroid hormone availability for the foetus and its developing brain. Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in every 1 in 1600โ€“3400 newborns with most being born asymptomatic and developing related symptoms weeks after birth. Anti-thyroid drugs Iodine uptake against a concentration gradient is mediated by a sodiumโ€“iodine symporter and is linked to a sodium-potassium ATPase. Perchlorate and thiocyanate are drugs that can compete with iodine at this point. Compounds such as goitrin, carbimazole, methimazole, propylthiouracil can reduce thyroid hormone production by interfering with iodine oxidation. References Iodinated tyrosine derivatives Hormones of the thyroid gland Thyroid hormone receptor agonists Thyroid Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis Halogen-containing natural products Iodine-containing natural products
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๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Capiz) ์นผ๋ฆฌ๋ณด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Kalibo) ๋กฌ๋ธ”๋ก  ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Romblon) ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Cebu) ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cebu) ๋‘๋งˆ๊ตฌ์—ํ…Œ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Dumaguete) ๋งˆ์‹  ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Maasin) ํƒ€๊ตฌ๋นŒ๋ผ๋ž€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Tagbilaran) ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Talibon) ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋ฐ”ํ†  ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Cotabato) ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋ฐ”ํ†  ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cotabato) ํ‚ค๋‹คํŒŒ์™„ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Kidapawan) ๋งˆ๋ฅด๋ฒจ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Marbel) ๋‹ค๋ฐ”์˜ค ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Davao) ๋‹ค๋ฐ”์˜ค ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Davao) ๋””๊ณ ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Digos) ๋งˆํ‹ฐ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Mati) ํƒ€๊ตผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Tagum) ์ž๋กœ ์ผ๋กœ์ผ๋กœ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Jaro Iloilo) ์ž๋กœ ์ผ๋กœ์ผ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Archdiocese of Jaro, Iloilo) ๋ฐ”์ฝœ๋กœ๋“œ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Bacolod) ์นด๋ฐ˜์นผ๋ž€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Kabankalan) ์‚ฐ ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of San Carlos) ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์„ธ ๋ฐ ์•ˆํ‹ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of San Jose de Antique) ๋ง๊ฐ€์—”-๋‹ค๊ตฌํŒ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Lingayen-Dagupan) ๋ง๊ฐ€์—”-๋‹ค๊ตฌํŒ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan) ์•„๋ผ๋ฏธ๋…ธ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Alaminos) ์นด๋ฐ”๋‚˜ํˆฌ์•ˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Cabanatuan) ์‚ฐ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ผ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์˜จ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of San Fernando de La Union) ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์„ธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of San Jose in the Philippines) ์šฐ๋ฅด๋‹ค๋„คํƒ€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Urdaneta) ๋ฆฌํŒŒ ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Lipa) ๋ฆฌํŒŒ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Lipa) ๋ณด์•„ํฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Boac) ๊ตฌ๋งˆ์นด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Gumaca) ๋ฃจ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Lucena) ์ธํŒํƒ€ ์„ฑ์ง์ž์น˜๊ตฌ(Territorial Prelature of Infanta) ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Manila) ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Manila) ์•ˆํ‹ฐํด๋กœ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Antipolo) ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์˜ค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Cubao) ์ด๋ฌด์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Imus) ์นด๋กœ์นธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Kalookan) ๋งˆ๋กค๋กœ์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Malolos) ๋‚˜๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์ฒด์Šค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Novaliches) ํŒŒ๋ผ๋‚˜์ผ€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Paraรฑaque) ํŒŒ์‹œ๊ทธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Pasig) ์‚ฐ ํŒŒ๋ธ”๋กœ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of San Pablo) ๋ˆ„์—๋ฐ” ์„ธ๊ณ ๋น„์•„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Nueva Segovia) ๋ˆ„์—๋ฐ” ์„ธ๊ณ ๋น„์•„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia) ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ์ด์˜ค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Baguio) ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—๋“œ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Bangued) ๋ผ์˜ค์•„๊ทธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Laoag) ์˜ค์‚ฌ๋ฏธ์Šค ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Ozamiz) ์˜ค์ž๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ozamiz) ๋””ํด๋กœ๊ทธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Dipolog) ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Iligan) ํŒŒ๊ฐ€๋””์•ˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Pagadian) ๋งˆ๋ผ์œ„ ์„ฑ์ง์ž์น˜๊ตฌ(Territorial Prelature of Marawi) ํŒ”๋กœ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Palo) ํŒ”๋กœ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Palo) ๋ธŒ๋ก ๊ฐ„ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Borongan) ์นผ๋ฐ”์ด์š”๊ทธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Calbayog) ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด๋งŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Catarman) ๋‚˜๋ฐœ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Naval) ์‚ฐ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of San Fernando) ์‚ฐ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋„ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of San Fernando) ๋ฐœ๋ž€๊ฐ€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Balanga) ์ด๋ฐ” ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Iba) ํƒ€๋ฅด๋ผํฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Tarlac) ํˆฌ๊ตฌ์—๊ฐ€๋ผ์˜ค ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Tuguegarao) ํˆฌ๊ตฌ์—๊ฐ€๋ผ์˜ค ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tuguegarao) ๋น„์šค๋ด‰ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Bayombong0 ์ด๋ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Ilagan) ๋ฐ”ํƒ€๋„ค์Šค ์„ฑ์ง์ž์น˜๊ตฌ( Territorial Prelature of Batanes) ์‚ผ๋ณด์•™๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Zamboanga) ์‚ผ๋ณด์•™๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Zamboanga) ์ดํ•„ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Ipil) ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ๋ผ ์„ฑ์ง์ž์น˜๊ตฌ(Territorial Prelature of Isabela) ์ „๊ต์ง€์—ญ(๊ตํ™ฉ์ง์†) ๋ณธํ† ํฌ-๋ผ๊ฐ€์›จ ๋Œ€๋ชฉ๊ตฌ( Apostolic Vicariate of Bontoc-Lagawe) ์นผ๋ผํŒ ๋Œ€๋ชฉ๊ตฌ( Apostolic Vicariate of Calapan) ์กธ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ชฉ๊ตฌ( Apostolic Vicariate of Jolo) ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ†  ํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ธ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€๋ชฉ๊ตฌ( Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Princesa) ๋ฏผ๋„๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์„ธ ๋Œ€๋ชฉ๊ตฌ( Apostolic Vicariate of San Jose in Mindoro) ํƒ€๋ถ€ํฌ ๋Œ€๋ชฉ๊ตฌ( Apostolic Vicariate of Tabuk) ํƒ€์ดํƒ€์ด ๋Œ€๋ชฉ๊ตฌ( Apostolic Vicariate of Taytay) ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๊ตฐ์ข…๊ต๊ตฌ( Military Ordinariate of the Philippines) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ณ„ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Catholic%20dioceses%20in%20the%20Philippines
List of Catholic dioceses in the Philippines
This is a list of Catholic dioceses in the Philippines. The dioceses' bishops comprise the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP), an episcopal conference. The dioceses are grouped into ecclesiastical provinces, each of which comprises a metropolitan archdiocese and several suffragan dioceses and is headed by the archbishop, as the metropolitan bishop of the province. Currently, there are 16 ecclesiastical provinces in the Philippines. Apostolic vicariates and the military ordinariate are not part of any ecclesiastical province, but are included in the table. Like diocesan bishops, they are the ordinary responsible for spiritual care the Catholics under them and are directly subject to the Holy See. Currently, there are seven apostolic vicariates and one military ordinariate in the Philippines. List of dioceses Gallery of metropolitan cathedrals See also Apostolic Nunciature to the Philippines Catholic Church in the Philippines List of Catholic bishops in the Philippines List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical) List of Catholic dioceses (structured view) List of Catholic archdioceses Catholic Church hierarchy References Sources and external links ClaretianPublications.com; Diocese Catholic-Hierarchy entry GCatholic.org Philippines Catholic dioceses
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%9C%A0%EB%B6%95
์†Œ์œ ๋ถ•
์†Œ์œ ๋ถ•(่˜‡ๆœ‰ๆœ‹, 1973๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ ~ )์€ ํƒ€์ด์™„์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ, ์†Œํ˜ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์ผ์›์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋งŒ 4์†Œ์ฒœํ™ฉ(์†Œ์œ ๋ถ•, ์นด๋„ค์‹œ๋กœ ํƒ€์ผ€์‹œ, ์ž„์ง€๋ น, ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋ฅญ)์ค‘์— ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. 1973๋…„ ์ค‘์ถ”์ ˆ์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ทธ๋Š” 15์‚ด์— ๋Œ€๋งŒ TV ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ์ตœํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฝ‘ํ˜€ ๅฐ่™Ž้šŠ(์†Œํ˜ธ๋Œ€: the Little Tigers group)์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ˜ธ๋Œ€๋Š” [์ฒญ์ถ˜์ŸํŒจ์ „]์ด๋ž€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋ณด์กฐ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1์ง‘ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ธ [์ฒญ๋นˆ๊ณผ๋‚™์›]์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋Œ๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ธ๋˜ ์†Œ์œ ๋ถ•์€ [ไน–ไน–่™Ž]๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ [ไน–(๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ )] [ไน–(์ฐฉํ•œ)]์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์ ์ธ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(๋Œ€๋งŒ๋Œ€ํ•™1์œ„,ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€์™€ ๋™์ผ)๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™๊ณผ(๋‹น์‹œ ์ธ๊ธฐ์žˆ๋˜๊ณผ)์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋งŒํผ ์ˆ˜์žฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์ชฝ ํ•™์ ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ทจ๋“ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋˜์ž ์žํ‡ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜€๊ธฐ์— ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€ํƒ„๊ธ€์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™”๊ณ  ์–ธ๋ก ๋„ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์ขŒ์ ˆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๊ฟˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ๋”ธ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋” ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.(์ค‘๊ตญ,๋Œ€๋งŒ,ํ™์ฝฉ, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ) 2002๋…„์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋ฆฌ์žฅ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ์—ด๋ฉฐ ๋ช…์‹ค์ƒ๋ถ€ํ•œ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์Šคํƒ€๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ์˜ํ™”๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋กœ์„œ, ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์™•์„ฑํ•œ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. Profile โ—Ž ์ด๋ฆ„: ่˜‡ๆœ‰ๆœ‹ Su You Peng(Mandarin), So Yau Pang(Cantonese) โ—Ž ๋ณ„๋ช… : ๅฐไน– Little Good Tiger(์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ้˜ฟๆœ‹) โ—Ž ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ : ์ฒ˜๋…€์ž๋ฆฌ โ—Ž ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณณ : ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ์‹œ โ—Ž ๊ฐ€์กฑ์‚ฌํ•ญ : ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜, ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ 1๋ช… โ—Ž ํ‚ค : 172cm โ—Ž ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ : 59kg โ—Ž ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜• : Bํ˜• ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ํ™œ๋™ The works of Alec(์†Œ์œ ๋ถ• ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ) โ˜…Drama ๆฏ้›žๅธถๅฐ้ดจ(๋ชจ๊ณ„๋Œ€์†Œ์••) (1991ๅนด) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ้˜ฟๆœ‹('์•„๋ถ•'์—ญ) ้€ฃ็’ฐๆณก็ŸญๅŠ‡(์—ฐํ™˜ํฌ๋‹จ๊ทน) <ไนžไธ็Ž‹ๅญ(๊ฑธ๊ฐœ์™•์ž) > (1992ๅนด), ไนžไธๅ’Œ็Ž‹ๅญ('๊ฑธ๊ฐœ์™•์ž'์—ญ) ้€ฃ็’ฐๆณก็ŸญๅŠ‡(์—ฐํ™˜ํฌ๋‹จ๊ทน) <้ปƒ้ฃ›้ดป็ฌ‘ๅ‚ณ(ํ™ฉ๋น„ํ™์†Œ์ „)> (1993ๅนด 7ๆœˆ), ็‰™ๆ“ฆ่˜‡('์•„์ฐฐ์†Œ'์—ญ) ๅ”ไผฏ่™Ž้ปž็ง‹้ฆ™(๋‹น๋ฐฑํ˜ธ์ ์ถ”ํ–ฅ) (1993๋…„ 8์›”), ๅ”ไผฏ่™Ž('๋‹น๋ฐฑํ˜ธ'์—ญ) ็ถœ่—็ฏ€็›ฎ(์ข…์˜ˆ์ ˆ๋ชฉ) <ๅคงๅฎถ้–‹ๅฅฌ(๋Œ€๊ฐ€๊ฐœ์žฅ)>(1995๋…„ 12์›”) ไธญ่ฆ–ๅถๅƒๅŠ‡ๅ ด(์ค‘์‹œ์šฐ์ƒ๊ทน์žฅ)(1996๋…„ 11ๆœˆ 5ๆ—ฅ), ่˜‡ๅปบ้›„('์†Œ๊ฑด์›…'์—ญ) ้‚„็ ๆ ผๆ ผ I(ํ™˜์ฃผ๊ฒฉ๊ฒฉ 1)(1997ๅนด 7ๆœˆ) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด itv ๋ฐฉ์˜, ไบ”้˜ฟๅ“ฅๆฐธ็ช(์˜ค์™•์ž '์˜๊ธฐ'์—ญ) ไธ€ๅ“ๅคซไบบ่Š้บปๅฎ˜(์ผํ’ˆ๋ถ€์ธ์ง€๋งˆ๊ด€) (1997ๅนด 12ๆœˆ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๆดช้˜ฟๅ‹('ํ™์•„์Šน'์—ญ) ๅธ‚่ข‹ๅ’Œๅฐ™(์‹œ๋Œ€ํ™”์ƒ)(1998ๅนด 1ๆœˆ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ(์†Œ์œ ๋ถ•์€ 2ํšŒ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰๋งŒ ์ถœ์—ฐ) ่€ๆˆฟๆœ‰ๅ–œ(๋…ธ๋ฐฉ์œ ํฌ)(๋ถ€์ œ: ่กจๅฆนๅ‰็ฅฅ(ํ‘œ๋งค๊ธธ์ƒ), 1998ๅนด) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด itv ๋ฐฉ์˜, ่˜‡ๅฐ้ตฌ'์†Œ์†Œ๋ถ•' ์—ญ) ้‚„็ ๆ ผๆ ผ II(ํ™˜์ฃผ๊ฒฉ๊ฒฉ 2)(1998ๅนด 9ๆœˆ) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด itv ๋ฐฉ์˜, ไบ”้˜ฟๅ“ฅๆฐธ็ช(์˜ค์™•์ž '์˜๊ธฐ'์—ญ) ็ตถไปฃ้›™ๅฌŒ(์ ˆ๋Œ€์Œ๊ต)(1999ๅนด 5ๆœˆ) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฌดํ˜‘tv ๋ฐฉ์˜, ่Šฑ็„ก็ผบ('ํ™”๋ฌด๊ฒฐ'์—ญ) ๆƒ…ๆทฑๆทฑ้›จๆฟ›ๆฟ›(์ •์‹ฌ์‹ฌ์šฐ๋ชฝ๋ชฝ) (2000ๅนด 4ๆœˆ - 9ๆœˆ) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด itv ๋ฐฉ์˜, ๆœ้ฃ›('๋‘๋น„'์—ญ) ็›ธ็ด„้‘ๆ˜ฅ(์ƒ์•ฝ์ฒญ์ถ˜)(2001ๅนด) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๆ•ฌๆฟค('๊ฒฝ๋„'์—ญ) ๅฐ‘ๅนดๅผตไธ‰่ฑ(์†Œ๋…„์žฅ์‚ผํ’) (2002ๅนด) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๆ˜“ๅคฉ่กŒ('์—ญ์ฒœํ–‰'์—ญ), ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ ็ตถไธ–้›™ๅฌŒ(์ ˆ์„ธ์Œ๊ต) (2002ๅนด 4ๆœˆ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ้ขจ็„ก็ผบ('ํ’๋ฌด๊ฒฐ'์—ญ), ์šฐ์ •์ถœ์—ฐ ๆ‹ๆกˆ้ฉšๅฅ‡(๋ฐ•์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ) (2002ๅนด 6ๆœˆ) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฌดํ˜‘tv ๋ฐฉ์˜, ๆญ้ต็”Ÿ('ํ•ญ์ฒ ์ƒ'์—ญ) ๅ€šๅคฉๅฑ ้พ่จ˜(์˜์ฒœ๋„๋ฃก๊ธฐ)(2002ๅนด) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฌดํ˜‘tv ๋ฐฉ์˜, ๅผต็„กๅฟŒ('์žฅ๋ฌด๊ธฐ'์—ญ)์™€ ๅผต็ฟ ๅฑฑ('์žฅ์ทจ์‚ฐ'์—ญ) 1์ธ 2์—ญ ้บป่พฃ้ซ˜ๆ ก็”Ÿ(๋งˆ๋ž„๊ณ ๊ต์ƒ)(2002ๅนด 12ๆœˆ 20ๆ—ฅ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ่ถ™ๅ‹ๆœ‹ ่€ๅธซ('์กฐ์šฐ๋ถ•์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜'์—ญ) 1ํšŒ ๊นŒ๋ฉ”์˜ค ์ถœ์—ฐ ๅฟƒๅ‹•ๅˆ—่ปŠ(์‹ฌ๋™์—ด์ฐจ) <ๅ—ๅ‘ๅŒ—ๅ‘็š„ๅˆ—่ปŠ (๋‚จํ–ฅ๋ถํ–ฅ์ ์—ด์ฐจ)> (2003ๅนด 7ๆœˆ) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด haotv ๋ฐฉ์˜, ้˜ฟๆ™ƒ('์•„ํ™ฉ'์—ญ) ๆƒ…ๅฎšๆ„›็ดๆตท(์ •์ •์• ๊ธˆํ•ด) (2004ๅนด 4ๆœˆ 28ๆ—ฅ) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด itv ๋ฐฉ์˜, ้™ธๆฉ็ฅˆ('์œก์€๊ธฐ'์—ญ) ๆฅŠ้–€่™Žๅฐ‡(์–‘๋ฌธํ˜ธ์žฅ) (2004ๅนด 11ๆœˆ 1ๆ—ฅ) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด abotv ๋ฐฉ์˜, ๆฅŠๅ››้ƒŽ('์–‘4๋ž‘'์—ญ) ้ญ”่ก“ๅฅ‡็ทฃ(๋งˆ์ˆ ๊ธฐ์—ฐ) (2005ๅนด) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด MBC MOVIES ๋ฐฉ์˜, ๅณไฟŠๅฎ‰('์˜ค์ค€์•ˆ'์—ญ) ๅˆ่ ปๅ…ฌไธป(์กฐ๋งŒ๊ณต์ฃผ) (2005ๅนด 12ๆœˆ) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ค‘ํ™”tv ๋ฐฉ์˜, ๆœฑๅ…('์ฃผ์œค'์—ญ) ๅฐ‡่จˆๅฐฑ่จˆ(์žฅ๊ณ„์ทจ๊ณ„) (2006ๅนด) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๅบ„่‹ฅ้พ('์žฅ์•ฝ๋ฃก'์—ญ) ็ƒญ็ˆฑ(์—ด์• ) (2009ๅนด 4ๆœˆ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ่˜‡ๆ˜Žๆถ›('์†Œ๋ช…๋„'์—ญ) โ˜…Movie ๆธธไฟ ๅ…’(์œ ํ˜‘์•„) (1990ๅนด) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ถœ์‹œ(์œ ํ˜‘์•„), ๅฐไน–('์†Œ๊ดด'์—ญ) ่™Ÿ่ง’้Ÿฟ่ตท(ํ˜ธ๊ฐํ–ฅ๊ธฐ) (1995ๅนด 2ๆœˆ) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ถœ์‹œ(ํ˜ธ๊ฐํ–ฅ๊ธฐ), ็พ…ๅฟ—ๅ …('๋‚˜์ง€๊ฒฌ'์—ญ) ๆณกๅฆžๅฐˆๅฎถ(ํฌ๋‰ด์ „๊ฐ€) (1996ๅนด 4ๆœˆ) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ถœ์‹œ(์นด๋„ค์‹œ๋กœ ํƒ€์ผ€์‹œ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ณด์ด), ๅฐๅŸน('์†Œ๋ฐฐ'์—ญ) ๆƒ…่‰ฒ(์ •์ƒ‰) (1996ๅนด 6ๆœˆ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ่€ไบ”่”กๆ‚Ÿ('๋…ธ์˜ค'์—ญ) ๅฐๅ€ฉ(์†Œ์ฒœ) (1997ๅนด) - ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ถœ์‹œ (์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์œ ๋ถ• ๋”๋น™์ฐธ์—ฌ - '์‹ญ๋ฐฉ'์—ญ) ็ด…ๅจ˜(ํ™๋ž‘) (1998ๅนด) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๅผต็”Ÿ('์žฅ์ƒ'์—ญ) ็™ฝๆฃ‰่Šฑ(๋ฐฑ๋ฉดํ™”) (1999ๅนด 9ๆœˆ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ้ฆฌๆˆๅŠŸ('๋งˆ์„ฑ๊ณต'์—ญ) ๅคง่ดๅฎถ(๋Œ€์˜๊ฐ€) (1999ๅนด 12ๆœˆ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๆ–ฝ็ฌ™็ดซ('์‹œ์ƒ์ž'์—ญ) ๅˆๆˆ€็š„ๆ•…ไบ‹(์ดˆ๋ จ์ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ) (2001ๅนด - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ็Ž‰ๆตท('์˜ฅํ•ด'), ์šฐ์ •์ถœ์—ฐ ๆ‰‹่ถณๆƒ…ๆทฑ(์ˆ˜์กฑ์ •์‹ฌ) (2002ๅนด 9ๆœˆ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ้˜ฟ่ฐ('์•„์ด'์—ญ) ็ˆบ็ˆบ็š„ๅฎถ(ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ง‘) (2004ๅนด 5ๆœˆ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๆž—ๅฟ—ๅ˜‰('์ž„์ง€๊ฐ€'์—ญ) ๅก”ๅ…‹ๆ‹‰้ฉฌๅนฒ(ํƒ€ํด๋ผ๋งˆ์นธ) (2006ๅนด 5ๆœˆ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๆˆๆˆ('์„ฑ์„ฑ'์—ญ) ็ˆฑๆƒ…ๅ‘ผๅซ่ฝฌ็งป2๏ผš็ˆฑๆƒ…ๅทฆๅณ (์• ์ •์ขŒ์šฐ) (2008ๅนด 11ๆœˆ)- ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๊นŒ๋ฉ”์˜ค์ถœ์—ฐ ็ˆฑๅˆฐๅบ• (์• ๋„์ €) (2009ๅนด 2ๆœˆ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๊นŒ๋ฉ”์˜ค์ถœ์—ฐ ๅ››ไธชไธ˜ๆฏ”็‰น (4ํํ”ผ๋“œ) (2010ๅนด 4ๆœˆ 9ๆ—ฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฐœ๋ด‰) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ้ฝๆŸ้œ– ('์ œ๋ฐฑ๋ฆผ'์—ญ) ๅฏปๆ‰พๅˆ˜ไธ‰ๅง(๋ฅ˜์‚ผ์ €๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ) (2010ๅนด 4ๆœˆ 30ๆ—ฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฐœ๋ด‰) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ้Ÿฆๆ–‡ๅพท ('์œ„๋ฌธ๋•'์—ญ) ้ขจ่ฒ (ํ’์„ฑ)(2009ๅนด 10ๆœˆ16ๆ—ฅ ์ œ14ํšŒ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊ตญ์ œ์˜ํ™”์ œ ํ๋ง‰์ž‘) - ็™ฝๅฐๅนด ("๋ฐฑ์†Œ๋…„"์—ญ) ๅฐ‘ๅนดๆ˜Ÿๆตท(์†Œ๋…„์„ฑํ•ด) (2010ๅนด - ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฐœ๋ด‰) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ่‚–ๅ‹ๆข… ('์†Œ์šฐ๋งค' ์—ญ) , ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ ๅญคๅฒ›็ง˜ๅฏ†ๆˆ˜(๊ณ ๋„๋น„๋ฐ€์ „) (2010ๅนด - ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฐœ๋ด‰) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ์ผ๋ณธํ†ต์—ญ๊ด€ ์—ญ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ํ™” ๊นŒ๋ฉ”์˜ค์ถœ์—ฐ ๆ–ฐๅบทๅฎšๆƒ…ๆญŒ(์‹ ๊ฐ•์ •์ •๊ฐ€) (2010ๅนด - ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฐœ๋ด‰) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๆŽ่‹ๆฐ("์ด์†Œ๊ฑธ"์—ญ) ๅฏ†ๅฎคไน‹ไธๅฏๅ‘Šไบบ(๋ฐ€์‹ค์ง€๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ธ)(2010ๅนด 10ๆœˆ 29ๆ—ฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฐœ๋ด‰) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๆŸณ้ฃžไบ‘ (์ถ”๋ฆฌ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€"๋ฅ˜๋น„์šด" ์—ญ) ๅฏ†ๅฎคไน‹ไธๅฏ้ ๅฒธ (์ผ๋ช… ๅฏ†ๅฎค2)(2011ๅนด 10ๆœˆ 27ๆ—ฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฐœ๋ด‰) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๆŸณ้ฃžไบ‘ (์ถ”๋ฆฌ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€"๋ฅ˜๋น„์šด" ์—ญ) ้“œ้›€ๅฐ(๋™์ž‘๋Œ€)(2012ๅนด 9ๆœˆ 26ๆ—ฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ // 10ๆœˆ11ๆ—ฅ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ -'์กฐ์กฐ-ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜๋ฐ˜๋ž€') - ๆฑ‰็Œฎๅธ('ํ•œ๋ฌด์ œ' ์—ญ) ็”œ่œœๆฎบๆฉŸ, Sweet Alibis(๋‹ฌ์ฝค์‚ด๋ฒŒํ•œ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด)(2013) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ๋ฒ ํ…Œ๋ž‘ ํ˜•์‚ฌ "์ธ ์ด"์—ญ ๅ››ๅคงๅๆ•3(์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ช…ํฌ3)(2014ๅนด 8ๆœˆ 28ๆ—ฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ ) - ๋ฏธ์ถœ์‹œ, ํ™ฉ์ œ โ˜…Play ่Š่Šฑ้ฆ™(๊ตญํ™”ํ–ฅ: ๅŽŸ่‘— ํ•œ๊ตญ์†Œ์„ค ๊ตญํ™”๊ฝƒํ–ฅ๊ธฐ) (2006ๅนด 6ๆœˆ) -ไธŠๆตท ็พŽ็ชๅคงๆˆฒ้™ข ๊ณต์—ฐ, ้‡‘ๆ‰ฟๅฎ‡('๊น€์Šน์šฐ'์—ญ) ์˜ํ™” ๅทฆ่€ณ ๊ฐ๋…(2014~) ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋‚ด์—ญ 2010 ๋งˆ์นด์˜ค ๊ตญ์ œ ์˜ํ™”์ œ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋‚จ์šฐ์ฃผ์—ฐ์ƒ 2010 ์ œ30ํšŒ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ํ™”๋ฐฑํ™”์žฅ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋‚จ์ž์กฐ์—ฐ์ƒ 2004 ๋™๋‚จ์Œ์•… ๋‚ด๋ฅ™ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ƒ 2003 ๋™๋‚จ์Œ์•… ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ณต์ต๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ƒ 2003 CCTV ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ธฐ 10๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ƒ 2002 ์ œ2ํšŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋Œ€์ „ ์ตœ๊ณ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ƒ ์€์ƒ 2001 ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด 10๋Œ€ ๊ธˆ๊ณก์ƒ 1973๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์˜ํ™” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์—ฐ๊ทน ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์„ฑ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ต ์‹ ์ž ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ํ•˜์นด๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฌธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec%20Su
Alec Su
Alec Su You-peng (born 11 September 1973) is a Taiwanese actor, singer, television producer, and film director. Su became a popular teen idol in the 1980s as a member of the boyband Xiao Hu Dui. He was known as the "Obedient Tiger" (ไน–ไน–่™Ž). The 1998โ€“1999 hit TV series My Fair Princess with superstar Vicki Zhao marked a turning point in Su's career. Since then, he has had a successful career in acting, starring in highly popular dramas such as The Legendary Siblings (1999), Romance in the Rain (2001), and The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber (2003). Su has won awards from Hundred Flowers Awards and Macau International Movie Festival for the films The Message (2009) and A Tibetan Love Song (2010) respectively. In 2013, he produced the TV series Destiny by Love. In 2015, he directed the film The Left Ear. Career Musical: Xiao Hu Dui (Little Tigers) Alec Su's career started in 1988, at the age of 15, when he joined the Little Tigers trio. The band was the first idol singing group that debuted in the Taiwanese music industry and Alec was labelled as the "obedient tiger." The group's popularity was unprecedented; the Little Tigers attracted fans from Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, and amongst Chinese communities around the world. The success of the band began the new generation of Taiwanese pop culture in the early 1990s. In 2010, the Little Tigers were invited to participate in the CCTV Spring Festival Gala, in which they sang a medley of three of their biggest hits and won accolades as the "favorite singing group" for the event. Apart from being a popular singer, during this period Su was epitomized by the general public as a superior student. He attended Taiwan's number one high school, Taipei Municipal Jianguo High School and was accepted into the prestigious National Taiwan University, where he majored in Mechanical Engineering . Su's experiences describing his high school years, preparing for the Taiwan university entrance examinations while trying to also juggle his performing schedule as a member of a wildly popular singing group, are recorded in his 1995 book entitled My Days at Jian Zhong / Youth Never Die However, as Su became so well known at such a young age, he felt that he had lost his freedom as a result of being in the limelight. At the age of 21, a year before his university graduation in Taiwan, Su decided to leave school and study abroad in England. Television In 1995, after the breakup of Little Tigers, Su embarked on an acting career. His role as the Wu Ah Ge, Yongqi in the Chinese TV series blockbuster My Fair Princess I and II won him fame as a television actor in 1997. He continued in 2000 with another hit TV series Romance in the Rain. His later TV series include Heavenly Sword and Dragon Sabre (2002), Magic Touch of Fate (2004, costarring Taiwanese actress Ruby Lin and Korean singer Kang Ta), and Mischievous Princess (2005). He collaborated with Korean actress Chae Rim in two 2003 productions, Love of the Aegean Sea and Warriors of the Yang Clan. In 2006, Su appeared in the 1930s drama Jiang Ji Jiu Ji co-starring with Li Qian, Cecilia Ye Tong, and Paul Chun, and which aired in Spring 2007. In 2008 he acted in the TV drama Re Ai, which aired in the spring of 2009. In 2013-2014, Su was one of the judges on the fifth season of China's Got Talent alongside Liu Ye, Wang Wei-Chung, and former co-star Zhao Wei. Film In recent years, Su has been concentrating on his film career. Since the second half of 2008 he has participated in more than a half-dozen film projects. Su also appears in the ensemble piece, Fit Lover, which had a November 2008 release, as well as guest starring in a short Taiwan film, L-O-V-E, had a wide release in Asia in autumn 2009, has been included in several international film festivals, and received several nominations (and one win, for Li Bing Bing as "Best Actress") for the 2009 Golden Horse awards. A Singing Fairy, shot in Guangxi Province, and a biography of Macau composer Xian Xinghai, titled The Star and the Sea, both opened in limited release in December 2009. The Four Cupids, a romantic comedy, premiered in April 2010. Film projects for 2010 included A Tibetan Love Song (romantic drama filmed in Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture) and Lost in Panic Room, a "locked room" detective thriller. Both premiered in the fall of 2010. A sequel to the detective film, titled Lost in Panic Cruise, was released for Halloween 2011. Su continues his film career with several completed movies scheduled for release in 2012, and another currently in production. In October 2010, Alec won the Hundred Flowers Award for "Best Supporting Actor" for his role in The Message. In December 2010, he won the "Best Actor" award at the 2nd Macau International Movie Festival, for his performance in A Tibetan Love SongAlong with his TV and film success, Su has released thirty top-selling albums, starting as a member of The Little Tigers group. As a solo artist he has released 14 albums, beginning in 1992 to his 2004 release Before and After. In January 2012 Su performed, along with singers Daniel Chan, Aska Yang, and Will Pan, in the 2012 Fantasy Stars Chinese New Year Concert, MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas. In April 2017, Su announced a business partnership in the Beijing film industry with Vicki Zhao. Filmography Television series Film As actor As director Variety and reality show Alec Su at chinesemov.com Discography Albums Soundtrack 2004: Love of the Aegean Sea original soundtrack Awards and nominations Books 1995 (revised 2003): ้’ๆ˜ฅ็š„ๅ ดๆ‰€ (My Days at Jian Zhong / Youth Never Die'') References External links Blog - Alec's Sina blog Microblog weibo - Alec's Sina Microblog weibo ๆ–ฐๆตชๅพฎๅš 1973 births Living people National Taiwan University alumni Taiwanese male film actors Male actors from Taipei Taiwanese Buddhists Taiwanese male television actors Musicians from Taipei Taiwanese people of Hakka descent Film directors from Taipei Taiwanese television producers 21st-century Taiwanese male actors 21st-century Taiwanese male singers 20th-century Taiwanese male actors 20th-century Taiwanese male singers Taiwanese Mandopop singers Cantonese-language singers of Taiwan Taiwanese male stage actors Taiwanese male voice actors Hakka musicians Taiwanese idols
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%AD%EB%9E%91%2018%EC%84%B8%20%282004%EB%85%84%20%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%29
๋‚ญ๋ž‘ 18์„ธ (2004๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ)
ใ€Š๋‚ญ๋ž‘ 18์„ธใ€‹๋Š” 2004๋…„ 1์›” 19์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2004๋…„ 3์›” 9์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ ์›”ํ™” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์„œ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ(๋ผˆ๋Œ€์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ;์•ˆ๋™ ๊ถŒ์”จ, ํŒŒํ‰ ์œค์”จ)์˜ ์ ˆ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์ธ ๋‘ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์šฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์†์ž(ํ˜์ค€), ์†๋…€(์ •์ˆ™)๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘ ์ •์ˆ™์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์šธ๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์ˆ™์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์•ผ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•ฝ์†์€ ์ ์  ์žŠํ˜€์ ธ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด๋Š ๋ง ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ํ˜์ค€์€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ •์ˆ™์€ ๊ณ 3์ด๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋•Œ์˜ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ˜์ค€์˜ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด์ž ์ •์ˆ™์˜ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€์˜ ์•ฝ์†(์‹ ์˜)์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,์ •์ˆ™์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜ผ์ธ์„ ์˜๋…ผํ•  ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘˜์€ ์ดˆ๋ฉด์ด ์•„๋‹˜์„ ๊นœ์ง๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ....๋‘˜์˜ ์ธ์—ฐ์€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ํ˜์ค€, ์ •์ˆ™ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํƒ€๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋“ค์˜ ์•ฝ์†์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ์„œ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ข…๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ์—†๋Š” ์—ด์—ฌ๋Ÿ ์—ฌ๊ณ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์Šค๋ฌผ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ์‚ด ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ํ‹ฐ๊ฒฉํƒœ๊ฒฉ ์ขŒ์ถฉ์šฐ๋Œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ํ•œ์ง€ํ˜œ : ์œค์ •์ˆ™(18์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ฒœ๋ฐฉ์ง€์ถ• ์—ฌ๊ณ ์ƒ ์ด๋™๊ฑด : ๊ถŒํ˜์ค€(28์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์•ˆ๋™ ๊ถŒ์”จ ์ข…๊ฐ€์˜ ์ข…์†, ์„œ์šธ์ง€๊ฒ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ด๋‹คํ•ด : ๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜(28์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ˜์ค€์˜ ์ฒซ์‚ฌ๋ž‘, ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์œค์ •์ˆ™์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊น€ํ•ด์ˆ™ : ์ •์ˆ™ ๋ชจ(48์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ •์ˆ™์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ์„ธํƒ์†Œ ์šด์˜, ํŒŒํ‰์œค์”จ ์ข…๋ถ€ ์˜จ์กฐ : ์„œํ˜„์ฃผ ์—ญ - ์ •์ˆ™์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ, ์˜ค๊ณต์ฃผํŒŒ 2์ธ์ž ๋น„๋ฅ˜ : ์ด์€์ฃผ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๊ณต์ฃผํŒŒ 3์ธ์ž ์šฐ๊ฒฝํ•˜ : ์ด์ง€์„  ์—ญ - ์˜ค๊ณต์ฃผํŒŒ 4์ธ์ž ์žฅ์˜ˆ์› : ์ด์šฉ์—ฐ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๊ณต์ฃผํŒŒ 5์ธ์ž ์ด์ค€ : ์ง€๋‚จ์ฒ (19์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ 1ํ•™๋…„์ƒ, ์ •์ˆ™์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœํŒ…๋‚จ ๊ถŒํ˜์ค€์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ๋ฌผ ์ด์ˆœ์žฌ : ๊ถŒ ์ง„์‚ฌ(75์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์•ˆ๋™ ๊ถŒ์”จ, ํ˜์ค€์˜ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์œ ํ˜œ์ • : ๊ถŒ์„ ์•„(30์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜ ๋ฐ•์ง€์ผ : ํ˜์ค€์˜ ์ˆ™๋ถ€ ์—ญ ๋ณ€์•„์˜ : ํ˜์ค€์˜ ์ˆ™๋ชจ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•ํ˜•์žฌ : ์„œ์ข…์ฐฌ(28์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ณ ์‹œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ์ง€๊ฒ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊ถŒ๋ณ‘๊ธธ : ์ •์ˆ™์˜ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•๊ทœ์  : ์ •์ˆ™์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์—ญ ๊น€์„ ํ™” : ํ˜์ค€์„ ์ค‘๋งค์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ์—ญ ํ•œ์ถ˜์ผ : ์„œ์šธ์ง€๊ฒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์› ์—ญ ํ˜„์ˆ™ํฌ : ์ค‘๋งค ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฐ›์€ ์—ฌ์ž ์—ญ ๋ฐฑ์‹  : ํ˜์ค€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์žฅ ์—ญ ์ด์ง€ํ›ˆ : ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊ณ ๊ทœํ•„ : ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๋‚˜๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ : ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์ตœ์œค์ • : ํ˜์ค€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ํ›„๋ฐฐ ์—ญ ์กฐ์„ ์ฃผ : ํ˜์ค€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ํ›„๋ฐฐ ์—ญ ์ดํ•„๋ชจ : ์•ฝํ˜ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž ์—ญ ๊น€ํ˜œ์ง„ : ์•ฝํ˜ผํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ์—ญ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ฅ : ์•ฝํ˜ผ์‹์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž ์—ญ ์ด์ฒ ๋ฏผ : ์ตœ๊ณ„์ง„ ์—ญ - ์ œ๊ฐˆํŒŒ ์กฐ์ง์› ๋‚จ์œค์ • : ๊ฐ€์˜์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ์ •๊ฒฝํ˜ธ : ์ •์ˆ™์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœํŒ…๋‚จ ์—ญ ๊ณฝ์ •ํฌ : ๋™๋„ค์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์—ญ ์–‘ํ˜•ํ˜ธ : ์ง€๋‚จ์ฒ ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์—ญ ๊ถŒํ˜ํ˜ธ : ๊ฐ€์˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์žฅ ์—ญ ์ดํ˜„์‹ค : ๋™๋„ค์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์—ญ ํ•œ๋ฏธ์ง„ : ๋‚จํŽธ ๋…ธ๋ฆ„๋นš์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ฑ„์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ์—ญ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘์•  : ๋™๋„ค์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์—ญ ๊น€ํƒœ์˜ : ์žฌํŒ์žฅ ์—ญ ์ตœ๋‚™์ฒœ : ์ข…์นœ ์—ญ ์ฐจ๊ธฐํ™˜ : ์ฐจ์žฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ  ์„œ๋™์ˆ˜ : ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฐ•์Šค ์ค€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ค€ ๋‚จ์ž ์—ญ ์ตœ์€์„ : ์ œ๊ฐˆํŒŒ ์กฐ์ง์› ์—ญ - ์ •์ˆ™์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฐ•์Šค๋ฅผ ์ค€ ๋‚จ์ž ์ด์ •์„ฑ : ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์–‘์ฃผํ˜ธ : ํ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐฐ ์—ญ ์ตœ๋‹น์„ : ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์กฐ์—ฐ์ถœ ์—ญ ๊น€์Šนํ˜„ ๋‹จ๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์•ผ์„ฑ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ์ด์„ฑํ˜ธ : ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ํ•˜๋•์„ฑ : ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊น€์ง„ํ˜• : ์”จ๋ฆ„๋ถ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ : ์ •์ˆ™์˜ ๋‹ด์ž„์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ญ ๋งนํ˜ธ๋ฆผ : ์ข…์นœ ์—ญ ์œค๋•์šฉ : ์ข…์นœ ์—ญ ํ•œ์ˆœ๋ก€ : ํ’์‚ฐ ์œ ์”จ ์ข…๋ถ€ ์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ถ€์ง„ : ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๊น€์”จ ์ข…๋ถ€ ์—ญ ์ดํ˜„์ˆ™ : ์˜์„ฑ ๊น€์”จ ์ข…๋ถ€ ์—ญ ๋ณ€์‹ ํ˜ธ : ์˜์ฒœ ์ด์”จ ์ข…๋ถ€ ์—ญ ์ด์–ธ์ • : ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“  ์—ฌ์ž ์—ญ ๊น€ํ•˜์€ ์•„์—ญ ์žฅ์ค€์˜ : ํ˜์ค€์˜ 5์ดŒ ๋‹น์ˆ™ ์—ญ ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ ๊น€์ง€์„  : ์ •์ˆ™์˜ ๋‹ด์ž„์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์—„์ถ˜๋ฐฐ ํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ 2004๋…„ 1์›” 19์ผ : 8์‹œ 50๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1 ~ 2ํšŒ ์—ฐ์† ๋ฐฉ์˜ (ใ€Š์ธ๊ฐ„๊ทน์žฅใ€‹, ใ€Š๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋ผ ์šธ์—„๋งˆใ€‹ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ) 2004๋…„ 1์›” 20์ผ : ํŠน์„ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š๋ฌด์‚ฌใ€‹์˜ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ 2003๋…„ 6์›” 24์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ KBS ใ€Š๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์‹œํ‹ฐ - ๋‚ญ๋ž‘ 18์„ธใ€‹์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ ๋•์— 16๋ถ€์ž‘ ์›”ํ™” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œค์ •์ˆ™ ์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋‹น์ดˆ ์‹ ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚™์ ๋์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ง‰ํŒ์— ํ•œ์ง€ํ˜œ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค 15cm๊ฐ€ ์ปธ๋˜ ํ•œ์ง€ํ˜œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ต๋ณต์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€ํ˜œ(์œค์ •์ˆ™ ์—ญ)๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์— ์•ž์„œ SBS ใ€Š2004 ์ธ๊ฐ„์‹œ์žฅใ€‹์— ์บ์ŠคํŒ…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ใ€Š๋‚ญ๋ž‘ 18์„ธใ€‹์— ์บ์ŠคํŒ…๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ณ ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž‘ MBC ใ€Š๋Œ€์žฅ๊ธˆใ€‹์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ๋„ 15%๋Œ€์˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚ญ๋ž‘ ํ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์–‘์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์„ ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ 2004๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ ์›”ํ™”๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊น€์€ํฌ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์œค์€๊ฒฝ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2004๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2004๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet%2018
Sweet 18
Sweet 18 (; lit. "18-year-old Bride") is a South Korean television series that aired on KBS2 in 2004. The story strongly focuses on both personal and clan-level relationships between Jung-sook, a member of Papyeong's Yun clan, and Hyuk-joon, a member of Andong's Kwon clan. Both clans had hoped for re-establishing good relations after being separated for three generations by war, by arranging a marriage between Jung-sook and Hyuk-joon upon Jung-sook's birth. Plot Yoon Jung-sook (Han Ji-hye) is an eighteen-year-old, dreamy, lively school girl. One day, she encounters a mysterious man in traditional Korean clothing on the streets who carries a piece of literature her quite famous grandfather treasured. Despite not seeing his face, she falls head-over-heels in love with him and vows to marry him. Since she is the member of an ancient and noble Korean Clan, the Yun clan, she will marry Kwon Hyuk-joon (Lee Dong-gun), the heir of the Kwon clan. Hyuk-joon is ten years older than Jung-sook and already a prosecutor. Jung-sook finds out that Hyuk-joon is the mysterious man whom she fell in love with and willingly marries him. She becomes a housewife while her friends continue to attend college. Two worlds clash, as Jung-sook is still an immature teenager and Hyuk-joon a grown man. However, slowly, they become attracted to each other and fall in love, despite the fact that Jung-sook is pursued by a school mate and Hyuk-joon meets his first love again, who wants him back. Jung-sook has much to learn about the ancient traditions of the family of her husband and what it means to be married to a first-born son, however in the end, they are deeply in love with each other. Jung-sook gives birth to twins and starts a sewing business. Hyuk-joon continues working as a prosecutor in the police force in Seoul. Cast Han Ji-hye as Yoon Jung-sook Lee Dong-gun as Kwon Hyuk-joon Lee Da-hae as Moon Ga-young Lee In as Ji Nam-cheol Yoo Hye-jung as Kwon Sun-ah Park Joon-hyuk as Jung Chan Lee Soon-jae as Hyuk-joon's grandfather Kim Hae-sook as Jung-sook's mother Jung Kyung-ho as Jung-sook's blind date Lee Eun-joo as Seo Hyun-ju (Second Princess) Lee Eun-shil as Eun-ju (Third Princess) Kim Sun-hwa as Madam Kim Jo Yeon-hee as Hyuk-jun's college junior Ko Kyu-pil as Hyuk-joon's co-worker Park Ji-il as Hyuk-joon's uncle Notes References External links Sweet 18 official KBS website Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2004 South Korean television series debuts 2004 South Korean television series endings Korean-language television shows South Korean romantic comedy television series
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%A7%80%EB%82%98%EB%AF%B8%20%EC%8B%A0%ED%83%80%EB%A1%9C
ํ›„์ง€๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์‹ ํƒ€๋กœ
ํ›„์ง€๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์‹ ํƒ€๋กœ(, 1994๋…„ 4์›” 12์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์†ํ•œ ๋ณผํ‹ฐ๋ชจ์–ด ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์Šค์˜ ์†Œ์† ์„ ์ˆ˜(ํˆฌ์ˆ˜)์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฌผ ํ”„๋กœ ์ž…๋‹จ ์ „ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์นด์ด์‹œ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ตฌ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š” โ€˜์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ์„ผ๋ณด์ฟ  ๋ณด์ด์ฆˆโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ์‹ ์•ผ๊ตฌํŒ€์—์„œ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งก์•„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์†๋„ 142km/h๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 3ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ ์žฅ์€ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—… ๋‹น์‹œ์— 180.2cm, ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—…์‹œ์—๋Š” 194cm์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—… ํ›„ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋„์ธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์— ์ง„ํ•™ํ•˜์—ฌ 1ํ•™๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒค์น˜์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ 2ํ•™๋…„ ๋ด„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์—์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ์ธ ์ถ˜๊ณ„ ์„ ๋ฐœ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 150km/h์ด์ƒ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์ธ ๋ฉ”์ดํ† ์ฟ ๊ธฐ์ฃผ์ฟ  ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ 9์ด๋‹ ๋™์•ˆ 2ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€ ๋ฌด์‹ค์  8๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์„ธ์ด๊ฐ€์ฟ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ 9์ด๋‹ ๋™์•ˆ 2ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋‹ค ํƒ€์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ธ 14๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” 153km/h๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํˆฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ํŒ€ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ด ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋„์ธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์—ญ๋Œ€ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ์ถ˜๊ณ„์™€ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์˜ ์—ฐํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน, ๊ฒฐ์Šน์˜ ์—ฐ์† ์™„๋ด‰์€ ์‹ค๋กœ 20๋…„ ๋งŒ์˜ ์พŒ๊ฑฐ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ฑ์ ์€ 76์ด๋‹, ํ‰๊ท  ์ž์ฑ…์  1.07, 90๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์„์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์„œ์šธ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ œ25ํšŒ AAA ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” 2์ฐจ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ์˜ 3์—ฐํˆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 24์™€ 1/3์ด๋‹์„ ๋˜์ ธ ํ‰๊ท  ์ž์ฑ…์  1.11์˜ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‚˜์ธ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” โ€˜์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ํŒ€โ€™์— ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ตญ์ œ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน์ด ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” 2012๋…„ 18์„ธ ์ดํ•˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 10์›” ๊ธฐํ›„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์ฒด์œก ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ๋„ ์šฐ์Šน(์ผ์ • ์ˆœ์—ฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ผ๋‹ค์ด์ด์ฟ ์—์ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์™€ ๋™์‹œ ์šฐ์Šน)ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์ž์นด ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ด๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋Œ€ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•™๊ต๋กœ โ€˜3๊ด€์™•โ€™์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ์‹  ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์Šค, ์˜ค๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํŽ„๋กœ์Šค, ๋„์ฟ„ ์•ผ์ฟ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์Šค์™ˆ๋กœ์Šค, ์ง€๋ฐ” ๋กฏ๋ฐ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์Šค ๋“ฑ์˜ 4๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1์ˆœ์œ„ ์ง€๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ถ”์ฒจ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•œ์‹ ์ด ๊ต์„ญ๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํ•œ์‹ ์˜ ์Šค์นด์šฐํŠธ ๋‹ด๋‹น์€ ํ•˜ํƒ€์•ผ๋งˆ ์ŠŒ์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ ์ธ 10์›” 26์ผ์— ํ•œ์‹  ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ๊ฐ€์“ฐํžˆ๋กœ ์ด๊ฐ๋…, ์™€๋‹ค ์œ ํƒ€์นด ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง์ ‘ ์ง€๋ช… ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ โ€œํƒ€๋„ ์š”๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•„(์˜ˆ์ „์— โ€˜์š”๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋ฃจ ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜) ๋“ฑ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 19๋ฒˆ์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“ฑ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ โ€˜19โ€™๋ฒˆ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  11์›” 15์ผ์— ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ 1์–ต ์—”+์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ธ‰ ์ง€๊ธ‰ 5,000๋งŒ ์—”, ์—ฐ๋ด‰ 1,500๋งŒ ์—”์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋‹จ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ ์ž…๋‹จ ํ›„ 2013๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์•ผ์ฟ ๋ฅดํŠธ์ „(๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ง„๊ตฌ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์žฅ)์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ์ฒซ ๋“ฑํŒ ๊ฒธ ์ฒซ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ 6์ด๋‹ ๋™์•ˆ 3ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, 2์‹ค์ (1์ž์ฑ…์ ), 7๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ์žก์•„๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜ธํˆฌํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ€์„ ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒ€ ํƒ€์„ ๋„ ๋ฌด๋“์ ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ํŒจ์ „ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ณ ์กธ ์‹ ์ธ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ง‰ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์งธ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑํŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ง‰ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์งธ์— ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”๋˜ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์ž์นด ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€, ์™€์ฟ ์ด ํžˆ๋ฐ์•„ํ‚ค(๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ธ์ด๋ถ€ ์†Œ์†)๋ฅผ ์ถ”์›”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4์›” 7์ผ์˜ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋„์š” ์นดํ”„์ „์—๋„ ๋ณธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„ค ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋น„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋‚  ์„ ๋ฐœ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋˜ ์ด์™€ํƒ€ ๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ์„ ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑํŒํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์› ๋“ฑํŒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑํŒ์ด ๋œ 4์›” 14์ผ์˜ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ DeNA ๋ฒ ์ด์Šคํƒ€์Šค์ „(ํ•œ์‹  ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ๊ตฌ์žฅ)์—์„œ 6์ด๋‹์„ 5ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„ ๋“ฑ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰์•„๋‚ด ํ”„๋กœ ์ฒซ ์Šน๋ฆฌ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4์›”์—๋Š” 1962๋…„ ์˜ค์žํ‚ค ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ค์™€ ๋งž๋จน๋Š” ๊ณ ์กธ ์‹ ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋‹ค ํƒ€์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ธ 3์Šน์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ์ œ ๋„์ž… ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 11์ผ์—๋Š” ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ญ‰์น˜๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋“ฑ๋ก์ด ๋ง์†Œ๋์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณต๊ท€ ํ›„์ธ 5์›” 26์ผ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋‹›ํฐํ–„ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์Šค์ „(ํ•œ์‹  ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ๊ตฌ์žฅ)์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ต 3ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ด๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜คํƒ€๋‹ˆ ์‡ผํ—ค์ด์™€์˜ ๋งž๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์ด ์„ฑ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€์„ฑํ™ฉ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” ๋ง์— 4์Šน์งธ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ผ 7์›” 14์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ DeNA์ „(ํ•œ์‹  ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ๊ตฌ์žฅ)์—์„œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 6์Šน์งธ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ ์ œ๋„ ์‹œํ–‰ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ณ ์กธ ์‹ ์ธ์ด ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  6์Šน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” 2007๋…„์˜ ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ๋งˆ์‚ฌํžˆ๋กœ(7์Šน, ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ผ์ฟ ํ… ๊ณจ๋“ ์ด๊ธ€์Šค) ์ดํ›„ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด์ž ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ๋Š” 1967๋…„์— ์—๋‚˜์“ฐ ์œ ํƒ€์นด(7์Šน, ํ•œ์‹ ) ์ดํ›„ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋… ์ถ”์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์— ์ฒซ ๋“ฑํŒํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋„์ธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ธ ๋‚˜์นดํƒ€ ์‡ผ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„ฐ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ด์ž ํŒ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์˜ค์นด ์“ฐ์š”์‹œ์™€ ํฌ์ˆ˜ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋ชจํ† ๋…ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์‹œ๋กœ ํฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ณต์„ 2๊ฐœ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 2์ด๋‹์„ 2ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 8์›” 11์ผ์˜ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์น˜ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค์Šค์ „(๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ ๋”)์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ 9์ด๋‹์„ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ 2ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘ฌ ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ๋Š” 1967๋…„์˜ ์—๋‚˜์“ฐ ์œ ํƒ€์นด ์ดํ›„์˜ ์พŒ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค˜์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์กธ ์‹ ์ธ์ด ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 5๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋’€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 8์›” 31์ผ์˜ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์ „(ํ•œ์‹  ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ๊ตฌ์žฅ)์—์„œ 6์ด๋‹ ๋™์•ˆ 1์‹ค์ ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์‹œ์ฆŒ 10์Šน์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์กธ ์‹ ์ธ์ด ์‹œ์ฆŒ 10์Šน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์€ 1967๋…„ ์—๋‚˜์“ฐ ์œ ํƒ€์นด ์ดํ›„ 47๋…„ ๋งŒ์˜ ์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 8์›”์—๋Š” 4์Šน๊ณผ ํ‰๊ท  ์ž์ฑ…์  1.09๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณ ์กธ ์‹ ์ธ์ด ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ๋Š” 1987๋…„ 8์›”์˜ ์ฝ˜๋„ ์‹ ์ด์น˜(๋‹น์‹œ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์น˜) ์ดํ›„ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ์พŒ๊ฑฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ›„์ง€๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•œ์‹  ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์Šค์˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP๋ฅผ 4๊ฐœ์›” ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP๋ฅผ 4๊ฐœ์›” ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 4๊ฐœ์›” ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ๋งˆ์‚ฌํžˆ๋กœ(๋ผ์ฟ ํ…, ํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ ์ง„๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์‹์ „์—์„œ๋Š” 9์›” ์ดํ›„ ์Šน์ ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํŒ€ ๋ฐฉ์นจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํˆฌ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜ ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํˆฌ๊ตฌ ์ด๋‹๋„ ๊ทœ์ • ํˆฌ๊ตฌ ์ด๋‹(144์ด๋‹)์— 6๊ณผ 1/3์ด๋‹์ด ๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์กธ ์‹ ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” 1967๋…„ ์—๋‚˜์“ฐ ์œ ํƒ€์นด ์ด๋ž˜ 46๋…„ ๋งŒ์— 5๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ 10์Šน์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํ›„์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ž๋‹จ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ํ›„์ง€๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ธ์™•์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” โ€˜์‹ ์ธ ํŠน๋ณ„์ƒโ€™์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ€์ด ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2์œ„์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ํด๋ผ์ด๋งฅ์Šค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ค‘ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์™€์˜ ๋งž๋Œ€๊ฒฐ ์„ฑ์ ์ด 2์ „ 2์Šน(ํ‰๊ท  ์ž์ฑ…์  0.75)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ 10์›” 12์ผ ํ•œ์‹  ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ๊ตฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์™€์˜ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€ 1์ฐจ์ „์˜ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ 1์ฐจ์ „์˜ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„  ๊ณ ์กธ ์‹ ์ธ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์™€ ํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ์˜ ํ›„์ง€๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ด๋‹๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰์•„๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ 5์ด๋‹ 4์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ์ „ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ โ€œ๋‚˜๋‹ˆ์™€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋น—์Šˆโ€๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ 197cm์˜ ์žฅ์‹ ์—์„œ ๋ป—์–ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ  ์†๋„ 164km/h์˜ ์ง๊ตฌ์™€ ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋”, ์ปท ํŒจ์ŠคํŠธ๋ณผ์„ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ผ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํฌํฌ๋ณผ๊ณผ ์ปค๋ธŒ๋„ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜์งˆ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํˆฌ๊ตฌํผ์€ ์Šค๋ฆฌ์ฟผํ„ฐ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณต์— ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํƒ€์ž์™€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›€์„ ์˜์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์€ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ผฝ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๊ตฌ์†๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์งˆ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ โ€œ์ง๊ตฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ง‰์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ถ๊ทน์˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์นญ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๊ต์ธ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋„์ธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋‹ˆ์‹œํƒ€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ ์ด์น˜ ๊ฐ๋…์€ ํ›„์ง€๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ โ€œ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋น—์Šˆ์— ๋ฒ„๊ธˆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์žฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ›„์ง€๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๋ง›์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์น ์Œ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์žฅ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜โ€, โ€œ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋น—์Šˆ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์น˜ ๊ฒŒ์ผ(์ „ ํ•œ์‹  ํˆฌ์ˆ˜)ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์š”๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ ์˜ ํŒฌ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…์„œ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„œ์  ์™ธ์—๋„ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋…ธ ๊ฒŒ์ด๊ณ ๋‚˜ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์œ ์Šค์ผ€์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์€ ์˜์–ด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์–ด ๊ต์‹ค์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 3ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ ์˜์–ด ๊ฒ€์ • ์ค€2๊ธ‰ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ฆ์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ธ ์ •๋ณด ์ถœ์‹  ํ•™๊ต ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋„์ธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํ•œ์‹  ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์Šค(2013๋…„ ~ 2022๋…„) ์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ ์• ์Šฌ๋ ˆํ‹ฑ์Šค (2023๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ค‘) ๋ณผํ‹ฐ๋ชจ์–ด ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์Šค (2023๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ค‘~) ์ˆ˜์ƒยทํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ์ตœ๋‹ค ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„ : 1ํšŒ(2015๋…„) ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ์‹œ๋Œ€ U-18 ๋‚จ์ž ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜(2012๋…„) ์ œ25ํšŒ AAA ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ํŒ€(2012๋…„) ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP : 1ํšŒ(2013๋…„ 8์›”) ์‹ ์ธ ํŠน๋ณ„์ƒ(2013๋…„) ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „ MVP : 1ํšŒ(2015๋…„ 1์ฐจ์ „) ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฒซ ๋“ฑํŒยท์ฒซ ์„ ๋ฐœ : 2013๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ, ๋Œ€ ๋„์ฟ„ ์•ผ์ฟ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์Šค์™ˆ๋กœ์Šค 3์ฐจ์ „(๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ง„๊ตฌ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์žฅ), 6์ด๋‹ 2์‹ค์ ์—์„œ ํŒจ์ „ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ์ฒซ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„ : ์ƒ๋™, 1ํšŒ๋ง์— ์ด์™€๋ฌด๋ผ ์•„ํ‚ค๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฃจํ‚น ์‚ผ์ง„ ์ฒซ ์Šน๋ฆฌ : 2013๋…„ 4์›” 14์ผ, ๋Œ€ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ DeNA ๋ฒ ์ด์Šคํƒ€์Šค 3์ฐจ์ „(ํ•œ์‹  ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ๊ตฌ์žฅ), 6์ด๋‹ ๋ฌด์‹ค์  ์ฒซ ์™„ํˆฌ ์Šน๋ฆฌ : 2014๋…„ 7์›” 15์ผ, ๋Œ€ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์น˜ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค์Šค 14์ฐจ์ „(๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ ๋”), 9์ด๋‹ 1์‹ค์ (๋ฌด์ž์ฑ…์ ) 13ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„ 7์ž ์—ฐ์† ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„ : 2014๋…„ 8์›” 1์ผ, ๋Œ€ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ DeNA ๋ฒ ์ด์Šคํƒ€์Šค 13์ฐจ์ „(ํ•œ์‹  ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ๊ตฌ์žฅ) โ€ป๊ตฌ๋‹จ ํƒ€์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํด๋ผ์ด๋งฅ์Šค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ตœ์—ฐ์†Œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ : 20์„ธ 6๊ฐœ์›”, 2014๋…„ 10์›” 15์ผ, ๋Œ€ ์š”๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  1์ฐจ์ „(๋„์ฟ„ ๋”) 7์ด๋‹ 1์‹ค์  ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ตœ์—ฐ์†Œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ : ์ƒ๋™ ์ฒซ ์™„๋ด‰ ์Šน๋ฆฌ : 2015๋…„ 5์›” 20์ผ, ๋Œ€ ์š”๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  10์ฐจ์ „(ํ•œ์‹  ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ๊ตฌ์žฅ), 9์ด๋‹ 2ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€ 10ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฒซ ํƒ€์„ : 2013๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ, ๋Œ€ ๋„์ฟ„ ์•ผ์ฟ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์Šค์™ˆ๋กœ์Šค 3์ฐจ์ „(๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ง„๊ตฌ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์žฅ), 3ํšŒ์ดˆ์— ์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฃŒ์Šค์ผ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ—›์Šค์œ™ ์‚ผ์ง„ ์ฒซ ํƒ€์  : 2013๋…„ 4์›” 14์ผ, ๋Œ€ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ DeNA ๋ฒ ์ด์Šคํƒ€์Šค 3์ฐจ์ „(ํ•œ์‹  ๊ณ ์‹œ์—” ๊ตฌ์žฅ), 5ํšŒ๋ง์— ๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1๋ฃจ ์Šคํ€ด์ฆˆ ๋ฒˆํŠธ ์ฒซ ์•ˆํƒ€ : 2013๋…„ 4์›” 28์ผ, ๋Œ€ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ DeNA ๋ฒ ์ด์Šคํƒ€์Šค 6์ฐจ์ „(์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€), 6ํšŒ์ดˆ์— ๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ์ค‘๊ฐ„ 2๋ฃจํƒ€ ์ฒซ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ : 2014๋…„ 4์›” 15์ผ, ๋Œ€ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋„์š” ์นดํ”„ 1์ฐจ์ „(MAZDA Zoom-Zoom ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ), 6ํšŒ์ดˆ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ Œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ์›” ์†”๋กœ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „ ์ถœ์žฅ : 3ํšŒ(2013๋…„ ~ 2015๋…„) ์ด๋‹ ์—ฐ์† ๋ฌด์‹ค์  : 32์™€ 1/3์ด๋‹(2015๋…„) ๋“ฑ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 19(2013๋…„ ~ 2022๋…„) 11(2023๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ค‘) 14(2023๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ค‘ ~) ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ์„ฑ์  2015๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ตต์€ ๊ธ€์”จ๋Š” ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ . ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฃผํ•ด ์ถœ์ „ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ์„ฑ์  - ํ›„์ง€๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์‹ ํƒ€๋กœ - ์ผ๋ณธ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 1994๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ํ•œ์‹  ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ ์• ์Šฌ๋ ˆํ‹ฑ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณผํ‹ฐ๋ชจ์–ด ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์นด์ด์‹œ (์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€) ์ถœ์‹  2017๋…„ ์›”๋“œ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintaro%20Fujinami
Shintaro Fujinami
is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) and for the Oakland Athletics of MLB. Amateur career Fujinami started playing Little League Baseball for the Takeshirodai Club, then played for the Osaka Senboku Boys upon entering Miyayamadai Junior High, where he pitched as fast as . He also pitched for the national team in the 16U(AA) Baseball World Championship. He graduated grade school at 180 cm (5'11"), and junior high at 194 cm (6'4" 3/4). He and his father were avid fans of the Yomiuri Giants. In 2010, Fujinami entered Osaka Toin High School. In his final year in 2012 he led Tลin as their ace pitcher at the Japanese High School Baseball Invitational Tournament and Japanese High School Baseball Championship, where the school won both competitions. During the Summer Koshien tournaments, he pitched two consecutive complete shutout games in both the semi-finals and finals (only surrendering two hits in each game), recorded the fastest pitch of and tied the tournament record for the most strike-outs in the finals match (14). He finished the tournament with a 1.07 ERA in 76 innings, and 90 strikeouts. In the fall, he again pitched for the national team in the 25th 18U(AAA) Baseball World Championship where he recorded a 1.11 ERA in over 24 innings, and got selected into the tournament's Best Nine. In addition, he received the 2012 MVP Award by the International Baseball Federation (IBAF) under the 18 & below category for his exemplary performance for the year. Professional career Hanshin Tigers Fujinami was the number 1 pick of the Tigers, Buffaloes, Marines, and the Swallows in the 2012 Nippon Professional Baseball draft. Hanshin won the four-way lottery and assigned him jersey number 19. He made his debut on March 31, 2013, the third game of the season and the earliest-ever appearance by a rookie drafted out of high school. He recorded the loss by pitching six innings and allowing both runs in a 2-0 loss against the Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Jingu Stadium. He was due to make his second start on April 7 against the Hiroshima Toyo Carp but was replaced by Minoru Iwata who was unable to pitch in the rained-out game the day before. Instead, he made his next appearance as a relief pitcher. He made his second start on April 14 against the Yokohama DeNA BayStars and recorded his first professional win, pitching six scoreless innings. Fujinami was the fifth pitcher drafted out of high school in NPB history to record his first pro victory the year after they won a Koshien tournament and the first in that group to also record their first pro victory at Koshien Stadium. He is also the first pitcher out of high school in franchise history to record their first pro victory at Koshien and the first CL rookie out of high school to record ten or more victories in a season since Yutaka Enatsu in 1967. Fujinami quickly gained popularity and was the leading vote getter amongst Central League starting pitchers for the 2013 NPB All-Star Series, with more than 96,000 votes. He started the second game of the All-Star series and pitched two scoreless innings. In the top of the sixth inning, he played a prank on Nippon Ham's Sho Nakata, a former senior at Osaka Tลin, by throwing 2 very slow balls over his head, which prompted Nakata to throw his bat and jokingly take a few steps toward the mound. Fujinami ended up striking out Nakata. He finished his rookie year at 10-6, with 125 strikeouts and a 2.75 ERA in 23 starts. Fujinami pitched his first career complete game in a July 15 contest against the Dragons with a 13-strikeout effort and only a single run allowed. During a September 15 game against the Carp at Koshien, he hit 157ย km/h (98ย mph) on the radar gun and set a new personal high and tied the franchise high for velocity. Tomoyuki Kubota set the original record on June 21, 2005. Four days later, he earned his 10th victory of the season and became the first pitcher out of high school to record double-digit wins in his first two NPB seasons since Daisuke Matsuzaka in 1999โ€“2000 (16 and 14 wins). The last pitcher to accomplish the feat in the Central League (and in franchise history) was Yutaka Enatsu in 1967โ€“1968 (12 and 25 wins). In the same game, he recorded his sixth RBI of the season, tying Tetsuro Kawajiri's 1996 record of RBIs by a Hanshin pitcher. Fujinami totaled 11 victories for the season, with an ERA of 3.53 and 172 strikeouts in 163 innings. His fastball averaged 149.7ย km/h, according to Data Stadium, second only to Shohei Ohtani's 152.5ย km/h among starters, and he had an 8.2 swinging strike percentage. While his cutter boasts an 18.7% swinging strike rate, his forkball generated an even higher rate of 26.0%, with batters hitting .222 off it. His 2.81 fielding independent pitching (FIP) average was the best in the Central League, while his batting average on balls in play was .335, nearly 30 points above the league average. Fujinami's 221 strikeouts led the league in 2015. Fujinami also led the league with 7 complete games and 4 shutouts after recording just 2 complete games and no shutouts in his first two seasons. He finished tied for second in the league with 14 wins (in 28 starts) against just 7 losses. His 2.40 ERA ranked fifth in the Central League. He also set several career bests in 2015, including starts, innings (199), wins, ERA, complete games, shutouts, strikeouts, and strikeouts per 9 innings (10.0) Fujinami's 2016 season was not as successful as his previous one. In 26 starts, he had just 7 wins against 11 losses with a 3.25 ERA. In 169 innings pitched, he allowed 152 hits, including a career-high 11 home runs. He recorded 176 strikeouts. Oakland Athletics On December 1, 2022, the Tigers posted Fujinami to Major League Baseball (MLB), giving clubs 30 days to negotiate with him, and necessitating a compensatory fee if a deal was reached. On January 13, 2023, Fujinami signed a one-year, $3.25ย million contract with the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB). After making four starts for Oakland, in which he had a 0โ€“4 record and 14.40 ERA with 12 strikeouts in 15 innings, Fujinami was moved to the bullpen. Baltimore Orioles On July 19, 2023, Fujinami was traded from the Athletics to the Baltimore Orioles in exchange for Easton Lucas. He allowed a seventh-inning leadoff first-pitch homer to Josรฉ Siri in his one frame out of the bullpen in his Orioles debut in a 3โ€“0 loss to the Tampa Bay Rays at Tropicana Field two nights later on July 21. He pitched a perfect tenth inning to earn his first MLB save in a 5โ€“3 win over the Seattle Mariners at T-Mobile Park on August 13. He would earn his second career save against the Angels on September 5, inducing a fly ball and striking out two batters in the tenth inning of a 5-4 Orioles win. Playing style Fujinami has a large frame for a pitcher, listed at 6ย ft 6 in and 215ย lb. With a three-quarters delivery, he throws a fastball topping out at 103 mph, a splitter, and a solid mid-to-high 80s slider. The splitter has a high whiff rate in his arsenal. References External links 1994 births Living people Sportspeople from Sakai, Osaka Japanese baseball players Major League Baseball players from Japan Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball pitchers Hanshin Tigers players Oakland Athletics players Baltimore Orioles players 2017 World Baseball Classic players Baseball people from Osaka Prefecture
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A4%EC%84%9D%EC%96%91
์œค์„์–‘
์œค์„์–‘(ๅฐน้Œซๆด‹, 1966๋…„ ~ )์€ 1990๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ด๋“ฑ๋ณ‘ ์‹ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํญ๋กœํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ž ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ 1966๋…„ ์ „๋ผ๋ถ๋„ ์ต์‚ฐ์—์„œ 2๋‚จ 3๋…€ ์ค‘ ๋ง‰๋‚ด๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์„œ์šธ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ์™€์„œ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 6ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ์ธ 1978๋…„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ์˜๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๋‚˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ณด์‚ดํ•Œ ์†์— ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜์—ฌ 1985๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋…ธ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•™๋ณด์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ž๋กœ์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฅ๋ž˜ ํŒจ๊ธฐ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•™๋ณด์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋œป์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ํ•™์ƒ์šด๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ƒ์šด๋™๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์ ๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ 1988๋…„์—๋Š” CA ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํ•™์ƒํšŒ์žฅ ํ›„๋ณด ์„ ๊ฑฐ์šด๋™๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง๊ตญ์žฅ, ํ˜๋ช…์ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ณ„๊ธ‰ํˆฌ์Ÿ๋™๋งน(ํ˜๋…ธ๋งน)์˜ ์ „์‹ ์ธ โ€œํ˜๋ช…์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฝƒโ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์„ ๋™๊ตญ์žฅ์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์†Œ๋ž˜(ํ˜„ ์‹œํฅ์‹œ) โ€˜์ž‘์€์ž๋ฆฌโ€™์—์„œ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ํ˜๋ช…์ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ณ„๊ธ‰ํˆฌ์Ÿ๋™๋งน ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋˜ 1989๋…„ 8์›” 19์ผ์— ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ์šด๋™๊ถŒ ์ƒํ™œ์— ์ง€์ณ ๊ฐ€๋˜ ์ค‘ 1990๋…„ 5์›” 1์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ ํ˜„์—ญ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œก๊ตฐ ์ œ3๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์‹ ๋ณ‘๊ต์œก๋Œ€๋Œ€์—์„œ 6์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ›๊ณ  1990๋…„ 6์›” 20์ผ ๊ฐ•์›๋„ ์ฒ ์›์˜ ์ž๋Œ€์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฐ›์•„ ์†Œ๋Œ€์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ 7์›” 3์ผ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์žฅ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ณต์ƒ๋‹ด์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํžŒ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ณ„์žฅ ์ด์Šน์„ญ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์žฅ ๊น€ํšจ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜๋ช…์ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ณ„๊ธ‰ํˆฌ์Ÿ๋™๋งน ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ง์›์˜ ์‹ ์ƒ์„ ์ž๋ฐฑํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋น™๊ณ  ๋ถ„์‹ค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ 7์›” 5์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์žฅ ์ด์Šน์„ญ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์žฅ ์ด๋•๋ ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์žฅ ๊น€ํšจ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ƒ์žฌ, ์ •ํ—Œ, ์ž„์ฐฌ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ ๊ตฐ ํˆฌ์ž…์ž์™€ ์ค‘์•™์œ„์› ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์•ž์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฅ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ํŽธ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‹ ์ž„์„ ์–ป๊ณ  8์›” 22์ผ์—๋Š” ์žฅ์ž๋™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ๋น™๊ณ  ๋ถ„์‹ค๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์™€์„œ ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ๋Œ€๊ณต์ฒ˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ3๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ๊ณผ์žฅ ๊น€์šฉ์„ฑ, ๊ณ„์žฅ ์ด์Šน์„ญ, ๋ถ€์žฅ ์ด๋•๋ ฌ, ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ˜ธ, ์กฐ์žฌ์€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ๊น€์˜์‚ผ, ๊น€๋Œ€์ค‘, ๋…ธ๋ฌดํ˜„์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ 1,303๋ช…์„ ์‚ฌ์ฐฐํ•œ ์นด๋“œ์™€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋””์Šค์ผ“ 3ํ†ต ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด 9์›” 23์ผ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ์— ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์‹ฌ์„ ์–ธ ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•œ ์œค์„์–‘์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ธฐ๋…๊ตํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ์–‘์‹ฌ์„ ์–ธ๋ฌธ๊ณผ, 80์ผ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” 24์ผ ์ €๋…์—๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ์–ธ๋ก ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์—ฐ๋งน ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ใ€ˆ์–ธ๋ก ๋…ธ๋ณดใ€‰ ๊ธฐ์ž๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ 1๋…„ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ธ ์–‘์ •์ฒ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ  9์›” 25์ผ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์ข…๋กœ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜จ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์–‘์ •์ฒ ์€ ์ „๊ตญ์–ธ๋ก ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์—ฐ๋งน ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์ „๊ตญ์–ธ๋ก ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์—ฐ๋งน ์œ„์›์žฅ ๊ถŒ์˜๊ธธ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ฌ์•ผ์— ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ํšŒ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” 26์ผ ์–‘์ •์ฒ ์€ ใ€ˆํ•œ๊ฒจ๋ ˆใ€‰ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถ€์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™๋ณด์‚ฌ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ž ์ด์ธ์šฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„จ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ž ์ด์ธ์šฐ๋Š” ใ€ˆํ•œ๊ฒจ๋ ˆใ€‰ ํŽธ์ง‘๊ตญ์žฅ ์„ฑ์œ ๋ณด์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ ์ถœ์ž… ๊ธฐ์ž ๊น€์ข…๊ตฌ, ๊ธฐ์ž ์ด์ธ์šฐ, ๊ธฐ์ž ๊น€์„ฑ๊ฑธ, ์‚ฌ์ง„๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ์ž ๊ณฝ์œค์„ญ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ทจ์žฌํŒ€์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ทจ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ทจ์žฌํŒ€์€ ์œค์„์–‘์˜ ์–‘์‹ฌ์„ ์–ธ ํ›„ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ธํ”„์ง‘ ๋ชจ๋น„๋”•์„ ์œ„์žฅ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œค์„์–‘์€ 1990๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ธฐ๋…๊ตํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ ์†Œ์† ์ธ๊ถŒ ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํญ๋กœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ •๊ตญ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํ˜„์•ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ด€์ฒ ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€ ์ด์ƒํ›ˆ๊ณผ ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ ์กฐ๋‚จํ’์ด ๊ฒฝ์งˆ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ธฐ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํญ๋กœ ํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ธฐ๋…๊ตํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›๋˜ ์œค์„์–‘์€ 1991๋…„ 5์›” ์ง€์—ญ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ ํŽธ์ง‘๋ถ€๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ 1992๋…„ 3์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์ž๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๋˜ 10๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์ด๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ถ€๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ฒดํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ๊ด€๊ณต์„œ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ทจ์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2๋…„์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ ๋์— 1992๋…„ 9์›” 23์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 9์‹œ 20๋ถ„ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์‹œ ๋‚จ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋ช…10๋™ 1647-7 ๋ฐ•์„œ๋ฐฉํšŒ์ง‘์—์„œ ์œค์„์–‘ํ›„์›์‚ฌ์—…ํšŒ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ ์–‘์Šน๊ท ๊ณผ ์ €๋… ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ธฐ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์™€ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ์š”์› ๋“ฑ 7๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์—ฐํ–‰๋‹นํ•ด ๊ตฐํ˜•๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตฐ๋ฌด ์ดํƒˆ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ œ3๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์— ์ž…์ฐฝ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์†๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์†Œ ํ›„ 1994๋…„ 10์›” 2๋…„ ํ˜•๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์ฃผ๊ต๋„์†Œ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์†Œ ํ›„ ๋ณตํ•™ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์žํ‡ดํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฐ˜์›”๊ณต๋‹จ์—์„œ 4๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ๋™์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊น€๋ฏธํ™”์™€ 1996๋…„ 6์›” 14์ผ์— ํ˜ผ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์œค์„์–‘์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๊ณ  ๋‚œ ๋’ค ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ํ˜ผ์ธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏผ์ธ์ˆ™์€ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ „ ์ถฉ์ฒญ๋‚จ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ตฐ(ํ˜„ ์„ธ์ข…ํŠน๋ณ„์ž์น˜์‹œ)์ˆ˜ ํ•œ์ค€์ˆ˜์™€ ์žฌํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 2011๋…„ ๋ฐ•์ธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๋…ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Œ๋ชจ๋น„๋”•ใ€์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ณด์•ˆ์‚ฌ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ตญ๋ฌด์ด๋ฆฌ์‹ค์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ ์‚ฌ์ฐฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ž 1966๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ž ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์ต์ œ๋ณด์ž ์ต์‚ฐ์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ํ•œ๊ตญ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋ถˆ๊ต์ธ๊ถŒ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yun%20Seok-yang
Yun Seok-yang
Yun Seok-yang () (1966-) is a South Korean whistleblower. On October 4, 1990, Yun was an army soldier. He blew the whistle about illegal inspections of civilians at the Defense Security Command. He is a public interest informant who became the driving force for the presidential campaign of Roh Tae-woo that year. Early life In 1966, he was born in Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. He became exhausted from student activism. He joined the ROK Army on active duty in May 1990. He was questioned by Lee Seung-sup and Chief Kim Hyo-su to confess his revolutionary activities and other members. He came back to Seobingo and was working with Kim Seong-seop, Se-jang Lee Seung-seop, Deputy Director Lee Deok-ryeol, Park Dae-ho and Cho Jae- He put three floppy disks in his bag and escaped the Security Command in the early morning of September 23, 1990. Whistle-blowing Yun Seok-yang escaped the Army Security Command, visited the National Council of Churches in Korea and submitted a declaration of conscience and summary of his 80-day Army Security Command experience. On September 25, he called a senior colleague who worked as a reporter for the National Press Workers' Union and met him at Jongno-gu, Seoul and revealed that he was carrying materials from the Armed Forces Security Command. On October 4, he held a press conference and revealed that "security companies are conducting inspections against 1,300 students, including politicians, journalists, professors and students. At that time, the data that he revealed included the house structure, entry and escape route, and relatives' residence. In the case of emergency martial law, and government-prepared materials in advance so that they can arrest them immediately. Two years after his arrest, he was rearrested on suspicion of desertion from duty in 1992. After release He completed his sentence and was released from prison in October 1994. Work The actual protagonist of 'Moby Dick', directed by Park In-jae who is Korean director in 2011. References Living people 1966 births South Korean whistleblowers South Korean military personnel People from Iksan Hankuk University of Foreign Studies alumni
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%9C%EB%A6%AC
ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ
ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ(, 1994๋…„ 6์›” 9์ผ~)๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ด์ž ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1994๋…„ 6์›” 9์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ด‘์ฃผ๊ตฐ ์‹ค์ดŒ๋ฉด์—์„œ 2๋…€ ์ค‘ ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2์‚ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์ด ํ•œ ๋ช… ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ ฅ ์‚ผ๋ฆฌ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต (์กธ์—…) ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต (์กธ์—…) ์„œ์šธ๊ณต์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์‹ค์šฉ์Œ์•…๊ณผ (์กธ์—…) ๊ฑด๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜์ƒ์˜ํ™”ํ•™๊ณผ (์กธ์—…) ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๊ฑธ์Šค๋ฐ์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท” 2010๋…„ 9์›” ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋ผ์™€ ๊ฑธ์Šค๋ฐ์ด ์ƒˆ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ ์˜์ž…๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†Œ์†์‚ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆผํ‹ฐ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ๋Š” "๊ฑธ์Šค๋ฐ์ด ์ƒˆ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์œ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ์ •, 5์ธ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค. 2๋ช…์˜ ์ƒˆ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์†Œ์ง„, ์ง€ํ•ด, ๋ฏผ์•„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜ธํก์„ ๋งž์ถฐ 10์›” 29์ผ "Girl's Day Party 2"์˜ ๋ฐœ๋งค์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„, ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” SBS ์ฃผ๋ง ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ƒใ€‹์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋„ค ์ž๋งค ์ค‘ ๋ง‰๋‚ด ๋”ธ์„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ ์”จํด๋ผ์šด์˜ ใ€ˆํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ดใ€‰์™€ ์›๋”๋ณด์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ใ€ˆํƒ€์ž”ใ€‰์˜ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•ด ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ใ€ˆํƒ€์ž”ใ€‰์˜ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ถœ์—ฐ์€ ๋…ธ๊ฐœ๋Ÿฐํ‹ฐ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ํ™”์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•˜๋‹ค. 2014-ํ˜„์žฌ : ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ ํ™œ๋™ 2014๋…„ 8์›” ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 4์ฃผ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ MBC ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฒ„๋ผ์ด์–ดํ‹ฐ ใ€Š์ง„์งœ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์ดย ์—ฌ๊ตฐํŠน์ง‘ใ€‹์— ๊น€์†Œ์—ฐ, ํ™์€ํฌ, ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ž€, ์ง€๋‚˜, ๋งน์Šน์ง€, ์‡ผํŠธํŠธ๋ž™ ๋ฐ•์Šนํฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์†Œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚ด์ˆญ์ด๋‚˜ ๊พธ๋ฐˆ์—†์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žก์•˜๊ณ , ๊ต๊ด€์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์•™ํƒˆ ์• ๊ต๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ใ€Š'์ง„์งœ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์ด'ใ€‹ ์ฒซ ์—ฌ๊ตฐํŠน์ง‘์˜ '์‹ ์˜ ํ•œ์ˆ˜'๋กœ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๋ช…๋ž‘ํ•œ ์›ƒ์Œ๊ณผ ์”ฉ์”ฉํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ๋ฒ„๋ฌด๋ ค์ ธ ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด๋„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ์ธ ์Šคํƒ€๋กœ ์žฌํƒ„์ƒํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ใ€Š'์ง„์งœ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์ด'ใ€‹๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€๋กœ ์†๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„์งœ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด '2014 MBC ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ' ์—ฌ์ž ์‹ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์พŒ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋’€๋‹ค. ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ดํ›„, JTBC ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š์„ ์•”์—ฌ๊ณ  ํƒ์ •๋‹จใ€‹์—์„œ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ์—ฐ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๋ง, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” SBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Šํ•˜์ด๋“œ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ, ๋‚˜ใ€‹์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 5์›” 18์ผ, ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๋‹ค ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ธ tvN ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๋ผ 1988ใ€‹์˜ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์บ์ŠคํŒ…์ด ํ™•์ •๋๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์ด ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋Š” 2015๋…„ 11์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2016๋…„ 1์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”TV ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  19.6%๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ 20%์— ์œก๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™”์ œ ์†์—ย ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทน์ค‘ ์„ฑ๋•์„  ์—ญํ• ์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•ด ์ „ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ์•ฝ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ค์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. 2016๋…„, ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋œ SBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š๋”ด๋”ฐ๋ผใ€‹์—์„œ ์ •๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์—ญ์„ ๋งก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์„ฑ, ๊ฐ•๋ฏผํ˜ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜ธํก์„ ๋งž์ท„๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹นํ•ด ๋ง์— ์žˆ๋Š” '2016 SBS ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ƒ'์—์„œ ๋‰ด์Šคํƒ€์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 4์›” ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š๋ฌผ๊ดดใ€‹์˜ ์ฃผ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์บ์ŠคํŒ…๋๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ์˜ํ™”๋กœ, ๊น€๋ช…๋ฏผ์ด ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•œ '์œค๊ฒธ' ์—ญ์˜ ๋”ธ์ธ '์œค๋ช…' ์—ญ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2018๋…„ 9์›” 12์ผ ใ€Š๋ฌผ๊ดดใ€‹๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋œ ํ›„ ๊ด€๋žŒํ•œ ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์ด ์•„์‰ฌ์› ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 11์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋œ MBC ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Šํˆฌ๊น์Šคใ€‹์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ์ž ์†ก์ง€์•ˆ ์—ญ์„ ๋งก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์กฐ์ •์„๊ณผ ํ˜ธํก์„ ๋งž์ท„๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 4์›”์— ์ฒซ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ํ•œ tvN์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ ใ€Š๋†€๋ผ์šด ํ† ์š”์ผใ€‹์— ์‹ ๋™์—ฝ, ๋ฐ•๋‚˜๋ž˜ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ •์ถœ์—ฐ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์ „ํ˜„๋ฌด, ์Šน๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 2018 MBC ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ MC๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ํ™œ๋™ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2012๋…„ SBS ์ฃผ๋ง๊ทน์žฅ ใ€Š๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ƒใ€‹ ... ์žฅ๋ฏธํ˜„ ์—ญ 2013๋…„ MBC Every1 ๊ธˆ์š”๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š๋” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ‹ฑใ€‹ ... ๋ณธ์ธ 2014๋…„ SBS Plus ์›”์š” ์›น๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š๋„๋„ํ•˜๋ผใ€‹ ... ์นด๋ฉ”์˜ค 2014๋…„ JTBC ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Š์„ ์•”์—ฌ๊ณ  ํƒ์ •๋‹จใ€‹ ... ์ด์˜ˆํฌ 2015๋…„ SBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ใ€Šํ•˜์ด๋“œ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ, ๋‚˜ใ€‹ ... ๋ฏผ์šฐ์ • ์—ญ 2015๋…„ tvN ๊ธˆํ†  ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Š์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๋ผ 1988ใ€‹ ... ์„ฑ๋•์„  / ์„ฑ์ˆ˜์—ฐ ์—ญ 2016๋…„ SBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ใ€Š๋”ด๋”ฐ๋ผใ€‹ ... ์ •๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์—ญ 2017๋…„ ~ 2018๋…„ MBC ์›”ํ™” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Šํˆฌ๊น์Šคใ€‹ ... ์†ก์ง€์•ˆ ์—ญ 2019๋…„ tvN ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Š์ฒญ์ผ์ „์ž ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋ฆฌใ€‹ ... ์ด์„ ์‹ฌ ์—ญ 2020๋…„ tvN ์›”ํ™” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Š์ฒญ์ถ˜๊ธฐ๋กใ€‹ ... ์ดํ•ด์ง€ ์—ญ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) 2021๋…„ tvN ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Š๊ฐ„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋™๊ฑฐใ€‹ ... ์ด๋‹ด ์—ญ 2021๋…„ ~ 2022๋…„ KBS2 ์›”ํ™” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Š๊ฝƒ ํ”ผ๋ฉด ๋‹ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ ใ€‹ ... ๊ฐ•๋กœ์„œ ์—ญ 2022๋…„ MBC ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Š์ผ๋‹น๋ฐฑ์ง‘์‚ฌใ€‹ ... ๋ฐฑ๋™์ฃผ ์—ญ ์˜ํ™” 2018๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š๋ฌผ๊ดดใ€‹ ... ์œค๋ช… ์—ญ 2019๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ใ€ŠํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋ณต์„œใ€‹ ... ๋ฏผ์ง€ ์—ญ 2024๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌใ€‹ ... ํ•„์„  ์—ญ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ (์ง„ํ–‰) ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฎค์ง ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1994๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์‹œ (๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„) ์ถœ์‹  ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ฑด๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ์„œ์šธ๊ณต์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ์‚ผ๋ฆฌ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์•„์ด๋Œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ๊ฑธ์Šค๋ฐ์ด์˜ ์ผ์› ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์•„์ด๋Œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌด์ข…๊ต ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ ์ด์”จ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ KBS ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ƒ ์—ฌ์ž ์šฐ์ˆ˜์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž MBC ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ƒ ์—ฌ์ž ์šฐ์ˆ˜์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Hye-ri
Lee Hye-ri
Lee Hye-ri (; born June 9, 1994), better known mononymously as Hyeri, is a South Korean actress, singer, and television personality. She rose to fame as the youngest member of girl group Girl's Day, and was named as the "Nation's Little Sister" by the South Korean media due to her immense popularity after appearing as a fixed cast member on Real Men (2014). She later became known for her award-winning performance as the female lead in Reply 1988 (2015), which was the highest-rated drama in Korean cable television history at the time. After back-to-back success in variety and the small screen, Hyeri ranked third in Forbes Korea Power Celebrity list in 2016 and became one of the highest-paid commercial models in South Korea. Hyeri was a regular cast member on Amazing Saturday (2018โ€“2020). After leaving the show to focus on her acting career, Hyeri starred in the popular iQiyi series My Roommate Is a Gumiho (2021). Early life and education Hyeri was born in Gwangju, Gyeonggi, South Korea. She has a sister, Hye-rim, who is two years younger. Hyeri grew up in poverty, staying with her grandmother in the countryside while her mother was working in a factory. When she was in middle school, Hyeri was scouted by Dream T Entertainment at a talent show and consequently joined Girl's Day with little prior training. She later attended Seoul School of Performing Arts, and then majored in Film at Konkuk University. Career 2010โ€“present: Girl's Day In September 2010, Hyeri was announced as a new member of Girl's Day alongside Yura when Jiin and Jisun left the group, just two months after the group debuted. The revamped group released a single titled "Nothing Lasts Forever", and went on to become one of the most popular and commercially successful musical quartets of its era. In January 2014, Hyeri fainted on stage during a Girl's Day live performance and had to be carried off-stage by M Countdown staff. She was later diagnosed with swine flu. After her exclusive contract with Dream T Entertainment ended in 2019, Hyeri joined a newly set-up agency Creative Group ING. Although all four members joined separate agencies, they have stated that the group has not disbanded. 2012โ€“2014: Acting debut and rising popularity In 2012, Hyeri made her acting debut in the SBS weekend drama Tasty Life, where she played the youngest in a family of four daughters. After her 4-day long appearance on Real Men in August 2014, a brief clip of her showing aegyo at her instructor went viral in South Korea, reaching one million views in a day, an unprecedented feat at the time. She consequently shot to stardom overnight, and later won Best Female Newcomer award at the MBC Entertainment Awards for her Real Men appearance. In November 2014, Hyeri was cast as one of the main characters in teen drama Schoolgirl Detectives, which began airing on cable channel JTBC in December. In late 2014, she was also cast in the mystery rom-com drama Hyde, Jekyll, Me, which began airing on SBS in January 2015. 2015โ€“present: Leading roles In 2015, Hyeri was cast as the lead of the tvN drama Reply 1988. The drama premiered in November and went on to become a commercial success with audience ratings peaking at 18.8%, making it one of the highest rated dramas in Korean cable television history. Hyeri received critical and audience acclaim for her award-winning portrayal of the female protagonist. In the show, Hyeri's character was the Madagascar picket girl at the 1988 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony. Due to the series' status as a cultural phenomenon, the actress was chosen by the Madagascar delegation to become its official flag bearer at the 2018 Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony. However, due to her busy schedule, Hyeri declined the offer. In 2016, Hyeri was cast as the lead in the SBS drama Entertainer along with actor Ji Sung and CNBLUE member Kang Min-hyuk, which began airing on April 20 and for which she won "New Star Award" at 2016 SBS Drama Awards. In 2017, she also starred in the police comedy drama Two Cops alongside Jo Jung-suk and Kim Seon-ho. In 2017, it was announced that Hyeri would be making her big screen debut as the female lead in Monstrum; filming began in April. Monstrum premiered in September, 2018. In 2018, Hyeri was cast in My Punch-Drunk Boxer, a boxing comedy drama film. The film premiered at 20th Jeonju International Film Festival in September, 2019; its general release followed in October, 2019. In 2019, Hyeri also starred in tvN's office comedy drama Miss Lee. Besides acting, Hyeri frequently guests on variety shows. She has been described as a "blue chip" in the entertainment industry due to her "frank and easy-going charms, bright energy and flexible chemistry with other cast members". Since 2018, Hyeri had been a regular cast member of DoReMi Market, a weekly television program airing on tvN. In late 2020, she left the show to focus on her acting career. In 2021, Hyeri starred in tvN's fantasy-romance drama My Roommate Is a Gumiho alongside Jang Ki-yong, produced by iQIYI. The series was a commercial success, amassing more than 100 million views on the online video platform and becoming its most-watched original drama series of the year. Later that year, Hyeri starred in KBS2's historical drama Moonshine alongside Yoo Seung-ho. In 2022, Hyeri starred in the television series May I Help You. Philanthropy Hyeri was appointed as the ambassador for 'Free Semester Program' by the Ministry of Education in September 2016. In February 2017, Hyeri was appointed as one of the ambassadors for the Count Every Child birth registration campaign as part of her NGO partnership with Plan Korea. In 2018, Hyeri participated in a Plan Korea fundraiser for children born without birth registration and wrote a letter to fans asking for potential donors. At 25 years old, Hyeri became the youngest member of UNICEF's Honors Club, having donated more than โ‚ฉ100 million "to run educational programs for underprivileged children and AIDS-prevention campaigns in underdeveloped nations in Asia". A membership ceremony took place on July 26, 2019. Throughout her career, Hyeri has donated to a wide variety of causes, ranging from public health to disaster management. On the Lunar New Year of 2016, Hyeri donated โ‚ฉ50 million to Community Chest of Korea towards improving elderly welfare. Later that year, she donated โ‚ฉ50 million to Korea Disaster Relief Organisation for the victims of the Seomun Market fire. In February 2020, Hyeri donated โ‚ฉ100 million to Save the Children to help those affected by COVID-19. In 2022, Hyeri donated โ‚ฉ50 million to the Hope Bridge Disaster Relief Association to help the victims of the massive wildfire that started in Uljin, Gyeongbuk and has spread to Samcheok, Gangwon. That same year, Hyeri donated โ‚ฉ50 million to the Save the Children emergency relief in order to help Ukrainian victims during the Russian invasion, stating that she "wants to give a little help to the suffering children who are powerless in times of war" and that she hopes "a world without war and fear will come one day". In 2023, Hyeri donated 50 million won to help 2023 Turkeyโ€“Syria earthquake, by donating money through UNICEF's emergency relief program to help children affected by earthquakes in Turkey and Syria. In the media Endorsements The success of Reply 1988 combined with Hyeri's status as an icon of aegyo led to her becoming one of the most in-demand advertising models in South Korea. By the start of 2016, she had shot over 30 advertisements for brands such as Puma, Lotte Confectionery's Ghana, Bohae, Amore Pacific's Happy Bath, and was consequently given the title of "โ‚ฉ10ย billion girl (ko: 100์–ต ์†Œ๋…€)" by the South Korean media. Following her appointment as the model for Albamon (ko: ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋ชฌ), a part-time job recruiting site, Hyeri was awarded with the plaque of appreciation by the Ministry of Employment and Labour for "promoting minimum wage awareness and compliance" in March 2015. In January 2017, Albamon received "Consumer Choice Best Brand Award" for "its efforts to improve the rights of the public by providing high quality part-time job announcements" after an ad featuring Hyeri and Im Chang-jung reached over 10 million views in just a month after its release. The sales of products such as 7-Eleven lunch boxes and Nongshim ramen increased by 78% and 50% respectively after Hyeri's endorsement. Similarly, the page views of Dabang (ko: ๋‹ค๋ฐฉ), a real estate mobile app that Hyeri has endorsed since 2015, grew from 5 million to 15ย million, and weekly active users increased from 600,000 to 1.5ย million after a new ad featuring Hyeri as Harley Quinn was released in 2017. In July 2017, she received the Female Commercial Film Star Award at MTN Broadcast Advertising Awards Festival. Social media In July 2019, Hyeri unveiled her personal YouTube channel, where she began posting vlogs, mukbangs, and behind the scenes footage from filming sets. A month later, she received The Silver Creator Award for surpassing 100,000 subscribers. In 2020, she was awarded the "Celebrity YouTuber of the Year" prize at the Brand of the Year Awards. In March 2020, Hyeri criticised Nth room-related cybersex trafficking on her Instagram account and urged her followers to sign a petition to reveal the identities of the perpetrators, stating that she hopes that "they face harsher punishment for what they did". Personal life Hyeri is in a relationship with actor and former co-star Ryu Jun-yeol. The two met on the set of Reply 1988, where they played each other's love interest, and began dating in late 2016. In March 2016, Hyeri was hospitalised after being diagnosed with meningitis due to busy schedules and lack of rest. Discography Filmography Film Television series Television shows Hosting Awards and nominations Listicles Notes References External links 1994 births Living people Actors from Gwangju Musicians from Gwangju Girl's Day members K-pop singers South Korean female idols South Korean child singers South Korean women pop singers South Korean dance musicians South Korean television personalities South Korean television actresses South Korean film actresses 21st-century South Korean singers 21st-century South Korean actresses School of Performing Arts Seoul alumni Konkuk University alumni 21st-century South Korean women singers
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98%20%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%20%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD%20%EA%B5%90%EA%B5%AC%20%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D
์ธ๋„์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก
์ธ๋„์˜ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ต๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ผํ‹ด์ „๋ก€์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ด€๊ตฌ 23๊ฐœ์— ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ 23๊ฐœ์™€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ต๊ตฌ 104๊ฐœ ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ๊ต๊ตฌ 10๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ž€๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€์˜ 5๊ฐœ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ์ƒ๊ธ‰๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ 1๊ฐœ, ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ 4๊ฐœ. ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ต๊ตฌ 13๊ฐœ ์‹œ๋กœ-๋ง๋ž€์นด๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ์˜ 2๊ฐœ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ์ƒ๊ธ‰๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ1๊ฐœ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ1๊ฐœ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ต๊ตฌ6๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ์— ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ž€๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ๊ต๊ตฌ 1๊ฐœ ์™€ ๋™์ธ๋„ ๋ช…์˜ ์ด์ฃผ๊ต๊ตฌ(๊ณ ์•„์˜ ๋Œ€์ฃผ๊ต๊ฐ€ ๊ฒธ์ง)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค ๋ผํ‹ด์ „๋ก€ ๊ตํšŒ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Rome Catholic) ์•„๊ทธ๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Agra) ์•„๊ทธ๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Agra) ์•„์ง€๋ฉ”๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Ajmer) ์•Œ๋ผํ•˜๋ฐ”๋“œ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Allahabad) ๋ฐ”๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Bareilly) ๋น„์ฆˆ๋…ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Bijnor) ๊ณ ๋ž€ํฌํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Gorakhpur) ์ž์ดํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Jaipur) ์ฆˆํ•œ์‹œ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Jhansi) ๋Ÿญํฌ๋‚˜์šฐ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Lucknow) ๋ฉ”๋ฃจํŠธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Meerut) ์šฐ๋‹ค์ดํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Udaipur) ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋‚˜์‹œ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Varanasi) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ „๋ก€ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋…ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Bijnor) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ „๋ก€ ๊ณ ๋ผ์ฟ ํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Gorakhpur) ๋ฐฉ๊ฐˆ๋กœ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Bangalore) ๋ฐฉ๊ฐˆ๋กœ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bangalore) ๋ฒจ๊ฐ€์›€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Belgaum) ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Bellary) ์ทจํฌ๋งˆ๊ฐˆ๋ฃจ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Chikmagalur) ๊ตด๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Gulbarga) ์นด๋ฅด์™€๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Karwar) ๋ง๊ฐˆ๋กœ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Mangalore) ๋งˆ์ด์†Œ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Mysore) ์‰ฌ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Shimoga) ์šฐ๋‘ํ”ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Udupi) ๋ณดํŒ” ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Bhopal) ๋ณดํŒ” ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bhopal) ๊ด„๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Gwalior) ์ธ๋„๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Indore) ์ž๋ฐœํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Jabalpur) ์ž๋ถ€์•„ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Jhabua) ์นธ๋‘์™€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Khandwa) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Sagar) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ์‚ฌํŠธ๋‚˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Satna) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ์šฐ์ž์ธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Ujjain) ๋ด„๋ฒ ์ด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Bombay) ๋ด„๋ฒ ์ด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bombay) ๋‚˜์‹ํฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Nashik) ํ‘ธ๋‚˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Poona) ์‹ ๋‘๋‘๋ฃฉ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Sindhudurg) ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Vasai) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ์นด๋ฆฌ์–€ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Kalyan) ์บ˜์ปคํƒ€ ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Calcutta) ์บ˜์ปคํƒ€ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Calcutta) ์•„์‚ฐ์†” ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Asansol) ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋„๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Bagdogra) ๋ฐ”๋ฃจ์ดํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Baruipur) ๋‹ค๋ฅด์งˆ๋ง ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Darjeeling) ์ž˜ํŒŒ์ด๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Jalpaiguri) ํฌ๋ฆฌ์‰ฌ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Krishnagar) ๋ผ์ด๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Raiganj) ์ฟ ํƒ€ํฌ-๋ถ€ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค์™€๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar) ์ฟ ํƒ€ํฌ-๋ถ€ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค์™€๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar) ๋ฐœ๋ผ์†Œ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Balasore) ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ•จํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Berhampur) ๋กœ์šฐ๋ฃจ์ผˆ๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Rourkela) ์‚ผ๋ฐœํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Sambalpur) ๋ธ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Delhi) ๋ธ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Archdiocese of Delhi) ์ž ๋ฌด-์Šค๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar) ์ž˜๋ž€๋‹ค๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Jullundur) ์‰ฌ๋ฏˆ๋ผ ์•„ ์ฐฌ๋””๊ฐ€๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh) ๊ฐ„๋””๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Gandhinagar) ๊ฐ„๋””๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Gandhinagar) ์•„๋งˆ๋‹ค๋ฐ”๋“œ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Ahmedabad) ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋‹ค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Baroda) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ๋ผ์ง€์ฝ”ํŠธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Rajkot) ๊ณ ์•„ ์™€ ๋‹ค๋งˆ์˜ค ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Goa e Damรฃo) ๊ณ ์•„ ์™€ ๋‹ค๋งˆ์˜ค ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goa e Damรฃo) ์‹ ๋“œ๋ถ€๋ฃฉ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Sindhudurg) ๊ตฌ์™€์ดํ‹ฐ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Guwahati) ๊ตฌ์™€์ดํ‹ฐ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Archdiocese of Guwahati) ๋ณธ๊ฐ€์ด๊ฐ€์˜จ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Bongaigaon) ๋””๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ฅด๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Dibrugarh) ๋””ํ”„ํ›„ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Diphu) ์ดํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Itanagar) ๋ฏธ์•„์˜ค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Miao) ํ…Œ์ฆˆํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Tezpur) ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋“œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Hyderabad) ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋“œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Hyderabad) ์ฟ ๋‹คํŒŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Cuddapah) ์บ„๋งŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Khammam) ์ฟ ๋ฅด๋Š˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Kurnool) ๋‚ ๊ณค๋‹ค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Nalgonda) ์™€๋ž‘๊ฐˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Warangal) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ์•„๋”œ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋“œ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Adilabad) ์ž„ํŒ” ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Imphal) ์ž„ํŒ” ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Imphal) ์ฝ”ํžˆ๋งˆ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Kohima) ๋งˆ๋‘๋ผ์Šค ์™€ ๋ฐ€๋ผํฌ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Madras and Mylapore) ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ผ์Šค์™€ ๋ฐ€๋ผํฌ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore) ์นญ๋ ˆํ‘ธํŠธ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Chingleput) ์ฝ”์ž„๋ฐ”ํ† ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Coimbatore) ์˜คํƒ€์นด๋จผ๋“œ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Ootacamund) ๋ฒจ๋กœ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Vellore) ๋งˆ๋‘๋ผ์ด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Madurai) ๋งˆ๋‘๋ผ์ด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Madurai) ๋”˜๋””๊ตด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Dindigul) ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Kottar) ํŒ”๋ผ์–Œ์ฝ”ํƒ€์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Palayamkottai) ์‹œ๋ฐ”๊ฐ•๊ฐ€์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Sivagangai) ํ‹ฐ๋ฃจ์น˜๋ผํŒ”๋ฆฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Tiruchirapalli) ํˆฌํ‹ฐ์ฝ”๋ฆฐ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Tuticorin) ๋‚˜๊ทธํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Nagpur) ๋‚˜๊ทธํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nagpur) ์•„๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Amravati) ์•„์šฐ๋ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฐ”๋“œ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Aurangabad) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ์ฐฌ๋‹ค ๊ต๊ตฌ ( Diocese of Chanda) ํŒŒํŠธ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Patna) ํŒŒํŠธ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Patna) ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ์•„ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Bettiah) ๋ฐ”๊ฐˆํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Bhagalpur) ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Buxar) ๋ฌด์žํŒŒ๋ฅดํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Muzaffarpur) ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋„ค์•„ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Purnea) ํ๋”์„ธ๋ฆฌ ์™€ ์ฟ ๋‹ฌ๋กœ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Pondicherry and Cuddalore) ํ๋”์„ธ๋ฆฌ ์™€ ์ฟ ๋‹ฌ๋กœ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore) ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋งˆํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Dharmapuri) ์ฟฐ๋ฐ”์ฝ”๋‚จ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Kumbakonam) ์‚ด๋ ˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Salem) ํƒ„์กฐ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Tanjore) ๋ผ์ดํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Raipur) ๋ผ์ดํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Raipur) ์•”๋น„์นดํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ambikapur) ์ž์‰ฌํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Jashpur) ๋ผ์ด๊ฐ€๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Raigarh) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ์ž๊ทธ๋‹ฌํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Jagdalpur) ๋ž€์น˜ ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Ranchi) ๋ž€์น˜ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ranchi) ๋‹ฌํ†ต๊ฐ„์ง€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Daltonganj) ๋‘ ์นด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Dumka) ๊ตผ๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Gumla) ํ•˜์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๊ทธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Hazaribag) ์ž ์„ธ๋“œํ‘ธ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Jamshedpur) ์ฟคํ‹ฐ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Khunti) ํฌํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ผ์ด๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Port Blair) ์‹ฌ๋ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Simdega) ์‹ค๋กฑ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Shillong) ์‹ค๋กฑ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Archdiocese of Shillong) ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฅดํƒˆ๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Agartala) ์•„์ด์ž์šธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Aizawl) ์กฐ์™€์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Jowai) ๋†์Šคํ† ์ธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Nongstoin) ํˆฌ๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Tura) ํ‹ฐ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”๋‚œํƒ€ํ‘ธ๋žŒ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Thiruvananthapuram) ํ‹ฐ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”๋‚œํƒ€ํ‘ธ๋žŒ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Thiruvananthapuram) ์•Œ๋ ˆํŽ˜์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Alleppey) ๋„ค์•ผํ‹ด์นด๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Neyyattinkara) ํ‘ธ๋‚ ๋ฃจ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Punalur) ์ฟ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์˜จ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Quilon) ๋ฒ„๋ผํด๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Verapoly) ๋ฒ„๋ผํด๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese or Verapoly) ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ํŠธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Calicut) ์ฝ”์‹  ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Cochin) ์นธ๋ˆ„๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Kannur) ์ฝ”ํƒ€ํ‘ธ๋žŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Kottapuram) ๋น„์ž์•ผํ‘ธ๋žŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Vijayapuram) ๋น„์ƒค์นดํŒŒํŠธ๋‚จ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Visakhapatnam) ๋น„์ƒค์นดํŒŒํŠธ๋‚จ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam) ์—˜๋ฃจ๋ฃจ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Eluru) ๊ตฐํˆฌ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Guntur) ๋„ฌ๋กœ๋ฅด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Nellore) ์Šค๋ฆฌ์นด์ฟ ๋žŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Srikakulam) ๋น„์ž์•ผ์™€๋‹ค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Vijayawada) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Syro-Malabar Catholic) ์–ด๋ผ๋‚˜์ฟจ๋žŒ-์•™๊ฐ€๋ง๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Eranakulam โ€“ Angamaly) ์–ด๋ผ๋‚˜์ฟจ๋žŒ-์•™๊ฐ€๋ง๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Major Archdiocese of Eranakulam-Angamaly) ์ด๋‘ํ‚ค ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Idukk)i ์ฝ”ํ„ฐ๋จผ๊ฐ€๋Ÿผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Kothamangalam) ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์„ธ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Changanassery) ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์„ธ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Changanassery) ์นธ์ง€๋ผํŒ”๋ฆฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Kanjirappally) ํŒ”๋ผ์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Palai) ์‘ฅ์นด๋ผ์ด ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Thuckalay) ํ…”๋ฆฌ์ทŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Tellicherry) ํ…”๋ฆฌ์ทŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tellicherry) ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํƒ„๊ฐ€๋”” ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Belthangady) ๋ฐ”๋“œ๋ผ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Bhadravathi) ๋งˆ๋‚œํƒ€๋ฐ”๋”” ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Mananthavady) ํƒ๋งˆ๋ผ์„ธ๋ฆฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Catholic Diocese of Thamarassery) ๋งŒ๋“œ์•ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Mandya) ์“ฐ๋ฆฌ์„œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Thrissur) ์Šค๋ฆฌ์„œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Thrissur) ๋ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ํƒ€ํ‘ธ๋žŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Ramanathapuram) ์ด๋ฆฐ์ž๋ผ์ฟ ๋‹ค ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Irinjalakuda) ํŒ”๊ทธํ•˜ํŠธ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Palghat) ์ฝ”ํƒ€์–Œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Kottayam) ์ฝ”ํƒ€์–Œ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Kottayam) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋ง๋ž€์นด๋ฅด ๊ตํšŒ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Syro-Malankara Catholic) ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ˜๋“œ๋Ÿผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ(Province of Trivandrum) ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ˜๋“œ๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธ‰๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ( Major Archdiocese of Trivandrum) ๋งŒ์‹ผ๋‹ด ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Marthandam) ๋งˆ๋ฒจ๋ฆญ์นด๋ผ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Mavelikkara) ์ฝฉ์‚ฌ๋งŒ๊ฐˆ๋žŒ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Kothamangalam ) ํŠธ๋ฃจ๋ฐœ๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ( Province of Tiruvalla) ํŠธ๋ฃจ๋ฐœ๋ผ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์žฅ์ขŒ ๋Œ€๊ต๊ตฌ(Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tiruvalla) ๋ฌด๋ฐ˜ํˆฌํ‘ธ์ž ๊ต๊ตฌ( Eparchy of Muvattupuzha) ๋ฐ”ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Diocese of Bathery) ํ‘ธ์„œ ๊ต๊ตฌ( Eparchy of Puthur) ๋…๋ฆฝ ๊ต๊ตฌ ๋™์ธ๋„์˜ ๋ช…์˜ ์ด๋Œ€์ฃผ๊ต๊ตฌ(Titular Patriarchal See of East Indies) ์‹œ๋กœ-๋งˆ๋ž€๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์ „๋ก€ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋ฐ”๋“œ ๊ต๊ตฌ(Diocese of Faridabad) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์ธ๋„ ์ฃผ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ์ธ๋„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Catholic%20dioceses%20in%20India
List of Catholic dioceses in India
With the establishment of Syro Malabar eparchies of Shamshabad and Hosur in October 2017, the Catholic Church in India includes 174 dioceses, of which 132 are Roman, 31 are Syro-Malabar, and 11 are Syro-Malankara. These are organised into 29 ecclesiastical provinces, comprising 23 Latin, 4 Syro-Malabar and 2 Syro-Malankara provinces. The bishops of the Latin Catholic Church, Syro-Malabar Catholic Church and Syro-Malankara Catholic Church form the Catholic Bishops' Conference of India (CBCI). This episcopal conference was established in 1944. Latin Catholic Ecclesiastical Provinces Province of Agra Metropolitan Archdiocese of Agra Diocese of Ajmer Diocese of Allahabad Diocese of Bareilly Diocese of Bijnor (Syro-Malabar) Diocese of Gorakhpur (Syro-Malabar) Diocese of Jaipur Diocese of Jhansi Diocese of Lucknow Diocese of Meerut Diocese of Udaipur Diocese of Varanasi Province of Bangalore Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bangalore Diocese of Belgaum Diocese of Bellary Diocese of Chikmagalur Diocese of Gulbarga Diocese of Karwar Diocese of Mangalore Diocese of Mysore Diocese of Shimoga Diocese of Udupi Province of Bhopal Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bhopal Diocese of Gwalior Diocese of Indore Diocese of Jabalpur Diocese of Jhabua Diocese of Khandwa Diocese of Sagar (Syro-Malabar) Diocese of Satna (Syro-Malabar) Diocese of Ujjain (Syro-Malabar) Province of Bombay Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bombay Diocese of Poona Diocese of Vasai Diocese of Nashik Diocese of Kalyan (Syro-Malabar) Province of Calcutta Metropolitan Archdiocese of Calcutta Diocese of Asansol Diocese of Bagdogra Diocese of Baruipur Diocese of Darjeeling Diocese of Jalpaiguri Diocese of Krishnagar Diocese of Raiganj Province of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar Diocese of Balasore Diocese of Berhampur Diocese of Rayagada Diocese of Rourkela Diocese of Sambalpur Province of Delhi Metropolitan Archdiocese of Delhi Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar Diocese of Jalandhar Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh Province of Gandhinagar Metropolitan Archdiocese of Gandhinagar Diocese of Ahmedabad Diocese of Baroda Diocese of Rajkot (Syro-Malabar) Province of Goa and Daman Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goa and Daman Diocese of Sindhudurg Province of Guwahati Metropolitan Archdiocese of Guwahati Diocese of Bongaigaon Diocese of Dibrugarh Diocese of Diphu Diocese of Itanagar Diocese of Miao Diocese of Tezpur Province of Hyderabad Metropolitan Archdiocese of Hyderabad Diocese of Adilabad (Syro-Malabar) Diocese of Cuddapah Diocese of Khammam Diocese of Kurnool Diocese of Nalgonda Diocese of Warangal Province of Imphal Metropolitan Archdiocese of Imphal Diocese of Kohima Province of Madras and Mylapore Metropolitan Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore Diocese of Chingleput Diocese of Coimbatore Diocese of Ootacamund Diocese of Vellore Province of Madurai Metropolitan Metropolitan Archdiocese of Madurai Diocese of Dindigul Diocese of Kottar Diocese of Kuzhithurai Diocese of Palayamkottai Diocese of Sivagangai Diocese of Tiruchirapalli Diocese of Tuticorin Province of Nagpur Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nagpur Diocese of Amravati Diocese of Aurangabad Diocese of Chanda (Syro-Malabar) Province of Patna Metropolitan Archdiocese of Patna Diocese of Bettiah Diocese of Bhagalpur Diocese of Buxar Diocese of Muzaffarpur Diocese of Purnea Province of Pondicherry and Cuddalore Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore Diocese of Dharmapuri Diocese of Kumbakonam Diocese of Salem Diocese of Tanjore Province of Raipur Metropolitan Archdiocese of Raipur Diocese of Ambikapur Diocese of Jagdalpur (Syro-Malabar) Diocese of Jashpur Diocese of Raigarh Province of Ranchi Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ranchi Diocese of Daltonganj Diocese of Dumka Diocese of Gumla Diocese of Hazaribag Diocese of Jamshedpur Diocese of Khunti Diocese of Port Blair Diocese of Simdega Province of Shillong Metropolitan Archdiocese of Shillong Diocese of Agartala Diocese of Aizawl Diocese of Jowai Diocese of Nongstoin Diocese of Tura Province of Trivandrum Metropolitan Archdiocese of Trivandrum Diocese of Alleppey Diocese of Neyyattinkara Diocese of Punalur Diocese of Quilon Province of Verapoly Metropolitan Archdiocese of Verapoly Diocese of Calicut Diocese of Cochin Diocese of Kannur Diocese of Kottapuram Diocese of Sultanpet Diocese of Vijayapuram Province of Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam Diocese of Eluru Diocese of Guntur Diocese of Nellore Diocese of Srikakulam Diocese of Vijayawada Syro-Malabar Catholic Ecclesiastical Provinces The Syro-Malabar Church is governed by the Major Archbishop whose seat is Ernakulam-Angamaly and the synod of all bishops of this sui iuris church, both within and outside of India. Province of Ernakulam - Angamaly Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Faridabad Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Hosur Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Idukki Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Kothamangalam Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Shamshabad Province of Changanassery Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Changanassery Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Kanjirappally Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palai Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Thuckalay Province of Tellicherry Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Tellicherry Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Belthangady Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Bhadravathi Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Mananthavady Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Thamarassery Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Mandya Province of Thrissur Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Ramanathapuram Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Irinjalakuda Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palghat Archdiocese of Kottayam Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Kottayam Syro-Malankara Catholic Ecclesiastical Provinces The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church is also a major archiepiscopal sui iuris Church. It is governed by the Major Archbishop whose seat is Trivandrum and its synod of bishops. Province of Trivandrum Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of St. Ephrem of Khadki Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Marthandom Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Mavelikara Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Parassala Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Pathanamthitta Province of Tiruvalla Syro-Malankara Catholic Archeparchy of Tiruvalla Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Muvattupuzha Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Bathery Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Puthur Directly under the Holy See Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of St. John Chrysostom of Gurgaon See also Catholic Church in India Territories of Roman Catholic dioceses in India Christianity in India List of cathedrals in India List of Catholic bishops of India List of Catholic dioceses (structured view) Notes External links Current Dioceses in India Catholic-Hierarchy entry. GCatholic.org. References India Roman Catholic dioceses
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%A8%20%28%EC%98%81%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%29
์ œ1์‚ฌ๋‹จ (์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ)
์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ œ1์‚ฌ๋‹จ()์€ 1951๋…„ ~ 1954๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ ์ฃผํ•œ์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ, ์˜๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์œก๊ตฐ, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œก๊ตฐ ๋ณด๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ์œก๊ตฐ ํฌ๋ณ‘, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๋„ ์œก๊ตฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ง์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„ 8์›”, ์ œ27๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ์ด ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋’ค์ด์–ด 9์›” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์™•๋ฆฝ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ œ3๋Œ€๋Œ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1951๋…„ 1์›” ํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ธ์Šค ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ƒค ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ œ2๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1951๋…„ 4์›” ์ œ27๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์ œ28๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํŽธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ29๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ 1950๋…„ 11์›”์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ œ25๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 1951๋…„ 5์›”์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1951๋…„ 7์›”, ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์˜๊ตญ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๋„๋“ฑ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ 5๊ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒŒ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์ œ1์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์ด ์ฐฝ์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž„์Šคํƒ€์šด ์ „์„ ์— ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‘์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ œ1๊ตฐ๋‹จ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ œ1๊ธฐ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ œ3๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ œ25๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ œ1๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ์— ๋ฐฐ์†๋˜์–ด ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ํœด์ „๋œ ์ดํ›„, 1954๋…„์— ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์ค‘๋Œ€ ์™•๋ฆฝํ†ต์‹ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ํ†ต์‹ , 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 7์›” ํฌ๋ณ‘ ์™•๋ฆฝํฌ๋ณ‘ ์ œ11(์Šคํ•‘ํฌ์Šค)ํฌ๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ 11์›” ์ œ14์•ผ์ „์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 11์›” ~ 1952๋…„ 10์›” ์ œ20์•ผ์ „์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1952๋…„ 12์›” ~ 1953. 7์›” ์ œ42์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1953๋…„ 12์›” ์ œ42๊ฒฝ๋Œ€๊ณตํฌ๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 11์›” ~ 1952๋…„ 2์›” ์ œ45์•ผ์ „์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ 11์›” ์ œ61๊ฒฝ์•ผ์ „์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1952๋…„ 1์›” ~ 1953. 7์›” ์ œ120๊ฒฝ๋Œ€๊ณตํฌ๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 10์›” ~ 1952๋…„ 12์›” ์ œ170๊ฒฝํฌ๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ 11์›” ์ œ1903๋…๋ฆฝํ•ญ๊ณต๊ด€์ธก๊ฐ์‹œ๋Œ€Flight; 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 7์›” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์™•๋ฆฝ ํฌ๋ณ‘ ์ œ16์•ผ์ „์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1950๋…„ 12์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 7์›” - ์ œ28๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ ์ง€์› ์™•๋ฆฝ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๊ธฐ๋งˆํฌ๋ณ‘ ์ œ1์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1952๋…„ 5์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 4์›” ์ œ2์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ 1952๋…„ 5์›” ์ œ81์•ผ์ „์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1953๋…„ 4์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 7์›” ์™•๋ฆฝ๊ณต๋ณ‘ ์ œ2์•ผ์ „์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ 7์›” ์ œ64์•ผ์ „์—ฐ๋Œ€, ParkํŽธ๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 7์›” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘ ์™•๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘๊ตฐ๋‹จ ์™•์˜ ์ œ8์™•๋ฆฝ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œํ›„์‚ฌ๋ฅด; 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ 1951๋…„ 12์›” ์ œ7์™•๋ฆฝ์ „์ฐจ์—ฐ๋Œ€, C์ „๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ 1951๋…„ 10์›” ์ œ5์™•๋ฆฝ์—๋‹ˆ์Šคํ‚ฌ๋ Œ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘๊ทผ์œ„๋Œ€, 1951๋…„ 12์›” ~ 1952๋…„ 12์›” ์ œ1์™•๋ฆฝ์ „์ฐจ์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1952๋…„ 12์›” ~ 12์›” ์ œ5์™•๋ฆฝ์ „์ฐจ์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1953๋…„ 12์›” ~ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์™•๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘๊ตฐ๋‹จ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์Šค์ฝ”๋‚˜ ๊ณต์ž‘์˜ ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋Œ€ A์ „๋Œ€; 1953๋…„ 12์›” ~ B์ „๋Œ€; 1952๋…„ 6์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 5์›” C์ „๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 5์›” ~ 1952๋…„ 6์›” ์˜๋ฃŒ ์™•๋ฆฝ์œก๊ตฐ์˜๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์ œ26๊ตฌ๊ธ‰๋Œ€; 1950. 12์›” ~ ? ์™•๋ฆฝ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์œก๊ตฐ์˜๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์ œ25์•ผ์ „๊ตฌ๊ธ‰๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 5์›” ~ 1952๋…„ 4์›” ์ œ25์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์•ผ์ „์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ€์„œ, 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ ? ์ œ37์•ผ์ „๊ตฌ๊ธ‰๋Œ€; 1952๋…„ 4์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 5์›” ์ œ38์•ผ์ „๊ตฌ๊ธ‰๋Œ€; 1953๋…„ 5์›” ~ ? ์ธ๋„ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ œ60๊ณต์ˆ˜์•ผ์ „์˜๋ฌด๋Œ€, 1950๋…„ 11์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 8์›” ์ œ25์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ; 1951๋…„ 5์›” ~ 1954๋…„ 12์›” ํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ธ์Šค ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ƒค ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ œ2๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1950๋…„ 12์›” ~ 1951๋…„ 11์›” ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 10์›” ~ 1952๋…„ 11 ์ œ3๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1952๋…„ 10์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 10์›” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์™•๋ฆฝ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ œ2๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 5์›” ~ 1952๋…„ 4 ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1952๋…„ 4์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 3์›” ์ œ3๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1953๋…„ 3์›” ~ 1954๋…„ 3์›” ์™•๋ฆฝ ์ œ22์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ œ2๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 5์›” ~ 1952๋…„ 4์›” ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1952๋…„ 4์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 4์›” ์ œ3๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1953๋…„ 4์›” ~ 1954๋…„ 4์›” ์ œ27๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ (1951๋…„ 4์›” ์ œ28์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํŽธ) ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„น์Šค ์—ฐ๋Œ€, 1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์•„๋ฅด๊ธธ ์„œ๋œ๋žœ๋“œ ํ•˜์ด๋žœ๋”์Šค, 1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ธ์Šค ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ƒค ๊ณต์ฃผ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 2๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1950๋…„ 12์›” โ€“ 1951๋…„ 4์›” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์™•๋ฆฝ ์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1950๋…„ 9์›” โ€“ 1951๋…„ 4์›” ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œ16ํฌ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€; 1951๋…„ 1์›” โ€“ 1951๋…„ 4์›” ์ œ60์ธ๋„์•ผ์ „๊ตฌ๊ธ‰๋Œ€ ์ œ28์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ ์™•์˜ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ๋Œ€, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์™•์˜ ์Šˆ๋กญ์…” ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ณ‘, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์™•๋ฆฝ ํ‘ธ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ๋”๋Ÿผ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ณ‘, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์™•๋ฆฝ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ œ3๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1950๋…„ 9์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 2์›” ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1952๋…„ 3์›” ~ 1953๋…„ 3์›” ์ œ2๋Œ€๋Œ€; 1953๋…„ 3์›” 17์ผ ~ 3์›” 27์ผ ์ œ29๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ ์™•๋ฆฝ ๋…ธ์„ค๋ฒŒ๋žœ๋“œ ํ‘ธ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์™•๋ฆฝ ์šธ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ผ์ดํ”Œ, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์™•๋ฆฝ ๋…ธํฝ ์—ฐ๋Œ€, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์›ฐ์น˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์™€์น˜, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์™•์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์›”๋ฐํ„ด ๊ณต์ž‘์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์™•๋ฆฝ ์Šค์นด์šฐํŠธ, ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์žฅ ์†Œ์žฅ, ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์นด์…€์Šค, 1951๋…„ 7์›” 28์ผ ~ 1952๋…„ 9์›” 7์ผ ์†Œ์žฅ, ๋ฏธ์นด์—˜ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ, 1952๋…„ 9์›” 7์ผ ~ 1953๋…„ ์†Œ์žฅ, ํ˜ธ๋ผํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค ๋ฎค๋ ˆ์ด, 1953๋…„ ~ 1954๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ํฌ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์žฅ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์žฅ, ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ํŒŒ์ดํฌ, 1951๋…„ 7์›” ~ 1952๋…„ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์žฅ, G. ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ง€์Šจ, 1952๋…„ 1951๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋‹จ์ฒด 1954๋…„ ํ•ด์ฒด๋œ ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ฃผํ•œ ์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ํŽธ์„ฑ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20Commonwealth%20Division
1st Commonwealth Division
The 1st Commonwealth Division was the military unit that commanded Commonwealth land forces in the Korean War. The division was a part of the multinational British Commonwealth Forces Korea, with infantry units of the British Army, Canadian Army and Australian Army forming the bulk of the division. Additionally, the New Zealand Army supplied artillery contingents and an Indian medical unit was also attached. As with the "Korean Augmentation To the United States Army" (KATUSA) programme, numerous South Korean troops were seconded to the Commonwealth division to make up numbers under a scheme known as "KATCOM". History Background Following the outbreak of the Korean War, the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade, which was the initial parent formation of Commonwealth army units in Korea, arrived in the peninsula with two British Infantry battalions in August 1950. It was reinforced by the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) in September, and by the 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI), in February 1951. The brigade was subsequently re-constituted as the 28th Commonwealth Brigade in April 1951. Meanwhile, in November 1950, the brigade was joined by the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade, and in May 1951 by the 25th Canadian Infantry Brigade. Formation In July 1951, the infantry brigades were combined to form the 1st Commonwealth Division, wherein the unit was 58% British forces, 22% Canadian forces, 14% Australian forces, 5% New Zealander forces, and 1% Indian forces. The 1st Commonwealth Division was part of the US I Corps, which also included the US 1st Cavalry Division, the US 3rd and 25th Infantry Divisions, and the ROK 1st Division. The division occupied the strategically important sector of front on the Jamestown Line, stretching from the Kimpo peninsula on the Yellow Sea coast to a point east of Kumhwa about , and just from the South Korean capital, Seoul. Dissolution It was deactivated in 1954 as part of the demobilisation of forces in Korea in the aftermath of the war, being reduced to a Commonwealth Brigade Group, and from May 1956 until its final withdrawal in August 1957 to a Commonwealth Contingent of battalion strength. Commanders Commanding officers Major-General James Cassels, 28 July 1951 โ€“ 7 September 1952 Major-General Michael West, 7 September 1952 โ€“ 1953 Major-General Horatius Murray, 1953โ€“1954 Divisional Commander Royal Artillery (CRA) Brigadier William Pike, July 1951 โ€“ 1952 Brigadier Guy Gregson, 1952 Divisional Commander Royal Engineers (CRE) Colonel ECW Myers, RE Divisional Commander Royal Signals (CRSigs) Lt Col AC Atkinson, Royal Sigs Divisional Commander Royal Army Service Corps (CRASC) Lt Col MGM Crosby, RASC Assistant Director Medical Services (ADMS) Col G Anderton, RAMC Divisional Commander Royal Army Ordnance Corps (CRAOC) Lt Col MR Maclean, RAOC Lt Col GJH Atkinson, RNZAOC Divisional Commander Royal Army Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (CREME) Lt Col HG Good, REME Order of battle Headquarters and Headquarters Company 1st Commonwealth Division Divisional troops Signals 1st Commonwealth Division Signals Artillery 45th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (25 pdr) 11th (Sphinx) Battery, Royal Artillery (4.2 inch mortars) 170th Light Battery, Royal Artillery (4.2 inch mortars) 14th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (25 pdr) 120th Light AA Battery, Royal Artillery (4.2 inch mortars) 42nd Light AA Battery, Royal Artillery (4.2 inch mortars) 61st Light Field Regiment (4.2 inch mortars) 20th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (25 pdr) 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery (25 pdr) 42nd Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (25 pdr) 2nd Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery (25 pdr) 1st Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery (25 pdr) 81st Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery (25 pdr) 74th (Battleax Company) Medium Battery, Royal Artillery (5.5 inch medium guns) 1903 Independent Air Observation Post Flight, Royal Artillery Engineers 28th Field Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers 64th Field Park Squadron, Royal Engineers Armour 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars (Centurion tank, Cromwell tank) C Squadron, 7th Royal Tank Regiment (Churchill tank) 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards (Centurion tank) 1st Royal Tank Regiment (Centurion tank) 5th Royal Tank Regiment (Centurion tank) C Squadron, Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (2nd Armoured Regiment) (M4 Sherman) B Squadron, Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (2nd Armoured Regiment) (M4 Sherman) A Squadron, Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (2nd Armoured Regiment) (M4 Sherman) Medical 60th (Para) Indian Field Ambulance 26th Field Ambulance, RAMC No. 25 Field Ambulance, RCAMC No. 25 Canadian Field Dressing Station No. 37 Field Ambulance, RCAMC No. 38 Field Ambulance, RCAMC Logistics Ordnance No. 25 Canadian Infantry Brigade Group Ordnance Company 28th Commonwealth Infantry Brigade Ordnance Field Park 24th British Infantry Brigade Group Ordnance Field Park 1st Commonwealth Division, Stores Distribution Detachment Workshops 10th Infantry Workshops, REME 11th Infantry Workshops, REME 16th Infantry Workshops, REME 25 Canadian Support Workshop, RCEME 191 Infantry Workshop, RCEME 40 Canadian Infantry Workshop, RCEME 42 Infantry Workshop, RCEME 1st Commonwealth Division, Tank Workshop 1st Commonwealth Division, Signals Workshop 1st Commonwealth Division, Recovery Unit Transport 54 Company, RCASC 57 Company, RASC 78 Company, RASC 10 Company, RNZASC 1951โ€“1956 Infantry 25th Canadian Infantry Brigade 1st Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment 2nd Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment 3rd Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment 1st Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry 3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry 1st Battalion, Royal 22e Rรฉgiment 2nd Battalion, Royal 22e Rรฉgiment 3rd Battalion, Royal 22e Rรฉgiment 27th Infantry Brigade (aka 27th British Commonwealth Brigade): 1st Battalion, Middlesex Regiment 1st Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery 60th Indian Field Ambulance 28th Commonwealth Infantry Brigade (previously organised as 27th British Commonwealth Brigade): 1st Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers 1st Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry 1st Battalion, Royal Fusiliers 1st Battalion, Durham Light Infantry 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1 RAR) 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR) 29th Infantry Brigade (previously organised as 29th Independent Infantry Brigade): 1st Battalion, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers 1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment 1st Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment 1st Battalion, Royal Leicestershire Regiment 1st Battalion, Welch Regiment 1st Battalion, Black Watch 1st Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool) 1st Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment 1st Battalion, Royal Scots Notes References Military units and formations established in 1951 Military units and formations disestablished in 1954 1 1st Commonwealth Division C C C C Military units and formations of India 1951 establishments in the British Empire 1954 disestablishments in the British Empire Commonwealth Divisions of New Zealand Divisions of Australia Divisions of Canada
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ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค (๋ฐด๋“œ)
ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค(The Police)๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ๋กœ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ 1977๋…„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ŠคํŒ…(Sting - ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ณด์ปฌ, ๊ธฐํƒ€, ์ฃผ์š” ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€), ์•ค๋”” ์„œ๋จธ์Šค(Andy Summers - ๊ธฐํƒ€)์™€ ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ(Stewart Copeland - ๋“œ๋Ÿผ, ํƒ€์•…๊ธฐ)์˜€๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง์—์„œ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŽ‘ํฌ์™€ ๋ž˜๊ฒŒ, ์žฌ์ฆˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ก ์Œ์•…์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‰ด์›จ์ด๋ธŒ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์Œ์•… ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ œ2์˜ ์˜๊ตญ์นจ๊ณต ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์„ ๋‘์ฃผ์ž ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋ฉฐ 1983๋…„ ๋กค๋ง์Šคํ†ค์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ "์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ"๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1986๋…„ ํ•ด์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2007๋…„ ์ดˆ์— ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ˆœํšŒ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ 2008๋…„ 8์›”์— ๋งˆ์ณค๋‹ค. 1978๋…„์˜ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์•จ๋ฒ” <Outlandos d'Amour>๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ 6์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” <Reggatta de Blanc>๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ 1์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์—ฐ์ด์€ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” 1์œ„ ํ–‰์ง„์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ๋Š์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ "Message in a Bottle" ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒซ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ 1์œ„์˜ ์˜๊ด‘์„ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์ง„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ธ <Zenyatta Mondatta>(1980)์™€ <Ghost in the Machine>(1981)์€ ๊ทธ ์Œ์•…์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์ƒ์—…์  ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ „์— ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ›Œ์ฉ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์•จ๋ฒ”์ธ ใ€ŠSynchronicityใ€‹(1983)๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋งŒ 8๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์žฅ์„ ํŒ”์•˜๋‹ค. "Every Breath You Take"์€ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜๊ตญ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ 1์œ„๋ฅผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ด 7์ฒœ5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์žฅ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ํŒ๋งค๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ํŒ๋งค๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2008๋…„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ˆœํšŒ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋‚ธ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์Œ์•… ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ(ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ), MTV ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2003๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ก์•ค๋กค ๋ช…์˜ˆ์˜ ์ „๋‹น์— ์ž…์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋กค๋ง์Šคํ†ค์ง€์˜ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•จ๋ฒ” 500์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋กค๋ง์Šคํ†ค์ง€์™€ VH1์˜ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜ 100์—๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1977๋…„: ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ 1976๋…„ 11์›” ๋ง ์˜๊ตญ ๋ถ๋™๋ถ€ ๋‰ด์บ์Šฌ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ˆœํšŒ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ์˜๊ตญ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ์ธ ์ปค๋ธŒ๋“œ ์—์–ด(Curved Air)์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถœ์‹  ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ์ธ ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์ŠคํŒ…์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ฐฌ ๋ณด์ปฌ์ด์ž ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜(๊ทธ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜€๋‹ค) ์ „ํ™”๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŒ…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์€ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์ž…์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์žฌ์ฆˆ๋ก ํ“จ์ „ ๋ฐด๋“œ์ธ ๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ ์—‘์‹œํŠธ(Last Exit)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1977๋…„ 1์›” 12์ผ, ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธด ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์žผ ์„ธ์…˜์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ฝ”ํ”„๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฆˆ์Œ ์ปค๋ธŒ๋“œ ์—์–ด๋Š” ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ํŽ‘ํฌ๋ก ์›€์ง์ž„์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ํŽ‘ํฌ๊ณ„์— ์–ด์„œ ๋ฐœ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋†“๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ์—…์  ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‘˜์€ ์ฝ”๋ฅด์‹œ์นด ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํŒŒ๋„๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ(Henry Padovani)๋ฅผ ์˜์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ผ์ธ์กฐ๋กœ ๋” ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. 1977๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ ์›จ์ผ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋‰ดํฌํŠธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฐ๋ท” ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ค์Œ (10๋ถ„ ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค) ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋ฐ”์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฒด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”๋‹๋ผ(Cherry Vanilla) ์›จ์ธ ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ & ๋” ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋ฆญ ์ฒด์–ด์Šค(Wayne County & the Electric Chairs) ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋กœ๋„ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "Fall Out"์€ 1977๋…„ 2์›” 12์ผ 150ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ด์Šฌ๋งํŠผ์˜ ํŒจ์Šค์›จ์ด ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ๋…น์Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฑธ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 1977๋…„ 5์›” ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, 1977๋…„ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๊ณต(Gong)์˜ ์ „ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์˜€๋˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ํ™€๋ ›(Mike Howlett)์€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๋ฐด๋“œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ก ํŠฌ 90(Strontium 90) ์ž‘์—…์— ์ŠคํŒ…์„ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›Œ๋ ›์ด ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘์—ˆ๋˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ปคํ‹€๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐด๋“œ์—๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋žญ์ปค์…” ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์•ค๋”” ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŒ…์ด๋‚˜ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ณด๋‹ค 10๋…„ ์—ฐ์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ณ„ ๋ฒ ํ…Œ๋ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์—๋ฆญ ๋ฒ„๋“ (Eric Burdon), ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€์Šค(the Animals), ์ผ€๋นˆ ์—์–ด์Šค(Kevin Ayers)๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ก ํŠฌ 90์€ 1977๋…„ 5์›” 28์ผ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ณต์˜ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ณต์—ฐ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ  7์›”์—๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ("์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ(the Elevator)"๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ) ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋ชจ๋„ ๋ช‡ ๊ณก ๋…น์Œํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ 20๋…„ ํ›„ <Strontium 90: Police Academy>๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค (์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์‹คํ™ฉ๋…น์Œ๋“ค์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ "Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic"์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฒ„์ „๋„ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค). ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ํŒŒ๋„๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ดˆ๋ณด์  ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์— ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค์˜ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์Œ์•…์„ฑ์— ๊นŠ์€ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋Š„ 90๊ณผ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ์ง€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋„๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋นผ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ 3์ธ์กฐ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฆฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์ฃผ์ €ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ผ๋‹จ 4์ธ์กฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1977๋…„ 7์›” 25์ผ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ๋ฎค์ง๋จธ์‹ ๊ณผ 8์›” 5์ผ ๋ชฝ๋“œ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ƒ ํŽ‘ํฌ ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์ดํ›„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  8์›” 10์ผ ๋ฒจ๋ฒณ ์–ธ๋”๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ์˜ ์ „ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์˜€๋˜ ์กด ์ผ€์ผ๊ณผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋…น์Œ ์„ธ์…˜๋„ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ์ตœํ›„ํ†ต์ฒฉ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํŒŒ๋„๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋จธ์Šค ๋“ฑ์žฅ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. "์ŠคํŒ…์˜ ๊ณก๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•ค๋””๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ŠคํŒ…์˜ ๊ณก๋“ค์ด ๋”์šฑ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŒ…๋„ ๋ฐด๋“œ์— ๋”์šฑ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ, ์ŠคํŒ…, ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ผ์ธ์—…์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” 1977๋…„ 8์›” 18์ผ ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฐํ–„์˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹œ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด์Šค ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์— ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ํ”์น˜ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ด ๋ผ์ธ์—…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํŽ‘ํฌ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋“ค์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ก, ์‹ฌํฌ๋‹ˆ๋ก ๋“ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋ผ์ธ์—…์„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ํŽ‘ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด๋“ค ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์€ ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์Œ์•… ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ธ”์€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. "์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์˜๊ตญ ํŽ‘ํฌ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์ ํ”„์ˆ˜ํŠธ๋‚˜ ๊ตฐ์šฉ์ž์ผ“์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ๊ธˆ๋ฐœ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฐฑํ•œ ์งง์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ŠคํŒ…, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๋“ฏ์ด ๋งน๋ ฌํ•œ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ... ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŽ‘ํฌ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง„์งœ ํŽ‘ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํŽ‘ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ํ™˜๋ฉธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋“ค์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."}} ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ ˆ๊ฒŒ, ์žฌ์ฆˆ, ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ก, ํŽ๋ก์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋„ ๋Œ์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋Š” ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŽ‘ํฌ ํŒฌ๋“ค๋„ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์•„ํŠธ๋ก๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ๋ถ€์—…์„ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1977๋…„ ๋ง์—์„œ 1978๋…„ ์ดˆ ์ŠคํŒ…๊ณผ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ๋…์ผ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์ธ ์—๋ฒ„ํ•˜๋“œ ์‰๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์•™์ƒ๋ธ”์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…น์Œ๊ณผ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ก, ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์นด, ์žฌ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‰๋„ˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋…์ผ TV์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋…์ผ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๊ณ ์Œ ์ฐฝ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ŠคํŒ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ๋‹ฆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋งˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ํ‘œ๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ธˆ๋ฐœ์€ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1978๋…„ 2์›” ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋คผ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด๋ฏผํŠธ ์ธ„์ž‰๊ฒ€ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋ฌธ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์™”๊ณ  (ํ† ๋‹ˆ ์Šค์ฝง ๊ฐ๋…) ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์ดฌ์˜์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1977-1978๋…„: ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์•จ๋ฒ” <Outlandos d'Amour> ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ํ˜• ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋Š” ์„œ๋จธ์Šค์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŽ‘ํฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด์ƒ‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 1,500 ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ €ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋นŒ๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋„ ์•ˆ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋น ๋“ฏํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ <Outlandos d'Amour> ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋…น์Œ์€ ์„œ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ ˆ๋”ํ—ค๋“œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์ด์ธต์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค์™€ ๋‚˜์ด์ ค ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด ํ˜•์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋˜ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๋…น์Œ์„ธ์…˜์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ฆˆ์Œ "Roxanne"์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณก๋“ค์—๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ณก์—๋Š” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ๋Œ๋ ธ๊ณ  ์„œ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ A&M ์Œ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•จ๋ฒ”์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณก๋“ค์„ ๋…น์Œํ•˜๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์— "Roxanne"์€ 1978๋…„ ๋ด„์— ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ BBC์˜ ๊ณก๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์„ ์ •๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งค์ถ˜๋ถ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ A&M์€ ์ด ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์— "BBC ๊ธˆ์ง€๊ณก"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์•„ ํ™๋ณดํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹ค์ƒ์€ ๊ธˆ์ง€๊ณก์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ‹€์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผํ•  ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— "BBC์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋•์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ˆ ํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋’ค์ธ 1978๋…„ 10์›” ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” <Outlandos d'Amour> ์•จ๋ฒ” ํ™๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด BBC2์˜ "๋” ์˜ฌ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด ํœ˜์Šฌ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ" ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ฒซ TV ์ถœ์—ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. BBC๋Š” "Roxanne"์„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ธ "Can't Stand Losing You"๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ง€๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์„ ๋งจ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ์Œ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ ์œ„์— ์„œ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜†์—๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋‚œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปค๋ฒ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ 42์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ 1978๋…„ 11์›” ํ›„์†์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ "So Lonely"๋Š” ์ฐจํŠธ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1979๋…„ 11์›” "Roxanne"์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ผ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ํ‹€์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ 31์œ„, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ 32์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ž๊ณ  ์ด์— ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ 4์›”์— ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” BBC1 ํ†ฑ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ํŒ์Šค์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ "Roxanne"์„ ๋ถˆ๋ €๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋•Œ์„œ์•ผ ์˜๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์˜๊ตญ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ฐจํŠธ 12์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ์ด๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‰ด์š• ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ CBGB์—์„œ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  1979๋…„ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์ˆœํšŒ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ฃ๊ณ  ํฌ๋“œ ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐด์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ "Can't Stand Losing You"๋„ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์–ด 2์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ "Fall Our"๋„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ 47์œ„์— ๊ทธ์ณค๋‹ค. 1979๋…„: <Reggatta de Blanc> 1979๋…„ 10์›” ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” <Reggatta de Blanc>์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๊ตญ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ 1์œ„ ์•จ๋ฒ”๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜๋˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ "Message in a Bottle"์€ ์˜๊ตญ 1์œ„, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค 2์œ„, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ 5์œ„์—, "Walking on the Moon"์€ ์˜๊ตญ 1์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ†ฑ40์— ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ด ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ 25์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. "Message in a Bottle"์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ BBC TV์‡ผ์ธ ๋ก ๊ณ ์šฐ์Šค ํˆฌ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜€๊ณ  ํ—ˆํŠธํฌ๋“œ์ƒค์ด์–ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜ํŠธํ•„๋“œ ํด๋ฆฌํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ณก์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก "Regatta de Blanc"๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ก ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๋ฝ‘ํ˜”๋‹ค. 1980๋…„ 2์›”, ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "So Lonely"๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 1978๋…„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‚˜์™”์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ณผ์ผ ์—†๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋งค ๋•Œ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ํ†ฑ10์— ์ง„์ž…, 6์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 1980๋…„ 3์›”, ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ฒซ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ˆœํšŒ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์ž˜ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ์ธ๋„, ๋Œ€๋งŒ, ํ™์ฝฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค, ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ๋“ฑ๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ€์ดํŠธ์™€ ๋ฐ๋ ‰ ๋ฒŒ๋น—์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ๋… ํ•˜์— ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ <๋” ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์–ด๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋” ์›”๋“œ>(1982) ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ BBC์˜ <๋” ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ธ ๋”” ์ด์ŠคํŠธ> ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์“ฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ์•ค ๋‚˜์ดํŒ…๊ฒŒ์ผ์ด ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„ 5์›”, ์˜๊ตญ A&M์€ ์ž์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€("Fall Out"์€ ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค)์„ ๋‹ด์€ <Six Pack>์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์›๋ž˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ปค๋ฒ„๋“ค์— ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋กœ ๋…น์Œ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ "The Bed's Too Big Without You"์™€ "Truth Hits Everybody"์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ฒ„์ „ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ฐจํŠธ 17์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค.(์‹ญ๋…„์ฏค ์ดํ›„ ์ฐจํŠธ ๊ทœ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.) 1980โ€“1981๋…„: <Zenyatta Mondatta> ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์‚ฌ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์–ด์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ž๋งˆ์ž ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ง€์ฒด์—†์ด 1980๋…„ 10์›”์— ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” <Zenyatta Mondatta>๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ 2์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋…น์Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "Don't Stand So Close to Me"๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜๊ตญ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  (์ด๋Š” 1980๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์…€๋ง ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค) ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da"๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐจํŠธ 10์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์™€ ๊ณต๋™ ์ œ์ž‘์ž ๋‚˜์ด์ ค ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚  ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ 4์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋…น์Œ์„ ์„œ๋‘˜๋ €๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ›„ํšŒํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ”์€ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ทน์ฐฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์•ค๋”” ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•œ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ณก์ธ "Behind My Camel"์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋ก ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ณก์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๊ณ  "Don't Stand So Close to Me"๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋ก ๋ณด์ปฌ ๋“€์˜ค/๊ทธ๋ฃน์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1981-1982๋…„: <Ghost in the Machine>๊ณผ ์˜ํ™” <์ด์ค‘์นจ์ž…> ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” <Ghost in the Machine>์€ ํœด ํŒจ์ฆˆํ–„(Hugh Padgham)๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฌ์„ธ๋ผํŠธ์˜ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒํ•ด ์„ฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—์–ด ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ๋…น์Œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ 1981๋…„ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ("Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic"๋งŒ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ€˜๋ฒก์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆฐ ํ•˜์ด์ธ ์˜ ๋ฅด ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ๋…น์Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค). ๋” ์ƒ‰์†Œํฐ๊ณผ ๋ณด์ปฌ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋‘ํ„ฐ์›Œ์ง„ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•˜๊ณ  ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋กœ "Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic"(ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์— ์Ÿ ๋Ÿฌ์…€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ)๋Š” ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ 1์œ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— "Invisible Sun"๊ณผ "Spirits in the Material World"์ด ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋ฒ„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์ด ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฒ€์€ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์— ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ LED ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜•๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ์ปค๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ŠคํŒ…๊ณผ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ๊ณ  (์ŠคํŒ…์€ ๊ฐค์›จ์ด์˜ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ์Šคํ†ค์œผ๋กœ, ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ ์ฝ”๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ํ‚จ์„ธ์ผ๋กœ) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ธ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์— ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์ธ ์ด์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํŽ‘ํฌ์˜ ํƒœ๋™์„ ๋‹ด์€ <์•…! ์Œ์•… ์ „์Ÿ>(1981)์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋์„ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์‹ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ดํ›„ ์ปฌํŠธ ์˜ํ™”๋กœ์˜ ์‹ ํ™”์  ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ธ ๋” ๋จธ์‹  ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์€ ํœด์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฆˆ์Œ ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์Šคํƒ€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์—ด์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์„œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1979๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋” ํ›„(The Who)์˜ ๋ก์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ƒ‰ํ•œ <์ฝฐ๋“œ๋กœํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์•„>๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”์— "์—์ด์Šค ํŽ˜์ด์Šค"๋ผ๋Š” ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 1982๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๋ก ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์˜ํ™” <์ด์ค‘์นจ์ž…>์— ๊ณต๋™ ์ฃผ์—ฐ์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์†”๋กœ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€๋กœ 1929๋…„์˜ ํžˆํŠธ๊ณก์„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ดํฌํ•œ "Spread a Little Happiness"๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์€ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณก "How Stupid Mister Bates", "A Kind of Loving", "I Burn for You"์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ <์ด์ค‘์นจ์ž…> ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํŠธ๋ž™ ์•จ๋ฒ”์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” 1981๋…„์—์„œ 82๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ์•จ๋ฒ” ยซI Advance Maskedยป๋ฅผ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ํ”„๋ฆฝ(Robert Fripp)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” 1983๋…„ ํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค ํฌ๋“œ ์ฝ”ํด๋ผ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์˜ํ™” <๋Ÿผ๋ธ” ํ”ผ์‰ฌ>์˜ ์Œ์•…์„ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์›” ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋ถ€๋‘ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ์ธ ์Šคํƒ„ ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์›จ์ด(Stan Ridgway)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ "Don't Box Me In"์€ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ํ•ด ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์€ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํƒ”๋‹ค. 1983๋…„ ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฝค ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ด๋น— ๋ฆฐ์น˜ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์˜ํ™” <๋“„>์— ํŽ˜์ด๋“œ-๋ผ์šฐ์‚ฌ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŒ…์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ด๋ชฉ์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘, ๋ช…์„ฑ, ์ž์กด์‹ฌ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ, ์žฌ์ •์  ์„ฑ๊ณต ๋“ฑ์ด ๋”ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ŠคํŒ…๊ณผ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ƒํ™œ๋„ ํŒŒํƒ„์„ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1983๋…„: <Synchronicity> ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ" 1983๋…„ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์•จ๋ฒ”์ธ <Synchronicity>๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋“ค์ธ "Every Breath You Take", "Wrapped Around Your Finger", "King of Pain", "Synchronicity II"๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฆˆ์Œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ด๋“ค์„ "์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณ ์กฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ค๋ฒ„๋”๋น™ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•  ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ฑํฌ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์‹œํ‹ฐ ํˆฌ์–ด๋Š” 1983๋…„ 7์›” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ฏธ์Šคํ‚ค ํŒŒํฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  8์›” 18์ผ์—๋Š” 7๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ด€์ค‘๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ์…ฐ์ด ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์—์„œ ๊ณต์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์ŠคํŒ…์€ ๊ณต์—ฐ์ด ๋๋‚  ์ฆˆ์Œ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค์ค€ ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” "์…ฐ์•„ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ณต๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ˆ ํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 1983๋…„ 12์›”์— ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์›ธ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜์˜ 4์ผ๋ฐค ๋งค์ง„ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๊ณ  1984๋…„ 3์›” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์‡ผ๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ๋˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณต์—ฐ์—๋Š” ์„œ๋‹ˆ ๋ณด์ด์Šค, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ํฌ๋กค, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์•„๋‹ด์Šค ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ํˆฌ์–ด ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๊ณ  (์˜ํ™” ๋“„์˜ ์—ญํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—) ๋ฎค์ง ๋น„๋””์˜ค์™€ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ปค๋ฒ„์—์„œ ์ž…์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ˆ„๋”๊ธฐ ํŒจ์…˜์„ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋„ค์Šค์˜ ์˜๊ตญ ํžˆํŠธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๊ณผ ์•จ๋ฒ”์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด <Synchronicity>๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 2์ฃผ๊ฐ„, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 17์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์— ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ž์œผ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ดํด ์žญ์Šจ์˜ <Thriller>์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ "Every Breath You Take"๋Š” ์žญ์Šจ์˜ "Billie Jean"์„ ๊บพ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๊ณก์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "Every Breath You Take"์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ํŒ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค(๋“€์˜ค ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน)๋ฅผ, "Synchronicity II"๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋ก ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค(๋“€์˜ค ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน)์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "Every Breath You Take"๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋น„๋””์˜ค์ƒ์„, ์ด๋ณด๋ฅด ๋…ธ๋ฒจ๋กœ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์Œ์•… ๋ฐ ์ž‘์‚ฌ์ƒ, ๋˜ ์˜๊ตญ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€, ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๋ฝ‘ํ˜”๋‹ค. 1984โ€“1986๋…„: 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ค‘๋‹จ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ <์…ฐ์ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ฐ์ฃผ>์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 1983๋…„ ์…ฐ์ด ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์ค‘ ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด "์—๋ฒ„๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ" ์ •์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Š๊ผˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์†”๋กœ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑํฌ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์‹œํ‹ฐ ํˆฌ์–ด๊ฐ€ 3์›”์— ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” 1985๋…„ 6์›”์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ, ์žฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ŠคํŒ…์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์  ์†”๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์•จ๋ฒ” <The Dream of the Blue Turtle>์˜ ๋…น์Œ๊ณผ ํˆฌ์–ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ž ์‹œ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” <The Rhythmatist>(1985) ์˜ํ™”์™€ ๋…น์Œ์„, ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ํŠธ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ” <Bewitched>(1984)์™€ ์˜ํ™” <2010>์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค (ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํŠธ๋ž™ ์•จ๋ฒ”์—๋Š” ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค). 1985๋…„ 2์›” 11์ผ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋กœ์Šค๋ฒ ๋„ˆ ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ๋˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์Œ์•…์— ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ณต๋กœ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 7์›” ์ŠคํŒ…๊ณผ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์›ธ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์—์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ๋˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์—์ด๋“œ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1986๋…„ 6์›”, ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์„ธ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์•ฐ๋„ค์Šคํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•œ 'ํฌ๋ง์˜ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก  ํˆฌ์–ด'์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 6์›” 15์ผ ๋‰ด์ €์ง€์˜ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  ์Šคํƒ€์ด์›€์—์„œ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณก์€ "Invisible Sun"์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณด๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ ˆ์„ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ๊ณก์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” U2์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ํ”ผ๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋กœ "I Shall Be Released"๋ฅผ ๊ณต์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. As the lead singer of U2 โ€“ who themselves would soon be regarded as the biggest band in the world โ€“ Bono stated, โ€œIt was a very big moment, like passing a torch.โ€ 7์›”์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋…น์Œ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์— ๋ชจ์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ํƒ€๋‹ค ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์„œ ์‡„๊ณจ์ด ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธด์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์†์˜ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ 1986๋…„ 10์›” "Don't Stand So Close to me '86'์ด ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  UK ํ†ฑ 25์— ์˜ฌ๋ž์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ 1986๋…„ ๋ชจ์Œ์ง‘์ธ <Every Breath You Take: The Singles>์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜์–ด UK ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ฐจํŠธ 1์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. "De Do Do Do De Da Da Da"์˜ ์žฌ๋…น์Œ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1995๋…„ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ <Every Breath You Take: The Classics> ์•จ๋ฒ”์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋…น์Œ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ „๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์Šค์„ธํŠธ์ธ <Message in a Box> ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ ๋…ธํŠธ์—์„œ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. "์ƒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋…น์Œ์€ ์• ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถˆ์šด์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „๋‚  ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋‚™๋งˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์‡„๊ณจ์ด ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋งˆ์ € ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด์จ‹๋“  ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณก์„ ์“ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์—ˆ์Œ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณตํ—ˆํ•œ ์‹œ๋„์˜€๋‹ค." 1986-2006๋…„: ํ•ด์ฒด ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์€ ์ดํ›„ 20๋…„๊ฐ„ ์†”๋กœ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์†”๋กœ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ๋…น์Œ๊ณผ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํŽผ์น˜๋ฉฐ ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘”๋‹ค. ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ์†”๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•จ๋ฒ”๋“ค์„ ๋…น์Œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”์™€ TV ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํŠธ๋ž™ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋กœ ์™•์„ฑํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํŽผ์น˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ๋กœ์ง(Animal Logic)๊ณผ ์˜ค์ด์Šคํ„ฐํ—ค๋“œ(Oysterhead)๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์—ฌ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํŽผ์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™€์ค‘์— ๋น„๋ก ์งง๊ฒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์„œ๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ์ŠคํŒ…์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” <Nothing Like the Sun>(1987)์—์„œ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” <Charming Snakes>(1989)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ, ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค์˜ ๋ธ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์–ด์Šค ๋ชฝํฌ ํ—Œ์ •์•จ๋ฒ”์ธ <Green Chimneys>(1999)์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋œ "Round Midnight"์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์ปฌ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1991๋…„ 10์›” 2์ผ ์ŠคํŒ…์˜ 40์„ธ ์ƒ์ผ์— ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ์ŠคํŒ…์˜ 'The Soul Cages' ํˆฌ์–ด ์ค‘ ํ• ๋ฆฌ์›ƒ๋ณผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณต์—ฐ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ "Walking on the Moon", "Every Breath You Take", "Message in a Bottle"์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ํŽ˜์ดํผ๋ทฐ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1992๋…„ 8์›” 22์ผ, ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์˜๊ตญ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ์œŒํŠธ์ƒค์ด์–ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” 11์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ฑ„ํ”Œ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋ฃจ๋”” ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋จธ์Šค์™€ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋กœ์—ฐ์— ์ดˆ์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ์ „์›์ด ๋‹ค ๋ชจ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ•์ฒญ์— ๋ชป์ด๊ฒจ "Roxanne", "Message in a Bottle"์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์— ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ์ง€ 3๋ถ„ ์ •๋„ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ์™•๋…„์˜ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํšŒ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ A&M์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ค๋”” ์„œ๋จธ์Šค ์ œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ <Live!>๋ผ๋Š” ๋”๋ธ” ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ 1979๋…„ 11์›” 27์ผ ๋ณด์Šคํ†ค์˜ ์˜คํ”ผ์›€ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ Reggatta de Blanc ํˆฌ์–ด ์ค‘์—, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” 1983๋…„ 11์›” 2์ผ ์กฐ์ง€์•„ ์•„ํ‹€๋ž€ํƒ€์˜ ์˜ด๋‹ˆ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ Syncronicity ํˆฌ์–ด ๋…น์Œ ์‹คํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์˜์ƒ์€ 1984๋…„์— VHS ํ…Œ์žŽ์œผ๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ก์•ค๋กค ๋ช…์˜ˆ์˜ ์ „๋‹น์— ์ถ”๋Œ€๋ฉด์„œ 2003๋…„ 3์›” 10์ผ "Roxanne", "Message in a Bottle", "Every Breath You Take"๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณก์€ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ํƒ€์ผ๋Ÿฌ, ๊ทธ์›ฌ ์Šคํ…ŒํŒŒ๋‹ˆ, ์กด ๋ฉ”์ด์–ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„ ์ŠคํŒ…์€ <Broken Music ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง„ ์Œ์•…>์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž์„œ์ „์„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ๋กœ์Šค ์—”์ ค์Šค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KROQ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ชจ์ŠคํŠธ ์–ด์ฟ ์Šคํ‹ฑ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์—์„œ ์ธํ๋ฒ„์Šค(Incubus)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ "Roxanne"๊ณผ "Message in a Bottle"์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„์—๋Š” ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํŒŒ๋„๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ(Henry Padovani)์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ณก์— ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ์ŠคํŒ…์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ 1977๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ๋ผ์ธ์—…์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กค๋ง์Šคํ†ค์ง€๋Š” 2004๋…„ "์„ธ๊ณ„ 100๋Œ€ ์Œ์•…์ธ"์— ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ 70์œ„์— ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” <๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์‹œ์„ : ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out>์ด๋ผ๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—์„œ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํผ-8์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 10์›” ์•ค๋”” ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์“ด ์ž์„œ์ „ <๋‹ค์ŒํŽธ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ One Train Later>๋ฅผ ์ถœํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2007-2008๋…„: ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํˆฌ์–ด 1986๋…„ ํ•ด์ฒด ์ดํ›„ 20๋…„์ด ๋„˜์€ 2007๋…„ ์ดˆ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค 30์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๋งž์•„ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํˆฌ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์œ„๋กœ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ด ํˆฌ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ A&M ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์„ค ๋ฎค์ง์—์„œ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ํŠธ๋ž™๋“ค ์ค‘ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ ค ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธํ„ฐ์Šค์ฝฅ-๊ฒŒํŽœ-A&M์˜ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์ธ์ด ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธ€์„ ์ŠคํŒ…์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๊ฐœ์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. "ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ฒซ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ด๋ž˜ 30์ฃผ๋…„์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•„์ง ํ™•์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋‹ค." 2007๋…„ 1์›” 22์ผ ํŽ‘ํฌ์›จ์ด๋ธŒ ์žก์ง€์ธ <์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ>์€ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—์„œ "Roxanne"์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์–ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ผ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„์ด 2006๋…„ ์•ค๋”” ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๊ฐ€ <์‹ฑํฌ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์‹œํ‹ฐ> ์ดํ›„ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ์†Œ๋ฌธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” "๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ŠคํŒ…์—๊ฒŒ ์†”๋กœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‚ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  2-3๋…„ ํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ ์‹ถ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์€ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์•„์ง๋„ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด๋ช…์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ๋กœ ์ธ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ณ„๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„์‰ฝ๋‹ค." ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” 2007๋…„ 2์›” 11์ผ ๋กœ์Šค ์—”์ ค๋ฆฌ์Šค ์—ด๋ฆฐ 49ํšŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹ ์˜คํ”„๋‹์—์„œ "์‹ ์‚ฌ ์ˆ™๋…€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!"๋ผ๋ฉฐ "Roxanne"์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค์™€ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹จํ˜ธํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•ด์™”๊ณ  ์ข…์ข… "๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์ž๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2007๋…„๊ฒฝ ์ŠคํŒ…์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฒฝ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์ž ์ŠคํŒ…์€ "๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ <Songs from the Labyrinth>๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฅ˜ํŠธ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋งˆ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” '์ž ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ผ ํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ, ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž„๊นŒ?'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜› ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ 'ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ง๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์ผ์ข…์˜ ํž๋ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Š˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์•ค๋”” ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” 2008๋…„ 6์›” ๋งˆ๋ฅด์„ธ์œ ์—์„œ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ธ A&M ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” 2007-8๋…„์˜ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ "Roxanne" ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ์ง€ 30์ฃผ๋…„์ด ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋… ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ™๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํˆฌ์–ด๋Š” 2007๋…„ 5์›”๋ง ๋ฐด์ฟ ๋ฒ„์—์„œ 2 ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๊ณต์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ผˆ์•„ํ”ˆ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๋ก ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถˆํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ํ›„์— ์ŠคํŒ…์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์— ๋จน์น ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜น๋…ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋น„ํŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” 8์ผ๊ณผ 9์ผ ์–‘์ผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ํŠธ์œ„ํฐํ–„ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์—์„œ ๊ณต์—ฐ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์€ 30๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ๋งค์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 9์›” 29-30์ผ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์—ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํŒŒ๋„๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์•ต์ฝœ๊ณก์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ "Next to You"๋ฅผ ๋„ท์ด์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 10์›” ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํˆฌ์–ด ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ 82,000๋ช…์˜ ๊ด€์ค‘์ด ๋ชจ์˜€๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์–ด๋Š” 2008๋…„์—๋„ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด, ๋งˆ์นด์˜ค, ์ผ๋ณธ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ๋…์ผ, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด, ๋ด๋งˆํฌ, ์˜๊ตญ, ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„, ํด๋ž€๋“œ, ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ†  ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”, ์น ๋ ˆ, ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ณต์—ฐ์ด ํŽผ์ณ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ–์— ๋ฉ”์ธ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ณต์—ฐ๋“ค๋กœ 2008๋…„ 6์›” 7์ผ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์— ์›Œํžˆํ„ฐ์˜ TW ํด๋ž˜์‹ ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ, 2008๋…„ 6์›” 15์ผ ์™€์ดํŠธ์„ฌ ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฐค, 6์›” 23์ผ ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์Šค์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋„ค์ผ„ ์žผ ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ๊ณผ 6์›” 29์ผ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ๋ก ์ฝœ๋ง(์ „ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ ํŒŒํฌ ์ฝœ๋ง) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 2์›” ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ํˆฌ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์ƒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”๋„ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํˆฌ์–ด๋„ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„ ๋์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์–ด์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ 2008๋…„ 8์›” 7์ผ ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์˜ ๋งค๋””์Šจ ์Šคํ€˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๋“ ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๋‰ด์š• ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœํด๋ฆฌํƒ„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์Šค ๋ฐด๋“œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ "Message in a Bottle"๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณต์—ฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์•ž์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ผ์ธ์กฐ ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ—Œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๋ฆผ(Cream)์˜ "Sunshine of Your Love"๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฏธ ํ—จ๋“œ๋ฆญ์Šค ์ต์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์Šค(Jimi Hendrix Experience)์˜ "Purple Haze"๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์—ฐ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ธ”๋ฃธ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 2017๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์— ์‹ฌ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์— ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํ›„์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” 3๋ฐฑ7์‹ญ๋งŒ์žฅ์˜ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์„ ํŒ”์•„ 3์–ต5์ฒœ8๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด 2008๋…„๋„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜์ด์ž ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ํˆฌ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 11์›” 11์ผ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์—๋…ธ์Šค ์•„์ด๋ ˆ์Šค์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ(2007๋…„ 12์›” 1์ผ)์„ ๋‹ด์€ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ๋ ˆ์ด, DVD, CD์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ <Certifiable: Live in Buenos Aires>๋ผ๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ธํŠธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ด๊ธด 2์žฅ์˜ DVD์—๋Š” ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์กฐ๋‹จ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  <Better Than Therapy> ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์•ค๋”” ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—๋…ธ์Šค ์•„์ด๋ ˆ์Šค์—์„œ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ง‘์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์Œ์•…์  ์œ ์‚ฐ 2003๋…„ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ก์•ค๋กค ๋ช…์˜ˆ์˜ ์ „๋‹น์— ์ถ”๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2004๋…„ ๋กค๋ง์Šคํ†ค์ง€๋Š” '์—ญ๋Œ€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ 100' ์ค‘ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” 70์œ„์— ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„์—๋Š” VH1์˜ '์—ญ๋Œ€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ 100'์˜ 40์œ„์— ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ ์ •๊ทœ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ค‘ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋กค๋ง์Šคํ†ค์ง€์˜ '์—ญ๋Œ€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•จ๋ฒ” 500'์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ <Ghost in the Machine>์€ #322์—, <Reggatta de Blanc>๋Š” #369์—, <Outlandos d'Amour>๋Š” #434์— <Synchronicity>๋Š” #455๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กค๋ง์Šคํ†ค์ง€๊ฐ€ 2004๋…„ ๋งŒ๋“  '์—ญ๋Œ€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ 500' ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์—๋Š” "Every Breath You Take"๊ฐ€ 84์œ„๋กœ (๋‰ด์›จ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ณก ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ˆœ์œ„), "Roxanne"์€ 388์œ„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. "Message in a Bottle"์€ ๋กค๋ง์Šคํ†ค์ง€์˜ 2008๋…„ '์—ญ๋Œ€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํƒ€๊ณก 100'์— 65์œ„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. Q ๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” <Synchronicity>๋ฅผ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์˜๊ตญ 10๋Œ€ ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, "Every Breath You Take"๋ฅผ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ 10๋Œ€ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์€ ๋˜ํ•œ 2015๋…„ ITV์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 80๋…„๋Œ€ ์˜๊ตญ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ณก์— ๋ฝ‘ํžˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 5์›” BMI(๋ฐฉ์†ก์Œ์•…ํ˜‘ํšŒ)์—์„œ๋Š” "Every Breath You Take"์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ ๊ณก์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ผ์ด์ฒ˜์Šค ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค์˜ "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ๊ณก๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์“ด ์ŠคํŒ…์€ 2002๋…„ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ๋ช…์˜ˆ์˜ ์ „๋‹น์— ํ—Œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กค๋ง์Šคํ†ค์ง€์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ค„์ค„์ด ๋„˜๋ฒ„ ์› ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฐด๋“œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ๋„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” 2์ฐจ ์˜๊ตญ์นจ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋‰ด์›จ์ด๋ธŒ ์šด๋™์˜ ์„ ๋ด‰์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต์—ฐ(1983๋…„ ์…ฐ์•„ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ ๋“ฑ)์„ ํŽผ์ณ์˜จ ์ด๋“ค์€ BBC/VH1์˜ 2007๋…„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ "๋ก์˜ 7๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€"์—์„œ ํ€ธ, ๋ ˆ๋“œ ์ œํ”Œ๋ฆฐ, U2, ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ ๋ก ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ฐ„์— ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถˆํ™”์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  2015๋…„ ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ์ŠคํŒ…๊ณผ ์ฝ”ํ”Œ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์›Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ์„œ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•… ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ํŽ‘ํฌ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๊ณง ๋ ˆ๊ฒŒ, ํŒ, ๋‰ด์›จ์ด๋ธŒ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์Œ์•…์— ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€ํ‰์„ ๋„“ํ˜”๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฎค์ง์˜ ์Šคํ…ŒํŒ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์–ผ์™€์ธ์€ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํŽ‘ํฌ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ "๋งค์šฐ ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŽ‘ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ"ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ ์นด๋กญ๊ณ  ๋ ˆ๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋œ ํŒ/๋ก์€ ํŽ‘ํ‚คํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  "ํŽ‘ํฌ ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ"์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํŽ‘ํฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "ํŒŒ์›Œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ค" ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋‰ด์›จ์ด๋ธŒ์™€ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ-ํŽ‘ํฌ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณก๋“ค์€ ๋ ˆ๊ฒŒ ํ“จ์ „ ์žฅ๋ฅด์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์Šค์ฝ”๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ Outlandos d'Amour (1978) Reggatta de Blanc (1979) Zenyattร  Mondatta (1980) Ghost in the Machine (1981) Synchronicity (1983) ์ผ์› <div style="text-align:center;"> </div> ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ 1977๋…„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋œ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ๋กœํฐ๋กค ๋ช…์˜ˆ์˜ ์ „๋‹น ํ—Œ์•ก์ž ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ถœ์‹  ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2008๋…„ ํ•ด์ฒด๋œ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2007๋…„ ์žฌ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋œ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Police
The Police
The Police were an English rock band formed in London in 1977. Within a few months of their first gig, the line-up settled as Sting (lead vocals, bass guitar, primary songwriter), Andy Summers (guitar) and Stewart Copeland (drums, percussion), and remained unchanged for the rest of the band's history. The Police became globally popular in the late 1970s and early to mid 1980s. Emerging in the British new wave scene, they played a style of rock influenced by punk, reggae, and jazz. Their 1978 debut album, Outlandos d'Amour, reached No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart on the strength of the singles "Roxanne" and "Can't Stand Losing You". Their second album, Reggatta de Blanc (1979), became the first of four consecutive No. 1 studio albums in the UK and Australia; its first two singles, "Message in a Bottle" and "Walking on the Moon", became their first UK number ones. Their next two albums, Zenyatta Mondatta (1980) and Ghost in the Machine (1981), led to further critical and commercial success with two songs, "Don't Stand So Close to Me" and "Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic", becoming UK number-one singles and Top 5 hits in other countries; the former album was their breakthrough into the US reaching number five on the US Billboard 200. Their final studio album, Synchronicity (1983), was No. 1 in the UK, Canada, Australia, Italy and the US, selling over 8ย million copies in the US. Its lead single, "Every Breath You Take", became their fifth UK number one, and only US number one. During this time, the band were considered one of the leaders of the Second British Invasion of the US; in 1983 Rolling Stone labelled them "the first British New Wave act to break through in America on a grand scale, and possibly the biggest band in the world." The Police disbanded in 1986, but reunited in early 2007 for a one-off world tour that ended in August 2008. They were the world's highest-earning musicians in 2008, due to their reunion tour, which was the highest-grossing tour of 2007. The Police have sold over 75 million records, making them one of the best-selling bands of all time. The band won a number of music awards, including sixย Grammy Awards, twoย Britย Awardsโ€”winning Best British Group once, and an MTV Video Music Award. In 2003, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Four of their five studio albums appeared on Rolling Stones list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". The band were included among both Rolling Stones and VH1's lists of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time". History 1977: Formation On 25 September 1976, while on tour with the British progressive rock band Curved Air in Newcastle upon Tyne, in the northeast of England, the band's American drummer, Stewart Copeland, met and exchanged phone numbers with ambitious singer-bassist Gordon Sumner a.k.a. Sting, who at the time was playing in a jazz-rock fusion band called Last Exit. On 12 January 1977, Sting relocated to London, and on the day of his arrival, sought out Copeland for a jam session. Curved Air had recently split up and Copeland, inspired by the contemporary punk rock movement, was eager to form a new band to join the burgeoning London punk scene. While less keen, Sting acknowledged the commercial opportunities, so they formed the Police as a trio, with Corsican guitarist Henry Padovani recruited as the third member. After their debut concert on 1 March 1977 at the Alexandria Club in Newport, Wales (which lasted only ten minutes), the group played London pubs and punk clubs touring as backing band and support act for Cherry Vanilla and for Wayne County & the Electric Chairs. On 1 May 1977, the Police released on Illegal Records their debut single "Fall Out", recorded at Pathway Studios in Islington, North London on 12 February 1977 (a couple of weeks before the band's debut live performance), with a budget of ยฃ150. This is the only Police recording featuring Padovani. Mick Jagger reviewed the single in Sounds magazine. Also in May 1977, former Gong musician Mike Howlett invited Sting to join him in the band project Strontium 90. The drummer Howlett had in mind, Chris Cutler, was unavailable, so Sting took Copeland. The band's fourth member was guitarist Andy Summers. A decade older than Sting and Copeland, Summers was a music industry veteran who had played with Eric Burdon and the Animals and Kevin Ayers among others. Strontium 90 performed at a Gong reunion concert in Paris on 28 May 1977, and played at a London club (under the name of "the Elevators") in July. The band also recorded several demo tracks: these were released (along with live recordings and an early version of "Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic") 20 years later on the archive album Strontium 90: Police Academy. Summers' musicality impressed Sting, who was becoming frustrated with Padovani's rudimentary abilities and the limitations they imposed on the Police's potential. Shortly after the Strontium 90 gig, Sting approached Summers to join the band. He agreed, on the condition the band remain a trio, with him replacing Padovani. Restrained by loyalty, Copeland and Sting resisted the idea, and the Police carried on as a four-piece version. However, they only performed live twice: on 25 July 1977 at the Music Machine in London and on 5 August at the Mont de Marsan Punk Festival. Shortly after these two gigs (and an aborted recording session with ex-Velvet Underground member John Cale as producer on 10 August), Summers delivered an ultimatum to the band and Padovani was dismissed. The effect of Summers's arrival was instant: Copeland said: "One by one, Sting's songs had started coming in, and when Andy joined, it opened up new numbers of Sting's we could do, so the material started to get a lot more interesting and Sting started to take a lot more interest in the group." The Police's power trio line-up of Copeland, Sting, and Summers performed for the first time on 18 August 1977 at Rebecca's club in Birmingham in the West Midlands. A trio was unusual for the time, and this line-up endured for the rest of the band's history. Few punk bands were three-pieces, while contemporary bands pursuing progressive rock, symphonic rock and other sound trends usually expanded their line-ups with support players. The musical background of all three players may have made them suspect to punk purists, with music critic Christopher Gable stating, The band were also able to draw on influences from reggae to jazz to progressive and pub rock. While still maintaining the main band and attempting to win over punk audiences, Police members continued to moonlight within the art rock scene. In late 1977 and early 1978, Sting and Summers recorded and performed as part of an ensemble led by German experimental composer Eberhard Schoener; Copeland also joined for a time. These performances resulted in three albums, each of them an eclectic mix of rock, electronica and jazz. Various appearances by the Schoener outfit on German television made the German public aware of Sting's unusual high-pitched voice, and helped pave the way for the Police's later popularity. The bleached-blond hair that became a band trademark happened by accident. In February 1978, the band, desperate for money, was asked to do a commercial for Wrigley's Spearmint chewing gum (directed by Tony Scott) on the condition they dye their hair blond. The commercial was shot with the band, but was shelved and never aired. 1977โ€“1978: Recording contract and Outlandos d'Amour Copeland's older brother Miles was initially sceptical of the inclusion of Summers in the band, fearing it would undermine their punk credibility, and reluctantly agreed to provide ยฃ1,500 to finance the Police's first album. Recording Outlandos d'Amour was difficult, as the band was working on a small budget, with no manager or record deal. It was recorded during off-peak hours at the Surrey Sound Studios in Leatherhead, Surrey, a converted recording facility above a dairy which was run by brothers Chris and Nigel Gray. During one of his periodic studio visits, Miles heard "Roxanne" for the first time at the end of a session. Where he had been less enthusiastic about the band's other songs, the elder Copeland was immediately struck by the track, and quickly got the Police a record deal with A&M Records on the strength of it. "Roxanne" was issued as a single in the spring of 1978, while other album tracks were still being recorded, but it failed to chart. It also failed to make the BBC's playlist, which the band attributed to the song's depiction of prostitution. A&M consequently promoted the single with posters claiming "Banned by the BBC", though this was a misconception. It was never banned, just not play-listed. Copeland later admitted, "We got a lot of mileage out of it being supposedly banned by the BBC." The Police made their first television appearance in October 1978, on BBC2's The Old Grey Whistle Test to promote the release of Outlandos d'Amour. Though "Roxanne" was never banned, the BBC did ban the second single from Outlandos d'Amour, "Can't Stand Losing You". This was due to the single's cover, which featured Copeland hanging himself over an ice block being melted by a portable radiator. The single became a minor chart hit, the Police's first, peaking at No. 42 in the UK. The follow-up single, "So Lonely", issued in November 1978, failed to chart. In February 1979, "Roxanne" was issued as a single in North America, where it was warmly received on radio despite the subject matter. The song peaked at No. 31 in Canada and No. 32 in the US, spurring a UK re-release of it in April. The band performed "Roxanne" on BBC1's Top of the Pops, and the re-issue of the song finally gained the band widespread recognition in the UK when it peaked at No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart. The group's UK success led to gigs in the US at the famous New York City club CBGB, The Rathskeller (The RAT) in Boston and at The Chance in Poughkeepsie, New York, from which "Roxanne" finally debuted on US radio on WPDH, and a gruelling 1979 North American tour in which the band drove themselves and their equipment around the country in a Ford Econoline van. That summer, "Can't Stand Losing You" was also re-released in the UK, becoming a substantial hit, peaking at No. 2. The group's first single, "Fall Out", was reissued in late 1979, peaking at No. 47 in the UK. 1979: Reggatta de Blanc In October 1979, the group released their second album, Reggatta de Blanc, which topped the UK Albums Chart and became the first of four consecutive UK No. 1 studio albums. The album spawned the hit singles "Message in a Bottle" (No. 1 UK, No. 2 Canada, No. 5 Australia) and "Walking on the Moon" (No. 1 UK). The album's singles failed to enter the US top 40, but Reggatta de Blanc still reached No. 25 on the US album charts. The band's first live performance of "Message in a Bottle" was on the BBC's television show Rock Goes to College filmed at Hatfield Polytechnic College in Hertfordshire. The instrumental title track "Reggatta de Blanc" won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. In February 1980, the single "So Lonely" was reissued in the UK. Originally a non-charting flop when first issued in late 1978, upon re-release the track became a UK top 10 hit, peaking at No. 6. In March 1980, the Police began their first world tour, which included places that had seldom hosted foreign performersโ€”including Mexico, India, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Greece and Egypt. The tour was subsequently documented in the film The Police Around the World (1982), directed by Kate and Derek Burbidge, which contains footage shot by Annie Nightingale originally intended for a BBC production The Police in the East. In May 1980, A&M in the UK released Six Pack, a package containing the five previous A&M singles (not including "Fall Out") in their original sleeves plus a mono alternate take of the album track "The Bed's Too Big Without You" backed with a live version of "Truth Hits Everybody". It reached No. 17 in the UK Singles Chart (although chart regulations introduced later in the decade would have classed it as an album). 1980โ€“1981: Zenyatta Mondatta Pressured by their record company for a new record and a prompt return to touring, the Police released their third album, Zenyatta Mondatta, in October 1980. The album was recorded in a three-week period in the Netherlands for tax reasons and was completed the night before the band embarked on a new world tour. The album gave the group their third UK No. 1 hit, "Don't Stand So Close to Me" (the UK's best-selling single of 1980) and another hit single, "De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da", both of which reached No. 10 in the US. While the three band members and co-producer Nigel Gray all expressed immediate regret over the rushed recording for the album, which was finished at 4 a.m. on the day the band began their world tour, the album received high praise from critics. The instrumental "Behind My Camel", written by Andy Summers, won the band a Grammy for Best Rock Instrumental Performance, while "Don't Stand So Close to Me" won the Grammy for Best Rock Vocal Performance for Duo or Group. 1981โ€“1982: Ghost in the Machine and Brimstone and Treacle The Police's fourth album, Ghost in the Machine, co-produced by Hugh Padgham, was recorded at Air Studios on the Caribbean island of Montserrat, with the exception of "Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic" which was recorded at Le Studio at Morin Heights, Quebec, Canada, and released in 1981. It featured thicker sounds, layered saxophones, and vocal textures. It spawned the hit singles "Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic" (featuring pianist Jean Roussel), their fourth UK No. 1 (No. 3 in the U.S.), "Invisible Sun", and "Spirits in the Material World". As the band was unable to agree on a cover picture, the album cover had three red pictographs, digital likenesses of the three band members in the style of segmented LED displays, set against a black background. In the 1980s, Sting and Summers became tax exiles and moved to Ireland (Sting to Roundstone, County Galway, and Summers to Kinsale in County Cork) while Copeland, an American, remained in England. The group opened and closed the 1981 concert film, Urgh! A Music War. The film, which captured the music scene in the wake of punk, was masterminded by Stewart Copeland's brothers Ian and Miles. The film had a limited release but developed a mythic reputation over the years. At the 1982 Brit Awards in London, the Police received the award for Best British Group. After the Ghost in the Machine Tour concluded in 1982, the group took a sabbatical and each member pursued outside projects. By this time, Sting was becoming a major star, and he established a career beyond the Police by branching out into acting. Back in 1979, he had made a well-received debut as the "Ace Face" in the British drama film Quadrophenia, a film loosely based on The Who's rock opera, followed by a role as a mechanic in love with Eddie Cochran's music in Chris Petit's Radio On. In 1982, Sting furthered his acting career by co-starring in the Richard Loncraine film Brimstone and Treacle. He also had a minor solo hit in the United Kingdom with the movie's theme song, a cover of the 1929 hit "Spread a Little Happiness" (which appeared on the Brimstone & Treacle soundtrack, along with three new Police tracks, "How Stupid Mr Bates", "A Kind of Loving", and "I Burn for You"). Over 1981 and 1982, Summers recorded his first album with Robert Fripp, I Advance Masked. In 1983, Stewart Copeland composed the musical score for Francis Ford Coppola's film Rumble Fish. The single "Don't Box Me In (theme From Rumble Fish)", a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway (of the band Wall of Voodoo) received significant airplay upon release of the film that year. Also in 1983, Sting filmed his first big-budget movie role-playing Feyd-Rautha in David Lynch's Dune. As Sting's fame rose, his relationship with Stewart Copeland deteriorated. Their increasingly strained partnership was further stretched by the pressures of worldwide publicity and fame, conflicting egos, and their financial success. Meanwhile, both Sting's and Summers's marriages failed. 1983: Synchronicity and "The Biggest Band in the World" In 1983, the Police released their last studio album, Synchronicity, which spawned the hit singles "Every Breath You Take", "Wrapped Around Your Finger", "King of Pain", and "Synchronicity II". By that time, several critics deemed them "the biggest rock band in the world". Recording the album, however, was a tense affair with increasing disputes among the band. The three members recorded their contributions individually in separate rooms and over-dubbed at different times. The Synchronicity Tour began in Chicago, Illinois in July 1983 at the original Comiskey Park, and on 18 August the band played in front of 70,000 in Shea Stadium, New York. Near the end of the concert, Sting announced: "We'd like to thank the Beatles for lending us their stadium." Looking back, Copeland states, "Playing Shea Stadium was big because, even though I'm a septic tank (rhyming slang for 'Yank'), The Police is an English band and I'm a Londoner โ€“ an American Londoner โ€“ so it felt like conquering America." They played throughout the UK in December 1983, including four sold out nights at London's Wembley Arena, and the tour ended in Melbourne, Australia on 4 March 1984 at the Melbourne Showgrounds (the final concert featured Sunnyboys, Kids in the Kitchen, Bryan Adams and Australian Crawl, with the Police topping the bill). Sting's look, dominated by his orange-coloured hair (a result of his role in Dune) and tattered clothing, both of which were emphasised in the music videos from the album, carried over into the set for the concert. Except for "King of Pain", the singles were accompanied by music videos directed by Godley & Creme. Synchronicity became a No. 1 album in both the UK (where it debuted at No. 1) and the US. It stayed at No. 1 in the UK for two weeks and in the US for seventeen weeks. It was nominated for Grammy Awards for Album of the Year, but lost to Michael Jackson's Thriller. "Every Breath You Take" won the Grammy for Song of the Year, beating Jackson's "Billie Jean". "Every Breath You Take" also won the Grammy for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, while the album won the Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. "Every Breath You Take" also won the American Video Award for Best Group video, and the song won two Ivor Novello Awards in the categories Best Song Musically and Lyrically and Most Performed Work from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors. 1984โ€“1986: Hiatus, aborted sixth studio album During the group's 1983 Shea Stadium concert, Sting felt performing at the venue was "Everest" and decided to pursue a solo career, according to the documentary The Last Play at Shea. After the Synchronicity tour ended in March 1984, the band went on hiatus while Sting recorded and toured in support of his successful solo debut LP, the jazz-influenced The Dream of the Blue Turtles, released in June 1985; Copeland recorded and filmed The Rhythmatist (1985); and Summers recorded another album with Robert Fripp (Bewitched, 1984) and the theme song for the film 2010โ€”which was not used in the film, but included on the soundtrack album. At the 1985 Brit Awards held at London's Grosvenor Hotel on 11 February, the band received the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. In July the same year, Sting and Copeland participated in Live Aid at Wembley Stadium, London. In June 1986, the Police reconvened to play three concerts for the Amnesty International A Conspiracy of Hope tour. Their last performance on stage before their split was on 15 June at Giants Stadium in New Jersey. They ended their set with "Invisible Sun", bringing out Bono to sing the final verse. When they finished, they handed U2 their instruments for the all-star finale of "I Shall Be Released". As the lead singer of U2 โ€“ who themselves would soon be regarded as the biggest band in the world โ€“ Bono stated, "It was a very big moment, like passing a torch." In July of that year, the trio reunited in the studio to record a new album. However, Copeland broke his collarbone in a fall from a horse and was unable to play the drums. As a result of the tense and short-lived reunion in the studio, "Don't Stand So Close to Me '86" was released in October 1986 as their final single and made it into the UK Top 25. It also appeared on the 1986 compilation Every Breath You Take: The Singles, which reached No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart. A rerecorded version of "De Do Do Do De Da Da Da" was subsequently also included on the DTS-CD release of the Every Breath You Take: The Classics album in 1995. The album has sold over five million copies in the US. Following the failed effort to record a new studio album, the Police effectively disbanded. In the liner notes to the Police's box set Message in a Box, Summers explains: "The attempt to record a new album was doomed from the outset. The night before we went into the studio Stewart broke his collarbone falling off a horse and that meant we lost our last chance of recovering some rapport just by jamming together. Anyway, it was clear Sting had no real intention of writing any new songs for the Police. It was an empty exercise." 1986โ€“2006: Disbandment Each band member continued with his solo career over the next 20 years. Sting continued recording and touring as a solo performer to great success. Summers recorded a number of albums, both as a solo artist and in collaboration with other musicians. Copeland became a prolific producer of movie and television soundtracks, and he recorded and toured with two new bands, Animal Logic and Oysterhead. However, a few events did bring the Police back together, albeit briefly. Summers played guitar on Sting's album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987), a favour the singer returned by playing bass on Summers' album Charming Snakes (1990) and later singing lead vocals on "'Round Midnight" for Summers' tribute to Thelonious Monk Green Chimneys (1999). On 2 October 1991 (Sting's 40th birthday), Summers joined Sting on stage at the Hollywood Bowl during The Soul Cages Tour to perform "Walking on the Moon", "Every Breath You Take", and "Message in a Bottle". The performance was broadcast as a pay-per-view event. On 22 August 1992, Sting married Trudie Styler in an 11th-century chapel in Wiltshire, southwest England. Summers and Copeland were invited to the ceremony and reception. Aware that all band members were present, the wedding guests pressured the trio into playing, and they performed "Roxanne" and "Message in a Bottle". Copeland said later that "after about three minutes, it became 'the thing' again". In 1995 A&M released Live!, a double live album produced by Summers featuring two complete concertsโ€”one recorded on 27 November 1979 at the Orpheum Theatre in Boston during the Reggatta de Blanc tour, and one recorded on 2 November 1983 at the Omni in Atlanta, Georgia, during the Synchronicity Tour (the latter was also documented in the VHS tape Synchronicity Concert in 1984). On 10 March 2003, the Police were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and performed "Roxanne", "Message in a Bottle", and "Every Breath You Take" live, as a group (the last song was performed alongside Steven Tyler, Gwen Stefani, and John Mayer). In the autumn of 2003, Sting released his autobiography, Broken Music. In 2004, Copeland and Summers joined Incubus onstage at KROQ's Almost Acoustic Christmas concert in Los Angeles performing "Roxanne" and "Message in a Bottle". In 2004, Henry Padovani released an album with the participation of Copeland and Sting on one track, reuniting the original Police line-up for the first time since 1977. Also in 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the Police No. 70 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. In 2006, Stewart Copeland released a rockumentary about the band called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out, based on Super-8 filming he did when the band was touring and recording in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In October 2006, Andy Summers released One Train Later, an autobiographical memoir detailing his early career and time with the band. 2007โ€“2008: Reunion tour In early 2007, reports surfaced the trio would reunite for a tour to mark the Police's 30th anniversary, more than 20 years since their split in 1986. On 22 January 2007, the punk wave magazine Side-Line broke the story the Police would reunite for the Grammys, and would perform "Roxanne". Side-Line also stated the Police were to embark on a massive world tour. Billboard magazine later confirmed the news, quoting Summers' 2006 statement as to how the band could have continued post-Synchronicity: The band opened the 49th Annual Grammy Awards on 11 February 2007 in Los Angeles, announcing, "Ladies and gentlemen, we are The Police, and we're back!" before launching into "Roxanne". A&M, the band's record company, promoted the 2007โ€“08 reunion tour as the 30th anniversary of the band's formation and of the release of their first single for A&M, "Roxanne". The Police Reunion Tour began in late May 2007 with two shows in Vancouver. Stewart Copeland gave a scathing review of the show on his own website, which the press interpreted as a feud occurring two gigs into the tour. Copeland later apologised for besmirching "my buddy Sting," and chalked up the comments to "hyper self-criticism". Tickets for the British leg of the tour sold out within 30 minutes, and the band played two nights at Twickenham Stadium on 8 and 9 September. On 29 and 30 September 2007, Henry Padovani joined the group on stage for the final encore of their two shows in Paris, playing the song "Next to You" as a four-piece band. In October 2007, the group played the largest gig of the reunion tour in Dublin in front of 82,000 fans. The group headlined the TW Classic festival in Werchter, Belgium on 7 June 2008. They also headlined the last night of the 2008 Isle of Wight Festival on 15 June, the Heineken Jammin' Festival in Venice on 23 June and the Sunday night at Hard Rock Calling (previously called Hyde Park Calling) in London on 29 June. In February 2008, the band announced that, when the tour finished, they would break up again. "There will be no new album, no big new tour," said Sting. "Once we're done with our reunion tour, that's it for The Police." The final show of the tour was on 7 August 2008 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The band performed the opening song, "Message in a Bottle", with the brass band of the New York Metropolitan Police Corp. Later, they performed "Sunshine of Your Love" and "Purple Haze" as a tribute to the rock trios that preceded them: Cream and The Jimi Hendrix Experience. While announcing the show, the group also donated $1 million to New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg's initiative to plant one million trees in the city by 2017. The world's highest-earning musicians in 2008, the tour sold 3.7 million tickets and grossed $358 million, making it the third-highest-grossing tour of all time at its conclusion. On 11 November 2008, the Police released Certifiable: Live in Buenos Aires, a Blu-ray, DVD and CD set of the band's two performances in Buenos Aires, Argentina on the tour (1 and 2 December 2007). Those sets with two DVDs also included a documentary shot by Copeland's son Jordan entitled Better Than Therapy as well as some photographs of Buenos Aires taken by Andy Summers. Musical style The Police started as a punk rock band, but soon expanded their music vocabulary to incorporate reggae, pop and new wave elements to their sound. In his retrospective assessment, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic argues that the notion of the Police as a punk rock band was true only "in the loosest sense of the term". He states the band's "nervous, reggae-injected pop/rock was punky" and had a "punk spirit" but it "wasn't necessarily punk". A "power trio", the Police are also known as a new wave and post-punk band, with many songs falling in the reggae-fusion genre. Legacy In 2003, the Police were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in their first year of eligibility. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the Police number 70 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, and in 2010, the band were ranked 40th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Four of the band's five studio albums appeared on Rolling Stone'''s 2003 list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Ghost in the Machine (number 322), Reggatta de Blanc (number 369), Outlandos d'Amour (number 434), and Synchronicity (number 455). In 2008, Q magazine named Synchronicity among the top 10 British Albums of the 1980s. The primary songwriter for the Police, Sting was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002. In Rolling Stone's 2004 list of the 500 greatest songs of all time, "Every Breath You Take" ranked number 84 (the highest new wave song on the list), and "Roxanne" ranked number 388. "Message in a Bottle" ranked number 65 in the magazine's 2008 list of the 100 greatest guitar songs. Q magazine named "Every Breath You Take" among the top 10 British Songs of the 1980s, and in a UK-wide poll by ITV in 2015 it was voted The Nation's Favourite 80s Number One. In May 2019, "Every Breath You Take" was recognized by BMI as being the most performed song in their catalogue, overtaking "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" performed by the Righteous Brothers. With a string of UK number one albums, the Police were among the most commercially successful British bands of the early 1980s, and with success overseas they are typically regarded as in both the vanguard of the Second British Invasion, and the new wave movement. With a history of playing to large audiences (such as Shea Stadium in 1983), the Police were a featured artist in the stadium rock episode of the 2007 BBC/VH1 series Seven Ages of Rock along with Queen, Led Zeppelin, U2 and Bruce Springsteen. Despite the band's well-documented disagreements with one another, Summers confirmed in 2015 that Sting, Copeland and he are good friends. Summers said, "Despite the general press thing about 'God, they hate each other', it's actually not true, we're very supportive of one another." While remembering his time with The Police fondly and still retaining love for his former bandmates, Copeland recalled in 2022 that working with Sting musically "was like a Prada suit made out of barbed wire" and that, rather than get involved in the creative infighting, Summers would enjoy "throwing bombs" to egg on the younger men. "It was never an ego-clash," Copeland said. DiscographyOutlandos d'Amour (1978)Reggatta de Blanc (1979)Zenyatta Mondatta (1980)Ghost in the Machine (1981)Synchronicity (1983) Concert tours The Police Around the World Tour (1977โ€“1980) Zenyatta Mondatta Tour (1980โ€“1981) Ghost in the Machine Tour (1981โ€“1982) Synchronicity Tour (1983โ€“1984) The Police Reunion Tour (2007โ€“2008) Band members Sting โ€“ bass guitar, lead and backing vocals, double bass, keyboards (1977โ€“1986, 1992, 2003, 2007โ€“2008) Andy Summers โ€“ guitars, backing vocals, keyboards (1977โ€“1986, 1992, 2003, 2007โ€“2008) Stewart Copeland โ€“ drums, percussion, backing vocals (1977โ€“1986, 1992, 2003, 2007โ€“2008) Henry Padovani โ€“ guitars (1977, 2007) Awards and nominations Brit Awards 1982: Best British Group 1985: Outstanding Contribution to Music Grammy Awards |- !scope="row" | 1981 | "Reggatta de Blanc" | rowspan= "2" | Best Rock Instrumental Performance | |- !scope="row" rowspan= "2" | 1982 | "Behind My Camel" | |- | "Don't Stand So Close to Me" | Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | |- !scope="row" rowspan= "4" | 1984 | rowspan= "2" | Synchronicity| Album of the Year | |- | Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | |- | rowspan= "2" | "Every Breath You Take" | Record of the Year | |- | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | |- !scope="row" | 1986 | The Police Synchronicity Concert | Best Music Video, Long Form | |- Juno Awards |- | rowspan="2" | 1984 | Synchronicity| International Album of the Year | People's Choice Awards |- | 2008 | Themselves | Favorite Reunion Tour | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame The Police were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2003. Other lists Ranked No.70 on Rolling Stone''s Immortals, the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Ranked No.40 on VH1's List of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. See also List of best-selling music artists List of highest-grossing concert tours List of new wave artists List of reggae rock artists References Citations Sources External links 1977 establishments in England 1977 in London A&M Records artists Brit Award winners English musical trios English jazz-rock groups English new wave musical groups English pop rock music groups English post-punk music groups Grammy Award winners Juno Award for International Album of the Year winners Musical groups established in 1977 Musical groups reestablished in 2007 Musical groups disestablished in 2008 Musical groups from London Reggae rock groups Second British Invasion artists
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%98%84%EC%9D%BC
์ดํ˜„์ผ
์ดํ˜„์ผ(ๆŽ็Ž„้€ธ, 1627๋…„ 1์›” 11์ผ - 1704๋…„ 10์›” 3์ผ)์€ ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‚จ์ธ ์ค‘์‹  ๋ฌธ์‹ , ์ •์น˜์ธ, ์œ ํ•™์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ํ˜„์ข…, ์ˆ™์ข… ๋•Œ์˜ ๋‚จ์ธ ์ค‘์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์˜๋‚จํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์ด๋ฉฐ ์ดํ™ฉ(ๆŽๆป‰)์˜ ํ•™ํ†ต์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ(ๅฑฑๆž—)์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค. ์ดํ˜„์ผ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„ ์˜ํ•ด(ๅฏงๆตท)์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ™ฉ์˜ ์ ํ†ต์ธ ๋ฅ˜์„ฑ๋ฃก, ๊น€์„ฑ์ผ์˜ ํ•™ํ†ต์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด์€ ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ์ ํ†ต์ธ ์™ธ์กฐ๋ถ€ ์žฅํฅํšจ์™€ ์ค‘ํ˜• ์ดํœ˜์ผ์„ ์‚ฌ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1646๋…„(์ธ์กฐ 24)๊ณผ 1648๋…„(์ธ์กฐ 26)์˜ ์ดˆ์‹œ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฒผ์Šฌ์— ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๋œป์ด ์—†์–ด ๋ณต์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค 1668๋…„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‘์‹œํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‚™๋ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ฌธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ „๋…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1652๋…„(ํšจ์ข… 3)์—๋Š” ํ˜• ์ดํœ˜์ผ์˜ ใ€Šํ™๋ฒ”์—ฐ์˜(ๆดช็ฏ„่ก็พฉ)ใ€‹ ์ €์ˆ ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1666๋…„(ํ˜„์ข… 7) ์˜๋‚จ ์œ ์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ์†ก์‹œ์—ด(ๅฎ‹ๆ™‚็ƒˆ)ยท์†ก์ค€๊ธธยท๊น€์ˆ˜ํ•ญ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋…„๋ณต ์˜ˆ๋ก ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ˆ™์ข… ์ดˆ์— ํ•™ํ–‰(ๅญธ่กŒ)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ˆ˜ ํ—ˆ๋ชฉ(็œ‰ๅŸ่จฑ็ฉ†)๊ณผ ๋ฐฑํ˜ธ ์œคํœด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ง€ํ‰์— ํŠน์ฑ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ขจ์ฃผ(็ฅญ้…’)ยท์˜ˆ์กฐ์ฐธํŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋Œ€์‚ฌํ—Œ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ด์กฐ์ฐธํŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธ์ž์‹œ๊ฐ•์›์ฐฌ์„ (่ดŠๅ–„)์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฒผ์Šฌ์ด ์ด์กฐํŒ์„œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ์ผ์ฐ์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ(่ถ™ๅ—ฃๅŸบ)์˜ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋„ ํ™์›๊ตฐ(ๆดชๅŽŸ)์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€์–‘ ๊ฐ”์œผ๋‚˜, ์„œ์ธ ์‚ฌํ—Œ๋ถ€์žฅ๋ น ์•ˆ์„ธ์ง•(ๅฎ‰ไธ–ๅพต) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณ„์†๋œ ํ•ต์ฒญ(่ฆˆ่ซ‹)์œผ๋กœ ์ข…์„ฑ๊ตฐ์— ์ด๋ฐฐ๋๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ์„๋ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์†ก ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ถœ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํ—ˆ๋ชฉ, ์œคํœด ๋“ฑ ๋ถ์ธ๊ณ„ ๊ทผ๊ธฐ๋‚จ์ธ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1689๋…„ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌํ™˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์ธ์ด ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜๋‚จ ๋‚จ์ธ๊ณผ ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์ž…์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1694๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 20๋…„) ๊ฐ‘์ˆ ์˜ฅ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‚จ์ธ์ด ๋ชฐ๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์œ ๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1699๋…„ ๋ฐฉ๊ท€์ „๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋‚จํ•™ํŒŒ(ๅถบๅ—ๅญธๆดพ)์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋กœ ์ดํ™ฉ์˜ ํ•™ํ†ต์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•ด ์ดํ™ฉ์˜ ์ด๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฐœ์„ค(็†ๆฐฃไบ’็™ผ่ชช)์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ด(ๆŽ็ฅ)์˜ ํ•™์„ค์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„์— ์ด์ด์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋…ผํŒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์ธ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ก ์˜ ์ข…์ฃผ์ธ ์ด์ด์˜ ํ•™์„ค์„ ์ •๋ฉด ๋น„ํŒํ•œ ๋•์— ๊ด€์ง๊ณผ ์‚ฌํ›„์— ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด ๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธ์ง‘์„ ๊ฐ„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ด€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ น์„ ํŒŒ๋ฉด์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ง‘๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถˆ์‚ด๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค ์ถ”ํƒˆ๊ณผ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1909๋…„์— ๊ฐ€์„œ์•ผ ๋ณต๊ถŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์„œ๋กœ๋Š” ใ€Š๊ฐˆ์•”์ง‘(่‘›ๅบต้›†)ใ€‹,ใ€Šํ™๋ฒ”์—ฐ์˜(ๆดช็ฏ„่ก็พฉ)ใ€‹ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ด€์€ ์žฌ๋ น(่ผ‰ๅฏง)์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋Š” ์ต์Šน(็ฟผๅ‡), ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ฐˆ์•”(่‘›ๅบต), ์‹œํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ(ๆ–‡ๆ•ฌ)์ด๋‹ค. ์„๊ณ„ ์ด์‹œ๋ช…๊ณผ ์Œ์‹๋””๋ฏธ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ €์ž์ธ ์žฅ๊ณ„ํ–ฅ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์™ธํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์žฅํฅํšจ์™€ ์ค‘ํ˜• ์ดํœ˜์ผ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ. ์ƒ์•  ์ƒ์•  ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ถœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ Š์€ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๊ฐˆ์•” ์ดํ˜„์ผ์€ 1627๋…„ 1์›” 11์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„ ์˜ํ•ด๊ตฐ(ๅฏงๆตท้ƒก) ์ฐฝ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ธ๋Ÿ‰๋ฆฌ(ไป่‰ฏ้‡Œ, ํ˜„ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„ ์˜๋•๊ตฐ ์ฐฝ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ธ๋Ÿ‰๋ฆฌ) ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณจ์˜ ์ž์šด์ • ์žํƒ์—์„œ ์ถœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์˜๋ น ํ˜„๊ฐ(ๅฎœๅฏง็ธฃ็›ฃ)์„ ์ง€๋‚ธ ์ดํ•จ(ๆŽๆถต)์ด๊ณ , ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ํ•™์ž์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฐธ๋ด‰์„ ์ง€๋‚ธ ์„๊ณ„(็Ÿณๆบช) ์ด์‹œ๋ช…(ๆŽๆ™‚ๆ˜Ž)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์ธ ์•ˆ๋™ ์žฅ์”จ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์•ˆ๋™์žฅ์”จ(ๅฎ‰ๆฑๅผตๆฐ) ์žฅ๊ณ„ํ–ฅ(ๅผตๆก‚้ฆ™)์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•™์ž ๊ฒฝ๋‹น(ๆ•ฌๅ ‚) ์žฅํฅํšจ(ๅผต่ˆˆๅญ)์˜ ๋”ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‹œ ํ•™์ž์ธ ์กด์žฌ(ๅญ˜้ฝ‹) ์ดํœ˜์ผ(ๆŽๅพฝ้€ธ)์˜ ์•„์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณจ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง๊ณ„ ํ›„์†๋“ค์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์ •๋ถ€์ธ ์•ˆ๋™ ์žฅ์”จ๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋””๋ฏธ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ €์ž์ธ๋ฐ, ์Œ์‹ ์†œ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฌธ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์˜๋‚จ ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ธ ์ค‘ ์ €๋ช…์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ณ„ํ–ฅ์€ ์˜๋‚จ ๋‚จ์ธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋•๋ง๋†’์€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์•™๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ผ ์ดํ˜„์ผ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ‰์†Œ ๋…ธ๋‘”ํ•œ๋ฐ๋„ ๋‚จ์—๊ฒŒ ์•ผ๋น„ํ•œ ๋ง๊ณผ ๋น„์—ดํ•œ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡์—†๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋•ํƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋‘˜์งธ ํ˜•์ธ ์ดํœ˜์ผ์€ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์—†๋˜ ์‚ผ์ดŒ ์ด์‹œ์„ฑ์˜ ์–‘์ž๋กœ ์ถœ๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ์•”์€ ์ผ์ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์–ด๋ ค์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์ด ์ข‹์•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ€์„ ์ž˜ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ดํ˜„์ผ์€ ์˜๋‚จํ•™ํŒŒ(ๅถบๅ—ๅญธๆดพ)์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋กœ ํ‡ด๊ณ„ ์ดํ™ฉ(ๆŽๆป‰)์˜ ํ•™ํ’์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ(ๅฑฑๆž—)์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค. 9์„ธ ๋•Œ ๊ธ€์„ ์ง€์–ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์–ด๋ ค์„œ ์™ธํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์žฅํฅํšจ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์™ธํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์žฅํฅํšจ๋Š” ํ‡ด๊ณ„ ์ดํ™ฉ์˜ ๊ณ ์ œ์ž์ธ ๋ฅ˜์„ฑ๋ฃก, ๊น€์„ฑ์ผ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ํ•œ ํ•™์ž๋กœ, ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„œ์• ํ•™ํŒŒ์™€ ํ•™๋ด‰ํ•™ํŒŒ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‘ ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ํ•™ํ†ต์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์–ด ํ›„์ผ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ฑ์€ ์„œ์•  ๋ฅ˜์„ฑ๋ฃก์˜ ๋ฌธ๋„๋“ค, ํ•™๋ด‰ ๊น€์„ฑ์ผ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋„๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ํ•™๋ฌธ์€ ์˜๋‚จ ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ •ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ์ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ์ž๋ฐฑ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ์ฝ์–ด์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ „๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฌ(ๅญๅฒ)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œจ๋ ค(ๅพ‹ๅ‘‚)์™€ ์„ฑ๋ ฅ(่–ๆ›†)๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ, ์ง„๋ฒ•์„ ๋‘๋ฃจ ํ†ต๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ(ๅฟ—ๅฐ™)๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์›…๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ‘์ž, ์ •๋ฌ˜ ๋“ฑ ์ „๋ž€์˜ ์น˜์š•์„ ์”ป๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค ์œก๊ฒฝ(ๅ…ญ็ถ“)์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์šฉํ•™๋…ผ๋งน(ๅบธๅญธ่ซ–ๅญŸ)๊ณผ ์ •์ฃผ(็จ‹ๆœฑ)์˜ ํ•™์„ค์„ ๊นŠ์ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™๋ฌธ์— ์ •์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ฌธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1646๋…„(์ธ์กฐ 24) ์ดˆ์‹œ์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฒผ์Šฌ์— ๋œป์ด ์—†์–ด ๋ณต์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€ ํ–ฅ๋ฆฌ์— ์นฉ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•™๋ฌธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ „๋…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1648๋…„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ดˆ์‹œ์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋Œ€๊ณผ์— ์‘์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์„ฑ๋ฆฌํ•™ ํ•™๋ฌธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ œ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์•„๋“ค ์ด์ฑ„, ์กฐ์นด ์ด๋งŒ ์™ธ์— ์ฐฝ์„ค ๊ถŒ๋‘๊ฒฝ(ๆฌŠๆ–—็ถ“), ์ด๊ด‘์ •(ๆŽๅ…‰ๅบญ) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1652๋…„(ํšจ์ข… 3) ์ค‘ํ˜• ์ดํœ˜์ผ์˜ ใ€Šํ™๋ฒ”์—ฐ์˜(ๆดช็ฏ„่ก็พฉ)ใ€‹ ํŽธ์ฐฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1666๋…„(ํ˜„์ข… 7) ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋‚จ์ธ ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ์†ก์‹œ์—ด(ๅฎ‹ๆ™‚็ƒˆ), ์†ก์ค€๊ธธ(ๅฎ‹ๆบ–ๅ‰) ๋“ฑ ์„œ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋…„๋ณต ์˜ˆ์„ค(ๆœžๅนดๆœ็ฆฎ่ชช)์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํšจ์ข…์ด ์™•์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‹ˆ ์žฅ๋‚จ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ์„œ ์ƒ๋ณต์„ ์ž…์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์—ฐํ•จ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„œ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์™•๊ฐ€์™€ ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ๋ถ์ธ์˜ ํ•™ํ†ต์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ธฐ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ํ•™์„ค๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋น„ํŒ, ์†ก์‹œ์—ดยทํ—ˆ๋ชฉ(่จฑ็ฉ†)ยท์œค์„ ๋„(ๅฐนๅ–„้“) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ˆ์„ค(็ฆฎ่ชช)๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ใ€ˆ๋ณต์ œ์†Œ(ๆœๅˆถ็–)ใ€‰๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1668๋…„ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ด์‹œ๋ช…์˜ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ”์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‚™๋ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ํ™œ๋™ ์ฒœ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์‚ฌ์–‘ 1674๋…„ ํ•™ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€์ž ํ—ˆ๋ชฉ, ์œคํœด, ๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฒœ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์˜๋ฆ‰์ฐธ๋ด‰(ๅฏง้™ตๅƒๅฅ‰)์— ์ฒœ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณง ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ์žฅ์•…์›์ฃผ๋ถ€, ๊ณต์กฐ์ขŒ๋ž‘, ์‚ฌํ—Œ๋ถ€์ง€ํ‰ ๋“ฑ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1676๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 2)์— ์‚ฌ์ง์„œ์ฐธ๋ด‰(็คพ็จท็ฝฒๅƒๅฅ‰)์— ์ œ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ผ๋…„์ƒ์ด ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ์žฅ์•…์›์ฃผ๋ถ€(ๆŽŒๆจ‚้™ขไธป็ฐฟ), ์ด์–ด ๊ณต์กฐ์ขŒ๋ž‘์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„๊ธˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์€(่ฌๆฉ)ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณง ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ์‚ฌํ—Œ๋ถ€์ง€ํ‰์— ์ œ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณธ ํ—ˆ๋ชฉ, ์œคํœด๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ธฐ ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž์˜€๋˜ ์šฉ์ฃผ(้พๆดฒ) ์กฐ๊ฒฝ(่ถ™็ต…)๊ณผ์˜ ์ธ์—ฐ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ์•”์˜ ๋ถ€์นœ ์„๊ณ„(็Ÿณๆบช) ์ด์‹œ๋ช…(ๆŽๆ™‚ๆ˜Ž)์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ํŒŒ์ฃผ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์šฉ์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์นœ๋ถ„์ด ๋‘ํ„ฐ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ์•”์ด 42์„ธ ๋•Œ(1668) ๋ถ€์นœ์˜ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ์กฐ์šฉ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ„์ •(็ฐก้–)ํ•จ๊ณผ ์˜จ์•„(ๆบซ้›…)ํ•จ์— ๊ณต๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ ์ธ์—ฐ์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ •์— ์ถœ์‚ฌ ๊ทธ ๋’ค ์ˆ™์ข…๊ณผ ํ—ˆ๋ชฉ, ๊ถŒ๋Œ€์šด, ์œคํœด ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋œ ์ถœ์‚ฌ ์š”์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 1677๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 2๋…„) ์„ ๋ฌด๋ž‘ ์žฅ์•…์›์ฃผ๋ถ€(ๆŽŒๆจ‚้™ขไธป็ฐฟ)๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์–ด ๋ถ€์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๊ณต์กฐ์ขŒ๋ž‘(ๅทฅๆ›นไฝ้ƒž)์— ์ œ์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์ค‘์•™์ •๊ณ„์— ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•™๋•๋†’์€ ์ง€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ฒœ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ์ถœ์‚ฌํ•˜์ž ์ธ์กฐ ๋ฐ˜์ • ์ดํ›„ ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ์˜๋‚จ ๋‚จ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1678๋…„์— ๊ณต์กฐ์ •๋ž‘โ€ง์ง€ํ‰์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์„ธ ์™ธ์ฒ™ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ(ไธ‰ๆˆšๅฎถ)์˜ ์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•จ๊ณผ ๋‹น์Ÿ์˜ ํ๋‹จ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋…ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฒ™๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์™ธ์ฒ™์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋†๋‹จ์„ ๊ทœํƒ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹ค๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ธ์žฌ ๋“ฑ์šฉ์„ ์ƒ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ์‹œํ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑด์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ™์ข…์˜ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜์— 1680๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์‹ ํ™˜๊ตญ(ๅบš็”ณๆ›ๅฑ€) ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต์กฐ์ •๋ž‘ยท์‚ฌํ—Œ๋ถ€์ง€ํ‰ ๋“ฑ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์ธ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜๋‚จ ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ๊ณผ ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ •๊ณ„์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ถ์ธ ๊ณ„์—ด์ธ ๊ทผ๊ธฐ๋‚จ์ธ(่ฟ‘็•ฟๅ—ไบบ)๊ณผ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ์ด์›๋ก ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ญ์‹œ ์‹ค์šฉ์ฃผ์˜ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฒฌ์ง€ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ทผ๊ธฐ๋‚จ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์™ธ๋ฉด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ์œคํœด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ์ธ ๊ณ„์—ด ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์ •์— ์ฒœ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ดํ˜„์ผ์€ ๊ทผ๊ธฐ๋‚จ์ธ์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๊ตญ ์šด์˜์— ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋น„ํŒ์ , ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฌ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ์ •ํ†ต ์ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ฒญ๋‚จ์ด๋‚˜ ํƒ๋‚จ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •ํŒŒ์ธ ์˜๋‚จ ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๊ธฐ์ผ์›๋ก  ๋น„ํŒ ์ดํ›„ ์นฉ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 1686๋…„์—๋Š” ใ€Šํ™๋ฒ”์—ฐ์˜ใ€‹๋ฅผ ์†์„ฑ(็บŒๆˆ)ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1688๋…„์— ์ด์ด(ๆŽ็ฅ)์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์น ์ •๋ก (ๅ››็ซฏไธƒๆƒ…่ซ–)์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ ใ€Š์œจ๊ณก์ด์”จ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์น ์ •์„œ๋ณ€(ๆ —่ฐทๆŽๆฐๅ››็ซฏไธƒๆƒ…ๆ›ธ่พจ)ใ€‹์„ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด(็†)๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ—ˆ๋ฌดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋งŒํ™”(่ฌๅŒ–)์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ˆ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์น ์ •๋ก ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ(ๅ››็ซฏ)์€ ๊ณต(ๅ…ฌ), ์น ์ •(ไธƒๆƒ…)์€ ์‚ฌ(็ง)์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ณต์—๋Š” ๋ถˆ์„ (ไธๅ–„)์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฐœ(็†็™ผ)์ด์š”, ์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์„ (ๅ–„)ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ถˆ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœ(ๆฐฃ็™ผ)์ด๋‹ˆ, ์ด์™€ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ฆ‰ ์ด๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์ด ์žˆ์Œ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์ด์˜ ์ด๊ธฐ์ผ์›๋ก  ๋“ฑ์„ ์ •๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•, ์„œ์ธ์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1688๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 13๋…„) 8์›”์— ์ด์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์น ์ •๋ก (ๅ››็ซฏไธƒๆƒ…่ซ–)์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ ใ€Š์œจ๊ณก์‚ฌ๋‹จ์น ์ •์„œ๋ณ€(ๆ —่ฐทๅ››็ซฏไธƒๆƒ…ๆ›ธ่พจ)ใ€‹์„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1689๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 15) ๊ธฐ์‚ฌํ™˜๊ตญ(ๅทฑๅทณๆ›ๅฑ€)์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์ธ์ด ์ถ•์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚จ์ธ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ์œ ๋ ฅ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์ •์น˜์  ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์œ ํ˜„(ๅ„’่ณข)์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ด‰์—ด๋Œ€๋ถ€ ์„ฑ๊ท ๊ด€ ์‚ฌ์—…(ๅธๆฅญ)์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์กฐ์ฐธ์˜ยท์„ฑ๊ท ๊ด€์ขจ์ฃผ(็ฅญไธป) ๋“ฑ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผยท์œ ํ˜„์ด ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ง์„ ๋‘๋ฃจ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ๊ณ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์กฐ์ฐธํŒ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์กฐ์ฐธํŒ, ๋Œ€์‚ฌํ—Œ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ด€์›์˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ •๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ์•”์€ ์ƒ์ „์— ์„ฑ๊ท ๊ด€ ์ขจ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ง์ฑ…์„ ์‚ฌ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค๋ก๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ง‘์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ–ฅ์ดŒ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋“ฏํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅ์•ฝ(้„•็ด„)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์„ธ์›Œ ๊ฑด์˜ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋…ธ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์ธ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌํ™˜๊ตญ(ๅทฑๅทณๆ›ๅฑ€)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์ธ์ด ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ(ๅฑฑๆž—)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ฒฝ์„ธ์˜ ํฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŽผ์ณค๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ˆ˜ ํ—ˆ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑํ˜ธ ์œคํœด์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ(ๆญปๅŽป) ํ›„์— ๊ฐˆ์•”์€ ๋‚จ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์•™๋˜์–ด ์กด๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ํ—ˆ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ์œคํœด, ์œค์„ ๋„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ทผ๊ธฐ๋‚จ์ธ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„ ํ์œ„ ์ „ํ›„ 1689๋…„ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ(ๅฑฑๆž—)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์„ฑ๊ท ๊ด€์‚ฌ์—…(ๆˆๅ‡้คจๅธๆฅญ)์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ์‚ฌํ—Œ๋ถ€์žฅ๋ น์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ†ต์ •๋Œ€๋ถ€๋กœ ํŠน์ง„, ๊ณต์กฐ์ฐธ์˜์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„(ไป้กฏ็Ž‹ๅŽ) ํ๋น„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜์ž ๋‹น์ƒ‰์€ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๋ถ€๋กœ ํํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•จ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ง์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ ์œคํ—ˆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„ ํ์œ„์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๊ธฐ๋‚จ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œค์„ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๊ธฐ๋‚จ์ธ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์„ ๋นš๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž„์ˆ ๋ฌด์˜ฅ์˜ ์‹ ์„ค(ไผธ้›ช)๊ณผ ํฌ์ƒ์ž ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์ขŒ๋œ ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด, ๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฑด์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 6์›”์—๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ท ๊ด€์ขจ์ฃผ(็ฅญ้…’)์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์–ด ๊ฒธ ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ์ฐธ์ฐฌ๊ด€์„ ๊ฒธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ(็ถ“็ญต)์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ์˜ˆ์กฐ์ฐธํŒ ๊ฒธ ์„ฑ๊ท ๊ด€์ขจ์ฃผโ€ง์›์ž๋ณด์–‘๊ด€(ๅ…ƒๅญ่ผ”้คŠๅฎ˜)์— ๊ฒธ์ž„ ์ œ์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ์‚ฌ์ž„์˜ ๋œป์„ ํ‘œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์œคํ—ˆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 8์›”์—๋Š” ์‚ฌํ—Œ๋ถ€๋Œ€์‚ฌํ—Œ ๊ฒธ ์„ฑ๊ท ๊ด€์ขจ์ฃผ ์›์ž๋ณด์–‘๊ด€์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๊ณ , 9์›”์—๋Š” ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ ์™•์˜ ์œคํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ทผ๊ธฐ๋‚จ์ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฌ์ œ๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. 11์›”์—๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ™ฉ(็„š้ปƒ)์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ์˜คํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„์˜ ํ์œ„์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋ชฉ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ๋ชจ๋ก ๊ณผ ํ๋น„ ์œค์”จ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตญ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Œ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋œปํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1689๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 15)์— ์žฌ์ด(็ฝ็•ฐ: ์žฌ์•™์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ดด์ดํ•œ ์ผ)๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ตฌ์–ธ(ๆฑ‚่จ€)์— ์‘ํ•œ ์ƒ์†Œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ค‘ ํ๋น„ ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„(ไป้กฏ็Ž‹ๅŽ)๋ฅผ ๋ณ„๊ถ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜์ผ€ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ์†Œ๋ฌธ ๋ช‡ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ(่‡ช็ตถไบŽๅคฉ) ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ„๊ถ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์‚ผ์•„ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„ ํ๋น„ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์˜์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ค ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋…ธ๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•ด '๋ช…์˜์ฃ„์ธ(ๅ็พฉ็ฝชไบบ)'์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™์ธ ์ฐํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋ก ์€ ๊ด‘ํ•ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ด์ด์ฒจ์˜ ์ธ๋ชฉ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ๋ชจ๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฎ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ƒ๋น„๋ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰์ƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฌํ›„์—๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ช…์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚จ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์กด๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋„ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋ช…์˜์˜ ์ฃ„์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™์ธ ์ฐํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ถŒ ์žฅ์•… 1690๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 15๋…„) ์ด์กฐ์ฐธํŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์„ธ์ž์‹œ๊ฐ•์›์ฐฌ์„ ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์„ธ์ž์ฑ…๋ก€(ไธ–ๅญๅ†Œ็ฆฎ)์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌํ—Œ, ์ด์กฐ์ฐธํŒ์— ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์„œ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ, ๊ทผ๊ธฐ๋‚จ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ, ์ฒญ๋‚จ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์ง ์ƒ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ˆ™์ข…์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด๊ณ„ ์ดํ™ฉ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์ ํ†ต์ž„์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์กฐ์ •์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ๋‘๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1692๋…„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌํ—Œ๋ถ€๋Œ€์‚ฌํ—Œ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋œ ์ฒญ์„ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ์Šน๋ณด(้™ž่ฃœ)ยทํ•™์ œ(ๅญธ่ฃฝ)ยท๋„ํšŒ(้ƒฝๆœƒ)ยท์žก๊ณผ(้›œ็ง‘) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•™๋ฌธยท๋•ํ–‰ยท๋ฌธ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ •์žํ•™๊ต(็จ‹ๅญๅญธๆ ก)์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ œ๋„์— ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ํŠน๊ถŒ์ธต ์ž์ œ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๋งฅ ๋“ฑ ๋งค๊ด€๋งค์ง๊ณผ ์—ฐ์ค„๋กœ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€์‹  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ€์ •์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน ์‹œ์ •, ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑด์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์‹ ๋ฌด์˜ฅ(๊ฒฝ์‹ ํ™˜๊ตญ)๊ณผ ์ž„์ˆ ๋ฌด์˜ฅ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์„ค, ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ๋ณ‘์กฐ์ฐธํŒ์— ์ œ์ˆ˜๋œ ๋’ค ์žํ—Œ๋Œ€๋ถ€(่ณ‡ๆ†ฒๅคงๅคซ) ์˜์ •๋ถ€์šฐ์ฐธ์ฐฌ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์–ด ์ด์กฐํŒ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์กฐ์ •์˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ถŒ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„œ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ง‘๊ถŒ ๋‚จ์ธ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ์— ์ „๋…ํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์š”๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‹ค๊ถŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐˆ์•”์ด ๊ฟˆ๊พธ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋„ํ•™์  ๊ฒฝ์„ธ์ œ๋ฏผ์˜ ํฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฐฐ์™€ ์ตœํ›„ ์œ ๋ฐฐ์™€ ์ด๋ฐฐ, ์ €์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™ 1694๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 19๋…„) 4์›” ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์œ„๋œ ๋’ค ์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ–ํ˜€ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๊ณ ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ‘์ˆ ํ™˜๊ตญ(็”ฒๆˆŒๆ›ๅฑ€) ๋•Œ ๋“์ฃ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ(่ถ™ๅ—ฃๅŸบ)๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ, ์‹ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์„œ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ„์›๊ณผ ์‚ฌํ—Œ๋ถ€์˜ ํƒ„ํ•ต์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋„ ํ™์›ํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„œ์ธ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ง•(ๅฎ‰ไธ–ๅพต)์˜ ํƒ„ํ•ต์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ด์–ด ์„œ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ„์›, ์‚ฌํ—Œ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์† ํƒ„ํ•ต๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ข…์„ฑ๊ตฐ์— ์ด๋ฑŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณง ์œ„๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์น˜(ๅœ็ฑฌๅฎ‰็ฝฎ)๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ๋„ ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์ฐพ์•„์˜จ ํ•™๋™๊ณผ ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธ€์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ฉฐ ใ€Š์ˆ˜์ฃผ๊ด€๊ทœ๋ก (ๆ„ๅทž็ฎก็ชบ้Œ„)ใ€‹์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์กฐ์‹(ๆ›บๆค)์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์„ ๋ฐฐ ์œ ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์„ค์„ ๋น„ํŒ, ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•œ ใ€Š์ˆ˜์ฃผ๊ด€๊ทœ๋ก (ๆ„ๅทž็ฎก็ชบ้Œ„)ใ€‹์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1697๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 23๋…„) ๋ด„์— ใ€Š๋ˆ์ „์ˆ˜์–ด(ๆƒ‡ๅ…ธ็ฒน่ชž)ใ€‹๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ฐฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1697๋…„์— ๊ณ ๋ น์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ฐํ˜•๋˜์–ด ๊ทธํ•ด 5์›” ํ˜ธ๋‚จ์˜ ๊ด‘์–‘ํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ์•”์€ 53์ผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œก๋กœ์™€ ๋ฑƒ๊ธธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 7์›” 15์ผ ์ „๋ผ๋‚จ๋„ ๊ด‘์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์™”๊ณ , 1698๋…„ 3์›” ์„ฌ์ง„๊ฐ•๋ณ€ ์˜ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๊ฐˆ์€๋ฆฌ(่‘›้šฑ้‡Œ)๋กœ ์ด๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์ฐพ์•„์˜จ ํ›„ํ•™๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1699๋…„ 2์›”์— ๋ฐฉ๊ท€์ „๋ฆฌ(ๆ”พๆญธ็”ฐ้‡Œ)์˜ ๋ช…์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์ € ํ’€๋ ค๋‚˜ ํ–ฅ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์„๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์ตœํ›„ 1700๋…„ 4์›”์—๋Š” ์•ˆ๋™์˜ ์ž„ํ•˜ํ˜„ ๊ธˆ์†Œ์—ญ(็ด่ฉ”้ฉ›)์— ์ด๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ธˆ์–‘(้Œฆ้™ฝ)์—์„œ ์ง‘์„ ์ง“๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ ์ œ์ƒ(่ซธ็”Ÿ)์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1701๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 27๋…„) 8์›” ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์ž ์„๋ฐฉ๋ช…์„ ํ™˜์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์••์†ก๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค ํ–ฅ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋ฆฌํ•™ ํ•™๋ฌธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ›„ํ•™ ์–‘์„ฑ์— ์ „๋…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜๋‚จํ•™ํŒŒ(ๅถบๅ—ๅญธๆดพ)์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋กœ ์ดํ™ฉ(ๆŽๆป‰)์˜ ํ•™ํ†ต์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดํ™ฉ์˜ ์ด๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฐœ์„ค(็†ๆฐฃไบ’็™ผ่ชช)์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œจ๊ณก ์ด์ด(ๆŽ็ฅ)์˜ ํ•™์„ค์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €์„œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ง‘ใ€Š๊ฐˆ์•”์ง‘ (่‘›ๅบต้›†)ใ€‹, ๋ˆ์ „์ˆ˜์–ด(ๆƒ‡ๅ…ธ็ฒน่ชž), ์ถฉ์ ˆ๋ก(ๅฟ ็ฏ€้Œ„), ๋น„ํ‰์„œ ใ€Š์ˆ˜์ฃผ๊ด€๊ทœ๋ก (ๆ„ๅทž็ฎก็ชบ้Œ„)ใ€‹, ใ€Š์‹ ํŽธํŒ”์ง„๋„์„ค(ๆ–ฐ็ทจๅ…ซ้™ณๅœ–่ชช)ใ€‹, ์œจ๊ณก์ด์”จ์‚ฌ์น ์„œ๋ณ€(ๆ —่ฐทๆŽๆฐๅ››ไธƒๆ›ธ่พจ) ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ค‘ํ˜• ์ดํœ˜์ผ(ๆŽๅพฝ้€ธ)๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์€ ๊ณตํŽธ์„œ ใ€Šํ™๋ฒ”์—ฐ์˜ (ๆดช็ฏ„่ก็พฉ)ใ€‹๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ด์˜ ํ•™์„ค์ธ ์ด๊ธฐ์ผ์›๋ก  ๋“ฑ์„ ์ •๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ ์œจ๊ณก์ด์”จ์‚ฌ์น ์„œ๋ณ€์ด ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์„œ์ธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์„ฑํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜๋‚จํ•™ํŒŒ(ๅถบๅ—ๅญธๆดพ)์˜ ์ •ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์•™๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ™ฉ์˜ ํ•™ํ†ต์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธํ•˜์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ™ฉ์˜ ์ด๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฐœ์„ค(็†ๆฐฃไบ’็™ผ่ชช)์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์ด(ๆŽ็ฅ) ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•™์„ค์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1703๋…„ 7์›”์—๋Š” ใ€Š์กด์ฃผ๋ก(ๅฐŠๅ‘จ้Œ„)ใ€‹์„ ํŽธ์ฐฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1704๋…„์— ์˜ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์ธ๋•๋ฆฌ(ไปๅพท้‡Œ)๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋™๊ตฐ ๊ธˆ์†Œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ๊ธˆ์–‘์—์„œ ์š”์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1704๋…„ 10์›” ์•ˆ๋™๊ตฐ ์ž„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ธˆ์–‘์žฌ์‚ฌ(้Œฆ้™ฝ้ฝ‹่ˆ)์—์„œ ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ›„ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ์˜ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๊ธˆ์–‘์— ๋งค์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด ํ–ฅ๋…„ 77์„ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํƒˆ๊ณผ ๋ณต๊ถŒ 1710๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 36)์— ์ฃ„๋ช…์ด ํ’€๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ๋ณต๊ด€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1718๋…„ ์˜ํ•ด์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐ์„œ์›(ไปๅฑฑๆ›ธ้™ข)์— ์ œํ–ฅ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜์กฐ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด, ๋ณต๊ถŒ์šด๋™์— ์ ๊ทน ๋‚˜์„  ์ œ์ž ๊น€์„ฑํƒ์€ ์œ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1720๋…„(๊ฒฝ์ข… ์ฆ‰์œ„๋…„) ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณต๊ถŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1728๋…„(์˜์กฐ 5๋…„) ์†Œ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์ธ์ด ๊ฑฐ์„ธ๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ถ”ํƒˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1795๋…„(์ •์กฐ 19๋…„) 10์›” ์ •์กฐ์˜ ํŠน๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ด€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ •์กฐ ์‚ฌํ›„ 1801๋…„(์ˆœ์กฐ ์ฆ‰์œ„๋…„) ๋…ธ๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ถ”ํƒˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1853๋…„(์ฒ ์ข… 4)์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณต๊ด€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌ˜์†Œ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๊ธˆ์–‘ ๋ถ๋ก(ๅŒ—้บ“)์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 1705๋…„(์ˆ™์ข… 31) ์˜ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์‹ ์‚ฌ๋™(ๆ–ฐๅฏบๆดž)์œผ๋กœ ์ด์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1833๋…„(์ˆœ์กฐ 33) ์˜ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์ฐฝ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์„œ์ธ๋Ÿ‰๋ฆฌ(ํ˜„ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„ ์˜๋•๊ตฐ ์ฐฝ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ธ๋Ÿ‰๋ฆฌ) ํ–‰์ •(ๆไบญ)์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ฐจ ์ด์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1853๋…„(์ฒ ์ข… 4)์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณต๊ด€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1871๋…„(๊ณ ์ข… 8)์— ๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ(ๆ–‡ๆ•ฌ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1873๋…„ ๋ณต๊ถŒ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์ž ๋…ธ๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํŒŒ์ธ ํ™”์„œํ•™ํŒŒ ์ตœ์ตํ˜„, ๊น€ํ‰๋ฌต์˜ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1909๋…„(์œตํฌ 3๋…„)์— ๊ด€์ง๊ณผ ์‹œํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ›„ 1705๋…„ 1์›” ์•ˆ๋™ ๊ธˆ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ธˆ์–‘ ๋ถ์ชฝ ๊ธฐ์Šญ์— ๋งค์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, 1706๋…„ ์•ˆ๋™ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ์˜ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์‹ ์‚ฌ๋™ ์–ธ๋•์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๊ณ , 1832๋…„(์ˆœ์กฐ 32) ์˜ํ•ด ์„œ์ชฝ ์ธ๋Ÿ‰๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์ •(ๆไบญ) ์‚ฌํ–ฅ(ๅทณๅ‘) ์–ธ๋•์— ์ •๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋„๋น„๋Š” ๋ฌ˜์†Œ ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ ค๋˜ ๋ณธ์˜์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ธํ˜„์™•ํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ค ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด '๋ช…์˜์ฃ„์ธ(ๅ็พฉ็ฝชไบบ)'์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™์ธ ์ฐํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ €์ˆ  ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ธˆ์„œ(็ฆๆ›ธ)๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ํ‰์„œ(ๅ‡ถๆ›ธ)๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋ผ ๊ฐ„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ฃ„์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌํ›„ 200๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™์€ ์•„๋“ค ๋ฐ€์•”(ๅฏ†่ด) ์ด์žฌ(ๆŽๆ ฝ)๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์™ธ์ฆ์†์ธ ๋Œ€์‚ฐ ์ด์ƒ์ •(ๆŽ่ฑก้–)์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์ •์˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ์ธ ์ •์žฌ ์œ ์น˜๋ช… ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•™๋ด‰ ๊น€์„ฑ์ผ์˜ ์ข…์†์ธ ์„œ์‚ฐ ๊น€ํฅ๋ฝ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™ํ†ต์ด ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ์ •ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์œจ๊ณก ์ด์ด์˜ ์ด๊ธฐ์ผ์›๋ก ์„ ์ •๋ฉด ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ์—, ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ๋‹น์ธ ์„œ์ธ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ก ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ›„์—๋„ ๋…ธ๋ก  ์น˜ํ•˜์— ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ด€์ง๊ณผ ์ฆ์ง, ์‚ฌํ›„์— ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด ๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธ์ง‘์„ ๊ฐ„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ด€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ น์„ ํŒŒ๋ฉด์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถˆ์‚ด๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜๋‚จ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์† ํ›„ํ•™์„ ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1909๋…„(์œตํฌ 3๋…„) ์ดํ›„์—์•ผ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ ํ’€๋ ค๋‚˜ ํ›„์ง„์–‘์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค ์ฃฝ์€ ์•ˆ๋™ ๊ธˆ์†Œ์—๋Š” ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ด์‹œ์˜์˜ ๊ธ€์”จ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ฐˆ์•” ์„ ์ƒ ๊ธˆ์–‘์œ ํ—ˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์„œ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ์•”์˜ ์ •์ž๋Š” ์˜์–‘๊ตฐ ์„๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋‚จ๋ฆฌ์— ๋‚จ์•…์ •(ๅ—ๅถฝไบญ)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๊ด€์  ์ดํ˜„์ผ์€ ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ์˜ ์ ํ†ต์ด์ž ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™์„ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ์˜นํ˜ธ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ‡ด๊ณ„ ํ•™์„ค์˜ ๋ฌด์˜ค๋ฅ˜์„ค์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์กฐ๋ชฉ(่ถ™็ฉ†), ๊น€์„ฑ์ผ(้‡‘่ช ไธ€), ๋ฅ˜์„ฑ๋ฃก ๋“ฑ ํ‡ด๊ณ„์˜ ์ œ์ž๋“ค์€ ํ‡ด๊ณ„์˜ ์ด๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฐœ์„ค(็†ๆฐฃไบ’็™ผ่ชช)์ด ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฅ˜์„ฑ๋ฃก์ด๋‚˜ ๊น€์„ฑ์ผ์€ ํ‡ด๊ณ„์˜ ํ•™์„ค์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์กฐ์‹์˜ ํ•™ํ†ต์„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ ์žฅํ˜„๊ด‘(ๅผต้กฏๅ…‰)๋‚˜ ๋ฅ˜์„ฑ๋ฃก์˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ์ธ ์ •๊ฒฝ์„ธ(้„ญ็ถ“ไธ–) ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์œจ๊ณก ์ด์ด(ๆ —่ฐทๆŽ็ฅ)์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœ์ด์Šน์„ค(ๆฐฃ็™ผ็†ไน˜่ชช), ์ด๊ธฐ์ผ์›๋ก ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™์„ค์— ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์„ฑํ˜ผ์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ด, ์„ฑํ˜ผ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ด์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ์•”์€ ์ด์ด์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ™ฉ์˜ ์ด๊ธฐ์ด์›๋ก , ์ด๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฐœ์„ค์ด ์ง„๋ฆฌ์ž„์„ ์ ๊ทน ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ์ดํ˜„์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ˜„์ผ์€ ์ด์ด์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด(็†)๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ—ˆ๋ฌดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋งŒํ™”(่ฌๅŒ–)์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ˆ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์น ์ •๋ก ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ(ๅ››็ซฏ)์€ ๊ณต(ๅ…ฌ), ์น ์ •(ไธƒๆƒ…)์€ ์‚ฌ(็ง)์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ณต์—๋Š” ๋ถˆ์„ (ไธๅ–„)์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฐœ(็†็™ผ)์ด์š”, ์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์„ (ๅ–„)ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ถˆ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœ(ๆฐฃ็™ผ)์ด๋‹ˆ, ์ด์™€ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ฆ‰ ์ด๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์ด ์žˆ์Œ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ˜„์ผ์€ ์ด์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋น„ํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด์ด์˜ ์ œ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ถ•์ด ๋œ ์„œ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์š”์ฃผ์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋‚™์ธ์ฐํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ์œคํœด, ์œค์„ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์œจ๊ณก ์ด์ด๋ฅผ ์Šน๋ ค, ๋„๊ฐ€์  ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ž€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋˜ ์„œ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ดํ˜„์ผ์˜ ์ด์ด ๋น„ํŒ์— ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ดํ˜„์ผ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ํ„ํ•˜, ๋งค์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด '์ดํ˜„์ผ์€ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.', '์„ ๋น„์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์นญํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ฒผ์Šฌ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ณง ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.', '๊ฐ•์—ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡๋˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ๋ง์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค.'๋“ฑ์˜ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ™์ข…์‹ค๋ก ๋“ฑ ์™•์กฐ์‹ค๋ก์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €์„œ ใ€Š๊ฐˆ์•”์ง‘ (่‘›ๅบต้›†)ใ€‹ ์œจ๊ณก์‚ฌ์น ๋ณ€(ๆ —่ฐทๅ››ไธƒ่พจ) ํ™๋ฒ”ํ–‰์˜(ๆดช็ฏ„่กŒ็พฉ), ํ˜• ์ดํœ˜์ผ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณต์ € ๋ˆ์ „์ˆ˜์–ด(ๆƒ‡ๅ…ธ็ฒน่ชž) ์กด์ฃผ๋ก (ๅฐŠๅ‘จ่ซ–) ์‹ ํŽธํŒ”์ง„๋„์„ค(ๆ–ฐ็ทจๅ…ซ้™ณๅœ–่ชช) ์˜๋ชจ๋ก(ๆฐธๆ…•้Œ„) ์ถฉ์ ˆ๋ก(ๅฟ ็ฏ€้Œ„) ์กด์ฃผ๋ก(ๅฐŠๅ‘จ้Œ„) ์„ฑ์œ ๋ก(่–่ซญ้Œ„) ๋น„ํ‰์„œ ใ€Š์ˆ˜์ฃผ๊ด€๊ทœ๋ก (ๆ„ๅทž็ฎก็ชบ้Œ„)ใ€‹ ์œจ๊ณก์ด์”จ์‚ฌ์น ์„œ๋ณ€(ๆ —่ฐทๆŽๆฐๅ››ไธƒๆ›ธ่พจ) ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ™”๊ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์ผ๋‘์œ ํ—ˆ(่Šฑ้–‹้Ž้„ญไธ€่ น้บๅขŸ) ๋“ฑ์•…์–‘๋ฃจ์œ ํ—ˆ(็™ปๅฒณ้™ฝๆจ“้บๅขŸ) ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ : ์ดํ•จ(ๆŽๆถต) ๋ฐฑ๋ถ€ : ์ด์‹œ์ฒญ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ : ์ด์‹ ์ผ(ๆŽ่Ž˜้€ธ) ์‚ผ์ดŒ : ์ด์‹œํ˜•(ๆŽๆ™‚ไบจ) ์‚ฌ์ดŒ ; ์ด์ „์ผ(ๆŽๅ‚ณ้€ธ) ์‚ฌ์ดŒ : ์ดํ›„์ผ(ๆŽๅพŒ้€ธ) ์‚ผ์ดŒ : ์ด์‹œ์„ฑ(ๆŽๆ™‚ๆˆ) ์‚ฌ์ดŒ : ์ดํœ˜์ผ(ๆŽๅพฝ้€ธ, ๋‘˜์งธ ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ผ์ดŒ ์ด์‹œ์„ฑ์˜ ์–‘์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค, 1619 - 1672) ์‚ผ์ดŒ : ์ด์‹œ์ง„(ๆŽๆ™‚้œ‡) ์‚ฌ์ดŒ : ์ด๋•์ƒ(ๆŽๅพท็”Ÿ) ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ : ์ด์‹œ๋ช…(ๆŽๆ™‚ๆ˜Ž) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ : ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊น€์”จ(ๅ…‰ๅฑฑ้‡‘ๆฐ) ๊ฒ€์—ด(ๆชข้–ฑ) ๊น€ํ•ด(้‡‘ๅž“)์˜ ๋”ธ, ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ด์‹œ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์ธ ์ด๋ณต ํ˜• : ์ด์ƒ์ผ(ๆŽๅฐ™้€ธ, 1611 - 1678) ์ด๋ณต ํ˜•์ˆ˜ : ํ’์‚ฐ ๋ฅ˜์”จ, ๋ฅ˜์ง„(ๆŸณ่ข—)์˜ ๋”ธ, ๋ฅ˜์„ฑ๋ฃก์˜ ์†๋…€ ์ด๋ณต ๋ˆ„๋‚˜ : ์žฌ๋ น ์ด์”จ ์ด๋ณต ๋งค๋ถ€ : ์—ฌ๊ตญํ—Œ(ไฝ™ๅœ‹็ป) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ (์ƒ๋ชจ) : ์ •๋ถ€์ธ ์•ˆ๋™ ์žฅ์”จ(่ฒžๅคซไบบ ๅฎ‰ๆฑ ๅผตๆฐ, 1598๋…„ - 1680๋…„), ํ•™์ž ๊ฒฝ๋‹น ์žฅํฅํšจ์˜ ๋”ธ ํ˜• : ์ดํœ˜์ผ, ์‚ผ์ดŒ ์ด์‹œ์„ฑ์˜ ์–‘์ž๋กœ ์ถœ๊ณ„ ๋™์ƒ : ์ด์ˆญ์ผ(ๆŽๅตฉ้€ธ, 1631 - 1698) ์ œ์ˆ˜ : ์กฐ์”จ, ์กฐ์ •ํ—Œ(่ถ™ๅปทํ—Œ)์˜ ๋”ธ ์ œ์ˆ˜ : ์˜ค์”จ, ์˜ค์ด๊ฑด(ๅณไปฅๅฅ)์˜ ๋”ธ, ์ด์ˆญ์ผ์˜ ํ›„์ฒ˜ ๋™์ƒ : ์ด์ •์ผ(ๆŽ้–้€ธ, 1635 - 1704) ์ œ์ˆ˜ : ๋‚จ์”จ, ๋‚จํ•„๋Œ€(ๅ—ๅฟ…ๅคง)์˜ ๋”ธ ๋™์ƒ : ์ด์œต์ผ(ๆŽ้š†้€ธ, 1636 - 1698) ์ œ์ˆ˜ : ๊น€์”จ, ๊น€์ดˆ(้‡‘็คŽ)์˜ ๋”ธ ๋™์ƒ : ์ด์šด์ผ(ๆŽ้›ฒ้€ธ) ์ œ์ˆ˜ : ๊ถŒ์”จ, ๊ถŒ์ (ๆฌŠ็ฉ)์˜ ๋”ธ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ : ์žฌ๋ น์ด์”จ ๋งค๋ถ€ : ๊น€์˜(้‡‘์˜) ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ : ์žฌ๋ น์ด์”จ ๋งค๋ถ€ : ๊น€์ด(้‡‘ๆ€ก) ๋ถ€์ธ : ๋ถ€์ธ : ์ •๋ถ€์ธ(่ฒžๅคซไบบ) ๋ฌด์•ˆ ๋ฐ•์”จ(ๅ‹™ๅฎ‰ๆœดๆฐ) ์•„๋“ค : ์ด์—ฐ(ๆŽ์—ฐ) ๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ : ๊น€์”จ, ๊น€๋ฌต(้‡‘้ป˜)์˜ ๋”ธ ์•„๋“ค : ์ด๊ตฌ(ๆŽ๊ตฌ) ๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ : ๊น€์”จ, ๊น€์ดˆ(้‡‘็คŽ)์˜ ๋”ธ ์•„๋“ค : ์ด์žฌ(ๆŽๆ ฝ, ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋ฐ€์•”(ๅฏ†ๅบต), 1657๋…„ โˆผ 1730๋…„) ๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ : ์˜์„ฑ ๊น€์”จ(็พฉๅŸŽ้‡‘ๆฐ), ๊น€ํ•™๊ทœ(้‡‘ๅญธ้€ต)์˜ ๋”ธ ์•„๋“ค : ์ด์‹ฌ(ๆŽ์‹ฌ) ์ž(ๅญ—) ๊ณ„๊ฐ„(ๅญฃๅนน) ๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ : ์กฐ์”จ(่ถ™ๆฐ) ๋”ธ : ์žฌ๋ น์ด์”จ ์‚ฌ์œ„ : ๊น€์ดํ˜„(้‡‘ไปฅ้‰‰) ๋”ธ : ์žฌ๋ น์ด์”จ ์‚ฌ์œ„ : ํ™์–ต(ๆดชๅ„„) ๋”ธ : ์žฌ๋ น์ด์”จ ์‚ฌ์œ„ : ๊น€๋Œ€(้‡‘ๅฒฑ) ์ฒฉ : ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ ์„œ์ž : ์ด?(ๆŽ?) ์„œ์ž : ์ด?(ๆŽ?) ์„œ์ž : ์ด๋ฐ˜(ๆŽๆงƒ) ์™ธํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ : ์žฅํฅํšจ(ๅผต่ˆˆๅญ, 1564๋…„ ~ 1634๋…„) ์™ธ์ฆ์กฐ๋ถ€ : ์žฅํŒฝ์ˆ˜(ๅผตๅฝญๅฃฝ) ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ์†ก ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋‚จ์ธ ํ‡ด๊ณ„ํ•™ํŒŒ ์ดํ™ฉ ์žฅํฅํšจ ์ดํœ˜์ผ ์ด์‹œ๋ช… ์žฅ๊ณ„ํ–ฅ ๋ฅ˜์„ฑ๋ฃก ๊น€์„ฑ์ผ ๋ณ‘ํ˜ธ์‹œ๋น„ ์ด์ด ์กฐ์‹ ์ •๊ตฌ ์žฅํ˜„๊ด‘ ํ—ˆ๋ชฉ ์œคํœด ์œค์„ ๋„ ํ—ˆ์  ๊น€์žฅ์ƒ ์†ก์‹œ์—ด ์†ก์ค€๊ธธ ๊ฐ•ํ•„ํšจ ์ด์šฐ์นญ ์ด์ฃผ์ขŒ ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ์ด์žฌ์˜ค ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ ๊ฐˆ์•”์ข…ํƒ - ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ ์ œ84ํ˜ธ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฐˆ์•”์ง‘(่‘›ๅบต้›†) ์ธ๋ฌผ๊ณ (ไบบ็‰ฉ่€ƒ) ์ธ์กฐ์‹ค๋ก(ไป็ฅ–ๅฏฆ้Œ„) ์ˆ™์ข…์‹ค๋ก(่‚…ๅฎ—ๅฏฆ้Œ„) ๊ตญ์กฐ์ธ๋ฌผ๊ณ (ๅœ‹ๆœไบบ็‰ฉ่€ƒ) ์Šน์ •์›์ผ๊ธฐ(ๆ‰ฟๆ”ฟ้™ขๆ—ฅ่จ˜) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ์  ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ, ใ€Š์ข…๊ฐ€์˜ ์ œ๋ก€์™€ ์Œ์‹ใ€‹(๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ, ๊น€์˜์‚ฌ, 2005) ์†ก์ง€ํ–ฅ, ใ€Š์•ˆ๋™ํ–ฅํ† ์ง€ใ€‹(๋Œ€์„ฑ๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฌ, 1983) ๊น€ํ•™์ˆ˜, ๊ฐˆ์•” ์ดํ˜„์ผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ:๊ฒฝ์„ธ๋ก ๊ณผ ํ•™ํ†ต๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ (ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ค‘์•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›, 1996) ์•ˆ์œ ๊ฒฝ, ใ€Š๊ฐˆ์•” ์ดํ˜„์ผ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์‚ฌ์ƒ:์ดํ˜„์ผ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌใ€‹ (ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ •๋ณด, 2009) ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ •๋ณด ํŽธ์ง‘๋ถ€, ใ€Š๊ฐˆ์•” ์ดํ˜„์ผ ๋ฌธ์ง‘ใ€‹ (ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ •๋ณด, 2006) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ [์ข…๊ฐ€๊ธฐํ–‰ โ‘จ] ่‘›ๅบต ๆŽ็Ž„้€ธ17์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋‚จ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๅฑฑๆž—์˜ ๋ช…์ˆ˜โ€ฆ ๋‹น์Ÿ ํœ˜๋ง๋ ค ๊ณ ์ดˆ 1627๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1704๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์‹  ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์œ ํ•™์ž ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ €์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์„œ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ดํ™ฉ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ธ‰์ œ์ž ์˜๋•๊ตฐ ์ถœ์‹  ์žฌ๋ น ์ด์”จ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋‚จ์ธ 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi%20Hyeon-il
Yi Hyeon-il
Yi Hyeon-il - ์ดํ˜„์ผ - ๆŽ็Ž„้€ธ (1627โ€“1704) was a scholar-official of the Joseon period of Korea. His Ja was Ikseung (์ต์Šน,็ฟผๆ˜‡), his pen name was Garam (๊ฐˆ์•”,่‘›ๅบต) and his Siho was Mungyeong (๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ, ๆ–‡ๆ•ฌ). He lead the Toegye school during the reign of King Sukjong and was a prominent Namin. Due to political turmoil and factional strife, he had to suffer a succession of dismissals and reinstatements, even after his death. For this reason, the publication of his collected papers, the GaramJib, was ever and ever delayed and only occurred in the 1910s. Sources Doopedia AcaKor References 16th-century Korean writers Korean scholars
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%8B%B0%20%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%AC
ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ
ใ€Šํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌใ€‹(, )์€ ํƒ€์นด๋ผ ํ† ๋ฏธ์™€ ์‹  ์†Œํ”ผ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์•„์ผ€์ด๋“œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ํ† ์ด์ €๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋‚˜ ๋กฏ๋ฐ๋งˆํŠธ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ์•„์˜ˆ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญํŒ ๋ฐœ๋งค ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ์˜ค๋กœ๋ผ๋“œ๋ฆผ์€ ํ•œ,์ผ ํ•ฉ์ž‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์ธ ์•„์ด๋ผ,๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ,๋ฏธ์˜จ(๋””์–ด๋งˆ์ดํ“จ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ฉ”์ด,์•„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋ผ,๋ฏธ์˜จ),์„ธ๋ ˆ๋‚˜๋ฐ,์บ๋…ผ,ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค(๋””์–ด๋งˆ์ดํ“จ์ฒ˜์˜ ์นด์ผ๋ฆฌ)๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•จ. ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ณด์„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค(ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ:๋””์–ด ๋งˆ์ด ํ“จ์ฒ˜) 2013๋…„ 2์›” ใ€ˆ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ณด์„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†คใ€‰์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ํƒ€์นด๋ผํ† ๋ฏธ์•„์ธ ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ง€์‚ฌ์ธ ํ‹ฐ์•„์ธ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ์ •์‹๋ฐœ๋งค ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ธ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋”๋น™ ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ ์ ๊ฒ€์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  2013๋…„ 6์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„œ์šธ, ๋ถ€์‚ฐ, ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ, ๋ถ€์ฒœ ๋“ฑ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ฒดํ—˜ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2013๋…„ 7์›”์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์„œ์šธ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ผ์ด์„ ์‹ฑํŽ˜์–ด 2013์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ฒดํ—˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์งํ›„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ใ€ˆ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ณด์„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†คใ€‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‹์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ• ์ธ์  ๋“ฑ์ง€์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ด๋งˆํŠธ์™€ ํ† ์ด์ €๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค(ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ:๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ) ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ใ€ˆ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ณด์„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†คใ€‰์˜ ํ›„์†์ž‘์ธ ใ€ˆ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†คใ€‰์€ 2014๋…„ 6์›” 22์ผ ๋กฏ๋ฐ๋งˆํŠธ ํ‰์ดŒ์ ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋„ 8์›” 14์ผ ์„œ์šธ CMG์„ฌ์œ ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค ์ „๊ตญ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ฒธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋ฐœํ‘œํšŒ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2014๋…„ 9์›” ใ€ˆ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†คใ€‰์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ง€ 2๊ฐœ์›”์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 2014๋…„ 11์›” 3์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ใ€ˆ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†คใ€‰ ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ž‘๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์ ์€ ์Šคํ†ค์˜ ์ƒ๊น€์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 3 ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ 'ํ“จ์–ด ์Šคํ†ค'์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์—ฐ ์žฅ๋ฉด ์ดํ›„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋“์  ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์•กํŠธ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ํ”ผ๊ฒจ ์Šค์ผ€์ดํŒ…๊ณผ ์•„์ด๋Œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์นœ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์‡ผ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์™€ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถค๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋‹ค. ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ ์€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋ณธํŽธ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค(์Šคํ†ค)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ดํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์† ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณต์žฅ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฝ”๋””ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์™„๊ตฌ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋™ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค(์ธํ˜•,์นด๋“œ ๋“ฑ)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์šฉ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์•„์ดํ…œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์Šคํ†ค(์Šคํ†ค) ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ํ๋น…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํ†ค ์ž์ฒด์— ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์˜ ์Šค์บ” ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ๋ผ์šฐ๋ฉด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์† ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณต์žฅ์ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ์ฐฉ์šฉ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Šคํ†ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฝ”๋””ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถœํ˜„๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ ˆ์–ด ์Šคํ†ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šคํ†ค์˜ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋žซ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์Šคํ†ค ์ฝ”๋“œ์— โ˜…ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ†ค์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์บก์Šํ† ์ด์—์„œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— 2๊ฐœ (2,000์›)์”ฉ ๋ฝ‘๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์Šคํ†ค ๋ฉ”์ด์ปค, ์Šคํ†ค ํ‚คํŠธ, ์•„์ด๋Œ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์„ธํŠธ, ์Šคํƒ€ํ„ฐ ํ‚คํŠธ ๋“ฑ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์Šคํ†ค์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์นด๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‚จ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์บ๋Ÿฟ(์ ์ˆ˜)์„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋žญํฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋žญํฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋‚œ์ด๋„๋‚˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ, ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ ํ”„์™€ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‰์ผ์— ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํ•˜๋ฉด ํ† ์š”์ผ ๋ฐ ์ผ์š”์ผ์— ํ•  ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค 2๋ฐฐ์˜ ์บ๋Ÿฟ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์–ด์ฑ” ์ธํ˜• ใ€ˆ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ณด์„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†คใ€‰ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋ณธํŽธ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋งˆ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ด‰์ œ์ธํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ธํ˜•์˜ ์—‰๋ฉ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค์ด ๋ฐ•ํ˜€ ์žˆ์–ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์˜ ์Šค์บ” ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ๋ผ์šฐ๋ฉด ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ณต์žฅ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ฝ”๋”” ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1,080์ (๊ธˆ์ฃผ ์œ ํ–‰๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1,180์ )์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฝ”๋””์™€์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์–ดํŽซ ์ธํ˜• ใ€ˆ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†คใ€‰ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋ณธํŽธ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋งˆ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ด‰์ œ์ธํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ธํ˜•์˜ ์—‰๋ฉ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค์ด ๋ฐ•ํ˜€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฝ”๋””์™€ ์กฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค ์ผ€์ด์Šค ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์–ด๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋กœ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋„ฃ์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋‘๋ฉด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋น›์„ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์Šคํƒ€ ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค#ํ•ดํ”ผ๋ ˆ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค#๋ฒจ๋กœ์ฆˆ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋กœ๋ผ ๋“œ๋ฆผ ์Šคํƒ€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ๋””์–ด ๋งˆ์ด ํ“จ์ฒ˜#๋งˆ๋ฅด์Šค(MARs)์™€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ๋””์–ด ๋งˆ์ด ํ“จ์ฒ˜#์„ธ๋ ˆ๋…ผ with ์นด์ผ๋ฆฌ(SereNon with Kylie) ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋””์–ด๋งˆ์ดํ“จ์ฒ˜ ์Šคํƒ€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ๋””์–ด ๋งˆ์ด ํ“จ์ฒ˜#ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฏธ(Prizmmyโ˜†)์™€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ๋””์–ด ๋งˆ์ด ํ“จ์ฒ˜#ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ(PRETTY) ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์„ ํƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๋ ˆ๋‚˜์™€ ์บ๋…ผ์€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์„ ํƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๋ ˆ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณจ๋“œ ๋ฐ๋ท”๋กœ ๋žญํฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋žญํฌ์™€๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ฐ€๋™ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์— 1,000์›(500์›ร—2๊ฐœ)์„ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ ์„ ํƒ ํ™”๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ, 1,000์›์„ ๋” ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ชจ๋“œ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ ์œ ํ–‰ ์•„์ดํ…œ์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฐฉ์šฉ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 1์ฃผ์ผ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐฉ์šฉ์œ„์น˜์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ”๋””ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋”” ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.(๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๋งค์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ™๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งค์žฅ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ž˜ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋‘๋ฉด ์ข‹๋‹ค.) ์œ ํ–‰ ์•„์ดํ…œ์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์Šคํ†ค์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถœ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์Šคํ†ค์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šคํ†ค์ด 2๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ ,ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šคํ†ค์ด 1๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ,์ž์‹ ์ด ์Šคํ†ค์„ ๋” ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด,1000์›์„ ๋„ฃ์–ด ์Šคํ†ค์„ 1๊ฐœ๋„ ๋ฐ›์„์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”๋ฉด์— ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์œผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์œ„์น˜์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์œผ๋ฉด ๋˜๊ณ , ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋„์ค‘ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ง€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ํŽ˜์–ดํŽซ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์–ดํŽซ์„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŽ˜์–ดํŽซ์„ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์–ดํŽซ์€ ํ•œ ์„ธ์…˜ ๋‹น ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ ๋Œ€์†Œ๋ฌธ์ž, โ™ช, !, ?, โ˜…, โ˜† ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ด๋•Œ ์ง€์ •ํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๋“ฑ๋ก์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ํ•˜๊ธฐ : ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ : ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค ์‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ : ์Šคํ†ค์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šคํ†ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ 1,000์บ๋Ÿฟ์„ ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค๋กœ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋๋‚ด๊ธฐ : ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํ•  ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ํŒ€๊ณผ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์˜ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํ•  ๊ณก์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋‚œ์ด๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋””๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค์„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์œ„์น˜์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์œผ๋ฉด ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณต์žฅ๊ณผ ํ—ค์–ด์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋””๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋”” ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ๋งจ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ ์œ ํ–‰๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฝ”๋””ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ ˆ์–ด์Šคํ†ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์Šคํ†ค ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋„์ค‘ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ ํ”„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์˜ ์ฝ”๋””๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋””๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฝ”๋””๋กœ ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ„์Šค ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”๋ฉด ์–‘์ชฝ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋นจ๊ฐ„, ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์˜ ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋…ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ์–‘ ํ‹€์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ๋•Œ, ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ์–‘ ํ‹€์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„, ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์˜ ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒ‰๊น”์˜ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ ํ”„ ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ์–‘ ํ‹€์— ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ํ•˜ํŠธ์™€ ํŒŒ๋ž€ ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒน์ณ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋‘ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณก ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋นจ๊ฐ„, ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๋ชจ์–‘ ํ‹€์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ๋•Œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ƒ‰๊น”์˜ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด ์—ฐ์† ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์† ์ ํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ ํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐฏ๋น› ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๋ชจ์–‘ ํ‹€์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ๋•Œ ๋‘ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ ์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๋“ฑ๋ก ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ด์ ์€ ์ฝ”๋”” ์ ์ˆ˜, ๋Œ„์Šค ์ ์ˆ˜, ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์นœ๊ตฌ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ํš๋“ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์นœ๊ตฌ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ํŽ˜์–ดํŽซ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์นœ๊ตฌ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋žญํฌ์—…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค์— ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ง€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณก์ด ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ์—†์ด ๊ณก๋งŒ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์™€ ์ž˜ ๋งž๋Š” ์ฝ”๋””๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฝ”๋”” ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋””๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ ํ”„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์ ์ˆ˜์— 50์ ์ด ๋”ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋Œ„์Šค ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜ ํ™”๋ฉด ์† ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐ ์›๋‘˜๋ ˆ ์œ„์— ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋…ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‹€์— ๋…ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ๋•Œ, ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ‹€์ด ๋…ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ ๋…ธํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋…ธํŠธ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋Œ„์Šค ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ฑ๊ณต ํšŸ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋Œ„์Šค ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ„์Šค ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œ 100์ ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ•˜ํŠธ๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•ด๋„ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด OK!๋กœ๋งŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด 4๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋Œ„์Šค ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋Œ„์Šค ์žฅ๋ฉด ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ํผํŽ™ํŠธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ ํ”„ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 3๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ ํ”„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ ํ”„ ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋„์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ ํ”„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ณต์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ ํ”„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‹น ์ด 4ํšŒ์˜ ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ ํ”„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์Šคํ†ค ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋”” ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์™€ ๋งž๋Š” ์•„์ดํ…œ์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ ํ”„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹น ์ ํ”„ ์ ์ˆ˜์— 50์ ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ ํ”„๋Š” ์Šˆ์ฆˆ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํ•˜์˜, ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ƒ์˜์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ ํ”„์ด๋ฉฐ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽ˜์–ดํŽซ์˜ ์„ธ๋ธ์Šค ์ ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. ์„œํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ์Šคํ†ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ ํ”„ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ ํ”„๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ์ชฝ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ ํ”„, ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค ๋žญํฌ ์ ํ”„, ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ์ชฝ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. ์ ํ”„ ๋“์ ์€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ยทยทยท 100์ , ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ยทยทยท 150์ , ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ยทยทยท 200์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ ํ”„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŽ˜์–ดํŽซ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด 250์ ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๊ฐ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ ํ”„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ํ”„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์ง„ํ™” ์ „ ์ ํ”„๋„ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด ์Šคํ†ค๋„ ์ฝ”๋””ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ธ ์ ํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ, ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ ํ”„๊ฐ€ ํ•˜ํŠธ ํ’€ ์Šคํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง์ „ ๋Œ„์Šค ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ํผํŽ™ํŠธ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด 3๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•ด์š”!๋กœ ์–ป์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ˆ˜ 200์ ์€ 3๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋กœ๋ผ ๋ผ์ด์ง• ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋žญํฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ์Šคํ†ค์„ 1๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ”๋””ํ•œ๋‹ค. (ํ—ค์–ด, ์–ด๋ ˆ์ธ์ง€ ์ œ์™ธ) ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ ํ”„ 2๋‹จ ์ ํ”„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ ํ”„ ์ง์ „์˜ ๋Œ„์Šค ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ํผํŽ™ํŠธ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๋’ค ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด 2๋‹จ ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋•Œ 100์ ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™”๋ฉด ์† ํ•˜ํŠธ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ์† 3๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋” ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐํšŒ์—์„œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด 200์ ์„ ๋” ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ์ ํ”„ ์ฝ”๋”” ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ 4๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ ํ”„ ์ค‘์— ์„œํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šคํ†ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ(์ƒ‰๊น”)๋กœ ๋งž์ถ˜๋‹ค. (1ํšŒ) 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šคํ†ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ(์ƒ‰๊น”)๋กœ ๋งž์ถ˜๋‹ค. (3ํšŒ) 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šคํ†ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ(์ƒ‰๊น”)๋กœ ๋งž์ถ˜๋‹ค. (3ํšŒ) ์„œํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ์Šคํ†ค์„ 1๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ”๋””ํ•œ๋‹ค. (์ตœ๋Œ€ 3ํšŒ) ์„ธ๋ธ์Šค ์ฝ”๋”” ์Šคํ†ค์„ 1๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ”๋””ํ•œ๋‹ค. (์ตœ๋Œ€ 3ํšŒ) ์„œํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ํ”„ ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์— ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์„œํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ์ ํ”„ ์ฐฌ์Šค!๋ผ๋Š” ์ž๋ง‰์ด ๋‚˜์˜ด์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ ํ”„์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ธ ์ดํ›„ ์ž ๊น ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์–‘ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ ํ”„ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์ ์ˆ˜ ์™ธ์— 400์ ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์–‘ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ๋„ ์ ํ”„๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์ ํ”„ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ 400์  ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋“์ ์€ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ ์ ํ”„ ์ฐฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–‘ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ ํ”„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•ด์š”!๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ 200์ ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•กํŠธ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์•กํŠธ ์•กํŠธ๋ผ์ธ ใ€ˆ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ณด์„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†คใ€‰ ๋•Œ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋„์ค‘ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•ด์š”! ๋˜๋Š” ์„œํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ!๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์•กํŠธ์— ๋„์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์•กํŠธ๋ผ์ธ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ, ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•กํŠธ๋ผ์ธ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด 5๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์•กํŠธ ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 1์”ฉ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์•กํŠธ๋ผ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹คํŒจ(๋ธŒ๋ก ์ฆˆํŒŒ์›Œ) : 1๋ฐฐ ์•กํŠธ๋ผ์ธ 1ํšŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต(์‹ค๋ฒ„ํŒŒ์›Œ) : 2๋ฐฐ ์•กํŠธ๋ผ์ธ 2ํšŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต(๊ณจ๋“œํŒŒ์›Œ) : 3๋ฐฐ ์•กํŠธ๋ผ์ธ 3ํšŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต(ํ”Œ๋ž˜ํ‹ฐ๋Š„ํŒŒ์›Œ) : 4๋ฐฐ ์•กํŠธ๋ผ์ธ 4ํšŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต(ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ํŒŒ์›Œ) : 5๋ฐฐ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์•กํŠธ ์•กํŠธ๋ผ์ธ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์•กํŠธ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์–‘ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ์—ฐํƒ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 3๋ฒˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋ฉด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์•กํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 50์ , 100์ , 150์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์•กํŠธ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์งํ›„์—๋„ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์—ฐํƒ€ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ์—ฐํƒ€ํ•œ ํšŸ์ˆ˜์— ์•กํŠธ๋ผ์ธ ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ์™„์„ฑ ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋“์ ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋žญํฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฐํƒ€ ์ ์ˆ˜์— ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ ์ด ๋ถ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋žญํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋“์ ์— ๋” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋‚˜ ๋ธŒ๋ก ์ฆˆ ์Šคํƒ€ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ผํด ์•„์ด๋Œ ์›จ์ดํฌ์—…๋งŒ ์‹œ์ „ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋žญํฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘ ๋ธŒ๋ก ์ฆˆ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์•กํŠธ ์กด ํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ์—ฐํƒ€ ์งํ›„ ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์•กํŠธ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•กํŠธ ์กด ํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์•กํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋„์ค‘ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•ด์š”๋กœ 3๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๋ฐ ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋„์ค‘ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•ด์š”! ๋˜๋Š” ์„œํ”„๋ผ์ด์ฆˆ!๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์— ๋„์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋•Œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋›ธ ๋•Œ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์€ ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ 10์—ฐ์†๊นŒ์ง€ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์† ์ ํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ ํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” 10์—ฐ์† ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ๋“œ๋ฆผ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 5์ , ๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 10์ , ํŒŒ์ด๋„ ๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 15์ ์ด ๋”ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋กœ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•…๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Œ“์€ ์บ๋Ÿฟ(ํ‰์ผ ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค, ์Šคํ†ค ๊ตฌ์ž… ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค ์ œ์™ธ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋„์ „๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค์— ์Œ“์ธ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€ˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ์ธ์ •ํšŒใ€‰ ๋•Œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์•„์ดํ…œ๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์–ด ์Šคํ†ค์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ™˜ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ์…˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํ†ค์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์นญํ˜ธ์ด๋‹ค. ํŒจ์…˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌํŒจ์Šค์— ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด๋‚˜, 1์œ„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ˆœ์œ„ ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€ˆ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†คใ€‰ ๋•Œ ์‚ญ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์ถœ์‹œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ธฐ ์„ค์น˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋Œ€ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 2014๋…„ 8์›” 14์ผ์—๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์น˜๋™์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ CMB์„ฌ์œ ์„ผํ„ฐ์ด๋ฒคํŠธํ™€์—์„œ ์ „๊ตญ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋Œ€ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋Œ€ํšŒ๋Š” 2014๋…„ 9์›” 2์ผ์— ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ใ€ˆ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†คใ€‰์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฐœํ‘œํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 312๋ช…์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งŒํ™” ยท ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ: ์˜ค๋กœ๋ผ ๋“œ๋ฆผ (2011๋…„ย 4์›”ย 9์ผ ~ 2012๋…„ย 3์›”ย 31์ผ, ์ „ย 51ํ™”) ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ: ๋””์–ด ๋งˆ์ด ํ“จ์ฒ˜ (2012๋…„ย 4์›”ย 7์ผ ~ 2013๋…„ย 3์›”ย 30์ผ ์ „ย 51ํ™”) ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ: ๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ (2013๋…„ 4์›” 6์ผ ~ 2014๋…„ 3์›” 29์ผ, ์ „ 51ํ™”) ๊ทน์žฅํŒย ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐย ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ: ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ย ์…€๋ ‰์…˜ย ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์‡ผโ˜†๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ํ…ย (์˜ํ™”, 2014๋…„ย 3์›”ย 8์ผย ๊ณต๊ฐœ) ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐย ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ: ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ย ์…€๋ ‰์…˜ (2014๋…„ย 4์›”ย 5์ผ ~ 6์›”ย 28์ผ, ์ „ 11ํ™”) ํ”„๋ฆฌํŒŒ๋ผ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํ”„๋ฆฌํŒŒ๋ผ (2014๋…„ย 7์›”ย 5์ผ ~ 2017๋…„ 3์›” 28์ผ, ์ „ 141ํ™”) ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌํŒŒ๋ผ ๋ชจ~๋‘ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋ผ! ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜โ˜†ํˆฌ์–ด์ฆˆ (์˜ํ™”, 2015๋…„ 3์›” 7์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ) ๋›ฐ์ณ๋‚˜์™€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํŒŒ๋ผ ๋ชจ~๋‘ ๋…ธ๋ ค๋ผ! ์•„์ด๋Œโ˜†๊ทธ๋ž‘ํ”„๋ฆฌ (์˜ํ™”, 2015๋…„ 10์›” 24์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ) ์˜ํ™” ํ”„๋ฆฌํŒŒ๋ผ ๋ชจ~๋‘์˜ ๋™๊ฒฝโ™ช ๋ ›์ธ ๊ณ โ˜†ํ”„๋ฆฌํŒŒ๋ฆฌ (์˜ํ™”, 2016๋…„ 3์›” 7์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ) ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌํŒŒ๋ผ ๋ชจ~๋‘ ๋น›๋‚˜๋ผ! ํ‚ค๋ผ๋งโ˜†์Šคํƒ€ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ! (์˜ํ™”, 2017๋…„ 3์›” 4์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ) ์•„์ด๋Œํƒ€์ž„ ํ”„๋ฆฌํŒŒ๋ผ (2017๋…„ 4์›” 4์ผ ~ 2018๋…„ 3์›” 27์ผ, ์ „ 51ํ™”) ์•„์ด๋Œ๋žœ๋“œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํŒŒ๋ผ (์›น ์• ๋‹ˆ, 2021๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ~ (์˜ˆ์ •)) ํ‚ค๋žํ†  ํ”„๋ฆฌโ˜†์ฑค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํ‚ค๋žํ†  ํ”„๋ฆฌโ˜†์ฑค (2018๋…„ 4์›” 8์ผ ~ 2021๋…„ 5์›” 30์ผ, ์ „ 153ํ™”) ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌํŒŒ๋ผ & ํ‚ค๋žํ†  ํ”„๋ฆฌโ˜†์ฑค ํ‚ค๋ผํ‚ค๋ผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ (์˜ํ™”, 2018๋…„ 5์›” 5์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ) ์™“์ฑ  ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์ง€! ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์™“์ฑ  ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์ง€! (2021๋…„ 10์›” ~ (์˜ˆ์ •)) ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ (์˜ํ™”, 2016๋…„ 1์›” 9์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ) ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜: ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋“œ ๋” ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ (์˜ํ™”, 2017๋…„ 6์›” 10์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ) ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜: ์ƒค์ด๋‹ˆ ์„ธ๋ธ ์Šคํƒ€์ฆˆ (๊ทน์žฅ ํŽธ์ง‘ํŒ : 2019๋…„ 3์›” 2์ผ(1์žฅ), 3์›” 23์ผ(2์žฅ), 4์›” 13์ผ(3์žฅ), 5์›” 4์ผ(4์žฅ) ๊ณต๊ฐœ, ์ด 4์žฅ / TV ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ํŒ : 2019๋…„ 4์›” 16์ผ ~ 7์›” 2์ผ, ์ „ 12ํ™”) ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ฆˆ:ย ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์‡ผโ˜†๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ํ…ย (์˜ํ™”, 2020๋…„ย 1์›”ย 10์ผย ๊ณต๊ฐœ) ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์˜ฌ ํ”„๋ Œ์ฆˆ ์…€๋ ‰์…˜ (2021๋…„ 6์›” ~ ) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค ๊ณต์‹ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์Šคํ†ค ๊ณต์‹ ์นดํŽ˜ ํ‹ฐ์•„์ธ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ํ‹ฐ์•„์ธ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 2010๋…„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์•„์ผ€์ด๋“œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋”ฉ ์นด๋“œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์•„์ด๋Œ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty%20Rhythm
Pretty Rhythm
is a Japanese multimedia franchise produced by Syn Sophia and Takara Tomy Arts aimed at girls in elementary school. The Pretty Rhythm franchise was first launched in July 2010 with the rhythm and dress-up arcade game Pretty Rhythm: Mini Skirt. After the original Pretty Rhythm games ended service in July 2014, Takara Tomy began publishing the PriPara spin-off series from 2014 to 2018. It was then followed up by Kiratto Pri Chan in 2018, with all series grouped under the collective name . A spinoff media franchise, King of Prism, was launched in 2016 focusing on the male characters featured in the 2013 anime Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live, which was aimed at an older female audience. The popularity of the series has led to several anime and manga adaptations. In addition, the Pretty Rhythm franchise has also inspired a junior apparel brand, Prism Stone. In 2012, one of their fashion events previously held the Guinness World Records for having the most models modeling on the catwalk. Development The Pretty Rhythm arcade games were created out of demand for the lack of arcade games targeted towards young girls in supermarkets. As Syn Sophia had produced the Style Savvy series, Takara Tomy Arts asked them to collaborate on another game for the same demographic. The development team gave the game a fashion focus, particularly on the idea that players could receive a "Prism Stone" to accessorize their outfits with every they spend. The development team also intended for the game's presentation to be like the Cirque du Soleil, where they finally came up with the concepts of "dance", "skating" and "jumps." To create the Prism Jumps, they referenced videos from figure skating competitions and added special effects to make them more visually attractive, with names for the Prism Jumps that were easy to remember. A costume designer designed the clothing in the game, and programmer Daisuke Kato attempted to balance the varieties of clothing in order to encourage the player to try different outfits. Pretty Rhythm went into development in 2009 before releasing in July 2010 with Pretty Rhythm: Mini Skirt. Games The Pretty Rhythm series focuses on Prism Stars, idols performing figure skating routines through song and dance with special moves known as Prism Jumps. The characters participate in Prism Shows, live performances that are scored based on how charmed the audience is. The game is a rhythm game where players must match the beat of the song by pressing buttons corresponding to the pink and blue hearts on the screen. The game costs to play for solo mode, and beginning with Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live Duo, costs to play duo mode. Each machine is compatible with Prism Stones, collectible heart-shaped gems containing custom clothing for the player character, and Memory Passes, which allow players to save their game's progress. Five different types of Prism Stones, each representing a clothing category, can be used at the same time during game playthrough to customize the player character's appearance, with certain clothing and stage combinations providing bonus points. Players are awarded Prism Stones, which are deposited from the machine, before the game begins. Pretty Rhythm: Mini Skirt Pretty Rhythm: Mini Skirt, the first version of the game, was launched in arcades on July 15, 2010. At the time of the game's launch, a total of 84 variations of Prism Stones were produced, featuring approximately 200,000 possible outfit combinations. The game also included the song "Mini Skirt no Yosei" as a playable stage, which was performed by then-trainee members from AKB48, Miyu Takeuchi, Anna Mori, and Haruka Shimada under the group name Mini Skirt. The season 2 update of the game, the "Fall Collection", launched on October 14, 2010. For a limited time, the members of Mini Skirt were featured in a playable stage that awarded players a Prism Stone with their uniforms, and they were featured in promotional material regarding the expansion. Season 3, "Collection Season 3", launched on January 20, 2011. Pretty Rhythm: Aurora Dream Beginning with season 4, the game was relaunched under the name Pretty Rhythm: Aurora Dream on April 28, 2011 to coincide with the anime adaptation tie-in, with Aira Harune added as a playable character. The game also featured a new system called a "Surprise Jump." Season 5, "Bato Pon Edition", launched on July 21, 2011. Season 6, "Idol Debut Edition", launched on September 29, 2011. Season 7, "Pretty Remake Edition", launched on December 15, 2011 and added Mion Takamine as a playable character. Season 8, "Prism Queen Edition", launched on February 12, 2012. Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future was launched on April 26, 2012 with its season 9 update, "Prizmmy Debut Edition", as a tie-in to the animated adaptation of the same name, which included new characters Mia Ageha, Reina Miyama, Karin Shijimi, and Ayami Oruri, fictional versions of the girl group Prizmmy. The game featured a new system that focuses on "Prism Acts." Season 10, "Pretty Debut Edition", was launched on July 19, 2012, adding Hye-in, So-min, Shi-yoon, Chae-kyung, and Jae-eun, the fictionalized versions of the girl group of Puretty, as playable characters. Season 11, "Dear My Future Team Shuffle Edition", was launched on September 27, 2012. Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live / Rainbow Live Duo Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live was launched on April 18, 2013 as a new series and tie-in to the animated adaptation of the same name, which introduced a new mode called "Prism Live", where the player character can enter a bonus round to score more points with Prism Jump combinations. Pair Friends were also introduced in the game. The session 1 update was titled the "Prism Live Debut Edition" and added Naru Ayase, Ann Fukuhara, and Ito Suzuno as playable characters, along with Rinne, who had previously appeared in the Nintendo 3DS game Pretty Rhythm: My Deco Rainbow Wedding. The session 2 update, "All Rare! Ki-ra-me-ki Days Edition", was launched on July 11, 2013, and added Bell Renjoji, Otoha Takanashi, and Wakana Morizono as playable characters. The session 3 update, "Chara Stone! Heartbeat Edition", was launched on October 3, 2013, and the game was rebranded under the title Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live Duo. The session 3 update added June Amou as a playable character and a two-player co-op mode called "Duo Mode" to perform Prism Lives together. The session 4 update, "Surprise! Winter White Edition", was launched on January 25, 2014 with Starn available as a Pair Friend. It also included a special mode that was only accessible with the Prism Memory Pass. Pretty Rhythm: All Star Legend Coord Edition Beginning April 17, 2014, the arcade game was retitled Pretty Rhythm: All Star Legend Coord Edition with 84 new Prism Stones produced. Pretty Rhythm ended services in July 2014 and was pulled from arcades afterwards, with a few machines remaining in the Prism Stone shops located in Harajuku, Sapporo, Fukuoka, and Nagoya. While the Memory Passes and Prism Stones are still functional, Prism Stones are no longer being produced. Other media A Nintendo 3DS port of Pretty Rhythm: Mini Skirt, titled Pretty Rhythm: My Deco Rainbow Wedding, was released on March 20, 2013. A new character, Rinne, was added as a playable character in the game, as well as the female cast from Pretty Rhythm: Aurora Dream and Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future. Progressing through the game allowed players to unlock QR codes for new outfits that were compatible with the arcade game. The limited edition version of the game came with the Rainbow Wedding Prism Stone that could be used in the arcade game. The game sold 33,466 copies in its first week of sales and 61,366 copies by June 2013. Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live: Kirakira My Design was released for the Nintendo 3DS on November 28, 2013. The game features the main female cast of Rainbow Live as playable characters along with a new character, Cosmo Hojo, as well as the female cast from Pretty Rhythm: Aurora Dream and Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future. The game sold 35,511 copies by the end of 2013. An expanded version of Kirakira My Design was released for the Nintendo 3DS on January 5, 2015, under the title PriPara & Pretty Rhythm: PriPara de Tsukaeru Oshare Item 1450!, adding Hiro Hayami and PriPara character Laala Manaka as playable characters. The game also included QR codes for unlockable secret outfits in the PriPara arcade game. On March 7, 2015, a smartphone app mobile game titled Pretty Rhythm Shake was released for the Android and iOS, with pre-registrations opening on February 10, 2015 for a limited edition in-game card of Rinne. The game was part of the Shake rhythm game series produced by Dooub. In the game, the player must match the falling hearts to three corresponding hearts to the beat of the song and use virtual Prism Stones accumulated from each play to level up their characters. The game primarily focused on the main cast of Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live, but proceeding through the game will provide Aurora Dream and Dear My Future characters and songs as unlockable content, as well as the male supporting cast of Rainbow Live. Avex Pictures ended services for the game on May 31, 2017 due to "various reasons." Playable songs Spin-offs PriPara After Pretty Rhythm ended support in July 2014, it was replaced by the series' successor, PriPara. PriPara was first launched in arcades on July 10, 2014. The franchise introduced PriPara character Laala Manaka through Pretty Rhythm: All Star Selection. A second arcade game, Idol Time PriPara, was launched on April 1, 2017 to coincide with the animated adaptation of the same name. Three years after the conclusion of Idol Time PriPara, a third series titled Idol Land PriPara was announced for a Q2 2021 release, released as a mobile app with an accompanying anime series. Idol Land PriPara was delayed until Q3 2021. King of Prism King of Prism is a film series focusing on the male characters of Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live, targeting an older female demographic. The 2016 film King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm grossed in two months at the Japanese box office, where it eventually grossed () by the end of its run. The 2017 film King of Prism: Pride the Hero grossed over () at the Japanese box office. In 2019, King of Prism: Shiny Seven Stars was released as a 4-part film series from March 2 to May 4 and was also broadcast for the Spring 2019 anime season; the theatrical release of all four films had a consecutive box office gross of . Pretty All Friends In December 2017, to prepare for the franchise's 10th anniversary, a project titled Pretty All Friends was launched. In 2018, a merchandise line was launched. In August 2018, Icrea attempted to launch a line of body pillow covers featuring the lead female characters in swimsuits and posing suggestively for sale at Comic Market, as a collaboration with the Pretty All Friends merchandise line. They were met with criticism from Japanese and Korean fans for sexualizing characters from a children's show. Tatsunoko Productions responded by making the products for purchase on Internet only before cancelling it altogether. Kiratto Pri Chan After PriPara ended services in 2018, it was succeeded by Kiratto Pri Chan. The game was launched in arcades on April 19, 2018. Waccha PriMagi! Manga A manga adaptation of Pretty Rhythm: Mini Skirt, titled Pretty Rhythm, was written and illustrated by Mari Asabuki, focusing on playable characters Rizumu, Serena, and Kanon, members of the group Asterism. It was serialized in Ribon from July 3, 2010 to 2012 and later compiled into tankoban volumes by Shueisha under the Ribon Mascot Comics imprint. The titles were released on digital platforms on May 22, 2013. In addition to Asabuki's adaptation, Pretty Rhythm: Aurora Dream ran concurrently in Ciao from 2011 to 2012. Dear My Future, Rainbow Live, and All Star Selection also received manga adaptations in Pucchigumi. Pretty Rhythm (2010-2012) Pretty Rhythm: Aurora Dream (2011-2012) Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future (2012-2013) Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live (2013-2014) Pretty Rhythm: All Star Selection (2014) Anime Due to the popularity of Pretty Rhythm: Mini Skirt, in 2011, Takara Tomy partnered with South Korean toy company Sonokong to produce up to five anime series, projecting for by the end of March 2012. Production costs estimated to about . The series is animated by Tatsunoko Productions and published by Avex Pictures, with all shows broadcasting on TV Tokyo. A live-action variety show segment called "Pretty Rhythm Studio" appeared at the end of every episode and was centered on Prism Mates, a group of tween trainees from Avex Dance Master consisting of Mia Kusakabe, Reina Kubo, and Karin Takahashi, chronicling their journey to debut. Near the end of Pretty Rhythm: Aurora Dream, the girls debuted in the group Prizmmy along with Ayami Sema, the winner of the Pretty Rhythm Award at the Kiratto Entertainment Challenge Contest 2011 Summer. During Dear My Future, a new group of trainees appeared as the Prism Mates and participated in the segments along with Prizmmy. By Rainbow Live, the segment was retitled "Pretty Rhythm Club." Television series Pretty Rhythm: Aurora Dream (2011-2012) Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future (2012-2013) Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live (2013-2014) King of Prism: Shiny Seven Stars (2019) Pretty Rhythm: All Star Selection (2014) PriPara (2014-2016) Idol Time PriPara (2017-2018) Idol Land PriPara (2021) Kiratto Pri Chan (2018โ€“2021) Pretty All Friends Selection (2021-present) Waccha PriMagi! (2021) Films Pretty Rhythm: All Star Selection: Prism Show Best Ten (2014) Gekijล-ban PriPara: Minna Atsumare! Prism Tours (2015) King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm (2016) King of Prism: Pride the Hero (2017) King of Prism: Shiny Seven Stars (2019) PriPara Minna no Akogare Let's Go PriPari (2016) Gekijลban PriPara & Kiratto Pri Chan: Kira Kira Memorial Live (2018) Merchandise Prism Stone Prism Stone, a brand-name store featured in all series, was launched to coincide with Pretty Rhythm: Aurora Dream as a tie-in to the franchise. Its flagship store opened at the Yokohama Landmark Tower in April 2011, where Aurora Dream is set. Since then, several stores have been opened up nationwide in Japan. Aside from selling character goods, Prism Stone also sells a junior apparel line in "lovely" and "pop" designs. In 2014, Prism Stone released a collaboration clothing line with . The store also carried clothing from junior apparel brands Roni and EarthMagic, who have released collaboration Prism Stones for the arcade games in the past. On March 30, 2012, the Pretty Rhythm franchise held an event titled Pretty Girls Dream Challenge 2012 in Yokohama, where 1,274 child models appeared on the catwalk. The event previously set the Guinness World Record for having the most models modeling on the catwalk at an event. As a tie-in to Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live, a store was opened up in Harajuku in 2013, where Rainbow Live is set. It became the Pretty Series''' main store after their flagship store in Yokohama closed in 2016. Dear Crown In 2012, along with a Prism Stone shop launched at Odaiba Venus Fort, Dear Crown, a second apparel shop, launched its flagship store at the same location as a tie-in to Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future. Dear Crown was described as a sister apparel brand and counterpart to Prism Stone, featuring junior clothing in "cool" and "sexy" designs. In the anime series, the shop was represented by the main characters' rivals, such as Puretty, Bell Rose, and June. Dear Crown closed down in 2014 following the end of Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live, but it reopened in 2015 when the brand was introduced in PriPara. In 2016, Dear Crown closed again, with all products being now distributed through Prism Stone. In February 2013, plans for both Prism Stone and Dear Crown shops to open in South Korea were announced as a tie-in to Pretty Rhythm: Dear My Future airing in the country, but they were ultimately dropped. ReceptionPretty Rhythm: Mini Skirt'' was popular among girls between 8โ€“10 years old, with over 2,000 units available in arcades in 2011. By 2012, Prism Stone had earned in merchandise sales. References External links Arcade video games Collectible-based games Japanese idols in anime and manga Figure skating in anime and manga Dance in anime and manga Music in anime and manga Music video games Mass media franchises introduced in 2010 Shueisha manga Shลjo manga Syn Sophia games Takara Tomy franchises Tatsunoko Production
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%95%EC%A2%8C%EC%9D%98%20%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84%20%28%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%29
์™•์ขŒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ (๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ)
ใ€Š์™•์ขŒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ใ€‹(Game of Thrones)์€ 2011๋…„ 4์›” 17์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„ 5์›” 19์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ HBO์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์˜คํ”„๊ฐ€ D. B. ์™€์ด์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐํšํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ง€ R.R. ๋งˆํ‹ด์˜ ํŒํƒ€์ง€ ์†Œ์„ค ์–ผ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์›์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ธ ์›จ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์Šค ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์—ฐ๋งน ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ ์น  ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๊ถŒ, ์ฒ  ์™•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ธ์›€์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ธ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์™•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ท€์กฑ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‹คํˆผ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ '๋ฐฑ๊ท€'์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  15๋…„ ์ „์— ๋‚ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ดํ•ด๋œ ์™•์˜ ๋”ธ์ธ ๋Œ€๋„ˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค ํƒ€๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ฅด์˜Œ์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ถ”๋ฐฉ๋‹นํ•œ ์›จ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์Šค์˜ ์™•๊ถŒ ํšŒ๋ณต์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ํ‹ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜จ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ(Tyrion Lannister) - ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋”ฉํด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์™€ ์„œ์„ธ์ด ์™•๋น„์˜ ๋™์ƒ. ์ž‘์€ ์ฒด๊ตฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— โ€˜์ƒˆ๋ผ ์•…๋งˆ' ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ด์œˆ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ง‰๋‚ด์•„๋“ค. ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ์„ธ์ด ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ(Cersei Lannister) - ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ํ—ค๋”” ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ฒ„๋ผํ…Œ์˜จ ์™•์˜ ์•„๋‚ด. ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ˆ„๋‚˜. ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ(Jaime Lannister) - ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์ด ์ฝ”์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด ๋ฐœ๋‹ค์šฐ ์„œ์„ธ์ด ์™•๋น„์˜ ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด๋‚จ๋™์ƒ. ์บ์Šคํ„ธ๋ฆฌ ๋ก์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž. ์™•์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ์ผ๊ณฑ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์ธ ํ‚น์Šค๊ฐ€๋“œ ์ค‘ 1๋ช…. ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ๋Š” ์„ ์™•์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์—์–ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํƒ€๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋งน์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๊ณ  ์—์–ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ€˜์™•์‹œํ•ด์ž(king slayer)โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์บํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ(Catelyn Stark) - ๋ฏธ์…ธ ํŽ˜์–ผ๋ฆฌ ์—๋‹ค๋“œ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ธ. ํˆด๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ์ถœ์‹  ๋Œ€๋„ค๋ฆฌ์Šค ํƒ€๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ์–ธ(Daenerys Targaryen) - ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„ ํด๋ผํฌ โ€˜ํญํ’์˜ ์•„์ด ๋Œ€๋„ˆ๋ฆฌ์Šคโ€™ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  13์‚ด์— ์ถ”๋ฐฉ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ผ๋ฒ„๋‹ˆ์ธ ๋น„์„ธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—์†Œ์Šค๋กœ ํ”ผ์‹ ํ•ด ์ง€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นผ ๋“œ๋กœ๊ณ ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‰ฌ(Petyr 'Littlefinger' Baelish) - ์—์ด๋˜ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ์ˆ ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์†Œ์ž๋ฌธ์œ„(small council)์˜ ์œ„์›. ์บ์ดํ‹€๋ฆฐ์˜ ์ ˆ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์กด ์Šค๋…ธ์šฐ(Jon Snow) - ํ‚คํŠธ ํ•ด๋งํ„ด ์—๋‹ค๋“œ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ์˜ ์„œ์ž. ๋กญ๊ณผ ๋™๊ฐ‘. ์กด์€ ์•ผ๊ฒฝ๋Œ€์›์ธ ๋ฒค์   ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํœผ๋ฃกํ•œ ์•ผ๊ฒฝ๋Œ€์›์ด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ด์œˆ ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ(Tywin Lannister) - ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋Œ„์Šค ํ™€์•„๋น„. ์บ์Šคํ„ธ๋ฆฌ ๋ก์˜ ์˜์ฃผ. ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ์ž. ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํฌํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์ž. ๋‹ค๋ณด์Šค ์‹œ์›Œ์Šค(Davos Seaworth) - ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์ปค๋‹์—„ ์–‘ํŒŒ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ณ„๋ช… ์ค‘์—” '์ˆํ•ธ๋“œ'๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚น์Šค๋žœ๋”ฉ ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์•…๋ช… ๋†’์€ ๋ฐ€์ˆ˜์—…์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šคํƒ€๋‹ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ํฐ ๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์›Œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์™ผ์†์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋ ๋งˆ๋””๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž˜๋ž๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ชฌํŠธ(Jorah Mormont) - ์ด์–ธ ๊ธ€๋ Œ ์—์†Œ์Šค๋กœ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํƒ€๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์˜Œ์˜ ํ›„์†๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ์•„๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋„ค๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์„ธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ํƒ€๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ์–ธ(Viserys Targaryen) - ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์น ์™•๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฃผ์ธ. ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” '๊ฑฐ์ง€์™•'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ์–ธ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์™•์ž์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์™•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ”ผ์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ํƒˆํ™˜ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์—ฟ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์Šค์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์—”๋Š(Brienne of Tarth) - ๊ทธ์›ฌ๋Œ๋ฆฐ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ  ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ. ์—ฌ์ž์ž„์—๋„ ์ฒด๊ฒฉ์ด ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šค(Varys) - ์ฝ˜๋ฆฌ์Šค ํž ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ตœ๊ฐ•์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์ž๋ฌธ์œ„์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด๊ด€(master of whisper)์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚น์Šค๋žœ๋”ฉ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์›จ์Šคํ„ฐ๋กœ์Šค ์ „์—ญ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํœ˜์–ด์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“  ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ(Brandon Stark) - ์•„์ด์ž‘ ํ—ดํ”„์Šคํ…Œ๋“œ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์• ์นญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—๋‹ค๋“œ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ์™€ ์บ์ดํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋‚จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์šธํ”„ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ธ๋จธ(summer)์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฆฌ์•„ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ(Arya Stark) - ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค ์—๋‹ค๋“œ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ์™€ ์บ์ดํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ์˜ ๋ง‰๋‚ด๋”ธ. ๋‚จ์ž์•„์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๊ฒ€์ˆ ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด ์šธํ”„ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์•„(nymeria)๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์‚ฌ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ(Sansa Stark) - ์†Œํ”ผ ํ„ฐ๋„ˆ ์—๋‹ค๋“œ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ์™€ ์บ์ดํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ์˜ ์žฅ๋…€. ๋™์ƒ์ธ ์•„๋ฆฌ์•„ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์–Œ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž์ˆ˜์— ์†Œ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‚น์Šค๋žœ๋”ฉ์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฟˆ๊พผ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์šธํ”„ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ ˆ์ด๋””(lady)์ด๋‹ค. ๋กญ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ(Robb Stark) - ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๋งค๋“  ์—๋‹ค๋“œ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ์™€ ์บ์ดํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚จ. ์œˆํ„ฐํŽ ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž. ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์šธํ”„ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด ์œˆ๋“œ(grey wind)์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋“œ ์Šคํƒ€ํฌ(Eddard 'Ned' Stark) - ์ˆ€ ๋นˆ ์œˆํ„ฐํŽ ์˜ ์˜์ฃผ์ด์ž ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ฐ”๋ผํ…Œ์˜จ๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€ ํƒ€๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์˜Œ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์™•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋“œ๋Š” ์บ์ดํ‹€๋ฆฐ ํˆด๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ์ง„ ์ผ๋žŒ ์ฃผ์—ฐ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ๋•Œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์—ฐ 9ํšŒ๋ถ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ฝ”๋„Œ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ์Šค, ์ด์–ธ ํ™”์ดํŠธ, Hafthรณr Jรบlรญus Bjรถrnsson as Gregor Clegane (1-2, 4-6) ๋กœ์ € ์• ์Šˆํ„ด๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค - ๋ฉ”์ด์Šค ํ‹ฐ๋  (4-6) ์—˜๋ฆฌ ์ผ„๋“œ๋ฆญ - ๋ฏธ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ (3-4, 6) 8ํšŒ๋ถ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์กฐ์—˜ ํ”„๋ผ์ด as Hizdahr zo Loraq (4-5) ๋…ธ์•„ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ as Locke (3-4) ๊ฒŒ์‹  ์•ค์„œ๋‹ˆ as Renly Baratheon (1-2) ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ์ฝœ as Kovarro (2) 7ํšŒ๋ถ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ด์–ธ ๊ฒ”๋” - ์ผ€๋ฒˆ ๋ž˜๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ (1-2, 5-6) ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ ํŒŒ์น˜์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ - ๋กœ๋นˆ ์• ๋ฆฐ (1, 4-6) ์œŒ ํŠœ๋” - ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ” (3-6) ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟ ํ˜ธํ”„ - ๋ฏธ๋ž€๋‹ค (3-5) ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ as Yoren (1-2) ์—˜๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฒจ - ๋ผ์นด๋กœ (1-2) ๋งˆ์ดํด ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋Ÿฐ - ๋ณด์–ธ ๋งˆ์‹œ (5) 6ํšŒ๋ถ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ œ๋งˆ ํœ ๋Ÿฐ - ์•ผ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์กฐ์ด (2-4, 6) ์กฐ์ง€ํ”„ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฐ - ๋งˆ๋ ˆ์ด (2-5) ํด ๋ฒคํ‹€๋ฆฌ - ํ•˜์ด ์…‰ํ„ด (3-5) ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋ธ”๋ผ์šดํŠธ์™€ ์กด ์Šคํƒˆ - ๋ฆฌ์นด๋“œ ์นด์Šคํƒ€ํฌ (1-3) ํ† ๋‹ˆ ์›จ์ด as Dontos Hollard (2, 4) ๋งค์ผ„์ง€ ํฌ๋ฃฉ - ์˜ค๋  (3) ํด ์ผ€์ด as Thoros of Myr (3) ํ•„๋ฆฝ ๋งฅ๊ธด๋ฆฌ as Anguy (3) ์ˆ˜์ „ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด - ์…‰ํƒ€ ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ธ (1) ๋‹ค๋ฅด ์‚ด๋ฆผ as Qotho (1) 5ํšŒ๋ถ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah (5-6) ํ‚ค์ƒค ์บ์Šฌํœด์Šค as Obara Sand (5-6) ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ—ค๋‹‰ as Nymeria Sand (5-6) ๋กœ์ž๋ฒจ ๋กœ๋ Œํ‹ฐ ์…€๋Ÿฌ์Šค as Tyene Sand (5-6) ํ† ๋น„์–ด์Šค ๋ฉ˜์ง€์Šค as Edmure Tully (3, 6) ํด๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๋Ÿฌ์…€ as Brynden Tully (3, 6) ์ผ€์ดํŠธ ๋””ํ‚ค as Lysa Arryn (1, 4) ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ํ‘ธ as Craster (2-3) ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋งˆ์ดํด ์Šค์ฝง, ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๋„๋จธ - ๋ฐฐ๋ฆญ ๋ˆ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์–ธ 1, 3) ๋…ผ์†Œ ์•„๋…ธ์ง€ as Xaro Xhoan Daxos (2) Ralph Ineson as Dagmer Cleftjaw (2) Jamie Sives - ์กฐ๋ฆฌ ์บ์„ค (1) 4ํšŒ๋ถ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ Ross Mullan as various White Walkers 2-5) ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ์›น์Šคํ„ฐ - ๋šฑ๋šฑํ•œ ์›”๋‹ค ๋ณผํ„ด (4-6) Edward Dogliani and Ross O'Hennessy as the Lord of Bones 2-3, 5) ํ† ๋น„ ์„œ๋ฐฐ์Šค์ฒœ - ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ ๋งˆํ…” (5-6) ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ์‹œ๋””๊ทธ - ๋„๋Ÿฐ ๋งˆํ…” (5-6) Faye Marsay - ์›จ์ดํ”„ (5-6) ๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ๋จผ - ์นผ ํƒœ๋„ˆ (3-4) Andy Beckwith as Rorge (2, 4) ์ œ๋ผ๋“œ ์กฐ๋˜ as Biter (2, 4) ์œŒ์ฝ” ์กด์Šจ as Ilyn Payne 1-2) Eros Vlahos as Lommy Greenhands 1-2) Sahara Knight as Armeca 1-2) Tonbias Winter as Timett 1-2) ์œ ๋ฆฌ ์ฝœ๋กœ์ฝœ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ”„ as Styr (4) ์ด์–ธ ํ•ธ๋ชจ์–ด as Pyat Pree (2) Fintan McKeown as Amory Lorch (2) Forbes KB as Lorren (2) ์‚ฌ์ด๋จผ ์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ as Qhorin Halfhand (2) Kerr Logan as Matthos Seaworth (2) Emun Elliott as Marillion (1) 3ํšŒ๋ถ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“ค๋ฆฌ - ์›”๋” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด (1, 3, 6) Lucian Msamati as Sallador Saan (2-4) Reece Noi as Mossador (4-5) Sarine Sofair as Lhara (4-5) Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy (2-3) Andy Kellegher as Polliver (2, 4) ์กฐ์ง€ํ”„ ๊ฐฏ - ์ƒŒ ์›Œ๊ทธ (4) ๋Œ„ ํž๋”๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ as Kraznys mo Nakloz (3) ์นผ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„์Šค as Alton Lannister (2) ํด๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๋งจํ‹€ as Greatjon Umber (1) ์กฐ์ง€ํ”„ ๋ชฐ as Benjen Stark (1) Mia Soteriou as Mirri Maz Duur (1) Miltos Yerolemou as Syrio Forel (1) 2ํšŒ๋ถ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ Rupert Vansittart - ์š˜ ๋กœ์ด์Šค (4-6) Enzo Cilenti as Yezzen zo Qaggaz (5-6) ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ - ๋ฐค์˜ ์™• (4-5) ๋งˆํฌ ๊ฒŒ์ดํ‹ฐ์Šค as Tycho Nestoris (4-5) ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ as Ternesio Terys (4-5) ์ด์–ธ ํ™”์ดํŠธ as the giant Dongo the Dommed (3-4) ์•„๋ฐ์™ˆ๋ ˆ์ด ์• ํ‚ค๋ˆ„์—์ด์•„๊ทธ๋ฐ”์ œ์ด - ๋งฌ์ฝ” (5) ํ•ด๋‚˜ ์™œ๋”ฉ์—„ - ์…‰ํƒ€ ์šฐ๋„ฌ๋ผ (5) Ogengus MacNamara - ํ˜ธ๋ฆฌํ˜ธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž (5) Struan Rodger - ๋ˆˆ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€ (4) ๋ฃจ ์ฝœํ•„๋“œ - ๋ชฐ์Šคํƒ€์šด ๋งˆ๋‹ด (4) Alisdair Simpson - ๋„๋„ ์›จ์ธ์šฐ๋“œ (4) ํ†ฐ ๋ธŒ๋ฃฉ - ๋กœ์‚ฌ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด (3) Tim Plester - ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์›”๋” ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์Šค (3) Laura Pradelska - ํ€˜์ด๋“œ (2) Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis (1) ์ œํผ์Šจ ํ™€ - ๋ฒ ์ผ์˜ ํœด (1) ๋งˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฟ ์กด as Old Nan (1) 1ํšŒ๋ถ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ Octavia Selena Alexandru as Leaf 4, 6) ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ ๋‹ค์šธ๋ง - ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ฆฐ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด 3, 6) George Georgio as Razdal mo Eraz 3, 6) Elizabeth Cadwallader - ๋กค๋ฆฌ์Šค ์Šคํ† ํฌ์›Œ์Šค (5) Birgitte Hjort Sรธrensen - ์นด์‹œ (5) Zahary Baharov - ๋กœ๋ณด๋‹ค (5) ์กฐ๋”” ๋ฉ”์ด - ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งค๊ธฐ (5) J. J. ๋จธํ”ผ - ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋งฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ (5) Nicholas Boulton as the Pit Announcer (5) ๋ฆด๋ผ ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ - ๋ถ‰์€ ์—ฌ์ œ (5) ๋„ฌ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค - ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ์„œ์‹œ ๋ž˜๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ (5) ๋งˆ์ฝ” ์ œ์ž„์Šค - ํ•˜์–€ ๋“ค์ฅ (5) ์„ธ๋“œ๋ฆญ ํ—จ๋”์Šจ - ์–ผ๊ตด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์ด (5) ํŒŒ์˜ฌ๋ผ ๋””์˜ค๋‹ˆ์†Œํ‹ฐ - ์• ๋ƒ ์›จ์ธ์šฐ๋“œ (4) ๋‹ ํ•‘๊ธ€ํ„ด as the giant Mag Mar Tun Doh Weg (4) ๋งˆํฌ ํ‚ฌ๋ฆฐ - ๋ฉ”๋กœ (3) Ramon Tikaram as Prendahl na Ghezn (3) ์Šคํ…Œํผ๋‹ˆ ๋ธ”๋ž˜์ปค - ๋ฐ”์ด์–ผ๋ฆฟ (3) ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ ํฌ๋“œ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„์Šค as Maester Cressen (2) ์—๋“œ๋จผ๋“œ ํŠœ๋”ํด as a Protestor (2) ๋ธŒ๋กœ์Šค ์›น - ์œŒ (1) Rob Ostlere - ์›จ์ด๋งˆ ๋กœ์ด์Šค (1) ๋”๋ฉ‹ ํ‚ค๋‹ˆ - ๊ฐœ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ (1) ์กด ์Šคํƒ ๋”ฉ - ์กด ์• ๋ฆฐ (1) ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์™•์ขŒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋‚ด์—ญ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2012๋…„ : Television Critics Association Awards - Program of the Year ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2012๋…„, 2013๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ : AFI Awards - TV Program of the Year ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2012๋…„, 2013๋…„ : Astra Awards - Favourite Program - International Drama ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2013๋…„ : Television Critics Association Awards - Outstanding Achievement in Drama ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์˜ค์ง•์–ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ - ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์™•์ขŒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ณต์‹ ์›น ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ IMDb - ์™•์ขŒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ TV.COM - ์™•์ขŒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ IMTCAST - ์™•์ขŒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ณต์‹ ์›น ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ WATCHA PLAY - ์™•์ขŒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์˜์–ด ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ HBO์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒํƒ€์ง€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์šฉ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 2011๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2019๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20of%20Thrones
Game of Thrones
Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and for HBO. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of fantasy novels by , the first of which is A Game of Thrones. The show was shot in the United Kingdom, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, and Spain. It premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and concluded on May 19, 2019, with 73 episodes broadcast over eight seasons. Set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos, Game of Thrones has a large ensemble cast and follows several story arcs throughout the course of the show. The first major arc concerns the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros through a web of political conflicts among the noble families either vying to claim the throne or fighting for independence from whoever sits on it. The second focuses on the last descendant of the realm's deposed ruling dynasty, who has been exiled to Essos and is plotting to return and reclaim the throne. The third follows the Night's Watch, a military order defending the realm against threats from beyond Westeros' northern border. Game of Thrones attracted a record viewership on HBO and has a broad, active, and international fan base. Critics have praised the series for its acting, complex characters, story, scope, and production values, although its frequent use of nudity and violence (including sexual violence) has been subject to criticism. The final season received significant critical backlash for its reduced length and creative decisions, with many considering it a disappointing conclusion. The series received 59 Primetime Emmy Awards, the most by a drama series, including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019. Its other awards and nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation, a Peabody Award, and five nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series โ€“ Drama. A prequel series, House of the Dragon, premiered on HBO in 2022. Premise Plot Game of Thrones is roughly based on the storylines of the A Song of Ice and Fire book series by , set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros and the continent of Essos. The series follows several simultaneous plot lines. The first story arc follows a war of succession among competing claimants for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms, with other noble families fighting for independence from the throne. The second concerns the exiled scion's actions to reclaim the throne; the third chronicles the threat of the impending winter, as well as the legendary creatures and fierce peoples of the North. Cast and characters Game of Thrones has an ensemble cast which has been estimated to be the largest on television. In 2014, several actors' contracts were renegotiated to include a seventh-season option. By the final season, five of the main cast members made per episode, making them among the highest paid television performers. Eddard "Ned" Stark (Sean Bean) is the head of House Stark. He and his wife, Catelyn (Michelle Fairley), have five children: Robb (Richard Madden), Sansa (Sophie Turner), Arya (Maisie Williams), Bran (Isaac Hempstead-Wright), and Rickon (Art Parkinson). Ned also has an illegitimate son, Jon Snow (Kit Harington), who, along with his scholarly friend, Samwell Tarly (John Bradley), serve in the Night's Watch under Lord Commander Jeor Mormont (James Cosmo). The Wildlings living north of the Wall include Gilly (Hannah Murray) and the warriors Tormund Giantsbane (Kristofer Hivju) and Ygritte (Rose Leslie). Others associated with House Stark include Ned's ward Theon Greyjoy (Alfie Allen), Ned's vassal Roose Bolton (Michael McElhatton), and Roose's illegitimate son, Ramsay Snow (Iwan Rheon). Robb accepts help from the healer Talisa Maegyr (Oona Chaplin), while elsewhere, Arya befriends blacksmith's apprentice Gendry Rivers (Joe Dempsie) and assassin Jaqen H'ghar (Tom Wlaschiha). In the Stormlands, the tall warrior Brienne of Tarth (Gwendoline Christie) is introduced to Catelyn. In King's Landing, Ned's friend, King Robert I Baratheon (Mark Addy), shares a loveless political marriage with Cersei Lannister (Lena Headey). Her younger twin brother, Ser Jamie (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau), serves on the Kingsguard while their younger brother Tyrion (Peter Dinklage) is attended by his mistress Shae (Sibel Kekilli) and mercenary Bronn (Jerome Flynn). Cersei's father is Tywin (Charles Dance), head of House Lannister and richest man in Westeros. Cersei has two sons: Joffrey (Jack Gleeson) and Tommen (Dean-Charles Chapman). Joffrey is guarded by the scar-faced warrior Sandor "The Hound" Clegane (Rory McCann). The king's Small Council includes his treasurer, Petyr "Littlefinger" Baelish (Aidan Gillen), and his spymaster, Varys (Conleth Hill). In Dragonstone, Robert's younger brother, Stannis (Stephen Dillane), is advised by foreign priestess Melisandre (Carice van Houten) and former smuggler Ser Davos Seaworth (Liam Cunningham). In the Reach, the Tyrell family is led by matriarch Olenna (Diana Rigg) and represented at court by her granddaughter Margaery (Natalie Dormer). The High Sparrow (Jonathan Pryce) is given power as a religious leader, while, in Dorne, the warrior Ellaria Sand (Indira Varma) seeks vengeance against the Lannisters. Across the Narrow Sea in Pentos, siblings Viserys Targaryen (Harry Lloyd) and Daenerys Targaryen (Emilia Clarke) (colloquially referred to as "Dany") are in exile, with the former plotting to reclaim his father's throne. Daenerys is forced into marrying Khal Drogo (Jason Momoa), a leader of the nomadic Dothraki. Her retinue eventually comes to include the exiled knight Ser Jorah Mormont (Iain Glen), her aide Missandei (Nathalie Emmanuel), mercenary Daario Naharis (Michiel Huisman), and elite soldier Grey Worm (Jacob Anderson). Themes The series has been praised by both television critics and historians for what was perceived as a sort of medieval realism. set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy, with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles, political intrigue, and the characters, believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre. Martin has said that, "the true horrors of human history derive not from orcs and Dark Lords, but from ourselves". Academics have classified the series as neo-medieval which focuses on the overlapping of medieval history and popular fantasy. A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil, which Martin says does not mirror the real world. Martin explores the relationship between good and evil through the questions of redemption and character change. The series allows the audience to view different characters from their perspective, unlike in many other fantasies. In early seasons, under the influence of the A Song of Ice and Fire books, main characters were regularly killed off, and this was credited with developing tension among viewers. Martin stated in an interview that he wanted to depict war and violence in a realistic way, which sometimes mean the hero or main characters could be injured or killed. In later seasons, critics pointed out that certain characters had developed "plot armor" to survive in unlikely circumstances and attributed this to Game of Thrones deviating from the novels to become more of a traditional television series. In a 2012 study, out of 40 recent television drama shows, Game of Thrones ranked second in deaths per episode, averaging 14. A scientific study conducted in 2018 stated that about 60% of the major characters died as a result of violence and war. Inspirations and derivations Although the series's first season closely follows the events of the first novel, there were significant changes made for later seasons. According to Benioff, the TV adaptation is "about adapting the series as a whole and following the map George laid out for us and hitting the major milestones, but not necessarily each of the stops along the way". Aspects of the novels' plots and their adaptations are based upon settings, characters, and events in European history. Most of Westeros is reminiscent of high medieval Europe, from its geography and castles to its cultures, the feudal system, palace intrigues, and the knights' tournaments. Like medieval Europe, most of the houses in the series use the patriarchal system of power. The series also includes elements of gothic fiction, including torture tropes. A principal inspiration for the novels is the English Wars of the Roses (1455โ€“1485) between the houses of Lancaster and York, reflected in Martin's houses of Lannister and Stark. The scheming Cersei Lannister evokes Isabella, the "She-Wolf of France" (1295โ€“1358). She and her family, as portrayed in Maurice Druon's historical novel series, The Accursed Kings, were a main inspiration of Martin's. Other historical antecedents of series elements include: Hadrian's Wall (which becomes Martin's Wall), the Roman Empire, and the legend of Atlantis (ancient Valyria), Byzantine Greek fire ("wildfire"), Icelandic sagas of the Viking Age (the Ironborn), the Mongol hordes (the Dothraki), the Hundred Years' War, and the Italian Renaissance. The series's popularity has been attributed, in part, to Martin's skill at fusing these elements into a seamless, credible version of alternate history. Production Conception and development The A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels was popular before Game of Thrones. The series has sold more than 90 million copies worldwide with the novels being translated into 45 different languages. received multiple fantasy writing awards and nominations, including a World Fantasy Award and multiple Locus Awards, for the series. Writing for Time magazine in 2005 after the release of A Feast for Crows, journalist Lev Grossman called Martin the "American Tolkien", stating he is a "major force for evolution in fantasy". In January 2006, David Benioff had a telephone conversation with Martin's literary agent about the books he represented. Having been a fan of fantasy fiction when he was younger, he became interested in A Song of Ice and Fire, which he had not read. The literary agent sent Benioff the series's first four books. Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first novel, A Game of Thrones, shared his enthusiasm with , and suggested that they adapt Martin's novels into a television series; Weiss finished the first novel in "maybe 36 hours". They pitched the series to HBO after a five-hour meeting with Martin (himself a veteran screenwriter) in a restaurant on Santa Monica Boulevard. According to Benioff, they won Martin over by knowing the answer to his question, "Who is Jon Snow's mother?" Before being approached by Benioff and Weiss, Martin had had meetings with other scriptwriters, most of whom wanted to adapt the series as a feature film. Martin, however, deemed it "unfilmable", saying that the size of one of his novels is as long as The Lord of the Rings, which had been adapted as three feature films. Benioff agreed it would be impossible to turn the novels into a feature film as their scale is too big for a feature film, and dozens of characters would have to be discarded. Benioff added, "a fantasy movie of this scope, financed by a major studio, would almost certainly need a PG-13 rating. That means no sex, no blood, no profanity. Fuck that." Martin was pleased with the suggestion that they adapt it as an HBO series, saying that he "never imagined it anywhere else". The series began development in January 2007. HBO acquired the television rights to the novels, with Benioff and Weiss as the series' executive producers and Martin as a co-executive producer. The intention was for each novel to yield a season's worth of episodes. Initially, Martin would write one episode per season while Benioff and Weiss would write the rest. Jane Espenson and Bryan Cogman were added later to write one episode each for the first season. The first and second drafts of the pilot script by Benioff and Weiss were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008, respectively. Although HBO liked both drafts, a pilot was not ordered until November 2008. The pilot episode, "Winter Is Coming", was shot in 2009; after its poor reception following a private viewing, HBO demanded an extensive re-shoot (about 90 percent of the episode, with cast and directorial changes). The pilot reportedly cost HBO $5โ€“10million to produce, while the first season's budget was estimated at $50โ€“60million. For the second season, the series received a 15-percent budget increase for the climactic battle in "Blackwater" (which had an $8million budget). Between 2012 and 2015, the average budget per episode increased from $6million to "at least" $8million. The sixth-season budget was over $10million per episode, for a season total of over $100million, a record for a series's production cost. By the final season, the production budget per episode was estimated to be $15million. Casting Nina Gold and Robert Sterne were the series' primary casting directors. Through a process of auditions and readings, the main cast was assembled. The only exceptions were Peter Dinklage and Sean Bean, whom the writers wanted from the start; they were announced as joining the pilot in 2009. Other actors signed for the pilot were Kit Harington as Jon Snow, Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon, Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen, and Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon. According to Benioff and Weiss, Addy was the easiest actor to cast for the series because of his audition performance. Some characters in the pilot were recast for the first season. The role of Catelyn Stark was played initially by Jennifer Ehle, but the role was recast with Michelle Fairley. The character of Daenerys Targaryen was also recast, with Emilia Clarke replacing Tamzin Merchant. The rest of the first season's cast was selected in the second half of 2009. Although many of the cast returned after the first season, the producers had many new characters to cast in each of the following seasons. Because of the large number of new characters, Benioff and Weiss postponed introducing several key characters in the second season and merged several characters into one, or assigned plot functions to different characters. Some recurring characters were recast over the years; for example, Gregor Clegane was played by three different actors, while Dean-Charles Chapman played both Tommen Baratheon and a minor Lannister character. Writing Game of Thrones used seven writers over its six seasons. Benioff and Weiss wrote most of each season's episodes. A Song of Ice and Fire author wrote one episode in each of the first four seasons. Martin did not write an episode for the later seasons, since he wanted to focus on completing the sixth novel (The Winds of Winter). Jane Espenson co-wrote one first-season episode as a freelance writer. Cogman, initially a script coordinator for the series, was promoted to producer for the fifth season. Cogman, who wrote at least one episode for the first five seasons, was the only other writer in the writers' room with Benioff and Weiss. Before Cogman's promotion, Vanessa Taylorโ€”a writer during the second and third seasonsโ€”worked closely with Benioff and Weiss. Dave Hill joined the writing staff for the fifth season after working as an assistant to Benioff and Weiss. Although Martin was not in the writers' room, he read the script outlines and made comments. Benioff and Weiss sometimes assigned characters to particular writers; for example, Cogman was assigned to Arya Stark for the fourth season. The writers spent several weeks writing a character outline, including what material from the novels to use and the overarching themes. After these individual outlines were completed, they spent another two to three weeks discussing each main character's individual arc and arranging them episode by episode. A detailed outline was created, with each of the writers working on part of it to create a script for each episode. Cogman, who wrote two episodes for the fifth season, took a month and a half to complete both scripts. They were then read by Benioff and Weiss, who made notes, and parts of the script were rewritten. All ten episodes were written before filming began since they were shot out of order by two units in different countries. Benioff and Weiss wrote their episodes together; one wrote the first half of the script with the other writing the second half. They then passed the drafts back and forth to make notes and do rewrites. Adaptation schedule and episodes After Game of Thrones story line began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season, the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels provided by Martin along with original content. Before season four, Martin stated there was an issue with the television series being released before the source material could be written. According to Benioff, Martin gave the showrunners an outline on the final two books of the series. In April 2016, the showrunners' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season: seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth. Later that month, the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven-episode order. HBO announced in June 2016 that the eighth season would be the final for the series. The first two seasons adapted one novel each. For the later seasons, its creators saw Game of Thrones as an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire as a whole rather than the individual novels, enabling them to move events across novels as the screen adaptation required. Filming Principal photography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26, 2010; the primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed at Sandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains (standing in for Vaes Dothrak); Castle Ward (Winterfell); Saintfield Estates (the Winterfell godswood); Tollymore Forest (outdoor scenes); Cairncastle (the execution site); the Magheramorne quarry (Castle Black); and Shane's Castle (the tourney grounds). Doune Castle in Stirling, Scotland, was also used in the original pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell. The producers initially considered filming the entire series in Scotland, but decided on Northern Ireland because of the availability of studio space and tax credits. The first season's southern scenes were filmed in Malta, a change in location from the pilot episode's Moroccan sets. The city of Mdina was used for King's Landing. Filming also took place at Fort Manoel (representing the Sept of Baelor); at the Azure Window on the island of Gozo (the Dothraki wedding site); and at San Anton Palace, Fort Ricasoli, Fort St. Angelo and St. Dominic monastery (all used for scenes in the Red Keep). Filming of the second season's southern scenes shifted from Malta to Croatia, where the city of Dubrovnik and nearby locations allowed exterior shots of a walled, coastal medieval city. The Walls of Dubrovnik and Fort Lovrijenac were used for scenes in King's Landing, though exteriors of some local buildings in the series, for example, the Red Keep and the Sept of Baelor, are computer generated. The island of Lokrum, the St. Dominic monastery in the coastal town of Trogir, the Rector's Palace in Dubrovnik, and the Dubac quarry (a few kilometers east) were used for scenes set in Qarth. Scenes set north of the Wall, in the Frostfangs, and at the Fist of the First Men, were filmed in November 2011 in Iceland on the Vatnajรถkull glacier near Smyrlabjรถrg, the Svรญnafellsjรถkull glacier near Skaftafell, and the Mรฝrdalsjรถkull glacier near Vik on Hรถfรฐabrekkuheiรฐi. Filming also occurred at the harbor in Ballintoy, Northern Ireland. Third-season production returned to Dubrovnik, with the Walls of Dubrovnik, Fort Lovrijenac, and nearby locations again used for scenes in King's Landing and the Red Keep. Trsteno Arboretum, a new location, is the garden of the Tyrells in King's Landing. The third season also returned to Morocco (including the city of Essaouira) to film Daenerys's scenes in Essos. Dimmuborgir and the Grjรณtagjรก cave in Iceland were used as well. One scene, with a live bear, was filmed in Los Angeles. The production used three units (Dragon, Wolf and Raven) filming in parallel, six directing teams, 257 cast members and 703 crew members. The fourth season returned to Dubrovnik and included new locations, including Diocletian's Palace in Split, Klis Fortress north of Split, Perun quarry east of Split, the Mosor mountain range and Baลกka Voda farther south. Thingvellir National Park in Iceland was used for the fight between Brienne and the Hound. The fifth season added Seville, Spain, used for scenes of Dorne, and Cรณrdoba. The sixth season, which began filming in July 2015, returned to Spain and filmed in Navarra, Guadalajara, Seville, Almeria, Girona and Peniscola. Filming also returned to Dubrovnik, Croatia. The filming of the seven episodes of season seven began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, with other filming in Iceland, Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain, including Seville, Cรกceres, Almodovar del Rio, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo. Filming continued until the end of February 2017, as necessary, to ensure winter weather in some European locations. Filming for season eight began in October 2017 and concluded in July 2018. New filming locations included Moneyglass and Saintfield in Northern Ireland for "The Long Night" battle scenes. Effect on locations Northern Ireland Screen, a UK government agency financed by Invest NI and the European Regional Development Fund, helped fund Game of Thrones. Tourism Ireland has a Game of Thrones-themed marketing campaign similar to New Zealand's Tolkien-related advertising. According to First Minister Arlene Foster, the series has given Northern Ireland the most publicity in its history apart from The Troubles. The production of Game of Thrones and other TV series boosted Northern Ireland's creative industries, contributing to an estimated 12.4 percent growth in arts, entertainment and recreation jobs between 2008 and 2013 (compared with 4.3percent in the rest of the UK during the same period). After filming had finished, HBO converted its filming locations in Northern Ireland into tourist attractions to be opened in 2019. By 2019, 350,000 visitors, or one sixth of all tourists, came to Northern Ireland annually because of Game of Thrones. Tourism organizations elsewhere reported increases in bookings after their locations appeared in Game of Thrones. Between 2014 and 2016, Hotels.com reported hotel bookings increased by 285 percent in Iceland and 120 percent in Dubrovnik. In 2016, bookings doubled in Ouarzazate, Morocco, the location of Daenerys' season three scenes. Dubrovnik also saw an increase in overnight tourist stays after episodes aired. However, the increase in tourism driven by the seriesโ€”estimated to be responsible for half of its annual increase over many yearsโ€”led to concerns about "over-tourism" and its mayor imposing limits on tourist numbers in the city. Following the series finale, HBO announced in April 2019 a new exhibition and tourist attraction containing show props and set pieces. The attraction, titled Game of Thrones Studio Tour, will be located at former show filming location Linen Mill Studios outside Belfast. Studies showed that the series had an overall positive economic impacts for both Northern Ireland and Dubrovnik. Despite the positive economic results, some academics note the impact and damage from Game of Thronesโ€“related tourist activities could have on historical sites and other locations of cultural value. Directing Each ten-episode season of Game of Thrones had four to six directors, who usually directed back-to-back episodes. Alan Taylor directed seven episodes, the most of any director. Alex Graves, David Nutter, Mark Mylod, and Jeremy Podeswa directed six episodes each. Daniel Minahan directed five episodes, and Michelle MacLaren, Alik Sakharov, and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each; MacLaren is the only female director of the entire series's run. Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season, and Tim Van Patten directed the series's first two episodes. Neil Marshall directed two episodes, both with large battle scenes: "Blackwater" and "The Watchers on the Wall". Other directors include Jack Bender, David Petrarca, Daniel Sackheim, Michael Slovis and Matt Shakman. David Benioff and have directed two episodes together but were credited with only one each, which was determined after a coin toss. For season eight, David Nutter and Miguel Sapochnik, who worked on previous episodes, directed the first five episodes. Benioff and Weiss were credited as both the writers and directors of the show finale "The Iron Throne". Production design Michele Clapton was the costume designer for Game of Thrones first five seasons before she was replaced by April Ferry. Clapton returned to the series as its costume designer for the seventh season. For the first three seasons, Paul Engelen was Game of Thrones main makeup designer and prosthetic makeup artist with Melissa Lackersteen, Conor O'Sullivan, and Rob Trenton. At the beginning of the fourth season, Engelen's team was replaced by Jane Walker and her crew, composed of Ann McEwan and Barrie and Sarah Gower. Over 130 makeup artists and prosthetic designers worked on the show. The designs for the series's costumes were inspired by several sources, such as Japanese and Persian armor. Dothraki dress resembles that of the Bedouin (one was made of fish skins to resemble dragon scales), and the Wildlings wear animal skins like the Inuit. Wildling bone armor is made from molds of actual bones and is assembled with string and latex resembling catgut. Although the extras who played Wildlings and the Night's Watch often wore hats (normal in a cold climate), members of the principal cast usually did not so viewers could recognize them. Bjรถrk's Alexander McQueen high-neckline dresses inspired Margaery Tyrell's funnel-neck outfit, and prostitutes' dresses were designed for easy removal. All the clothing used during the production was aged for two weeks, so it had a realistic appearance on high-definition television. About two dozen wigs were used by the actresses. Made of human hair and up to in length, they cost up to $7,000 each and were washed and styled like real hair. Applying the wigs was time-consuming; Emilia Clarke, for example, required about two hours to style her brunette hair with a platinum-blonde wig and braids. Other actors, such as Jack Gleeson and Sophie Turner, received frequent hair coloring. For characters such as Daenerys (Clarke) and her Dothraki, their hair, wigs and costumes were processed to appear as if they had not been washed for weeks. Visual effects For the large number of visual effects used in the series, HBO hired British-based BlueBolt and Irish-based Screen Scene for season one. Most of the environment builds were done as 2.5D projections, giving viewers perspective while keeping the programming from being overwhelming. In 2011, the season one finale, "Fire and Blood", was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects. The visual effects crew consisted of both on-set VFX supervisors and concept artists along with visual effect editors in post-production. Because the effects became more complex in subsequent seasons (including CGI creatures, fire, and water), German-based Pixomondo became the lead visual effects producer; nine of its twelve facilities contributed to the project for season two, with Stuttgart the lead studio. Scenes were also produced by British-based Peanut FX, Canadian-based Spin VFX, and US-based Gradient Effects. "Valar Morghulis" and "Valar Dohaeris" earned Pixomondo Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Special Visual Effects in 2012 and 2013, respectively. HBO added German-based Mackevision to the project in season four. The season four finale, "The Children", won the 2014 Emmy Award for Visual Effects. Additional producers for season four included Canadian-based Rodeo FX, German-based Scanline VFX and US-based BAKED FX. The muscle and wing movements of the adolescent dragons in seasons four and five were based largely on those of a chicken. Pixomondo retained a team of 22 to 30 people focused solely on visualizing Daenerys Targaryen's dragons, with the average production time per season of 20 to 22 weeks. For the fifth season, HBO added Canadian-based Image Engine and US-based Crazy Horse Effects to its list of main visual-effects producers. Visual effect supervisor Joe Bauer said that the VFX team worked on more than "10,000 shots of visual effects" throughout all eight seasons. More than 300 artists worked on the show's visual effects team. The show won eight Creative Arts Emmy Awards for visual effects, winning for Outstanding Special Visual Effects in seven consecutive seasons. Title sequence The series's title sequence was created for HBO by production studio Elastic. Creative director Angus Wall and his collaborators received the 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Main Title Design for the sequence, which depicts a three-dimensional map of the series's fictional world. The map is projected on the inside of a sphere which is centrally lit by a small sun in an armillary sphere. As the camera moves across the map, focusing on the locations of the episode's events, clockwork mechanisms intertwine and allow buildings and other structures to emerge from the map. Accompanied by the title music, the names of the principal cast and creative staff appear. The sequence concludes after about 90 seconds with the title card and brief opening credits detailing the episode's writer(s) and director. Its composition changes as the story progresses, with new locations replacing those featuring less prominently or not at all. Entertainment Weekly named the title sequence one of the best on television, calling it an "all-inclusive cruise of Westeros". Music Ramin Djawadi composed the series's music. The first season's soundtrack, written about ten weeks before the series's premiere, was published by Varรจse Sarabande in June 2011. Soundtrack albums for subsequent seasons have been released, with tracks by the National, the Hold Steady and Sigur Rรณs. Djawadi composed reoccurring themes for each of the major houses and some main characters. Some themes evolved over time. Daenerys Targaryen's theme was simple and became more complex after each season. At first, her theme was played by a single instrument, a cello, and Djawadi later incorporated more instruments into it. Djawadi was nominated twice for a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media for his work on the show. In addition to the originally scored music, Columbia Records released the For the Throne: Music Inspired by the HBO Series Game of Thrones companion album on April 26, 2019. Language The Westerosi characters of Game of Thrones speak British-accented English, often (but not consistently) with the accent of the English region corresponding to the character's Westerosi region. The Northerner Eddard Stark speaks in actor Sean Bean's native northern accent, and the southern lord Tywin Lannister speaks with a southern accent, while characters from Dorne speak English with a Spanish accent. Characters foreign to Westeros often have a non-British accent. Although the common language of Westeros is represented as English, the producers charged linguist David J. Peterson with constructing Dothraki and Valyrian languages based on the few words in the novels. Before production, Peterson wrote 300 pages of Dothraki language material, including translation and word function. Dothraki and Valyrian dialogue is often subtitled in English. Language-learning company Duolingo began offering courses in High Valyrian in 2017, of which 1.2million people signed up for between 2017 and 2020. Availability Broadcast Game of Thrones was broadcast by HBO in the United States and by its local subsidiaries or other pay television services in other countries, at the same time as in the US or weeks (or months) later. Broadcasters carrying Game of Thrones included Fox Showcase in Australia; HBO Canada, Super ร‰cran, and Showcase in Canada; HBO Latin America in Latin America; Sky Television Network's SoHo and Neon in New Zealand; and Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In India, two versions of the series were aired; Star World aired a censored version of the series on television at the same time as the US, while an uncensored version was made available for live viewing on the Hotstar app. On January 23, 2015, the last two episodes of season four were shown in 205 IMAX theaters across the United States, the first television series to be shown in this format. The show earned $686,000 at the box office on its opening day and $1.5million during its opening weekend; the week-long release grossed $1,896,092. Before the season eight premiere, HBO screened "The Spoils of War" episode from season seven in movie theaters in New York, Los Angeles, and "Chicago". Home media and streaming The ten episodes of the first season of Game of Thrones were released as a DVD and Blu-ray box set on March 6, 2012. The box set includes extra background and behind-the-scenes material but no deleted scenes, since nearly all the footage shot for the first season was used. The box set sold over 350,000 copies in the week following its release, the largest first-week DVD sales ever for an HBO series. The series also set an HBO-series record for digital-download sales. A collector's-edition box set was released in November 2012, combining the DVD and Blu-ray versions of the first season with the first episode of season two. A paperweight in the shape of a dragon egg is included in the set. DVD-Blu-ray box sets and digital downloads of the second season became available on February 19, 2013. First-day sales broke HBO records, with 241,000 box sets sold and 355,000 episodes downloaded. The third season was made available for purchase as a digital download on the Australian iTunes Store, parallel to the US premiere, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on February 18, 2014. The fourth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 17, 2015, and the fifth season on March 15, 2016. Blu-ray and DVD versions of the sixth season were released on November 15, 2016. Beginning in 2016, HBO began issuing Steelbook Blu-ray sets, which include both Dolby TrueHD 7.1 and Dolby Atmos audio options. In 2018, the first season was released in 4K HDR on Ultra HD Blu-ray. Blu-ray and DVD versions of the seventh season were released on December 12, 2017. The final season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 3, 2019. The home release also included behind-the-scenes footage and cast commentary. A box set containing all eight seasons, including a cast reunion hosted by Conan O'Brien, was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 3, 2019, and was also released on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on November 3, 2020. In August 2022, the complete series was released in 4K, Dolby Vision HDR and Dolby Atmos on HBO Max. Copyright infringement Game of Thrones has been widely pirated, primarily outside the US. According to the file-sharing news website TorrentFreak, it was the most pirated television series from 2012 to 2019 (except 2018, when no new episodes were broadcast), and Guinness World Records named it the most-pirated television program in 2015. Illegal downloads increased to about seven million in the first quarter of 2015, up 45 percent from 2014. An unnamed episode was downloaded about times through public BitTorrent trackers in 2012, roughly equal to its number of broadcast viewers. Piracy rates were particularly high in Australia prompting the US Ambassador to Australia, Jeff Bleich, to issue a statement in 2013 condemning the practice there. Delays in availability by non-HBO broadcasters before 2015 and the cost of subscriptions to their services have been cited as causes for the series's illegal distribution. According to TorrentFreak, a subscription to a service broadcasting Game of Thrones cost up to $25 per month in the United States, up to ยฃ26 per episode in the UK and up to $52 per episode in Australia. In 2013, to combat unauthorized downloads, HBO said it intended to make its content more widely available within a week of the US premiere (including HBO Go). In 2015, the fifth season was simulcast to 170 countries and to HBO Now users. On April 11, the day before the season premiere, screener copies of the first four episodes of the fifth season leaked to a number of file-sharing websites. Within a day of the leak, the files were downloaded over 800,000 times; in one week the illegal downloads reached 32million, with the season five premiereโ€”"The Wars to Come"โ€” pirated 13million times. The season five finale ("Mother's Mercy") was the most simultaneously shared file in the history of the BitTorrent file sharing protocol, with over 250,000 sharers and over 1.5million downloads in eight hours. HBO did not send screeners to the press for the sixth season to prevent the spread of unlicensed copies and spoilers. Season seven was either illegally streamed or downloaded over 1 billion times, with the season averaging 14.7 billion illegal views, and the season finale garnering over 120 million illegal views within its first 72 hours. According to anti-piracy company MUSO, the eighth season was illegally downloaded or viewed most in India and China. Illegal viewership for the final season was double the number of legal viewers, with illegal downloads for the season eight premiere "Winterfell", compared to 17.4million who watched on HBO platforms. Observers, including series director David Petrarca and Time Warner CEO Jeff Bewkes, said that illegal downloads did not hurt the series's prospects; it benefited from "buzz" and social commentary, and the high piracy rate did not significantly translate into lost subscriptions. According to Polygon, HBO's relaxed attitude towards piracy and the sharing of login credentials amounted to a premium-television "free-to-play" model. At a 2015 Oxford Union panel discussion, series co-creator David Benioff said that he was just glad that people watched the series; illegally downloaded episodes sometimes interested viewers enough to buy a copy, especially in countries where Game of Thrones was not televised. Series co-creator had mixed feelings, saying that the series was expensive to produce and "if it doesn't make the money back, then it ceases to exist". However, he was pleased that so many people "enjoy the show so much they can't wait to get their hands on it." Reception Critical response General Game of Thrones, particularly the first six seasons, received critical acclaim, although the series's frequent use of nudity and violence has been criticized. The series has an overall rating of 89 percent on Rotten Tomatoes and 86 on Metacritic. Some critics and publications have called the show among the best HBO series of all time. The series was highly anticipated by fans before its premiere. James Poniewozik said the pilot episode set "a very large table", while Ti Singh of Den of Geek said the show "is here to stay". First-season reviewers said the series had high production values, a fully realized world and compelling characters. According to Variety, "There may be no show more profitable to its network than 'Game of Thrones' is to HBO. Fully produced by the pay cabler and already a global phenomenon after only one season, the fantasy skein was a gamble that has paid off handsomely." The second season was also well received. Entertainment Weekly praised its "vivid, vital, and just plain fun" storytelling and, according to The Hollywood Reporter, the series made a "strong case for being one of TV's best series"; its seriousness made it the only drama comparable to Mad Men or Breaking Bad. The critical response for the middle seasons were also positive. Matt Fowler of IGN said the series was "still quite marvelous" praising the character development. TV Guide named the third season's penultimate episode "The Rains of Castamere" as number three on their 65 Best Episodes of the 21st Century. The critical acclaim continued into season four, with Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly calling the season " the height of the show's icon-generating powers". The Independent stated that the show deviated significantly from the novels however the "changes benefited the show and condensed the substantial source text admirably well". The critical response to season five was again positive, however, some commentators criticized the sexual assault in the "Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken" episode. Season six also received favorable reviews. Time criticized the repetitive story lines early in the season, however, its reviewer praised the "Battle of the Bastards" episode as "one of the show's very best". One reviewer also said there were "more woman-friendly" themes throughout the season, with another singling out Arya Stark story arc. The show's final two seasons, especially season eight, received more criticism. Season seven was praised for its action sequences and focused central characters, but received criticism for its pace and plot developments that were said to have "defied logic". Writing for Vox, Emily VanDerWerff cited the departure from the source material as a reason for the "circular storytelling". Critical reception for season eight was mixed. The Guardian said there was the "rushed business" of the plot which "failed to do justice to its characters or its actors". Writing for The Hollywood Reporter, Maureen Ryan condemned the season's reductive treatment of women, and "decisions set up and executed with little or no foresight or thoughtfulness", declaring the penultimate episode as "Game of Thrones at its worst". Fan reaction was mixed for the final season. A petition on Change.org started by some fans requested that the final season be remade with different writers. Casey Bloys, HBO's president of programming, said at a Television Critics Association event "the petition shows a lot of enthusiasm and passion for the show but it wasn't something we seriously considered". Despite the criticism of the writing, the music and visual effects were praised. In 2023, Game of Thrones was included on The Guardians list of worst TV endings of all time. The cast performances were praised throughout the show's run. Peter Dinklage's "charming, morally ambiguous, and self-aware" portrayal of Tyrion, which earned him Emmy and Golden Globe awards, was acclaimed. "In many ways, Game of Thrones belongs to Dinklage", wrote Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times before Tyrion became the series's central figure in season two. Several critics highlighted performances by actresses and children. Lena Headey's portrayal of the "riveting" Cersei Lannister also received praise. Maisie Williams was singled out as well and her season two work with veteran actor Charles Dance (Tywin Lannister). Stephen Dillane received positive reviews for his performance as Stannis Baratheon, especially in the fifth season, with one critic noting "Whether you like Stannis or not, you have to admit that Stephen Dillane delivered a monumental performance this season." The series was also praised for the portrayal of handicapped and disabled characters. One commentator stated that Tyrion Lannister is a "departure from the archetypal dwarf" often found in other fantasy stories like The Lord of the Rings. Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly gave the series a 'B' rating, saying that it was ultimately "okay". With both "transcendent moments" and "miserable phases", it was "beloved enough to be criticized by everyone for something". Franich described seasons three and four as "relentless", seasons six's ending having a "killer one-two punch", while seasons seven and eight were "indifferent". The New York Times gave the series a mixed review after the season three finale, criticizing the number of characters, their lack of complexity and a meandering plot. The show, however, appeared on many "best of" lists for the end of the 2010s. Alan Sepinwall, writing for Rolling Stone, placed the series on his "50 Best TV Shows of the 2010s" list, saying its "ability to most of the time keep all of its disparate threads feeling vital and tied to one another, remains a staggering achievement". Concerns over depiction of sex and violence Despite its otherwise enthusiastic reception by critics, Game of Thrones has been criticized for the amount of female nudity, violence, and sexual violence it depicts, and for the manner in which it depicts these themes. responded that he felt obliged to be truthful about history and human nature, and that rape and sexual violence are common in war; and that omitting them from the narrative would have rung false and undermined one of his novels' themes, its historical realism. HBO said that they "fully support the vision and artistry of Dan and David's exceptional work and we feel this work speaks for itself". The show has reportedly been censored or banned for sexual or violent content in countries like China, India, Iran, Jordan, Singapore, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam. The amount of sex and nudity in the series, especially in scenes incidental to the plot, was the focus of much of the criticism aimed at it in its first and second seasons. Stephen Dillane, who portrays Stannis Baratheon, likened the series's frequent explicit scenes to "German porn from the 1970s". The series's use of "sexposition", plot delivery accompanied by sex or nudity, was criticized as distracting. Saturday Night Live parodied this aspect of the adaptation in a sketch that portrayed a 13-year-old boy as a Game of Thrones consultant, whose main concern was showing as many breasts as possible. The episode "The Bear and the Maiden Fair" in the third season featured the lengthy torture and eventual emasculation of Theon Greyjoy, which prompted criticism. New York magazine called the scene "torture porn". According to one commentator, although the series' violence tended to serve a narrative purpose, Theon's torture in "The Bear and the Maiden Fair" was excessive as well. One commentator noted that Greyjoy's emasculation was one of the only sexual assault scenes where a male was the victim. A scene in the fourth season's episode "Breaker of Chains", in which Jaime Lannister rapes his sister and lover Cersei, triggered a broad public discussion about the series' depiction of sexual violence against women. According to Dave Itzkoff of The New York Times, the scene caused outrage, in part because of comments by director Alex Graves that the scene became "consensual by the end". Sonia Saraiya of The A.V. Club wrote that the series's choice to portray this sexual act, and a similar one between Daenerys Targaryen and Khal Drogo in the first seasonโ€”both described as consensual in the source novelsโ€”as a rape appeared to be an act of "exploitation for shock value". In the fifth season's episode "Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken", Sansa Stark is raped by Ramsay Bolton. Most reviewers and publications found the scene gratuitous and artistically unnecessary. In response to the scene, pop culture website The Mary Sue announced that it would cease coverage of the series because of the repeated use of rape as a plot device, and US Senator Claire McCaskill said that she would no longer watch it. The episode was the lowest rated on Rotten Tomatoes until the season eight episode "The Bells". As the later seasons saw Daenerys, Sansa, and Cersei assume ruling positions, Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post noted that the series could be seen as a "long-arc revenge fantasy about what happens when women who have been brutalized and raped gain power". Much of the criticism after the series finale was centered around the handling of the female character storylines. One commentator cited the male gaze as one of main sources of the "romanticized female rape" and general nudity throughout the series. Another commentator stated the use of both sex and violence helps perpetuate misogyny within the Game of Thrones universe. Lighting The lighting, or lack of light, in darker scenes has been a recurring point of criticism since season six of the series. In 2016, Bustles Caitlyn Callegari listed 31 examples of scenes where the lighting caused viewers problems ranging from not being able to tell a character's hair color to being unable to see what was going on. Some reviewers have noted this is part of a wider trend among shows that are made by people who have experience working primarily on films, suggesting they "haven't grasped the nuances (or lack thereof)" of television as a medium, especially the differences between watching a scene on a television screen versus watching it on the big screen in a movie theater. In a 2017 interview, Robert McLachlan, a cinematographer working on the show, explained the lack of lighting as an artistic choice saying "we're trying to be as naturalistic as possible". The criticism reached a high point during "The Long Night", the third episode of season eight. Barely minutes into the episode, viewers took to social media sites such as Twitter to express their discontent over the fact that they were having severe difficulties watching the battle and trying to figure out what was going on. Cultural influence Although Game of Thrones was initially dismissed by some critics, its success has been credited with an increase in the fantasy genre's popularity. The series's popularity led to increased sales of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels (republished in tie-in editions), which remained at the top of bestseller lists for months. On the eve of the second season's premiere, CNN said, "after this weekend, you may be hard pressed to find someone who isn't a fan of some form of epic fantasy" and cited Ian Bogost as saying that the series continues a trend of successful screen adaptations beginning with Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001โ€“2003) and the Harry Potter films (2001โ€“2011) establishing fantasy as a mass-market genre; they are "gateway drugs to fantasy fan culture". The show's success led to the commissioning of several fantasy television series, including The Wheel of Time and The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power by Amazon Studios. According to Neil Gaiman, whose novels Good Omens and American Gods were adapted for television, Game of Thrones helped to change attitudes towards fantasy on television, but mainly it made big budgets for fantasy series more acceptable. The success of the genre has been attributed by writers to a longing for escapism in popular culture, frequent female nudity and a skill in balancing lighthearted and serious topics (dragons and politics, for example) which provided it with a prestige enjoyed by conventional, top-tier drama series. According to The Daily Beast, Game of Thrones was a favorite of sitcom writers and the series has been referred to in other television series. With other fantasy series, it has been cited as a reason for an increase in the purchase (and abandonment) of huskies and other wolf-like dogs. Game of Thrones has added to the popular vocabulary. A first-season scene in which Petyr Baelish explains his motives (or background) while prostitutes have sex in the background gave rise to the word "sexposition" for providing exposition with sex and nudity. Dothraki, the series's nomadic horsemen, was ranked fourth in a September 2012 Global Language Monitor list of words from television most used on the internet. The series and its characters have also been referenced by politicians and academics to commentate on modern-day geopolitics, economic inequality, and climate change. In 2019, singer-songwriter Taylor Swift told Entertainment Weekly that several songs on her 2017 album Reputation were inspired by Game of Thrones characters and plots. "Khaleesi" became more popular as a name for baby girls in the United States. In the novels and the TV series, "khaleesi" is not a name, but the title of the wife of a "khal" (warlord) in the Dothraki language, held by Daenerys Targaryen. Other names from characters in the series, like Daenerys, also became popular baby names. Game of Thrones has also become a subject of both academic and scientific inquiry. In 2016, researchers published a paper analyzing emotional sentiment in online public discourse associated with the unfolding storyline during the fourth season. The Mathematical Association of America published a journal in 2016 that applied the multidisciplinary field of network science to create a social network for the show's characters and their relationships. The analysis purported to be able to distinguish discussions about an episode's storyline from media critiques or assessments of a specific actor's performance. In 2018, Australian scientists conducted a survival analysis and examined the mortality among 330 important characters during the first seven seasons of Game of Thrones. In 2019, the Australian Red Cross conducted a study using international humanitarian law to determine which of the Game of Thrones characters had committed the most war crimes during the first seven seasons of the show. Animals have also been named after the show. Three species of mud dragons; Echinoderes daenerysae, Echinoderes rhaegal and Echinoderes drogoni, a bee fly; Paramonovius nightking, three species of scarab beetles; Gymnetis drogoni, Gymnetis rhaegali and Gymnetis viserioni, and a brittle star, Ophiohamus georgemartini, due to its sharp thorns resembling those depicted on the Game of Thrones crown. Fandom A Song of Ice and Fire and Game of Thrones have a broad, active international fan base. In 2012 Vulture ranked the series's fans as the most devoted in popular culture, more so than those of Lady Gaga, Justin Bieber, Harry Potter or Star Wars. Fans include political leaders such as former US president Barack Obama, former British prime minister David Cameron, former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard and Dutch foreign minister Frans Timmermans, who framed European politics using quotes from Martin's novels in a 2013 speech. BBC News said in 2013 that "the passion and the extreme devotion of fans" had created a phenomenon, unlike anything related to other popular TV series, manifesting itself in fan fiction, Game of Thrones-themed burlesque routines and parents naming their children after series characters; writers quoted attributed this success to the rich detail, moral ambiguity, sexual explicitness and epic scale of the series and novels. The previous year, "Arya" was the fastest-rising girl's name in the US after it had jumped in popularity from 711th to 413th place. , about 58 percent of series viewers were male and 42 percent female, and the average male viewer was 41 years old. According to SBS Broadcasting Group marketing director Helen Kellie, Game of Thrones has a high fan-engagement rate; 5.5 percent of the series's 2.9million Facebook fans talked online about the series in 2012, compared to 1.8percent of the over ten million fans of True Blood (HBO's other fantasy series). Vulture.com cited Westeros.org and WinterIsComing.net (news and discussion forums), ToweroftheHand.com (which organizes communal readings of the novels) and Podcastoficeandfire.com as fan sites dedicated to the TV and novel series; and podcasts cover Game of Thrones. Awards Game of Thrones has won numerous awards throughout its run, including 59 Emmy Awards, eight Screen Actors Guild Awards and a Peabody Award. It holds the record for total Emmy Award wins for a scripted television series (surpassing the record of 37 wins held by Frasier since 2004) and for most Emmy nominations for a drama series, with 161. In 2019, the show's final season established a new record for most Emmy nominations received in a year with 32, breaking the 25-year-long record of 26 nominations established by NYPD Blue in 1994. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America listed Game of Thrones as the 40th best written series in television history. In 2015, The Hollywood Reporter placed it at number four on their best TV shows ever list, while in 2016 the series was placed seventh on Empire "The 50 best TV shows ever". The same year, Rolling Stone named it the twelfth "greatest TV Show of all time". In 2013, at the Media Access Awards, accepted the Visionary Award from the Writers With Disabilities committee of the Writers Guild of America, for its positive portrayal of character with disabilities. Viewership Game of Thrones was considered a ratings success for HBO throughout all eight seasons. The show premiere was watched by 2.2million, and the first season averaged 2.5million viewers per episode. For its second season, the series had an average gross audience of 11.6million viewers. The third season was seen by 14.2million viewers, making Game of Thrones the second-most-viewed HBO series (after The Sopranos). HBO said that Game of Thrones average gross audience of 18.4million viewers (later adjusted to 18.6million) had passed The Sopranos for the viewership record. The season five episode "The House of Black and White" was simulcasted in 173 countries, becoming the "largest TV drama telecast" according to Guinness World Records. By the sixth season the average per-episode gross viewing figure had increased to over 25million, with nearly 40 percent of viewers watching on HBO digital platforms. In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook likes found that Game of Thrones was "much more popular in cities than in the countryside, probably the only show involving zombies that is". By season seven, the average viewer numbers had grown to 32.8million per episode across all platforms. The series finale was viewed by 19.3million people across HBO platforms, becoming the network's most watched episode. The lead-out show also benefited from the finale's record viewership. Game of Thrones also set viewership records outside the United States on pay-television channels in the United Kingdom (with a 2016 average audience of more than five million on all platforms) and Australia (with a cumulative average audience of 1.2million). Video streaming research company Parrot Analytics stated that after the US, the season eight premiere demand was "particularly strong in the United Kingdom and France". Nielsen Media Research noted the show was popular among 18 to 49 key demographic with strong female viewership for a fantasy series. The show also benefited from time shifting viewership. Between season one and season seven, 7-day viewers, the number of both DVR and video on demand views during the week after the episode broadcast, grew from 3.3million to 13.7million. Following the show finale, commentators said many viewers might cancel their premium television and streaming subscriptions. HBO parent company WarnerMedia reported that subscription revenue declined only 0.9 percent between April and June 2019. Other media Video games The series and the novels have inspired several video games. Merchandise and exhibition HBO has licensed a variety of merchandise based on Game of Thrones, including games, replica weapons and armor, jewelry, bobblehead dolls by Funko, beer by Ommegang and apparel. High-end merchandise includes a $10,500 Ulysse Nardin wristwatch and a $30,000 resin replica of the Iron Throne. In 2013 and 2014, a traveling exhibition of costumes, props, armor and weapons from the series visited major cities in Europe and the Americas. Starting 2018, Diageo released several Game of Thrones themed whiskies. Related shows Thronecast Thronecast: The Official Guide to Game of Thrones, a series of podcasts presented by Geoff Lloyd and produced by Koink, were released on the Sky Atlantic website and the UK iTunes store during the series's run; a new podcast, with analysis and cast interviews, was released after each episode. In 2014 and 2015, HBO commissioned Catch the Throne, two rap albums about the series. A companion book, Inside HBO's Game of Thrones by series writer Bryan Cogman, was published on September 27, 2012. The 192-page book, illustrated with concept art and behind-the-scenes photographs, covers the creation of the series's first two seasons and its principal characters and families. After the Thrones After the Thrones was a live aftershow during which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discussed episodes of the series. It aired on HBO Now, the Monday following each season six episode. The Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience, a North American 28-city orchestral tour which performed the series's soundtrack with composer Ramin Djawadi, began in February 2017 and concluded in April 2017. A second tour followed in 2018 across cities in Europe and North America. Home media extras Each season's Blu-ray and DVD set contains several short still motion animated sequences titled Histories and Lore, narrated by the cast, in character, as they detail events in the history of Westeros. For the seventh season, this was to include the animated prequel series Game of Thrones: Conquest & Rebellion, illustrated in a different animation style than previous videos. The series focuses on Aegon Targaryen's conquest of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros. A week after the series finale, HBO released a behind-the-scenes documentary entitled Game of Thrones: The Last Watch. The program documented the production of season 8 along with read-throughs and interviews with the cast. Successors In May 2017, after years of speculation about possible successor series, HBO commissioned Max Borenstein, Jane Goldman, Brian Helgeland, Carly Wray, and Bryan Cogman to develop five individual Game of Thrones successor series; the writers were to be working individually with , who also co-wrote two of the scripts. and David Benioff said that they would not be involved with any of the projects. Martin said that all the concepts under discussion were prequels, although he believes the term "successor show" applies better to these projects, as they are not Game of Thrones spin-offs in the traditional sense. He ruled out Robert's Rebellion (the overthrow of Daenerys's father by Robert Baratheon) as a possible idea and revealed that some may be set outside Westeros. In September 2018, speaking about the four projects (i.e. not about the Goldman's project), HBO president of programming Casey Bloys said that some of them had been abandoned completely, while others remained as possibilities for the future; Martin said that: "at least two of them are solidly based on material in Fire and Blood". In May 2019, Martin stated that two of the projects were still in the script stage, but were "edging closer". In April 2019, Cogman confirmed his prequel would not be moving forward. In January 2021, it was revealed that HBO were developing another prequel series to be based on Martin's novella series Tales of Dunk and Egg. Steve Conrad was attached as writer and executive producer of the Tales of Dunk and Egg series in November 2021. In March 2021, it was reported that three additional Game of Thrones spin-offs were in development at HBO; they include 10,000 Ships, a reference to the voyages made by warrior queen Princess Nymeria, who later founds Dorne; 9 Voyages, about the voyages of Corlys Velaryon on the Sea Snake; and a project based on Flea Bottom, the poorest slum in King's Landing. In June 2022, it was reported that a Jon Snow sequel series with Kit Harington to reprise his role was in early development at HBO. The working title is Snow and Martin confirmed his involvement with the project and that Harington initiated the idea. Also in June, Martin said there were still three other live-action series in development: 10,000 Ships (written by Amanda Segal), 9 Voyages aka The Sea Snake (written by Bruno Heller), and the Dunk & Egg prequel series (written by Steven Conrad), tentatively titled either The Hedge Knight or A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms. Bloodmoon On June 8, 2018, HBO commissioned a pilot to a Game of Thrones prequel series from Goldman as showrunner and Martin as co-creator. The prequel was to take place in the Age of Heroes, a period that begins roughly 10,000 years before the events of Game of Thrones. Notable events of that period include the foundation of powerful Houses, the Long Night when the White Walkers first descended upon Westeros, and the Andal Invasion when the Andals invaded from Essos and conquered most of Westeros. Martin suggested The Long Night as a title for the series. S. J. Clarkson was announced to direct and executive produce the pilot, while Naomi Watts was cast as the female lead playing "a charismatic socialite hiding a dark secret". Other series regulars were to include: Josh Whitehouse, Toby Regbo, Ivanno Jeremiah, Georgie Henley, Naomi Ackie, Denise Gough, Jamie Campbell Bower, Sheila Atim, Alex Sharp, Miranda Richardson, Marquis Rodriguez, John Simm, Richard McCabe, John Heffernan, and Dixie Egerickx. In September 2019, Martin claimed the pilot was in post-production but in October 2019, it was announced that HBO had decided not to move forward with the series. House of the Dragon In September 2019, Deadline Hollywood reported that a second prequel from Martin and Ryan Condal that "tracks the beginning of the end for House Targaryen" was close to receiving a pilot order from HBO; the project is not considered an original sixth script, as it builds upon Cogman's idea from 2017. This prequel, titled House of the Dragon, was commissioned as a complete series on October 29, 2019. The 10-episode series is to be based on material from Fire and Blood, executive produced by Martin, Vince Gerardis, Condal, and Miguel Sapochnik; the latter two are to be its showrunners as well. In January 2020, HBO stated that the series is scheduled for a 2022 release and that the writing process has begun. Casting for the series started in July 2020. In October 2020, it was revealed that Paddy Considine was cast as King Viserys I Targaryen. In December 2020, three more castings were announced: Olivia Cooke as Alicent Hightower, Emma D'Arcy as Rhaenyra Targaryen, and Matt Smith as Daemon Targaryen. In February 2021, HBO chief content officer Casey Bloys stated that the show would start production in April, with filming occurring in England. In February 2021, Steve Toussaint, Eve Best, Rhys Ifans, and Sonoya Mizuno were confirmed to also be starring in the series. In March 2022, HBO announced a series premiere date of August 21, 2022, followed by the release of the official teaser trailer. Animated series In January 2021, an adult animated drama series was announced to be in development at HBO Max. In July 2021, two more animated series were in development at HBO Max, with one being set in Yi Ti, a nation in Essos loosely based on Imperial China. The working title is The Golden Empire. References External links 2010s American drama television series 2011 American television series debuts 2019 American television series endings American action adventure television series American adventure television series American fantasy drama television series Dark fantasy television series English-language television shows Epic television series Family saga television series Fiction about regicide HBO original programming High fantasy television series Hugo Award-winning television series Nudity in television Obscenity controversies in television Peabody Award-winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series Saturn Award-winning television series Serial drama television series Television controversies in the United States Television series based on American novels Television series by Home Box Office Television series created by David Benioff Television series created by D. B. Weiss Television series set in castles Television shows adapted into video games Television shows filmed in Croatia Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows filmed in Malta Television shows filmed in Northern Ireland Television shows filmed in Spain Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire