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https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%20%28%EA%B0%80%EC%88%98%29

헤이즈 (가수)

헤이즈(, , 1991년 8월 9일 ~ )는 대한민국의 가수이다. 헤이즈라는 이름은 본인이 외국 여성 래퍼 에인절 헤이즈를 좋아해서 영어 철자만 추가하고 지은 이름이다. 2015년 언프리티 랩스타 2를 통해서 대중에게 얼굴을 알렸다. 이후 2016년에 발매한 싱글 《돌아오지마》와 《And July》의 음원 차트 순위권 진입이후 《저 별》이 주요 음원사이트 차트 1위, 《비도 오고 그래서》로 사람들의 마음을 울리며 음원 차트 정상에 올랐다. 학력 무학초등학교 (졸업) 마산제일여자중학교 (졸업) 합포고등학교 (졸업) 부경대학교 (경영학 / 학사) 생애 헤이즈는 1991년 8월 9일 대구광역시에서 1남 1녀 중 막내로 태어났다. 어린 시절 첼로를 배웠고 클래식과 발라드를 좋아했던 그녀는 미니홈피를 통해 랩을 듣게 된 이후 직접 랩 가사를 쓰고 랩 음악을 찾아서 듣기 시작했다. 담임 선생님의 권유로 부경대학교 경영학과에 진학하였으나 공부를 멀리하고 랩 가사를 써왔다. 학과 내에서 1등을 하면 서울로의 상경을 허락 해주겠다는 아버지의 말에 과 수석을 하게 된 그녀는 부산에서 상경하여 아르바이트를 하기 시작했다. 부모님에게 손 벌리기 싫어 하루에 세 개의 아르바이트를 하던 중 언프리티 랩스타2에 출연한 것을 계기로 음악에 전념하게 되었다. 크루셜스타와 교제하기도 했으나 2015년 헤어졌다. 헤이즈는 라디오방송에서 크루셜스타를 좋은 사람이었다고 평가했고 아직도 잊지 못한다고 말하기도 했다. 헤이즈가 겪었던 이별의 경험은 그녀가 미니 앨범 《/// (너 먹구름 비)》를 제작하는 것에 많은 영향을 주었다. 음반 미니 음반 2014년 3월 21일 - 《HEIZE》 2016년 7월 18일 - 《And July》 2017년 6월 26일 - 《/// (너 먹구름 비)》 2018년 3월 8일 - 《바람》 2019년 10월 13일 - 《만추》 2020년 6월 10일 - 《Lyricist》 2021년 5월 20일 - 《HAPPEN》 싱글 음반 2014년 1월 17일 - 《조금만 더 방황하고》 2015년 1월 16일 - 《내 남자친구가 고맙대》 2015년 6월 5일 - 《Pume Sweet Pume》 2016년 4월 14일 - 《돌아오지마》 2016년 12월 5일 - 《저 별》 2017년 1월 21일 -《Round and round》 2017년 8월 25일 - 《너와 함께한 시간 속에서》 2018년 12월 14일 - 《첫눈에》 2019년 2월 14일 - 《오롯이》 2019년 7월 7일 - 《We don't talk together》 2022년 3월 29일 - 《엄마가 필요해》 정규 음반 2019년 3월 19일 - 《She's Fine》 2022년 6월 30일 - 《Undo》 피쳐링 음반 2016년 4월 8일 - 《썸타 (Lil` Something)》 (With 첸) 2016년 7월 16일 - 《Blind Date》 (With 바닐라 어쿠스틱) 2016년 8월 25일 - 《UFO 타고 왔니?》 (with 고영배 of 소란) 2016년 9월 27일 - 《너만이》 (With 유승우) 2017년 1월 3일 - 《Navigation》 (With DAVII) 2017년 5월 2일 - 《그대로일까》 (With 용준형) 2017년 7월 24일 - 《Sunday》 (With GroovyRoom) 2017년 10월 16일 - 《후회해》 (With 박진영) 2018년 4월 4일 - 《아름다운》 (With 신용재(포맨)) 2018년 4월 8일 - 《안아줘요》 (With 효빈) 2018년 5월 23일 - 《나만 이래》(With DAVII) 2018년 6윌 4일 - 《모래시계》 (With 더힐(옹성우,이대휘)) 2018년 10월 22일 - 《희미해서》 (With 이문세) 2019년 5월 21일 - 《교통정리》 (With 기리보이) OST / 방송 2015년 11월 7일 - 언프리티 랩스타 2 돈 벌지마 (Feat. 찬열, 엑소) 2016년 8월 25일 - 질투의 화신 OST Part.1 헤이즈&고영배 - UFO 타고 왔니? 2017년 1월 21일 - 도깨비 OST Part.14 Round and Round (Feat. 한수지) 2017년 12월 14일 - 슬기로운 감빵생활 OST Part.5 좋았을걸 2019년 7월 28일 - 호텔 델루나 OST Part.5 내 맘을 볼 수 있나요 2019년 10월 19일 - 놀면뭐하니? 눈치 (폴킴&픽보이) 2019년 11월 13일 - 동백꽃 필 무렵 OST Part.9 운명이 내게 말해요 2019년 11월 30일 - 슈가맨 3 EPISODE.1 너의 마음을 내게 준다면 (Feat. Colde) 2020년 1월 21일 - 낭만닥터 김사부 2 OST Part.4 다 그렇지 뭐 2020년 6월 21일 - 사이코지만 괜찮아 OST Part.1 You're Clod (더 많이 사랑한 쪽이 아프대) 2020년 9월 27일 - 브람스를 좋아하세요? OST 밤하늘의 저 별처럼 (브람스를 좋아하세요? OST 스페셜 트랙) 2021년 8월 4일 - 블루버스데이 OST Part.1 비가 오는 날엔(2021) 2022년 4월 16일 - 우리들의 블루스 OST Part.2 마지막 너의 인사 방송 TV 《언프리티 랩스타 2》 (2015년, Mnet) 《나 혼자 산다》 (2016년, MBC) 《해피투게더 3》 게스트 - With 황우슬혜, 구재이, 경리, 모니카 (2016년, KBS) 《수요미식회》 게스트 - With 윤상, 이은결 (2017년, tvN) 《박진영의 파티피플》 (2017년, SBS) 《한끼줍쇼》 게스트 - With 유빈 (2018년, JTBC) 《투유 프로젝트 - 슈가맨 3》 (2019년 ~ 2020년, JTBC) 《코미디빅리그》사이코러스 (특별 출연), (2021년, tvN) 《불후의 명곡》 게스트 (2021년, KBS) 《아는 형님》 게스트 - With 스윙스, 이홍기 (2021년, JTBC) 《구해줘! 홈즈》 게스트 - With 레이디 제인 (2021년, MBC) 《비긴어게인 - 인터미션》 (2023년, JTBC) 라디오 《볼륨을 높여요》 (2022.8.22 ~ 2023.9.3, KBS 쿨FM) 광고 2015년 MAC 월드 에이즈 캠페인 (with 트루디, 캐스퍼) 2016년 넥스트무브 아케론 2016년 비너스 솔브 2016년 SC제일은행 (with 박상영) 2016년 NIX 16SS 광고 모델 (with 서강준) 2017년 스타일난다 3CE 2017년 NBA 2017 S/S 한·중 모델 (with 박재범) 2017년 NBA 2017 F/W 한·중 모델 (with 박재범) 2018년 MAC 15 Shades of Heize (헤이즈 키트 출시) 2018년 삼성전자 삼성 노트북 Pen CF 2021년 라그나로크 오리진 2022년 에어뮤즈 (with 제이호) 투어 2017 헤이즈 캐나다 투어 (4월 21일 Toronto, 4월 22일 Vancouver) 수상 가요 프로그램 1위 기타 시상식 2016 제24회 대한민국문화연예대상 K팝가수상 2017 엠넷 아시안 뮤직 어워즈 베스트 힙합 어반 뮤직상 2017 엠넷 아시안 뮤직 어워즈 베스트 보컬 퍼포먼스 여자 솔로 2017 제9회 멜론 뮤직 어워드 TOP 10 2018 제32회 골든디스크 시상식 디지털음원 본상 2018 제7회 가온차트 K-POP 어워드 R&B부문 올해의 발견상 2018 MGA 보컬상 여자부문 2018 엠넷 아시안 뮤직 어워즈 베스트 보컬 퍼포먼스 솔로상 2019 제11회 멜론뮤직어워드 TOP 10, R&B/소울 부문 수상 2019 엠넷 아시안 뮤직 어워즈 베스트 힙합&얼반 뮤직 수상 2020년 올해의 브랜드 대상 R&B Soul 아티스트부문 수상 2021년 멜론뮤직어워즈 올해의 TOP10상 2022년 제36회 골든디스크 어워즈 디지털 음원 부문 본상 2022년 제31회 하이원 서울가요대상 본상 2022년 2022 K 글로벌 하트 드림 어워즈 K 글로벌 OST상 2022년 2022 K 글로벌 하트 드림 어워즈 K 글로벌 하트 드림 본상 각주 외부 링크 - 네이버 인물검색 - 다음 인물백과 1991년 출생 살아있는 사람 대한민국의 여자 가수 언프리티 랩스타 참가자 대구광역시 출신 CJ ENM 음악가 Mnet 아시안 뮤직 어워드 수상 음악가 무학초등학교 (경남) 동문 마산제일여자중학교 동문 부경대학교 동문 20세기 대한민국 사람 21세기 대한민국 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heize

Heize

Jang Da-hye (; born August 9, 1991), better known by her stage name Heize, is a South Korean singer, rapper, songwriter, composer and producer currently signed to P Nation. The name Heize was inspired by the name of an American rapper Angel Haze, but instead of using the same English spelling, she decided to use Heize instead of Haze, because that was the spelling that came to mind. After making her debut in 2014 with the EP Heize, she gained attention after appearing on the second season of South Korean reality show Unpretty Rapstar. Shortly after, her breakout hit “Star” reached the top of the music charts. Career 2014–present: Solo debut, first and second full-length album Heize made her debut in 2014 with her EP Heize, which included a total of six songs. Heize took part in Mnet's reality rap show Unpretty Rapstar but was eliminated in the semi-finals. Nevertheless, her appearance brought her attention as a singer. Heize released her second EP And July in 2016, and it eventually peaked at 34 at the Gaon Music Chart. The two singles "And July" and "Shut Up & Groove" peaked at 8 and 27, respectively, on the Korean national chart. "Shut Up & Groove" also charted on Billboard US World chart. Heize released her digital single "Star" in December 2016, and it achieved an "All-Kill" after reaching number one in all Korean music real-time charts upon release. Her third extended play, /// (You, Clouds, Rain) (2017) and its lead singles "Don't Know You" and "You, Clouds, Rain" were successful and achieved "All-Kill" after reaching number one in all Korean music real-time charts and charted at number one on Gaon Digital ChartHeize released her fourth EP, Wind (alternatively called Wish & Wind), on March 8, 2018. It was well received, with the lead singles topping the charts. Heize released her first studio album, She's Fine, on March 19, 2019. The album contains 11 songs and features appearances from Simon Dominic, Colde, Sunwoo Jung-a, Jooyoung, Nafla and DAVII. She reportedly chose the title of the album because she "wanted to tell people that it's all fine." Billboard ranked the album as number 11 on its list of the "25 Best K-pop Albums of 2019", commenting, "Satin-soft sensitivity wraps the album in warm comfort, drawing one into Heize's heart and proving why she is one of the most colorful and exciting artists of her generation." On July 7, 2019, Heize released the single "We Don't Talk Together" featuring Korean rapper Giriboy. Produced by Suga, the alt R&B song is co-written by Heize and is about how a former couple has grown far apart from one another." The song reached number two on the South Korean Gaon Digital Chart. On September 16, 2020, it was announced that Heize signed with P Nation, an entertainment company founded by Psy. On May 20, 2021, Heize released her seventh EP, Happen, her first release under P Nation. On March 29, 2022, Heize released the digital single, "Mother". On June 30, 2022, Heize released her second studio album, Undo. In August 2022, Heize will join the radio show Heize's Volume Up, which will air for the first time on August 22, joining after the actress, Shin Ye-eun who withdrew. Discography Studio albums She's Fine (2019) Undo (2022) Filmography Television shows Radio shows Tours and concerts Heize 1st Concert 'Heize City (2022) Awards and nominations References External links Website 1991 births Living people Musicians from Daegu Neo soul singers South Korean pop singers South Korean women pop singers South Korean contemporary R&B singers South Korean women musicians South Korean women singer-songwriters South Korean singer-songwriters South Korean record producers South Korean women record producers South Korean songwriters South Korean women composers MAMA Award winners Golden Disc Award winners Melon Music Award winners Unpretty Rapstar contestants 21st-century South Korean singers 21st-century South Korean women singers

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%98%EC%83%9D%20%28%EC%86%8C%EC%84%A4%29

환생 (소설)

《환생》()은 1999년에 발표 된 카지오 신지의 소설이다. 2003년에 영화화되었다. 이 문서에서는 같은 주제의 비디오 게임 작품에 대해서도 다룬다. 개요 제목은 〈죽은 사람이 황천에서 돌아 온다〉는 의미. 구마모토시와 그 주변에서 갑자기 발생하는 죽었음이 분명한 사람이 되살아나는 불가사의를 기반으로 사람들의 엉킴을 그리는 이야기이다. 소설은 〈구마모토 일일 신문 토요일 석간〉에 1999년 4월 10일부터 2000년 4월 1일까지 연재되었다. 저자가 구마모토 출신·구마모토 거주이라는 것도 있고, 작품 중에는 구마모토 시내의 실제 지명이 많이 등장한다. 신문 연재시에는 SF 색상을 배제한 구성으로 되어 있지만, 이것은 일반적 석간지인 것을 의식한 것으로 간주된다. 단행본(『환생』 신초샤 2000년 10월 ISBN 4-10-440201-X)로 간행될 때, 「그」에 대한 설명이 추가 되었다. 같은 상황 설정에서 다른 관점에 의한 단편으로 〈황천 아름다움 모르고〉가 있다. 이 쪽은 〈읊어 사람 무지〉의 말장난. 또한 대만의 출판사에서 〈황천마중(黄泉歸來)〉라는 제목으로 중국어 번역 출판되고 있다. 또한 2017년 7월 1일부터 〈구마모토 일일 신문 토요일 석간〉에서 속편 「환생 again」연재 개시. 2016년 쿠마모토 지진 후 구마모토 도시권을 무대로 한 〈파워업한 환생〉이 일어난다는 설정이다. 삽화는 무라 켄타로가 담당. 이 것은 2019년 3월에 단행본화되었다. 극장 영화 버전은 2003년에 출판되었다. 원작 소설과 같은 불가사의를 취급하면서도 관점이 다르다. 또한 동명 캐릭터로도 설정이 다르거나, 비슷한 설정의 캐릭터로도 이름이 다르거나 하는 다음, 소설판·영화판의 캐릭터를 각각 설명한다. 소설 구마모토시에서 불 덩어리의 UFO 같은 이상한 발광체의 목격 정보가 전해져 또 같은 시기 구마모토 지방을 진원으로하는 진도 1의 지진이 관측되었다. 이 후 죽었음이 분명한 사람이 구마모토 시내에서 차례로 소생 (환생) 된다. 영화 2003년 1월 18일에 개봉된 일본의 영화 작품으로 쿠사나기 츠요시 주연. 당초는 3주 동안만 공개 예정이었지만, 감동의 입소문으로 퍼져 이례적인 동원을 기록했다. 결국 3개월 이상 상영 기간이 연장 되어 롱런 히트가 되었다. 흥행수입은 30.7억엔. 원작에서 기본 설정이나 등장 인물의 이름 등을 답습하고 있지만, 원작의 SF 요소를 배제하고 서정성을 중시 한 이야기로 각색되고 있다. 2008년 스티븐 스필버그 감독의 영화 제작사 드림웍스가 리메이크 판권을 구입했다고 미국 영화 잡지 〈버라이어티〉가 보도했다. 공개시기는 미정이다. 줄거리 구마모토현 아소 지역 (원작과는 다른)에서 죽은 사람이 살아나는 초자연적인 현상이 일어난다. 후생 노동성 직원의 카와다 헤이타는 현상의 수수께끼를 탐구하고 자신의 고향이기도 한 현지에 부임 된다. 〈부활〉이라고 이름 붙여진 이 현상은 여러 곳에서 사람이 마음에 품고 있던 생각을 불러 일으키는 계기가 되어 간다. 이윽고 산에서 거대한 운석구가 발견 되고, 또한 현상에 대한 연구도 진행되는데, 갑자기 있는 한계가 찾아온다. 출연 카와타 헤이타 : 쿠사나기 츠요시 타치바나 아오이 : 타케우치 유코 슌스케 : 이세야 유스케 사이토 유키코 : 이토 미사키 사이토 의사 : 타나카 쿠니에 슈헤이 : 아이카와 쇼 레이코 : 이시다 유리코 나카지마 히데야 : 야마모토 케이치 사이토 소노코 : 오시다리 아키코 나카지마 유이치 : 토신 요시카즈 야마다 카츠노리 : 이치하라 하야토 모리시타 나오미 : 나가사와 마사미 RUI : 시바사키 코우 SAKU : 무라이 카츠유키 나이토 가츠요 : 미시마 케이스케 나이토 사키 : 키타바야시 타니에 카지와라 : 테라카도 지몬 츠다 하루오 : 타카마츠 히데오 츠다 요시코 : 카모 사쿠라 가미사키 : 시미즈 쇼고 쿠도 슌사쿠 이다 쿠니히코 스태프 감독 : 시오타 아키히코 각본 : 이누도 잇신, 사이토 히로시, 사이토 히로시 원작 : 카지오 신지 〈환생〉 (신초샤) 기획 : 하마나 카즈야, 진노 사토시 제작 : 코다마 모리히로 프로듀서 : 히라노 타카시 촬영 : 이누도 잇신 미술 : 닛타 타카유키 음악 : 센주 아키라 조명 : 가나자와 마사오 편집 : 키쿠치 쥰이치 조감독 : 모리 야스타카 제작 협력 : 영화 〈환생〉 제작위원회 (TBS, 덴츠, 도호, 아이 엠 제이, 마이니치 신문사, 컬쳐 샤즈, WOWOW 일본 출판 판매, IMAGICA 트윈스 재팬) 배급 : 도호 주제가 RUI 〈달의 물방울〉 (작사 : Satomi, 작곡 : 마츠모토 료키) 이 싱글 CD에 수록된 3곡 모두, 극 중에서 RUI 역의 시바사키 코우가 노래하였다. 극 중에서 노래를 선보일 가수, RUI 역은 당시 오디션을 통해 캐스팅 될 예정이었다. 그러나 시오타 아키히코 감독이 생각하는 목소리를 낼 가수를 찾지 못하고 중단되어 있었다. 그러던 중 라디오에서 흘러나온 〈Trust my feelings〉를 들은 시오타 감독은 “이 목소리!”라고 생각한 목소리의 주인공이였던 시바사키 코우를 RUI 역으로 캐스팅하였다. 사운드 트랙 수록곡 기적의 날 / 양지의 추억 I / I 당신의 예감 / 뭔가 다른 / 히데야 테마 / 너를 사랑해 / 조사와 사명 / 수화와 재회 / 양지의 그네 / 당신을 만나서 / 환상의 생명체 / 양지의 추억 II / II 이별의 선고 / 봉투의 비밀 / 생명의 편지 / 헤이타의 고독 / 이별의 빛 / 달의 물방물 / （Live Version） 달려라 아오이 / 양지의 추억 / 환생 / 수상 정보 제21회 골든 그로스상 일본 영화부문 우수상(은상) 제27회 일본 아카데미상 우수 감독상 우수 각본상 우수 여우주연상 (다케우치 유코) 우수 음악상 게임 《환생 ~후렴~》의 제목으로 2004년 3월 25일에 발매되었다. PlayStation 2 용 게임 소프트 장르는 판타지 사운드 노벨. 제작은 주식회사 D3 퍼블리셔. 각주 외부 링크 영화 《환생》 완성 회견 & 완성 피로 시사회 인터뷰 일본의 소설 1999년 책 일본의 영화 작품 2003년 영화 판타지 소설의 영화화 작품 소설을 바탕으로 한 영화 SF 소설의 영화화 작품 구마모토현을 배경으로 한 작품 구마모토현을 배경으로 한 영화 일본을 배경으로 한 영화 일본의 드라마 영화 TBS 제작 영화 시오타 아키히코 감독 영화 도호 구마모토현을 배경으로 한 소설

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomigaeri

Yomigaeri

is a 2002 Japanese film directed by Akihiko Shiota that released theatrically on 18 January 2003. It features Tsuyoshi Kusanagi (of the pop group SMAP) and Yuko Takeuchi in the lead role. Plot Set in the city of Aso in Kumamoto Prefecture, the film begins with scenes of individuals immediately after they have experienced unexplained and mysterious resurrection. One man and woman are uncovering long untouched musical instruments in a daze, and in one case a young boy finds himself alone in the forest, having suddenly reappeared after vanishing years earlier. Eventually a representative from the Japanese Ministry of Welfare named Heita Kawada (Kusanagi) appears. It is his job to investigate this phenomenon, which begins to be seen not in just the two isolated cases, but in various locations around the city. He discovers on his way to his first meeting with the boy that the child's DNA has been found to match that of a boy who disappeared years earlier (through a match with the umbilical cord saved by the mother), though the child should biologically be now in middle age. This evidence suggests the cases of resurrection occur in such a way that the resurrected person reappears at the same age that he or she supposedly died. Kawada, with his team of investigators, meets and interviews those who are purported to have reappeared after death, some of whom have been dead many years. The investigators also interview the families of the resurrected, who have aged (some significantly) since the death of the person who has now reappeared. In the case of the young boy, his mother has grown into an old woman, in other circumstances a youthful wife has reappeared to rejoin a husband now well into middle age. The movie follows Kawada as he wrestles with the impossibility of the claims, which nevertheless seem to be based on empirically sound evidence. Kawada himself, a native of Aso, also reconnects with his old friend Aoi (Takeuchi), who shares with him a bitter memory of the death of Kawada's friend (and Aoi's lover) Shunsuke (Yusuke Iseya). Cast Tsuyoshi Kusanagi as Heita Kawada Yūko Takeuchi as Aoi Tachibana Yuriko Ishida as Reiko Show Aikawa as Shuhei Keiichi Yamamoto as Hideya Nakajima Yoshikazu Toshin as Yuichi Nakajima Hideo Takamatsu as Haruo Tsuda Misaki Ito as Sachiko Masami Nagasawa as Naomi Morishita Shibasaki Kou as RUI Ichihara Hayato as Yamada Iseya Yusuke as Shunsuke References External links 2002 films Japanese romantic fantasy films Films set in Japan 2000s Japanese-language films

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%98%20%EC%A0%9C%EC%99%95

드라마의 제왕

《드라마의 제왕》은 2012년 11월 5일부터 2013년 1월 7일까지 SBS에서 방송된 18부작 드라마이다. 등장 인물 주요 인물 김명민 : 앤서니 김(김봉달) 역 (아역 : 송의준) - 前 제국 프로덕션 대표, 現 월드 프로덕션 대표 정려원 : 이고은 역 (아역 : 이채윤) - 前 드라마 《우아한 복수》 보조작가, 現 드라마 《경성의 아침》 작가 최시원 : 강현민 역 - 드라마 《경성의 아침》 남자주연배우 정만식 : 오진완 역 - 前 제국 프로덕션 상무, 現 제국 프로덕션 대표 오지은 : 성민아 역 - 제국 프로덕션 소속 톱스타 배우 SBC 방송국 권해효 : 남운형 역 - 前 S방송 CP, 現 드라마국 국장 김승환 : 이성조 역 - 드라마국 CP 송민형 : 김 부국장 역 - S방송 드라마국 부국장 정한헌 : 박 부국장 역 - 드라마국 부국장 윤주상 : 문상일 역 - 前 S방송 드라마국 국장 (특별출연) 제국 프로덕션 박근형 : 남국현 회장 역 (특별출연) 장원영 : 홍 감독 역 (특별출연) 서주희 : 정홍주 역 - 드라마 《우아한 복수》 작가 김경범 : 허 상무 역 이해운 : 박 피디 역 월드 프로덕션 서동원 : 주동석 역 - 제작 PD 허준석 : 한강욱 역 - 기획 실장 박상훈 : 박석현 역 - 재무 팀장 윤용진 : 구희재 역 그 외 인물들 성병숙 : 박강자 역 - 고은의 어머니, '은이네 고갈비' 식당 운영 오현수 : 최도형 역 - 강현민의 소속사 대표 박규선 : 배광수 역 - 강현민의 로드매니저 전무송 : 와타나베 역 - 일본 거대 야쿠자 조직 와타나베파 보스 후지이 미나 : 아키꼬 역 - 와타나베의 부인 최수은 : 윤빛나 역 - 가수, 강현민의 여자친구 손소영 : 손 실장 역 - 성민아의 소속사 실장 김규진 : 안성모 역 - 강현민의 두번째 매니저 박정민 김영준 구혜령 : 은행원 역 강석원 : M방송 엔지니어 역 - 앤서니가 심어놓은 스파이 최남욱 강보정 안재신 최형근 정계영 김재흠 : 퀵배달기사의 형 역 김종국 권현우 권관오 : 장관 역 김대성 : K방송 드라마 국장 역 김태영 : M방송 드라마 국장 역 황선영 오지후 장지혜 임태현 김현숙 김용석 손재완 허선행 : 고증 자문해준 교수 역 성창훈 : 검사 역 - 오진완의 선배 김하연 : 고은에게 돈 뜯어내는 여학생 역 지성근 : 형사 역 조승연 : 앤써니 김과 미국에서 공부한 남자 역 손영순 : 어촌마을 민박 사장 역 박성균 : 박 기자 역 - 대한일보 기자 김상일 유재익 : 김 PD 역 - S방송 소속 PD 윤부진 : 어린시절 앤서니와 싸운 아이의 엄마 역 정장한 : 정 PD 역 - S방송 소속 PD 주부진 : 구희재의 할머니 역 김종호 : 은행장 역 전헌태 : 담임선생님 역 김주황 : 열쇠 수리공 역 한영광 : 와타나베 켄지의 수하 역 최교식 : 경찰 역 하규원 : 《경성의 아침》의 FD 역 정희태 : 김동천 역 - 검사 한춘일 : 굴착기 운전기사 역 박종설 : 《경성의 아침》 단역배우 역 홍재성 : 의사 역 홍승범 : 의사 역 박팔영 : SBC 방송국 이사 역 성민수 : 성민아의 차기작 영화 감독 역 강문경 : 라디오 방청객 역 최남욱 김명기 최문구 김혜란 장윤정 김지만 김성태 박신희 윤지원 김여린 : 배우 역 노수성 : 제작사대표 역 강석철 : 수사관 역 아역 이수현 : 퀵배달 남자의 딸 역 이동준 이지원 : 중국인 아이 역 이지성 김진웅 : 어촌마을 아이 역 백지웅 : 어촌마을 아이 역 박민수 : 어린시절 앤서니와 싸운 아이 역 조원빈 : 보육원 아이 역 차현호 : 보육원 아이 역 이종원 : 보육원 아이 역 최민영 : 남운형의 아들 역 신윤정 : 편의점 여고생 역 이승용 : 식당에서 밥먹는 학생 역 김남현 : 식당에서 밥먹는 학생 역 곽준민 : 식당에서 밥먹는 학생 역 특별 출연 박신혜 : 배우 역 - 드라마 《우아한 복수》의 여주인공 (1회) 최태준 : 오인성 역 - 드라마 《우아한 복수》의 남주인공 (1회) 오지혜 : 이미헌 역 - 드라마 작가 (2회) 윤기원 : 흥신소 사장 역 (2회) 김진우 : 김진우 역 - 배우 (3회) 갱키즈 : 윤빛나가 속해있는 연습생 역 (4회) 전국환 : SBC 방송국 사장 역 (5회, 8회, 13회, 17회) 정인기 : 구영목 PD 역 - 드라마 《경성의 아침》 PD (6회부터~) 황미선 : 앤서니의 어머니 역 (6회, 9회, 11~13회, 15~18회) 조영구 : 조영구 역 - 한밤의 TV연예 리포터 (6회, 15회) 박준금 : 강현민의 어머니 역 (7회) 장현성 : 와타나베 겐지 역 - 와타나베 회장의 아들 (8~10회) 이일환 : 《경성의 아침》 제작발표회 사회자 역 (8~9회) 임혁 : 장 회장 역 - 명동의 큰 손, 사채업자 (9회) 홍순창 : 최필성 역 - 40만평의 땅을 가지고 있는 남자 (9~10회) 김보연 : 조영은 역 - 소설 《운명의 연인》의 작가 (10회) 정찬 : 김상직 본부장 역 - 태산그룹 본부장 (15~16회) 연장 2012년 12월 17일 : 드라마의 제왕 방영 분량이 16부작에서 2회 연장되어 18부작으로 변경·확정되었다. 시청률 아래의 파란색 숫자는 '최저 시청률'이고, 빨간색 숫자는 '최고 시청률'입니다. 시청률조사회사와 지역별로 시청률에 차이가 있을 수 있습니다. 수상 2012년 SBS 연기대상 미니시리즈 부문 여자 최우수 연기상, 10대 스타상 정려원 2012년 SBS 연기대상 방송 3사 PD가 꼽은 연기상 박근형 같이 보기 그들이 사는 세상 온에어 동시간대 경쟁작 울랄라 부부 (KBS2, 2012년 10월 1일 ~ 2012년 11월 27일) 학교 2013 (KBS2, 2012년 12월 3일 ~ 2013년 1월 28일) 마의 (MBC, 2012년 10월 1일 ~ 2013년 3월 25일) 각주 외부 링크 <드라마의 제왕> 공식 홈페이지 <드라마의 제왕> 전회차 무료보기 2012년 드라마 2013년 드라마 SBS 월화드라마 2010년대 대한민국의 텔레비전 프로그램 방송국을 배경으로 한 작품 장항준 시나리오 작품 2012년에 시작한 대한민국 TV 프로그램 2013년에 종료한 대한민국 TV 프로그램

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%20of%20Dramas

The King of Dramas

The King of Dramas () is a 2012 South Korean television series, starring Kim Myung-min, Jung Ryeo-won and Choi Siwon of Super Junior. It is a satirical dramedy about what goes on behind the scenes in making a TV drama. It aired on SBS from November 5, 2012, to January 8, 2013, on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 18 episodes. Plot Set against the backdrop of the Korean entertainment business, The King of Dramas revolves around Anthony Kim (Kim Myung-min), the brilliant CEO of a drama production company who will do anything and everything for the sake of money, fame and success. He is known to possess the Midas touch as he has created blockbuster dramas and Hallyu stars. When a death on the set precipitates his fall from grace, Anthony attempts to regain his former status by putting the drama The Morning of Keijo on air. And to accomplish that, he needs the help of idealistic Lee Go-eun (Jung Ryeo-won), who dreams of becoming a top writer someday, and the handsome but egoistic actor Kang Hyun-min (Choi Siwon). Cast Main characters Kim Myung-min as Anthony Kim - a drama production company CEO, who is commanding and shrewd, even under adverse circumstances. Jung Ryeo-won as Lee Go-eun - an idealistic, rookie writer. Choi Si-won as Kang Hyun-min - self-absorbed top star and Hallyu celebrity, lead actor of The Morning of Keijo. Jung Man-sik as Oh Jin-wan - Anthony's nemesis, the underhanded CEO of Empire Productions. Oh Ji-eun as Sung Min-ah - prickly lead actress of The Morning of Keijo, who shares a past with Anthony. Kwon Hae-hyo as Nam Woon-hyung - current head of drama programming. Jung In-gi as Gu Young-mok - director of The Morning of Keijo. Seoul Broadcasting Corporation Song Min-hyung as Deputy director Kim Jung Han-heon as Deputy director Park Kim Seung-hwan as Lee Sung-jo Lee Dong-hoon as Yoon Kwang-jae Yoon Joo-sang as Moon Sang-il - former head of drama programming. Jeon Gook-hwan as SBC station CEO World Productions Seo Dong-won as Joo Dong-seok Heo Joon-seok as Han Kang-wook Park Sang-hun as Park Seok-hyun Yoon Yong-jin as Gu Hee-jae Empire Productions Seo Joo-hee as Jung Hong-joo Kim Kyung-bum as Director Heo Jang Won-young as Drama director Hong Lee Hae-woon as PD Park Park Geun-hyung as Chairman of Empire Productions Extended cast Choi Soo-eun as Yoon Bit-na - the pop star Hyun-min is dating. Sung Byung-sook as Park Kang-ja - Go-eun's mother and restaurant proprietor. Oh Hyun-soo as Choi Do-hyung Park Kyu-sun as Bae Kwang-soo Jeon Moo-song as Watanabe - Japanese yakuza investor. Mina Fujii as Akiko - Watanabe's wife Jang Hyun-sung as Watanabe Kenji - new CEO of Watanabe Group. Jung Chan as chairman of Taesan Group Park Shin-hye as lead actress of Elegant Revenge (cameo, ep 1) Choi Tae-joon as Oh In-sung - lead actor of Elegant Revenge (cameo, ep 1) Park Joon-geum as Hyun-min's mother (cameo, ep 7) Production This was Kim Myung-min's first TV series in four years; his last series was Beethoven Virus in 2008 and the actor had focused more on his film career in recent years. The series is directed by Hong Sung-chang of You're Beautiful and written by Jang Hang-jun of Sign. Filming began on September 14, 2012, in Yeouido, Seoul. Choi Siwon filmed his first scene on September 26 with Jung Ryeo-won. He sang a solo during his character's fan meeting scene, for which he recruited his fans as extras. It was announced on December 17 that the series was extended by two episodes from the original 16 to 18. The finale aired on January 8, 2013, with the last two episodes focusing on the romance between the characters of Anthony Kim and Lee Go-eun. Reception References External links The King of Dramas official SBS website Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas Korean-language television shows 2012 South Korean television series debuts 2013 South Korean television series endings Television series about television South Korean romantic comedy television series South Korean comedy-drama television series

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%95%BC%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1

마야어족

마야어족은 메소아메리카 언어들이 이루는 어족 중 하나이다. 마야어족 언어는 주로 과테말라, 멕시코, 벨리즈, 온두라스 지역에서 적어도 600만 명의 마야인이 사용한다. 1996년 과테말라 정부의 발표에 따르면 과테말라에는 21개의 마야 언어가 있으며, 멕시코에는 공식적으로 8개의 마야 언어가 더 있다. 마야어족은 아메리카에서 가장 잘 기록된 어족이자 가장 많이 연구되는 어족 가운데 하나이다. 현대의 마야어족 언어들은 적어도 5,000년 전에 쓰였다고 생각되는 마야조어의 후손이다. 마야조어는 비교 재구의 방법을 이용하여 부분적으로 재구성되었다. 마야조어는 크게 와스텍어파, 키체어파, 유카텍어파, 칸호발어파, 맘어파, 촐어파의 여섯 갈래로 갈라졌다. 마야어족은 메소아메리카 언어 지역의 구성원이다. 이는 메소아메리카의 여러 민족들이 수천 년간 영향을 주고받으면서 만들어진 언어동조대이다. 모든 마야 언어는 이 지역 언어들의 기본적인 특징을 공유하는데, 예를 들어 공간적 관계를 나타내기 위해 전치사 대신 관계명사를 사용하는 점이 그렇다. 그러나 한편으로는 메소아메리카의 다른 언어와 구별되는 특징도 있는데, 예를 들어 동사·주어·목적어의 문법에서 드러나는 능격성, 특정한 동사 굴절 범주, “위치사”(positional)이라 불리는 특수한 품사의 존재 등이다. 콜럼버스 이전의 시대에 일부 마야어는 표어문자인 마야 문자로 적혔다. 마야 문자는 마야 문명 고전기(250~900년경)에 특히 널리 쓰였다. 오늘날 1만 점이 넘는 건물·기념비·도자기 및 코덱스에 마야 문자로 된 기록이 남아 있으며 여기에 식민화 이후 로마자로 기록된 풍부한 마야어 문헌까지 더해져, 마야의 콜럼버스 이전 시대 역사에 대해서는 아메리카의 다른 어느 지역과도 비교할 수 없을 만큼 많은 것이 알려져 있다. 역사 마야조어 모든 마야 언어는 마야조어라 불리는 조상 언어의 후손이다. 마야조어는 과테말라 중부 추추마탄 산악 지대에서 쓰였을 것으로 생각되며, 이는 오늘날 칸호발어파 사용 지역과 대략 일치한다. 치아파스와 과테말라의 산악 지대를 마야어의 “요람”으로 처음 지목했던 사람은 독일의 골동품 전문가이자 학자인 카를 자퍼이다. 테렌스 코프먼과 존 저스티슨은 3천 개 이상의 마야조어 어휘를 재구한 바 있다. 현재 정설인 라일 캠벨과 테렌스 코프먼의 분류에 따르면, 기원전 2200년경 와스텍어파 화자들이 멕시코만 해안을 향해 북서쪽으로 이주하면서 최초의 분기가 발생했다. 그 뒤 유카텍조어 화자들과 촐조어 화자들도 본 집단에서 이탈하여 유카탄 반도를 향해 북쪽으로 이주했다. 서부 분기군의 화자들은 오늘날 맘어파와 키체어파가 분포하는 지역을 향해 남쪽으로 이동했다. 첼탈조어의 화자들은 촐어파 집단에서 떨어져 나와 남쪽의 치아파스 산악 지역으로 이주함에 따라 미헤소케어족 화자들과 접촉하게 되었다. 로버트슨과 휴스턴의 대안적 가설에 따르면, 와스텍어파는 촐어파 화자들과 함께 과테말라 산지에 머물렀으며 코프먼이 주장하는 것보다 훨씬 늦은 시점에 분기했다. 기원전 2000년 이전의 상고 시대에 마야조어는 미헤소케어족에서 몇몇 차용어를 받아들인 듯하다. 초기 마야인이 미헤소케어족 화자, 어쩌면 올멕의 지배를 받았다는 가설이 여기서 나왔다. 한편 싱카어족과 렝카어족의 경우에는 마야어족이 차용어를 받기보다는 준 사례가 더 많다. 캠벨과 같은 마야어족 전문가들은 이 사실이 마야인과 렝카족·싱카족 간 활발한 접촉의 시기가 (어쩌면 250~900년경의 고전 시대에) 있었음을 시사한다고 본다. 고전 시대 고전 시대에 마야어족의 주요 어파는 서로 갈라져 별개의 언어가 되기 시작했다. 오늘날까지 전해지는 대부분의 마야 명문(銘文)이 기록된 고전 시대에 유카텍조어(북부, 유카탄 반도)와 촐조어(남부, 치아파스 고지대와 페텐 분지)는 이미 서로 갈라진 상태였다. 당대의 마야 유적지에 남겨진 명문에는 두 언어형이 모두 나타나며, 양쪽 모두 흔히 “고전 마야어”로 불린다. 현전하는 마야 문자 문헌은 대체로 하나의 위세 방언으로 기록되어 있지만, 그 외에도 최소 세 개의 방언에 대한 증거가 발견되었다. 남부 마야 지역과 고지대의 문헌에 기록된 동부 촐어파 방언, 7세기 중반부터 우수마신타 지역에서 확산해 나간 서부 촐어파 방언, 유카탄 반도의 문헌에 기록된 유카텍어파 방언이 그것이다. 문헌에서 소수의 방언만이 사용된 까닭은 아마도 이들 방언이 마야 지역 전체에서 위세 방언이었고 마야문은 엘리트 계급의 언어로 기록되었기 때문일 것이다. 스티븐 휴스턴, 존 로버트슨, 데이비드 스튜어트는 남부 저지대 마야문의 대다수에서 사용된 촐어파 방언이, 현대 초르티어와 촐티어의 조상인 이른바 “고전 촐티어”일 수도 있다고 제안하였다. 그들의 제안에 따르면 이 언어는 페텐 분지의 서부와 중남부에서 기원하였고, 명문에서 사용되었으며 어쩌면 엘리트와 사제 계급의 방언이었을 수 있다고 한다. 그러나 모라마린의 주장에 따르면 고전 저지대 마야어와 촐티어군 언어들이 공유하는 특성은 혁신이 아니라 보존의 결과이며, 촐어파의 분화는 고전기 이후에 일어났다. 그렇다면 고전 저지대 명문의 언어는 촐조어였을 것이다. 식민 시대 스페인이 중앙아메리카를 식민 지배하면서 모든 토착어는 새로이 위세 언어가 된 스페인어에 밀려 자리를 잃었다. 행정, 종교, 문학 등 사회의 여러 주요 영역에서 마야어는 더 이상 쓰이지 않게 되었다. 그러나 마야 지역은 다른 지역에 비해 외부 영향에 대한 저항이 컸고, 어쩌면 그 이유 때문에 많은 마야 공동체에서는 지금까지도 마야어 단일언어화자의 비율이 높게 유지되고 있다. 현재 마야 지역에서는 스페인어가 우세하다. 몇몇 마야 언어는 사멸 위기이거나 사멸 직전이지만, 다른 언어들은 매우 건강하여 모든 연령대와 사회의 모든 영역에서 쓰이고 있다. 현재 20세기 마야 고고학의 발전과 민족주의 및 민족적 자부심에 기반한 이념의 확산에 따라, 마야어 사용 민족들은 마야 문명의 상속자인 마야인이라는 공동의 민족적 정체성을 갖기 시작했다. “마야”라는 말은 고전후 시대 유카탄의 도시인 마야판의 이름에서 왔다고 생각된다. (식민 이전 시대와 식민 시대에 “마야”는 보다 좁은 의미로 쓰였으며 이는 유카탄 반도의 특정 지점에 기원이 있음을 시사한다.) 오늘날 넓은 의미의 “마야”는 언어학적으로 정의되지만 민속적·문화적 습관을 가리키는 말로도 쓰인다. 대부분의 마야인은 무엇보다도 우선 특정 민족 집단, 예컨대 “유카텍인”이나 “키체인”으로 스스로를 정체화하지만, 공통의 마야 혈통도 인식하고 있다. 이 공통된 혈통의 경계는 언어를 바탕으로 정의된다. 파브리에 따르면, “마야라는 용어는 문제적인데, 마야계 민족들은 동질적인 정체성을 이루지 않기 때문이다. 마야는 오히려 마야 운동과 그 지지자들에게 자기 표현의 전략이 되었다. 과테말라 마야어 학술원(ALMG)에 따르면 스물한 개의 서로 다른 마야어가 있다고 한다.” 이러한 단일성에 대한 자부심에 대응하여 서로 다른 마야어 간의 차이점을 강조하는 흐름이 생겨났다. 어떤 마야어들은 매우 유사해서 단일한 언어의 방언으로 간주될 수 있을 정도이다. 그러나 “방언”이라는 용어는 과거에 인종주의적 함의를 담아 쓰인 적이 있는데, 학자들이 유럽의 “언어들”과 아메리카 원주민의 “방언들”을 억지로 구별지으려 했던 것이다. 이 때문에 최근 메소아메리카에서는 서로 다른 민족 집단이 사용하는 언어 변이형들을 방언이 아닌 별개의 언어로 지칭하는 쪽이 선호된다. 과테말라에서는 1986년 마야 단체들이 설립한 과테말라 마야어 학술원(ALMG; )이 마야 언어들의 정서법 표준 개발과 같은 일을 담당하고 있다. 1996년의 평화조약 이후 ALMG는 마야학자와 마야인 모두에게 마야어에 관한 권위를 점차 인정받고 있다. 분류 다른 어족과의 관계 마야어족과 다른 어족 간의 계통관계는 입증된 것이 없다. 다른 메소아메리카 언어와의 유사점은 언어학적 특징이 확산된 결과이지, 같은 계통이기 때문은 아니라고 여겨진다. 메소아메리카 지역은 상당한 수준의 언어적 확산이 일어난 지역임이 알려져 있다. 마야어족을 다른 어족이나 고립어과 연관지으려 한 시도가 많이 있었지만 어느 것도 학계의 지지를 받지 못했다. 예를 들어 마야어족을 우루치파야어족, 마푸체어, 렝카어족, 푸레페차어, 또는 와베어와 이으려는 시도가 있었다. 마야어족은 호크어족 가설이나 펜우티어족 가설에도 포함되었다. 언어학자 조지프 그린버그는 마야어족을 자신의 아메린드어족 가설에 포함시킨 바 있으나 대부분의 역사언어학자들은 증거가 없음을 들어 이 가설을 부정한다. 1997년 마야어족과 역사언어학 전문가인 라일 캠벨은 마야어족과 미헤소케어족, 토토낙어족을 하나의 계통으로 묶는 “확대 마야어족” 가설이 가장 가능성 있어 보이는 제안이지만, 증명하거나 반증하기 위해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것이라고 평가했다. 2015년에 캠벨은 최근 다비드 모라마린이 제시한 증거를 감안하면 마야어족과 미헤소케어족 간의 관계가 “훨씬 더 가능성 있다”고 지적했다. 하위 분류 마야어족에는 30개 언어가 속하며 일반적으로 5~6개의 주요 어파로 나뉜다. (유카텍어파, 와스텍어파, 촐·첼탈어파, 칸호발어파, 맘어파, 키체어파) 마야어족은 매우 잘 기록되었으며, 내부 구조 역시 몇몇 사소한 의견 차를 제외하고는 폭넓은 지지로 확립되어 있다. 여전히 문제가 되는 지점은 촐어파와 칸호발·추흐어파의 위치이다. 어떤 학자들은 (아래 도표처럼) 두 어파가 함께 서마야어파를 이룬다고 본다. 다른 학자들은 촐어파와 칸호발·추흐어파가 특별히 가까운 관계라고 보지 않으며, 조어에서 곧바로 갈라져 나온 별개의 분기군이라고 여긴다. 또다른 제안에 따르면 와스텍어파는 촐·첼탈어파에서 갈라져 나왔으며, 마야조어에서 외따로 갈라져 나온 것이 아니라고 한다. 분포 연구에 따르면 6백만 명 이상이 마야어를 사용한다. 그 대부분은 과테말라에 거주하며, 과테말라 인구의 40~60%는 마야어를 사용하는 것으로 추정된다. 멕시코의 마야어 화자 수는 2010년에 250만 명으로 추산되었으며 벨리즈의 화자 수는 약 3만 명으로 추산된다. 서마야어파 촐어군 언어들은 원래 마야 지역에 널리 퍼져 있었으나, 오늘날 화자 수가 가장 많은 언어는 촐어로 치아파스주에서 13만 명이 사용한다. 그와 가장 가까운 친척인 촌탈 마야어는 타바스코주에서 55,000명이 사용한다. 또하나의 친족 언어는 오늘날 사멸 위기에 놓인 초르티어로, 과테말라에서 3만 명이 사용한다. 과거에 초르티어는 온두라스와 엘살바도르의 서쪽 끝에서도 쓰였지만, 엘살바도르 방언은 현재 사멸했고 온두라스 방언도 사멸 직전으로 여겨진다. 초르티어의 자매 언어인 촐티어 역시 사멸했다. 촐어군 언어는 어휘와 음운 면에서 가장 보수적인 분기군으로 여겨지며, 중부 저지대의 고전 시대 명문에서 쓰인 언어와 가까운 관계이다. 이들 언어는 우세 언어로 쓰이며 어떤 지역에서는 다른 방언과 공존했을지도 모른다. 그렇게 가정하면 초르티어 지역과 촐어 및 촌탈어 사용 지역 간의 거리에 대한 신빙성 있는 설명이 될 것이다. 촐어군의 가장 가까운 친척은 첼탈어군에 속한 초칠어와 첼탈어이다. 둘 모두 치아파스주에서 쓰이며, 화자 집단은 크고 안정적이거나 성장 중이다. (초칠어는 265,000명, 첼탈어는 215,000명.) 첼탈어를 유일한 언어로 사용하는 화자의 수는 수만 명에 달한다. 칸호발어는 과테말라의 우에우에테낭고주에서 77,700명이 사용하며 다른 지역에도 화자가 조금 있다. 과테말라의 칸호발어군 언어 사용 지역에서는 과테말라 내전 중 집단학살 정책과 과테말라-멕시코 국경과의 근접성으로 인해 많은 난민이 발생했다. 이 때문에 오늘날 칸호발어, 하칼텍어, 아와카텍어 화자 집단이 멕시코와 미국의 여러 지역(예컨대 오하이오주 터스커라워스군과 로스앤젤레스), 그리고 전쟁 후 재정착을 통해 과테말라의 다른 지역에도 존재하게 되었다. 하칼텍어(또는 폽티어)는 우에우에테낭고주의 여러 군에서 거의 10만 명이 사용한다. 칸호발어군의 또다른 일원은 아카텍어로, 산미겔아카탄군과 산라파엘라인데펜덴시아군에서 5만 명 이상이 사용한다. 추흐어는 우에우에테낭고에서 4만 명이 사용하며, 또한 멕시코 국경 너머와 치아파스주 라트리니타리아와 치스카우 및 콰우테목 마을에서 9,500명(주로 난민)이 사용한다. 토홀라발어는 치아파스주 동부에서 36,000명이 사용한다. 동마야어파 키체·맘어파는 과테말라 고지대에 분포한다. 켁치어는 키체맘어파 내에서 독자적인 분기군을 이루며, 과테말라의 페텐주, 이사발주, 알타베라파스주에서 80만 명이 사용하고 벨리즈에서도 9천 명이 사용한다. 엘살바도르에서도 최근 이민의 결과로 12,000명이 사용한다. 우스판텍어 역시 키체맘어파 내의 독자적인 분기군으로 키체주 우스판탄군만의 토착어이며 화자는 3천 명이다. 키체어군에 속하는 키체어는 과테말라 고지대에서 약 100만 명의 키체 마야인이 사용하여 마야어 중 화자 수가 가장 많다. 치치카스테낭고와 케찰테낭고 마을 주변과 추추마탄 산맥 주민들이 사용하고, 과테말라시 이주민들도 사용한다. 유명한 마야 신화 문헌인 포폴 부흐는 고전 키체어라 불리는 키체어의 고어형으로 기록되었다. 키체 문화는 스페인 정복 시기에 그 정점에 이르렀고, 오늘날의 산타크루스델키체 가까이 위치한 도시 쿠마르카흐가 그 경제와 제례의 중심지였다. 아치어는 바하베라파스주의 쿠불코군과 라비날군에서 85,000명이 사용한다. 라일 캠벨과 같은 이들의 분류에 따르면 아치어는 키체어의 일종이다. 그러나 역사상에 일어난 두 민족의 분리로 인하여 아치 마야족은 스스로를 키체족으로 여기지 않는다. 칵치켈어는 과테말라시로부터 서쪽으로는 아티틀란호 북안에 이르는 지역에서 약 40만 명이 사용한다. 추투힐어는 아티틀란호 인근에 9만 명의 화자가 있다. 키체어군의 다른 언어로는 주로 키체주에서 15,000명이 사용하는 사카풀텍어와 산마르코스주 시파카파에서 8천 명이 사용하는 시파카파어가 있다. 맘어파에서 가장 큰 언어는 맘어로 우에우에테낭고주와 산마르코스주에서 478,000명이 사용한다. 아와카텍어는 우에우에테낭고주 아과카탄군 중부 주민 2만 명이 사용한다. 이실어(3개의 독립된 언어일 수도 있음)는 키체주의 이실 삼각형 지역에서 7만 명이 사용한다. 텍티텍어(또는 테코어)는 텍티탄군에서 6천 명이 사용하고, 멕시코에서도 난민 1천 명이 사용한다. 에스놀로그에 따르면 텍티텍어 화자 수는 증가 추세이다. 포콤어군은 키체어군과 가까운 관계이며 함께 키체맘어파 내에서 포콤·키체어군을 이룬다. 포콤치어는 바하베라파스주 푸룰라군과 알타베라파스주의 산타크루스베라파스군, 산크리스토발베라파스군, 탁틱군, 타마후군, 투쿠루군에서 약 90,000명이 사용한다. 포코맘어는 과테말라의 여러 작은 지역에서 49,000명이 사용한다. 유카텍어파 유카텍 마야어(화자들은 단순히 “마야”라고 부름)는 멕시코에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 마야 언어이다. 오늘날 약 80만 명이 사용하며, 그 대부분은 유카탄 반도에 산다. 유카탄주 및 이웃한 킨타나로오주와 캄페체주에서 흔하게 쓰인다. 유카텍어파의 나머지 세 언어는 벨리즈에서 약 1만 명이 사용하는 모판어, 과테말라 페텐 분지의 소멸위기언어인 이차어, 치아파스주의 라칸돈 열대우림 외곽 마을에서 약 천 명이 사용하는 라칸돈어 또는 라칸툼어이다. 와스텍어파 와스텍어는 멕시코 베라크루스주와 산루이스포토시주에서 약 11만 명이 사용한다. 와스텍어는 현대 마야어 중 가장 이질적이다. 치코무셀텍어는 와스텍어와 가까운 언어로 치아파스주에서 쓰였으나 1982년 이전 어느 시점에 사멸했다. 음운론 마야조어 음소 체계 마야조어(비교 재구로 추정한 마야어족의 공통 조상)는 CVC 음절 구조가 지배적이었으며 자음군은 음절 경계에서만 허용되었다. 대부분의 마야조어 어근은 단음절어였지만, 일부 명사 어근은 두 음절이었다. 뒤이은 모음 탈락으로 인해 오늘날 많은 마야 언어는 음절초와 음절말 모두에서 복잡한 자음군이 나타난다. 라일 캠벨과 테렌스 코프먼의 재구에 따르면, 마야조어에는 다음과 같은 음소가 있었다. 오늘날 네 개의 마야어족 언어가 성조를 지닌다는 사실을 바탕으로(유카텍어, 우스판텍어, 산바르톨로메 초칠어, 모초어) 마야조어가 성조 언어였다고 제안한 이도 있지만, 이 언어들이 각기 다른 방식으로 성조를 발생시켰음을 보일 수 있으므로 캠벨은 그럴 개연성이 낮다고 본다. 마야어의 음운론적 변천 마야어의 분류는 언어들 간에 공통된 변화를 바탕으로 한다. 예를 들어, 서부 어파들은 (와스텍어파, 유카텍어파, 촐어파 등) 모두 마야조어 음소 *을 로 바꾸었고, 동부 어파의 몇몇 언어들은 을 보존했으며(키체어파), 다른 언어들은 , 또는 어말에서 로 바꾸었다(맘어파). 와스텍어파·유카텍어파·촐어파가 같은 변화를 겪었다는 사실은, 다른 어파들의 변화가 일어나기 이전에 그들이 다른 마야어들로부터 갈라졌음을 보여준다. 경구개음화 파열음 와 는 현대 마야어에는 없다. 이 소리들은 어파에 따라 다른 소리로 변화했으며, 변화한 모습으로 보아 원래 경구개음화 파열음이었음을 짐작할 수 있다. 동부 어파들(추흐·칸호발어파, 촐어파)에서는 와 로 남아 있고, 맘어파에는 와 로, 키체어파에는 와 로 남아 있다. 유카텍어는 다른 서부 언어들과 달리, 경구개음화 파열음이 때로는 로 때로는 로 바뀌었다. 마야조어의 연구개 비음 *은 동부 어파들(키체·맘어파)에는 로 남아 있고, 칸호발어파·촐어파·유카텍어파에는 으로, 와스텍어파에는 로 남아 있으며, 추흐어와 하칼텍어에만 으로 보존되어 있다. 문법 마야어의 형태론은 다른 메소아메리카 언어에 비해 단순한 편이나, 그럼에도 언어유형학적으로는 교착어 또는 포합어로 분류된다. 동사는 문법상 또는 시제, 주어의 인칭과 수, 목적어의 인칭과 수(타동사의 경우)에 따라 굴절한다. 피소유 명사는 소유자의 인칭에 따라 굴절한다. 마야어에서 명사는 격 표지를 받지 않으며 성도 표시받지 않는다. 어순 마야조어는 기본 어순이 VOS형이었으며 특별한 상황에서는 VSO형 어순도 가능했다고 생각된다. 특별한 상황의 예로는 복문이나 주어와 목적어의 유정성이 같고 주어가 한정명사인 경우가 있다. 오늘날 유카텍어파, 초칠어, 토홀라발어의 기본 어순은 VOS형으로 고정되어 있다. 맘어파, 칸호발어, 하칼텍어와 추흐어의 한 방언은 VSO형으로 고정이다. 다른 마야 언어들은 VSO와 VOS 어순을 모두 허용한다. 수분류사 많은 마야 언어에서는 셈을 할 때 수분류사가 필요하다. 수분류사는 셈해지는 대상의 분류를 나타내며, 수사는 반드시 수분류사와 함께 나타난다. 칵치켈어와 같은 몇몇 마야 언어들에는 수분류사가 없다. 대상의 분류는 대상이 유정물이냐 무정물이냐에 따라, 또는 대상의 전반적인 모양에 따라 정해진다. 예를 들어 “납작한” 대상을 셀 때는 둥근 물체나 직사각형 모양 물체나 사람을 셈할 때와 다른 수분류사를 사용하는 것이다. 촌탈어와 같은 언어에서 수분류사는 수사에 붙는 접사 꼴이며, 첼탈어와 같은 언어에서는 독립된 단어이다. 하칼텍어에는 수분류사뿐만 아니라 명사분류사도 존재하며, 명사분류사는 대명사로도 쓰일 수 있다. 명사의 의미는 동반하는 수분류사에 따라 크게 바뀔 수 있다. 촌탈어를 예로 들면, 식물의 이름이 분류사 -tek과 함께 쓰이면 나무 전체를 셈하는 것이다. 그러나 분류사 -tsʼit (길고 가는 물체를 셀 때 쓰임)와 함께 쓰이면 나뭇가지만을 셈하는 것이 된다. 소유 마야어 명사 형태론은 단순한 편이다. 명사는 수(단수/복수)에 따라 굴절하며, 피소유자일 경우 소유자의 인칭과 수에 따라서도 굴절한다. 소유자가 대명사인 경우는 명사에 붙이는 접두사로 소유자를 표시한다. 예를 들어 칵치켈어로는 ru-kej “그의 말”과 같이 표현한다. 또한 피소유 명사를 나타내는 특수한 표지가 붙을 수도 있다. 소유자가 명사인 경우, 피소유 명사는 3인칭 소유자 형태로 굴절하며 그 뒤 소유자 명사가 나온다. 예를 들어 칵치켈어로는 ru-kej ri achin “그 남자의 말” (말 그대로 하면 “그의 말 그 남자”)과 같이 표현한다. 이런 유형의 구문은 메소아메리카 언어 지역을 정의하는 특성 중 하나이며 메소아메리카 전역에서 찾아볼 수 있다. 마야어족 언어는 피소유 명사에 표시를 달리함으로써 양도가능 소유와 양도불능 소유를 구분하는 경우가 많다. 예를 들어 하칼텍어는 양도불능 소유 “내 사진 (내가 찍힌 사진)”과 양도가능 소유 “내 사진 (내가 찍은 사진)”을 구분한다. 여기서 접두사 we-는 모두 1인칭 단수 소유자를 나타내지만, 전자에는 소유접미사 -e를 붙이지 않음으로써 양도불능 소유를 나타낸다. 관계명사 마야어족 언어에는 전치사가 전혀 없거나, 있더라도 하나뿐이다. 위치 또는 물체 간의 다른 관계를 표현할 때는 “관계명사”라는 특수한 부류의 명사가 쓰인다. 이 패턴은 메소아메리카 전역에서 마찬가지로 나타나며 메소아메리카 언어 지역을 구분하는 또다른 기준 중 하나이다. 마야어에서 대부분의 관계명사는 신체부위 명사에서 비유적으로 확장된 것이다. 예를 들어 “~ 위에”라는 개념은 “머리”라는 단어로 표현된다. 주어와 목적어 마야 언어들은 정렬 면에서 능격-절대격 언어이다. 이 말은 자동사의 주어를 타동사의 목적어와 문법적으로 비슷하게 취급하고, 타동사의 주어와는 다르게 취급한다는 뜻이다. 마야어에는 동사에 붙어 그 논항의 인칭을 표시하는 두 계열의 접사가 있다. 그 중 한 계열은 (마야어학에서 흔히 B 계열로 불림) 자동사 주어 또는 타동사 목적어의 인칭을 표시한다. 이 접사는 동사뿐 아니라 형용사·명사 술어에도 붙어서 주어를 표시할 수 있다. 또 하나의 계열 (A계열)은 타동사 주어의 인칭을 표시하고(또한 유카텍어 등 몇몇 언어에서는 자동사 주어의 인칭을 나타내기도 하지만, 미완료상인 경우에 한한다), 명사(관계명사 포함)의 소유자를 표시한다. 동사 마야어 동사에는 주어와 목적어뿐 아니라 시제, 상, 법을 나타내는 접사가 붙는다. 마야어의 시제 체계는 대체로 단순하다. 예를 들어 하칼텍어는 과거와 비(非)과거의 구분밖에 없고, 맘어는 미래와 비미래의 구분밖에 없다. 일반적으로 상 체계가 보다 두드러진다. 마야어에서 서법은 별개의 체계를 이루기보다는 시제/상 체계와 얽혀 있는 경우가 일반적이다. 코프먼이 재구한 마야조어의 시제·상·법 체계에는 미완료상, 진행상, 완료상/비지속상, 명령법, 가능법/미래시제, 원망법, 완망상의 7가지 범주가 있다. 마야어에는 다양한 태가 나타나는 편이다. 마야어에는 수동태 구문이 적어도 하나 존재했으며, 피행위자에 대한 행위자의 중요성을 격하시키는 역수동태 구문도 존재했다. 현대 키체어에는 두 종류의 역수동태 구문이 있는데, 하나는 피행위자에 초점을 주는 기능이 있고 다른 하나는 동사 행동을 강조하는 기능이 있다. 마야어에 나타나는 다른 태 관련 현상으로는 중간수동태, 목적어 포합, 도구격 적용태(도구격어를 목적어로 승격시킴), 지시적 적용태(적용태의 일종으로서, 수혜자나 피수여자 등 간접목적어를 목적어로 승격시킴) 등이 있다. 상태사와 위치사 마야어에서 상태사란 성질이나 상태를 표현하는 술어로서, 그 통사적 성질은 인도유럽어 동사와 형용사의 중간쯤이다. 상태사는 동사처럼 인칭에 따라 굴절할 때도 있지만, 일반적으로 시제나 상 등 순수하게 동사적인 범주로는 굴절하지 않는다. 상태사는 형용사, 위치사, 수사가 될 수 있다. 위치사는 마야어에 고유한 어근의 부류로서, 물체나 사람의 위치나 모양에 관련된 의미를 지닌 형용사나 동사를 (주로 접미사의 도움을 받아) 형성한다. 마야어족 언어에는 약 250~500개의 위치사 어근이 존재한다. 위의 칸호발어 예문에서 위치사는 각각 telan(“크거나 원통형인 물체가 넘어진 듯 누워 있는 모양”), woqan(“사람이 의자 같은 데 앉아 있는 모양”), xoyan(“줄이나 뱀처럼 말려 있는 모양”)이다. 조어법 명사 어근들을 결합하여 새로운 명사를 만드는 경우가 흔하며, 명사에서 동사를 파생하는 형태론적 과정도 많다. 생산성 높은 동사 파생접사도 여러 종류가 존재하며, 그 대부분은 타동성이나 태를 나타낸다. 다른 메소아메리카 언어와 마찬가지로 신체부위를 가리키는 어근을 은유적으로 사용해 위치사와 관계명사 등을 만드는 경우가 많다. 예를 들어 칵치켈어 -pan(“배” 또는 “안”) 이나 -wi(“머리카락” 또는 “~ 위”) 등이다. 마야어에서 유래한 단어 마야어에서 왔거나 그랬을 가능성이 있는 차용어들이 다른 언어에 존재한다. 특히 스페인어와 영어, 이웃한 메소아메리카 언어들이 그러하다. 거꾸로 마야어도 다른 언어들로부터, 특히 스페인어로부터 많은 차용어를 받아들였다. ‘시가’라는 단어는 마야어에서 왔다. 마야어로 ‘’는 “담배”라는 뜻이고 ‘’는 “담뱃잎을 피우다”라는 뜻인데, 이것이 ‘시가’와 ‘시가렛’의 어원임이 거의 확실하다. 영어 단어 ‘허리케인()’은 스페인어 ‘’의 차용어인데 이는 마야 폭풍의 신 우라칸의 이름과 관련 있다고 여겨진다. 그러나 이 단어는 카리브 언어나 타이노어에서 유래했을 가능성도 있다. 문자 체계 콜럼버스 이전 시대에 마야어를 표기하는 데 쓰였고 오늘날 수많은 마야 유적지에 새겨져 있는 복잡한 문자 체계는 오늘날 거의 완전히 해독되었다. 마야 문자는 표어문자와 음절문자 체계가 섞여 있다. 식민 지배기에 마야 언어들은 로마자 기반 체계로 표기되기 시작했다. 정서법 개발은 대부분 선교사 겸 문법학자가 맡았다. 모든 현대 마야어가 정서법 표준을 갖춘 것은 아니지만 과테말라의 마야 언어들은 과테말라 마야어 학술원(ALMG)에서 개발한 표준화된 로마자 기반 음소적 표기 체계를 사용한다. 멕시코에서는 국립 토착언어 연구소(, INALI)가 마야 언어들의 정서법을 개발 중이다. 마야 문자 유럽인과의 접촉 이전에 마야 문명은 정교하고 완전한 문자 체계를 만들어 쓰고 있었다. 마야 문자는 메소아메리카의 문자 체계 중 유일하게 대부분 해독된 체계이다. 마야 지역 서부와 북부에는 사포텍, 올멕, 베라크루스주 남부와 치아파스주 서부의 소케어파 민족처럼 마야보다 일찍 발흥하였고 문자 기록을 남긴 문명들이 있었지만, 그들의 문자 체계는 여전히 해독되지 못한 부분이 많다. 학자들은 마야 문자가 이들 문자 체계 중 하나 이상으로부터 기원했다는 데 대체로 동의한다. 몇몇 학자는 미해독된 올멕 문자가 마야 문자의 조상일 가능성이 가장 높다고 주장한다. 학자들은 마야 문자를 해독하는 과정에서 마야 문자가 어떤 구어 문장이라도 표현할 수 있는 완전한 문자 체계임을 점차 깨닫게 되었다. 마야 문자는 표어음절문자라는 유형의 문자인데, 표어음절문자 체계에서 각 기호(자형 또는 자소라고도 함)는 표어문자로서 형태소를 나타내기도 하고 음절문자로서 음절을 나타내기도 한다. 마야 문자는 완전한 음절문자 체계를 포함하고 있어서(그러나 모든 음절이 확인되지는 않았다) 어떠한 마야어 표현이라도 음절 단위로 끊어서 소리나는 대로 표기할 수 있었다. 마야 문자 기록에서는 적어도 두 개의 주요 마야 언어가 분명히 확인되며, 그 밖의 마야 언어도 어느 정도 확인된다. 기록 중 가장 큰 비율을 차지하는 것은 이른바 고전 마야어로 알려진 오래된 언어형이며, 특히 남부와 중부 저지대의 고전기 명문에서 그러하다. 이 언어는 오늘날 촐어, 초르티어, 촌탈어 등이 속하는 촐어파와 가장 가까운 계통이다. 초기 유카텍어파 언어(현대 유카텍어의 조상)로 된 명문도 확인되었으며, 주로 유카탄 반도 지역에서 고전기 이후에 기록된 것들이다. 현전하는 마야 코덱스 네 권 중 세 권이 유카텍어파 언어로 되어 있다. 또한 치아파스 고지대의 명문 중 일부는 현대 첼탈어와 초칠어의 조상인 첼탈어파 언어로 쓰였으리라고 추정된다. 다른 지역의 방언도 기록되었으리라 추정되지만 아직 확실하게 밝혀진 바는 없다. 마야 문자 사용과 그에 대한 지식은 적어도 16세기 스페인의 침략 전까지는 계속 이어져 왔다. 천주교 유카탄대교구의 디에고 데 란다칼데론 주교가 마야 문자 사용을 금지함에 따라 메소아메리카의 고유 문자 사용은 끝을 맞았다. 그는 자신이 이교의 우상 숭배로 간주한 마야의 관습을 뿌리뽑고 마야인을 기독교로 개종시키는 과정에서 스페인 식민 지배자들과 함께 대부분의 마야 문서를 파괴했다. 훗날 그는 유카텍 마야인의 종교 의식에서 마야 문자의 사용을 기술한 《Relación de las cosas de Yucatán》을 저술했다. 식민기 정서법 식민기 마야어 로마자 정서법의 특징은 다음과 같다. ‹c›가 /k/를 나타내고, ‹k›가 과테말라에서는 /q/, 유카탄에서는 /kʼ/를 나타내며, ‹h›가 /x/를 나타내고 ‹tz›가 /ts/를 나타낸다. 성문 파열음과 모음의 길이는 표시하지 않는다. (단, 성문음화된 장모음은 모음 글자를 중복해서 나타내기도 한다. 예: ‹uuc› /uʼuk/) ‹uac› /wak/에서처럼 ‹u›로써 /w/를 나타내고, /s/는 ‹z›, ‹ç›, ‹s›등으로 다양하게 나타난다. 무엇보다도 현대 정서법과의 가장 큰 차이는 방출음을 표기하는 방식이다. 1550년경 프란시스코 데 라 파라는 과테말라 마야 언어들의 방출음을 적기 위해 트레시요와 쿠아트리요라는 글자를 새로 만들었다. 이후 프란치스코회의 마야어 문헌에는 모두 이 글자들이 쓰였으며 오늘날까지도 가끔 보인다. 1605년에 알론소 우르바노는 오토미어 방출음을 적을 때 중복된 자음 글자로 표기했는데(‹pp›, ‹tt›, ‹ttz›, ‹cc›/‹cqu›), 마야어족에도 비슷한 체계가 도입되었다. 유카텍 마야어의 경우 자음 글자에 획을 추가하거나 글자의 줄기를 겹으로 쓰기도 했다. *글자 𝕡의 줄기 부분만 두 겹으로 적어야 하나, 유니코드에는 그런 글자가 없다. ‹tz›의 합자로 ꜩ와 아울러 ꜭ, ꜫ도 쓰였다. 유카텍어에서 를 ‹dz›로 적은 관습은 ‘Dzib’과 같은 마야 성씨에 남아 있다. 현대 정서법 식민 시대 이래 마야어는 사실상 로마자로만 쓰였다. 마야어의 로마자 표기는 본디 스페인어 정서법에 기반해 있었으며 저자마다 조금씩 달랐고, 표준 정서법이 확립된 것은 최근의 일이다. 처음으로 폭넓게 수용된 정서법은 알프레도 바레라 바스케스의 지휘 아래 1980년에 출판된 〈코르데메흐 마야어 사전()〉의 저자 및 기여자들이 개발한 유카텍 마야어 정서법이다. 뒤이어 1986년에 설립된 과테말라 마야어 학술원(ALMG)은 이 정서법을 22개 마야 언어(대부분 과테말라의 언어)에 알맞게 변용하였다. 이 정서법은 대체로 음소적이나, 방출음에 쓰이는 어포스트로피와 성문 파열음의 구분을 버렸기 때문에 방출음 와 파열음-성문 파열음 연쇄 가 모두 ‹tʼ›로 표기된다. (과거에는 각각 ‹tʼ›와 ‹t7›로 표기하였다.) 주로 멕시코 치아파스주에서 쓰이는 다른 주요 마야 언어, 예컨대 초칠어, 첼탈어, 촐어, 토홀라발어 등은 대체로 여기에 포함되지 않으며, 때때로 치아파스주의 주립 원주민 언어·예술·문학 센터(CELALI)에서 개발한 표준 철자법에 따라 표기된다. 이 철자법에서는 ‹tz› 대신 ‹ts›를 사용하기 때문에, ‘초칠’을 예로 들면 ‹Tzotzil›이 아니라 ‹Tsotsil›로 표기한다. 문학 마야 문명 고전기로부터 현대에 이르기까지 마야어로 수많은 문학 작품이 쓰여 왔다. 현재 전해지는 마야어로 된 가장 오래된 글은 주로 기념비에 새겨진 왕위 계승, 정복, 달력, 천문 현상 따위의 기록이다. 아마틀 나무껍질로 만든 종이책인 마야 코덱스에는 다른 종류의 문학이 기록되었을 가능성이 크다. 세월의 흐름과 스페인 선교사들에 의한 의도적인 파괴로 인해 오늘날 남아 있는 마야 코덱스는 단 네 권뿐이다. 스페인의 멕시코 정복 이후 마야 언어들은 로마자로 기록되기 시작했다. 마야어로 된 식민기 문학 작품 중 가장 유명한 것은 신화와 역사적 서사가 결합된 《포폴 부흐》이다. 17세기에 고전 키체어로 쓰인 이 작품은 현재 전해지지 않는 1550년대 작품을 기반으로 한 것으로 여겨진다. 이 시기의 다른 키체어 작품으로는 키체족의 역사를 기록한 《토토니카판의 칭호》()와 17세기에 쓰인 희곡인 《라비날 아치》() 등이 있다. (후자는 아치 방언(아치어)로 쓰였다.) 칵치켈족의 역사를 기록한 16세기 후반의 《칵치켈 연대기》는 《포폴 부흐》의 내용에 대응하는 요소를 여럿 담고 있다. 식민기 유카텍 마야어로 된 중요한 자료로는 역사, 예언, 각종 실용적 지식을 집대성한 칠람 발람(Chilam Balam)의 책들이 있다. 이 시기의 운문을 담은 유일한 책은 아흐 밤(Ah Bam)이 지은 《치발체의 노래들》()이다. 식민 시대에 많은 신부와 수사들이 ‘아르테스’()라는 제목으로 마야어 문법서를 썼다. 이런 문법서가 전해지는 언어로는 칵치켈어, 고전 키체어, 첼탈어, 초칠어, 유카텍어 등이 있다. 어떤 문법서에는 마야어로 번역한 가톨릭 교리 문답이 붙어 있기도 하다. 식민 이후 시대(1821년 멕시코의 독립 후)에도 마야인은 풍부한 구전 문학을 창작했지만 이 시기에 창작되어 문자로 기록된 작품은 거의 없다. 독립 이후 멕시코와 과테말라의 교육 체계에서 토착어는 배제되었기 때문에 마야인은 대부분 마야어에 문맹이었으며 읽고 쓰는 것은 스페인어에 한정되었다. 그러나 코르데메흐(Cordemex)와 과테말라 마야어 학술원의 설립(1986년) 이후 마야어 문해율이 높아지기 시작했고 여러 원주민 작가들이 마야어로 저술 활동을 시작했다. 이 세대의 주요한 작가로는 스페인어-키체어 이중언어로 작품을 출판하는 키체 시인 움베르토 아카발(Humberto Akʼabʼal)과, 《포폴 부흐》를 스페인어와 현대 키체어로 번역해 높은 평가를 받은 키체 학자 루이스 엔리케 산 콜롭(Luis Enrique Sam Colop, 1955–2011) 등이 있다. 각주 인용 참고 문헌 외부 링크 Ethnologue Mayan language family tree, with ISO codes 과테말라 마야어 학술원 – 스페인어/마야어 웹사이트. 가장 권위있는 마야어 관련 출처 하버드 대학교 피바디 고고학·민속학 박물관의 마야 문자 명문 프로그램 코퍼스 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Volumes 1–9. 피바디 박물관 출판부 발행. 하버드 대학교 출판부 배포. 위키낱말사전 - 마야어 스와데시 목록 Cholsamaj의 마야어·마야어학 서적 목록 텍사스 대학교의 마야어 참고 문헌 온라인 목록 Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan Mayan-Spanish dictionary 교착어 아메리카 원주민의 언어 메소아메리카의 언어

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayan%20languages

Mayan languages

The Mayan languages form a language family spoken in Mesoamerica, both in the south of Mexico and northern Central America. Mayan languages are spoken by at least six million Maya people, primarily in Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras. In 1996, Guatemala formally recognized 21 Mayan languages by name, and Mexico recognizes eight within its territory. The Mayan language family is one of the best-documented and most studied in the Americas. Modern Mayan languages descend from the Proto-Mayan language, thought to have been spoken at least 5,000 years ago; it has been partially reconstructed using the comparative method. The proto-Mayan language diversified into at least six different branches: the Huastecan, Quichean, Yucatecan, Qanjobalan, Mamean and Chʼolan–Tzeltalan branches. Mayan languages form part of the Mesoamerican language area, an area of linguistic convergence developed throughout millennia of interaction between the peoples of Mesoamerica. All Mayan languages display the basic diagnostic traits of this linguistic area. For example, all use relational nouns instead of prepositions to indicate spatial relationships. They also possess grammatical and typological features that set them apart from other languages of Mesoamerica, such as the use of ergativity in the grammatical treatment of verbs and their subjects and objects, specific inflectional categories on verbs, and a special word class of "positionals" which is typical of all Mayan languages. During the pre-Columbian era of Mesoamerican history, some Mayan languages were written in the logo-syllabic Maya script. Its use was particularly widespread during the Classic period of Maya civilization (c. 250–900). The surviving corpus of over 5,000 known individual Maya inscriptions on buildings, monuments, pottery and bark-paper codices, combined with the rich post-Conquest literature in Mayan languages written in the Latin script, provides a basis for the modern understanding of pre-Columbian history unparalleled in the Americas. History Proto-Mayan Mayan languages are the descendants of a proto-language called Proto-Mayan or, in Kʼicheʼ Maya, Nabʼee Mayaʼ Tzij ("the old Maya Language"). The Proto-Mayan language is believed to have been spoken in the Cuchumatanes highlands of central Guatemala in an area corresponding roughly to where Qʼanjobalan is spoken today. The earliest proposal which identified the Chiapas-Guatemalan highlands as the likely "cradle" of Mayan languages was published by the German antiquarian and scholar Karl Sapper in 1912. Terrence Kaufman and John Justeson have reconstructed more than 3000 lexical items for the proto-Mayan language. According to the prevailing classification scheme by Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman, the first division occurred around 2200 BCE, when Huastecan split away from Mayan proper after its speakers moved northwest along the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Proto-Yucatecan and Proto-Chʼolan speakers subsequently split off from the main group and moved north into the Yucatán Peninsula. Speakers of the western branch moved south into the areas now inhabited by Mamean and Quichean people. When speakers of proto-Tzeltalan later separated from the Chʼolan group and moved south into the Chiapas Highlands, they came into contact with speakers of Mixe–Zoque languages. According to an alternative theory by Robertson and Houston, Huastecan stayed in the Guatemalan highlands with speakers of Chʼolan–Tzeltalan, separating from that branch at a much later date than proposed by Kaufman. In the Archaic period (before 2000 BCE), a number of loanwords from Mixe–Zoquean languages seem to have entered the proto-Mayan language. This has led to hypotheses that the early Maya were dominated by speakers of Mixe–Zoquean languages, possibly the Olmec. In the case of the Xincan and Lencan languages, on the other hand, Mayan languages are more often the source than the receiver of loanwords. Mayan language specialists such as Campbell believe this suggests a period of intense contact between Maya and the Lencan and Xinca people, possibly during the Classic period (250–900). Classic period During the Classic period the major branches began diversifying into separate languages. The split between Proto-Yucatecan (in the north, that is, the Yucatán Peninsula) and Proto-Chʼolan (in the south, that is, the Chiapas highlands and Petén Basin) had already occurred by the Classic period, when most extant Maya inscriptions were written. Both variants are attested in hieroglyphic inscriptions at the Maya sites of the time, and both are commonly referred to as "Classic Maya language". Although a single prestige language was by far the most frequently recorded on extant hieroglyphic texts, evidence for at least three different varieties of Mayan have been discovered within the hieroglyphic corpus—an Eastern Chʼolan variety found in texts written in the southern Maya area and the highlands, a Western Chʼolan variety diffused from the Usumacinta region from the mid-7th century on, and a Yucatecan variety found in the texts from the Yucatán Peninsula. The reason why only few linguistic varieties are found in the glyphic texts is probably that these served as prestige dialects throughout the Maya region; hieroglyphic texts would have been composed in the language of the elite. Stephen Houston, John Robertson and David Stuart have suggested that the specific variety of Chʼolan found in the majority of Southern Lowland glyphic texts was a language they dub "Classic Chʼoltiʼan", the ancestor language of the modern Chʼortiʼ and Chʼoltiʼ languages. They propose that it originated in western and south-central Petén Basin, and that it was used in the inscriptions and perhaps also spoken by elites and priests. However, Mora-Marín has argued that traits shared by Classic Lowland Maya and the Chʼoltiʼan languages are retentions rather than innovations, and that the diversification of Chʼolan in fact post-dates the classic period. The language of the classical lowland inscriptions then would have been proto-Chʼolan. Colonial period During the Spanish colonization of Central America, all indigenous languages were eclipsed by Spanish, which became the new prestige language. The use of Mayan languages in many important domains of society, including administration, religion and literature, came to an end. Yet the Maya area was more resistant to outside influence than others, and perhaps for this reason, many Maya communities still retain a high proportion of monolingual speakers. The Maya area is now dominated by the Spanish language. While a number of Mayan languages are moribund or are considered endangered, others remain quite viable, with speakers across all age groups and native language use in all domains of society. Modern period As Maya archaeology advanced during the 20th century and nationalist and ethnic-pride-based ideologies spread, the Mayan-speaking peoples began to develop a shared ethnic identity as Maya, the heirs of the Maya civilization. The word "Maya" was likely derived from the postclassical Yucatán city of Mayapan; its more restricted meaning in pre-colonial and colonial times points to an origin in a particular region of the Yucatán Peninsula. The broader meaning of "Maya" now current, while defined by linguistic relationships, is also used to refer to ethnic or cultural traits. Most Maya identify first and foremost with a particular ethnic group, e.g. as "Yucatec" or "Kʼicheʼ"; but they also recognize a shared Maya kinship. Language has been fundamental in defining the boundaries of that kinship. Fabri writes: "The term Maya is problematic because Maya peoples do not constitute a homogeneous identity. Maya, rather, has become a strategy of self-representation for the Maya movements and its followers. The Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala (ALMG) finds twenty-one distinct Mayan languages." This pride in unity has led to an insistence on the distinctions of different Mayan languages, some of which are so closely related that they could easily be referred to as dialects of a single language. But, given that the term "dialect" has been used by some with racialist overtones in the past, as scholars made a spurious distinction between Amerindian "dialects" and European "languages", the preferred usage in Mesoamerica in recent years has been to designate the linguistic varieties spoken by different ethnic group as separate languages. In Guatemala, matters such as developing standardized orthographies for the Mayan languages are governed by the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala (ALMG; Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages), which was founded by Maya organisations in 1986. Following the 1996 peace accords, it has been gaining a growing recognition as the regulatory authority on Mayan languages both among Mayan scholars and the Maya peoples. Genealogy and classification Relations with other families The Mayan language family has no demonstrated genetic relationship to other language families. Similarities with some languages of Mesoamerica are understood to be due to diffusion of linguistic traits from neighboring languages into Mayan and not to common ancestry. Mesoamerica has been proven to be an area of substantial linguistic diffusion. A wide range of proposals have tried to link the Mayan family to other language families or isolates, but none is generally supported by linguists. Examples include linking Mayan with the Uru–Chipaya languages, Mapuche, the Lencan languages, Purépecha, and Huave. Mayan has also been included in various Hokan, Penutian, and Siouan hypotheses. The linguist Joseph Greenberg included Mayan in his highly controversial Amerind hypothesis, which is rejected by most historical linguists as unsupported by available evidence. Writing in 1997, Lyle Campbell, an expert in Mayan languages and historical linguistics, argued that the most promising proposal is the "Macro-Mayan" hypothesis, which posits links between Mayan, the Mixe–Zoque languages and the Totonacan languages, but more research is needed to support or disprove this hypothesis. In 2015, Campbell noted that recent evidence presented by David Mora-Marin makes the case for a relationship between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean languages "much more plausible". Subdivisions The Mayan family consists of thirty languages. Typically, these languages are grouped into 5–6 major subgroups (Yucatecan, Huastecan, Chʼolan–Tzeltalan, Qʼanjobʼalan, Mamean, and Kʼichean). The Mayan language family is extremely well documented, and its internal genealogical classification scheme is widely accepted and established, except for some minor unresolved differences. One point still at issue is the position of Chʼolan and Qʼanjobalan–Chujean. Some scholars think these form a separate Western branch (as in the diagram below). Other linguists do not support the positing of an especially close relationship between Chʼolan and Qʼanjobalan–Chujean; consequently they classify these as two distinct branches emanating directly from the proto-language. An alternative proposed classification groups the Huastecan branch as springing from the Chʼolan–Tzeltalan node, rather than as an outlying branch springing directly from the proto-Mayan node. Distribution Studies estimate that Mayan languages are spoken by more than six million people. Most of them live in Guatemala where depending on estimates 40%–60% of the population speaks a Mayan language. In Mexico the Mayan speaking population was estimated at 2.5 million people in 2010, whereas the Belizean speaker population figures around 30,000. Western branch The Chʼolan languages were formerly widespread throughout the Maya area, but today the language with most speakers is Chʼol, spoken by 130,000 in Chiapas. Its closest relative, the Chontal Maya language, is spoken by 55,000 in the state of Tabasco. Another related language, now endangered, is Chʼortiʼ, which is spoken by 30,000 in Guatemala. It was previously also spoken in the extreme west of Honduras and El Salvador, but the Salvadorian variant is now extinct and the Honduran one is considered moribund. Chʼoltiʼ, a sister language of Chʼortiʼ, is also extinct. Chʼolan languages are believed to be the most conservative in vocabulary and phonology, and are closely related to the language of the Classic-era inscriptions found in the Central Lowlands. They may have served as prestige languages, coexisting with other dialects in some areas. This assumption provides a plausible explanation for the geographical distance between the Chʼortiʼ zone and the areas where Chʼol and Chontal are spoken. The closest relatives of the Chʼolan languages are the languages of the Tzeltalan branch, Tzotzil and Tzeltal, both spoken in Chiapas by large and stable or growing populations (265,000 for Tzotzil and 215,000 for Tzeltal). Tzeltal has tens of thousands of monolingual speakers. Qʼanjobʼal is spoken by 77,700 in Guatemala's Huehuetenango department, with small populations elsewhere. The region of Qʼanjobalan speakers in Guatemala, due to genocidal policies during the Civil War and its close proximity to the Mexican border, was the source of a number of refugees. Thus there are now small Qʼanjobʼal, Jakaltek, and Akatek populations in various locations in Mexico, the United States (such as Tuscarawas County, Ohio and Los Angeles, California), and, through postwar resettlement, other parts of Guatemala. Jakaltek (also known as Poptiʼ) is spoken by almost 100,000 in several municipalities of Huehuetenango. Another member of this branch is Akatek, with over 50,000 speakers in San Miguel Acatán and San Rafael La Independencia. Chuj is spoken by 40,000 people in Huehuetenango, and by 9,500 people, primarily refugees, over the border in Mexico, in the municipality of La Trinitaria, Chiapas, and the villages of Tziscau and Cuauhtémoc. Tojolabʼal is spoken in eastern Chiapas by 36,000 people. Eastern branch The Quichean–Mamean languages and dialects, with two sub-branches and three subfamilies, are spoken in the Guatemalan highlands. Qʼeqchiʼ (sometimes spelled Kekchi), which constitutes its own sub-branch within Quichean–Mamean, is spoken by about 800,000 people in the southern Petén, Izabal and Alta Verapaz departments of Guatemala, and also in Belize by 9,000 speakers. In El Salvador it is spoken by 12,000 as a result of recent migrations. The Uspantek language, which also springs directly from the Quichean–Mamean node, is native only to the Uspantán municipio in the department of El Quiché, and has 3,000 speakers. Within the Quichean sub-branch Kʼicheʼ (Quiché), the Mayan language with the largest number of speakers, is spoken by around 1,000,000 Kʼicheʼ Maya in the Guatemalan highlands, around the towns of Chichicastenango and Quetzaltenango and in the Cuchumatán mountains, as well as by urban emigrants in Guatemala City. The famous Maya mythological document, Popol Vuh, is written in an antiquated Kʼicheʼ often called Classical Kʼicheʼ (or Quiché). The Kʼicheʼ culture was at its pinnacle at the time of the Spanish conquest. Qʼumarkaj, near the present-day city of Santa Cruz del Quiché, was its economic and ceremonial center. Achi is spoken by 85,000 people in Cubulco and Rabinal, two municipios of Baja Verapaz. In some classifications, e.g. the one by Campbell, Achi is counted as a form of Kʼicheʼ. However, owing to a historical division between the two ethnic groups, the Achi Maya do not regard themselves as Kʼicheʼ. The Kaqchikel language is spoken by about 400,000 people in an area stretching from Guatemala City westward to the northern shore of Lake Atitlán. Tzʼutujil has about 90,000 speakers in the vicinity of Lake Atitlán. Other members of the Kʼichean branch are Sakapultek, spoken by about 15,000 people mostly in El Quiché department, and Sipakapense, which is spoken by 8,000 people in Sipacapa, San Marcos. The largest language in the Mamean sub-branch is Mam, spoken by 478,000 people in the departments of San Marcos and Huehuetenango. Awakatek is the language of 20,000 inhabitants of central Aguacatán, another municipality of Huehuetenango. Ixil (possibly three different languages) is spoken by 70,000 in the "Ixil Triangle" region of the department of El Quiché. Tektitek (or Teko) is spoken by over 6,000 people in the municipality of Tectitán, and 1,000 refugees in Mexico. According to the Ethnologue the number of speakers of Tektitek is growing. The Poqom languages are closely related to Core Quichean, with which they constitute a Poqom-Kʼichean sub-branch on the Quichean–Mamean node. Poqomchiʼ is spoken by 90,000 people in Purulhá, Baja Verapaz, and in the following municipalities of Alta Verapaz: Santa Cruz Verapaz, San Cristóbal Verapaz, Tactic, Tamahú and Tucurú. Poqomam is spoken by around 49,000 people in several small pockets in Guatemala. Yucatecan branch Yucatec Maya (known simply as "Maya" to its speakers) is the most commonly spoken Mayan language in Mexico. It is currently spoken by approximately 800,000 people, the vast majority of whom are to be found on the Yucatán Peninsula. It remains common in Yucatán and in the adjacent states of Quintana Roo and Campeche. The other three Yucatecan languages are Mopan, spoken by around 10,000 speakers primarily in Belize; Itzaʼ, an extinct or moribund language from Guatemala's Petén Basin; and Lacandón or Lakantum, also severely endangered with about 1,000 speakers in a few villages on the outskirts of the Selva Lacandona, in Chiapas. Huastecan branch Wastek (also spelled Huastec and Huaxtec) is spoken in the Mexican states of Veracruz and San Luis Potosí by around 110,000 people. It is the most divergent of modern Mayan languages. Chicomuceltec was a language related to Wastek and spoken in Chiapas that became extinct some time before 1982. Phonology Proto-Mayan sound system Proto-Mayan (the common ancestor of the Mayan languages as reconstructed using the comparative method) has a predominant CVC syllable structure, only allowing consonant clusters across syllable boundaries. Most Proto-Mayan roots were monosyllabic except for a few disyllabic nominal roots. Due to subsequent vowel loss many Mayan languages now show complex consonant clusters at both ends of syllables. Following the reconstruction of Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman, the Proto-Mayan language had the following sounds. It has been suggested that proto-Mayan was a tonal language, based on the fact that four different contemporary Mayan languages have tone (Yucatec, Uspantek, San Bartolo Tzotzil and Mochoʼ), but since these languages each can be shown to have innovated tone in different ways, Campbell considers this unlikely. Phonological evolution of Proto-Mayan The classification of Mayan languages is based on changes shared between groups of languages. For example, languages of the western group (such as Huastecan, Yucatecan and Chʼolan) all changed the Proto-Mayan phoneme * into , some languages of the eastern branch retained (Kʼichean), and others changed it into or, word-finally, (Mamean). The shared innovations between Huastecan, Yucatecan and Chʼolan show that they separated from the other Mayan languages before the changes found in other branches had taken place. The palatalized plosives and are not found in most of the modern families. Instead they are reflected differently in different branches, allowing a reconstruction of these phonemes as palatalized plosives. In the eastern branch (Chujean-Qʼanjobalan and Chʼolan) they are reflected as and . In Mamean they are reflected as and and in Quichean as and . Yucatec stands out from other western languages in that its palatalized plosives are sometimes changed into and sometimes . The Proto-Mayan velar nasal * is reflected as in the eastern branches (Quichean–Mamean), in Qʼanjobalan, Chʼolan and Yucatecan, in Huastecan, and only conserved as in Chuj and Jakaltek. Diphthongs Vowel quality is typically classified as having monophthongal vowels. In traditionally diphthongized contexts, Mayan languages will realize the V-V sequence by inserting a hiatus-breaking glottal stop or glide insertion between the vowels. Some Kʼichean-branch languages have exhibited developed diphthongs from historical long vowels, by breaking /e:/ and /o:/. Grammar The morphology of Mayan languages is simpler than that of other Mesoamerican languages, yet its morphology is still considered agglutinating and polysynthetic. Verbs are marked for aspect or tense, the person of the subject, the person of the object (in the case of transitive verbs), and for plurality of person. Possessed nouns are marked for person of possessor. In Mayan languages, nouns are not marked for case, and gender is not explicitly marked. Word order Proto-Mayan is thought to have had a basic verb–object–subject word order with possibilities of switching to VSO in certain circumstances, such as complex sentences, sentences where object and subject were of equal animacy and when the subject was definite. Today Yucatecan, Tzotzil and Tojolabʼal have a basic fixed VOS word order. Mamean, Qʼanjobʼal, Jakaltek and one dialect of Chuj have a fixed VSO one. Only Chʼortiʼ has a basic SVO word order. Other Mayan languages allow both VSO and VOS word orders. Numeral classifiers In many Mayan languages, counting requires the use of numeral classifiers, which specify the class of items being counted; the numeral cannot appear without an accompanying classifier. Some Mayan languages, such as Kaqchikel, do not use numeral classifiers. Class is usually assigned according to whether the object is animate or inanimate or according to an object's general shape. Thus when counting "flat" objects, a different form of numeral classifier is used than when counting round things, oblong items or people. In some Mayan languages such as Chontal, classifiers take the form of affixes attached to the numeral; in others such as Tzeltal, they are free forms. Jakaltek has both numeral classifiers and noun classifiers, and the noun classifiers can also be used as pronouns. The meaning denoted by a noun may be altered significantly by changing the accompanying classifier. In Chontal, for example, when the classifier -tek is used with names of plants it is understood that the objects being enumerated are whole trees. If in this expression a different classifier, -tsʼit (for counting long, slender objects) is substituted for -tek, this conveys the meaning that only sticks or branches of the tree are being counted: Possession The morphology of Mayan nouns is fairly simple: they inflect for number (plural or singular), and, when possessed, for person and number of their possessor. Pronominal possession is expressed by a set of possessive prefixes attached to the noun, as in Kaqchikel ru-kej "his/her horse". Nouns may furthermore adopt a special form marking them as possessed. For nominal possessors, the possessed noun is inflected as possessed by a third-person possessor, and followed by the possessor noun, e.g. Kaqchikel ru-kej ri achin "the man's horse" (literally "his horse the man"). This type of formation is a main diagnostic trait of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area and recurs throughout Mesoamerica. Mayan languages often contrast alienable and inalienable possession by varying the way the noun is (or is not) marked as possessed. Jakaltek, for example, contrasts inalienably possessed "my photo (in which I am depicted)" with alienably possessed "my photo (taken by me)". The prefix we- marks the first person singular possessor in both, but the absence of the -e possessive suffix in the first form marks inalienable possession. Relational nouns Mayan languages which have prepositions at all normally have only one. To express location and other relations between entities, use is made of a special class of "relational nouns". This pattern is also recurrent throughout Mesoamerica and is another diagnostic trait of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area. In Mayan most relational nouns are metaphorically derived from body parts so that "on top of", for example, is expressed by the word for head. Subjects and objects Mayan languages are ergative in their alignment. This means that the subject of an intransitive verb is treated similarly to the object of a transitive verb, but differently from the subject of a transitive verb. Mayan languages have two sets of affixes that are attached to a verb to indicate the person of its arguments. One set (often referred to in Mayan grammars as set B) indicates the person of subjects of intransitive verbs, and of objects of transitive verbs. They can also be used with adjective or noun predicates to indicate the subject. Another set (set A) is used to indicate the person of subjects of transitive verbs (and in some languages, such as Yucatec, also the subjects of intransitive verbs, but only in the incompletive aspects), and also the possessors of nouns (including relational nouns). Verbs In addition to subject and object (agent and patient), the Mayan verb has affixes signalling aspect, tense, and mood as in the following example: Tense systems in Mayan languages are generally simple. Jakaltek, for example, contrasts only past and non-past, while Mam has only future and non-future. Aspect systems are normally more prominent. Mood does not normally form a separate system in Mayan, but is instead intertwined with the tense/aspect system. Kaufman has reconstructed a tense/aspect/mood system for proto-Mayan that includes seven aspects: incompletive, progressive, completive/punctual, imperative, potential/future, optative, and perfective. Mayan languages tend to have a rich set of grammatical voices. Proto-Mayan had at least one passive construction as well as an antipassive rule for downplaying the importance of the agent in relation to the patient. Modern Kʼicheʼ has two antipassives: one which ascribes focus to the object and another that emphasizes the verbal action. Other voice-related constructions occurring in Mayan languages are the following: mediopassive, incorporational (incorporating a direct object into the verb), instrumental (promoting the instrument to object position) and referential (a kind of applicative promoting an indirect argument such as a benefactive or recipient to the object position). Statives and positionals In Mayan languages, statives are a class of predicative words expressing a quality or state, whose syntactic properties fall in between those of verbs and adjectives in Indo-European languages. Like verbs, statives can sometimes be inflected for person but normally lack inflections for tense, aspect and other purely verbal categories. Statives can be adjectives, positionals or numerals. Positionals, a class of roots characteristic of, if not unique to, the Mayan languages, form stative adjectives and verbs (usually with the help of suffixes) with meanings related to the position or shape of an object or person. Mayan languages have between 250 and 500 distinct positional roots: In these three Qʼanjobʼal sentences, the positionals are telan ("something large or cylindrical lying down as if having fallen"), ("person sitting on a chairlike object"), and ("curled up like a rope or snake"). Word formation Compounding of noun roots to form new nouns is commonplace; there are also many morphological processes to derive nouns from verbs. Verbs also admit highly productive derivational affixes of several kinds, most of which specify transitivity or voice. As in other Mesoamerican languages, there is a widespread metaphorical use of roots denoting body parts, particularly to form locatives and relational nouns, such as Kaqchikel -pan ("inside" and "stomach") or -wi ("head-hair" and "on top of"). Mayan loanwords A number of loanwords of Mayan or potentially Mayan origins are found in many other languages, principally Spanish, English, and some neighboring Mesoamerican languages. In addition, Mayan languages borrowed words, especially from Spanish. A Mayan loanword is cigar. The Mayan word for "tobacco" is and means "to smoke tobacco leaves". This is the most likely origin for cigar and thus cigarette. The English word "hurricane", which is a borrowing from the Spanish word is considered to be related to the name of Maya storm deity Jun Raqan. However, it is probable that the word passed into European languages from a Cariban language or Taíno. Writing systems The complex script used to write Mayan languages in pre-Columbian times and known today from engravings at several Maya archaeological sites has been deciphered almost completely. The script is a mix between a logographic and a syllabic system. In colonial times Mayan languages came to be written in a script derived from the Latin alphabet; orthographies were developed mostly by missionary grammarians. Not all modern Mayan languages have standardized orthographies, but the Mayan languages of Guatemala use a standardized, Latin-based phonemic spelling system developed by the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala (ALMG). Orthographies for the languages of Mexico are currently being developed by the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI). Glyphic writing The pre-Columbian Maya civilization developed and used an intricate and fully functional writing system, which is the only Mesoamerican script that can be said to be almost fully deciphered. Earlier-established civilizations to the west and north of the Maya homelands that also had scripts recorded in surviving inscriptions include the Zapotec, Olmec, and the Zoque-speaking peoples of the southern Veracruz and western Chiapas area—but their scripts are as yet largely undeciphered. It is generally agreed that the Maya writing system was adapted from one or more of these earlier systems. A number of references identify the undeciphered Olmec script as its most likely precursor. In the course of the deciphering of the Maya hieroglyphic script, scholars have come to understand that it was a fully functioning writing system in which it was possible to express unambiguously any sentence of the spoken language. The system is of a type best classified as logosyllabic, in which symbols (glyphs or graphemes) can be used as either logograms or syllables. The script has a complete syllabary (although not all possible syllables have yet been identified), and a Maya scribe would have been able to write anything phonetically, syllable by syllable, using these symbols. At least two major Mayan languages have been confidently identified in hieroglyphic texts, with at least one other language probably identified. An archaic language variety known as Classic Maya predominates in these texts, particularly in the Classic-era inscriptions of the southern and central lowland areas. This language is most closely related to the Chʼolan branch of the language family, modern descendants of which include Chʼol, Chʼortiʼ and Chontal. Inscriptions in an early Yucatecan language (the ancestor of the main surviving Yucatec language) have also been recognised or proposed, mainly in the Yucatán Peninsula region and from a later period. Three of the four extant Maya codices are based on Yucatec. It has also been surmised that some inscriptions found in the Chiapas highlands region may be in a Tzeltalan language whose modern descendants are Tzeltal and Tzotzil. Other regional varieties and dialects are also presumed to have been used, but have not yet been identified with certainty. Use and knowledge of the Maya script continued until the 16th century Spanish conquest at least. Bishop Diego de Landa Calderón of the Catholic Archdiocese of Yucatán prohibited the use of the written language, effectively ending the Mesoamerican tradition of literacy in the native script. He worked with the Spanish colonizers to destroy the bulk of Mayan texts as part of his efforts to convert the locals to Christianity and away from what he perceived as pagan idolatry. Later he described the use of hieroglyphic writing in the religious practices of Yucatecan Maya in his Relación de las cosas de Yucatán. Colonial orthography Colonial orthography is marked by the use of c for /k/ (always hard, as in cic /kiik/), k for /q/ in Guatemala or for /kʼ/ in the Yucatán, h for /x/, and tz for /ts/; the absence of glottal stop or vowel length (apart sometimes for a double vowel letter for a long glottalized vowel, as in uuc /uʼuk/), the use of u for /w/, as in uac /wak/, and the variable use of z, ç, s for /s/. The greatest difference from modern orthography, however, is in the various attempts to transcribe the ejective consonants. About 1550, Francisco de la Parra invented distinctive letters for ejectives in the Mayan languages of Guatemala, the tresillo and cuatrillo (and derivatives). These were used in all subsequent Franciscan writing, and are occasionally seen even today [2005]. In 1605, Alonso Urbano doubled consonants for ejectives in Otomi (pp, tt, ttz, cc / cqu), and similar systems were adapted to Mayan. Another approach, in Yucatec, was to add a bar to the letter, or to double the stem. *Only the stem of 𝕡 is doubled, but that is not supported by Unicode. A ligature ꜩ for tz is used alongside ꜭ and ꜫ. The Yucatec convention of dz for is retained in Maya family names such as Dzib. Modern orthography Since the colonial period, practically all Maya writing has used a Latin alphabet. Formerly these were based largely on the Spanish alphabet and varied between authors, and it is only recently that standardized alphabets have been established. The first widely accepted alphabet was created for Yucatec Maya by the authors and contributors of the Diccionario Maya Cordemex, a project directed by Alfredo Barrera Vásquez and first published in 1980. Subsequently, the Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages (known by its Spanish acronym ALMG), founded in 1986, adapted these standards to 22 Mayan languages (primarily in Guatemala). The script is largely phonemic, but abandoned the distinction between the apostrophe for ejective consonants and the glottal stop, so that ejective and the non-ejective sequence (previously tʼ and t7) are both written tʼ. Other major Maya languages, primarily in the Mexican state of Chiapas, such as Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Chʼol, and Tojolabʼal, are not generally included in this reformation, and are sometimes written with the conventions standardized by the Chiapan "State Center for Indigenous Language, Art, and Literature" (CELALI), which for instance writes "ts" rather than "tz" (thus Tseltal and Tsotsil). For the languages that make a distinction between palato-alveolar and retroflex affricates and fricatives (Mam, Ixil, Tektitek, Awakatek, Qʼanjobʼal, Poptiʼ, and Akatek in Guatemala, and Yucatec in Mexico) the ALMG suggests the following set of conventions. Literature From the classic language to the present day, a body of literature has been written in Mayan languages. The earliest texts to have been preserved are largely monumental inscriptions documenting rulership, succession, and ascension, conquest and calendrical and astronomical events. It is likely that other kinds of literature were written in perishable media such as codices made of bark, only four of which have survived the ravages of time and the campaign of destruction by Spanish missionaries. Shortly after the Spanish conquest, the Mayan languages began to be written with Latin letters. Colonial-era literature in Mayan languages include the famous Popol Vuh, a mythico-historical narrative written in 17th century Classical Quiché but believed to be based on an earlier work written in the 1550s, now lost. The Título de Totonicapán and the 17th century theatrical work the Rabinal Achí are other notable early works in Kʼicheʼ, the latter in the Achí dialect. The Annals of the Cakchiquels from the late 16th century, which provides a historical narrative of the Kaqchikel, contains elements paralleling some of the accounts appearing in the Popol Vuh. The historical and prophetical accounts in the several variations known collectively as the books of Chilam Balam are primary sources of early Yucatec Maya traditions. The only surviving book of early lyric poetry, the Songs of Dzitbalche by Ah Bam, comes from this same period. In addition to these singular works, many early grammars of indigenous languages, called "artes", were written by priests and friars. Languages covered by these early grammars include Kaqchikel, Classical Quiché, Tzeltal, Tzotzil and Yucatec. Some of these came with indigenous-language translations of the Catholic catechism. While Mayan peoples continued to produce a rich oral literature in the postcolonial period (after 1821), very little written literature was produced in this period. Because indigenous languages were excluded from the education systems of Mexico and Guatemala after independence, Mayan peoples remained largely illiterate in their native languages, learning to read and write in Spanish, if at all. However, since the establishment of the Cordemex and the Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages (1986), native language literacy has begun to spread and a number of indigenous writers have started a new tradition of writing in Mayan languages. Notable among this new generation is the Kʼicheʼ poet Humberto Ak'abal, whose works are often published in dual-language Spanish/Kʼicheʼ editions, as well as Kʼicheʼ scholar Luis Enrique Sam Colop (1955–2011) whose translations of the Popol Vuh into both Spanish and modern Kʼicheʼ achieved high acclaim. See also Mayan Sign Language Cauque Mayan (mixed language) Notes Citations References External links The Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages – Spanish/Mayan site, the primary authority on Mayan Languages Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Volumes 1–9. Published by the Peabody Museum Press and distributed by Harvard University Press Swadesh lists for Mayan languages (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix) Mayan languages and linguistics books from Cholsamaj Online bibliography of Mayan languages at the University of Texas Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan Mayan-Spanish dictionary (Spanish) Languages attested from the 3rd century BC Agglutinative languages Language families Indigenous languages of Central America Indigenous languages of Mexico Mesoamerican languages

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG%EC%84%A0

LNG선

LNG 탱커 (liquefied natural gas tanker) , 혹은 LNG선 (LNG carrier)는 액화천연가스(LNG)를 수송하는 선박이다. 큰 저온 단열 탱크를 선체 내에 몇 개 갖추고 있어 내부에는 극저온의 LNG가 충전된다. 개요 LNG 탱커는 액화천연가스(LNG)를 전문적으로 수송하기 위해 만들어진 선박이다. 액화천연가스는 공기(비중 1) 대비 비중이 0.5 이하로 가볍고, 메탄(CH4)을 주성분으로 한다. 섭씨 -161.5°C이하의 상압 하에서 액체가 되기 때문에, 가압 탱크나 단열층을 갖추고 있지만, 원유의 비중 약 0.85와 비교해도 꽤나 가볍다.(반면 LPG는 비중이 프로판 1.52, 부테인 2.01로 공기보다 무겁다.) 그래서 다른 탱커와 비교해도 선체에 대한 하물 체적이 필연적으로 커져, 선체의 실루엣에서도 흡수 선상의 부분이 크게 보인다. 초저온 조건 하에서도 선체 구조재가 취성 파괴를 일으키지 않는 연구를 하고, 화기 사용에 관한 규제가 있다. 천연가스의 발화 온도는 632°C이며, 화염 속도는 38cm/초로 비교적 늦다. 역사 뷰로 베리타스(Bureau Veritas)에 의해 분류된 최초의 LNG 운반선인 메테인 파이오니어(Methane Pioneer, 5,034DWT)는 1959년 1월 25일 루이지애나만 연안의 칼카슈강을 떠났다. 세계 최초의 해상 LNG 화물을 싣고 영국으로 항해하여 화물이 인도되었다. 그 무역의 후속 확장은 최대 266,000㎥를 운반하는 거대한 LNG 선박이 전 세계적으로 항해하는 오늘날까지 선단을 크게 확장했다. 메테인 파이오니어로 이름 변경한 특별 개조 C1-M-AV1형 표준 선박 노르마르티(Normarti)의 성공으로 영국 가스위원회와 콘치 인터내셔널 메테인사는 메테인 프린세스(Methane Princess)와 메테인 프로그레스(Methane Progress)라는 두 개의 특수 건조 LNG 운반선 건조를 주문했다. 이 선박에는 콘치사의 독립 알루미늄 화물 탱크가 장착되어 있었으며, 1964년 알제리 LNG 무역에 들어갔다. 이 선박의 용량은 27,000㎥였다. 1960년대 후반에 알래스카에서 일본으로 LNG를 수출할 기회가 생겨 1969년 도쿄전력과 도쿄가스와의 무역이 시작되었다. 각각 71,500㎥의 용량을 가진 두 척의 배인 폴라 알라스카(Polar Alaska)와 아크틱 도쿄(Arctic Tokyo)가 스웨덴에서 건조되었다. 1970년대 초 미국 정부는 미국 조선소에 LNG 운반선 건조를 독려하여 총 16척의 LNG선이 건조되었다. 1970년대 후반과 1980년대 초반에는 많은 프로젝트가 연구되고 있었고, 북극 LNG 선박의 전망이 높아졌다. 화물 용량이 약 143,000㎥로 증가함에 따라 노르웨이의 모스 로젠베르크(모스형)와 더불어 프랑스에서도 테크니가즈의 〈마크 III〉와 가즈트랑스포르의 〈No.96〉에 이르기까지 새로운 탱크 설계가 개발되었다. 최근 몇 년 동안 LNG 운반선의 크기와 용량은 크게 증가했다. 2005년부터 카타르개스(Qatargas)는 Q-Flex와 Q-Max라고 하는 두 가지 새로운 종류의 LNG 운반선 개발을 개척해 왔다. 각 선박의 화물 용량은 21만 ~26.6만㎥이며 재액화 플랜트가 장착되어 있었다. 2005년까지 총 203척의 선박이 건조되었으며, 그중 2005년까지 취항하고 있었던 선박은 193척이었다. 2016년 말 현재 전 세계 LNG 선단은 439척의 선박으로 구성되어 있다. 2017년 한 번에 약 170척의 선박이 사용 중이다. 2018년 말 기준 전 세계 LNG 선박은 약 550척이었다. 국내에서는 현대중공업이 1982년 노르웨이 카바에르네르사로부터 모스형 기술을 도입해 1991년에 모스형 LNG선인 ‘현대 유토피아’를 처음으로 수주한 뒤 계속 사용하다가 2006년 6월 울산 조선소에서 마지막 모스형 LNG선을 인도한 이후 모스형 탱크를 가진 LNG선의 제작이 중단되었다. 2006년 이후부터 2022년까지 멤브레인형 LNG선이 대한민국의 주력 제품이 되었다. 대우조선과 삼성중공업은 처음부터 모스형 LNG선을 제작하지 않았고, 1990년 6월 프랑스 GTT사에서 멤브레인형 기술을 도입해 건조 능력을 키워왔다. LNG 탱크 탱크의 형상 멤브레인형 LNG 탱크는 모스형 탱크보다 적재량이 40% 많기 때문에, GTT 마크 III 시스템이 대세화로 굳어지고 있다. 대한민국 국내에서는 모든 조선소들이 전량 GTT 기술을 채택하고 있다. 삼성중공업과 현대중공업, 한진중공업은 GTT 마크 III, 대우조선소는 GTT NO96 채택하고 있다. 탱크의 형식 21세기 초두 현재, LNG를 적재하는 탱크에는 크게 2개의 방식이 있다. 모스(구형 탱크) 방식 탱크가 선체로부터 독립하고 있어, 그것 자신으로 내부의 LNG를 가두기 위한 압력을 유지해, LNG의 중량을 받아 들이는 방식. 고압에 견디는 것과 동시에 내부에 열의 침입을 최소로 하기 위해서 구형이 된다. 탱크가 열변화에 의한 팽창과 수축이 일어나기 때문에, 선체에의 고정 방법이 강구되어야 한다. 구형이기 때문에 선창의 공간 이용 효율이 나쁘고, 원래 중량의 보다 큰 체적을 차지하는 LNG라고 하는 화물의 특징도 있어, 큰 구상 탱크의 상부가 상갑판으로부터 크게 튀어나온다. 극저온에 노출된 LNG 탱크를 구성하는 부재는 극저온하에서도 탱크내를 고압에 유지하기 위해서 강인하지 않으면 안 되기 때문에, 극저온에도 견딜 수 있는 합금이 사용된다. 모스(Moss) 방식 등 LNG 탱커의 오래된 구식. 멤브레인 방식 구형 독립 탱크의 결점을 개선하기 위해서 개발된 방식. 내부의 LNG의 압력과 중량을 탱크 뿐만이 아니라 선체도 사용하고 받아 들이는 방식. 탱크 외벽은 선창 내벽하고 밀착되어 있어, 얇은 탱크는 밀폐와 초저온을 유지하는 기능만을 담당해, 압력이나 중량의 지지는 선체가 부담한다. 네모진 선창 공간을 낭비 없게 사용할 수 있기 위해서 상갑판으로부터의 돌출이 적은데다, 탱크의 중량도 가볍게 할 수 있다. 모스 방식 구형 탱크 방식으로는 알루미늄 합금, 9% 니켈 강철, 스텐레스강철이 사용되고 있다. 모스(Moss) 방식의 독립 구형 탱크는 노르웨이의 오슬로의 남 50km의 모스시에서 개발된 방식이다. 한국에서는 현대중공업에서 13만7천m3급의 현대유토피아호를, 일본에서는 미츠비시, 미츠이, 카와사키가 라이센스 계약을 행하고 있다. 일본에서는 125,000m/153,000m의 LNG선 47척이 건조되고 있다.(2009년 시점) 선체에서는 독립한 구형 탱크의 적도부가 원통형의 금속제의 탱크 지지부(스커트)의 상단에서 유지되어 지지 부하단은 대좌 갑판으로 불리는 선창 내벽에 용접된다. 장점 입열이 작기 때문에 LNG의 증발 가스(BOG)가 적게 된다. 열응력의 집중을 배제할 수 있다. 역학적인 구조 해석이 완벽하게 할 수 있기 위해, 안전성을 확보하면서 부재후를 얇게 할 수 있다. 슬로싱(충격)이 낮다. 용접 개소가 적고 단순한 맞댄 용접만으로 건조할 수 있기 위해, 짧은 공사기간에 만들어지고, 품질관리가 용이해지는 자동 용접에도 대응하기 쉽다. 검사나 보수를 위한 공간이 선창내에서 확보되고 있다. 선체의 다소의 폐해가 그대로 탱크의 변형은 되지 않기 때문에, 타선과의 충돌이나 좌초등의 사고 발생시에도 멤브레인 방식하고 비교해도 누설 등에 대하는 안전성이 높다. 단점 구형이기 위해 선창의 공간 이용 효율이 떨어진다 상갑판상의 돌출부에 의해서 선체 전방에 사각지대가 존재한다 구형의 강판 제조에는 고도의 기술이 요구된다 신축을 고려하면서 적절한 중량 지지를 행하는데 어려움이 많다 용접의 불비하고 균열이 생기는 등, 상정보다는 품질관리가 어렵다 멤브레인 방식 멤브레인 방식으로는 그 이름대로, 탱크는 박막이라고 불러도 좋을 정도의 두께의 저온 대응의 인바 합금으로 만들어, 수축에 의한 변형에도 유연에 대응한다. 장점 선창의 공간 이용 효율이 좋기 때문에, 탑재량 증대와 상갑판상의 돌출을 최소한으로 할 수 있다. 탱크의 열용량이 작기 때문에 적사시의 열의 헛됨이 적다. 단점 탱크 외부로부터 검사·보수를 행할 수 없다. 멤브레인, 방열재, 2차 방벽의 설치에 고정밀, 고난도 작업이 요구된다. 규칙에 의해, 선체는 이중선각구조, 옆격벽·갑판도 이중 선체 구조 설치가 불가피하다. 2가지의 멤브레인 방식 테크니가즈 방식 멤브레인 방식의 LNG 탱크에서는, 미충전시의 상온과 충전시의 극저온시라고 하는 격렬한 온도 변화에 의해서 팽창과 수축을 반복해도, 고정·설치에 영향을 받지 않게 미리 탱크 내면을 구성하는 금속판에 주름 상자장의 놀이를 갖게한 콜 게이트 금속층을 갖게하는 등의 궁리가 행해져 왔다. 이 방법은 1960년대에 테크니가즈사가 개발했기 때문에, 테크니가즈 방식이라고도 불린다. 가스 트랜스포트 방식 인 바 특성의 이용에 의해서 금속판을 콜 게이트장에 가공하는 일 없이 평판의 금속을 사용할 수 있는 용이하게 용접을 행할 수 있게 되었다. 이 방법은 1960년대에 가스 트랜스포트사가 개발했기 때문에, 가스 트랜스포트 방식(GT방식)으로 불린다. GTT 방식 멘브레인 방식은 1994년에 합병된 가즈트랑스포르&테크니가즈(약칭 GTT)의 설계한 형식이 주체를 차지하기 위해, GTT 방식이라고도 불린다. 1960년대부터는 모스 이전의 독립 탱크 방식으로부터 멤브레인 방식으로 한때 지났지만, 1970년의 모스의 독립 구형 탱크 방식의 등장이나, 멤브레인 방식으로의 저액위 및 고액위로의 슬로싱(출렁거림)에 의한 파손이나 크랙의 발생에 의해서 다시 독립 탱크 방식이 우세가 되어, 특히 멤브레인 방식의 배가 오래되어 지면 보수 수선의 과정에서 평가가 내려, 신조선에서는 멤브레인 방식이 불리하게 되었다.21 세기 초두의 현재는 멤브레인 모스가 각축을 벌이면서도, 멤브레인 방식의 하나의 GTT 방식이 모스 방식을 갈라 놓고 있다. IGC 코드에서는 어느 방식에서도 기본적으로는 2차 방벽의 설치가 의무화되고 있다. 마크 III와 No.96에 이어 2007년의 시점에서의 최신 설계는 GTT-CS방식이 된다. GTT 마크 III 방식 (테크니가즈 방식) 탱크 영주의 실제 녹봉로10-70%의 사이는 슬로싱 충격에 의한 내벽의 손상을 피하기 위해서 적부가 금지되고 있다. 멤브레인은 두께 1.2 mm 스테인레스강을 사용. GE사제의 유리섬유 강화형 발포 폴리우레탄제 방열상자는 1층만으로 270 mm이다. 이 폴리우레탄이 접착된 합판이 선창 내벽에 볼트 고정된다. GTT　No.96 방식(가즈트랑스포르 No.96 방식) 최대 200,000m3의 LNG선이 건조되고 있다. 탱크 영주의 실제 녹봉로10-70%의 사이는 슬로싱 충격에 의한 내벽의 손상을 회피하기 위해서 적부가 금지되고 있다. 멤브레인은 두께는 0.7mm로 인바강(니켈합금제품) 사용 발포펄라이트제 방열상자는 2층으로 나뉘어 있어 안쪽의 일차 방벽은 230 mm, 2차 방벽은 300 mm이다. 이 폴리우레탄이 접착된 합판(plywood)이 선창 내벽에 볼트 고정된다. GTT CS방식 상기 양방식을 개량한 기술이다. 멤브레인 방식과 모스 방식은 탱크가 진공에 약하기 때문에 탱크의 내외의 압력을 제어하는 장치가 갖춰지고 있다. 자립각형 탱크에서는 압력에 강하기 때문에 특히 이러한 장치는 갖춰지지 않았다. 멤브레인 방식은 탱크 간의 옆 격벽이 냉각되면, 취성 파괴의 리스크가 높아지기 위해서 가열 보온 장치가 갖춰져 있는. 기타 방식 상기의 모스 방식으로 대표되는 구형 탱크 방식이나 테크니가즈 방식·가즈프랑스포르 방식으로 대표되는 멤브레인 방식 외에도 다음과 같은 각종 방식이 제안이나 실험이 행해졌다. 구형 탱크 세로에 한 개의 지지재로 구형 탱크를 지지하는 로렌트 구형 탱크 방식이나, 테크니가즈 매달아 구형 탱크 방식. 적도부를 일주 하는 수평 링가다에 의해서 구형 탱크를 지지하는 히타치/CBI 가다 지지 구형 탱크 방식. 구형 탱크의 지지부(스커트)의 원통을 2중통으로 한 스페인의 세나사의 세나 이중벽스커트 구형 탱크 방식. 원통형 탱크 가는 원통형의 고압 탱크를 세로에 다수 묶은 것(영대양 트랜스포트 고압 원통 탱크 방식과 독일 린데사의 다원통형 탱크 방식) 가는 원통형의 고압 탱크를 선체 에 따르게 해 옆에 다수 묶은 것(독일 리퀴드 가스·안라겐사의 제란탄크 방식) 멀티 로브로 한 것 - 독일 린데사의 린데·멀티 로브 4책의 원통형 탱크를 탑재한 LNG 화물 운반선 「매사추세츠」의 미 평의회-&알렌사/미 테크니가즈사 공동의 원통형 탱크 방식, 미 피츠버그·데모 인사/가스 트랜스포트사 공동의 PDM/GT견형원통형 탱크 방식, 미 대양 훼닉스사의 대양 훼닉스·멀티 로브 탱크, 네덜란드의 페로르메사의 페로르메견형 원통형 탱크, 구형 탱크의 크기로 바닥이 평평하게 되어 있는 것(미츠비시견형원통 탱크 방식) 세미-멤브레인 멤브레인 방식보다 후판의 금속의 사용에 의해 경량화와 용이한 용접 작업을 실현하고 있다. 열흡수는 탱크 코너의 모퉁이의 원호부에서 흡수된다.브리지스톤의 후랏트멤브레인, IHI(당시의 이시카와지마 하리마 중공업 주식회사)의 플랫 탱크 등. 방형 탱크 네모진 탱크를 선창내에 만들어 축구나 저부의 지지부에서 지지를 받는 것. 과거에는, 방형 탱크의 콘치 방식으로부터 몇개의 파생 형식이 만들어졌다. 1960연대에는 미 J.J.마크마렌사에 의해서 콜 게이트 이중벽 구조의 마크마렌·콜 게이트 방형 탱크(마크마렌 방식 탱크)가 고안 되었지만, 배는 만들어지지 않았다. 엣소사는 1960년대에 엣소 이중벽 방형 탱크를 개발하고, 1969년 1970년에 이탈리아에 3척, 스페인에서 1척의 40,000m3급 「엣소·브레이가」를 건조했다. 내부의 알루미늄 합금제 1차 방벽(일차 탱크)의 밖을 T-웹이 지지해 알루미늄 합금제의 2차 방벽의 밖에 150 mm250mm 간격의 폴리우레탄·폼이 합판을 끼우고 방열을 담당했다. 탱크 지지의 키가 탱크의 전후좌우에 있어, 선체측의 키 웨이를 미끄러지게 되어 있었다. 이 방식은 고비용이었기 때문에 그 후의 채용은 없었다. 마크마렌 방식도 엣소 이중벽방형 탱크도 모두 내부에 슬로싱을 방지하는 액밀종 격벽을 갖추고 있었다. 1970년경에는 일본의 히타치 조선이 히타치 구형 탱크를 개발했다.9% 니켈강을 사용한 일차 방벽(일차 탱크)에 폴리우레탄·폼을 붙일 수 있어 2차 방벽으로서 합판이 이중선각중각면에 붙일 수 있었다.실험선에 1개가 장착된 이외는 채용되지 않았다. 이색의 설계예 콘크리트제 LNG선(콘트란스토, 미 다이탐 방식)이나 빙해 LNG선(가아크틱·프로젝트, 핀란드의 와르치라사안), 빙해 아래를 기어드는 잠수 LNG선(미 제너럴 다이나믹스사)등이 이색의 아이디어가 존재했지만, 어느 것도 건조까지는 도달하지 않았다. 상기대로 다수의 형상이 고안 되어 몇개의 것은 배가 만들어졌지만, 주류로는 되지 않았다. 또, 비교적 최근 고안 되어 향후 주류가 될 수 있을 가능성이 있는 설계 방식으로 이하의 것이 있다. 방형 탱크의 발전형 1982해에 일본의 IHI가 발표한 IHI-SPB(Self-support prismatic shape IMO type-B)는 일본 독자적인 LNG선용의 탱크로서는 얼마 안되는 성공예이다. 알루미늄제의 방형 탱크가 단열 지지재 위에 실리고 있어 경감 이중 방벽이 선창 하부에 설치되고 있다. 탱크 형상이 선창에 맞추어 자유롭게 설계할 수 있어 액밀종격벽이 있기 위해서내부액량에 관련되지 않고 슬로싱에 대해서 강하고, 탱크 외면이 상온 환경에 접하고 있기 위해서 인간이 용이하게 점검·보수를 실시할 수 있는, 등의 이점이 있다. 1993해에는 「폴라-·이글」급의 2척을 준공했다. 2002해에는 1차 방벽에 스텐레스강을 사용하는 설계도 승인을 취득했다. 선체 구조 이중선각구조 안전성이나 단열성, 탱크의 특수한 형상을 흡수하는 필요성등에 의해서, 모든 LNG 탱커는 이중선각구조를 갖춘다. 이것은 당초, LNG선의 설계에 대하고 LNG가 새었을 경우에 탱크를 거둔 선창부에 해수를 도입하는 것으로 극저온의 LNG가 직접 선체를 차게 하는 것이 없게 고려된 자취이기도 하다. 이러한 설계는 「Floodable cofferdam」라고 불려 극저온에 의한 선체의 취성 파괴를 피하는 궁리였지만, 선창에 해수가 들어가도 충분한 부력을 확보하기 위해서 이중선각으로 여겨진 것이다. LPG선에서는 저온의 정도가 조금 높여모아 두어도 있어 이미 단각선이 되어 있다. LNG선에서도 멤브레인선은 이중선각이 필요하지만, 탱크가 자립하는 모스 방식등에서는 단각선에서도 탱크는 탑재할 수 있으므로 장래단각선이 등장할 가능성은 있다. LNG선에서는 안전을 위해서 LNG 탱크에 걸리는 충격을 가속도로서 규정되고 있다. 전과 좌우로 0.5 G, 뒤로 0.25 G이다. 격벽 탱크 내의 LNG는 유동성을 가 대한 자유수 영향」에 의한 선체의 불안정화나 「슬로싱」에 의한 탱크 내벽의 파손을 피하기 위해서, 격벽에 의해서 나뉘고 있다. 안전 공간의 확보 기관실은 안전 때문에, 탱크의 후방에 배치해, 탱크와의 사이를 빈 방이나 펌프 룸, 연료유에 의해 격리하도록(듯이)해상 인명 조약은 요구하고 있다. 설비 하역의 펌프 탑재시에는 적하인 LNG는 육상에서(보다) LNG 탱커에 펌프로 이송되지만, 양하의 경우에는 LNG 선측의 펌프에 의해서 송출된다. 또, 받는 측의 탱크에서는 동용적의 LNG 가스를 역시 보내는 측이 펌프에 의해서 송출하는 것으로, 쌍방의 가압 상태를 유지해, 공기의 침입을 허락하지 않는다. 이러한 하역 시나 검사를 위해서 LNG 탱크를 비우고 공기로 채우는 경우 등, LNG 탱크 내부가 LNG 가스와 공기의 혼합 상태가 되는 모든 경우에, 공기 대신에 한 번 이나트 가스를 보내고, LNG 가스가 충분히 배출된 후에 이나트 가스와 공기를 바꿔 넣는다.이것에 의해 폭발·연소라고 하는 사고를 막을 수 있다. 이 경우의 이나트 가스 장치는 육상의 것을 사용한다. 벨러스터 탱크 LNG 탱커는 그 짐의 성질상, 생산국으로부터 소비국에 LNG의 일방통행의 수송을 행하고 있다. 항상 편도는 짐을 쌓지 않는 상태로 운항되고 있다. 그러한, 탱크내가 하늘 때에는, 거대한 탱크가 모두 부력을 가지기 위해서, 선체가 비정상으로 떠올라, 선미의 키나 프로펠라나 뱃머리의 발바스·바우가 수면상에 나와 버린다. 이것으로는 추진 효율이 저하하기 위해서, 전용의 벨러스터 탱크에 해수를 채워 부력의 상쇄를 행한다. 구명정 각주 유조선

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG%20carrier

LNG carrier

An LNG carrier is a tank ship designed for transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG). Overview The first oceangoing liquified natural gas tanker in the world was Methane Pioneer, which entered service in 1959 with a carrying capacity of 5,500 cubic metres (190,000 cu ft). LNG carriers of increasing size have been built since then, leading to the fleet of today, where giant Q-Max LNG ships sail worldwide that can each carry up to . A boom in U.S. natural gas production was enabled by hydraulic fracturing ("fracking"), creating large growth in natural gas production from 2010. The first U.S. LNG export facility was completed in 2016, with more following. The increasing supply of natural gas in the U.S. and export facilities expanded the demand for LNG carriers, to transport LNG around the world. The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine dramatically increased the demand for LNG shipping worldwide. U.S. shipments to Europe more than doubled in 2022, to 2.7 trillion cubic feet. History The first LNG carrier Methane Pioneer () carrying , classed by Bureau Veritas, left the Calcasieu River on the Louisiana Gulf coast on 25 January 1959. Carrying the world's first ocean cargo of LNG, it sailed to the UK where the cargo was delivered. The success of the specially modified C1-M-AV1-type standard ship Normarti, renamed Methane Pioneer, caused the Gas Council and Conch International Methane Ltd. to order two purpose built LNG carriers to be constructed: Methane Princess and Methane Progress. The ships were fitted with Conch independent aluminum cargo tanks and entered the Algerian LNG trade in 1964. These ships had a capacity of . In the late 1960s, opportunity arose to export LNG from Alaska to Japan, and in 1969 that trade with TEPCO and Tokyo Gas was initiated. Two ships, Polar Alaska and Arctic Tokyo, each with a capacity of , were built in Sweden. In the early 1970s, the US government encouraged US shipyards to build LNG carriers, and a total of 16 LNG ships were built. The late 1970s and early 1980s brought the prospect of Arctic LNG ships with a number of projects being studied. With the increase in cargo capacity to approximately costing $250 million, new tank designs were developed, from Moss Rosenberg to Technigaz Mark III and Gaztransport No.96. The size and capacity of LNG carriers has increased significantly, to . A vessel could cost $200 million. Since 2005, Qatargas has pioneered the development of two new classes of LNG carriers, referred to as Q-Flex and Q-Max. Each ship has a cargo capacity of between and is equipped with a re-liquefaction plant. Today we see interest for small scale LNG bunker carriers. Some need to stay below the life rafts of Cruise ships and Ropax vessels. Examples are the Damen LGC 3000 and the Seagas. By 2005 a total of 203 vessels had been built, of which 193 were still in service. At the end of 2016, the global LNG shipping fleet consisted of 439 vessels. In 2017, an estimated 170 vessels are in use at any one time. At the end of 2018, the global fleet was approximately 550 vessels. In 2021—2022, an LNG shipment from US to Europe could return a profit of $133—200 million. Shipping rates were $100,000 per day even for 5-year contracts, but can vary between $60,000—250,000. New building In 2021, 90 new LNG carriers were ordered. By 2022, high demand had shifted deliveries of new orders to 2027. In November 2018, South Korean ship builders locked in 3 years worth of large-scale LNG carrier contracts - more than 50 orders - with a value of $9 billion. South Korean builders captured 78% of LNG-related ship building contracts in 2018, with 14% going to Japanese builders and 8% going to Chinese builders. The new contracts would boost the global LNG fleet by 10%. Of the global fleet, historically, about two-thirds of the ships have been built by South Koreans, 22% by Japanese, 7% by Chinese, and the rest built by a combination of France, Spain, and the United States. South Korea's success stems from innovation and price point; South Korean builders introduced the first ice-breaker type LNG vessels and South Korean builders have been successful in catering to increased customer preference for Q-max vessels over Moss type. In 2018, South Korea's Hyundai Mipo Dockyard (HMD) delivered the world's first LNG-fueled bulk carrier. It has the world's largest capacity at 50,000 dwt. According to SIGTTO data, in 2019 there were 154 LNG carriers on order, and 584 operating LNG carriers. In 2017, Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering delivered the Christophe de Margerie, an icebreaking LNG tanker of 80,200 deadweight tons. Her capacity of is the consumption of Sweden for a month. She completed her first revenue voyage from Norway via the Northern Sea Route in the Arctic Ocean to South Korea. The shipyard has fourteen more on order. In the case of small scale LNG carriers (LNG carriers below ), the optimal size of a ship is determined by the project for which it is built, taking into consideration volume, destination and vessel characteristics. List of small scale LNG carrier builders: Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction STX Offshore & Shipbuilding Damen Shipyards Group Cargo handling A typical LNG carrier has four to six tanks located along the center-line of the vessel. Surrounding the tanks is a combination of ballast tanks, cofferdams and voids; in effect, this gives the vessel a double-hull type design. LNG carriers, like aircraft carriers, are among the most difficult vessels to build, taking as long as 30 months. Inside each tank there are typically three submerged pumps. There are two main cargo pumps which are used in cargo discharge operations and a much smaller pump which is referred to as the spray pump. The spray pump is used for either pumping out liquid LNG to be used as fuel (via a vaporizer), or for cooling down cargo tanks. It can also be used for "stripping" out the last of the cargo in discharge operations. All of these pumps are contained within what is known as the pump tower which hangs from the top of the tank and runs the entire depth of the tank. The pump tower also contains the tank gauging system and the tank filling line, all of which are located near the bottom of the tank. In membrane-type vessels there is also an empty pipe with a spring-loaded foot valve that can be opened by weight or pressure. This is the emergency pump tower. In the event both main cargo pumps fail the top can be removed from this pipe and an emergency cargo pump lowered down to the bottom of the pipe. The top is replaced on the column and then the pump is allowed to push down on the foot valve and open it. The cargo can then be pumped out. All cargo pumps discharge into a common pipe which runs along the deck of the vessel; it branches off to either side of the vessel to the cargo manifolds, which are used for loading or discharging. All cargo tank vapour spaces are linked via a vapour header which runs parallel to the cargo header. This also has connections to the sides of the ship next to the loading and discharging manifolds. Typical cargo cycle A typical cargo cycle starts with the tanks in a "gas free" condition, meaning the tanks are full of air, which allows maintenance on the tank and pumps. Cargo cannot be loaded directly into the tank, as the presence of oxygen would create an explosive atmospheric condition within the tank, and the rapid temperature change caused by loading LNG at could damage the tanks. First, the tank must be 'inerted' to eliminate the risk of explosion. An inert gas plant burns diesel in air to produce a mixture of gases (typically less than 5% O2 and about 13% CO2 plus N2). This is blown into the tanks until the oxygen level is below 4%. Next, the vessel goes into port to "gas-up" and "cool-down", as one still cannot load directly into the tank: The CO2 will freeze and damage the pumps and the cold shock could damage the tank's pump column. LNG is brought onto the vessel and taken along the spray line to the main vaporiser, which boils off the liquid into gas. This is then warmed up to roughly in the gas heaters and then blown into the tanks to displace the "inert gas". This continues until all the CO2 is removed from the tanks. Initially, the IG (inert gas) is vented to atmosphere. Once the hydrocarbon content reaches 5% (lower flammability range of methane) the inert gas is redirected to shore via a pipeline and manifold connection by the HD (high duty) compressors. The shore terminal then burns this vapour to avoid the dangers of having large amounts of hydrocarbons present which may explode. Now the vessel is gassed up and warm. The tanks are still at ambient temperature and are full of methane. The next stage is cool-down. LNG is sprayed into the tanks via spray heads, which vaporises and starts to cool the tank. The excess gas is again blown ashore to be re-liquified or burned at a flare stack. Once the tanks reach about the tanks are ready to bulk load. Bulk loading starts and liquid LNG is pumped from the storage tanks ashore into the vessel tanks. Displaced gas is blown ashore by the HD compressors. Loading continues until typically 98.5% full is reached (to allow for thermal expansion/contraction of cargo). The vessel can now proceed to the discharge port. During passage various boil-off management strategies can be used. Boil-off gas can be burned in boilers to provide propulsion, or it can be re-liquefied and returned to the cargo tanks, depending on the design of the vessel. Once in the discharge port, the cargo is pumped ashore using the cargo pumps. As the tank empties, the vapour space is filled by either gas from ashore or by vaporising some cargo in the cargo vaporiser. Either the vessel can be pumped out as far as possible, with the last being pumped out with spray pumps, or some cargo can be retained on board as a "heel". This must be done gradually otherwise the tanks will be cold shocked if loaded directly into warm tanks. Cool-down can take roughly 20 hours on a Moss vessel (and 10–12 hours on a membrane type vessel), so carrying a heel allows cool-down to be done before the vessel reaches port giving a significant time saving. If all the cargo is pumped ashore, then on the ballast passage the tanks will warm up to ambient temperature, returning the vessel to a gassed up and warm state. The vessel can then be cooled again for loading. If the vessel is to return to a gas free state, the tanks must be warmed up by using the gas heaters to circulate warm gas. Once the tanks are warmed up, the inert gas plant is used to remove the methane from the tanks. Once the tanks are methane free, the inert gas plant is switched to dry air production, which is used to remove all the inert gas from the tanks until they have a safe working atmosphere. Transportation of natural gas both in the form of LNG and by pipeline causes greenhouse gas emissions, but in different ways. With pipelines, most of the emissions stem from the production of steel pipe; with LNG most of the emissions stem from liquefaction. For both pipelines and LNG, propulsion causes additional emissions (pressurization of the pipeline, propulsion of the LNG tanker). Containment systems Today there are four containment systems in use for new build vessels. Two of the designs are of the self-supporting type, while the other two are of the membrane type and today the patents are owned by Gaztransport & Technigaz (GTT). There is a trend towards the use of the two different membrane types instead of the self-supporting storage systems. This is most likely because prismatic membrane tanks utilize the hull shape more efficiently and thus have less void space between the cargo-tanks and ballast tanks. As a result of this, Moss-type design compared to a membrane design of equal capacity will be far more expensive to transit the Suez Canal. However, self-supporting tanks are more robust and have greater resistance to sloshing forces, and will possibly be considered in the future for offshore storage where bad weather will be a significant factor. Moss tanks (Spherical IMO type B LNG tanks) Named after the company that designed them, the Norwegian company Moss Maritime, the Spherical IMO type B LNG tanks are spherical in shape. Most Moss type vessels have four or five tanks. The outside of the tanks have a thick layer of foam insulation that is either fitted in panels or in more modern designs wound round the tank. Over this insulation is a thin layer of "tinfoil" which allows the insulation to be kept dry with a nitrogen atmosphere. This atmosphere is constantly checked for any methane that would indicate a leak of the tank. Also the outside of the tank is checked at three-month intervals for any cold spots that would indicate breakdown in the insulation. The tank is supported around its circumference by the equatorial ring, which is supported by a large circular skirt, known as a data-couple that is a unique combination of aluminum and steel, which takes the weight of the tank down to the ship's structure. This skirt allows the tank to expand and contract during cool-down and warm-up operations. During cool-down or warm-up the tank can expand or contract about . Because of this expansion and contraction all piping into the tank comes in the top and is connected to the ship's lines via flexible bellows. Inside each tank there is a set of spray heads. These heads are mounted around the equatorial ring and are used to spray LNG onto the tank walls to reduce the temperature. Tanks normally have a working pressure of up to , but this can be raised for emergency discharge. If both main pumps fail then to remove the cargo, the tank's safety valves are adjusted to lift at 100 kPa (1 bar). Then the filling line which goes to the bottom of the tank is opened along with the filling lines of the other tanks on board. The pressure is then raised in the tank with the defective pumps which pushes the cargo into the other tanks where it can be pumped out. IHI (Prismatic IMO type B LNG tanks) Designed by Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, the self-supporting prismatic type B (SPB) tank is currently employed in only two vessels. Type B tanks limit sloshing problems, an improvement over Membrane LNG carrier tanks which may break due to sloshing impact, therefore destroying the ship's hull. This is also of prime relevance for FPSO LNG (or FLNG). In addition, IMO type B LNG tanks can sustain internal accidental damage due for example to internal equipment releases. This was incorporated into the design following several incidents that occurred inside membrane LNG tanks. TGZ Mark III Designed by Technigaz, these tanks are of the membrane type. The membrane consists of stainless steel with 'waffles' to absorb the thermal contraction when the tank is cooled down. The primary barrier, made of corrugated stainless steel of about thickness is the one in direct contact with the cargo liquid (or vapour in empty tank condition). This is followed by a primary insulation which in turn is covered by a secondary barrier made of a material called "triplex" which is basically a metal foil sandwiched between glass wool sheets and compressed together. This is again covered by a secondary insulation which in turn is supported by the ship's hull structure from the outside. From the inside of the tank outwards, the layers are: LNG Primary barrier of 1.2 mm thick corrugated/waffled 304L stainless steel Primary insulation (also called the interbarrier space) Secondary barrier within triplex membrane Secondary insulation (also called the insulation space) Ship's hull structure. GT96 Designed by Gaztransport, the tanks consists of a primary and secondary thin membrane made of the material Invar which has almost no thermal contraction. The insulation is made out of plywood boxes filled with perlite and continuously flushed with nitrogen gas. The integrity of both membranes is permanently monitored by detection of hydrocarbon in the nitrogen. An evolution is proposed by NG2, with the replacement of nitrogen by argon as the flushed inert and insulation gas. Argon has a better insulation power than nitrogen, which could save 10% of boil-off gas. CS1 CS1 stands for Combined System Number One. It was designed by the now merged Gaztransport & Technigaz companies and consists of the best components of both MkIII and No96 systems. The primary barrier is made of invar , and secondary from Triplex. The primary and secondary insulation consists of polyurethane foam panels. Three vessels with CS1 technology were built by one shipyard, but established shipyards have decided to maintain production of the MKIII and NO96. Reliquefaction and boil-off In order to facilitate transport, natural gas is cooled down to approximately at atmospheric pressure, at which point the gas condenses to a liquid. The tanks on board an LNG carrier effectively function as giant thermoses to keep the liquid gas cold during storage. No insulation is perfect, however, and so the liquid is constantly boiling during the voyage. According to WGI, on a typical voyage an estimated 0.1–0.25% of the cargo converts to gas each day, depending on the efficiency of the insulation and the roughness of the voyage. In a typical 20-day voyage, anywhere from 2–6% of the total volume of LNG originally loaded may be lost. Normally an LNG tanker is powered by steam turbines with boilers. These boilers are dual fuel and can run on either methane or oil or a combination of both. The gas produced in boil off is traditionally diverted to the boilers and used as a fuel for the vessel. Before this gas is used in the boilers, it must be warmed up to roughly 20 °C by using the gas heaters. The gas is either fed into the boiler by tank pressure or it is increased in pressure by the Low Duty compressors. What fuel the vessel runs on is dependent on many factors which include the length of the voyage, desire to carry a heel for cooldown, price of oil versus price of LNG, and port demands for cleaner exhaust. There are three basic modes available: Minimum boil-off/maximum oil:- In this mode tank pressures are kept high to reduce boil off to a minimum and the majority of energy comes from the fuel oil. This maximises the amount of LNG delivered but does allow tank temps to rise due to lack of evaporation. The high cargo temps can cause storage problems and offloading problems. Maximum boil-off/minimum oil:- In this mode the tank pressures are kept low and there is greater boil-off but a large amount of fuel oil is still used. This decreases the amount of LNG delivered but the cargo will be delivered cold which many ports prefer. 100% gas:- Tank pressures are kept at a similar level to maximum boil off but as this may not be enough to supply all the boilers needs, additional LNG must be "forced" to vaporize. A small pump in one tank supplies LNG to the forcing vaporizer, where it is warmed and vaporized back into a gas that is usable in the boilers. In this mode no fuel oil is used. Recent advances in technology reliquefication plants to be fitted to vessels, allowing the boil off to be reliquefied and returned to the tanks. Because of this, the vessels' operators and builders have been able to contemplate the use of more efficient slow-speed diesel engines (previously most LNG carriers have been steam turbine-powered). Exceptions are the LNG carrier Havfru (built as Venator in 1973), which originally had dual fuel diesel engines, and its sister-ship Century (built as Lucian in 1974), also built with dual fuel gas turbines before being converted to a diesel engine system in 1982. Vessels using Dual or Tri-Fuel Diesel Electric, respectively DFDE/TFDE, propulsion systems are now in service. Recently, there has been interest in a return to propulsion by boil-off gas. This is a result of the IMO 2020 anti-pollution regulation that bans the use of marine fuel oil with a sulfur content greater than 0.5% on ships not fitted with flue-gas scrubbing plant. Space constraints and safety issues typically prevent the installation of such equipment on LNG carriers, forcing them to abandon the use of the lower-cost, high-sulfur fuel oil and switch to low-sulfur fuels that cost more and are in shorter supply. In these circumstances, boil-off gas may become a more attractive option. Spillage risk Compared to oil, there is less public concern over spillage of Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) carrying vessels as the gas would quickly vaporize and become atmospheric methane. Up to 2004, no significant accidental LNG discharges occurred in close to 80,000 loaded port transits of LNG carriers. An analysis of several spherical carriers showed that the vessels can withstand a 90-degree side-on collision with another similar LNG carrier at 6.6 kn (50% of normal port speed) with no loss of LNG cargo integrity. This drops to 1.7 kn for a fully loaded 300,000 dwt oil tanker collision into an LNG carrier. The report also notes that such collisions are rare. HAZID performed a risk assessment of an LNG spill. Taking into account precautions, training, regulations and technology changes over time HAZID calculates that the likelihood of an LNG spill as approximately 1 in 100,000 trips. In the event that the tank integrity of a LNG transport is compromised, there is a risk that the natural gas contained within could ignite, causing either an explosion or fire. See also Compressed natural gas (CNG) Gas carrier CNG carrier List of gas carriers List of tankers Mozah Prelude FLNG References Ship types Tankers de:Tanker#Flüssiggastanker

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%8C%20%EB%8B%A4%EC%96%91%EC%B2%B4

리만 다양체

미분기하학에서 리만 다양체(Riemann多樣體, )는 각 점의 접공간 위에 양의 정부호 쌍선형 형식이 주어져, 두 점 사이의 거리를 측정할 수 있는 매끄러운 다양체이다. 이 구조를 리만 계량(Riemann計量, )이라고 하며, 이를 사용하여 다양체 위에서 평행 운송 · 각도 · 길이 · 부피 · 곡률 따위의 기하학적 개념들을 정의할 수 있다. 리만 다양체와 관련된 구조를 연구하는 미분기하학의 분야를 리만 기하학(Riemann幾何學, )이라고 한다. 정의 차원 매끄러운 다양체 위에 공변접다발 의 2차 대칭승 벡터 다발을 생각하자. 이는 접다발의 대칭승 의 쌍대 다발과 같다. 이 벡터 다발은 위의 차원 벡터 다발이다. 의 매끄러운 단면은 의 각 점 에서의 접공간 위에 쌍선형 형식을 정의한다. 은 의 몫공간이므로, 그 쌍대 다발인 은 의 부분 공간이 된다. 따라서의 매끄러운 단면은 위의 (0,2)-텐서장 (의 매끄러운 단면)으로 생각할 수 있다. 위의, 의 매끄러운 단면 가 다음 조건을 만족시킨다면, 를 위의 리만 계량(Riemann計量, )이라고 한다. (양의 정부호성) 임의의 및 에 대하여, 만약 이라면 리만 계량을 갖춘 매끄러운 다양체 를 리만 다양체라고 한다. 두 리만 다양체 , 사이의 등거리 변환()은 다음 조건을 만족시키는 매끄러운 함수 이다. 임의의 및 에 대하여, 여기서 는 의 에 대한 밂이다. 성질 모든 매끄러운 다양체에는 리만 다양체의 구조를 줄 수 있다. 물론, 이는 표준적이지 않다. 유클리드 공간으로의 매장 내시 매장 정리()에 따라, 모든 연결 리만 다양체는 충분히 높은 차원의 유클리드 공간 으로의 등거리 매장을 갖는다. 즉, 리만 다양체는 내재적으로 정의하는 대신 항상 외재적으로 유클리드 공간의 부분 공간으로 여길 수 있다. 물론, 리만 다양체 자체의 데이터는 유클리드 공간으로의 매장을 포함하지 않는다. 거리 연결 리만 다양체 위에는 자연스럽게 거리 공간의 구조가 주어진다. [모든 (하우스도르프 파라콤팩트) 다양체는 거리화 가능 공간이지만, 리만 계량과 같은 구조가 없다면 거리 함수를 표준적으로 정의할 수 없다.] 구체적으로, 연결 리만 다양체 위의 매끄러운 곡선 의 길이는 다음과 같다. 곡선의 길이는 매개변수화에 대하여 불변이다. 즉, 임의의 매끄러운 함수 에 대하여, 이다. 임의의 두 점 사이의 거리()는 두 점 사이를 잇는 곡선들의 길이들의 하한이다. 이는 거리 함수의 조건들을 모두 만족시킴을 보일 수 있으며, 추가로 길이 거리 공간을 이룬다. 연결 공간이 아닌 리만 다양체의 경우, 각 연결 성분 위에 (유한한) 거리를 정의할 수 있지만, 서로 다른 연결 성분 위에 있는 두 점 사이의 거리는 무한대가 된다. 리만 기하학에서는 다음과 같은 하이네-보렐 정리가 성립한다. 연결 리만 다양체 에 대하여, 다음 두 조건이 서로 동치이다. 은 콤팩트 공간이다. 은 완비 거리 공간이며, (거리 공간으로서의) 지름이 유한하다. 레비치비타 접속 리만 계량을 사용하여, 접다발 위에 레비치비타 접속이라는 아핀 접속을 정의할 수 있다. 이는 다음 두 조건을 만족시키는 유일한 접속이다. 벡터의 평행 운송은 리만 계량에 대한 길이를 보존한다. 비틀림이 0이다. 리만 다양체의 리만 곡률은 레비치비타 접속의 곡률이다. 리만 곡률 텐서장을 축약하여 리치 곡률 · 바일 곡률 · 스칼라 곡률 · 아인슈타인 텐서를 정의할 수 있다. 측지선 리만 다양체 위에는 측지선의 개념을 정의할 수 있다. 측지선은 (매개 변수화를 무시하면) 국소적으로 두 점 사이의 거리를 최소화하는 곡선이다. 예 유클리드 공간 · 초구 · 원환면 은 모두 리만 다양체를 이룬다. 반단순 리 군의 경우, 킬링 형식은 양의 정부호이므로 리만 계량을 이룬다. 따라서 반단순 리 군의 경우 표준적으로 리만 다양체를 이룬다. 리만 다양체 과 그 속의 몰입된 부분 다양체 가 주어졌다면, 위에 리만 계량을 다음과 같이 정의할 수 있다. 여기서 는 의 밂이다. 따라서 은 리만 다양체를 이룬다. 확장 불가능 완비 다양체 3차원 공간 속에, 다음과 같은 꼭짓점을 제거한 원뿔을 생각하자. 이는 확장 불가능 리만 다양체를 이룬다. (꼭짓점을 추가하면 특이점이 생기게 되어 리만 다양체를 이루지 못한다.) 그러나 이는 완비 다양체가 아니다. 꼭짓점을 향하는 측지선은 유한한 시간 안에 꼭짓점에 도달하여, 더 이상 연장할 수 없게 된다. 참고 문헌 같이 보기 준 리만 다양체 핀슬러 다양체 매끄러운 다양체 필바인 라플라스-벨트라미 연산자 리만 곡률 텐서 홀로노미 외부 링크

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian%20manifold

Riemannian manifold

In differential geometry, a Riemannian manifold or Riemannian space , so called after the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, is a real, smooth manifold M equipped with a positive-definite inner product gp on the tangent space TpM at each point p. The family gp of inner products is called a Riemannian metric (or Riemannian metric tensor). Riemannian geometry is the study of Riemannian manifolds. A common convention is to take g to be smooth, which means that for any smooth coordinate chart on M, the n2 functions are smooth functions. These functions are commonly designated as . With further restrictions on the , one could also consider Lipschitz Riemannian metrics or measurable Riemannian metrics, among many other possibilities. A Riemannian metric (tensor) makes it possible to define several geometric notions on a Riemannian manifold, such as angle at an intersection, length of a curve, area of a surface and higher-dimensional analogues (volume, etc.), extrinsic curvature of submanifolds, and intrinsic curvature of the manifold itself. Introduction In 1828, Carl Friedrich Gauss proved his Theorema Egregium ("remarkable theorem" in Latin), establishing an important property of surfaces. Informally, the theorem says that the curvature of a surface can be determined entirely by measuring distances along paths on the surface. That is, curvature does not depend on how the surface might be embedded in 3-dimensional space. See Differential geometry of surfaces. Bernhard Riemann extended Gauss's theory to higher-dimensional spaces called manifolds in a way that also allows distances and angles to be measured and the notion of curvature to be defined, again in a way that is intrinsic to the manifold and not dependent upon its embedding in higher-dimensional spaces. Albert Einstein used the theory of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds (a generalization of Riemannian manifolds) to develop his general theory of relativity. In particular, his equations for gravitation are constraints on the curvature of spacetime. Definition The tangent bundle of a smooth manifold assigns to each point of a vector space called the tangent space of at A Riemannian metric (by its definition) assigns to each a positive-definite inner product along with which comes a norm defined by The smooth manifold endowed with this metric is a Riemannian manifold, denoted . When given a system of smooth local coordinates on given by real-valued functions the vectors form a basis of the vector space for any Relative to this basis, one can define metric tensor "components" at each point by One could consider these as individual functions or as a single matrix-valued function on note that the "Riemannian" assumption says that it is valued in the subset consisting of symmetric positive-definite matrices. In terms of tensor algebra, the metric tensor can be written in terms of the dual basis of the cotangent bundle as Isometries If and are two Riemannian manifolds, with a diffeomorphism, then is called an isometry if i.e. if for all and One says that a map not assumed to be a diffeomorphism, is a local isometry if every has an open neighborhood such that is an isometry (and thus a diffeomorphism). Regularity of a Riemannian metric One says that the Riemannian metric is continuous if are continuous when given any smooth coordinate chart One says that is smooth if these functions are smooth when given any smooth coordinate chart. One could also consider many other types of Riemannian metrics in this spirit. In most expository accounts of Riemannian geometry, the metrics are always taken to be smooth. However, there can be important reasons to consider metrics which are less smooth. Riemannian metrics produced by methods of geometric analysis, in particular, can be less than smooth. See for instance (Gromov 1999) and (Shi and Tam 2002). Overview Examples of Riemannian manifolds will be discussed below. A famous theorem of John Nash states that, given any smooth Riemannian manifold there is a (usually large) number and an embedding such that the pullback by of the standard Riemannian metric on is Informally, the entire structure of a smooth Riemannian manifold can be encoded by a diffeomorphism to a certain embedded submanifold of some Euclidean space. In this sense, it is arguable that nothing can be gained from the consideration of abstract smooth manifolds and their Riemannian metrics. However, there are many natural smooth Riemannian manifolds, such as the set of rotations of three-dimensional space and the hyperbolic space, of which any representation as a submanifold of Euclidean space will fail to represent their remarkable symmetries and properties as clearly as their abstract presentations do. Examples Euclidean space Let denote the standard coordinates on Then define by Phrased differently: relative to the standard coordinates, the local representation is given by the constant value This is clearly a Riemannian metric, and is called the standard Riemannian structure on It is also referred to as Euclidean space of dimension n and gijcan is also called the (canonical) Euclidean metric. Embedded submanifolds Let be a Riemannian manifold and let be an embedded submanifold of which is at least Then the restriction of g to vectors tangent along N defines a Riemannian metric over N. For example, consider which is a smooth embedded submanifold of the Euclidean space with its standard metric. The Riemannian metric this induces on is called the standard metric or canonical metric on There are many similar examples. For example, every ellipsoid in has a natural Riemannian metric. The graph of a smooth function is an embedded submanifold, and so has a natural Riemannian metric as well. Immersions Let be a Riemannian manifold and let be a differentiable map. Then one may consider the pullback of via , which is a symmetric 2-tensor on defined by where is the pushforward of by In this setting, generally will not be a Riemannian metric on since it is not positive-definite. For instance, if is constant, then is zero. In fact, is a Riemannian metric if and only if is an immersion, meaning that the linear map is injective for each An important example occurs when is not simply-connected, so that there is a covering map This is an immersion, and so the universal cover of any Riemannian manifold automatically inherits a Riemannian metric. More generally, but by the same principle, any covering space of a Riemannian manifold inherits a Riemannian metric. Also, an immersed submanifold of a Riemannian manifold inherits a Riemannian metric. Product metrics Let and be two Riemannian manifolds, and consider the cartesian product with the usual product smooth structure. The Riemannian metrics and naturally put a Riemannian metric on which can be described in a few ways. Considering the decomposition one may define Let be a smooth coordinate chart on and let be a smooth coordinate chart on Then is a smooth coordinate chart on For convenience let denote the collection of positive-definite symmetric real matrices. Denote the coordinate representation of relative to by and denote the coordinate representation of relative to by Then the local coordinate representation of relative to is given by A standard example is to consider the n-torus define as the n-fold product If one gives each copy of its standard Riemannian metric, considering as an embedded submanifold (as above), then one can consider the product Riemannian metric on It is called a flat torus. Convex combinations of metrics Let and be two Riemannian metrics on Then, for any number is also a Riemannian metric on More generally, if and are any two positive numbers, then is another Riemannian metric. Every smooth manifold has a Riemannian metric This is a fundamental result. Although much of the basic theory of Riemannian metrics can be developed by only using that a smooth manifold is locally Euclidean, for this result it is necessary to include in the definition of "smooth manifold" that it is Hausdorff and paracompact. The reason is that the proof makes use of a partition of unity. The metric space structure of continuous connected Riemannian manifolds The length of piecewise continuously-differentiable curves If is differentiable, then it assigns to each a vector in the vector space the size of which can be measured by the norm So defines a nonnegative function on the interval The length is defined as the integral of this function; however, as presented here, there is no reason to expect this function to be integrable. It is typical to suppose g to be continuous and to be continuously differentiable, so that the function to be integrated is nonnegative and continuous, and hence the length of is well-defined. This definition can easily be extended to define the length of any piecewise-continuously differentiable curve. In many instances, such as in defining the Riemann curvature tensor, it is necessary to require that g has more regularity than mere continuity; this will be discussed elsewhere. For now, continuity of g will be enough to use the length defined above in order to endow M with the structure of a metric space, provided that it is connected. The metric space structure Precisely, define by It is mostly straightforward to check the well-definedness of the function its symmetry property its reflexivity property and the triangle inequality although there are some minor technical complications (such as verifying that any two points can be connected by a piecewise-differentiable path). It is more fundamental to understand that ensures and hence that satisfies all of the axioms of a metric. The observation that underlies the above proof, about comparison between lengths measured by g and Euclidean lengths measured in a smooth coordinate chart, also verifies that the metric space topology of coincides with the original topological space structure of Although the length of a curve is given by an explicit formula, it is generally impossible to write out the distance function by any explicit means. In fact, if is compact then, even when g is smooth, there always exist points where is non-differentiable, and it can be remarkably difficult to even determine the location or nature of these points, even in seemingly simple cases such as when is an ellipsoid. Geodesics As in the previous section, let be a connected and continuous Riemannian manifold; consider the associated metric space Relative to this metric space structure, one says that a path is a unit-speed geodesic if for every there exists an interval which contains and such that Informally, one may say that one is asking for to locally 'stretch itself out' as much as it can, subject to the (informally considered) unit-speed constraint. The idea is that if is (piecewise) continuously differentiable and for all then one automatically has by applying the triangle inequality to a Riemann sum approximation of the integral defining the length of So the unit-speed geodesic condition as given above is requiring and to be as far from one another as possible. The fact that we are only looking for curves to locally stretch themselves out is reflected by the first two examples given below; the global shape of may force even the most innocuous geodesics to bend back and intersect themselves. Consider the case that is the circle with its standard Riemannian metric, and is given by Recall that is measured by the lengths of curves along , not by the straight-line paths in the plane. This example also exhibits the necessity of selecting out the subinterval since the curve repeats back on itself in a particularly natural way. Likewise, if is the round sphere with its standard Riemannian metric, then a unit-speed path along an equatorial circle will be a geodesic. A unit-speed path along the other latitudinal circles will not be geodesic. Consider the case that is with its standard Riemannian metric. Then a unit-speed line such as is a geodesic but the curve from the first example above is not. Note that unit-speed geodesics, as defined here, are by necessity continuous, and in fact Lipschitz, but they are not necessarily differentiable or piecewise differentiable. The Hopf–Rinow theorem As above, let be a connected and continuous Riemannian manifold. The Hopf–Rinow theorem, in this setting, says that (Gromov 1999) if the metric space is complete (i.e. every -Cauchy sequence converges) then every closed and bounded subset of is compact. given any there is a unit-speed geodesic from to such that for all The essence of the proof is that once the first half is established, one may directly apply the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem, in the context of the compact metric space to a sequence of piecewise continuously-differentiable unit-speed curves from to whose lengths approximate The resulting subsequential limit is the desired geodesic. The assumed completeness of is important. For example, consider the case that is the punctured plane with its standard Riemannian metric, and one takes and There is no unit-speed geodesic from one to the other. The diameter Let be a connected and continuous Riemannian manifold. As with any metric space, one can define the diameter of to be The Hopf–Rinow theorem shows that if is complete and has finite diameter, then it is compact. Conversely, if is compact, then the function has a maximum, since it is a continuous function on a compact metric space. This proves the following statement: If is complete, then it is compact if and only if it has finite diameter. This is not the case without the completeness assumption; for counterexamples one could consider any open bounded subset of a Euclidean space with the standard Riemannian metric. Note that, more generally, and with the same one-line proof, every compact metric space has finite diameter. However the following statement is false: "If a metric space is complete and has finite diameter, then it is compact." For an example of a complete and non-compact metric space of finite diameter, consider with the uniform metric So, although all of the terms in the above corollary of the Hopf–Rinow theorem involve only the metric space structure of it is important that the metric is induced from a Riemannian structure. Riemannian metrics Geodesic completeness A Riemannian manifold M is geodesically complete if for all , the exponential map expp is defined for all , i.e. if any geodesic γ(t) starting from p is defined for all values of the parameter . The Hopf–Rinow theorem asserts that M is geodesically complete if and only if it is complete as a metric space. If M is complete, then M is non-extendable in the sense that it is not isometric to an open proper submanifold of any other Riemannian manifold. The converse is not true, however: there exist non-extendable manifolds that are not complete. Infinite-dimensional manifolds The statements and theorems above are for finite-dimensional manifolds—manifolds whose charts map to open subsets of These can be extended, to a certain degree, to infinite-dimensional manifolds; that is, manifolds that are modeled after a topological vector space; for example, Fréchet, Banach and Hilbert manifolds. Definitions Riemannian metrics are defined in a way similar to the finite-dimensional case. However there is a distinction between two types of Riemannian metrics: A weak Riemannian metric on is a smooth function such that for any the restriction is an inner product on A strong Riemannian metric on is a weak Riemannian metric, such that induces the topology on Note that if is not a Hilbert manifold then cannot be a strong metric. Examples If is a Hilbert space, then for any one can identify with By setting for all one obtains a strong Riemannian metric. Let be a compact Riemannian manifold and denote by its diffeomorphism group. It is a smooth manifold (see here) and in fact, a Lie group. Its tangent bundle at the identity is the set of smooth vector fields on Let be a volume form on Then one can define the weak Riemannian metric, on Let Then for and define The weak Riemannian metric on induces vanishing geodesic distance, see Michor and Mumford (2005). The metric space structure Length of curves is defined in a way similar to the finite-dimensional case. The function is defined in the same manner and is called the geodesic distance. In the finite-dimensional case, the proof that this function is a metric uses the existence of a pre-compact open set around any point. In the infinite case, open sets are no longer pre-compact and so this statement may fail. If is a strong Riemannian metric on , then separates points (hence is a metric) and induces the original topology. If is a weak Riemannian metric but not strong, may fail to separate points or even be degenerate. For an example of the latter, see Valentino and Daniele (2019). The Hopf–Rinow theorem In the case of strong Riemannian metrics, a part of the finite-dimensional Hopf–Rinow still works. Theorem: Let be a strong Riemannian manifold. Then metric completeness (in the metric ) implies geodesic completeness (geodesics exist for all time). Proof can be found in (Lang 1999, Chapter VII, Section 6). The other statements of the finite-dimensional case may fail. An example can be found here. If is a weak Riemannian metric, then no notion of completeness implies the other in general. See also Riemannian geometry Finsler manifold Sub-Riemannian manifold Pseudo-Riemannian manifold Metric tensor Hermitian manifold Space (mathematics) Wave maps equation References External links Riemannian geometry

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마부라호

마부라호()는 캠퍼 등을 집필한 일본의 소설가인 츠키지 토시히코가 집필하고 코마츠 에지가 일러스트 삽화를 담당한 소설, 또는 그걸 원작으로 하는 만화. 또는 소설을 원작을 하는 TV 애니메이션. 소설은 대한민국에선 대원씨아이를 통해, 2004년부터 번역 출판되기도 하였다. 애니메이션은 2003년에 일본의 위성TV WOWOW에서 방영되었으며, 애니의 내용은 소설의 2~5권까지의 내용을 각색해 제작되었다고 한다. 줄거리 마법이 존재하는 가상 세계의 일본, 주인공 '시키모리 카즈키'는 엘리트 마법사양성학교인 '아오이고등학교'를 다니는 17살의 남학생. 하지만 그는 남들과 달리, 일생 동안 마법을 8번 밖에 쓸 수 없다. 우유부단한 성격에 덜 떨어진 면을 지녔고 성적도 그리 좋지 않고, 여성에게도 인기조차 없었다. 그런 그에게 자신이 카즈키의 아내라며, 미소녀 '미야마 유우나'가 나타나고, 거기에 학교에서 인기있는 미소녀인 '카제츠바키 쿠리코'와 '카미시로 린'도 그에게 접근해 온다. 그녀들이 그에게 접근한 목적은 카즈키가 가진 세계 최고의 마법사를 낳을 수 있는 유전자라는데.... 등장 인물 (*인물에 대한 설명은 애니 내용과 인터넷에 돌아다니는 정보를 바탕으로 저술됨.) 주요 인물 시키모리 카즈키(式森 和樹) 성우 - 사카구치 다이스케, 와타나베 아케노(※'와타나베 아케노' 님은 어린 시절의 카즈키 목소리를 담당해주심.) 본 작품의 주인공으로, 아오이고등학교에 다니는 17살의 남학생. 우유부단하고 공부도 못 하고, 운동도 잘 하지 못 하며 취미도 없다고 한다. 그가 다니는 '아오이고등학교'의 학생들이 평균 수천 회에서 1만 회 이상의 마법을 사용할 수 있는 것에 비해, 그는 평생 단 8번의 마법만 쓸 수 있다. 그가 적은 마법횟수에도 불구하고, 아오이고등학교에 입학할 수 있었던 것은 그의 조상들 중에 유명한 마법사들이 많아 세계 최고의 마법사를 낳을 수 있는 유전자를 가지고 있는 것과 그가 가진 잠재능력 때문이라고 한다. 그런 까닭에 그의 유전자를 둘러싸고 여러 트러블이 발생하고, 유우나, 쿠리코, 린이 신부 후보를 자청하고 나선다. 이후 그는 유우나와 쿠리코, 린, 치하야를 돕는데 자신이 가진 8번의 마법을 다 써, 육체는 먼지가 되버리고(이 이야기의 세계에선 마법을 다 쓰면, 먼지가 되어 사라진다고 함. 즉, 죽음.)자신은 유령이 된다. 그러다 4명의 여주인공들이 나눠 가지고 있던 먼지들이 모여 다시 살아나게 되지만 부작용인지 아닌지 모르겠으나, 다시 살아난 카즈키는 여러 명으로 나누어지게 된다.(소설에서는 다시 부활한 카즈키는 단 1회의 마법으로도 세계를 멸망시킬 수 있는 마력을 가지게 되어 실질적으로 마법 사용 횟수가 제로, 마력이 약간만 방출돼도 지구에는 갖가지 트러블이 일어남) 유우나하곤 과거에 만난 적이 있으며, 그 때 그가 유우나에게 보여준 마법 때문에 그녀와 인연을 맺게 되었다고 한다.(물론, 처음엔 기억을 못 해냈지만 유우나가 가지고 있던 목걸이를 보고 그녀와의 약속을 떠올리게 된다.) 미야마 유우나(宮間 夕菜) 성우 - 나바타메 히토미 본 작품의 첫 번째 여주인공으로, 17살. 어느날 카즈키 앞에 나타나 자신을 카즈키의 아내라 자청한다. 그녀는 가문을 부흥시키려는 가문의 명을 받고 그에게 오지만, 그녀는 가문의 명령보단, 카즈키를 진심으로 좋아하는 마음을 가지고 있으며 카즈키와 어렸을 때 한 약속을 지키려고 그에게 찾아 온다. 우수한 성적, 뛰어난 마법 능력, 실력 있는 가사 능력, 미모를 겸비한 팔방미인이며 서양 계열의 정령마법을 자랑으로 여긴다고 한다. 자신을 카즈키의 아내라 생각하기 때문에 카즈키가 다른 여자랑 같이 있는 것에 강한 질투심을 보여준다. 공식적으로 평생 사용할 수 있는 마력량의 총계는 21만. 카제츠바키 쿠리코(風椿 玖里子) 성우 - 마츠오카 유키 본 작품의 두 번째 여주인공으로, 18살이고 카즈키보다 한 학년 위. 재벌 가문인 '카제츠바기 그룹'의 딸. 신흥 세력에 속하는 가문의 세력 확장을 위한 가문의 명으로, 카즈키에게 접근한다. 처음엔 카즈키에게 유전자만 얻어가려는 마음만 지녔으나, 점차 카즈키의 상냥한 모습에 호감을 품게 되고, 카즈키가 유령이 되어도 그를 되살리려고 노력한다. 경제 관념이 뚜렷하고 권력 지향적인 인물로, 학생회를 뒤에서 조종하는 등 학원의 진정한 실력자이며, 부적을 이용한 술법을 사용한다. 공식적으로 평생 사용할 수 있는 마력량의 총계는 14만 9천 카미시로 린(神城 凜) 성우 - 이노쿠치 유카 본 작품의 세 번째 여주인공으로, 16세이고 카즈키보다 한 학년 아래. 악령 퇴치를 생업으로 하고 있는 마법사의 명가인 '카미시로 가문' 출신. 그녀 역시 가문의 부흥을 위해 본가로부터의 명을 받고 카즈키에게 접근한다. 고지식한 성격 탓에 처음엔 우유부단하고 별 볼일 없는 카즈키를 대놓고 싫어했으나, 이후 그녀 역시 카즈키의 상냥한 마음에 점차 그에게 호감을 품어 가고, 유령이 되어도 그를 살리려고 노력한다. 교복 대신, 항상 무예복을 입고 검을 차고 다닌다. 쿨하고 조금 무뚝뚝한 성격을 가졌으며, 카미시로 가문의 검술과 귀신이나 영을 검에 씌워서 사용하는 검개호법을 사용한다. 카미시로 가문의 종가가 아닌 분가의 말단이지만 가문의 그 누구보다 검술과 마력이 뛰어나 카미시로 가문의 후계자로 지목이 되었으나 본인은 원치 않는다. 공식적으로 평생 사용할 수 있는 마력량의 총계는 17만 6천 3백. 야마세 치하야(山瀬 千早) 성우 - 나카하라 마이 본 작품의 준주인공으로, 17세로 카즈키의 소꿉친구. 어린 시절부터 계속 카즈키가 마법을 못 쓰게 막으면서 그를 옆에서 많이 도와줬다. 카즈키를 진심으로 좋아하고 있으나 전학을 가게 되어서, 전학을 가기 전 카즈키와 추억을 만들고자 그와 연극을 같이 하기도 한다. 이후 중반에서 교토로 수학여행을 온 카즈키와 잠시 재회하고, 마지막 부분엔 휴가차 카즈키를 만나러 온다. 그녀 역시 유우나처럼 카즈키와 어렸을 적에 결혼 약속을 했었다고 한다. 그리고 카즈키를 되살릴 마지막 먼지를 가지고 있다. 하지만 처음엔 기억을 잃을 수 있다는 시노의 말에 처음엔 먼지를 주지 않으려 했으나, 유우나와 쿠리코, 린의 설득에 마음을 돌려 카즈키를 되살린다. (소설에서는 카즈키의 소꿉친구가 아닌 카즈키를 짝사랑 하는 인물로 나온다. 애니에서처럼 전학을 가지만 모종의 사건으로 다시 아오이 학원에 돌아오게 된다.) 학교 선생님 이바 카오리(伊庭 かおり) 성우 - 노다 쥰코 카즈키와 유우나의 담임선생님. 하지만 엄청난 게임광으로, 수업 시간에 책 사이에 휴대용 게임기를 숨겨 게임을 하거나 게임 때문에 밤을 새기도 하고, 게임을 살려고 열을 올리기도 한다. 게다가 문제아 반인 자신의 반이 저지르는 일에 대한 뒷처리를 당사자에게 맡길 정도로 무책임한 면을 지니곤 있으며, 항상 피곤하고 귀찮아 하는 듯 한 모습을 보이곤 한다. 그렇지만 때론 도저히 수습할 수 없는 일을 수습해주며 특히 유우나와 카즈키의 교제 문제에 대해 일정 선을 그어 준다. 본인은 흡혈귀라고 주장하지만 딱히 그런 모습은 보이지 않는다.(소설과 애니에서의 캐릭터 디자인이 가장 많이 차이나는 캐릭터) 아카이 하루아키로부터 애정 공세를 받고 있으나, 본인은 관심이 없는 듯. 아카이 하루아키(紅尉 晴明) 성우 - 츠지타니 코지 아오이고등학교의 보건 선생. 마법 의학은 물론이고, 흑마술과 소환마법에 매우 능통하다고 할 정도로 대단한 실력을 가진 마법사이다. 하지만 성격 자체가 괴짜인데다가 보건실에서 알 수 없는 실험을 한다고 소문도 나 있다고 한다. 마법횟수는 적지만 마법의 능력이 압도적으로 월등한 카즈키에게 강한 흥미를 보이고 있으며, 카즈키 일행들이 벌이는 소동을 재미있게 지켜보곤 한다. 하지만 가끔은 중요한 조언이나 도움을 주기도 한다. 특수한 안경을 착용하고 있으며, 거기엔 특수한 렌즈를 장착해 그에 따라서 다른 마법을 쓸 수 있는 듯 이바 선생님을 좋아하고 있으며, 그녀를 위해 보건실에 침대까지 개조하지만 항상 이바 선생님께 거절을 당한다. 실제 나이를 알 수 없으나 수백년을 살아왔을 것으로 추측, 오랜 시간을 변하지 않는 모습으로 살고 있다. 아카이 시노의 오빠 아카이 시노(紅尉 ) 성우 - 타카모리 요시노 하루아키의 동생으로, 유령 수집가. 유령이 된 카즈키를 자신의 수집품으로 삼으려고 하나, 그 때마다 유우나와 쿠리코, 린의 방해로 실패한다. 이후 아오이고등학교에 들어와 하루아키의 조수가 되어 카즈키를 노린다. 카즈키가 인간으로 되돌아갈 방법을 알고 있지만, 그걸 알려주지 않으려 하고 그가 되돌아 가지 못 하게, 유우나와 쿠리코, 린을 수단과 방법을 가리지 않고 방해하곤 한다. 제멋대로에 속을 알 수 없지만 근본적으론 나쁜 사람은 아니며, 카즈키가 인간으로 되돌아가려고 하는 것을 돕는 하루아키에게 과거 이야기를 꺼내는 것으로 보아 과거에 유령을 살린 경력이 있는 듯 하며, 그 때의 아픈 기억을 겪은 듯 하다. (장난치는 것을 매우 좋아해 소설에서는 카즈키 일행에게 엄청난 민폐를 끼치는 존재로 인식되고 있으나 은근히 많은 도움을 주고 있다.) 2-B반 학생들 나카마루 유키히코(仲丸 由紀彦) 성우 - 나이토 료 2-B반에서 카즈키와 가장 많이 대화를 나누는 클래스메이트이자 B반의 리더격인 인물. 문제아 반이라는 불리는 B반 중에서도 가장 문제시 되고 있는 학생으로 자신의 욕망과 이익을 위해 마법을 쓰거나 다른 사람을 선동하고 도박판이나 흉계를 꾸미곤 한다. 온갖 음모와 권모술수를 꾸미는데는 천재적이지만 항상 마지막에 허탕치는 인물 주위에 여자들로 가득한 카즈키를 질투하고 특히, 유우나를 마음에 두고 있다고 한다. 마츠다 카즈미(松田 和美) 성우 - 아사노 마스미 2-B반 소속 여학생으로, 사악한(?) 면을 지닌 소녀. 처음엔 카즈키의 유전자를 노리려는 반 여학생들 중 한 명이었으나, 후반부에선 그런 일을 그만 두고, 친구를 협박한다던가 돈을 벌기 위해 말도 안되는 행위들을 벌이곤 한다. (소설에서는 나카마루를 짝사랑하는 여성스러운 면을 보여준다.) 야마구치 타카시(山口 隆史) 성우 - 야마구치 타카유키 2-B반 소속 남학생. 바가지 머리에 뚱뚱한 몸을 가진 소년. 돈을 밝히는 속물적인 면을 지님. 우와키 마츠히로(浮氣 光洋) 성우 - 카와다 신지 2-B반 소속 남학생. 안경을 쓰고 있고 머리가 좋은 것처럼 보이는 소년. 하지만 그 역시 카즈키를 질투하는 남학생 무리들 중 한 명. 나루오 라이카(鳴尾 来花) 성우 - 시타야 노리코 2-B반 소속 여학생, 신문부 소속으로 항상 카메라를 휴대하고 다님. 온갖 가십거리를 악의적으로 배포하는데 일가견이 있다. 그 외 히로사키 카레(尋崎 華怜) 성우 - 시노하라 에미 카즈키가 있는 사이운기숙사의 관리인(차후 카즈키의 마법으로 남녀기숙사가 융합이 되면서 그녀가 기숙사의 총 관리인이 된 듯). 항상 장례 예복을 입고 있다. 모종의 이유로 카즈키를 옆에서 지켜 보고 있다. 유우나가 카즈키의 방에 들어갈 수 있었던 것도 아마 그녀의 도움이 있었다. 여러 모로 카즈키를 도와주며 항상 카즈키가 나갈 때마다 '잘 다녀오세요'라는 말을 하고 한다.(그 때마다 카레씨는 현관 앞에서 비질을 하고 있다.) 하루아키와 시노하곤 과거부터 알던 사이이며, 상당한 마력의 소유자라 한다. (애니에서만 등장하는 캐릭터이며 소설에서는 일절 등장하지 않는다.) 엘리자베트(エリザベート) 성우 - 코야마 키미코 카제츠바키 부동산 때문에 자신이 살고 있던 집에서 쫓겨나 시키모리의 방에 잠시 머물던 유령소녀. 그녀는 과거에 신성로마제국에서 상당히 세력이 있던 귀족의 따님이었다고 한다. 그러나 전쟁의 패배로 가문이 몰락한 후, 이리저리 흘러 일본으로 왔다고 한다. 귀족 출신이어서 그런지 조금 건방진 면이 없잖아 있다. 쿠리코의 모습이 자신의 어머니와 닮았다는 이유로 새어머니처럼 여기며 그녀에게 들러붙어 떨어지지 않는다. 등장 위치는 쿠리코의 가슴쪽. 오랜 세월을 살아온 유령이라 그런지 마력이 상당하다고 한다. 후지미 판타지아 문고 2000년 소설 학교를 배경으로 한 소설 J.C.STAFF 2003년 애니메이션 WOWOW 애니메이션 라이트 노벨의 애니메이션화 작품 일본의 판타지 소설 판타지 애니메이션 판타지 만화 마법학교를 배경으로 한 작품 코미디 만화 학교를 배경으로 한 만화

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maburaho

Maburaho

is a romantic school comedy light novel series written by Toshihiko Tsukiji, illustrated by Eiji Komatsu and serialized in Gekkan Dragon Magazine. The light novel was adapted into a manga illustrated by Miki Miyashita and later developed into a 24 episode anime series produced by J.C.Staff and broadcast by WOWOW in Japan. The series is about the story of Kazuki Shikimori, a second year student of the prestigious magic school, Aoi Academy. Unlike ordinary people who can use magic fewer than a hundred times and several of his classmates, who can use magic several thousand times, Kazuki can only use his magic eight times before he turns to ash. His life changes when it is revealed that Kazuki is descended from a line of world-famous magicians and he has the potential to father the most powerful magician in the world. Suddenly three girls, Yuna Miyama, Kuriko Kazetsubaki and Rin Kamishiro, enter Kazuki's life in order to obtain his valuable genes. A.D. Vision (ADV) acquired the English language distribution rights of the anime series in March 2004 and released it under its ADV Films division. Later the same year, ADV acquired the English language rights to the manga, which is released under the ADV Manga division. Plot Maburaho is set in a world where every character has the ability to use magic, however everyone's magic is not equal. Each person in the story has a different degree of magic and a set number of times that they can use their magic. The average person is able to use magic fewer than a hundred times, however some people are able to use magic several thousand times. Because of this, a person's social standing is determined by the number of times that he or she can perform magic. If someone uses up all of their magic, their body turns to ash and is scattered into the winds. The series first introduces us to Kazuki Shikimori, a second year student from an elite magic school, Aoi Academy. However, unlike his classmates, Kazuki can only use his magic eight times before he turns to dust. As a result, he is at the bottom of the school's social pecking order. However things change one day when Yuna Miyama shows up in his dorm room and declares that she is his wife. Moments later, Kuriko Kazetsubaki and Rin Kamishiro appear at Kazuki's dorm, the former in order to obtain his genes and the latter to kill him to escape her obligation to marry him. Kazuki learns that he is a descendant of most of the world's greatest magicians from both the eastern and western worlds. Even though he has a feeble spell count, his offspring has the potential of becoming a powerful magician. Despite his weak spell count, each spell he performs is treated as an epic event. Kazuki's magic is referred to as the most powerful magic in the world able to achieve miracles. Due to Kazuki's kindness, his spell count begins to drop as he uses his magic on behalf of each girl. First by making it snow in the middle of summer to cheer up Yuna. Second by pulling Yuna out of a vortex that also merges the boy's and girl's dorms together. Kazuki uses his magic again to destroy two Behemoths in order to save Kuriko, who was unable to defeat them. And then, Kazuki reverses time to save Rin's homemade box lunch. He also uses it to save his childhood friend Chihaya Yamase after a monster summoned by Kazuki's classmates appeared at the school festival. Not long after, Yuna accidentally releases an incurable retrovirus on herself which also creates a doppelganger of her with the opposite of all her qualities (ex. the real Yuna loves Kazuki, the clone wants to kill him). Kazuki uses his sixth spell to obliterate the clone. Finally, Kazuki uses his last two charges in order to save Yuna's life from the virus. Each event leaves an impression on the girls and they attempt to keep Kazuki from using any more of his magic and eventually search for ways to increase his spell count. However, their attempts fail when halfway through the series Kazuki uses the last of his magic to save Yuna from the magical retrovirus. However, while Kazuki turned to ash and the ashes scattered, his ghost remains. At this point in the story, Shino Akai appears in order to capture Kazuki and add him to her ghost collection. The girls try to protect Kazuki from Shino and eventually learn that Kazuki's ashes had been scattered into each of their own hearts. But before Kazuki's ashes were completely returned to him, Shino informs Rin and later the rest of the girls that this is not the first time someone's ashes have been scattered and later restored. However, when Kazuki's ashes are returned to him and his body restored, he will lose all of his memories. Knowing this, the girls still return Kazuki's ashes to him. At the very end of the anime series, it is shown that instead of losing his memories as a side effect of restoring his body, Kazuki has now split into ten different bodies. In the novel, the side effect of Kazuki's restoration was gaining a special magical body that can cause disaster to the whole world if he lets out his magic powers. Another side effect of Kazuki's restoration is the overflowing of his magical powers every now and then causing minor mishaps and sometimes great chaos. Characters Primary characters The male protagonist, Kazuki, is a second year student from an elite magic school, Aoi Academy, with serious social problems, and because he has a low spell count of only eight spells, most of the other students, especially the girls, would not notice him. At the beginning of his second year it is revealed that he is descended from not only the most powerful of eastern mages, but the most powerful of western mages. Having both powerful bloodlines fused into one body means that despite his low spell count, he is capable of wielding nearly omnipotent power. He is therefore the most powerful character in the series. He is shown to have feelings for Yuna as her kiss was the one to bring him back to his human form. Overall, Kazuki is a good person and helps others by using his magic, even when that means that he runs the risk of turning into ash. His selflessness and kindness eventually wins over the hearts of Rin and Kuriko. He is at times indecisive and not very courageous, but he prevalently shows his honest nature and his sense of doing the right thing. Yuna, the typical harem anime "housewife", transfers to Aoi Academy to become Kazuki's wife and even first introduced herself as "Yuna Shikimori" to the rest of Kazuki's class. Yuna is the only one who actually cares for Kazuki from the very beginning instead of just being interested in his genes. As the series progress, Yuna becomes extremely possessive of Kazuki and becomes very jealous when other girls show any kind of interests in him. Even later on the hair sticking out of her head acts as a locator to be able to find Kazuki. Using flashbacks, it is explained that Yuna and Kazuki first met each other when they were still children. Yuna was crying because she was about to move away, but after hearing Kazuki introduce himself as the greatest magician in the world, she begged him to use his magic so that she and her parents would not have to move. Instead, she settles on having him make it snow on a warm summer's day with a promise to become Kazuki's bride if he can do it. Tsukiji states in an interview in Newtype USA that Yuna was the first character that "popped" into his head, so he created the two other characters to be different from her. At the beginning of the story, Kuriko's only interest in Kazuki is to obtain his genes for the wealthy and influential Kazetsubaki family and the stature that goes with being the mother of a powerful sorcerer. A third year student and a member of the student government, Kuriko takes great pleasure in flirting with Kazuki and teasing Yuna. Often she will appear out of nowhere into Kazuki's arms or lap right in front of Yuna or use her body, charm, or her family's resources to seduce Kazuki. Kuriko gradually falls in love with him. Of the three girls, Kuriko demonstrates to be the most knowledgeable with regards to magic and the politics surrounding magic. She has an extremely high magic count, and it is considered to be among the strongest, though it is nowhere near as strong as Kazuki's. Near the beginning of the series, Kuriko finds herself playing "mother" to the ghost girl Elizabeth after an incident that resulted in both the boys and girls dorms merging together by one of Kazuki's magical spells. The third prominent female character, Rin is a competent swordswoman and a member of the Kamishiro branch family. Rin has a reserved and dignified personality and always dresses in a samurai-style kimono that is suitable to her warrior nature. Rin is ordered by the head family to secure Kazuki's genes in order to ensure the Kamishiro family's dominance, which according to Kuriko, has been weakening because of the number of branch families. At the beginning of the story, Rin would prefer to kill Kazuki than be forced to marry someone whom, in her words, has bad grades, no athletic prowess, and no redeeming values. However, as the story progress, she gradually softens up to Kazuki and even begins to smile after witnessing his kindness and compassion towards others, including herself. Kazuki is the only one who could eat her horrendous cooking, and was totally honest about it. Supporting characters First appearing in the anime during the Aoi Fest, Chihaya, or Yamase as Kazuki calls her, is Kazuki's childhood friend and is in the same year as Kazuki at Aoi Academy. Tsukiji describes Chihaya as a comet that circles around and visits our system every once in a while. For most of their childhood, Chihaya did everything she could to prevent Kazuki from using any of his magic. However, when they got older, Kazuki began avoiding her making her feel like Kazuki hated her. Chihaya makes three appearances in the anime series, the first appearance during the Aoi Fest when she asks Kazuki if their classes would join together to produce a play. However after the festival, Chihaya moves away. Chihaya's second appearance occurs when the students of Aoi Academy take a field trip to Kyoto after Kazuki has become a ghost. It is through her that it is learned that each of the girls contains a portion of Kazuki's ashes. Chihaya makes one final appearance at the very end when she visits Kazuki. Even though his ashes returned from all four girls, Kazuki has not return to normal. It is soon revealed that Kazuki made the same promise to Chihaya as he did with Yuna moments before Kazuki met Yuna. Chihaya believed that Kazuki made it snow for her and that misunderstanding led Kazuki to avoid her. Because of that event, Yuna and Chihaya jointly hold the last portion of Kazuki's ashes. In the novel, Chihaya was a character in the side stories that was released along with the novel, but not part of the main story itself. In the side stories, Chihaya is not Kazuki's childhood friend but just a student from another class that had a crush on Kazuki. Chihaya is a shy and inward character and does not have the proper chance to convey her feelings to Kazuki. It is through Dr. Akai's monologue at the beginning of the series that the world of Maburaho is explained. The resident (and rather bishōnen) doctor of Aoi Academy, Dr. Akai is a formidable wizard with great powers of his own. Despite his laid-back appearance, he has Kazuki's best interests at heart. Throughout the series Dr. Akai uses a variety of eye lenses that he carries around and through which he uses his magic. Dr. Akai is quite smitten with Kaori Iba, and sometimes comments to her that he has a "special bed" in the nurse's office just for her. Dr. Akai's main interest in Kazuki is that of a research subject, especially after Kazuki becomes a ghost. During the recap of events in episode 20, he reveals that this is the second time he has seen someone's body being restored after their ashes had been scattered. But while he knows how to restore Kazuki's body, he does not reveal the information to Yuna, Kuriko, or Rin. Shino enters the story after Kazuki becomes a ghost. She attempts to capture Kazuki and make him part of her ghost collection, but is thwarted by her older brother, Dr. Akai. Afterwards, she becomes an assistant under her brother, but she still tries to make Kazuki part of her collection for personal reasons. At the end of the series, it is revealed that she along with Karei, Kazuki's dorm manager, were in a similar situation as Yuna, Rin, and Kuriko and tries her best to convince them that restoring Kazuki's body is pointless. She is powerful with seals and great in combat exceeding both Kuriko and Rin. She does not hate Kazuki, but feels that a tragedy will repeat itself if the girls persist on their goal. It is hinted that she has feelings for Kazuki since her brother had asked her why she kept hesitating to put Kazuki into her collection, even though she could have done so at any time. It is also believed that Shino and her brother, Dr. Akai and Karei are somehow "ghosts" as in episode 23 she flashes back to when Japan was still in the era of Warring States, and how the Manager told her to "keep her promise", like they promised long ago. In the last episode of the anime, one of the "Kazuki's" went to her for a health checkup and at the end, she tells Kazuki about a "new bed" and tells him to come over whenever he wants, showing that she is fully in love with him the same way her brother is from Kaori Iba. It is explained in the story that Elizabeth is a ghost of a young girl who was once a member of a noble family during the Holy Roman Empire. Elizabeth is first introduced in the third episode when she moves into Kazuki's dorm room. She once lived in an old mansion that was located between the girls and boys dorms until a group of real-estate agents from the Kazetsubaki group drove her out. After Kazuki and Yuna make an unsuccessful attempt to retrieve a suit of armor for her, Elizabeth creates a magical vortex which sucks Yuna in. Elizabeth threatened to torture her so Kazuki uses his magic to save Yuna, who ended up being tickled instead of tortured. Kazuki's magic resulted in the girls dormitory being pulled toward and merging into the boys dorm. When Elizabeth sees Kuriko, who resembles Elizabeth's mother, lift up a helmet, it reminded her of a knight that guarded her and Elizabeth adopts Kuriko as her new mother. From then on, Elizabeth lives in Kuriko's chest and often tries to help Kuriko with Kazuki. When Kazuki becomes a ghost at the midpoint of the story, Elizabeth tries to gives him advice in order to cheer him up. She also seems to get mad easily, and then starts to use her magic to destroy things in anguish. Through most of the series Karei is seen sweeping in front of the boys dorms, which she manages. She is always seen wearing a sexy, black funeral outfit and often appears to be watching out for Kazuki, even after he becomes a ghost. At the end of the series, it is revealed that she along with the ghost collector, Shino, were in a similar situation as Yuna, Rin, and Kuriko. However, unlike Shino, Karei views that it is better for a person to be alive, even without their memories, than to remain a ghost. While never directly stated in the series, there are strong hints that the man that Karei and Shino once loved is related to Kazuki. The first is that Karei pledges to watch over her love from the background, something she still does with Kazuki. Second is that Karei's love was a Shinto priest, while Kazuki is also descended from a line of Shinto priests. And finally is an overlay between Karei's love and Kazuki as Karei reminds Shino of their pledge to watch over their love. Yuna and Kazuki's homeroom teacher for the class of 2-B. She seems like a student herself, as she rarely if ever truly tries to exercise control over the class of 2-B. Instead, she enjoys spending her time playing video games, sometimes playing them while in the middle of teaching a class. Class 2-B Class 2-B is the most troublesome class at Aoi Academy. During the entire series, the students of the class are always coming up with schemes to make money and getting into fights which destroy parts of the school building. The more notable members of the class are: Nakamaru is a greedy individual who pretends to be Kazuki's best friend, but is extremely jealous of Kazuki's relationship with Yuna and would try to exploit Kazuki's abilities for his own personal gain. In every case, his schemes always backfire, hurting him the most. She's a member of a rival house of Rin Kamishiro and is the only class member who does not participate in the class's schemes. Her clan happens to be masters of unarmed combat, and though she does not take part in the long-standing feud between her family and Rin's, she does want to compete honorably with Rin to finally determine who is the best. An equally opportunistic girl who is often Nakamaru's foil. Maiho is another of Kazuki's classmates. Maiho was introduced in the original novel just as the script for the anime series was finishing. At first, Shinichiro Kimura, director of the anime series, wanted to bring Maiho into the series but decided to focus on the relationships between Kazuki, Yuna, Kuriko, Rin and Chihaya, though Maiho does make an appearance in the final episode. According to Newtype USA, Maiho has the ability to neutralize magical powers. Because of this, she often tags along with Kazuki in order to keep his magic in check, much to Yuna's irritation. Novel characters Kentaro first appears in The Volume of Revival – Part 2 (South East). He is Yuna's father and an archeologist. However, the artifacts he uncovered end up being sold in the black market. Kentaro met his wife, Yukari, in Turkey where they fell in love at first sight and got married. But according to Kentaro, it seemed more like he had been forced in marriage. First appearing in The Volume of Revival – Part 6 (North West), Yukari is Yuna's mother who works as a broker in Italy. The first impression Yukari gave out to Kazuki was that she is a beautiful traditional Japanese woman, but actually she was the one who had taught Yuna that it is bad to lose, which had led to Yuna's easily jealous character. Yukari had once chased Kentaro all over the world before finally cornering him at the summit of Kilimanjaro and forced him into agreement to marry her. Debuting in the side story, The Volume of Maids, Liera is the captain from the Maid Organization, MMM (More and More Maids) fifth armored company (commonly known as "Housekeeper"). Liera is very calm and cool and a marvel at housework. From nursing to piloting of a fighter aircraft, she can do anything; but when things come to Kazuki, she loses her composure. Kazuki has been appointed to be her next master and because of that Liera had been trying her best. Because of her love for Kazuki, Liera tends to easily forget about the existence of Yuna. Kamiyo is Chihaya's younger sister who makes her first appears in a side story in The Volume of Revival – Part 3 (South). Even though Kamiyo's magic and grades are above average, she was not accepted to Aoi Academy. Her ex-classmates state that she is cute enough to easily get herself a boyfriend. Kamiyo adores and idolizes her elder sister Chihaya. So when Kamiyo sees Chihaya in very depressed mood, Kamiyo decides to find out and fix the problem (Kazuki) for her older sister. Development Maburaho was Toshihiko Tsukiji's first attempt at writing a romantic school comedy. Tsukiji inspired to write Maburaho after losing a previous novel competition hosted by Gekkan Dragon Magazine, the Dragon Cup. Tsukiji won the competition and Maburaho received high acclaim from Gekkan Dragon readers. In an interview in Newtype USA, Tsukiji states, "I kept two key words in mind, two things that are common to every teenage boy—school and girls." Tsukiji wanted to create three characters that were different from each other in every way. Tsukiji originally conceived of ending the series after six installments with the death of Kazuki after using all of his magic, however the publisher asked him to extend the series. Instead of manipulating Kazuki's magic count, Tsukiji decided to continue the story with Kazuki as a ghost. "I figured it'd probably be most interesting if I made him a ghost," states Tsukiji. When discussing the anime adaptation, Tsukiji states, "I was actually very inspired by a scene from Episode 1, the one where Yuna introduces herself." Tsukiji was amazed with how skillfully anime director Shinichiro Kimura and the voice actors were able to express each of the girls' personalities. Media Novels The novel series Maburaho is written by Toshihiko Tsukiji and illustrated by Eeji Komatsu. The novel is serialized in Gekkan Dragon Magazine and 30 volumes of Maburaho have been published as of February 2011. The anime series had adapted the storyline until "The Volume of Being a Spirit – Part 3". Anime In 2003, an anime series was produced by J.C.Staff and was broadcast on the Japanese network, WOWOW. Consisting of 24 episodes, the series first aired on October 14, 2003, with the episode "They Came..." and concluded on April 6, 2004, with the episode "It Was Over...". On March 8, 2004, ADV Films announced that it had acquired the license to the animated series. The first DVD volume, also available with an artbox, was released on April 19, 2005, and concluded nearly a year later with volume 7. ADV Films later released a Thinpack of the entire series on April 3, 2007. Theme music Opening by Ichiko Ending We'd Get There Someday by Ichiko (ep. 1–23) We'd Get There Someday by Hitomi Nabatame, Yuki Matsuoka, and Yuka Inokuchi (ep. 24) Reception The English language release of Maburaho was met with mediocre reviews. Many critics comment that Maburaho was a typical "by the book" harem comedy that added little originality to the genre. "Maburaho feels like more of an unfinished prototype for the harem genre than an actual anime series", states Anime News Network critic, Carlo Santos. "The plot is there, but it lacks any defining elements besides the general theme of magic; the characters are there, but they don't have any particular traits apart from being, well, the one loser guy and the cookie-cutter hot girls chasing after him." Santos goes on to state. Chris Beveridge, critic for AnimeOnDVD, comments, "Maburaho has some cute quirks to it, very nice character designs and it's a show that actually took a risk midway through the series by changing the nature of the lead character." However Beveridge goes on to say, "While it has these good points, it didn't capitalize on them and instead worked hard towards keeping with a mediocre series of events and scripts. ... It's a by the book piece with some flashes of creativity." Jason Thompson gave the manga series a half-of-one-star review in his Manga: The Complete Guide, saying "The characters and situations are stock, the girls are identical except for their hair, and the fanservice is tame." References External links Official ADV Films Maburaho Website - via the Wayback Machine Official Madman Entertainment Maburaho Website 2000 Japanese novels 2003 anime television series debuts 2003 manga ADV Films Comedy anime and manga Fantasy anime and manga Fujimi Fantasia Bunko Harem anime and manga J.C.Staff Kadokawa Shoten manga Kadokawa Dwango franchises Light novels Odex Shōnen manga Anime and manga based on light novels

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%8B%88%20%ED%82%B9

로드니 킹

로드니 글렌 킹(Rodney Glen King, 1965년 4월 2일 ~ 2012년 6월 17일)은 아프리카계 미국인 건설인으로 로스앤젤레스 폭동의 당사자이다. 1991년 3월 2일 신호를 어겨 백인 경찰들에게 구타를 당하고, 그 경찰들이 무죄를 선고받자 이로 인해 흑인 사회의 분노를 유발했다. 폭행 사건 및 재판 킹은 1965년 4월 2일 캘리포니아주 새크라멘토에서 태어났다. 그가 1991년 3월 3일 음주 후 두 친구를 태워 현대 엑셀 차량을 운전하며 고속도로 상에서 과속을 하던 것이 오전 0시 30분 경 경찰의 눈에 띄었다. 경찰차가 조명을 비추고 사이렌을 울리며 최고 시속 188 km(117 mph)으로 추격하며 정차할 것을 요구하였으나, 킹의 차량은 계속 달아났다. 훗날 킹의 회고에 따르면, 그가 당시 강도 혐의로 인한 집행유예 기간이었기 때문에 음주운전으로 붙잡히지 않기 위해 경찰을 피해 달아난 것이었다. 고속도로 추격전 끝에 잡힌 그가 1991년 로스앤젤레스 경찰관들에 의하여 구타를 당한 것이 비디오 테이프에 녹화되고 전국에 방송이 된 후, 미국에서 인종적 긴장의 상징이 된 아프리카계 미국인이 되었다. 4명의 백인 경찰관(로런스 파월, 티모시 윈드, 시어도어 브리세노와 스테이시 쿤)은 치명적인 무기와 폭행, 과잉 폭력을 포함한 범죄의 위반들과 함께 구속되었다. 그들의 재판은 원래 로스앤젤레스에서 열릴 예정이었으나 검사들은 로스앤젤레스가 널리 알려진 도시라는 이유로 공명정대한 재판이 불가능할 것이란 주장이 받아들여졌다. 재판은 로스앤젤레스의 압도적으로 백인들의 외곽 시미 밸리로 옮겼다. 배심원단은 10명의 백인, 1명의 히스패닉과 1명의 아시아인으로 이루어졌고, 많은이들이 아무 아프리카계 미국인 배심원들이 없던 사실로 반대하였다. 고발된 경찰관들은 “로드니 킹이 위협적인 태도를 취했고 경찰은 사고를 미연에 방지하기 위해 애썼으며 법은 공정하게 집행됐다”며 정당방위였음을 주장했다. 증인으로 나선 동료 경찰관은 “이들이 킹 때문에 굉장히 두려움에 떨고 있었다”며 정당방위 쪽에 무게를 실어줬다. 1992년 4월 29일 배심원단은 경찰관들에게 무죄 판결을 내려 방면했다. 로스앤젤렌스 폭동 이 무죄평결은 로스앤젤레스의 사우스센트럴에서 폭동들을 일으켰다. 50명 이상의 사람들이 사망하고, 2,000명 이상이 부상을 당하고, 9,500명이 폭동, 약탈과 방화로 체포되었으며 10억 달어의 재산 피해를 냈다. 폭동의 3일째에 킹은 공공 출연을 하여 이제 자신의 유명한 탄원을 만들었다 - "국민들, 난 그냥 우리가 모두 사이가 좋지 않느냐고 말하고 싶다." 여파 미국 법무부는 4명의 경찰관에 대항하여 연방 민권 고발들을 제기하였고, 그해 8월 경찰관들 중에 2명이 (티모시 윈드, 시어도어 브리세노) 무죄로 방면되었으나, 다른 2명(로런스 파월, 스테이시 쿤)은 징역 30개월의 유죄 판결을 받았다. 당시 재임 중이던 로스엔젤레스 시장이자 로스엔젤레스 시 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 시장이기도 한 토머스 브래들리가 킹에게 시의 재정으로 2십만 달러 및 4년제 대학 교육 지원을 제안하였다. 킹은 이를 거부하고 로스엔젤레스 시를 고소했다. 결국 킹은 재판에서 승소하여, 3.8 백만 달러의 배상금을 받게되었다. 폭동과 난폭한 여파에 경찰의 책임은 규정된 인종적 편협을 상징하는 데 많은 소수 민족들에 의하여 선출된 LAPD 본부장 대릴 게이츠의 사임이라는 결과를 낳았다. 그는 폭동을 조사한 독립적 위임에 의하여 제출된 몇몇의 변화들을 소개한 흑인 본부장 윌리 윌리엄스로 대체됐다. 후기 생애 경찰관들에 의하여 잔인하게 구타를 당한 지 20여년이 지난 2012년 5월 킹은 〈The Guardian〉과의 인터뷰에서 사건을 논의하며 이렇게 진술하였다 - "그 일은 구제하는 데 고통을 주는 일이 아니다. 난 미국의 역사에서 나의 직위와 편안하다. 그 일은 강간을 당하고, 모든 것을 치운 것 같고, 콘크리트에서, 아스팔트에서 거의 죽음으로 구타당한 것과 같다. 난 그냥 노예가 되는 데 어떤 느낌이 드는지 알았다. 난 내가 다른 세상에 있던 것 같은 느낌이 들었다." 그는 자신에게 부상을 입힌 경찰관들을 용서한 것을 포함한 자신의 병을 고치는 진행에 대하여 이야기하러 갔다. 그는 "난 용서하는 것을 배워야 했습니다"라고 말하였다. "그날 밤 난 잠을 자지 못하였다. 난 궤양에 걸렸다. 난 하나님이 그것과 다루는 데 놓아야 했다. 아무도 자신들 소유의 집에서 미치려고 원하지 않는다. 난 나의 인생의 전부에 화내고 싶지 않았다. 그것은 당신이 의미하는 데 너무 많은 에너지를 가져나가는 편이다." 1991년 구타 후, 킹은 지속적으로 고통스러운 인생을 이끌어 알콜 중독과 분투하고, 법률과 함께 작은 충돌을 일으켰다. 2004년 그는 리앨토에서 자신의 SUV의 정신을 잃고 동력 기동으로 부딪친 후 PCP 마약의 영향력 아래에 운전한 죄로 유죄 판결을 받았다. 2005년 그는 국내적 폭력의 혐의로 구속되었고, 2007년 경찰은 또한 국내적 논쟁의 결과로 믿어진 비인생의 위협적인 발포와 함께 술에 취한 것을 찾아냈다. 킹은 VH1의 〈Celebrity Rehab〉에 현실적인 TV 스타로서와 자신의 2012년 회고록 《The Riot Within:My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption》에서 자신의 분투들을 나누었다. 로스앤젤레스 폭동의 20주년을 맞으며 킹은 CNN에게 자신을 구타한 경찰관들을 자신이 이미 용서했다고 하며, "예, 난 수많이 용서해 온 이유로 난 이미 그들을 용서하였다. 나의 나라는 나에게 좋게 대하였고, 난 나의 인생에서 기쁘지 않았던 어떤 일들을 했으며 난 그 것에 대하여 용서하였다."라고 말하였다. 최종적 비극의 꼬임에서 킹의 인생은 2012년 6월 17일에 끝났다. 그의 약혼녀 신시아 켈리는 리앨토에 있는 수영장의 밑바닥에서 그를 발견하였다. 켈리는 이전에 로스앤젤레스에 대항하여 킹의 민사 소송에서 배심원으로 지냈다. 장면으로 책임이 지어진 경찰들에 의하면 범죄의 예비적인 흔적이 없었다고 한다. 로스앤젤레스 폭동이 미국에서 인종적 긴장을 싸우는 중심에 그를 던진지 20년 만에 킹은 지방 병원에서 사망했다. 각주 1965년 출생 2012년 사망 아프리카계 미국인 익사한 사람 청각 장애인 새크라멘토 출신 미국의 경찰 폭력 경찰 폭력 피해자

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney%20King

Rodney King

Rodney Glen King (April 2, 1965June 17, 2012) was an African American man who was a victim of police brutality. On March 3, 1991, he was severely beaten by officers of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) during his arrest, after a high speed pursuit for driving while intoxicated on the I-210. An uninvolved resident, George Holliday, saw and filmed the incident from his nearby balcony and sent the footage to local news station KTLA. The footage showed the unarmed King on the ground being beaten after initially evading arrest. The incident was covered by news media around the world and caused a public furor. At a press conference, Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates announced that the four officers involved would be disciplined for use of excessive force and that three would face criminal charges. The LAPD initially charged King with "felony evading", but later dropped the charge. On his release, King spoke to reporters from his wheelchair, with his injuries evident: a broken right leg in a cast, his face badly cut and swollen, bruises on his body, and a burn area to his chest where he had been jolted with a stun gun. He described how he had knelt, spread his hands out, then slowly tried to move so as not to make any "stupid moves", being hit across the face by a billy club, and shocked. He said he was scared for his life as they drew guns on him. Four officers were eventually tried on charges of use of excessive force. Of these, three were acquitted; the jury failed to reach a verdict on one charge for the fourth. Within hours of the acquittals, the 1992 Los Angeles riots started, sparked by outrage among racial minorities over the trial's verdict and related, longstanding social issues, overlaid with tensions between the African American and Korean American communities. The rioting lasted six days and killed 63 people, with 2,383 more injured; it ended only after the California Army National Guard, the Army, and the Marine Corps provided reinforcements to re-establish control. King advocated for a peaceful end to the conflict. The federal government prosecuted a separate civil rights case, obtaining grand jury indictments of the four officers for violations of King's civil rights. Their trial in a federal district court ended in April 1993, with two of the officers being found guilty and sentenced to serve prison terms. The other two were acquitted of the charges. In a separate civil lawsuit in 1994, a jury found the City of Los Angeles liable and awarded King $3.8 million in damages. Early life King was born in Sacramento, California, in 1965, the son of Ronald and Odessa King. He and his four siblings grew up in Altadena, California. King attended John Muir High School and often talked about being inspired by his social science teacher, Robert E. Jones. King's father died in 1984 at the age of 42. Marriage and family King had a daughter with his girlfriend, Carmen Simpson. He later married Denetta Lyles (cousin to hate crime victim James Byrd Jr. and also cousin to rapper Mack 10) and had a daughter. King and Lyles were eventually divorced. He later married and had a daughter with Crystal Waters. This marriage also ended in divorce. 1991 police assault in Los Angeles Early in the morning of Sunday, March 3, 1991, King, with his friends Bryant Allen and Freddie Helms, was driving a 1987 Hyundai Excel west on the Foothill Freeway (Interstate 210) in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. The three had spent the night watching basketball and drinking at a friend's house in Los Angeles. At 12:30 a.m., officers Tim and Melanie Singer, husband and wife members of the California Highway Patrol, noticed King's car speeding on the freeway. They pursued King with lights and sirens, and the pursuit reached 117 mph (188 km/h), while King refused to pull over. King later said he tried to outrun the police because a charge of driving under the influence would violate his parole for his previous robbery conviction. King left the freeway near the Hansen Dam Recreation Area and the pursuit continued through residential streets at speeds ranging from , and through at least one red light. By this point, several police cars and a police helicopter had joined in the pursuit. After approximately , officers cornered King in his car. The first five Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers to arrive were Stacey Koon, Laurence Powell, Timothy Wind, Theodore Briseno and Rolando Solano. Beating Officer Tim Singer ordered King and his two passengers to exit the vehicle and to lie face down on the ground. Allen claims he was manhandled, kicked, stomped, taunted and threatened. Helms was hit in the head while lying on the ground; he was treated for a laceration on the top of his head. His bloody baseball cap was turned over to police. King remained in the car. When he emerged, he was reported to have giggled, to have patted the ground and waved to the police helicopter overhead. King grabbed his buttocks, which Officer Melanie Singer took to mean King was reaching for a weapon, though he was later found to be unarmed. She drew her pistol and pointed it at King, ordering him to lie on the ground. Singer approached, gun drawn, preparing to arrest him. At this point, Koon, the ranking officer at the scene, told Singer that the LAPD was taking command and ordered all officers to holster their weapons. According to the official report LAPD officer Koon ordered the four other LAPD officers at the scene—Briseno, Powell, Solano and Wind—to subdue and handcuff King using a technique called a "swarm", where multiple officers grab a suspect with empty hands, to overcome potential resistance quickly. By standing to remove Officers Powell and Briseno from his back, the four officers claimed King had resisted attempts to restrain him. King denied he resisted. Witnesses also claimed King appeared not to resist. The officers later testified that they believed King was under the influence of phencyclidine (PCP), although King's toxicology tested negative for the drug. At this point, Holliday's video recording shows King on the ground after being tasered by Koon. He rises and rushes toward Powell—as argued in court, either to attack Powell or to flee—and King and Powell collided in a rush. Taser wire can be seen on King's body. Officer Powell strikes King with his baton, and King is knocked to the ground. Powell strikes King several more times with his baton. Briseno moves in, attempting to stop Powell from striking again, and Powell stands back. Koon reportedly said, "Stop! Stop! That’s enough! That’s enough!" King rises again, to his knees; Powell and Wind are seen hitting King with their batons. Koon acknowledged ordering the continued use of batons, directing Powell and Wind to strike King with "power strokes". According to Koon, Powell and Wind used "bursts of power strokes, then backed off". The officers beat King. In the videotape, King continues to try to stand again. Koon orders the officers to "hit his joints, hit the wrists, hit his elbows, hit his knees, hit his ankles". Officers Wind, Briseno, and Powell attempted numerous baton strikes on King, resulting in some misses but with 33 blows hitting King, plus seven kicks. The officers again "swarm" King, but this time a total of eight officers are involved in the swarm. King is placed in handcuffs and cord cuffs, restraining his arms and legs. King is dragged on his abdomen to the side of the road to await the arrival of emergency medical rescue. Holliday's video Plumbing salesman and amateur videographer George Holliday's videotape of the beating was shot on his camcorder from his apartment near the intersection of Foothill Boulevard and Osborne Street in Lake View Terrace. Two days later, Holliday called LAPD headquarters at Parker Center to let the police department know that he had a videotape of the incident. Still, he could not find anyone interested in seeing the video. He went to KTLA television with his recording. Holliday, whose video camera was in another part of his residence, was unable to retrieve it until the officers were already in the act of beating King. The footage as a whole became an instant media sensation. Portions were aired numerous times, and it "turned what would otherwise have been a violent, but soon forgotten, encounter between the Los Angeles police and an uncooperative suspect into one of the most widely watched and discussed incidents of its kind". Several "copwatch" organizations subsequently were started throughout the United States to safeguard against police abuse, including an umbrella group, October 22 Coalition to Stop Police Brutality. On September 19, 2021, Holliday died of COVID-19 complications at a hospital in Los Angeles. Post-arrest events Aftermath King was taken to Pacifica Hospital after his arrest, where he was found to have suffered a fractured facial bone, a broken right ankle, and multiple bruises and lacerations. In a negligence claim filed with the city, King alleged he had suffered "11 skull fractures, permanent brain damage, broken [bones and teeth], kidney failure [and] emotional and physical trauma". Blood and urine samples were taken from King five hours after his arrest. The blood alcohol content from King's test samples was 0.075%, indicating that he was intoxicated as defined by California law, the legal limit being 0.08% at the time of his arrest. The tests also showed traces of marijuana (26 ng/ml). Pacifica Hospital nurses reported that the officers who accompanied King (including Wind) openly joked and bragged about the number of times they had hit King. Officers obtained King's identification from his clothes pockets at that time. King later sued the city for damages, and a jury awarded him $3.8 million, as well as $1.7 million in attorney's fees. The city did not pursue charges against King for driving while intoxicated and evading arrest. District Attorney Ira Reiner believed there was insufficient evidence for prosecution. His successor Gil Garcetti thought that by December 1992, too much time had passed to charge King with evading arrest; he also noted that the statute of limitations on drunk driving had passed. Charges against police officers and trial At a press conference, announcing the four officers involved would be disciplined, and three would face criminal charges, Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates said: "We believe the officers used excessive force taking him into custody. In our review, we find that officers struck him with batons between fifty-three and fifty-six times." The LAPD initially charged King with "felony evading", but later dropped the charge. The Los Angeles County District Attorney subsequently charged four police officers, including one sergeant, with assault and use of excessive force. Due to the extensive media coverage of the arrest, the trial received a change of venue from Los Angeles County to Simi Valley in neighboring Ventura County. The jury was composed of ten white jurors, one biracial male, one Latino, and one Asian American. The prosecutor, Terry White, was black. On April 29, 1992, the seventh day of jury deliberations, the jury acquitted all four officers of assault and acquitted three of the four of using excessive force. The jury could not agree on a verdict for the fourth officer charged with using excessive force. The verdicts were based in part on the first three seconds of a blurry, 13-second segment of the videotape that, according to journalist Lou Cannon, had not been aired by television news stations in their broadcasts. The first two seconds of videotape, contrary to the claims made by the accused officers, show King attempting to flee past Laurence Powell. During the next one minute and 19 seconds, King is beaten continuously by the officers. The officers testified that they tried to physically restrain King before the starting point of the videotape, but King was able to throw them off physically. Afterward, the prosecution suggested that the jurors may have acquitted the officers because of becoming desensitized to the violence of the beating, as the defense played the videotape repeatedly in slow motion, breaking it down until its emotional impact was lost. Outside the Simi Valley courthouse where the acquittals were delivered, county sheriff's deputies protected Stacey Koon from angry protesters on the way to his car. Movie director John Singleton, who was in the crowd at the courthouse, predicted, "By having this verdict, what these people did, they lit the fuse to a bomb." Christopher Commission Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley created the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department, also known as the Christopher Commission, in April 1991. Led by attorney Warren Christopher, it was created to conduct "a full and fair examination of the structure and operation of the LAPD", including its recruitment and training practices, internal disciplinary system, and citizen complaint system. Los Angeles riots and the aftermath Though few people at first considered race an essential factor in the case, including Rodney King's attorney, Steven Lerman, the Holliday videotape was at the time stirring deep resentment among black people in Los Angeles and other major cities in the United States, where they had often complained of police abuse against their communities. The officers' jury consisted of Ventura County residents: ten white, one Latino, one Asian. Lead prosecutor Terry White was black. On April 29, 1992, the jury acquitted three of the officers but could not agree on one of the charges against Powell. Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley said, "The jury's verdict will not blind us to what we saw on that videotape. The men who beat Rodney King do not deserve to wear the uniform of the LAPD." President George H. W. Bush said, "Viewed from outside the trial, it was hard to understand how the verdict could possibly square with the video. Those civil rights leaders with whom I met were stunned. And so was I, and so was Barbara, and so were my kids." Within hours of the acquittals, the 1992 Los Angeles riots began, lasting six days. African-Americans were outraged by the verdicts and began rioting in the streets along with the Latino communities. By the time law enforcement, the California Army National Guard, the United States Army, and the United States Marine Corps restored order, the riots had resulted in 63 deaths, 2,383 injuries, more than 7,000 fires, damage to 3,100 businesses, and nearly $1 billion in financial losses. Smaller riots occurred in other U.S. cities such as San Francisco, Las Vegas, Seattle, and as far east as Atlanta and New York City. A civil disturbance occurred on Yonge Street in Toronto, Canada when Canadians gathered to protest the acquittal in Los Angeles as well as a local police killing of a Black man in Toronto two days prior. During the riots, on May 1, 1992, King made a television appearance pleading for an end to the riots: I just want to say – you know – can we, can we all get along? Can we, can we get along? Can we stop making it horrible for the older people and the kids? And ... I mean we've got enough smog in Los Angeles let alone to deal with setting these fires and things ... It's just not right. It's not right, and it's not going to change anything. We'll get our justice. They've won the battle, but they haven't won the war. We'll get our day in court, and that's all we want. And, just, uh, I love – I'm neutral. I love every – I love people of color. I'm not like they're making me out to be. We've got to quit. We've got to quit; I mean, after all, I could understand the first – upset for the first two hours after the verdict, but to go on, to keep going on like this and to see the security guard shot on the ground – it's just not right. It's just not right, because those people will never go home to their families again. And uh, I mean, please, we can, we can get along here. We all can get along. We just gotta. We gotta. I mean, we're all stuck here for a while. Let's, you know, let's try to work it out. Let's try to beat it, you know. Let's try to work it out. The widely quoted line has been often paraphrased as, "Can we all just get along?" or "Can't we all just get along?" Federal civil rights trial of officers After the acquittals and the riots, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) sought indictments of the police officers for violations of King's civil rights. On May 7, federal prosecutors began presenting evidence to the federal grand jury in Los Angeles. On August 4, the grand jury returned indictments against the three officers for "willfully and intentionally using unreasonable force" and against Sergeant Koon for "willfully permitting and failing to take action to stop the unlawful assault" on King. Based on these indictments, a trial of the four officers in the United States District Court for the Central District of California began on February 25, 1993. The federal trial focused more on the incident. On March 9 of the 1993 trial, King took the witness stand and described to the jury the events as he remembered them. The jury found Officer Laurence Powell and Sergeant Stacey Koon guilty, and they were subsequently sentenced to 30 months in prison. Timothy Wind and Theodore Briseno were acquitted of all charges, but both were soon dismissed by the LAPD for their role in the beating. During the three-hour sentencing hearing, US District Judge John G. Davies accepted much of the defense version of the beating. He strongly criticized King, who, he said, provoked the officers' initial actions. Davies said that only the final six or so baton blows by Powell were unlawful. The first 55 seconds of the videotaped portion of the incident, during which the vast majority of the blows were delivered, was within the law because the officers were attempting to subdue a suspect who was resisting efforts to take him into custody. Davies found that King's provocative behavior began with his "remarkable consumption of alcoholic beverage" and continued through a high-speed chase, refusal to submit to police orders and an aggressive charge toward Powell. Davies made several findings in support of the officers' version of events. He concluded that Officer Powell never intentionally struck King in the head, and "Powell's baton blow that broke King's leg was not illegal because King was still resisting and rolling around on the ground, and breaking bones in resistant suspects is permissible under police policy." Mitigation cited by the judge in determining the length of the prison sentence included the suffering the officers had undergone because of the extensive publicity their case had received, high legal bills that were still unpaid, the impending loss of their careers as police officers, their higher risks of abuse while in prison, and their undergoing two trials. The judge acknowledged that the two trials did not legally constitute double jeopardy, but raised "the specter of unfairness". These mitigations were critical to the validity of the sentences imposed because federal sentencing guidelines called for much longer prison terms in the range of 70 to 87 months. The low sentences were controversial and were appealed by the prosecution. In a 1994 ruling, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit rejected all the grounds cited by Judge Davies and extended the terms. The defense appealed the case to the US Supreme Court. Both Koon and Powell were released from prison while they appealed to the Ninth Circuit's ruling, having served their original 30-month sentences with time off for good behavior. On June 14, 1996, the high court partially reversed the lower court in a ruling, unanimous in its most important aspects, which gave a strong endorsement to judicial discretion, even under sentencing guidelines intended to produce uniformity. Later life Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley offered King $200,000 and a four-year college education funded by the city of Los Angeles. King refused and sued the city, and was subsequently awarded $3.8 million. Bryant Allen, one of the passengers in King's car on the night of the incident, received $35,000 in his lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles. The estate of Freddie Helms, the other passenger, settled for $20,000; Helms died in a car crash on June 29, 1991, age 20, in Pasadena. King invested a portion of his settlement in a record label, Straight Alta-Pazz Records, hoping to employ minority employees, but it went out of business. With help from a ghostwriter, he later wrote and published a memoir. King was subject to further arrests and convictions for driving violations after the 1991 incident, as he struggled with alcoholism and drug addiction. In May 1991, he was arrested on suspicion of having tried to run down an undercover vice officer in Hollywood, but no charges were filed. In 1992, he was arrested for injuring his wife, Crystal King. Crystal ultimately declined to file a complaint. On August 21, 1993, he crashed his car into a block wall in downtown Los Angeles. He was convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol, fined, and entered a rehabilitation program, after which he was placed on probation. In July 1995, he was arrested by Alhambra police after hitting Crystal with his car and knocking her to the ground during a fight. King had previously been arrested twice on suspicion of abusing her. He was sentenced to 90 days in jail after being convicted of hit and run. On August 27, 2003, King was arrested again for speeding and running a red light while under the influence of alcohol. He failed to yield to police officers and slammed his vehicle into a house, breaking his pelvis. On November 29, 2007, while riding home on his bicycle, King was shot in the face, arms, and back with pellets from a shotgun. He reported that the attackers were a man and a woman who demanded his bicycle and shot him when he rode away. Police described the wounds as looking as if they came from birdshot. In May 2008, King checked into the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena, California, where he filmed as a cast member of Season 2 of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, which premiered in October 2008. Dr. Drew Pinsky, who runs the facility, showed concern for King's life and said he would die unless his addictions were treated. King also appeared on Sober House, a Celebrity Rehab spin-off focusing on a sober living environment. During his time on Celebrity Rehab and Sober House, King worked on his addiction and what he said was lingering trauma of the beating. He and Pinsky physically retraced King's path from the night of his beating, eventually reaching the spot where it happened, the site of the Children's Museum of Los Angeles, which is now Discovery Cube Los Angeles. In 2009, King and other Celebrity Rehab alumni appeared as panel speakers to a new group of addicts at the Pasadena Recovery Center, marking 11 months of sobriety for him. His appearance was aired in the third-season episode "Triggers". King won a celebrity boxing match against Chester, Pennsylvania, police officer Simon Aouad on September 11, 2009, at the Ramada Philadelphia Airport in Essington. On September 9, 2010, it was confirmed that King was going to marry Cynthia Kelley, who had been a juror in the civil suit he brought against the City of Los Angeles. On March 3, 2011, the 20th anniversary of the beating, the LAPD stopped King for driving erratically and issued him a citation for driving with an expired license. This arrest led to a February 2012 misdemeanor conviction for reckless driving. The BBC quoted King commenting on his legacy. "Some people feel like I'm some kind of hero. Others hate me. They say I deserved it. Other people, I can hear them mocking me for when I called for an end to the destruction like I'm a fool for believing in peace." Memoir In April 2012, King published his memoir, The Riot Within: My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption. Co-authored by Lawrence J. Spagnola, the book describes King's turbulent youth as well as his personal account of the arrest, the trials, and the aftermath. Death On Father's Day, June 17, 2012, King's partner, Cynthia Kelley, found King dead underwater at the bottom of his swimming pool. King died 28 years to the day after his father, Ronald King, was found dead in his bathtub in 1984. Police in Rialto received a 911 call from Kelley at about 5:25 a.m. (PDT). Responding officers removed King from the pool and performed CPR on him. Still pulseless, he was then transferred to an advanced life support ambulance where paramedics attempted to revive him. He was transported to Arrowhead Regional Medical Center in Colton, California, and was pronounced dead on arrival at 6:11 a.m. (PDT) The Rialto Police Department began a standard drowning investigation and said there did not appear to be any foul play. On August 23, 2012, King's autopsy results were released, stating he died of accidental drowning. The combination of alcohol, cocaine, and PCP found in his system were contributing factors, as were cardiomegaly and focal myocardial fibrosis. The conclusion of the report stated: "The effects of the drugs and alcohol, combined with the subject's heart condition, probably precipitated a cardiac arrhythmia, and the subject, incapacitated in the water, was unable to save himself." Al Sharpton delivered the eulogy at King's funeral. King is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles County, California. Legacy Rodney King has become a symbol of police brutality, but his family remembers him as a "human, not a symbol". King never advocated for hatred or violence against the police, pleading, "Can we all get along?" Since his death, his daughter Lora King has worked with the LAPD to build bridges between the police and the black community. She also started a nonprofit, the Rodney King Foundation, on behalf of her father. In popular culture Films The 1992 film Malcolm X includes a snippet of the Rodney King video. The 1993 film Psycho Cop 2 parodies the King incident, in which the antagonist Joe Vickers is beaten down by bar patrons as a bystander videotapes the scene from his apartment balcony. The 1994 film Natural Born Killers has a media montage that contains footage of King's plea to get along. The 1996 film Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood depicts a parody, which shows police officers playing a "Beat Rodney King" arcade game in the police station. The 1997 film Riot dissects the aftermath of the Rodney King verdict and the ensuing riots through four narratives. An extended discussion on the subject led by Edward Norton is part of the 1998 film American History X. The 1999 documentary film The Rodney King Incident: Race and Justice in America produced and directed by Michael Pack features an interview with Rodney King. The 2003 American crime thriller Dark Blue starring Kurt Russell opens with footage of the assault on King. The beating of King and the riots that followed were also mentioned in the 2015 film Straight Outta Compton, a biopic about the rap group NWA. The 2017 film Rodney King, a one-man show produced by Spike Lee, alternately takes and opposes King's side. The 2017 film Kings takes place in South Los Angeles during the riots. The 2017 film LA 92 is a documentary film about the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Television Doogie Howser, M.D. Season 4, Episode 1 titled "There's a Riot Going On" takes place during the aftermath of the riots. The episode was released September 23, 1992. The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story opens with footage of the beating and subsequent riots in Los Angeles. The beating was also depicted in Season 3, Episode 7 of the TV show 9-1-1. Music In 1992, Dr. Dre released "The Day The N****z Took Over" on The Chronic, a song that refers to the looting, rioting, and anger that occurred after the police who had beaten King were found not guilty of most charges. The Billy Idol song Shock to the System refers to what happened to Rodney King. It was featured in his 1993 album Cyberpunk. In 1994, Dog Eat Dog released their album All Boro Kings which includes the song Who's the King that refers to Rodney King, his "Why can't we all get along" motto and the police violence. In 1996, Michael Jackson released as a second music video for his single "They Don't Care About Us." The music video features several references to human right violations, and contains real footage of police attacking African Americans including footage of King's assault. The 1996 Sublime song "April 29, 1992" was written about the riots resulting from the King incident. The 1997 song "Walkin' on the Sun" by Smash Mouth was written about the riots that followed King's assault. The 1999 album The Battle of Los Angeles by Rage Against the Machine also refers to the riot which followed King's assault. The 2004 song "Playboy" by Lloyd Banks on his debut album The Hunger For More mentions Rodney King. The 2008 song “Mrs. Officer” by Lil Wayne on his sixth studio album, The Carter III mentions Rodney King. The 2012 song “New God Flow” by Pusha T and Kanye West references him. The 2012 song 'A Wake' by Macklemore also refers to the King trial & subsequent riots. In 2018, Fever 333's song "Burn It" also mentions about Rodney King and the fights surrounding the assault. Theatre Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992 is a one-woman play written and originally performed by Anna Deavere Smith about the riots following the Rodney King verdict. The 2014 one-man play Rodney King by Roger Guenveur Smith is about King. Literature The 2020 novel Heal the Hood by Adaeze Nkechi Nwosu is about Rodney King's beating and the subsequent riots. The 2020 short story "The Last Days of Rodney" by Tracey Rose Peyton takes on King's final days and his death. Other Neighbor Nahshon Dion Anderson and a family friend observed the aftermath of the beating and recounted the details in an unpublished and untitled memoir. See also History of African Americans in Los Angeles Killing of Tyre Nichols George Floyd Killing of George Floyd References Further reading King's autobiography. External links Rodney King: Video of Arrest (March 3, 1991) and FBI Case Files in the Rodney King Archive at FBI Records: The Vault (Freedom of Information Act/Privacy Act Archive) Rodney King's Arrest Record Rodney King: 17 Years After the Riots", Laist.com Kavanagh, Jim. "Rodney King, 20 years later". CNN. March 3, 2011. 1965 births 1990s in Los Angeles 1992 Los Angeles riots 20th-century African-American people 20th-century American trials 2012 deaths Accidental deaths in California African Americans in California American construction businesspeople American people convicted of robbery American shooting survivors American victims of crime Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) Citizen journalism Crimes in Los Angeles Deaths by drowning in California Drug-related deaths in California Los Angeles Police Department Participants in American reality television series People from Altadena, California People from Rialto, California People from Sacramento, California Victims of police brutality in the United States

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%91%A8%EC%96%91

쑨양

쑨양(, 1991년 12월 1일~)은 중화인민공화국의 수영 선수이다. 항저우 출신의 세계적인 수영 선수인 쑨양은 2008년 베이징 올림픽에 참가하였으며, 2010년 아시안 게임에서 1500m 자유형을 아시아 기록으로 우승하면서 이 종목과 그의 다른 2개의 메달은 2010년 CCTV 스포츠 시상식에서 "올해의 신인 선수"로 임명되었다. 2011년 세계 수영 선수권 대회 1500m 자유형에서 14분 34.14초로 세계신기록을 수립하여 2001년 그랜트 해켓이 세운 기록을 깼다. 2012년 런던 올림픽에 참가하여 자유형 400m에서 3분 40.14초의 올림픽 신기록으로 전 올림픽 금메달리스트였던 대한민국의 박태환을 제치고 금메달을 획득하였고, 자유형 200m에서는 박태환과 같은 1분 44.93초의 기록으로 공동으로 은메달을 획득하였다. 그 경기에서 마이클 펠프스와 더불어 2개의 개인적 타이틀을 우승하는 남자 수영 선수가 되었다. 수영 경력 몇 년 동안 수영을 하면서 지내 온 쑨양은 2007년 세계 선수권 대회에서 국제 데뷔를 하였고, 2008년 하계 올림픽에서는 16세의 나이로 400m에서 28위(3분 50.90초)를 하여 결승전 진출에 실패하였다. 그는 14분 48.39초와 함께 1500m 자유형을 위하여 7번째로 가장 빠른 시간으로 출전에 나갈 수 있게 되면서 400m 결승전 진출 실패로부터 반향하였다. 결승전에서 그는 15분 05.12초와 함께 마지막으로 왔다. 이것이 그의 경력의 겨우 시작이었고, 이듬해 로마에서 열리는 세계 수상 선수권 대회가 다가오면서 그는 1500m 자유형에서 14분 46.84초와 동메달을 따면서 자신의 첫 국제적 메달을 획득하였다. 또한 400m 자유형에서 18위를 하기도 하였다. 2010년 아시안 게임 쑨양의 큰 돌파가 2010년 아시안 게임에서 일어났다. 여기서 쑨양은 1500m 자유형과 800m 자유형 계주에서 금메달, 200m와 400m 자유형에서 은메달을 획득하였다. 1500m 자유형에서 세운 14분 35.43초의 기록은 아시아 신기록이었으며, 그랜트 해켓에게만 밀려 역사상 2번째로 가장 빠른 시간이 되었다. 2011년 세계 선수권 대회 2011년 상하이에서 열린 세계 수상 선수권 대회의 첫 날에 쑨양은 400m 자유형에서 3분 43.24초로 박태환에게 패하면서 2위를 하였다. 3일 후에 800m 자유형을 7분 38.57초로 우승하면서 자신의 첫 세계 선수권 타이틀을 얻었다. 800m 자유형 계주에서는 최종 주자로 헤엄치면서 동메달을 획득하였다. 대회의 마지막 날에 쑨양은 1500m 자유형에 나갔다. 경주가 열리기 전에 종목의 우승 후보로 보이면서 14분 34.14초를 세워 우승을 거두었다. 그 기록과 함께 그는 그랜트 해켓이 이전에 세운 세계 기록 14분 34.56초를 깼으며, 자신의 업적이 이루기 전에 10년이나 지속되었다. 2012년 런던 올림픽 2012년 런던 올림픽에 들어오면서 쑨양은 200m 자유형에서 메달 경쟁자로서는 물론, 400m와 1500m 자유형의 우승 후보였다. 첫째 날에 자신의 첫 종목인 400m 자유형에서 3분 40.14초로 우승을 하면서 올림픽에서 금메달을 획득한 첫 중국인 남성 수영 선수가 되었다. 역사상 3번째로 빠른 성과였으며 세계 기록을 0.77초로 깨고 아시아 신기록이 되었다. 200m 자유형에 나간 날에 결승전에서 국내 신기록 1분 44.93초로 박태환과 공동으로 은메달을 땄다. 다음 날에 그는 800m 자유형 계주에서 동메달을 따면서 그 종목에서 중국 팀을 위한 처음이자 마지막 메달이었다. 1500m 자유형이 열리는 날까지 수영장에 돌아오지 않던 쑨양은 가장 빠르게 결승전 진출에 성공하였다. 결승전에서 14분 31.02초의 세계 신기록을 세워 2위로 들어온 라이언 코크레인에게 3초 이상과 8초 이상을 앞섰다. 이 결과들은 쑨양을 올림픽 역사상 가장 성공적인 중국인 남자 수영 선수로 만들었다. 쑨양은 1980년 모스크바 올림픽에서 블라디미르 사르니코프 이래 400m/1500m를 둘다 우승한 첫 선수였다. 2013년 세계 선수권 대회 훈련의 거칠한 해와 자신의 코치와의 논쟁 후에 쑨양은 2013년 세계 수상 선수권 대회에 활약으로 돌아왔다. 대회의 첫날에 400m 자유형을 3분 41.59초와 금메달을 획득하면서 자신의 저번 선수권 대회의 은메달에 향상을 시켰다. 지난 해로부터 자신의 올림픽 우승 시간에 1.45초 차이였으며, 2위로 들어온 하기노 고스케에 3초 이상이나 앞섰다. 이틀 후에 쑨양은 7분 41.36초와 800m 자유형 타이틀을 유지할 수 있었다. 대회에서 자신의 두번째 금메달이자, 세계 수상 선수권 역사상 중국에 의하여 100번째로 우승한 금메달이 되었다. 대회의 6번째 날에 800m 자유형 계주에서 중국 팀의 최종 주자로 받아들여졌다. 중국 팀은 5위를 하면서 프랑스와 일본 팀에 2초 이상이나 밀렸다. 대회의 마지막 날에 쑨양은 1500m 자유형에서다시 라이언 코크레인을 꺾으면서 올림픽과 세계 선수권으로서 자신의 타이틀을 되풀이하였다. 이리하여, 쑨양은 그랜트 해켓 이래 단 하나의 세계 선수권 대회에서 3개의 장거리 자유형 종목(400m, 800m, 1500m)를 우승한 첫 수영 선수가 되었다. 이 성과는 그를 역사상 가장 위대한 장거리 수영 선수들 중의 하나로 숙고되었다. 2013년 시즌 이후 바르셀로나에서 세계 수상 선수권 대회가 끝난 1달 후에 쑨양은 12회 국립 세계 선수권 대회에 나갔다. 이 대회에서 쑨양은 7개의 금메달을 획득한 첫 선수가 되었다. 이 금메달들을 획득하는 데 100m 자유형 종목을 추가한 그는 그 종목에 나가기로 서명하였다. 처음에 400m 자유형에 나간 쑨양은 3분 43.68초와 함께 하오윈에 2초 이상 앞서 우승을 하였다. 다음 날에 400m 자유형 계주에서 최종 주자로 48.14초로 헤엄치면서 우승을 거두었다. 200m 자유형에서는 1분 44.47초의 아시아 신기록을 세웠으며 런던에서보다 0.05초나 더 빨랐다. 100m 자유형에서는 48.94초로 49초 아래로 헤엄을 치면서 동메달을 획득하였다. 도핑 논란 2014년 자격 정지 2014년 5월 이 검출되어 으로부터 3개월 동안 선수 자격 정지를 당했다. 트리메타지딘은 2014년 1월 세계 반도핑 기구에 의해 새롭게 지정된 금지 약물로, 경기중에 영향을 받는 복용만 금지하고 있다. 쑨양은 이 약물이 자신이 2008년부터 가지고 있었던 심계항진 때문에 처방받은 것이며 새롭게 금지 약물로 지정됐다는 사실을 몰랐다고 주장했다. 세계 반도핑 기구는 중국수영협회가 도핑에 대한 조치를 늦게 취해서 실질적으로 쑨양의 아시안 게임 참가를 허용해줬다며 경고했다. 2020년 자격 정지 2018년 쑨양은 자신의 자택에서 벌어진 도핑 불시 검사를 방해하고 채취한 혈액 샘플 용기를 망치로 부쉈다. 쑨양는 도핑 검사원들이 적법한 절차를 밟지 않고 도핑 검사를 했다고 주장했다. 세계 반도핑 기구는 이를 스포츠 중재 재판소에 제소했다. 2020년 스포츠 중재 재판소는 쑨양에게 내릴 수 있는 최대 징계인 8년의 선수 자격 정지를 만장일치로 결정했다. 이후 스위스 연방 법원에게 파기환송을 당한 뒤 자격 정지 기간이 4년 3개월로 줄어들었다. 각주 외부 링크 쑨양 쑨양 - Swimrankings 쑨양 - Olympedia 쑨양 - Sports Reference 1991년 출생 살아있는 사람 20세기 중국 사람 21세기 중국 사람 중국의 남자 수영 선수 남자 자유형 선수 중화인민공화국의 올림픽 금메달리스트 중화인민공화국의 올림픽 은메달리스트 중화인민공화국의 올림픽 동메달리스트 올림픽 수영 메달리스트 2012년 하계 올림픽 메달리스트 2016년 하계 올림픽 메달리스트 중화인민공화국의 올림픽 수영 참가 선수 2008년 하계 올림픽 수영 참가 선수 2012년 하계 올림픽 수영 참가 선수 2016년 하계 올림픽 수영 참가 선수 세계 수영 선수권 대회 메달리스트 중화인민공화국의 아시안 게임 금메달리스트 중화인민공화국의 아시안 게임 은메달리스트 아시안 게임 수영 메달리스트 2010년 아시안 게임 메달리스트 2014년 아시안 게임 메달리스트 2018년 아시안 게임 메달리스트 2010년 아시안 게임 수영 참가 선수 2014년 아시안 게임 수영 참가 선수 2018년 아시안 게임 수영 참가 선수 수영 세계 기록 보유자 중국의 도핑 위반 선수 도핑 위반 수영 선수 항저우시 출신

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20Yang

Sun Yang

Sun Yang (; ; born 1 December 1991) is a Chinese Olympic and world-record-holding competitive swimmer. In 2012, Sun became the first Chinese athlete to win an Olympic gold medal in men's swimming. Sun is the first male swimmer in history to earn Olympic and World Championship gold medals at every freestyle distance from 200 to 1500 metres. A three-time Olympic gold medalist and eleven-time world champion, he is the most decorated Chinese swimmer in history. In 2017, NBC Sports described him as "arguably the greatest freestyle swimmer of all time". In September 2018, Sun was involved in an incident during an out-of-competition anti-doping test at his home. FINA concluded that Sun did not commit an anti-doping rule violation. On 28 February 2020, Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) delivered its findings, overturning FINA's decision and banning Sun for eight years for tampering with the doping control process. However CAS also ruled that Sun would not officially lose any of his medals because "doping tests performed on the Athlete shortly before and after the aborted doping control in September 2018 were negative" and that "in the absence of any evidence that the Athlete may have engaged in doping activity since 4 September 2018, including on the occasion of the FINA World Championships in Gwangju, South Korea in July 2019, the results achieved by the Athlete in the period prior to the CAS award being issued should not be disqualified". On 22 June 2021, after the retrial of the case, the CAS upheld the ban but reduced the suspension time to 4 years and three months. Early life Sun was born on 1 December 1991 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. He was named after his parents' surnames. Sun is an only child, and his family is athletic. His father, Sun Quanhong (孙全洪), was a basketball player for Anhui Tigong and is also tall. His mother, Yang Ming (杨明), was a volleyball player for Zhejiang and is a sports coach. Sun started swimming in 1998, and his potential was recognised by a teacher at Jinglun Sports School in Hangzhou. Career 2007–2011: Early career Sun made his international debut at the 2007 World Championships in Melbourne, Australia. He finished 32nd in the 400 metre freestyle and 23rd in the 800 metre freestyle. In early 2008, he competed at the "Good Luck Beijing" China Open, a test event for the 2008 Summer Olympics. He finished 2nd in the 400 metre freestyle with a time of 3:49.34. At the Olympics, Sun, aged 16, finished 28th in the 400 metre freestyle, unable to reach the final. He later came 7th in the qualifying heats of the 1500 metre freestyle, reaching the final, where he finished last. Sun rebounded the following year at the 2009 World Championships, where he won his first international medal, a bronze, in the 1500 metre freestyle with a time of 14:46.84. He finished 18th in the 400 metre freestyle with a time of 3:47.51. Sun achieved further success during the 2010 Asian Games. He won gold medals in the 1500 metre freestyle and the 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay, and silver medals in the 200 metre and 400 metre freestyle. His 1500-metre freestyle time of 14:35.43 was a new Asian record and the second-fastest time in history, behind Grant Hackett, whose record Sun would surpass the following year. Sun was subsequently named Rookie of the Year at the 2010 China Central Television (CCTV) Sports Awards. On the first day of competition at the 2011 World Championships in Shanghai, Sun came 2nd in the 400 metre freestyle with a time of 3:43.24, 1.2 seconds behind South Korean Park Tae-hwan. Three days later, Sun won his first World Championship title in the 800 metre freestyle with a time of 7:38.57. After a day of rest, he swam the anchor leg in the 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay, helping the Chinese team win bronze. The last day of competition, Sun competed in the 1500 metre freestyle. He won the race with a time of 14:34.14, ten seconds ahead of the rest of the competition. At age 19, Sun beat Hackett's world record of 14:34.56, which had stood for ten years. This was the longest-held world record in swimming and the only men's swimming world record not to have been beaten during the techsuit era. 2012: Breakthrough at the Olympics For the 2012 Summer Olympics, Sun was considered a favourite in the 400 metre and 1500 metre freestyle, as well as a contender in the 200 metre freestyle. In his first event, the 400 metre freestyle, he won the gold medal with a time of 3:40.14, breaking the Olympic record previously held by Ian Thorpe and becoming the first Chinese male swimmer to win a gold medal at the Olympics. His time was also the third fastest in history, 0.07 seconds away from the world record, and setting a new Asian record. After a day of recuperating, Sun competed in the 200 metre freestyle. He won a silver medal in the final, tying with Park Tae-hwan with a time of 1:44.93, a new national record. The following day, Sun swam the anchor leg in the 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay to help the Chinese team win bronze, China's first Olympic medal in a men's relay event. After the relay, Sun did not return to the pool until the last day of competition to compete in his strongest event, the 1500 metre freestyle. He had qualified for the final with the fastest time. At the initial line-up on the starting blocks, a step-down command was issued because of noise from the crowd, but instead of stepping back, Sun reacted by diving in. The officials ruled the early dive was the result of crowd noise and did not constitute a false start, and Sun was allowed to continue in the competition. He went on to win the race with a time of 14:31.02, breaking his own world record by over three seconds. He finished over eight seconds ahead of second-place finisher, Canadian Ryan Cochrane. With two gold medals and a team bronze medal, Sun became the most decorated Chinese male swimmer in Olympic history, and the first swimmer to win the 400/1500 double since Vladimir Salnikov at the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Sun completed the last 50 metres of the race in 25.68 seconds, nearly two seconds faster than Cochrane. 2013: Continued success From 28 July to 4 August 2013, Sun competed at the World Championships. On the first day of competition, he won gold in the 400 metre freestyle with a time of 3:41.59. It was nearly 1.5 seconds off his Olympic-winning time from the previous year, but he was still 3.23 seconds ahead of runner-up Kosuke Hagino. Two days later, Sun retained his title in the 800 metre freestyle with a time of 7:41.36. It was his second gold medal in the Championship and the 100th gold medal won by China in World Aquatics Championships' history. On the sixth day of competition, Sun was tasked with swimming the anchor leg for the 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay. China barely qualified for the final in eighth place. Going into the last leg of the race, China was in fifth place, over two seconds behind France and Japan, but Sun was able to overtake both teams in the end for a final time of 1:43.16. This was the second-fastest split time in history and 1.82 seconds faster than the other 31 swimmers in the final, including Ryan Lochte and Yannick Agnel. Accounting for the relay exchange advantage, it was still over a second faster than his flat start time of 1:44.93. On the final day of the competition, Sun successfully defended his title in the 1500 metre freestyle. He finished with a time of 14:41.15, beating runner-up Ryan Cochrane by 1.33 seconds. This result made Sun the second swimmer in history, after Grant Hackett, to win gold medals in all three long-distance freestyle events—400, 800, and 1500 metre—in a single World Championships. One month later, Sun competed in the 2013 National Games of China. Aiming to become the first man to win seven gold medals at a single championship, he added to his range the 100 metre freestyle, an event typically reserved for sprinters. With the games holding the same schedule as the Olympics, he competed first in the 400 metre freestyle, winning in 3:43.68—over a second ahead of Hao Yun. The following day, Sun won the 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay, swimming the anchor leg in 48.14 seconds. He followed these performances the next day by setting a new Asian record in the 200 metre freestyle with a time of 1:44.47, about half a second faster than his time in London. The following day, he won bronze in the 100 metre freestyle, finishing with a time of 48.94 seconds, his first time finishing under 49 seconds. 2014: Doping ban and Asian Games In May 2014, the Chinese Swimming Association banned Sun for three months after he tested positive for trimetazidine, a drug that was banned four months earlier and classified as a stimulant at the time by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Sun said that a doctor prescribed the drug to treat heart palpitations, a condition he has suffered since 2008, and was unaware that it had been newly added to the banned substances list. After reviewing the full case file, WADA chose not to pursue the case after an investigation. They also announced that they would not challenge the CSA's decision to impose a three-month sanction. Since Sun's ban, WADA has reclassified trimetazidine from an S6 stimulant (prohibited in competition) to an S4 hormone and metabolic modulator (prohibited in and out of competition). Following his doping ban, Sun made a comeback in his first post-suspension event in the 2014 China Spring Nationals, where he won a gold medal in the 200 metre freestyle. At the 2014 Asian Games, Sun participated in the 200, 400, and 1500 metre freestyle events. He won silver in the 200 metre freestyle, finishing behind Kosuke Hagino. In the 400 metre freestyle, he came 1st with a time of 3:43.23, which was 1.25 seconds ahead of runner-up Hagino. Leading from start to finish, Sun won gold in the 1500 metre freestyle. He finished with a time of 14:49.75, over five seconds ahead of runner-up Kohei Yamamoto. Sun also participated in the 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay, helping China win gold with an overall time of 3:13.17, setting a new Asian Record in the event. 2015 World Championships At the 2015 World Championships, Sun won silver in the 200 metre freestyle with a time of 1:45.20, finishing 0.06 seconds behind James Guy. In the 400 metre freestyle, he won gold with a time of 3:42.58, finishing 1.17 seconds ahead of Guy. He finished 1st in the 800 metre freestyle with a time of 7:39.96, which was 0.85 seconds ahead of runner-up Gregorio Paltrinieri. In the 1500 metre freestyle, where he was the two-time defending champion, Sun withdrew from the competition, later citing heart problems during a warm-up. "I feel very sorry that I couldn't be present for the 1500m", Sun told reporters. "I didn't feel good in my heart. Today I felt really uncomfortable at the pool during my warm-up and I had to give up the idea of competing. I feel really sorry about that." At the World Championships, Sun was accused by Brazilian coaches of assaulting one of their female swimmers, Larissa Oliveira. Brazil team spokeswoman Eliana Alves told the Associated Press that there was "contact" between Sun and Oliveira, "but it was not a fight". Swimming's world governing body, FINA, later cleared Sun of any wrongdoing. FINA executive director Cornel Marculescu explained that the altercation that led to a complaint against Sun was due to congestion in the warm-up pool, and did not warrant further action. According to Marculescu, there were over 1,000 swimmers present, so the preparation pool became very crowded. 2016: Historic first at the Olympics In June 2016, Sun competed at the Arena Pro Swim Series finale in Santa Clara, California. He won the 200 metre freestyle event with a time of 1:44.82, giving him 1st in the world ranks. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Sun won the 200 metre freestyle with a time of 1:44.65, finishing 0.55 seconds ahead of runner-up Chad le Clos. It was Sun's first major international title in this event, and he became the first Chinese athlete to win a gold medal in this event. He won a silver medal in the 400 metre freestyle with a time of 3:41.68, finishing 0.13 seconds behind Mack Horton of Australia. Sun finished 16th in the qualifying heats of the 1500 metre freestyle, clocking in at 15:01.97. With his 200-metre freestyle gold medal and his 400 and 1500 metre freestyle gold medals from the 2012 Summer Olympics, Sun became the first swimmer in history to win Olympic gold medals in the 200, 400, and 1500 metre freestyle events. The lead-up to the 400 metre freestyle was marred by controversy. Sun was accused of splashing water into rival Horton's face during practice. Horton accused Sun of attempting to distract him. Sun and Xu Qi, the Chinese swim team manager, denied the allegations and said it must have been a misunderstanding. Horton responded by accusing Sun of being a "drug cheat", in reference to his 2014 suspension. Horton's social media pages garnered negative criticism from Chinese fans, with many calling the Australian as a racist, a "snake", and a "disrespectful person". The Chinese Swimming Association requested an apology for the allegation, stating that Horton's claims "have greatly damaged sporting ties between China and Australia, and damaged the image of Australian athletes"; the request was turned down. Further controversy arose when the Global Times, a Chinese newspaper, printed critical editorials about Australia. An op-ed piece in another Chinese newspaper, Changjiang Daily, called for calm and indicated that the dispute was only between the two athletes and should not become a conflict between the two countries. 2017–18: Asian Games success and testing incident In 2017, Sun competed at the World Championships. In the 200 metre freestyle, Sun won gold with a time of 1:44.39, setting a new Asian and Chinese national record. In the 400 metre freestyle, he won gold with a time of 3:41.38, finishing 2.47 seconds ahead of runner-up Mack Horton and winning his third straight 400 metre freestyle world title. Sun finished 5th in the 800 metre freestyle, failing to defend his title. He withdrew from the 1500 metre freestyle. In August 2018, Sun competed in every freestyle event from the 200 to the 1500 metre freestyle at the Asian Games. He also competed in the 4 × 100 and 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay events. In the 200 metre freestyle, Sun won gold with a time of 1:45.43. He finished 1st in the 400 metre freestyle with a time of 3:42.92, over four seconds ahead of runner-up Naito Ehara. By beating Horton's time of 3:43.76 from the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Sun became the number-one swimmer in the world for that event for 2018. In the men's 800 metre freestyle, which was introduced to the Asian Games for the first time, he won gold with a time of 7:48.36. In the 1500 metre freestyle, he finished 1st with a time of 14:58.53, beating runner-up Nguyễn Huy Hoàng by over three seconds. It was the first time Sun swam the event within 15 minutes since the 2014 Asian Games, and his third consecutive Asian Games title in the 1500 metre freestyle. Representing China, Sun helped his team finish second in the 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay with an overall time of 3:13.29, behind Japan's time of 3:12.68. In the 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay, he helped China win silver with an overall time of 7:05.45, behind Japan's 7:05.17. In September 2018, Sun experienced an out-of-competition test at his home. Following investigations, FINA's inquiry panel ultimately concluded that "Mr. Sun Yang has not committed an anti-doping rule violation", which FINA accepted. In December at the 2018 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m), Sun participated in the 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay, helping China win bronze. 2019 World Championships At the 2019 World Championships, Sun finished 2nd behind Danas Rapšys in the 200 metre freestyle. After the race was over, Rapšys was disqualified for a false start, giving Sun the gold and his third straight medal in the event at the World Championships. In the 400 metre freestyle, Sun won gold with a time of 3:42.44, finishing 0.73 seconds ahead of runner-up Horton and earning his fourth consecutive title in this event. He is the first and the only swimmer to do so. Sun clashed with Duncan Scott during the 200 metre freestyle presentation. Both the British and Australian camps had been critical about Sun's actions the year prior. Scott refused to share the podium with Sun, and neither competitor shook hands, after which Sun could be seen gesturing and shouting at Scott. In a similar incident a few days earlier, Australian swimmer Mack Horton had also refused to share the podium with Sun. Horton was given an official warning by the sport's organising body, FINA. Following the medal ceremonies, Horton, Scott, and Sun were served letters by FINA, warning them about their behaviour. In a statement, FINA said: "While FINA respects the principle of freedom of speech, it has to be conducted in the right context ... [athletes should not] use FINA events to make personal statements or gestures". Despite Horton not having any evidence of cheating against Sun Yang, except for the circumstantial FINA and later CAS ruling against Sun on unrelated charges, he claims to “know” that Sun Yang was doping, and says his stance is not personal or due to national prejudice. Doping allegation and controversies 2014 ban In May 2014, Sun was banned for three months by the Chinese Swimming Association (CSA) after he tested positive for trimetazidine, a drug that was banned four months earlier and classified as a stimulant at the time by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The substance was at the time prohibited in competition only; the ingestion of trimetazidine by an athlete out of competition "is inconsequential" and constitutes illicit behaviour only if the athlete later participates in competition before the substance clears their system. Sun said that a doctor prescribed the drug to treat heart palpitations, a condition he has suffered since 2008, and that he was unaware that it had been newly added to the banned substances list. He was eligible to file a medical exception to use the drug for his heart condition, but he did not do so. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) admonished the Chinese Swimming Association for tardiness in reporting the failed test and the subsequent ban until after it had been served, meaning that Sun never missed a major event. FINA's handling of the case was criticized for allegedly "protect[ing] one of the sport's biggest stars in a key market". According to Swimming World Magazine, Sun's mother Yang Ming said in a now-deleted social media post that the Chinese Swimming Association attempted to hide Sun's three-month suspension in 2014. In January 2015, WADA reclassified and downgraded trimetazidine from "stimulant" to "modulator of cardiac metabolism", prohibiting its use out of competition in addition to the previous prohibition of use in competition. Ben Nichols, a WADA representative, explained that drugs like trimetazidine are reclassified and downgraded when they are recognised as being less likely to be used as doping agents and trimetazidine will be moved off the prohibited stimulant list as of January 1, 2015. It remains a banned substance . WADA criticised the CSA for its lateness in reporting the failed test result and subsequent ban until after it had been served. WADA, which had a right to petition if it believes a sanction to be lenient, chose not to take further action after reviewing the case. CHINADA (China Anti-Doping Agency) deputy director Zhao Jia said that "Sun proved with sufficient evidence that he did not intend to cheat, which helped reduce his ban to three months", but he was stripped of his win in the 1500 metre freestyle at the 2014 Chinese nationals. One Australian writer opined that the punishment was lenient, but pointed out that Yang was not found to have doped intentionally. After the ban, Swimming Australia ordered coach Denis Cotterell to stop working with Sun, but Cotterell continued coaching him. 2018 testing incident and 2020 ban On the night of 4 September 2018, three anti-doping testers arrived at Sun's house to administer an out-of-competition blood and urine test. After giving blood, he was escorted to the bathroom by a doping control assistant (DCA) to be observed passing urine. Sun noticed the DCA had been taking pictures of him and requested his accreditations, which were not provided. The DCA later said he was a construction worker. After calling his coach, his lawyer, and the head of the Chinese swimming delegation, Sun did not sign the testing paperwork in which Sun argued the doping control officer's paperwork was incomplete and two of the three members of the anti-doping party lacked proper identification. According to evidence presented to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), he offered to wait for a properly accredited team, but was declined. The anti-doping testers later testified to the CAS that Sun and his entourage intimidated them. Around 3:00 am, Sun's camp and the anti-doping testers were at a standoff. Sun's entourage including his doctor Ba Zhen, had refused to let the testers take his blood vials. The testers refused to leave without their casing and had refused Sun's offer to wait for an accredited team to replace them. Sun's team then directed his security guard to smash the case containing the vials to take back the vials containing Sun's blood. Sun believed that the testing personnel did not have proper credentials. The official report from the FINA inquiry dated 3 January 2019 stated the following: The inquiry panel concluded that "Mr. Sun Yang has not committed an anti-doping rule violation", which FINA accepted. Their official inquiry report concluded that the testing officer indeed did not abide to the proper testing protocol. WADA disagreed with FINA's decision and appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), which accepted the case and held a public hearing in November 2019. Sun's lawyers told the Associated Press he requested that his CAS hearing to be public and "fully transparent to clear his name". FINA supported a move to stop the CAS hearing. In January 2019, The Sunday Times published an article reporting that Sun and his team smashed vials of blood samples with a hammer in front of anti-doping testers and that he may face a lifetime ban. Sun's lawyers decided to take legal action against The Sunday Times, denouncing all claims made in the report. CAS issued a report on 20 August 2019, stating the appeal hearing brought by WADA against Sun and FINA in September had been postponed due to a party's unexpected personal circumstances. It was announced that the hearing date would be rescheduled and made open to the public, including to the media, as requested. WADA requested for a ban of between two and eight years according to a later media release from CAS. According to Sun's coach Dennis Cotterell, the drug test conducted on the 4 September 2018, was the swimmer's ninth drug test in two weeks. Sun had just finished competing in the Asian Games in Jakarta, Indonesia two days earlier. Sun Yang had competed and won Gold medals in the 200, 400, 800 and 1,500 metres freestyle. During the Asian Games, he had been tested five times and had passed all tests without any adverse analytical findings. A year before the 2018 testing incident, Sun had heated tensions with the same unnamed female doping control officer who presided over his sample collection in the 2018 incident. In 2017, the officer was a doping control assistant in training to become an officer. Sun wrote that the DCA "lacked proper accreditation and also lacked authorization to perform her assigned role". The report covering the 2017 disagreements of Sun and his testers did not clearly indicate that the quarrels were ever resolved. On 15 November 2019, the public hearing was held at CAS in Montreux, Switzerland. It was live streamed and released online. The hearing was affected by translation issues throughout the day. According to Time, the translation issues made it unclear how much of the testimony and questions were understood, and both judges and lawyers expressed frustration. The transcript of Sun's final remarks in Chinese during the public hearing was posted online by Sun himself after the hearing. On 18 November, the DCA, who remained anonymous and did not appear at the hearing, said that he was a construction worker rather than a trained doping tester. According to Xinhua News Agency, he had submitted his written testimony in Chinese to CAS and WADA several days before the hearing. WADA's lead counsel Richard Young referred to "concerns over intimidation and protection issues", while during cross-examination of witnesses WADA co-counsel Brent Rychener highlighted the threats and warnings made by members of Sun's entourage to the testing officers, including exchanges involving the swimmer's mother, Dr. Ba Zhen (the head of the Chinese Swimming Association), and Dr. Han Zhaoqi (the head of the Zheijang Anti-Doping Center). The WADA provided witness statements from the DCO and the BCA, indicating that they had been contacted by Sun's entourage and were "concerned for their physical and economic well-being, and for the well-being of their family members". They indicated they were "fearful that, if they would agree to testify in this proceeding, they would suffer significant retaliation in some form from [Sun Yang] and/or his entourage and supporters". WADA further noted if they had not issued an order, there would be little or no chance that IDTM's Sample Collection Personnel would be willing to testify under such threats. On 28 February 2020, a panel of three senior judges at CAS unanimously found Sun guilty of refusing to co-operate with sample testers and banned him from swimming until February 2028. The eight year ban, the maximum CAS can hand out, was imposed because it was his second offence after his 2014 suspension. The panel said: WADA issued a statement welcoming the verdict, saying that the "CAS ruling confirms those concerns" about the original FINA decision that seemed to be incorrect under the World Anti-Doping Code. The ban rules Sun out for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and "effectively ends his career". The only remaining possibility for Sun and his legal team is to appeal the decision to the Swiss Federal Court, but only on narrow procedural grounds. The court ruled that Sun can maintain the two world titles he won in South Korea. Soon after the verdict was announced, Sun told Xinhua News Agency he would definitely appeal the "unfair" ban. Some analysts said the hearing was marred by severe translation problems, conflict of interest, and bias. One Australian sports writer suggested that there was hypocrisy and double standards against Sun, with an actual "absence of evidence" around doping activity. When the verdict was announced, Chinese online users continued to defend Sun while insulting his chief rival Mack Horton. An unnamed analyst noted that the harassment against Horton—which had been ongoing since 2016—was likely "state-orchestrated" on Sun's behalf, saying: "the [Horton] family's ordeal is believed to be well-organised and part of a systematic pattern of harassment and intimidation directed at perceived critics of China". This is not an amateur operation. The Hortons' story is very disturbing … It says something about the reach of foreign powers within Australia." According to Jonathan White at SCMP, some Chinese users bypassing China's Great Firewall to log onto Instagram apologized to Horton for the harassment, with statements that include "sometimes our Chinese could not get the truth, but most of us are kind and goodness person" (sic), criticizing Sun as "arrogant" and a "baby", and noted that "Sun deleted all of his post-verdict posts purporting to offer new 'evidence'". The CAS decision against Sun Yang was scrutinized, and many unknown facts about the case were brought to light, in an article published at Sports Integrity Initiative. The article alleged political bias in the three judge CAS panel and exhibited tweets from the panel president, former Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini, who in his tweets castigated the practice of dog slaughter and denounced the consumption of dog meat at a Chinese festival. The South China Morning Post identified one of Frattini's tweets as "describing one person who appeared to mistreat a dog as a 'yellow face Chinese monster'". It also reported that Frattini denied that he was being a racist for his tweets. With the revelations of this article, Sun Yang's legal team filed a second request to appeal the verdict. This appeal was successful. The CAS clarified that Sun ("the Athlete") would not be stripped of any of his medals because "doping tests performed on the Athlete shortly before and after the aborted doping control in September 2018 were negative" and "in the absence of any evidence that the Athlete may have engaged in doping activity since 4 September 2018, including on the occasion of the FINA World Championships in Gwangju, South Korea in July 2019, the results achieved by the Athlete in the period prior to the CAS award being issued should not be disqualified." On 24 December 2020, the verdict of eight-year ban for Sun was rescinded and referred back to CAS, after the Swiss Federal Tribunal upheld an appeal lodged by Sun against the chair of the CAS Panel. The SFT decision said that "doubts as to the impartiality of the arbitrator were objectively justified" The later CAS retrial on 22 June 2021 resulted in the suspension still being upheld but reduced the total suspension time to 4 years and three months. Major achievements In 2012, Sun became the first Chinese man to win an Olympic gold medal in swimming. He is the first male swimmer in history to earn Olympic and World Championship gold medals at every freestyle distance between 200 and 1500 metres. A three-time Olympic gold medallist and eleven-time world champion, Sun is the most decorated Chinese swimmer in history. Sun's major achievements include: Notes Honours and awards , Sun has received the following awards: Swimming World World Swimmer of the Year Award: 2013 Swimming World Pacific Rim Swimmer of the Year Award: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2018 SwimSwam Swammy Awards "Asian Male Swimmer of the Year" Award: 2017 FINA "Outstanding Contribution to Swimming Popularity in China" Award: 2017 FINA World Championships "Best Male Swimmer" Award: 2013, 2015 China Laureus "Best Male Athlete" Award: 2011, 2017 China Laureus "Most Popular Male Athlete" Award: 2017 CCTV Sports Awards "Best Male Athlete" Award: 2011, 2012 CCTV Sports Awards "Rookie of the Year" Award: 2010 Zhejiang Province "Best Male Athlete of the Year" Award: 2016 Personal bests Key: AS = Asian Record, NR = National Record, OR = Olympic Record, WR = World Record Personal life On 3 November 2013, Sun was found driving without a licence following a collision in Hangzhou. He was ordered to be detained for seven days by the police and fined . On 4 November, he issued a public apology: "I should have been a role model as an athlete and a public figure, but I failed my responsibility ... I am deeply sorry for what I have done and will reflect on my behavior." On 6 November, the State General Administration of Sports announced that Sun was temporarily banned from the national team swimming camp and all competitions and business-related activities. On 24 April 2014, Sun had his endorsement and business-related ban lifted as a result of "good behavior". In July 2014, Sun graduated from Zhejiang University with a bachelor's degree in sports studies. According to FINA, Sun "has studied for a master's degree in physical education at Soochow University". In 2018, he began his Doctor of Philosophy degree in kinesiology at the Shanghai University of Sport in Shanghai, China. Sun's sporting philosophy is "You succeed when you believe that you can succeed". His idol is Chinese swimmer Zhang Lin. In addition to swimming, Sun enjoys listening to music and playing basketball. On 20 July 2023, Sun announced his marriage to former rhythmic gymnast Zhang Doudou. See also China at the 2012 Summer Olympics China at the 2016 Summer Olympics References External links 1991 births Living people Sportspeople from Hangzhou Swimmers from Zhejiang Chinese male freestyle swimmers World record holders in swimming Olympic gold medalists in swimming Olympic silver medalists in swimming Olympic bronze medalists in swimming Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists for China Olympic bronze medalists for China Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming Asian Games medalists in swimming Asian Games gold medalists for China Asian Games silver medalists for China Swimmers at the 2010 Asian Games Swimmers at the 2014 Asian Games Swimmers at the 2018 Asian Games Doping cases in swimming Chinese sportspeople in doping cases Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games Olympic silver medalists for China Swimming controversies

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카를로스 보카네그라

카를로스 마누엘 보카네그라(, 1979년 5월 25일 ~ )는 미국의 전직 축구 선수이자 현 경영인으로 과거 포지션은 센터백이였다. 또한 현재 애틀랜타 유나이티드 단장으로 재직 중이며 미국과 멕시코 이중 국적을 보유하고 있다. 선수 시절 클럽 2000년 MLS 슈퍼 드래프트를 통해 시카고 파이어에 입단한 보카네그라 단장은 입단 첫 해부터 2003년까지 4시즌동안 시카고의 주전 수비수로 맹활약(공식전 120경기 7골)하며 팀의 2번의 MLS컵 준우승(2000, 2003), US 오픈컵 2회 우승(2000, 2003), 2003년 MLS 서포터스 실드 우승에 기여했고 이에 힘입어 2000년 MLS 올해의 신인상과 2회 연속 올해의 수비수상(2002, 2003)을 수상하는 기염을 토했다. 이후 2003-04 시즌 개막을 앞두고 잉글랜드 프리미어리그의 풀럼 FC로 이적하여 2007-08 시즌까지 133경기 8골의 공식전 기록을 남기며 2003-04년 잉글랜드 FA컵 8강, 2004-05년 EFL컵 8강 진출의 성과를 거두었고 2008-09 시즌부터 2009-10 시즌까지 프랑스 리그 1의 스타드 렌에서 74경기 4골을 기록하며 2008-09년 프랑스컵 준우승에 기여했다. 그리고 2010-11 시즌부터 2011-12 시즌까지 AS 생테티엔에서 활동하며 공식전 37경기 2골을 기록했고 그 뒤 스코티시 프리미어십의 강호 레인저스 FC로 이적한 후 공식전 32경기를 소화하며 팀의 2011-12 리그 준우승에 기여했지만 팀 내부 사정으로 인해 결국 유럽 클럽 대항전에 출전을 못하게 되었고 설상가상으로 3부 리그까지 강등되는 수모를 면치 못했다. 이후 스페인 2부 리그의 라싱 산탄데르로 이적하며 리그 21경기를 소화한 뒤 2013년 치바스 USA 이적을 통해 10년만에 고국으로 복귀하여 30경기를 소화했으며 2014 시즌을 끝으로 14년간 정들었던 그라운드와 작별했다. 국가대표팀 미국 U-20 대표팀 소속으로 1999년 FIFA U-20 월드컵 본선에 참가하여 16강 진출에 기여했고 이후 2001년 12월 9일 미국 성인대표팀 소속으로 거스 히딩크 감독이 이끌던 대한민국과의 친선 경기에서 국제 A매치 데뷔전을 가졌다. 그리고 2007년 미국 대표팀의 캡틴으로 선임된 이후 2012년 은퇴할 때까지 A매치 통산 110경기 14골을 기록하며 2002년 CONCACAF 골드컵 우승, 2003년 CONCACAF 골드컵 3위, 2006년 FIFA 월드컵 16강, 2007년 CONCACAF 골드컵 우승, 2009년 FIFA 컨페더레이션스컵 준우승, 2010년 FIFA 월드컵 16강, 2011년 CONCACAF 골드컵 준우승 등에 공헌했고 2011년 11월 15일 열린 슬로베니아와의 친선 경기에서는 A매치 개인 통산 100번째 경기에 출전하며 센추리클럽 가입을 이뤄냈다. 은퇴 이후 선수 생활을 마감한 후 2015년 3월 애틀랜타 유나이티드의 단장직을 맡아 현재에 이르고 있고 2017년 10월에는 부회장직까지 포함해 4년 재계약을 체결했으며 2018년 4월에는 미국 축구 기술 개발 위원회의 공동 의장으로 선임된 뒤 2020년 9월에는 미국 축구 명예의 전당에 헌액되었다. 수상 클럽 시카고 파이어 MLS컵 : 준우승 (2000, 2003) US 오픈컵 : 우승 (2000, 2003) MLS 서포터스 실드 : 우승 (2003) 스타드 렌 쿠프 드 프랑스 : 준우승 (2008-09) 레인저스 FC 스코티시 프리미어십 : 준우승 (2011-12) 국가대표팀 CONCACAF 골드컵 : 우승 (2002, 2007), 준우승 (2011), 3위 (2003) FIFA 컨페더레이션스컵 : 준우승 (2009) 개인 MLS 올해의 신인상 : 2000 MLS 올해의 수비수상 : 2002, 2003 외부 링크 1979년 출생 살아있는 사람 미국의 남자 축구 선수 시카고 파이어 FC의 축구 선수 풀럼 FC의 축구 선수 스타드 렌 FC의 축구 선수 AS 생테티엔의 축구 선수 레인저스 FC의 축구 선수 라싱 산탄데르의 축구 선수 2003년 FIFA 컨페더레이션스컵 참가 선수 2006년 FIFA 월드컵 참가 선수 2009년 FIFA 컨페더레이션스컵 참가 선수 2010년 FIFA 월드컵 참가 선수 FIFA 센추리 클럽 남자 선수 남자 축구 수비수 히스패닉계 미국인 멕시코계 미국인 캘리포니아주 출신 캘리포니아 대학교 로스앤젤레스 동문 프랑스의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 잉글랜드의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 스페인의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 스코틀랜드의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 2002년 CONCACAF 골드컵 참가 선수 2003년 CONCACAF 골드컵 참가 선수 2007년 CONCACAF 골드컵 참가 선수 2011년 CONCACAF 골드컵 참가 선수 미국의 해외 진출 남자 축구 선수 미국 남자 축구 국가대표팀 선수 리그 1의 축구 선수 세군다 디비시온의 축구 선수 프리미어리그의 축구 선수 스코티시 풋볼 리그의 축구 선수 스코티시 프리미어리그의 축구 선수 프랑스에 거주한 미국인 스코틀랜드에 거주한 미국인 메이저 리그 사커의 축구 선수 미국 남자 U-20 축구 국가대표팀 선수 미국 남자 U-23 축구 국가대표팀 선수

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Bocanegra

Carlos Bocanegra

Carlos Manuel Bocanegra (born May 25, 1979) is an American sports executive and former professional soccer player. A two-time MLS Defender of the Year, Bocanegra also played professionally in England, Scotland, France, and Spain. He earned over 100 caps with the United States, serving as captain for six years. He is currently serving as technical director and vice president for Atlanta United. Early life and education Bocanegra was born in Upland, CA on May 25, 1979, to Manuel and Kelly Bocanegra. He was raised in Alta Loma, Rancho Cucamonga, California, where he attended Alta Loma High School. He has one brother, Diego, who played soccer at Grand Canyon University, UCLA and Fresno State. Diego is currently the head coach of the University of Houston women's soccer team. His father is of Mexican descent. While attending UCLA, Bocanegra studied history and geography. Prior to attending UCLA, Bocanegra was offered scholarships for American football but opted for soccer, which he thought of choosing as his career. He was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame in 2013. Club career Chicago Fire After playing college soccer at UCLA, Bocanegra signed a Project-40 contract with Major League Soccer and was drafted by the Chicago Fire with the fourth overall pick in the 2000 MLS SuperDraft. He spent most of the year with the Fire, playing two games on loan with Project 40. He won the MLS Rookie of the Year Award for a team that made it to the MLS Championship match and won the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup. He became one of the top defenders in MLS, becoming the first player to win the MLS Defender of the Year Award twice, in 2002 and 2003. Bocanegra scored five goals and had eight assists in his four years in MLS. Fulham Bocanegra was signed by Fulham in January 2004, quickly becoming a fan favorite, garnering the nicknames the Jackal and the Black Snake. With Fulham, Bocanegra played primarily as a center back, but also as a left back and briefly as a holding midfielder. During the 2006–07 Premier League season, he was Fulham's second leading scorer with five goals, behind fellow American Brian McBride. On September 1, 2007, Bocanegra captained Fulham for the first time in a Premier League match, a come from behind 3–3 draw with Tottenham Hotspur. On September 15, 2007, he made his 100th appearance in the Premier League, all for Fulham, against Wigan Athletic. He was released by Fulham on May 23, 2008. Rennes Bocanegra was signed by Rennes in June 2008. He received the number 3 shirt, which is his number for the United States. Bocanegra performed well in his first season in France, appearing in all 38 league matches. He scored his first league goal on March 8, 2009, in Stade Rennais's 2–0 victory over Auxerre. He also scored a goal in a UEFA Cup match and started all the club's Coupe de France matches. These included the 2009 Coupe de France Final at the Stade de France on May 9, 2009, where he scored Stade Rennais' first goal against Guingamp, in the 69th minute. Saint-Étienne On July 16, 2010, Bocanegra was purchased by fellow Ligue 1 club Saint-Étienne for a reported fee of £400,000. He wore the number three shirt, as he did captaining the U.S. during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Bocanegra made his debut for the club, on the opening game of the season, in a 3–1 loss against PSG. On December 5, 2010, he scored his first goal for the club, in a 2–2 draw against Bordeaux; followed up his second goal in the Derby du Rhône, but couldn't help Saint-Étienne win, as they lost 4–1. Bocanegra would be often used in first-team ins and out in his first season. In a match against Nice, on October 17, 2010, Bocanegra suffered whiplash injury, that kept him out for three weeks. In the 2011–12 season, Bocanegra took the captaincy temporarily following Loïc Perrin's absence, on the opening game of the season, as Saint-Étienne win 2–1 against Bordeaux. This turned out to be his only appearance. He was linked with a move to Rangers, but was warned by Saint-Étienne that they would not sell him. Rangers On August 17, 2011, Bocanegra joined Scottish Premier League side Rangers, signing a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee. Bocanegra made his debut for Rangers against NK Maribor on August 18, 2011, in a UEFA Europa League qualifier. His involvement in this match later caused controversy when Maribor filed a complaint to UEFA regarding the eligibility of Bocanegra's appearance, questioning whether he had the required clearance and paperwork. The protest was rejected by UEFA on August 24 as Maribor did not submit it within twenty-four hours of the match. The club's chief later described the complaint by Maribor regarding Bocanegra's eligibility as 'pathetic mischief making'. He scored his first goal for Rangers in the second leg of the Maribor tie as Rangers crashed out 3–2 on aggregate. Bocanegra scored his first league goal for the club on September 24 against Dunfermline Athletic in a 4–0 win. His second goal came three months later, on December 17, 2011, during a 2–1 win over Inverness Caledonian Thistle. Bocanegra quickly became a fan favorite after a series of solid and impressive performances alongside his center-back partner, Dorin Goian. He was nicknamed Captain America by the Rangers fans and captained Rangers for the first time on January 8, 2012, during a 4–0 win over Arbroath in the Scottish Cup. During the season, Rangers went into administration over financial problems and a dispute with HMRC, leading to a 10-point deduction. Bocanegra spoke about the event, describing it as a "horrible experience" and encouraging players to light up the dejected fans. He also stated his desire to stay at the club, insisting he was happy there. During an Old Firm 3–2 victory, on March 25, 2012, Bocanegra received a straight red card after fouling Georgios Samaras, conceding a penalty. After Rangers FC went into administration, in June 2012 the company's assets, including the players' contracts, were purchased by Charles Green's consortium. Although many players departed because of this, Bocanegra's future was uncertain after not attending training, as he wanted to leave in order to play at a higher level. A few weeks later, on July 29, 2012, McCoist appointed Bocanegra captain for the first round of the Challenge Cup- a 2–1 win over Brechin City. After the game Bocanegra announced his intention to stay, vowing not to walk away from the club. He then made six appearances at the start of the season. After being dropped by the national team, Bocanegra joined Racing de Santander on a season-long loan in an attempt to keep his international career alive. Racing Santander On August 31, 2012, Bocanegra joined Spanish Segunda División side Racing Santander on a season-long loan. Bocanegra expressed a desire to return to Rangers once his loan deal has expired. He made his debut for the club, on September 22, 2012, in a 1–0 win over CD Mirandés. However, his time at Santander was considered "disastrous", as he failed to start the remainder of the matches, though still played regularly, coming on as a substitute. The club was relegated to next division. On April 9, 2013, Carlos announced on his Twitter page that he would return to Rangers for the 2013–14 season. Though announcing his return, U.S. National Team Coach Jürgen Klinsmann warned Carlos not to play for Rangers next season. Chivas USA In the summer of 2013, Bocanegra left Rangers and signed with Chivas USA. Chivas USA traded up the allocation order with Toronto FC to land his signature, sending a first-round 2015 MLS SuperDraft pick and an international slot to the Canadian club. Bocanegra retired at the end of the 2014 MLS season. International career Bocanegra played for the United States at the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship and earned his first senior cap for the U.S. on December 9, 2001, against South Korea. He became a stalwart for the team in 2003, solidifying his position during the 2003 Gold Cup and leading all defenders with thirteen appearances during that year. During World Cup qualification in 2005, his role with the national team became less clear, as he bounced between roles at center back and left back. On May 2, 2006, Bocanegra was named to the United States World Cup roster for the tournament in Germany. He started two of three games at left back during the 2006 World Cup. Bocanegra was first-choice captain of the U.S. squad under manager Bob Bradley. Bocanegra captained the national team for the first time in a 4–1 U.S. victory in a June 2, 2007, friendly against China. Bocanegra captained the United States national team that defeated No. 1 ranked Spain to win one of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup semi-final games on June 24, 2009. He then continued his leadership duties throughout the 2010 FIFA World Cup, starting at left back against England and Slovenia and then as the left-center back against Algeria and Ghana. On November 15, 2011, Bocanegra joined the 100 cap club achieving his 100th international cap in a friendly against Slovenia. In March 2013, Bocanegra was initially included on the preliminary team for the start of the final stage of World Cup qualification; however, he did not make the final team. Bocanegra's further exclusion from qualification, in part due to his unstable club situation, led to the appointment of Clint Dempsey as captain of the USMNT. Bocanegra was subsequently not a part of the team at the 2013 Gold Cup or the 2014 World Cup. Post-playing career Bocanegra was appointed technical director of Atlanta United in March 2015. In October 2017, he signed a new four-year contract with the club, which also added the title of vice president to his role. He was appointed to co-chair the Technical Development Committee at U.S. Soccer in April 2018. In September 2020, Bocanegra was elected to the National Soccer Hall of Fame. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list the United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bocanegra goal Honors Chicago Fire U.S. Open Cup: 2000, 2003 United States CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2002, 2007 Individual MLS Rookie of the Year: 2000 MLS Defender of the Year: 2002, 2003 MLS Best XI: 2002, 2003 See also List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps References External links Carlos Bocanegra at UCLA Bruins 1979 births Living people 2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup players 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup players 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup players 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players Expatriate men's footballers in England Expatriate men's footballers in France Alta Loma High School alumni American expatriate men's soccer players American expatriate sportspeople in England Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland American Youth Soccer Organization players Chicago Fire FC players MLS Pro-40 players Fulham F.C. players Ligue 1 players Scottish Premier League players Sportspeople from Upland, California Premier League players Stade Rennais F.C. players AS Saint-Étienne players Rangers F.C. players Racing de Santander players Chivas USA players UCLA Bruins men's soccer players United States men's under-20 international soccer players United States men's under-23 international soccer players United States men's international soccer players American sportspeople of Mexican descent FIFA Men's Century Club A-League (1995–2004) players Major League Soccer players Major League Soccer All-Stars Scottish Football League players Segunda División players Chicago Fire FC draft picks American expatriate sportspeople in Scotland American expatriate sportspeople in France Expatriate men's footballers in Spain American expatriate sportspeople in Spain Men's association football defenders National Soccer Hall of Fame members American men's soccer players Sportspeople from Rancho Cucamonga, California Soccer players from San Bernardino County, California

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%BC%EC%B9%B4%EC%BF%A0%20%EC%97%B4%EB%8F%84%20%EB%B6%84%EC%9F%81

센카쿠 열도 분쟁

센카쿠 제도 분쟁() 혹은 댜오위다오 분쟁()은 센카쿠 제도 혹은 댜오위다오의 영유권을 놓고 일본, 중국, 대만이 각자의 영토로 간주하는 분쟁을 말한다. 이들 세 나라는 센카쿠 제도·댜오위다오·댜오위타이 열서 외에도 동중국해의 다른 해역들(춘샤오 가스전 등)도 서로 영유권을 주장하여 영토 분쟁이 발생되고 있다. 현재 이 섬을 일본이 점령하고 있으며 중국과 대만과 일본이 영유권을 각각 주장하고 있다. 대만은 일본과 협정을 맺고 영유권 주장을 일시 보류한 상태다. 역사 센카쿠 제도는 요나구니섬에서 160 km, 대만과 이시가키섬에서 170 km, 중국 본토에서 330 km 떨어져 있는 동중국해의 섬이다. 최근 중국은 베트남과 필리핀, 미국과 남중국해의 영토 분쟁을 벌이면서, 매우 중국 해군을 급격히 증강, 대치하고 있는데, 그 뜨거운 남중국해 바로 옆에 센카쿠 열도가 있다. 중국의 경제성장이 매우 고도화 되자, 중국 해군의 군함수가 매우 늘어났고, 그러자 중국 인근 바다에 대해 타국 배들의 접근을 차단할 정도로 해군력이 강력해진 것이다. 이에 대해, 기득권자인 미국, 일본이 매우 반발하고 있지만, 점차 중국 해군이 야금야금 해역을 먹어 들어가고 있는 형편이다. 점점 미국 해군과 일본 해군이 뒤로 밀려나고 있다. 2012년 9월 20일, 센카쿠 열도 서북쪽 80해리 해상에 중국 해군 호위함 2척이 나타났다. 일본의 센카쿠 국유화 조처 이후, 센카쿠 근해에 중국 군함이 접근한 것은 이번이 처음이다. 중국 정부는 자국 군함의 센카쿠 해역 접근 사실을 공식 확인하지는 않았지만, 일본의 순시선 배치 등에 대한 대응조처로 보인다. 2016년 6월 9일, 새벽 0시 50분에 중국 해군의 만재배수량 4300톤 쟌카이 I급 호위함(054형 호위함) 1척이 센카쿠 열도 구바(久場) 섬 북동쪽의 접속수역에 들어간 것을 해상자위대 만재배수량 4900톤 아사기리급 호위함 세도기리호가 확인했다. 중국 군함이 센카쿠 주변 접속 수역에 진입한 것은 이번이 처음이다. 중국 해경 어업감시선은 자주 진입하곤 했다. 러시아 해군의 만재배수량 7500톤 우달로이급 구축함 등 3척도 8일 오후 9시 50분께 구바 섬과 다이쇼 섬 사이의 남쪽에서 접속수역으로 들어와 9일 새벽 3시5분께 북쪽에 빠져나갔다. 센카쿠 주변에서 러시아 군함이 접속 수역에 들어온 것은 전에도 몇 차례 발생했었다. 접속수역은 영해의 외측 12해리(약 22 km)의 범위의 공해를 지칭하는 것으로 외국 군함이 들어가도 국제법상 문제는 없다. 그러나 침략전쟁의 신호, 징후로 해석되어 지배국이 강력하게 반발한다. 2017년 6월 11일, 일본은 센카쿠 열도(댜오위다오)의 영유권을 주장하면서 동중국해에 진출을 확대하는 중국의 해경선을 제압하기 위해 4000t급 호위함 22척을 건조해 배치할 계획이라고 중국 CCTV가 보도했다. 배수량을 20% 줄이고 비용도 30% 감축해 4년 만에 건조할 예정이다. 2018년부터 시작해 매년 2척씩 총 22척을 배치할 계획이다. 모가미급 호위함이라고 부른다. 2019년 12월 17일, 중국 관공선의 센카쿠 열도 인근 진입이 올해 들어 11월까지 약 1천척으로 역대 최대라고 보도되었다. 2020년 5월 22일, 중국 해군이 공인한 잡지인 현대 함선에 최근 전문가들이 제시한 센카쿠 충돌 시나리오가 실렸다. 중국이 일본이 지배중인 센카쿠 열도를 점령한다는 내용이다. 중국인민해방군은 2010년쯤에 대규모 해군 증강을 시작했고 과거 약 5년 동안 해군함정의 총톤수, 성능, 화력 등이 획기적으로 강화했다. 중국 해군은 2000년에는 VLS를 1기도 보유하지 않았으나 올해는 2000기를 넘어 일본(1500기)을 훨씬 웃돌고 있다. 원래 일본 해상자위대는 미국 해군에 이어 세계 2위의 해군 전력으로 유명해는데, 최근 중국이 2위를 차지하며 일본을 3위로 밀어냈다는 의미이다. 2020년 7월 18일, 일본 해상보안청 순시선은 이날 일본 정부가 센카쿠 열도 주변에서 자국 영해라고 주장하는 수역의 바깥쪽인 이른바 접속수역에서 중국 해경국 선박 4척이 이동하고 있는 것을 확인했다. 이날로 96일 연속으로 중국 당국 선박이 센카쿠 열도 주변에 접근했다. 일본 방위성의 한 간부는 중국 측의 동향을 이유로 해상자위대가 출동하는 것에 대해 "그것을 구실로 삼아 중국 해군이 밀고 들어와 실효 지배를 시도할 수 있다. 상대가 노리는 것"이라고 말했다. 기타 주장 중국의 류큐 영유권 주장 2000년대 이후 중국 학계와 중국의 관영 언론에서는 류큐가 일본땅이 아니라고 주장하고 있다. 류큐는 중국의 번속국이었으나 청나라의 승인 없이 일본에 병합되었고, 이의를 제기하자 율리시스 그랜트가 중재에 나서 일본은 오키나와섬 남쪽에 있는 류큐 열도를 청나라에 돌려주기로 합의했는데 오키나와섬과 그 인근 섬을 독립국으로 할 것인지 일본에 병합시킬지를 두고 갈등이 벌어졌고 이홍장이 오키나와섬 일대가 독립 류큐로 남아야한다고 판단해 오키나와섬 남쪽의 류큐 열도 반환안을 거부, 반환 협정이 체결되지 않았다. 또한 일본의 패전 이후 류큐는 미국의 신탁통치에 들어가 국제법적으로 일본 영토에서 제외됐으며 유엔 헌장에 따라 신탁통치 영토의 변경에 필요한 유엔 총회의 승인을 얻지 않고 미일간의 양자 협정에 의해 불법적으로 반환됐다는 것이다. 각주 같이 보기 독도 분쟁 - 일본이 무주지라고 간주하며 병합하였다는 점이서 동일하다. 남중국해의 영토 분쟁 쿠릴 열도 분쟁 스프래틀리 군도 분쟁 파라셀 제도 스카버러 암초 외부 링크 일본의 영토 분쟁 중화인민공화국의 영토 분쟁 중화민국의 영토 분쟁 일본-중국 관계 센카쿠 열도

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku%20Islands%20dispute

Senkaku Islands dispute

The Senkaku Islands dispute, or Diaoyu Islands dispute, is a territorial dispute over a group of uninhabited islands known as the Senkaku Islands in Japan, the Diaoyu Islands in the People's Republic of China (PRC), and Tiaoyutai Islands in the Republic of China (ROC or Taiwan). Aside from a 1945 to 1972 period of administration by the United States as part of the Ryukyu Islands, the archipelago has been controlled by Japan since 1895. According to Lee Seokwoo, the People's Republic of China (PRC) started taking up the question of sovereignty over the islands in the latter half of 1970 when evidence relating to the existence of oil reserves surfaced. Taiwan (the Republic of China; ROC) also claims the islands. The territory is close to key shipping lanes and rich fishing grounds, and there may be oil reserves in the area. Japan argues that it surveyed the islands in the late 19th century and found them to be terra nullius (Latin: land belonging to no one); subsequently, China acquiesced to Japanese sovereignty until the 1970s. The PRC and the ROC argue that documentary evidence prior to the First Sino-Japanese War indicates Chinese possession and that the territory is accordingly a Japanese seizure that should be returned as the rest of Imperial Japan's conquests were returned in 1945. The islands are included within the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, meaning that a defense of the islands by Japan would require the United States to come to Japan's aid. In September 2012, the Japanese government purchased three of the disputed islands from their private owner, prompting large-scale protests in China. Although Japan viewed its move as an attempt to defeat Tokyo governor Shintaro Ishihara's more provocative attempt to buy the islands to develop infrastructure on them, the Chinese side viewed the purchase as an effort by Japan to bring the islands under Japanese sovereignty. As of early February 2013, the situation has been regarded as "the most serious for Sino-Japanese relations in the post-war period in terms of the risk of militarised conflict." On 23 November 2013, the PRC set up the "East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone" which includes the Senkaku Islands, and announced that it would require all aircraft entering the zone to file a flight plan and submit radio frequency or transponder information. Islands The Senkaku Islands are located in the East China Sea between Japan, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The archipelago contains five uninhabited islands and three barren rocks, ranging in size from 800 m2 to 4.32 km2. Fishing rights The issue of sovereignty has been carefully circumvented in bilateral fishing agreements. In the 1997 fishing agreement, the Senkaku Islands were officially excluded from China's exclusive economic zone, but in a letter of intent Japan explained that Japan would not prevent Chinese boats from fishing there. Some Chinese sources have subsequently argued that this letter constitutes a waiver of Japan's claim to exclusive fishing rights. In 2014, Taiwan (ROC) and Japan came to an agreement on fishing in the waters around the islands. Territorial dispute Beginnings Following the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government formally annexed what was known as the Ryukyu Kingdom as Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. The Senkaku Islands, which lay between the Ryukyu Kingdom and the Qing empire, became the Sino-Japanese boundary for the first time. In 1885, the Japanese Governor of Okinawa Prefecture, Nishimura Sutezo, petitioned the Meiji government, asking that it take formal control of the islands. However, Inoue Kaoru, the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs, commented that the islands lay near to the border area with the Qing empire and that they had been given Chinese names. He also cited an article in a Chinese newspaper that had previously claimed that Japan was occupying islands off China's coast. Inoue was concerned that if Japan proceeded to erect a landmark stating its claim to the islands, it would make the Qing empire suspicious. Following Inoue's advice, Yamagata Aritomo, the Minister of the Interior, turned down the request to incorporate the islands, insisting that this matter should not be "revealed to the news media". On 14 January 1895, during the First Sino-Japanese War, Japan incorporated the islands under the administration of Okinawa, stating that it had conducted surveys since 1884 and that the islands were terra nullius, with there being no evidence to suggest that they had been under the Qing empire's control. After China lost the war, both countries signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April 1895 that stipulated, among other things, that China would cede to Japan "the island of Formosa together with all islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa (Taiwan)", but yet the treaty does not clearly define the geographical limits of the island of Formosa and the islands appertaining or belonging to Formosa ceded to Japan. The treaty was superseded by the Treaty of San Francisco, which was signed between Japan and part of the Allied Powers in 1951 after Japan lost the Second World War. In the treaty of San Francisco, Japan explicitly relinquished the control of Taiwan/Formosa together with all islands appertaining or belonging to it. There is a disagreement between the Japanese, PRC and ROC governments as to whether the islands are implied to be part of the "islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa" in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Mainland China and Taiwan both dispute the Japanese claim by citing Yamagata Aritomo's reasons and decisions to turn down the request to incorporate the islands in 1885. Both PRC and ROC asserted sovereignty over the islands. Japan points out that the islands were placed under the administration of the United States of America as part of the Ryukyu Islands, in accordance with Article III of the said treaty and China expressed no objection to the status of the Islands being under the administration of the United States under Article III of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. The Japanese government points out that "the Treaty of Shimonoseki does not clearly define the geographical limits of the island of Formosa and the islands appertaining or belonging to Formosa ceded to Japan by the Qing Dynasty of China, nothing in the negotiation history (or otherwise) supports the interpretation that the Senkaku Islands are included in the island of Formosa and the islands appertaining or belonging to it in Article 2b of the Treaty," and had "incorporated the Senkaku Islands into Okinawa Prefecture before the treaty was signed." In 1972, the United States ended its occupation of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Island chain, which included the Senkaku Islands. Although the United States transferred administration of the islands to Japan as part of Okinawa, it did not take a position on the question of who their sovereign was. Korean academic Lee Seokwoo notes that "The significance of subsequent acts and behaviour of the interested parties is dependent upon the determination of the applicable critical date, which is defined as 'the date by reference to which a territorial dispute must be deemed to have crystallized,' since the outcome of this dispute will be fundamentally different depending on whether the critical date is January 1895, as claimed by Chinese side, when Japan incorporated Senkaku Islands into Japanese territory, or February 1971 in the case of Taiwan, or December 1971 in the case of China, when Japan made known its official standpoint with the signing of the Okinawa Reversion Treaty, as claimed by Japan." He concluded "... Accordingly, and having regard to the various factual and legal issues explored above, one is inclined to conclude that Japan has a stronger claim to the disputed islands. In other words, the critical date in this case should be February 1971 (in the case of Taiwan) and December 1971 (in the case of China), as claimed by Japan. This is the more so that historical evidence relating to territorial disputes does not have its own value as history alone, but should be evaluated within the framework of international law on territorial acquisition and loss." People's Republic of China and Republic of China positions Pre-1970s position Prior to the 1970s, neither the PRC nor ROC government made any official statements claiming sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands or disputing the sovereignty claims of other countries over it. Several maps, newspaper articles, and government documents from both countries after 1945 refer to the islands by their Japanese name, and some even explicitly recognize their status as Japanese territory. It was only the early 1970s that Chinese documents began to name them collectively as the Diaoyu Islands and as Chinese territory. The People's Daily, the organ of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), referred to the Senkaku Islands by the Japanese name "Senkaku Shotō" and described the islands were a part of (then) U.S.-occupied Ryukyu Islands. The article published on 8 January 1953 titled "Battle of people in the Ryukyu Islands against the U.S. occupation" wrote "The Ryukyu Islands lie scattered on the sea between the Northeast of Taiwan of China and the Southwest of Kyushu, Japan. They consist of 7 groups of islands; the Senkaku Islands, the Sakishima Islands, the Daitō Islands, the Okinawa Islands, the Oshima Islands, the Tokara Islands and the Ōsumi Islands." A Chinese diplomatic draft written by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of PRC on 15 May 1950 referred to the Senkaku Islands by the Japanese names "Senkaku shotō" and "Sentō Shosho" and indicated Chinese recognition of the islands as part of the Ryukyu Islands. The 10-page document titled "Draft outline on issues and arguments on parts concerning territories in the peace treaty with Japan" says the Ryukyus "consist of three parts—northern, central, and southern. The central part comprises the Okinawa Islands, whereas the southern part comprises the Miyako Islands and the Yaeyama Islands (Sentō Shosho)." The parentheses appear in the original. It also says "It should be studied whether the Senkaku Islands should be incorporated into Taiwan due to an extremely close distance," suggesting that the Chinese government did not consider the islands to be part of Taiwan. The passages leave no doubt that Beijing regarded the Senkaku Islands as part of the Ryukyu Islands as of 1950. There are many official maps published by both Chinas after 1945 that support they did not recognize their sovereignty over the islands and they recognized the islands as Japanese territory. The PRC has been cracking down on "erroneous" maps in both print and digital forms, and government agencies have handled 1,800 cases involving map irregularities and confiscated 750,000 maps since 2005. The National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation said "as China is involved in several disputes with neighboring countries, it is vital to raise public awareness of the country's due territory." An atlas made by the Chinese State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (中国国家测绘总局) in 1969 apparently referred to the overall group of islands by the Japanese name "Senkaku Guntō" (尖閣群島). The name of Uotsuri Island, the westernmost island in the group, was written in the Japanese name "Uotsuri-shima" (魚釣島). From 1946 to 1971, the Taiwan Statistical Abstract published by the Taiwanese Provincial Government stated "the easternmost point of Taiwan is Mianhua Islet and the northernmost point is Pengjia Islet", excluding the Senkaku islands. In 1972, immediately after the Executive Yuan of the ROC announced that the islands belonged to Yilan County of Taiwan Province in December 1971, the description was revised and the points were extended to the Senkaku Islands: "the easternmost point of Taiwan is Taishō-jima and the northernmost point is Kuba-jima." The Grand Atlas of the World Vol. 1 (世界地圖集第一冊 東亞諸國) published in October 1965 by the National Defense Research Academy (國防研究院) and the China Geological Research Institute of Taiwan records the Diaoyu Islands with Japanese names: Uotsuri-shima (Diaoyu Islands), Taishojima (Chiwei Island), and Senkaku Gunto in the "Map of the Ryukyu Islands". Taiwan and the Senkaku Gunto were clearly divided by a national border. The revised version in 1971, "Senkaku Gunto" was changed to the "Tiaoyutai Islets". Furthermore, the national border was relocated to an area between the Daioyutai Islands and the Ryukyu Islands. However, in the English index, the name "Senkaku Gunto" remained unrevised. The National Atlas of China Vol. 1 published by the National War College of Taiwan did not include Diaoyutai Islands in the map of "Taipei and Keelung" in the first (1959), second (1963), or even third (1967) editions. However the fourth edition (1972) included an extra map of the "Taio Yu Tai Islets" as part of the ROC's territory in the upper left corner of the map of "Taipei and Keelung". A world atlas published in November 1958, by the Map Publishing Company of Beijing, treats the Senkaku Islands as a Japanese territory and described them in Japanese name Senkaku Guntō (Senkaku Islands) and Uotsuri-Jima, In the 1970 junior high school geography textbook published by the National Institute for Compilation and Translation of Taiwan, the Diaoyutai Islands were named Senkaku Gunto in the "Physical Map of the Ryukyu Islands". Senkaku Gunto and the Ryukyu Islands were clearly not included in the ROC's territory by the national border on the map. However, in the 1971 edition, Senkaku Gunto was renamed Diaoyutai Islands, and the ROC national border was redrawn so that the Diaoyutai Islands were included. Post-1970s position Although Chinese authorities did not assert claims to the islands while they were under US administration, formal claims were announced in 1971 when the US was preparing to end its administration. A 1968 academic survey undertaken by United Nations Economic Council for Asia and the Far East found possible oil reserves in the area, which many believe explains the emergence of Chinese claims, a suggestion confirmed by statements made on the diplomatic records of the Japan-China Summit Meeting by Premier Zhou Enlai in 1972. However, supporters of China's claim that the sovereignty dispute is a legacy of Japanese imperialism and that China's failure to secure the territory following Japan's military defeat in 1945 was due to the complexities of the Chinese Civil War in which the Kuomintang (KMT) were forced off the mainland to Taiwan in 1949 by the Chinese Communist Party. Both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) respectively separately claim sovereignty based on arguments that include the following points: Discovery and early recording in maps and travelogues. The islands being China's frontier off-shore defence against wokou (Japanese pirates) during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1911). A Chinese map of Asia, as well as the Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu map compiled by Japanese cartographer Hayashi Shihei in the 18th century, showing the islands as a part of China. Japan taking control of the islands in 1895 at the same time as the First Sino-Japanese War was happening. Furthermore, correspondence between Foreign Minister Inoue and Interior Minister Yamagata in 1885, warned against the erection of national markers and developing their land to avoid Qing Dynasty suspicions. The Potsdam Declaration stating that "Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine", and "we" referred to the victors of the Second World War who met at Potsdam and Japan's acceptance of the terms of the Declaration when it surrendered. China's formal protest of the 1971 US transfer of control to Japan. According to Chinese claims, the islands were known to China since at least 1372, had been repeatedly referred to as part of Chinese territory since 1534, and were later controlled by the Qing dynasty along with Taiwan. The earliest written record of Diaoyutai dates back to 1403 in a Chinese book Voyage with the Tail Wind (:zh:順風相送), which recorded the names of the islands that voyagers had passed on a trip from Fujian to the Ryukyu Kingdom. By 1534, all the major islets of the island group were identified and named in the book Record of the Imperial Envoy's Visit to Ryukyu (使琉球錄). and were the Ming dynasty's (16th-century) sea-defense frontier. One of the islands, Chihweiyu, marked the boundary of the Ryukyu Islands. This is viewed by the PRC and ROC as meaning that these islands did not belong to the Ryukyu Islands. The First Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894 and after the Qing dynasty of China lost the war, both countries signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki on 17 April 1895. In Article 2(b) the Treaty stated that "the island of Formosa, together with all islands appertaining or belonging to the said island of Formosa" should be ceded to Japan. Although the Treaty did not specifically name every ceded island, the PRC and ROC argue that Japan did not include the islands as part of Okinawa Prefecture prior to 1894, and that the eventual inclusion occurred only as a consequence of China's cession of Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan after the Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese government argues that the islands were not ceded by this treaty. In 1884, issues relating to the islands had been officially discussed by the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs Inoue Kaoru and the Minister of the Interior Yamagata Aritomo before incorporating them in 1895. shortly before Japan's victory in the Sino-Japanese War. It is also claimed that Japanese references to these islands did not appear in governmental documents before 1884. The PRC and ROC governments claim that during negotiations with China over the Ryukyu Islands after the First Sino-Japanese War, the islands were not mentioned at all in a partition plan suggested by US ex-President Ulysses S. Grant. The lease of the islands in 1896 and subsequent purchase in 1930 by the Koga family were merely domestic arrangements made by the Japanese government which had no bearing on the legal status of the islands. According to PRC, Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek failed to protest American decisions with regard to the disposition of the islands because he depended on the US for support. In April 2012, Taiwan declined an invitation from the PRC to work together to resolve the territorial dispute with Japan. Mainland Affairs Council (MAC) Minister Lai Shin-yuan said, "The ROC and Mainland China will not deal with the Tiaoyutai Islands disputes together. Mainland China said the two sides should solve these issues together, but that is not the approach we are taking because [Taiwan and Mainland China] already have sovereignty disputes. We insist on our sovereignty." Regarding Japan's argument about the 1953 People's Daily, Jin Canrong, a professor at Renmin University of China thinks that the article, which is anonymous, implies that Ryukyu Islands should be a sovereign state, also independent from Japan. Other Chinese commentators, including a government research institution run by a retired People's Armed Police general, extend the Chinese claim to the entire Ryukyu chain, including Okinawa. In June 2013, The New York Times described the Chinese campaign "to question Japanese rule of [Okinawa and the Ryukyu] islands" as "semiofficial", noting that "almost all the voices in China pressing the Okinawa issue are affiliated in some way with the government." Japanese position The stance given by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs is that the Senkaku Islands are clearly an inherent territory of Japan in light of historical facts and based upon international law, and the Senkaku Islands are under the valid control of Japan. They also state "there exists no issue of territorial sovereignty to be resolved concerning the Senkaku Islands." The following points are given: The islands had been uninhabited and showed no trace of having been under the control of China prior to 1895. The islands were neither part of Taiwan nor part of the Pescadores Islands, which were ceded to Japan by the Qing Dynasty of China in Article II of the May 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, thus were not later renounced by Japan under Article II of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. A resident of Okinawa Prefecture who had been engaging in activities such as fishery around the Senkaku Islands since around 1884 made an application for the lease of the islands, and approval was granted by the Meiji Government in 1896. After this approval, he sent a total of 248 workers to those islands and ran the following businesses: constructing piers, collecting bird feathers, manufacturing dried bonito, collecting coral, raising cattle, manufacturing canned goods and collecting mineral phosphate guano (bird manure for fuel use). The fact that the Meiji Government gave approval concerning the use of the Senkaku Islands to an individual, who in turn was able to openly run these businesses mentioned above based on the approval, demonstrates Japan's valid control over the Islands. Though the islands were controlled by the United States as an occupying power between 1945 and 1972, Japan has since 1972 exercised administration over the islands. Japanese allege that Taiwan and China only started claiming ownership of the islands in 1971, following a May 1969 United Nations report that a large oil and gas reserve may exist under the seabed near the islands. The examples of Japanese valid control after the reversion to Japan of the administrative rights over Okinawa including the Senkaku Islands are as follows: Patrol and law enforcement. (e.g. law enforcement on illegal fishing by foreign fishing boats) Levying taxes on the owners of the Islands under private ownership. (in Kuba Island.) Management as state-owned land (in Taisho Island, Uotsuri Island, etc.) As for Kuba Island and Taisho Island, the Government of Japan has offered them to the United States since 1972 as facilities/districts in Japan under the Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement. Researches by the Central Government and the Government of Okinawa Prefecture (e.g. Utilization and development research by Okinawa Development Agency (construction of temporary heliport, etc.) (1979), Fishery research by the Okinawa Prefecture (1981), Research on albatrosses commissioned by the Environment Agency (1994).). After the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government surveyed the islands in 1885, which found that the islands were terra nullius and that there was no evidence to suggest that they had ever been under Chinese control. At the time of this survey, however, Yamagata Aritomo, the minister of interior of the Meiji government, took a cautious approach and put off the request to incorporate the islands. The Government of Japan made a Cabinet Decision on 14 January 1895, to erect markers on the islands to formally incorporate the Senkaku Islands into the territory of Japan through the surveys conducted by the Government of Japan, it was confirmed that the Senkaku Islands had been not only uninhabited but also showed no trace of having been under the control of the Qing Dynasty of China. Japan claims that neither China nor Ryukyu had recognized sovereignty over the uninhabited islands. Therefore, they claim that Chinese documents only prove that Kumejima, the first inhabited island reached by the Chinese, belonged to Okinawa. Kentaro Serita (芹田 健太郎) of Kobe University points out that the official history book of the Ming Dynasty compiled during the Qing Dynasty, called the History of Ming (明史), describes Taiwan in its "Biographies of Foreign Countries" (外国列传) section. Thus, China did not control the Senkaku Islands or Taiwan during the Ming Dynasty. A record in August 1617 of Ming Shilu, the annals of Ming dynasty emperors, shows that China did not control the Senkaku Islands. According to the record, the head of the Chinese coast guard mentioned the names of islands, including one on the eastern edge of the Dongyin, Lienchiang, about 40 kilometers off the Chinese mainland, that was controlled by the Ming and said the ocean beyond the islands was free for China and any other nation to navigate. The Senkaku Islands are about 330 kilometers from the Chinese coast. This contradicts Beijing's claim that China have controlled Senkaku Islands since the Ming dynasty about 600 years ago and underlines Japan's position that they are an inherent part of this country's territory. An expert in international law, says "We know the Ming had effective control only of the coastal area from other historical sources. What is remarkable about this finding is that a Chinese official made a clear statement along these lines to a Japanese envoy. This proves the Senkaku Islands were not controlled by the Ming." After a number of Chinese were rescued from a shipwreck in 1920, an official letter authored by the Chinese Consul Feng Mien (冯冕/馮冕) in Nagasaki on behalf of the Republic of China on 20 May 1921, made reference to "Senkaku Islands, Yaeyama District, Okinawa Prefecture, the Empire of Japan". The letter is on exhibition at Yaeyama museum. During a private visit 9 years after stepping down from office, former President of Republic of China, Lee Teng-hui, once said that the islands are part of Okinawa. During the 2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations, on 13 September 2012, Lee remarked, "The Senkaku Islands, no matter whether in the past, for now or in the future, certainly belong to Japan." In 2002, he also stated, "The Senkaku Islands are the territory of Japan." American position On 25 December 1953, U.S. Civil Administration of the Ryukyus Proclamation 27 (USCAR 27) set geographical boundaries of the Ryukyu Islands that included the Senkaku Islands. Moreover, during U.S. administration of the islands, the U.S. Navy built firing ranges on them and paid annual rent of $11,000 to Jinji Koga, son of the first Japanese settler of the islands. During the San Francisco Peace Treaty discussions, John Foster Dulles, chief U.S. delegate to the peace conference, set forth the concept that Japan had "residual sovereignty" over the Ryukyu Islands. According to an official analysis prepared by the U.S. Army, "residual Sovereignty" meant that "the United States will not transfer its sovereign powers over the Ryukyu Islands to any nation other than Japan." In June 1957, President Eisenhower confirmed this at the U.S.-Japan summit meeting, telling Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi that "residual sovereignty" over the Ryukyus meant that "the United States would exercise its rights for a period and that the sovereignty would then return to Japan." In March 1962, President John F. Kennedy stated in an Executive Order for the Ryukyus, "I recognize the Ryukyus to be a part of the Japanese homeland and look forward to the day when the security interests of the Free World will permit their restoration to full Japanese sovereignty." Since there was no U.S. action to separate the Senkaku Islands from the Ryukyu, these applications of "residual sovereignty" appeared to include the Senkaku Islands. In the first quarter of 1971 U.S. officials became aware of and successfully opposed a Japanese proposal to set up a weather station on the islands. In May 1971, a report compiled by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency said "[t]he Japanese claim to sovereignty over the Senkakus is strong, and the burden of proof of ownership would seem to fall on the Chinese". The CIA also said in related documents that any dispute between Japan, China, and Taiwan over the islands would not have arisen, had it not been for the discovery around 1968 of potential oil reserves on the nearby continental shelf. On 7 June 1971, President Richard M. Nixon confirmed Japan's "residual sovereignty" over the Senkaku Islands just before a deal to return Okinawa Prefecture to Japan in a conversation with his national security adviser Henry Kissinger. Kissinger also told Nixon that "these [Senkaku] islands stayed with Okinawa" when Japan returned Taiwan to China after the end of World War II in 1945. The Nixon Administration removed the Senkakus from its inclusion in the concept of Japanese "residual sovereignty" in presenting the Okinawa Reversion Treaty to the U.S. Senate for ratification. On 20 October 1971, U.S. Secretary of State William Rogers sent a letter to U.S Congress. In his letter, Acting Assistant Legal Adviser Robert Starr stated "The United States believes that a return of administrative rights over those islands to Japan, from which the rights were received, can in no way prejudice any underlying claims. The United States cannot add to the legal rights Japan possessed before it transferred administration of the islands to us, nor can the United States, by giving back what it received, diminish the rights of other claimants... The United States has made no claim to the Senkaku Islands and considers that any conflicting claims to the islands are a matter for resolution by the parties concerned." Several experts have attributed this Nixon Administration policy shift as having been influenced by White House overtures to China during 1971–1972, culminating in the Nixon visit to China. In April 1978, Japan asked the United States to side with the Japanese view, but the United States declining because "it could become embroiled in a Sino-Japanese territorial dispute." In June 1978, the United States Navy stopped using the Sekibi-Sho firing range off the coast of Taisho Island to avoid any potential confrontation between China and Japan, according to declassified government documents. The next year the federal government denied a military request to resume operations in the Senkakus. Top US government officials have declared in 2004, 2010, and September 2012 that as Japan maintains effective administrative control on the islands, the islands fall under the 1960 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan which requires the US to assist Japan in defending the islands if anyone, including China, attacks or attempts to occupy or control them. On 29 November 2012, the U.S. Senate unanimously approved an amendment to National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 stating the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands fall under the scope of a Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan and that the U.S. would defend Japan in the event of armed attacks. In May 2013, the U.S. Department of Defense criticized the Chinese territorial claim in a report titled "Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2013." On 30 July 2013, the Senate unanimously approved a resolution condemning China's action over the Senkaku Islands. The Resolution titled "Senate Resolution 167—Reaffirming the Strong Support of the United States for the Peaceful Resolution of Territorial, Sovereignty, and Jurisdictional Disputes in the Asia-Pacific Maritime Domains", referring to the recent Chinese provocations near the Senkaku Islands, condemns "the use of coercion, threats, or force by naval, maritime security, or fishing vessels and military or civilian aircraft in the South China Sea and the East China Sea to assert disputed maritime or territorial claims or alter the status quo." In 2014, United States Pacific Commander Samuel J. Locklear said that he did not have sufficient resources to carry out a successful amphibious warfare campaign should the dispute lead to a war. In April 2014, the United States will begin Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk patrols of the seas around the islands. On 23–25 April 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama made a state visit to Japan and held a summit meeting with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. President Obama repeated that the commitments of Article 5 of Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan covered all territories under Japan's administration, including the Senkaku Islands, in a joint press conference and reiterated in a U.S.-Japan Joint Statement. Barack Obama is the first president of the United States to have mentioned that the Senkaku Islands are covered under Article 5 of Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan. In November 2020, during a conversation with Prime Minister Suga, Joe Biden declared that US security guarantees for Japan include the Senkaku Islands. Suga said "President-elect Biden gave me a commitment that Article 5 of the US-Japan security treaty applies to the Senkaku Islands". On 24 January 2021, U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin reaffirmed America's commitment to defend the Senkaku Islands and that it's covered by Article 5 of the U.S.-Japan security treaty. The USA also opposes any unilateral attempts to change the status quo in the East China Sea. Alternative approaches When PRC-Japan diplomatic relations were established in 1972, found reasons to set aside this territorial dispute. According to negotiator Deng Xiaoping, "It does not matter if this question is shelved for some time, say, 10 years. Our generation is not wise enough to find common language on this question. Our next generation will certainly be wiser. They will certainly find a solution acceptable to all." In 1969, the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) identified potential oil and gas reserves in the vicinity of the Senkaku Islands. During subsequent decades, several rounds of bilateral talks considered joint-development of sub-seabed resources in disputed territorial waters. Such efforts to develop a cooperative strategy were unsuccessful. In 2008, a preliminary agreement on joint development of resources was reached but the agreement only includes the area far from these islands. In 2009, a hotline was agreed to (and in 2010 a military-to-military hotline), neither of which have been implemented. Disputes about the proximate causes Explanations of the manifold causes of the intensified conflict involving the Senkaku Islands vary. For example, some use the term "territorial dispute"; however, the Japanese government has consistently rejected this framing since the early 1970s. An analysis of incidents and issues require distinguishing between disputes which are primarily over territory and those which merely have a territorial component. , news organizations of various nations were monitoring developments and attempting to explain the causes of the crisis, e.g., Senkakus described as a proxy. According to China Daily, the Senkaku Islands are a disruptive mine planted by the United States into Sino-Japanese relations. Senkakus characterized as a pretext. According to the New York Times, some analysts frame all discussion about the islands' status within a broader pattern of Chinese territorial assertions. Senkakus identified as a tactic. According to the Christian Science Monitor, the early phase of the dispute may have represented a tactical distraction from China's internal power struggle over who would replace the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012. Senkakus characterized as a lack of firm foreign policy-making control and of dysfunctional decision-making. The Economist posits that "Lacking clear direction, [Chinese] bureaucracies may be trying to look tough." The Diplomat posits that the PLA may at some level be acting independently of top CPC leadership, and notes more generally that there is a lack of coordination within China's decision-making apparatus. The historical record is a backdrop for each new incident in the unfolding chronology of these islands. Events While Taiwan and China first publicly claimed the islands in 1971 (in February and December, respectively), there were no major incidents between the three states regarding the islands until the 1990s. Since 2004, however, several events, including naval encounters, scrambled fighter jets, diplomatic efforts, and massive public protests, have heightened the dispute. Incidents at or near the islands In 1996 the Hong Kong-based activist David Chan Yuk-cheung drowned while attempting to swim to one of the islands. Since 2006, vessels from China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong have entered waters that Japan claims as part of its exclusive economic zone connected with the islands on a number of occasions. In some cases, the incursions have been carried out by Chinese and Taiwanese protesters, such as in 2006 when a group of activists from the Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands approached the islands; the group was stopped by the Japanese Coast Guard prior to landing. In June 2008 activists from Taiwan, accompanied by Chinese Coast Guard vessels, approached within of the main island, from which position they circumnavigated the island in an assertion of sovereignty of the islands. In 2011, a fishing boat carrying some activists navigated to within 23 nautical miles of the islands. Japan sent coast guard vessels to block the ship and a helicopter to monitor its actions, subsequent to which the Coast Guard Agency Keelung office of Taiwan sent five patrol vessels. After a short standoff between the two groups of vessels, the Taiwanese fleet returned to their own territory. In July 2012, Coastguard vessels from Taiwan and Japan collided while the Taiwanese vessel was escorting activists to the area. In August 2012, activists from Hong Kong were able to swim ashore after their boat was stopped by the Japan Coast Guard. The activists were detained and then deported two days later. In January 2013, a boat carrying activists from Taiwan was intercepted by Japanese patrols and diverted from an attempted landing on the islands through the use of water cannons. In addition, a number of incidents have occurred due to the presence of Chinese or Taiwanese fishing vessels in sea zones claimed by Japan. In some cases, these incidents have resulted in a collision between boats. The first major event occurred in 2008, when a Taiwanese fishing boat and a Japanese patrol vessel collided. The passengers were released, but the captain was detained for three days. Later in June, after releasing video taken by the Taiwanese boat, Japan apologized for the incident and agreed to pay NT$10 million (US$311,000) as compensation to the owner of the boat. On 7 September 2010, a Chinese fishing trawler collided with two Japanese Coast Guard patrol boats in disputed waters near the islands. The collisions occurred after the Japanese Coast Guard ordered the trawler to leave the area. After the collisions, Japanese sailors boarded the Chinese vessel and arrested the captain Zhan Qixiong. Japan held the captain until 24 September. Each country blamed the other for the collision. Japan sought to address the collision through its courts in violation of the Sino-Japanese Fisheries Agreement, which specifies that the area around the contested islands are treated as the high seas subject to flag state jurisdiction. China demanded Zhao's immediate and unconditional release, and Japan sought to save face by releasing him if he would pay a fine for the collision. Because that would have meant Japan retained jurisdiction, China refused. When China arrested four Japanese nationals on allegations of videotaping military targets, Japan released Zhan. While Japanese government vessels regularly patrol the ocean surrounding the islands, Japanese civilians have also entered the area. In July 2010, nine Japanese boats fished in the area. A spokesman from Ganbare Nippon, which owned one of the vessels, stated it was done specifically to assert Japanese sovereignty over the islands. In August 2012, Ganbare Nippon organized a group of four vessels carrying Japanese activists travelling to the islands, carrying about 150 Japanese activists. The Japanese government denied the groups the right to land, after which a number swam to shore and raised a Japanese flag. On some occasions, ships and planes from various Chinese and Taiwanese government and military agencies have entered the disputed area. In addition to the cases where they escorted fishing and activist vessels as described above, there have been other incursions. In an eight-month period in 2012, over forty maritime incursions and 160 aerial incursions occurred. For example, in July 2012, three Chinese patrol vessels entered the disputed waters around the islands. On 13 December 2012, a Chinese government aircraft entered Japanese-controlled airspace for the first time since records began in 1958, following months of incursions by Chinese surface vessels. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force scrambled eight F-15 fighters and an airborne early warning aircraft in response to the Chinese flight. The Japanese government made a formal diplomatic protest to China. The most direct confrontation to date between the countries' official vessels occurred in September 2012. Seventy five Taiwanese fishing vessels were escorted by ten Taiwanese Coast Guard vessels to the area, and the Taiwanese Coast Guard ships clashed with Japanese Coast Guard ships. Both sides fired water cannons at each other and used LED lights and loudspeakers to announce their respective claims to the islands. Military escalation continued in 2013. The two sides sent fighter airplanes to monitor ships and other planes in the area. In February, Japanese Defense Minister Itsunori Onodera revealed that a Chinese frigate had locked weapons-targeting radar onto a Japanese destroyer and helicopter on two occasions in January. The Chinese Jiangwei II class frigate and the Japanese destroyer were three kilometers apart, and the crew of the latter went to battle stations. The Chinese state media responded that their frigates had been engaged in routine training at the time. In late February 2013, U.S. intelligence detected China moving road-mobile ballistic missiles closer to the coast near the disputed islands, this included DF-16s. In May 2013, a warship flotilla from North Sea Fleet deployed from Qingdao for training exercises western North Pacific Ocean. In October 2013 the Chinese Ministry of Defense responded to reports that if Chinese drones entered what Japan considered its territory Japan might shoot them down by declaring that China would consider such an action an "act of war." State-controlled media in China warned that "a war looms following Japan's radical provocation" while expressing confidence that "China's comprehensive military power... is stronger than Japan's." USN Captain James Fanell has claimed that Mission Action 2013 was a dress rehearsal for a PLA seizure of the islands. In April 2014, a Washington Post blog reported that since October 2013, patrols by the Chinese Coast Guard in the territorial waters of the Senkaku Islands have greatly decreased. The Japanese Coast Guard announced in June 2020 that Chinese government ships had been spotted for a record number of consecutive days in the territorial waters of the Senkaku Islands. As of 19 June 2020, the number of consecutive days is 67. On June 4, 2022, Chinese-Russian military activity was spotted in the area of the Senkaku Islands. A Russian frigate sailed inside the “contiguous zone” of the Senkaku Islands for over 1 hour and thereafter a Chinese frigate sailed inside it for 40 minutes. The incursion by a Chinese warship was the fourth time since June 2016. The Japan Coast Guard reported that Chinese government vessels intruded into Japanese territorial waters near the islands of Minamikojima and Uotsurijima just after 11 AM on March 30, 2023. The vessels stayed for a record 80 hours and 36 minutes. The number of Chinese vessels entering the territorial waters near the Senkaku Islands. The number of Scrambling by the Japan Air Self-Defense Force against foreign aircraft. (2006–2015) Diplomatic results The various governments have lodged protests and criticisms of each other in response to the unfolding situation in and around the islands. For example, the Taiwanese government recalled its highest representative to Japan in the wake of the 2008 collision. Similarly, the Chinese government protested the 2012 Ganbare Nippon incident. The 2010 collision incident resulted in a significant increase in tensions between the two countries, both during the event as they argued over the release of the fishing boat crew, and after, as both said they would seek compensation from the other for damages. In 2012, President of Taiwan Ma Ying-Jeou proposed the East China Sea Peace Initiative, which called for the sharing of the region's resources, including the Senkaku Islands, mediated by peaceful negotiations, international law, and international consensus. The proposal received responses from Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs Kōichirō Genba, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, and Japanese scholars. Protests There have been a number of public protests in all three countries, often triggered by the specific incidents noted above. The first major set of protests revolved around the 2010 boat collision, with protests being held in Japan, China, and Taiwan. In 2012, major protests began in August 2012 after reports that the Japanese government was considering purchasing the islands. The protests continued after the formal purchase into the middle of September. At the height of the protests, there were demonstrations in as many as 85 Chinese cities, along with Hong Kong and the United States. In many cases, these protests included anti-Japanese violence, vandalism, and arson. Militarization China decided to implement an "Air Defense Identification Zone" around the islands and the broader region in order to "guard against potential air threats," according to the defence ministry. Japan reacted to the news by calling the move "very dangerous." On 23 November 2013, China then sent air force jets, including fighter planes, to carry out a patrol mission. According to CNN, most of the zone was north of the islands. On 26 November 2013, declaring the area international waters and airspace, the United States flew two B-52 bomber aircraft through the zone without incident. A spokesman for the United States military stated that "The U.S. military will continue conducting flight operations in the region, including with our allies and partners.... We will not register a flight plan, we will not identify our transponder, our radio frequency and logo." Since the imposition, U.S. B-52 aircraft and South Korean and Japanese military aircraft have violated it. The U.S. also warned its commercial airlines to be cautious about the area. China then sent fighter jets on patrol duty in the area as a "defensive measure." According to a 2012 poll jointly conducted by mainland-based Global Times and Taiwan-based China Times, residents of Taiwan differ from their mainland counterparts in terms of willingness to ultimately resort to military means, with 91% of mainland residents saying warfare should not be ruled out versus only 41% on the island. To assist in the intruders detection in Senkaku Islands region, since 28 March 2016, Japan has operated a radar station at Yonaguni island, resulting in a furious Chinese response. On February 1, 2021, the People's Republic of China passed a new law that authorized the Chinese Coast Guard to use lethal force in response to violations of "national sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction". The law received condemnation from Japan and the United States and generated tensions because it would apply to disputed waters claimed by China, including around the Senkaku Islands. Coast guards from some other countries also operate under similar policies, and the Chinese Coast Guard had already been using force prior to the law. Rand Corporation researcher Timothy Heath indicated that the law could help prevent misunderstandings by providing "some degree of clarification and standardization of procedures," but also noted that the law could embolden military officers by clearly and officially approving the use of force. On February 6, 2021, Chinese Coast Guard vessels entered Japanese-administered waters near the Senkaku Islands for the first time after the law was passed. On 30 June 2022, the Japan Ministry of Defense announced the construction of 12 offshore patrol vessel (OPV) by Japan Marine United Corporation (JMU) for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) at a cost of ¥ 9 billion ($66 million USD) per ship. The purpose of this OPV program is to provide enhanced maritime security, particularly around the southwestern Ryukyu Islands, including the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands in the East China Sea, by boosting JMSDF patrol activities in the region. These vessels are highly automated and configurable to meet a wide range of missions involving “enhanced steady-state intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) in the waters around Japan.” Under the contract, JMU is charged with delivering the 12 vessels to the JMSDF from fiscal year 2023, which starts on April 1, 2023. Education In 2014, the PRC complained about Japanese plans to teach students about ownership of the islands. Other incidents In April 2014, Lieutenant General John Wissler, commander of the US III Marine Expeditionary Force stated that his forces were ready and able to defend the Senkaku Islands if they were attacked by the PRC. China responded in English on the People's Liberation Army (PLA) website, saying that the PLA was able to take and hold the islands at any time and requesting that Wissler, "Please learn lessons from your old superiors. Don't be so ready to make threats with forces. Please pay some respect to Chinese armed forces, which defeated your armed forces in the Korean War." On 9 June 2016, three Russian warships and a Chinese Navy frigate sailed just off the edge of the 12 nautical miles territorial zone around the Senkaku Islands for a few hours. Japan promptly summoned a Chinese ambassador in Tokyo with demand for the warship to leave. This was the first time a Chinese Navy was involved in the dispute. Previous incidents have seen the involvement of the China Coast Guard (see China Coast Guard Senkaku-related incidents) or civilian vessels only. On 11 August 2016, a Chinese fishing vessel was sunk from Uotsuri island after colliding with a Greek freighter. Out of the boat's 14 crew members, 6 were rescued by the Japan Coast Guard, while 8 men were unaccounted for. In a statement by the Japanese Foreign Ministry, the Chinese side "expressed appreciation" for the Japanese operation. See also Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands, a Hong Kong Chinese activist group Baodiao movement, a Chinese activist group China Federation for Defending the Diaoyu Islands, a mainland Chinese activist group East China Sea EEZ disputes Ganbare Nippon, a Japanese activist group List of territorial disputes Territorial disputes of Japan References Sources Curtis, Gerald, Ryosei Kokubun and Wang Jisi. (2010). Getting the Triangle Straight: Managing China-Japan-US Relations. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ; OCLC 491904160 Shaw, Han-yi. (1999). The Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands Dispute: Its History and Analysis of the Ownership Claims of the P.R.C., R.O.C., and Japan. Baltimore, Maryland: University of Maryland School of Law. OCLC 608151745 Lee, Seokwoo, Shelagh Furness and Clive Schofield. (2002). Territorial disputes among Japan, China and Taiwan concerning the Senkaku Islands. Durham: University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit (IBRU). ; OCLC 249501645 Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea. (2000). International Organizations and the Law of the Sea. London : Graham & Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff. OCLC 16852368 O'Hanlon, Michael E.. The Senkaku Paradox: Risking Great Power War Over Small Stakes (Brookings Institution, 2019) online review Pan, Junwu. (2009). Toward a New Framework for Peaceful Settlement of China's Territorial and Boundary Disputes. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. ; OCLC 282968950 Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ; ; OCLC 170955369 External links Senkaku Islands Research and Commentary Site (by Cabinet Secretariat (Japan) ) Basic View on Senkaku (by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) ) Q&A on the Senkaku Islands (by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) ) > Article by Kiyoshi Inoue Professor of History department Kyoto University, and original text and maps in Japanese Senkaku @BBC Diaoyutai History (in Chinese) "The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute:", Durham University, 18 October 1996. Dzurek, Daniel. "Wrong to dispute Japan's sovereignty of Senkaku" by Hiroshi Suzuki, director, Japan Information and Cultural Centre Minister, Embassy of Japan, London., Financial Times, Letters, 28 May 2012. Disputed islands Senkaku Islands Territorial disputes of Japan Territorial disputes of China Territorial disputes of the Republic of China Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan Anti-Japanese sentiment in China China-Japan border

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인스타그램

인스타그램은 미국 기업 메타가 운영하는 사진 및 동영상 공유 소셜 네트워크 서비스이다. 사용자는 인스타그램 앱을 통해 디지털 미디어를 투고하고 해시태그와 지오태깅을 통해 분류할 수 있다. 다른 사용자가 올린 컨텐츠를 태그 및 장소별로 검색해 유행을 관찰하고, 좋아요 버튼을 누르고, 원하는 사람들을 팔로우해 웹 피드에 불러올 수 있다. 인스타그램은 즉석에서 사진을 볼 수 있게 한 방식의 카메라인 ‘인스턴트 카메라(Instant Camera)’와 전보를 보낸다는 의미의 ‘텔레그램(Telegram)’을 합쳐 만든 이름으로, 사진을 손쉽게 다른 사람들에게 전송한다는 뜻을 가지고 있다. 인스타그램은 본래 2010년 10월 케빈 시스트롬과 마이크 크리거가 공동으로 제작한 iOS 앱으로서 출발했다. 출시 직후 선풍적인 인기를 끌어 등록된 사용자 수가 2달만에 1백만 명, 1년만에 1천만 명, 2018년 6월 기준으로 10억 명을 돌파했다. 역사 인스타그램의 시초는 케빈 시스트롬과 마이크 크리거가 만든 모바일 체크인 앱 버브니로, 샌프란시스코에서 개발을 시작했다. 시스트롬과 크리거는 개발 당시 버브니가 포스퀘어와 너무 비슷하다는 것을 깨닫고, 버브니에서 인기 있는 '사진 공유' 기능을 발전시키는데 집중하였다. 두 개발자는 이 어플을 '인스턴트 카메라(Instant Camera)'와 '텔레그램(Telegram)'이라는 단어를 합성하여 '인스타그램(Instagram)'이라고 명명했다. 2010-2015 : 시작 그리고 투자 2010년 3월 5일, 시스트롬은 버브니에서 일하는 동안 Baseline Ventures와 Andreessen Horowitz와 함께 500,000 달러의 시드 펀딩 라운딩을 완료했다. 2010년 10월, Josh Ridel은 커뮤니티 매니저로 입사했고, 11월에 Shayne Sweeney가 엔지니어로 입사했으며, 2015년 8월, Jessica Zollman은 커뮤니티 에반젤리스트로 입사했다. 첫 번째 인스타그램 게시물은 크리거가 2010년 7월 16일 오후 5시 26분에 올린 피어 38의 사우스 비치 하버 사진이다. 시스트롬은 몇 시간 뒤인 오후 9시 24분에 첫 게시물인 개와 여자친구의 발을 공유했다. 시스트롬의 게시물은 초기 URL 알파벳 문자로 인해 첫 번째 인스타그램 사진으로 잘못 지정되었다. 2010년 10월 6일, 앱 스토어를 통해 인스타그램 iOS 앱이 공식 출시되었다. 2015년 2월, 인스타그램은 벤치마크 캐피털, 잭 도시, 크리스 사카(캐피털 펀드), 아담 달랑고 등 다양한 투자자로부터 시리즈 A 펀딩 700만 달러를 투자받은 것으로 알려졌다. 거래 이후 인스타그램의 평가 가치(Valuation)는 약 2천만 달러가 되었다. 2012년 4월, 인스타그램은 5억 달러의 가치를 평가받으며 벤처 투자가들로부터 5천만 달러를 투자받았다. 조슈아 쿠슈너는 인스타그램의 시리즈B 모금에서 두 번째로 큰 투자자로, 그의 투자 회사인 스트로우 캐피털이 페이스북에 매각된 후 두 배의 돈을 벌도록 이끌었다. 2012-2014 : 플랫폼 확장과 페이스북의 인수 2012년 4월 3일, 인스타그램은 안드로이드 버전을 공개했고, 하루도 안 되는 시간에 100만 번 이상 다운로드되었다. 이후 안드로이드 앱은 두 가지 중요한 업데이트를 받았다. 먼저 2014년 3월, 앱의 파일 크기를 절반으로 줄이고 성능을 향상시킨 뒤 2017년 4월, 사용자가 인터넷 연결 없이 콘텐츠를 보고 상호작용할 수 있는 오프라인 모드를 추가했다. 출시 당시 인스타그램 사용자 6억 명 중 80%가 미국 밖에 있는 것으로 알려졌으며, 앞서 언급한 기능이 생중계된 가운데 인스타그램도 오프라인에서 더 많은 기능을 이용할 수 있도록 하겠다는 의사를 밝혔으며, "iOS 버전을 탐색 중"이라고 밝혔다. 2012년 4월 9일, 페이스북 주식회사는 10억 달러의 현금과 주식으로 인스타그램을 인수했으며, 회사를 독립적으로 운영한다는 계획을 세웠다. 영국 공정거래청은 2012년 8월 14일 이 거래를 승인했고, 2012년 8월 22일 미국 연방거래위원회(Federal Trade Commission)는 이 거래를 진행할 수 있도록 수사를 종결했다. 2012년 9월 6일, 인스타그램과 페이스북 사이의 거래는 공식적으로 현금 3억 달러와 주식 2,300만 주라는 매수 가격으로 종결되었다. CNN에 따르면 이 거래는 페이스북의 예정된 공모 직전에 종료되었다고 한다. 이 거래 가격은 2005년 야후가 플리커에게 지불한 3천 5백만 달러와 비교되었다. 마크 저커버그는 페이스북이 "인스타그램의 독자적 구축과 성장에 전념하고 있다"고 말했다. 와이어드에 따르면, 이 거래로 시스트롬이 4억 달러의 순이익을 얻었다고 한다. 2012년 11월, 인스타그램은 웹 사이트 프로필을 출시하여, 누구나 웹 브라우저에서 사용자 피드를 볼 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 프로필에 연결할 수 있는 웹 위젯 버튼인 '배지(badges)'도 사용할 수 있었다. 앱이 출시된 이후로 포스퀘어 API 기술을 통해 위치 태그 기능이 제공되었다. 2014년 3월, 인스타그램은 '페이스북 플레이스(Facebook Place)'를 사용하는 기술을 테스트하고 수정하기 시작했다. 2015-2017 : 재설계 그리고 윈도우 앱 2015년 6월, 데스크톱 웹사이트 사용자 인터페이스는 사진 업로드를 위한 더 많은 공간과 함께 모바일 버전의 레이아웃과 유사한 형태로 더 간단하게 다시 디자인되었다. 또한, 한 줄의 사진들은 모바일 레이아웃에 맞춰 5장의 사진이 아닌 3장의 사진을 나열하도록 했다. 프로필 페이지 상단에 위치했던 사용자가 올린 사진 7장을 무작위로 번갈아 슬라이드 쇼로 보여주는 슬라이드 쇼 배너는 제거됐다. 사각형이었던 프로필 사진이 원형으로 바뀌었다. 2016년 5월 11일, 인스타그램은 앱 사용자 인터페이스에 흑백 디자인 테마를 추가하고, 더 추상적이고, "현대적"이며, 다채로운 아이콘을 추가했다. 재설계설은 더 버지(The Verge)가 정보원으로부터 스크린샷을 받은 지난 4월부터 처음 나돌기 시작했지만, 당시 인스타그램 대변인은 "개념일 뿐"이라고 알렸다. 2016년 12월 6일, 인스타그램은 "댓글 좋아요"(댓글에 좋아요를 할 수 있는 기능)를 소개했다. 그러나 게시물과 달리 댓글을 올린 사용자는 알림창에 댓글에 대한 알림을 받지 못했다. 게시자는 선택적으로 게시물에 댓글을 달지 못하도록 결정할 수 있게 했다. 2016년 4월, 인스타그램은 플랫폼용 앱을 출시하라는 마이크로소프트와 대중들의 요구 끝에 윈도우 10 모바일 앱을 출시했다. 이 플랫폼 이전에 2013년 11월 21일에 윈도우 폰 8용으로 처음 출시된 인스타그램의 베타 버전이 있었다. 새 앱은 동영상(게시물이나 스토리 보기 및 만들기, 라이브 스트림 보기), 앨범 게시물 및 다이렉트 메시지에 대한 지원을 추가했다. 마찬가지로, 윈도우 10 개인용 컴퓨터와 태블릿용 앱도 2016년 10월에 출시되었다. 2016년 5월, 인스타그램은 모바일 웹사이트를 업데이트해 사용자들이 사진을 업로드하고 탐색 탭의 "간단한" 버전을 추가할 수 있도록 했다. 2019년 4월 30일, 윈도우 10 모바일 앱은 단종되었으나 모바일 웹사이트는 기능이 제한된 프로그레시브 웹 애플리케이션(PWA)으로 이용 가능하게 했다. 이 앱은 Windows 10 컴퓨터 및 태블릿에서 계속 사용할 수 있으며, 2020년에 PWA로 업데이트되었다. 2018-2019 : IGTV, 좋아요 수 제거, 관리 변화 데이터 이식성(data portability)에 관한 GDPR 규정을 준수하기 위해 인스타그램은 2018년 4월 사용자가 자신의 사용자 데이터의 아카이브를 다운로드할 수 있는 기능을 도입했다. IGTV는 2018년 6월 20일 독립형(standalone) 비디오 애플리케이션으로 출시되었다. 2018년 9월 24일, 크리거와 시스트롬은 인스타그램 대표자 직위를 사퇴할 것이라고 발표했다. 2018년 10월 1일, 아담 모세리가 인스타그램의 새로운 책임자가 될 것이라고 발표되었다. 페이스북 F8에서 인스타그램은 캐나다를 시작으로 다른 사용자들이 게시한 콘텐츠에 대해 공개적으로 표시된 '좋아요' 개수를 제거하는 시범을 보일 것이라고 발표했다. 좋아요 개수는 콘텐츠를 처음 게시한 사용자만 볼 수 있게 하였다. 모세리(Mosseri)는 이를 두고 "사용자들이 게시물에 얼마나 많은 좋아요가 올라오는지 조금 덜 걱정하게 하고, 그들이 관심 있는 사람들과 조금 더 많은 시간을 할애할 수 있도록 하기 위한 것"이라고 밝혔다. 타인보다 좋아요 개수가 낮으면 자존감이 낮아질 수 있다는 주장이 제기되었기 때문이다. 이 기능은 2019년 5월에 시범적으로 시작되었고, 7월에 6개의 다른 시장으로 확장되었다. 2019년 11월에 전 세계로 확장되었다. 또한 2019년 7월, 인스타그램은 서비스에 대한 비난과 부정적인 의견을 줄이기 위해 고안된 새로운 기능을 구현할 것이라고 발표했다. 인스타그램은 2019년 8월에도 앱에서 '팔로우' 탭 제거 시범을 보이기 시작했는데, 이 탭에서는 사용자가 팔로우하는 사람들의 글과 댓글을 볼 수 있었다. 이러한 변화는 10월에 공식화되었는데, 제품 책임자인 비샬 샤는 이 기능이 제대로 사용되지 않고 있으며 일부 사용자들은 이러한 방식으로 활동이 표면화되고 있다는 것을 알고 "놀랐다"고 말했다. 이미 2019년 10월에는 인스타그램이 페이지 스크롤 모드에서 로그인하지 않은 사람이 볼 수 있는 게시물의 수 제한을 도입해 모든 사람이 공개 프로필을 이용할 수 있었다는 내용의 기사가 있었다. 이 작업이 모두 완료되면 팝업은 사용자의 추가 검색을 거부하고 사용자에게 로그인을 요구한다. 2020년 9월, 이 제한은 로그인한 사용자를 pr로 포함하도록 확장되었다. 2020-현재 : 새로운 기능 2020년 3월, 인스타그램은 "함께 보기(Co-Watching)"이라는 새로운 기능을 출시했다. 이 새로운 기능은 사용자가 화상 통화를 통해 서로 게시물을 공유할 수 있게 한다. 인스타그램에 따르면 이들은 코로나19 대유행으로 가정과 '사회적 거리'를 유지하라는 목소리가 높아지면서 친구·가족과의 소통을 원하는 사람들을 위해 '코워치' 출시를 추진했다. 2020년 8월, 인스타그램은 "릴스(Reels)"라는 새로운 기능을 시작했다. 그 특징은 틱톡(TikTok)과 비슷하다. 인스타그램은 또한 게시물 추천 기능을 추가했다. 지난 48시간 동안 올라온 게시물을 모두 확인한 후 팔로우하지 않는 계정에서 관심사와 관련된 게시물을 표시하는 기능이다. 2021년 2월, 인스타그램은 틱톡으로부터 영감을 받아 AR 필터(Vertical Stories)라는 새로운 기능을 테스트하기 시작했다. 같은 달에, 그들은 피드에 있는 게시물을 스토리에 올리는 기능을 제거하는 것 또한 테스트했다. 인스타그램은 2021년 3월, 4명이 한꺼번에 라이브 방송을 할 수 있는 새로운 기능을 출시했다. 인스타그램은 또한 새로운 어린이 안전 정책의 일환으로, 성인들이 그들을 팔로잉하지 않는 십대들에게 메시지를 보내는 것을 허락하지 않을 것이라고 발표했다. 2021년 5월, 인스타그램은 몇몇 지역에 있는 사용자에게 사용자의 프로필 페이지에 "대명사"를 추가할 수 있도록 허용하기 시작했다. 특징 및 도구 사용자는 사진 및 짧은 동영상을 업로드하고, 다른 사용자의 피드를 팔로잉할 수 있으며, 위치 이름으로 이미지를 지오태그(geotag)할 수 있다. E또한, 사용자들의 인스타그램 계정을 소셜 네트워킹 서비스와 연동할 수 있으며, 다른 사용자들과 피드를 주고받을 수 있다. 사용자는 자신의 계정을 "비공개"로 설정할 수 있고, 비공개 상태에서는 팔로워 요청을 승인해야 한다. 사용자는 자신의 인스타그램 계정을 다른 SNS 사이트에 연결하여 업로드한 사진을 해당 사이트에 공유할 수 있다. 2011년 9월, 인스타그램은 새로운 필터와 라이브 필터, 즉각적인 틸트-시프트(tilt-shift), 고해상도 사진, 옵션 테두리, 원클릭 회전, 업데이트된 아이콘을 포함했다. 사진은 정사각형, 1:1 가로 세로 비율로 제한되었지만, 2015년 8월부터 세로 방향 및 와이드스크린 비율도 지원한다. 사용자는 이전에 지오태깅된 사용자의 지도 사진을 볼 수 있었는데, 이 기능은 낮은 사용률을 이유로 2016년 9월에 제거되었다. 2016년 12월부터 게시물을 "저장"할 수 있게 되었다. 이 기능은 2017년 4월에 사용자가 저장된 게시물로 컬렉션을 구성할 수 있도록 업데이트되었다. 또한 사용자는 공개 및 다른 사용자가 볼 수 없는 개인 저장소에 게시물을 "보관"할 수 있다. 이용자가 원하는 수의 '좋아요'를 얻지 못하거나 지루하다고 판단되는 사진을 삭제하는 것을 막기 위한 방안으로, 사진을 삭제하는 '충동적인 행동'을 제한하기 위함이기도 했다. 8월, 인스타그램은 사용자들이 댓글로 더 쉽게 상호작용할 수 있도록 댓글을 스레드 형태로 구성하기 시작할 것이라고 발표했다. 2017년 2월부터는 한 게시물에 최대 10장의 사진이나 비디오를 넣을 수 있으며, 오른쪽에서 왼쪽으로 스와이프하면서 볼 수 있다. 이 기능은 원래 사진을 정사각형 형식으로 제한했지만 대신 8월에 세로 및 가로 방향 사진이 가능하도록 업데이트되었다. 인스타그램은 2018년 4월 선택 시 피사체의 초점을 맞추면서 사진이나 영상의 배경을 부드럽게 흐리게 하는 초상화 모드인 '포커스 모드' 버전을 출시했다. 지난 11월 인스타그램은 시각장애인을 위한 사진 설명을 추가하기 위해 Alt 텍스트(Alt text, alt attribute)를 지원하기 시작했다. 기존 Facebook 기술을 사용하여 객체 인식 기능을 통해 자동으로 생성하거나 업로더가 수동으로 지정한다. 2021년 3월 1일, 인스타그램은 한 공간에서 여러 사람이 동시에 라이브할 수 있는 인스타그램 라이브 "룸"이라는 이름의 새로운 기능을 출시했다. 인스타그램은 2021년 5월, 이용자들이 자신의 릴스와 스토리에 노래의 가사를 보여주는 기능인 "캡션"을 넣을 수 있도록 한다고 발표했다. 해시태그 2011년 1월, 인스타그램은 사용자들이 자신의 사진을 설명하는 칸에 해시태그를 추가할 수 있게 만들었다. 해시태그는 사진과 사용자들 서로를 발견하는 것을 돕는다. 인스타그램은 사용자들이 '사진'과 같은 일반 단어를 태그하기보다는 특수하고 개성 있는 태그를 만들어 사진을 돋보이게 하고, 비슷한 흥미를 가진 사용자들을 끌어들이도록 유도한다. 이 기능을 통해 동일한 해시태그를 추가한 모든 사진이 앱에서 표시되고 웹 사용자가 앱 외부에서 인스타그램 사진을 볼 수 있게 되었다. 2017년 12월, 인스타그램은 사용자들이 피드에 주제와 관련된 하이라이트를 표시하는 해시태그를 팔로우할 수 있도록 하기 시작했다. 탐색 인스타그램은 2012년 6월 인기 있는 사진, 인근 장소에서 찍은 사진, 검색 등을 표시하는 앱 내부 탭인 '탐색'을 선보였다. 이 탭은 2015년 6월에 트렌드 해시태그와 장소, 큐레이션된 콘텐츠, 위치 검색 기능을 특징으로 하도록 업데이트되었다. 2016년 4월 인스타그램은 탭에 '좋아할 만한 비디오(Videos You Might Like)' 채널을 추가한 데 이어 8월에는 콘서트, 스포츠 경기, 기타 라이브 이벤트 등의 영상을 담은 '이벤트' 채널을 추가했고, 10월에는 인스타그램 스토리가 추가됐다. 이후 인스타그램 라이브가 현재 방영 중인 '최고의' 인스타그램 라이브 비디오의 알고리즘 큐레이션 페이지를 표시하기 위해 2016년 11월 탭이 다시 확장되었다. 2017년 5월, 인스타그램은 다시 한번 탐색 탭을 업데이트하여 공개된 스토리를 검색할 수 있게 하였다. 사진 필터 인스타그램은 사용자가 자신의 이미지에 적용할 수 있는 수많은 사진 필터를 제공한다. 2012년 2월 인스타그램은 그림자를 밝게 하고, 하이라이트를 어둡게 하며, 대비를 증가시키는 효과인 Lux 필터를 추가했다. 2014년 12월, Slumber, Crema, Ludwig, Perpetua, Aden 등 5가지의 새로운 인스타그램 필터가 추가되었다. 비디오 초기에는 단지 사진 공유 서비스였던 인스타그램이 2013년 6월에 15초 비디오 공유를 통합하였다. 언론 일부에서는 페이스북이 당시 인기를 끌었던 비디오 공유 애플리케이션인 바인과 경쟁하기 위한 시도라고 보았다. 2015년 8월, 인스타그램은 와이드스크린 비디오에 대한 지원을 추가했다. 2016년 3월, 인스타그램은 15초 비디오 제한을 60초로 늘렸다. 2017년 2월 한 게시물에 최대 10분 분량의 동영상을 공유할 수 있는 앨범이 나왔다. IGTV IGTV는 2018년 6월 인스타그램이 출시한 비디오 애플리케이션이다. 인스타그램 앱과 웹사이트에서도 기본적인 기능을 이용할 수 있다. IGTV는 파일 크기가 최대 650MB에 이르는 최대 10분 길이의 업로드를 허용하며, 검증되고 인기 있는 사용자는 파일 크기가 최대 5.4GB에 이르는 최대 60분 길이의 동영상을 업로드할 수 있다. 이 앱은 출시되자마자 자동으로 동영상 재생을 시작하는데, 케빈 시스트롬 CEO는 이 기능이 동영상을 찾아야 하는 다른 비디오 플랫폼와는 대조적이라고 말했다. 릴스 2019년 2월 인스타그램은 숏폼 동영상 편집 기능 릴스(Reels)를 도입했다. 틱톡과 비슷하게 릴스를 이용하여 15초부터 30초 길이의 짧은 영상을 촬영, 편집하여 다른 사용자들과 공유할 수 있다. 또한 Reels는 기존 인스타그램 필터 및 편집 도구와도 통합되었다. 2019년 11월, 인스타그램이 브라질에서 '릴스'로 알려진 새로운 비디오 기능을 시범 운영하기 시작했으며, 이후 프랑스와 독일로 확대된 것으로 알려졌다. 중국 동영상 공유 서비스 틱톡과 기능이 비슷해 사용자가 다른 게시물의 기존 사운드 클립으로 설정한 짧은 동영상을 녹화할 수 있도록 하는 데 초점을 맞췄다. 2020년 7월, 인스타그램은 인도에서 틱톡이 금지되자 릴스를 인도에서 내보냈다. 그 다음 달, 릴스는 미국, 캐나다, 영국을 포함한 50개 국가에서 공식 출범했다. 인스타그램은 최근 홈 페이지에 릴스 버튼을 도입했다. 인스타그램 다이렉트 메시지 2013년 12월 인스타그램은 인스타그램 다이렉트 메시지를 발표했다. 서로 팔로우하는 사용자는 사진 및 동영상과 함께 개인 메시지를 보낼 수 있다. 사용자가 팔로잉하지 않는 사람으로부터 개인 메시지를 받으면 메시지는 보류 중으로 표시되고 사용자가 이를 보려면 승인해야 한다. 사용자는 최대 15명에게 사진을 보낼 수 있다. 이 기능은 2015년 9월 주요 업데이트를 받아 대화 스레드를 추가하고 사용자가 뉴스 피드에서 직접 개인 메시지를 통해 위치, 해시태그 페이지, 프로필을 공유할 수 있도록 했다. 또한 이제 사용자는 텍스트, 이모티콘으로 개인 메시지에 회신하거나 하트 아이콘을 클릭하여 회신할 수 있다. 다이렉트 메시지 내부의 카메라를 통해 사용자는 대화에서 나가지 않고 사진을 찍어 수신자에게 보낼 수 있다. 2016년 11월 새로운 업데이트를 통해 사용자는 수신자가 본 후 개인 메시지를 "사라짐"으로 만들 수 있으며, 수신자가 스크린샷을 찍으면 발신자가 알림을 받게 된다. 2017년 4월, 인스타그램은 모든 개인 메시지를 영구 메시지 및 사용 후 삭제 메시지를 동일한 메시지 스레드로 결합하도록 다이렉트 메시지를 재설계했다. 인스타그램은 지난 5월에도 웹사이트 링크를 메시지로 보낼 수 있도록 했으며, 사진을 자르지 않고 원래 세로나 가로 방향으로 보낼 수 있도록 지원도 추가했다. 2020년 4월, 다이렉트는 인스타그램 웹 사이트에서 접속이 가능해졌고, 사용자들이 웹소켓 기술을 사용하여 웹버전에서 직접 메시지를 보낼 수 있게 되었다. 2020년 8월, 페이스북은 인스타그램 다이렉트를 페이스북 메신저에 병합하기 시작했다. 업데이트 후(사용자 기반 세그먼트로 롤아웃됨) 인스타그램 다이렉트 메시지 아이콘이 페이스북 메신저 아이콘으로 변환되었다. 2021년 3월에는 새로운 어린이 안전 정책의 일환으로 성인들이 팔로우를 하지 않는 18세 이하 사용자들에게 메시지를 보낼 수 없도록 하는 기능이 추가됐다. 인스타그램 스토리 2016년 8월, 사용자가 사진을 찍고 효과와 레이어를 추가하여 스토리에 추가할 수 있는 기능인 인스타그램 스토리를 출시했다. 사용자의 스토리에 업로드 된 이미지는 24시간 후에 만료된다. 매체는 이 기능이 스냅챗과 유사하다고 지적했다. 케빈 시스트롬 CEO는 스냅챗 기능 표절 논란에 "인스타그램은 힙스타매틱(Hipstamatic), 트위터, 좋아요 버튼 같은 페이스북의 기능이 조합된 어플리케이션이다. 앱에 있는 모든 기능의 뿌리는 기술 역사의 어딘가에서 발견할 수 있다." 라고 대응했다. 시스트롬은 이러한 비판을 "공정하다"고 인정했지만, 레코드는 "그는 두 소셜 앱의 공통적인 특징을 자동차 산업에 비유했다. 여러 자동차 회사가 공존할 수 있으며, 이 회사들 사이에 차이가 충분히 있어 서로 다른 소비자에게 서비스를 제공할 수 있다." 라고 말했다. Systrom은 "스토리를 눌렀을 때, 우리는 포맷에서 정말 짜증나는 것 중 하나가 계속 진행되면서 무언가를 보기 위해 멈출 수 없고, 되감을 수 없다는 것이었다. 우리는 이 모든 것을 구현했다." 그는 또한 스냅챗은 "원래 필터가 없었다"고 말했다. 인스타그램에도 필터가 있고 다른 많은 사람들이 필터를 원했기 때문에 필터 기능을 추가했다고 말했다. 같은 해 11월 인스타그램 스토리에 사용자가 직접 라이브 방송을 할 수 있도록 라이브 영상 기능을 추가했다. 인스타그램 스토리 라이브는 종료 직후 영상이 사라졌다. 2017년 1월, 인스타그램은 5초짜리 사진과 15초짜리 비디오 광고가 서로 다른 스토리 사이에 나타나는 생략 가능한 광고를 시작했다. 2017년 4월, 인스타그램 스토리는 스냅챗의 기능과 같은 증강현실 스티커 기능을 추가하였다. 2017년 5월, 인스타그램은 얼굴 필터를 지원하기 위해 증강현실 스티커 기능을 확대하여 사용자가 얼굴 위에 특정한 시각적 기능을 추가할 수 있도록 하였다. 같은 달 테크크런치는 특정 위치의 공개 스토리 콘텐츠가 비즈니스, 랜드마크 또는 장소의 인스타그램 페이지에 표시되어 나타나는 인스타그램 스토리의 위치 스토리 기능 테스트에 대해 보도했다. 며칠 뒤 인스타그램은 지리적 위치나 해시태그를 검색할 수 있고 앱에 검색어가 포함된 관련 공개 스토리 콘텐츠가 표시되는 '스토리 검색'을 발표했다. 2017년 6월, 인스타그램은 라이브 비디오 기능을 수정하여 사용자들이 앞으로 24시간 내에 자신의 라이브 방송을 스토리에 추가하거나, 즉시 해당 방송을 폐기할 수 있도록 하였다. 인스타그램은 지난 7월부터 필터, 스티커, 해시태그 등 인스타그램 효과를 완성한 사진과 동영상을 보내 스토리에 반응할 수 있도록 했다. 2017년 8월 말, 스토리는 인스타그램의 모바일 및 데스크톱 웹사이트에서 볼 수 있게 되었다. 2017년 12월 5일 인스타그램은 인스타그램 스토리와 유사하지만 만료되지 않는 '스토리 하이라이트'를 선보였다. 프로필 사진에 원으로 표시되며 데스크톱 웹 사이트에서도 볼 수 있다. 2018년 6월 인스타그램의 일일 활동 스토리 이용자는 4억 명에 달했고, 월간 활동 이용자는 10억 명에 달했다. 광고 에밀리 화이트는 2013년 4월 인스타그램에 사업 운영 이사로 합류했다. 그녀는 2013년 9월 월스트리트 저널과의 인터뷰에서 모회사 이익을 창출하지 못한 인기 기업으로부터 사업을 창출하기 위한 방법으로 2014년 9월까지 광고 판매를 시작할 준비가 되어 있어야 한다고 말했다. 화이트는 2013년 12월 인스타그램에서 탈퇴하여 스냅챗에 합류하였다. 2014년 8월, 제임스 쿼리는 인스타그램의 글로벌 비즈니스 및 브랜드 개발 책임자가 되었으며, 광고와 판매를 감독하고 새로운 "화폐성 상품"을 개발한다고 대변인이 밝혔다. 2013년 10월, 인스타그램은 비디오와 이미지 광고가 미국의 사용자들을 위한 피드에 곧 등장할 것이라고 발표했으며, 2013년 11월 1일 첫 번째 이미지 광고가 상영되었다. 비디오 광고는 거의 1년 후인 2014년 10월 30일에 이어졌다. 2014년 6월, 인스타그램은 영국, 캐나다, 호주에서 광고의 출시를 발표했으며, 그 해 가을부터 광고가 나오기 시작했다. 2016년 5월, 인스타그램은 비즈니스 프로필, 분석, 게시물을 광고로 홍보하는 기능 등 비즈니스 계정을 위한 새로운 도구를 출시했다. 툴에 액세스하기 위해, 기업들은 해당 페이스북 페이지를 연결해야 했다. 인스타그램 인사이트로 알려진 새로운 분석 페이지를 통해 비즈니스 계정은 상위 게시물, 도달 범위, 인상, 참여 및 인구 통계 데이터를 볼 수 있었다. 인사이트는 미국, 호주, 뉴질랜드에서 먼저 출시되었고, 2016년 후반에 전 세계로 확장되었다. 2016년 2월, 인스타그램은 플랫폼에 20만 명의 광고주가 있다고 발표했다. 2016년 9월까지 50만 명, 2017년 3월에는 100만 명으로 늘었다. 인스타그램은 2018년 11월 비즈니스 계정이 사용자를 구매 페이지로 안내하는 제품 링크를 추가하거나 '쇼핑 목록'에 저장할 수 있는 기능을 추가했다. 인스타그램은 2019년 4월 가맹점이 인스타그램 앱을 통해 직접 상품을 판매할 수 있는 '체크아웃 온 인스타그램'에 옵션을 추가했다. 2020년 3월, 인스타그램은 블로그 포스트를 통해 자사의 플랫폼에서 COVID-19와 관련된 허위 정보, 조작 및 가짜 뉴스의 흐름을 줄이기 위해 대대적인 조정 작업을 하고 있다고 발표했다. 인스타그램은 계정 추천에서 COVID-19 계정을 제거할 것이며, 신뢰할 수 있는 보건 기구에 의해 포스팅된 것이 아니라면 탐색기에서 일부 COVID-19 관련 콘텐츠를 제거하기 위해 노력하고 있다고 했다. 제3자 팩트체커들이 허위라고 평가한 사료와 스토리의 콘텐츠 다운그레이드도 시작하겠다고 밝혔다. 인스타그램 제작 어플리케이션 인스타그램이 특화 기능을 갖춘 독립형 어플 3개를 개발해 출시했다. 2014년 7월에는 친구의 프로필 사진을 클릭해 빠르게 이미지를 전송할 수 있고, 메시지 앱 '볼트(Bolt)'를 출시했다. 이 어플에서 이용자가 보낸 메시지는 확인되자마자 사라진다. 이어 지난 8월 '클레버 알고리즘 프로세싱'을 활용해 추적샷과 빠른 시간 경과 동영상을 만드는 iOS 전용 앱 '하이퍼랩스'가 출시됐다. 마이크로소프트는 2015년 5월 안드로이드와 윈도우 전용 하이퍼랩스 앱을 출시했지만, 현재까지 인스타그램에서 두 플랫폼에 대한 공식 하이퍼랩스 앱은 없었다. 2015년 10월에는 사진을 짧은 1초짜리 동영상으로 합성해 반복 재생하는 비디오 앱 부'메랑'을 출시했다. 타사 서비스 인스타그램의 인기가 많아질수록 인스타그램에서 서비스를 제공하고 싶어하는 다양한 타사 서비스가 나타나고 있다. 인스타그램에 올릴 콘텐츠를 만드는 서비스와 인스타그램 사진(물리적 출력물 포함)에서 콘텐츠를 생성하는 서비스, 분석, 인스타그램의 공식 지원이 부족하거나 아예 없는 플랫폼 대체 클라이언트 등 인스타그램과의 통합을 위해 설계된 다양한 타사 서비스로 이어지고 있다. (예: 과거 iPad) 팩트 체크 2019년 12월 16일, 페이스북은 제3자 팩트체커 기업을 통해 허위 정보를 식별, 검토, 허위 정보로 분류하여 인스타그램으로 팩트체크 프로그램을 확대하겠다고 발표했다. "거짓" 또는 "일부 거짓"으로 평가된 콘텐츠는 검색 페이지 및 해시태그 페이지에서 제거되고, 추가로 "거짓" 또는 "일부 거짓"으로 평가된 콘텐츠는 꼬리표를 달게 된다. 페이스북 팩트체크 프로그램의 추가와 함께 추가적인 오보의 사례를 찾기 위해 이미지 매칭 기술을 이용하게 되었다. 알고리즘과 디자인 변화 2016년 4월 인스타그램은 사용자의 타임라인에서 볼 수 있는 사진의 순서를 연대순에서 알고리즘에 의해 결정되는 순서로 변경했다. 인스타그램은 사용자가 마음에 드는 사용자의 사진을 더 많이 볼 수 있도록 알고리즘을 설계했다고 밝혔지만, 많은 사용자들이 팔로워들에게 업데이트를 볼 수 있도록 게시 알림을 켜달라고 요청하는 등 부정적인 피드백이 상당했다. 회사는 변경 전망에 화가 난 이용자들에게 트윗을 남겼지만 물러서지도 않았고, 변경할 방법도 제공하지도 않았고, 2020년 다시 확정시켰다. 인스타그램은 2017년부터 계정의 중요도를 낮추는 기능(shadowbanning)을 시행해, 불필요한 해시태그(해시태그 과다 사용 포함)을 생성해 검색결과와 앱 탐색란에 게시물이 뜨지 못하게 하고 있다. 인스타그램은 이제 삭제된 페이스북 게시물에 "콘텐츠 개발 시 해시태그보다는 사업목표나 목표에 집중하는 것을 추천한다"고 적었다. 그 후 인스타그램은 특히 성적으로 선정적인 자료와 관련하여 모호하고 일관성 없는 상황에서 게시물을 검열하는 데까지 관행을 확장했다는 비난을 받았다. 2020년 11월, 인스타그램은 활동 피드 탭을 새로운 "샵" 탭으로 대체하여 활동 피드를 맨 위로 이동시켰다. '새로운 게시물' 버튼도 상단으로 옮겨져 릴스 탭으로 교체됐다. 인스타그램은 "샵 탭을 통해 브랜드 및 크리에이터와 더 잘 연결되고 선호하는 제품을 발견할 수 있다"고 명시하고 있으며, 릴스 탭은 "전 세계 크리에이터와 여러분과 같은 사람들로부터 짧고 재미있는 비디오를 더 쉽게 발견할 수 있다"고 말한다. 그러나 이용자들은 트위터와 레딧에 불만을 전하며 변화에 잘 대응하지 못했고, 뉴욕타임스는 특히 "릴스가 틱톡 복제품으로서 모든 면에서 실패할 뿐만 아니라, 혼란스럽고, 답답하고, 탐색이 불가능하다"며 릴스를 외면했다. 또한 인스타그램은 2020년 '추천된 게시물'이라는 제목의 기능을 출시했는데, 인스타그램은 사용자가 해당 사용자의 피드를 원할 것으로 생각하는 계정의 게시물을 추가했다. 이 기능은 더 버지의 레딧 사용자 양쪽으로부터 논란이 일었는데, 더 버지는 추천 게시물이 사용자들이 그들의 피드에 달라붙게 하고, 사용자들에게 더 많은 광고를 노출시키며, 궁극적으로는 사용자의 정신 건강을 해친다는 것을 보도했고, 반면 줄리안 구트먼 인스타그램 임원은 이 기능이 사용자를 계속 붙들려는 의도가 아니라고 반박했다. 추천 게시물은 Fast Company가 해당 기능을 끌 수 없다고 밝힌 후 더 많은 논란을 받았다. 이용자 특징 및 행동 인구 통계 2014년 기준으로 인스타그램 사용자는 아이폰 소유자 50%, 안드로이드 소유자 50%로 균등하게 나뉜다. 인스타그램이 중립적인 성별 편향 형식을 갖고 있는 반면, 인스타그램 사용자의 68%는 여성이고 32%는 남성이었다. 인스타그램의 지리적 용도는 도시지역에 거주하는 미국 성인의 17%가 인스타그램을 사용하는 반면 교외 및 농촌 성인의 11%만이 인스타그램 사용을 선호하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 인스타그램이 사진 공유를 위해 가장 널리 사용되는 사이트 중 하나로 보일 수 있지만, 사진 공유 플랫폼 상위 4개 중 매일 업로드되는 사진은 7%에 불과하다. 인스타그램은 35세 이하 이용자 1억5000만명 중 90%가 젊은 층을 끌어들이는 것으로 입증됐다. 2012년 6월부터 2013년 6월까지 인스타그램의 사용자 수는 약 두 배가 되었다. 소득과 관련해서는 연간 3만 달러 이하를 버는 미국 인터넷 사용자의 15%가 인스타그램을 사용하는 반면 3만~5만 달러 이상 버는 사람의 14%, 5만 달러 이상 버는 사용자의 12%가 인스타그램을 사용하고 있다. 교육 인구 통계와 관련하여, 대학 교육을 받은 응답자는 23%로 인스타그램에서 가장 활발한 것으로 나타났다. 뒤를 이어 대졸자가 18%, 고졸 이하 사용자가 15%를 차지한다. 이들 인스타그램 사용자 중 24%가 하루에도 몇 번씩 앱을 사용한다고 답했다. 이용자 행동 연구자들은 플랫폼의 미디어 콘텐츠가 사용자 참여에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 지속적으로 연구하고 있다. 과거 연구에 따르면 사람들의 얼굴을 보여주는 콘텐츠는 더 많은 '좋아요'와 코멘트를 받고, 따뜻함, 노출, 대비를 증가시키는 필터를 사용하는 것 또한 참여도를 높인다고 한다. 사용자는 그룹에 비해 개인을 적게 묘사하는 이미지에 더 많이 관여할 가능성이 높으며, 또한 사용자가 생성한 콘텐츠에 비해 덜 독창적이고 덜 신뢰할 수 있다고 보기 때문에 워터마킹되지 않은 콘텐츠에도 관여할 가능성이 더 높다. 최근 인스타그램이 검증된 계정 배지를 신청할 수 있는 옵션을 내놓았지만, 그렇다고 신청하는 모든 사용자가 체크 뱃지를 사용할 수 있는 것은 아니다. 젊은이들 사이에서 인스타그램을 사용하는 동기는 주로 게시물을 보기 위한 것인데, 특히 사회적 상호 작용과 레크리에이션 등을 위해서이다. 이와는 대조적으로 인스타그램 게시물을 만드는 과정에서 표현된 동의의 정도가 낮아져 인스타그램이 비주얼 커뮤니케이션을 강조하는 것은 소셜커뮤니케이션 분야에서 젊은 층이 폭넓게 수용하고 있음을 보여준다. 수상 내역 인스타그램은 2011년 1월에 열린 2010 TechCrunch Crunch Crunchies에서 "베스트 모바일" 부문 준우승을 차지했다. 2011년 5월, Fast Company는 CEO 케빈 시스트롬을 "2011년 비즈니스에서 가장 창조적인 100인"에서 66위로 선정했다. 2011년 6월, 주식회사 시스트롬과 크리거는 2011년 "30 Under 30" 목록에 포함되었다. 인스타그램은 2011년 9월 SF 주간 웹 어워드에서 "국내 베스트 모바일 앱"을 수상했다. 7x7 매거진의 2011년 9월호에는 시스트롬과 크리거가 《The Hot 20 2011》의 표지에 실렸다. 2011년 12월, 애플은 인스타그램을 2011년 올해의 앱으로 선정했다. 2015년 매셔블은 인스타그램이 '역대 최고의 아이폰 앱 100선'에 선정하며 "세계에서 가장 영향력 있는 소셜 네트워크 중 하나"라고 언급했다. 인스타그램은 타임지의 "2013년 최고의 안드로이드 애플리케이션 50개" 목록에 올랐다. 검열 및 제한된 콘텐츠 불법 약물 인스타그램은 이용자가 판매 중인 약물의 이미지를 플랫폼에 게시해 비난의 대상이 됐다. 2013년 BBC는 주로 미국에 위치한 사용자들이 판매 중인 약물의 이미지를 게시하고 특정 해시태그를 첨부한 뒤 왓츠앱과 같은 인스턴트 메시징 애플리케이션을 통해 거래를 완료한다는 사실을 발견했다. 해당 해시태그는 회사의 대응의 일환으로 차단되었으며 BBC와 관련된 대변인은 다음과 같이 설명했다. 다만 인스타그램의 모회사인 페이스북이 이런 내용을 접한 이용자들에게 해당 자료를 보고하라고 하는 등 2013년 폭로를 계기로 불법 마약 거래 사건이 새롭게 발생했고, 이때 '전용팀'이 해당 정보를 검토한다. 2019년, 페이스북은 인플루언서가 더 이상 페이스북과 인스타그램에 어떤 담배 제품, 무기 홍보도 올릴 수 없다고 발표했다. 여성의 신체 2013년 10월 인스타그램은 캐나다 출신 사진작가 페트라 콜린스가 자신의 비키니 아랫도리 위로 음모가 보이는 자신의 사진을 올린 뒤 계정이 삭제되었다. 콜린스는 인스타그램의 약관을 하나도 어기지 않았기 때문에 근거가 없다고 주장했다. 더 데일리닷의 아우드라 슈뢰더는 "인스타그램의 이용약관은 포르노나 성적으로 선정적인 사진을 올릴 수 없다"며, "사회가 보고 받아들이는데 '익숙한' 여성들의 '여성스러움'의 측면을 보여주는, 콜린스의 사진보다 더 성적으로 선정적인 사진을 현장에서 찾을 수 있다."고 덧붙였다. 2015년 1월 인스타그램이 비키니 하의 밖으로 삐죽 튀어나온 음모 등의 사진 때문에 호주 패션기획사 스틱스와 스톤스 에이전시의 계정을 삭제한 것과, 2015년 3월 루피 카우르의 옷에 묻은 생리혈 사진이 삭제되었다. 텀블러는 "우리는 검열받지 않을 것이다"라는 문구와 함께 11,000주 이상의 주식을 얻었다. 이 사건으로 인해 인스타그램의 여성 젖꼭지 사진 삭제에 항의하기 위한 #FreetheNipple 캠페인이 벌어졌다. 인스타그램이 캠페인에 대해 많은 언급을 하지는 않았지만, 2015년 10월 케빈 시스트롬 CEO의 설명에는 인스타그램 등 앱스토어를 통해 퍼블리싱된 앱에 대한 애플의 콘텐츠 가이드라인이 강조됐으며, 앱의 현재 등급은 12세 이상이다. 다만, 이 진술은 상점에서 더 노골적인 콘텐츠가 허용된 다른 앱, 인스타그램에서 자신의 몸을 노출하는 남성들에 대한 결과물 부족, 여성의 신체 부적절한 노출에 해당하는 부분에 대한 일관성 없는 처리로 인해 또한 문제가 되고 있다. 국가에 의한 검열 인스타그램은 여러 나라에서 검열되고 있다. 미국 인스타그램은 2020년 미국 대선과 관련한 잘못된 정보의 확산을 막기 위해 2020년 10월 30일 해시태그 페이지의 '최근' 탭을 일시적으로 삭제했다. 2021년 1월 7일, 도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령이 인스타그램에서 "무한정"으로 금지되었다. 저커버그는 "우리는 대통령이 이 기간 동안 우리의 서비스를 계속 사용할 수 있게 하는 데 따르는 위험이 너무 크다고 생각한다"고 말했다. 중국 인스타그램은 지난 2014년 홍콩 시위에 이어 시위 도중 발생한 경찰과의 대립과 사건들이 다수 녹화·촬영되면서 중국에 의해 차단됐다. 홍콩과 마카오는 중국의 특별 행정구역에 속하기 때문에 영향을 받지 않았다. 터키 터키는 인터넷 검열이 엄격하고 인스타그램 등 SNS를 주기적으로 차단하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 북한 2015년 6월 11일 북한 고려호텔에서 발생한 화재 사건 며칠 뒤 당국은 사건 사진이 퍼지지 않도록 인스타그램 차단에 나섰다. 러시아 2022년 3월 14일, 인스타그램은 2022년 러시아의 우크라이나 침공이 일어나자 인스타그램을 포함한 메타 서비스를 러시아에서 중단했다. 현황 2010년 7월 16일 공동창업자인 케빈 시스트롬이 첫 사진을 올린 이래 2016년 6월 21일 사용자가 5억 명을 돌파했다. 이용자 중 3억 명은 하루에 한 차례 이상 사용하며 매일 평균 9,500만 개의 사진과 영상이 올라온다. 인스타그램 사용자의 80% 이상이 미국 이외의 지역이다. 모회사인 페이스북의 성장 동력으로 각광받고 있다. 또한 인스타그램은 2013년 11월부터 일부 기업을 통한 광고를 시범적으로 도입하여 운영하고 있다. 2013년 6월 동영상 서비스를, 12월에는 메시지 서비스도 내놓으며 SNS로서의 기능 또한 확장해 가고 있다. 국내에서도 인스타그램 사용자가 가파르게 늘고 있다. 인스타그램을 홍보하는 국내 대행사 관계자는 “국내에서 인스타그램 사용자가 활발하게 늘어나고 있다”면서 “특히 아이돌과 연예인들을 중심으로 인기를 끌고 있다”라고 말했다. 인스타그램은 페이스북 한국 지사를 통해 국내 마케팅에도 시동을 걸고 있다. 해외에선 리바이스, 버버리와 같은 외국 기업들과 광고 파트너십을 맺은 바 있는데 국내에서도 기업들과 연계하여 다양한 수익 모델을 도입할 예정이다. 인스타그램에 광고 모델이 적용되면서 페이스북의 수익도 개선될 것으로 전망된다. 월스트리트저널(WSJ)에 따르면 페이스북의 2013년 회계연도 매출이 전년 대비 40% 증가했을 것으로 예상되고 있다. 매출 중 3분의 1을 모바일 광고에서 벌어들인 것으로 추정된다. 2019년 11월, 소셜 네트워크는 "오해를 피하기 위해" 공식 애플리케이션에서 "구독"탭을 제거했다. 이 탭은 기본적으로 좋아요, 댓글, 구독 등 다른 사용자의 행동을 추적 할 수 있게 해 주었다. 이 기능은 현재 누락되었지만 타사 서비스를 통해 이 정보를 받을 수 있다 기타 프로페셔널 계정 중 본인이 공인이 아님에도 공인이라고 사칭하는 경우가 많다. 개인정보 보안이 취약하며 각종 버그가 수도 없이 존재하며 고쳐질 기미 자체가 보이지도 않는다. 과거에도 지금도 무수한 개인정보들이 계속 중국으로 넘어가고 있다 같이 보기 트위터 페이스북 SNS 샤오훙수 카카오스토리 참조 주해 각주 외부 링크 안드로이드 소프트웨어 블랙베리의 소프트웨어 IOS 소프트웨어 심비안 OS 소프트웨어 윈도우 폰 소프트웨어 크로스 플랫폼 소프트웨어 모바일 소프트웨어 비디오 소프트웨어 WatchOS 소프트웨어 샌프란시스코의 기업 미국의 소프트웨어 기업 메타 인수 기업 메타 애플리케이션 소셜 네트워크 서비스 사진 공유 사진 소프트웨어 다언어 웹사이트 2010년 소프트웨어 인수 합병

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram

Instagram

Instagram is an American photo and video sharing social networking service owned by Meta Platforms. It allows users to upload media that can be edited with filters, be organized by hashtags, and be associated with a location via geographical tagging. Posts can be shared publicly or with preapproved followers. Users can browse other users' content by tags and locations, view trending content, like photos, and follow other users to add their content to a personal feed. Instagram was originally distinguished by allowing content to be framed only in a square (1:1) aspect ratio of 640 pixels to match the display width of the iPhone at the time. In 2015, this restriction was eased with an increase to 1080 pixels. It also added messaging features, the ability to include multiple images or videos in a single post, and a Stories feature—similar to its main competitor Snapchat—which allowed users to post their content to a sequential feed, with each post accessible to others for 24 hours. As of January 2019, Stories is used by 500 million people daily. Originally launched for iOS in October 2010 by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger, Instagram rapidly gained popularity, with one million registered users in two months, 10 million in a year, and 1 billion by June 2018. In April 2012, Facebook Inc. acquired the service for approximately US$1 billion in cash and stock. The Android version was released in April 2012, followed by a feature-limited desktop interface in November 2012, a Fire OS app in June 2014, and an app for Windows 10 in October 2016. , over 40 billion photos had been uploaded. Although often admired for its success and influence, Instagram has also been criticized for negatively affecting teens' mental health, its policy and interface changes, its alleged censorship, and illegal and inappropriate content uploaded by users. History Instagram began development in San Francisco as Burbn, a mobile check-in app created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger. On March 5, 2010, Systrom closed a $500,000 () seed funding round with Baseline Ventures and Andreessen Horowitz while working on Burbn. Realizing that it was too similar to Foursquare, they refocused their app on photo-sharing, which had become a popular feature among its users. They renamed it Instagram, a portmanteau of instant camera and telegram. 2010–2011: Beginnings and major funding Josh Riedel joined the company in October as Community Manager, Shayne Sweeney joined in November as an engineer, and Jessica Zollman joined as a Community Evangelist in August 2011. The first Instagram post was a photo of South Beach Harbor at Pier 38, posted by Mike Krieger at 5:26p.m. on July16, 2010. Systrom shared his first post, a picture of a dog and his girlfriend's foot, a few hours later at 9:24p.m. It has been wrongly attributed as the first Instagram photo due to the earlier letter of the alphabet in its URL. On October6, 2010, the Instagram iOS app was officially released through the App Store. In February 2011, it was reported that Instagram had raised $7 million () in Series A funding from a variety of investors, including Benchmark Capital, Jack Dorsey, Chris Sacca (through Capital fund), and Adam D'Angelo. The deal valued Instagram at around $20 million. In April 2012, Instagram raised $50 million () from venture capitalists with a valuation of $500 million (). Joshua Kushner was the second largest investor in Instagram's Series B fundraising round, leading his investment firm, Thrive Capital, to double its money after the sale to Facebook. 2012–2014: Additional platforms and acquisition by Facebook On April 3, 2012, Instagram released a version of its app for Android phones, and it was downloaded more than one million times in less than one day. The Android app has since received two significant updates: first, in March 2014, which cut the file size of the app by half and added performance improvements; then in April 2017, to add an offline mode that allows users to view and interact with content without an Internet connection. At the time of the announcement, it was reported that 80% of Instagram's 600 million users were located outside the U.S., and while the aforementioned functionality was live at its announcement, Instagram also announced its intention to make more features available offline, and that they were "exploring an iOS version".On April 9, 2012, Facebook, Inc. (now Meta Platforms) bought Instagram for $1 billion () in cash and stock , with a plan to keep the company independently managed. Britain's Office of Fair Trading approved the deal on August 14, 2012, and on August 22, 2012, the Federal Trade Commission in the U.S. closed its investigation, allowing the deal to proceed. On September 6, 2012, the deal between Instagram and Facebook officially closed with a purchase price of $300 million in cash and 23 million shares of stock. The deal closed just before Facebook's scheduled initial public offering according to CNN. The deal price was compared to the $35 million Yahoo! paid for Flickr in 2005. Mark Zuckerberg said Facebook was "committed to building and growing Instagram independently." According to Wired, the deal netted Systrom $400 million. In November 2012, Instagram launched website profiles, allowing anyone to see user feeds from a web browser with limited functionality, as well as a selection of badges, and web widget buttons to link to profiles. Since the app's launch it had used the Foursquare API technology to provide named location tagging. In March 2014, Instagram started to test and switch the technology to use Facebook Places. 2015–2017: Redesign and Windows app In June 2015, the desktop website user interface was redesigned to become more flat and minimalistic, but with more screen space for each photo and to resemble the layout of Instagram's mobile website. Furthermore, one row of pictures only has three instead of five photos to match the mobile layout. The slideshow banner on the top of profile pages, which simultaneously slide-showed seven picture tiles of pictures posted by the user, alternating at different times in a random order, has been removed. In addition, the formerly angular profile pictures became circular. In April 2016, Instagram released a Windows 10 Mobile app, after years of demand from Microsoft and the public to release an app for the platform. The platform previously had a beta version of Instagram, first released on November 21, 2013, for Windows Phone 8. The new app added support for videos (viewing and creating posts or stories, and viewing live streams), album posts and direct messages. Similarly, an app for Windows 10 personal computers and tablets was released in October 2016. In May, Instagram updated its mobile website to allow users to upload photos, and to add a "lightweight" version of the Explore tab. On May 11, 2016, Instagram revamped its design, adding a black-and-white flat design theme for the app's user interface, and a less skeuomorphistic, more abstract, "modern" and colorful icon. Rumors of a redesign first started circulating in April, when The Verge received a screenshot from a tipster, but at the time, an Instagram spokesperson simply told the publication that it was only a concept. On December 6, 2016, Instagram introduced comment liking. However, unlike post likes, the user who posted a comment does not receive notifications about comment likes in their notification inbox. Uploaders can optionally decide to deactivate comments on a post. The mobile website allows uploading pictures since May 4, 2017. Image filters and the ability to upload videos were not introduced then. On April 30, 2019, the Windows 10 Mobile app was discontinued, though the mobile website remains available as a progressive web application (PWA) with limited functionality. The app remains available on Windows 10 computers and tablets, also updated to a PWA in 2020. 2018–2019: IGTV, removal of the like counter, management changes To comply with the GDPR regulations regarding data portability, Instagram introduced the ability for users to download an archive of their user data in April 2018. IGTV launched on June 20, 2018, as a standalone video application. On September 24, 2018, Krieger and Systrom announced in a statement they would be stepping down from Instagram. On October 1, 2018, it was announced that Adam Mosseri would be the new head of Instagram. During Facebook F8, it was announced that Instagram would, beginning in Canada, pilot the removal of publicly displayed "like" counts for content posted by other users. Like counts would only be visible to the user who originally posted the content. Mosseri stated that this was intended to have users "worry a little bit less about how many likes they're getting on Instagram and spend a bit more time connecting with the people that they care about." It has been argued that low numbers of likes in relativity to others could contribute to a lower self-esteem in users. The pilot began in May 2019, and was extended to 6 other markets in July. The pilot was expanded worldwide in November 2019. Also in July 2019, Instagram announced that it would implement new features designed to reduce harassment and negative comments on the service. In August 2019, Instagram also began to pilot the removal of the "Following" tab from the app, which had allowed users to view a feed of the likes and comments made by users they follow. The change was made official in October, with head of product Vishal Shah stating that the feature was underused and that some users were "surprised" when they realized their activity was being surfaced in this manner. In October 2019, Instagram introduced a limit on the number of posts visible in page scrolling mode unless logged in. Until this point, public profiles had been available to all users, even when not logged in. Following the change, after viewing a number of posts a pop-up requires the user to log in to continue viewing content. That month, Instagram launched a separate app known as Threads. Similar to Snapchat, the app allowed users to communicate through messaging and video chats. It was integrated with Instagram's "Close friends" feature, so that users could send images, photos, and texts privately to others, and also had Instagram's photo editing system embedded into the app. However, Instagram discontinued this version of Threads in December 2021, mainly due to most of its features being rolled out on Instagram itself, as well as low usage compared to other social media applications. Threads was not well-received among Instagram's user base. Since its launch, only approximately 220,000 users globally downloaded the app, which represented less than 0.1% of Instagram's monthly active users, indicating a lack of success in driving adoption. 2020–present: New features In March 2020, Instagram launched a new feature called "Co-Watching". The new feature allows users to share posts with each other over video calls. According to Instagram, they pushed forward the launch of Co-Watching in order to meet the demand for virtually connecting with friends and family due to social distancing as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In August 2020, Instagram began a pivot to video, introducing a new feature called "Reels". The intent was to compete with the video-sharing site TikTok. Instagram also added suggested posts in August 2020. After scrolling through posts from the past 48 hours, Instagram displays posts related to their interests from accounts they do not follow. In February 2021, Instagram began testing a new feature called Vertical Stories, said by some sources to be inspired by TikTok. The same month, they also began testing the removal of ability to share feed posts to stories. In March 2021, Instagram launched a new feature in which four people can go live at once. Instagram also announced that adults would not be allowed to message teens who don't follow them as part of a series of new child safety policies. In May 2021, Instagram began allowing users in some regions to add pronouns to their profile page. On October 4, 2021, Meta services suffered their worst outage since 2008, bringing down Instagram, Facebook, and WhatsApp. Security experts identified the problem as possibly being DNS-related. On March 17, 2022, Zuckerberg confirmed plans to add non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to the platform. In September 2022, Ireland's Data Protection Commission fined the company $402 million under privacy laws recently adopted by the European Union over how it handled the privacy data of minors. After being trialled in mid-2022, Instagram introduced Notes in December 2022. This feature allows users to share updates as short text posts of up to 60 characters with certain people, who can then reply to them using messaging on Instagram. In February 2023, Instagram introduced a new feature allowing users to browse and post GIFs in their comments. That same month, Zuckerberg announced that Meta would start selling blue "verified" badges on Instagram and Facebook. On July 5, 2023, Meta launched Threads, a social network platform connected to Instagram that allows users to make public shortform blog posts comprising text, photos, and videos, as well as to converse with other users and reblog other users' posts. Threads aims to compete with Twitter. In April 2022, Instagram began testing the removal of the ability to see "recent" posts from various hashtags. This change became permanent and system wide a year later, and now hashtags can only be used to see a selection of curated content from "top" users. These changes are ostensibly an attempt to hinder the spread of misinformation, while Instagram has also repeatedly stated that hashtags do not help posts get views. Features and tools Users can upload photographs and short videos, follow other users' feeds, and geotag images with the name of a location. Users can set their account as "private", thereby requiring that they approve any new follower requests. Users can connect their Instagram account to other social networking sites, enabling them to share uploaded photos to those sites. In September 2011, a new version of the app included new and live filters, instant tilt–shift, high-resolution photographs, optional borders, one-click rotation, and an updated icon. Photos were initially restricted to a square, 1:1 aspect ratio; since August 2015, the app supports portrait and widescreen aspect ratios as well. Users could formerly view a map of a user's geotagged photos. The feature was removed in September 2016, citing low usage. Since December 2016, posts can be "saved" into a private area of the app. The feature was updated in April 2017 to let users organize saved posts into named collections. Users can also "archive" their posts in a private storage area, out of visibility for the public and other users. The move was seen as a way to prevent users from deleting photos that don't garner a desired number of "likes" or are deemed boring, but also as a way to limit the "emergent behavior" of deleting photos, which deprives the service of content. In August, Instagram announced that it would start organizing comments into threads, letting users more easily interact with replies. Since February 2017, up to ten pictures or videos can be included in a single post, with the content appearing as a swipeable carousel. The feature originally limited photos to the square format, but received an update in August to enable portrait and landscape photos instead. In April 2018, Instagram launched its version of a portrait mode called "focus mode," which gently blurs the background of a photo or video while keeping the subject in focus when selected. In November, Instagram began to support Alt text to add descriptions of photos for the visually impaired. They are either generated automatically using object recognition (using existing Facebook technology) or manually specified by the uploader. On March 1, 2021, Instagram launched a new feature named Instagram Live "Rooms" Let Four People Go Live Together. In May 2021, Instagram announced a new accessibility feature for videos on Instagram Reels and Stories to allow creators to place closed captions on their content. Hashtags In January 2011, Instagram introduced hashtags to help users discover both photos and each other. Instagram encourages users to make tags both specific and relevant, rather than tagging generic words like "photo", to make photographs stand out and to attract like-minded Instagram users. Users on Instagram have created "trends" through hashtags. The trends deemed the most popular on the platform often highlight a specific day of the week to post the material on. Examples of popular trends include #SelfieSunday, in which users post a photo of their faces on Sundays; #MotivationMonday, in which users post motivational photos on Mondays; #TransformationTuesday, in which users post photos highlighting differences from the past to the present; #WomanCrushWednesday, in which users post photos of women they have a romantic interest in or view favorably, as well as its #ManCrushMonday counterpart centered on men; and #ThrowbackThursday, in which users post a photo from their past, highlighting a particular moment. In December 2017, Instagram began to allow users to follow hashtags, which display relevant highlights of the topic in their feeds. The ability to search "Recent" hashtags was temporarily disabled during the 2020 US elections, to prevent the spread of misinformation. In 2022 this was again tested on some users, and in April 2023 the ability to search recent hashtags was removed entirely. Now, users are only able to see a curated selection of "popular" posts using a given hashtag. Instagram states that this is to prevent abuse and that hashtags do not help users gain views, but it has been noted that using hashtags is the only free method for a user to reach past their existing followers. Explore In June 2012, Instagram introduced "Explore", a tab inside the app that displays popular photos, photos taken at nearby locations, and search. The tab was updated in June 2015 to feature trending tags and places, curated content, and the ability to search for locations. In April 2016, Instagram added a "Videos You Might Like" channel to the tab, followed by an "Events" channel in August, featuring videos from concerts, sports games, and other live events, followed by the addition of Instagram Stories in October. The tab was later expanded again in November 2016 after Instagram Live launched to display an algorithmically curated page of the "best" Instagram Live videos currently airing. In May 2017, Instagram once again updated the Explore tab to promote public Stories content from nearby places. Photographic filters Instagram offers a number of photographic filters that users can apply to their images. In February 2012, Instagram added a "Lux" filter, an effect that "lightens shadows, darkens highlights and increases contrast". In December 2014, Slumber, Crema, Ludwig, Aden, and Perpetua were five new filters to be added to the Instagram filter family. Video Initially a purely photo-sharing service, Instagram incorporated 15-second video sharing in June 2013. The addition was seen by some in the technology media as Facebook's attempt at competing with the then-popular video-sharing application Vine. In August 2015, Instagram added support for widescreen videos. In March 2016, Instagram increased the 15-second video limit to 60 seconds. Albums were introduced in February 2017, which allow up to 10 minutes of video to be shared in one post. IGTV IGTV is a vertical video application launched by Instagram in June 2018. Basic functionality is also available within the Instagram app and website. IGTV allows uploads of up to 10 minutes in length with a file size of up to 650 MB, with verified and popular users allowed to upload videos of up to 60 minutes in length with a file size of up to 5.4 GB. The app automatically begins playing videos as soon as it is launched, which CEO Kevin Systrom contrasted to video hosts where one must first locate a video. Reels In November 2019, it was reported that Instagram had begun to pilot a new video feature known as "Reels" in Brazil, expanding to France and Germany afterwards. It is similar in functionality to the Chinese video-sharing service TikTok, with a focus on allowing users to record short videos set to pre-existing sound clips from other posts. Users could make up to 15 (later 30) second videos using this feature. Reels also integrates with existing Instagram filters and editing tools. In July 2020, Instagram rolled out Reels to India after TikTok was banned in the country. The following month, Reels officially launched in 50 countries including the United States, Canada and United Kingdom. Instagram has recently introduced a reel button on home page. On June 17, 2021, Instagram launched full-screen advertisements in Reels. The ads are similar to regular reels and can run up to 30 seconds. They are distinguished from regular content by the "sponsored" tag under the account name. Despite the "TikTokification" of Reels and the parent company Meta spending millions on courting content creators, user engagement continued to lag far behind TikTok as of 2022. Instagram Direct In December 2013, Instagram announced Instagram Direct, a feature that lets users interact through private messaging. Users who follow each other can send private messages with photos and videos, in contrast to the public-only requirement that was previously in place. When users receive a private message from someone they don't follow, the message is marked as pending and the user must accept to see it. Users can send a photo to a maximum of 15 people. The feature received a major update in September 2015, adding conversation threading and making it possible for users to share locations, hashtag pages, and profiles through private messages directly from the news feed. Additionally, users can now reply to private messages with text, emoji or by clicking on a heart icon. A camera inside Direct lets users take a photo and send it to the recipient without leaving the conversation. A new update in November 2016 let users make their private messages "disappear" after being viewed by the recipient, with the sender receiving a notification if the recipient takes a screenshot. In April 2017, Instagram redesigned Direct to combine all private messages, both permanent and ephemeral, into the same message threads. In May, Instagram made it possible to send website links in messages, and also added support for sending photos in their original portrait or landscape orientation without cropping. In April 2020, Direct became accessible from the Instagram website, allowing users to send direct messages from a web version using WebSocket technology. In August 2020, Facebook started merging Instagram Direct into Facebook Messenger. After the update (which is rolled out to a segment of the user base) the Instagram Direct icon transforms into Facebook Messenger icon. In March 2021, a feature was added that prevents adults from messaging users under 18 who do not follow them as part of a series of new child safety policies. Instagram Stories In August 2016, Instagram launched Instagram Stories, a feature that allows users to take photos, add effects and layers, and add them to their Instagram story. Images uploaded to a user's story expire after 24 hours. The media noted the feature's similarities to Snapchat. In response to criticism that it copied functionality from Snapchat, CEO Kevin Systrom told Recode that "Day One: Instagram was a combination of Hipstamatic, Twitter [and] some stuff from Facebook like the 'Like' button. You can trace the roots of every feature anyone has in their app, somewhere in the history of technology". Although Systrom acknowledged the criticism as "fair", Recode wrote that "he likened the two social apps' common features to the auto industry: Multiple car companies can coexist, with enough differences among them that they serve different consumer audiences". Systrom further stated that "When we adopted [Stories], we decided that one of the really annoying things about the format is that it just kept going and you couldn't pause it to look at something, you couldn't rewind. We did all that, we implemented that." He also told the publication that Snapchat "didn't have filters, originally. They adopted filters because Instagram had filters and a lot of others were trying to adopt filters as well." In November, Instagram added live video functionality to Instagram Stories, allowing users to broadcast themselves live, with the video disappearing immediately after ending. In January 2017, Instagram launched skippable ads, where five-second photo and 15-second video ads appear in-between different stories. In April 2017, Instagram Stories incorporated augmented reality stickers, a "clone" of Snapchat's functionality. In May 2017, Instagram expanded the augmented reality sticker feature to support face filters, letting users add specific visual features onto their faces. Later in May, TechCrunch reported about tests of a Location Stories feature in Instagram Stories, where public Stories content at a certain location are compiled and displayed on a business, landmark or place's Instagram page. A few days later, Instagram announced "Story Search", in which users can search for geographic locations or hashtags and the app displays relevant public Stories content featuring the search term. In June 2017, Instagram revised its live-video functionality to allow users to add their live broadcast to their story for availability in the next 24 hours, or discard the broadcast immediately. In July, Instagram started allowing users to respond to Stories content by sending photos and videos, complete with Instagram effects such as filters, stickers, and hashtags. Stories were made available for viewing on Instagram's mobile and desktop websites in late August 2017. On December 5, 2017, Instagram introduced "Story Highlights", also known as "Permanent Stories", which are similar to Instagram Stories, but don't expire. They appear as circles below the profile picture and biography and are accessible from the desktop website as well. In June 2018, the daily active story users of Instagram had reached 400 million users, and monthly active users had reached 1 billion active users. Advertising Emily White joined Instagram as Director of Business Operations in April 2013. She stated in an interview with The Wall Street Journal in September 2013 that the company should be ready to begin selling advertising by September 2014 as a way to generate business from a popular entity that had not yet created profit for its parent company. White left Instagram in December 2013 to join Snapchat. In August 2014, James Quarles became Instagram's Global Head of Business and Brand Development, tasked with overseeing advertisement, sales efforts, and developing new "monetization products", according to a spokesperson. In October 2013, Instagram announced that video and image ads would soon appear in feeds for users in the United States, with the first image advertisements displaying on November 1, 2013. Video ads followed nearly a year later on October 30, 2014. In June 2014, Instagram announced the rollout of ads in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia, with ads starting to roll out that autumn. In March 2015, Instagram announced it would implement "carousel ads," allowing advertisers to display multiple images with options for linking to additional content. The company launched carousel image ads in October 2015, and video carousel ads in March 2016. In February 2016, Instagram announced that it had 200,000 advertisers on the platform. This number increased to 500,000 by September 2016, and 1 million in March 2017. In May 2016, Instagram launched new tools for business accounts, including business profiles, analytics and the ability to promote posts as ads. To access the tools, businesses had to link a corresponding Facebook page. The new analytics page, known as Instagram Insights, allowed business accounts to view top posts, reach, impressions, engagement and demographic data. Insights rolled out first in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, and expanded to the rest of the world later in 2016. In November 2018, Instagram added the ability for business accounts to add product links directing users to a purchase page or to save them to a "shopping list." In April 2019, Instagram added the option to "Checkout on Instagram," which allows merchants to sell products directly through the Instagram app. In March 2020, via a blog post, Instagram announced that they are making major moderation changes in order to decrease the flow of disinformation, hoaxes and fake news regarding COVID-19 on its platform, "We'll remove COVID-19 accounts from account recommendations, and we are working to remove some COVID-19 related content from Explore unless posted by a credible health organization. We will also start to downrank content in feed and Stories that has been rated false by third-party fact-checkers." In June 2021, Instagram launched a native affiliate marketing tool creators can use to earn commissions based on sales. Commission-enabled posts are labeled "Eligible for Commission" on the user side to identify them as affiliate posts. Launch partners included Sephora, MAC, and Kopari. Stand-alone apps Instagram has developed and released three stand-alone apps with specialized functionality. In July 2014, it released Bolt, a messaging app where users click on a friend's profile photo to quickly send an image, with the content disappearing after being seen. It was followed by the release of Hyperlapse in August, an iOS-exclusive app that uses "clever algorithm processing" to create tracking shots and fast time-lapse videos. Microsoft launched a Hyperlapse app for Android and Windows in May 2015, but there has been no official Hyperlapse app from Instagram for either of these platforms to date. In October 2015, it released Boomerang, a video app that combines photos into short, one-second videos that play back-and-forth in a loop. Third-party services The popularity of Instagram has led to a variety of third-party services designed to integrate with it, including services for creating content to post on the service and generating content from Instagram photos (including physical print-outs), analytics, and alternative clients for platforms with insufficient or no official support from Instagram (such as in the past, iPads). In November 2015, Instagram announced that effective June 1, 2016, it would end "feed" API access to its platform in order to "maintain control for the community and provide a clear roadmap for developers" and "set up a more sustainable environment built around authentic experiences on the platform", including those oriented towards content creation, publishers, and advertisers. Additionally, third-party clients have been prohibited from using the text strings "insta" or "gram" in their name. It was reported that these changes were primarily intended to discourage third-party clients replicating the entire Instagram experience (due to increasing monetization of the service), and security reasons (such as preventing abuse by automated click farms, and the hijacking of accounts). In the wake of the Cambridge Analytica scandal, Instagram began to impose further restrictions on its API in 2018. For unlimited browsing of public Instagram profiles without having to create an account, as well as for anonymous browsing of someone else's Stories, has to use the Instagram profiles viewer. Stories are more authentic than typical photos posted as posts because users know that in 24 hours their Stories will disappear if they don't add them as highlighted (however users can check who saw their Story for 48 hours after it was published). For this reason, they are very valuable for market research. Fact checking On December 16, 2019, Facebook announced it would expand its fact checking programs towards Instagram, by using third-party fact-checkers organizations false information is able to be identified, reviewed and labeled as false information. Content when rated as false or partly false is removed from the explore page and hashtag pages, additionally content rated as false or partly false are labeled as such. With the addition of Facebook fact-checking program came the use of image matching technology to find further instances of misinformation. If a piece of content is labeled false or partly false on Facebook or Instagram then duplicates of such content will also be labeled as false. Algorithm and design changes In April 2016, Instagram began rolling out a change to the order of photos visible in a user's timeline, shifting from a strictly chronological order to one determined by an algorithm. Instagram said the algorithm was designed so that users would see more of the photos by users that they liked, but there was significant negative feedback, with many users asking their followers to turn on post notifications in order to make sure they see updates. The company wrote a tweet to users upset at the prospect of the change, but did not back down, nor provide a way to change it back, which they re-affirmed in 2020. However, in December 2021, Adam Mosseri, in a Senate hearing on child safety issues, stated that the company is developing a version of the feed that would show user posts in chronological order. He later clarified the company would introduce two modes: a classic chronological feed and a version of it that would let users pick "favorite" users whose posts would be shown at the top in chronological order while other posts would be mixed in below. Since 2017, Instagram has employed the ability to reduce the prominence of accounts ("shadowbanning") it believes may be generating non-genuine engagement and spam (including excessive use of unneeded hashtags), preventing posts from appearing in search results and in the app's Explore section. In a now-deleted Facebook post, Instagram wrote that "When developing content, we recommend focusing on your business objective or goal rather than hashtags". Instagram has since been accused of extending the practice to censor posts under vague and inconsistent circumstances, particularly in regards to sexually suggestive material. Instagram caused the userbase to fall into outrage with the December 2018 update. They found an attempt to alter the flow of the feed from the traditional vertical scroll to emulate and piggy-back the popularity of their Instagram Stories with a horizontal scroll, by swiping left. Various backtracking statements were released explaining it as a bug, or as a test release that had been accidentally deployed to too large an audience. In November 2020, Instagram replaced the activity feed tab with a new "Shop" tab, moving the activity feed to the top. The "new post" button was also relocated to the top and replaced with a Reels tab The company states that "the Shop tab gives you a better way to connect with brands and creators and discover products you love" and the Reels tab "makes it easier for you to discover short, fun videos from creators all over the world and people just like you." However, users have not responded well to the change, taking their complaints to Twitter and Reddit, and The New York Times has shunned Reels in particular, saying "Not only does Reels fail in every way as a TikTok clone, but it’s confusing, frustrating and impossible to navigate". Also in 2020, Instagram rolled out a feature titled "suggested posts", which adds posts from accounts Instagram thinks a user would like to such user's feed. The feature was met with controversy from both Reddit users from The Verge, which reported that suggested posts would keep users glued to their feed, give Instagram more advertising space, and ultimately harm the mental health of users, while Instagram executive Julian Gutman rebutted, stating the feature was not intended to keep users glued to their screens. Suggested posts received more controversy after Fast Company stated that the feature would be impossible to turn off. On June 23, 2021, Instagram announced a test change to the "suggested posts" feature. The company will put suggested posts ahead of posts from people who the user is following in the Instagram feed, citing positive reception as the reason for this change. Scientific studies Harmful effect on teenage girls' mental health Facebook has known for years that its Instagram app is harmful to a large number of teenagers, according to research seen by The Wall Street Journal, but the company concealed the knowledge from lawmakers. The internal Facebook presentations seen by the Journal in 2021 show that Instagram is toxic to a sizable percentage of its users, particularly teenage girls. More than 40% of Instagram's users are under 23 years old. The presentations were seen by the company's executives and the findings mentioned to Mark Zuckerberg in 2020, but when asked in March 2021 about Instagram's effect on young people, Zuckerberg defended the company's plan to launch an Instagram product for children under 13. When asked by senators for its internal findings on the impact of Instagram on youth mental health, Facebook sent a six-page letter that did not include the company's research. The company told Forbes that its research is "kept confidential to promote frank and open dialogue and brainstorming internally." In a blog post, Instagram said that the WSJ story "focuses on a limited set of findings and casts them in a negative light." On September 27, 2021, weeks after the WSJ report was released, Facebook announced that it had "paused" development of Instagram Kids, the Instagram product aimed at children. The company stated it was looking into concerns raised by the regulators and parents. Adam Mosseri stated that the company would return to the project as "[t]he reality is that kids are already online, and we believe that developing age-appropriate experiences designed specifically for them is far better for parents than where we are today." Based on Facebook's leaked internal research, Instagram has had negative effects on the body image of one in three teenagers. Leaked internal documents also indicate that two thirds of teen girls and 40 percent of teen boys experience negative social comparison, and that Instagram makes 20 percent of the teens feel worse about themselves. According to the leaked research, Instagram has higher impact on appearance comparison than TikTok or Snapchat. 13 percent of British, and 6 percent of US, teenager users with suicidal thoughts could trace them to Instagram use. Depression, anxiety and stress Khodarahimi and Fathi found evidence that Instagram users displayed higher levels of depressive and anxious symptoms compared to non-users. However, Frison & Eggermont 2017 found that, among both boys and girls, browsing could predict the presence of depressive symptoms; liking and posting seemed to have no effect. In addition, their study showed that the presence of depressive symptoms in a given user could positively predict that they would make posts. The study showed that the viewing of celebrity and peer pictures could make the moods of women more negative. In a 2021 study, Mun & Kim pointed out that Instagram users with a strong need for approval were more likely to falsely present themselves on their Instagram accounts, which in turn increased the likelihood of depression. However, depression was mitigated by the users' perception of their own popularity. Lub & Trub 2015 showed that following more strangers increases social comparisons and depressive symptoms. Multiple studies have found that increasing time spent on Instagram increases social anxiety and anxiety related to personal traits, physical appearance, and high-stress body areas in particular. Sherlock & Wagstaff 2019 showed that both the number of followers and followees can slightly increase anxiety over personal traits. Additionally, Moujaes & Verrier 2020 observed a connection between online engagement with mothering-based influencers known as InstaMums and anxiety. However, Mackson et al. 2019 suggested beneficial effects of Instagram use on anxiety symptoms. Body image Instagram users report higher body surveillance (the habitual monitoring of one's body shape and size), appearance-related pressure, eating-disorder-related-pathology and lower body satisfaction than non-users. Multiple studies have also shown that users who take more selfies before making a post, and those who strategically present themselves by participating in such activities as editing or manipulating selfies, report higher levels of body surveillance and body dissatisfaction, and lower body esteem overall. Tiggermann et al. showed that facial satisfaction can decrease when one spends greater time editing selfies for Instagram. Comments related to appearance on Instagram can lead to higher dissatisfaction with one's body. Loneliness and social exclusion Mackson et al. 2019 found that Instagram users were less lonely than non-users and that Instagram membership predicts lower self-reported loneliness. A 2021 study by Büttner & Rudertb also showed that not being tagged in an Instagram photo triggers the feeling of social exclusion and ostracism, especially for those with higher needs to belong. However, Brailovskaia & Margraf 2018 found a significant positive relationship between Instagram membership and extraversion, life satisfaction, and social support. Their study showed only a marginally significant negative association between Instagram membership and self-conscientiousness. Fioravanti et al. 2020 showed that women who had to take a break from Instagram for seven days reported higher life satisfaction compared to women who continued their habitual pattern of Instagram use. The effects seemed to be specific for women, where no significant differences were observed for men. The relationship between Instagram use and the fear of missing out, or FOMO, has been confirmed in multiple studies. Research shows that Instagram browsing predicts social comparison, which generates FOMO, which can ultimately lead to depression. Alcohol and drug use There is a small positive correlation between the intensity of one's Instagram usage and alcohol consumption, with binge drinkers reporting greater intensity of Instagram use than non-binge drinkers. Boyle et al. 2016 found a small to moderate positive relationship between alcohol consumption, enhanced drinking motives, and drinking behavior during college and Instagram usage, Eating disorders A comparison of Instagram users with non-users showed that boys with an Instagram account differ from boys without an account in terms of over-evaluation of their shape and weight, skipping meals, and levels of reported disordered eating cognitions. Girls with an Instagram account only differed from girls without an account in terms of skipping meals; they also had a stricter exercise schedule, a pattern not found in boys. This suggests a possible negative effect of Instagram usage on body satisfaction and disordered eating for both boys and girls. Several studies identified a small positive relationship between time spent on Instagram and both internalization of beauty or muscular ideals and self-objectification. Both Appel et al. 2016 and Feltman et al. 2017 found a positive link between the intensity of Instagram use and both body surveillance and dietary behaviors or disordered eating. Suicide and self-harm Picardo et al. 2020 examined the relationship between self-harm posts and actual self-harm behaviours offline and found such content had negative emotional effects on some users. The study also reported preliminary evidence of the online posts affecting offline behavior, but stopped short of claiming causality. At the same time, some benefits for those who engage with self-harm content online have been suggested. Instagram has published resources to help users in need of support. Sharenting risks Sharenting is when parents post content online, including images, about their children. Instagram is one of the most popular social media channels for sharenting. The hashtag #letthembelittle contains over 10 million images related to children on Instagram. Bare 2020 analysed 300 randomly selected, publicly available images under the hashtag and found that the corresponding images tended to contain children's personal information, including name, age and location. Instagram addiction Sanz-Blas et al. 2019 showed that users who feel that they spend too much time on Instagram report higher levels of "addiction" to Instagram, which in turn was related to higher self-reported levels of stress induced by the app. In a study focusing on the relationship between various psychological needs and "addiction" to Instagram by students, Foroughi et al. 2021 found that the desire for recognition and entertainment were predictors of students' addiction to Instagram. In addition, the study proved that addiction to Instagram negatively affected academic performance. Additionally, Gezgin & Mihci 2020 found that frequent Instagram usage correlated with smartphone addiction. User characteristics and behavior Users Following the release in October 2010, Instagram had one million registered users in December 2010. In June 2011, it announced that it had 5 million users, which increased to 10 million in September. This growth continued to 30 million users in April 2012, 80 million in July 2012, 100 million in February 2013, 130 million in June 2013, 150 million in September 2013, 300 million in December 2014, 400 million in September 2015, 500 million in June 2016, 600 million in December 2016, 700 million in April 2017, and 800 million in September 2017. In June 2011, Instagram passed 100 million photos uploaded to the service. This grew to 150 million in August 2011, and by June 2013, there were over 16 billion photos on the service. In October 2015, there existed over 40 billion photos. In October 2016, Instagram Stories reached 100 million active users, two months after launch. This increased to 150 million in January 2017, 200 million in April, surpassing Snapchat's user growth, and 250 million active users in June 2017. In April 2017, Instagram Direct had 375 million monthly users. Demographics , Instagram's users are divided equally with 50% iPhone owners and 50% Android owners. While Instagram has a neutral gender-bias format, 68% of Instagram users are female while 32% are male. Instagram's geographical use is shown to favor urban areas as 17% of US adults who live in urban areas use Instagram while only 11% of adults in suburban and rural areas do so. While Instagram may appear to be one of the most widely used sites for photo sharing, only 7% of daily photo uploads, among the top four photo-sharing platforms, come from Instagram. Instagram has been proven to attract the younger generation with 90% of the 150 million users under the age of 35. From June 2012 to June 2013, Instagram approximately doubled their number of users. With regards to income, 15% of US Internet users who make less than $30,000 per year use Instagram, while 14% of those making $30,000 to $50,000, and 12% of users who make more than $50,000 per year do so. With respect to the education demographic, respondents with some college education proved to be the most active on Instagram with 23%. Following behind, college graduates consist of 18% and users with a high school diploma or less make up 15%. Among these Instagram users, 24% say they use the app several times a day. User behavior Ongoing research continues to explore how media content on the platform affects user engagement. Past research has found that media which show peoples' faces receive more 'likes' and comments and that using filters that increase warmth, exposure, and contrast also boosts engagement. Users are more likely to engage with images that depict fewer individuals compared to groups and also are more likely to engage with content that has not been watermarked, as they view this content as less original and reliable compared to user-generated content. Recently Instagram has come up with an option for users to apply for a verified account badge; however, this does not guarantee every user who applies will get the verified blue tick. The motives for using Instagram among young people are mainly to look at posts, particularly for the sake of social interactions and recreation. In contrast, the level of agreement expressed in creating Instagram posts was lower, which demonstrates that Instagram's emphasis on visual communication is widely accepted by young people in social communication. Performative activism Starting in June 2020, Instagram was more widely used as a platform for social justice movements including the Black Lives Matter movement. This has changed how people address activism, created a lack of consistency in protest, and is not widely accepted. Most notably in 2020, Shirien Damra shared an illustration and tribute she made of George Floyd after his death, and it resulted in more than 3.4 million "likes", followed by many offline reproductions of the illustration. Instagram-based activism (as well as other social media) has been criticized and dismissed for being performative, reductionist, and overly focused on aesthetics. Reception Awards Instagram was the runner-up for "Best Mobile App" at the 2010 TechCrunch Crunchies in January 2011. In May 2011, Fast Company listed CEO Kevin Systrom at number 66 in "The 100 Most Creative People in Business in 2011". In June 2011, Inc. included co-founders Systrom and Krieger in its 2011 "30 Under 30" list. Instagram won "Best Locally Made App" in the SF Weekly Web Awards in September 2011. 7x7Magazine'''s September 2011 issue featured Systrom and Krieger on the cover of their "The Hot 20 2011" issue. In December 2011, Apple Inc. named Instagram the "App of the Year" for 2011. In 2015, Instagram was named No. 1 by Mashable on its list of "The 100 best iPhone apps of all time," noting Instagram as "one of the most influential social networks in the world." Instagram was listed among Times "50 Best Android Applications for 2013" list. Mental health In May 2017, a survey conducted by the United Kingdom's Royal Society for Public Health, featuring 1,479 people aged 14–24, asking them to rate social media platforms depending on anxiety, depression, loneliness, bullying and body image, concluded that Instagram was the "worst for young mental health". Some have suggested it may contribute to digital dependence, whilst this same survey noticed its positive effects, including self-expression, self-identity, and community building. In response to the survey, Instagram stated that "Keeping Instagram a safe and supportive place for young people was a top priority". The company filters out the reviews and accounts. If some of the accounts violate Instagram's community guidelines, it will take action, which could include banning them. In 2017, researchers from Harvard University and University of Vermont demonstrated a machine learning tool that successfully outperformed general practitioners' diagnostic success rate for depression. The tool used color analysis, metadata components, and face detection of users' feeds. In 2019, Instagram began to test the hiding of like counts for posts made by its users, with the feature later made available to everyone. Correlations have been made between Instagram content and dissatisfaction with one's body, as a result of people comparing themselves to other users. In a recent survey half of the applicants admitted to photo editing behavior which has been linked with concerns over body image. In October 2021, CNN published an article and interviews on two young women, Ashlee Thomas and Anastasia Vlasova, saying Instagram endangered their lives due to it having toxic effects on their diets. In October, 2023, 42 states from the USA filed a lawsuit against Instagram and parent company Meta, accusing them of contributing to a youth mental health crisis due to the addictive nature of the platforms. The lawsuit claims that Meta and its Instagram unit repeatedly misled the public about the dangers of its platforms and knowingly induced young children and teenagers into addictive and compulsive social media use. Meta representatives replied that they were disappointed with the lawsuit and were hoping instead to continue working with other companies from the industry to create new and better standards for applications teens use. Negative comments In response to abusive and negative comments on users' photos, Instagram has made efforts to give users more control over their posts and accompanying comments field. In July 2016, it announced that users would be able to turn off comments for their posts, as well as control the language used in comments by inputting words they consider offensive, which will ban applicable comments from showing up. After the July 2016 announcement, the ability to ban specific words began rolling out early August to celebrities, followed by regular users in September. In December, the company began rolling out the abilities for users to turn off the comments and, for private accounts, remove followers. In June 2017, Instagram announced that it would automatically attempt to filter offensive, harassing, and "spammy" comments by default. The system is built using a Facebook-developed deep learning algorithm known as DeepText (first implemented on the social network to detect spam comments), which utilizes natural-language processing techniques, and can also filter by user-specified keywords. In September 2017, the company announced that public users would be able to limit who can comment on their content, such as only their followers or people they follow. At the same time, it updated its automated comment filter to support additional languages. In July 2019, the service announced that it would introduce a system to proactively detect problematic comments and encourage the user to reconsider their comment, as well as allowing users the ability to "restrict" others' abilities to communicate with them, citing that younger users felt the existing block system was too much of an escalation. An April 2022 study by the Center for Countering Digital Hate found that Instagram failed to act on 90% of abusive direct messages (DMs) sent to five high-profile women, despite the DMs being reported to moderators. The participants of the study included actress Amber Heard, journalist Bryony Gordon, television presenter Rachel Riley, activist Jamie Klingler and magazine founder Sharan Dhaliwal. Instagram disputed many of the study's conclusions. Culture On August 9, 2012, English musician Ellie Goulding released a new music video for her song "Anything Could Happen." The video only contained fan-submitted Instagram photographs that used various filters to represent words or lyrics from the song, and over 1,200 different photographs were submitted. Security In August 2017, reports surfaced that a bug in Instagram's developer tools had allowed "one or more individuals" to gain access to the contact information, specifically email addresses and phone numbers, of several high-profile verified accounts, including its most followed user, Selena Gomez. The company said in a statement that it had "fixed the bug swiftly" and was running an investigation. However, the following month, more details emerged, with a group of hackers selling contact information online, with the affected number of accounts in the "millions" rather than the previously assumed limitation on verified accounts. Hours after the hack, a searchable database was posted online, charging $10 per search. The Daily Beast was provided with a sample of the affected accounts, and could confirm that, while many of the email addresses could be found with a Google search in public sources, some did not return relevant Google search results and thus were from private sources. The Verge wrote that cybersecurity firm RepKnight had found contact information for multiple actors, musicians, and athletes, and singer Selena Gomez's account was used by the hackers to post naked photos of her ex-boyfriend Justin Bieber. The company admitted that "we cannot determine which specific accounts may have been impacted", but believed that "it was a low percentage of Instagram accounts", though TechCrunch stated in its report that six million accounts were affected by the hack, and that "Instagram services more than 700 million accounts; six million is not a small number". In 2019, Apple pulled an app that let users stalk people on Instagram by scraping accounts and collecting data. Iran has DPI blocking for Instagram. Content ownership On December 17, 2012, Instagram announced a change to its Terms of Service policy, adding the following sentence: There was no option for users to opt out of the changed Terms of Service without deleting their accounts before the new policy went into effect on January 16, 2013. The move garnered severe criticism from users, prompting Instagram CEO Kevin Systrom to write a blog post one day later, announcing that they would "remove" the offending language from the policy. Citing misinterpretations about its intention to "communicate that we'd like to experiment with innovative advertising that feels appropriate on Instagram", Systrom also stated that it was "our mistake that this language is confusing" and that "it is not our intention to sell your photos". Furthermore, he wrote that they would work on "updated language in the terms to make sure this is clear". The policy change and its backlash caused competing photo services to use the opportunity to "try to lure users away" by promoting their privacy-friendly services, and some services experienced substantial gains in momentum and user growth following the news. On December 20, Instagram announced that the advertising section of the policy would be reverted to its original October 2010 version. The Verge wrote about that policy as well, however, noting that the original policy gives the company right to "place such advertising and promotions on the Instagram Services or on, about, or in conjunction with your Content", meaning that "Instagram has always had the right to use your photos in ads, almost any way it wants. We could have had the exact same freakout last week, or a year ago, or the day Instagram launched". The policy update also introduced an arbitration clause, which remained even after the language pertaining to advertising and user content had been modified. Facebook acquisition as a violation of US antitrust law Columbia Law School professor Tim Wu has given public talks explaining that Facebook's 2012 purchase of Instagram was a felony. On February 26, 2019, the New York Post released an article stating that the FTC had discovered a memo authored by a senior Facebook official, revealing that the purpose behind the acquisition of Instagram was to remove a potential rival. Wu explains this is a violation of US antitrust law (see monopoly). Wu stated that this document was an email directly from Mark Zuckerberg, whereas the Post article had stated that their source had declined to say whether the high-ranking executive was the CEO. The article reported that the FTC "has formed a task force to review "anticompetitive conduct" in the tech world amid concerns that tech companies are growing too powerful. The task force will look at "the full panoply of remedies" if it finds "competitive harm," FTC competition bureau director Bruce Hoffman told reporters." Algorithmic advertisement with a rape threat In 2016, Olivia Solon, a reporter for The Guardian, posted a screenshot to her Instagram profile of an email she had received containing threats of rape and murder towards her. The photo post had received three likes and countless comments, and in September 2017, the company's algorithms turned the photo into an advertisement visible to Solon's sister. An Instagram spokesperson apologized and told The Guardian that "We are sorry this happened – it's not the experience we want someone to have. This notification post was surfaced as part of an effort to encourage engagement on Instagram. Posts are generally received by a small percentage of a person's Facebook friends." As noted by the technology media, the incident occurred at the same time parent company Facebook was under scrutiny for its algorithms and advertising campaigns being used for offensive and negative purposes. Human exploitation In May 2021, The Washington Post published a report detailing a "black market" of unlicensed employment agents luring migrant workers from Africa and Asia into indentured servitude as maids in Persian Gulf countries, and using Instagram posts containing their personal information (including in some cases, passport numbers) to market them. Instagram deleted 200 accounts that had been reported by the Post, and a spokesperson stated that Instagram took this activity "extremely seriously", disabled 200 accounts found by the Post to be engaging in these activities, and was continuing to work on systems to automatically detect and disable accounts engaging in human exploitation. July 2022 Updates In July 2022, Instagram announced a set of updates which immediately received widespread backlash from its userbase. The changes included a feed more focused on Instagram's content algorithms, full-screen photo and video posts, and changing the format of all of its videos to Reels. The primary criticisms for these updates was Instagram being more like TikTok, instead of photo sharing. The backlash originated from an Instagram post and Change.org petition created by photographer Tati Bruening (under the username @illumitati) on July 23, 2022, featuring the statement "Make Instagram Instagram again. (stop trying to be tiktok i just want to see cute photos of my friends.) Sincerely, everyone.". The post and petition gained mainstream attention after influencers Kylie Jenner and Kim Kardashian reposted the Instagram post; subsequently, the original post gained over 2 million likes on Instagram and over 275,000 signatures on Change.org. Instagram walked back the update on July 28, with Meta saying "We recognize that changes to the app can be an adjustment, and while we believe that Instagram needs to evolve as the world changes, we want to take the time to make sure we get this right." Despite repeated attempts by Meta to shape Instagram to appear and operate more like TikTok, user engagement continued to lag far behind its rival as of 2022. Censorship and restricted content Illicit drugs Instagram has been the subject of criticism due to users publishing images of drugs they are selling on the platform. In 2013, the BBC discovered that users, mostly located in the United States, were posting images of drugs they were selling, attaching specific hashtags, and then completing transactions via instant messaging applications such as WhatsApp. Corresponding hashtags have been blocked as part of the company's response and a spokesperson engaged with the BBC explained: Instagram has a clear set of rules about what is and isn't allowed on the site. We encourage people who come across illegal or inappropriate content to report it to us using the built-in reporting tools next to every photo, video or comment, so we can take action. People can't buy things on Instagram, we are simply a place where people share photos and videos. However, new incidents of illegal drug trade have occurred in the aftermath of the 2013 revelation, with Facebook, Inc., Instagram's parent company, asking users who come across such content to report the material, at which time a "dedicated team" reviews the information. In 2019, Facebook announced that influencers are no longer able to post any vape, tobacco products, and weapons promotions on Facebook and Instagram. Women's bodies In October 2013, Instagram deleted the account of Canadian photographer Petra Collins after she posted a photo of herself in which a very small area of pubic hair was visible above the top of her bikini bottom. Collins claimed that the account deletion was unfounded because it broke none of Instagram's terms and conditions. Audra Schroeder of The Daily Dot further wrote that "Instagram's terms of use state users can't post 'pornographic or sexually suggestive photos.'" You can indeed find more sexually suggestive photos on the site than Collins', where women show the side of "femininity" the world is "used to" seeing and accepting." Nick Drewe of The Daily Beast wrote a report the same month focusing on hashtags that users are unable to search for, including #sex, #bubblebutt, and #ballsack, despite allowing #faketits, #gunsforsale and #sexytimes, calling the discrepancy "nonsensical and inconsistent". Similar incidents occurred in January 2015, when Instagram deleted Australian fashion agency Sticks and Stones Agency's account because of a photograph including pubic hair sticking out of bikini bottoms, and March 2015, when artist and poet Rupi Kaur's photos of menstrual blood on clothing were removed, prompting a rallying post on her Facebook and Tumblr accounts with the text "We will not be censored", gaining over 11,000 shares. The incidents have led to a #FreetheNipple campaign, aimed at challenging Instagram's removal of photos displaying women's nipples. Although Instagram has not made many comments on the campaign, an October 2015 explanation from CEO Kevin Systrom highlighted Apple's content guidelines for apps published through its App Store, including Instagram, in which apps must designate the appropriate age ranking for users, with the app's current rating being 12+ years of age. However, this statement has also been called into question due to other apps with more explicit content allowed on the store, the lack of consequences for men exposing their bodies on Instagram, and for inconsistent treatment of what constitutes inappropriate exposure of the female body. The Iranian government offered moderators bribes up to $9,000 to delete specific accounts, with Masih Alinejad being targeted in particular. Censorship by countries Censorship of Instagram has occurred in several different countries. United States On January 11, 2020, Instagram and its parent company Facebook, Inc. are removing posts "that voice support for slain Iranian commander Qassem Soleimani to comply with US sanctions". On October 30, 2020, Instagram temporarily removed the "recent" tab on hashtag pages to prevent the spread of misinformation regarding the 2020 United States presidential election. On January 7, 2021, United States President Donald Trump was banned from Instagram "indefinitely". Zuckerberg stated "We believe the risks of allowing the President to continue to use our service during this period are simply too great." A few days after Facebook changed its name to Meta, an Australian artist and technologist, Thea-Mai Baumann, had lost access to her @metaverse Instagram handle. Bauman tried to reclaim her access for a month, without success. Only after The New York Times'' published the story and contacted Meta's PR department, was the access restored. China Instagram has been blocked by China following the 2014 Hong Kong protests as many confrontations with police and incidents occurring during the protests were recorded and photographed. Hong Kong and Macau were not affected as they are part of special administrative regions of China. Turkey Turkey is also known for its strict Internet censorship and periodically blocks social media including Instagram. North Korea A few days after a fire incident that happened in the Koryo Hotel in North Korea on June 11, 2015, authorities began to block Instagram to prevent photos of the incident from being spread out. Iran As of September 2022, Instagram was one of the last freely available global social media sites in Iran. Instagram is popular among Iranians because it is seen as an outlet for freedom and a "window to the world." Still, Iran has sentenced several citizens to prison for posts made on their Instagram accounts. The Iranian government also blocked Instagram periodically during anti-government protests. In July 2021, Instagram temporarily censored videos with the phrase "death to Khamenei". It was blocked along with WhatsApp permanently from September 2022 except for tourists and corporations who are asking for it. Cuba The Cuban government blocked access to several social media platforms, including Instagram, to curb the spread of information during the 2021 Cuban protests. Russia On March 11, 2022, Russia announced it would ban Instagram due to alleged "calls for violence against Russian troops" on the platform during the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. On March 14, the ban took effect, with almost 80 million users losing access to Instagram. Statistics As of January 7, 2023, the most followed person is Portuguese professional footballer Cristiano Ronaldo with over 530 million followers. As of January 7, 2023, the most-liked photo on Instagram is a carousel of photos from footballer Lionel Messi celebrating winning the 2022 FIFA World Cup, The post has over 74 million likes. In 2022, Instagram was the second most downloaded mobile app of the year. In popular culture Social Animals (documentary film): A documentary film about three teenagers growing up on Instagram Instagram model: a term for models who gain their success as a result of the large number of followers they have on Instagram Instapoetry: a style of poetry which formed by sharing images of short poems by poets on Instagram. Instagram Pier: a cargo working area in Hong Kong that gained its nickname due to its popularity on Instagram System Instagram is written in Python. Instagram artificial intelligence (AI) describes content for visually impaired people who use screen readers. See also List of social networking services Criticism of Facebook Dronestagram Internet celebrity Instagram husband Instagram face Pheed Pixnet Social media and suicide Timeline of social media Explanatory notes References Further reading External links 2010 establishments in the United States 2010 software 2012 mergers and acquisitions Android (operating system) software BlackBerry software Companies based in San Francisco Image-sharing websites Internet properties established in 2010 IOS software Meta Platforms acquisitions Meta Platforms applications Mobile software Photo software Proprietary cross-platform software Shorty Award winners Symbian software Video software WatchOS software Windows Phone software

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%8D%98%20%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8

조던 나이트

조던 나이트(Jordan Knight, 1970년 5월 17일 ~ )는 뉴 키즈 온 더 블록의 리드싱어로 가장 잘 알려진 미국의 싱어송라이터이며, 1980년대와 1990년대 명성을 올린 가수이다. 조나단 나이트의 동생인 그는 스타일리스틱스에 의한 영향을 받아 노래의 뚜렷한 가성 스타일로 가장 잘 알려졌다. 뉴 키즈 온 더 블록이 해산된 후, 그는 솔로 앨범을 발표하였다. 1999년에 발매된 그의 첫 솔로 앨범과 2011년에 발매된 그의 최신 솔로 앨범은 미국 빌보드 200에서 톱 50에 도달하였다. 2011년으로 봐서 그는 3개의 톱 40 싱글을 발표하였는 데 가장 잘 알려진 싱글은 1999년에 나온 "Give It To You"이다. 그는 3개의 스튜디오 앨범, 1개의 리믹스 앨범과 1개의 EP을 발표하였다. 2011년 5월 31일 그는 스튜디오 앨범 《Unfinished》를 발표하였다. 나이트는 솔로 가수로서 전세계에 1.5 백만장 이상의 레코드를 팔았다. 2015년 보스턴 시의회는 2월 7일을 "조던 나이트의 날"로 선언하였다. 초기 생애와 경력 나이트는 매사추세츠주 우스터에서 태어났다. 그는 6명의 자식들 중에 막내였으며, 그의 부모는 둘다 성공회의 성직자이다. 그는 14세가 될 무렵인 1984년에 프로듀서 모리스 스타에 의하여 보스턴에서 집합된 뉴 키즈 온 더 블록에 가입하였다. 그의 동료 멤버들은 조이 매킨타이어, 도니 월버그와 대니 우드는 물론 자신의 형 조너선 나이트를 포함하였다. 다음 몇년 동안에 그는 스스로 피아노와 키보드 악기를 연주하고, 작곡을 하는 법을 독학하였다. 뉴 키즈의 곡들을 거의 작사한 스타는 밴드의 연주 곡목에 자신의 작업을 추가하는 걸 마음 내키지 않아했다. 뉴 키즈 온 더 블록은 전세계에 7천만 앨범들을 팔고, 콘서트 세입의 수억 달러를 가져왔으며 백스트리트 보이즈와 엔싱크 같은 보이 밴드들의 잇다른 등장과 활동을 용이하게 하였다. 그룹은 1994년에 해체되었으나 2008년에 재결합하였다. 솔로 경력 1999년 나이트는 자신의 첫 솔로 싱글 "Give It To You"를 발표하면서 복귀하였다. 싱글은 빌보드 핫 100에서 10위에 도달하였고, 동년의 MTV 비디오 뮤직 어워드 시상식에서 리키 마틴의 "Livin' La Vida Loca"에게 패하였어도 베스트 댄스 비디오상을 위한 후보에 올랐다. 그는 또한 2000년 니켈로디언 키즈 초이스 어워드 시상식에서 가장 좋아하는 남성 가수를 위하여 후보에 오르기도 하였다. 싱글은 핫 댄스 뮤직/클럽 플레이 차트에서 35위에 올라갔다. 앨범 《Jordan Knight》는 베스트 남성 팝 앨범을 위한 어스파이어 뮤직 어워드를 수숭하였다. 조던 나이트의 자기 타이틀 데뷔 앨범은 그러고나서 1999년 7월 7일 미국에서 50만 장 이상의 판매를 위하여 황금을 증명하였다. 앨범은 빌보드 200에서 29에 오르고, 톱 인터넷 앨범 차트에서 9위에 올랐다. 2008년 뉴 키즈 온 더 블록은 재결합하여 2개의 톱 40 히트곡을 발표하고, 성공적인 순회 공연에 나섰다. 2010년 가을로 봐서 그들은 백스트리트 보이즈와 팀을 이루어 역사상 가장 큰 보이 밴드 NKOTBSB를 장조하고 2011년 여름에 순회 공연을 가졌다. 나이트는 2004년 리믹스 앨범 《Jordan Knigth Performs New Kids On The Block》을 발표하였다. 2005년 나이트는 빌보드 성인 당시의 차트에서 12위에 도달한 리드 싱글 "Where is Your Heart Tonight"에 의하여 성원된 표제의 EP 《The Fix》를 발표하였다. 그는 2005~06년 EP 흥행에서 광범하게 지속적으로 순회 공연을 가졌다. 2006년 9월 나이트의 다음 앨범 《Love Songs》는 트랜즈컨티넨탈 레코드사에 의하여 발매되었다. 첫 싱글은 빌보드 성인 당시의 차트에서 24위에 도달한 데비 깁슨과 듀엣으로 부른 "Say Goddbye"였다. 2011년 5월 31일 나이트는 자신의 3번째 솔로 앨범 《Unfinished》를 발표하였다. 앨범은 미국 빌보드 인디펜던트 앨범 차트에서 8위, 미국 빌보드 200에서 48위, 그리고 캐나다에서 55위에 도달하였다. 그는 그해 11월 자신의 라이브와 앨범 투어를 시작하는 데 공고하였다. 나이트는 보스턴에 기지를 둔 밴드 엘리베이션 시어리와 함께 정해진 날짜들을 상연하였다. 2014년 나이트는 앨범 《Nick & Knight》의 발표를 위하여 닉 카터와 함께 팀을 이루었다. 그들은 앨범의 성원에서 가을을 통하여 순회 공연을 하는 데 세웠다. 텔레비전 나이트는 〈아메리칸 아이돌〉의 파생 작품 〈아메리칸 주니어스〉에서 심사였다. 그는 2004년 VH1 현실적 시리즈 〈The Surreal Life〉에서 다른 명사들과 함께 3번째 시즌 출연자였다. 그는 후에 2007년 파생 작품 〈The Surreal Life:Fame Games〉에 나왔으나 자신의 외할머니 사망의 이유로 프리미어 에피소드의 촬영 중에 자리를 떠났다. 2005년 나이트는 마리오가 부른 "Let Me Love You"의 리메이크 노래는 물론, "Give It To You"를 상연한 영국의 쇼프로그램 〈Hit Me Baby One More Time〉에 나왔다. 그해 9월 나이트는 또한 영국에서 채널 5에서 방영하는 다큐멘터리 〈Trust Me - I'm a Holiday Rep〉에 출연하기도 하였다. 6명의 명사들은 키프로스 아야 나파에서 올림픽 홀리데이즈 대표의 역할에서 10일을 보냈다. 그는 시초에 자신의 수줍은 성격에 어떤 범위에 핑계를 둔 역할을 위한 열광이 부족하였으나 즐기는 데 다가왔다. 자신의 마지막 복명에서 그는 자신에게 어린이를 위하여 그리고 회전 대표로서 직업을 마련하려한 우두머리 대표들로부터 칭찬을 받았다. 나이트는 또한 펜 질레트가 사회를 맡은 게임쇼 〈아이덴티티〉에 나오기도 하였다. 2011년 9월 그는 CBC 쇼 〈Cover Me Canada〉에서 심사로 나왔다. 개인 생활 나이트는 에벌린 멜렌데스와 결혼하여 2명의 자식을 두었다. 맏아들 단테 조던은 1999년 8월 25일, 둘째 아들 에릭 제이컵은 2007년 2월 21일에 태어났다. 디스코그래피 솔로 앨범 《Jordan Knight》(1999년) 《Love Songs》(2006년) 《Unfinished》(2011년) 리믹스 앨범과 EP 《Jordan Knight Performs New Kids on the Block:The Remix Album》(2004년) 《Fix》(2005년) 합작 앨범 《Nick & Knight》 (2014년) 외부 링크 1970년 출생 살아있는 사람 미국의 남자 가수 미국의 팝 가수 미국의 남자 싱어송라이터 매사추세츠주 출신 음악가 우스터 (매사추세츠주) 출신 뉴 키즈 온 더 블록의 일원

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Knight

Jordan Knight

Jordan Nathaniel Marcel Knight (born May 17, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter. He is the lead vocalist of the boy band New Kids on the Block (NKOTB), which rose to fame in the 1980s and 1990s, using a falsetto style of singing influenced by The Stylistics. After New Kids on the Block split in 1994, he launched a solo career. Knight's first solo album, released in 1999, and his latest solo album, released in 2011, reached the Top 50 on the U.S. Billboard 200. As of 2011, he released four Top 40 singles; the best known being "Give It to You" in 1999. Knight has released three solo albums, one remix album and one EP. On May 31, 2011, Knight released the studio album, Unfinished. Knight has sold over 1.5 million records worldwide as a solo artist. Early life and career Jordan Nathaniel Marcel Knight was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, and holds American and Canadian citizenship. His parents are Canadian, his father is from Meaford, Ontario and his mother is from Dunnville, Ontario. He is the youngest of 6 children: Allison, Sharon, David, Christopher, and Jonathan. His father is an Episcopal priest. Before fame, he played in a youth baseball league in Dorchester, Massachusetts. Jordan was almost 14 years old in 1984 when he joined New Kids on the Block, a band assembled in Boston by producer Maurice Starr. His fellow members included his brother Jonathan Knight, as well as Joey McIntyre, Donnie Wahlberg, and Danny Wood. Over the next few years, he began writing songs and teaching himself piano and keyboard instruments. Starr, who wrote much of the New Kids material, was reluctant to add his work to the band's repertoire. New Kids on the Block have sold over 80 million records worldwide, generated hundreds of million of dollars in concert revenues and paved the way for later boy bands like Backstreet Boys and *NSYNC. New Kids on the Block disbanded in 1994, but reunited in 2008. Solo career Knight made a comeback in 1999 by releasing his first solo single, "Give It To You." The single reached No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, went gold, and was nominated for the 1999 MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance Video, though it lost to Ricky Martin's "Livin' La Vida Loca." He was also nominated for Favorite Male Singer at the 2000 Kids' Choice Awards. The single also peaked at No. 35 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. The album Jordan Knight won an Aspire Music Award for Best Male Album (Pop). Knight's self-titled debut album was then certified gold for sales of over 500,000 copies in the US on July 7, 1999. The album peaked at No. 29 on the Billboard 200 and No. 9 on the Top Internet Albums chart. In 2008, the New Kids on the Block reunited and released 2 top 40 hits and went on a successful tour. In the fall of 2010, they teamed with the Backstreet Boys (BSB), creating the boy band NKOTBSB, and toured in summer 2011. Knight released a remix album, Jordan Knight Performs New Kids on the Block: The Remix Album, in 2004. In 2005, Knight released an EP titled The Fix supported by the lead single "Where Is Your Heart Tonight," which reached its peak at No. 12 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. He continued to tour extensively in 2005–2006 promoting the EP. In September 2006, Knight's next album, Love Songs, was released by Transcontinental Records. The first single was "Say Goodbye," a duet with Deborah Gibson, that peaked at No. 24 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. On May 31, 2011, Knight released his third solo album, Unfinished. The album reached No. 8 on the US Billboard Independent Albums chart, No. 48 on the US Billboard 200 and No. 55 in Canada. He announced began his Live and Unfinished Tour on December 11, 2011. Knight performed the announced dates with Boston-based band Elevation Theory. In 2014, Knight teamed up with Nick Carter for the release of the album Nick & Knight. The duo toured throughout the fall of that year in support of the album. Television Knight was a judge on the American Idol spin-off, American Juniors. He was a third-season cast member on the VH1 reality television series The Surreal Life with other celebrities in 2004. He later appeared in the 2007 spin-off The Surreal Life: Fame Games. In 2005, Knight appeared on the British show Hit Me Baby One More Time, where he performed "Give It to You," as well as a cover of "Let Me Love You" by Mario. In September 2005, Knight also starred in a British documentary on Five in the UK called Trust Me – I'm a Holiday Rep. Six celebrities spent 10 days in the role of an Olympic Holidays holiday rep in Ayia Napa, Cyprus. Knight also appeared on the game show Identity, hosted by Penn Jillette. In September 2011, he featured as a judge on the CBC show Cover Me Canada. Personal life Knight has been married to Evelyn Melendez since 2004. They have two sons. Knight lives in Milton, Massachusetts. In 2016, Knight became a partner in an Italian restaurant called Novara in Milton, Massachusetts. Discography Solo albums Jordan Knight (1999) Jordan Knight Performs New Kids on the Block: The Remix Album (2004) Love Songs (2006) Unfinished (2011) Collaborative albums Nick & Knight (2014, with Nick Carter) References External links 1970 births Living people 20th-century American singers 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American singers American child singers American contemporary R&B singers American dance musicians American male pop singers American male singers American male songwriters American male television actors American people of Canadian descent Countertenors English High School of Boston alumni Interscope Records artists Male actors from Boston Male actors from Worcester, Massachusetts Musicians from Dorchester, Massachusetts Musicians from Worcester, Massachusetts Naturalized citizens of Canada New Kids on the Block members NKOTBSB members People from Milton, Massachusetts Record producers from Massachusetts Singers from Boston Songwriters from Massachusetts

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%ED%83%84%20%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC

바탄 전투

바탄 전투(, 1942년)는 일본 제국이 필리핀을 점령하기 위한 의도로 침공한 필리핀 점령 계획의 일부이며, 죽음의 바탄 행진 등 일본의 전쟁범죄를 여실하게 나타낸 전투이다. 이 전투 결과, 필리핀은 완전히 일본 제국의 수중에 들어가게 되었으며, 필리핀은 일본의 전쟁수행기지 및 남태평양 침공을 위한 전진기지로써 사용되게 된다. 전투 배경 일본 제국은 서남태평양 지역으로의 확장을 준비하고 있었고, 그러기 위해서는 반드시 전진기지를 확보할 필요가 있었다. 대본영은 일찍이 전진기지로써 필리핀을 선정하고, 오랫동안 그 지역을 점령하고 있는 미국과의 전쟁을 준비했는데, 그 시작이 바로 진주만 공격이다. 필리핀 침공과 진주만 공격이 동시에 이루어진 것은, 우연이 아닌 미국을 상대로 전쟁을 하겠다는 일본 제국의 강한 의지가 담겨있음을 알 수 있다. 경과 일본군은 꾸준히 필리핀 지역에 정찰을 실시하였고, 이는 미군 수뇌부에도 알려져 "곧 일본이 필리핀을 침공할 수 있다."라는 정보를 신뢰하게 만들었다. 그 결과 한 때 육군에서 퇴역한 장군인 더글라스 맥아더 장군은 다시 현역으로 재소집되어 필리핀으로 파견되었다. 맥아더 장군은 일본의 침공 가능성을 항상 염두에 두었고, 그리하여 마닐라 만 4개 도서를 요새화하였으며, 필리핀군을 미군의 지휘체계에 넣어 "미극동지상군"을 창설하였다. 그리고, 맥아더 장군의 예상대로 일본군은 1941년 12월 8일 필리핀에 상륙하였으며, 4개 방면에서 미-필리핀군을 압박하며 필리핀을 완전히 점령하고자 했다. 맥아더 장군은 무지개 계획 (Plan Rainbow)를 고안했는데, 해안에서 일본군을 적극적으로 방어함으로써 가능한 한 장시간 루손 섬을 2개 부대(북부 루손부대 지휘관: 조나단 M. 웨인라이트 중장, 남부 루손부대 지휘관: 조지 M. 파커 중장)로 방어하고, 여의치 않으면 기존의 계획이던 War Plan Orange-3로 돌아가는 것이었다. 즉, 최대한 비밀스럽고 빠르게 바탄 반도로 철수하여, 마닐라만을 결사 확보한다는 계획이었다. 원래의 War Plan Orange-3계획에 따르면 농성을 위한 최소 6개월치의 식량과 의약품 및 무기를 비축하도록 되어있었으나, 맥아더의 수정된 계획 War Plan Rainbow 5에 따라 해안선에서의 방어를 위해 물자들이 해안선 주변으로 넓게 퍼져 있었다. 따라서 바탄 반도에서의 농성을 위해서 비축하려 했던 6개월치의 보급품은 확보하지 못한채 바탄반도로의 철수가 이루어졌으며, 결국 이 보급품의 부족은 바탄 반도에 농성중인 미군의 발목을 잡게된다. 일본군이 미-필리핀군의 바탄 반도로의 철수를 예측하지 못한 이유는 미-필리핀군이 마닐라를 결사 항전의 의지로써 사수할 것이라 예측했기 때문이었다. 일본군의 마닐라 무혈 입성 일본 육군은 더글라스 맥아더 장군의 지휘 하에 있는 미-필리핀군이 바탄으로 철수하는 것을 예측하지 못한 채, 필리핀 외곽으로 진격하였으나 미-필리핀군의 낌새가 전혀 보이지 않자 당황하였지만, 소기의 목적인 마닐라 점령을 손쉽게 달성했다는 점에서 위안을 찾았다. 그러나, 아직 배후에 미군이 버티고 있다는 사실은 일본군에게 좋은 소식은 아니었으므로, 일본군은 미군을 필리핀에서 섬멸하기 위한 작전을 수립하기에 이른다. 그러나 수적으로 일본군은 매우 열세였으므로, 일본군은 조직적인 포격과 집중 돌파 전술을 사용하여 미군의 저지선을 돌파할 생각이었다. 미-필리핀군의 완강한 저항 1942년 1월 2일 남부 루손부대가 북부 루손부대의 연막 작전(지연전)에 힘입어 결사적인 강행군에 돌입하여 마침내 팜팡가 강을 건너 바탄으로 철수하였다. 북부 루손부대와 합세한 남부 루손부대는 나티브 산 일대에 주 진지를 구축하고, 사마트 산 일대에 예비 진지를 구축하여 저지선을 형성하였다. 또한 일본군의 후방 침투를 염려하여 해안방어진지도 준비하였다. 일본군은 위에서도 언급했다시피 미-필리핀군의 바탄 철수를 전혀 예측하지 못하였고, 마닐라를 점령하면 필리핀 전역이 종료되리라 생각하였기 때문에, 홈마 군의 주력인 제4사단이 마닐라 점령 직후 자바 방면으로 이동하였다. 그로 인해 일본군은 제16사단 일부와 제65독립혼성여단만으로 바탄의 미-필리핀군을 격파하지 않으면 안 되었다. 일본군은 1월 9일부터 주 진지에 대하여 공격을 시작했지만, 어려운 상황에도 불구하고 미-필리핀군의 저항은 대단히 완강하였다. 1월 21일에야 서부 해안을 통해 일본군은 겨우 주 진지 저지선을 돌파하였다. 그러나 미-필리핀군은 질서정연하게 퇴각하여, 26일까지 안전하게 예비 진지까지 철수하는 데 성공하였다. 그러나 예비 진지로 철수한 미-필리핀군의 상태도 좋지 못하였는데, 식량과 의약품의 부족이 매우 심각하였다. 처음 정량의 1/2이던 배식은, 이제 1/3으로 줄었을 뿐만 아니라, 신경쇠약 증세를 보이는 장병들이 속출하기 시작하였다. 여기저기서 정신착란 증세를 보이는 병사의 비명소리가 들렸고, 그들이 자살하는 총성이 울려 퍼졌다. 자연스럽게 살아남은 병사들의 사기 역시 곤두박질 치고 있었다. 홈마 장군은 주 진지에서의 완강한 저항을 염두에 두고, 장기간의 포위 전략으로써 미-필리핀군을 굴복시키고자 하였으나, 대본영에서는 국내여론과 전쟁전반에 걸친 계획상의 차질을 우려하여 조기점령을 계속해서 요구하였다. 그리하여 정글을 통한 침투와 해안가를 통한 침투를 지속적으로 시도하였으나, 일본군은 번번히 패퇴하였다. 예비 진지 저지선의 붕괴 식량과 의약품이 날로 갈수록 떨어지고, 병사 개인 개인의 사기가 곤두박질 칠 무렵, 총사령관이던 더글라스 맥아더 장군이 3월 11일 서남태평양 지역 사령관으로 임명되어 호주로 탈출한 사실이 알려졌고, 북부 루손부대의 지휘관이었던 조나단 M. 웨인라이트 중장이 총사령관의 임무를 이양받았다. 일본군의 병력 증강은 계속되었는데, 3월 31일 총공세 이전까지 증강된 병력은 아래와 같다. 일본군의 증강된 병력 보병 30,000명 포 200문 전차 50대 항공기 100대 4월 3일 조직적인 포격과 돌파 전술로 총공세를 시작한 일본군의 기세 앞에 미-필리핀군은 결사적으로 저항하였으나, 4월 9일 투항한 미-필리핀군과 생포된 패잔병을 포함한 약 75,000명의 병사들이 포로로써 바탄 포로수용소에 수감되었고, 약 10,000명의 병사와 20,000명의 병사가 죽거나 다쳤다. 결과 바탄 전투 결과, 일본은 필리핀을 완전하게 점령하였으며, 차기 작전을 위한 전진기지를 획득하게 되었다. 그러나 바탄 전투를 포함한 필리핀 전역에서 받은 인적, 물적, 시간적 손실은 뉴기니아와 솔로몬 전역에 대한 일본의 침공 계획에 치명적 타격을 주었으며, 결과적으로 미군에 5개월이라는 시간을 준 셈이 되었다. 같이 보기 일본의 전쟁범죄 바탄 죽음의 행진 필리핀 전역 태평양 전쟁 제2차 세계 대전 1942년 분쟁 1942년 필리핀 1942년 1월 1942년 2월 1942년 3월 1942년 4월 바탄주의 역사 필리핀이 참가한 제2차 세계 대전의 전투와 작전

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Bataan

Battle of Bataan

The Battle of Bataan (; January 7 – April 9, 1942) was fought by the United States and the Philippine Commonwealth against Japan during World War II. The battle represented the most intense phase of the Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War II. In January 1942, forces of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy invaded Luzon along with several islands in the Philippine Archipelago after the bombing of the American naval base at Pearl Harbor. The commander in chief of the U.S. and Filipino forces in the islands, General Douglas MacArthur, consolidated all of his Luzon-based units on the Bataan Peninsula to fight against the Japanese army. By this time, the Japanese controlled nearly all of Southeast Asia. The Bataan Peninsula and the island of Corregidor were the only remaining Allied strongholds in the region. Despite their lack of supplies, American and Filipino forces managed to fight the Japanese for three months, engaging them initially in a fighting retreat southward. As the combined American and Filipino forces made a last stand, the delay cost the Japanese valuable time and prevented immediate victory across the Pacific. The American surrender at Bataan to the Japanese, with 76,000 soldiers surrendering in the Philippines altogether, was the largest in American and Filipino military histories and was the largest United States surrender since the American Civil War's Battle of Harpers Ferry. Soon afterwards, U.S. and Filipino prisoners of war were forced into the Bataan Death March. Background In 1936, Douglas MacArthur was appointed Field Marshal of the Philippine army, given the task of developing an effective defensive force before independence in 1946. Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army General George C. Marshall intended to make the Philippines reasonably defensible, "...we felt that we could block the Japanese advance and block their entry into war by their fear of what would happen if they couldn't take the Philippines..." MacArthur anticipated having until April 1942 to train and equip a combat ready force. On 26 July 1941 MacArthur was recalled to active duty within the US army and given the rank of lieutenant general. In August, MacArthur called into service one regiment for each of his ten reserve divisions, and inducted them into the US armed forces. On 27 November, he received notice, "Japanese future action unpredictable but hostile action possible at any moment. If hostilities cannot, repeat cannot, be avoided the United States desires that Japan commit the first overt act." On 18 December, ten days after the start of hostilities, MacArthur inducted the remaining reservists. The Philippine Army consisted of 120,000 men, of which 76,750 were on Luzon. On 24 December, as Masaharu Homma's Japanese Fourteenth Area Army advanced and General Jonathan Wainwright's North Luzon Force retreated, MacArthur ordered his Far East Air Force headquarters south towards Bataan. This prompted Lewis H. Brereton to abandon Clark Field, Nichols Field, Fort William McKinley, and Nielson Field for the Pilar, Bataan, Cabcaben and Mariveles gravel strips. By the end of the year, Bataan contained 15,000 Americans, 65,000 Filipinos, and 26,000 refugees. Adequate munitions had been stored or shipped in by the end of the year, but food supplies amounted to only about a two-month supply, far short of the needed 6 months in the prewar plans. In one last coordinated action by the Far East Air Force, U.S. planes damaged two Japanese transports and a destroyer, and sank one minesweeper. These air attacks and naval actions, however, did not significantly delay the Japanese assault. War Plan Orange When MacArthur returned to active duty, the latest revision plans for the defense of the Philippine Islands had been completed in April 1941 and was called WPO-3, based on the joint Army-Navy War Plan Orange of 1938, which involved hostilities between the United States and Japan. Under WPO-3, the Philippine garrison was to hold the entrance to Manila Bay and deny its use to Japanese naval forces, and ground forces were to prevent enemy landings. If the enemy prevailed, they were to withdraw to the Bataan Peninsula, which was recognized as the key to the control of Manila Bay. It was to be defended to the "last extremity". In addition to the regular U.S. Army troops, the defenders could rely on the Philippine Army, which had been organized and trained by General MacArthur. However, in April 1941 the Navy estimated that it would require at least two years for the Pacific Fleet to fight its way across the Pacific. Army planners in early 1941 believed supplies would be exhausted within six months and the garrison would fall. MacArthur assumed command of the Allied army in July 1941 and rejected WPO-3 as defeatist, preferring a more aggressive course of action. He recommended—among other things—a coastal defense strategy that would include the entire archipelago. His recommendations were followed in the plan that was eventually approved. With approval from Washington, War Plan Rainbow 5 was implemented such that the entire archipelago would be defended, with the necessary supplies dispersed behind the beachheads for defending forces to use while defending against the landings. With the return to War Plan Orange 3, the necessary supplies to support the defenders for the anticipated six-month-long defensive position were not available in the necessary quantities for the defenders who would withdraw to Bataan. Battle When the Japanese made their first landings on 10 and 12 December at the northern and southern extremities of Luzon, MacArthur made no disposition to contest them. He correctly surmised that these landings were designed to secure advance air bases and that the Japanese had no intention of driving on Manila from any of these beachheads. He did not regard the situation as serious enough to warrant a change in his plan to oppose the main attack, when it came, with an all-out defense at the beaches. The MacArthur Plan, then, remained in effect. On 20 December the submarine spotted a large convoy of troop ships with escorts. This was General Homma's landing force which included 85 troop transports, two battleships, six cruisers, and two dozen destroyers. The convoy was engaged by three submarines: USS Stingray, , and , who fired multiple torpedoes into the convoy, most of which failed to explode because of the Mark XIV torpedo's defective detonators. In all, just two troop ships were sunk before Japanese destroyers chased the submarines away. Fighting retreat MacArthur intended to move his men with their equipment and supplies in good order to their defensive positions. He charged the North Luzon Force, under Wainwright, with holding back the main Japanese assault and keeping the road to Bataan open for use by the South Luzon Force of Major General George Parker, which proceeded quickly and in remarkably good order, given the chaotic situation. To achieve this, Wainwright deployed his forces in a series of five defensive lines outlined in WPO-3: D1: Aguilar to San Carlos to Urdaneta City D2: Agno River D3: Santa Ignacia to Gerona to Guimba to San Jose D4: Tarlac to Cabanatuan D5: Bamban to Sibul Springs The main force of Homma's 14th Area Army came ashore at Lingayen Gulf on the morning of 22 December. The defenders failed to hold the beaches. By the end of the day, the Japanese had secured most of their objectives and were in position to emerge onto the central plain. Facing Homma's troops were four Filipino divisions: the 21st, the 71st, the 11th, and the 91st, as well as a battalion of Philippine Scouts backed by a few tanks. Along Route 3—a cobblestone road that led directly to Manila—the Japanese soon made contact with the Filipino 71st Division. At this point the action of the American artillery stalled the Japanese attack. However, Japanese planes and tanks entering the action routed the Filipino infantry, leaving the artillery uncovered. A second Japanese division landed at Lamon Bay, south of Manila, on 23 December and advanced north. It became evident to Wainwright that he could no longer hold back the Japanese advance. Late on the afternoon of 23 December Wainwright telephoned MacArthur's headquarters in Manila and informed him that any further defense of the Lingayen beaches was "impracticable." He requested and was given permission to withdraw behind the Agno River. MacArthur weighed two choices: either make a firm stand on the line of the Agno and give Wainwright his best unit, the Philippine Division, for a counterattack; or withdraw all the way to Bataan in planned stages. He decided on the latter, thus abandoning his own plan for defense and reverting to the old Orange plan. Having made his decision to withdraw to Bataan, MacArthur notified all force commanders on the night of 23 December that "WPO-3 is in effect." Meanwhile, Manuel L. Quezon, the President of the Philippine Commonwealth, together with his family and government staff were evacuated to Corregidor, along with MacArthur's United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) headquarters, on the night of 24 December, while all USAFFE military personnel were removed from the major urban areas. On 26 December Manila was officially declared an open city, and MacArthur's proclamation was published in the newspapers and broadcast over the radio. The Japanese were not notified officially of the proclamation but learned of it through radio broadcasts. The next day and thereafter they bombed the port area, from which supplies were being shipped to Bataan and Corregidor. As MacArthur concentrated the South Luzon Force on the Bataan Peninsula and prepared defensive positions, the North Luzon Force delayed the Japanese advance from the north. However, the main force of the Japanese 14th Army's 60,000 men was concentrating on capturing Manila. Only two reinforced Japanese regiments, the 9th Infantry and the 2nd Formosa Infantry, were advancing on Bataan. Porac–Guagua Line During the first few days in January 1942, Brigadier General William E. Brougher's 11th Division, and Brigadier General Mateo Capinpin's 21st Division, supported by the 26th Cavalry Regiment, fought a delaying action along the Guagua-Porac Line. Starting on the afternoon of 2 January, the Japanese 9th Infantry forced the 21st Division south from Porac to new defensive lines south of the Gumain River by 4 January. Starting on 3 January, the Japanese 2nd Formosa Infantry pushed the 11th Infantry south from Guagua, then on to Lubao, and then to the Gumain River by 5 January. On 5 and 6 January the 21st and 11th Division crossed the Culo River into Bataan. Layac Line Brigadier General Clyde A. Selleck was assigned responsibility for establishing and holding a defensive position at Layac. He was supposed to hold that position for several days, enabling preparation of the Abucay Line. Selleck was assigned four regiments for the task, the American 31st Infantry and Scout 26th Cavalry, and the Philippine 71st and 72nd infantry regiments from the 71st Division. These units occupied the position on 3 January, and on 6 January were attacked by units from the Imai Detachment, commanded by Hifumi Imai. As more Japanese arrived during the day, Selleck was given permission by Parker to withdraw during the night. Abucay–Mauban Line Two separate defensive lines crossed the Bataan peninsula. They were the Mauban line held by I Philippine Corps on the west, and the Abucay line held by the II Philippine Corps on the east. Wainwright commanded the I Philippine Corps of 22,500 troops. I Corps included General Fidel Segundo's 1st Regular Division, Brigadier General Clifford Bluemel's 31st Division, Brigadier General Luther R. Stevens' 91st Divisions, and the 26th Cavalry. Parker commanded the II Philippine Corps of 25,000 troops. II Corps included the 11th and 21st Divisions, Brigadier General Vicente Lim's 41st Division, Brigadier General Albert M. Jones' 51st Division, and the 57th Infantry. Antiaircraft protection was provided by the 515th Coast Artillery and the 200th Infantry Regiment, while tank support was provided by the 192nd Tank Battalion and the 194th Tank Battalion. Mount Natib [] and Mount Silanganan [] separated the two corps along the center of the peninsula. The commanders considered the rugged mountainous terrain impassable, so the two corps were not in direct contact with each other, which left a serious weakness. The Allies faced Akira Nara's 65th Brigade, originally expected to only have garrison duty, since the 48th Division had been dispatched to Java. Thus, the Japanese had 23,222 soldiers on Bataan, against 15,000 Americans and 65,000 Filipinos. On 10 January, MacArthur visited his Bataan troops from Limay to Abucay on the East Road, attempting to boost morale. Along the way, he stated, "Does anybody here want to bet me fifty dollars we'll be back in Manila by Easter?" Nara's planned attack on II Corps consisted of using the 141st Infantry on his eastern wing, against the 57th Infantry, and then using his 9th Infantry on his western flank, in an attempt to overwhelm the II Corps left flank. In reserve, Nara held the 142nd Infantry. Abucay On 9 January, Nara commenced his attack, concentrating on the 57th Infantry, reaching the main line of resistance on 11 January. By 12 January, Parker was forced to commit his reserve 21st Infantry in support of the 57th. Also on 12 January, Brigadier GeneralVirgilio N. Cordero Jr.'s 52nd Infantry, "Bicol's Own," was moved forward to plug a gap that had developed in the 51st Division's right flank. By 14 January, Bluemel's 31st Division was moved from Wainwright's I Corps to Parker's II Corps, in an attempt to bolster the 41st Division. Richard J. Marshall, MacArthur's Deputy Chief of Staff based on Mt. Mariveles' Signal Hill, concerned by the gap between I and II Corps, ordered Brigadier General Maxon S. Lough's Philippine Division, consisting of the Scout 45th Infantry and the American 31st Infantry, to the front lines. On 12 January 12 amid fierce fighting, 2nd Lieutenant Alexander R. Nininger, a platoon leader in the 57th Infantry, sacrificed his life when, armed with only a rifle and hand grenades, he forced his way into enemy foxholes during hand-to-hand combat, permitting his unit to retake Abucay Hacienda; for his actions, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Another extreme act of bravery was put forth by Filipino soldier Narciso Ortilano. He was on a water-cooled heavy machine gun when the Japanese burst out of a canebrake in a banzai charge. He shot dozens of the Japanese with his machine gun, then pulled out his Colt .45 and shot five more when the machine gun jammed. Then, when one Japanese soldier stabbed at him with a bayonet, he desperately tried to grab the gun, got his thumb cut off but still held on, and turned the gun on the enemy soldier and stabbed him in the chest. When another Japanese soldier swung a bayonet at him, he turned his rifle on the soldier and shot him dead. Narcisco received the Distinguished Service Cross. On 15 January, MacArthur issued the following statement to his troops, "Help is on the way from the United States, thousands of troops and hundreds of planes are being dispatched. It is imperative that our troops hold until these reinforcements arrive. No further retreat is possible." On 16 January, Jones' 51st Division was ordered by Parker to counterattack. However, that attack was met head on by the Japanese 141st Infantry, and in the left flank by the Japanese 9th Infantry. A hole developed in the Abucay Line, which the Japanese failed to take advantage of. Instead, the 141st turned and attacked the 41st Division, while the 9th turned back up Mount Natib. John R. Boatwright's 53rd Infantry, on the 51st Division's left flank, was ordered to retreat south and establish contact with I Corps. By the end of the day, the 51st Division was out of action. However, Lim's 41st Division held firm. By 18 January, the Japanese had suspended their attack, and Nara's 7th Tank Regiment, plus four battalions of artillery, were removed from his control. On 17 January, MacArthur radioed Washington, "The food situation here is becoming serious." On 17 January, the 31st Infantry was ordered to restore the main line, and then be relieved by the 11th Division. The 45th Infantry joined in the attack the next day, but both infantries made little progress, while the Japanese stepped up their attacks. Losses mounted on both sides, and by 22 January, the Philippine Division was back in its 19 January positions. More disconcerting, the Japanese 9th Infantry made advances along the side of Mount Natib and descended into Guitol, behind II Corps lines. Mauban On 10 January the Japanese occupied Olongapo and Grande Island. On 15 January Homa gave responsibility for western Bataan to Naoki Kimura's Detachment, consisting of the 122nd Infantry based on the West Road, and the 20th Infantry on the inland flank along Mout Silanganan. Wainwright commanded the 1st Division and 91st Division, after the departure of the 31st Division to II Corps, and the 26th Cavalrymen. On 16 January the Japanese attacked Moron, forcing Wainwright to place his 72nd Infantry astride the Pilar-Bagac Road behind his main defensive line. On 20 January, while the Japanese 122nd Infantry attacked the 1st Division, the 20th Infantry penetrated Wainwright's eastern flank, and placed a roadblock on the West Road by 21 January. Troops north of the roadblock no longer received food and ammunition resupply. On 22 January, MacArthur ordered a withdrawal to the Pilar-Bagac Road, citing "Hostile penetration through the center of the Main Battle Position..." On 25 January I Corps began its retreat. The men north of the roadblock, led by Kearie Berry, followed the coastline to Bagac, but were forced to abandon their trucks and artillery. Battle of the Points Battles were fought at Longoskawayan Point from 22 January to 1 February, at Quinauan Point from January 22 to February 8, and at the Silalim-Anyasan from 27 January to 13 February, which were collectively termed the "Battle of the Points". The final result was the complete destruction of the Japanese 1st and 2nd Battalions, 20th Infantry. In an attempt to outflank I Corps and isolate the service command area commanded by USAFFE deputy commander Brigadier General Allan C. McBride, 900 Japanese troops of the 2nd Battalion, 20th Infantry, 16th Division, led by Nariyoshi Tsunehiro, were landed on the west coast of southern Bataan on the night of 22 January. Intercepted by PT-34, two barges were sunk and the rest scattered in two groups, neither of which landed on the objective of Caibobo Point, but instead 300 landed on Longoskawayan Point and the other 600 on Quinauan Point. The Japanese forces were contained by members of Philippine Constabulary regiments, Francis J. Bridget's Naval Battalion, gunfire from Battery Geary, support from USS Quail, tanks from the 192nd Tank Battalion, and by personnel of the 34th Pursuit Squadron and 21st Pursuit Squadron. Noted participants included Clinton A. Pierce, Mariano Castañeda, Pelagio Cruz, Ed Dyess and Ray C. Hunt. The Japanese landings were finally reversed with the aid of units from the 57th and 45th Infantry. The naval infantry consisted of 150 ground crewmen from Patrol Wing Ten, 80 sailors from the Cavite Naval Ammunition Depot, and 130 sailors from , with 120 sailors from the base facilities at Cavite, Olongapo, and Mariveles, and 120 Marines from an antiaircraft battery. Sailors used the Canopus machine shop to fabricate makeshift mountings for machine guns salvaged from Patrol Wing Ten's damaged aircraft. The Marines were distributed through the ranks, and the sailors were told to "watch them and do as they do." The sailors attempted to make their white uniforms more suitable for jungle combat by dying them with coffee grounds. The result was closer to yellow than khaki, and the diary of a dead Japanese officer described them as a suicide squad dressed in brightly colored uniforms and talking loudly in an attempt to draw fire and reveal the enemy positions. On 25 January, Homma ordered the 16th Division commander Susumu Morioka to send 200 men in support of the Quinauan Point beachhead. On 27 January, once again, the landing went off course and the men landed between the Anyasan and Silaiim rivers. They were contained by the 17th Pursuit Squadron and 2nd Constabulary. On 29 January, units of the 45th Infantry arrived in support. On 1 February, Mitsuo Kimura's 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry, was ordered to Quinauan Point and seize Mount Mariveles. On 2 February, his 500 men on barges, supported by the Yaeyama, were attacked from the air by P-40's, PT 32, and land-based artillery. The survivors retreated to a landing on Silaiim Point. Edmund J. Lilly, and Harold Keith Johnson assumed command of the blocking forces, that included elements of the 12th and 57th Infantry, plus tanks from the 192 Tank Battalion. Several Japanese attempts to escape by sea from 7 February onwards failed. Finally, a desperation drive by 200 Japanese out of the point northwards also failed. Battle of Trail Two On 26 January, Nara's 65th Brigade was ordered to the pursue the retreating Filipino and American forces. Nara assumed the next defensive line would extend from Limay to Mount Mariveles. Thus Nara proceeded to advance against the Orion-Bagac line, assuming it consisted of outer defensives. Nara's objective was to advance south along Trail 2, and then along the eastern base of Mount Samat. Opposing Nara were troops commanded by Bluemel. On 27 January, Nara commenced his attack with the 9th and 141st infantry against the 51st Infantry south of the Pilar River. On 28 January, the 41st Infantry arrived in support of the 51st. Fighting continued for the next few days, until on 29 January, Nara was ordered to return the 9th Infantry to the 16th Division. Bluemel decided to counterattack on 2 February with the 41st Infantry, 51st Combat Team, and the 31st Engineer Battalion, supported on the left by the 21st Division, and on the right by the 32nd Infantry. By 8 February, recognizing the attacks by the 65th Brigade were failures resulting in crippling losses, Nara was ordered to withdraw north to the Pilar-Bagac Road. Battle of the Pockets On 28 January, Hiroshi Nakanishi's 3rd Battalion, and Yorimasa Yoshioka's 20th Infantry staff, attacked I Corps' Orion-Bagac line and was able to break through into the 1st Division's rear along the Tuol River. The Japanese were separated into two pockets, a Little Pocket consisting of about one company, and a Big Pocket with 1000 men. By 5 February, Wainwright had committed five 1st Division companies, two 92nd Infantry battalions, one Scout battalion, one Constabulary battalion, plus tanks from the 192nd Tank Battalion, and artillery from the 24th Field Artillery, in an attempt to eliminate the Little and Big Pockets. On 6 February a Japanese salinet formed, the Upper Pocket, when the 122nd Infantry and the 2nd Battalion, 33rd Infantry, penetrated within 800 yards of the Big Pocket. On 7 February, the 1st Division surrounded the Little Pocket, which was eliminated by 9 February. Concentrating on attacking the Big Pocket next, Trail 7 was secured by 10 February. On 11 February, Yoshioka attempted to breakout to the north, in conjunction with a general 14th Army withdrawal across Bataan. On 15 February, 377 Japanese reached their own lines, and the Upper Pocket was abandoned. With the elimination of the Japanese 20th Infantry, I Corps' line was restored on 26 February. On 3 February 1st Lieutenant Willibald C. Bianchi of the 45th Infantry, Philippine Scouts, led a reinforced platoon forward against two enemy machine-gun nests, silenced them with grenades, and despite two gunshot wounds to the chest, then manned an antiaircraft machine gun until being knocked off the tank by a third severe wound. Orion-Bagac Line By 8 February, Homma recognized he only had three effective infantry battalions on Bataan, and ordered the halt of further attacks. His army retreated to better positions up to ten kilometers from the front, and awaited reinforcements. His staff believed, "there was an influence, a spiritual influence, exerted by the American resistance on Bataan. Not only did the Japanese at home worry about the length of the period of American resistance on Bataan, but it served as a symbol to the Filipinos that the Americans had not deserted them and would continue to assist them." Yet, MacArthur's army on Bataan was a besieged garrison on a starvation diet. On 20 February, the President of the Philippines Manuel L. Quezon, his family, Vice President of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña, Chief Justice of the Philippines José Abad Santos, and three Philippine Army officers, were evacuated onboard the Swordfish. On 22 February, MacArthur was ordered to leave. Wainwright was given command of the Luzon Force, and then all United Forces in the Philippines (USFIP) on 21 March, reporting to MacArthur. Edward P. King assumed command of the Luzon Force. Jones took over I Corps, Parker remained in charge of II Corps, while Lewis C. Beebe was made MacArthur's deputy chief of staff. On the night of 12 March MacArthur, his family, and several USAFFE staff officers left Corregidor for Mindanao aboard four PT boats commanded by Lieutenant Commander John D. Bulkeley. For this, and a number of other feats over the course of four months and eight days, Bulkeley was awarded the Medal of Honor, the Navy Cross, the Distinguished Service Cross and other citations. MacArthur was eventually flown to Australia where he broadcast to the Filipino people his famous "I Shall Return" promise. On 17 March, Washington notified Wainwright of MacArthur's safe arrival in Australia. Additionally, the message stated, "I assume that you are fully acquainted with the various measures that have been instituted for running the blockade and keeping our forces partially supplied with critical items. In an effort to provide you with some air assistance we are placing one or two crated P-40s on each blockade runner, including six converted destroyers of which the leading vessels are now enroute via Hawaii." Of these six blockade runners, the Masaya, Matagalpa, Teapa, Margaret Schafer, Mount Baker, and Texada, only the first two made it past Hawaii, and they were diverted instead to Australia. Other blockade runners included the Don Isidro, Coast Farmer, Dona Nati, and the Anhui, but only the last three were partially successful. Resupply by submarine, including the Seawolf, Trout, Seadragon, Permit, and the Sargo were also only partially successful. By the end of February, the rice and flour had run out. On 23 February, Homma's chief of staff Masami Maeda, was replaced by Takaji Wachi, and plans were made for an April offensive. Reinforcements included additional men for the 16th Division and 65th Brigade, plus Kenzo Kitano's 4th Infantry Division, and Kameichiro Nagano's 21st Division. Wachi observed that, "The Japanese Army was severely beaten by the Philippine Army. [Enemy] artillery was so accurate and powerful that the Japanese Army feared this most." So additional artillery was added to Kishio Kitajima's Artillery Group, including 300 mm mortars, Type 45 240 mm howitzers, 150 mm mortars and howitzers, and 75 mm mountain guns. Kizo Mikami's 22nd Air Brigade was also augmented with the 60th and 62nd Heavy Bombardment Regiments. The 1st Baloon Company provided provided additional aerial observation. On 22 March, King ignored a Japanese offer of honorable surrender that cited the defeat of Britain and Netherland East Indies. By 3 April, King's Luzon Force consisted of 79,000 soldiers, with 32,600 in I Corps, and 28,000 in II Corps. Yet malnutrition, disease and fatigue limited their strength. King was also down to two P40s and two P-35s. The Left Sector of I Corps was held by Luther Stevens' 91st and 1st Divisions, while the Right Sector was held by Brougher's 11th Division and 2nd Constabulary. Sector A of II Corps was held by John Irwin's Philippine Army's 31st Infantry, Sector By by Irvin Doane's Provisional Air Corps Regiment, Sector C by Clifford Bluemel's 32nd Infantry and 51st Combat Team, Sector D by Maxon Lough's 21st and 41st Divisions, while Sector E was held by Guillermo B. Francisco's American 31st and 57th Infantry. Fall of Bataan On 3 April, at 1500, Homma planned to attack the Orion Bagac Line, using Kitano's 4th Division to breach the II Corps left flank along Mount Samat, and then proceed southeast to Manila Bay. Nara's 65th Brigade would be on Kitano's right, while the 21st Division would be a diversionary force on II Corps' right flank, and the 16th Division diverted I Corps. Homma expected Bataan to fall within a month. On 23 March, Japanese aerial bombardment commenced. On 3 April at 0900, Kishio Kitajima's 196 gun bombardment commenced, accompanied by 150 sorties of Kizo Mikamai's 22nd Air Brigade. By 1500 hours, Nara's 65th Brigade advanced south along Trail 29 between the Catamon and Pantingan Rivers, while Kureo Taniguchi led the Right Wing of Kenzo Kitano's 4th Division south along Trail 6. By the end of the day the 42nd Infantry and 43rd Infantry, Lim's 41st Division, were in retreat. On 4 April the Japanese artillery bombardment and aerial barrage continued. The 65th Brigade contued its advance south down Trail 29, as the 41st Division continued its retreat. Now the Japanese 4th Division's Left and Right Wings forced the 21st, 22nd and 23rd Infantry, 21st Division, to retreat. King then committed his Luzon Force reserves in an attempt to prevent the total collapse of Sector D. On 5 April, the Japanese Right Wing captured Mt. Samat, with the 41st Artillery batteries, and proceeded down the southern slopes. The 51st Combat Team in Sector C now came under attack. Wainwright, visiting the II Corps front from Corregidor, ordered a counterattack by Jasper Brady's American 31st Infantry, the 45th Infantry, and the 57th Infantry for the next day. However, Wainwright told MacArthur, " The troops have been on half rations for three months and are now on less than that amount which results in much loss of physical vigor and sickness." The attempted counterattack proved futile, and the defenders were forced to fall back onto the east bank of the San Vicente River. By the end of 6 April, according to Whitman, "General Homma's army had destroyed two divisions, the 21st and the 41st, and one regiment, the 51st. Homma had also cut off two regiments from the main area of interest, the 41st and 45th infantry, and isolated Sector D headquarters from its troops. The left flank of II Corps was smashed, the two corps split apart, Mount Samat lost, defending artillery all but neutralized, and the rear of Parker's II Corps invitingly open to Japanese exploitation." On 7 April, the Japanese offensive struck Bluemel's Sector C, and soon the San Vicente line collapsed. First retreating to the Mamala River, eventually what was left of Bluemel's 31st and 57th infantry were joined by the 26th Cavalry on the Alangan River. To their right were the remnants of Irwin's Sectors A and B. Similarly, I Corps retreated to the Binuangan River. Homma's offensive had accomplished in 5 days what was expected to take a month, with minimal loss. On 8 April, Bluemel was forced to retreat further along Trail 20 to the Lamao River. He was told he need hold that line only until the next day when, "A car carrying a white flag will go through the lines on the east road at daylight." King stated, "I feel that further resistance would only uselessly waste life." Wainwright messaged MacArthur, "The troops are so weak from malnutrition that they have no power of resistance." The nurses from Hospitals 1 and 2 were evacuated to Corregidor, leaving 24,000 sick and wounded. Depots and warehouses were destroyed that night, as the last two P-40s, two P-35s, and a Grumman J2F Duck carrying Carlos P. Romulo, fled south from Bataan and Cabcaben airfields. The Dewey, Bittern, and Canopus were scuttled. All along the battle front, units of I Corps, together with the devastated remnants of II Corps, crumbled and straggled to the rear. The commanders on Bataan lost all contact with their units, except by runner in a few instances. In the last two days of the defense roads south were clogged with refugees and fleeing troops, with some evacuated by YAG-4 from the Mariveles Naval Base. On 9 April, King first met with Nagano at the Lamao River bridge, who then led King's party to an experimental farm station house, awaiting the arrival of Colonel Motoo Nakayama, 14th Army senior operations officer. However, Nakayama could only accept the surrender of all forces in the Philippines, not in a limited area. King was then driven to the Balanga Elementary School for questioning and photographs. According to John Whitman, "No surrender document was prepared or signed, nor was an effort made to formulate the surrender." Radio broadcast – Voice of Freedom – Malinta Tunnel – Corregidor – April 9, 1942: Aftermath The continued resistance of the force on Bataan after Singapore and the Indies had fallen made heartening news among the Allied peoples. However, the extension of time gained by the defense was very largely a result of the transfer of the 48th Division from Homma's army at a critical time, and the exhaustion of the weakened force that remained. It cost a far stronger Japanese army as many days of actual combat to take Malaya and Singapore Island as it cost Homma to take Bataan and Corregidor. The surrender of Bataan hastened the fall of Corregidor a month later. There is a suggestion that without the stand, the Japanese might have quickly overrun all of the U.S. bases in the Pacific and could have quickly invaded Australia. Willoughby, MacArthur's intelligence officer, asserted after the war that the epic operation in Bataan and Corregidor became a decisive factor in the ultimate winning of the war, that it disrupted the Japanese timetable "in a way that was to prove crucial" and that "because of Bataan the Japanese never managed to detach enough men, planes, ships, and material to nail down Guadalcanal." According to Gavin Long, rather than allowing the operations on Luzon to upset their general timetable, the Japanese took steps that resulted in prolonging the resistance of Luzon in order to speed up their conquest of the Indies. Between the time of their advance into the Solomons and the American counter-landing on Guadalcanal in August, three months after the fall of Corregidor, they had ample troops available to build up their strength in the South Seas. However, historian Teodoro Agoncillo argues that the battle was "unnecessary in so far as the throwing away of precious lives was concerned, for it served no strategic purpose." It was only Yamashita who thought of invading Australia, something that Tojo did not support. USAFFE possessed numerical superiority and could have recaptured Manila easily, according to Homma. The Japanese were greatly delayed in their overall timetable (not including the well-executed and rapid Dutch East Indies campaign) by the last stands at Bataan and Corregidor, which can be proven by how the Imperial General Headquarters was not satisfied with the slow pace of the Bataan and Corregidor battles because the original expectation for the Japanese forces was to defeat USAFFE forces and achieve complete victory in the Philippines by the middle of February. The withdrawal of the Asiatic Fleet in late December 1941 from the Philippines as well as the abandoning of the Philippines by the Pacific Fleet due to the Attack on Pearl Harbor gave the Japanese high expectations of a sudden collapse and surrender of MacArthur's forces within a month. Homma was relieved of command after the final Allied forces surrendered in the Philippines in June 1942 and he was humiliated and scapegoated for this major loss of face for the Japanese military. He served at a desk as a powerless reserve officer in Japan for the rest of the war. Ultimately, more than 60,000 Filipino and 15,000 American prisoners of war were forced into the Bataan Death March. However, about 10,000–12,000 of these eventually escaped from the march to form guerrilla units in the mountains, tying down the occupying Japanese. On 7 September 1944 the Japanese ship Shinyō Maru was sunk by USS Paddle; on board the Shinyo Maru were U.S. POWs, of whom 668 died and 82 survived. After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, MacArthur initiated the Campaign for the Liberation of the Philippines, fulfilling his promise to return to the country he had left in 1942. As part of the campaign, the Battle for the recapture of Bataan avenged the surrender of the defunct USAFFE to invading Japanese forces. Legacy 9 April, the day Bataan fell into Japanese hands, was declared a national holiday in the Philippines. Previously called Bataan Day, the day is now known as Day of Valor or Araw ng Kagitingan, commemorating both the Fall of Bataan and the Fall of Corregidor. The Dambana ng Kagitingan (Shrine of Valor) is a war memorial erected on top of Mount Samat. The memorial grounds feature a colonnade that houses an altar, esplanade, and a museum. On the peak of the mountain is the memorial cross standing about high. , commissioned on 20 September 1997, the United States Navy commemorates "those who served and sacrificed in the Philippines in the name of freedom in the Pacific". , commissioned on 17 November 1943, the United States Navy commemorated "those who served and sacrificed in the Philippines in the name of freedom in the Pacific" until her decommissioning on 9 April 1954. The Bataan Death March Memorial Monument, erected in April 2001, is the only monument funded by the U.S. federal government dedicated to the victims of the Bataan Death March during World War II. The memorial was designed and sculpted by Las Cruces artist Kelley Hester and is located in Veterans Park along Roadrunner Parkway in New Mexico. Bataan-Corregidor Memorial Bridge is a bascule bridge on State Street in Chicago, Illinois, where it crosses the Chicago River. It was built in 1949 and rededicated on 9 April 1998, commemorating the Day of Valor as well as the centennial of the declaration of Philippine independence from Spain in 1898. In film, television and song Among the many films and television programs that feature the story of Bataan are Bataan (1943) starring Robert Taylor; the John Ford classic They Were Expendable (1945), starring Robert Montgomery, John Wayne, and Donna Reed; Back to Bataan (1945) starring Wayne and Anthony Quinn; and two movies about the nurses of Bataan: So Proudly We Hail! (1943) and Cry 'Havoc' (1943). Dozens of documentaries have also featured stories from the Battle of Bataan including A Legacy of Heroes: The Story of Bataan and Corregidor (2003), Ghosts of Bataan (2005) and an episode of The History Channel series Shootout, entitled "Raid on the Bataan Death Camp" (2006). Though largely focusing on the Cabanatuan Raid in 1945, this last program also featured stories from the 1942 battle; notably the stand of the 57th Infantry Regiment (PS) at Mabatang. The Battle of Bataan is referenced among important battles of American history in the song The House I Live In, sang by Frank Sinatra in the film of the same name and later taken up by Paul Robeson and various other singers: "The little bridge at Concord, where Freedom’s fight began, / Our Gettysburg and Midway, and the story of Bataan". See also Angels of Bataan Frank Adamo – called by Life magazine "Bataan's medical hero" Wenceslao Vinzons – Filipino guerrilla leader who resisted until 8 July 1942. Notes References Further reading External links "Marines in the Defense of the Philippines" Photos and Text World War II Medal of Honor Recipients A-F at the United States Army Center of Military History World War II Medal of Honor Recipients M-S at the United States Army Center of Military History Animated History of The Battle of Bataan and Corregidor Battle for Bataan Info on the Dambana ng Kagitingan Shrine (archived from the original on July 13, 2007). Back to Bataan a survivor's story History of Provisional Tank Group before, during and after the Battle of Bataan 1942 in the Philippines Bataan Death March Battles and operations of World War II involving the Philippines History of Bataan Bataan United States Marine Corps in World War II

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%EB%85%84%20%ED%95%98%EA%B3%84%20%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD%20%EA%B0%9C%EB%A7%89%EC%8B%9D

2012년 하계 올림픽 개막식

2012년 하계 올림픽 개막식은 2012년 7월 27일 오후 9시 (영국 서머타임, UTC+1) 런던 올림픽 스타디움에서 거행된 2012년 하계 올림픽의 개막식이다. 이 행사는 셰익스피어의 템페스트의 대사를 따서 The Isles of Wonder(경이로운 섬)라고도 불린다. 대니 보일이 종합 연출을, 언더월드가 음악 감독을 맡았다. 기획 2010년 6월 런던 올림픽 패럴림픽 조직위원회 (LOCOG)는 영국의 영화감독 대니 보일에게 올림픽 개폐막식 총감독을 맡아달라는 의향을 전했고, 보일 감독이 바로 수락하면서 개막식 준비가 시작되었다. 개막식 감독직을 수락한 것에 대해 보일 감독은 크게 네가지 이유가 있었다고 밝혔는데, 우선 자신이 올림픽의 열광 팬이었고, 올림픽 스타디움에서 머지않은 곳에서 살고 있었기에 지역주민으로서 푹 빠져 있었으며, 돌아가신 아버지의 생일이 개막식 당일이었고, 당시 《슬럼독 밀리어네어》로 오스카상을 제패한 시점에서 원하는 건 무엇이든 밀어붙일 수 있겠다는 자신감이 들어서였다고 한다. 그는 또 감독직을 맡는 것이 "이상하게도 약간 국민적, 국가적 의무처럼 느껴졌다"고 회상했다. 보일 감독은 "베이징보다 더 규모를 키울 수는 없다"며 지난 대회였던 2008년 베이징 올림픽 개막식의 휘황찬란함을 따라가는 것은 애당초 불가능했다고 인정하고, 그러한 현실 자각이 오히려 연출팀으로서는 부담감에서 벗어나 창의로운 길로 나아갈 수 있게 만들었다고 말했다. "..물론 저는 베이징 대회처럼 시도하거나 그걸 토대로 삼을 생각은 없습니다. 왜나면 어떻게 가능하겠어요? 우린 못 해요, 여러분도 그러지 않을 거구요, 그래서 처음으로 되돌아간 겁니다. 다시 생각해보고 다시 시작했다는 인상을 주기 위해서 노력할 것입니다. (개막식이) 1984년 LA 올림픽부터 발달해오기만 했으니까요. 매 대회마다 최고로 남기 위해 애를 써왔는데 베이징 대회 이후로는 그러지 못하게 되어버린 거죠." 여기에는 현실적인 계산도 존재했는데, 베이징 올림픽의 개막식 예산은 6500만 파운드였던 반면, 런던 올림픽의 최종 개막식 예산은 2700만 파운드에 불과했는데 이 역시도 당초 예상에서 2배 뛰어오른 규모였다. 런던 올림픽 주경기장의 의석수는 베이징 올림픽과 동일했지만, 전체 경기장 규모는 절반으로 줄어들었다. 이렇게 관객 간의 거리가 조밀해진 것은 보일 감독으로 하여금 개개인적인 것과 그것들 간의 관계를 만들어낼 수 있겠다는 생각을 품게 했다. 개막식의 각 섹션은 영국 역사와 영국 문화의 면면을 엿볼 수 있도록 기획했으며, 제목은 '경이로운 섬' (Isles of Wonder)로 정해졌다. 이 경이로운 섬이라는 말은 셰익스피어의 작품 《템페스트》, 특히 작중에서 등장하는 칼리반의 '두려워 마시오' 대사에서 영감을 받았으며, 한편으로는 영국 시인 G. K. 체스터턴의 명언 "세상이 멸망한다면 경이로운 것이 바닥나서가 아닌, 경이롭게 생각하는 마음이 바닥나서일 것이다"에서도 따왔다. 2010년 7월 보일 감독은 프로덕션 디자이너 마크 틸데슬리, 각본가 프랭크 코트렐보이스, 의상디자이너 수티랏 앤 랄라브와 함께 개막식 연출 아이디어를 위한 브레인스토밍 단계에 돌입했다. 이들은 "근본적으로 영국다운 것은 무엇인가"를 두고 고심했는데, 유일하게 영국 출신이 아니었던 랄라브는 전세계가 영국 하면 떠올릴 것에 대한 시각을 제공해주었다. 이 과정에서 올림픽 개막식에서 전통으로 자리잡은, 오륜을 화려하게 만들어내는 연출을 어떻게 할 것인지에 대해서도 논의가 이뤄졌다. 당시 코트렐보이스는 보일 감독에게 영국 산업혁명사를 현대의 시각으로 분석 수집한 역사서 《판데모니엄》 (Pandaemonium, 소설 〈실낙원〉에서 지옥의 수도로 등장하는 곳)의 복사본을 선물했다. 그는 "대니 감독의 생각은 매우 확고했습니다. 처음 15분 동안 전세계를 통틀어 깜짝 놀랄 대단한 광경을 보여줘야 한다는 것이었죠. 사람들이 '세상에나!' 할 법한 것으로 절정을 이뤄야 했습니다"라고 회상했다. 그 광경이 무엇인지에 대해 보일 감독은 "전원풍경에서 산업풍경으로의 여정, 올림픽 오륜을 단련해내는 풍경으로 마무리"한다는 결론을 내렸다. 연출팀이 기획에 착수할 당시 세워진 공연 무대는 총 10챕터에 달했으나, 점차 세가지 주무대로 묶이게 되었다. '즐겁고 푸르른 땅'이 산업혁명의 '대혼란'으로 격렬하게 전환되는 무대, 영국 사회보험과 아동문학에 경의를 표하는 무대, 영국의 대중문화와 기술, 디지털 혁명을 기념하는 무대였다. 2011년 봄, 개막식 기획작업에 복귀한 보일 감독은 밴드 언더월드의 릭 스미스에게 음악감독을 맡아달라고 부탁했다. 당시 릭 스미스는 소설 《프랑켄슈타인》의 와 여러 영화 제작에 참여하고 있었다. 이 시점에서 연출팀은 런던 동부의 스리 밀스 스튜디오 종합단지로 자리를 옮겨, 올림픽 스타디움의 4m 크기 모형을 설치해놓고 기획을 이어갔다. 당시 개막식 리허설을 CG로 구현한 영상도 제작되었는데, 보안을 위해 공연 감수담당이었던 사샤 딜런의 개인 노트북에만 저장해놓고 필요한 사람은 직접 스튜디오로 찾아와서 열람하도록 했다. 개막식 출연자로 전문 공연가는 물론 자원봉사자 7,500명도 참여하는 것으로 계획되었다. 보일 감독은 자원봉사자야말로 "(개막식에서 활용할) 모든 것 중에서 제일 소중한 것"이라 생각했다. 2011년 11월 스리 밀스 스튜디오에서 오디션이 진행되었고, 2012년 봄부터는 대거넘의 버려진 포드사 공장 부지를 야외무대로 활용해 리허설을 진행했는데 악천후일 때가 많았다고 한다. 보안 유지의 경우, 공연 핵심 관계자는 비공개 동의서에 서명해야 했고 일부 소재 역시 코드네임으로 바꿔 부르기는 했으나, 일반 자원봉사자들에게는 단순히 "놀라움을 지켜주자"며 정보를 유출하지 말아달라고만 요청하는 등 보일 감독이 엄청난 신뢰를 보였다고 한다. 공연 출연자 외에도 보안과 진행요원 보조, 기술진 보조를 위한 자원봉사자도 추가로 모집되었다. 개막식을 3주 앞두고서는 대표역을 맡기로 되어 있던 마크 릴런스가 가족상을 당하는 바람에 케네스 브래너로 교체되는 일도 있었다. 이번 대회 개막식을 위해 특별 제작된 올림픽 벨은 그 무게만 23톤으로, 화음조율된 종으로는 세계 최대 규모였다. 영국 화이트채플 종 주조공장의 감독에 따라 네덜란드 에이스바우트 공장에서 놋쇠를 이용해 주조되었으며 런던 스타디움으로 공수되어 내걸렸다. 종 표면에는 《템페스트》에서 칼리반이 외치는 대사인 "두려워 마시오, 이 섬을 가득 메운 소란 (Be not afeard, the isle is full of noises)"이 새겨졌다. 보일 감독은 런던 올림픽의 표어인 '세대에 영감을' (inspire a generation)에 특히 역점을 두고, 테마들을 청년과 연관된 것으로 설정하는 등, 어린이와 청소년이란 소재에 크게 의지하며 프로그램을 구성해 나갔다. 이번 올림픽 대회가 열리는 런던 동부 6개구의 25개 학교를 대상으로 개막식 공연 어린이 자원봉사자 모집이 이뤄졌으며, 50여개 언어를 두루 사용하는 16~18세 고등학생 170명도 모집됐다. 2012년 6월 12일 기자회견을 연 보일 감독은 영국 시골을 나타낸 거대한 세트장을 개막식에서 선보인다고 밝혔다. 세트장에는 글래스턴베리 토르 모형을 중심으로, 동네 크리켓을 하는 선수들, 농장의 동물들, 메이폴과 비구름도 등장하며, 이를 통해 영국의 시골 풍경을 표현하는 것이 의도라고 보일 감독은 밝혔다. 세트장 양쪽 끝에는 콘서트장처럼 입석 공간이 들어가도록 설계되었는데 한쪽은 락 페스티벌을, 다른 한쪽은 신년맞이 오케스트라 공연을 구경하는 사람들이 배치된다. 일부 세트장은 실제 잔디와 흙으로 뒤덮도록 설계되었다. 세트장에 들어갈 가축의 경우, 양 40마리, 말 12마리, 소 3마리, 염소 2마리, 닭 10마리, 오리 10마리, 거위 9마리, 양치기개 3마리와 이들을 돌볼 34명의 스탭까지로 계획되었는데 실제 동물을 동원하는 부분에 대해 PETA로부터 비판을 받기도 했다. 그렇잖아도 영국 동물학대 방지 협회 (RSPCA)의 자문을 받고 있던 보일 감독은 PETA 측에 동물에게 해를 끼치는 일이 없도록 잘 신경쓰겠다고 확언했다. 보일 감독은 "저는 우리가 얼마나 별나고 고집스러운가, 또 우리가 얼마나 따스한가를 밝혔으면 합니다"라며 관객 모두가 공감하는 개막식을 만들겠다고 밝혔다. 하지만 기자회견 이후 영국 언론들의 평은 대부분 부정적이었으며, "넷상에서는 수백 개의 댓글이... 개막식이 엉망진창일 것이라는 전망을 완전히 지지하고 있다"는 반응도 전했다. 개막식에서 사용될 음악은 영국 음악이 거의 대부분이었다. 개막식 연출팀 작업실 바로 옆 방은 폐막식 음악감독 데이비드 아놀드가 사용하고 있었는데, 이 때문에 서로의 삽입 계획곡을 듣게 되었고 이 곡은 우리가 쓰겠다며 앞다투어 선점하는 일도 있었다고 한다. 다만 모든 곡이 영국 곡이었던 것은 아니어서 《슬럼독 밀리어네어》, 《127시간》에서 보일 감독과 협업했던 A. R 라흐만은 감독의 요청으로 펀자브어 노래 'Nimma Nimma'를 작곡, 영국의 인도문화 영향을 소개하는 공연에서 쓰이게 됐다는 보도도 나왔다. 개막식 막바지에는 전 비틀즈 멤버였던 폴 매카트니가 직접 공연에 나서게 되었다. 한편 보일 감독이 <Happy and Glorious> 영상에서 영국 여왕을 주인공으로 삼은 것에 대해 실제 여왕을 출연시키면 어떻겠느냐는 아이디어를 던졌고, 이에 긍정적인 반응을 보인 서베스천 코 조직위원장이 직접 여왕에게 개막식 출연을 요청하는 데 있어 크게 일조하게 되었다. 당초 보일 감독은 여왕을 닮은 배우나 헬렌 미렌 같은 세계적인 배우가 여왕 역으로 출연해 버킹엄 궁전에서 로케이션을 진행한다는 방안도 제시했다. 그러나 코 위원장이 IOC 위원이자 런던올림픽 조직위에 참여하던 앤 공주에게 어떻게 생각하느냐를 묻자 직접 여왕께 여쭙는 건 어떻겠느냐고 답했고, 코 위원장은 곧바로 여왕 개인 부비서관에게 아이디어를 전하면서 극적으로 성사되었다. 본인이 출연한다는 것을 기쁘게 생각하며, 더 나아가 대사도 있었으면 좋겠다는 여왕의 반응에 보일 감독은 깜짝 놀랐다는 후문이다. 촬영은 2012년 3월 말에 진행되었으며, 당시 영상과 더불어 개막식 오프닝 영상인 <Journey along the Thames> (템스강을 따라가는 여정)의 제작은 모두 BBC에서 맡았다. 개막식 프로그램 구성은 개막이 머지않은 시점에서도 계속해서 변경이 이뤄졌다. 예컨대 BMX 자전거 선수들이 등장하는 섹션은 시간제약으로 인해 아예 제외되었고, 'Pandemonium' (대혼란)과 'Thanks..Tim' (고마워요..팀) 섹션은 일부 공연을 편집하게 되었다. 2016년에는 보일 감독이 제레미 헌트 당시 올림픽문화장관으로부터 NHS를 기리는 공연도 빼라는 압력을 받았었다며, 연출감독을 사퇴하고 자원봉사자들도 빼겠다고 맞선 끝에 지켜낼 수 있었다는 후일담을 전하기도 했다. 올림피 스타디움 내에서 진행된 최종 리허설과 기술 테스트는 7월 23일과 7월 25일 총 두 차례였다. 당시 자원봉사자, 출연자 가족, 직관 당첨자, 대회 관계자 등 6만 명이 지켜보는 가운데서 리허설이 펼쳐졌다. 보일 감독은 이날 관람자들을 대상으로 오는 금요일 개막식을 마주하게 될 수십억 명의 전세계 사람들을 위해 공연을 비밀 속에 남겨둬야 한다는 취지로, '놀라움을 망치지 말라'고 요청하며 SNS 계정에 #savethesurprise (놀라움을 지키자)는 해시태그 운동까지 진행하기도 했다. 개회식에 참가한 VIP 영국 왕실 구역 영국 왕실 구역에는 엘리자베스 2세 여왕과 부군인 에든버러 공작 필립, 웨일스 공 찰스 왕세자(찰스 3세), 그 외의 영국 왕실 식구들이 앉아 있었다. 그 외에 로완 윌리엄스 캔터베리 대주교, 데이비드 캐머런 총리와 그의 아내인 서맨사 캐머런 총리, 존 메이저·토니 블레어·고든 브라운 전 총리, 런던 시장, 보리스 존슨 런던 시장 등이 동행했다. 올림픽 관계자들은 자크 로게 국제 올림픽 위원회(IOC) 위원장, 서배스천 코 런던 올림픽·패럴림픽 조직위원회(LOCOG) 위원장, IOC 위원들을 포함했다. 고위층 국제 관리 2012년 런던 하계 올림픽 개막식은 중국 베이징에서 열렸던 2008년 하계 올림픽 개막식을 뛰어넘는 올림픽과 스포츠 행사를 위한 세계 지도자들의 가장 큰 모임이었다. 이날 기념식에는 다자 정상 3명과 95명 이상의 국가 및 정부 수반, 5개 국제 기구·120개국 대표들이 참석했다. 진행 식순 사전공연 본 공연에 앞서 현지시간 오후 8시 12분, 영국 공군 소속 레드 애로스가 런던 올림픽 스타디움과 하이드 파크 상공을 비행하며 오형색색의 구름을 뿌렸다. 같은 시각 하이드 파크에서는 영국의 네 지방 출신 대표 가수, 듀란듀란, 스테레오포닉스, 스노 패트롤, 파올로 누티니의 공연이 펼쳐졌다. 스타디움 내에는 영국의 시골 풍경을 본딴 무대가 조성되어 있었다. 잉글랜드의 글래스톤베리 언덕을 모델로 삼은 지형과 시골집과 물레방아, 실제 가축들이 어우러진 모습에 한가로이 마을사람 분장을 한 배우들이 농장일과 축구, 크리켓 등을 하는 무대였다. 이내 싱어송라이터 프랭크 터너가 글래스톤베리 언덕 위에 모습을 드러냈다. 터너는 본인의 소속밴드인 슬리핑 소울 멤버들은 물론 에밀리 바커, 벤 마우드, 짐 로키와 함께 노래 3곡 ("Sailor's Boots", "Wessex Boy", "I Still Believe")을 완창했다. 이후 영국의 해양유산과 섬나라로서의 근성을 기리기 위한 공연이 진행됐다. 런던 심포니 오케스트라 단원들과 이스트런던 10구 출신의 젊은 뮤지션으로 구성된 악단, 'LSO On Track'이 에드워드 엘가의 《수수께끼 변주곡》에 등장하는 〈9변주(아다지오) "Nimrod"〉를 연주하는 가운데, BBC 라디오의 〈해운 기상예보〉(Shipping Forecast) 방송이 흘러나오며 대형 스크린에 바다 풍경이 띄워졌다. 관객들은 파란색 판을 들고 넘실거리는 바다를 표현하는 카드섹션에 참여했다. 카운트다운 오후 9시 직전, 숫자 60부터 1까지의 카운트다운 영상이 시작되었다. 이 영상은 주택 대문에 걸린 번호, 거리 표지판, 런던 버스, 역 정거장 표지판, 시장 가격표 등 런던의 일상적인 풍경 속에서 찾아볼 수 있는 숫자들을 포착해 역동적으로 구성하였다. 카운트다운이 끝난 동시에 개막식이 본격적으로 시작되었다. 개막식의 첫걸음은 대니 보일이 감독하고 BBC가 제작한 2분짜리 영상 "템스강을 따라가는 여정" (journey along the Thames)였다. 영상은 퍽 버튼스의 노래 "Surf Solar"를 시작으로 발원지부터 런던 중심부까지 템스강을 빠른 속도로 쫓아가는 내용으로, 중간중간에 현대 영국의 소박한 삶과 스타디움에서 펼쳐지는 장면들을 삽입하였다. 영국 동화 《버드나무에 부는 바람》의 주인공 래티, 몰, 토드가 강변에서 한가롭게 놀고 있는 모습으로 짧게 등장하는가 하면, 사람들이 우산을 펼쳐 런던 중심 방면으로 가리키는 몬티 파이튼의 손 형상을 만들고, 올림픽 오륜 모양의 크롭서클이 새겨진 들판 사이로 인터시티 125 열차가 빠르게 지나간다. 런던 시가지 초입의 배터시 발전소에 이르러서는 굴뚝 사이로 핑크 플로이드의 돼지 풍선이 걸려 있다. 이윽고 빅벤 시계에 도달하는 과정에서 핑크 플로이드의 노래 "Time"가 짤막하게 삽입되고, 뒤이어 《사우스 뱅크 쇼》의 오프닝곡과 섹스 피스톨즈의 "God Save the Queen"가 흘러나온다. 이후로 줄줄이 템스강의 여러 다리들을 통과하는데 이것 역시 섹스 피스톨즈가 1977년 유람선 라이브 공연을 펼쳤던 경로를 따라간 것이다. 올림픽 오륜이 걸린 타워 브리지를 통과하고서는 공중으로 떠올라 런던 동부의 항공 뷰를 보여주며 드럼 소리를 삽입하는데, 이는 BBC의 국민 드라마 《이스트엔더스》의 오프닝을 따라한 것이다. 다시 지상으로 내려와 템스 배리어를 통과하고서는 수면 아래로 내려가 런던 지하철 열차와 승강장을 통과하는데, 이때 더 클래시의 "London Calling"이 흘러나온다. 승강장 반대편으로 카메라를 돌리니 《위풍당당 행진곡》과 함께 이점바드 킹덤 브루넬이 설계한 템스 터널의 옛날 흑백 풍경이 교차되고, 이내 지금으로 돌아와 로더리트 터널을 빠르게 질주한다. 다시 수면 밖으로 나와 개막식 직전의 스타디움이 비춰지고, 뮤즈의 노래 "Map of the Problematique"와 함께 역대 하계 올림픽의 공식 포스터가 차례차례 나란히 화면에 펼쳐진다. 2012년 런던 올림픽의 포스터를 쥐고 있는 세 사람을 끝으로 스타디움 생중계로 화면이 전환된다. 곧바로 스타디움 내부에서 10초간의 카운트다운이 시작, 아이들 손에 쥐어진 숫자 풍선 뭉치를 한 초 한 초마다 터뜨리는 가운데, 관객들은 카운트다운 숫자를 연호하였다. 이후 개막식 닷새 전 투르 드 프랑스를 영국인 최초로 우승한 브래들리 위긴스가 소개되고 스타디움 끝자락에 내걸린 올림픽 종을 타종하며 개막식의 시작을 알렸다. 즐겁고 푸르른 땅 이 시점에서 이미 무대에서 펼쳐지고 있는 전원생활은 "지난날과 다가올 날의 더 나은 삶을 일깨워주는 동시에 약속하는 것"으로 묘사된다. 그런 가운데 유소년 아카펠라 합창단이 영국의 네 구성국을 상징하는 국가를 합창하기 시작한다. 스타디움 한켠에서 실황으로 부르는 잉글랜드의 국가 〈예루살렘〉을 시작으로, 자이언츠 코즈웨이에서 부르는 북아일랜드 국가 〈대니 보이〉, 에든버러 성에서 부르는 스코틀랜드 국가 〈스코틀랜드의 꽃〉, 로실리 해변가에서 부르는 웨일스의 상징곡 〈천국의 빵〉으로 이어진다. 영상 중간중간에는 럭비 유니언 홈 네이션스팀의 트라이 순간이나, 2003년 럭비 월드컵 결승전에서 잉글랜드팀의 우승골 등의 스포츠 명장면이 스타디움 생중계 화면과 교차 편집되며 소개된다. 마지막 합창이 끝나가면서 옛날 영국의 역마차가 등장, 거기서 중절모를 쓰고 빅토리아 시대풍 정장을 차려입은 한 무리의 사업가와 경영진들이 모습을 드러낸다. 그 가운데 이점바드 킹덤 브루넬의 모습을 한 케네스 브래너가 사업가 일행을 이끈다. 마차에서 내린 50여 명의 남성들은 평화롭던 시골 땅에 나타나 측량을 벌이며 만족스러워 한다. 글래스톤베리 언덕에 올라간 브루넬이 셰익스피어의 《템페스트》에 등장하는 칼리반의 대사 "두려워 마시오"를 크게 읊는다. 이는 곧 대니 보일 감독의 개막식 내 소개를 나타낸 것이자, 영국에 드리울 새로운 산업 내지는 새로운 시대를 향한 포부를 나타낸 것이다. 이런 구성은 곧 다음 섹션으로 이어진다. 대혼란 이 섹션에서는 소박한 농촌에 지나지 않았던 영국이 산업혁명을 거치면서 경제적, 사회적 성장을 겪는 과정을 압축해 보여준다. 조용해진 무대에 느닷없는 고함소리가 분위기를 깨더니 불안한 드럼 소리로 이어진다. 고함소리는 리허설 당시 자원봉사자들이 모여 사전에 녹음한 것이며, 드럼 소리는 이블린 글레니의 지휘를 따라 965명의 출연자들이 가정용 양동이와 쓰레기통을 두드리며 만들어냈다. 글래스톤베리 언덕 꼭대기에 있던 거대한 참나무가 뿌리 뽑히고, 환히 빛나는 언덕 내부에서, 그리고 스타디움 입구에서 2500명에 달하는 출연진들이 산업혁명 시대 노동자 분장을 한 채 우르르 쏟아져 나온다. 언더월드의 노래 "And I Will Kiss"가 시작되면서, 이들은 바닥에 깔려 있던 잔디와 시골 무대를 싸그리 치워 버린다. 보일 감독 스스로 "공연계 역사상 가장 거대한 장면 전환"이자 넣지 말라는 반대 의견까지 들었다고 밝혔던 파트가 시작된 것이다. 노동자들이 부산하게 움직이는 가운데, 수리공이 매달린 일곱 대의 거대한 굴뚝이 연기를 피우며 지상에서 솟아오른다. 그 가운데 증기기관 5대, 방직기 6대, 도가니와 물레방아 따위의 기계들도 우후죽순 들어선다. 보일 감독은 이 섹션이 영국 빅토리아 시대의 발전이 가져다준 "엄청난 잠재력"을 기리는 시간이라고 설명했다. 이윽고 스크린에 애크링턴 팔스의 이름이 새겨지는 동시에, 영국 참전용사들과 양귀비꽃을 비추며 양대 세계대전 당시 목숨을 잃은 이들을 추모하는 묵념 시간을 가진다. 이 시간에서 관객들이 즉흥적으로 자리에서 일어서서 함께 추모하는 풍경이 연출되기도 했다. 이 과정에서 스타디움 주변을 맴도는 출연진들은 영국 사회의 변화상을 나타내고 있다. 1910년대 여성 참정권 운동가들의 행진, 1930년대 빈곤에 맞서 투쟁한 재로 운동, 1948년 엠파이어 윈드러시 호에 탑승하며 이민길에 오르는 최초의 서인도 제도 이민자들, 1970년대 디스크자키 꽃수레, 노스탤지아 스틸밴드, 《Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band》의 알록달록한 차림을 한 비틀즈 멤버들 등이다. 이밖에도 첼시 펜셔너, 그라임소프 콜리어리 밴드, 펄리 킹스 앤드 퀸스 등도 출연한다. 한편 노동자들은 뜨거운 쇳물을 부어 거대한 고리 모양으로 주물을 뜨기 시작한다. 좀처럼 수그러들지 않는 음악과 드럼박자 속에서 소음과 긴장감이 한층 고조되는 가운데, 모두들 각자 기계적인 동작을 말없이 반복하며 생산활동을 이어나간다. 스타디움 저 높이 내걸려 있는 주황빛의 거대한 고리 네 개가 와이어를 타고 조금씩 중앙으로 이동하기 시작하고, 무대 중앙에서 주조되던 고리도 위로 들여올려지기 시작한다. 서로서로 모여드는 다섯 개의 고리는, 시뻘건 빛이 감돌고, 연기와 불꽃을 내뿜으면서, 마치 갓 뽑아낸 강철인 듯한 인상을 풍긴다. 마침내 다섯 개의 고리가 올림픽 오륜을 이루는 순간, 금은색 불꽃이 점화하며 폭포처럼 쏟아져 내린다. 이렇게 연출된 올림픽 오륜은 이번 개막식의 최대 하이라이트로 등극하며 전세계 각 언론을 타고 널리 퍼지게 되었다. 행복과 영광 국가원수 입장과 국기 게양이 이뤄지는 순서로, 대니 보일이 감독하고 BBC가 제작을 맡은 단편 영상 《Happy and Glorious》(행복과 영광)이 먼저 상영되었다. 이 '행복과 영광'은 영국 국가인 〈God Save the Queen〉의 한 구절에서 따온 것이다. 제임스 본드로 분한 다니엘 크레이그가 런던 블랙캡을 타고 버킹엄궁 대문에 들어서는 것으로 시작된다. 헨델의 <시바 여왕의 도착>이 연주되는 가운데 궁전에 도착한 본드. 버킹엄궁 왕좌실에서 가이드의 설명을 듣던 브라질 어린이들이 그를 발견하고 구경한다. 본드가 향한 곳은 여왕의 접견실로, 그곳에서 마주한 엘리자베스 2세가 "안녕하십니까, 미스터 본드"라고 인사를 건넨다. 여왕은 본드의 호위를 받으며 궁전 옥상으로 나와 대기하던 헬리콥터에 탑승한다. 그대로 이륙한 헬리콥터를 따라서 더 몰과 넬슨 기념비 같은 런던 곳곳의 명소들을 지나친다. 중간에 웨스트민스터 궁전에 이르러서는 팔리아먼트 광장에 있던 윈스턴 처칠 상이 살아 움직이면서 빙그레 웃는다. 이어서 템스강을 따라 런던 아이, 세인트 폴 대성당, 시티오브런던의 금융가도 지나친다. 댐버스터 마치 노래와 함께 타워 브리지 사이를 통과하는 것을 마지막으로, 영상 속 본드와 여왕이 탄 헬리콥터가 실제로 스타디움 상공에 등장한다. 이때 갑자기 본드와 여왕이 헬리콥터에서 뛰어내려, 제임스 본드 테마곡과 함께 낙하산을 펼치고 내려온다. 이후 여왕과 필립공, 자크 로게 IOC 위원장이 귀빈석에 등장하면서 관객들에게 소개된다. 여왕의 옷차림은 영상 속과 동일하여 정말로 본드와 함께 뛰어내린 것처럼 연출되었다. 여왕이 헬리콥터에서 뛰어내린다는 아이디어는 대니 보일 감독이 서배스천 코 당시 조직위원장에게 처음 털어놓았고, 이를 굉장히 마음에 들어했던 코 위원장이 2011년 여름 버킹엄궁에서 여왕 보좌관이었던 에드워드 영에게 다시 전달했다. 이때 영 보좌관은 "점잖게 듣고는 웃으며 여왕께 아뢸 것을 약속했다"는 후문이다. 이후 코 위원장에게 여왕께서 해당 역할을 맡으시길 원한다는 답변이 돌아왔고, 세 사람은 본 계획이 가져다줄 충격을 망치는 일이 없도록 비밀로 부치기로 했다고 한다. 영상 속 헬리콥터에서 뛰어내리는 여왕은 대역으로, 배우 줄리아 매캔지가 맡았으며, 스타디움 상공에서 뛰어내리는 연출 역시 베이스점핑과 스턴트맨 전문 배우 게리 코너리가 드레스와 해트, 장신구, 핸드백을 두른 채 뛰어내린 것이다. 함께 뛰어내린 본드 역은 마크 서튼이 맡았으며, 헬리콥터 역시 버킹엄궁이 아닌 에식스주 스태플퍼드 에어로드롬에서 출발해 스타디움까지 이동한 것으로, 마크 월로프가 파일럿을 맡았다. 국가원수 입장 직후 영국의 국기인 유니언 잭이 영국군의 사열을 받으며 게양되었다. 국가 제창은 카오스 청각장애인 어린이 합창단이 맡았다. 오른쪽에서 두번째, 쭉 가면 밝아올 아침 섹션 제목인 'Second to the right, and straight on till morning'은 영국의 동화 《피터 팬》에서 작중 네버랜드의 위치로 소개된 구절에서 따왔다. 이 섹션의 초반부는 영국을 대표하는 사회보장제도인 국민 보건 서비스 (NHS)를 기념하는 무대로 꾸며졌다. 프로그램 소개에 따르면 "그 무엇보다도 우리나라를 하나로 묶는 제도"로, 런던에서 지난 올림픽 대회가 치러지던 1948년부터 도입된 제도이기도 하다. 시작은 마이크 올드필드의 음악과 함께, NHS 직원 600명과 영국 전역의 병원에서 근무하는 출연진 1,200명, 병상에 누운 어린이 320명이 한꺼번에 무대에 등장한다. 간호사와 의사들이 춤추는 가운데 어린이들도 침대에서 트램펄린처럼 방방 뛰놀기도 하며 즐겁게 어울린다. 여기서 언덕 위에 있는 출연진들은 영국 최대의 어린이 심장수술 전문병원인 그레이트 오먼드 스트리트 병원 (GOSH)의 직원과 어린이 환자 아홉 명으로, 특별히 초청받아 무대에 서게 됐다. 침대 이불에 조명이 들어오면서 각 침대가 줄맞추어 병원 소속 자선단체의 로고 (눈물 흘리며 미소짓는 어린이)와 병원 약칭인 'GOSH'를 그려낸다. 글씨가 'NHS'로 바뀌더니 다시 초승달 모양을 이루는 가운데, 아이들은 입 꾹 닫은 채 잠자리에 들고, 간호사들은 곁에서 동화책을 읽어준다. 그런 뒤 후반부로 넘어가서 영국의 어린이 문학을 기념하는 무대로 이어진다. 첫머리로 J. K. 롤링이 무대에 등장해 제임스 매튜 배리의 《피터 팬》을 낭독한다. 그때 아이들 사이에서 영화 《치티치티뱅뱅》의 어린이 납치범 차일드 캐처가 나타나고, 이윽고 하트의 여왕, 후크 선장, 크루엘라 드 빌, 볼드모트처럼 영국 동화에 등장하는 악당들이 하나둘씩 거대한 인형의 모습으로 무대에 들어선다. 어느덧 메리 포핀스 분장을 한 32명의 배우가 우산을 펼치고 무대에 서서히 내려와, 악당들을 해치우면서 모두가 다시 춤을 출 수 있게 된다. 이 공연에서 삽입된 곡은 《Tubular Bells》와 《Tubular Bells III》를 편곡한 것으로, 무대 뒤쪽에 거대한 튜블러 벨이 실제로 설치되어 있었다. 메리 포핀스가 나타나 악당들을 물리친 직후에는 《In Dulci Jubilo》가 삽입됐다. 공연 마지막에는 거대한 아기 머리와 펄럭이는 이불보가 무대 중앙에 등장했다. 이는 태아의 초음파 검사를 처음 고안한 스코틀랜드 의료진들을 기리기 위한 장치였다. 막간 그 직후 영국 영화에 대한 헌정 공연으로 사이먼 래틀이 지휘하는 런던 심포니 오케스트라가 반젤리스의 "Chariots of Fire"를 연주하기 시작했다. 이 가운데 로완 앳킨슨이 미스터 빈으로 출연해 신디사이저의 한 음만 반복해서 누르며 익살맞은 연기를 선보였다. 지루함을 이기지 못하던 그는 영화 <불의 전차>의 주인공이 되는 상상에 빠진다. 세인트앤드류스의 웨스트샌드 해변가를 배경으로 달리기 경주에 나섰다가 다른 선수들에게 뒤쳐지기 시작하자, 차를 얻어타는 꼼수 끝에 레이스에 다시 합류하고 선두주자의 발을 걸어 넘어뜨리기까지 한다. 대니 보일 감독은 이 섹션에 대해 "사실은 미스터 빈이 아니었다. 엄밀히 말해서 그가 맡았던 배역 이름은 '데릭'이었다"라는 후일담을 전했다. 프랭키와 준이 전합니다...고마워요 팀 이 섹션에서는 영국의 대중음악과 대중문화를 기리며, 1960년대부터 지금에 이르기까지 각 시대별 문화에 경의를 표하는 공연들로 구성되었다. BBC의 초창기 뉴스 프로그램 텔레비전 뉴스릴의 오프닝곡 'GIrls in Grey'와 영국의 장수 드라마 《아처스》의 클래식 주제곡이 흐르는 가운데, 젋은 주부와 그 아들이 미니 쿠퍼에서 내려서 평범한 영국 주택 모형 앞에 선다. 이내 1987년 BBC의 기상캐스터 마이클 피시가 스크린에 나타나 "폭풍 걱정은 안하셔도 됩니다"라고 예보하자마자, 갑자기 폭우가 주택에 쏟아지며 슈가베이비스의 노래 "Push the Button"이 재생된다. 이후로는 무대 중앙에 놓인 주택 모형의 다른 면을 스크린 삼아 영국의 다양한 TV 프로그램, 뮤직비디오, 영화 장면 등을 계속해서 투영한다. 그 종류도 영화 《천국으로 가는 계단》, 《그레고리의 여자》, 《케스》, 《마법의 빗자루》, 《스노우맨》, 《위커맨》, 《네 번의 결혼식과 한 번의 장례식》, 스페인 TV 프로그램 <쿠엔타메>까지 다양한데, 보일 감독 본인이 연출한 영화 《트레인스포팅》도 등장하였다. 여기서부터 밤산책에 나선 '프랭키' (헨리케 코스타, 19세)와 '준' (재스민 브레인버그, 18세)을 주인공으로 수많은 무용수들이 출연해, 영국의 유명 대중음악이 시대순으로 총집합 된 공연을 선보인다. 그 첫번째로 두 사람이 런던 지하철에 타게 되었다는 설정으로 더 잼의 "Going Underground"과 함께 실제 지하철 이미지가 집에 투영되는데, 이때 켄 리빙스턴 전 런던시장의 모습도 운전사로 잠깐 보였다. 이 과정에서 주연들은 인터넷을 이용해 서로 문자메시지를 주고받거나 SNS에 새 글을 게시하는 모습이 종종 연출된다. 이윽고 에릭 클랩튼의 "Wonderful Tonight"이 재생되는 순간, 열차 안에서 두 사람이 처음으로 마주친다. 준이 열차에 핸드폰을 떨어뜨리고 프랭키는 그 핸드폰을 주워서 돌려주려 한다. 이어서 모두가 다시 춤을 추며 여러 명곡들을 소개한다. 더 후의 "My Generation", 롤링 스톤스의 "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", 밀리 스몰의 "My Boy Lollipop", 킹크스의 "All Day and All of the Night", 비틀즈의 "She Loves You" (실제 공연을 영상에 삽입), 레드 제플린의 "Trampled Under Foot", 데이비드 보위의 "Starman", 퀸의 "Bohemian Rhapsody", 섹스 피스톨즈의 "Pretty Vacant", 뉴 오더의 "Blue Monday", 프랭키 고즈 투 할리우드의 "Relax", 소울 투 소울의 "Back to Life (However Do You Want Me)", 해피 먼데이즈의 "Step On", 유리스믹스의 "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)", 더 프로디지의 "Firestarter", 언더월드의 "Born Slippy .NUXX"까지 차례차례 이어지던 무대는, 모든 출연진이 다함께 "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles"를 떼창하며 잠시 쉬어간다. 프랭키와 준이 서로를 향해 걸어가고, 그 뒤로 영화 《네 번의 결혼식과 한 번의 장례식》의 명장면이 상영된다. 두 사람이 마침내 키스에 이르는 순간, 블러의 "Song 2"와 함께 영화와 TV 속 인상깊은 키스씬들이 연이어 재생된다. 이후 올림픽이 치러지는 런던 타워햄리츠구 출신의 래퍼 디지 래스컬이 등장해 "Bonkers"를 공연하고, 그 다음으로 에이미 와인하우스의 "Valerie", 뮤즈의 "Uprising", 타이니 템파의 "Pass Out"으로 이어지는 동시에, 출연진들 모두가 준의 집에 모여 파티를 벌인다. 끝으로 무대 가운데에 있던 주택이 들여올려지더니 그 안에서 NeXT 컴퓨터로 작업중인 월드 와이드 웹의 창시자 팀 버너스리가 등장, 트위터로 'This is for everyone' (이것은 여러분 모두의 것이다)라는 트윗을 보낸다. 이와 동시에 버너스리가 쓴 트윗이 LED 조명으로 새겨진 채 스타디움을 가득 매운다. 프로그램 소개에서는 "음악은 우리 서로서로와 인생에서 제일 중요한 순간들을 연결시킨다. 이렇게 이어주는 것 중 하나가 바로 월드 와이드 웹이다"라고 밝히고 있다. 보일 감독은 버너스리가 월드 와이드 웹을 만들면서 상업적 이익을 추구하는 대신 모든 사람들이 자유롭게 이용할 수 있게 만든 것을 기리고 싶었다고 밝혔다. 나와 함께 하소서 이어서 데이비드 홈즈의 "I Heard Wonders"를 배경음악으로, 영국 전역을 거쳐온 올림픽 성화 봉송 하이라이트 영상이 재생된다. 영상 막바지에 생중계로 전환되는 순간, 영국의 축구스타 데이비드 배컴과 제이드 베일리가 환상적인 조명으로 빛나는 보트에 탄 채 템스강을 질주하는 풍경이 연출되었다. 성화봉을 붙잡은 베일리가 고개를 뒤로 돌려 보트를 운전하는 베컴을 흐뭇하게 바라보더니, 이윽고 두 사람은 불꽃놀이가 펼쳐지는 타워브리지 밑을 통과한다. 이 부분은 스티븐 달드리 감독이 맡아 2012년 7월 24일 사전 리허설을 거쳤으며, 베컴과 베일리의 클로즈업 영상이 사전 녹화되었다. 이후 "오늘밤 이 자리에 함께하지 못한 친구와 가족들"을 위한 추모공연이 진행된다. 2012 런던올림픽 개최가 확정된 다음날 벌어진 2005년 런던 폭탄 테러 희생자를 비롯해 먼저 떠나간 이들을 기리는 시간이었다. 브라이언 이노의 "An Ending (Ascent)"와 함께 스크린에 희생자들의 사진이 펼쳐지고, 에멜리 샌데가 등장해 찬송가 '나와 함께 하소서' (Abide with Me)를 부른다. 이와 동시에 한 무리의 무용수들이 안무를 펼치고, 아크람 칸이 죽음을 소재로 펼치는 현대무용을 선보인다. 환영합니다 곧이어 이번 대회에 참가한 204개국 10,490명의 선수단 입장이 진행되었다. 관례에 따라 그리스 선수단이 맨 처음에, 그 뒤로는 알파벳 순서를 따라 차례대로, 마지막으로 영국 선수단이 입장하였다. 정식 204개국 선수단과 독립 선수단을 비롯해 총 205개의 선수단이 각자 기수를 앞세워 입장하면서, 꽃잎 형상의 청동 조형물을 든 어린이와 영어로 쓴 국가명 팻말을 든 젊은 여성 자원봉사자가 함께했다. 팻말 여성의 옷차림은 이번 올림픽에 지원한 자원봉사자의 초상화가 새겨진 드레스였고, 어린이가 든 조형물은 입장이 끝난 뒤 차례차례 성화대를 이뤘다. 입장 시 재생된 곡들은 영국의 대표적인 댄스곡과 팝송으로 구성되었는데, 케미컬 브라더스의 "Galvanize", 펫 샵 보이즈의 "West End Girls", 아델의 "Rolling in the Deep", 비지스의 "Stayin' Alive", 아일랜드 밴드 U2의 "Where the Streets Have No Name"와 "Beautiful Day" 등이었으며, 영국 선수단 입장 시에는 데이비드 보위의 "Heroes"가 흘러나왔다. 선수단 입장음악의 믹싱과 시퀀스는 웨일스 출신의 드럼 베이스 DJ인 하이 컨트라스트가 맡았다. 선수단 입장 후 스타디움을 한바퀴 돌면서 빠른 걸음을 유도하기 위해 배경음악의 템포를 120BPM 정도로 빠르게 편곡하고 드럼 박자도 덧붙였으나, 실제로는 역부족이었는지 선수단 입장에 소요된 시간은 공식 가이드에 소개됐던 약 1시간 29분을 넘어서 총 1시간 40분 정도가 소요되었다. 모든 선수가 입장을 완료하자 헬리콥터가 상공에 나타나 전세계 모든 사람을 상징하는 70억 개의 색종이 조각을 스타디움 내에 뿌렸다. 각국 선수단의 국기는 글래스톤베리 언덕 위에 한꺼번에 모여 꽂혀졌다. 새벽 자전거 선수들이 스타디움 한가운데 모인 가운데 악틱 몽키즈가 "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor"를 공연하고, 이어서 비틀즈의 "Come Together"를 커버했다. 동시에 평화의 비둘기를 상징하는 의미로 75명의 사이클 선수가 장내에 들어와 LED로 불을 밝힌 날개를 달고 펄럭거리며 한바퀴 질주하는 공연을 선보였다. 역대 올림픽 개막식에서는 비둘기를 풀어두는 것이 전통으로, 1992년 바르셀로나 올림픽부터는 실제 비둘기를 대체한 공연을 선보이고 있다. 마지막으로 브래들리 위긴스를 기리는 비둘기 한 마리가 나타나 스타디움 상공을 날아가는 연출이 이뤄졌다. 대회가 시작된다 올림픽 공식 순서인 '대회가 시작된다' (Let the Games Begin)는 서배스천 코 조직위원장의 연설로 시작되었다. 코 위원장은 참가국 국기로 둘러싸인 연단에 서서 런던을 지켜보는 전세계를 향해 환영의 인사를 건넸다. 영국인으로서, 또 올림픽 운동에 참가하게 되어 자랑스럽게 생각한다는 소감을 표한 그는 올림픽이 "전세계 사람들을 다함께 모아 인류 최고를 기념한다"고 말했다. 또한 스포츠의 "진리와 드라마"를 언급하며, "이 모든 것을 가능케 해준" 영국 국민들에게 감사를 표했다. 이어서 연단에 선 자크 로게 IOC 위원장은 1908년과 1948년에 이어 세 번째로 대회를 열게 된 런던에게 감사를 표했고, 크나큰 응원이 되어준 수천 명의 자원봉사자들에게도 감사를 표했다. 로게 위원장은 올림픽 역사상 처음으로 모든 선수단이 여자 선수가 참가하게 되었다는 사실을 전하며, 영국이 "페어플레이" 정신을 명문화하고 체육을 학교 수업으로 확립하는 등 "근대 스포츠의 발상지"로서 중대한 역할을 해왔다는 사실도 상기시켰다. 또한 선수들에게 피에르 드 쿠베르탱 남작의 가치에 따라 공정하게, 약물 없이 경기에 임할 것을 주문하면서, 자신이 "시대에 영감을 불어넣어 줄" 우상임을 잊지 말라고 전했다. 끝으로 자신의 이러한 감상을 프랑스어로도 짧게 전한 로게 위원장은 엘리자베스 2세 여왕에게 대회 개막 선언을 요청하였다. 엘리자베스 2세의 대회 개막 공식 선언과 함께 마이크 올드필드의 〈Tubular Bells〉를 테마로 한 트럼펫 팡파레가 울려퍼지고, 불꽃놀이가 펼쳐졌다. 엘리자베스 2세 여왕으로선 이번이 두번째 올림픽 개막 선언인데, 이전에는 캐나다 몬트리올에서 열린 1976년 하계 올림픽 당시 캐나다의 국가원수로서 개막을 선언한 적이 있었다. 한 명의 국가원수가 두 번의 하계 올림픽 대회 개막 선언을 하게 된 것은 이번이 처음이다. 이어서 오륜기 입장이 진행되었다. 올림픽 가치를 상징하는 전세계 대표 8명이 오륜기를 들었는데, 차례대로 "정의를 향해 지칠 줄 모르는 갈망"을 보여준 도린 로렌스, "가난과의 결투"를 보여준 하일레 게브르셀라시에, "용기"를 보여준 샐리 베커, UN 사무총장 반기문, "위대한 평화중재자"를 보여준 리마 보위, "정직함"을 보여준 샤미 차크라바티, "불협화음을 조화로" 대신한 다니엘 바렌보임, UN 지구 챔피언 마리나 실바가 선정되었다. 이 과정에서 "존중, 자신감, 확신, 헌신, 관대, 정신력"을 대표하는 전설적인 권투선수 무하마드 알리가 등장해 이들로부터 잠시 오륜기를 넘겨받아 흔들기도 했다. 마침내 깃대 앞에 다다른 오륜기는 영국군 의장대의 사열을 받으며 런던 심포니 오케스트라와 그라임소프 콜리어리 밴드의 협연으로 연주되는 올림픽 찬가와 함께 게양되었다. 이후 다시 한번 언더월드의 "And I will Kiss"가 짤막하게 재생된 뒤 올림픽 선서가 진행되었는데, 태권도 선수 새라 스티븐슨이 선수 대표로, 국제 복싱 협회 소속 심판 미크 바시가 심판 대표로, 에릭 파렐이 코치 대표로 나섰다. 절대 꺼지지 않는 불 섹션 이름은 더 스미스가 부른 노래 "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out"에서 따왔다. 데이비드 베컴이 모는 모터보트가 라임하우스 컷과 리 내비게이션을 거쳐 스타디움 인근까지 올림픽 성화를 봉송했다. 배 위에서 성화를 넘겨받은 첫번째 주자 스티브 레드그레이브가 퀸 엘리자베스 올림픽 공원을 건설한 인부 500명의 박수를 받으며 스타디움 안으로 뛰어들어갔다. 이후 일곱명의 최종 주자들에게 성화를 다시 넘겼는데, 이들은 이번 대회의 표어인 '세대에 영감을' (Inspire a Generation) 전하기 위해, 영국의 전설적인 올림픽 선수들이 각자 지명한 10대 스포츠 유망주들로 구성되었다. 전체 7명 중 6명은 스포츠 선수였고, 마지막 한 명은 이번 대회의 자원봉사자로 나선 청년 대표였다. 최종 주자들이 성화봉을 넘겨받고 경기장을 한 바퀴 도는 가운데, 투 도어 시네마 클럽의 리드 싱어인 앨릭스 트림블이 도크헤드 합창단, 온리 맨 얼라우드, 엘리자베스 로버츠, 이스미 스미스와 함께 "Caliban's Dream"을 공연했다. 이 곡은 언더월드의 릭 스미스가 이번 개막식을 위해 특별히 지은 곡이었다. 한 바퀴를 다 돈 주자들은 자신을 지명한 올림픽 원로선수와 만나 뜨거운 포옹을 나누고, 성화봉을 하나씩 건네받은 뒤 서로서로 불을 붙였다. 그 광경을 1948년 런던 올림픽 이래 영국의 동하계 올림픽 메달리스트 260명이 지켜보고 있었다. 이후 한 데 모여있는 선수들 사이를 지나 경기장 중앙으로 뛰어간 최종 주자들은 그곳에서 성화대를 마주했다. 성화대는 앞서 선수단 입장 시 선수들과 함께 자원봉사자가 들고 나왔던, 참가국 이름이 새겨진 청동 꽃잎 조형물 204개가 파이프에 꽂혀 원형 배치를 이루고 있었다. 이들 조형물은 대회가 끝난 뒤 각 선수단에게 기념품으로 다시 전달되었다. 최종 주자들이 꽃잎 한 쪽에 성화를 붙이고, 머지않아 모든 꽃잎에 불이 붙자 경기장 바닥에서 파이프가 천천히 솟아올라 마침내 성화대를 이뤘다. 최종 주자 7명은 다음과 같았다. 오른쪽에 있는 사람은 성화 주자를 지명한 스포츠 원로를 가리킨다. 캘럼 에어리 (Callum Airlie) - 셜리 로버트슨 조던 더킷 (Jordan Duckitt) - 덩컨 굿휴 디자이어 헨리 (Desiree Henry) - 데일리 톰프슨 케이티 커크 (Katie Kirk) - 메리 피터스 캐머런 맥리치 (Cameron MacRitchie) - 스티브 레드그레이브 에이던 레이놀즈 (Aidan Reynold) - 린 데이비스 아델 트레이시 (Adelle Tracey) - 켈리 홈스 성화대는 토마스 헤더윅이 디자인한 것으로, 성화 점화 직전까지 성화대의 디자인이나 위치, 또 최종주자가 누구인지도 밝혀지지 않아 "개막식에서 가장 철저하게 비밀로 부쳐진" 것으로 소개되곤 했다. 그리고 끝 핑크 플로이드의 노래 "Eclipse"와 함께 화려한 불꽃놀이가 펼쳐졌고, 대형 스크린에는 올림픽 승리의 순간들이 비춰지는 한편으로 경기장 좌석 조명에는 제시 오언스가 생전에 달리던 모습이 표현되었다. 이 섹션의 하이라이트는 3시간 30분 전에 하늘로 날려보낸 풍선이 지구 상공 34km 고도에서 다다라, 올림픽 오륜의 모습을 실시간으로 전송하는 장면이었다. 이어 탐조등이 불꽃놀이에서 나오는 연기(런던의 또다른 상징적 이미지)를 비추면서 아르셀로미탈 오빗 타워가 환한 빛을 내었다. 마지막 공연으로 폴 매카트니가 등장해 비틀즈의 "The End"를 부르고, 곧바로 "Hey Jude"로 이어져 관객들과 함께 후렴구를 합창하면서 마무리했다. 각주 참고 출처 같이 보기 2012년 하계 올림픽 폐회식 2012년 하계 올림픽 개막식 올림픽 개막식

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20Summer%20Olympics%20opening%20ceremony

2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics took place on the evening of Friday 27 July 2012 in the Olympic Stadium, London, during which the Games were formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture. The spectacle was entitled Isles of Wonder and directed by Academy Award-winning British film director Danny Boyle. Prior to London 2012 there had been considerable apprehension about Britain's ability to stage an opening ceremony that could reach the standard set at the Beijing Summer Games of 2008. The 2008 ceremony had been noted for its scale, extravagance and expense, hailed as the "greatest ever", and had cost £65m. In contrast, London spent an estimated £27m (out of £80m budgeted for its four ceremonies), which was nevertheless about twice the original budget. Nonetheless, the London opening ceremony was immediately seen as a tremendous success, widely praised as a "masterpiece" and "a love letter to Britain". The ceremony began at 21:00 BST and lasted almost four hours. It was watched by an estimated worldwide television audience of 900 million, becoming the most-viewed Olympic opening ceremony in both the UK and US. The content had largely been kept secret before the performance, despite involving thousands of volunteers and two public rehearsals. The principal sections of the artistic display represented Britain's Industrial Revolution, National Health Service, literary heritage, popular music and culture, and were noted for their vibrant storytelling and use of music. Two shorter sections drew particular comment, involving a filmed cameo appearance of the Queen with James Bond as her escort, and a live performance by the London Symphony Orchestra joined by comedian Rowan Atkinson. These were widely ascribed to Britain's sense of humour. The ceremony featured children and young people in most of its segments, reflecting the 'inspire a generation' aspiration of London's original bid for the Games. The BBC released footage of the entire opening ceremony on 29 October 2012, edited by Danny Boyle and with background extras, along with more than seven hours of sporting highlights and the complete closing ceremony. Preparations The London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) approached Danny Boyle to be the director of the ceremony in June 2010, and he immediately accepted. Boyle explained that there had been four things that made him take the job: he was a big Olympics fan, he lived a mile from the Stadium and so felt invested in the area, his late father's birthday was on the ceremony's date, and he felt his 'Oscar clout' would enable him to push through what he wanted to do. He said it "felt weirdly more like a ... civic or national responsibility" to take the job. Boyle acknowledged that the extravagance of the 2008 opening ceremony was an impossible act to follow — "you can't get bigger than Beijing" — and that this realisation had in fact liberated his team creatively. He said "..obviously I'm not going to try and build on Beijing, because how could you? We can't, and you wouldn't want to, so we're going back to the beginning. We're going to try and give the impression that we're rethinking and restarting, because they've (opening ceremonies) escalated since Los Angeles in 1984. They've tried to top themselves each time and you can't do that after Beijing." Beijing's budget had been £65m, whereas London's final budget was £27m, which was twice the original provision. The London stadium had the same number of seats as Beijing's, but was half the size; this intimacy of scale meant that Boyle felt he could achieve something personal and connecting. The different sections of the ceremony were designed to reflect aspects of British history and culture, with the title Isles of Wonder partly inspired by Shakespeare's play The Tempest (particularly Caliban's 'Be not afeard' speech), and partly by the G. K. Chesterton aphorism: "The world shall perish not for lack of wonders, but for lack of wonder." In July 2010, Boyle started brainstorming ideas with designer Mark Tildesley, writer Frank Cottrell-Boyce and costume designer Suttirat Anne Larlarb. They considered "what was essentially British", with the non-British Larlarb able to offer a view of what the world thought Britain meant. Cottrell-Boyce had given Boyle a copy of Pandaemonium, (named after the capital of Hell in Paradise Lost) by Humphrey Jennings, which collated contemporary reports from the industrial revolution. It had become traditional during the opening ceremony to 'produce' the Olympic rings in a spectacular manner. Cottrell-Boyce commented "Danny had a very clear idea that in the first 15 minutes you had to have a great, startling image that could go around the world; it had to climax with something that made people go 'Oh my God!'". Boyle decided that "the journey from the pastoral to the industrial, ending with the forging of the Olympic rings" would be that image. The ten distinct chapters on which the team started work were gradually compressed into three principal movements: the violent transition from 'Green and Pleasant Land' to the 'Pandemonium' of industrial revolution, a salute to the NHS and children's literature, and a celebration of pop culture, technology and the digital revolution. When Boyle returned to work on the ceremony in the spring of 2011 he asked Rick Smith of Underworld, with whom he had worked on several film projects as well as his theatrical production of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, to be the musical director. At the same time the team moved to the Three Mills studio complex in east London, where a 4x4 metre scale model of the stadium was built. For security reasons, a single CGI-assisted version of the ceremony was kept on editor Sascha Dhillon's laptop; anyone needing it had to come to the studio. The cast included professional performers and 7,500 volunteers. Boyle considered the volunteers to be "the most valuable commodity of all". In November 2011 they auditioned at Three Mills, and rehearsals began in earnest in spring 2012 at an open-air site at Dagenham (the abandoned Ford plant), often in foul weather. Although key contributors had to sign non-disclosure agreements and some elements were codenamed, Boyle placed immense trust in the volunteers by asking them simply to "save the surprise" and not leak any information. Further volunteers were recruited to help with security and marshalling, and to support the technical crew. Three weeks before the ceremony, Mark Rylance, who was to have taken a leading part, pulled out after a family bereavement and was replaced by Kenneth Branagh. The Olympic Bell, the largest harmonically tuned bell in the world, weighing 23 tonnes, had been cast in brass under the direction of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry by Royal Eijsbouts of the Netherlands, and hung in the Stadium. It was inscribed with a line from Caliban's speech in The Tempest: "Be not afeard, the isle is full of noises". Boyle gave significant emphasis to the London 2012 theme 'inspire a generation' and devised a programme relying heavily on children and young people, and built around themes that would relate to the young. 25 schools in the six original East London host boroughs were used to recruit child volunteers for the performance, and 170 sixth formers (16–18-year-olds), between them speaking more than 50 languages, were recruited from their colleges. On 12 June 2012 at a press conference, Boyle had promised a huge set of rural Britain, which was to include a village cricket team, farm animals, a model of Glastonbury Tor, as well as a maypole and a rain-producing cloud. His intention was to represent the rural and urban landscape of Britain. The design was to include a mosh pit at each end of the set, one with people celebrating a rock festival and the other the Last Night of the Proms. Boyle promised a ceremony with which everyone would feel involved; he said, "I hope it will reveal how peculiar and contrary we are – and how there's also, I hope, a warmth about us." Some of the set was designed with real grass turf and soil. The use of animals (40 sheep, 12 horses, 3 cows, 2 goats, 10 chickens, 10 ducks, 9 geese and 3 sheep dogs, looked after by 34 animal handlers) drew some criticism from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). Boyle, who was being advised by the RSPCA, assured PETA that the animals would be well cared for. After the press conference, much commentary in the UK Press was negative and attracted "hundreds of comments online completely supporting...the view that the opening ceremony would be a disaster." The overwhelming majority of the music used was British. The team worked next door to the office of the musical director for the closing ceremony, David Arnold, and so hearing each other's music there was a scramble to claim a particular song first. A.R. Rahman, who worked with Boyle on Slumdog Millionaire and 127 Hours, composed a Punjabi song 'Nimma Nimma' to showcase Indian influence in the UK, according to Boyle's wishes. More Indian music was also scheduled for inclusion in the medley. Paul McCartney was to be the ceremony's closing act. Sebastian Coe was instrumental in asking the Queen to take part, responding positively when Boyle first pitched the Happy and Glorious film sequence featuring the Queen. Boyle suggested that the Queen be played either a lookalike, or by a world-class actress such as Helen Mirren, in a location to double as Buckingham Palace. Coe asked Princess Anne, a British member of the IOC and LOCOG, what she thought, and she told him to ask the Queen. Coe presented the idea to the Queen's Deputy Private Secretary. Boyle was surprised to hear that the Queen would be happy to play herself, and wanted a speaking part. Filming took place in late March 2012, and Happy and Glorious was produced by the BBC, as was the opening film sequence Journey along the Thames. Changes were still being made to the programme in the final days before the ceremony: a BMX bike section was dropped due to time constraints, and the 'Pandemonium' and 'Thanks..Tim' sections were edited down. In 2016 Boyle recounted how he had come under pressure from Jeremy Hunt, then the Olympics and Culture Secretary, to cut back the NHS section, which he had saved only by threatening to resign and take the volunteers with him. Two full dress and technical rehearsals took place in the Olympic stadium, on 23 and 25 July, in front of an audience of 60,000 comprising volunteers, cast members' families, competition winners, and others connected to the Games. Boyle asked them not to 'spoil the surprise' by using the hashtag #savethesurprise on social media, keeping the performance a secret for the hundreds of millions who would watch on the Friday night. Officials and guests Royal Box Seated in the Royal Box were the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales, and other members of the British Royal Family. They were accompanied by Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, Prime Minister David Cameron, Spouse of the Prime Minister Samantha Cameron, former Prime Ministers John Major, Tony Blair and Gordon Brown and Mayor of London Boris Johnson. Officials of the Olympic movement included President of the IOC Jacques Rogge, LOCOG Chairman Sebastian Coe and members of the IOC. International dignitaries The ceremony was the largest gathering of world leaders for an Olympic and sporting event in history, surpassing that of 2008. Three multilateral leaders, more than ninety five heads of state and government and representatives from five organisations and one hundred and twenty countries attended. Proceedings Schedule Prologue At exactly 20:12 (8:12 pm) the Red Arrows performed a flypast over the Olympic Stadium and then over the concert in Hyde Park. This concert featured artists selected to represent the four nations of the United Kingdom: Duran Duran, Stereophonics, Snow Patrol and Paolo Nutini. At the beginning the stadium contained a rural scene including the model of Glastonbury Tor, a model village and a water wheel, replete with live animals (removed shortly before the ceremony began), and actors portraying working villagers, football and cricket players. Frank Turner performed three songs ("Sailor's Boots", "Wessex Boy" and "I Still Believe") on the model of Glastonbury Tor, joined by Emily Barker, Ben Marwood and Jim Lockey, as well as his regular backing band the Sleeping Souls. LSO On Track (an orchestra of 80 young musicians from ten East London boroughs together with 20 LSO members) then performed Edward Elgar's "Nimrod" from the Enigma Variations, accompanied by extracts from the BBC Radio Shipping Forecast, and maritime images on the big screens, while the audience held up blue sheeting to simulate the sight of the ocean. This performance celebrated Britain's maritime heritage and geographical insularity. Countdown (21:00–21:04 BST) The ceremony began at 9pm after a one-minute '60 to 1' countdown film made up of shots of numbers, such as those on house doors, street nameplates, London buses, station platforms and market labels. A two-minute film Journey along the Thames, directed by Boyle and produced by the BBC, opened the ceremony. To the sound of "Surf Solar" by Fuck Buttons, it followed the River Thames from its source to the heart of London, juxtaposing images of contemporary British life with pastoral shots and flashes of scenes from the stadium. The characters Ratty, Mole and Toad from The Wind in the Willows were briefly seen, as was a 'Monty Python hand' pointing towards London on umbrellas, and an InterCity 125 train passing the Olympic rings as crop circles in a field. At Battersea Power Station a Pink Floyd pig was flying between the towers; the clock sound from another Pink Floyd song "Time" was heard passing Big Ben. The soundtrack included clips from the theme tune of The South Bank Show, "London Calling" by The Clash, and the Sex Pistols' "God Save the Queen" as the film followed the route of the band's infamous cruise down the River Thames during the Silver Jubilee. After lifting to an aerial view of East London mirroring the title sequence of the BBC soap opera EastEnders, to the sound of the drum beats from the closing theme, the film flashed down through the Thames Barrier, into Bow Creek, and then below surface through a London Underground train and station, historic footage of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Thames Tunnel, and through the Rotherhithe Tunnel. It then switched to a sequence filmed outside the stadium shortly before the ceremony, superimposed with posters from previous Summer Olympics (all of them except 1900 Paris, 1936 Berlin, 1984 Los Angeles, and 1996 Atlanta), to a recording of "Map of the Problematique" by Muse. This ended with a live shot of three cast members holding the posters for the 2012 competition. There was then a ten-second countdown in the stadium, with children holding clusters of balloons that burst simultaneously (although one set failed to burst), with the audience shouting out the numbers. Bradley Wiggins, who had won the Tour de France five days earlier, opened the ceremony by ringing the Olympic Bell that hung at one end of the stadium. Four upper-atmosphere balloons were released, each expected to carry a set of Olympic rings and a camera up to the mid-stratosphere. Green and Pleasant Land (21:04–21:09) The depiction of rural life already in the arena was billed as "a reminder and a promise of a once and future better life". Youth choirs began a cappella performances of the informal anthems of the four nations of the UK: "Jerusalem" (for England, sung by a live choir in the stadium), "Danny Boy" (from the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland), "Flower of Scotland" (from Edinburgh Castle in Scotland), and "Bread of Heaven" (from Rhossili Beach in Wales – sung in English). These were inter-cut with footage of notable Rugby Union Home Nations' tries, England's winning drop goal from the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final, and live shots from the stadium. As the last choir performance concluded, vintage London General Omnibus Company stagecoaches entered, carrying businessmen and early industrialists in Victorian dress and top hats, led by Kenneth Branagh as Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The 50 men stepped down from the carriages and surveyed the land approvingly. After walking onto the Glastonbury Tor, Brunel delivered Caliban's "Be not afeard" speech, reflecting Boyle's introduction to the ceremony in the programme and signifying an aspiration of new industry or a new era in Britain. This anticipated the next section of the ceremony. Pandemonium (21:09–21:25) This section encapsulated British economic and social development from rural economy through the Industrial Revolution to the 1960s. Proceedings were suddenly interrupted by a loud shout, recorded by volunteers during the rehearsals, followed by drumming (the pre-recorded drumming amplified by 965 cast members drumming on inverted household buckets and bins), led by Evelyn Glennie. The three-tonne oak tree on top of the Glastonbury Tor lifted, and industrial workers emerged from both the Tor's brightly lit interior and the entrances to the stadium, to swell the cast to a total of 2,500 volunteers. So began what Boyle had called the "biggest scene change in theatre history" and something he had been advised against attempting. Underworld's "And I Will Kiss" began to play, as the cast rolled away the grass and other rural props. Seven smoking chimney stacks with accompanying steeplejacks rose from the ground, along with other industrial machinery: five beam engines, six looms, a crucible and a water wheel (one of the few items left from the rural scene). Boyle said that this section celebrated the "tremendous potential" afforded by the advancements of the Victorian era. It also included a minute's silence in remembrance of the loss of life of both World Wars, featuring British 'Tommies' and shots of poppies, during which the names of the Accrington Pals were shown on the stadium screens. Unprompted, members of the audience stood in respect during this segment. Volunteers paraded around the stadium representing some of the groups that had changed the face of Britain: the woman's suffrage movement, the Jarrow Crusade, the first Caribbean immigrants arriving in 1948 on board the Empire Windrush, a 1970s DJ float, the Nostalgia Steel Band, and The Beatles as they appeared on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Also included were real-life Chelsea Pensioners, the Grimethorpe Colliery Band, and a group of Pearly Kings and Queens. Workers began casting an iron ring. As the noise level and tension built, driven by the relentless rhythm of the music and the drumming, participants mimed repetitive mechanical movements associated with industrial processes such as weaving. Four glowing orange rings gradually began to be carried high above the stadium toward its centre on overhead wires, and then the ring seemingly being cast and forged in the arena began to lift. The five rings converged, still glowing and accompanied by steam and firework effects to give the impression that they were of hot metal. When the five rings formed the Olympic symbol above the stadium, they ignited and rained fire in silver and gold. The image of the Olympic rings in flame became the iconic image of the ceremony, reproduced in newspapers and web stories around the world. Happy and Glorious (21:25–21:35) A short film directed by Boyle and produced by the BBC, called Happy and Glorious (after a line in the national anthem), featured the character James Bond, played by then-Bond actor Daniel Craig, entering the front gate of Buckingham Palace in a London black cab. His entrance (accompanied by an arrangement of Handel's 'The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba') is noticed by Brazilian children (a nod to Rio de Janeiro, which was to be the next summer Games host city) in the throne room. Bond escorted Queen Elizabeth II (who played herself, acknowledging Bond with the words, "Good evening, Mr Bond") out of the building and into a waiting AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter. The film followed the helicopter across London, with shots of a cheering crowd on The Mall, Nelson's Column, the Palace of Westminster with an animated Winston Churchill statue in Parliament Square, and of the Thames past the London Eye, St Paul's Cathedral, the financial district City of London. The helicopter then passed through Tower Bridge, accompanied by the Dambusters March. The film finished with Bond and the Queen apparently jumping from a real helicopter live above the stadium, accompanied by the "James Bond Theme". The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, along with Rogge, were then introduced to the audience. The Queen was wearing the same dress as in the film, as if she had just arrived with Bond. The idea of the royal helicopter jump was first pitched by director Danny Boyle to Sebastian Coe, who loved it so much he took it to Edward Young, Private Secretary to the Queen, at Buckingham Palace in the summer of 2011. Young 'listened sagely, laughed, and promised to ask the boss'. Word came back to Coe that the Queen would love to take part. Young, Boyle and Coe agreed to keep the plan secret so as not to spoil the surprise. On 19 September 2022, the morning of the Queen's funeral, Coe told BBC News he originally took the concept to Princess Anne whose only question was "What kind of helicopter?" For the scenes with the helicopter, the Queen was doubled by actress Julia McKenzie, and for the parachute jump by BASE jumper and stuntman Gary Connery wearing a dress, hat, jewellery and with a handbag. Bond was played by Mark Sutton. The helicopter had flown to the stadium from Stapleford Aerodrome in Essex, piloted by Marc Wolff. The Union Flag was then raised by members of the British Armed Forces, while the first and third verses of the national anthem were performed a cappella by the Kaos Signing Choir for Deaf and Hearing Children. Second to the right, and straight on till morning (21:35–21:47) The first part of this sequence celebrated the National Health Service ("the institution which more than any other unites our nation", according to the programme), which had been founded in the year of the previous London Games in 1948. Music was by Mike Oldfield. 600 dancers, all of whom were NHS staff, along with 1,200 volunteers recruited from British hospitals, entered along with children on 320 hospital beds, some of which functioned as trampolines. They started a short jive routine. Watching from the tor were specially invited hospital staff and nine child patients from Great Ormond Street Hospital. The blankets on the beds illuminated and the beds were arranged to depict a child's face with a smile and a tear (the Hospital Children's Charity's logo). The acronym 'GOSH' then changed into the initials 'NHS', turning into the shape of a crescent moon as the children were hushed to sleep and read books by the nurses. The sequence then moved on to celebrate British children's literature. J. K. Rowling began by reading from J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan (whose copyright was given to Great Ormond Street Hospital). The Child Catcher appeared amongst the children, followed by giant puppet representations of villains from British children's literature: the Queen of Hearts, Captain Hook, Cruella de Vil, and Lord Voldemort. Minutes later, 32 women playing Mary Poppins descended with their umbrellas, as the villains deflated and the actors resumed dancing. The music for this sequence included partially rearranged sections from Tubular Bells (with a giant set of tubular bells at the rear of the stage), Tubular Bells III and, after the villains had been driven away by the Mary Poppins characters, In Dulci Jubilo. During this performance the children in pyjamas jumped up and down on their brightly lit beds, creating a memorable image amid the darkness of the stadium. The sequence concluded with a pale, gigantic baby's head, with a rippling sheet for its body, in the centre of the arena. This celebrated the Scottish pioneers of obstetric ultrasound imaging. Interlude (21:47–21:52) Simon Rattle was then introduced to conduct the London Symphony Orchestra in a performance of Vangelis's "Chariots of Fire", as a tribute to the British film industry with Rowan Atkinson reprising his role as Mr. Bean, comically playing a repeated note on a synthesiser. He then lapsed into a filmed dream sequence in which he joined the runners from the film Chariots of Fire, beating them in their iconic run along West Sands at St Andrews by riding in a car, rejoining the race and tripping the front runner. Danny Boyle later explained: "It wasn't actually Mr. Bean. Strictly speaking, the name of his character was Derek". In 2021's "Happy Birthday Mr Bean" documentary, Atkinson also stated that the performance wasn't actually intended to be the character Mr. Bean. Frankie and June say...thanks Tim (21:52–22:09) This sequence celebrated British popular music and culture, paying homage to each decade since the 1960s. To the accompaniment of the BBC newsreel theme 'Girls in Grey' and the theme tune from The Archers, a young mother and son arrive in a Mini Cooper at a full-size replica of a modern British house. The 1987 "don't worry about a hurricane" weather forecast by Michael Fish was shown on the big screens as rain suddenly poured on the house, followed by "Push the Button", by Sugababes. In the centre of the arena the sides of another house, three times larger, were used as screens to show clips from various TV programmes, music videos and films, including A Matter of Life and Death (June is named for its protagonist), as well as Gregory's Girl, Kes, Bedknobs and Broomsticks, The Snowman, The Wicker Man, Four Weddings and a Funeral, British soap operas Coronation Street and EastEnders, Spanish TV show Cuéntame cómo pasó, and Boyle's own Trainspotting on the top and the inside of the house on the bottom. A large group of dancers, centred around Frankie and June (19-year-old Henrique Costa and 18-year-old Jasmine Breinburg) on a night out, performed to an assortment of British popular songs arranged broadly chronologically, beginning with "Going Underground" by The Jam, suggesting a ride on the London Underground. During this track images of the Underground were projected onto the house and former London Mayor Ken Livingstone was briefly seen in the driver's seat. Throughout the sequence cast members were texting each other or placing social networking status updates on the Internet. Frankie and June first notice each other as a snippet from "Wonderful Tonight" by Eric Clapton plays, but when Frankie saw that June had dropped her phone on the Tube, he set off to return it (communicating using last number redial to her sister's phone). An extended dance sequence followed, with songs including "My Generation" by The Who, "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" by the Rolling Stones, "My Boy Lollipop" sung by Millie Small, "All Day and All of the Night" by the Kinks, "She Loves You" by the Beatles (with footage of the band performing the song), "Trampled Under Foot" by Led Zeppelin, "Starman" by David Bowie, "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen (during which the sound of the TARDIS from Doctor Who could be heard), "Pretty Vacant" by the Sex Pistols (during which dancers on power jumpers wearing large heads with Mohawk hairstyles performed a pogo dance, and the lyrics to the song were spelled out in LED lights around the stadium), "Blue Monday" by New Order, "Relax" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood (during which Frankie, asked by June for his name, replied by revealing one of the band's "Frankie say..." T-shirts), "Back to Life (However Do You Want Me)" by Soul II Soul, "Step On" by Happy Mondays, "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" by Eurythmics, "Firestarter" by The Prodigy, and "Born Slippy .NUXX" by Underworld, ending with the cast singing "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles" as Frankie and June walked towards each other. A sequence from the film Four Weddings and a Funeral was projected behind them; when they kissed, a montage of memorable kisses from film, TV and real life was shown (including one of the first interracial kisses on British television in Emergency Ward 10 and the first lesbian kiss from Brookside, which in some countries, including Saudi Arabia, then became the first lesbian kiss ever shown on pre-watershed television), while "Song 2" by Blur was played. A live performance of "Bonkers" by Dizzee Rascal (who grew up in the host borough of Tower Hamlets) followed, along with a further sequence in which all the cast (and Britain's Got Talent dancing duo Signature) attend a party at June's house whilst Amy Winehouse's "Valerie", Muse's "Uprising", and Tinie Tempah's "Pass Out" played. At the close the larger house was raised to reveal Tim Berners-Lee working at a NeXT Computer, like the one on which he invented the World Wide Web. He tweeted 'This is for everyone', instantly spelled out in LED lights around the stadium. The programme explained "Music connects us with each other and with the most important moments in our lives. One of the things that makes those connections possible is the World Wide Web". Boyle wanted to honour Berners-Lee for having made the World Wide Web free and available to everyone (hence the tweet), rather than seeking a commercial profit from it. Abide with Me (22:09–22:20) A filmed sequence showed extracts from the torch relay around the UK, to the music "I Heard Wonders" by David Holmes. This then cut live to show David Beckham driving a dramatically illuminated motor boat down the River Thames and under Tower Bridge, to fireworks, while footballer Jade Bailey held on to the torch in the boat. This section had been rehearsed on 24 July 2012 when the close-up shots were pre-recorded, and was directed by Stephen Daldry. There was then a tribute to "..friends and family of those in the stadium who cannot be here tonight", including the victims of the '7/7' 2005 London bombings (on the day after London had been awarded the Games). Photos of people who had died were displayed on screens as a memorial, accompanied by an excerpt from Brian Eno's ambient work "An Ending (Ascent)". The hymn "Abide with Me" was then sung by Emeli Sandé while a group of dancers choreographed by and including Akram Khan performed a contemporary dance on the theme of mortality. Welcome (22:20–00:00) The Parade of Nations of athletes (drawn from the 10,490 competing) and officials from 204 nations (and also the "Independent Olympic Athletes") was led, according to custom, by the Greek team, followed by other competing countries in alphabetical order, and finally the host nation Great Britain. Each of the 205 teams entered the stadium led by their flagbearer, accompanied by a child volunteer carrying a copper petal (later revealed to be part of the cauldron) and a young woman carrying a sign with the country's name in English (and wearing a dress made from fabric printed with photos of people who had applied to be Olympic volunteers). The parade was accompanied by mainly British dance tracks and popular songs, including "Galvanize" by Chemical Brothers, "West End Girls" by Pet Shop Boys, "Rolling in the Deep" by Adele, "Stayin' Alive" by the Bee Gees and both "Where the Streets Have No Name" and "Beautiful Day" by Irish band U2, with Great Britain entering to David Bowie's song "Heroes". Welsh drum and bass DJ High Contrast mixed and sequenced the music for the athletes' parade. Music with a fast rhythm of 120 bpm was used in an attempt to keep the teams walking quickly around the stadium, and this was reinforced by the drummers in the stadium; nevertheless the parade part of the programme took 1 hour 40 minutes to complete, compared to the 1 hour 29 minutes estimated in the official media guide. Once all of the athletes were inside the stadium, seven billion small pieces of paper were dropped from a Westland helicopter, each piece representing one person on Earth. Each nation's flag was planted on the Glastonbury Tor. Bike a.m. (00:00–00:07 BST 28 July) Once the athletes had gathered in the centre of the stadium, Arctic Monkeys performed "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor" and The Beatles' "Come Together", the latter whilst 75 cyclists circled the stadium with wings lit by LEDs representing Doves of Peace. Doves were traditionally released at Olympic opening ceremonies, although real birds have not been used since 1992. A single dove cyclist, his beak painted yellow in honour of Bradley Wiggins, appeared to fly out of the stadium. Let the Games Begin (00:07–00:24) The formal part of the ceremony was introduced by Sebastian Coe, speaking from the Tor and surrounded by flags of the participating nations. He welcomed the watching world to London. He expressed pride in being British and part of the Olympic movement, and said that the Olympics "brings together the people of the world...to celebrate what is best about mankind". He continued to speak of the "truth and drama" of sport, and then thanked Britain for "making all this possible". Rogge responded by thanking London, stating that it was the third time that London had held the Games, following 1908, held at short notice when Rome was unable to do so (after a volcanic eruption), and 1948 three years after the end of World War II. Rogge thanked the thousands of volunteers, to huge cheers. He announced that for the first time in Olympic history, every team had female participants. Rogge acknowledged the important role the UK had played as "the birthplace of modern sport", codifying its "fair play" ethos and building sport into the school curriculum. He appealed to athletes to play fairly and be drug-free, according to the values of Baron de Courbertin, reminding them that they were role models who would "inspire a generation". After expressing these sentiments again briefly in French, he invited the Queen to open the Games. The Queen declared the competition officially open, immediately followed by a trumpet fanfare based on a theme from Tubular Bells by Mike Oldfield and then a fireworks display. The 2012 ceremony was the second time the Queen had opened an Olympic Games, the first being the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal in her capacity as Queen of Canada. It was also the first time any individual had opened a Summer Olympics twice (two more Olympiads had been opened on her behalf, with a further two Winter Games opened on her behalf). The Olympic Flag was carried by eight people chosen from around the world to embody the Olympic values: Doreen Lawrence (chosen for her "tireless thirst for justice"), Haile Gebrselassie (for his "fight against poverty"), Sally Becker (for her "courage"), Ban Ki-moon (as UN general secretary), Leymah Gbowee (as "a great peacemaker"), Shami Chakrabarti (for "her integrity"), Daniel Barenboim (for bringing "harmony in place of discord"), and Marina Silva (as UN Champion of the Earth). The flag paused in front of Muhammad Ali (invited to represent 'respect, confidence, conviction, dedication, generosity and spiritual strength'), who held it for a few moments. The flag was received by a colour guard of Her Majesty's Armed Forces and hoisted to the Olympic Hymn, performed by the LSO and the Grimethorpe Colliery Band. A brief reprise of "And I will Kiss" commenced the Olympic Oaths, taken by taekwondo athlete Sarah Stevenson on behalf of the athletes, by British AIBA Referee Mik Basi on behalf of the officials, and by Eric Farrell on behalf of the coaches. There Is a Light That Never Goes Out (00:24–00:38) This section was named after the song of the same name by The Smiths. The motorboat driven by David Beckham arrived with the Olympic Flame via the Limehouse Cut and the Lee Navigation. Steve Redgrave lit his torch from that on the boat, and carried it into the stadium through an honour guard of 500 of the construction workers who had built the Olympic Park. He passed the flame on to a team of seven young people, each nominated by a famous British Olympian to convey the Games' aim to 'inspire a generation'. Six of the team were athletes, and the seventh was a volunteer young ambassador. The teenagers made a lap of the stadium, each carrying the torch in turn, while Alex Trimble, lead singer of Two Door Cinema Club, performed "Caliban's Dream" with the Dockhead Choir, Only Men Aloud, Elizabeth Roberts, and Esme Smith. This had been written especially for the ceremony by Rick Smith of Underworld. Each young athlete was greeted by their nominating Olympian (watched by 260 British medallists from previous summer and winter Games since London 1948) and presented with their own torch, which was then lit from the flame. They jogged through a corridor between assembled athletes to the centre of the stadium, where the 204 copper petals (each inscribed with the name of the team it accompanied during the parade) were now seen in a circular formation attached to long pipes (the petals were to accompany each team home after the competition, as a souvenir). The young athletes lit some of the petals, and when the flame had spread to all of them, the pipes rose slowly from the floor of the stadium and converged to form the cauldron. The cauldron lighters were (nominator in brackets): Callum Airlie (Shirley Robertson) Jordan Duckitt (Duncan Goodhew) Desiree Henry (Daley Thompson) Katie Kirk (Mary Peters) Cameron MacRitchie (Steve Redgrave) Aidan Reynolds (Lynn Davies) Adelle Tracey (Kelly Holmes) The cauldron designed by Thomas Heatherwick was described as "one of the best-kept secrets of the opening ceremony": until this point, its design, location, and who would light it had not been revealed. And in the end (00:38–00:46) A flurry of spectacular fireworks accompanied by Pink Floyd's song "Eclipse" was supported by images of memorable Olympic victories shown on the big screens, with the stadium pixels showing Jesse Owens running. The climax of this section was a live view of the Olympic rings 34 kilometres (21 miles) above the Earth, transmitted from one of the balloons launched three and a half hours earlier. The sky was then lit by searchlights piercing the smoke (another iconic London image) from the fireworks, the Orbit tower was illuminated. Paul McCartney and his band performed the closing section of "The End", and then "Hey Jude", with its chorus sung by the audience to close the ceremony at 00:46 BST. Music The eclectic programme of music was chosen to showcase almost exclusively British music with pieces representing the UK's four nations. It included classical works by British composers such as Hubert Parry, and performances by UK choirs and orchestras. The focus was mainly on music of the 1960s onwards, causing one Chinese journalist to ask: "Will this be the most rock and roll opening ceremony ever?". Rick Smith and Underworld composed pieces for the ceremony, including "And I Will Kiss" used during the 'Pandemonium' section, and "Caliban's Dream" heard during the lighting of the cauldron. These were favourably reviewed; in The Guardian, Michael Hann wrote "Underworld ... had a bit of a triumph: the builds and fades they learned in the world of dance music lent the sometimes overwhelming visual spectacle a sense of structure". Musical motifs were used to bind the ceremony programme together: for example, the 'whistling' theme first heard during the minute's silence embedded within "And I Will Kiss" returned frequently – behind the fury as the ring was being forged, emerging triumphant as the five rings came together, and again later as the main theme of 'Caliban's Dream' whilst the flame was paraded around the stadium. Bells were a theme of the opening day of the Olympics, starting at 8:12am with artist Martin Creed's Work No. 1197: All the Bells, when bells were rung across the UK including forty strikes of Big Ben. "The sound of bells is the sound of England", Boyle had told volunteers during rehearsal. Much of the music for the ceremony contained 'bell' references, linking to the large bell forged for the ceremony and evoking bells as "the sound of freedom and peace". Modified sequences based on the traditional British eight-bell peal underlaid "And I Will Kiss" and carried through into the "Tubular Bells"/NHS section, with handbells and a tolling large bell featured on 'Caliban's Dream' and at key points in the ceremony. A handbell chime also played after the close, as the stadium emptied. Boyle approached many of the artists personally, to see if they would be interested in performing, and he also flew to Barbados for an hour-long meeting with Mike Oldfield. A few turned him down, including Elvis Costello and David Bowie. The performing artists were paid a nominal £1 fee to make their contracts legally binding. The pre-recorded soundtrack Isles of Wonder was released on iTunes at midnight of 28 July 2012, with a two-disc CD set released on 2 August. Within two days the download album had topped the iTunes album charts in Britain, France, Belgium and Spain, and reached No. 5 in the United States, as well as being No. 5 in the British album charts. Rick Smith's concluding comment in the CD cover notes was: "The isle is full of noises. The soundtrack writes itself." Anthems National Anthem of the United Kingdom – Kaos Signing Choir for Deaf and Hearing Children Olympic Anthem – London Symphony Orchestra Technical aspects The main loading of the stadium started on 10 May and took ten weeks of what was the wettest summer for a hundred years, posing considerable challenges. Dismantling the staging took just sixty hours. The infield staging area was 2.5 metres high, and had to accommodate the elements revealed during the ceremony, such as the chimneys and beam engines from 'Pandemonium', and the cauldron. To ensure that it remained secret, the cauldron was code-named 'Betty', and installed and tested at night. The stadium was rigged with a one million watt sound system and more than 500 speakers. Some of staging and 12,956 props were used, as well as of turf including crops. 70,799 25 centimetre (10 inch) pixel panels were placed around the stadium, including between every seat. Each panel connected to a central computer and was fitted with nine full-colour LED pixels by Tait Technology. These enabled images to be broadcast during the performance, such as of a 1960s go-go dancer, a London Underground train, and a representation of the birth of the internet. The audience was also able to participate by waving the paddles to create a twinkling effect. These animations were designed by 59 Productions and the video animations were produced by Chinese company Crystal CG. The 2D to 3D transformation and mapping of video content onto the panels were done by Avolites Media media server consoles. Technical director Piers Shepperd masterminded the complex change from rural to industrial during 'Pandemonium'. The seven inflatable chimneys were made by Airworks, and varied in height (three were , two were and two were high). They were made of soft fabric, with an outer layer of printed brick pattern. Each contained four industrial fans at the base to inflate them, and a smoke machine near the top, and were hoisted into the air from the overhead rigs. Life-size beam engines were constructed onstage by teams of stage hands and members of the Volunteer Staging Team. At the climax of 'Pandemonium', in the Olympic ring forging scene, amber lights lit in sequence created the illusion of a molten steel river, with pyrotechnic smoke and dry ice as steam. The original grass floor surface had been removed to reveal a giant stylised map of London. Working alongside the professional crew were over 800 volunteers; some were production arts students from British drama schools. Many had been working on the Olympic and Paralympic ceremonies since early 2012 at the Three Mills Studios and Dagenham rehearsal sites, before moving to the Stadium on 16 June. The thousands of cast were cued and co-ordinated by directions received through earphones ('in-ear monitors'), and adjustments were made during the performance: for example during Pandemonium extra volunteers were sent to make sure all the turf was cleared on time. The earphones also carried a continuous electronic metronomic four-beat to keep everyone walking and moving in time with the music. In July 2013 it was revealed that on the morning of the ceremony, Britain's surveillance headquarters GCHQ had detected a credible cyber attack threat that could have killed the lighting system in the stadium. Counter-measures were taken, and in the afternoon contingency plans were discussed with government ministers at a meeting in the Cabinet Office briefing room. However, this attack never materialised. Ceremony key team Artistic director: Danny Boyle Producer: Tracey Seaward Designers: Suttirat Anne Larlarb and Mark Tildesley Writer: Frank Cottrell-Boyce Music director: Rick Smith (Underworld) Associate director: Paulette Randall Movement director: Toby Sedgwick Head of mass movement choreography: Steve Boyd Choreographers: Temujin Gill, Kenrick "H2O" Sandy and Akram Khan Video editor: Sascha Dhillon Visual effects supervisor: Adam Gascoyne Executive producer, production design: Mark Fisher Executive producer, creative: Stephen Daldry Lighting designer: Patrick Woodroffe Associate lighting designer: Adam Bassett Lead lighting programmer: Tim Routledge Soundscape designer: Gareth Fry Technical director: Piers Shepperd Technical manager (technical design and staging): Jeremy Lloyd Technical manager (aerial): James Lee Technical manager (lighting, audio-visual, power): Nick Jones Technical manager (services and special projects): Scott Buchanan Senior production manager (audio and communications): Chris Ekers Executive producer, broadcast: Hamish Hamilton Executive producer, production: Catherine Ugwu Press & publicity: Christopher Mitchell Bike choreographer: Bob Haro Bike project manager: Paul Hughes Announcers: Marc Edwards and Layla Anna-Lee Ceremonies sound designer: Bobby Aitken Ceremonies RF spectrum planning and management: Steve Caldwell Ceremonies monitor engineer: Steve Watson Ceremonies front of house engineer: Richard Sharratt Production manager radio mics and IEMs: Alison Dale Artist security director: Richard Barry Production stage manager: Sam Hunter Show caller: Julia Whittle TV coverage The BBC's coverage started at 19:00 and continued uninterrupted until 00:50. The BBC audience averaged about 24.46 million viewers and peaked at approximately 26.9 million. This was the largest average audience for any broadcast since 1996 and one of the top 20 most-watched UK television broadcasts of all time. David Stringer of Associated Press described the coverage as "a success...so far, the BBC's ambitious – and technically tricky – Olympic plan has worked almost without a flaw." Euan Ferguson of The Observer commented that "Coverage of the Olympics so far ... has been near perfect." However, Clive James was critical of the build-up programme, presented by Gary Lineker and Sue Barker. Commentators for the BBC were Huw Edwards, Hazel Irvine and Trevor Nelson, the latter criticised by Andy Dawson of the Daily Mirror as floundering "like a ventriloquist's dummy pumped full of low-grade ketamine". Private talks were held between Boyle and BBC commentators in the run-up to the ceremony. Boyle was unhappy with a voiceover being imposed on the ceremony, which he wanted viewers to be able to enjoy without commentary. The BBC offered several options including 'no commentary' coverage for both its TV and online transmissions. Audio description was also provided with commentary by Nick Mullins. Nearly 41 million US viewers watched NBC's coverage of the event. Criticism was levelled at its decision to tape-delay this broadcast, and not make a live version available even to cable and web users. There were frequent interruptions by commercial breaks. Many US viewers looked for other ways to watch (such as the live BBC feed), despite both NBC and the IOC vowing to crack down on unauthorised streams. More significant criticism was levelled at NBC for cutting to a Ryan Seacrest interview with Michael Phelps during the 'memorial wall' tribute including commemoration of the victims of the 7/7 London bombings, which was seen as disrespectful and insensitive. An NBC spokesman said the network had left out that segment because its programming was "tailored for the US audience". There was also criticism of commentators Matt Lauer and Meredith Vieira for suggesting that the Queen had actually jumped out of a helicopter. Vieira and Lauer admitted to not knowing that Tim Berners-Lee was the inventor of the World Wide Web, as she commented "If you haven't heard of him, we haven't either", before Lauer told the audience to Google him. These failings were picked up on Twitter during the broadcast with the hashtag #nbcfail. The ceremony was recorded by three separate broadcasters: the BBC, the Olympic Broadcasting Services (directed by the Finnish state broadcaster YLE on behalf of the OBS), and by independent production company Done and Dusted, hired by LOCOG and working under Boyle's direction. This was the first time that an independent production company had been used for an Olympic ceremony. This situation led to some tension, as Boyle wanted more artistic control and felt he was getting no co-operation from the OBS. He criticised the OBS coverage during his commentary for the BBC DVD. In addition, the BBC filmed some of the pre-recorded parts of the ceremony. The filming was directed for television by Hamish Hamilton, who described it as "easily the most difficult job of my life". The BBC released footage of the entire ceremony on 29 October 2012, edited by Danny Boyle and with background extras, filling more than one disc of a five DVD or Blu-ray disc set, which also contained more than seven hours of sporting highlights as well as the complete closing ceremony. A 'BBC commentary-free' option for the opening ceremony is available on the DVD, as well as a commentary track by Danny Boyle and Frank Cottrell-Boyce. Reception The Times described the ceremony as "a masterpiece", with The Daily Telegraph saying it was "brilliant, breathtaking, bonkers and utterly British". The BBC's chief sports writer Tom Fordyce called it "eccentric" and "tongue-in-cheek", saying "no-one expected ... it would be quite so gloriously daft, so cynicism-squashingly charming and, well, so much pinch-yourself fun." Two weeks after the ceremony Jonathan Freedland of The Guardian wrote that "Boyle's spectacular, so beautifully executed and ingeniously conceived it lingers in the mind even as the closing draws near, stood apart from its predecessors thanks not only to its humour and eccentricity, but also because it had something to say." Writing in The Observer, Jackie Kay commented that "it seemed that Boyle had invented a new kind of opening ceremony, a concept ceremony, one that embraces big ideas as passionately as it does technical flamboyancy". The Stage said that "Danny Boyle's spectacular and moving Olympics Opening Ceremony was undoubtedly the theatrical highlight of 2012". Although praise came from across the political spectrum, a few on the British political right were unhappy. Aidan Burley, a Conservative MP, denounced the ceremony on Twitter as "leftie multicultural crap". Burley's comments were dismissed by many fellow Conservatives, including David Cameron and Boris Johnson. Foreign reaction was overwhelmingly positive. The New York Times said the ceremony was "hilariously quirky ... a wild jumble of the celebratory and the fanciful; the conventional and the eccentric; and the frankly off-the-wall." Forbes called it Boyle's "love song to Britain", while Sports Illustrated noted its political aspects, calling it "a celebration of protest and dissent". The Sydney Morning Herald said it was "an unforgettable start ... at once subversive and sublime" and The Times of India said "London presented a vibrant picture of Great Britain's rich heritage and culture." The Chinese news agency Xinhua described the ceremony as "dazzling" and an "eccentric and exuberant celebration of British history, art and culture". Chinese artist Ai Weiwei praised the ceremony for its "human touch", saying "In London, they really turned the ceremony into a party ... such a density of information about events and stories and literature and music; about folktales and movies." Russian President Putin said the ceremony was "wonderful and unforgettable". Dmitry Medvedev said "It was an exceptional spectacle, very well prepared and quite rich ... it succeeded in creating a very British atmosphere ... they managed to find the right language ... to communicate." Panos Samaras of Greece's NET said "it was more like a big musical, a rock opera ... than an Olympics ceremony". French sports newspaper L'Équipe wrote that it "took the classic from such events and had fun with them" whilst Le Parisien said it "was magnificent, inventive and offbeat drawing heavily on the roots of British identity". Germany's hailed it as "spectacular, glitzy but also provoking and moving". Chinese news CCTV-4 said the ceremony was a "stunning feast for the eyes". South Korea's Yonhap said it was "by turns dramatic, imaginative, humorous and solemn" and "weaved the story of the country's past, present and future". Singapore's Straits Times said it was a "grand show" noteworthy for both "scale" and "authenticity". The Australian praised a "glorious pandemonium devoted to London's thriving, chaotic energy ... deliberately revelling in the chaos of Britain's free society and popular culture". France's Le Figaro said it reflected "the best contributions that Britain has given to the world ... its sense of humour, its music, and of course sport". The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation said it was a "rocking, rollicking, sometimes quiet and brooding ceremony." Qatar's The Peninsula said London did a "spectacular job" making the ceremony a "memorable event". In an end of the year review, British magazine Q said "It could all have been so different. As the London 2012 Summer Olympics approached, the tide of scepticism seemed almost irreversible. There was the heavy-handed sponsorship, the draconian security, the ticketing problems, the ballooning budget, and the lurking fear that the Opening Ceremony might be, in director Danny Boyle's pungent description, 'shite'. It took less than four hours on the night of Friday 27 July to turn the whole country around. Not only was the ceremony demonstrably not shite, it was the most surprising, moving, spectacular cultural event this country had ever seen...modern Britain, in all its berserk, multi-faceted glory." The writer of the ceremony, Frank Cottrell-Boyce, said: "People around us thought it might need defending, so I was told to do press the next morning. I was completely surprised [by the positive response]. A lot of people were surprised. But I don't think Danny was surprised. Danny never blinked. At no point did he show any feeling that it was going to be anything but amazing. And he was right." In December 2012 the culture critic of The Guardian picked the ceremony as "best art event of the year". A British public survey by Samsung voted it the second most inspiring television moment of all time, second only to the 1969 Apollo 11 Moon landing. A Digital Spy survey of more than 25,000 overwhelmingly voted the ceremony as the entertainment highlight of 2012. The ceremony was the second most-mentioned entertainment event on the internet in 2012, with just over six million mentions, coming second to the Grammy Awards. The BBC reported that it was the most requested item from 2012 on its iPlayer on-demand service, with 3.3 million requests. Boyle was offered a knighthood in late 2012, but turned it down, saying "I'm very proud to be an equal citizen and I think that's what the Opening Ceremony was actually about." Awards and accolades Legacy The ceremony was identified by some commentators as precipitating a new mood in the United Kingdom: it "had barely finished before it had become a byword for a new approach, not only to British culture but to Britishness itself. Politicians would soon be referring to it, using it as shorthand for a new kind of patriotism that does not lament a vanished Britain but loves the country that has changed. Boyle's ceremony was hailed from (almost) all sides...for providing a nation that had grown used to mocking its myriad flaws with a new, unfamiliarly positive view of itself ... It was, perhaps, this lack of cynicism that people responded to ... So used to British irony and detachment, it felt refreshing to witness an unembarrassed, positive case for this country. Boyle himself says this was the most important thing he took away from the Olympic experience: "How important it is to believe in something. You might make a fool of yourself and people will go, 'How can you believe in that, you stupid idiot?' But if you believe in something, you carry people with you." Business leaders also took inspiration from the event, admiring its risk-taking and creative freedom, as well as the trust placed in and loyalty inspired from the workers and volunteers. In February 2013 the BBC's Head of Drama Ben Stephenson told an audience of writers, commissioners and producers that he "wanted them to seek inspiration from the opening ceremony of the London Olympics" which, he said, "had scale and brilliance and, above all, had succeeded not in spite of its Britishness but because of its Britishness, delighting viewers here and around the world by rooting itself in the authentic stories and spirit of these islands." Steve Coogan told Frank Cottrell-Boyce that he felt it was "like the emperor's new clothes in reverse ... it made irony and postmodernism feel tired and past its sell-by date", and Russell T Davies told Boyce: "It changed my idea of the possible." Reviewing the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony at Sochi, Russia, Owen Gibson of The Guardian observed that with his 'complex, intimate snapshot of "who we were, who we are and who we wish to be"', Boyle “rewrote the rule book for opening ceremonies”. See also 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony, which was also themed on The Tempest 2012 Summer Paralympics closing ceremony Further reading Frank Cottrell-Boyce, Humphrey Jennings and Marie-Louise Jennings, Pandaemonium 1660-1886: The Coming of the Machine as Seen by Contemporary Observers. Icon Books, 2012. . Russell Moon Days of Wonders: Inside the 2012 Opening Ceremony. The Oak House Partnership, 2012. . Amy Raphael Danny Boyle: Creating Wonder London: Faber & Faber, published 21 March 2013, . References External links Media guide on Olympic World Library Video of Jacques Rogge, President of the International Olympic Committee speech Jacques Rogge, President of the International Olympic Committee's speech London Olympics Opening Ceremony Explorer Opening Ceremony Music List and Credits, Official Explorer website Opening ceremony Ceremonies in the United Kingdom Olympics opening ceremonies Articles containing video clips

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무주지

무주지(無主地) 또는 라틴어로 테라 눌리우스(Terra nullius, 라틴어로 "누구에게도 속하지 않은 땅"이라는 로마법 말)는 국제 공법에서 어떤 국가의 주권도 미치지 않은 영토 또는 이전에 주권을 행사했던 어떤 국가도 명시적 또는 암시적으로 주권을 포기한 영토를 의미한다. 무주지의 영토 주권은 점령하면 얻을 수 있지만, 이 경우 일부 국제법이나 조약을 위반하는 행위가 될 수도 있다. 과거 무주지였던 영토 스발바르 제도 스발바르 제도는 1920년 2월 9일 스발바르 조약으로 노르웨이가 섬의 주권을 행사하기 전 까지는 무주지로 여겨졌다. 스코틀랜드, 네덜란드, 덴마크-노르웨이 모두 17세기에 이 섬의 주권을 주장했지만, 실상 영구적으로 점령한 국가는 없었다. 스발바르 제도를 거쳐 가는 사람들은 여름에 쉬러 가는 고래잡이 어선들과 1620년대, 1630년대 보내진 한두 번의 월동 탐험밖에 없었다. 그린란드 노르웨이가 1920년대 그린란드 동부(당시에는 무인도)를 점령하고 영유권을 주장하면서, 원래는 이 섬은 무주지였다고 주장했다. 이 문제는 상설국제사법재판소에서 노르웨이와의 재판을 통해 결정되었다. 스카버러 암초 필리핀과 중화인민공화국은 동시에 남중국해에 위치하고 루손섬에서 가까운 스카버러 암초의 영유권을 주장했다. 필리핀은 이 지역이 무주지이고 배타적 경제 수역(EEZ)라고 주장했다. 중국은 이 섬이 13세기 중국인 어부가 발견했다고 주장했다. 과거 중화민국은 1912년 이후 이 지역에 대한 영유권을 주장한 바 있었다. 뉴질랜드 1840년, 중위 윌리엄 홉슨은 영국 정부의 명령에 따라 뉴질랜드의 남섬이 문명화된 사람들이 거주하고 있지 않는 무주지이므로 국왕의 정치적 점령 원칙에 맞는 땅이라고 선포했다. 홉슨의 결정으로 소규모 프랑스 정착민들이 1840년 뱅크스 반도의 아카로아 방향으로 방향을 트는 데 영향을 주었다. 캐나다 브리티시컬럼비아의 첫 부총독인 요시프 투르치는 퍼스트 네이션이 영토를 소유한 적이 없었으며, 따라서 무시할 수 있다고 주장했다. 이것이 브리티시컬럼비아주가 대부분 확실하지 않은 영토로 남게 된 원인이었다. 캐나다 대법원에서 판결한 원주민 권리에 대한 구에린 대 여왕 판례에서는 대법원이 정부는 퍼스트 네이션에 대한 수탁자의 의무가 있으며, 원주민만의 쉬 게네리스(Sui generis) 한 권리가 있다고 판결했다. 이후, 더 복잡한 논의가 뒤따르게 되었고 "수탁자"에 대한 일반적인 의미가 좁아졌다. 구아노 섬 1856년 8월 18일 구아노 제도법으로 인해 미국 시민권을 가진 사람들은 구아노가 존재하는 섬을 점유할 수 있었다. 이 섬은 다른 정부의 관할에 있거나 점유하고 있지만 않는다면, 즉 무주지라면 어디에 위치해 있든지 상관없었다. 또한, 미국 대통령은 이를 위해 군대를 파견하고 미국의 사법권을 파견할 수 있었다. 피너클 제도 동중국해에 위치한 분쟁 지역인 무인도 센카쿠 열도(암초명 피너클 제도)는 일본이 19세기까지 이 섬이 무주지였다고 주장했다. 이 주장은 중화인민공화국 및 중화민국은 받아들이지 않았다. 일본은 1894년~1895년 청일 전쟁 동안 이 섬을 장악했다. 부르키나파소-니제르 부르키나파소와 니제르 국경 사이 두 영토에 인접한 좁은 띠 모양의 영토는 2013년 국제 사법 재판소의 판결이 있을 때까지 어느 국가도 영유권을 주장하고 있지 않은 무주지였다. 현재는 이 무주지가 니제르의 영토가 되었다. 현재 무주지인 영토 비르 타윌 이집트와 수단 사이에 있는 2,060km2 넓이의 비르 타윌은 1899년과 1902년의 경계 차이로 인해 만들어졌다. 한 국경은 비르 타윌이 수단 소속이고 할라입 트라이앵글이 이집트 소속으로 되어 있지만, 다른 국경은 이와 반대로 그려져 있다. 두 나라는 홍해와 닿아 있고 영토가 더 큰 할라입 트라이앵글을 서로의 영토라고 주장하고 있으며, 반대로 비르 타윌은 어느 나라도 영유권을 주장하고 있지 않고 있다. 사실상 이 비르 타윌은 이집트가 점유하고 있지만, 이집트가 공식적으로 만드는 지도에서는 비르 타윌이 포함되어 있지 않다. 2014년 상반기까지는 비르 타윌에는 거주하고 있는 사람이 없었으나, 2014년 6월 중순 무렵 미국 버지니아 주의 한 시민이 가족들과 함께 이곳을 방문하여 '북수단 왕국'을 설립, 선포하였다. 마이크로네이션의 특성상 공식 국가로 인정될지는 불투명하나, '북수단 왕국'에서는 이집트를 비롯한 주변국들의 승인을 받기 위해 노력 중이다. 시가 및 기타 포켓 세르비아-크로아티아 국경 분쟁으로 인해, 다뉴브 강 서부 둑 지역에는 그 누구도 영유권을 주장하지 않는 영역이 몇 곳 있다. 시가, 포켓 1, 포켓 2, 포켓 3으로 총 4개의 무주지가 있다. 가장 큰 시가 지역에서 2015년에 리버랜드 자유국이 선포되었다. 남극 1959년 서명한 남극 조약에서는 소련과 미국을 제외한 어떤 국가도 영유권 주장을 할 수 없게 되어 있지만 여러 국가가 남극에 대한 영유권 주장을 하고 있다. 하지만 마리버드랜드의 대부분(서경 150도 동쪽)은 그 누구도 영유권 주장을 하고 있지 않다. 공해 1982년 해양법에 관한 유엔 협약에 따라서, 공해와 공해 해저부는 협약 서명국들에게서 인류의 공동 유산으로 묶여져 누구도 영유권을 주장할 수 없다. 천체 1967년 우주 조약에 따라서, 달과 기타 천체를 포함한 우주 공간은 사용, 점령, 또는 임의의 수단을 통해 국가가 영유권을 주장하고 점유하는 것이 인정되지 않는다. 이 조약에서는 인류의 공동 유산으로 속하여 어떤 누구도 영유권을 주장할 수 없는 무주지이다. 같이 보기 원주민 명칭 오스트레일리아 헨리 레놀드 역사 전쟁 마보 대 퀸즐랜드 위크인 대 퀸즐랜드 남극 마리버드랜드 비르 타윌 영토 주장 명백한 운명 무인지대 중립지대 무주물 (Res nullius) 미접촉부족 우티 포시데티스 각주 참고 문헌 Connor, Michael. "The invention of terra nullius", Sydney: Macleay Press, 2005. Culhane, Dara. The Pleasure of the Crown: Anthropology, Law, and the First Nations. Vancouver: Talon Books, 1998. Lindqvist, Sven. Terra nullius. A Journey through No One's Land. Translated by Sarah Death. Granta, London 2007. Pbk 2008. The New Press, New York 2007. Details here Rowse, Tim. "Terra nullius" - The Oxford Companion to Australian History. Ed. Graeme Davison, John Hirst and Stuart Macintyre. Oxford University Press, 2001. 외부 링크 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, Social Justice Reports, 1994-2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20070830005936/http://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/ and Native Title Reports, 1994-2009 http://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/nt_report/index.html A History of the concept of "Terra Nullius" The University of Sydney Governor Burke's 1835 Proclamation of terra nullius NSW Migration Heritage Centre - Statement of Significance Veracini L, An analysis of Michael Conner's denial of terra nullius (The Invention of Terra Nullius) Terror Nullius <https://web.archive.org/web/20120515005453/http://www.wulfdhund.de/rassismusanalyse/?Ergaenzungen:Australien> High Court of Australia - MABO AND OTHERS v. QUEENSLAND (No. 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 F.C. 92/014 High Court of Australia - The Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland & Ors; The Thayorre People v The State of Queensland & Ors [1996] HCA 40 (23 December 1996) 1975 International Court of Justice - Advisory Opinion regarding Western Sahara "History before European Settlement" Parliament of New South Wales - note misspelling as "terra nulius" material on terra nullius - NSW Primary School curriculum R. v. Boatman or Jackass and Bulleye - Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales, 1788-1899 (Published by the Division of Law, Macquarie University) 영미법 국경 국제법 라틴어 법률 용어 법리 식민주의

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra%20nullius

Terra nullius

Terra nullius (, plural terrae nullius) is a Latin expression meaning "nobody's land". It was a principle sometimes used in international law to justify claims that territory may be acquired by a state's occupation of it. There are currently three territories sometimes claimed to be terra nullius: Bir Tawil (a strip of land between Egypt and Sudan), four pockets of land near the Danube due to the Croatia–Serbia border dispute, and parts of Antarctica, principally Marie Byrd Land. Doctrine In international law, terra nullius is territory which belongs to no state. Sovereignty over territory which is terra nullius can be acquired by any state by occupation. According to Oppenheim: "The only territory which can be the object of occupation is that which does not already belong to another state, whether it is uninhabited, or inhabited by persons whose community is not considered to be a state; for individuals may live on as territory without forming themselves into a state proper exercising sovereignty over such territory." Occupation of terra nullius is one of several ways in which a state can acquire territory under international law. The other means of acquiring territory are conquest, cession by agreement, accretion through the operations of nature, and prescription through the continuous exercise of sovereignty. History Although the term terra nullius was not used in international law before the late nineteenth century, some writers have traced the concept to the Roman law term res nullius, meaning nobody's thing. In Roman law, things that were res nullius, such as wild animals (ferae bestiae), lost slaves and abandoned buildings could be taken as property by anyone by seizure. Benton and Straumann, however, state that the derivation of terra nullius from res nullius is "by analogy" only. Sixteenth century writings on res nullius were in the context of European colonisation in the New World and the doctrine of discovery. In 1535, Domingo de Soto argued that Spain had no right to the Americas because the lands had not been res nullius at the time of discovery. Francisco di Vitoria, in 1539, also used the res nullius analogy to argue that the indigenous populations of the Americas, although “barbarians”, had both sovereignty and private ownership over their lands, and that the Spanish had gained no legal right to possession through mere discovery of these lands. Nevertheless, Vitoria stated that the Spanish possibly had a limited right to rule the indigenous Americans because the latter “are unsuited to setting up or administering a commonwealth both legitimate and ordered in human and civil terms.” Alberico Gentili, in his De Jure Belli Libri Tres (1598), drew a distinction between the legitimate occupation of land that was res nullius and illegitimate claims of sovereignty through discovery and occupation of land that was not res nullius, as in the case of the Spanish claim to the Americas. Hugo Grotius, writing in 1625, also stated that discovery does not give a right to sovereignty over inhabited land, “For discovery applies to those things which belong to no one.” By the eighteenth century, however, some writers argued that territorial rights over land could stem from the settlement and cultivation of that land. William Blackstone, in 1765, wrote, “Plantations or colonies, in distant countries, are either such where the lands are claimed by right of occupancy only, by finding them desert and uncultivated, and peopling them from the mother-country; or where, when already cultivated, they have been either gained by conquest, or ceded to us by treaties. And both these rights are founded upon the law of nature, or at least upon that of nations." Borch states that many commentators erroneously interpreted this to mean that uncultivated lands, whether inhabited or not, could be claimed by a colonising state by right of occupancy. Several years before Blackstone, Emer de Vattel, in his Le droit des gents (1758), drew a distinction between land that was effectively occupied and cultivated, and the unsettled and uncultivated land of nomads which was open to colonisation. The Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884-85 endorsed the principle that sovereignty over an unclaimed territory required effective occupation, and that where native populations had established effective occupation their sovereignty could not be unilaterally overturned by a colonising state. The term terra nullius was used in 1885 in relation to the dispute between Spain and the United States over Contoy Island. Herman Eduard von Hoist, wrote, “Contoy was not, in an international sense, a desert, that is an abandoned island and hence terra nullius." In 1888, the introduced the concept of territorium nullius (nobody’s territory) as a public law equivalent to the private law concept of res nullius. In 1909, the Italian international jurist Camille Piccioni described the island of Spitzbergen in the Arctic Circle as terra nullius. Even though the island was inhabited by the nationals of several European countries, the inhabitants did not live under any formal sovereignty. In subsequent decades, the term terra nullius gradually replaced territorium nullius. Fitzmaurice argues that the two concepts were initially distinct, territorium nullius applying to territory in which the inhabitants might have property rights but had not developed political sovereignty whereas terra nullius referred to an absence of property. Nevertheless, terra nullius also implied an absence of sovereignty because sovereignty required property rights acquired through the exploitation of nature. Michael Connor, however, argues that territorium nullius and terra nullius were the same concept, meaning land without sovereignty, and that property rights and cultivation of land were not part of the concept. The term terra nullius was adopted by the International Court of Justice in its 1975 Western Sahara advisory opinion. The majority wrote, "'Occupation' being legally an original means of peaceably acquiring sovereignty over territory otherwise than by cession or succession, it was a cardinal condition of a valid 'occupation' that the territory should be terra nullius – a territory belonging to no-one – at the time of the act alleged to constitute the 'occupation'." The court found that at the time of Spanish colonisation in 1884, the inhabitants of Western Sahara were nomadic but socially and politically organised in tribes and under chiefs competent to represent them. According to State practice of the time the territory therefore was not terra nullius. Current claims of terra nullius There are three instances where land is sometimes claimed to be terra nullius, Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica, Bir Tawil bordering Egypt and Sudan, and four small areas along the Croatia–Serbia border. Marie Byrd Land While several countries have made claims to parts of Antarctica in the first half of the 20th century, the remainder, including most of Marie Byrd Land (the portion east from 150°W to 90°W), has not been claimed by any sovereign state. Signatories to the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 agreed not to make such claims, except the Soviet Union and the United States, who reserved the right to make a claim. Bir Tawil Between Egypt and Sudan is the landlocked territory of Bir Tawil, which was created by a discrepancy between borders drawn in 1899 and 1902. One border placed Bir Tawil under Sudan's control and the Halaib Triangle under Egypt's; the other border did the reverse. Each country asserts the border that would give it the much larger Halaib Triangle, to the east, which is adjacent to the Red Sea, with the side effect that Bir Tawil is unclaimed by either country (each claims the other owns it). Bir Tawil has no settled population, but the land is used by Bedouins who roam the area. Gornja Siga and other pockets Croatia and Serbia dispute several small areas on the east bank of the Danube. However, four pockets on the west bank, of which Gornja Siga is the largest, are not claimed by either country. Serbia makes no claims on the land while Croatia states that the land belongs to Serbia. Croatia states that the disputed area is not terra nullius and they are negotiating with Serbia to settle the border. Historical claims of terra nullius Several territories have been claimed to be terra nullius. In a minority of those claims, international and domestic courts have ruled on whether the territory is or was terra nullius or not. Africa Burkina Faso and Niger A narrow strip of land adjacent to two territorial markers along the Burkina Faso–Niger border was claimed by neither country until the International Court of Justice settled a more extensive territorial dispute in 2013. The former unclaimed territory was awarded to Niger. Western Sahara At the request of Morocco, the International Court of Justice in 1975 addressed whether Western Sahara was terra nullius at the time of Spanish colonization in 1885. The court found in its advisory opinion that Western Sahara was not terra nullius at that time. Asia Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone Pinnacle Islands (Diaoyu Islands/Senkaku Islands) A disputed archipelago in the East China Sea, the uninhabited Pinnacle Islands, were claimed by Japan to have become part of its territory as terra nullius in January 1895, following the Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War. However, this interpretation is not accepted by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (Taiwan), both of whom claim sovereignty over the islands. Scarborough Shoal (South China Sea) The People's Republic of China and the Philippines both claim the Scarborough Shoal or Panatag Shoal or Huangyan Island (), nearest to the island of Luzon, located in the South China Sea. The Philippines claims it under the principles of terra nullius and EEZ (exclusive economic zone). China's claim refers to its discovery in the 13th century by Chinese fishermen (the former Nationalist government on the Chinese mainland had also claimed this territory after the founding of the Republic of China in 1911). However, despite China's position of non-participation in a United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea case, in 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) denied the lawfulness of China's "nine-dash line" claim. Despite this, China continues to build artificial islands in the South China Sea, and Scarborough Shoal is a prime location for another one. Chinese ships have been seen in the vicinity of the shoal. Analysis of photos has concluded that the ships lack dredging equipment and therefore represent no imminent threat of reclamation work. Europe Ireland The term terra nullius has been applied by some modern academics in discussing the English colonisation of Ireland, although the term is not used in the international law sense and is often used as an analogy. Griffen and Cogliano state that the English viewed Ireland as a terra nullius. In The Irish Difference: A Tumultuous History of Ireland’s Breakup With Britain, Fergal Tobin writes that "Ireland had no tradition of unified statehood and no culturally unified establishment. Indeed, it had never known any kind of political unity until a version of it was imposed by Cromwell's sword […] So the English Protestant interest […] came to regard Ireland as a kind of terra nullius." Similarly, Bruce McLeod writes in The Geography of Empire in English Literature, 1580-1745 that "although the English were familiar with Ireland and its geography in comparison to North America, they treated Ireland as though it were terra nullius and thus easily and geometrically subdivided into territorial units." Rolston and McVeigh trace this attitude back to Gerald of Wales (13th century), who wrote "This people despises work on the land, has little use for the money-making of towns, contemns the rights and privileges of citizenship, and desires neither to abandon, nor lose respect for, the life which it has been accustomed to lead in the woods and countryside." The semi-nomadism of the native Irish meant that some English judged them not to be productive users of land. However, Rolston and McVeigh state that Gerald made it clear that Ireland was acquired by conquest and not through the occupation of terra nullius. Rockall According to Ian Mitchell, Rockall was terra nullius until it was claimed by the United Kingdom in 1955. It was formally annexed in 1972. Sealand In 1967, Paddy Roy Bates claimed an abandoned British anti-aircraft gun tower in the North Sea as the "Principality of Sealand". The structure is now within British territorial waters and no country recognises Sealand. Svalbard Denmark–Norway, the Dutch Republic, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Kingdom of Scotland all claimed sovereignty over the archipelago of Svalbard in the seventeenth century, but none permanently occupied it. Expeditions from each of these polities visited Svalbard principally during the summer for whaling, with the first two sending a few wintering parties in the 1620s and 1630s. During the 19th century, both Norway and Russia made strong claims to the archipelago. In 1909, Italian jurist Camille Piccioni described Spitzbergen, as it was then known, as terra nullius: The territorial dispute was eventually resolved by the Svalbard Treaty of 9 February 1920 which recognized Norwegian sovereignty over the islands. North America Canada Joseph Trutch, the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, insisted that First Nations had never owned land, and thus their land claims could safely be ignored. It is for this reason that most of British Columbia remains unceded land. In Guerin v. The Queen, a Canadian Supreme Court decision of 1984 on aboriginal rights, the Court stated that the government has a fiduciary duty toward the First Nations of Canada and established aboriginal title to be a sui generis right. Since then there has been a more complicated debate and a general narrowing of the definition of "fiduciary duty". Eastern Greenland Norway occupied and claimed parts of (then uninhabited) eastern Greenland in 1931, claiming that it constituted terra nullius and calling the territory Erik the Red's Land. The Permanent Court of International Justice ruled against the Norwegian claim. The Norwegians accepted the ruling and withdrew their claim. United States A similar concept of "uncultivated land" was employed by John Quincy Adams to identify supposedly unclaimed wilderness. Guano Islands The Guano Islands Act of 18 August 1856 enabled citizens of the U.S. to take possession of islands containing guano deposits. The islands can be located anywhere, so long as they are not occupied and not within the jurisdiction of other governments. It also empowers the President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests, and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States. Oceania Australia The British penal colony of New South Wales, which included more than half of mainland Australia, was proclaimed by Governor Captain Arthur Phillip at Sydney in February 1788. At the time of British colonisation, Aboriginal Australians had occupied Australia for at least 50,000 years. They were complex hunter-gatherers with diverse economies and societies and about 250 different language groups. The Aboriginal population of the Sydney area was an estimated 4,000 to 8,000 people who were organised in clans which occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate over whether Australia was colonised by the British from 1788 on the basis that the land was terra nullius. Frost, Attwood and others argue that even though the term terra nullius was not used in the eighteenth century, there was widespread acceptance of the concept that a state could acquire territory through occupation of land that was not already under sovereignty and was uninhabited or inhabited by peoples who had not developed permanent settlements, agriculture, property rights or political organisation recognised by European states. Borch, however, states that, "it seems much more likely that there was no legal doctrine maintaining that inhabited land could be regarded as ownerless, nor was this the basis of official policy, in the eighteenth century or before. Rather it seems to have developed as a legal theory in the nineteenth century.” In Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992), Justice Dawson stated, "Upon any account, the policy which was implemented and the laws which were passed in New South Wales make it plain that, from the inception of the colony, the Crown treated all land in the colony as unoccupied and afforded no recognition to any form of native interest in the land." Stuart Banner states that the first known Australian legal use of the concept (although not the term) terra nullius was in 1819 in a tax dispute between Barron Field and the Governor of New South Wales Lachlan Macquarie. The matter was referred to British Attorney General Samuel Shepherd and Solicitor General Robert Gifford who advised that New South Wales had not been acquired by conquest or cession, but by possession as "desert and uninhabited". In 1835, a Proclamation by Governor Bourke stated that British subjects could not obtain title over vacant Crown land directly from Aboriginal Australians. In R v Murrell (1836) Justice Burton of the Supreme Court of New South Wales stated, "although it might be granted that on the first taking possession of the Colony, the aborigines were entitled to be recognised as free and independent, yet they were not in such a position with regard to strength as to be considered free and independent tribes. They had no sovereignty." In the Privy Council case Cooper v Stuart (1889), Lord Watson stated that New South Wales was, "a tract of territory practically unoccupied, without settled inhabitants or settled law, at the time when it was peacefully annexed to the British dominions." In the Mabo Case (1992), the High Court of Australia considered the question of whether Australia had been colonised by Britain on the basis that it was terra nullius. The court did not consider the legality of the initial colonisation as this was a matter of international law and, "The acquisition of territory by a sovereign state for the first time is an act of state which cannot be challenged, controlled or interfered with by the courts of that state." The questions for decision included the implications of the initial colonisation for the transmission of the common law to New South Wales and whether the common law recognised that the Indigenous inhabitants had any form of native title to land. Dismissing a number of previous authorities, the court rejected the "enlarged notion of terra nullius", by which lands inhabited by Indigenous peoples could be considered desert and uninhabited for the purposes of Australian municipal law. The court found that the common law of Australia recognised a form of native title held by the Indigenous peoples of Australia and that this title persisted unless extinguished by a valid exercise of sovereign power inconsistent with the continued right to enjoy native title. Clipperton Island The sovereignty of Clipperton Island was settled by arbitration between France and Mexico. King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy rendered a decision in 1931 that the sovereignty of Clipperton Island belongs to France from the date of November 17, 1858. The Mexican claim was rejected for lack of proof of prior Spanish discovery and, in any event, no effective occupation by Mexico before 1858, when the island was therefore territorium nullius, and the French occupation then was sufficient and legally continuing. South Island of New Zealand In 1840, the newly appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, Captain William Hobson of the Royal Navy, following instructions from the British government, declared the Middle Island of New Zealand (later known as the "South Island") as terra nullius, and therefore fit for occupation by European settlers. Hobson's decision was also influenced by a small party of French settlers heading towards Akaroa on Banks Peninsula to settle in 1840. South America Patagonia Patagonia was according to some considerations regarded a terra nullius in the 19th century. This notion ignored the Spanish Crown's recognition of indigenous Mapuche sovereignty and is considered by scholars Nahuelpán and Antimil to have set the stage for an era of Chilean "republican colonialism". Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty View the following chart as if it was a "cross-section" of Earth, stretching from underground to outer space. See also Appropriation concepts Footnotes References Sources </ref> Further reading book info here. svenlindqvist.net (author's website). External links – Governor Burke's 1835 proclamation of terra nullius. – analysis of Michael Conner's denial of terra nullius (The Invention of Terra Nullius). . . . Common law Constitutional state types International law Legal fictions Latin legal terminology Aboriginal title Legal doctrines and principles Colonialism Space law Borders

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%A7%88%20%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD

버마 전역

버마 전역은 태평양 전쟁 진행 과정에서 일본 제국이 타이를 출발하여 영국령 인도 제국을 공격하는 과정에서 영국령 버마에서 벌어진 일련의 전투를 의미한다. 일본 제국 육군의 참패인 임팔 전투가 이 전역 진행 과정에서 진행된 전투이며, 이 전투에는 영국군을 중심으로 미국군과 중국 국민혁명군이 연합군을 이뤘다. 침공 배경 일본군이 버마를 공략하게 된 배경은, 그 수도인 양곤을 탈취하고, 연합군의 대중국 보급로인 버마 로드를 차단하며 끝까지 모든 여건이 순조롭게 진척되면 영국령 인도 제국 침공도 염두에 두기 위해서였다. 전투 개시 위와 같은 협상으로 안전하게 후방을 확보하고 타이를 추축국으로 끌어들인 일본 제국은, 쇼지로 아이다 휘하의 일본 제국 육군 제15군을 동원하여 1942년 1월 16일 타이 쪽으로부터의 침공을 개시했다. 토마스 J. 허튼 중장이 지휘하는 영연방군 2개 사단은 말라야에서와 마찬가지로 일본군을 과소평가하였기 때문에, 별다른 방어 준비를 하지 않았다. 그러나 일본군의 전술적 능력이나 기동성은 영연방군을 훨씬 능가하였고, 따라서 영연방군은 쉽게 격파당하여 뿔뿔이 흩어지고 말았다. 3월 7일 수도 양곤이 함락되었으며, 이어서 만달레이가 함락되었으며, 4월 29일에는 랭군-만달레이-라쉬오-곤명-중경을 잇는 대중국 보급로가 완전히 차단되었다. 전투 기간 중 장제스의 참모장으로 활동해 왔던 미국 육군의 조셉 스틸웰 소장은 중화민국 제5군과 제6군을 이끌고 치열하게 전투에 임하였으나, 역시 인도 방면의 임팔로 패주하였다. 스틸웰 소장은 당시 정글을 뚫고 도망 나온 상황을 가리켜 "지옥에서의 탈출" 이라고까지 말하였다. 결과 일본군은 영연방군 2개 사단과 중화민국 제5, 6군을 앞세워 방어하던 연합군을 뛰어난 전술과 기동성으로 압도하여 패퇴시켰다. 그러나 일본군은 때마침 우기가 닥쳐오고, 다른 전선보다 많은 신경을 써야 했기 때문에, 더 이상 작전을 진행시킬 수가 없었다. 그리하여 일본군은 5월 20일경 버마의 대부분을 장악하는 것으로써 초기 전투를 끝냈는데, 이 동안 연합군은 무려 약 900마일이나 되는 장거리 철수를 감행하였다. 그러나 중요한 보급로가 끊긴 중국은 이로부터 버마의 정글 속에서 결사 항전의 의지로 일본군에 저항하기 시작하였다. 또한 추축군으로써 전투에 참가한 버마 방위군 역시 영국보다 더 강압적이고 잔혹한 일본의 통치에 못이겨 아웅산을 중심으로 하는 반일 운동을 전개하게 되었다. 1944년 3월부터 같은해 7월에 걸쳐 인도로 들어가는 임팔에서 영국군과 일본군이 전투를 벌였으나(임팔 작전) 무다구치 렌야 중장의 부족한 리더십, 차단된 보급로, 정글의 더위 등을 뚫지 못한 일본군이 패퇴하였고 급속도로 일본군의 사기는 떨어지기 시작했다. 각주 참고 자료 Smyth John Before the Dawn Sugita, Saiichi. Burma Operations Thompson, Robert. Make for the Hills has content related to the 1944 Chindit campaign Thompson, Julian. Forgotten Voices of Burma: The Second World War's Forgotten Conflict Webster, Donovan. The Burma Road : The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II Williams, James Howard was Elephant Advisor to the Fourteenth Army, see his Elephant Bill (1950) and Bandoola (1953) Young, Edward M. Aerial Nationalism: A History of Aviation in Thailand Latimer, Jon. Burma: The Forgotten War Lunt, James. A Hell of a Licking' – The Retreat from Burma 1941-2 London 1986 Personal account by a British Burma Rifles officer, who later became an Oxford academic. McLynn, Frank. The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942–45 (Yale University Press; 2011) 532 pages; focus on William Slim, Orde Wingate, Louis Mountbatten, and Joseph Stilwell. Moser, Don and editors of Time-Life Books World War II: China-Burma-India,1978, Library of Congress no 77-93742 Slim, William (1956) Defeat into Victory. Citations from the Cassell 1956 edition, but also available from NY: Buccaneer Books , Cooper Square Press ; London: Cassell , Pan . Ochi, Harumi. Struggle in Burma Reynolds, E. Bruce. Thailand and Japan's Southern Advance Rolo, Charles J. Wingate's Raiders Sadayoshi Shigematsu Fighting Around Burma Allen, Louis Burma: The Longest War Bayly, Christopher & Harper, Tim. Forgotten Armies Carew, Tim. The Longest Retreat Calvert, Mike. Fighting Mad has content related to the 1944 Chindit campaign Dillon, Terence. Rangoon to Kohima Fujino, Hideo. Singapore and Burma Grant, Ian Lyall & Tamayama, Kazuo Burma 1942: The Japanese Invasion Ida, Shojiro From the Battlefields Ikuhiko Hata Road to the Pacific War Hickey, Michael. The Unforgettable Army Hodsun, J.L. War in the Sun 네팔이 참가한 제2차 세계 대전의 전투와 작전

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma%20campaign

Burma campaign

The Burma campaign was a series of battles fought in the British colony of Burma. It was part of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II and primarily involved forces of the Allies (mainly from the British Empire and the Republic of China, with support from the United States) against the invading forces of the Empire of Japan. Imperial Japan was supported by the Thai Phayap Army, as well as two collaborationist independence movements and armies. Nominally independent puppet states were established in the conquered areas and some territories were annexed by Thailand. In 1942 and 1943, the international Allied force in British India launched several failed offensives to retake lost territories. Fighting intensified in 1944, and British Empire forces peaked at around 1 million land and air forces. These forces were drawn primarily from British India, with British Army forces (equivalent to eight regular infantry divisions and six tank regiments), 100,000 East and West African colonial troops, and smaller numbers of land and air forces from several other Dominions and Colonies. These additional forces allowed the Allied recapture of Burma in 1945. The campaign had a number of notable features. The geographical characteristics of the region meant that weather, disease and terrain had a major effect on operations. The lack of transport infrastructure placed an emphasis on military engineering and air transport to move and supply troops, and evacuate wounded. The campaign was also politically complex, with the British, the United States and the Chinese all having different strategic priorities. It was also the only land campaign by the Western Allies in the Pacific Theatre which proceeded continuously from the start of hostilities to the end of the war. This was due to its geographical location. By extending from South East Asia to India, its area included some lands which the British lost at the outset of the war, but also included areas of India wherein the Japanese advance was eventually stopped. The climate of the region is dominated by the seasonal monsoon rains, which allowed effective campaigning for only just over half of each year. This, together with other factors such as famine and disorder in British India and the priority given by the Allies to the defeat of Nazi Germany, prolonged the campaign and divided it into four phases: the Japanese invasion, which led to the expulsion of British, Indian and Chinese forces in 1942; failed attempts by the Allies to mount offensives into Burma, from late 1942 to early 1944; the 1944 Japanese invasion of India, which ultimately failed following the battles of Imphal and Kohima; and finally the successful Allied offensive which liberated Burma from late 1944 to mid-1945. The campaign was also strongly affected from the political atmosphere which erupted in the South-East Asian regions occupied by Japan, who pursued the Pan-Asianist policy of a "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere". These led to a Japanese-sponsored revolution during the initial invasion and the establishment of the State of Burma, whose Burma Independence Army had spearheaded the initial attacks against the country. The Provisional Government of Free India, with its Indian National Army led by Subhas C. Bose of the Free India movement, fought under or alongside Imperial Japan, especially during Operation U-Go in 1944. The INA had earlier collaborated with Nazi Germany. The dominating attitude of the Japanese militarist who commanded the army stationed in the country, ultimately doomed the co-prosperity sphere as a whole, leading to local hopes for real independence fading and a revolt by the Burma National Army in 1945. On the Allied side, political relations were mixed for much of the war. The China Burma India Theater American-trained Chinese X Force led to cooperation between the two countries, but the clashing strategies proposed by General Joseph Stilwell and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek would lead to Stilwell's eventual removal from his position as American Commander of the theater. On the other hand, China–India relations were positive from the cooperative Burma Road, built to reach the Chinese Y Force and the Chinese war effort inside of China, as well as from the heroic missions over the extremely dangerous air route over the Himalayas, nicknamed "The Hump". The campaign would have a great impact on the independence struggle of Burma and India in the post-war years. Japanese conquest of Burma Japanese objectives in Burma were initially limited to the capture of Rangoon (now known as Yangon), the capital and principal seaport. This would close the overland supply line to China and provide a strategic bulwark to defend Japanese gains in British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese Fifteenth Army under Lieutenant General Shōjirō Iida, initially consisting of only two infantry divisions, moved into northern Thailand (which had signed a treaty of friendship with Japan), and launched an attack over jungle-clad mountain ranges into the southern Burmese province of Tenasserim (now Tanintharyi Region) in January 1942. In the face of the Japanese advances, huge numbers of Indians, Anglo-Indians, and Anglo-Burmese fled Burma, around 600,000 by the autumn of 1942, which was until then the largest mass migration in history. Perhaps 80,000 of those in flight would die from starvation, exhaustion and disease. Some of the worst massacres in Burma during World War II would be perpetrated not by the Japanese but by Burmese gangs linked to the Burma Independence Army. The Japanese successfully attacked over the Kawkareik Pass and captured the port of Moulmein at the mouth of the Salween River after overcoming stiff resistance. They then advanced northwards, outflanking successive British defensive positions. Troops of the 17th Indian Infantry Division tried to retreat over the Sittaung River, but Japanese parties reached the vital bridge before they did. On 22 February, the bridge was demolished to prevent its capture, a decision that has since been extremely contentious. The loss of two brigades of 17th Indian Division meant that Rangoon could not be defended. General Archibald Wavell, the commander-in-chief of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command, nevertheless ordered Rangoon to be held as he was expecting substantial reinforcements from the Middle East. Although some units arrived, counterattacks failed and the new commander of Burma Army (General Harold Alexander), ordered the city to be evacuated on 7 March after its port and oil refinery had been destroyed. The remnants of Burma Army broke out to the north, narrowly escaping encirclement. On the eastern part of the front, in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road, the Chinese 200th Division held up the Japanese for a time around Toungoo, but after its fall the road was open for motorised troops of the Japanese 56th Division to shatter the Chinese Sixth Army to the east in the Karenni States and advance northward through the Shan States to capture Lashio, outflanking the Allied defensive lines and cutting off the Chinese armies from Yunnan. With the effective collapse of the entire defensive line, there was little choice left other than an overland retreat to India or to Yunnan. Japanese advance to the Indian frontier After the fall of Rangoon in March 1942, the Allies attempted to make a stand in the north of the country (Upper Burma), having been reinforced by a Chinese Expeditionary Force. The Japanese had also been reinforced by two divisions made available by the capture of Singapore and defeated both the newly organised Burma Corps and the Chinese force. The Allies were also faced with growing numbers of Burmese insurgents and the civil administration broke down in the areas they still held. With their forces cut off from almost all sources of supply, the Allied commanders finally decided to evacuate their forces from Burma. On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. The retreat was conducted in very difficult circumstances. Starving refugees, disorganised stragglers, and the sick and wounded clogged the primitive roads and tracks leading to India. Burma Corps managed to make it most of the way to Imphal, in Manipur in India, just before the monsoon broke in May 1942, having lost most of their equipment and transport. There, they found themselves living out in the open under torrential rains in extremely unhealthy circumstances. The army and civil authorities in India were very slow to respond to the needs of the troops and civilian refugees. Due to lack of communication, when the British retreated from Burma, almost none of the Chinese knew about the retreat. Realising that they could not win without British support, some of the X Force committed by Chiang Kai-shek made a hasty and disorganised retreat to India, where they were put under the command of the American General Joseph Stilwell. After recuperating they were re-equipped and retrained by American instructors. The rest of the Chinese troops tried to return to Yunnan through remote mountainous forests and of these, at least half died. Thai army enters Burma In accordance with the Thai military alliance with Japan that was signed on 21 December 1941, on 21 March, the Thais and Japanese also agreed that the Karenni State and Shan States were to be under Thai control. The rest of Burma was to be under Japanese control. The leading elements of the Thai Phayap Army under General J. R. Seriroengrit crossed the border into the Shan States on 10 May 1942. Three Thai infantry division and one cavalry division, spearheaded by armoured reconnaissance groups and supported by the Royal Thai Air Force, engaged the retreating Chinese 93rd Division. Kengtung, the main objective, was captured on 27 May. On 12 July, General Phin Choonhavan, who would become the Thai military governor of the occupied Shan State later in the war, ordered the 3rd Division of the Phayap Army from the southern part of the Shan State to occupy Karenni State and expel the Chinese 55th Division from Loikaw. The Chinese troops could not retreat because the routes to Yunnan were controlled by Axis forces and many Chinese soldiers were captured. The Thais remained in control of the Shan States for the remainder of the war. Their troops suffered from supply shortages and disease, but were not subjected to Allied attacks. Allied setbacks, 1942–1943 The Japanese did not renew their offensive after the monsoon ended. They installed a nominally independent Burmese government under Ba Maw, and reformed the Burma Independence Army on a more regular basis as the Burma National Army under General Aung San. In practice, both government and army were strictly controlled by the Japanese authorities. On the Allied side, operations in Burma over the remainder of 1942 and in 1943 were a study of military frustration. Britain could only maintain three active campaigns, and immediate offensives in both the Middle East and Far East proved impossible through lack of resources. The Middle East was accorded priority, being closer to home and in accordance with the "Germany First" policy in London and Washington. The Allied build up was also hampered by the disordered state of Eastern India at the time. There were violent Quit India protests in Bengal and Bihar, which required large numbers of British troops to suppress. There was also a disastrous famine in Bengal, which may have led to 3 million deaths through starvation, disease and exposure. In such conditions of chaos, it was difficult to improve the inadequate lines of communication to the front line in Assam or make use of local industries for the war effort. Efforts to improve the training of Allied troops took time and in forward areas poor morale and endemic disease combined to reduce the strength and effectiveness of the fighting units. Nevertheless, the Allies mounted two operations during the 1942–1943 dry season. The first was a small offensive into the coastal Arakan Province of Burma. The Indian Eastern Army intended to reoccupy the Mayu peninsula and Akyab Island, which had an important airfield. A division advanced to Donbaik, only a few miles from the end of the peninsula but was halted by a small but well entrenched Japanese force. At this stage of the war, the Allies lacked the means and tactical ability to overcome strongly constructed Japanese bunkers. Repeated British and Indian attacks failed with heavy casualties. Japanese reinforcements arrived from Central Burma and crossed rivers and mountain ranges which the Allies had declared to be impassable, to hit the Allies' exposed left flank and overrun several units. The exhausted British were unable to hold any defensive lines and were forced to abandon much equipment and fall back almost to the Indian frontier. The second action was controversial. Under the command of Brigadier Orde Wingate, a long-range penetration unit known as the Chindits infiltrated through the Japanese front lines and marched deep into Burma, with the initial aim of cutting the main north–south railway in Burma in an operation codenamed Operation Longcloth. Some 3,000 men entered Burma in many columns. They damaged communications of the Japanese in northern Burma, cutting the railway for possibly two weeks but they suffered heavy casualties. Though the results were questioned the operation was used to propaganda effect, particularly to insist that British and Indian soldiers could live, move and fight as effectively as the Japanese in the jungle, doing much to restore morale among Allied troops. The balance shifts 1943–1944 From December 1943 to November 1944 the strategic balance of the Burma campaign shifted decisively. Improvements in Allied leadership, training and logistics, together with greater firepower and growing Allied air superiority, gave Allied forces a confidence they had previously lacked. In the Arakan, XV Indian Corps withstood, and then broke, a Japanese counterstrike, while the Japanese invasion of India resulted in unbearably heavy losses and the ejection of the Japanese back beyond the Chindwin River. Allied plans In August 1943, the Allies created South East Asia Command (SEAC), a new combined command responsible for the South-East Asian Theatre, under Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten. The training, equipment, health and morale of Allied troops under British Fourteenth Army under Lieutenant General William Slim was improving, as was the capacity of the lines of communication in North-eastern India. An innovation was the extensive use of aircraft to transport and supply troops. SEAC had to accommodate several rival plans, many of which had to be dropped for lack of resources. Amphibious landings on the Andaman Islands (Operation "Pigstick") and in Arakan were abandoned when the landing craft assigned were recalled to Europe in preparation for the Normandy Landings. The major effort was intended to be by American-trained Chinese troops of Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC) under Stilwell, to cover the construction of the Ledo Road. Orde Wingate had controversially gained approval for a greatly expanded Chindit force, which was given the task of assisting Stilwell by disrupting the Japanese lines of supply to the northern front. Chiang Kai-shek had also agreed reluctantly to mount an offensive from the Yunnan. Under British Fourteenth Army, the Indian XV Corps prepared to renew the advance in Arakan province, while IV Corps launched a tentative advance from Imphal in the centre of the long front to distract Japanese attention from the other offensives. Japanese plans About the same time that SEAC was established, the Japanese created the Burma Area Army under Lieutenant General Masakazu Kawabe, which took under command the Fifteenth Army and the newly formed Twenty-Eighth Army. The new commander of Fifteenth Army, Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi was keen to mount an offensive against India. Burma Area Army originally quashed this idea, but found that their superiors at Southern Expeditionary Army Group HQ in Singapore were keen on it. When the staff at Southern Expeditionary Army were persuaded that the plan was inherently risky, they in turn found that Imperial General Headquarters in Tokyo was in favour of Mutaguchi's plan. The Japanese were influenced to an unknown degree by Subhas Chandra Bose, commander of the Indian National Army. This was composed largely of Indian soldiers who had been captured in Malaya or Singapore, and Indians (Tamils) living in Malaya. At Bose's instigation, a substantial contingent of the INA joined in this Chalo Delhi ("March on Delhi"). Both Bose and Mutaguchi emphasised the advantages which would be gained by a successful attack into India. With misgivings on the part of several of Mutaguchi's superiors and subordinates, Operation U-Go was launched. Northern and Yunnan front 1943–1944 Stilwell's forces (designated X Force) initially consisted of two American-equipped Chinese divisions with a Chinese-manned M3 Light Tank battalion and an American long-range penetration brigade known as "Merrill's Marauders". In 1943, the Thai Phayap Army invasion headed to Xishuangbanna at China, but were driven back by the Chinese nationalist force. In October 1943 the Chinese 38th Division led by Sun Li-jen began to advance from Ledo, Assam towards Myitkyina and Mogaung while American engineers and Indian labourers extended the Ledo Road behind them. The Japanese 18th Division was repeatedly outflanked by the Marauders and threatened with encirclement. In Operation Thursday, the Chindits were to support Stilwell by interdicting Japanese communications in the region of Indaw. A brigade began marching across the Patkai mountains on 5 February 1944. In early March three other brigades were flown into landing zones behind Japanese lines by the Royal Air Force and the USAAF and established defensive strongholds around Indaw. Meanwhile, the Chinese forces on the Yunnan front (Y Force) mounted an attack starting in the second half of April, with nearly 75,000 troops crossing the Salween river on a front. Soon some twelve Chinese divisions of 175,000 men, under General Wei Lihuang, were attacking the Japanese 56th Division. The Japanese forces in the North were now fighting on two fronts in northern Burma. On 17 May, control of the Chindits passed from Slim to Stilwell. The Chindits now moved from the Japanese rear areas to new bases closer to Stilwell's front, and were given additional tasks by Stilwell for which they were not equipped. They achieved several objectives, but at the cost of heavy casualties. By the end of June, they had linked up with Stilwell's forces but were exhausted, and were withdrawn to India. Also on 17 May, a force of two Chinese regiments, Unit Galahad (Merrill's Marauders) and Kachin guerrillas captured the airfield at Myitkyina. The Allies did not immediately follow up this success and the Japanese were able to reinforce the town, which fell only after a siege that lasted until 3 August. The capture of Myitkyina airfield nevertheless immediately helped secure the air link from India to Chongqing over the Hump. By the end of May, the Yunnan offensive, though hampered by the monsoon rains and lack of air support, succeeded in annihilating the garrison of Tengchong and eventually reached as far as Longling. Strong Japanese reinforcements then counterattacked and halted the Chinese advance. Southern front 1943–1944 In Arakan, Indian XV Corps under Lieutenant General Philip Christison renewed the advance on the Mayu peninsula. Ranges of steep hills channelled the advance into three attacks each by an Indian or West African division. The 5th Indian Infantry Division captured the small port of Maungdaw on 9 January 1944. The Corps then prepared to capture two railway tunnels linking Maungdaw with the Kalapanzin valley but the Japanese struck first. A strong force from the Japanese 55th Division infiltrated Allied lines to attack the 7th Indian Infantry Division from the rear, overrunning the divisional HQ. Unlike previous occasions on which this had happened, the Allied forces stood firm against the attack and supplies were dropped to them by parachute. In the Battle of the Admin Box from 5 to 23 February, the Japanese concentrated on XV Corps' Administrative Area, defended mainly by line of communication troops but they were unable to deal with tanks supporting the defenders, while troops from 5th Indian Division broke through the Ngakyedauk Pass to relieve the defenders of the box. Although battle casualties were approximately equal, the result was a heavy Japanese defeat. Their infiltration and encirclement tactics had failed to panic Allied troops and as the Japanese were unable to capture enemy supplies, they starved. Over the next few weeks, XV Corps' offensive ended as the Allies concentrated on the Central Front. After capturing the railway tunnels, XV Corps halted during the monsoon. Japanese invasion of India 1944 IV Corps, under Lieutenant-General Geoffry Scoones, had pushed forward two divisions to the Chindwin River. One division was in reserve at Imphal. There were indications that a major Japanese offensive was building. Slim and Scoones planned to withdraw and force the Japanese to fight with their logistics stretched beyond the limit. However, they misjudged the date on which the Japanese were to attack, and the strength they would use against some objectives. The Japanese Fifteenth Army consisted of three infantry divisions and a brigade-sized detachment ("Yamamoto Force"), and initially a regiment from the Indian National Army. Mutaguchi, the Army commander, planned to cut off and destroy the forward divisions of IV Corps before capturing Imphal, while the Japanese 31st Division isolated Imphal by capturing Kohima. Mutaguchi intended to exploit the capture of Imphal by capturing the strategic city of Dimapur, in the Brahmaputra River valley. If this could be achieved, the lines of communication to General Stilwell's forces and the airbases used to supply the Chinese over the Hump would be cut. The Japanese troops crossed the Chindwin River on 8 March. Scoones (and Slim) were slow to order their forward troops to withdraw and the 17th Indian Infantry Division was cut off at Tiddim. It fought its way back to Imphal with aid from Scoones's reserve division, supplied by parachute drops. North of Imphal, 50th Indian Parachute Brigade was defeated at Sangshak by a regiment from the Japanese 31st Division on its way to Kohima. Imphal was thus left vulnerable to an attack by the Japanese 15th Division from the north but because the diversionary attack launched by Japanese in Arakan had already been defeated, Slim was able to move the 5th Indian Division by air to the Central Front. Two brigades went to Imphal, the other went to Dimapur from where it sent a detachment to Kohima. By the end of the first week in April, IV Corps had concentrated in the Imphal plain. The Japanese launched several offensives during the month, which were repulsed. At the start of May, Slim and Scoones began a counter-offensive against the Japanese 15th Division north of Imphal. Progress was slow, as movement was made difficult by monsoon rains and IV Corps was short of supplies. Also at the beginning of April, the Japanese 31st Division under Lieutenant-General Kotoku Sato reached Kohima. Instead of isolating the small British garrison there and pressing on with his main force to Dimapur, Sato chose to capture the hill station. The siege lasted from 5 to 18 April, when the exhausted defenders were relieved. A new formation HQ, the Indian XXXIII Corps under Lieutenant-General Montagu Stopford, now took over operations on this front. The 2nd British Infantry Division began a counter-offensive and by 15 May, they had prised the Japanese off Kohima Ridge itself. After a pause during which more Allied reinforcements arrived, XXXIII Corps renewed its offensive. By now, the Japanese were at the end of their endurance. Their troops (particularly 15th and 31st Divisions) were starving, and during the monsoon, disease rapidly spread among them. Lieutenant-General Sato had notified Mutaguchi that his division would withdraw from Kohima at the end of May if it were not supplied. In spite of orders to hold on, Sato did indeed retreat. The leading troops of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps met at Milestone 109 on the Dimapur-Imphal road on 22 June, and the siege of Imphal was raised. Mutaguchi (and Kawabe) continued to order renewed attacks. 33rd Division and Yamamoto Force made repeated efforts, but by the end of June they had suffered so many casualties both from battle and disease that they were unable to make any progress. The Imphal operation was finally broken off early in July, and the Japanese retreated painfully to the Chindwin River. It was the greatest defeat to that date in Japanese history. They had suffered 50–60,000 dead, and 100,000 or more casualties. Most of these losses were the result of disease, malnutrition and exhaustion. The Allies suffered 12,500 casualties, including 2,269 killed. Mutaguchi had already relieved all his divisions' commanders, and was himself subsequently relieved of command. During the monsoon from August to November, Fourteenth Army pursued the Japanese to the Chindwin River. While the 11th East Africa Division advanced down the Kabaw Valley from Tamu, the 5th Indian Division advanced along the mountainous Tiddim road. By the end of November, Kalewa had been recaptured, and several bridgeheads were established on the east bank of the Chindwin. Allied capture of Burma 1944–1945 The Allies launched a series of offensive operations into Burma during late 1944 and the first half of 1945. The command on the front was rearranged in November 1944. Eleventh Army Group HQ was replaced by Allied Land Forces South East Asia and NCAC and XV Corps were placed directly under this new headquarters. Although the Allies were still attempting to complete the Ledo Road, it was apparent that it would not materially affect the course of the war in China. The Japanese also made major changes in their command. The most important was the replacement of General Kawabe at Burma Area Army by Hyotaro Kimura. Kimura threw Allied plans into confusion by refusing to fight at the Chindwin River. Recognising that most of his formations were weak and short of equipment, he withdrew his forces behind the Irrawaddy River, forcing the Allies to greatly extend their lines of communication. Southern front 1944–1945 In Arakan, XV Corps resumed its advance on Akyab Island for the third year in succession. This time the Japanese were far weaker, and retreated before the steady Allied advance. They evacuated Akyab Island on 31 December 1944. It was occupied by XV Corps without resistance on 3 January 1945 as part of Operation Talon, the amphibious landing at Akyab. Landing craft had now reached the theatre, and XV Corps launched amphibious attacks on the Myebon peninsula on 12 January 1945 and at Kangaw ten days later during the Battle of Hill 170 to cut off the retreating Japanese. There was severe fighting until the end of the month, in which the Japanese suffered heavy casualties. An important objective for XV Corps was the capture of Ramree Island and Cheduba Island to construct airfields which would support the Allies' operations in Central Burma. Most of the Japanese garrison died during the Battle of Ramree Island. XV Corps operations on the mainland were curtailed to release transport aircraft to support Fourteenth Army. Northern front 1944–1945 NCAC resumed its advance late in 1944, although it was progressively weakened by the flyout of Chinese troops to the main front in China. On 10 December 1944, the 36th British Infantry Division on NCAC's right flank made contact with units of Fourteenth Army near Indaw in Northern Burma. Five days later, Chinese troops on the command's left flank captured the city of Bhamo. NCAC made contact with Chiang's Yunnan armies on 21 January 1945, and the Ledo road could finally be completed, although by this point in the war its value was uncertain. Chiang ordered the American General Daniel Isom Sultan, commanding NCAC, to halt his advance at Lashio, which was captured on 7 March. This was a blow to British plans as it endangered the prospects of reaching Yangon before the onset of the monsoon, expected at the beginning of May. Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister, appealed directly to American chief of staff George Marshall for the transport aircraft which had been assigned to NCAC to remain in Burma. From 1 April, NCAC's operations stopped, and its units returned to China and India. A US-led guerrilla force, OSS Detachment 101, took over the remaining military responsibilities of NCAC. Central front 1944–1945 The Fourteenth Army, now consisting of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps, made the main offensive effort into Burma. Although the Japanese retreat over the Irrawaddy forced the Allies to completely change their plans, such was the Allies' material superiority that this was done. IV Corps was switched in secret from the right to the left flank of the army and aimed to cross the Irrawaddy near Pakokku and seize the Japanese line-of-communication centre of Meiktila, while XXXIII Corps continued to advance on Mandalay. During January and February 1945, XXXIII Corps seized crossings over the Irrawaddy River near Mandalay. There was heavy fighting, which attracted Japanese reserves and fixed their attention. Late in February, the 7th Indian Division leading IV Corps, seized crossings at Nyaungu near Pakokku. 17th Indian Division and 255th Indian Tank Brigade followed them across and struck for Meiktila. In the open terrain of Central Burma, this force outmanoeuvred the Japanese and fell on Meiktila on 1 March. The town was captured in four days, despite resistance to the last man. The Japanese tried first to relieve the garrison at Meiktila and then to recapture the town and destroy its defenders. Their attacks were not properly coordinated and were repulsed. By the end of March the Japanese had suffered heavy casualties and lost most of their artillery, their chief anti-tank weapon. They broke off the attack and retreated to Pyawbwe. XXXIII Corps had renewed its attack on Mandalay. It fell to 19th Indian Division on 20 March, though the Japanese held the former citadel which the British called Fort Dufferin for another week. Much of the historically and culturally significant portions of Mandalay were burned to the ground. Race for Rangoon Though the Allied force had advanced successfully into central Burma, it was vital to capture the port of Rangoon before the monsoon to avoid a logistics crisis. In the spring of 1945, the other factor in the race for Rangoon was the years of preparation by the liaison organisation, Force 136, which resulted in a national uprising within Burma and the defection of the entire Burma National Army to the allied side. In addition to the allied advance, the Japanese now faced open rebellion behind their lines. XXXIII Corps mounted Fourteenth Army's secondary drive down the Irrawaddy River valley against stiff resistance from the Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army. IV Corps made the main attack down the "Railway Valley", which was also followed by the Sittaung River. They began by striking at a Japanese delaying position (held by the remnants of the Japanese Thirty-Third Army) at Pyawbwe. The attackers were initially halted by a strong defensive position behind a dry waterway, but a flanking move by tanks and mechanised infantry struck the Japanese from the rear and shattered them. From this point, the advance down the main road to Rangoon faced little organised opposition. An uprising by Karen guerillas prevented troops from the reorganised Japanese Fifteenth Army from reaching the major road centre of Taungoo before IV Corps captured it. The leading Allied troops met Japanese rearguards north of Bago, north of Rangoon, on 25 April. Heitarō Kimura had formed the various service troops, naval personnel and even Japanese civilians in Yangon into the 105 Independent Mixed Brigade. This scratch formation held up the British advance until 30 April and covered the evacuation of the Rangoon area. Operation Dracula The original conception of the plan to re-take Burma had envisaged XV Corps making an amphibious assault on Rangoon well before Fourteenth Army reached the capital, in order to ease supply problems. This operation, codenamed Operation Dracula, was postponed several times as the necessary landing craft were retained in Europe and finally dropped in favour of an attack on Phuket Island, off the west coast of Thailand. Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon to the last man through the monsoon, which would put Fourteenth Army in a disastrous supply situation. He therefore asked for Operation Dracula to be re-mounted at short notice. The naval forces for the attack on Phuket were diverted to Operation Dracula, and units of XV Corps were embarked from Akyab and Ramree. On 1 May, a Gurkha parachute battalion was dropped on Elephant Point, and cleared Japanese rearguards from the mouth of the Yangon River. The 26th Indian Infantry Division landed by ship the next day. When they arrived they discovered that Kimura had ordered Rangoon to be evacuated, starting on 22 April. After the Japanese withdrawal, Yangon had experienced an orgy of looting and lawlessness similar to the last days of the British in the city in 1942. On the afternoon of 2 May 1945, the monsoon rains began in full force. The Allied drive to liberate Rangoon before the rains had succeeded with only a few hours to spare. The leading troops of the 17th and 26th Indian divisions met at Hlegu, north of Rangoon, on 6 May. Final operations After the Allies captured Rangoon, a new Twelfth Army headquarters was created from XXXIII Corps HQ to take control of the formations which were to remain in Burma. The Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army, after withdrawing from Arakan and resisting XXXIII Corps in the Irrawaddy valley, retreated into the Pegu Yomas, a range of low jungle-covered hills between the Irrawaddy and Sittang rivers. They planned to break out and rejoin Burma Area Army. To cover this break-out, Kimura ordered Thirty-Third Army to mount a diversionary offensive across the Sittang, although the entire army could muster the strength of barely a regiment. On 3 July, they attacked British positions in the "Sittang Bend". On 10 July, after a battle for country which was almost entirely flooded, both the Japanese and the Allies withdrew. The Japanese had attacked too early. Sakurai's Twenty-Eighth Army was not ready to start the break-out until 17 July. The break-out was a disaster. The British had placed ambushes or artillery concentrations on the routes the Japanese were to use. Hundreds of men drowned trying to cross the swollen Sittang on improvised bamboo floats and rafts. Burmese guerrillas and bandits killed stragglers east of the river. The break-out cost the Japanese nearly 10,000 men, half the strength of Twenty-Eighth Army. British and Indian casualties were minimal. Fourteenth Army (now under Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey) and XV Corps had returned to India to plan the next stage of the campaign to re-take Southeast Asia. A new corps, the Indian XXXIV Corps, under Lieutenant-General Ouvry Lindfield Roberts was raised and assigned to Fourteenth Army for further operations. This was to be an amphibious assault on the western side of Malaya codenamed Operation Zipper. The dropping of the atomic bombs forestalled this operation, but it was undertaken post-war as the quickest way of getting occupation troops into Malaya. Results Generally, the recovery of Burma is reckoned as a triumph for the British Indian Army and resulted in the greatest defeat the Japanese armies had suffered to that date. The attempted Japanese invasion of India in 1944 was launched on unrealistic premises as after the Singapore debacle and the loss of Burma in 1942, the British were bound to defend India at all costs. A successful invasion by Japanese Imperial forces would have been disastrous. The defence operations at Kohima and Imphal in 1944 have since taken on huge symbolic value as the turning of the tide in British fortunes in the war in the East. The American historian Raymond Callahan concluded "Slim's great victory ... helped the British, unlike the French, Dutch or, later, the Americans, to leave Asia with some dignity". After the war ended, a combination of the pre-war agitation among the Bamar population for independence and the economic ruin of Burma during the four-year campaign made it impossible for the former regime to be resumed. Within three years both Burma and India were independent. American goals in Burma had been to aid the Nationalist Chinese regime. Apart from the "Hump" airlift, these bore no fruit until so near the end of the war that they made little contribution to the defeat of Japan. These efforts have also been criticised as fruitless because of the self-interest and corruption of Chiang Kai-Shek's regime. See also India in World War II Japanese occupation of Burma Second Sino-Japanese War Soviet invasion of Manchuria References Citations Sources Allen, Louis, Burma: The Longest War Carew, Tim. The Longest Retreat Calvert, Mike. Fighting Mad has content related to the 1944 Chindit campaign Dillon, Terence. Yangon to Kohima Fujino, Hideo. Singapore and Burma Grant, Ian Lyall, & Tamayama, Kazuo, Burma 1942: The Japanese Invasion Iida, Shojiro From the Battlefields Ikuhiko Hata, Road to the Pacific War Hickey, Michael. The Unforgettable Army Hodsun, J. L. War in the Sun Latimer, Jon. Burma: The Forgotten War Lunt, James. A Hell of a Licking' – The Retreat from Burma 1941–2 London 1986 . Personal account by a British Burma Rifles officer, who later became an Oxford academic. McLynn, Frank. The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942–45 (Yale University Press; 2011), 532 pages; focus on William Slim, Orde Wingate, Louis Mountbatten, and Joseph Stilwell. Ochi, Harumi. Struggle in Burma Reynolds, E. Bruce. Thailand and Japan's Southern Advance Rolo, Charles J. Wingate's Raiders Sadayoshi Shigematsu, Fighting Around Burma Smyth John Before the Dawn Sugita, Saiichi. Burma Operations Thompson, Robert. Make for the Hills has content related to the 1944 Chindit campaign Thompson, Julian. Forgotten Voices of Burma: The Second World War's Forgotten Conflict Webster, Donovan. The Burma Road : The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II Williams, James Howard was Elephant Advisor to the Fourteenth Army, see his Elephant Bill (1950) and Bandoola (1953) Young, Edward M. Aerial Nationalism: A History of Aviation in Thailand Further reading Callahan, Raymond. (2017) Triumph at Imphal-Kohima: How the Indian Army Finally Stopped the Japanese Juggernaut (University Press of Kansas, 2017) online review Edwards, Roderick (2020). Should've Been With Me: The Wilfred Scull Story. United States: KDP Books. External links Associations Burma Star Association Imphal and Kohima, Britain's Greatest Battles, National Army Museum Museums Imperial War Museum London Burma Summary The Kohima Museum. A museum dedicated to the Battle of Kohima Royal Engineers Museum. Engineers in the Burma Campaigns Royal Engineers Museum. Engineers with the Chindits Canadian War Museum: Newspaper Articles on the Burma Campaigns, 1941–1945 Media World War II animated campaign maps Primary sources "Operations in Eastern Theatre, Based on India from March 1942 to December 31, 1942", official despatch by Field Marshal The Viscount Wavell "Operations in the Indo-Burma Theatre Based on India from 21 June 1943 to 15 November 1943" official despatch by Field Marshal Sir Claude E. Auchinleck, War Office. (or see this html version) "Operations in Burma from 12 November 1944 to 15 August 1945" official despatch by Lieutenant General Sir Oliver Leese History Siam goes to war Canadians in south east Asia List of Regimental Battle Honours in the Burma Campaign (1942–1945) – also some useful links 1940s in Burma 1942 in Burma 1943 in Burma 1944 in Burma 1945 in Burma Battles and operations of World War II involving Nepal Campaigns of World War II Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Indian National Army Military history of India during World War II Military history of Thailand during World War II South-East Asian theatre of World War II World War II operations and battles of the Pacific theatre Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

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네덜란드령 동인도 전역

네덜란드령 동인도 전역은 네덜란드령 동인도제도에서 1942년 1월 11일부터 동년 3월 9일까지 벌어진 제2차 세계 대전의 전투이다. 개요 네덜란드령 동인도제도는 헤아릴 수 없을 만큼의 무수한 섬이 동서로 약 3,0000마일 정도 되는 넓이에 산재해 있으며, 그 가운데에 자바섬만이 비교적 개발되었을 뿐, 대부분의 도서지역은 미개발지대로서 내륙 통로가 거의 없다시피 하였다. 따라서, 항구와 비행장이 있는 중요한 해안도시를 점령한다면 나머지 지역은 저절로 지배될 수 있었다. 당시 네덜란드령 동인도제도는 하인 텔 폴텐(Hein ter Poorten) 중장 휘하의 약 85,000명의 네덜란드군이 수비하고 있었는데, 중견장교를 제외하고는 거의 모두가 토착민으로 구성된 부대였으며, 훈련이나 장비의 상태가 모두 열악하였다. 뿐만 아니라 해, 공군이 매우 열세한 네덜란드군으로써 광대한 도서지역을 방어하기란 매우 곤란하였다. 한편 연합군은 1941년 12월 23일, 워싱턴에서 개최된 ARCADIA 회담에서 극동지역연합군의 공동보조를 약정하였으며, 이에 따라 1942년 1월 10일 미, 영, 네덜란드, 오스트레일리아 통합 사령부(ABDA Command; American-British-Dutch-Australian Command)를 자바섬에 설치하고, 사령관에는 북아프리카에서 명성을 떨쳤으나 버마 전역에서 패퇴한 아치볼드 웨이벌 대장을 임명하였다. 연합군의 극동방어전략은 말라야 반도-수마트라-자바-북부 호주를 잇는 "말레이 방벽"을 결사 방어하는 것이었다. 그러나 ABDA 통합사령부는 이 임무를 효과적으로 수행하기도 전에 일본군의 조기 침공으로 와해되고 말았고, 다만 추후 이루어진 연합 작전의 기반이 되었다는 점에 그 의의를 둘 뿐이다. 전투 배경 네덜란드령 동인도 제도는 연합군이 극동방어전략으로써 결사 방어하고 있는 자바섬을 포함하고 있는 제도로써, 일본군에게 있어 이 지역은 남태평양 침공을 위하여 반드시 점령하여야 할 전략적 요충지에 해당되었다. 또한 동인도제도의 방어 병력이 수가 8만을 헤아리는 대군이기는 하나 훈련 상태와 장비의 상태가 모두 열악하였고, 대부분의 도서지역이 미개발지역 이었으므로, 일본 대본영은 항구와 비행장이 있는 중요 해안도시를 침공, 점령함으로써 모든 도서지역을 자연스럽게 흡수할 수 있다고 판단하였다. 경과 연합군이 ABDA 사령부를 창설하고, 아치볼드 웨이벌 대장을 총사령관으로 임명할 즈음부터, 일본군은 이미 예비 작전에 돌입하고 있었다. 일본군은 전쟁기본계획상 말라야와 필리핀으로 진격했던 양개종대가, 자바에서 통합되기로 되어 있었다. 보르네오, 셀레베스, 몰루카, 티모르 등의 중요 해안 도시들을 차례로 점령하기 시작한 것이다. 일본군의 신속한 예비작전 돌입 위에서도 언급한 바와 같이, 일본군은 전쟁기본계획상 말라야와 필리핀으로 진격했던 양개종대가 자바섬에서 통합하기로 되어 있었다. 일본군은 1월 11일부터 예비작전에 돌입하여, 보르네오-셀레베스-몰루카-티모르 등지의 주요 해안 도시를 상륙, 점령하여 자바의 동쪽을 위협하기 시작하였다. 싱가포르 함락 직전인 2월 14일에는 동인도제도 최대의 유전지대인 수마트라섬의 팔렘방에 공수부대를 투하하여 서측면마저 에워싸기 시작하였다. 연합군 해, 공군의 대패 연합군은 수차례에 걸친 해전에서 일본 해, 공군과 치열한 전투를 벌였으나, 당시 세계에서 압도적인 화력을 자랑하던 일본 해군의 상대가 되지 못하였고, 2월 27일에 일어난 자바 해전에서 대패하여 연합군 해, 공군은 네덜란드령 동인도제도에서 사실상 전멸하였다. 이에 제공권과 제해권을 완전 장악한 일본군은 그동안 점령한 전진기지로부터 자바섬을 3면으로 완전히 포위할 수 있게 되었다. 연합군 패배의 원인 일본군은 작전기간 중 특이한 전술개념을 적용하였다. 그것이 바로 "와조전술"인데, 이 전술은 주로 민다나오로부터 보르네오와 셀레베스로 향한 이토 소장의 동부분견대가 수행한 것이다. 내륙통로가 거의 없는 도서작전에서 기지 건설에 필요한 지역만을 육, 해, 공의 합동 하에 점령하고, 기타 지역은 그냥 건너 뜀으로써 단기간 내에 기지를 추진시키는 전술이었다. 그 구체적인 전술의 과정은 아래와 같다. 공격기지에서 제공권과 제해권을 장악한다. 목표지역을 공군과 해군을 이용해 공중과 해상으로부터 공격한다. 지상군을 투입시켜 국지를 점령하고 비행장을 건설한다. 항공기를 최대한 빠른 시일 내에 발진시킬 수 있게 하고, 국지적인 제공권 및 제해권을 완전히 장악한다. 다음 목표에 대하여 공중 및 해상 공격을 실시하고, 이 때 지상군은 보급과 재편성을 실시한다. 위와 같은 과정을 순환적으로 반복하며, 특별히 다른 곳에 비해 방비가 강하다고 판단되는 곳을 점령함으로써, 나머지 지역을 자연스럽게 제압한다는 것이, 와조전술의 가장 대표적인 특징이다. 참고 문헌

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20East%20Indies%20campaign

Dutch East Indies campaign

The Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–1942 was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces of the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific campaign of World War II. Allied forces attempted unsuccessfully to defend the islands. The East Indies were targeted by the Japanese for their rich oil resources which would become a vital asset during the war. The campaign and subsequent three-and-a-half-year Japanese occupation was also a major factor in the end of Dutch colonial rule in the region. Background The East Indies was one of Japan's primary targets if and when it went to war because the colony possessed abundant valuable resources, the most important of which were its rubber plantations and oil fields; the colony was the fourth-largest exporter of oil in the world, behind the U.S., Iran, and Romania. The oil made the islands enormously important to the Japanese, so they sought to secure the supply for themselves. They sent four fleet carriers (Akagi, Kaga, Hiryū, and Sōryū) and a light carrier along with the four fast battleships of the , 13 heavy cruisers, and many light cruisers and destroyers to support their amphibious assaults in addition to conducting raids on cities, naval units and shipping in both that area and around the Indian Ocean. Access to oil was the main goal of the Japanese war effort, as Japan has no native source of oil; it could not even produce enough to meet even 10% of its needs, even with the extraction of oil shale in Manchuria using the Fushun process. Japan quickly lost 93% of its oil supply after President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order on 26 July 1941 which froze all of Japan's U.S. assets and embargoed all oil exports to Japan. In addition, the Dutch government-in-exile, at the urging of the Allies and with the support of Queen Wilhelmina, broke its economic treaty with Japan and joined the embargo in August. Japan's military and economic reserves included only a year and a half's worth of oil. As a U.S. declaration of war against Japan was feared if the latter took the East Indies, the Japanese planned to eliminate the U.S. Pacific Fleet, allowing them to take over the islands; this led to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Declaration of war In late November, the Netherlands government in the East Indies under the Dutch government-in-exile (already at war with Imperial Japan's Axis power ally Germany in Europe) began preparing for war against Japan itself: ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy were sent to sea and the KNIL Air Force was mobilised. On 4 December, three days after having decided on a policy of war against America, Britain and the Netherlands, the Japanese government decided instead to "treat the Netherlands as a quasi enemy until actual hostilities ... occur." This was in the hope that the Dutch would not preemptively destroy oil installations before the Japanese were ready to invade. On 8 December 1941, in a public proclamation, the Netherlands declared war on Japan. By 07:00 on the day of the attack, the East Indies government had warned merchantmen at sea to make for the nearest port. At that hour, the governor general made a public announcement over the radio that the Netherlands "accepts the challenge and takes up arms against the Japanese Empire." Instructions had been telegraphed to the embassy in Tokyo at 02:30, even before news of the attack on Pearl Harbor had reached the Dutch government in London at 04:00. The instructions were only received on the evening of the next day, and the declaration of war was finally handed to the Japanese foreign minister, Shigenori Tōgō, by the Dutch ambassador, J. C. Pabst, on the morning of 10 December. The Swedish ambassador agreed to handle Dutch interests for the duration of the conflict. The Dutch declaration did not alter the Japanese decision, and the latter's declaration of war did not come until 11 January 1942. When Japan was charged with waging a "war of aggression" before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in 1946, it was argued that her attitude towards the Netherlands proved otherwise, since the Dutch had declared war first. The tribunal rejected this, on the grounds that Japan's sole intention was "to give less time to the Netherlands for destroying oil wells." They found that the Netherlands' declaration was in self-defence. Campaign General Hisaichi Terauchi, commander of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group, began the campaign by sending the 16th Army under command of General Hitoshi Imamura to attack Borneo. On 17 December 1941 Japanese forces landed at Miri, an oil production centre in northern Sarawak, with support from a battleship, an aircraft carrier, three cruisers and four destroyers. Initially, the Japanese launched air strikes on key areas and gained air superiority. Following the air strikes, landings were made at several locations, targeting airfields and other important points in the area. In addition to the landing at Miri, forces made landings at Seria, Kuching, Jesselton and Sandakan between 15 December 1941 and 19 January 1942. After these main objectives in Borneo were achieved, the Japanese planned a three-pronged assault southward using three forces named Eastern Force, Center Force and Western Force. The goal was to capture the oil resources of the East Indies. The Eastern Force was to advance from Jolo and Davao and move on to capture Celebes, Amboina and Timor, while protecting the Center Force's flank. The Center Force was to capture oil fields and airfields in Tarakan Island and Balikpapan. Both these forces would support the Western Force, which was to attack and capture the oil refineries and airfields in Palembang. The Japanese launched their assault on 11 January and landed at Tarakan. To coordinate the fight against the Japanese, the American, British, Dutch, and Australian forces combined all available land and sea forces under the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM or ABDA) banner. This command was activated on 15 January 1942, commanded by British Field Marshal Sir Archibald Wavell. The command structure had the American Army Air Force Lieutenant General George Brett as deputy commander, the British Lieutenant General Henry Royds Pownall as chief of staff; under them were the American Admiral Thomas C. Hart as naval commander, the Dutch Lieutenant General Hein ter Poorten as ground forces commander, and the British Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Peirse as the air commander. Although the forces were combined, they had differing priorities: the British believed the defense of the territory of Singapore and the eastern entrances to the Indian Ocean (the route to British Ceylon and British India) to be paramount; the Americans and Australians did not want a total penetration of Southeast Asia that would deprive them of bases necessary for any serious counterattack; and the Dutch considered Java and Sumatra, their "second homeland where [they] had been trading and living for over three centuries", to be the most important place to defend. Even the combined forces could not stop or even slow the Japanese advance because of their much greater numbers; to face the attacking naval forces, the ABDA command had a conglomerate of ships drawn from any available units, which included the U.S. Asiatic Fleet (fresh from the fall of the Philippines), a few British and Australian surface ships, and Dutch units that had previously been stationed in the East Indies. Major forces included two seaplane tenders ( and ), two heavy cruisers ( and ), seven light cruisers (, and , and [though Boise was forced to leave the area after striking a shoal on January 21], and ), 22 destroyers, and, perhaps their greatest strength, 25 American and 16 Dutch submarines. Being based on Java, these ships had to take on the central and western prongs of the three-headed Japanese assault. The Central Force's combat ships included the light carrier , the seaplane tenders and Sanuki Maru, three light cruisers, and 16 destroyers, while the Western Force contained five heavy cruisers and seven destroyers. In addition, four Japanese fleet carriers (, , and ) and the four battleships were in the theater of operation. The Japanese were using Tarakan airfield as a forward airbase by 17 January, and Balikpapan was captured a week later. However, the Dutch garrisons had destroyed the oil fields before they were captured by the Japanese in both cases. Several Japanese vessels were destroyed or damaged by Allied naval and air counterattacks, but the defending Dutch battalions were overrun. By 28 January, the Japanese had taken control of the airfields at Balikpapan, and their aircraft were operating from them. By the end of January, Japanese forces had captured parts of the Celebes and Dutch Borneo, and by February they had landed on Sumatra and encouraged a revolt in Aceh. Most of the naval components of the Allied forces were crushed in the battles of Java Sea, Sunda Strait and Second Java Sea; the only American ship larger than a destroyer to survive the battles was the old cruiser Marblehead. In addition, the land forces on the islands were quickly overwhelmed, and most major resistance was overcome within two months of the initial assaults, although a guerrilla campaign in Timor was successfully waged for a time. The ABDA command was dissolved 1 March, less than two months after its inception, by Admiral Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich. Surrender On 8 March 1942 the Dutch surrendered without condition to Japan in Kalijati, Subang, West Java. This is also known as the Kalijati treaty. On 9 March the Dutch Commander-in-Chief of Allied forces on Java, Lieutenant General Hein ter Poorten, surrendered along with Governor General Jonkheer A.W.L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer. Ter Poorten's surrender announcement was made without consulting the commanders of the British and US forces, who wanted to continue fighting but who had no choice but to comply with the surrender. Aftermath Allied forces did not attempt to retake the islands of Java, Sumatra, Timor, or Bali during the war. Japanese forces on those islands surrendered at the conclusion of World War II. Most of the Japanese military personnel and civilian colonial administrators were repatriated to Japan following the war, except for several hundred who were detained for investigations of war crimes, for which some were later put on trial. About 1,000 Japanese soldiers deserted from their units and assimilated into local communities. Many of these soldiers provided assistance to Indonesian Republican forces during the Indonesian National Revolution. Battles of the campaign Battle of Borneo (1941–42) Battle of Manado (1942) Battle of Tarakan (1942) Battle of Balikpapan (1942) Battle of Kendari (1942) Battle of Samarinda (1942) Battle of Banjarmasin (1942) Battle of Ambon (1942) Battle of Palembang (1942) Battle of Makassar Strait Battle of Badung Strait (1942) Battle of the Java Sea (1942) Second Battle of the Java Sea (1942) Battle of Sunda Strait (1942) Battle of Java (1942) Battle of Timor (1942–43) Notes References Further reading Conflicts in 1941 Conflicts in 1942 Pacific theatre of World War II Dutch East Indies, 1941–42 Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 1941 in the Dutch East Indies 1942 in the Dutch East Indies Campaigns of World War II Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Amphibious operations of World War II

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%BC%20%EB%8D%B0%EC%98%B9%20%EB%93%9C%20%EB%B3%B4%EB%AA%BD

샤를 데옹 드 보몽

샤를주느비에브루이오귀스트앙드레티모시 데옹 드 보몽(, 1728년 10월 5일 - 1810년 5월 21일) 또는 슈발리에 데옹()은 프랑스의 외교관, 스파이, 군인, 프리메이슨 회원이다. 처음 49년을 남자로 살았으며, 나머지 33년은 여자로 살았다. 그가 사망한 후에 의사들이 시신을 살펴본 결과 해부학적으로 남자라는 사실이 밝혀졌다. 유년기 슈발리에 데옹 드 보몽은 프랑스 왕국 부르고뉴 주 통네르에서 왕의 법률 조언가이자 영지 관리인 루이 데옹 드 보몽과 스페인-이탈리아 전쟁 당시 군 최고 지휘관의 딸 프랑수와즈 드 차란통 사이에서 태어났다. 데옹의 유년 시절에 대한 정보 대부분은 부분적으로 대필로 쓰인 그의 자서전 《슈발리에 데옹 드 보몽을 위하여》를 통해 알려진 것이다. 슈발리에는 기사라는 뜻인데, 이는 당시 프랑스 국왕이 수여하는 명예칭호였다. 데옹은 학업성적이 우수하였으며, 1743년 통네르에서 파리로 이사를 가서 마자린 대학교에서 민법과 교회법을 전공하여 1749년 21세 때 졸업하였다. 스파이 생활 1756년 데옹은 왕을 위해 비공식적으로 일하는 비밀 스파일 조직 ‘왕의 비밀(Le Secret du Roi)’에 가입하였다. 프랑스는 러시아의 옐리자베타 여제를 만나 합스부르크 제국에 대항하는 동맹을 맺도록 설득하기 위하여 데옹을 비밀리에 러시아로 급파하였다. 데옹은 이를 위해 레아 드 보몽이라는 이름의 여자로 변장하고 옐리자베타 여제의 시녀가 되었다. 당시 영국은 관계가 좋지 않았던 프랑스가 옐리자베타 여제에게 접근하는 것을 막기 위해 오직 여자와 어린이만 국경을 넘어 러시아로 들어가는 것을 허용하였다. 데옹은 자신의 직업상 러시아인과 영국인은 물론 프랑스 동포들에게까지 자신은 여자이며, 만약 남자였다면 발각되어 영국인들에게 처형당했을 것이라고 주장하며 믿게끔 하였다. 러시아에서의 그의 행적은 발레틴 피쿨이 쓴 소설 《Le chevalier d'Éon et la guerre de Sept ans》에 나온다. 1758년부터 1760년까지 데옹은 상트페테르부르크에 있는 프랑스 대사관에서 차관으로 근무하였다. 1761년 데옹은 프랑스로 귀국하였다. 다음해에 그는 육군 원수 빅토르 프랑수아 드 브로이 휘하에 들어가 기병대장이 되었으며 7년 전쟁에도 참전하였다. 마지막 전쟁 막바지에 부상을 입게 되었다. 1762년 데옹은 평화 조약의 초안을 작성하기 위해 런던으로 파견되었다. 이 조약은 1763년 2월 10일 파리에서 체결되었다. 이러한 공로로 데옹은 생루이 훈장을 받았다. 1763년 데옹은 특사의 자격을 지니고 니베르네 공작의 비서로써 영국 정부와 성공적으로 협상을 마친 후에 주영국 프랑스 임시 대사가 되었으며, 런던에서 머물면서 프랑스 왕을 위한 첩보 활동을 하였다. 데옹은 정보 수집을 통해 루이 15세가 장차 전쟁을 일으킬 것이라는 것을 알아내었다. 이는 루이 15세의 심복들마저도 몰랐던 일이었다. 데옹은 영국 귀족들에게 자기 포도원에서 생산한 포도들을 선물로 보내면서 친밀한 관계를 형성하였으며, 임시 대사의 직위를 활용하여 화려함을 충분하게 즐겼다. 새 프랑스 대사로 게르쉬 백작이 부임하면서 데옹은 다시 차관으로 지위가 하락하였으며, 백작에게 모욕까지 당하였다. 이에 데옹은 불만을 품고 프랑스로 귀국하라는 정부의 명령을 무시하기로 하였다. 데옹은 루이 15세에게 보낸 서신에게 새로 부임한 대사가 자기에게 약물을 투여해 암살하려고 했다고 주장하였다. 그는 런던에서의 자기 위치를 유지하기 위해 1764년에 자신이 받은 비밀외교서신의 대부분을 한 권의 책으로 묶어 출판하였다. 또한 이 책에서 그는 게르쉬 백작이 프랑스 대사로 부적절한 인물이라고 신랄하게 비판하였다. 이처럼 외교적 비밀을 공개적으로 누설한 것은 전례 없는 사건이었지만, 그렇다고 데옹이 모든 내용을 다 공개한 것은 아니었다. 데옹은 왕의 전쟁 계획 등 더 중요하고 많은 문서는 자신의 신변보호차원에서 계속 숨겨가지고 있었다. 이후 프랑스 정부는 데옹과 접촉할 때 굉장히 신중을 기하게 되었다. 1766년 루이 15세는 그에게 침묵에 대한 보상금으로 1,2000리브르를 주었다. 데옹은 프랑스의 스파이로 계속 일하였지만, 런던에서 정치적 망명 생활을 하게 되었다. 그는 자신을 보호하기 위해 루이 15세의 비밀 서신들을 수중에 두었지만, 그 때문에 프랑스로 돌아갈 수 없게 되었다. 여장 생활 데옹은 항상 기병대 복장을 하고 다녔지만, 그가 실은 여자라는 소문이 떠돌았다. 그의 진짜 성별이 무엇인가를 놓고 런던주식거래소에서는 판돈을 건 내기가 열리기도 하였다. 데옹은 남자인지 여자인지 살펴보자는 사람들의 제안에 수치스럽다면서 거절하였다. 결국 아무 진전도 없이 1년이 지난 후에 내기는 자동으로 폐기되었다. 1774년 루이 15세가 서거하자 데옹은 국외생활을 끝내고 프랑스로 돌아오려고 협상을 시도하였다. 협상의 프랑스 정부 측 담당자는 피에르 드 보마르셰였다. 이후 20페이지에 달하는 협약이 만들어졌는데, 거기에는 데옹이 프랑스로 돌아가서 연금을 받을 수 있도록 허락하는 대신에 왕의 비밀에서 활동할 당시 받았던 비밀 서신들을 넘겨주는 조건이 있었다. 데옹은 자신이 남자가 아니라 여자라고 주장하였으며, 프랑스 정부도 자신을 여자라고 인정할 것을 요구하였다. 데옹은 자신이 신체적으로 여성으로 태어났지만, 아버지가 아들을 낳아야만 장인에게서 유산을 상속받을 수 있었기 때문에 자신이 남자아이로 키워졌다고 주장하였다. 루이 16세 국왕과 신하들은 데옹의 요구에 응하며 여자 옷을 입고 올 것을 요구하였다. 데옹은 왕에게 새 여성 옷을 사기 위한 돈을 받으면서 이에 동의하였다. 1777년 14개월에 걸친 협상 끝에 데옹은 프랑스로 돌아와서 6년간 통네르에서 지냈다. 미국 독립 전쟁에서 프랑스가 미군을 돕기로 했을 때, 데옹은 미국에 있는 프랑스군에 합류해달라고 요청하였지만 거절당하였다. 데옹은 1785년 영국으로 돌아갔다. 프랑스 혁명이 일어난 후에 그는 연금 지원이 끊기면서 소장도서들을 팔아 생계를 유지하였다. 1792년 데옹은 프랑스 의회에 자신이 합스부르크 제국에 대항하기 위한 여성 부대를 창설해 이끌겠다는 내용의 서신을 보냈지만, 거절당하였다. 데옹은 펜싱 토너먼트에서 1796년 심한 부상을 당하기 전까지 계속 참가하였다. 말년에 그는 과부인 코울 부인과 함께 지냈다. 1804년 데옹은 부채 때문에 감옥에 투옥되어 1805년에 석방되었다. 이때 자서전 계약도 이루어졌다. 하지만 데옹이 추락 사고로 반신불수가 되면서 자서전 출판은 좌절되고 말았다. 훗날 데옹은 4년 간 침상에 머물다가 1810년 5월 21일 런던에서 82세를 일기로 가난에 시달리다 사망하였다. 사후 그의 시신을 검안한 의사들은 데옹이 해부학적으로는 남자였으나, 유방이 여성적이었음을 밝혀냈다. 각주 1728년 출생 1810년 사망 파리 대학교 동문 프랑스의 간첩 프랑스의 외교관 프랑스의 프리메이슨 프랑스의 기사 여장남자 프랑스의 성소수자 인물 욘주 출신 18세기 성소수자 사람 19세기 성소수자 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevalier%20d%27%C3%89on

Chevalier d'Éon

Charles d'Éon de Beaumont or Charlotte d'Éon de Beaumont (5 October 172821 May 1810), usually known as the Chevalier d'Éon or the Chevalière d'Éon, was a French diplomat, spy, and soldier. D'Éon fought in the Seven Years' War, and spied for France while in Russia and England. D'Éon had androgynous physical characteristics and natural abilities as a mimic and a spy. D'Éon appeared publicly as a man and pursued masculine occupations for 49 years, although during that time, d'Éon successfully infiltrated the court of Empress Elizabeth of Russia by presenting as a woman. Starting in 1777, d'Éon lived as a woman and was officially recognized as a woman by King Louis XVI. After returning to England later in life, d'Éon successfully petitioned the English courts to be legally recognized as a woman, which is seen as one of the earliest instances of legal recognition of a gender transition. Early life D'Éon was born at the Hôtel d'Uzès in Tonnerre, Burgundy, into a poor French noble family. D'Éon's father, Louis d'Éon de Beaumont, was an attorney and director of the king's dominions, later mayor of Tonnerre and sub-delegate of the of the of Paris. D'Éon's mother, Françoise de Charanton, was the daughter of a Commissioner General to the armies of the wars of Spain and Italy. Most of what is known about d'Éon's early life comes from a partly ghost-written autobiography, The Interests of the Chevalier d'Éon de Beaumont and Bram Stoker's essay on the Chevalier in his 1910 book Famous Impostors. D'Éon excelled in school, moving from Tonnerre to Paris in 1743, graduating in civil law and canon law from the Collège Mazarin in 1749 at age 21. D'Éon began literary work as a contributor to Élie Catherine Fréron's , and attracted notice as a political writer by two works on financial and administrative questions, which were published in 1753. D'Éon became secretary to Bertier de Sauvigny, intendant of Paris, served as a secretary to the administrator of the fiscal department, and was appointed a royal censor for history and literature by Malesherbes in 1758. Life as a spy In 1756, d'Éon joined the secret network of spies called the ('King's Secret') employed by King Louis XV without the knowledge of the government. It sometimes promoted policies that contradicted official policies and treaties. According to d'Éon's memoirs (although there is no documentary evidence to support that account) the monarch sent d'Éon with the Chevalier Douglas, Alexander Peter Mackenzie Douglas, Baron of Kildin, a Scottish Jacobite in French service, on a secret mission to Russia in order to meet Empress Elizabeth and conspire with the pro-French faction against the Habsburg monarchy. At that time the English and French were at odds, and the English were attempting to deny the French access to the Empress by allowing only women and children to cross the border into Russia. D'Éon later claimed having to pass convincingly as a woman or risk being executed by the English upon discovery and therefore travelled disguised as the lady Lia de Beaumont, and served as a maid of honour to the Empress. However, there is little or no evidence to support this and it is now commonly accepted to be a story told to demonstrate how identifying as female had been of benefit to France in the past. Eventually, Chevalier Douglas became French ambassador to Russia, and d'Éon was secretary to the embassy in Saint Petersburg from 1756 to 1760, serving Douglas and his successor, the marquis de l'Hôpital. D'Éon returned to France in October 1760, and was granted a pension of 2,000 livres as reward for service in Russia. In May 1761, d'Éon became a captain of dragoons under the maréchal de Broglie and fought in the later stages of the Seven Years' War. D'Éon served at the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761, and was wounded at Ultrop. After Empress Elizabeth died in January 1762, d'Éon was considered for further service in Russia, but instead was appointed secretary to the duc de Nivernais, awarded 1,000 livres, and sent to London to draft the peace treaty that formally ended the Seven Years' War. The treaty was signed in Paris on 10 February 1763, and d'Éon was awarded a further 6,000 livres, and received the Order of Saint-Louis on 30 March 1763, becoming the Chevalier d'Éon. The title , French for 'knight', is also sometimes used for French noblemen. Back in London, d'Éon became chargé d'affaires in April 1763, and then plenipotentiary minister—essentially interim ambassador—when the duc de Nivernais returned to Paris in July. D'Éon used this position also to spy for the king. D'Éon collected information for a potential invasion—an unfortunate and clumsy initiative of Louis XV, of which Louis's own ministers were unaware—assisting a French agent, , who was surveying the British coastal defences. D'Éon formed connections with English nobility by sending them the produce of d'Éon's vineyard in France; d'Éon abundantly enjoyed the splendour of this interim embassy. Upon the arrival of the new ambassador, the comte de Guerchy in October 1763, d'Éon was demoted to the rank of secretary and humiliated by the count. D'Éon was trapped between two French factions: Guerchy was a supporter of the duc de Choiseul, duc de Praslin and Madame de Pompadour, in opposition to the comte de Broglie and his brother the maréchal de Broglie. D'Éon complained, and eventually decided to disobey orders to return to France. In a letter to the king, d'Éon claimed that the new ambassador had tried to drug d'Éon at a dinner at the ambassador's residence in Monmouth House in Soho Square. The British government declined a French request to extradite d'Éon, and the 2,000 livres pension that had been granted in 1760 was stopped in February 1764. In an effort to save d'Éon's station in London, d'Éon published much of the secret diplomatic correspondence about d'Éon's recall under the title in March 1764, disavowing Guerchy and calling him unfit for the job. This breach of diplomatic discretion was scandalous to the point of being unheard of, but d'Éon had not yet published everything (the King's secret invasion documents and those relative to the were kept back as "insurance"), and the French government became very cautious in its dealings with d'Éon, even when d'Éon sued Guerchy for attempted murder. With the invasion documents in hand, d'Éon held the king in check. D'Éon did not offer any defence when Guerchy sued for libel, and d'Éon was declared an outlaw and went into hiding. However, d'Éon secured the sympathy of the British public: the mob jeered Guerchy in public, and threw stones at his residence. D'Éon then wrote a book on public administration, , which was published in thirteen volumes in Amsterdam in 1774. Guerchy was recalled to France, and in July 1766 Louis XV granted d'Éon a pension (possibly a pay-off for d'Éon's silence) and a 12,000-livre annuity, but refused a demand for over 100,000 livres to clear d'Éon's extensive debts. D'Éon continued to work as a spy, but lived in political exile in London. D'Éon's possession of the king's secret letters provided protection against further actions, but d'Éon could not return to France. D'Éon became a Freemason in 1768, and was initiated at London's Immortality Lodge. Life as a woman Despite the fact that d'Éon habitually wore a dragoon's uniform, rumours circulated in London that d'Éon was actually a woman. A betting pool was started on the London Stock Exchange about d'Éon's true sex. D'Éon was invited to join, but declined, saying that an examination would be dishonouring, whatever the result. After a year without progress, the wager was abandoned. Following the death of Louis XV in 1774, the was abolished, and d'Éon tried to negotiate a return from exile. The writer Pierre de Beaumarchais represented the French government in the negotiations. The resulting twenty-page treaty permitted d'Éon to return to France and retain the ministerial pension, but required that d'Éon turn over the correspondence regarding the . Madame Campan writes in her memoirs: "This eccentric being had long solicited permission to return to France; but it was necessary to find a way of sparing the family he had offended the insult they would see in his return; he was therefore made to resume the costume of that sex to which in France everything is pardoned. The desire to see his native land once more determined him to submit to the condition, but he revenged himself by combining the long train of his gown and the three deep ruffles on his sleeves with the attitude and conversation of a grenadier, which made him very disagreeable company." The Chevalier d'Éon claimed to have been assigned female at birth, and demanded recognition by the government as such. D'Éon claimed to have been raised as a boy because Louis d'Éon de Beaumont could only inherit from his in-laws if he had a son. King Louis XVI and his court complied with this demand, but required in turn that d'Éon dress appropriately in women's clothing, although d'Éon was allowed to continue to wear the insignia of the Order of Saint-Louis. When the king's offer included funds for a new wardrobe of women's clothes, d'Éon agreed. In 1777, after fourteen months of negotiation, d'Éon returned to France and as punishment was banished to Tonnerre. When France began to help the rebels during the American War of Independence, d'Éon asked to join the French troops in America, but d'Éon's banishment prevented it. In 1779, d'Éon published a book of memoirs: . They were ghostwritten by a friend named La Fortelle and are probably embellished. D'Éon was allowed to return to England in 1785. The pension that Louis XV had granted was ended by the French Revolution, and d'Éon had to sell personal possessions, including books, jewellery and plate. The family's properties in Tonnerre were confiscated by the revolutionary government. In 1792, d'Éon sent a letter to the French National Assembly offering to lead a division of female soldiers against the Habsburgs, but the offer was rebuffed. D'Éon participated in fencing tournaments until seriously wounded in Southampton in 1796. D'Éon's last years were spent with a widow, Mrs. Cole. In 1804, d'Éon was sent to a debtors' prison for five months, and signed a contract for a biography to be written by Thomas William Plummer, which was never published. D'Éon became paralyzed following a fall, and spent a final four years bedridden, dying in poverty in London on 21 May 1810 at the age of 81. The surgeon who examined d'Éon's body attested in their post-mortem certificate that the Chevalier had "male organs in every respect perfectly formed", while at the same time displaying feminine characteristics. A couple of characteristics described in the certificate were "unusual roundness in the formation of limbs", as well as "breast remarkably full". D'Éon's body was buried in the churchyard of St Pancras Old Church, and d'Éon's remaining possessions were sold by Christie's in 1813. D'Éon's grave is listed on the Burdett-Coutts Memorial there as one of the important graves lost. Legacy Some of d'Éon's papers are at the Brotherton Library in Leeds, England. Some modern scholars have interpreted d'Éon as transgender. Havelock Ellis coined the term eonism to describe similar cases of transgender behavior; it is rarely used now. The Beaumont Society, a long-standing organisation for transgender people, is named after d'Éon. In 2012, a 1792 painting (shown above) by Thomas Stewart was identified as a portrait of d'Éon, and was purchased by the National Portrait Gallery, London. The Burdett-Coutts Memorial at St Pancras Gardens in London commemorates d'Éon as well as other people; in 2016 Historic England upgraded it to a Grade II* listed structure. Cultural depictions The Chevalier d'Éon has appeared as a character in numerous fictional works. The Chevalière d'Eon, by Charles Dupeuty and the Baron de Maldigny (1837), Théâtre du Vaudeville The Chevalier d'Eon, a comedy in three acts by Dumanoir and Jean-François Bayard (1837), Théâtre des Variétés , in four acts by , libretto by Armand Silvestre and Henri Cain (1908), Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin; Mlle. Anne Dancrey created the title role Spy of Madame Pompadour (1928), film. (1959), a film loosely based on the life of the Chevalier that portrays d'Éon as a woman masquerading as a man. By Plume and Sword (), a novel by the Soviet writer Valentin Pikul, written in 1963 and first published in 1972, based on d'Éon's career in Russia. Beaumarchais (1996), a film depicting episodes in the life of Pierre de Beaumarchais, including negotiations with d'Éon in 1774 over the return of correspondence regarding the . (2006), an anime series loosely based on the Chevalier d'Éon. The Sword of the Chevalier, a 2017 episode of the Doctor Who audio series, The Tenth Doctor Adventures, which sees the Chevalier meeting the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) and Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) and assisting them in thwarting alien slavers who intend to destroy Earth to drive up the market price of their captives. The Chevalier d'Éon appears as an unplayable character that gives out side-quests in the game Assassin's Creed: Unity. History of a French Louse; or The Spy of a New Species, in France and England in British it-Narratives 1750-1830 (2012), d'Éon is portrayed as a nameless character which a louse inhabits for a period of time. The Chevalier d'Éon: The 18th Century Transgender Spy (2022), a biographical short documentary directed by Jono Namara for BBC Worldwide. Innocent (2013-2015), a Manga series by Shin'ichi Sakamoto briefly depicting d'Éon as a side character. Fate/Grand Order, which depicts d'Éon as a character in a free-to-play video game, voiced by Chiwa Saitō. Notes References Further reading Decker, Michel de. Madame Le Chevalier d'Éon, Paris: Perrin, 1987, . d'Éon De Beaumont, Charles. The Maiden of Tonnerre: The Vicissitudes of the Chevalier and the Chevalière d'Éon, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, . d'Éon, Leonard J. The Cavalier, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1987, . Frank, André, with Jean Chaumely. D'Éon chevalier et chevalière: sa confession inédite, Paris: Amiot-Dumont, 1953. Fortelle M. de la. La Vie militaire, politique et privée de Demoiselle Charles-Geneviève-Auguste-Andrée-Thimothée Éon ou d'Èon de Beaumont, [... etc.], Paris: Lambert, 1779. Gaillardet, F. (ed.), Mémoires du chevalier d'Éon, Paris, 1836, 2 vols. Gontier, Fernande. Homme ou femme? La confusion des sexes, Paris: Perrin, 2006, Chapter 6. . Homberg, O., and F. Jousselin, Un Aventurier au XVIIIe siècle: Le Chevalier D'Éon (1728–1810), Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1904. Kates, Gary. Monsieur d'Éon Is a Woman: A Tale of Political Intrigue and Sexual Masquerade, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, . Lever, Évelyne and Maurice. Le Chevalier d'Éon: Une vie sans queue ni tête, Paris: Fayard, 2009, . Luyt, Philippe. D'Éon de Tonnerre. Iconographie et histoire, 2007, Mourousy, Paul. Le Chevalier d'Éon: un travesti malgré lui, Paris: Le Rocher, 1998, . Musée municipal de Tonnerre, Catalogue bilingue de l'exposition, Le Chevalier d'Éon: secrets et lumières, 2007. Royer, Jean-Michel. Le Double Je, ou les Mémoires du chevalier d'Éon, Paris: Grasset & Fasquelle, 1986, . Telfer, John Buchan, The strange career of the Chevalier d'Eon de Beaumont, minister plenipotentiary from France to Great Britain in 1763, 1885, External links British Museum, Le Chevalier d'Eon, 1764, portrait British Museum, Mademoiselle La Chevaliere D'Eon de Beaumont, portrait British Museum, George Dance, Chevalier D'Eon, Graphite with watercolour, bodycolour and red stump, England, 1793, portrait and biography. British Museum, Chevalière d'Eon, satire British Museum, Additional holdings An account by the Beaumont Society The Character of Chevalier d'Éon National Portrait Gallery: Portrait by Thomas Stewart, The Chevalier d’Eon The Strange Case of the Chevalier d’Eon, History Today Volume 60, Issue 4, 2010 Famous Trannies in Early Modern Times Archival material at the Rubenstein Library, Duke University 1728 births 1810 deaths People from Yonne 18th-century French diplomats French knights French spies French transgender people University of Paris alumni French people of the Seven Years' War 18th-century spies 18th-century LGBT people French Freemasons Transgender military personnel Intersex people Intersex in history Intersex military personnel French expatriates in the United Kingdom French expatriates in the Russian Empire Historical figures with ambiguous or disputed gender identity

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EB%88%84%EC%8B%9C%20%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B0%A8%ED%81%AC

야누시 코르차크

야누시 코르차크(, 1878년 7월 22일 ~ 1942년 8월 5일), 본명은 헨릭 골드슈미트(Henryk Goldszmit)이며 ‘노老 의사(Stary Doktor)’ 또는 ‘의사 선생님(Pan Doktor)’이라 불리기도 한다. 1878년 혹은 1879년 7월 22일 바르샤바에서 출생, 1942년 8월 5일 혹은 6일 트레블린카(Treblinka)에 있는 독일 강제 수용소에서 살해되었다. 혁신적인 교육학자로 아동교육의 이론과 실제를 다룬 책을 여럿 출간하였다. 아동인권운동 분야의 선구자이기도 하다. 고아원 원장으로서, 아이들끼리 운영하는 법정을 만들어 어린이들이 자기들이 제기한 쟁점을 스스로 처리하고, 선생님들까지 법정에 소환할 수 있도록 했다. 코르차크가 설립한 고아원 ‘고아들의 집(Dom Sierot)’을 방문한 저명한 스위스 심리학자 장 피아제(Jean Piaget)는 코르챡에 대해서 이렇게 말한 적이 있다 – “코르차크는 자기가 돌보고 있는 아이들을 완전히 믿을 수 있는 용기를 가진 훌륭한 사람이다. 또한 그 아이들의 손에 서로의 생활을 규제하고 잘못을 처벌할 수도 있는, 책임감을 필요로 하는 가장 어려운 일을 맡겼다.” 코르차크는 어린 독자들을 위해“작은 비평(Mały Przegląd)”이라는 잡지를 창간하였는데, 어린이들이 보내오는 창작물로 만들어진 최초의 잡지이기도 하다. 코르차크는 아동의 발달과 심리, 그리고 교육방식의 진단 분야에서 선구자적인 역할을 하였다. 폴란드 태생 유태인으로서, 일생을 통해 스스로 두 민족에 속해있음을 항상 밝혔다. 생애 청소년기와 교육 코르차크는 바르샤바의 폴란드화된 유태인 가문의 변호사인 유제프 골드슈미트(Józef Goldszmit 1844년 ~ 1896년)와 겜비츠카(Gębicka) 가문의 체칠리아(Cecylia) 사이에서 태어났다. 출생신고서 원본이 보존되지 않았으므로 생년월일은 확실하지 않다. 골드슈미트가(家)는 루블린(Lublin)지역 출신이고, 겜비츠카가(家)는 포즈난(Poznań)지역 출신이다. 코르착의 외증조할아버지인 마우리치 겜비츠키(Maurycy Gębicki)와 친할아버지인 헤르쉬 골드슈미트(Hersz Goldszmit)는 의사였다. 아버지와 외할아버지, 외할머니의 묘는 바르샤바의 오코포바(Okopowa) 거리에 있는 유태인 공동묘지에 있다(어머니 묘는 발견되지 않음). 초창기에 부유했던 골드슈미트 가정의 재정은 아버지의 정신병으로 인해 악화되기 시작하였다. 1890년대 초반에 아버지인 유제프는 광기로 인해 정신병동에 수용되었고, 1896년 4월 26일 사망했다. 아버지가 사망한 이후에 17~18세의 고등학생이던 코르챡은 집안 살림을 돕기 위해 과외를 시작했다. 어머니인 체칠리아 골드슈미트는 바르샤바에 있는 집의 방들을 세놓아 돈을 벌었다. 코르차크는 스무 살이 되어서야 고등학교 졸업시험인 마투라(matura)에 통과하였다. 어린 시절부터 코르차크는 수 많은 책을 읽었다. 수년 후 바르샤바 게토(유태인 강제 거주지역)에서 자기 일기장에 이렇게 적었다 “독서에 완전히 미쳤다. 세상은 내 눈앞에 사라지고 오직 책만이 남아 있다.” 1898년에 바르샤바에 있는 제정 대학 의학부에서 공부하기 시작했다. 1899년 여름에 첫 번째 외국 여행을 했는데, 이 때 스위스에서 요한 하인리히 페스탈로치(Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi)의 교육 활동과 연구에 대해 배웠다. 같은 해 말에는 바르샤바 자선 협회에서 했던 독서 교실 활동으로 인해 잠시 구속당하기도 했다. 대학교 1학년 과정에 유급되어 총 6년 동안 대학에 다녔고, 또한 ‘이동 대학(Uniwersytet Latający)’에서도 공부하였다. 대학 시절 자신의 경험을 통해 빈민, 노동자계층, 극빈 노동자 계층의 삶에 대해 알게 되었다. 그는 프리메이슨 단체인 „바다의 별(Gwiazda Morza)”의 회원이었으며, 국제단체인 “Le Droit Humain”의 회원으로 활동하기도 했는데, 이 단체는 ‘종교의 장벽에 의해 나뉜 사람들을 화해시키고, 타인을 존중하며 진실을 추구’하려는 목표를 가지고 있었다. 의사로서의 코르차크 1905년 3월 23일 코르차크는 의사 자격증을 땄다. 같은 해 6월 러시아 황실군대로 징병되어(당시 폴란드는 러시아, 오스트리아, 프로이센 3국에 의해 분할 점령된 상태였다) 하얼빈에서 군복무를 하였으며 러∙일 전쟁에도 참전하였다. 만주에서는 아이들로부터 중국어를 배웠다. 1906년 3월말에 바르샤바로 돌아왔다. 1905년부터 1912년까지 베르손과 바우만 아동병원(Szpital dla Dzieci im. Bersonów i Baumanów)에서 소아과 의사로 일하였다. 병원에서 숙소를 제공받는 대신, 병원의 당직 의사로 항시 근무를 하며 헌신적으로 자신의 임무를 수행했다. 왕진을 다닐 때면 가난한 사람들이 사는 구역을 피하지 않았다. 돈이 없는 환자들에게는 냈다고 표시만 할 수 있는 수준의 진료비만 받았고 스스로 환자들에게 약값을 주기도 했지만, 부유한 사람들로부터는 문학가로서의 명성을 이용해 많은 사례금을 요구하기도 했다. 1907년 ~ 1910/1911년 사이에는 경력을 쌓기 위해 외국의 여러 강연에 참석하고, 소아 클리닉에서 수련의로 근무했으며, 교육과 관계된 여러 연구기관과 복지시설을 방문하였다. 베를린에서 거의 1년 (1907년 ~ 1908년), 파리에서 4개월 (1910년), 런던에서 1개월 (1910년 혹은 1911년)을 지냈다. 후에 그는 편지에, 바로 런던에서 자신의 가정을 꾸리지 않고 „어린이들과 그들의 문제를 위해 일하겠다”는 결심을 하게 되었다고 쓴 적이 있다. 당시 코르차크는 사회운동에 매우 열정적이어서 ‘바르샤바 위생협회(Warszawskie Towarzystwo Higieniczne)와 ‘여름캠프협회 (Towarzystwo Kolonii Letnich:TKL)’등의 회원으로 활동했다. 1904년, 1907년, 1908년에는 폴란드와 유태인 어린이들을 위해 TKL에서 주최한 여름캠프에 참여했다. 1906년에는 잡지 ‘살롱의 아이(Dziecko Salonu)’를 발간하여 비평가들과 독자로부터 호평을 받았다. 이후 출판물들로 인해 얻은 명성으로 그는 바르샤바에서 인기 있는 소아과 전문의로 이름을 떨쳤다. 1909년에 유태인 단체인 ‘고아 원조(援助) 협회 (Pomoc dla Sierot)”에 가입하였는데, 이 단체는 몇 년 후에 „고아들의 집(Dom Sierot)”을 설립하여 코르차크에게 원장직을 맡겼다. 1차 세계대전이 발발하자 코르차크는 다시 제정 러시아의 군대에서 복무를 해야 했다. 코르차크는 주로 우크라이나 지역에 머무르며 사단 야전병원 부원장 직을 맡았다. 1917년에는 키예프 근처의 우크라이나 어린이 보호시설에서 의사 직을 맡도록 소환되었다. 코르차크는 2년 전 키예프에서 짧은 휴가를 보낸 적이 있었는데, 그때 키예프의 폴란드 남아보육시설을 운영하고 있던 사회운동가이자 독립운동가인 마리아 로고프스카 팔스카 (Maria z Rogowskich Falska)와 만난 적이 있었다. 러시아 군대에서 대위로 전역한 후 1918년 6월 바르샤바로 돌아왔다. 그러나 폴란드가 독립을 선언한(1918년 11월 11일) 이후 다시 입대한다. 이번에는 재결성된 폴란드 육군으로 징병되었다. 폴란드-볼셰비키 전쟁(1919년 ~ 1921년)때는 군의관으로서 우츠(Łódź)와 바르샤바의 군 병원에서 근무하였는 데 티푸스를 앓기도 했다. 이 때의 공로를 인정받아 폴란드 군대의 대위에서 소령으로 진급되었다. 교육자로서의 코르차크 코르차크의 철학 코르차크는 청소년 시절부터 아동교육과 관련된 일에 많은 관심을 가졌다. "새로운 교육"의 이론과 실제의 영향을 받았다. 존 듀이(John Dewey)의 진보주의 교육이론과 데크롤리(Decroly), 몬테소리(Montessori), 초기 교육학자인 페스탈로치(Pestalozzi), 스펜서(Spencer) 프뢰벨(Fröbel)의 연구를 통해 영감을 얻었으며, 또한 톨스토이의 교육사상도 잘 알고 있었다. 코르챡은 언제나 어린이들과의 대화의 필요성에 대해 강조했다. 아동양육과 교육학에 관한 저서들을 출판했으며, 많은 강연을 하기도 했다. 처음에는 개인 교사로, 그 다음에는 사회운동가로, 나중에는 ‘고아들의 집(Dom Sierot)’ 원장으로 ‘우리들의 집(Nasz Dom)’의 공동 설립자로 아이들과의 경험을 쌓아 갔다. 1차 세계대전과 2차 세계대전 사이에는 국립 특수교육 연구소 (Państwowy Instytut Pedagogiki Specjalnej - 지금의 마리아 그제고제프스카 특수 교육학교 (Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej)), 국립 유대교 교사학교 (Państwowe Seminarium Nauczycieli Religii Mojżeszowej), 국립 교사연구소(Państwowy Instytut Nauczycielski) 등 여러 폴란드 고등 교육 기관에서 가르쳤다. 코르차크는 어린이 인권 보장을 강조하며 어린이들이 자율과 권리, 자유를 보장받아야 한다고 주장했다. 코르차크가 일하는 아동교육시설에서 교사들은 어른과 아이들을 똑같이 대하는 민주적인 원칙을 매일매일 실행했다. “어린이는 어른과 똑같이 연상하고 판단을 내리지만 – 경험의 짐만 가지고 있지 않을 뿐이다.” [출처가 필요함] 어린이들에 의한, 어린이들을 위해 간행된 잡지는, 아이들에게 토론의 장을 제공하고 새로운 재능을 계발했으며 특히 정통 유태인 가정의 아이들이 사회에 융화할 수 있는 기회를 제공했다. 의사로서 그는 사회에 부적응하는 어린이들을 다시 사회로 돌려보내기 위해 복합적이고도 혁신적인 교육법으로 아이들을 돌보았다. 코르차크는 어린이가 있어야 할 곳은 집 구석이 아닌 또래 친구들 사이여야 한다고 주장했으며, 어린이들이 스스로 일찍이 가진 신념과 이제 막 생겨난 세계관을 서로 공유하고, 사회화 과정에 순응하면서 성인의 삶을 준비할 수 있도록 노력했다. 그는 아이들이 전혀 의무가 없지는 않지만, 걱정거리는 없는 어린 시절을 보낼 수 있도록 하기 위해 최선을 다하였다. 코르챡은 어린이가 주어진 상황에 대해 스스로 깨닫고, 감성적으로 체험하고 겪으면서 결론을 유추할 수 있어야 한다고 믿었고, 그럼으로써 다른 상황에 대비할 수 있어야 한다고 주장했다. 그러한 코르차크의 의견은 다음과 같은 말에 잘 나타나 있다.„어린이는 없다 – 다만 사람들이 있을 뿐이다”. 코르차크는 자기가 치료했거나 돌봤던 모든 어린이들은 자신의 아이라 생각했다. 코르차크의 이후 활동에서 이러한 마음은 확실하게 드러난다. 다른 사람을 위하는 코르차크의 신념은 자신의 아이들을 차별대우를 하거나 편애하는 것을 허락하지 않았다. 그는 전통적 가족 구조가 인간관계의 가장 중요하고 기본적인 사회적 유대관계의 중심이라고 생각하지 않았다. 특히 보수적인 가톨릭이나 정통 유태교에서 제시하는 가족의 역할에 대해서는 회의적이었다. 코르차크에 의하면 가정교육에 있어서 가장 중요한 요소들은 다음과 같다. 나이 또는 맡은 역할의 차이에서 발생하는 물리적, 언어적 폭력을 방지한다. 어린이와 어른 교육의 상호 작용으로 기존 교육학의 개념을 넓힌다. 어린이는 어른과 똑같은 사람이다. 교육과정은 모든 어린이 개개인의 개성과 상태를 염두에 두어야만 한다. 어린이의 필요, 목표, 감정은 어린이 자기 자신이 제일 잘 알고 있으며, 어린이의 의견은 어른들에 의해 존중되어야 한다. 어린이는 존중 받을 권리, 무지(無知)의 권리, 실패의 권리, 사생활의 권리, 자기의견의 권리 그리고 소유의 권리를 가지고 있다. 어린이의 성장과정은 힘든 일이라는 인식이 필요하다. 현재의 인식 근래 야누시 코르차크는 점점 더 많은 사람들에 의해 교육학의 선구자로 받아들여지고 있다. 아동의 권리를 이해하는 그의 방식은 많은 교육학자들의 기준점이 되고 있다. 코르차크는 ‘세상을 개혁하는 것은 교육방식을 개혁하는 것이다’라고 생각했다. 코르차크가 오늘날 윤리 교육의 선구자로 여겨지지만, 그는 이에 관한 이론 체계는 설립하지 않았다. 그의 현대적인 교육 아이디어들은 실천에 의존하였다. 코르차크는 자기 세대의 심리학적, 교육학적 경향을 잘 알고 있었지만 여러 학설에 반대하는 입장이었다. 이고르 네베를리(Igor Newerly)에 따르면 코르차크는 구체적인 정치적, 교육적 이데올로기를 갖지 않았다고 한다. 그러나 코르차크는 몇 가지 교육방법의 선구자로 알려져 있다. 콜베르그(Kohlberg)는 그의 어린이 정의사회(Children Just Community)는 코르차크의 경험에 근거하고 있다고 생각한다. 코르차크와 파울루 프레이리(Paulo Freire)가 학교 내에서의 민주화 정책과 대화이론에 대해 비슷한 견해를 가지고 있다는 학설도 있다. 교육자적인 사랑의 지지자들은 자신들의 이론을 코르차크가 연구한 교사와 학생의 상관관계 모델로 뒷받침하고 있다. 또 다른 저자들은 코르챡과 마르틴 부버(Martin Buber)가 종교교육의 창시자라는 주장을 펼치고 있다. 코르차크의 사상은 정신지체장애 어린이들을 교육하는 데에 있어 ‘정상화 이데올로기(ideology of normalization)’에 반영되고 있다. 그가 어린이들에게 접근한 교육방법은 2차 세계대전 이후 아동을 위한 입법에 많은 영향을 주었다. 이에 동참했던 폴란드는 후에 1959년 어린이 인권선원 준비에도 활발하게 기여했고, 1989년 국제연합총회에 의하여 채택된 ‘아동의 권리에 관한 협약(Konwencja o prawach dziecka)’을 발의하였다. ‘고아들의 집’과 ‘우리들의 집’ 코르차크는 스테파니아 빌친스카(Stefania Wilczyńska, 1886년 ~ 1942년)와 함께 유태인 단체인 ‘고아 원조협회’의 지원을 받아 유태인 어린이들을 위한 고아원 „고아들의 집”을 설립했는데, 건물의 주소는 크로흐말나(Krochmalna)거리 92번지(현재 Jaktorowska 거리 6번지)였다. 1912년 4월 7일에 고아원을 개원하고, 코르차크가 원장이 되었다. 주임선생의 직책은 „스테파 부인”이라 불렸던 스테파니아 빌친스카가 맡았다. 코르차크는 이 고아원을 30년 동안 이끌었다. 1940년 10월과 11월 사이에 “고아들의 집”은 게토 구역인 흐워드나(Chłodna) 거리로 옮겨졌다. 나치의 개입으로 인해 강제로 이사해야 했을 때 코르차크는 사무실에서 체포되어 파비악(Pawiak)에 있는 감옥에 갇혔으나 보석금으로 풀려날 수 있었다. 1919년부터 코르차크는 마리아 팔스카(Maria Falska)와 함께 두 번째 어린이 보호시설인 폴란드 아이들을 위한 고아원 „우리들의 집”을 설립했다. 초기에 바르샤바 근처에 있는 프루쉬쿠프(Pruszków)에 자리잡았던 „우리들의 집”은 1928년 바르샤바의 비엘라니(Bielany) 구역으로 옮겨졌다. 팔스카와의 협력은 1936년까지 이어졌는데, „우리들의 집”에서는 혁신적인 교육방법이 적용되었다. 두 시설 모두 7~14세의 아동을 받아들였으며 자기들만의 기구 즉, 법정, 신문, 직무 분할체계, 공증사무소, 신용조합 등을 만들어 자치사회의 이상을 실현하였다. 코르챡은 자신의 교육활동을 인정받아 독립기념일인 1925년 11월 11일에 4등급 폴로니아 레스티투티(Polonia Restituti) 훈장을 받게 되었고, 수여식은 1926년에 치뤄졌다. 작가, 시사 평론가, 라디오 진행자로서의 코르차크 문단에는 1896년 9월 26일 주간지 ‘콜체(Kolce: 가시)’를 통해 등단했다. 아직 중학생 신분이었으므로 잡지에 정식으로 연재를 할 수 없었기 때문에 자신의 작품에 서명을 할 때는 필명 ‘헨(Hen)’을 사용했고, 나중에는 이외에도 ‘헨-릭(Hen-ryk)’, ‘하고트(Hagot)’, ‘노 의사(Stary Doktor)’와 같은 여러 다른 필명을 썼다. 유제프 이그나치 크라시츠키(Józef Ignacy Krasicki)의 작품 ‘야나쉬 코르챡과 칼 대장장이의 아름다운 딸(O Janaszu Korczaku i pięknej miecznikównie)’에서 따온 필명 야누시 코르차크로 본명보다 더 잘 알려지게 되었으며 이것이 후에 야누시 코르차크로 변경되었다. 야나시 코르차크로 처음 사인을 한 것은 1898년 4막으로 이루어진 희곡 “어느 쪽일까? (Którędy?)”를 희곡 공모전에 제출할 때였다. 이 작품은 남아있지 않다. 1898년부터 1901년까지는 잡지 ‘모두를 위한 책방(Czytelnia dla Wszystkich)’에서 연재할 때에 1900년부터 야누시 코르차크란 이름으로 연재를 시작했고, 사적인 편지에도 이 이름을 썼으나 다른 필명도 계속 사용하였다. 평론 작업으로는, 헨-릭(Hen-Ryk)이라는 이름으로 풍자주간지 ‘콜체((Koice)’0와 함께 일하며, 1901년부터 논평을 쓰기 시작했다. 1905년에는 ‘콜체((Koice)’에 실렸던 논평 선집인 ‘코샤우키 오파우키(Koszałki opałki)’를 발간했고, 1901년에는 소설 ‘거리의 아이들(Dzieci ulicy)’를 출판했다. 코르차크가 후세에 남긴 문학작품으로는 24개의 책과 여러 잡지에 인쇄된 1400여 개의 텍스트가 있지만, 여태까지 보존되어 오는 원고와 문서의 개수는 많지 않은데, 이중 편지가 300여장 가까이 된다. 교육과 관련된 중요한 저서로는 4부작 ‘아이를 사랑하는 방법(Jak kochać dziecko)’ (1920년), ‘교육의 시기(Momenty wychowawcze)’(1924년), ‘나는 언제 다시 어려질까(Kiedy znów będę mały)’ (1925년), ‘어린이의 존중 받을 권리(Prawo dziecka do szacunku)’ (1929년), ‘재미나는 교육학(Żartobliwa pedagogika)’ (1939년) 등이 있다. 어린이책으로는 20여 개국 언어로 번역된 ‘마치우쉬 1세(Król Maciuś Pierwszy)’와 ‘무인도의 마치우쉬 왕(Król Maciuś na bezludnej wyspie)’ (1923년) 그리고 ‘작은 젝의 파산(Bankructwo małego Dżeka)’ (1924년), ‘인생의 법칙(Prawidła życia)’ (1930년), ‘마술사 카이투쉬(Kajtuś Czarodziej)’ (1935년) 등이 있다. 1937년 코르차크의 창작문학작품으로 폴란드문학협회(Polska Akademia Literatury)로부터 황금월계관 (Złoty Wawrzyn Akademicki)을 수상했다. 2차 세계대전 당시에 쓴 일기가 남아있는데, 그의 전쟁경험과 일기를 쓰기 시작한 계기를 보여주는 중요한 자료이다.교육학 연구에 코르챡은 그 당시로는 매우 현대적인 도구를 사용하였다. 코르차크가 발간한 어린이와 청소년을 위한 잡지 ‘작은 비평(Mały Przegląd)’ (1926년 ~ 1939년)은 매주 한 번 바르샤바의 일간신문 ‘우리의 비평(Nasz Przegląd)’의 부록으로 나왔다. 폴란드에서는 처음으로 어린이들에 의해 만들어진 잡지의 창간호는 1926년 9월 1일에 출판되었다. „작은 비평”의 편집장은 종전 후에 이고르 네베를리(Igor Newerly)라 알려진 예쥐 아브라모프(Jerzy Abramow)가 맡았는데, 그는 코르차크의 비서로 일하기도 했다. 1930년대에 들어 반유대주의와 인종차별, 비 관용적인 풍조가 만연했음에도 불구하고 코르차크는 잡지 발간을 멈추지 않았다. 마지막 호는 1939년 9월 1일에 출간되었다. ‘노 의사’이며 훌륭한 교육자였던 그는 라디오 프로그램에서도 활동했다. 어린이 청취자들에게 말하는 자신만의 방법으로, 중요한 이야기들을 알기 쉽게 전달했다. 1936년 격동치는 반유대주의와 외부의 압력으로 인해 평론가들과 청취자들의 열광적인 반응에도 불구하고 “노 의사”의 교육프로그램은 라디오에서 사라지게 되었다. 2년 후에 코르차크는 라디오 스튜디오로 돌아왔고, 폴란드 국영 라디오에서는 전쟁 발발 직후인 1939년 9월 초까지 그의 목소리를 들을 수 있었다. 2차 세계대전, 게토, 마지막 행진 폴란드 군대의 장교로서 코르차크는 2차 세계대전 발발 후에 재 입대를 요청하였으나 나이가 많다는 이유로 받아들여지지 않았다. 독일이 점령한 동안에도 폴란드 군복을 입고 다녔다. 나치에 의해 강요된 유대인 식별 표시, ‘다윗의 별’은 신성모독이란 이유로 착용하지 않았다. 인생의 마지막 수 개월은 바르샤바 게토 구역에서 보냈다. 나중에 그의 전기 작가인 네베를리는 이 때 게토 구역 외부에서 문서를 조작하여 코르챡을 탈출시키려 했으나 그가 이를 거절했다고 한다. 1939년 게토에서 다시 정기적으로 일기를 쓰기 시작했다. 앞서 2년여 동안 „고아들의 집”과 다른 게토 내의 아이들과 관련된 일에 전념하느라 아무것도 쓰지 못했었다. 코르차크의 일기장은 종전 후 1958년 바르샤바에서 처음으로 출판되었는데, 일기에 기재된 마지막 날짜는 1942년 8월 4일이다. 1942년 8월 5일 또는 6일 아침 „작은 게토” 구역에서 나치 친위대 일원, 우크라이나 경찰, 라트비아 경찰로 이루어진 그룹에 의해 포위되었다. „대 작전”이라고도 불리었던 나치독일에 의한 바르샤바 게토 유태인 학살의 주요 단계에서 코르차크는 또 다시 „고아들의 집”의 어린이들과 선생님들을 내놓는 조건으로 목숨을 살려 주겠다는 나치의 제안을 뿌리친다. 게토로부터 강제수용소로 유태인 강제이주가 진행되던 날, 코르차크는 강제수용소까지의 운송차량들이 모여있는 움슐라그플라츠 (Umschlagplatz)까지 자기 고아원 아이들 200여 명과 스테파니아 빌친스카를 포함한 수십 명의 선생님들과 함께 행진을 가졌다. 그들의 마지막 행진은 전설이 되었고 저자들에 따라 세부사항이 다르기는 하지만 전쟁 회고록에 자주 등장하는 주제가 되고 있다. „나는 이 이야기의 도금을 벗기거나 우상파괴자가 되고 싶지는 않다. 하지만 내가 그때 본 것에 대해 기록하고 싶다.공기 중에는 거대한 무력함과, 무의식, 냉담만이 떠돌았다. 코르차크가 오고 있었지만 아무런 소동도 없었고,그에게 인사하는 사람도 없었고(몇몇 사람들이 묘사했던 것과 달리 말이다),유태인자문위원회에서 보낸 전달자는 더더욱 없었으며,아무도 코르챡에게 접근하지 않았다.몸짓도, 노래도, 자랑스럽게 든 고개도 없었고, 나는 잘 기억이 안 나지만 다른 사람들은 그가 „고아들의 집” 깃발을 들고 있었다고 한다.끔찍하고 참기 힘든 정적이었다. (...) 한 아이가 그의 옷깃 아니면 손을 잡고 있었는데 최면에 걸린 것처럼 같이 걸어갔다.나는 그들을 움슐라그플라츠까지 바래다...” 다른 글에 따르면 아이들이 4명씩 짝을 지어서 코르차크의 동화책 주인공인 마치우쉬 왕의 깃발을 들고 갔다고 한다. 모든 아이들은 자기가 제일 좋아하는 책 또는 장난감을 가지고 있었다. 행진에 앞장선 한 남자아이는 바이올린을 연주했다. 우크라이나인들과 나치 친위대는 매질을 하고 아이들 무리 위에 총을 쏘아댔지만 그들 중 한 명은 어린이들에게 동정을 느껴 직접 행진을 이끌었다. 코르차크는 트레블린카(Treblinka)에 있는 히틀러 강제수용소에서 자신의 학생들과 함께 목숨을 잃었다. 1948년 사망 후 5등급 폴라니아 레스티투티(Polonia Restituti) 훈장을 수여 받았다. 사후 57년 뒤인 1979년, 유엔은 마지막까지 아이들을 위해 살아온 코르차크의 숭고함을 기억하고자 그의 탄생 100주년을 기념하여 1979년을 세계 아동들의 해로 기념하고 아동권리협약을 시행한다. 코르차크의 정체성 야누시 코르차크는 자기 자신을 유태인이자 폴란드인이라고 생각했다. 폴란드인과 유태인들의 관계 융화를 위해 노력했다. 코르차크의 모국어는 폴란드어였으며 폴란드어로 작품을 썼다. 1930년대 무렵 시오니즘운동에 동참하였을 때 폴란드에 거주하는 유태인들 대부분이 사용하던 이디시어는 독일어를 통해 조금 밖에 알아들을 수 없었으므로 히브리어를 배우기 시작했다. 그 무렵에 유태인 조국의 재건에 많은 관심을 쏟았다. 시오니즘 청년단체들과 협력하며 그들의 세미나에 참석하기도 했다. 그 당시 코르차크는 사생활과 직장생활에 있어서 고비를 맞았으나 1934년과 1936년 ‘과거를 흡수하고, 현재를 사색하는데 도움을 찾고, 더 나아가 미래를 향해 손을 뻗기 위해’ 떠난 두 차례에 걸친 팔레스타인으로의 여행이 시련기를 버티는데 힘이 되었다. 관련영화 ‘코르차크 박사, 당신은 자유라네 (Jest pan wolny, Doktorze Korczak)’ 원제목 ‘Sie sind frei Doktor Korczak’ 알렉산더 포드(Aleksander Ford) 감독의 독일 영화. 제작년도 1975년. 영화는 야누시 코르차크 생애의 마지막 년도를 담고 있다. 주연 레오 젠(Leo Genn) ‘코르차크 (Korczak)’ 감독 안제이 바이다(Andrzej Wajda), 시나리오 아그니에슈카 홀란드(Agnieszka Holland)의 폴란드 영화. 제작 년도 1990년. 본 영화는 코르착 박사의 운명과 부분적으로 나치가 ‘라인하르트(Reinhardt) 작전’ 당시 ‘우리들의 집’의 아이들과 선생님들에게 저질렀던 만행을 표현했다. 코르착의 역은 배우 보이치에흐 프쇼니악(Wojciech Pszoniak)이 맡았다. 각주 참고 문헌 1,0 1,1 1,2 Joanna Olczak-Ronikier, Korczak, Próba biografii, W.A.B., Warszawa, 2011 50-lecie Polskiego Komitetu Korczakowskiego. 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Falkowska, Warszawa, Nasza Księgarnia, 1983 Newerly I., Żywe wiązanie, Warszawa, Czytelnik, 1966 Newerly I., Rozmowa w sadzie piątego sierpnia o chłopcu z bardzo starej fotografii, Warszawa, Czytelnik, 1984 Reminiscencje myśli Janusza Korczaka wykorzystane w nowoczesnych modelach kształcenia, red. M. Juszczyk, Częstochowa, WSP, 1996 Rogowska-Falska, Maria., Zakład Wychowawczy "Nasz Dom". Szkic informacyjny. Wspomnienia z maleńkości, Warszawa, PZWS 1959 Rusakowska D., Janusz Korczak o szkole. 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Ludwika Barszczewska, Bolesław Milewicz (wstęp Igor Newerly), Warszawa, Nasza Księgarnia, 1981 Żółkiewska W., Czarodziej, Warszawa, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1979 M. Jaworski, Janusz Korczak, Warszawa 1973, s. 18 Korczak J. Pamiętnik, Wybór pism, tom 4, 1958 Newerly I.: Żywe wiązanie. Warszawa, Czytelnik, 1966 Lifton, B. J. (2003): Who was Janusz Korczak? In J. Korczak, Ghetto diary (pp. vii–xxx). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Valejeva, R. (1996): Korczak theory in the context of the humanistic pedagogy. [w:] A. Cohen, S. Aden, & R. Yatziv (Eds.): Studies in the legacy of Janusz Korczak, 1 (pp. 93–89). Haifa, Israel: University of Haifa Publishing House, The Janusz Korczak Associaion in Israel, and Beit Lochamei Hagetaot. Kohlberg, L. (1981): Education for justice: The vocation of Janusz Korczak. [In:] L. Kohlberg (Ed.): Essays on moral development, Volume 1: The philosophy of moral development (pp. 400–407). San Francisco: Harper and Row. Reiter, S., Asgad, B., Sachs, S. 1990: The implementation of a philosophy in education - Korczak, Janusz educational principles as applied in special education, The British journal of mental subnormality, 1990, 4 -16 Korczak, J.: Ghetto diary. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2003. Korczak J.: Pamiętnik. Wybór pism, tom 4, 1958. Korczak (film) Anna Mieszkowska, Dzieci Ireny Sendlerowej WWL MUZA SA, str. 134, wiersz 5-19 Korczak, J.: Janusz Korczak w getcie: nowe źródła (wstęp i redakcja naukowa Aleksander Lewin). Warszawa, Conn: Latona, 1992, s. 310. Betty Jean Lifton „The King of Children. A Biography of Janusz Korczak”. New York-Toronto 1988 Maria Falkowska „Kalendarz życia, działalności i twórczości Janusza Korczaka”. Warszawa 1989 외부 링크 Oficjalna strona Roku Janusza Korczaka (https://web.archive.org/web/20120705175521/http://2012korczak.pl/node) Strona Polskiego Stowarzyszenia im. Janusza Korczaka (http://pskorczak.org.pl/) Janusz Korczak Communication-Center, Monachium (ang. • niem. • pol.) Halina Birenbaum o Januszu Korczaku (https://web.archive.org/web/20120107224441/http://www.polish-heroes.org//paginas/heroes-pol.html) The Janusz Korczak Living Heritage Association (ang. • szw.), komplet zdjęć, prezentacja utworów (http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/KORCZAK/) Ośrodek Dokumentacji i Badań KORCZAKIANUM – Oddział Muzeum Historycznego m.st. Warszawy (pol.-ang., www.korczakianum.mhw.pl) 1878년 출생 1942년 사망 폴란드의 의사 폴란드의 저술가 폴란드의 교육학자 폴란드의 인도주의자 폴란드의 불가지론자 폴란드의 아동문학 작가 소아청소년과 의사 유대인 작가 폴란드 재건국 훈장 수훈자 바르샤바 출신 유대계 폴란드인 폴란드의 제2차 세계 대전 관련자 제2차 세계 대전 사상자 트레블링카 강제 수용소 희생자 살해된 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz%20Korczak

Janusz Korczak

Janusz Korczak, the pen name of Henryk Goldszmit (22 July 1878 or 1879 – 7 August 1942), was a Polish Jewish educator, children's author and pedagogue known as Pan Doktor ("Mr. Doctor") or Stary Doktor ("Old Doctor"). After spending many years working as a principal of an orphanage in Warsaw, he refused sanctuary repeatedly and stayed with his orphans when the entire population of the institution was sent from the ghetto to the Treblinka extermination camp during the Grossaktion Warschau of 1942. Biography Korczak was born in Warsaw in 1878. He was unsure of his birth date, which he attributed to his father's failure to promptly acquire a birth certificate for him. His parents were Józef Goldszmit, a respected lawyer from a family of proponents of the haskalah, and Cecylia née Gębicka, daughter of a prominent Kalisz family. Born to a Jewish family, he was an agnostic in his later life. He did not believe in forcing religion on children. His father fell ill around 1890 and was admitted to a mental hospital, where he died six years later on 25 April 1896. Spacious apartments were given up on Miodowa street, then Świętojerska. As his family's financial situation worsened, Henryk, while still attending the gymnasium (the current ), began to work as a tutor for other pupils. In 1896 he debuted on the literary scene with a satirical text on raising children, Węzeł gordyjski (The Gordian Knot). In 1898, he used Janusz Korczak as a pen name in the Ignacy Jan Paderewski Literary Contest. The name originated from the book O Janaszu Korczaku i pięknej Miecznikównie by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. In the 1890s he studied in the Flying University. During the years 1898–1904 Korczak studied medicine at the University of Warsaw and also wrote for several Polish language newspapers. After graduation, he became a pediatrician. In 1905−1912 Korczak worked at Bersohns and Baumans Children's Hospital in Warsaw. During the Russo-Japanese War, in 1905–06 he served as a military doctor. Meanwhile, his book Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu) gained him some literary recognition. In 1907–08, Korczak went to study in Berlin. While working for the Orphans' Society in 1909, he met Stefania Wilczyńska, his future closest associate. In 1911–1912, he became a director of Dom Sierot in Warsaw, an orphanage of his own design for Jewish children. He hired Wilczyńska as his assistant. There he formed a kind-of-a-republic for children with its own small parliament, court, and a newspaper. He reduced his other duties as a doctor. Some of his descriptions of the summer camp for Jewish children in this period and subsequently were later published in his Fragmenty Utworów and have been translated into English. During World War I, in 1914 Korczak became a military doctor with the rank of lieutenant. He served again as a military doctor in the Polish Army with the rank of major during the Polish-Soviet War, but after a brief stint in Łódź was assigned to Warsaw. After the wars, he continued his practice in Warsaw. Korczak was a lifelong bachelor and had no biological children of his own. Sovereign Poland In 1926, Korczak arranged for the children of the Dom Sierot (Orphan House) to begin their own newspaper, the Mały Przegląd (Little Review), as a weekly attachment to the daily Polish-Jewish newspaper Nasz Przegląd (Our Review). In these years, his secretary was the noted Polish novelist Igor Newerly. His orphanage was supported by the CENTOS Polish-Jewish charity. During the 1930s, he had his own radio program where he promoted and popularized the rights of children. In 1933, he was awarded the Silver Cross of the Polonia Restituta. Between 1934 and 1936, Korczak travelled every year to Mandate Palestine and visited its kibbutzim. Additionally, it spurred his estrangement with the non-Jewish orphanage for which he had also been working. A letter he wrote indicates that he had some intentions to move to Palestine, but in the end, he felt he couldn't leave his children behind. He stayed in Poland, even when Wilczyńska went to live in Palestine in 1938 and continued his role as headmaster. The Holocaust In 1939, when World War II erupted, Korczak volunteered for duty in the Polish Army but was refused due to his age. He witnessed the Wehrmacht takeover of Warsaw. When the Germans created the Warsaw Ghetto in 1940, his orphanage was forced to move from its building, Dom Sierot at Krochmalna 92, to the ghetto (first to Chłodna 33 and later to Sienna 16 / Śliska 9). Korczak moved in with them. In July, Janusz Korczak decided that the children in the orphanage should put on Rabindranath Tagore's play The Post Office. On 5 or 6 August 1942, German soldiers came to collect the 192 orphans (there is some debate about the actual number: it may have been 196) and about one dozen staff members to transport them to the Treblinka extermination camp. Korczak had been offered sanctuary on the "Aryan side" by the Polish underground organization Żegota, but turned it down repeatedly, saying that he could not abandon his children. On 5 August, he again refused offers of sanctuary, insisting that he would go with the children, asserting his belief: "You do not leave a sick child in the night, and you do not leave children at a time like this". The children were dressed in their best clothes, and each carried a blue knapsack and a favorite book or toy. Joshua Perle, an eyewitness whose wartime writings were saved in the Ringelblum Archive, described the procession of Korczak and the children through the ghetto to the Umschlagplatz (deportation point to the death camps): According to eyewitnesses, when the group of orphans finally reached the Umschlagplatz, an SS officer recognized Korczak as the author of one of his favorite children's books and offered to help him escape. In another version, the officer was acting officially, as the Nazi authorities had in mind some kind of "special treatment" for Korczak (some prominent Jews with international reputations were sent to Theresienstadt). Whatever the offer, Korczak once again refused. He boarded the trains with the children and was never heard from again. Korczak's evacuation from the ghetto is also mentioned in Władysław Szpilman's book The Pianist: Sometime after, there were rumours that the trains had been diverted and that Korczak and the children had survived. There was, however, no basis to these stories. Most likely, Korczak, along with Wilczyńska and most of the children, was murdered in a gas chamber after arriving at Treblinka. A separate account of Korczak's departure is given in Mary Berg's Warsaw Ghetto diary: Writings Korczak's best known writing is his fiction and pedagogy, and his most popular works have been widely translated. His main pedagogical texts have been translated into English, but of his fiction, , only two of his novels have been translated into English: King Matt the First and Kaytek the Wizard. As the date of Korczak's death was not officially established, his date of death for legal purposes was established in 1954 by a Polish court as 9 May 1946, a standard ruling for people whose death date was not documented but in all likelihood occurred during World War II. The copyright to all works by Korczak was subsequently acquired by The Polish Book Institute (Instytut Książki), a cultural institution and publishing house affiliated with the Polish government. In 2012 the institute's rights were challenged by the Modern Poland Foundation, whose goal was to establish by court trial that Korczak died in 1942 so that Korczak's works would be available in the public domain as of 1 January 2013. The foundation won the case in 2015 and subsequently started to digitise Korczak's works and release them as public domain e-books. Korczak's overall literary oeuvre covers the period 1896 to 8 August 1942. It comprises works for both children and adults and includes literary pieces, social journalism, articles and pedagogical essays, together with some scraps of unpublished work, totalling over twenty books, over 1,400 texts published in around 100 publications, and around 300 texts in manuscript or typescript form. A complete edition of his works is planned for 2012. Children's books Korczak often employed the form of a fairy tale in order to prepare his young readers for the dilemmas and difficulties of real adult life, and the need to make responsible decisions. In the 1923 King Matt the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy) and its sequel King Matt on the Desert Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej) Korczak depicted a child prince who is catapulted to the throne by the sudden death of his father, and who must learn from various mistakes: He tries to read and answer all his mail by himself and finds that the volume is too much and he needs to rely on secretaries; he is exasperated with his ministers and has them arrested, but soon realises that he does not know enough to govern by himself, and is forced to release the ministers and institute constitutional monarchy; when a war breaks out he does not accept being shut up in his palace, but slips away and joins up, pretending to be a peasant boy - and narrowly avoids becoming a POW; he takes the offer of a friendly journalist to publish for him a "royal paper" -and finds much later that he gets carefully edited news and that the journalist is covering up the gross corruption of the young king's best friend; he tries to organise the children of all the world to hold processions and demand their rights – and ends up antagonising other kings; he falls in love with a black African princess and outrages racist opinion (by modern standards, however, Korczak's depiction of blacks is itself not completely free of stereotypes which were current at the time of writing); finally, he is overthrown by the invasion of three foreign armies and exiled to a desert island, where he must come to terms with reality – and finally does. In 2012, another book by Korczak was translated into English. Kajtuś the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej) (1933) anticipated Harry Potter in depicting a schoolboy who gains magic powers, and it was very popular during the 1930s, both in Polish and in translation to several other languages. Kajtuś has, however, a far more difficult path than Harry Potter: he has no Hogwarts-type School of Magic where he could be taught by expert mages, but must learn to use and control his powers all by himself - and most importantly, to learn his limitations. Korczak's The Persistent Boy was a biography of the French scientist Louis Pasteur, adapted for children - as stated in the preface - from a 685-page French biography that Korczak read. The book clearly aims to portray Pasteur as a role model for the child reader. A considerable part of the book is devoted to Pasteur's childhood and boyhood, and his relations with parents, teachers and schoolmates. It is emphasised that Pasteur, destined for world-wide fame, started from inauspicious beginnings - born to poor working-class parents in an obscure French provincial town and attending a far from high-quality school. There, he was far from a star pupil, his marks often falling below average. As repeatedly emphasised by Korczak, Pasteur's achievements, both in childhood and in later academic and scientific career, were mainly due to persistence (as hinted in the title), a relentless and eventually successful effort to overcome his limitations and early failures. Pedagogical books In his pedagogical works, Korczak shares much of his experience of dealing with difficult children. Korczak's ideas were further developed by many other pedagogues such as Simon Soloveychik and Erich Dauzenroth. Thoughts on corporal punishment Korczak spoke against corporal punishment of children at a time when such treatment was considered a parental entitlement or even duty. In The Child's Right to Respect (1929), he wrote, List of selected works Fiction Children of the Streets (Dzieci ulicy, Warsaw 1901) Fiddle-Faddle (Koszałki opałki, Warsaw 1905) Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu, Warsaw 1906, 2nd edition 1927) – partially autobiographical Mośki, Joski i Srule (Warsaw 1910) Józki, Jaśki i Franki (Warsaw 1911) Fame (Sława, Warsaw 1913, corrected 1935 and 1937) Bobo (Warsaw 1914) King Matt the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy, Warsaw 1923) King Matt on a Deserted Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej, Warsaw 1923) Bankruptcy of Little Jack (Bankructwo małego Dżeka, Warsaw 1924) When I Am Little Again (Kiedy znów będę mały, Warsaw 1925) Senat szaleńców, humoreska ponura (Madmen's Senate, play premièred at the Ateneum Theatre in Warsaw, 1931) Kaytek the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej, Warsaw 1935) When We Had Wings: The Gripping Story of an Orphan in Janusz Korczak's Orphanage. A Historical Novel (Oegstgeest, 2023) Pedagogical books Momenty wychowawcze (Warsaw, 1919, 2nd edition 1924) How to Love a Child (Jak kochać dziecko, Warsaw 1919, 2nd edition 1920 as Jak kochać dzieci) The Child's Right to Respect (Prawo dziecka do szacunku, Warsaw, 1929) Playful Pedagogy (Pedagogika żartobliwa, Warsaw, 1939) Other books Diary (Pamiętnik, Warsaw, 1958) Fragmenty Utworów The Stubborn Boy: The Life of Pasteur (Warsaw, 1935) Remembrance Korczak is commemorated in a number of monuments and plaques in Poland, mainly in Warsaw. The best known of them is the cenotaph located at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery, which serves as his symbolic grave. It is a monumental sculpture of Korczak leading his children to the trains. Created originally by Mieczysław Smorczewski in 1982, the monument was recast in bronze in 2002. The original was re-erected at the boarding school for children with special needs in Borzęciczki, which is named after Janusz Korczak. However, the monument set up in the Świętokrzyski Park in 2006 is not only the largest but also, due to its very convenient location, the most frequently visited by school trips and tourists monument commemorating Korczak. Every year, around June 1, on Children's Day, trips from Warsaw schools go to the monument. Due to decommunization policies, the Nikolay Bauman street in Kyiv, Ukraine was renamed after Korczak in 2016. A minor planet, 2163 Korczak, is named after him. Cultural references In addition to theater, opera, TV, and film adaptations of his works, such as King Matt the First and Kaytek the Wizard, there have been a number of works about Korczak, inspired by him, or featuring him as a character. Biographies and legacy King of Children: The Life and Death of Janusz Korczak by Betty Jean Lifton (1989/2018), an acclaimed biography on the selfless life of Janusz Korczak from childhood and leading up to the Last March he would take with his orphans from the Warsaw Ghetto to the Treblinka-bound cattle cars. The influential twentieth-century Hebrew-language educator and publisher Zevi Scharfstein profiled Korczak in his 1964 work Great Hebrew Educators (גדולי חינוך בעמנו, Rubin Mass Publishers, Jerusalem, 1964). Loving Every Child: Wisdom for Parents edited by Sandra Joseph. Fiction books Milkweed by Jerry Spinelli (2003) – Doctor Korczak runs an orphanage in Warsaw where the main character often visits him Moshe en Reizele (Mosje and Reizele) by Karlijn Stoffels (2004) – Mosje is sent to live in Korczak's orphanage, where he falls in love with Reizele. Set in the period 1939–1942. Original Dutch, German translation available. No English version . Once by Morris Gleitzman (2005), partly inspired by Korczak, featuring a character modelled after him Kindling by Alberto Valis (Felici Editori, 2011), Italian thriller novel. The life of Korczak through the voice of a Warsaw ghetto's orphan. , no English translation. The Time Tunnel: Kingdom of the Children by Galila Ron-Feder Amit (2007) is an Israeli children's book in the Time Tunnel series that takes place in Korczak's orphanage. The Book of Aron by Jim Shepard (2015) is a fictional work that features Dr Korczak and his orphanage in the Warsaw Ghetto as main characters in the book. The Good Doctor of Warsaw by Elisabeth Gifford (2018), a novel based on a true story of a young couple who survived the Warsaw ghetto and of Dr Korczak and his orphanage. Stage plays Dr Korczak and the Children by Erwin Sylvanus (1957) Korczak's Children by Jeffrey Hatcher (2003) Dr Korczak's Example by David Greig (2001) The Children's Republic A play based on the life and work of Yanusz Korczak (2008) by Elena Khalitov, Harmony Theatre Company and School The Children's Republic by Hannah Moscovitch (2009) Chlodnagaden nr. 33 By Rober Parr with music by Michael Ramløse, Teatret Fair play (Eng: The Fair Play Theater) Monsieur Fugue (1967) by Liliane Atlan is based in part on the story of Korczak Film ( You Are Free, Dr. Korczak), written by Ben Barzman and Alexander Ramati, directed by Aleksander Ford (1974). Leo Genn played Dr. Janusz Korczak. Korczak, written by Agnieszka Holland, directed by Andrzej Wajda (1990) portrayed by Wojciech Pszoniak Uprising (2001) directed by Jon Avnet, written by Avnet and Paul Brickman. Palle Granditsky portrayed Korczak. The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler (2009) directed by John Kent Harrison. Krzysztof Pieczynski played Dr. Janusz Korczak. The Zookeeper's Wife (2017), directed by Niki Caro. Arnošt Goldflam played Korczak. Television Studio 4: Dr Korczak and the Children - BBC adaptation of Sylvanus's play, written and directed by Rudolph Cartier (13 March 1962) Music Kaddish – long poem/song by Alexander Galich (1970) Facing the wall - Janusz Korczak – musical by Klaus-Peter Rex and Daniel Hoffmann (1997) presented by Music-theatre fuenf brote und zwei fische, Wülfrath Korczak's Orphans – opera, music by Adam Silverman, libretto by Susan Gubernat (2003) Korczak – musical by Nick Stimson and Chris Williams. Performed by the St Ives Youth Theatre at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 2005 and by Youth Music Theatre UK at the Rose Theatre, Kingston in August 2011 King Mattias I - opera, music by Viggo Edén, from writings by Korczak, given World Premiere at Höör's Summer Opera (Sweden) on 9 August 2012. The Little Review from album Where the Darkness Goes, Awna Teixeira, 2012 Janusz - piece for piano, music by Nicola Gelo (2013) See also List of Holocaust diarists List of diarists List of posthumous publications of Holocaust victims References Further reading Joseph, Sandra (1999). A Voice for the Child: The inspirational words of Janusz Korczak. Collins Publishers. Lifton, Betty Jean (1988). The King of Children: The Life and Death of Janusz Korczak Collins Publishers. Mortkowicz-Olczakowa, Hanna (1961). Bunt wspomnień. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. Parenting Advice from a Polish Holocaust Hero from National Public Radio Lawrence Kohlberg (1981). The Philosophy of Moral Development: Education for Justice pp. 401–408. Harper & Row, Publishers, San Francisco. Mark Celinscak (2009). "A Procession of Shadows: Examining Warsaw Ghetto Testimony." New School Psychology Bulletin. Volume 6, Number 2: 38–50. External links Janusz Korczak Living Heritage Association Ojemba Productions presents 'KORCZAK' at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival 2005! Korczak's Orphans opera by Adam Silverman and Susan Gubernat I'm small, but important, German Documentary by Walther Petri and Konrad Weiss Wiersz Kazimierza Dąbrowskiego "Wątek X - Janusz Korczak" Heksis 1/2010 Janusz Korczak at culture.pl Janusz Korczak at poezja.org (polish) 2012 - The Year of Janusz Korczak Catalog of Historic Medals Commemorating Janusz Korczak 1878 births 1942 deaths Writers from Warsaw Jewish agnostics Jewish Polish writers Jewish physicians Polish agnostics Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust Polish educational theorists Polish humanitarians Polish murder victims Polish medical writers Polish pediatricians Polish people of World War II Polish children's writers Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta Warsaw Ghetto inmates Polish people who died in Treblinka extermination camp Golden Laurel of the Polish Academy of Literature Holocaust diarists Polish male novelists Physicians from Warsaw 20th-century pseudonymous writers Flying University alumni

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOHO%20%EC%8B%9C%EB%84%A4%EB%A7%88%EC%A6%88

TOHO 시네마즈

도호 시네마즈()는 일본 도호 주식회사의 자회사 관계의 회사로 시네마 콤플렉스 및 도호 영화(방화·외화) 배급을 하는 체인 영화관이다. 역사 영화사 도호의 자회사로 TOHO 시네마즈 주식 회사가 담당하지만, 도호 그룹에서 운영하는 극장도 존재한다. TOHO 시네마즈 주식 회사의 전신은 외국계인 버진 시네마즈·재팬 주식 회사이다. 미국계 일본인 대표이사 야마모토 마크가 영국의 버진 그룹에서 출자를 받아 1997년 9월 12일 설립되었다. 1999년 4월 23일 1호점, 버진 시네마즈 토리어스 히사야마를 후쿠오카현 오픈. 2002년말에는 크게 성장해, 일본내에서 6번째 영화 흥행 회사가되었다. 2003년 4월 4일, 도호에 103억엔에 합병 인수되었고, 회사명과 명칭은 TOHO 시네마즈로 변경되었다. 이후 모기업의 도호와 다른 그룹 회사도 TOHO 시네마즈 브랜드의 영화관을 전개하게 된다. 또한 도호 그룹이 기존 운영하던 영화관의 대부분은 새롭게 TOHO 시네마즈로 개칭. 발권 시스템이나 포인트 카드를 통합했다. 앞으로도 관명 변경이나 서비스의 일원화가 진행 예정이다. 경영 효율화를 목적으로 한 도호 그룹의 영화 흥행 부문 재편에 의해 회사의 영화 흥행 사업을 담당하는 자회사로 자리매김, 2006년 10월 1일에는 TOHO 시네마즈가 모회사인 도호 영화 흥업 부문을 승계받아, 다음 단계로 2008년 3월 1일, 도호의 자회사인 도호 동일본, 중부 도호, 도호 간사이, 큐슈 도호의 4개사를 TOHO 시네마즈 합병 통합했다. 또한 처음에는 홋카이도 도호도 개편 대상으로 거론했지만, 아직은 합병되지 않았다. 원래는 영화관을 경영하는 기업이었지만, 개편에 따라 「TOHO 시네마즈 니치게키」를 비롯한 여러 전통관도 운영하고 있다. 또한, 「시네마 메디아쥬」라는 예전의 이름으로 남아있는 영화관도 존재한다. 다른 이름의 영화관은 현상 이벤트 등에서 보조를 맞추고 있지만, 발권 시스템과 다르다. 2020년 현재 일본에서 가장 많은 영화관을 경영하고 운영하는 흥행 회사로 자리잡았다. 연혁 1997년 9월 12일, 버진 시네마즈·재팬 주식회사 설립. 1999년 4월 23일, 1호점 버진 시네마즈 토리어스 히사야마를 개관한다. 2003년 4월 4일, 도호에 103억엔에 인수되고, 도호 그룹의 자회사로 합병된다. 2003년 4월 7일, TOHO 시네마즈 주식회사로 회사명 변경. 2003년 9월 30일, 버진 시네마즈·재팬 창업자 야마모토 마크가 사장을 퇴임. 2006년 10월 1일, 도호 영화사 부문을 통합, 도호 직영관의 사업을 계승한다. 또한 도호 서비스 센터, 도호 빌딩 관리에서 극장 운영을 이관. 2007년 3월 1일, 주식회사 시부야 문화 극장을 합병하고 시부야 동쪽 시네타3의 경영을 계승한다. 2007년 3월 12일, 나가레야마 오오타카의 숲의 개관에 따라 선행 스칼라, 미유키자리를 도입하고 새로운 발권 시스템을 도입. 이후에 순차적으로 각 극장에 도입. 2008년 3월 1일, 도호 동일본, 중부 도호, 도호 간사이, 규슈 도호의 4개사를 합병하여 4개사가 경영하고 있던 극장 경영 및 운영을 계승한다. 2010년 1월 19일, 휴대폰에서 티켓 판매(vit)을 핀 포인트로 좌석 수 있도록 리뉴얼. 2010년 4월 1일, 선불 카드 방식 TOHO 시네마즈 기프트 카드의 판매를 개시. 2010년 5월 10일, 무라카미 치카라가 사장을 퇴임 감사에 취임. 도호 전무 이사 나카가와 케이가 사장으로 취임. 2011년 4월 5일, 일부 영화관에서 지금까지 할인 서비스에서 새로운 요금 제도로 변경했다. 2011년 12월 1일, 새로운 요금 제도에 변경 영화관 요금을 다른 영화관과 같은 요금제로 변경.(고등학생 요금과 회원 요금 제외) 2012년 5월 9일, 나카가와 케이가 사장을 퇴임. 신임 사장에 도호 이사 세타 카즈히코가 취임. 서비스 시네 마일리지 항공사의 마일리지 프로그램을 본뜬 포인트 서비스. 버진 시네마즈 시절 영화 구매 업무 담당 리더였던 구로 테츠야(현재의 회사 프로그램 편성 부장)가 고안했다. 회원이 영화를 감상하면 1작품 1포인트과 상영 시간에 따라 마일리지가 부여된다 (포인트 마일은 당일 반영된다). 감상 포인트는 6포인트에 한편을 무료로 감상할 수 있다. 마일은 1분 = 1마일로 환산되어 마일에 따라 다양한 상품과 교환 가능하다. vit 인터넷을 이용한 티켓 예약 시스템. Virgin Internet Ticket의 약어로, 버진 시네마즈 시절 NEC와 공동으로 개발되었다. 공식 사이트의 극장 각 페이지에 PC, 휴대 전화 중 선택하여 일반적으로 상영 2일 자정 (예: 토요일에 볼 영화라면, 목요일 오전 12시)부터 상영 개시 시간 (광고 등 포함)의 20분 전까지 좌석 권을 예약할 수 있다. 결제 방법은 세 가지로, 신용카드 결제, NTT 도코모, au 사용자에 한해서만 이용 가능하며, TOHO 시네마즈 선물 카드 등의 결제가 있다. 티켓은 극장 로비에 있는 자동 발권기에서 4자리의 지정 번호와 감상자의 등록 전화번호를 입력하여 받을 수 있다. 결제 방법에 상관없이 자동 발권기에 시네 마일리지 카드를 삽입하면 포인트 및 마일이 적립된다. TOHO 시네마즈 선물 카드 기존의 종이 선물 티켓이 새롭게 2010년 4월 1일부터 "선불 카드"로 변경되었다. 구입시 2,000엔, 3,000엔, 5,000엔, 10,000엔을 카드에 충전해야 한다. 그러나 충전은 다시 할 수 없기 때문에 유효 기간이 구입시부터 1년간으로 되어있다. 또한 전통적인 선물 티켓 구입이 불가능했던 매점 스토어(상품이나 팜플렛) 및 인터넷 판매 "vit"도 사용할 수 있게 되었다. 부모 클럽 극장 아기들과 어머니와 아버지를 대상으로 한 영화 상영으로, 아이가 태어나고 나서 영화관과는 멀어져 버린 관객들을 위해 기획되었다. 아기가 울어도 상관없이 신경쓰지 않고 영화를 볼 수 있다. 조명과 사운드 볼륨, 장내 온도는 아기에게 자극을 주지 않는 수준으로 조정된다. 주 1회로 상영되고 있으며, 아기를 동반한 관객이 주관객이기 때문에 일반인 입장이 할 수 없다. (2010년 5월 규정 개정) 연속 상영(잇키미) 작품을 연속 상영하는 특별 기획으로 "계속 연속으로 보기"란 뜻으로 잇키미라고 명명했다. 롯폰기 힐스를 중심으로 수도권 사이트에서 실시되는 경우가 많다. 시리즈 작품과 동일한 주연, 감독 작품을 정리해 2~4편 정도 연속으로 상영한다. 한달 무료 여권 제시하는 것만으로 한달동안 영화를 무료로 감상할 수 있는 라미네이트의 여권이다. 시네 마일리지 교환 상품이지만, 이벤트 특상로 제공되는 경우도 있다. 사용 소지자에게만 허락되어 본인 확인을 위해 사진이 필요하므로 교체 당일 직원에게 그 자리에서 촬영된다. 발권은 당일만 일부 특별 상영 작품과 잇키미를 포함 기획 상영에는 이용할 수 없는 등 몇 가지 제한이 있다. 많은 영화를 무료로 볼 수 있다고 할만큼 있고 인기가 높고, 이것을 목적으로 TOHO 시네마즈에 오는 영화 팬들도 적지 않다. 시네 마일리지 카드 사이트를 통해 이용할 수 있지만, 록뽄기 힐즈에서 발행되는 무료 경로에서만 사용이 가능하다. TC MAIL 메일 매거진 휴대 전화와 컴퓨터에 TC MAIL을 등록하면 정기적으로 최신 영화 정보 메일 (주연 배우의 무대 인사)나 특별 시사회 비매품 상품의 추첨 응모 및 TOHO 시네마즈 제한 휴대폰 메인화면의 이미지가 선물된다. TOHO 시네마즈 매거진 2007년 2월 1일부터 배포되고있는 영화 정보신문이다. 매월 1일 배포되고 있다. 오로지, TOHO 시네마즈 직영 극장에서만 배포하고있다. (2010년 2월 기준) TOHO 시네 마즈 한정 극장 문화 매거진 2008년 3월 14일부터 TOHO 시네마즈 매거진 확대 버전으로 유료로 판매하고 있는 영화 잡지이다. 카도카와 미디어 하우스와 TOHO 시네마즈 공동으로 제작되고 있다. TOHO 시네마즈 킨시쵸를 제외한 TOHO 시네마즈 직영 극장에서만 판매되고 있다. 창간호 - 마츠모토 준, 카세 료, 마츠야마 켄이치, 3 종류의 표지로 발매되었다. 제2호 - 《꽃보다 남자 파이널》의 표지로 2008년 6월 14일에 발매되었다. 제3호 - 후쿠야마 마사하루, 마츠다 쇼타, 마키 요코, 3 종류의 표지로 2008년 9월 14일에 발매되었다. 증간호 - 디즈니/픽사 특별판 《월리》의 표지로 2008년 11월 22일에 발매되었다. 제4호 - 나가세 토모야, 오구리 슌, 미야자키 아오이, 3 종류의 표지로 2008년 12월 14일에 발매되었다. 제5호 - 에이타, 미즈시마 히로, 오카다 마사키, 3 종류의 표지로 2009년 3월 14일에 발매되었다. 제6호 - 《아이 컴 위드 더 레인 》에 출연한 기무라 타쿠야의 표지로 2009년 6월 6일에 발매되었다. 제7호 - 《굿 배드 위아도》에 출연한 이병헌과 한국 드라마 《꽃보다 남자》에 출연한 이민호의 표지로 2009년 9월 5일에 발매되었다. 제8호 - 《BANDAGE 밴디지》에 출연한 아카니시 진과 《골든 슬럼버》에 출연한 사카이 마사토의 표지로 2009년 12월 19일에 발매되었다. 제9호 - 《노다메 칸타빌레 최종 악장》에 출연한 타마키 히로시의 표지로 2010년 3월 20일에 발매되었다. 제10호 - 《BECK》에 출연한 사토 타케루와 《춤추는 대수사선 THE MOVIE3 녀석들을 해방하라!》에 출연한 오다 유지의 표지로 2010년 6월 19일에 발매되었다. 제11호 - 《오오쿠》에 출연한 니노미야 카즈나리와 《파트너-극장판 II-》의 표지로 2010년 9월 18일에 발매되었다. 제12호 - 《SPACE BATTLESHIP 야마토》에 출연한 기무라 타쿠야와 《노르웨이의 숲》의 표지로 2010년 12월 1일에 발매되었다. 제13호 - 《SP THE MOTION PICTURE》에 출연한 오카다 준이치의 표지로 2011년 3월 5일에 발매되었다. 제14호 - 《만약 고교야구의 여자 매니저가 드러커의 매니지먼트를 읽는다면》에 출연한 마에다 아츠코의 표지로 2011년 6월 4일에 발매되었다. 제15호 - 《틴틴의 모험/유니콘 호의 비밀》과 이치카와 에비조의 표지로 2011년 9월 17일에 발매되었다. 제16호 - 《겐지 모노가타리: 천년의 수수께끼》에 출연한 이쿠타 토마의 표지로 2011년 12월 10일에 발매되었다. 제17호 - 《스타워즈 에피소드 1: 팬텀매너스 3D》, 《우주 형제》의 표지로 2012년 3월 16일에 발매되었다. 제18호 - 《에이트 레인저》에 출연한 칸쟈니 ∞, 《늑대 아이의 비와 눈》의 표지로 2012년 6월 30일에 발매되었다. TOHO 시네마즈 극장 동북 지방 TOHO 시네마즈 오이라세시모타 (아오모리현 가미키타군 아이라세초) TOHO 시네마즈 아키타 (아키타현 아키타) 관동 지방 도쿄도 TOHO 시네마즈 니치게키 (치요타구, 유라쿠쵸 마리온) TOHO 시네마즈 유라쿠좌 (치요다구, 니유토키요) TOHO 시네마즈 스칼라좌 (치요다구, 도쿄 다카라즈카 극장) TOHO 시네마즈 미유키좌 (치요다구, 도쿄 다카라즈카 극장 빌딩) TOHO 시네마즈 샨테 (치요다구, 히비야 샨테) TOHO 시네마즈 시부야 (시부야, 시부야 동쪽 시네 타워 빌딩) TOHO 시네마즈 록뽄기 힐즈 (도쿄 롯폰기 힐즈) TOHO 시네마즈 메디아쥬 (도쿄, 메디아쥬) TOHO 시네마즈 니시아라이 (아다치 구, 아리오 니시아라이) TOHO 시네마즈 미나미 오사와 (하치 오지시, fab 미나미 오사와) TOHO 시네마즈 후츄 (후츄시, 쿠루루) TOHO 시네마즈 킨시쵸 (스미다 구, 킨시쵸) 도쿄도 외 TOHO 시네마즈 우츠노미야 (토치기현, 우츠노미야시) TOHO 시네마즈 히타치나카 (이바라키현, 히타치나카시) TOHO 시네마즈 미토 우치바라 (이바라키현, 미토시) TOHO 시네마즈 후나바시 라라포트 (치바현, 후나바시시) TOHO 시네마즈 이치카 꼬르통 플라자 (치바현, 이치카와시) TOHO 시네마즈 야치요 미도리가오카 (치바현, 야치요시) TOHO 시네마즈 나가레야마 오오타카의 숲 (치바현, 나가레야마시) TOHO 시네마즈 에비나 (카나가와현, 에비나시) TOHO 시네마즈 오다 (카나가와현, 오다와라시) TOHO 시네마즈 카와사키 (카나가와현, 카와사키시) TOHO 시네마즈 라라포토 요코하마 (카나가와현, 요코하마시 츠즈키 구, 라라포트 요코하마) TOHO 시네마즈 카미오카 (카나가와현, 요코하마시 코난 구 카미오카) 중부지방 TOHO 시네마즈 고후 (야마나시현, 고후시) TOHO 시네마즈 하마마츠 (시즈오카현, 하마마츠시 나카 구) TOHO 시네마즈 선 스트리트 하마키타 (시즈오카현, 하마마츠시 하마키타 구) TOHO 시네마즈 라라 이와타 (시즈오카현, 이와타시) TOHO 시네마즈 나고야 베이시티 (아이치현, 나고야시 미나토 구) TOHO 시네마즈 츠시마 (아이치현, 츠시마시 요시즈야) TOHO 시네마즈 히가시우라 (아이치현, 치타 군 히가시우라쵸) TOHO 시네마즈 키소가와 (아이치현, 이치노미야시 이온몰 키소가와) TOHO 시네마즈 기후 (기후현, 컬러풀 타운 기후) TOHO 시네마즈 모레라 기후 (기후현, 모토스시, 모레라 기후) TOHO 시네마즈 화보레 도야마 (도야마현, 도야마시 퓨처시티 화보레) TOHO 시네마즈 다카오카 (토야마현, 타카오카시 이온몰 타카오) TOHO 시네마즈 우에다 (나가노현, 우에다시 아리오 우에다) 칸사이 지방 TOHO 시네마즈 우메다 (오사카부 오사카시, 키타 구) TOHO 시네마즈 우메다 아넥스 (오사카부 오사카시, 키타 구 우메다 라쿠텐 빌딩) TOHO 시네마즈 난바 본관 (오사카부 오사카시, 츄오구, 도호 난바 빌딩) TOHO 시네마즈 난바 별관 (오사카부 오사카시, 츄오구, 시키시마 빌딩) TOHO 시네마즈 센보쿠 (오사카부 사카이시, 미나미 구) TOHO 시네마즈 오오도리 (오사카부 사카이시, 니시 구 아리오 오오도리) TOHO 시네마즈 니조 (교토부 교토시, 나카 구) TOHO 시네마즈 이타미 (효고현 이타미시, 이온몰 이타미 빌딩) TOHO 시네마즈 니시노미야 OS (효고현 니시노미야시 한큐 니시노미야 가든즈) TOHO 시네마즈 카시하라 (나라현 카시하라시, 이온몰 카시하라) 츄고큐 지방 TOHO 시네마즈 고난 (오카야마현 오카야마시, 미나미 구, 시네마 타운 고난) TOHO 시네마즈 미도리이 (히로시마현 히로시마시, 아사미나미 구) 시코쿠 지방 TOHO 시네마즈 니이하마 (에히메현 니이하마시, 이온몰 니이하마) TOHO 시네마즈 코치 (고치현 고치시, 이온몰 코치) 규슈 지방 TOHO 시네마즈 텐진 본관 (후쿠오카현 후쿠오카시, 츄우오 구 이와타야 본관 TOHO 시네마즈 텐진 솔라리아 본관 (후쿠오카현 후쿠오카시, 츄우오구 솔라리아 플라자 TOHO 시네마즈 토리어스 히사야마 (후쿠오카현 가스야군 히사야마마치, 트라이아스 히사야마) TOHO 시네마즈 후쿠츠 (후쿠오카현 후쿠츠시, 이온몰 후쿠츠) TOHO 시네마즈 나가사키 (나가사키현 나가사키, 미라이 나가사키 코코 워크) TOHO 시네마즈 오이타 와시다 (오이타현 오이타시, 오이타 와시다 타운) TOHO 시네마즈 빛의 숲 (쿠마모토현 키쿠치군, 유메타운 빛의 숲) TOHO 시네마즈 하마센 (쿠마모토현 쿠마모토시, 미나미 구 유메타운) TOHO 시네마즈 우키 (쿠마 모토현 우키시, 이온몰 우키) TOHO 시네마즈 요지로 (가고시마현 가고시마시) 그외 공동 경영의 극장 삿포로 시네마 프론티어 (홋카이도 삿포로시, 삿포로 역 빌딩 스텔라 플레이스 센터) 신주쿠 발트 9 (도쿄도 신주쿠, 신주쿠 3 쵸메 이스트 빌딩) 오사카 스테이션시티 시네마 (오사카부 오사카시 키타구, 오사카 스테이션 시티) 히로시마 발트 11 (히로시마현 아키 군 후츄쵸시, 이온몰 히로시마 후츄쵸) 개관 예정의 극장 TOHO 시네마즈 신주쿠 (신주쿠, 신주쿠 도호 빌딩) TOHO 시네마즈 니혼바시 (도쿄도 츄오구 니혼바시 무로마치) 그외 폐관된 극장 요코하마 브룩 13 (카나가와현 요코하마시 나카구) TOHO 시네마즈 타카츠키 (오사카부 타카츠키시 아쿠타가와) 삼번가 시네마 1.2.3 (오사카부 오사카시 키타구 차야마치) 하마오츠 아카스 시네마 (시가현 오츠시 하마오츠 아쿠스) 사바 시네마 7 (후쿠이현 사바에시) 신주쿠 플라자 극장 (도쿄도 신주쿠구 가부키쵸 신주쿠 도호 회관 빌딩) 시부야 시네 프론트 (도쿄도 시부야구 우다가와쵸) 그랜드 파크 도호 8 (야마나시현 고후시, 그랜드 파크) 외부 링크 TOHO 시네마즈 공식 웹사이트 TOHO 시네마즈 영화관 정보 - tohotheater.jp 도호 주식회사 일본의 영화관 체인 도호 1997년 설립된 기업

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho%20Cinemas

Toho Cinemas

is a Japanese movie theater company. A wholly-owned subsidiary of Toho Co., Ltd, it is the second-largest cinema chain in Japan by number of screens (after AEON Cinema). Overview Virgin Cinemas Japan Ltd. was founded by Japanese-American businessman Mark Yamamoto on September 12, 1997. Virgin Cinemas Trias Hisayama, their first theatre, opened in Fukuoka Prefecture on April 23, 1999. By the end of 2002, it expanded from 8 theatres to 81 and became Japan's sixth largest film entertainment company. On April 4, 2003, Toho purchased Virgin Cinemas for 10.3 billion yen, renaming the company Toho Cinemas. Since then, Toho and other companies have developed cinema complexes under the new brand. In addition, many cinemas that the Toho Group had previously operated were renamed after the renewal. Toho Cinemas also integrated the ticketing system and point cards. On October 1, 2006, Toho Cinemas succeeded Toho's film and entertainment division as the parent company, due to the restructuring of the Toho Group's film entertainment division, with the aim of improving management efficiency as a wholly owned subsidiary of the company's film entertainment business. As a next step, Toho East Japan Kogyo Co., Ltd., Chubu Toho, Toho Kansai Koki Co., and Kyushu Toho merged into Toho Cinemas, Ltd. on March 1, 2008. In 2007, the chain debuted a series of policy trailers featuring characters from the hit anime series Secret Society Eagle Talon. After reorganizing, the chain began to operate several conventional pavilions and other cinemas under the name Cinema Media. In July 2013, Toho Cinemas had the second most movie theaters in Japan, after Ion Entertainment. In May 2015, Toho started Dreampass, an online service that sells tickets for frequently requested movies. References External links Toho Cinemas LTD. Cinema chains in Japan Toho Mass media companies based in Tokyo Entertainment companies established in 1997 Japanese companies established in 1997

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%ED%8F%89%EA%B5%B0%20%28%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B1%29

양평군 (왕족)

양평군(陽平君, 1498년 ~ 1506년 음력 9월 24일(10월 10일))은 조선의 왕족이다. 연산군의 서장자이자 숙의 이씨의 아들이다. 생애 가계 1498년(연산군 4년) 조선 제10대 임금인 연산군과 후궁 숙의 이씨의 아들로 태어났다. 성은 이, 이름은 인(仁), 아명은 강수(康壽), 본관은 전주이다. 양평군의 어머니 숙의 이씨는 양성 이씨 출신으로, 중종 때 판의금부사와 좌찬성 등을 역임한 이손과 일가 친척이다. 연산군 폐위 직후인 1506년(중종 원년) 음력 9월 5일 연산군의 숙의를 사저로 돌려보냈다는 기록 말고는 특별한 기록은 없다. 왕자 시절 양평군은 어릴 적 강수 아기(康壽阿只)라는 이름으로 불렸다. 양평군은 문종의 딸 경혜공주의 유일한 아들인 정미수의 집과, 어머니 숙의 이씨의 일가 친척인 이손의 집에서 성장하였다. 양평군은 이손을 "아비"라고 부르기도 하였다. 그러나 1506년(연산군 12년) 음력 9월 2일 연산군이 폐위되는 중종반정이 일어났다. 당시 양평군은 이손의 집에 있었는데, 이손은 반정 세력이 양평군을 잡아갈 것이라 생각하고 몰래 자신의 가족들로 하여금 양평군을 지키게 했다. 그러나 그날 오시가 지나면서 양평군의 유모와 보모들이 반정 소식을 듣고는, 양평군을 영춘군의 집으로 데려갔다. 하지만 반정 세력들은 이내 양평군을 찾아내어 수안군으로 유배를 보냈다. 이후 유순, 박원종 등의 반정 세력들은 연산군의 아들들인 폐세자 이황, 창녕대군, 양평군, 이돈수 등을 모두 죽여야 한다고 입을 모았다. 당시 중종은 연산군의 아들들이 모두 나이가 어리니 큰 일은 없을 것이라며 그들을 죽이는데 반대하다가, 이내 반정 세력의 주장에 꺾여 결국 이들을 1506년(중종 원년) 음력 9월 24일 모두 사사하였다. 이때 양평군의 나이 9세였다. 한편 양평군의 부왕 연산군은 반정이 일어나고 약 2달 후인 1506년(중종 원년) 음력 11월 6일 유배지인 교동현에서 사망했다. 양평군 사칭 사건 양평군이 사사된지 7년이 지난 1513년(중종 8년) 음력 1월 7일, 당시 15살의 만손(萬孫, 또는 신능손)이라는 자가 나타나 자신이 양평군이라고 주장하였다. 당시 만손은 주장하기를, "남학동에서 성장하다가 반정이 일어나자 나의 종 보동이 나와 나이가 비슷한 아이를 대신 내어 놓고는, 나를 보자기로 덮어 다른 곳으로 도망친 후 여러 곳을 전전하다가 마지막에는 지리산의 상원사에서 1년을, 이어 묘향산의 보현사에서 다시 2년을 지냈으며, 이때 종 보동이 죽었다. 이어 안주에 있는 원통사로 가서 7일간 지내면서, 그 곳의 스님 죽청에게 내가 왕자였다는 사실을 몰래 말하고 다시 서울로 돌아오려고 하였는데, 죽청은 그러한 나를 당시 곽산에 와있던 궁궐의 종에게 데려갔으나 궁궐의 종은 보지 못하고, 죽청의 동생의 집에서 머문 후 정주에 있는 내수사의 종 효문의 집으로 갔다. 효문에게 내가 왕자였다는 사실을 말하였는데 효문이 이를 소문내자 그 마을의 사람들은 나를 미친 사람 취급하였고, 이때문에 결국 효문의 매부 만복의 집으로 옮겨 갔다. 그리고는 효문이 서생 홍윤평에게 편지를 써 내가 왕자였다는 사실을 알리고, 이어 홍윤평이 그곳의 목사에게 보고한 후 관찰사에게까지 이 일이 전해진 것이다." 라고 하였다. 당시 만손의 말을 들은 사람들은 이렇게까지 자세히 그 행적을 이야기하는 만손에 대해 놀라워하는 한편, 정말로 그가 왕자가 맞는지 의심하였다. 그러나 양평군을 어릴 적부터 키웠던 이손은 자신이 알고 있는 양평군의 신체적인 특징과 만손의 특징이 너무나도 다르기 때문에, 만손은 거짓을 말하고 있는 것이 분명하다고 주장하였다. 양평군은 얼굴 빛깔이 희고 코에 마마자국이 있었으며 귀고리를 꿴 구멍이 크고 넓었는데, 만손은 얼굴이 검고 귀고리를 꿴 구멍이 없었다는 것이다. 결국 자신의 이야기가 거짓임이 탄로난 만손은 이 해 음력 8월 16일 사형을 당하였다. 가족 관계 조부 : 제9대 성종(成宗大王, 1457~1494, 재위:1469~1495) 조모 : 폐비 윤씨(廢妃 尹氏, 1455~1482) 아버지 : 제10대 연산군(燕山君, 1476~1506, 재위:1494~1506) 외조부 : 동지중추부사 이공(同知中樞府事 李拱, 생몰년 미상) 외조모 : 미상 어머니 : 숙의 이씨(淑儀 李氏, 생몰년 미상) 출처 및 각주 외부 링크 국사편찬위원회 조선왕조실록 홈페이지 1498년 출생 1506년 사망 조선의 왕자 조선 연산군의 자녀 사사된 사람 전주 이씨 15세기 한국 사람 16세기 한국 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Yangpyeong

Prince Yangpyeong

Prince Yangpyeong (Hangul: 양평군, Hanja: 陽平君; 1498 - 10 October 1506), personal name was Yi In (Hangul: 이인, Hanja: 李仁) or Yi Seong () and his childhood name was Yi Gang-Su (Hangul: 이강수, Hanja: 李康壽) was a Korean Royal Prince and the only son of Yeonsangun of Joseon and Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Yangseong Yi clan. References 1498 births 1506 deaths 16th-century Korean people Korean princes House of Yi Royalty who died as children Child murder in Korea

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EC%B9%B4%EB%82%98%20%ED%8C%8C%EB%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84

아르카나 파밀리아

아르카나 파밀리아 -La storia della Arcana Famiglia-(アルカナ・ファミリア -La storia della Arcana Famiglia-)는 HuneX 사에서 개발하고 COMFORT 사에서 발매한 여성향 연애 어드벤처 게임으로, 공식 장르는 연애 어드벤처 게임×소년 만화를 기반으로 한 이탈리안 판타지이다. 이탈리아에 있는 가상의 섬인 레갈로(Regalo)를 무대로 마피아와 타로 카드라는 두 주제를 합쳐 다루고 있다. 줄거리 지중해에 위치한 레갈로 섬의 안전을 지키는 자경조직 아르카나 파밀리아. 파밀리아의 구성원들은 각자 타로코와의 계약을 통해 얻은, 아르카나 능력이라고 알려진 신비한 힘을 가지고 있다. 파밀리아 보스인 몬도의 외동딸 펠리치타는 나이프와 무술에 탁월한 재능을 가진 아름다운 소녀이다. 섬 외곽에서 자라 온 그녀는 16살이 되어 파밀리아의 일원으로서 새로운 역할을 수행하게 된다. 그러나 생일 파티 도중 몬도는 돌연 은퇴를 선언하고, 펠리치타는 후계자 선출을 위해 개최되는 아르카나 두엘로의 우승자와 결혼해야 하는 상황에 놓인다. 승리해 자신의 길을 쟁취하기로 결심한 펠리치타는 싸울 준비를 하게 된다. 등장 인물 메인 캐릭터 펠리치타(Felicità, フェリチータ) 성우: 노토 마미코 생일: 6월 18일 신장: 165cm 아르카나: 6번째 카드 연인(Gli Amanti) / 10번째 카드 운명의 수레바퀴(La Ruota della Fortuna) 스티그마타: 가슴(연인) / 등(운명의 수레바퀴) 본작의 주인공이며 아르카나 파밀리아의 파파인 몬도의 딸이자 검 세리에의 간부. 선천적으로 두 가지의 타로코를 지니고 있으나 능숙하게 사용할 수는 없다. 어려서부터 엄격한 어머니 밑에서 자랐기에 자신에게도 타인에게도 엄격하지만, 종자인 루카의 영향을 받아 소녀스러운 일면도 있다. 말보다는 행동으로 보여주는 타입. 나이는 16세→17세. 6번째 카드 리 아만티(연인)의 계약자로, 타인의 마음을 읽을 수 있는 능력을 갖고 있다. 또한 10번째 카드 루오타 델라 포르투나(운명의 수레바퀴)의 계약자이기도 하며 타로코와 계약자의 관계성에 변화를 가져다 주는 능력이다. 이는 폭주한 타로코를 진정시킬 수 있으며 펠리치타는 13년 전 세 살 때 이 능력을 이용해 20번째 카드 심판에 의한 폭주로 쓰러진 어머니 스미레를 살려냈다. 허나, 이 능력을 쓰면 사용자의 기억을 잃게 되기 때문에 그 사건을 비롯한 세 살까지의 기억이 전혀 없다. 몬도는 13년 전 사건 이후 펠리치타가 또다시 운명의 수레바퀴 능력을 사용하여 폭주하는 일이 없도록 펠리치타를 파밀리아 본부에서 떨어져 있는 작은 집에서 외부와 최소 한도로만 접촉하며 자라도록 했으나, 16살 때 정식으로 아르카나 파밀리아의 일원이 되었다. 어릴 때부터 부엉이 후쿠로타, 종자 루카와 늘 함께 했다. 리베르타(Libertà, リベルタ) 성우: 후쿠야마 쥰 생일: 5월 13일 신장: 173cm→176cm 아르카나: 시작의 카드 광대(Il Matto) 첩보부 소속 단테의 직속 부하. 행동력 넘치고 쾌활한 소년이지만 여자에게 익숙하지 않은 면이 있다. 항해나 외국을 동경하고 있으며, 자유로운 성격 때문에 노바와 자주 갈등을 빚기도 한다. 나이는 18세→19세. 시작의 카드 일 마토(광대)의 계약자이며 아르카나 능력은 언령으로 말한 것을 실현시킬 수 있다. 능력의 대가는 자유. 아마도 태어날 때부터 아르카나 능력을 가지고 있었던 것 같다고 한다. 어릴 적 노르드국의 카사비안카 고아원에서 갖은 실험으로 인간 이하의 취급을 받던 그를 가면의 남자가 구해 주었다. 하지만 그 때문에 아르카나 능력이 폭주하여, 몬도와 단테가 그의 기억을 지우고 아르카나 파밀리아의 일원으로 받아들인다. 고아 출신이었기에 부모를 기억하지 못하지만 사실 몬도가 전처로부터 얻은 자식인 요슈아의 아들로, 몬도의 손자이다. 노바(Nova, ノヴァ) 성우: 요나가 츠바사 생일: 10월 25일 신장: 163cm→168cm 아르카나: 13번째 카드 사신(La Morte) 스티그마타: 뒷목덜미 펠리치타의 사촌동생이자 소꿉친구. 지나치게 엄격하고 융통성 없는 성격이며, 특히 펠리치타에게 차가운 태도를 보인다. 작은 키에 컴플렉스가 있고 키로 놀림받는 것을 싫어한다. 13번째 카드 라 모르테(사신)의 계약자로 대상을 잠재울 수 있으며 대가는 부정적인 감정. 나이는 15세→16세. 노바의 아버지는 몬도의 친형이지만 아르카나 능력자가 되지 못했고, 어머니가 임신 중일 때 계약을 맺어 노바를 선천적인 아르카나 능력자로 태어나게 했다. 그의 부모는 노바로 하여금 몬도의 자리를 이어받게 하고 자신들이 출세하기 위해 어린 노바를 펠리치타와 약혼시켰고, 7년 전 아르카나 파밀리아를 차지하기 위해 몬도와 스미레를 암살하려다가 노바가 그 계획을 알게 되어 아르카나 능력이 폭주한 노바에 의해 수면기에 빠져 있다. 사건 이후 자신에게는 몬도의 사위가 될 자격이 없다고 생각해 약혼을 파기하고 약혼반지를 돌려 주었지만, 몬도 부부는 노바를 거둬 키우고 자식처럼 보살폈다. 이후 아르카나 파밀리아 성배 세리에의 간부이자 최연소 간부가 되어 활동하고 있으며, 나이는 어리지만 높은 업무능력을 자랑한다. 데비토(Debito, デビト) 성우: 요시노 히로유키 생일: 9월 20일 신장: 180cm 아르카나: 9번째 카드 은둔자(L'Eremita) 스티그마타: 왼쪽 발목 금화 세리에의 간부로, 카지노를 포함한 아르카나 파밀리아의 자금 루트를 담당하고 있다. 스릴과 교섭을 좋아하고 뭔가에 얽매이는 것을 싫어하는 성격. 나이는 23세→24세. 9번째 카드 레레미타(은둔자)의 계약자로, 아르카나 능력은 은폐. 졸리의 실험에 의한 후유증으로 오른쪽 눈의 고통을 오랜 시간동안 안고 있다. 여자와 도박을 좋아하며, 펠리치타를 밤비나라고 부른다. 파체, 루카와는 소꿉친구 사이이다. 파체(Pace, パーチェ) 성우: 스기타 토모카즈 생일: 7월 29일 신장: 187cm 아르카나: 11번째 카드 힘(La Forza) 스티그마타: 오른손 손등 곤봉 세리에의 간부이자 간부장 대리. 레갈로 섬 영주의 아들이지만 어릴 적 저택을 나와 생활하고 있다. 나이는 25세→26세. 8번째 카드 라 포르차(힘)의 계약자로 아르카나 능력은 누구도 거역할 수 없는 강력한 힘. 여태껏 이 힘을 거스른 자는 언령을 이용해 강제로 풀어낸 리베르타 이외에 없다. 데비토, 루카와 마찬가지로 졸리의 실험에 의해 강제로 타로코와 계약하였으며, 타로코의 부작용 때문에 시한부 인생이 되었다. 남은 생애는 5년 정도. 루카(Luca, ルカ) 성우: 나카무라 유이치 생일: 12월 6일 신장: 176cm 아르카나: 14번째 카드 절제(La Temperanza) 스티그마타: 혀 펠리치타의 종자(수행원)이자 연금술사. 14번째 카드 라 템페란차(절제)의 계약자로, 졸리의 실험으로 인해 3살일 때 강제로 타로코와 계약했다. 아르카나 능력은 상대방의 아르카나 능력을 중화시키는 것. 나이는 29세→30세. 펠리치타가 3살일 때부터 13년간 그녀를 모셔 왔기에 사실상 펠리치타와 가장 가까운 관계이다. 일편단심 펠리치타만 바라보고 사는 해바라기 같은 인물로, 주변으로부터는 펠리치타를 과보호한다는 평을 받고 있다. 펠리치타의 종자가 되기 전에는 보스인 몬도의 비서였다. 상당히 꼼꼼하고 유능한 데다가 요리 실력, 가사 실력까지 수준급이지만 주변 인물들에게 무시당하는 경우가 많다. 졸리의 연금술 제자이자 친아들이지만 사이는 좋지 않으며, 펠리치타를 포함한 주변인들에게는 졸리와의 관계를 비밀로 하고 있다. 단테(Dante, ダンテ) 성우: 코스기 쥬로타 생일: 4월 9일 신장: 199cm 아르카나: 4번째 카드 황제(L'Imperatore) 스티그마타: 머리 아르카나 파밀리아의 간부장. 몬도와는 옛날부터 알고 지내던 사이이다. 나이는 38세→39세. 4번째 카드 림페라토레(황제)의 계약자. 10년 전 노르드 국의 카사비안카에서 실험을 당하던 아이들을 구하기 위해 뛰어든 가면의 영웅. 리베르타를 구해내어 아르카나 파밀리아에 입단시킨 장본인이다. 졸리(Jolly, ジョーリィ) 성우: 유사 코지 생일: 3월 8일 신장: 184cm 아르카나: 18번째 카드 달(La Luna) 스티그마타: 눈동자 18번째 카드 라 루나(달)의 계약자로 아르카나 능력은 상대방의 기억을 들춰내는 것. 나이는 최소 40세 이상. 아르카나 파밀리아의 상담역. 파밀리아 내에서 가장 속을 알 수 없는 인물로 뛰어난 연금술사이면서 책략가이다. 타로코의 영향으로 인해 기력이 쇠약해져 있는 몬도를 구할 수 있는 방법은 모든 타로코의 계약자를 한자리에 모으는 것이라고 생각하여 파체, 데비토, 루카를 실험에 이용하여 타로코와 계약시켰으며, 인조인간 호문클루스를 창조하여 호문클루스와 타로코를 계약시키려 하였으나 흐지부지 중단되고 말았다. 애쉬(Ash, アッシュ) 성우: 오카모토 노부히코 생일: 2월 3일 신장: 180cm 아르카나: 1번째 카드 마술사(Il Bagatto) 스티그마타: 왼쪽 목 유령선 바스첼로 판타스마에서 태어나고 자란 연금술사로, 요슈아와는 오래 알고 지낸 사이이다. 나이는 17세. 서브 캐릭터 몬도(Mondo, モンド) 성우: 타치키 후미히코 생일: 4월 1일 신장: 195cm 아르카나: 21번째 카드 세계(Il Mondo) 펠리치타의 아버지이자 아르카나 파밀리아의 보스로 파밀리아의 일원에게는 파파로 불리고 있다. 21번째 카드 일 몬도(세계)의 계약자로 아르카나 능력을 한계까지 끌어올릴 수 있다. 나이는 59세. 아르카나 두엘로를 개최하여 최후의 우승자에게는 새로운 보스의 자리와 함께 펠리치타와 결혼시키겠다고 선언한다. 스미레(Sumire, スミレ) 성우: 이노우에 키쿠코 생일: 1월 1일 신장: 174cm 아르카나: 20번째 카드 심판(Il Giudizio) 펠리치타의 어머니이자 아르카나 파밀리아의 보스인 몬도의 아내. 파밀리아 일원에게는 맘마로 통한다. 20번째 카드 일 주디치오(심판)의 계약자. 나이는 36세. 13년 전 타로코로 인해 몬도가 쓰러졌을 때 자신의 타로코인 심판의 힘을 사용하려 했다가 폭주하여 목숨을 잃을 위기에 처했었으나, 딸인 펠리치타가 가진 두 번째 아르카나 능력 운명의 수레바퀴에 의해 목숨을 구했다. 엘모(Elmo, エルモ) 성우: 이구치 유이치, 후쿠엔 미사토(어린 시절) 아르카나: 16번째 카드 탑(La Torre) 요슈아(Joshua, ヨシュア) 성우: 우에다 유지 아르카나: 8번째 카드 정의(La Giustizia) 위르 잉게니오수스(Vir Ingeniosus, ウィル・インゲニオースス) 성우: 히라카와 다이스케 세라피노(Serafino, セラフィーノ) 성우: 오노 유우키 아르카나: 12번째 카드 사형수(L'Appeso) 테오도르(Theodor, テオドール) 성우: 오오사카 료타 아르카나: 7번째 카드 전차(Il Carro) 네베(Neve, ネーヴェ) 성우: 야하기 사유리 아르카나: 17번째 카드 별(La Stella) 주제가 아르카나 파밀리아 -La storia della Arcana Famiglia- 오프닝 테마 「Stellina」 작사 - 이나바 에미 / 작곡・편곡 - 코모리 시게오 노래 - 하라다 히토미 엔딩 테마 「7대양(七つの海)」 작사 - 이나바 에미 / 작곡・편곡 - 타무라 신지 노래 - 리베르타(후쿠야마 쥰) 「피리오도의 저편(ピリオドの向こう側)」 작사 - 코다마 사오리 / 작곡・편곡 - 와타나베 타쿠야 노래 - 노바(요나가 츠바사) 「Amore Bambina!!」 작사 - 이나바 에미 / 작곡・편곡 - 타무라 신지 노래 - 데비토(요시노 히로유키) 「Dance³ ~해피 하이 텐션~(dance3〜ハッピーハイテンション〜)」 작사 - 니시나 사키 / 작곡・편곡 - 타나베 신타로 노래 - 파체(스기타 토모카즈) 「빛(ひかり)」 작사 - ENA☆ / 작곡・편곡 - 키쿠야 토모키 노래 - 루카(나카무라 유이치) 「Resolution」 작사 - 이나바 에미 / 작곡・편곡 - 타무라 신지 노래 - 단테(코스기 쥬로타) 「월광(月光)」 작사 - 토가와 하루카 / 작곡・편곡 - YAMOTO 노래 - 졸리(유사 코지) 아르카나 파밀리아 -유령선의 마술사- 오프닝 테마 「Requ≠iem」 작사 - 이나바 에미 / 작곡・편곡 - 코모리 시게오 노래 - 하라다 히토미 아르카나 파밀리아 -페스타 레갈로!- 오프닝 테마 「카모나시에스타(カモナシエスタ)」 노래 - 몬도(타치키 후미히코) & 스미레(이노우에 키쿠코) 아르카나 파밀리아 2 오프닝 테마 「Promessa」 작사 - 이나바 에미 / 작곡・편곡 - 나라 유우키 노래 - 하라다 히토미 엔딩 테마 「빛 이어지는 길(光つづく道)」 작사 - 히야마 나오 / 작곡・편곡 - MANYO 노래 - 시모츠키 하루카 애니메이션 2012년 7월부터 12월까지 애니메이션이 방영되었으며, 대한민국에서는 애니플러스를 통해 방영되었다. 제작사는 J.C.STAFF. 주제곡 오프닝 테마 「Magenta Another Sky」 작사 - 이나바 에미 / 작곡・편곡 - yamazo 노래 - 하라다 히토미 엔딩 테마 「Pieces of Treasure」 작사 - 이나바 에미 / 작곡・편곡 - 히게드라이버 노래 - 리베르타(후쿠야마 쥰) & 노바(요나가 츠바사) 방영 목록 출처 외부 링크 공식 사이트 공식 홈페이지 공식 블로그 공식 트위터 게임 아르카나 파밀리아 -La storia della Arcana Famiglia- 아르카나 파밀리아 -유령선의 마술사- 아르카나 파밀리아 -페스타 레갈로!- 아르카나 파밀리아 2 아르카나 파밀리아 안코라 애니메이션 애니메이션 공식 홈페이지 애니메이션 공식 트위터 일본의 애니메이션 2012년 애니메이션 UHF 애니메이션 J.C.STAFF 2011년 비디오 게임 2012년 비디오 게임 2013년 비디오 게임 플레이스테이션 포터블 게임 플레이스테이션 비타 게임 애니플러스

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20storia%20della%20Arcana%20Famiglia

La storia della Arcana Famiglia

is a Japanese visual novel series by HuneX and Comfort. The first game was released on October 27, 2011, for the PlayStation Portable (PSP). A fan disc also for the PSP titled was released on June 21, 2012, featuring two new characters: Ash and Joshua. A spin-off cooking game titled was released on December 13, 2012. The first game has been adapted into a manga and anime series along with various franchise-related merchandise such as drama CDs, music CDs, and fanbooks, etc. Plot There is an organization called the Arcana Famiglia, which protects the island of Regalo (Italian for "gift" or "present"). The Famiglia is made up of people who have made contracts with Arcana cards, and have received special abilities due to this. On his birthday celebration, Mondo has decided it is time for him to retire and give up his title to a new boss who has control over an Arcana. To decide who in the "family" gets this title, he calls for a tournament, called the Arcana Duello, between Arcana users. To the winner, he promises the title of "Papa", a wish of the winner's choice and his daughter's hand in marriage. Refusing to accept this, Felicità decides to fight to choose her own path, with Libertà and Nova fighting for her freedom by her side. Characters Regalo The only daughter of Arcana Famiglia's boss, Mondo, as well as the leader of Sword and the protagonist of the games. Bears a contract with #6 of the Arcana - The Lovers, makes her able to read people's hearts and later, she finds out that she has another Arcana - The Wheel of Fortune (#10), makes her able to change the relationship of a tarocco and the host in it. Most Arcana Famiglia members call her "Milady". She is strict on herself and others and always strives, but is also a bit innocent and pure in some ways. She is always accompanied by her owl, Fukulota. She is also noted to be a strong, excellent fighter. During the games, she is able to defeat all of the other members except for Libertà and Nova, who she never got a chance to fight against. Libertà and Nova lost consciousness during their battle against each other and were unable to continue participating in the games. Thus Felicità fights her father and wins the duello. She wishes for her father to continue as the Papa of the Arcana Famiglia. Bears a contract with #0 of the Arcana - The Fool, also the member of Intelligence. He calls Felicità "Princess". He loves masked heroes and admired Dante very much. A boy who is always curious and loves new things. He believes himself to be a Man of the Sea, and he is even more impulsive than Felicità. His memories got sealed by Dante because of his Arcana power went uncontrollable and he was also the reason why Dante went bald. His Arcana Mark is on his forehead with the power to make whatever he says happen. He cares a lot for Felicità. Bears a contract with #13 of the Arcana - Death and the leader of Holy Grail. He is Felicità's cousin and Mondo's nephew. His father, Moreno, is Mondo's older brother. He calls Felicità "Fel", which is his nickname for her. Libertà calls him "chickpea" due to his short stature. His Arcana sign is on the back of his neck and his power is to put people in sleep. He is talented despite his young age and because of this, stands at the top of his division. He put his parents into a deep eternal sleep when he overheard them plotting rebellion against Mondo and Sumire, so Nova would be the leader instead. But later, with the help of Felicità and also Mondo, he is able to wake them up again. He was engaged to Felicità when they were young but after the incident with his parents, he broke off the engagement. However, he still cares for her and is still in love with her. Bears a contract with #9 of the Arcana - The Hermit, his ability is to make himself invisible with the Arcana Mark on his foot, near his ankle. Bipolar leader of Coins who hates to be tied and loves to flirt, including Felicità. He has a foul mouth, but he is actually a good big brother figure. He covered his right eye with an eye-patch to cover his artificial eye that is used to control his Arcana power, made by Jolly. Debito calls Felicità "Bambina", which means "little girl" in Italian. Bears a contract with #11 of the Arcana - Strength, which makes his strength akin to that of a monster and has an Arcana Mark on his hand. Like Libertà, he also calls Felicità "Princess". He loves lasagna very much and has very bad eyesight. He is the leader of the Wands, and is the cheerful mood-maker of the Family. When the director is away, he also acts as Substitute Captain, which involves handling negotiations and managing the different divisions and the civilians, though usually he uses his fist better than his mouth. Felicità's personal attendant. The bearer of Arcana Temperance (#14) and has the Mark on his tongue. He, Debito and Pace are old friends. He is Jolly's pupil as well as his son. He's been taking care of Felicità ever since she was a child. He’s amazing at all things domestic, including cooking. He also trained Felicità, is rather clingy with Felicità, and worries about her too much. It sometimes seems that he likes Felicità more than a friend. He loves to tinker with alchemy. At the end of the manga, Luca and Felicità profess their love for one another. The director of the Arcana Famiglia and the bearer of The Emperor (#4) and his power is to remove or manipulate memories. He is also the leader of Intelligence. He's a former pirate who was taken in by Mondo. A very reliable and one of the most trustworthy people in the Family, and made him very popular with the people. He’s like a father to Libertà since the time he saved him. His Arcana Mark is on his head. Mondo's right-hand man, and the second highest ranking member in the Family who bears Arcana - The Moon (#18) with a Mark on his right eye. His power lets him forcibly draw out a person's memory. He is the family advisor, but because of his cold-hearted and emotionless actions and words, almost everyone on the island avoids him as the very incarnation of terror. He is also the best at Alchemy on the island. He is also Luca's father, though his actual age is unknown. His main weapon is Alchemy. He was born on March 8th with the horoscope of Pisces. He is 184 cm high and has the hobby of experimenting. He is voiced by Tomo Muranaka as a kid. A new character in Arcana Famiglia: Vascello Phantasma no Majutsushi. Bears a contract with #01 of the Arcana - The Magician. He is introduced with Joshua in Vascello Fantasma no Majutsushi. He appears in Arcana Famiglia sequel, Arcana Famiglia 2. (Arcana Famiglia), Yūichi Iguchi (Arcana Famiglia 2) An artificial child created and raised by Jolly. In spite of his young age, he has a contract with The Tower, Arcana (#16). He becomes capturable character in Arcana Famiglia 2. Elmo first appears in the anime television series in episode 3, Piccolino. Bears a contract with #21 of the Arcana - The World. Felicità's father and the boss of Arcana Famiglia. Everyone in the organization calls him "Papa". He may be harsh at times, but he is really a frank and good-natured guy. He is also one of those fathers who can’t say no to their daughters, until the Arcana Duello comes along when he wanted Felicità to be more reliable as the lady or getting married with his reliable companions. The mother of Felicità and does fortunetelling for the Family with her Judgement Arcana (#20). Everyone in the family calls her "Mama". She has a mysterious air around her, but she is a refined lady. Like Mondo, though, she has a doting aspect to her personality for her daughter, despite giving her a strict upbringing. Nordia New character in Arcana Famiglia 2. New character in Arcana Famiglia 2. New character in Arcana Famiglia 2. New character in Arcana Famiglia 2. New character in Arcana Famiglia 2. Others A new character in Arcana Famiglia: Vascello Phantasma no Majutsushi. Bears a contract with #08 of the Arcana - Justice. A video game character only. Joshua is Mondo's son, Libertà's father and Felicità's half-brother. Adaptations Manga A manga based on the game, titled Arcana Famiglia: Amore Mangiare Cantare!, began publishing in the comic magazine Sylph in 2011. The manga features art by Ruru (Artist). Anime An anime adaptation produced by J.C.Staff began airing in July 2012. The anime is licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America. The series originally aired from July 1, 2012, to September 16, 2012; with direction by Chiaki Kon, character design by Mai Matsuura and art direction by Takahiro Yokeda. The anime series follows Felicità, the only daughter of Mondo, the soon-to-be-retired boss of the mafia organization Arcana Famiglia. Mondo creates a tournament among the Arcana users to determine the new heir to the organization. However, as Felicità unfortunately learns that the prize of the tournament includes her to be betrothed to the winner, she decides to join this tournament herself and choose her own path, receiving support from Libertà and Nova to achieve her goal. The opening song for the anime was "Magenta Another Sky" by Hitomi Harada, while the ending was "Pieces of Treasure" by Jun Fukuyama and Tsubasa Yonaga, who voice Libertà and Nova respectively. From the second to seventh episode, one of Arcana Famiglia members is forced to do something as punishment for breaking a rule of the mansion. Other media A light novel, Arcana Famiglia: La Primavera was published by Filia Bunko, a label of Frontier Works. Frontier Works also published a series of drama CDs for the franchise. Staff and Development The character designer and main artist for the games is Yomi Sarachi. She also did character design for the comic version and illustrations for the novel. Both the openings for the first game and the fan disc are sung by Hitomi Harada, while the endings of the first game are sung by the voice actor whose character's route has been completed. Reception The fan disc Vascello Phantasma no Majutsushi sold 4,854 copies in the first four days it was sold, making it the fifteenth best selling console game in Japan that week. Carlo Santos of Anime News Network (ANN) reviewed the first half of the anime series. Santos commended the top-notch action scenes and character designs for making the cast look distinct from one another but criticized both the animation and backgrounds for being "a mixed bag of genuine effort and cost-cutting laziness" and the filler approach to storytelling that may cause viewers to lose interest before the second-half of the series. Fellow ANN editor Rebecca Silverman reviewed the complete anime series in 2014. While giving praise to the Italian setting and the characterization of both Libertà and Nova, Silverman felt that Felicità lacked development amongst her harem and the overall plot only acted as bookends to the mid-portion adaptation of the game's events. She concluded that devoted harem fans will enjoy aspects of the series but cautioned others to look elsewhere for the action, rom-com story it promised in the beginning. References External links HuneX's official Arcana Famiglia franchise portal Comfort Soft's official site for the Arcana Famiglia game Comfort Soft's official site for Arcana Famiglia -Vascello Phantasma no Majutsushi- Anime official website 2011 video games 2012 anime television series debuts Adventure anime and manga Anime television series based on video games ASCII Media Works manga HuneX games J.C.Staff Japan-exclusive video games Male harem anime and manga Manga based on video games Otome games PlayStation Portable games PlayStation Portable-only games Romance anime and manga Sentai Filmworks Shōjo manga Video games developed in Japan Visual novels

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A1%ED%85%8C%EC%98%B9%20%EC%95%84%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%A4%20%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90

팡테옹 아사스 대학교

파리 팡테옹 아사스 대학교()는 프랑스 파리의 대학교이다. 파리 제2대학교라고도 불린다. 파리 팡테옹 아사스 대학교는 흔히 프랑스 최고의 법학전문대학원로 불리는 대학으로서 12세기에 설립된 세계에서 두 번째로 오래된 법학부인 파리 법학부의 직계 계승자로 여겨진다. 팡테옹 아사스는 파리 법학 및 경제학부의 직계 상속인으로 명성이 높은 유산을 유지하고 있으며 프랑스 법이 탄생한 매우 상징적인 장소의 지속 가능성을 보장한다. 1970년 파리 대학("소르본"으로 알려짐)이 분할된 후, 5월 68일 사건 이후, 법학 교수들은 교수진의 미래에 대해 결정해야 했다. 대부분의 법학 교수(108명 중 88명)는 법학부를 유치한 동일한 두 건물 내에서 동일한 프로그램을 제공하는 법대를 만들고 합류하여 파리 법학부를 영속시키기로 결정했다. 나머지 교수들은 새로운 팡테옹 소르본 대학교(Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne)를 포함한 다학문 대학에 합류했다. 팡테옹 아사스는 현재 소르본 대학교의 법률 과정을 독립 대학으로 제공하고 있으며 공식적으로 교수진으로 통합되는 것을 거부했다. 학사에서 석사까지 접근할 수 있는 200개 이상의 고급 과정을 제공하는 이 대학은 법학, 정치학, 경제학, 언론학 공공 및 민간 경영을 전문으로 하는 5개의 학과로 구성되어 있으며 24개의 연구 센터와 5개의 전문 박사 과정 학교를 운영하고 있다. 대학 이름은 두 개의 주요 대학 센터인 팡테옹 광장(Place du Panthéon)에 위치한 팡테옹 센터와 루이 다사스(Louis d'Assas)를 연상시키는 아사스 거리 뤼 다사스(Rue d'Assas)에 위치한 아사스 센터의 이름을 따서 지어졌다. 프랑스 대통령, 총리, 장관, 정치인 및 전 세계의 많은 국가 원수 및 정부 원수들이 파리 팡테옹 아사스 대학교를 다녔던 것으로 알려져 있다. 개요 법학에서 우수한 것으로 유명하며, 프랑스 최고의 법학대학으로 묘사된다. 에드유니버설 랭킹에서 프랑스 1위에 올라 있다. 영어권 출판물을 기준으로 한 QS 세계대학순위에서는 전 세계 51~100위에 올라 있다. 법학과 학부 과정은 에드유니버설에서 프랑스 1위를 차지하는데, 유일하게 별 4개를 받았다. 학제간 학위에서 법학과 영어 분야 1위를 차지했다. 대학원 법학 과정도 우수성을 인정받아 유럽 5위(프랑스 1위)에 올라 있다. 1970년 파리대학교가 나눠지면서 법대 교수는 대부분이 법학부 및 경제학부를 신설하고 같은 건물에서 같은 교육과정을 제공함으로써 교수 경력을 이어갈 것을 선택했기 때문에 이 대학교는 파리대학교 법학 · 경제학부(1257~1970년)의 직접적인 계승자로 간주되고 있다. 현재 소르본대학교 법학 과정을 개설하고 있으므로 그 법학부라고 할 수도 있다. 1971년 설립 이후 프랑스와 전 세계에서 대통령 2명, 총리 4명, 기타 장관 37명을 배출했다. 동문 40명이 국회의원이 되었다. 역사 파리 대학의 탄생과 법학 1200년 1월 15일 칙령으로 필립 오귀스트 왕이, 1215년 인노첸시오 3세의 교황 교서, 1231년 그레고리우스 9세에 의해 승인된 파리 대학교는 유럽에서 번성하고 관개 시설을 갖춘 최초의 대학교 중 하나이다. 당시 파리 대학교에는 법령(또는 교회법), 의학, 신학 및 교양 학부의 4개 학부가 있었다. 17세기와 18세기 법학부 루이 14세는 1679년 생제르맹 칙령에 의해 법학부를 설립했고, 그곳에서 지금부터 교회법 외에 로마법과 프랑스법을 가르쳤다. 프랑스 법의 출생 증명서이다. 1762년 리지외 대학에서 예수회가 축출된 후, 퐁 에 쇼세(Ponts et Chaussées) 원장이자 법학부의 명예박사였던 트뤼데인(Trudaine)은 그 자리에 학부를 위한 새 건물 건설을 허가했다. Rue Saint-Jean de Beauvais에 처음 설립된 법학부는 1772년 건축가 Soufflot이 설계한 건물로 이전했다. 이 건물은 현재의 팡테옹 광장(Place du Panthéon)이자 오늘날에도 여전히 파리 팡테옹 아사스 대학교의 본부이다. 1793년에 폐쇄된 법학부는 민법과 1804년 3월 13일 법이 공포된 후 1805년 11월 22일 나폴레옹 1세에 의해 다시 개설되어 현대적인 법학 학교가 탄생했다. 파리 법학부 19세기 동안 팡테옹 광장의 건물은 학생 수의 증가에 직면하여 너무 비좁은 것으로 판명되었고 소르본에서 법률 과정이 개설되었으며, 소르본 교회는 새로 만들어진 법학부의 섹션 중 하나에서 사용할 수 있게 되었다. 파리 대학을 현대화하기 위해 제3공화국이 19세기 말에 했던 중요하고 상징적인 노력은 건축가 앙리 폴 네노(Henri-Paul Nénot)에 의해 새로운 소르본느의 주요 건축 건설 현장에 반영되었으며, 리슐리외의 황폐해진다. 18세기 조각상 걸작인 지라르동의 리슐리외 무덤이 있는 파리 최초의 로마식 돔인 자크 르메르시에 교회는 다행히 보존될 예정이다. Montagne Sainte-Geneviève의 이 부분에 대한 거대한 건설 작업과 완전한 재개발로 인해 현재 Place du Panthéon, rue Cujas, rue Saint-Jacques and rue Soufflot은 원래 Soufflot 건물을 확장한 새 건물이 1900년에 개장했다. 1960년대 초, 건축가 Le Maresquier가 rue d'Assas에 지은 현대적인 센터는 계속해서 증가하는 학생들을 수용했다. 아사스 센터는 건축가 Alain Sarfati에 의해 2009년부터 2016년까지 완전히 재설계되었다. 1968년 5월 사건 이후, 1968년 11월 12일의 Edgar Faure 오리엔테이션 법은 대학계를 크게 뒤흔들었고 학부의 존재를 종식시켰다. 이 법안은 이전 파리 대학교를 9개에서 13개의 새로운 기관으로 분할하는 것을 제재한다. 여기에는 룩셈부르크 정원 교차로 주변의 두 역사적 장소의 이름을 따온 파리 팡테옹 아사스 대학교 대학교가 포함된다. 오늘날의 대학 팡테옹 아사스 대학교는 파리 법학 및 경제학부의 직계 상속인으로서 명성 높은 유산을 유지하고 있으며 프랑스 법이 탄생한 매우 상징적인 장소의 지속 가능성을 보장한다. 우수한 교육과 연구를 유지함으로써 오늘날의 대학은 미래 세대를 생각하고 역사를 만든 모든 사람들에게 경의를 표한다. 경제 및 관리, 정치학, 정보 및 통신 과학 등과 함께 법률에 생명과 발전을 계속 가져오고 있다. "Collège de droit" 및 "École de droit" 핵심 커리큘럼 외에도 팡테옹 아사스 대학교는 최고의 학생들에게 제공되는 다수의 내부 "대학 졸업장"을 개발했다. 특히, 콜레주 드 드로와(Collège de droit)(3년 학부 졸업) 및 에콜 드 드로와 (École de droit)(2년 대학원 졸업), 이 프로그램을 "최고 수준의 변호사"를 위한 "명망 있는" "탁월한 방법"으로 구성하는 것으로 간주하는 언론에서 크게 언급되었다. 그리고 전 세계 최고 법률 회사들은 이 "엘리트" 부문을 매우 빨리 발견했다. 입학하려면 바칼로레아(Baccalauréat)에서 "Summa Cum Laude"를 취득하고 입학 시험을 통과해야 한다. 각 학급은 현재 매년 프랑스 전역에서 선발되는 약 75명의 학생으로 구성되어 있다. 팡테옹 아사스 대학교 법대 학위를 취득하려면 해외에서 1년을 더 공부해야 한다. 주목할만한 동문 프랑스 정치 프랑스 정치에서 중요한 역할을 한 파리 제2대학교 동문 중에는 전 대통령, 총리, 장관, 의원, 정치인들이 있다. 프랑스에서는 대통령 1명, 총리 2명, 법무장관 3명, 내무장관 3명, 국방장관 2명, 노동장관 2명, 재무장관 2명, 환경장관 1명을 배출했다. 프랑수아 올랑드 (François Hollande) : 전 프랑스 대통령. 도미니크 드 빌팽 (Dominique de Villepin) : 전 프랑스 총리, 전 내무장관, 전 외무장관. 장 피에르 라파랭(Jean-Pierre Raffarin) : 전 프랑스 총리 겸 상원의원. 클로드 시라크 (Claude Chirac): 자크 시라크 전 프랑스 대통령의 딸이자 고문인. 미셸 알리오 마리 (Michèle Alliot-Marie) : 전 프랑스 법무부 장관, 내무부 장관, 국방부 장관, 외무부 장관. 크리스티안 토비라(Christiane Taubira) : 프랑스 법무부 장관, 전 프랑스 국회 의원, 전 유럽 의회 의원. Sébastien Lecornu : 프랑스 전 내무부 장관, 현재 국방부 장관 Martine Aubry : 전 프랑스 사회당 제1서기, 릴 시장, 전 사회부 장관, 국회의원. 라치다 다티(Rachida Dati) : 유럽 의회 의원이자 전 프랑스 법무장관인. François Baroin : 프랑스 국회 의원, 전 프랑스 재무부 장관, 내무부 장관 및 해외 영토 장관. 마린 르 펜(Marine Le Pen) : 저명한 정치인이자 대통령 결선 진출자. Claude Goasguen : 프랑스 국회의원 이자 전 장관. 브루노 골니쉬 (Bruno Gollnisch) : 유럽 의회 의원이자 전 프랑스 국회 의원. 코린 르파주 (Corinne Lepage) : 유럽의회 의원, 전 프랑스 환경장관. 가브리엘 아탈 (Gabriel Attal) : 프랑스 정부 대변인. 다른 나라 국가 원수 및 정부 원수 2015~2020년 그리스 제7대 대통령 프로코피스 파블로풀로스와 2014~2016년 중앙아프리카공화국 최초의 여성 대통령 캐더린 삼바-판자도 이 대학 동문이다. 프랑스의 가장 권위 있는 학교 중 하나 Parcousup (프랑스어)을 통해 매년 14,000명의 후보자가 팡테옹 아사스 대학교의 법학 학위에 지원한다. 그러나 파리의 뤽상부르 정원에서 멀지 않은 2012년에 개조된 건물을 산책할 기회를 얻으려면 특권층 중 한 명이어야 한다. 첫해에 933명의 학생을 수용할 수 있는 이 대학교는 특히 선택적이기 때문에 후보자의 6.6%만 입학 허가를 받는다. 외부 링크 공식 웹사이트 https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/parcoursup-comment-assas-selectionne-ses-candidats-en-licence-de-droit-20200130 https://etudiant.lefigaro.fr/article/le-college-de-droit-d-assas-filiere-d-excellence_8add34de-0561-11ea-966a-e596318edd1f/ https://www.lemonde.fr/education/article/2013/10/15/le-college-de-droit-la-voie-d-excellence-d-assas_3496138_1473685.html 파리의 대학교 1970년 개교

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Panth%C3%A9on-Assas%20University

Paris-Panthéon-Assas University

Paris-Panthéon-Assas University or Assas University (, ), commonly known as Assas or Paris 2 ( ), is a university in Paris, often described as the top law school of France. It is considered as the direct inheritor of the Faculty of Law of Paris, the second-oldest faculty of Law in the world, founded in the 12th century. Following the division of the University of Paris (known as the "Sorbonne") in 1970, after the events of May 68, law professors had to decide about the future of their faculty. Most of the law professors (88 out of 108) chose to perpetuate the Faculty of Law of Paris by creating and joining a university of law offering the same programmmes within the same two buildings that hosted the Faculty of Law. Panthéon-Assas currently provides the law courses of the Sorbonne University as an independent university, having refused to officially merge into it as a faculty. The majority of the 19 campuses of Panthéon-Assas are located in the Latin Quarter, Paris, with the main campuses on Place du Panthéon and Rue d'Assas, hence its current name. The university is composed of five departments specialising in law, political science, economics, journalism and media studies and public and private management, and it hosts 24 research centres and five specialised doctoral schools. Every year, the university enrolls approximately 18,000 students, including more than 3,000 international students. History The University of Paris (commonly referred to as the "Sorbonne") was founded in the middle of the 12th century and officially ceased to exist on 31 December 1970, following the student protests of 1968. Law professors had to decide about the future of their faculty after the split of the University of Paris. Most of the law professors (88 out of 108) chose to preserve as much as possible the Faculty of Law of Paris by restructuring it into a new university. In pursuit of this ambition, they founded along with professors of economics the "University of law, economics and social sciences of Paris" (Université de droit, d'économie et de sciences sociales de Paris), and kept in it the same buildings with the same research centers. Panthéon-Assas is considered today as direct inheritor of the Faculty of Law of Paris. The official name of the university was changed to "Paris II Panthéon-Assas" in 1990. The name Panthéon-Assas is a reference to the main addresses of the pre-1968 Faculty of Law of Paris, which are now part of the university; namely, the buildings on Place du Panthéon and Rue d'Assas. The university is also referred to as "Assas" or "Paris II", "Sorbonne-Assas" and "Sorbonne Law School". After the creation of a new Sorbonne University, to which Panthéon-Assas provides law courses in joint degrees, Sorbonne University wanted to integrate Panthéon-Assas as a law school but Panthéon-Assas preferred to remain an independent university within the Sorbonne system. In 2022, its official name became Paris-Panthéon-Assas University. Administration Panthéon-Assas is governed by an administration council, a scientific council, and a council for studies and university life. Members of these boards serve two-year terms. The president of Panthéon-Assas is elected by members of the administration council, for a four-year tenure; he or she presides over this council. The president is assisted by two vice-presidents and several professors elected within their respective academic departments. Members of the administration council choose the faculty representatives who make up the scientific council. The university inherited the academic departments from the Faculty of Law of Paris. It currently houses five of them: one for private law and criminal sciences, one for public law and political science, one for Roman law and legal history, one for economics and management, and one for journalism and communication. Campuses The university has 18 campuses in Paris, 1 in the town of Melun and other campuses abroad. Centre Panthéon (Soufflot) In 1753, Louis XV decided that a new building would be constructed for the faculty of law. Jacques-Germain Soufflot, alumnus of the faculty who had become the architect of the King designed and supervised the construction. It took place from 1771 to 1773 and the new building opened in 1774. Nowadays, the administration offices and postgraduate studies (masters' and doctoral studies) are located in it. It is situated on the 12 Place du Panthéon. It is registered among the national heritage sites of France. Centre Assas History under the Faculty of Law of Paris The largest campus of Panthéon-Assas is located on Rue d'Assas and receives second-year to four-year law students. It was designed by Charles Lemaresquier, Alain le Normand and François Carpentier to accommodate the growing number of students at the University of Paris. It was built between 1959 and 1963 on the former grounds of Société Marinoni. At the time of its inauguration, its main lecture theatre was the largest in France, with 1,700 seats. Renovation and expansion in the 21st century Centre Assas building, which was going under renovation between 2007 and 2017, has been completely redesigned and now hosts a modern learning center, created by the architect Alain Sarfati. Cultural events The Assas building has been hosting concerts of classical music for decades. Herbert von Karajan, Leonard Bernstein, Georg Solti, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Martha Argerich, Gundula Janowitz, Christa Ludwig, Alfred Brendel, Arthur Rubinstein, Seiji Ozawa, Carlo Maria Giulini, or Samson François, among others, have performed in it. The 28th edition of the International Piano Competition for Outstanding Amateurs was held in it in 2017. The scene at the Cairo airport from OSS 117: Cairo, Nest of Spies was filmed in its entrance hall. Centre Vaugirard The campus on rue de Vaugirard gathers first-year students. It is located in the chapel wing of the defunct Jesuit College of the Immaculate Conception, where Charles de Gaulle was a pupil; the chapel itself, dating from the 18th century, was transformed into a lecture hall in the 1980s. The structure is a national heritage site as well. Centre Sainte Barbe The Center of Roman Law and Legal History of Panthéon-Assas, hosting its research centers in Legal History, is situated inside the Collège Sainte-Barbe, former school founded in 1460. The school was founded by Pierre Antoine Victor de Lanneau, teacher of religious studies, as a college of the University of Paris. Ignace de Loyola, Gustave Eiffel, Alfred Dreyfus among others were students there. Centre Melun The campus in the town of Melun hosts local first-year students. It is located in the old town of Melun, on Saint-Étienne Island, among Roman and Gothic remains. The Institute of Law and Economics of Pantheon-Assas University is located there. An extension is currently under construction. Abroad Panthéon-Assas also has campuses in Singapore, Mauritius, and Dubai. Others The campus on Rue Charcot receives third-year and master students in economics. Research Research centres The university inherited the research centers from the Faculty of Law of Paris. Originally, the faculty of law was not organized around research centers and professors were pursuing their research as part of faculty of law in general. Hence, only newly emerging fields of research would have newly created institutes, whereas traditional subjects such as Roman law and Legal history, Private law in general and Public law in general, would not necessarily have ones. Currently, among the research centers at Panthéon-Assas, there are: the Institute of Legal History, which is one of the largest research centers in Roman Law and Legal History of Europe. It hosts the Société d'histoire du droit ("Legal History Society", for French legal historians), created in 1913 by professors of Legal History at the Faculty of Law of Paris. Created in 2001 as such, the Institute of Legal History regroups the Centre de Documentation des Droits Antiques, created in 1962, the Centre d’Histoire des Institutions and the Centre d’Études d’Histoire Juridique, created in 1953. It is now also attached to the CNRS and to the French National Archives. the Institute of Higher International Studies (IHEI), serving as the university's research center for international law and international relations founded in 1921 by Paul Fauchille and Albert de Lapradelle and regarded as being one of the best of its kind in Europe. the Paris Institute of Criminology and Criminal Law, founded in 1922, the oldest research center in Criminal Law of France. the Paris Institute of Comparative Law, founded in 1931 by Henri Capitant and Henri Lévy-Ullmann. the French Press Institute, founded in 1937 at the Faculty of Law of Paris by Boris Mirkine-Guetzevitch and Georges Bourdon (Secretary General of Unions of journalists). It is the first research center in journalism and media studies in France. the Research Center in Business Law, created in 1945 by Joseph Hamel. Each research center usually has one or several Research or Professional Masters of Laws programs (LL.M.) attached to it. Libraries The campuses at Rue d'Assas, Rue de Vaugirard and Melun host the university libraries, which are open to all the students. The university's research centres, institutes and reading rooms host twenty-two more specialized libraries. The total seating area of the university's libraries spans over 3,500 m2, and the university's collections gather over three hundred thousand volumes together. The new library at Centre Assas has been designed by the architect Alain Sarfati and has furniture designed by Philippe Starck. Faculty and students of the university also have free access to Cujas Library, which is the largest law library in Europe and to general research and study libraries in Paris, like the Sainte-Geneviève Library or the French National Library. Journals and publications The university's publishing house, Éditions Panthéon-Assas, was established in 1998. Panthéon-Assas hosts several faculty-led publications in French: Jus Politicum ("Political Law Journal") since 2008, the Revue de droit d'Assas ("Assas Legal Journal") since 2010 and Droits fondamentaux ("Human Rights Journal") since 2012. They are all available online. It also hosts a faculty-led publication in English, the Sorbonne-Assas Law Review, since 2012. Programs, schools and graduate schools Programs Undergraduate admissions University–wide (law, economics, management, media...), the university has an acceptance rate of 20%. 22.79% of students accepted by the university having received highest honors ("mention très bien") in high school during the 2019 session (second university in France, behind Paris 1 with 22.84%). In Law, in 2021, the rate of "with honors" and "with highest honors" mentions among the admitted students was 95% (first among undergraduate programs in France). Graduate programs (Masters or LL.M.s) The four historical Masters in Law or LL.M. of the Faculty of Law of Paris were the Masters in: 1° Roman Law and History of Law, 2° Private Law, 3° Public Law and, starting 1964, 4°Criminal Law. They are now rebranded as "Master 2" or "Parcours" (meaning a second-year "path", within a 2-year masters), under the following names: LL.M. in History of Law, with the Institute of Legal History. Albert Rigaudière, member of the Académie des Inscriptions et des Belles Lettres, was its director. LL.M. in General Private Law, with the Civil Law Research Center. According to Le Nouvel Observateur, the LL.M. "considered as a star-degree of the faculty, long been the pet of headhunters, it trains the virtuosi of the law". Pierre Raynaud was its director at the Faculty of Law of Paris before 1970 and at Panthéon-Assas afterwards. LL.M. in Specialized Public Law. It was once directed by Yves Gaudemet, member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques. LL.M. in Criminal Law, with the Institute of Criminology and Criminal Law of Paris. Originally exclusively linked to research studies and doctoral studies, the 5th-year LL.M. is now part of the joint Master's program and has become the norm in France for lawyers (including barristers). They have become quite selective and in competition with one another, among all the programs in France. Many LL.M. programs have been created at Panthéon-Assas since the Decree of 16 April 1974 authorizing the creation of more specialized LL.M.s than the 4 original ones, most notably the LL.M. in International Law and LL.M. in Comparative Law. Most of Panthéon-Assas' LL.M.s enjoy a similar strong reputation in France and Europe. International programs Panthéon-Assas offers international integrated undergraduate programs (Bachelor-Double maîtrise) with universities such as Oxford University, University College London, King's College London, University College Dublin. It offers international integrated postgraduate programs (LL.M.-Master 2) with some universities such as, on top of the latter ones, Boston University, Humboldt University of Berlin, Ludwig Maximilians University, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Padua. Yale Law School and Panthéon-Assas signed in June 2011 an Agreement for Collaborative Activities to create an environment for long-term joint research, exchange. and programming activities. They organize, together with the ESSEC Business School, a summer school in law and economics, the Yale-Paris II-Essec Summer School. It created in 2011 the Sorbonne-Assas International Law School which have campuses in Paris, Singapore, Mauritius and Dubai. Assas has cooperation agreements with 315 partner universities, including 113 Erasmus+ partners. Joint academic programs Panthéon-Assas offers several joint undergraduate and graduate programs with the Sorbonne University. It has also joint programs with other French universities and institutions such as INSEAD (Sorbonne University Alliance), Dauphine, PSL University, Mines Paris, PSL University, Sciences Po Paris, ESSEC Business School, CY Cergy Paris University or HEC Paris. Online programs In 2013, the university set up an e-learning platform, called Agor@ssas. It created that year a distance-learning undergraduate degree in law, the first and unique one in France. It is taught by professors from Panthéon-Assas and leads to exactly the same degree offerings the same rights. In addition, "e-students" have access to "e-tutors" to help them with pedagogical and administrative questions. Preparatory schools In July 2012, Panthéon-Assas became the first university in France to open preparatory school for the bar school entrance examination, which were until this point the monopoly of private preparatory schools. These courses were offered for a cheap price, and for free for students from low-income families (10% of the students of the preparatory school). This led private preparatory schools to plead unfair competition and the french courts ordered Panthéon-Assas to close the school. Today, the Bar preparation school is known as the IEJ-Institut d'Études Judiciaires "Pierre Reynaud". Assas' Melun campus has been selected in 2021 by the French Government to host three preparatory schools "Prépa Talents". Schools Collège de droit and École de droit On top of its core curriculum, Panthéon-Assas developed a number of internal "university diplomas" delivered to its top students. In particular, the Collège de droit (3-year undergraduate diploma) and the École de droit (2-year graduate diploma), largely talked about in the press, which consider these programs as constituting a "prestigious" "way of excellence" for "top-level lawyers". Institut français de presse The Institut français de presse (in English: French Press Institute), is the unit of Training and Research in Media, Communication and Journalism since 1970. Founded in 1937 in the Faculty of Law of Paris, the Institut des Sciences de la Presse (Press Sciences Institute) became the Institut français de presse in 1951. The department is the oldest and one of the finest French schools in the field of communication and journalism studies, in particular with Sorbonne University's CELSA in Neuilly. Other Institut de préparation à l'administration générale de Paris ; Institut d'études judiciaires Pierre Raynaud ; Maison des sciences de gestion. Graduate schools Centre de formation des journalistes de Paris The Centre de formation des journalistes de Paris (in English: Paris Journalist Training Center) is the Journalism Graduate school (Grande école) of the university, located in the heart of the 12th arrondissement. The graduate school is a member of the Conférence des Grandes écoles and recognized by the profession of journalists. The CFJ has trained a large number of great journalists (Bernard Pivot, David Pujadas, Florence Aubenas, Pierre Lescure ...), and attracts each year nearly a thousand candidates for around fifty places. École française d'électronique et d'informatique The École française d'électronique et d'informatique (EFREI, in English: French School of Electronics and Computer Science) is the engineering school of Training and Research in Computer Science and Management, located in Villejuif, Greater Paris. Institut supérieur d’interprétation et de traduction de Paris The Institut supérieur d’interprétation et de traduction (ISIT, in English: Higher Institute of Interpretation and Translation) is the Graduate school of Training and Research in Intercultural Management and Communication, located in the Centre Assas campus, in the 6th arrondissement. École W The École W (in English: W School) is the school that primarily offers a multidisciplinary undergraduate programme in Media, Journalism, Communication, Marketing, Storytelling and Design, founded by the Centre de Formation des Journalistes de Paris in 2016. Located in the 12th arrondissement with the CFJ, the school also offers graduate programmes in Design, Marketing and Communication and has prestigious partnerships with EMLyon Business School, EDHEC Business School, Catholic University of Lille and the École de design Nantes Atlantique, Nantes University. Reputation and rankings Reputation Assas has reputation of "excellence" in Law and has been called by Le Monde des grandes écoles a "symbol of Made in France excellence". The French Research and Higher Education Evaluation Agency stated in 2013: "Paris II University presents itself as a university of excellence. This claim is not abusive. The university occupies – in Paris, in France, in the European Union and, more broadly, in the international scientific community – a prominent place. The university's reputation and notoriety has not been usurped. They are based on teaching and research activities as well as publications whose quality is recognized and celebrated in academia. And this beyond frontiers." Rankings Law Panthéon-Assas University is often described as the "top law school in France". It is ranked first of France in law in the French Eduniversal rankings, Le Figaro ranking and Thotis ranking. It is the only French university and one of the two French higher education institution to make it into the GreenMetrics ranking. In QS World University Rankings, based on English speaking publications, the university is ranked in law 62nd worldwide, 2nd in France after Panthéon-Sorbonne. Most of the students admitted at the French National School for the Judiciary come from Panthéon-Assas, more than 40% in 2011 (candidates who graduated from Panthéon-Assas and then passed the entrance exam elsewhere are not included in that number). Assas graduates have the highest salary of all French law schools. Economics and business Assas undergraduate program in economics ranked fifth in 2020 by Eduniversal. Assas was in 2011 the second best-ranked university in France (behind Paris-Dauphine University) for its master's degrees in business fields. In 2016, it was first of France in international business, also first in decisional computing and second in finance and banking. Notable faculty This section is about notable faculty from Panthéon-Assas University (since 1971). To see a list of notable faculty of the Faculty of Law of Paris (before 1970), see its dedicated article. The dates are the dates of professorship at the Faculty of Law of Paris and at University of Paris-Panthéon Assas. Law reformers Among the professors of Panthéon-Assas who reformed French or foreign laws, there are: Jean Foyer, who was a close advisor of the Général de Gaulle, one of the main writers of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, Minister of Justice under Charles de Gaulle and who put in motion important reforms of many parts of French Law (family, ownership and business, nationality, etc.). Jean Carbonnier (1955–1976), who reformed huge parts of the French Civil Code in the 1960s and 1970s, and especially in family law. Gérard Cornu (1967-...), who wrote the new French Code of Civil Procedure in the late 1970s and is also well known in France for his Dictionary of Legal Vocabulary, translated in English. Serge Guinchard, head of the first Judicial Studies Institutes of France (in Panthéon-Assas) in the 1990s and head of several governmental commissions for criminal procedure and criminal law reforms in the 2000s in France, Senegal and for the Council of Europe. Pierre Catala, who reformed inheritance law and law of donations with Jean Carbonnier in the 2000s, and who initiated the reform of French contract law, tort Law and law of evidence, and was the head of the official committee for its reform François Terré (1969–1999), president in 2008 of the legal section of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques, head of the private committee for the reform of French Law of Obligations. Jean-Claude Martinez (1983–...), special advisor of King Hassan II of Morocco supervising the creation of the first Moroccan Tax Code Members of the Institut de France The Institut de France is a learned society which was created as such in 1795 and maintained close links with Napoléon Bonaparte. It regroups 5 Académies, by subject (Science, Arts and the 3 other listed below). Suzanne Bastid, faculty of Panthéon-Assas and first woman professor of law of France, has been the first female member of the history of the whole Institut de France. Among its members or former members, there are: Académie des sciences morales et politiques (Philosophy, Law and Politics): Suzanne Bastid, Prosper Weil, François Terré, Pierre Delvolvé, Yves Gaudemet, Henri Mazeaud (1939–...), Roland Drago and Louis Vogel. Suzanne Bastid and François Terré have both served as presidents of the Académie. Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (History), created in 1663 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert under Louis XIV: Albert Rigaudière. Académie Française (Language), created in 1635 by the cardinal de Richelieu: Georges Vedel. Judiciary Among faculties that had prominent positions in the Judiciary, there are: Georges Vedel (1949–1979), former member of the Constitutional Council of France. Jacques Robert (1969–1979), former member of the Constitutional Council of France. Philippe Ardant, former President of the Constitutional Court of the Principality of Andorra and former president of the Arab World Institute. Dominique Chagnollaud, former member of the Supreme Court of Monaco. Presidents of university To this day, Panthéon-Assas has been governed by ten presidents. The founding president, Berthold Goldman, a jurist, was succeeded by Jacques Robert, former member of the Constitutional Council of France, who was followed by Jean Boulouis, a private law jurist. Next came another private law jurist, Georges Durry, followed by Philippe Ardant, former president of the Constitutional Court of the Principality of Andorra and former president of the Arab World Institute. Panthéon-Assas was then presided by Bernard Teyssié, a specialist in social law, who was succeeded by Jacqueline Dutheil de la Rochère, a public international law scholar. She was followed by Louis Vogel, a private law jurist. He implemented numerous innovations, the aim of which has been to adapt the education given at the university to the needs of the 21st century. He was elected head of the Presidents of Universities of France Society in 2010. Guillaume Leyte, a legal historian, was elected president of the university on 20 June 2012, and reelected in 2016. On 30 November 2020, Stéphane Braconnier, a public law professor, has been elected as the new president of the university, succeeding Guillaume Leyte. Other Suzanne Bastid (1947–1977), the first woman professor of law of France, first woman to be a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques and secretary General of the Institute of International Law (Nobel peace prize 1904). Henri Mazeaud (1939–1971), twin brother of Léon Mazeaud, resistant to Nazi Germany and deported to Buchenwald, honorary professor at Panthéon-Assas. Henri Batiffol, professor of private international law and professor at the Institute of International Law. Yves Lequette, professor of private law and private international law and professor at the Institute of International Law. Joe Verhoeven, former the general secretary of the Institute of International Law and honorary President of the Institute of Higher International Studies. Olivier Beaud, professor of public law. Gérard Cornu, author of the Dictionnaire de linguistique juridique. David Naccache, forensic expert at the International Criminal Court and member of the Computer Science Laboratory of the École normale supérieure. Politics Among faculties that had prominent political positions, there are: Edmond Alphandéry, former French Minister of the Economy. Jean Foyer, former Minister of Justice. Roger-Gérard Schwartzenberg, former Minister for Research. Abderrazak Zouaoui, Tunisian Minister of the Economy. Hugues Portelli, member of the Senate of France. Roger-Gérard Schwartzenberg, member of the French Parliament (referred to as the French National Assembly), former Minister and former member of the European Parliament. Jean-Claude Martinez, member of the French Parliament and of the European Parliament. Nicole Catala, former member of the French National Assembly. Jean-Michel Blanquer, former Minister of Education joined the faculty in 2022 as professor of civil law. Notable alumni This section is about notable alumni from Panthéon-Assas University (since 1971). To see a list of notable alumni of the Faculty of Law of Paris (before 1970), see that article. Politics France Among alumni of Paris II who had significant role in politics in France, there are: François Hollande, former President of France. Dominique de Villepin, former Prime Minister of France, former Minister of the Interior and former Minister of Foreign Affairs. Jean-Pierre Raffarin, former Prime Minister of France and Senator. Sébastien Lecornu, French Minister of the Armed Forces. Claude Chirac, daughter and advisor to former President of France Jacques Chirac. Michèle Alliot-Marie, former French Minister of Justice, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Defence and Minister of Foreign and European affairs. Christiane Taubira, former French Minister of Justice, former member of the French National Assembly and former member of the European Parliament. Martine Aubry, former first secretary of the Socialist Party of France, Mayor of Lille, former Minister of Social Affairs, and member of Parliament. Rachida Dati, former member of the European Parliament and French Minister of Justice. François Baroin, former Senator, former member of the French National Assembly, former French Minister of Finance, Minister of the Interior, and Minister for Overseas Territories. Marine Le Pen, member of the French National Assembly and two-time presidential finalist. Claude Goasguen, member of the French National Assembly and former Minister. Bruno Gollnisch, member of the European Parliament and former member of the French National Assembly. Corinne Lepage, member of the European parliament, former French Minister of the Environment. Gabriel Attal, French Minister of Public Action and Accounts and former spokesperson of the French government. Outside of France Ekaterini Sakellaropoulou, President of Greece since 2020. Catherine Samba-Panza, first female president of the Central African Republic. Prokopis Pavlopoulos, President of Greece, former member of the Hellenic Parliament and former Greek Minister of the Interior. Pierre-Damien Habumuremyi , Prime Minister of Rwanda. Panagiotis Pikrammenos, former President of the Greek Council of State. Evangelos Venizelos, former Deputy Prime Minister of Greece, former Greek Minister of Finance. Néstor Osorio Londoño, Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations, former Permanent Representative of Colombia to the International Coffee Organization and executive director of the International Coffee Organization, former and first Permanent Representative of Colombia to the World Trade Organization. Adán Augusto López Hernández, former governor of the Mexican State of Tabasco and secretary of the Mexican Secretariat of the Interior. Judiciary and Law Among alumni of Paris II who had significant role in the judiciary and in Law, there are: Joaquim Barbosa, former President of the Supreme Federal Court of Brasil. Yves Bot, general attorney at the Court of Justice of the European Union. Mireille Delmas-Marty, member of the Institut de France, professor and activist. Emmanuel Gaillard, chairman of the International Arbitration Institute and former professor at Harvard Law School. Éric Halphen, anti-corruption French judge. Raymond Ranjeva, Vice-President of the International Court of Justice. Vassilikí Thánou-Christophílou, president of the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece and Prime Minister of Greece. Daniel Turp, professor of Llaw and member of the National Assembly of Quebec. Media Among alumni of Paris-Panthéon-Assas who had significant role in the media, there are: Journalists Claire Chazal, anchor at TF1 . Laurent Delahousse, anchor at France 2. Jean-Pierre Elkabbach, journalist. Bernard Rapp, investigative journalist. Léa Salamé, famous radio host at France Inter and anchor at France 2. Thomas Sotto, anchor at France 2. Marie Inbona, Television presenter for M6 Heads of media Marc-Olivier Fogiel, CEO of BFM TV, former TV and radio host. Jean-Marie Colombani, former director of Le Monde. Marc Crépin, director at France Culture and France Musique. Axel Duroux, CEO of EuropaCorp and former president of RTL Group. Pierre Jeantet, former director of Le Monde . Jean-Paul Cluzel, former president of Radio France. Other Cécilia Sarkozy, former First Lady of France. Henri Giscard d'Estaing, son of former President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Floriane Chinsky, notable female rabbi. Corinne Coman, Miss France 2003 and top of class at Panthéon-Assas. Raphaël Haroche (Raphael), famous singer. Business Catherine Guillouard, former president of RATP Group. Denis Hennequin, former president of Accor. Maxime Lombardini, director of Iliad SA. Ludwik Sobolewski, president of Warsaw Stock Exchange from 2006 to 2013 then president of Bucharest Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2017. See also Higher education in France Law schools in France Paris Law Faculty Notes References Sources . . . French National School for the Judiciary. Profil de la promotion 2008 (in French). . External links Video of presentation from the university: Panthéon-Assas, Le film institutionnel Pictures of the campus Pictures of the main Library "Rénovation studieuse à l'université Panthéon-Assas", by batiactu.com (pictures of the new learning center in the Assas building) Law schools in France Universities in Paris Universities in Île-de-France Universities and colleges established in 1970 1970 establishments in France Universities descended from the University of Paris

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리 모건

리 모건(, 본명:)는 미국의 재즈 트럼펫 연주가이다. 일대기 유년 에드워드 리 모건은 1938년 7월 10일 필라델피아에서 태어났다. 그는 오토 리카르도 모건과 네티 비에트리스 모건의 4명의 자식중 막내로 태어났다. 선구적인 트럼펫 연주가이자 작곡가인 리 모건은 1956년부터 1972년 2월 죽기까지 많은 앨범을 녹음했다. 그는 처음에 비브라폰에 관심이 있었으나 악기에 적응하지 못하였고 곧 트럼펫에 크게 매료되었다. 그는 또한 알토 섹소폰을 연주할 수 있었다. 음악적인 분위기의 가정에서 자라며 어린 시절부터 재능이 뛰어나 신동으로 일컬어졌던 리 모건은 그의 13번째 생일날 그의 누나 어니스틴으로부터 그의 첫 번째 트럼펫을 선물받았다. 1950년대 그는 한동안 개인 교습을 받았는데 기량이 급속히 향상되자 Mastbaum 고등학교에서 정식으로 공부를 더 하였다. 15세 때부터 이미 베이스 주자 Spanky DeBrest와 함께 자신의 밴드를 결성하여 연주 활동을 시작했다. 리 모건은 주급을 받으며 클럽에서 공연했는데 그 곳에서 우연히 마일즈 데이비스, 디지 길레스피 그리고 그가 숭배하던 우상 클리포드 브라운을 만나게 되었다. 그의 기본적인 연주 스타일은 클리포드 브라운의 영향을 받았다. 실제로 리 모건은 18살 때 디지 길레스피의 빅밴드에 합류하기 전 클리포드 브라운으로부터 몇 번의 레슨을 받았다. 이후 디지 길레스피는 리 모건을 조 고든 대신 그의 빅 밴드에 고용하였고,리 모건은 본격적인 재즈 아티스트로서의 길을 걷게 된다. 디지 길레스피는 천부적인 재능을 가진 젊은 리 모건에게 솔로를 할 수 있는 기회를 제공하여 주었다. 또한 리 모건은 디지 길레스피의 대표 곡 "A Night in Tunisia"를 연주하며 각광을 받았다. 리 모건은 디지 길레스피의 빅밴드에서 1년반 동안 활동했는데, 이는 디지 길레스피의 빅밴드가 재정적인 이유로 1958년에 해체되었기 때문이다. 그는 1956년부터 블루 노트 레코드사에서 음반을 발매하였는데 자신이 리더가 되어 발표한 음반이 25장이며 250명이 넘는 뮤지션들과 녹음하였다. 그는 또한 비-제이 레이블에서도 음반을 발표하였다. 그는 섹소폰 연주가 행크 모블리의 다수 앨범에서 사이드맨(객원연주자)로서 연주했으며 존 콜트레인의 1957년 음반 'Blue Train'에서도 참여했다. 그는 이 앨범의 타이틀 곡 'Blue Train'에서 그의 가장 유명한 솔로들 중 하나를 선보이는데 이때 그의 트럼펫은 디지 길레스피로부터 선물받은 것이었다. 1958년 아트 블래키의 재즈 메신저스에 합류하면서 리 모건의 독주자로서, 작곡가로서의 능력은 더욱더 발전하였다. 그는 아트 블래키와 몇 년간 공연하였으며 재즈 메신저스의 많은 앨범에서 연주하였다. 그중 1958년작 Moanin'은 재즈 메신저스의 가장 유명한 앨범이 되었다. 이후 베니골슨이 재즈 메신저스를 탈퇴하자 모건은 그 빈자리를 채우기 위해 블래키에게 젊은 섹소폰 연주가 웨인 쇼터를 고용할 것을 적극 추천하였다. 이 시기 재즈 메신저스는 (피아노에 바비 티몬스, 베이스에 지미 메릿) 명반 The Freedom Rider를 탄생시켰다. 1960년대 리 모건과 바비 티몬스의 약물중독은 그들로 하여금 1961년에 밴드를 떠나도록 강요받게 하였다. 결국 리 모건은 자신의 고향인 필라델피아로 돌아올 수밖에 없었다. 리 모건의 전기를 집필한 톰 퍼차드에 따르면 정작 리모건에게 헤로인을 소개시켜 준 것은 밴드의 리더인 아트 블래키였다고 한다. 그의 약물중독은 그의 앞길에 매우 큰 지장을 주었다. 이후 리 모건은 1963년 다시 뉴욕으로 돌아왔고 "The Sidewinder" (1963년작)를 녹음하게 되는데 이는 그에게 큰 상업적 성공을 가져다 주었다. 타이틀 곡인 The Sidewinder는 1964년 팝차트를 강타하였으며 월드시리즈 중 티비 광고의 배경음악으로 사용되었는데 이는 리 모건이나 블루 노트 레코드사의 동의 없이 사용된 것이어서 결국 블루 노트 레코드사의 변호사의 중재 끝에 광고는 철회되었다. 당시 급격히 변화하고 있던 팝 음악 시장에서 The Sidewinder의 장르를 초월한 성공으로 인해 블루 노트사는 회사의 다른 아티스트들에게 The Sidewinder의 부갈루비트(2박자의 춤을 출 정도의 신나는 비트)를 모방하도록 권장하였다고 한다. 모건 자신 또한 그가 이후에 작곡한 "Cornbread"나 "Yes I Can, No You Can't"에서 이전 The Sidewinder에서 썼던 작곡방식을 그대로 적용하였다. 드러머 빌리 하트에 따르면 모건은 The Sidewinder를 앨범의 곡 수를 채우기 위해 작곡한 것이며 곡이 엄청나게 히트하자 어리벙벙해 하였다고 한다. 그는 자신의 연주능력이 그레이천 몬커 3세의 대표 앨범 "Evolution"(1963년작)에서 매우 크게 발전하였다고 느꼈다. 이러한 큰 상업적 성공 후에 모건은 많은 음반들을 꾸준히 발표하였다. 여기에는 "Search for the New Land" (1964)처럼 R&B차트에서 20위를 기록한 음반도 있었다. 그는 이 시기 재즈 메신저스를 떠난 프레디 허버드의 빈자리를 채우기 위해 재즈 메신저스에 잠시 동안 다시 몸 담았다. 섹소폰 연주가 존 길모어와는 BBC의 영향력있는 재즈음악 방송사인 Jazz 625에 소개되기도 했다. 60년대 동안 그는 20여개의 리더작을 발표하였으며 다른 아티스트들의 사이드맨으로도 많은 녹음을 하였다. 그가 이 시기 사이드맨으로 참여한 작품들은 웨인 쇼터의 Night Dreamer; 스탠리 터렌타인의 Mr. Natural; 프레디 허버드의 The Night of the Cookers; 행크 모블리의 Dippin', A Caddy for Daddy, A Slice of the Top, Straight No Filter; 재키 멕클레인의 Jackknife and Consequence; 조 헨더슨의 Mode for Joe; 맥코이 타이너의 Tender Moments; 로니 스미스의 Think and Turning Point; 엘빈 존스의 The Prime Element; 잭 윌슨의 Easterly Winds; 르우벤 윌슨의 Love Bug; 래리 영의 Mother Ship; 리 모건과 클리포드 조던의 1968년 볼티모어 라이브; 앤드류 힐의 Grass Roots; 재즈 메신저스의 여러 작품들이 있다. 1970년대 죽기 전 2년간, 리 모건은 당시 발생했던 재즈운동의 리더들 중 한사람으로서 정치적으로 더욱더 관여하였다. 이 모임은 인터뷰나 버라이어티쇼 등에서 " TV프로그램이 재즈 연주가들을 게스트 아티스트로 섭외하려고 하지 않는 것과 자기 프로그램의 밴드로 쓰려고 하지 않는 것"에 항의하였다. 한편 죽기전 1년간 리 모건이 리더가 된 밴드는 섹소폰 연주가 빌리 하퍼와 베니 모팽, 피아니스트 해롤드 메이번, 베이시스트 지미 메릿과 드러머 미키 로커(혹은 프레디 웨이츠)로 구성되어 있었다. 모팽, 메이번, 메릿과 로커가 참여한 음반 "Live at the Lighthouse"는 1970년 캘리포니아의 허모서 비치 클럽(Hermosa Beach club)과의 2주간 계약 동안 녹음된 라이브 음반으로서 걸작으로 평가받는다. 죽음 리 모건은 1972년 2월 19일의 이른 시간 그의 밴드가 공연하고 있던 뉴욕 이스트빌리지의 재즈클럽 Slugs'에서 살해되었다. 리 모건과 사실혼 관계에 있던 13살의 연상 부인 헬렌 모어 (Helen Moore)가 그와 큰 말다툼 뒤 무대에서 공연중이던 그의 가슴에 총을 발사하였고 그는 몇 분 뒤 사망하였다. 당시 그의 나이는 33세에 불과했다. 목격자들의 증언에 따르면 헬렌 모어가 마지막 공연 이전에 클럽을 빠져나갔는데 밴드가 무대위에 올라왔을 때 다시 돌아왔다고 한다. 그때 리모건 또한 몇몇 사람들과 얘기하며 무대위로 올라가는 중이었다. 그때 헬렌 모어가 그의 이름을 불렀고 그가 뒤돌아본 순간 그의 심장에 총을 발사하였다고 한다. 헬렌 모어는 클럽의 문지기 어니 홀먼에게 손목을 잡혀 즉시 제지당하였고 총을 압수당했다. 헬렌 모어는 이내 소리를 지르며 "자기야, 내가 대체 무슨 짓을 한거지?"라고 말하며 그에게 달려갔다고 한다. 알려진 바에 따르면 헬렌 모어는 리 모건이 자신외에 다른 여성들과 만나고 있다고 의심하고 있었다고 한다. 그녀는 이후 체포되어 재판을 받았고 실형이 선고되었다. 이후 1978년에 가석방으로 출소하였다. 이후 그녀는 고향인 노스 캐롤라이나로 돌아갔다. 헬렌 모어는 공식석상에서 사건에 대해 절대 언급하지 않았으나 죽기 몇 달전에 인터뷰를 수락하였다. 헬렌 모어는 1996년 3월 심장병으로 사망하였다. 앨범 각주 1938년 출생 1972년 사망 미국의 재즈 트럼펫 연주자 미국의 재즈 작곡가 살해된 음악가 화기에 죽은 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Morgan

Lee Morgan

Edward Lee Morgan (July 10, 1938 – February 19, 1972) was an American jazz trumpeter and composer. One of the key hard bop musicians of the 1960s, Morgan came to prominence in his late teens, recording on John Coltrane's Blue Train (1957) and with the band of drummer Art Blakey before launching a solo career. Morgan stayed with Blakey until 1961 and started to record as leader in the late '50s. His song "The Sidewinder", on the album of the same name, became a surprise crossover hit on the pop and R&B charts in 1964, while Morgan's subsequent recordings found him touching on other styles of music such as post-bop and avant-garde jazz as his artistry matured. Soon after The Sidewinder was released, Morgan rejoined Blakey for a short period. After leaving Blakey for the final time, Morgan continued to work prolifically as both a leader and a sideman with the likes of Hank Mobley and Wayne Shorter, becoming a cornerstone of the Blue Note label. Morgan died at the age of 33 when his common-law wife Helen Morgan shot and killed him following a confrontation at Slugs' Saloon, in New York City. Biography Edward Lee Morgan was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, on July 10, 1938, the youngest of Otto Ricardo and Nettie Beatrice Morgan's four children. Originally interested in the vibraphone, he soon showed a growing enthusiasm for the trumpet. Morgan also knew how to play the alto saxophone. On his thirteenth birthday, his sister Ernestine gave him his first trumpet. His primary stylistic influence was Clifford Brown, with whom he took a few lessons as a teenager. Morgan recorded prolifically from 1956 until a day before his death in February 1972. He joined Dizzy Gillespie's Big Band at 18 and remained as a member for a year and a half until economic circumstances forced Gillespie to disband the unit in 1958. Morgan began recording for Blue Note in 1956, eventually recording 25 albums as a leader for the label. He also recorded on the Vee-Jay label and one album for Riverside Records on its short-lived Jazzland subsidiary. He was a featured sideman on several early Hank Mobley records, and intermittently thereafter. On John Coltrane's Blue Train (1957), Morgan played a trumpet with an angled bell given to him by Gillespie. Joining Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers in 1958, Morgan further developed his talent as a soloist and composer. He toured with Blakey for a few years, and was featured on numerous albums by the Messengers, including Moanin', which is one of the band's best-known recordings. When Benny Golson left the Jazz Messengers, Morgan persuaded Blakey to hire Wayne Shorter, a young tenor saxophonist, to fill the chair. This version of the Jazz Messengers, including pianist Bobby Timmons and bassist Jymie Merritt, recorded many albums during 1959–61, including for Blue Note Africaine, The Big Beat, [[A Night in Tunisia (1960 album)|A Night in Tunisia]] and The Freedom Rider. During his time with The Jazz Messengers, Morgan also wrote several tunes including "The Midget", "Haina", "Celine", "Yama," "Kozo's Waltz", "Pisces", and "Blue Lace." The drug problems of Morgan and Timmons forced them to leave the band in 1961, and the trumpeter returned to Philadelphia, his hometown. According to Tom Perchard, a Morgan biographer, it was Blakey who introduced the trumpeter to heroin, which impeded progression in his career. On returning to New York in 1963, he recorded The Sidewinder. The title track cracked the pop chart in 1964 and served as the background theme for Chrysler television commercials during the World Series. The tune was used without Morgan's consent; after he threatened to sue, Chrysler agreed not to show the advertisement again and settled the case. Due to the crossover success of "The Sidewinder" in a rapidly changing pop music market, Blue Note encouraged its other artists to emulate the tune's "boogaloo" beat. Morgan himself repeated the formula several times with compositions such as "Cornbread" (from the eponymous album Cornbread) and "Yes I Can, No You Can't" on The Gigolo. According to drummer Billy Hart, Morgan said he had recorded "The Sidewinder" as filler for the album, and was bemused that it had turned into his biggest hit. He felt that his playing was much more advanced on Grachan Moncur III's essentially avant-garde Evolution album, recorded a month earlier, on November 21, 1963. After this commercial success, Morgan continued to record prolifically, producing such works as Search for the New Land (1964), which reached the top 20 of the R&B charts. He also briefly rejoined the Jazz Messengers after his successor, Freddie Hubbard, joined another group. Together with tenor saxophonist John Gilmore, pianist John Hicks, and bassist Victor Sproles, this lineup was filmed by the BBC for seminal jazz television program Jazz 625. As the 1960s progressed, he recorded some twenty additional albums as a leader, and continued to record as a sideman on the albums of other artists, including Wayne Shorter's Night Dreamer; Stanley Turrentine's Mr. Natural; Freddie Hubbard's The Night of the Cookers; Hank Mobley's Dippin', A Caddy for Daddy, A Slice of the Top, Straight No Filter; Jackie McLean's Jackknife and Consequence; Joe Henderson's Mode for Joe; McCoy Tyner's Tender Moments; Lonnie Smith's Think and Turning Point; Elvin Jones' The Prime Element; Jack Wilson's Easterly Winds; Reuben Wilson's Love Bug; Larry Young's Mother Ship; Lee Morgan and Clifford Jordan Live in Baltimore 1968; Andrew Hill's Grass Roots; as well as on several albums with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers. He became more politically involved in the last two years of his life, becoming one of the leaders of the Jazz and People's Movement. The group demonstrated during the taping of talk and variety shows during 1970-71 to protest the lack of jazz artists as guest performers and members of the programs' bands. His working band during those last years featured reed players Billy Harper or Bennie Maupin, pianist Harold Mabern, bassist Jymie Merritt and drummers Mickey Roker or Freddie Waits. Maupin, Mabern, Merritt, and Roker are featured on the well-regarded three-disc, Live at the Lighthouse, recorded during a two-week engagement at the Hermosa Beach club, California, in July 1970. Death and legacy Morgan was killed in the early hours of February 19, 1972, at Slugs' Saloon, a jazz club in New York City's East Village where his band was performing. Following an altercation between sets, Morgan's common-law wife Helen Moore (a.k.a. Helen Morgan) shot him. The injuries were not immediately fatal, but the ambulance was slow in arriving on the scene as the city had experienced heavy snowfall that resulted in extremely difficult driving conditions. They took so long to get there that Morgan bled to death. He was 33 years old. Helen Morgan was arrested and spent a short time in prison before being released on parole. After her release, she returned to her native North Carolina and died there from a heart condition in March 1996. Lee and Helen Morgan are the subjects of a 2016 documentary I Called Him Morgan by Swedish filmmaker Kasper Collin. The film premiered on September 1, 2016, at the 73rd Venice Film Festival and was theatrically released in the U.S. on March 24, 2017. In his New York Times review A. O. Scott called the film "a delicate human drama about love, ambition and the glories of music". Discography Further reading Jeff McMillan DelightfuLee: The Life and Music of Lee Morgan (2008) University of Michigan Press Tom Perchard Lee Morgan: His Life, Music and Culture'' (2006) Equinox References External links Masaya Matsumura's Lee Morgan Discography site Lee Morgan discography Lee Morgan playing his famous "Ceora" ballad 1938 births 1972 deaths 20th-century American musicians American jazz trumpeters American male trumpeters Bebop trumpeters Hard bop trumpeters The Jazz Messengers members Murdered African-American people American murder victims People murdered in New York City Male murder victims Jazz musicians from Philadelphia Savoy Records artists Vee-Jay Records artists Riverside Records artists Blue Note Records artists American male jazz musicians 20th-century American male musicians Deaths by firearm in Manhattan Murdered musicians

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8C

신아람

신아람(1986년 9월 23일 ~ )은 대한민국의 펜싱 선수로 주 종목은 에페이다. 현재는 KBS의 해설위원이다. 2012년 하계 올림픽 이전 신아람은 14살 때 펜싱에 입문했다. 중학교 시절에는 평범한 선수였으나, 고등학교 2학년 당시 처음 출전한 세계 선수권 대회에서 우승을 거두었다. 2006년 아시안 게임에서는 개인전에서 동메달, 단체전에서 은메달을 획득하였다. 2008년 하계 올림픽 출전에 실패하였으나, 2009년부터 랭킹이 상승하기 시작한 그녀는 정효정과 함께 파리에서 열린 2010년 FIE 펜싱 세계선수권에서 단체전 동메달을 획득하였다. 단체전 3-4위전의 상대는 중국이었는데 대한민국 여자 에페 국가대표팀은 이 경기에서 리드를 끝까지 사수하였다. 2012년 하계 올림픽 여자 에페 개인전 2012년 7월 30일, 여자 에페 개인전에서 신아람은 32강에서 캐나다의 셰레인 샬름, 16강에서 독일의 모니카 조찬스카, 8강에서 루마니아의 안카 머로이우를 차례로 격파하고 파이널 피스트에서 진행되는 준결승전에 진출하였다. 영국 엑셀 런던 사우스 아레나에서 독일의 브리타 하이데만과 에페 개인전 준결승에서 연장 종료 1초를 남겨둔 상황에서 세 번의 공격이 진행되는 동안 신아람의 시간은 흐르지 않았다. 비디오 판독 결과 1초가 넘는 시간이 지났지만 세 차례 경기가 재개되고 마지막 하이데만의 공격이 적중될 때까지 계속 1초라는 시간 안에 머물면서 논란이 났다. 하지만 심판진은 1초 오심의 대한 판정 번복을 하지 않았고 끝내 결승 진출이 좌절되었다. 그리고 바로 치뤄진 3·4위전에서는 오심으로 인한 패배의 충격으로 제대로 경기를 치르지 못하면서 결국 4위에 그치고 말았다. 이 논란 이 후 외신은 신아람과 하이데만의 경기를 집중적으로 보도하며 "가장 논쟁거리가 될 사건", "황당한 판정이 오점으로 남았다" 등의 평가를 내놨다. 이 사건으로 인해 한국에서는 "런던의 1초"라는 유행어가 생겼고, 또 많은 패러디로 세계에 논란을 미치고 있다. 그런데도 불구하고, IOC와 국제펜싱연맹은 정식 사과의 태도를 내세우고 있지 않다. 국제 펜싱 연맹에서는 오심의 인정 대신 신아람에게 특별상을 수상하기로 했으나, 신아람은 수상을 거절했다. 그러나 그 이후 역대 올림픽 최다 메달인 6개의 메달을 수확하는 큰 계기가 되었다. 여자 에페 단체전 세계 랭킹 10위의 대한민국 선수는 8강전에서 세계 랭킹 1위 루마니아를 상대하였다. 신아람은 루마니아와의 단체전 세 라운드에서 루마니아 선수 안카 머로이우, 시모나 게르만, 아나 마리아 브란저를 각각 4-3, 6-4, 5-4로 꺾고, 45-38의 승리에 큰 공을 세웠다. 이어지는 미국과의 준결승전에서도 코트니 헐리와의 1라운드를 5-4, 마야 로렌스와의 4라운드를 4-1, 수지 스캔런과의 8라운드를 5-3으로 이기며 결승전 진출을 수월하게 하였다. 준결승전 최종 스코어는 45-36으로 대한민국이 승리하였다. 중국과의 경기에서 패한 대한민국 여자 에페 국가대표팀은 은메달을 획득하였다. 경력 2018년 자카르타-팔렘방아시안게임 여자펜싱 국가대표 2012년 지상군페스티벌 홍보대사 2012년 제30회 런던올림픽 여자펜싱 국가대표 2011년 제26회 하계 유니버시아드 대회 여자펜싱 국가대표 2010년 광저우아시안게임 여자펜싱 국가대표 2006년 도하아시안게임 여자펜싱 국가대표 수상 2018년 자카르타-팔렘방아시안게임 펜싱 여자 에페 단체전 은메달 2015년 전국체육대회 펜싱 개인전 금메달 2015년 전국체육대회 펜싱 단체전 금메달 2015년 헝가리 펜싱그랑프리 개인전 금메달 2013년 브라질 펜싱월드컵 개인전 금메달 2012년 런던 올림픽 여자 에페 단체전 은메달 2012년 아시아펜싱선수권대회 여자 에페 개인전 금메달 2011년 제26회 하계 유니버시아드 대회 펜싱 여자 에페 개인 동메달 2011년 아시아펜싱선수권대회 여자 에페 단체전 은메달 2010년 광저우아시안게임 펜싱 여자 에페 단체전 동메달 2008년 전국체육대회 펜싱 개인전 2위 2006년 전국체육대회 펜싱 개인전 1위 2006년 도하아시안게임 펜싱 여자 에페 개인전 동메달 2006년 도하아시안게임 펜싱 여자 에페 단체전 은메달 CF 2013년 SK텔레콤 LTE-A 학력 1993 ~ 1999 금산동초등학교 1999 ~ 2002 금산여자중학교 2002 ~ 2005 금산여자고등학교 2005 ~ 2009 한국체육대학교 각주 외부 링크 신아람 - 국제 펜싱 연맹 신아람 - Sports Reference.com 1986년 출생 살아있는 사람 대한민국의 여자 펜싱 선수 대한민국의 올림픽 은메달리스트 올림픽 펜싱 메달리스트 2012년 하계 올림픽 메달리스트 대한민국의 올림픽 펜싱 참가 선수 2012년 하계 올림픽 펜싱 참가 선수 2016년 하계 올림픽 펜싱 참가 선수 대한민국의 아시안 게임 은메달리스트 대한민국의 아시안 게임 동메달리스트 아시안 게임 펜싱 메달리스트 2006년 아시안 게임 메달리스트 2010년 아시안 게임 메달리스트 2014년 아시안 게임 메달리스트 2018년 아시안 게임 메달리스트 2006년 아시안 게임 펜싱 참가 선수 2010년 아시안 게임 펜싱 참가 선수 2014년 아시안 게임 펜싱 참가 선수 2018년 아시안 게임 펜싱 참가 선수 대한민국의 유니버시아드 금메달리스트 대한민국의 유니버시아드 은메달리스트 대한민국의 유니버시아드 동메달리스트 유니버시아드 펜싱 메달리스트 2011년 하계 유니버시아드 메달리스트 2013년 하계 유니버시아드 메달리스트 2011년 하계 유니버시아드 펜싱 참가 선수 2013년 하계 유니버시아드 펜싱 참가 선수 금산군 출신 금산동초등학교 동문 금산여자중학교 동문 금산여자고등학교 동문 한국체육대학교 동문 대한민국의 불교도 20세기 대한민국 사람 21세기 대한민국 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin%20A-lam

Shin A-lam

Shin A-lam (, or ; born 23 September 1986) is a South Korean épée fencer. Education 2005 - 2009, Korea National Sport University. 2002 - 2005 Girls High School, Geumsan, South Korea. Career 2006 Doha Asian Games - Women's National Fencing Team 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games - Women's National Fencing Team 2011 Shenzhen - Women's National Fencing Team 2012 London Olympics - Women's national fencing Team 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics - Women's national fencing Team 2012 Summer Olympics Shin competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Women's épée in both the individual and team event. In the semifinals of women's individual épée, she lost to German Britta Heidemann after a timekeeping error extended bout time. The situation arose at the end of the one-minute overtime (sudden death) with the match tied 5-5. Without the extension, Shin would have won the tied bout on the basis of priority, which is randomly awarded to one fencer prior to the overtime period. With one whole second showing on the official clock, Heidemann made two rapid attacks in succession, both halted by double-touches. The clock in the arena continued to show "00:01", because it could not display decimal fractions of a second. The referee then called "halt" to the bout. At this point, the timekeeper (a Games volunteer) restarted the clock, inadvertently expiring all the remaining time, reportedly 0.02 seconds. This action caused the arena clock to show "00:00", giving Shin reason to celebrate. However, the error was noted and since an overtime minute had to be fenced in its entirety, the referee applied FIE rule t.32-3, which states that in the event of a failure of the clock or an error by the timekeeper, the referee must estimate how much time is left. The timekeeper, with the referee's permission, reset the clock to show "00:01", one whole second being the minimum unit of time possible. Following the resumption of the bout, Heidemann scored a single touch just as the full second expired. The result was partly due to the failure of the referee to stop both fencers restarting closer than the specified distance, Heidemann's "crowding" to hurry her attack, and Shin trying to avoid retreating across her end line. The South Koreans immediately appealed the decision, stating that 0.02s had already elapsed and the final touch occurred after the end of the bout. In accordance with fencing bylaws, Shin could not leave the piste while the officials deliberated the situation. Sobbing profusely, she sat alone for over an hour awaiting their decision. Ultimately, the judges gave the victory to Heidemann. An hour later, Shin returned for the bronze medal match but lost to her Chinese opponent despite loud encouragement from the cheering crowd. Later, the International Fencing Federation offered her a "special medal" after her semi-final defeat. She rejected the offer, saying "It does not make me feel better because it's not an Olympic medal. I don't accept the result because I believe it was a mistake." Shin won a silver medal in Women's team épée competition five days later. Television appearances 2020: King of Masked Singer (MBC), contestant as "Cherry Spirit" (episode 263) See also Controversies at the 2012 Summer Olympics References External links 1986 births Living people Sportspeople from South Chungcheong Province South Korean female fencers South Korean épée fencers Fencers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Fencers at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic fencers for South Korea Olympic silver medalists for South Korea Olympic medalists in fencing Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Fencers at the 2006 Asian Games Fencers at the 2010 Asian Games Fencers at the 2014 Asian Games Fencers at the 2018 Asian Games Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea Asian Games medalists in fencing Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games Universiade medalists in fencing FISU World University Games gold medalists for South Korea Universiade silver medalists for South Korea Universiade bronze medalists for South Korea South Korean Buddhists Medalists at the 2011 Summer Universiade Medalists at the 2013 Summer Universiade 21st-century South Korean women

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA%20%EC%98%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%203

FIFA 온라인 3

《FIFA 온라인 3》()는 스피어헤드(전 EA 서울 스튜디오)가 개발하고 넥슨이 배급하는 온라인 축구 게임이다. 피파 온라인 3는 이전 피파 시리즈를 기반으로 만든 전작들보다 여러 방면으로 나아졌지만, 이 역시 EA가 판매 중단한 버전의 엔진에 최신 그래픽만을 입히기 때문에 플레이에 한계가 있다. 리그 유럽 (18개국) 프리미어리그 풋볼 리그 챔피언십 풋볼 리그 1 풋볼 리그 2 프리메라리가 세군다 디비시온 세리에 A 세리에 B 푸스발-분데스리가 2. 푸스발-분데스리가 3. 리가 (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 추가 됨) 리그 1 리그 2 스코틀랜드 프리미어리그 노르웨이 티펠리겐 스웨덴 알스벤스칸 폴란드 엑스트라클라사 FAI 프리미어디비전 튀르키예 쉬페르리그 (2014년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 추가 됨) 아시아 (3개국) K리그 클래식 K리그 챌린지 (2013년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 추가 됨) 사우디아라비아 프리미어리그 북중미 (2개국) 메이저 리그 사커 남미 (3개국) 아르헨티나 프리메라 디비시온(2013년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 추가 됨) 카테고리아 프리메라 A(이하 동일) 기타 국가 파나티나이코스 FC AEK 아테네 (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 추가 됨) 스파르타 프라하 (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 추가 됨) 샤흐타르 도네츠크 카이저 치프스 FC 올랜도 파이리츠 FC HJK 헬싱키 (2016년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 추가 됨) 상하이 그린랜드 선화(2016년 상반기 로스터 패치 때 추가 됨) 산둥 루넝 타이산(이하 동일) 베이징 궈안 (이하 동일) 광저우 에버그란데 (이하 동일) 베이징 런허 (이하 동일) 삭제된 리그 캄페오나투 브라질레이루 세리이 A(2014년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 칠레 프리메라 디비시온(2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 리가 MX(2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) A리그(2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 프리메이라리가 (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 에레디비지에 (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 러시아 프리미어리그 (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 벨기에 프로리그 (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 오스트리아 분데스리가 (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 덴마크 수페르리가 (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 스위스 슈퍼리그 (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 삭제된 기타 국가 팀 올림피아코스 CFP (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) PAOK FC (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 국가대표 총 49개 대표팀이 등장한다. 원래는 47개였으나 2015년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 중국 국가대표팀과 캐나다 국가대표팀이 추가되었다. 하지만 대한민국 국가대표팀이 삭제되었다. 그러다가 2016년 7월 28일 패치로 대한민국 U-23이 추가되었다. 2016년 11월 3일 하반기 로스터 패치때 뉴질랜드 국가대표팀이 삭제되었다. 대부분 유럽(28팀)·남미(10팀) 축구연맹 소속 대표팀이며, 나머지 대륙 축구연맹의 12개 국가대표팀(아시아 9팀, 아프리카 6팀, 북중미 3팀)이 소수 포함되어 있다. 몇몇 대표팀은 라이선스를 취득하지 못하여 대표팀 로고와 유니폼이 실제와 다르며, 선수 이름만 실명으로 나온다. 국가대표팀은 싱글모드 국가대항전으로 하거나 익스비션 모드로 할 수 있고 자신의 커리어로 컴퓨터와 대련할 때 컴퓨터 팀을 국가대표로 할 수 있다. 하지만 2016년 6월 30일 업데이트 이후 유저가 선택하는 게 가능하다. 리그 모드를 할 경우 국가대표들끼리 할 수 있다. 유럽 (27개국) 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 추가 됨) 3 1 1 아시아 (4개국) 1 북중미 (3개국) 남미 (10개국) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 아프리카 (4개국) 1 1 1 1 오세아니아 (0개국) 1(2016년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제) 삭제된 팀 (2017년 상반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) (2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 삭제 됨) 1: 라이선스 미취득 국가대표 2: 라이선스 미취득 국가대표였으나 2016년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 취득한 국가대표 3: 라이선스 미취득 국가대표였으나 2017년 하반기 로스터 패치 때 취득한 국가대표 방송 e스포츠 피파온라인3 챌린져스 EA SPORTS 피파온라인3 챔피언쉽 EA SPORTS 피파온라인3 챔피언십 2013 EA SPORTS 피파온라인3 챔피언십 2014 EA SPORTS 피파온라인3 챔피언십 2015 EA SPORTS 피파온라인3 챔피언십 2015 시즌2 EA SPORTS 피파온라인3 챔피언십 2016 EA SPORTS 피파온라인3 챔피언십 2016 시즌2 일반 방송 피파온라인3 완전정복 퍼펙트 플레이어 챔피언십 스로인 그라운드의 지혜 모바일 2014년 2월 27일, PC와 연동이 가능한 피파 온라인 3M이 출시되었으며, 현재까지 500만 회의 다운로드가 이루어지는 등의 많은 인기를 얻고 있다.PC와 동일하게 선수 강화,판매,구입 카드,아이템 오픈 이 가능하나 모바일 핫타임 이벤트, 챌린지 경기, 경기 관전 등이 PC버전과 차이를 보인다. 하지만 업데이트를 통해 ai로만 플레이를 할 수 있게되자 많은 비난이 쏟아졌다. ai로만 플레이가 가능해져서 재미도 동시에 하락했다. 기타 출시 당시에는 콘솔버전 FIFA10, PC버전 FIFA 11의 젠트리 엔진을 기반으로 그래픽 퀄리티는 기존엔진에서 개량하여 출시했으며, 2년뒤 2015년 11월 26일엔 FIFA 13의 임펙트엔진을 개량한 뉴임펙트엔진으로 그래픽포함 물리엔진 자체를 업그레이드하였다. 트레이드 2.0으로 인하여 2016년 2월과 4월에 서버 백섭을 하였다. 많은 논란과 비난이 쏟아졌다. 2016년 7월 7일 이후, 테스트 서버 구장 서비스를 실시하여, 엔진에 대해 불만이 많음을 해결하기 위해 유저들이 테스터가 되어, 앞으로 바뀔 체감이 괜찮을 지 직접 경험해보고 후기를 남기는 방법을 실시했다. 2017년 2월 9일 이후, 피파3이 피파2에서 레벨제한이 없었던 것이 그리웠는지 세부 능력치라는 시스템을 추가하여 RPG처럼 변해버렸다. 현재까지도 지속적인 신규선수 생성으로 순전히 실력으로 다른 플레이어를 이긴다는 것엔 한계가 있다. 2018년 8월 2일, 서비스를 종료하였다. 같이 보기 위닝 일레븐 2014 프리스타일 풋볼 (서비스 종료) 차구차구 (서비스 종료) 풋볼매니저 각주 외부 링크 넥슨 FIFA 온라인 3 웹사이트 (서비스 종료) 네이버 FIFA 온라인 3 웹사이트 (서비스 종료) 2012년 비디오 게임 다중 사용자 온라인 게임 FIFA (비디오 게임 시리즈) 윈도우 게임 안드로이드 게임 축구 게임 E스포츠 게임

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA%20Online%203

FIFA Online 3

FIFA Online 3 is a free-to-play massively multiplayer online football game which was announced on 13 August 2012 and entered the 1st closed beta on 20 September 2012 to 23 September of that same year in South Korea. On December 18, 2012, it was released in South Korea. FIFA Online 3 shut down its services on June 30, 2020. Development FIFA Online 3 was originally developed for PC multi-player by Electronic Arts Seoul Studio based on the FIFA 11 engine. It has been launched through licensing agreements in South Korea (published by Nexon), Thailand (published by Garena), Indonesia (published by Garena), Vietnam (published by Garena), Singapore, Malaysia (published by Garena), and China (published by Tencent). Each version's interface and commentaries have been localised into the local language. On 25 July 2013 it was released into Open Beta in Thailand. FIFA Online 3 was released into open beta in Vietnam, on 11 September 2013. In Indonesia, it was released on 25 February 2014. In China it was released into open beta on 28 April 2014. English Version The Singapore and Malaysia version of FIFA Online 3 is the game's first available English version and is published by Garena Online. It was released on 10 October 2013. The game is accessible through the Garena Plus platform by changing the platform's region setting to Singapore/Malaysia. FIFA Online 3 Mobile On 29 May 2014, FO3 M was released in South Korea. It was released in Singapore and Malaysia on 3 May 2016. It is available on iOS and Android mobile phones. Gameplay In FIFA Online 3, players can choose to play and customize a team from any of over 30 leagues and 15,000 real world players. Players can either play single-player through a season, or play against other online players. Playing matches earns EP, which is the in-game currency used to buy players and items. FIFA Online 3's gameplay was similar to FIFA 11 in the beginning, but has switched to Impact engine which is similar to FIFA 14 since 2015. The game added support for multiplayer online play. Players can play custom matches of up to 3 players a side. An online transfer market to buy or sell players, a club system and a premium (real world cash) item shop are also available. FIFA Online 3 features several game modes that are similar to the ones that were in FIFA Online 2. League Mode has not been significantly changed, while the online modes have been slightly edited. Players can now play friendly games against players of similar skill (Quick 1vs1) or random players (VS Random), and can also play against their friends (VS Custom). Players also have the option to play as the manager by controlling the team's tactics and formation (VS Manager). The FIFA Online 2 World Tour has been upgraded to a ranking system (Ranking Mode), where every player starts out with 1500 points and can play against players who have a similar number of points. Winning a match is rewarded with 10 points, with more points added/deducted on to each consecutive win/loss and the difference in the number of goals scored/conceded in each match. Rewards are given out at the end of every in-game season to all players based on their points. FIFA Online 3 is playable using a keyboard using certain keys to play and arrows on the keyboard or a gamepad. Reception FIFA Online 3 is the second-most popular game in South Korea as of October 2013. References 2012 video games Android (operating system) games Online 3 FIFA Online EA Sports games IOS games Massively multiplayer online games Video games developed in South Korea Windows games Garena games

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A1%9C%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%98%20%EB%86%8D%EA%B5%AC

쿠로코의 농구

《쿠로코의 농구》(, )는 후지마키 타다토시의 판타지 스포츠 장르인 일본 만화이며, 현재 슈에이샤 발행의 소년 만화잡지 《주간 소년 점프》에서 연재중이다. 공식 약칭은 쿠로바스()이며, 대한민국에서는 쿠농이라는 약칭도 많이 사용되고 있다. 개요 약칭은 “쿠로바스”로, 화수의 단위는 “제○Q(쿼터)”이다. 부제는 작중에 등장한 대사가 사용되고 있다. 단행본의 누계 발행 부수는 30권으로, 27권 발행 당시 기준으로 2700만부를 돌파하고 있다. 《주간 소년 점프》 2011년 43호에서 텔레비전 애니메이션화가 발표되었다. 2012년 4월부터 9월까지 제 1기, 2013년 10월부터 2014년 3월까지 제 2기, 2015년 1월부터 제 3기가 방송되었다. 또한, 반다이 남코 게임스에서 PSP 게임의 발매도 예정되어 있다. 쿠로코의 농구 방송 위원회라는 라디오가 있다. 진행은 쿠로코 테츠야 역의 오노 켄쇼와 카가미 타이가 역의 오노 유우키가 맡고 있다. 줄거리 농구의 강호로 알려진 테이코 중학교에서 10년에 한명 나올까한 천재 5명이 동시에 존재했었다. 그들은 “기적의 세대”라고 하였다. 시간은 흐르고, 그들은 각각 다른 고교에 진학하지만, 기적의 세대에는 하나의 소문이 있었는데, 천재 5명이 경의를 표한 선수 ‘환상의 식스맨’이 있었다는데…. 등장인물 평가 수상 제44회(2006년 11월)점프 12개 신인 만화상(단편판) 이 만화가 대단해! 2012년판 남성부문 6위 제12회 도쿄 아니메 어워드 TV 부문 우수 작품상 수상 (TV 애니메이션) 텔레비전 애니메이션 2012년 4월부터 9월까지 MBS, TOKYO MX, BS11에서 방송되었다. 시작 부분의 나레이션은 미키 신이치로가 맡고 있다. 도쿄 국제 애니메이션 페어 2013 제12회 도쿄 애니메 어워드 TV 부문 우수 작품상을 수상했다. 2013년 4월부터 TOKYO MX와 BS11에서 재방송되었다. 2013년 10월에서 2014년 3월에 제2기가 BS11과 TOKYO MX, MBS에서 방송되었다. 제 2기는 '시즌 2'등의 표기는 되지 않았다. 2014년 6월 제3기의 제작이 발표되었다. 2015년 1월부터 BS11과 TOKYO MX, MBS에서 방송 중이다. 제작진 원작 : 후지마키 타다토시 감독 : 타다 슌스케 구성 : 타카기 노보루 캐릭터 디자인, 작화 감독 : 키쿠치 요코 소품 설정 : 이시카와 마리코 미술 감독 : 미타 신야 미술 설정 : 아오키 카오루, 카네시로 사야 색채 설계 : 사토 마유미 촬영 감독 : 아라이 에이지 3D CG 감독 : 이소베 켄지 편집 : 우에마츠 쥰이치 음악 : 나카니시 료스케, R·O·N 음향 감독 : 미마 마사후미 애니메이션 제작 : Production I.G 프로듀서 : 오오하라 유코, 아소 카즈히로, 나이토 카츠라, 사쿠라이 유우카, 후미 모리히로, 오오와다 토모유키, 마루야마 히로, 코이데 신타로 주제가 제2기 제50Q에만, OP 없음, ED가〈変幻自在のマジカルスター〉로 편성. 방영 목록 부제 풀이는 애니플러스의 표기를 따른다. 게임 쿠로코의 농구 기적의 경기 (게임)() 반다이 남코 게임스에서 2012년 8월 9일 발매된 PSP 스포츠 육성 시뮬레이션 게임이다. 쿠로코의 농구 승리의 기적 () 반다이 남코 게임스에서 2014년 2월 20일 발매된 닌텐도 3DS용 게임이다. 서지 정보 제목 풀이는 정식 한국어판의 풀이를 따른다. 후지마키 타다토시《쿠로코의 농구》슈에이샤〈점프 코믹스〉기간27권. (2014년 5월 2일 기준) 소설 후지마키 타다토시, 히라바야시 사와코 《쿠로코의 농구 Replace》, 슈에이샤〈JUMP j BOOKS〉기간4권 (2013년 8월 기준). 〈쿠로코의 농구 Replace I〉2011년 3월 4일 발매, 〈쿠로코의 농구 Replace II 기적의 학원제〉2011년 12월 2일 발매, 〈쿠로코의 농구 Replace III 한여름의 기적〉2012년 9월 4일 발매, 〈쿠로코의 농구 Replace IV 1/6의 기적〉2013년 8월 2일 발매, 〈쿠로코의 농구 Replace V 짝짝이 에이스들〉2014년 5월 2일 발매, 한국어판 〈쿠로코의 농구 소설 - Replace - 1〉 〈쿠로코의 농구 소설 - Replace - 2〉 〈쿠로코의 농구 소설 - Replace - 3〉 〈쿠로코의 농구 소설 - Replace - 4〉 〈쿠로코의 농구 소설 - Replace - 5〉 각주 도서 정보 외부 링크 《쿠로코의 농구》 (주간 소년 점프 사이트 내 페이지) TV 애니메이션 공식 사이트 쿠로코의 농구 쿠로코의 농구 윈더컵 총집편 극장판 쿠로코의 농구 LAST GAME 마이니치 방송 공식 사이트 무대 공식 사이트 《쿠로코의 농구 기적의 시합》 (반다이 남코 게임스 공식 사이트) 3DS 《쿠로코의 농구 승리로의 기적》 (반다이 남코 게임스 공식 사이트) 3DS 《쿠로코의 농구 미래로의 기적》 (반다이 남코 게임스 공식 사이트) 《쿠로코의 농구 CROSS COLORS》 (반다이 남코 게임스 공식 사이트) 2009년 만화 주간 소년 점프의 만화 소년 점프+ 농구 애니메이션 농구 만화 소년 만화 고등학교를 배경으로 한 작품 중학교를 배경으로 한 작품 도쿄도를 배경으로 한 작품 2012년 애니메이션 2013년 애니메이션 2014년 애니메이션 2015년 애니메이션 마이니치 방송의 심야 애니메이션 오리지널 비디오 애니메이션 애니플러스 프로덕션 I.G 고등학교를 배경으로 한 애니메이션 중학교를 배경으로 한 애니메이션 2012년 비디오 게임 2014년 비디오 게임 반다이 남코 게임스의 게임

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroko%27s%20Basketball

Kuroko's Basketball

is a Japanese sports manga series written and illustrated by Tadatoshi Fujimaki. It was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 2008 to September 2014, with its chapters collected in 30 tankōbon volumes. It tells the story of a high school basketball team trying to make it to the national tournament. An anime television series adaptation by Production I.G aired for three seasons from April 2012 to June 2015. A sequel manga, Kuroko's Basketball: Extra Game, was serialized in Jump Next! from December 2014 to March 2016. An anime film adaptation of the Kuroko's Basketball: Extra Game manga premiered in March 2017. A stage play adaptation opened in April 2016 followed by more stage adaptations. The manga has been licensed for English-language release by Viz Media in North America. By November 2020, Kuroko's Basketball had over 31 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series. Plot The Teiko Middle School basketball team dominated basketball teams within Japan, winning the middle school Nationals for three consecutive years. The star players of the team became known as the "Generation of Miracles". After graduating from middle school, the five star players went to different high schools with top basketball teams. However, there was a rumor that there was another player in the "Generation of Miracles": a phantom sixth man. This mysterious player is now a freshman at Seirin High, a new school with a powerful, if little-known, team. Now, Tetsuya Kuroko – the sixth member of the "Generation of Miracles", and Taiga Kagami – a naturally talented player who spent most of his youth in the US, aim to bring Seirin to the top of Japan by taking on Kuroko's former teammates one by one. The series chronicles Seirin's rise to become Japan's number one high school team. The Generation of Miracles include Ryota Kise, Shintaro Midorima, Daiki Aomine, Atsushi Murasakibara, and Seijuro Akashi. Seirin High team faced Ryota Kise's team first in a practice match. Although Kise was capable of copying all of Kagami's skills with added strength and speed, Kuroko's abilities helped narrow the distance and eventually, Seirin won this game. They then met Shintaro Midorima's school Shutoku in the preliminaries of Interhigh. The game was much more difficult; not only was Midorima considerably stronger than Kagami, but also Kuroko's ability of misdirection was completely shut down by Takao's Hawk Eyes. Seirin managed to defeat team Shutoku but their winning streak ended after they lost badly to Touhou Academy, whose basketball team included the Ace of the "Generation of Miracles" - Daiki Aomine. After this game, they lost their remaining two matches against Senshinkan and Meisei and were eliminated from the Interhigh. However, a new player arrives to join Seirin - Kiyoshi Teppei, the man who formed the Seirin Basketball team. They spent the entire summer training for the Winter Cup, even coincidentally meeting Shutoku while training. In the preliminaries, they met team Shutoku again. This match ended into a tie, so Seirin needed to defeat team Kirisaki Daichi in order to advance. Kirisaki Daichi's captain was Makoto Hanamiya, a member of the Uncrowned Kings well-known for his underhanded methods to win a match. However, they won and gained a ticket to the Winter Cup. Media Manga Written and illustrated by Tadatoshi Fujimaki, Kuroko's Basketball was serialized in the shōnen manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 8, 2008 to September 1, 2014. The 275 individual chapters were collected and published into 30 tankōbon volumes by its publisher Shueisha, the first on April 3, 2009 and the last on December 4, 2014. A crossover chapter between the series and Kawada's Hinomaru Sumo, with a script written by Ichirō Takahashi, was published in the magazine on November 9, 2015. Kawada was formerly an assistant to Fujimaki on Kuroko's Basketball. Fujimaki began a sequel titled in Jump Next! on December 29, 2014. On December 27, 2015, Tadashi announced that he will end Kuroko's Basketball: Extra Game manga in the next issue in early March 2016. At their New York Comic Con panel, North American publisher Viz Media announced their license to the manga. They began releasing the series in 2-in-1 editions in 2016. Anime An anime adaptation based on the manga was produced by Production I.G. The series premiered on April 7, 2012 and ended on September 22, 2012. On April 5, 2012, Crunchyroll announced that they would simulcast the anime as part of their spring lineup of anime titles. As of September 22, 2012, the anime ended with a total of 25 episodes. The second season premiered on October 6, 2013 and ended on March 29, 2014, also with 25 episodes. The DVD and Blu-ray version of the second season was released on June 20, 2014, along with an episode which was designed around a specific chapter in the manga by Tadatoshi Fujimaki by working on chapter 124, and a bonus CD with an audio drama starring Satsuki Momoi. The third season premiered on January 10, 2015 and ended on June 30, 2015, with a total of 25 episodes. Three compilation films that compiled the anime series' Winter Cup arc opened in Japan in 2016. The first compilation film opened on September 3, 2016, titled Winter Cup Compilation ~Shadow and Light~, the second compilation film opened on October 8, 2016, titled Winter Cup Compilation ~Beyond the Tears~, and the third compilation film opened on December 3, 2016, titled Winter Cup Compilation ~Crossing the Door~. An animated film adaptation was announced at the KuroBas Cup 2015 event on September 20, 2015. The film, titled Kuroko's Basketball The Movie: Last Game, adapts the Kuroko's Basketball: Extra Game manga. It was released in Japanese theaters on March 18, 2017. The staff and cast from the previous seasons returned to reprise their roles in the film. On October 19, 2020, the SAG-AFTRA listed and approved an English dub for the series under the "Netflix Dubbing Agreement". The first season's English dub debuted on Netflix on January 15, 2021, with its second season on May 15, its third season on September 18, and the Last Game film's English dub on November 15. Light novels Five series of light novels have been written by Sawako Hirabayashi called Kuroko's Basketball: Replace and illustrated by Fujimaki. Each light novel focuses on the members of the Generation of Miracles. The first light novel Replace was released on March 4, 2011. A manga adaptation of the novel series illustrated by Ichirō Takahashi began on Shōnen Jump+ in January 2015. Audio CDs The music for the Kuroko's Basketball anime series were directed by four different composers. Ryosuke Nakanishi, R・O・N, and Alpha Eastman (21-25) were in charge of the first season while Yoshihiro Ike was in charge of the second season. Video games Three video games based on Kuroko's Basketball have been released. The first game was released on August 9, 2012 for PlayStation Portable. A second game was released on February 20, 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS. Shōri e no Kiseki sold 45,681 copies in its first four days on sale. A third game was released on March 26, 2015 for the Nintendo 3DS. Kuroko also appears as a support character in the Jump crossover fighting game J-Stars Victory VS. A mobile game by Fivecross, , is scheduled to be released in 2023. Stage plays A series of 2.5D musical stage plays began in 2016. Kensho Ono reprised his role as Kuroko from the anime series. Additions to the main cast included Yuuya Asato as Taiga and Shota Onume as Aomine. The plays were directed by Norihito Nakayashiki, who also directed Hyper Projection Engeki Haikyu!!. Reception The Kuroko's Basketball manga series sold nine million units in Japan by September 2012. In May 2013, the manga has over one million copies of volume 1 in print. By 2013, the manga had over 23 million copies in circulation, a number that grew to 27 million by April 2014. By November 2020, the series has over 31 million copies in circulation. Individual volumes frequently appeared on Oricon's weekly lists of the best-selling manga in Japan, and many of them were some of the best-selling manga in the year 2012. Kuroko's Basketball was the third best-selling manga series of 2013, with 8,761,081 copies sold in a year. In 2014, the 24th volume of the manga had received an initial print run of one million copies; and the 30th volume in 2015 had an initial print run of 700,000 copies printed. The Kuroko's Basketball light novel series also sold well in Japan in 2014. The first light novel Replace was the ninth best-selling light novel series, while it was the sixth best-selling light novel volume with 215,859 copies sold. DVD sales of the anime series have also been featured on Oricon's weekly Japanese anime DVD rankings various times. Kuroko's Basketball is often compared to Weekly Shōnen Jumps earlier basketball-themed manga Slam Dunk. However, Azusa Takahashi of Real Sound pointed out whereas Slam Dunk was very realistic, the newer series is more focused on entertainment and is strongly based in fiction with each character having a "special move." The anime series was awarded the 2013 Tokyo Anime Award in the Television Category. Controversies After the anime began airing in 2012, the series became popular with dōjinshi circles, particularly for yaoi dōjinshi, though there is no yaoi in the series itself. Several events at which dōjinshi of the series were to be sold, as well as several other locations linked to the series and the author Tadatoshi Fujimaki, including a television station airing the anime, a convenience store chain selling items of the series, and Fujimaki's alma mater Sophia University, received threatening letters containing a powder or liquid substance. It is still unknown if it is one individual behind all the threatening letters, nor is the reason for the threats known. Multiple doujinshi events, including Comiket, banned content related to the series, barring creators from selling Kuroko's Basketball-themed doujinshi at their events. The suspect, who was later revealed to be a 36-year-old man named Hirofumi Watanabe, was eventually caught and was arrested on December 15, 2013. Due to the loss of Kuroko's Basketball dōjinshi because of the threats, there was a special event that specifically focused on dōjinshi related to the series affectionately named Kuroket, organized by the Comic Market Preparatory Committee, held during the Comiket Special 6 – Otaku Summit 2015 on March 29, 2015. The event hosted approx. 2400 dōjinshi circles. See also Notes References External links Official website Official Anime Website Official Stage Play Website 2.5D musicals 2012 anime television series debuts 2013 anime television series debuts 2015 anime television series debuts Anime and manga controversies Anime series based on manga Bandai Visual Basketball in anime and manga Comedy anime and manga Japanese sports television series Mainichi Broadcasting System original programming Medialink Production I.G Shueisha franchises Shueisha manga Shōnen manga Tokyo MX original programming Viz Media manga 2017 films

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%B1%85%20%EA%B0%80%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%9C

케뱅 가메이로

케뱅 가메이로(, 1987년 5월 9일 ~ )는 프랑스의 축구 선수이다. 포지션은 스트라이커이다. 현재 RC 스트라스부르에서 뛰고 있다. 2004년 프로 팀 RC 스트라스부르에 입단했으며, 2004-05 시즌에 데뷔해 UEFA 컵에도 참가했다. 세 시즌 후 2008년 FC 로리앙으로 이적했고, FC 로리앙은 그의 도움에 힘입어 2009-10 시즌에 팀 역사상 리그 1 최고 순위인 7위를 기록했다. 2011년 파리 생제르맹 FC로 이적했다. 그 팀에서 두 시즌간 활약 후 세비야 FC로 이적했다. 이적 첫 시즌 가메이로는 리그 11골을 기록하며 맹활약 중이다. 클럽 경력 RC 스트라스부르 가메이로는 그가 살던 지역에서 멀지 않은 곳에 위치한 청소년 클럽들에서 뛰다가 2004년 RC 스트라스부르에 입단했다. 가메이로는 2005년 9월 10일 파리 생제르맹 FC전에서 데뷔했고, 팀은 0-1로 패했다. 2005년 12월 14일에는 UEFA 컵 데뷔 경기인 FK 츠르베나 즈베즈다전에 0-2로 지고 있는 상황에 교체 출전했는데, 두 골을 넣으며 무승부를 이끌었고, RC 스트라스부르는 조별 예선을 통과했다. 2006년 2월 4일에는 RC 랑스전에 출전해 첫 리그 1 득점을 기록했다. 그러나 무릎 부상을 잎어 6개월 동안 경기를 뛸 수 없게 되었고, 팀은 리그 2로 강등당했다. 가메이로는 2006년 9월 19일 쿠프 드 라 리그 경기인 AJ 오세르 전에서 복귀했다. 팀은 리그 2 3위를 기록해 승격을 확정지었다. 2007-08 시즌 가메이로는 처음으로 풀 시즌을 소화했으며, 총 36경기에서 6골을 넣었다. 그러나 2004-05 시즌에 팀은 다시 리그 2로 강등당했고, 가메이로는 이적을 추진하게 됐다. FC 로리앙 올랭피크 마르세유가 가메이로에게 강한 관심을 보였지만, 2008년 6월 17일 가메이로는 300만 유로의 이적료로 FC 로리앙과 4년 계약을 맺었다. 가메이로의 등번호는 9번이었고, 팀의 핵심 공격수로 자리잡았다. 2008년 8월 9일 르망 FC전에서 FC 로리앙 데뷔전을 가졌으며, 2주 뒤 발랑시엔 FC전에서 첫 득점을 기록했다. 가메이로는 총 39경기에 나와 13골을 넣었으며, FC 로리앙은 팀 역사상 리그 1 최고 순위와 동률인 10위를 기록했다. 가메이로는 2009년 8월 8일 2009-10 시즌 첫 경기인 릴 OSC전에서 득점을 기록했다. 10월 28일 그르노블 푸트 38전에서 추가시간에 동점골을 넣으며 2-2 무승부에 기여했고, FC 로리앙은 5위로 올라섰다. 그는 계속해서 득점을 올렸고, 많은 분석가들은 가메이로를 프랑스 축구 국가대표팀에 뽑아야 한다고 말했다. 그러나 3월 3일 스페인과의 친선 경기 전에 부상으로 인해 국가대표팀에 선발될 수는 없었다. 2009-10 시즌에 FC 로리앙은 팀 역사상 리그 1 최고 순위인 7위를 기록했다. 2011년 1월 가메이로는 여러 이적 소문의 주인공이 됐고, 1월 4일 발렌시아 CF와 계약에 합의했다는 소문이 떠돌았다. 그러나 소문에도 불구하고 FC 로리앙 회장 르와 페리는 발렌시아 CF가 이적료를 제의한 적이 없다고 말했다. 한달 뒤 프랑스 언론들은 FC 로리앙이 보르도의 이적 제안을 받아들였다고 보도했지만, 보르도의 관계자는 가메이로가 발렌시아 CF에서 뛰기를 바란다고 말했다. 결국 가메이로는 FC 로리앙에 남았다. 무성한 이적 소문에도 불구하고 가메이로는 계속해서 골을 넣었다. 2011년 2월 19일 보르도 전에서는 해트트릭을 기록하며 팀의 5-1 승리를 견인했다. 파리 생제르맹 FC 2011년 6월 10일 언론은 파리 생제르맹 FC가 가메이로의 이적에 대해 FC 로리앙과 합의했다고 보도했다. 이틀 뒤 메디컬 테스트를 통과한 후 1100만 유로의 이적료로 파리 생제르맹 FC로 이적했다. 가메이로는 2011년 8월 6일 FC 로리앙 전에서 팀 데뷔 경기를 가졌고, 0-1로 졌다. 일주일 뒤 스타드 렌 FC 전에서는 데뷔골을 넣었다. 세비야 FC 2013년 7월 25일, 1000만 유로의 이적료로 스페인의 세비야 FC로 이적했다. 2014년 4월까지 가메이로는 리그 31경기 11골을 기록중이다. 수상 경력 클럽 파리 생제르맹 FC (2011 ~ 2013) 리그 1 : 2012-13 세비야 FC (2013 ~ 2016) UEFA 유로파 리그 : 2013-14 , 2014-15 , 2015-16 아틀레티코 마드리드 (2016 ~ 2018) UEFA 유로파 리그 : 2017-18 발렌시아 CF (2018 ~ ) 코파 델 레이 : 2018-19 개인 UEFA 유로파 리그 시즌의 스쿼드 : 2015-16 국가대표팀 경력 가메이로는 프랑스 U-18, 프랑스 U-20, 프랑스 U-21 대표팀을 거쳤다. 가메이로는 포르투갈계 프랑스인이기 때문에 포르투갈 축구 국가대표팀으로 뛸 수도 있었고, 2009년 포르투갈 감독 카를루스 케이루스는 가메이로를 국가대표팀으로 발탁하고 싶다고 밝혔다. 그러나 가메이로는 자신과 포르투갈은 별다른 관계가 없으며, 프랑스 축구 국가대표팀으로 뛰고 싶다고 말했다. 가메이로는 2010년 8월 UEFA 유로 2012 예선에서 프랑스 축구 국가대표팀으로 뽑혔고, 벨라루스전에서 데뷔했다. 6월 6일 우크라이나와의 친선 경기에서 국가대표팀 첫 골을 기록하며 4-1 승리에 기여했다. 1987년 출생 살아있는 사람 포르투갈계 프랑스인 프랑스의 남자 축구 선수 남자 축구 공격수 RC 스트라스부르의 축구 선수 FC 로리앙의 축구 선수 파리 생제르맹 FC의 축구 선수 세비야 FC의 축구 선수 아틀레티코 마드리드의 축구 선수 발렌시아 CF의 축구 선수 프랑스의 해외 진출 남자 축구 선수 프랑스 남자 축구 국가대표팀 선수 프랑스 남자 U-21 축구 국가대표팀 선수 스페인의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 프랑스 남자 청소년 축구 국가대표팀 선수 리그 1의 축구 선수 리그 2의 축구 선수 라리가의 축구 선수 스페인에 거주한 프랑스인 20세기 프랑스 사람 21세기 프랑스 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Gameiro

Kevin Gameiro

Kevin Dominique Gameiro (born 9 May 1987) is a French professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Strasbourg. He is a strong striker who is known for his clinical finishing, which compensates for his relatively light frame. Gameiro began his football career playing for clubs along the Oise such as Marly-la-Ville and US Chantilly. In 2004, he moved to the Alsace region to join professional club Strasbourg. He made his professional debut in the 2004–05 season and appeared in the UEFA Cup with Strasbourg. After three seasons with the club, in August 2008, Gameiro signed a four-year deal with FC Lorient. With Lorient, he finished his first two seasons with the club as top scorer. In the 2009–10 season, Gameiro contributed to the team that achieved a 7th-place finish; the club's highest finish in Ligue 1 ever. Gameiro is a former France youth international, having earned caps at under-18, under-20, and under-21 level. At under-20 level, he played on the team that won the 2007 edition of the Toulon Tournament. Gameiro scored a hat trick in the final and finished the competition as its top scorer. In August 2010, he was called up to the senior team for the first time and made his senior international debut on 3 September 2010 in a match against Belarus. Early career Gameiro was born in Senlis, a commune in Oise, north of Paris. His family came from Portugal. He began his football career playing for ES Marly-la-Ville not far from his hometown at the age of six. Prior to turning 13, he opted to remain in the region of Picardie and joined US Chantilly. While excelling at US Chantilly, Gameiro was spotted by former Strasbourg player and scout Jacky Duguépéroux who recommended the player join his former club. In 2004, Gameiro completed his move to the Alsatian club joining as a youth player. Club career Strasbourg Upon arrival, Gameiro was inserted onto the club's reserve team in the Championnat de France Amateur, the fourth level of French football. He spent the entire 2004–05 season playing with the team. Gameiro featured in 20 matches and scored four goals. In 2005, with Duguépéroux now managing the team, Gameiro made his professional debut on 10 September 2005 in a match against Paris Saint-Germain appearing as a substitute in the 59th minute of a 1–0, Ligue 1 defeat. On 14 December, Gameiro made his European debut in a UEFA Cup match against Serbian club Red Star Belgrade. With Strasbourg trailing 2–0 late in the match, Gameiro scored his first professional goal for the club in the 79th minute. In the final minutes of play, he scored the equalizing goal to draw the match at 2–2. The stalemate ensured Strasbourg won the group and the team later advanced to the Round of 16 where they suffered elimination losing 4–2 on aggregate to Swiss club FC Basel. A month later, Gameiro converted his third goal of the season in the team's 4–0 victory over Nancy in the Coupe de France. In league play, Gameiro scored his first career league goal on 4 February 2006 in a 2–1 loss to Lens. Three weeks later, his season was cut short after rupturing ligaments in one of his knees following a tackle from Troyes midfielder Blaise Kouassi. The injury required six months of rehabilitation, which resulted in Gameiro missing the Coupe Gambardella competition, which the Strasbourg under-19 team won, defeating Lyon 3–1 in the final at the Stade de France. Overall, Gameiro's season was a success, however, due to the club focusing more on Europe, the team suffered relegation to Ligue 2 for the 2006–07 season. Due to undergoing rehabilitation on his knee, Gameiro made his debut with Strasbourg in Ligue 2 late in the season on 19 September 2006 in the club's 2–0 loss to Auxerre in the Coupe de la Ligue. He scored his first goal two months later in a 2–0 victory over Istres. Through the rest of the season, Gameiro alternated between the bench and the starting eleven. He only scored two goals, against Gueugnon and Istres, again, for the rest of the season as Strasbourg achieved promotion back to Ligue 1 courtesy of the club's 3rd-place finish. In his first full season as a professional, Gameiro scored six total goals in 36 total appearances. He scored in back-to-back matches during the early portion of the season against Auxerre and Toulouse, but went cold mid-season scoring only two goals. He scored his final two goals for the club in the final two matches of the season against Caen and Marseille. Strasbourg lost both matches., causing Strasbourg to again suffer relegation to Ligue 2. Lorient Despite strong interest from Marseille, on 17 June 2008, Gameiro agreed to a four-year deal with Brittany-based outfit Lorient. The club paid Strasbourg a transfer fee of €3 million for his services. Gameiro was given the number 9 shirt and installed as the club's head striker. He made his club debut on 9 August 2008 playing the entire match in a 1–0 victory over Le Mans. Two weeks later, he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 defeat to Valenciennes. On 25 October, he contributed to Lorient's 3–0 rout of Brittany rivals Nantes. The following month, Gameiro scored goals in back-to-back matches on two occasions. Lorient went undefeated in the four matches. In the Coupe de France, Lorient reached the Round of 16. Gameiro scored goals against Alençon and Tours in the Round of 64 and Round of 32, respectively. Gameiro continued his consistency during the spring portion of the season scoring goals against Sochaux, Grenoble, Marseille, and Nancy. Gameiro scored a double against the latter club. He finished the season with 39 total appearances and 13 goals. Lorient finished the season in 10th, tied for the club's highest finish ever in the first division. Gameiro continued his rise in French football in the 2009–10 Ligue 1 season. He scored on his season debut on 8 August 2009 in a 2–1 win over Lille and converted another goal the following week against Montpellier in a 2–2 draw. A month later, he scored in back-to-back matches against Nancy and Grenoble as Lorient won both matches. Two weeks later, he scored in Lorient's 4–1 victory over Nice and, on 7 November, scored a double in the club's 5–0 thrashing of Boulogne. On 28 October, Gameiro scored the equalizing goal in Lorient's 2–2 stalemate with Grenoble converting the goal in injury time. The draw rose Lorient to 5th in the standings, the club's highest position that late in the season ever. On 27 January 2010, Gameiro scored the only goal in Lorient's upset victory over Lyon in the Coupe de la Ligue. Two weeks later, he scored in Lorient's 3–0 humiliation of Paris Saint-Germain at the Parc des Princes. The following week, Gameiro scored in a 1–1 draw with Toulouse. His consistent form prompted analysts to declare that Gameiro should be considered for the France national team, however, prior to the friendly against Spain on 3 March, Gameiro picked up an injury, which led to coach Raymond Domenech not considering him for the squad. Gameiro finished the 2009–10 campaign by scoring seven goals in the final nine league matches. He scored a brace against Saint-Étienne and converted opening goals in wins over Bordeaux, Grenoble, and Lille. In the six matches he scored in, Lorient won five and ultimately finished the campaign in 7th place; the club's highest finish in Ligue 1 ever. In the 2010–11 season, Gameiro remained consistent. After missing the opening league match of the season, he returned to the team in mid-August. On 28 August, he scored the game-winning goal in a 2–0 victory over Lyon. In December, he played a part in all three goals in the team's 6–3 loss to Lille. Gameiro scored the team's opening goal in the 7th minute, netted his second just before half-time, and assisted on Lynel Kitambala's in the second half. In January 2011, Gameiro was the subject of intense transfer speculation. On 4 January, it was reported that the striker had reached an agreement on a contract with Spanish club Valencia. Despite the reported agreement, Lorient president Loïc Féry declared that while personal terms had been agreed, Valencia had never sent in a transfer fee offer for the player. Later in the month, French media reported that Lorient had accepted a bid from fellow Ligue 1 club Bordeaux. Bordeaux officials, however, revealed that Gameiro's preference was to play for Valencia. Ultimately, Gameiro remained with Lorient following the closure of the transfer window as Fery declared "our priority has always been to keep Kevin with us". Despite the speculation of a possible transfer, Gameiro remained potent on the field of play. Beginning in late January, he proceeded to go on a tear scoring seven goals in the team's four ensuing league matches. On 29 January, Gameiro scored both goals in a 2–0 win against Brest. In the next two weeks, he scored goals in a home win over Caen and an away defeat to Monaco. The impressive tally of goals culminated on 19 February 2011 when Gameiro scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 victory over Bordeaux. Paris Saint-Germain On 10 June 2011, media reports confirmed that Paris Saint-Germain had reached an agreement with Lorient for the transfer of Gameiro. The striker had previously favored a move to either Paris Saint-Germain or Valencia. Two days later, following a successful medical, the transfer was confirmed by Paris Saint-Germain. Gameiro agreed to a four-year contract and the transfer fee was priced at €11 million with future bonuses to be added later. Gameiro made his competitive debut for Paris Saint-Germain on 6 August 2011 in the team's opening 1–0 league defeat to Lorient. The following week, he scored his first goal for the club in its 1–1 draw with Rennes. On 18 August 2011, in Paris Saint-Germain's first leg UEFA Europa League playoff round tie against Luxembourger club Differdange, Gameiro scored the opening goal for the team in a 4–0 away win. Three days later, he again scored a goal in a 2–1 win over Valenciennes helping Paris Saint-Germain earn its first league win of the season. On 16 October, Gameiro achieved a hat trick in his side's 3–1 defeat of AC Ajaccio. Gameiro scored once more in 2011, against Sochaux, before his club thundered into the new year, remaining undefeated in 2012 as far as 31 March. Gameiro scored on 20 January, against Sablé-sur-Sarthe FC in Coupe de France play, 4 February, against Evian TG, and 11 March, against Dijon FCO. After this barrage of victories for his club, and assortment of goals for himself, Gameiro failed to score again in the 11/12 campaign. Gameiro's first goal in the 12/13 campaign came 29 September 2012 against FC Sochaux, coupled with a second 22 minutes later. Gameiro scored thrice more in 2012, with goals coming against Stade de Reims, Evian TG, and Stade Brestois. Gameiro scored his first goal in 2013 against Toulouse FC, on 23 January, in Coupe de France play. Gameiro scored a notable assist when PSG squared off against Valencia CF in Champions League play, with Gameiro feeding Ezequiel Lavezzi for a 66th-minute goal, bequeathing PSG the aggregate victory. Gameiro's next goal came 29 March against Montpellier; 2013's final Gameiro goals were both scored against Gameiro's former outfit Lorient on 26 May. Given that Gameiro was transferred in the offseason, this occasion marked both his last scoring performance and last match for PSG. Sevilla On 25 July 2013, Gameiro signed a contract with Sevilla for a fee of €10 million, agreeing to a five-year deal for the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán club. In his first training session with the club on 30 July, Gameiro limped off the field with a groin injury, forcing the French striker out of the club's third-round Europa League clash with Mladost Podgorica. Gameiro scored his first goal for the Spanish side in their first-leg Europa League play-off tie against Śląsk Wrocław, a 4–1 home win on 22 August. On 1 September, Gameiro achieved a brace against Málaga CF, including a header, but this failed to bring victory to his side as the match ended in a 2–2 draw. Following this, Gameiro scored on five occasions, including a 1 December contest against Granada CF, in which he also garnered a yellow card. On 16 March 2014, Gameiro netted a double as Sevilla thrashed Real Valladolid 4–1. Gameiro scored a goal in either half against Espanyol on 6 April, helping his side record a 4–1 league victory. On 10 April 2014, Gameiro came off the bench and scored Sevilla's fourth and final goal in a Europa League quarter-final second-leg match, securing a 4–2 aggregate victory over Porto and a spot in the semi-finals of the 2013–14 Europa League. In the 2013–14 La Liga Seville derby against Real Betis three days later, Gameiro scored twice more to give Sevilla a 2–0 away victory. In the final of the 2013–14 Europa League against Portuguese side Benfica on 14 May 2014, Gameiro came off the bench in extra time and scored the game-winning penalty kick to secure a 4–2 shoot-out victory for Sevilla. On 24 October 2015, Gameiro netted a hat-trick in a 2015–16 La Liga home match against Getafe CF, in which Sevilla won 5–0, his first La Liga hat-trick. On 18 May 2016, just 17 seconds into the second half of the 2016 UEFA Europa League Final against Liverpool, Gameiro scored Sevilla's equalizing goal a metre from the goal line after receiving a low cross from Mariano Ferreira Filho who had burst into the penalty box from the right. That was his eighth 2015-16 UEFA Europa League goal. Sevilla won the match 3–1 to become the first team to win the UEFA Cup/Europa League three times in a row. It was their fifth UEFA Cup/Europa League title overall. Atlético Madrid On 30 July 2016, Atlético Madrid reached an agreement with Sevilla for the transfer of Gameiro on a four-year contract for a reported €32 million rising to €40 million with add-ons. On 18 February 2017, Gameiro scored the fastest La Liga hat-trick in over 22 years, coming on a substitute in the 62nd minute in the match against Sporting de Gijón in a 4–1 victory. Valencia On 12 August 2018, Valencia CF reached an agreement with Atlético Madrid to sign Kevin Gameiro for €16 million. Return to Strasbourg On 18 July 2021, Strasbourg announced the signing of Gameiro on a two-year deal bringing him back to his childhood club. International career Gameiro represented France internationally at the under-18, under-20, and under-21 levels. He made his under-18 debut on 29 October 2004 in a friendly match against Russia. Gameiro made his lone other appearance with the under-18 team in the return match against Russia two days later. He established himself locally for his performance at the 2007 Toulon Tournament with the under-20 team. Gameiro scored five goals in four matches scoring only one goal in the group stage portion of the competition against Ivory Coast. In the semi-finals, Gameiro scored the only goal in the team's victory over Portugal. In the final against China, Gameiro netted a hat trick, which took only 33 minutes to complete in the team's 3–1 victory. Gameiro was named the Player of the Tournament for his performances. He made his under-21 debut on 26 March 2008 in a friendly against the Czech Republic. Gameiro, on his debut, netted the third goal in the team's 4–1 victory. Gameiro was called up for the under-21 team's 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification play-offs tie against Germany, but did not feature in either leg. France lost the tie 2–1 on aggregate. The negative result ended Gameiro's under-21 career. In August 2010, Gameiro was called up to the French senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc for the team's UEFA Euro 2012 qualification matches against Belarus and Bosnia and Herzegovina. He made his senior team debut in the match against Belarus appearing as a substitute in the second half. On 9 February 2011, Gameiro earned his second career cap in the team's 1–0 victory over Brazil. In his next appearance with the team against Ukraine on 6 June, he scored his first international goal netting the team's opener in a 4–1 win. On 7 October 2016, he scored a brace in the 2018 World Cup qualification match against Bulgaria, which France won 4–1. Due to having Portuguese heritage through his paternal grandfather, Gameiro was eligible to represent Portugal at the senior international level. In 2009, then-manager Carlos Queiroz declared that Gameiro was "an interesting player" and that he "would love to talk to him" regarding representing Portugal. However, Gameiro downplayed the talk, stating that he "didn't really have any links to the country" and that he preferred to represent France. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Gameiro goal. Honours Paris Saint-Germain Ligue 1: 2012–13 Sevilla UEFA Europa League: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16 Atlético Madrid UEFA Europa League: 2017–18 Valencia Copa del Rey: 2018–19 France U20 Toulon Tournament: 2007 Individual UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2010–11 UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2015–16 References External links 1987 births Living people People from Senlis Footballers from Oise French men's footballers France men's youth international footballers France men's under-21 international footballers France men's international footballers Men's association football forwards RC Strasbourg Alsace players FC Lorient players Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players Sevilla FC players Atlético Madrid footballers Valencia CF players Ligue 1 players Ligue 2 players La Liga players UEFA Europa League winning players French expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Spain French expatriate sportspeople in Spain French people of Portuguese descent

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%EB%85%84%20%ED%95%98%EA%B3%84%20%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD%20%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC%20%EC%A7%91%EA%B3%84

2012년 하계 올림픽 메달 집계

2012년 하계 올림픽 메달 집계는 런던에서 열린 2012년 하계 올림픽 동안에 집계한 메달의 수의 순위를 국가 올림픽 위원회가 매긴 것이다. 메달 집계 2012년 하계 올림픽의 메달 현황표는 국제 올림픽 위원회의 메달 현황을 바탕으로 하고 있다. 주최국인 영국은 연보라색으로 표시되어 있다. |- |1 |align=left| || 46 || 28 || 30 || 104 |- |2 |align=left| || 38 || 31 || 22 || 91 |- bgcolor=ccccff |3 |align=left| || 29 || 17 || 19 || 65 |- |4 |align=left| || 20 || 20 || 28 || 68 |- |5 |align=left| || 13 || 9 || 9 || 31 |- |6 |align=left| || 11 || 20 || 13 || 44 |- |7 |align=left| || 11 || 11 || 13 || 35 |- |8 |align=left| || 8 || 15 || 12 || 35 |- |9 |align=left| || 8 || 9 || 11 || 28 |- |10 |align=left| || 8 || 4 || 6 || 18 |- |11 |align=left| || 7 || 14 || 17 || 38 |- |12 |align=left| || 7 || 5 || 1 || 13 |- |13 |align=left| || 6 || 6 || 8 || 20 |- |14 |align=left| || 6 || 2 || 5 || 13 |- |15 |align=left| || 5 || 4 || 10 || 19 |- |16 |align=left| || 5 || 3 || 7 || 15 |- |17 |align=left| || 4 || 10 || 4 || 18 |- |18 |align=left| || 4 || 5 || 3 || 12 |- |19 |align=left| || 4 || 3 || 4 || 11 |- |20 |align=left| || 4 || 1 || 1 || 6 |- |21 |align=left| || 4 |||| 2 || 6 |- |22 |align=left| || 3 || 5 || 9 || 17 |- |23 |align=left| || 3 || 2 || 6 || 11 |- |24 |align=left| || 3 || 2 || 3 || 8 |- |25 |align=left| || 3 || 1 || 7 || 11 |- |26 |align=left| || 3 || 1 || 2 || 6 |- |27 |align=left| || 2 || 5 || 11 || 18 |- |28 |align=left| || 2 || 5 || 3 || 10 |- |29 |align=left| || 2 || 5 || 2 || 9 |- |30 |align=left| || 2 || 4 || 7 || 13 |- |31 |align=left| || 2 || 4 || 3 || 9 |- |32 |align=left| || 2 || 2 || 5 || 9 |- |33 |align=left| || 2 || 2 |||| 4 |- |34 |align=left| || 2 || 1 || 1 || 4 |- |35 |align=left| || 2 |||| 3 || 5 |- |36 |align=left| || 2 |||| 1 || 3 |- |37 |align=left| || 1 || 4 || 3 || 8 |- | rowspan="2"|38 |align=left| || 1 || 3 || 4 || 8 |- |align=left| || 1 || 3 || 4 || 8 |- |40 |align=left| || 1 || 2 || 3 || 6 |- |41 |align=left| || 1 || 1 || 4 || 6 |- | rowspan="4"|42 |align=left| || 1 || 1 || 2 || 4 |- |align=left| || 1 || 1 || 2 || 4 |- |align=left| || 1 || 1 || 2 || 4 |- |align=left| || 1 || 1 || 2 || 4 |- |46 |align=left| || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 |- |47 |align=left| || 1 || 1 |||| 2 |- | rowspan="2"|48 |align=left| || 1 |||| 1 || 2 |- |align=left| || 1 |||| 1 || 2 |- | rowspan="6"|50 |align=left| || 1 |||||| 1 |- |align=left| || 1 |||||| 1 |- |align=left| || 1 |||||| 1 |- |align=left| || 1 |||||| 1 |- |align=left| || 1 |||||| 1 |- |align=left| || 1 |||||| 1 |- |56 |align=left| |||| 3 || 1 || 4 |- |57 |align=left| |||| 2 || 4 || 6 |- |58 |align=left| |||| 2 || 3 || 5 |- |59 |align=left| |||| 2 || 2 || 4 |- | rowspan="3"|60 |align=left| |||| 2 || 1 || 3 |- |align=left| |||| 2 || 1 || 3 |- |align=left| |||| 2 || 1 || 3 |- |63 |align=left| |||| 1 || 3 || 4 |- |64 |align=left| |||| 1 || 2 || 3 |- | rowspan="4"|65 |align=left| |||| 1 || 1 || 2 |- |align=left| |||| 1 || 1 || 2 |- |align=left| |||| 1 || 1 || 2 |- |align=left| |||| 1 || 1 || 2 |- | rowspan="6"|69 |align=left| |||| 1 |||| 1 |- |align=left| |||| 1 |||| 1 |- |align=left| |||| 1 |||| 1 |- |align=left| |||| 1 |||| 1 |- |align=left| |||| 1 |||| 1 |- |align=left| |||| 1 |||| 1 |- |75 |align=left| |||||| 3 || 3 |- | rowspan="3"|76 |align=left| |||||| 2 || 2 |- |align=left| |||||| 2 || 2 |- |align=left| |||||| 2 || 2 |- | rowspan="8"|79 |align=left| |||||| 1 || 1 |- |align=left| |||||| 1 || 1 |- |align=left| |||||| 1 || 1 |- |align=left| |||||| 1 || 1 |- |align=left| |||||| 1 || 1 |- |align=left| |||||| 1 || 1 |- |align=left| |||||| 1 || 1 |- |align=left| |||||| 1 || 1 |- class="sortbottom" !colspan=2| 합계 (86개국 · 지역) || 302 || 302 || 355 || 959 |} 같이 보기 2012년 하계 패럴림픽 메달 집계 외부 링크 2012년 런던 올림픽 공식 사이트 2012년 런던 올림픽 메달 순위 공식 사이트 메달 하계 올림픽 메달 집계

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20Summer%20Olympics%20medal%20table

2012 Summer Olympics medal table

The 2012 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXX Olympiad, was a summer multi-sport event held in London, the capital of the United Kingdom, from 27 July to 12 August. A total of 10,768 athletes from 204 nations participated in 302 events in 26 sports across 39 different disciplines. Overall, 86 nations received at least one medal, and 55 of them won at least one gold medal. Athletes from the United States won the most medals overall, with 104, and the most gold medals, with 48. The latter record is the largest gold medal haul for the US at a non-US hosted Olympics. Host nation Great Britain won 29 gold medals and 65 overall medals, making it the most successful Olympics performance for that nation since the 1908 edition. Michael Phelps and Missy Franklin won the most gold medals at the Games with four each. Phelps also won the highest number of medals overall, winning six in total. Bahrain, Botswana, Cyprus, Gabon, Grenada, Guatemala, and Montenegro all won their first Olympic medals, with Bahrain and Grenada winning their nation's first Olympic gold medal. Previously, Montenegrin athletes had competed as nationals of Serbia and Montenegro and of Yugoslavia. Taekwondo athlete Milica Mandić from Serbia won the first Olympic gold medal for that nation as an independent nation. During and after the Games, many athletes who were caught doping, or tested positive for banned substances, were disqualified from competition and had their medals revoked. To date, 40 medals have been stripped, with Russia accounting for 17 of those. Medal table The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won, where 'nation' is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee (NOC). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next, and then the number of bronze medals. In boxing, judo, taekwondo, and wrestling, two bronze medals are awarded in each weight class. Two silver medals (and no bronze) were awarded for second place ties in both the men's 200 metre freestyle swimming and the men's 100 metre butterfly swimming events. Two bronze medals were awarded for a third-place tie in the men's keirin cycling race; three bronze medals were awarded for a three-way third-place tie in the men's high jump. Key Changes in medal standings (see below) Changes in medal standings On 29 August 2016, a report indicated that a retested sample for Besik Kudukhov of Russia, the silver medalist in the men's 60 kg freestyle wrestling event, had returned a positive result (later disclosed as dehydrochlormethyltestosterone). Kudukhov died in a car crash in December 2013. On 27 October 2016, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) dropped all disciplinary proceedings against Kudukhov, stating that such proceedings cannot be conducted against a deceased person. Key Disqualified athlete(s) A minus sign (−) indicates that medals were either stripped altogether or exchanged for a silver or gold when upgraded in a reallocation. See also All-time Olympic Games medal table 2012 Summer Paralympics medal table Notes References External links Medal table Summer Olympics medal tables London sport-related lists

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%8F%99%EC%84%9D

마동석

마동석(馬東錫, 1971년 3월 1일~)은 한국 배우이다. 학력 콜럼버스 주립 커뮤니티 칼리지 스포츠경영학(전문학사) 생애 1989년 열아홉 살 때 가족 모두가 미국으로 이민을 갔으며, 이민 초기에 미국 국적을 취득하였다. Columbus State Community College에서 Sports & Fitness Management를 전공하였으며 보디빌더와 헬스 트레이너로 활동하면서 입지를 쌓았다. 종합격투기 선수 마크 콜먼, 케빈 랜들맨의 개인 트레이닝을 담당하기도 했다. 이후 다시 한국으로 돌아와 2004년 영화 《바람의 전설》과 《천군》을 시작으로 배우로 데뷔하여 《이웃사람》, 《범죄와의 전쟁: 나쁜놈들 전성시대》 등에 출연하며 충무로에 안착했다. 그리고 영화 《부산행》에서 윤상화 역으로 출연하며 천만 배우에 합류하였고, 영화 《범죄도시》에 제작자와 주연으로 참여하며 천만 배우를 이어갔다. 또한 2019년에는 마블 스튜디오 제작 영화 《이터널스》에서 길가메시 역을 맡으며 할리우드에 진출했다. 현재 영화 《범죄도시》가 3편까지 이어지며 성공을 거두고, 앞으로 8편까지 제작될 예정이다. 2016년 11월 18일 전 국가대표 스트랭스 코치 예정화와 열애를 공식적으로 인정했다. 같은 소속사로 친분을 맺었고, 이후 운동이라는 공통 관심사를 통해 연인으로 발전한 것으로 알려졌다. 앞서 예정화는 방송을 통해 마동석을 이상형으로 꼽아왔다. 2021년 5년간 사귀어왔던 예정화와 혼인신고를 하여 부부가 되었다. 복싱과 액션 사람들은 보통 마동석을 파워리프팅 운동을 한 트레이너 출신으로만 알고 있지만, 사실 그는 오랫동안 복싱을 수련했다. 그의 중학생 시절, 영화 '록키'를 보고 감명을 받아 복싱을 시작한 그는 현재까지 30년이 넘는 세월 동안 복싱을 수련해왔다. 한때 선수를 꿈꿨고 가난한 집안 형편 상 포기할 수밖에 없었지만 마동석의 프로 선수급 복싱 실력은 영화계의 사람들뿐만 아니라 많은 사람들에게 익히 알려져 있다. 미국에서도 다양한 스타일의 복싱을 경험했고, 100전이 넘는 스파링의 경험이 있는 베테랑이다. 그는 불의의 사고로 목숨을 잃을 뻔 했고 또한 척추 골절과 어깨 골절과 같은 여러 부상들을 당해 한동안 복싱을 하지 못했던 때도 있었으나, 그 모든 걸 견뎌내고 아직까지도 재활을 하며 복싱을 수련하고 있다. 바로 이것이 그의 독보적인 액션 연기의 큰 바탕이 되고 있다. 또한, 마동석은 파워풀한 액션을 구현해내기에 유리한 타고난 힘을 가지고 있다. 촬영 중 소품이 준비가 안되어 실제 문을 주먹으로 부수는 장면이나 배우 김무열의 가죽점퍼를 맨손으로 뜯어낸 일화, 와이어 없이도 사람을 번쩍 들어버리는 등 다른 사람들은 흉내 내기 힘든 독보적인 액션을 선보인다. 마블 영화 '이터널스' 촬영 중에도 그의 액션은 호평을 받았고 이 아시아 배우의 복싱 실력과 액션 디자인 방식에 헐리우드 무술팀도 감탄하며 환호했다는 후문이다. 대한민국 최고의 액션 감독이라 불리는 허명행 감독은 "마동석 선배님은 오랜 시간 훈련된 복싱과 파워로 평범한 동작들을 파워풀한 액션으로 만들어 내는 타고난 능력이 있다. 그래서 액션을 배워서 하는 배우들이나 실제 격투가들도 따라 하기 힘들다" 라고 전했다. 또한 "그와 함께 촬영해 본 배우와 스태프들은 항상 놀라워 한다" 라고 전했다. 전 한국 KBC 라이트급 챔피언 이사야 복싱 관장은 "마동석은 실제 헤비급 복서로서도 강한 펀치력과 내구력을 갖췄으며, 항상 복싱 체육관에서도 복싱을 응용한 다양한 액션들을 늘 연구하고 훈련한다." 라고 말했다. 또한 대한 팔씨름 연맹의 대표 배승민 회장은 "마동석은 현재 팔씨름 연맹의 이사이며, 영화 '챔피언'의 아시아 시장의 대박 행진 이후, 한국 팔씨름의 발전에 큰 영향을 미쳐 엄청난 수의 동호인과 선수들이 늘고 활성화됐다. 마동석 표 액션의 영향력은 대단하다" 라고 마동석의 영향력에 대해 언급했다. 뿐만 아니라 그와 함께 작업했던 여러 감독들와 배우들은 "옆에서 복싱하는 걸 보면 육중한 몸에도 날렵해서 놀랍다", "그 누구의 액션보다 통쾌하고 파워풀하다", "남들이 이틀 걸릴 분량의 액션도 완벽한 액션으로 반나절만에 완성시켜버린다. 대체불가" 라고 입을 모은다. 연기와 행보 한국 뿐 아니라 세계 영화의 중심부 할리우드와 아시아, 그리고 유럽을 통틀어 현재 가장 인기 있고 파워 있는 동양 배우로 꼽히는 이가 바로 마동석이다. 세계 각국에서 마동석을 알아보고 이 한국 출신의 액션 스타를 좋아해 주는 세계인들이 상당히 많다는 것은 일면 놀라울 정도. 실제로 마동석은 한국 영화를 찍는 경우에도 세계 동시 개봉을 할 수 있는 거의 유일한 동양 배우가 됐다. 영화 '부산행'에서 좀비를 맨 손으로 때려잡은 마동석은 글로벌 팬들을 열광시켰고 영화 '범죄도시', '성난황소', '악인전', '나쁜 녀석들' 등 액션 영화만으로도 대박 흥행 성공 이룬 특별한 기록을 세웠다. 영화 '신과 함께'는 국내에서의 엄청난 흥행 이후 대만 및 아시아 국가들에서도 성공을 거뒀는데 마동석의 세계적인 인기도 한 몫 했다는 평. 몇몇 국가들에서는 한국 영화 흥행 상위권 작품들이 모두 마동석의 영화일 정도다. '악인전'으로 두 번째 칸의 기립박수를 받았고 할리우드 리메이크도 확정, 다수의 필름 마켓에서 마동석의 영화들은 개봉도 하기 전에 그 이름만으로도 세계 각국의 관심을 받고 판매로 이어지고 있다는 후문이다. 더불어 이는 그가 베이스를 두고 있는 한국 영화 자체에도 더욱 관심이 쏠리게 하는 긍정적인 역할까지 하고 있다. 일찌감치 할리우드에서는 독보적인 액션과 연기력의 마동석을 주목했고, 그는 세계에서 가장 큰 영화시장을 뒤흔드는 마블에 동양인 최초로 주연으로 발탁됐다. 이는 영화계의 역사적인 일이라고 할 만 하다. 마동석의 연기는 리얼하다. 그리고 실제로 다양한 연기를 소화할 수 있는 넓은 스펙트럼, 그리고 깊은 감정 연기까지 소화한다는 점이 세계시장으로나가는데 큰 도움이 됐다는 전언. 글로벌한 배우가 되는 것이 꿈이었던 마동석은 결국 동양 배우가 세계로 나갈 수 있는 좋은 길은 액션임을 알고 더 큰 그림을 보고 있었다. 그의 선견지명과 영리함이 보이는 부분이다. 그가 액션 영화를 계속 밀어붙였던 것이 이 같은 결과를 만들어냈다. '이미지 소비'를 언급하는 일각의 말들은 긴 마라톤 같은 배우 생활의 큰 울타리를 보지 못한, 짧은 생각이었던 것을 마동석 스스로 증명해보이고 있는 중이다. 마블 영화 촬영 중 마동석은 배우들과 스태프들이 가장 좋아하는 배우로 지목되기도 했다고. 이런 모습이 다른 한국 배우들에 대한 인식에도 긍정적으로 작용할 터. 더불어 더 많은 한국 출신 배우들이 더 큰 무대로의 기회를 얻는 것에도 도움이 될 전망이다. 제작자 마동석의 제작사 '빅펀치 픽쳐스(Big Punch Pictures)'에서는 이미 '범죄도시', '성난황소', '악인전' 등 여러 작품들을 기획, 제작, 또는 공동제작했다. 현재 '범죄도시' 2·3·4편, '압구정리포트', ‘거룩한 밤: 데몬 헌터스’ 외 여러 상업 영화들과 저예산 독립영화들도 제작 중이다. 그 외 50여 편의 영화와 드라마들, 그리고 애니메이션과 웹툰 등의 개발도 진행 중에 있다. 마동석은 마블 캐스팅 이전부터 한국과 미국을 오가며 헐리우드와 글로벌한 작품들의 제작을 진행하고 있었고. 마동석의 헐리우드 제작사 '고릴라 8 프로덕션(Gorilla 8 Productions)'에서는 일찌감치 '악인전'의 헐리우드 리메이크 소식을 알렸다. 3년 전 헐리우드 블록버스터 '존 윅 3' 제안을 '악인전' 촬영 때문에 거절해야 했지만 이후 더 좋은 기회가 마련됐다. 마동석이 복싱을 시작하게 했던 그의 영웅 ‘록키’의 실베스터 스탤론과 ‘시카리오’의 프로듀서 브레이든 애프터굿이 이끄는 발보아 프로덕션과 한국의 비에이 엔터, 마동석의 글로벌 파트너 비앤씨 콘텐츠와 함께 헐리우드 리메이크 제작 및 주연을 확정 짓고 현재 미국의 메이저 스튜디오와 진행 중인 상황이다. 또한, 헐리우드 제작사 '스타링스 텔레비전(Starlings Television)'과 함께 마동석이 제작 및 주연으로 활약할 미국 드라마 ‘더 클럽’은 '워킹데드(THE WALKING DEAD)', '나르코스(NARCOS)', '썬즈 오브 아나키(SONS OF ANARCHY)', '하우스 오브 카드(HOUSE OF CARDS)'를 집필한 세계적인 작가 겸 프로듀서인 ‘잭 로귀디치(Jack LoGiudice)’가 합류하였다. 여기에 마동석이 제작, 주연을 맡은 여러편의 헐리우드 작품들도 함께 진행 중이라는 소식. 그의 작품들은 한국을 넘어 세계로 뻗어 나가는 마동석 신드롬 속 전 세계에 K-콘텐츠를 더욱 많이 알릴 전망이다. 출연 작품 영화 드라마 광고 2011년 SK브로드밴드 고객만족 편 2012년 삼성전자 갤럭시 Tab 러닝허브 2014년 하나은행 난 할 수 있어 적금: 마동석 편 2014~2017년 배달통 2014년 게임네트워크,웹전 플라곤: 캘리 편 2015년 사조참치 생생참치: 선장 편 2015년 동서식품 핫초코 미떼: 순해요 편 2016년 SK텔레콤 쿠키즈: 키즈 케어 플랫폼 편(with 김설) 2016년 카카오게임즈 백전백승 for kakao: 자유전직 RPG 편 2016년 식품의약품안전처 마약중독 캠페인 2016년 유한양행 유한젠 2016년 아모레퍼시픽 에뛰드 애니쿠션 크림필터: 모닝광 쿠션 편(with 크리스탈) 2016년 동서식품 오레오: 환상의짝꿍 편 2016~2017년 오뚜기 오뚜기 죽: 오죽이네 편 2017년 한국코카콜라 미닛메이드 스파클링: 마초, 러블리 편 2018년 불스원샷 (with 유재석) 2018년 일동제약 지큐랩 2018년 야나두 2020년 U+ 2021년 노랑통닭 2021년 이카루스 이터널 2021년 배틀그라운드단편영화:《그라운드 제로》 2022년 글락소스미스클라인 대상포진 예방 캠페인 수상 및 후보 각주 외부 링크 1971년 출생 살아있는 사람 대한민국의 남자 텔레비전 배우 대한민국의 남자 영화 배우 한국계 미국인 배우 미국으로 귀화한 사람 서울특별시 출신 배우 대한민국에 거주한 미국인 20세기 대한민국 사람 21세기 대한민국 사람 20세기 미국 사람 21세기 미국 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%20Dong-seok

Ma Dong-seok

Ma Dong-seok (born Lee Dong-seok on March 1, 1971), also known as Don Lee, is a South Korean–American actor. With his breakout performance in Train to Busan and subsequent leading roles, he has become one of South Korea's most successful actors. He was Gallup Korea's Film Actor of the Year in 2018. Early life Ma was born on March 1, 1971. He has American citizenship. He lived in Ohio and attended Columbus State before returning to South Korea to pursue his acting career. Career Ma rose to fame for his supporting roles in the films The Neighbor, Nameless Gangster: Rules of the Time, and The Unjust. He then played leading roles in Norigae, Murderer, and One on One. Ma's role in the zombie film Train to Busan propelled him to international popularity. His subsequent leading roles in films Derailed, The Bros, The Outlaws, Unstoppable, Champion, The Gangster, the Cop, the Devil, The Bad Guys: Reign of Chaos and The Roundup along with supporting roles in Along with the Gods: The Last 49 Days and Ashfall have met with critical and commercial successes led him to Most Bankable Star of Korean Cinema. Although known for his 'tough guy' persona roles, Ma is often celebrated and criticized for playing similar roles in his movies. In 2019, he joined the cast of the MCU film Eternals as Gilgamesh which marked his Hollywood debut. On television, Ma is known for his roles in the hit OCN series Bad Guys and Squad 38. In 2022, Ma signed a contract with LDH Japan, another large Japanese agency. His 2022 release action crime thriller The Roundup, sequel to his 2017 film The Outlaws not only opened to unanimous positive reviews but also became the highest grossing film of 2022 by surpassing 12 million admissions for the first time since 2019 and all time 3rd highest grosser in South Korea. Other activities Under his Westernized name, Don Lee, and before he turned to acting, Ma was the personal trainer of mixed martial artists Mark Coleman and Kevin Randleman. With his production company Team Gorilla, Ma is currently involved in planning and writing screenplays. He worked on the screenplay for the film Deep Trap, in which he starred. He is also the co-creator of the OCN Dramatic Cinema series Team Bulldog: Off-Duty Investigation''. Armwrestling Ma has been an amateur armwrestler since 2008, and he became the president of Korea Armwrestling Federation in 2018. Personal life In 2016, Ma was reportedly dating sports reporter and media personality Ye Jung-hwa. On October 20, 2022, Ma's agency stated that he and Ye registered their marriage last year. The wedding ceremony will be held at a later date, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and busy schedules. Filmography Awards and nominations Listicles Notes References External links Ma Dong-seok at Big Punch Ent 1971 births Living people Male actors from Seoul American male film actors American male television actors 21st-century American male actors South Korean expatriates in the United States American male actors of Korean descent People with acquired American citizenship Best Supporting Actor Paeksang Arts Award (film) winners

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4%20%ED%97%88%ED%84%B0

마이클 허터

마이클 허터(Michael Hutter)는 1983년 3월 18일 미국의 남자 프로레슬링선수다. 본명은 마이클 헌터 허터(Michael Hunter Hutter)다. WWE NXT에서 링네임이 데릭 베이트먼(Derrick Bateman)으로 활동을 하는 바 TNA/임팩트 레슬링 링네임은 이든 카터 lll / 이든 카터 3세(Ethan Carter lll)다. 그리고 WWE NXT/WWE 링네임이 이씨쓰리(EC3)라고 한다. 2002년 프로레슬링 입문을 했다. 키는 188cm(6 ft 2 in) 몸무게는 105kg(231 lb)으로 밝혀졌다. 프로페셔널 레슬링 하이라이트스 / Professional wrestling highlights 에스 데릭 베이트먼 / As Derrick Bateman 피니싱 무브 / Finshing moves 디비안아트 (에어플레인 스핀) - 인디펜던트 서킷 / Deviant (Airplane spin) - independent circuit 맨-테이스틱 / 스윗 미트 시즐러 (헤드락 드라이버) / Man-Tastic / Sweet Meat Sizzler (Headlock driver) 시그니처 무브 / Signature moves 브릿지 노던 라이츠 수플렉스 / Bridging northern lights suplex 다이빙 크로스바디 / Diving crossbody 플랩잭 / Flapjack 런닝 코크스크류 넥브레이커 / Running corkscrew neckbreaker 런닝 포어암 스매쉬 / Running forearm smash 멀티플 킥 베리에이션 / Multiple kick variations 런닝 드롭 / Running drop 미사일 드롭 / Missile drop 에스 이든 카터 lll / 이씨쓰리 / As Ethan Carter lll / EC3 피니싱 무브 / Finshing moves 이씨디 - 이든 카터스 드라이버 (스피닝 더블 언더훅 페이스버스터) - 2017 / ECD - Ethan Carter's Driver (Spinning double underhook facebuster) - 2017 니바 / Kneebar - 2014 원 퍼센터 (헤드락 드라이버) - 2013; 레이터 유즈드 에스 어 캐릭터리스틱 무브 투 엔엑스티 / One Percenter (Headlock driver) - 2013; Later used as a characteristic move to NXT 리어 네이키드 초크 / Rear naked choke - 2017 더 원 퍼센터 (스피닝 파이어맨즈 캐리 커터) - 2018-프리젠트 / The One Percent (Spinning fireman's carry cutter) - 2018-present 시그니처 무브 / Signature movers 비팅 / Beating 벨리 투 백 수플렉스 리프트 스냅 매트 슬램 / Belly to back suplex lift snap mat slam 바디 어발란체 / Body avalanche 프론트 페이스락 STO / Front facelock STO 리프팅 러시안 레그스윕 / Lifting russian legsweep 로우 블로우 / Low blow 멀티플 크로스바디 베리에이션 / Multiple crossbody variations 다이빙 / Diving 런닝 / Running 멀티플 킥 베리에이션 / Multiple kick variations 빅 붓 / Big boot 런닝 드롭 / Running drop 미사일 드롭 / Missile drop 멀티플 수플렉스 베리에이션 / Multiple suplex variations 브릿지 노던 라이츠 / Bridging northern lights 익스플로이더 / Exploder 런닝 코크스크류 넥브레이커 / Running corkscrew neckbreaker 런닝 포어암 스매쉬 / Running forearm smash 런닝 니 스트라이크 / Running knee strike 수어사이드 다이브 / Suicide dive 매니저 / Managers 아브라함 워싱턴 다니엘 브라이언 딕시 카터 케이틀린 라이노 락스타 스퍼드 타이러스 레슬러 매니지스 / Wrestlers managed 대런 영 링네임 / Nicknames "에스-키킹 머신" / "The Ass-kicking Machine" "베타맥스" (유즈드 와일 티밍 위드 맥심)/ "BetaMax" (used while teaming with Maxine) "데바리안트" / "The Deviant" "이씨쓰리" / "EC3" "하드코어 아메리칸 아이콘" / "The Hardcore American Icon" "카이트맨" / "The KaitMan" "탑 맨" / "The Top Man" "탑 원 퍼센터" / "Top One Percent" 엔트란스 테마 / Entrance themes "디깅 위드 어 스푼" 바이 릭 디폰조 (에프씨더블유; 2009년 2월 19일 - 2009년 3월 26일) / "Digging with a Spoon" by Rick DiFonzo Rick DiFonzo (FCW; February 19, 2009 - March 26, 2009) "스타 앤드 스트라이프 포에버" (인스트루멘톨) 바이 존 윌리엄스 앤드 더 보스턴 팝스 오케스트라 (에프씨더블유; 2009년 4월 3일 - 2009년 5월 21일; 유즈드 에스 에이젠트 디) / "Stars and Stripes Forever" (Instrumental) by John Williams and The Boston Pops Orchestra (FCW; April 3, 2009 - May 21, 2009; used as Agent D) "메탈 하트 (에이)" 바이 맥 프린디 (에프씨더블유; 2009년 5월 28일 - 2011년 8월 14일) / "Metal Heart (A)" by Mac Prindy (FCW; May 28, 2009 – August 14, 2011) "가솔린 업차지" 바이 크리스 위어츠 앤드 다니엘 홀터 (더블유더블유이; 2011년 7월 26일 - 2013년 5월 17일) / "Gasoline Upcharge" by Chris Weerts and Daniel Holter (WWE; July 26, 2011 - May 17, 2013) "트러블" 바이 데일 올리버 (임팩트 레슬링 / 티엔에이; 2013년 10월 10일 - 2018년 1월 13일) / "Trouble" by Dale Oliver (Impact Wrestling / TNA; October 10, 2013 - January 13, 2018) "탑 원 퍼센터" 바이 씨에프오$ (2018년 3월 28일 - 프리젠트) / "Top One Percent" by CFO$ (March 28, 2018 - present) WWE NXT 2011년 7월 26일 그가 WWE NXT에서 데릭 베이트먼(Derrick Bateman)이라는 루키로 첫 등장한다. 탈락 후에는 NXT 리뎀션에서 다시 등장해 자니 커티스와 맥신과 러브 스토리라인을 구축하다가 2013년 8월 방출당한다. 임팩트 레슬링 / TNA 2013년 11월 딕시 카터의 조카라는 설정의 캐릭터 이든 카터 lll / 이든 카터 3세 (Ethan Carter lll) / 이씨쓰리(EC3)로 TNA에 등장한다. 자신은 카터 가문이며 단체가 자신을 필요로 한다는 말을 내뱉으면서 악역으로 등장하여 연승 행진을 이어간다. 2016년 1월 매트 하디와 더블턴을 통해 선역이 되면서 순식간에 단체를 대표하는 탑페이스로 우뚝서게 된다. 2017년 여름 다시 악역이 되지만 예전만큼의 반응은 얻어내지 못하고 2018년 1월 피스트 오어 파이어드 매치에서 가방을 낚아채지만 그 가방이 해고되는 서류가 든 가방이었고 다음 출연분에서 링에서 고별 연설을 하다가 난동을 피우지만 임팩트에 출연한지 얼마 안된 임팩트 레슬링 버전 골드버그인 브라이언 케이지에게 박살나는 것으로 임팩트 레슬링에서의 마지막을 장식했고 이 녹화분을 끝으로 계약만료가 되며 단체를 떠난다. 다시 WWE NXT로 2018년 1월 28일 NXT 테이크오버 : 필라델피아 관중석에 모습을 보이면서 5년만에 WWE로 돌아온다. 데릭 베이트먼이라는 이름 대신 임팩트 레슬링에서와 마찬가지로 이씨쓰리(EC3)로 등장하게 된다. NXT 테이크오버: 뉴올리언스에서 초대 노스 아메리칸 챔피언을 가리는 6인 래더 매치에서 패했으나, 경기는 데이브 멜처에게서 5성을 받으며 호평받았다. 그 후 연승을 이어가다가 2018 WWE U.K 챔피언십 토너먼트 2일차에서 벨베틴 드림과 팀을 맺어 알레이스터 블랙 & 리코셰와 태그팀 매치를 치루는데 벨베틴 드림이 태그를 거부하고 퇴장하면서 첫 핀 폴 패를 당하게 되고 턴페이스를 하게 되면서 벨베틴 드림과 대립을 가지게 되면서 테이크오버 브루클린 4에서 격돌하지만 패배한다. 2018년 10월 24일에 방영된 NXT에서 애덤 콜을 이기지만 경기 후 언디스퓨티드 에라 멤버 전원에게 구타당하고 바비 피쉬가 다리를 부상을 입히면서 한동안 안나오다가 2018년 11월 28일에 방영된 NXT에서 마르셸 바텔을 이기고 승리를 거둔 후 자신을 부상 입힌 바비 피쉬에게 도전을 하게 되면서 2018년 12월 12일에 방영된 NXT에서 바비 피쉬를 상대로 승리를 거둔다. 2019년 1월 9일자 NXT에서는 애덤 콜과의 리매치에서 패배하고 이 경기를 끝으로 NXT에서의 활동이 공식적으로 끝난다. WWE 입성 2019년 1월 14일 WWE Raw에서 인터뷰에서 등장을 하는 바 2019년 1월 15일 WWE 스맥다운에서 거울을 비치는 잠시 등장을 한다. 2019년 2월 4일 WWE Raw에서 딘 앰브로스를 상대로 승리를 한다. 그리고 WWE 레슬매니아 35에서 배틀로얄 참가를 했지만 실패를 거둔다. 그리고 2019년 6월 24일 WWE Raw에서 이번에는 WWE 월드 24/7웨이트 챔피언을 바로 얻었는데 이때는 바로 다시 빼앗기는 기가막히는 개그도 있었다고 한다. 수상 AIW 월드 앱솔룻웨이트 챔피언 (1회) 파이어스톰 월드 프로 헤비웨이트 챔피언 (1회) 랭크드 넘버 20 오브 더 탑 500 싱글즈 레슬링 인 더 PWI 500 인 2016 FCW 월드 플로리다 태그팀웨이트 챔피언 (1회) - 자니 커티스 HOG 월드 헤비웨이트 챔피언 (1회) TNA 월드 헤비웨이트 챔피언 (2회) 월드 임팩트 그랜드웨이트 챔피언 (1회) 바운드 포어 글로리 플레이오프 2016 피스트 오알 파이어 (2013 월드 태그팀 콘텐츠) 피스트 오얼 파이어 (2018 핑크 슬립) TNA 조커츠 와일드 (2014) TNA 월드 타이틀 시리즈 (2016) WC 링마스터 챔피언 (1회) WWE 24/7 챔피언 (4회) 1984년 출생 살아있는 사람 미국의 남자 프로레슬러

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan%20Carter%20III

Ethan Carter III

Michael Hutter (born March 18, 1983) is an American professional wrestler and promoter better known by the ring name Ethan Carter III (or simply EC3). He is currently signed to the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), where he is the current NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion and is a former NWA National Heavyweight Champion. He also performs on the independent circuit. He is best known for his tenures with Impact Wrestling and WWE, where he performed both under his EC3 ring name and, earlier, as Derrick Bateman. Hutter began his professional wrestling career in 2002, and began wrestling for the Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) promotion in 2007. In 2009, he signed a contract with WWE, where he competed as Derrick Bateman. He was assigned to WWE's developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), where he won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship with Johnny Curtis. Also, he competed in the fourth and fifth seasons of NXT, a program where rookies were paired with Pros. He left WWE in May 2013 and then signed a contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He worked with the promotion as Ethan Carter III, the storyline nephew of TNA's legit owner Dixie Carter. He won the TNA World Heavyweight Championship twice and the Impact Grand Championship once. He returned to WWE in January 2018, competing in NXT, before making his main roster debut in early 2019, where he held the WWE 24/7 Championship four times. His second tenure with WWE ended in April 2020. Professional wrestling career Early career (2002–2009) Hutter began his career in Cleveland wrestling regularly for several promotions in the Ohio region after making his debut. He wrestled for Pro Wrestling Ohio, making his debut on episode nine of the television show, as an ally of M-Dogg 20, under the name the "Deviant" Michael Hutter. He immediately began feuding with Josh Prohibition and Johnny Gargano and in the main event on episode 13 he teamed with Jason Bane to defeat Prohibition and Gargano. He made his final appearance for the promotion on episode 16, losing to Prohibition in a match to determine the participants in a match for the PWO Heavyweight Championship. On April 14, 2003 Hutter appeared at the Heat tapings prior to Raw as Mike Hunter, where he was defeated by Rodney Mack. On July 24, 2006 he appeared again at Heat, where he teamed with Chris Cronus in a loss to Viscera and Charlie Haas. He also appeared on Raw in August 2006, as a police officer with Shane McMahon who were to arrest D-Generation X. Hutter made his Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) debut on the March 27, 2007 television tapings, where he lost to Tony Braddock in a dark match using his real name. The following week, he lost to Mike Mondo in a dark match, before changing his ring name to Mike Hutter. He competed in several more dark matches before the television tapings, teaming with Nick Nemeth and Chris Cage in a loss to Mike Kruel, Vladimir Kozlov and Boris Alexiev in a six-man tag team match, before losing to Mondo again. On the April 25 television tapings, Hutter teamed with TJ Dalton and Jamin Olivencia in defeat to Pat Buck, Johnny Punch and Braddock, before losing to Del Electrico in a dark match on the May 2 tapings. Throughout May, he went on to lose to Anthony Polaski (a renamed Tony Braddock) in a dark match and Dan Rodman, and on the May 23 tapings, he was attacked by Kruel, Kozlov, and Mr. Strongo. In his final OVW appearance in June, Hutter competed in a gauntlet match to earn a match against then United States Champion, Montel Vontavious Porter, but the match was won by Chet The Jet. On June 27, 2007, Hutter appeared at a Derby City Wrestling show in Louisville, Kentucky, where he teamed with Osiris to defeat The Belgian Brawler and Apocalypse in a dark match. On December 9, 2007, Firestorm Pro Wrestling held its inaugural show Destroy Erase Improve, which saw the start of a six-man round robin tournament, in which Hutter competed. The tournament lasted nine months, before ending on September 12, 2008 at Something to Die For. That same show, Hutter won a six-man elimination match to become the inaugural Firestorm Pro Heavyweight Champion. Hutter made his last appearance with Firestorm Pro Wrestling on December 13, 2008, when he vacated the Firestorm Pro Heavyweight Championship, which he later awarded to John McChesney when McChesney won a four-way match for the vacant championship. World Wrestling Entertainment (2009–2013) Florida Championship Wrestling (2009–2010) Hutter made his Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) debut on February 9, 2009, as Mike Hutter, when he lost to Drew McIntyre. On February 19, he changed his ring name to Derrick Bateman, and gained Abraham Washington as a manager as he teamed with Lennox McEnroe in a loss to Scotty Goldman and DJ Gabriel. On the February 26 television tapings, Hutter, Washington, and Tristan Delta lost a dark match to Brett DiBiase, Maverick Darsow, and Tank Mulligan. In March, he and Dylan Klein lost to Kafu and Sweet Papi Sanchez. In April, he became known as Agent D, as part of Washington's Secret Service stable, alongside Agent T and Agent J. He reverted to his Derrick Bateman name in June, in a loss to DJ Gabriel. After a hiatus, Bateman returned to FCW in 2010, teaming with Adam Henderson in a loss to The Rotundo Brothers (Bo and Duke). In March, he lost to Richie Steamboat and Joe Hennig in singles competition, and to Johnny Prime, Orlando Colón, and Incognito as part of a six-man tag team match, before defeating Rudy Parker. He went on to lose to Skip Sheffield, Percy Watson, Mason Ryan, Wes Brisco, and Eli Cottonwood over the next several months. In mid-2010, he formed a tag team known as The Handsome Man's Express with Leo Kruger, and the pair unsuccessfully challenged Los Aviadores (Hunico and Epico) for the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship on July 2. The Handsome Man's Express disbanded as a team shortly afterward, with Kruger defeating Bateman in a singles match on July 29. On August 12, 2010, Hutter teamed with Johnny Curtis to win the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship by defeating the team of Donny Marlow and Brodus Clay and the defending champions, Los Aviadores in a three-way tag team match. They went on to successfully defend the championship against Los Aviadores, Clay and Marlow, and The Dude Busters (Caylen Croft and Trent Barreta). After a near three-month reign, Bateman and Curtis lost the championship to Wes Brisco and Xavier Woods on November 4. NXT (2010–2013) During the finale of season three of NXT, it was announced that Bateman would be part of the fourth season, with Season 1 alumnus Daniel Bryan as his mentor. He made his in-ring debut on the December 7 episode of NXT, teaming with Daniel Bryan in a loss to Conor O'Brian and his Pro Alberto Del Rio. He had his first singles match on the December 14 episode of NXT, but lost to Alberto Del Rio via submission. For the next months, he participated in various challenges. Bateman made it to the final three competitors, but was eliminated on the February 22 episode of NXT. He then returned on the March 1 episode of NXT, competing in a tag team match with Conor O'Brian defeating the team of Byron Saxton and Jacob Novak. While competing on NXT, Bateman appeared in pre-taped vignette on Raw as a scientist with the "Bateman Institute" advertising a fictional Mark Henry cologne. He also made his SmackDown debut with Damien Sandow, who refused to fight him. Bateman got his debut match against Ryback and lost. After a period of absence from WWE programming, Bateman was inserted into the fifth season of NXT as a rookie midway into the competition, returning on the June 28, 2011 episode of NXT Redemption and bringing back his Pro Daniel Bryan in the process. Meanwhile, Bateman's character began to show more villainous traits, eventually causing Bryan to abandon him after declaring that Bateman was making a fool out of himself. In July, Bateman started a long feud with Titus O'Neil that lasted until November, as both of them frequently traded wins and losses in a series of matches. In August, Maxine made her return to NXT as Bateman's girlfriend, and she started a concurrent feud with O'Neil's friend AJ. Bateman and Maxine lost to O'Neil and AJ on the September 6 episode of NXT Redemption. On the October 26 episode of NXT Redemption, Bateman proposed to Maxine, who accepted the proposal after slapping and kissing him. On the November 2 episode of NXT Redemption, Bateman and Maxine became known as "Beta-Max", and they participated in a six-person tag match along with JTG in a loss to O'Neil, AJ and Percy Watson. On the November 9 episode of NXT Redemption, Maxine revealed to Bateman that she and his former friend Johnny Curtis went on a date, and they later tag teamed together in a winning effort against the team of Titus O' Neil and Percy Watson. On the December 7 episode of NXT Redemption, Bateman defeated Johnny Curtis in singles competition, turning face once again, and afterwards broke up with Maxine thinking he flirted with her mother. After Bateman again defeated Johnny Curtis in a singles match on the December 28 episode of NXT Redemption, Maxine again turned on Bateman, thinking he was trying to ruin her career, kissing Curtis and leaving with him. The next week on the January 4 episode of NXT Redemption, Bateman lost in singles competition to Darren Young after a distraction from Johnny Curtis and Maxine announcing that they're getting married in Las Vegas. On the 100th episode of NXT Redemption, Bateman interrupted Johnny Curtis and Maxine's wedding ceremony by showing a security camera video clip in his locker room of Johnny Curtis stealing Bateman's iPad and sending an email to Theodore Long about getting rid of Maxine and going to SmackDown, and was later reunited with Maxine. On the February 15 episode of NXT Redemption, Bateman teamed with Justin Gabriel to defeat the team of Heath Slater and Johnny Curtis, and afterwards saved his friend Kaitlyn from Maxine. Two weeks later, Kaitlyn confessed her love for Bateman, kissing him during an intervention also involving Justin Gabriel and Alicia Fox, until Maxine came out and again attacked Kaitlyn. On the March 7 episode of NXT Redemption, Bateman was backstage with Johnny Curtis and Maxine, who revealed to Bateman that they are no longer dating after Kaitlyn kissed Bateman, leading to Bateman and Kaitlyn defeating Curtis and Maxine in a mixed tag team match. On the March 14 episode of NXT Redemption, he confessed his love for Kaitlyn and kissed her, solidifying their relationship. On the March 21 episode of NXT Redemption, Bateman and Kaitlyn were backstage with Tamina talking about his and Kaitlyn's newfound relationship, and later encountered Maxine and Johnny Curtis, who accused them of being involved with Matt Striker's disappearance. Bateman was accompanied by Kaitlyn in singles competition on the March 28 episode of NXT Redemption, losing to Hunico. Bateman and Kaitlyn discovered Matt Striker in a janitor's closet hidden by Curt Hawkins and Tyler Reks on the April 11 episode of NXT Redemption. On the April 25 episode of NXT Redemption, Bateman was attacked by JTG, but later went on to defeat him in singles competition. Bateman made his televised return on the May 4 episode of SmackDown where he once again faced Ryback, but was defeated. On the May 9 episode of NXT Redemption, Bateman was attacked backstage by an unknown person. On the May 30 episode of NXT Redemption, Bateman competed in a tag team match with Percy Watson and Justin Gabriel in a winning effort against Johnny Curtis, Michael McGillicutty, and JTG. Bateman competed on the June 8 episode of SmackDown against Brodus Clay in a losing effort. On the final episode of the fifth season of NXT on June 13, Bateman teamed with Percy Watson in a losing effort against Curt Hawkins and Tyler Reks. After the conclusion of NXT Redemption, NXT transitioned into the renamed FCW developmental territory. Bateman then continued to appear on NXT, where he defeated rival Johnny Curtis on the June 27 episode of NXT. On the October 27 episode of Saturday Morning Slam, Bateman lost to United States Champion Antonio Cesaro in a non-title match. In January 2013, Bateman entered the NXT Tag Team Championship tournament along with Alex Riley, but they were eliminated in the first round after a loss to Kassius Ohno and Leo Kruger. Bateman's final match was a non-title loss against NXT Champion Big E Langston, which was taped before his release. On May 17, 2013, Hutter was released from his contract. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling (2013-2018) Team Dixie (2013–2015) Hutter worked a dark match on August 29, 2013 before the Impact Wrestling television tapings in Cleveland, Ohio, losing to Jay Bradley. On September 26, TNA aired a vignette about a new talent, Ethan. The following week, another vignette aired as it was later reported that Hutter had signed with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and would be debuting with the new character as Dixie Carter's spoiled nephew. The following week, another vignette aired revealing Hutter's new ring name as Ethan Carter III (EC3). On October 20, Carter made his TNA debut at Bound for Glory as a heel, defeating jobber Norv Fernum. Carter defeated another jobber Dewey Barnes on the October 24 episode of Impact Wrestling. On November 21 at the Impact Wrestling: Turning Point special episode, Carter took a step up in competition defeating Shark Boy. Since then, Carter had matches with other jobbers, billed as TNA Legends, like Curry Man or referee Earl Hebner. On the December 12 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter was confronted by Sting and was issued an option; either face Sting immediately, or enter the Feast or Fired match. Carter entered the Feast or Fired match and grabbed one of the briefcases, which was revealed to contain a future TNA World Tag Team Championship match. On the December 26 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter teamed with Rockstar Spud and The BroMans (Robbie E and Jessie Godderz) in a four-on-two handicap match against Sting and Jeff Hardy, where Carter pinned Sting. On the January 2, 2014 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter was challenged by Sting for a match at the Impact Wrestling: Genesis episode, a match which Carter would win after help from the special guest referees Magnus and Rockstar Spud. On the February 6 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter attacked Kurt Angle to save Magnus from losing by submission against him, then launched a vicious assault targeting Angle's surgically repaired left knee, resulting in serious injuries. The following week, Carter teamed with Magnus losing to Gunner and James Storm in a tag team ladder match where Carter's and Gunner's Feast or Fired briefcases were on the line. On the February 6 episode of Impact Wrestling, Kurt Angle had a match against Magnus, which Angle won by disqualification, when EC3 attacked him, performing a leglock, which injured his knee. On the February 27 episode of Impact Wrestling, Angle officially accepted his induction into the TNA Hall of Fame, but the ceremony was interrupted by EC3, who said he tore Angle's knee ligaments and therefore must retire. However, Angle attacked him and challenged him to a match at Lockdown. On the March 6 episode of Impact Wrestling, Angle was attacked again by EC3. It was announced after that night's Impact Wrestling that Kurt Angle, due to EC3's attack, would be pulled from the Lockdown card due to a torn MCL. On March 9, at Lockdown, Bobby Lashley answered Carter's open challenge after his scheduled opponent (Kurt Angle) couldn't wrestle due to injury the match ended in a no contest. The following week on Impact Wrestling, Lashley and Carter had a rematch which Carter won via disqualification after an assault by Willow on Carter. This started a feud between the two, as EC3 and Rockstar Spud attempted to search for Willow in the woods. However, they were both attacked by Willow. At Sacrifice, they were defeated by Willow and a returning Kurt Angle. On the May 8, 2014 episode of Impact Wrestling, EC3 faced Kurt Angle, where EC3 won. During the match, Angle re-injured his knee, which allowed EC3 to capitalize on the victory and tear Angle's ACL. After his feud with Kurt Angle, he started a feud with Bully Ray, who threatened to put his aunt, Dixie Carter, through a table after the match. This resulted in a Texas Death match at Slammiversary XII, which EC3 won with help from Dixie Carter and Rockstar Spud. Through TNA's relationship with Wrestle-1, Carter made his debut for the Japanese promotion in Tokyo on July 6, teaming with Rockstar Spud in a tag team match, where they were defeated by Tajiri and Yusuke Kodama. On the July 3 episode of Impact Wrestling, EC3 defeated Bully Ray in a tables match, following interference from Rhino on Carter's behalf. This prompted Ray to challenge EC3, Rhino, and Spud to a six-man hardcore match with Devon and Tommy Dreamer as his partners, which EC3's team won following interference from Rycklon and Snitsky. On the August 7 episode of Impact Wrestling, EC3, Rhino, Rycklon and Snitsky were defeated in an eight-man Hardcore War against Team 3D, Al Snow and Tommy Dreamer. Afterwards, Bully Ray fulfilled his four-month promise by putting Dixie Carter through a table. EC3 would then blame Rhino for Dixie Carter being put through a table, resulting in EC3 attacking him. The following week, he got himself disqualified by repeatedly hitting Rhino with a chair. Spud tried to stop EC3 from the beat down on Rhino, but EC3 threatened to hit him with a chair, thus teasing tension between the two. On the October 8 episode of Impact Wrestling, Rockstar Spud snapped and slapped EC3, resulting in Carter firing him as his chief of staff. On October 12, at Bound for Glory, EC3 defeated sumo wrestler Ryota Hama. On the October 15 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter introduced his new bodyguard Tyrus. Carter and Tyrus entered the TNA World Tag Team Championship number one contenders tournament defeating Eric Young and Rockstar Spud in the quarterfinals only to lose to The Hardys on the October 29 episode of Impact Wrestling in the semi-finals, when Tyrus was pinned by Matt Hardy. On December 31, Hutter re-signed with TNA for a multi-year contract. On the March 13, 2015 episode of Impact Wrestling, EC3's feud with Spud came to a conclusion in a hair vs. hair match which Carter won. TNA World Heavyweight Champion (2015–2016) After defeating Mr. Anderson on the May 29 episode of Impact Wrestling to become the number one contender, Carter defeated Kurt Angle on June 25, 2015 (which aired on tape delay on the July 1 episode of Impact Wrestling) to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for the first time in his career. Three days later, on June 28, at Slammiversary XIII, Carter and Tyrus defeated Anderson and Lashley in the co–main event. On the July 8 episode of Impact Wrestling, he retained the TNA World Heavyweight Championship three times in one night against Norv Fernum, Shark Boy and Kurt Angle. On the July 15 episode of Impact Wrestling, EC3 defeated Drew Galloway to retain his title. At No Surrender, EC3 defeated Matt Hardy in a Full Metal Mayhem match. He successfully retained his title against GFW wrestler PJ Black at Turning Point. Ethan Carter III gave Matt Hardy a last chance to win his title, in a Title vs. Jeff Hardy's Services match, which Matt Hardy accepted. On the September 2 episode of Impact Wrestling EC3 retained his title and won Jeff Hardy's services. On the September 23 episode of Impact Wrestling, Ethan Carter III successfully retained his title against his former rival Rockstar Spud. Ethan Carter III finally dropped the championship to Matt Hardy, who pinned Drew Galloway in a three-way match on October 4, at Bound For Glory, after special guest referee Jeff Hardy betrayed him, officially ending Carter's reign at 101 days. Carter then filed an injunction (kayfabe) that banned Matt Hardy from appearing on Impact Wrestling for a month, which forced Hardy to relinquish the title in order to stay on the show. Throughout the rest of the year (taped in July), Carter began competing in the TNA World Title Series for an opportunity to regain the vacant championship, in which he continued his winning streak by defeating the likes of Lashley, Mr. Anderson, DJ Z and Davey Richards. On the January 5, 2016 live episode of Impact Wrestling, during its premiere on Pop TV, Carter defeated Lashley in the semi–finals and Matt Hardy in the finals, to win the tournament and the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for a second time. Three days later, during the tapings of Impact Wrestling, which aired on January 19, Carter lost the title to Hardy in a Last Man Standing match, after Tyrus turned on Carter and attacked him, turning face in the process. In February, Carter started an alliance with his former rival Rockstar Spud in order to even things with Hardy and Tyrus, defeating them in a tag-team match on the February 16 episode of Impact Wrestling, only for Spud to attack Carter and cost him his rematch against Hardy during a six sides of steel match at Lockdown. On the March 29 episode of Impact Wrestling, EC3 defeated Matt Hardy, Rockstar Spud, Tyrus and Reby Hardy by disqualification in a Four On One Handicap match. Various feuds (2016–2017) On the March 29 episode of Impact Wrestling Mike Bennett declined a challenge issued to him by Ethan Carter III, leading to Bennett attacking Carter and officially starting a feud between the two. During the April 12 episode of Impact Wrestling, Bennett and Carter had a match that ended in disqualification when Carter attacked Bennett with a steel chair. On the April 26 episode of Impact Wrestling: Sacrifice, Bennett defeated Carter by pinfall, ending Carter's unpinned streak. On the May 10 episode of Impact Wrestling, Bennett declined another challenge from Carter unless Carter faced three of his former enemies; if Carter won all the three matches, then he would get to face Bennett at Slammiversary, to which Carter agreed. His first match was against Rockstar Spud in a Six Sides of Steel match, which Carter won. On the May 17 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter's second match was against Tyrus in a Last Man Standing match, which Carter won. On the May 24 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter won his last match against Matt Hardy, but Bennett refused to give him his rematch, since Carter won by disqualification. On the May 31 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter was put in charge of the show, and he made the match between himself and Bennett official for Slammiversary. On the June 7 episode of Impact Wrestling, EC3 and Gail Kim defeated Mike Bennett and Allie. Ethan Carter III defeated Bennett in a singles match at Slammiversary on June 12. On two separate occasions, Carter got involved in Drew Galloway's matches with the purpose of aiding him. However his plans backfired when he inadvertently ended up striking Galloway with a chair on the first occasion and the second occasion he struck him with a kendo stick. Following on from this, the two began a heated rivalry, fighting each other on several occasions, including an unsanctioned fight that led to a no-contest at Destination X. Later in August, Carter was involved in the Playoff, the winner of the series would go on to main event the PPV against the reigning champion at the time of the event. Before appearing in his own semi-final match against Matt Hardy, Carter interfered in a match between Drew Galloway and Mike Bennett, during which he intended to try and make-good on his recent mistakes costing Galloway matches. However, as before, he once again struck Drew Galloway, costing him the match. Carter would eventually win the series defeating long-time rival Mike Bennett. Galloway challenged Carter to a match with the winner going on to face the champion at Bound for Glory. The next week, Carter defeated Galloway, with Aron Rex as special referee, to keep his spot in the main event of Bound for Glory against Lashley. At Bound for Glory, he was defeated by Lashley. After the PPV, he started a feud against Eli Drake after his Fact of Life segment on the October 6 episode of Impact Wrestling. On the October 27 episode of Impact Wretsling, Carter and Jessie Godderz were defeated by Eli Drake and Aron Rex. On the November 24 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter defeated Eli Drake in a title shot vs. voice match where if Carter lost, he would lose his TNA World Heavyweight title shot and if Drake lost, he would not be able to talk for the rest of 2016. On the December 8 episode of Impact Wrestling, his match against Eddie Edwards for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship ended in a no contest. On the January 5, 2017, episode of Impact Wrestling, he challenged Lashley and Eddie Edwards for Edwards' TNA World Heavyweight Championship in a three-way match, in a losing effort. At One Night Only: Live!, Carter was defeated by Eddie Edwards, and failed to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On the January 12 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter was defeated by Lashley in a Last Man Standing match and failed to become number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On the March 9 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter interrupted the debut of Alberto El Patron saying that he does not deserve a World Championship match. However, his speech was ignored, and a match between El Patron and Lashley was scheduled. Carter watched the main event and congratulated El Patron for his championship win. However, when El Patron relinquished the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, a match between Carter and him for the number one contender was scheduled the following week, which El Patron won by submission. Impact Grand Champion and departure (2017–2018) On April 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter interfered in the match between Lashley and James Storm for the World Heavyweight Championship, hitting Storm over the head with a beer bottle, thus turning heel in the process once again. On the May 11 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter came out dressed as a cowboy and proceeded to berate Storm and the new management of Impact Wrestling. Storm then tried to attack Carter, but Carter retaliated by lashing Storm over thirty times with a leather belt, causing significant injury to his back. The following week, Carter was defeated by Storm, after Carter brutally lashed the referee. After the match however, he tried to attack Storm after which Storm came out on top, but was immediately attacked by Magnus. Then, Bruce Prichard announced a three-way match between Carter, Storm and Magnus to determine the number one contender to the Impact World Heavyweight Championship, but after an altercation with Prichard, Carter attacked him. On the May 25 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter defeated Storm and Magnus to become the number one contender to the Impact Wrestling Heavyweight Championship. However, on the June 1 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter was defeated by Alberto El Patrón in a Six Sides of Steel match, failing to win the GFW Global Championship and lost his opportunity to face Lashley at Slammiversary. At Slammiversary, Carter defeated Storm in a Strap match. After that, Carter was put in the orbit of the Impact Grand Championship, which he won on the August 3 episode of Impact Wrestling, when he defeated Moose via split decision to win the Impact Grand Championship. On the August 24 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter entered in the twenty man Gauntlet for the Gold match for the vacant GFW World Heavyweight Championship at number 7, but was eliminated by Moose and Eddie Edwards. Then, he started a feud with El Hijo del Fantasma, Pagano and El Texano Jr., Mexican luchadores from Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA). This culminated in a match at Bound for Glory, where Carter, Storm and Edwards defeated Hijo del Fantasma, Pagano and Texano. After defences against Hijo del Fantasma and Fallah Bahh, Carter put the title on the line against Matt Sydal, but the match ended in a draw. On the January 4 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter retained his title in a three-way match against Sydal and Fallah Bahh. At Genesis, he dropped the title to Sydal. On January 13, 2018, Carter was released from his contract by Impact Wrestling, but remained on Impact programming until March, as his appearances were filmed before his departure. On the February 1 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter and Alberto El Patrón were defeated by Moose and Johnny Impact in a tag team match. This led to a fatal-four-way match the following week to determine the number one contender for the Impact World Championship, which was won by Impact. On the February 15 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter teamed with a returning Tyrus and defeated Impact and Sydal. After the match, Carter challenged Impact for a match where if he won, he takes his number one contender spot, which Impact accepted. However, Carter lost the match the following week after a misunderstanding with him and Tyrus. On the March 1 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter was defeated by Tyrus. On the March 15 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter participated at the Feast or Fired match where he picked one of the briefcases alongside L. A. Knight, Petey Williams and Moose. After the match, he attacked Tyrus with the briefcase. The following week, Carter opened his briefcase, which was revealed to be the Pink Slip, and resulted in him being fired. After initially rejecting the result, he accepted his fate and was cheered by the Impact Zone despite being a heel. However, he attacked Jeremy Borash with his briefcase, before being confronted and attacked by Brian Cage. Return to WWE (2018–2020) On January 27, 2018, under his EC3 moniker, he returned to WWE and its developmental territory NXT, sitting in the audience at NXT TakeOver: Philadelphia. On the March 28 episode of NXT, EC3 returned to NXT, where he was announced as a participant in a six-man ladder match for the NXT North American Championship at NXT TakeOver: New Orleans against Adam Cole, Killian Dain, Lars Sullivan, Ricochet, and Velveteen Dream, where he was unsuccessful. Throughout the summer, he began a feud with Velveteen Dream, after Dream walked out on EC3 during a tag team match. This led to a match between the two at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn 4, where EC3 was defeated by Dream. During his match against Dream, he suffered a concussion, delaying the plans to call him up to the main roster during the summer. On December 17, 2018, it was announced EC3 would be debuting on the main roster. During the following weeks, he was seen during backstage segments of Raw and SmackDown Live, before making his official debut on the February 4, 2019 episode of Raw, appearing on Alexa Bliss' talk show A Moment Of Bliss. During the segment, EC3 was interrupted by Dean Ambrose, leading to a match that EC3 won. The following week on Raw, they competed in a rematch, which Ambrose won with a small package. After his short feud with Ambrose, EC3 would be off Raw for the following months, and was relegated to Main Event as a jobber. At the WrestleMania 35 pre-show on April 7, EC3 competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but was eliminated early in the match. EC3 was drafted to the Raw brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up. In a dark match before the April 9 episode of SmackDown, EC3 was managed by Drake Maverick. However, Vince McMahon was reported to have disliked the match, so the partnership was not brought to television. Following that, he was mainly used in comedic roles, including being among the group of undercard wrestlers that competed for WWE 24/7 Championship. EC3 competed in the 51-man battle royal at Super ShowDown on June 7, his only main card pay-per-view appearance of the year, but he was the first competitor eliminated and the match was ultimately won by Mansoor. On the June 24 episode of Raw, EC3 pinned 24/7 Champion Cedric Alexander, to claim his first championship within the company, but quickly dropped it to R-Truth seconds later following a distraction by Carmella. EC3 would win the 24/7 Championship three more times in September, trading it back and forth with R-Truth across several house shows, becoming a four-time champion. In doing so EC3 has the most 24/7 title reigns that has not lasted longer than a full day. In November, it was reported that EC3 was injured with a concussion. On April 15, 2020, EC3 was released from his WWE contract as part of budget cuts stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. Control Your Narrative (2020–2022) After leaving WWE, Hutter began to show a series of videos, claiming he wants to control the narrative. This led to a series of cinematic matches. The first match took place at Impact Wrestling's Bound for Glory against Moose, where he was defeated. In May he hosted his own PPV, Free the Narrative, where he defeated Matt Cardona. In October, EC3 hosted his second show Free the Narrative II, where he faced Adam Scherr in the main event, being defeated. Hutter and Scherr began to work together and, on February 17, 2022, they announced Control Your Narrative (CYN). Taking inspiration from Fight Club, the promotion will feature talent booking their own storylines in a way that resembles the early stages of Fight Clubs "Project: Mayhem". Ring of Honor (2020–2021) On the October 19 episode of ROH Television, EC3 made his debut for the promotion cutting a promo in the ring. Afterwards, he was confronted backstage by Shane Taylor and S.O.S. (Soldiers of Savagery) where they challenged him and The Briscoes to a match which they accepted. The match was cancelled after EC3 tested positive for COVID-19, he would sign a contract with ROH on February 25. He was released after ROH announced they would be closing their doors. National Wrestling Alliance (2022–present) On NWA 74th Anniversary Show night one, EC3 made his National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) debut winning via submission over Mims. On Nuff Said pre-show it was announced that EC3 has officially signed to NWA. Later in the night, EC3 scored a submission victory over Kevin Kiley the former Alex Riley. On the February 14, 2023 episode of NWA Powerrr, EC3 shows up to applaud the NWA World Champion Tyrus’ victory over Rolando Freeman, accompanied by BLK Jeez. The following week, lead announcer Joe Galli interviewed EC3 and BLK Jeez about what transpired, though EC3 simply stated that he was only "controlling his narrative". He later went on to challenge Cyon for the NWA National Championship at NWA 312, which would later be made official. At NWA 312 on April 7, EC3 defeated Cyon to win the NWA National Heavyweight Championship. On the May 2 episode of Powerrr, EC3 successfully defended his title in his first title defense against Carnage. EC3 successfully defended the NWA National Championship on both nights of the Crockett Cup against Silas Mason and NWA World Television Champion Thom Latimer. After successfully defending the title against “Thrillbilly” Silas Mason, EC3 dropped the title in the ring, officially relinquishing it to challenge Tyrus for the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship at NWA 75th Anniversary Show. On August 27 at NWA 75, EC3 defeated Tyrus in a bullrope match to become the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion. On September 26 episode of Powerrr, EC3 successfully defended his title in his first title defense against Jay Bradley. On October 28 at NWA Samhain, EC3 successfully defended the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship against Thom Latimer. Ohio Valley Wrestling (2023–present) On January 7, 2023 at Nightmare Rumble 2023, EC3 made his OVW debut by participating in the 2023 Nightmare Rumble for OVW National Heavyweight Championship, which was won by Jessie Godderz. On May 26 episode of OVW, EC3 was defeated by Crixus for the vacant OVW Kentucky Heavyweight Championship. Professional wrestling style and persona After his second WWE departure in 2020, Hutter reinvented his EC3 gimmick as a much darker and enigmatic crusader. Known as "The Essential Character", he insisted to control "your own narrative". Other media EC3 has appeared in video games as a playable character in WWE 2K19 (as a downloadable character) and WWE 2K20. Championships and accomplishments Absolute Intense Wrestling AIW Absolute Championship (1 time) Atomic Revolutionary Wrestling ARW Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current) Florida Championship Wrestling FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Johnny Curtis Firestorm Pro Wrestling Firestorm Pro Heavyweight Championship (1 time) House of Glory HOG World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) National Wrestling Alliance NWA National Championship (1 time) NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked No. 20 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2016 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling TNA World Heavyweight Championship (2 times) Impact Grand Championship (1 time) Feast or Fired (2013 – World Tag Team Championship contract) Feast or Fired (2018 – Pink Slip) TNA Joker's Wild (2014) TNA World Title Series (2016) Bound for Glory Playoffs (2016) Moment of the Year (2020) – WrestleCircus WC Ringmaster Championship (1 time) WWE WWE 24/7 Championship (4 times) Luchas de Apuestas record References External links 1983 births 21st-century professional wrestlers American male professional wrestlers FCW Florida Tag Team Champions Impact Grand Champions Living people NWA World Heavyweight Champions People from Willoughby, Ohio Professional wrestlers from Ohio TNA World Heavyweight/Impact World Champions WWE 24/7 Champions

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8%20%EB%A1%9D%ED%8B%B0

라이언 록티

라이언 스티븐 록티(, 1984년 8월 3일 ~ )는 미국의 수영 선수이다. 통산 11개의 올림픽 메달(2004년 아네테 올림픽에서 금메달 1개, 은메달 1개, 2008년 베이징 올림픽에서 금메달 2개, 동메달 2개, 2012년 런던 올림픽에서 금메달 2개, 은메달 2개, 동메달 1개)을 획득했다. 생애 록티는 미국 뉴욕주 로체스터에서 독일과 영국계 미국인의 아버지와 쿠바계 미국인의 어머니 사이에 3남 2녀 중 셋째로 태어났다. 수영 코치였던 아버지 밑에서 5살 때부터 수영을 배우게 되지만, 어린시절에는 수영에 관심이 없고 장난만 심한 아이였다가 고등학교에 들어가면서부터 수영에 관심을 가지고 제대로 훈련하기 시작했다. 2007년 플로리다 대학교에서 스포츠경영학 학사학위를 받을 때까지 7번이나 NCAA(전미대학경기협회) 챔피언 자리에 오르며 두각을 나타냈다. 국제 경력 2004 ~ 05 2004년 미국 올림픽 선발 시합에서 록티는 200m 개인혼영에서 마이클 펠프스에게 밀려 2위로 온 후 자신의 첫 올림픽 출전에 자격을 얻었다. 또한 200m 자유형 결승전에서 4위를 한 후 800m 자유형 계주에도 나가는 데 합격하였다. 아테네 올림픽에서 록티는 800m 자유형 계주에서 펠프스, 클리트 켈러, 피터 밴더케이와 함께 활약하면서 오스트레일리아 팀을 꺾고 금메달을 획득하였다. 이 일은 6년 이래 오스트레일리아 팀의 첫 패배였다. 그는 또한 200m 개인혼영에서 조지 보벨과 체흐 라슬로를 좁은 차이로 꺾고 펠프스에게 밀려 은메달을 따기도 하였다. 그해 후반에 인디애나폴리스에서 열린 FINA 쇼트 코스 세계 선수권 대회에서 록티는 200m 개인혼영 은메달과 200m 자유형 동메달을 땄다. 또한 800m 자유형 계주에서 채드 카빈, 댄 케첨, 저스틴 모티머와 함께 금메달을 따기도 하였다. 2005년 몬트리올에서 열린 세계 수상 선수권 대회에서 록티는 200m 배영과 200m 개인혼영에서 둘다 동메달을 땄다. 800m 자유형 계주에서 록티는 펠프스, 밴더케이, 켈러와 팀을 이루어 캐나다와 오스트레일리아 팀을 꺾고 금메달을 획득하였다. 2006 ~ 07 2006년 상하이에서 열린 쇼트 코스 세계 선수권 대회에서 록티는 3개의 개인 타이틀을 우승하고 1개의 은메달과 동메달을 획득하였다. 200m 개인 혼영과 배영을 우승하면서 두 종목에서 세계 신기록을 세웠다. 400m 혼계영의 오픈 주자로 100m 배영에서 다른 세계 기록을 세우기도 하여 거리를 50초 안으로 완료한 첫 선수가 되었다. 400m 개인혼영에서 3번째 금메달을 따면서 선수권 신기록을 세웠다. 2007년 멜버른에서 열린 세계 수상 선수권 대회에서 록티는 동료 선수 에런 피어솔을 상대로 200m 배영에서 피어솔의 세계 기록을 깨고 첫 금메달을 획득하였다. 이 일은 록티의 롱코스 종목에서 첫 세계 기록이었다. 90분 약간 후에 록티는 펠프스, 켈러, 밴더케이와 함께 팀을 이루어 800m 자유형 계주에서 세계 기록을 세웠다. 100m 배영, 200m와 400m 개인혼영에서 은메달들을 따기도 하였다. 세계 선수권의 1주 이내에 록티는 해마다 열리는 오마하 풀 시합에 나가 페어솔을 꺾었다. 100m 배영에서 페어솔의 기록을 0.06 차이로 꺾고, 배영 경주들의 쇼터 코스에서 피어솔의 7년 우승 시간을 깼다. 2008년 베이징 올림픽 선발 시합 오마하에서 열린 2008년 미국 올림픽 선발 시합에서 록티는 6개의 개인 종목들에 나가 베이징 올림픽에서 3개의 개인 종목들 출전에 합격하였다. 또한 200m 자유형에서 그의 3위와 함께 800m 자유형 계주에 나갈 수 있었다. 그의 첫 종목 400m 개인혼영에서 록티는 펠프스에게 밀려 2위를 하였다. 두번째 종목 200m 자유형에서는 펠프스와 밴더케이에게 밀려 3위를 하였다. 200m 자유형의 적은 30분 후에 록티는 100m 배영 결승전에 나가 에런 피어솔과 매트 크리버스에 밀려 3위를 하였다. 다음 날에 록티는 100m 자유형에 나갔으나 준결승전 후에 비기도 말았다. 이틀 후에 200m 배영에서 록티는 자신의 세계 기록을 동등하게 한 피어솔에 밀려 2위를 하였다. 적은 30분 후에 200m 개인혼영에서 펠프스에게 밀려 2위를 하였다. 올림픽 2008년 베이징 올림픽의 자신의 첫 종목 400m 개인혼영에서 록티는 펠프스와 체흐에 밀려 동메달을 땄다. 그의 시간 4분 08.09초는 자신이 오마하에서 활약한 것 보다 2초나 느렸다. 자신의 두번째 종목 800m 자유형 계주에서 그는 두번째 주자로 헤엄쳤다. 펠프스, 리키 베런스, 밴더케이와 함께 자신의 첫 금메달을 따고, 미국 팀이 6분 58.56초로 1위를 하면서 자신의 첫 세계 기록을 세웠다. 미국 팀은 계주에서 7분을 깬 첫 팀이 되었고, 4초의 반 보다에 의하여 멜버른에서 세운 이전 기록을 깼다. 자신의 세번째 종목 200m 배영에서 록티는 세계 기록을 세우고 전직 챔피언 피어솔을 꺾고 자신의 첫 개인적 금메달을 획득하였다. 27분 후에 200m 개인혼영에 나가 다시 펠프스와 체흐에 밀려 동메달을 땄다. 2009년 세계 선수권 2009년 세계 수상 선수권 대회를 위한 선발 대회였던 국내 선수권 대회에서 록티는 200m와 400m 개인혼영에서 개인 타이틀을 우승하였다. 록티는 400m와 800m 자유형 계주에 나가는 데 합격하기도 하였다. 200m 배영 결승전에서 에런 피어솔에게 밀려 2위를 한 록티는 피어솔이 1분 53.08초를 기록하면서 자신이 베이징에서 세운 세계 기록을 잃고 말았다. 로마에서 열린 세계 수상 선수권 대회에서는 자신의 첫 종목 400m 자유형 계주에서 47.03초와 함께 두번째 주자로서 헤엄을 쳤다. 그는 펠프스, 매트 그리버스, 네이선 에이드리언과 함께 그 종목에서 금메달을 땄다. 3분 09.21초의 결승전 시간은 선수권 기록이 되었고 러시아(3분 09.52초)와 프랑스(3분 09.89초)를 앞섰다. 이 선수권 대회에서 펠프스가 200m와 400m 개인혼영에 나가지 않으면서 록티는 양종목을 우승하였다. 200m 개인혼영에서 록티는 1분 54.10초와 함께 펠프스의 세계 기록 1분 54.23초를 깼다. 800m 자유형 계주 결승전에서 록티는 최종 주자로 1분 44.46초와 함께 헤엄을 쳤다. 펠프스, 베런스, 데이비드 월터스와 함께 결합하여 록티는 금메달을 획득하였으며 그의 팀은 6분 58.55초와 함께 1초의 100분의 1에 의하여 이전 세계 기록을 깼다. 2010년 2010년 팬패시픽 수영 선수권 대회와 2011년 세계 수상 선수권 대회를 위한 선발 대회였던 국내 선수권 대회에서 록티는 200m 배영, 200m와 400m 개인혼영에서 개인 타이틀을 우승하였다. 100m와 200m 자유형에서 2위를 하기도 하였다. 200m 개인혼영에서 우승은 자신이 처음으로 국내 혹은 국제 대회에서 펠프스를 꺾은 것이었다. 그해에 어바인에서 열린 팬패시픽 선수권 대회에서 록티는 총6개의 금메달을 획득하였다. 그의 우승은 200m 배영, 200m 자유형, 200m와 400m 개인혼영, 400m와 800m 자유형 계주를 포함한다. 또한 두바이에서 열린 쇼트코스 세계 선수권 대회에서 록티는 쇼트코스 선수권 대회들에서 역사상 처음으로 개인적 종목에서 7개의 금메달을 획득한 선수가 되었고 개인적으로 세계 기록을 세운 단 하나의 선수였다. 두바이에서 록티는 200m 배영, 200m 자유형, 모든 개인혼영(100m, 200m, 400m)과 400m 혼계영에서 금메달을 획득하였다. 800m 자유형 계주에서 은메달을 따기도 하였다. 두바이에서 록티가 세운 세계 기록들은 연속적인 날들에 다가왔고 처음에 400m 개인혼영에서, 그러고나서 200m 개인혼영에서 생겼다. 둘다의 세계 기록들은 상당한 끝에 의하여 깨졌다. 그해의 말에 록티는 스위밍 월드 잡지에 의하여 올해의 세계 수영 선수와 올해의 미국 수영 선수로 임명되었다. 또한 FINA 수상 월드 잡지에 의하여 FINA 2010년의 남성 수영 선수로 임명되기도 하였다. 2010년은 록티가 총 13개의 국제 메달들, 그중에 12개의 금메달을 획득한 것을 보았다. 2011년 세계 선수권 2011년 세계 수상 선수권 대회에서 록티는 총 6개의 메달(금 5개, 동 1개)을 획득하였다. 록티는 400m 자유형 계주에서 자신의 예선들에서 공헌을 위하여 첫 동메달을 땄다. 예선들에서 48.28초를 기록하여 지난 해에 어바인에서 자신이 기록한 47.98초를 앞섰다. 자신의 두번째 종목 200m 자유형에서 록티는 1분 44.44초를 세워 1분 44.79초를 기록한 마이클 펠프스를 앞서 금메달을 획득하였다. 그 일은 롱코스 세계 선수권 대회에서 록티의 첫 금메달이었다. 그는 200m 개인혼영 종목에서 세계 기록 1분 54.00초와 함께 1분 54.16초를 기록한 펠프스를 앞서 우승하였다. 200m 배영에서는 1분 52.96초와 함께 2위를 한 이리에 료스케의 1초를 능가하여 시합을 지배하였다. 그는 800m 자유형 계주에서 펠프스, 밴더케이, 베런스와 함께 시합에 나갔다. 최종 주자로서 1분 44.56초와 함께 헤엄을 친 록티는 우승하는 데 프랑스 팀으로부터 적자를 낼 수 있었다. 계주에서 결승 시간은 7분 02.67초였다. 자신의 마지막 종목 400m 개인혼영에서 록티는 4분 07.13초와 함께 우승하면서 자신의 지배를 지속하였다. 그의 가장 가까운 동료 선수 타일러 클러리는 4분 11.17초로 끝내면서 4초 이상이나 밀렸다. 그해의 말에 록티는 스위밍 월드 잡지에 의하여 올해의 세계 수영 선수와 올해의 미국 수영 선수로 임명되어 이전의 타이틀들을 유지하였다. 또 다시 FINA 수상 월드 잡지에 의하여 FINA 남성 수영 선수로 임명되어 이 타이틀을 유지하기도 하였다. 2012년 런던 올림픽 선발 시합 2012년 미국 올림픽 선발 시합에서 록티는 200m 배영과 400m 개인혼영에서 1위, 200m 자유형과 200m 개인혼영에서 2위를 하면서 올림픽 팀을 위한 합격을 하였다. 록티는 또한 100m 접영에서 3위를 하면서 좁게 경연을 놓쳤다. 올림픽 2012년 런던 올림픽에서 록티는 400m 개인 혼영에서 4분 05.18초와 함께 자신의 첫 금메달을 획득하였다. 400m 자유형 계주에서 47.74초로 분단되면서 프랑스 팀에게 패하여 은메달을 딴 록티는 야닉 아넬보다 꼬박 1초, 동료 펠프스보다 1초의 10분의 1이나 느렸다. 록티는 200m 자유형 경주에서 4위를 하였다. 그는 800m 자유형 계주에서 금메달을 따면서 그 상연을 따라갔다. 올림픽 경기의 6째 밤에 그는 자신의 2개의 결승전에서 양종목 30분 사이에 헤엄을 쳤다. 처음에 그는 200m 배영에서 동료 타일러 클러리와 일본의 이리에 료스케에 밀려 3위를 하여 동메달을 땄다. 그의 시간 1분 53.94초는 자신의 4년 전에 당시 세계 기록과 함께 우승하던 시간과 동점이 되었다. 30분 후에 록티는 200m 개닌혼영에서 펠프스에 상대하였다. 펠프스가 경기 후에 은퇴하면서 자신들 경력들의 마지막 접근전에서 펠프스에게 밀려 은메달을 땄다. 이 일은 록티가 200m 개인혼영에서 메달을 획득한 3번째 연속적 올림픽이었다. 그의 5개 메달은 그에게 총 11개의 올림픽 메달을 가져왔고, 마크 스피츠와 매트 비온디와 함께 펠프스 만으로 뒤로 남자 수영 선수들 사이에 2위를 위하여 동점이 되었다. 그의 7개의 개인적 올림픽 메달들은 남자 올림픽 수영에서 두번째로 제일 많은 메달이며 할마이 졸탄과 스피츠를 능가하였다. 2013년 세계 선수권 2013년 바르셀로나에서 열린 세계 수상 선수권 대회에서 록티는 400m 자유형 계주에서 네이선 에이드리언, 앤서니 어빈, 지미 파이겐과 함께 결합하여 프랑스 팀에 밀려 2위를 하였다. 두번째 주자로 헤엄치면서 록티는 47.80초를 기록하였고, 미국 팀은 3분 11.44초와 함께 완료하였다. 자신의 첫 개인 종목 200m 자유형에서 록티는 자신의 타이틀을 유지하는 데 실패하고 1분 45.64초와 함께 4위를 하였다. 그는 200m 개인혼영에서 1분 54.98초를 기록하여 자신의 타이틀을 유지하면서 금메달을 획득하였다. 이어서 그는 200m 배영에서도 1분 53.79초를 기록하면서 자신의 타이틀을 유지하였다. 200m 배영을 우승한 같은 날(자신의 개인 베스트를 세우고 결승전에 나가는 데 합격한 100m 접영 준결승전), 록티는 800m 자유형 계주에서 코너 드와이어, 찰리 하우친, 리키 베런스와 결합하여 우승을 하였다. 두번째 주자로 헤엄친 록티는 1분 44.98초를 기록하고 미국 팀은 7분 01.72초와 함께 완료하였다. 800m 자유형 계주의 승리에서 록티는 그 종목에서 5연속 선수권 타이틀을 우승한 첫 선수가 되었다. 다음 날에 100m 접영 결승전에 나간 록티는 51.58초와 함께 6위에 그치고 말았다. 개인 베스트 100m 자유형 : 0'48"16（2009년） 200m 자유형 : 1'44"44（2011년） 400m 자유형 : 3'49"25（2008년） 100m 배영 : 0'53"37（2008년） 200m 배영 : 1'52"96（2011년）2011년 세계 수영 선수권 대회에서의 우승 타임 200m 개인혼영 : 1'54"00（2011년）세계기록 400m 개인혼영 : 4'05"18（2012년） 1984년 출생 살아있는 사람 미국의 남자 수영 선수 2004년 하계 올림픽 수영 참가 선수 2004년 하계 올림픽 메달리스트 2008년 하계 올림픽 수영 참가 선수 2008년 하계 올림픽 메달리스트 2012년 하계 올림픽 수영 참가 선수 2012년 하계 올림픽 메달리스트 올림픽 수영 메달리스트 뉴욕주 출신 남자 자유형 선수 남자 배영 선수 남자 개인혼영 선수 미국의 올림픽 금메달리스트 미국의 올림픽 은메달리스트 미국의 올림픽 동메달리스트 독일계 미국인 영국계 미국인 쿠바계 미국인 플로리다 대학교 동문 수영 세계 기록 보유자 미국의 올림픽 수영 참가 선수 2016년 하계 올림픽 수영 참가 선수 2016년 하계 올림픽 메달리스트 잉글랜드계 미국인 네덜란드계 미국인 2003년 팬아메리칸 게임 수영 참가 선수 미국의 팬아메리칸 게임 금메달리스트 팬아메리칸 게임 수영 메달리스트 2003년 팬아메리칸 게임 메달리스트 도핑 위반 수영 선수 미국의 도핑 위반 선수

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Lochte

Ryan Lochte

Ryan Steven Lochte ( ; born August 3, 1984) is an American professional swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist. Along with Natalie Coughlin, Dara Torres, and Jenny Thompson, he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals, behind only Michael Phelps. Lochte's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men's swimming (again to Michael Phelps), tied for second among all Olympic swimmers. He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley (long and short course). As part of the American teams, he also holds the world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle (long course) and 4×100-meter freestyle (mixed) relay. Lochte's success has earned him SwimSwam's Swammy Award for U.S. Male Swimmer of the Year in 2013, the World Swimmer of the Year Award, and the American Swimmer of the Year Award twice. He has also been named the FINA Swimmer of the Year three times. He has won a total of 90 medals in major international competition (54 gold, 22 silver, and 14 bronze) spanning the Olympics, the World Championships, Pan American Games, and Pan Pacific Championships, including six Olympic gold medals and 39 world championship titles. Lochte specializes in the backstroke and individual medley, but is also a freestyle and butterfly swimmer. He is noted for the speed and distance he attains while kicking underwater. Lochte is also known for his dominance in the short course format (25-yard and 25-meter-long pools). Lochte swam the 100-meter individual medley in 50.71 seconds on December 15, 2012, at the FINA World Championships in Istanbul, Turkey. At this same event, he is also credited with swimming the fastest 200-meter individual medley, finishing in 1 minute 49.63 seconds. In 2016, Lochte generated international controversy when he claimed that he and three other American swimmers had been pulled over and robbed by armed men with police badges while in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, at the 2016 Summer Olympics. While initial news stories reported that Lochte and three other US swimmers had been robbed at gunpoint after a night out in Rio, later details emerged that the "armed robbers posing as police" were actually security guards at a gas station where the swimmers had urinated outside the bathroom and Lochte allegedly vandalized a framed poster, and ended with the swimmers providing money to the guards. Some of the swimmers were detained in Brazil as witnesses. Ultimately, the athletes each released statements, and one swimmer paid a fine of approximately $10,800 to a Brazilian charity in order to get his passport back. Lochte apologized for not being more candid about the gas station dispute, and subsequently lost four major sponsorships. On September 8, both the U.S. Olympic Committee and USA Swimming suspended Lochte for 10 months and Bentz, Conger, and Feigen for four months. Additionally, Lochte was required to complete 20 hours of community service, and Bentz was required to complete 10 hours. All were made ineligible for financial support during their suspensions, removed from the U.S. Olympic delegation to the White House, barred from U.S. Olympic training centers, and blocked from attending USA Swimming's year-end Golden Goggles celebration. Lochte was charged in Brazil with falsely reporting a crime. The scandal gained significant media attention both during the games and after their conclusion. In July 2017, the court in Brazil dismissed the charges against Lochte, saying his actions "did not rise to the level of filing a false crime report." On July 23, 2018, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency imposed a 14-month suspension from competition on Lochte because he had received a "prohibited intravenous infusion." Lochte immediately accepted the sanction. On May 24, 2018, the same day he had received the infusion, Lochte had posted a picture - since deleted - on Instagram "showing him receiving an intravenous injection of what he says were 'vitamins'," even though the USADA bans "intravenous infusions of permitted substances at volumes greater than in a 12-hour period without a special 'Therapeutic Use Exemption'," Vox reported. Early life Lochte was born in Rochester, New York, the son of Ileana "Ike" (née Aramburu) and Steven R. Lochte. His mother is Cuban and was born and raised in Havana, while his father is of Dutch, English, and German descent. He has two older sisters, Kristin and Megan, and two younger brothers, Devon and Brandon. During his early childhood, his family lived in Bristol, New York where he attended Bloomfield Central Schools. The family moved to Florida when Ryan was 12 so his father could coach swimming. Lochte only began taking swimming seriously when he was in junior high school. His father said, "I would send him to go shower when he was messing around. He spent more time in the showers than he did in the pool." At 14 years old, his loss at the Junior Olympics changed his attitude. He later commented: "I suddenly said, 'I'm sick of losing'. After that I trained hard and I never lost there again." College career Lochte attended the University of Florida and graduated in 2007, majoring in sport management. As a member of the Florida Gators swimming and diving team, he swam for coach Gregg Troy in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Southeastern Conference (SEC) competition from 2004 to 2007. At Florida, Lochte was the NCAA Swimmer of the Year twice, a seven-time NCAA champion, a seven-time SEC champion, and a 24-time All-American. At the 2006 NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships, during his senior year, Lochte won national titles in all three of his individual events, setting U.S. Open and American records in the 200-yard individual medley and 200-yard backstroke. He also broke Tom Dolan's nearly decade-old NCAA record in the 400-yard individual medley. International career 2004–2005 Lochte qualified for his first Olympics after finishing second to Michael Phelps in the 200-meter individual medley at the 2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials. He also qualified for the 4×200-meter freestyle relay team after finishing fourth in the 200-meter freestyle final. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, Lochte swam with Phelps, Klete Keller, and Peter Vanderkaay to upset the Australian team and capture the gold medal in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. It was the first loss for the Australian team in six years. He also narrowly edged out George Bovell and László Cseh in the 200-meter individual medley to win the silver medal behind Phelps. Later that year, at the 2004 FINA Short Course World Championships in Indianapolis, Lochte won the silver medal in the 200-meter individual medley and the bronze in the 200-meter freestyle. He also won the gold medal in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay with Chad Carvin, Dan Ketchum, and Justin Mortimer. At the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Lochte won the bronze medals in both the 200-meter backstroke and 200-meter individual medley. In the 4×200-meter freestyle relay, Lochte teamed with Phelps, Vanderkaay, and Keller to win gold ahead of Canada and Australia. 2006–2007 At the 2006 FINA Short Course World Championships in Shanghai, held just two weeks after the 2006 NCAA Championships, Lochte won three individual titles, one silver, and one bronze. He won the 200-meter individual medley and the 200-meter backstroke, setting new world records in both events. He also set another world record in the 100-meter backstroke in the opening leg of the 4×100-meter medley relay, becoming the first man to complete the distance in under 50 seconds. He won his third gold medal in the 400-meter individual medley, setting a new championship record. At the 2007 World Aquatics Championships in Melbourne, Australia, Lochte won his first individual gold medal at a long course world championships in the 200-meter backstroke against compatriot Aaron Peirsol, breaking Peirsol's world record and his seven-year win streak in the event. This was Lochte's first world record in a long course event. A little more than 90 minutes later, Lochte went on to set a world record in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay with Phelps, Keller and Vanderkaay. He also won silver medals in the 100-meter backstroke, and 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley, making his medal total for the meet second only to Phelps. Within a week of the world championships, Lochte competed in the annual Mutual of Omaha Duel in the Pool where he again beat Peirsol. In the 100-meter backstroke, he broke Peirsol's other seven-year winning streak in the shorter of the backstroke races, edging out Peirsol by 0.06 seconds. 2008 Summer Olympics Olympic Trials At the 2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials in Omaha, Nebraska, Lochte competed in six individual events and qualified to swim in three individual events at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Also, with his third-place finish in the 200-meter freestyle, Lochte was ensured a spot on the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. In his first event, Lochte finished second to Phelps in the 400-meter individual medley. Both Lochte and Phelps finished below Phelps' previous world record in the event. In his second event, the 200-meter freestyle, Lochte finished in third place behind Phelps and Vanderkaay. Less than 30 minutes after the 200-meter freestyle final, Lochte finished in third place behind Aaron Peirsol and Matt Grevers in the 100-meter backstroke final. The next day, Lochte competed in the 100-meter freestyle but withdrew after the semifinals. Two days later, in the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte finished in second place behind Peirsol, who equalled Lochte's world record. Less than 30 minutes after the 200-meter backstroke final, Lochte finished second to Phelps in the 200-meter individual medley. Olympics In his first event at the 2008 Summer Olympics, Lochte won the bronze medal in the 400-meter individual medley behind Phelps and Cseh. His time of 4:08.09 was two seconds slower than the time he swam in Omaha. In his second event, Lochte swam the second leg of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. With Phelps, Ricky Berens, and Vanderkaay, he won his first gold medal and set his first world record as the American team finished first with a time of 6:58.56. The Americans were the first team to break the seven-minute mark in the relay, and broke the previous record, set in Melbourne, Australia, by more than four and a half seconds. In his third event, the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte won his first individual gold medal and set the world record, beating defending champion Peirsol. Twenty-seven minutes after the final of the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte went on to win the bronze in the 200-meter individual medley, finishing behind Phelps and Cseh. 2009 World Championships At the 2009 National Championships, the selection meet for the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, Lochte won individual titles in the 200 and 400-meter individual medley. Lochte also qualified to swim in the 4×100 and 4×200-meter freestyle relay. In the 200-meter backstroke final, Lochte placed second behind Aaron Peirsol, and lost his world record he set in Beijing when Peirsol recorded a time of 1:53.08. In his first event at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, Lochte swam the second leg of the men's 4×100-meter freestyle relay in a time of 47.03. He earned a gold medal in the event along with Phelps, Matt Grevers, and Nathan Adrian. The final time of 3:09.21 was a championship record and just ahead of Russia (3:09.52) and France (3:09.89). With Phelps not competing in the 200 or 400-meter individual medley at these championships, Lochte won the gold in both events. In the 200-meter individual medley, Lochte broke Phelps' world record of 1:54.23 with a time of 1:54.10. In the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte won the bronze medal, finishing behind Peirsol and Ryosuke Irie of Japan. In the 4×200-meter freestyle relay final, Lochte swam the anchor leg in 1:44.46. Combined with Phelps, Berens, and David Walters, Lochte won the gold medal and his team broke the previous world record by one-hundredth of a second with a time of 6:58.55. 2010 At the 2010 National Championships, the selection meet for the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships and 2011 World Aquatics Championships, Lochte won individual titles in the 200-meter backstroke, 200-meter individual medley, and the 400-meter individual medley. He also placed second in the 100 and 200-meter freestyle. Lochte's win in the 200-meter individual medley was the first time he defeated Phelps in a major national or international meet. At the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Irvine, California, Lochte won a total of six gold medals. His wins included the 200-meter backstroke, 200-meter freestyle, 200 and 400-meter individual medleys, and 4×100 and 4×200-meter freestyle relays. At the 2010 FINA Short Course World Championships in Dubai, Lochte became the first individual in history to win seven medals at the Short Course Worlds and was the only person to set a world record individually since body-length swimsuits were banned. In Dubai, Lochte won gold in the 200-meter backstroke, 200-meter freestyle, all individual medleys (100, 200, 400), and 4×100-meter medley relay. He also won silver in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. Lochte's world records in Dubai came on consecutive days, first in the 400-meter individual medley, then in the 200-meter individual medley. Both world records were broken by considerable margins. At year's end, Lochte was named the World Swimmer of the Year and American Swimmer of the Year by Swimming World Magazine. He was also named FINA male swimmer of the year for 2010 by FINA Aquatics World Magazine. 2010 saw Lochte win a total of 13 international medals, 12 of them gold. 2011 World Championships At the 2011 World Aquatics Championships, Lochte won a total of six medals, five golds and one bronze. Lochte won his first medal, a bronze, in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay for his contributions in the heats. In the heats, Lochte recorded a time of 48.28, off from the 47.98 he recorded last year in Irvine. In his second event, the 200-meter freestyle, Lochte won the gold with a time of 1:44.44, finishing ahead of Michael Phelps who recorded a time of 1:44.79. It was Lochte's first gold in the event in the long course World Championships. Lochte won the 200-meter individual medley event in a world record time of 1:54.00, finishing ahead of Michael Phelps time of 1:54.16. In the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte dominated the competition with a time of 1:52.96, over a second ahead of second-place finisher Ryosuke Irie. Shortly after completing the 200-meter backstroke, Lochte competed in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay with Michael Phelps, Peter Vanderkaay, and Ricky Berens. Swimming the anchor leg in 1:44.56, Lochte was able to make up a deficit from France for the win. The final time for the relay was 7:02.67. In his last event, the 400-meter individual medley, Lochte continued his dominance with a win in a time of 4:07.13. His closest competitor, Tyler Clary, finished in 4:11.17, over four seconds behind. Lochte said he was pleased with his performance at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships but feels that he can improve his times before the 2012 Olympics. "Getting five gold medals is definitely great, but the times that I went, I know I could go a lot faster," he said. "There are a lot of places in my races that I messed up on that I could have changed and gone faster, but I guess I have a whole year to make sure I have those perfect swims." At year's end, Lochte was named the World Swimmer of the Year and American Swimmer of the Year by Swimming World Magazine, and defended his titles from 2010. He was also named FINA male swimmer of the year for 2011 by FINA Aquatics World Magazine and also defended this title. 2012 Summer Olympics Olympic Trials At the 2012 United States Olympic Trials, the qualifying meet for the 2012 Summer Olympics, Lochte qualified for the Olympic team by finishing first in the 200-meter backstroke and 400-meter individual medley, and second in the 200-meter freestyle and 200-meter individual medley. Lochte also narrowly missed a spot competing in the individual 100-meter butterfly by finishing third. Olympics At the Olympics in London, Lochte won his first gold medal of the games in the 400-meter individual medley with a time of 4:05.18. Commenting on his first medal of the 2012 Olympics and head-to-head competition with fellow American and world record holder, Michael Phelps, Lochte acknowledged Phelps' greatness while positioning himself as "the best today." Lochte won a silver medal with the U.S. 4×100-meter freestyle relay team, losing out to the French team with a 47.74 split, a full second slower than the French finishing swimmer Yannick Agnel and six tenths of a second slower than teammate Phelps. Lochte placed fourth in the 200-meter freestyle race. He followed that performance, however, by winning gold with the U.S. 4×200-meter freestyle team. Lochte swam the first split and provided the U.S. team a commanding lead, which it never relinquished. On the sixth night of the Games, Lochte swam his last two finals, with only 30 minutes in between. First, he won the bronze medal in the 200m backstroke, finishing behind compatriot Tyler Clary and Japan's Ryosuke Irie. His time of 1.53.94 tied the time he swam four years ago when he won the gold medal at the 2008 Games, which was then a world record. Half an hour later, Lochte took on Phelps in the 200m individual medley. He won a silver medal behind Phelps in what was thought at the time to be the last head-to-head race of their careers, as Phelps retired after the Games. This was the third consecutive Olympics in which Lochte won a medal in the 200m individual medley. His five medals brought his total to 11 Olympic medals, tied for second among male swimmers with compatriots Mark Spitz and Matt Biondi, behind only Phelps. His seven individual Olympic medals are the second-most in men's Olympic swimming, surpassing Zoltán Halmay and Mark Spitz, who won six. Lochte has announced he intends to continue swimming through the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He is also considering exploring new events. 2013 World Championships In his first event at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Lochte combined with Nathan Adrian, Anthony Ervin, and Jimmy Feigen in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay, with the team finishing behind France. Swimming the second leg, Lochte recorded a split of 47.80, and the team finished with a final time of 3:11.44. In his first individual event, the 200-meter freestyle, Lochte was unsuccessful in defending his title and placed fourth in the final with a time of 1:45.64. Lochte won his first individual medal of the competition, a gold, by defending his title in the 200-meter individual medley, recording a time of 1:54.98. The day following his 200 medley gold, Lochte also defended his title in the 200-meter backstroke, recording a time of 1:53.79 in the final. On the same day of winning the 200-meter backstroke (and swimming in the 100-meter butterfly semifinals where he set a personal best and qualified for the final), Lochte combined with Conor Dwyer, Charlie Houchin, and Ricky Berens, to win the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. Swimming the second leg, Lochte recorded a split of 1:44.98, and the team finished with a final time of 7:01.72. In winning the 4×200 relay, Lochte became the first swimmer to win 5 consecutive gold medals at the World Championships in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay (while also being the first swimmer, along with compatriot Michael Phelps, to win the 4×200-meter freestyle relay Olympic Gold Medal on 3 successive occasions). The next day, Lochte competed in the 100-meter butterfly and finished 6th in the final with a time of 51.58, just off his semifinal time of 51.48. 2015 World Championships Lochte competed in his sixth World Championships in Kazan in 2015. He made history upon his win in the 200-meter individual medley by becoming the only person other than Grant Hackett to successfully win an event in four consecutive world championships. However, he finished a disappointing fourth in the 200-meter freestyle in 1:45.83, just off the podium. In addition, Lochte also won three relay medals. Lochte led off the 4×200-meter freestyle relay in 1:45.71, but the US team could not hold on as Great Britain pulled off a great upset and beat the US team 7:04.33 to 7:04.75. Alongside Nathan Adrian, Simone Manuel, and Missy Franklin, he was also part of the winning and world record-breaking 4×100-meter mixed freestyle relay. Lochte also anchored the prelim team for the 4×100-meter medley relay and received a gold medal for his efforts since the finals team won. 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic Trials At the 2016 United States Olympic Trials, the U.S. qualifying meet for the Rio Olympics, Lochte finished third in the 400-meter individual medley, just missing out on an Olympic berth. In the 200-meter freestyle, he missed his second chance at making the team in an individual event by placing fourth; nonetheless, he earned a relay spot in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. Lochte finally qualified for an individual event by finishing second in the 200-meter individual medley behind Phelps. Olympics Lochte's first event in Rio was the 4×200 meter freestyle relay, where he swam both the morning heats and the finals. In the finals, Lochte swam the third leg after Conor Dwyer and Townley Haas. After Lochte's leg, the U.S. had a commanding lead. Phelps anchored the relay to touch the wall first at 7:00.66. This brought Lochte's Olympic medal count up to 12 total, making him the second most decorated male Olympic swimmer of all time, second only to Phelps. Lochte finished 5th in the 200-meter individual medley. This was his 4th consecutive final in the event, and the first time he did not win a medal. Lochtegate On the morning of August 14, 2016, Lochte and Jimmy Feigen claimed that they and teammates Gunnar Bentz and Jack Conger were robbed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during the 2016 Summer Olympics after men forced them out of their taxi at gunpoint in the early morning hours. Lochte also alleged that a gun had been put up against his head. A police report stated that one or more of the athletes had vandalized the gas station bathroom and damaged a sign on the premises, though investigative reporters found that the athletes had damaged the sign but had neither entered the bathroom nor damaged items in the bathroom. Lochte later stated in an interview that he had been drunk and that he "over-exaggerated that story". However, his amended story raised concerns about the facts, and a witness who also translated between the security guards and the athletes claimed that the swimmers had stopped to use the fuel station's bathroom, damaged the sign on the premises, and that he stepped in when it was obvious that events could get out of control. He noted that all sides understood that the money was being paid to cover the damage done, but also that Lochte was drunk or ”very altered” at the time of the incident. In August 2016, Lochte was charged with providing a false claim of a robbery during the 2016 Olympic Games, and if convicted could be jailed up to 18 months. The charges were later dismissed by a court, which stated that Lochte's actions "did not rise to the level of filing a false crime report." On August 30, 2016, when appearing on Good Morning America, he said that he was unsure how he would classify the incident, stating, "I don't know if I would consider it as a robbery, or extortion, or us just paying up for the poster being ripped." Investigative reporting by USA Today, which reviewed the security camera tapes, showed that Lochte and the other swimmers did not enter the bathroom that they were accused of vandalizing, and that the items purportedly damaged inside the bathroom were neither damaged nor recently replaced. Lochte apologized for the gas station dispute. In the aftermath of the incident, USA Swimming suspended Lochte from domestic and international competitions for 10 months. Lochte was also dropped by all four of his major sponsors. However, by January 2017, TYR announced an apparel deal with Lochte. 2018 suspension On July 23, 2018, the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) imposed a 14-month suspension from competition on Lochte because, on May 24 of that year, he received a 'prohibited intravenous infusion.' "I have never taken a prohibitive [sic] substance," Lochte told the media, "I have never attempted to gain any advantage by putting anything illegal in my body...I may be on the sideline from competition, but I'll continue to train every day...I want nothing more than to earn the privilege to swim for my country in my fifth Olympic Games in Tokyo 2020." On May 24, 2018, the same day he had received the infusion, Lochte had posted a picture - since deleted - on Instagram "showing him receiving an intravenous injection of what he says were 'vitamins'," even though the USADA bans "intravenous infusions of permitted substances at volumes greater than in a 12-hour period without a special 'Therapeutic Use Exemption'," Vox reported. 2021 On June 17, 2021, the fifth day of competition at the 2020 USA Swimming Olympic Trials, Lochte swam a 1:58.48 in the morning prelims of the 200-meter individual medley, ranking second and qualifying for the semifinals. In the evening semifinals, he swam a 1:58.65 ranking sixth and qualifying for the final. In the final, Lochte finished seventh with a time of 1:59.67 and not qualifying for the 2020 Summer Olympics in the event. In Michael Andrew's post-win interview for the 200-meter individual medley final, Lochte joined Andrew and called him family along with the swimming community. Lochte also said missing out on the Olympic Team was not the end of the road for him. A few days after the end of the US Olympic Trials, Lochte confirmed he was still committed to the sport of swimming, both in terms of competing and growing the sport, and he was not retiring. He added that one of his swimming pursuits moving forward included teaching youth how to swim. Television appearances and pop culture fame Magazines Before the 2012 Summer Olympics, Fortune magazine estimated that Lochte earned $2.3 million from endorsement deals with Speedo, Mutual of Omaha, Gillette, Gatorade, Procter and Gamble, Ralph Lauren, Nissan, and AT&T. Lochte has also appeared in commercials for the Nissan Altima and been featured on the covers of Vogue, Time, Men's Health, and Men's Journal. Television Comedian Seth MacFarlane parodied Lochte in the 2012 season premiere of Saturday Night Live, after which Lochte said he would be open to doing a cameo appearance on the show. Lochte appeared as an exaggerated version of himself in the 30 Rock episode "Stride of Pride", which aired October 18, 2012. He also had a guest appearance on 90210 in late 2012. What Would Ryan Lochte Do? began airing April 21, 2013, on E! and was cancelled after only one season, five weeks later. Lochte's public persona and character have inspired a series of unflattering Internet memes. On August 30, 2016, Lochte was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars. He was partnered with professional dancer Cheryl Burke. Lochte and Burke were eliminated on Week 8 of competition, finishing in 7th place. In 2017, Lochte played a supporting role in Little Something for Your Birthday. On January 13, 2019, the reality game show Celebrity Big Brother announced that Lochte would be a houseguest in the second American season of the show. He finished in 10th place after 13 days. On the Family Guy season 17 episode "Griffin Winter Games", Peter Griffin meets Lochte at a party for the athletes of the Korean winter Olympics where he asks him, "wait, aren't you a summer sport guy?" As Lochte offers him a beer, a narrator imitating Morgan Freeman refers to him as an 'international bozo' and notes that Peter partied with him all night. On September 22, 2019, Lochte appeared on Celebrity Family Feud along with his wife Kayla. Lochte won the family be family round, and between Kayla and himself they scored over 200 points in the final round to win the game. On November 13, 2019, Ryan appeared on an episode of "Back in the Game" with Alex Rodriguez. The series focuses on Rodriguez mentoring athletes and entertainers who have fallen on hard times. In the episode Alex helps Lochte get his finances back on track. On January 12th, 2023, Ryan appeared on the show The Traitors (US). He finished in 14th place after being murdered by the traitors in episode 5. Radio National Public Radio named Lochte as their "platonic ideal of bro-dom". Awards Personal life Trademark application On August 1, 2012, Lochte filed an application to trademark his personal catchphrase, "Jeah", with the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. He abandoned the application before it was finalized. Sponsorships In January 2017, active-wear maker TYR Sport, Inc. signed Lochte to his first major professional swimming sponsorship deal since the Lochtegate scandal. In November 2019, Lochte revealed to Alex Rodriguez on an episode of CNBC's Back In The Game that he once made "well over $1 million" a year and also earned $75,000 from a single sponsor. However, he also stated to Rodriguez that his scandalswhich resulted in his suspension and losing his sponsorsand lavish spending resulted in him suffering significant financial losses. He was forced to sell his home and now resides in a apartment. He also estimated that he had only about $20,000 in savings. Protests In July 2021, Lochte spoke about his stance not supporting protests at athletic events in advance of the 2020 Summer Olympics. This reiterated sentiments Lochte shared concerning the safety and security of individuals after protesters targeting him stormed the stage during one of his performances on the television show Dancing with the Stars in September 2016. Friendships Lochte is good friends with longtime teammates Conor Dwyer and Michael Phelps. Marriage and fatherhood Despite rumors in the Australian press linking Lochte with Australian swimmer Blair Evans, Lochte's mother, Ileana, confirmed to Us Weekly in a July 28, 2012, interview that her son was "too busy" to be in a relationship. During the 2016 Summer Olympics, Lochte revealed that he was in a relationship with Playboy Playmate of the Month for July 2015 Kayla Rae Reid, whom he first got in touch with via Instagram. They became engaged in October 2016, and Reid gave birth to a son named Caiden Zane Lochte on June 8, 2017. Lochte and Reid married in an at-home civil ceremony in January 2018, and followed it with a formal wedding ceremony in front of family and friends on September 9, 2018. On November 30, 2018, they announced they were expecting their second child. On December 23, 2018, they announced they were having a girl. Their daughter, Liv Rae, was born on June 17, 2019. On December 9, 2022, they announced they were expecting their third child. on June 21 2023 they welcomed their child a daughter named Georgia June Lochte. Career best times See also List of multiple Olympic gold medalists List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men) List of top Olympic gold medalists in swimming List of multiple Summer Olympic medalists List of United States records in swimming List of University of Florida alumni List of University of Florida Olympians List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men) List of individual gold medalists in swimming at the Olympics and World Aquatics Championships (men) World record progression 100 metres backstroke World record progression 100 metres individual medley World record progression 200 metres backstroke World record progression 200 metres individual medley World record progression 400 metres individual medley World record progression 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay References External links Ryan Lochte on Encyclopedia Britannica 1984 births Living people American male backstroke swimmers American male freestyle swimmers American male medley swimmers American people of Basque descent American people of Dutch descent American people of English descent American people of German descent American sportspeople of Cuban descent American sportspeople in doping cases Doping cases in swimming Florida Gators men's swimmers Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in swimming Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States Participants in American reality television series People from Canandaigua, New York People from Port Orange, Florida Sportspeople from Volusia County, Florida Sportspeople from Rochester, New York Swimmers at the 2003 Pan American Games Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming World record holders in swimming University of Florida alumni Pan American Games medalists in swimming Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games 21st-century American people

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예수정

예수정(1955년 3월 25일 ~ )은 대한민국의 배우이다. 학력 고려대학교 독어독문학과 (졸업) 고려대학교 대학원 독어독문학과 (졸업) 뮌헨 루드비히 막시밀리안대학교|뭔핸 대학교 뭰핸 루드비히 막시밀리안대학교 대학원 연극학과 (졸업) 출연작 드라마 2006년 OCN 오리지널 시리즈 《썸데이》 ... 구미꼬 역 2007년 MBC 수목드라마 《궁S》 ... 한 상궁 역 2013년 OCN 《특수사건 전담반 TEN 2》 ... 최현정의 어머니 역 (특별출연) 2014년 SBS 월화드라마 《신의 선물 - 14일》 ... 박지영 역 2014년 JTBC 금토드라마 《하녀들》 2015년 SBS 월화드라마 《풍문으로 들었소》 ... 주영과 주환의 어머니 역 2015년 MBC 주말 특별기획 《여왕의 꽃》 ... 김옥례 역 2015년 MBC 아침드라마 《이브의 사랑》 ... 현미숙 역 2016년 KBS2 수목드라마 《공항 가는 길》 ... 고은희 역 2016년 KBS2 월화드라마 《뷰티풀 마인드》 ... 계진성네 옆집 할머니 역 2016년 JTBC 금토드라마 《이번주, 아내가 바람을 핍니다》 ... 현우의 어머니 역 2016년 네이버 TV 웹드라마 《마이 올드 프렌드》 ... 애심 역 2017년 SBS 월화드라마 《피고인》 ... 명금자 역 2017년 tvN 금토드라마 《비밀의 숲》 ... 박무성의 어머니 역 2017년 KBS2 금토드라마 《최강 배달꾼》 ... 정임 역 2017년 tvN 수목드라마 《슬기로운 감빵생활》 ... 김제혁의 어머니 역 2017년 JTBC 금토드라마 《언터처블》 ... 박영숙 역 2018년 tvN 수목드라마 《마더》 ... 글라라 역 2018년 KBS2 수목드라마 《슈츠》 ... 조숙희 역 2018년 KBS2 수목드라마 《오늘의 탐정》 ... 이다일의 어머니 역 2018년 채널A 미니시리즈 《열두밤》 ... 이리 역 2018년 tvN 금요드라마 《톱스타 유백이》 ... 깡순 할머니 역 2019년 tvN 수목드라마 《검색어를 입력하세요 WWW》 ... 장희은 역 2019년 OCN 토일드라마 《모두의 거짓말》 2019년 tvN 월화드라마 《블랙독》 ... 윤여화 역 2020년 MBC 수목드라마 《더 게임 : 0시를 향하여》 ... 정 여사 역 2020년 tvN 월화드라마 《반의 반》 ... 은수정 역 2020년 MBC 금요드라마 《시네마틱드라마 SF8 - 간호중》 ... 사비나 역 2020년 SBS 월화드라마 《브람스를 좋아하세요?》 ... 나문숙 역 2021년 tvN 토일드라마 《마인 : MINE》 ... 엠마 수녀 역 2021년 SBS 금토드라마 《원 더 우먼》 ... 김경신 역 (특별출연) 2021년 tvN 토일드라마 《지리산》 ... 이금례 역 (특별출연) 2021년 KBS1 대하드라마 《태종 이방원》 ... 신의왕후 한씨 역 2022년 tvN 월화드라마 《링크 : 먹고 사랑하라, 죽이게》 ... 나춘옥 역 2022년 JTBC 수목드라마 《인사이더》 ... 신달수 역 2022년 TV조선 토일드라마 《마녀는 살아있다》 ... 오라클 역 2022년 MBC 드라마 《멧돼지 사냥》 … 옥순 역 2022년 Netflix 드라마 《더 패뷸러스》 … 표지은의 할머니 역 2023년 SBS 금토드라마 《악귀》 … 김석란 역 2023년 Disney+ 드라마 《최악의 악》 … 윤원길 역 2024년 tvN 토일드라마 《마에스트라》 … 배정화 역 영화 2001년 《나비》 2003년 《지구를 지켜라!》 ... 병구 모 역 (이영숙) 2004년 《신성일의 행방불명》 ... 원장 역 (이명자) 2006년 《내 청춘에게 고함》 ... segment 근우 - 근우 모 역 2007년 《황진이》 ... 진이 모 역 2007년 《기담》 ... 원장 역 2007년 《궁녀》 ... 대비 역 2008년 《잘 알지도 못하면서》 ... 제천 - 여배우의 어머니 역 2009년 《그녀들의 방》 ... 유석희 역 2009년 《백야행 - 하얀 어둠 속을 걷다》 ... 고모 역 2009년 《시크릿》 ... 지연 모 역 2011년 《조선명탐정: 각시투구꽃의 비밀》 ... 임좌수 부인 역 2011년 《의뢰인》 ... 장모 역 2012년 《해로》 ... 희정 역 2012년 《도둑들》 ... 티파니 역 2013년 《안녕, 투이》 ... 수녀 역 2014년 《인간중독》 ... 우진 모 역 2014년 《해무》 ... 동식 할머니 역 2015년 《공백의 얼굴들》 ... Unk 어머니 역 2016년 《보고싶다》 ... 강옥자 역 2016년 《우리 연애의 이력》 ... 우연이 이모 역 (강경순) 2016년 《비밀은 없다》 ... 신선미 의원 역 2016년 《사냥》 ... 노파 (중현 모) 역 2016년 《부산행》 ... 인길 역 2016년 《터널》 ... 노모 역 2016년 《죽여주는 여자》 ... 복희 역 2017년 《신과함께: 죄와 벌》 ... 김자홍 모 역 (고은덕) 2017년 《The Cage》 ... Nick 모 역 2018년 《염력》 ... 정씨누님 역 2018년 《허스토리》 ... 박순녀 역 2018년 《행복의 나라》 ... 희자 역 2018년 《말모이》 ... 조갑윤 부인 역 2019년 《82년생 김지영》... 외할머니 역 2020년 《침입자》 ... 윤희 역 2020년 《어게인》 ... 한말순 역 2020년 《69세》 ... 효정 역 2021년 《새해전야》 ... 오월 엄마 역 2021년 《간호중》 ... 사비나 수녀 역 2023년 《탈출: PROJECT SILENCE》 ... 혜심 역 연극 1973년 《깨어진 항아리》 (주한 독일문화원 소속 극회 Freie Buehne 공연) 1975년 《유령의 집》 (고려대학교 극예술연구회) ... 알빙 부인 역 1975년 《만리장성》 (고려대학교 극예술연구회) ...올란 역 1976년 《맥베드》 (고려대학교 극예술연구회) ... 멕베드 부인 역 1976년 《유리동물원》 (고려대학교 극예술연구회) 1977년 《어디서 무엇이 되어 다시 만나랴》 (고려대학교 극예술연구회) 1978년 《포포왕자와 피피공주》 (극단 우리극장, 연출 고금석) ... 가정교사 역 1979년 《고독이라는 이름의 여인》 (극단 뿌리, 연출 한태숙) ... 솔리튀드 역 1980년 《봄이 오면 산에 들에》 (극단 동랑레파토리, 연출 유덕형) ... 달래 역 1981년 《겹괴기담》 (극단 동랑레파토리, 연출 유덕형) 1983년 《당통의 죽음》 (극단 한울, 연출 김창화) 1983년 《역사의 강》 (극단 한울, 연출 김창화) 1989년 《영혼의 분열》 (극단 뮌헨 운터 뎀 바움) 1991년 《감마선은 달무늬진 금잔화에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가?》 (극단 성심 원어극 공연) 1992년 《자유를 위한 마지막 보고서》 (극단 제작극회, 연출 이완호) 1993년 《동승》 (극단 신협, 연출) 1993년 《빛보라》 (숭의여고 창립 90주년 기념행사 특별공연 연출) 1993년 《어떤 부자의 죽음》 (극단 예소리의 장애자를 돕기 위한 자선공연 연출) 1995년 《리어왕》 (고려대학교 개교 90주년 기념공연, 극작술 연구) 1996년 《위기의 여자》 (극단 산울림, 연출 임영웅) ... 딸, 친구, 의사 역 1996년 《세종 32년》 (극단 물리, 연출 한태숙) ... 세종비 역 1997년 《세일즈맨의 죽음》 (극단 신협, 연출 이종환) 1997년 《아버지》 (서울시립극단, 연출 표재순) ... 영신 역 1998년 《메카로 가는 길》 (극단 독립극장, 연출 박철완) ... 엘사 역 1999년 《오레스테스 3부작》 (극단 독립극장, 연출 송선호) 1999년 《나운규》 (극단 물리, 연출 한태숙) ... 조정옥 역 1999년 《메디아 왈츠》 (극단 표현과 상상, 연출 손정우) 2000년 《바다의 여인》 (연출 로버트 윌슨) 2001년 《오이디푸스 렉스》 (연출 장윤경) ... 볼레테 왕겔 역 2001년 《병사의 이야기》 (두물워크숍, 연출) 2002년 《밤으로의 긴 여로》 (극단 독립극장, 연출 최범순) ... 메리 역 2003년 《19 그리고 80》 (극단 자유 분도예술기획, 연출 장두이) 2003년 《고곤의 선물》 (극단 실험극장, 연출 성준현) 2003년 《바다와 양산》 (극단 유랑선, 연출 송선호) ... 김정숙 역 2004년 《벚꽃동산》 (극단 애플씨어터, 연출 전훈) ... 라네프스까야 역 2004년 《허난설헌》 (연출 장윤경) 2004년 《바다와 양산》 (극단 유랑선, 연출 송선호) ... 김정숙 역 2005년 《그린 벤치》 (극단 백수광부, 연출 이성열) ... 타이꼬 역 2005년 《손님》 (극단 공연제작센터, 연출 윤광진) 2005년 《늙은 부부 이야기》 (극단 유랑선, 연출 위성신) ... 이점순 역 2006년 《그린 벤치》 (극단 백수광부, 연출 이성열) ... 타이꼬 역 2006년 《가을날의 꿈》 (극단 유랑선, 연출 송선호) 2007년 《다우트》 (극단 작은신화, 연출 최용훈) ... 엘로이셔스 원장수녀 역 2007년 《바다와 양산》 (극단 유랑선, 연출 송선호) ... 김정숙 역 2007년 《신의 아그네스》 (연출 윤광진) ... 미리암 원장수녀 역 2008년 《잘자요 엄마》 (연극열전 제작, 연출 문삼화) ... 델마 역 2009년 《풍금소리》 (극단 공연제작센터, 연출 윤광진) ... 이길례 역 2009년 《엄마, 여행갈래요?》 (엠뮤지컬컴퍼니 제작, 연출 류장하) ... 권순희 역 2010년 《기묘여행》 (극단 산수유, 연출 류주연) ... 피해자 어머니 역 2010년 《잠 못 드는 밤은 없다》 (두산아트센터 제작, 연출 박근형) ... 이쿠코 역 2010년 《메카로 가는 길》 (극단 유랑선, 연출 송선호) ... 헬렌 역 2011년 《잠 못 드는 밤은 없다》 (두산아트센터 제작, 연출 박근형) ... 이쿠코 역 2012년 《과부들》 (극단 백수광부, 연출 이성열) ... 쏘피아 푸엔떼스 역 2012년 《몰리 스위니》 (극단 유랑선, 연출 송선호) ... 몰리 역 2012년 《밤으로의 긴 여로》 (국립극단, 연출 쿠리야마 타미야) ... 메리 역 2014년 《과부들》 (극단 백수광부, 연출 이성열) ... 쏘피아 푸엔떼스 역 2014년 《나는 너다》 (연출 윤석화) ... 조마리아 역 2015년 《벚꽃동산》 (고려대학교 개교 110주년 기념공연, 연출 이곤) ... 라네프스까야 역 2015년 《하나코》 (극단 물리, 연출 한태숙) ... 한분이(하나코) 역 2016년 《세일즈맨의 죽음》 (예술의 전당 SAC CUBE, 연출 한태숙) ... 린다 로먼 역 2017년 《하나코》 (극단 물리, 연출 한태숙) ... 한분이(하나코) 역 2017년 《세일즈맨의 죽음》 (예술의 전당 SAC CUBE, 연출 한태숙) ... 린다 로먼 역 2018년 《엘렉트라》 (LG아트센터 제작, 연출 한태숙) ... 코러스-디아나 역 2019년 《앙상블》 (극단 산울림, 연출 심재찬) ... 이자벨라 역 2019년 《메리 제인》 (극단 맨씨어터, 연출 우현주) ... 루디, 텐케이 역 2020년 《화전가》 (국립극단, 연출 이성열) ... 김씨 역 2021년 《파묻힌 아이》 (경기도극단, 연출 한태숙) ... 핼리 역 교양 및 예능 방송 2008년 KBS 《낭독의 발견》 2018년 MBC 《MBC 다큐프라임》 330회 : 나의 언어, 수어 ... 내레이션 2019년 JTBC 《방구석 1열》 68회 : 광복절 특집 수상 2004년 제5회 김동훈연극상 2005년 제41회 동아연극상 여자연기상 2005년 제26회 서울연극제 연기상 2005년 제10회 히서 연극상 2005년 서울연극제 연기상 수상 2006년 제1회 한국여성연극인상 연기상 2012년 제32회 올해의 최우수예술가 연극부문 수상 2017년 제27회 이해랑연극상 2018년 제22회 부천국제판타스틱영화제 여우주연상 2018년 제2회 더 서울어워즈 영화부문 여우조연상 2021년 제21회 올해의 여성영화인상 연기상 2022년 MBC 연기대상 여자 조연상 각주 외부 링크 예수정 - 플레이DB 예수정 - 다음 영화 1955년 출생 살아있는 사람 대한민국의 여자 텔레비전 배우 대한민국의 여자 배우 대한민국의 여자 연극 배우 대한민국의 여자 영화 배우 고려대학교 문과대학 동문 고려대학교 대학원 동문 대한민국의 개신교도 20세기 대한민국 사람 21세기 대한민국 사람 MBC 연기대상 여자 황금연기상 수상자

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%20Soo-jung

Ye Soo-jung

Ye Soo-jung (; born on 25 March 1955) is a South Korean actress. In 1979, she made her debut in the play A Woman Named Solitude and she presented a well-balanced and solid performance with her solid interpretive skills and broad perspectives that she developed while studying abroad in Germany. She has appeared in numerous stage productions such as Long Day's Journey into Night, Gift of Gorgon, The Cherry Orchard, Widows, Green Bench, Guest, Hanako, Death of a Salesman, I Am You, Hwajeonga, and Agnes of God. She has been called the godmother of the theater world. She has garnered prestigious awards in the theater industry, including the Hi-seo Theater Award, Kim Dong-hoon Theater Award, Dong-A Theater Award for Best Actress, Seoul Theater Festival Acting Award, and Lee Hae-rang Theater Award, showcasing her skill and expertise as an actress. In the 2000s, she expanded her activities to the film and TV drama industry. She left a lasting impression on the public through numerous films, including Tunnel, Sea Fog, The Client, The Thieves, Train to Busan, and Along with the Gods: The Two Worlds, which attracted over 10 million viewers, as well as hit dramas like Secret Forest, Do You Like Brahms?, Mine, Search: WWW, and One the Woman, where she appeared as a supporting role. In 2018, she won the Best Supporting Actress award at the Seoul Awards for her role in Along with the Gods: The Two Worlds, and in 2020, she received the "Female Film of the Year" award for her first leading role in the film 69 Years Old. Ye most recent works such as The King of Tears, Lee Bang-won, Link: Eat, Love, Kill, and Becoming Witch., and she also starred in the MBC four-part series Wild Boar Hunting and made special appearance in Revenant. Early life and education Ye Soo-jung was born as Kim Soo-jeong in March 1955 in Jongno, Seoul, South Korea. Ye attended Susong Elementary School, Soongui Girls’ Middle School and High School. In 1973, she enrolled in Departement of German Literature of Korea National University of Arts. Career When studying from Korea National University of Arts with a degree in German Literature, She watched film The Godfather and extremely impressed by Marlon Brando's acting which made her want to try acting too. After that, Ye joined a theater class at the German Cultural Center Above the Theater and started acting secretly.Later she encounter works of German playwright Bertolt Brecht. Knowing Brecht's words, "Theater is a space for civic enlightenment," Jung thought, "Oh, it's really wonderful to live here (theater) all my life." In 1975, Ye acted in Arthur Miller's play Broken Glass (play). Followed by Henrik Ibsen's play Ghosts produced by Korea University Theatre Arts Research Society (고려대학교 극예술연구회). After graduating from university, she worked as a German tutor and editor-in-chief of the Full Gospel Church magazine to earn pocket money while acting in plays. Ye debuted professionally onstage in 1979 with Han Tae-suk's play A Woman Named Solitude. After watching play A Woman Named Solitude, (director, former chairman of the Seoul Institute of the Arts) scouted her for his work When Spring Comes to the Mountains and Fields. One day, Yoo noticed that Ye, who participated in his practice, was acting without her mother's permission. "You can't do that," he said and Yoo went to her house and to ask Jeong personally, Jeong said to her, "Do it with a guarantee." After this play Ye got married and went to Germany with her husband. In 1984, Ye decided to study theater in Graduate School Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. After she's back to South Korea, Ye worked in Customer Call Center for two years. Ye only active in films since 2003. She's done minor and supporting roles mostly as mother. Most notable supporting role was in film Along with the Gods: The Two Worlds, which was released in 2017. She reprised her role in the sequel Along with the Gods: The Last 49 Days. Her most notable role was in Lim Seon-a's film , as 69-year-old Hyo-jeong. She is sexually assaulted by a 29-year-old male nurse while receiving treatment at a hospital. She reports it to the police, but faces society's prejudice because she is an elderly person! a dementia patient. The court, considers the elderly woman to be asexual and dismisses the arrest warrant, saying that there is insufficient probability that a young man would do such a thing. With this role Ye gained critical acclaim, She was nominated for several Best Actress award and won the 21st 'Female Filmmaker of the Year' for this film. Personal life Soo-jung is the daughter of who was a popular actress of 50s, 60s and 70s. She is the sister-in-law of actor Han Jin-hee who has married her sister Kim Soo-ok. Ye married Kim Chang-hwa in 1980 after completing the play When Spring Comes to the Mountains and Fields. Ye gave birth to a daughter (currently an actress and theater director Kim Ye-na) in 1982 and left to study at Munich University in Germany with her husband in 1984. In 1986 a son was born. During their 8-year stay in Germany, her husband received a doctorate in theater theory and Ye completed a master's degree in theater theory. They returned in 1991. Filmography Film Television series Stage Student Stage Professional Stage Awards and nominations Notes References External links 1955 births 20th-century South Korean actresses Living people Actresses from Pyeongtaek 21st-century South Korean actresses South Korean television actresses South Korean film actresses

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%86%8D%EB%A6%BC

농림

《농림》()은 일본의 작가 시라토리 시로가 쓰고 킷푸가 삽화를 담당한 라이트 노벨로, GA 문고(소프트뱅크 크리에이티브)에서 발매되었다. 대한민국에서는 디앤씨미디어의 L노벨로 발매되고 있다. 개요 GA 문고에서 2011년 8월부터 발매되고 있는 라이트 노벨이다. "모두가 선택하는 베스트 라노베 2011"에서 코미디 부문 1위를 차지했다. 제 1회 라노베를 좋아하는 서점 직원 대상 1위 수상했다. 농업고등학교를 배경으로 농업에 청춘을 거는 농업 고교생들의 일상을 그린 작품이다. 작품의 장르는 "농업계 학원 러브 코메디"이다. 스토리 기후현의 현립 타모() 농림 고등학교, 통칭 "농림"의 생산과학과 2학년 A반의 재배전공 소속 하타 코사쿠는 아이돌인 쿠사카베 유카의 열성적인 팬으로 아이돌 오타쿠다. 마찬가지로 2학년 A반의 재배전공 소속인 말 많은 소꿉친구 나카자와 미노리, 기댈 수 있는 친구인 안경 미소년 카마토리 케이, 그리고 2학년 A반이지만 축산전공인 거유 소녀 요시다 코쵸 등과 함께 내일의 일본 농업을 책임지기 위해 매일 시끄러운 고교 생활을 보내고 있었다. 그러던 어느 날 "초인기 아이돌 쿠사카베 유카, 전격 은퇴"라는 소식에 충격을 받은 코사쿠는 기숙사 방에 틀어박혀 버린다. 그 뒤 같은 기숙사에 사는 미노리에게 억지로 교실까지 끌려 온 코사쿠는 담임인 독신 교사 베키 나츠미가 전학생을 데려온 것을 보게 된다. 전학생의 이름은 키노시타 링고. 아이돌인 쿠사카베 유카와 똑같이 생긴 미소녀였다. 등장 인물 현립 타모 농림학교 2-A반 하타 코사쿠() 본작의 주인공. 기후현 타모 농림 고등학교 생산과학과 2학년 A반의 재배전공. 소박한 농촌에서 학교에 진학하여 학교의 학생 기숙사에서 살고 있다. 학교에서는 학급 반장과 기숙사장을 맡고 있다. 아이돌 오타쿠로, 아이돌인 쿠사카베 유카의 열성적 팬이기 때문에 방이 유카의 상품으로 가득하다.(그러나 링고가 전학온 후 강제로 처분당한다.) 링고(유카)의 연예계 은퇴 → 전학 과정에서 미노리를 포함하여 삼각 관계가 된다. 어린 시절에 어머니를 잃었기 때문에 소꿉친구인 미노리가 어머니를 대신하는 존재가 되어 있다. 키노시타 링고() 본작의 히로인. 2학년 A반의 재배전공. 2학년 봄에 도쿄의 학교에서 전학 온 미소녀. 초인기 아이돌 쿠사카베 유카로서 활약하고 있었으나, 돌연 은퇴하고 전학왔다. 기숙사에서 살고 있다. 평소에 감정을 잘 드러내지 않는 편이나, 미노리와는 코사쿠를 사이에 두고 라이벌같은 관계가 되어 있어서 신경전을 벌이기도 한다. 나카자와 미노리() 본작의 히로인. 2학년 A반의 재배전공. 코사쿠와 같은 마을 출신의 소꿉친구로, 학교 기숙사에서 살고 있다. 4자매 중 차녀로, 기후 현 남부의 미노 방언을 쓴다. 엉덩이가 크다는 소리를 듣지만 스타일은 좋다. 코사쿠는 미노리를 어머니 대신의 존재로 생각하고 있으나, 링고가 전학 온 이후에는 코사쿠를 사이에 두고 링고와 경쟁하는 사이가 되었다. 카마토리 케이() 코사쿠의 친구. 2학년 A반의 재배전공. 안경을 쓴 미소년으로 재배전공 성적에서 상위권이며, 코사쿠와 함께 기숙사에서 살고 있다. 농업 전문 잡지를 애독하는 등 진지한 측면도 있지만, 모심기를 할 때 비키니 팬티 한장만 입고 작업하는 등 노출증이 있다. 요시다 코쵸() 2학년 A반의 축산전공. 지주 집안의 아가씨로 축산전공에서 최고의 성적을 자랑하며 사사건건 재배전공 성적 상위권인 케이와 충돌하는 등 케이를 라이벌로 여기는 경향이 있으나, 그와 동시에 특별한 감정을 가지고 있는 것으로 보인다. 거유 소리를 들을 정도로 큰 가슴의 소유자로, 츤데레적인 면이 있다. 벳키 나츠미() 코사쿠의 반인 2학년 A반의 담임 교사. 담당은 가정과. 애칭은 '베키()'. 이미 40세가 넘었지만 여전히 미혼 상태인데다 남자친구도 없다. 그 때문인지 요리 실력은 좋다. 망상에 빠지는 버릇이 있는데, 조례뿐만 아니라 교무실에서도 자신의 성적 망상을 떠들어대며 폭주한다. 제인 나탈리 한센 3세 학교 인물 스즈키 아카리 2학년 B반의 반장이자 생물공학과. 기숙사생들에게 된장등을 공급한다 카네가미 토라오() 2학년 D반 반장이자 유통과학과로 상인정신때문에 문제를 일으킨다. 돈벌이를 위해 농고에 왔으며 카네가미 펀드 사건으로 정학을 받은적이 있다. 주인공인 하타 코사쿠를 대장이라고 부른다. 하나조노 카오루() 2학년 E반 반장이자 조원과다 미야모토 린타로() 2학년 F반의 반장이자 남학생뿐이 없는 임업 공학과이다. 나가나와 쿠와노스케() 교장이다. 하세가와 아이 → 센다 아이 F반이 만들어낸 궁극의 모리걸(森ガール)로 알려졌지만 진짜 하세가와는 전학갔으며 진짜 야생소녀인게 알려진뒤 도망갔다가 사람을 습격한 뒤 경찰에 잡힌다. 그뒤 자신이 습격한 센다 야스유키한테 맡겨져서 센다 아이가 된다. 미야모토 린타로에게 교미를 강요하는 중이다. 히라키 료코 실습조수로 특경복을 입는다. 교직원 자격은 없지만 추천입학으로 농업대학교에 진학했으며 거대 농업생산법인에 취직한적이 있는 엘리트로 학생들에게 '선생님'으로 불린다. 하치야 감 전통 식품 계승부로 자신의 집안에서 계속 해오던 곶감 묶는 끈 만드는 일을 계승중이다. '하치야 감'은 이름이 아니다. 카가미카하라 사치코 학생회장이자 전 사천농중 한명이다. 그 외 인물 도련님/와카단나() 오스트레일리아의 자매 학교에서 우호의 증거로 보내온 왈라비. 축산전공 학생들이 돌보고 있지만, 코사쿠를 잘 따른다. 작고 러블리한 동물이며, '도련님'이라고 불린다. 아네코지 치구사 현립 히다 알프스 농업고등학교 농업클럽 총대장 무라쿠모 리쿠 용어 생산과학과 A반 생물공학과 B반 유통과학과 D반 조원과 E반으로 여자가 대부분이다. 임업공학과 F반으로 산에서 지내고 힘들기 때문에 35년동안 여자가 없다. 사천농 그린샵 타모농 학교에서 생산된 농산물을 판매하는 곳으로 가격이 싸기 때문에 금방 매진된다. 모에타마 포장지에 애니메이션풍 그림을 그려파는 모에상품에서 돈을 벌수 있다는 생각을 한 카네가미가 주도해서 만든 상품으로 '콘돔을 끼고 한 후에 낳은 달걀이에요☆'란 선전문구로 팔았으며 굉장히 잘 팔렸기 때문에 한 업자가 상표권을 양도해달란 제안을 했고 학교는 지역 산업 발전을 위해 양도해줬다. 녹원제 매년 11월에 열리는 학교 행사로 미노타모시 인구의 1할인 5천명이 방문한다. 3일동안 열리며 첫날은 운동회, 둘째날은 문화제로 학생과 교사들의 공연이 열린다. 셋째 날에는 일반에 공개되며 학생들이 그동안 만든것들을 전시하거나 판매한다. 가게를 낼수있는 건 학생이나 졸업자 뿐이며 사람이 많이 몰리기 때문에 경비원을 고용한다. 각주 GA 문고 L노벨 2011년 소설 학교를 배경으로 한 소설 기후현을 배경으로 한 작품 학교를 배경으로 한 만화 드라마 CD 2014년 애니메이션 UHF 애니메이션 2012년 만화 영 간간 코미디 만화 로맨틱 코미디 만화 고등학교를 배경으로 한 애니메이션 농학교를 배경으로 한 작품 애니플러스 기후현을 배경으로 한 소설 기후현을 배경으로 한 애니메이션

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Rin

No-Rin

is a Japanese light novel series written by Shirow Shiratori, with illustrations by Kippu. A 12-episode anime television series adaptation by Silver Link aired from January to March 2014. Funimation streamed the series on their video website. Plot The sudden retirement of the famous idol Yuka Kusakabe from the entertainment business shocks the world and devastates her biggest fan, a teenager named Kosaku Hata. His classmates at the Tamo Agriculture School manage to get him out of his depression and bring him out of his room to attend his classes. However, as he does, Kusakabe enters their class under the name Ringo Kinoshita as a transfer student. Kosaku realizes he has a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to get to personally know his dream girl. With his group of friends, and under the persuasion of his teacher, he tries to find out why she came to the agricultural school. Characters Class representative of 2-A class. His parents had decided to move to Aioi and become farmers when he was very little, but the failure of the family's first crop left them in debt and caused the family to fracture, with his mother having to work part-time and his father continuously leaving town to find work. Eventually, his mother became sick and died, after which his father left town for good and abandoned him. Afterward, he was raised by Minori's family. Kosaku idolizes Yuka Kusakabe, whom he sees as a symbol for a life in the city that he desperately craves. He enrolled in an agriculture school just so he can send his grown vegetables anonymously to her, and is devastated upon hearing of her retirement. He is surprised, however, when he discovers that his idol has become his classmate, albeit under another name and as a seemingly different person. He is somehow oblivious to Minori's feelings for him despite the fact that he gets flustered by any suggestive language from her. It also appears that Ringo has feelings for Kōsaku, since she gets seemingly jealous over suggestive stories about him and Minori. He also prefers feet more than breasts. An idol who previously performed under the stage name . She unexpectedly retires from show business and enrolls herself at the Tamo Agricultural school. Unlike her idol persona, she, as Ringo, is more reserved and quiet. She is somewhat a rival of Minori for what seems to be Kōsaku's affection (she has called Minori a "Fat Ass" and a "Meddling Bug" in the third episode while competing to plant rice in a rice field), yet they end up on good terms after the incident. She appears to be conscious of her slender figure as the mention of her having small breasts or being called "flat" can make her violently angry. It is eventually revealed that Ringo came to the school because Minori wrote her a letter about Kosaku, which caused her to fall in love with him. She confesses her feelings to him in the eighth novel, and they begin dating. Kōsaku's childhood best friend. She has a major crush on Kōsaku and her over-protectiveness shot up with Ringo's arrival. She even challenged her in episode 3 to a series of contests because of that. Though after what seems to be their "fight" on the rice (she called Ringo a "Thieving Cat" during that time), they seem to be friendly with each other. She speaks with a Mino dialect. She is revealed to be very ticklish in episode 4. She mentioned that Kosaku often stayed with her (as he had no mother and his father was always out) and took baths with her and her three sisters until eighth grade, much to Rintarō's envy. A friend of Kōsaku and Minori. At times he is analytical, but he is notorious for wearing mankinis whenever water is involved. He also rides a goat he calls Yakul, though its real name hasn't been revealed yet. He is the son of the owner of a big agricultural company--to whom he lost in an agricultural sale showdown, prompting him to go abroad for the seminar he was offered. He had a falling out with his father due to the latter using chemicals in his farming methods that his wife, Kei's mother, was terribly sensitive to and contributed to her early death. This is the reason behind Kei's desire to farm only organic goods without the use of chemicals, such as pesticides. He reveals in episode 10 that he asked his aunt to adopt him after his falling out with his father, which explains why his surname is Kamatori and not Menjō. International student from Texas. Kōsaku's classmate and one of the , "Boin Yoshida". She majors in animal husbandry. She is shown to have a crush towards Kei, but she denies it in front of others. She switches from a proud, stern personality to a timid, stuttering one when she feels embarrassed or shy. A recurring gag in the series is that people tend to mention and/or emphasize her great bust size and harass her for it, much (mostly) to her embarrassment. She later accompanies Kei to a seminar abroad that both of them were invited to. Class representative of 2-B class and one of the Shitennō, "Bio Suzuki". An expert in biotechnology, and has invented a yogurt culture that one can just apply--partly using it as a means to justify her bukkake fetish by having Kosaku and Kei shoot each other with it. She is usually dressed in a Gothic Lolita outfit. Like Kanegami, she tends to go with the flow of the other Shitennō. Class representative of 2-D class and one of the Shitennō, "Money Kanegami". A master of anything related to making money by all means necessary--even to the point of getting suspended; but considers it fun. She also tends to go with the flow of the other Shitennō. She is known for her flashy earrings (The signs for the Dollar and Yen). Class representative of 2-E class and one of the Shitennō, "Rose Hanazono". He is an expert in the art of landscaping, but Kōsaku is kind of at odds with him for making a pass at Minori despite his gender preference. His true inclination was revealed when he invited over Ringo under the pretense of luring Kōsaku. He was able to successfully kiss him by taking advantage of the fact that Kōsaku is not aware of what sex he is really into even though Kei stormed in to warn him. Kei warned Kōsaku to late. Class representative of 2-F class and one of the Shitennō, "Woodman Rintarō". He has mastery of the forestry trade, but he is fiercely jealous of the fact that there are two attractive girls close to Kōsaku; and is desperate to, at least, have a girl sit beside him (all due to the fact that there are no girls in his class). Although Kōsaku mentioned that his class once had a female classmate, Rintarō angrily states that she ran away after one day. It is stated that he is weak against love triangles. Also known as "Becky," she is the Homeroom teacher of 2-A class. Because of her mood swings in her class, she has this trait of suddenly plunging the entire class into despair. Despite her young looks and demeanor, she is forty years old. A running gag involves Bekki and Kōsaku in hilarious situations such as telling her that it's okay to do "it" since it's him. She is desperate to get married, and this desperation results in her erratic, near-hysterical behavior, especially when the very subject of it is brought up, and often gets jealous of younger girls. It is also mentioned the only reason she has not yet been fired for her inappropriate behavior is because her father is an important politician. Principal of Tamo Agriculture School who Kōsaku claims once killed a bear with his bare hands. President of Hexa Techs Corporation and the biological father of Kei Kamatori who he bests in a produce selling contest in episode 10. He and Kei had a falling out due to him continuously using chemicals in his farming methods that his wife was terribly sensitive to which contributed to her early death. He is a sharp businessman who Kei claims always has his eye on the bottom line. Unlike his son, he believes that using modern technology in farming produces better results than organically grown goods. Media Light Novel No-Rin began as a light novel series written by Shirow Shiratori and illustrated by Kippu. Manga The direct manga adaptation illustrated by Maru Asakura and cooperated by Yoko Matsu'ura is being serialized on Square Enix's Young Gangan Comics starting from March 16, 2012. Another manga adaptation titled , which more focuses on the comedy, being serialized by Kotoji by August 24, 2013 on Square Enix's Big Gangan. The third manga adaptation which started on October 17, 2013 by Toshiko Machida being titled as , serialized on SB Creative's GA Bunko Magazine. Drama CD A drama CD adaptation was released by HOBiRECORDS on April 27, 2012. Anime A 12-episode anime television series adaptation by Silver Link was broadcast in Japan from January 10 to March 29, 2014. The opening theme for the anime is performed by Ringo Kinoshita (Yukari Tamura) and the ending theme song is by Kinoshita (Tamura) and Minori Nakazawa (Kana Hanazawa). In the first episode, the opening theme was by Yuka Kusakabe (Tamura / Jad Saxton). In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Funimation. Crunchyroll also added the series for its streaming service. Episode list Reception Anime News Network had three editors review the first episode of the anime: Carl Kimlinger found the overarching romance to be "awful" and "cosmically unlikely", and the use of agriculture as a background setting pales in comparison to shows like Moyashimon and Silver Spoon; Rebecca Silverman commended the subtle transformation of Yuka into her alter-ego Ringo but felt the humor was either "not humorous or downright offensive" because of Kosaku and the supporting cast, concluding that the show's fish out of water romance plot has potential but might not be worth waiting after several episodes. The third reviewer, Theron Martin, said about the episode overall: "Technical merits are respectable, including an impressively show series-opening song, but how Ringo is handled going forward is the much more potentially interesting aspect and will ultimately determine the success or failure of the series." Martin reviewed the complete anime series in 2016. He gave praise to the various comedic aspects it delivers along with some heartwarming moments through a "solid but not exceptional visual" palette, but felt that put together it makes for some underwritten storytelling in its "weak and inconsistent love triangle", concluding that: "No-Rin may not come together well, but that does not keep it from being quite entertaining. Be aware going in that it's not as tame as first impressions might suggest and it can be a fun viewing experience." See also The Ryuo's Work Is Never Done!, another light novel series by the same author References External links Anime official website Light novel official website 2011 Japanese novels Agriculture and farming in anime and manga Anime and manga based on light novels Funimation GA Bunko Gangan Comics manga Japanese idols in anime and manga Light novels Novels set in Gifu Prefecture Romantic comedy anime and manga School life in anime and manga Seinen manga Silver Link Square Enix franchises

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4%20%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5

스위스 항공

스위스 항공(, , )은 1931년에 설립되어 2001년에 도산된 스위스의 항공사로 허브 공항은 바젤 뮐루즈 프라이부르크 공항, 취리히 공항, 제네바 국제공항으로 스위스의 최대의 항공사이자 최초로 항공 동맹인 퀼리 플라이어를 결성한 항공사 중 하나이기도 했다. 또한 스위스의 대표적 국적기 중 하나로 일컬어지기도 했으며 여러 개의 자회사를 거두었으며 자금 안정성으로 '하늘의 스위스 은행'으로 불리기도 하였다. 1990년대, 스위스 항공은 항공사 지분 인수를 통한 그룹 확장 전략인 'Hunter Strategy'와 스위스 항공 111편 추락 사고에 따라 2001년 10월경 운항을 중단하게 되었다. 그러나 스위스 연방정부의 지원에 따라 2002년 3월 31일까지 운영을 할 수 있었으며 이후 자회사인 크로스 에어가 운영권을 인수하여 2002년 4월 1일 최종적으로 파산하게 되었다. 역사 창립 1931년 스위스의 항공 회사 벨에어()와 아드 아스타 에어로()가 합병해 설립되었다. 1934년, 스위스 항공은 유럽 항공사 최초로 여성 객실승무원을 채용하였으며 1936년에는 더글러스 DC-2와 더글러스 DC-3을 도입, 유럽 노선을 확대하였으며 제2차 세계대전이 끝난 1945년 7월 30일, 운항을 전면 재개하였다. 1945년 국영 항공사가 되었고 1948년, 스위스 연방정부와 지방정부 등 공공기관이 스위스 항공의 지분 30%를 인수하였으며 허브 공항을 뒤벤도르프 공항에서 취리히 국제공항으로 이전하였다. 확장기 1950년대부터 스위스 항공은 제트 여객기 도입을 시작하였으며 북미, 아시아 노선을 취항하였다. 1970년에는 광동체 항공기인 맥도넬 더글러스 DC-10과 보잉 747을 도입하였으며 중국 노선을 취항하였다. 1979년에는 에어버스 A310과 보잉 747-300을 최초로 도입하기도 하였으며 화물예약 시스템을 개발하였다. 1980년대 스위스 항공은 루프트한자, 에어 프랑스, 영국항공와 합병하여 유럽시장 진출을 계획하였으나 추진이 취소되었다. 대신 스위스 항공은 유럽 내 항공사 지분 인수를 통하여 시장성을 확대하는 'Hunter Strategy'를 진행하였다. 스위스 항공은 이에 사베나 벨기에 항공, LOT 폴란드 항공, LTU 등 유럽 항공사와 함께 남아프리카 항공의 지분도 인수하였고 당시 에어 링구스, 말레브 헝가리 항공, 핀에어, TAM 항공의 지분 안수도 추진하였다. 이후 1990년대 후반에 크로스 에어와 바루 에어를 설립하고 호텔 사업을 시작하는 등 SAirGroup을 설립했다. 사베나 항공과 함께 항공 동맹인 퀼리 플라이어를 창립하여 전성기를 이루게 되었다 경영난 그러나 1990년대 말부터 자회사인 AOM 프랑스 항공과 사베나 항공의 실적이 급속히 악화되면서 경영에 악영향을 미치기 시작했다. 1998년 스위스 항공 111편 추락 사고를 계기로 회사의 적자가 심화됐다. 한편 네슬레를 비롯해 여러 경영자를 초빙해 구조 조정을 시도했으나 성과를 내지 못하고 2001년에 9·11 테러로 수요가 침체되면서 자회사인 사베나 항공이 실적 악화로 인해 도산되고 스위스 항공도 사베나 항공과 공멸되는 형태로 2002년에 파산했다. 자회사인 크로스 에어는 2002년에 스위스 항공과 합병되었으며 스위스 정부의 도움으로 2002년과 2005년에 스위스 국제항공과 스위스 유럽항공이 설립되어 운영되고 있다. 또한 중화민국에 다른 항공사와 마찬가지로 스위스 아시아 항공()으로 설립했다. 일반적인 수직 꼬리는 스위스 국기를 표현한 것으로 스위스를 나타낸 한자가 별도로 그려져 있었다. 운항 노선 2001년 도산 전까지 스위스 항공은 다음과 같은 노선을 운항하였다. 보유 기종 당시 보유한 기종 2001년 도산 전까지 스위스 항공은 다음의 항공기들을 운용하였다. 퇴역 기종 1931년 창립부터 2001년 도산 전까지 스위스 항공은 다음의 항공기들을 운용하였다. 사건 및 사고 스위스 항공 111편 추락 사고 스위스 항공 아시아 스위스 항공 아시아는 중화민국 내에서 대만 타이베이를 서비스하기 위해 결성되었고, 스위스항공른 중화인민공화국에 대한 서비스를 유지하고 있었다. 1995년에 취리히와 타이베이 사이를 2주 간격으로 방콕을 경유하여 운행하기 시작했다. 항공사는 맥도널 더글러스 MD-11 항공기 2대(HB-IWN, HB-IWG)를 보유하였다. 이전에 스위스에어 아시아가 사용하던 항공기는 꼬리 지느러미에 십자가 대신 꼬리 지느러미에 한자 瑞(ruì, 스위스의 중국어 번역본에서 "瑞士" (Ruìshì))가 적혀 있었다. 이 항공사는 대만을 운항할 목적으로 '아시아'라는 이름으로 운항하는 여러 항공사 자회사 중 하나로 일본 아시아 항공(일본항공의 자회사), KLM 아시아, 영국 아시아 항공, 루프트한자 아시에, 에어프랑스 아시에, 오스트레일리아 아시아 항공(콴타스 항공 자회사) 등이 포함됐다. 사진 각주 외부 링크 Archive of Swissair.com "Swissair." 스위스 국제항공 Swissair Information Website. Swissair Imagefilm "Follow Me" (1967), Condor Films{{ Overview of the complete Swissair fleet 스위스 항공의 보유 기종 1931년 설립된 기업 2002년 해체된 기업 취리히의 기업 스위스의 없어진 항공사

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissair

Swissair

Swissair (German: Schweizerische Luftverkehr-AG; French: S.A. Suisse pour la Navigation Aérienne) was the national airline of Switzerland between its founding in 1931 and bankruptcy in 2002. Swissair was formed from a merger between Balair and Ad Astra Aero. For most of its 71 years, it was one of the major international airlines and known as the "Flying Bank" due to its financial stability, causing it to be regarded as a Swiss national symbol and icon. It was headquartered at Zürich Airport, Kloten. In 1997 the Swissair Group was renamed SAirGroup (although it was again renamed Swissair Group in 2001), with four subdivisions: SAirLines (to which Swissair, regional subsidiaries Crossair and Balair, and leasing subsidiary FlightLease belonged), SAirServices, SAirLogistics, and SAirRelations. By the late 1990s, Swissair was burdened by over-expansion as a result of its so-called "Hunter Strategy" of expanding its market by acquiring smaller airlines. The crash of Swissair Flight 111 in 1998, which killed all 229 people on board, generated a costly lawsuit and negative publicity for the airline. After the economic downturn following the September 11 attacks, Swissair's assets dramatically lost value, grounding the already-troubled airline in October 2001. The airline was later revived and kept alive until 31 March 2002 by the Swiss Federal government. The final Swissair flight landed in Zürich from São Paulo on 1 April 2002. On 1 April 2002, former regional subsidiary Crossair renamed itself Swiss International Air Lines and took over most of Swissair's routes, planes, and staff. Swissair Group still exists and is in the process of being liquidated. Swiss International Air Lines was taken over by the German airline Lufthansa in 2005. History Founding years On 26 March 1931, Swissair – Schweizerische Luftverkehr AG (English: Swissair – Swiss Air Transport) was founded through the fusion of the airlines Ad Astra Aero (founded in 1919) and Balair (1925). The founding fathers were Balz Zimmermann and the Swiss aviation pioneer Walter Mittelholzer. In contrast to other airlines, it did not receive support from the government. The name "Swissair" was the proposal of Dr Alphonse Ehinger, president of the directorial board of Balair, although "Swissair" was first deemed "un-Swiss". In the first operational year, 64 people were employed, including ten pilots, seven radio operators and eight mechanics. In total, their planes offered 85 seats, and operation was maintained only from March to October. The route network had a length of . On 17 April 1932, Swissair bought two Lockheed Orions, making them the second European airline to use American planes, after the Czechoslovak operator CSA purchased a Ford Trimotor in 1930. The Orion was the fastest commercial aeroplane of its time and was put to use on the "Express line", Zurich-Munich-Vienna. This led Lufthansa to ask Heinkel for a model that could top Orion's speed, leading to the Heinkel He 70. The first trans-Alpine route was introduced in 1933: Zurich-Milan. For the first time in Europe, flight attendants were employed aboard the Curtiss Condor beginning in 1934. Nelly Diener, the first flight attendant in Europe, became world-famous. She was killed after just 79 flights in a crash near Wurmlingen, Germany, on 27 July 1934. The cause of the crash was material fatigue. In 1936, Douglas DC-2s were acquired and London was added to the route network. In 1937, the bigger Douglas DC-3 was bought. In the same year, both founding fathers died: Walter Mittelholzer during mountaineering in Steiermark, Austria, and Balz Zimmermann succumbed to an infectious disease. On 27 August 1939, days before World War II broke out, the airspace over Germany and France was closed. Swissair was forced to suspend service to Amsterdam, Paris, and London. Two days later, the Swissair service was closed completely. Of 180 employees, 131 had to serve in the army. Despite the war, some routes were later re-introduced, such as Munich, Berlin, Rome, and Barcelona. In 1940, an invasion of Switzerland was feared, and Swissair moved their operations to the Magadino plains in Ticino. Operations were suspended in August 1944, when a Swissair DC-2 was destroyed in Stuttgart during an American bombing raid. On 30 July 1945, Swissair was able to resume commercial aviation. Ascension In 1947 the rise of shareholder capital to enabled long-haul flights to New York, South Africa, and South America with Douglas DC-4s. The modern Convair 240, the first Swissair plane with a pressurized cabin, was used for short- and medium-range flights from late 1948. The first Swissair DC-4 flight to New York was routed via Shannon, Ireland, and Stephenville, Newfoundland, on 2 May 1947, although it ended in Washington, D.C., due to fog at New York's LaGuardia Airport. The total elapsed time was 20 hours and 55 minutes. The public, including the federal government, cantons, municipalities, the Swiss Federal Railways, and the Swiss postal services took over 30.6% of the shares and enabled Swissair to get a credit of 15  million Swiss Francs to purchase the airline's first two Douglas DC-6B airliners for delivery in 1951. By that act, Swissair became the national flag carrier of Switzerland. The new pressurized aircraft was to replace the DC-4 on transatlantic routes. In 1948, the airport in Dübendorf, which had served as the base of Swissair, was relocated to Zurich-Kloten. Military aviation continued in Dübendorf. The next year Swissair plunged into a financial crisis due to a sudden devaluation of the British pound because fares, except traffic to the United States, were calculated in British currency. At that time, traffic to England made up 40 per cent of Swissair's revenue. In June 1950, Walter Berchtold, manager of Swiss Federal Railways, was elected to the directorial board of Swissair and served as the director. In 1971, he created the corporate culture of Swissair. He grasped the importance of corporate image and corporate identity, and after the example of BOAC's "Speedbird", he introduced the arrow-shaped Swissair logo. Giving flight personnel a distinct uniform was also an important move. At the time, flight attendants' uniforms resembled the grey-blue ones of the Swiss Women's Army Corps, so Berchtold introduced ones in a modish marine blue, and Swissair initiated a veritable fashion competition among European airlines. In 1952, the cabin layout on northern trans-Atlantic routes was changed to one with a first and a tourist (economy) class. The first-class cabin had comfortable chairs in which one could sleep, given the name "Slumberettes". Those sleeping chairs were soon succeeded by beds, modelled after the US Pullman railway cars. Two adjacent seats were moved toward each other and formed a lower berth. The wall panel could be folded downward, forming the upper berth in which the other person could sleep. A year later, a tourist class cabin was introduced on intra-European flights. In 1953 Swissair, with the city of Basel, founded a charter company called Balair, reusing the name of one of its predecessors, a company that initially used older Swissair aircraft to fly to holiday destinations. As the first European customer, Swissair bought the Douglas DC-7C which enabled the company to provide non-stop flights to the United States. For shorter-range routes, the Convair Metropolitan was used. In 1957, the Far East was added to the route network. Direct flights to Tokyo had intermediate stops in Athens, Karachi, Bombay, Bangkok and Manila. In that same year, Swissair helped Aristotle Onassis form the new Greek airline, Olympic Airways. While competitors first looked at turboprop aeroplanes to replace their piston-engined craft, Swissair introduced jet aeroplanes. Together with SAS, Swissair bought Douglas DC-8s, which were delivered beginning in 1960. For medium- and short-range routes the Sud Aviation Caravelle was purchased. The aircraft were maintained in concert with SAS, and manuals for operation and maintenance were co-written. Swissair was one of the few companies to buy Convair 990 "Coronado" aircraft, in 1962, for its medium- and long-range routes. Although the aircraft did not initially fulfil contractual specifications, they were liked by employees and customers. They operated on the airline's routes to South America, West Africa, and the Middle and Far East. 1966 saw the introduction of the Douglas DC-9. That aircraft became the backbone of the short- and medium-range routes, and, after convincing Douglas, on behalf of Swissair the Douglas Corporation offered a stretched variant: the DC-9-32. For the first time, Swissair was the launch customer of an aircraft type. In 1971, Armin Baltensweiler took over as the president of the directorial board and ran the enterprise for over two decades. In the same year, the first Boeing 747-200 jumbo jet was acquired, and in the next year, the first McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 followed. Both types shaped the long-haul fleet until the 1990s. Again, the specifications of both aircraft were developed in collaboration with SAS. Also in 1972, Switzerland introduced a prohibition of night flights, which led to the cessation of cheaper night fares. In 1973, the company struggled with severe turbulence: a currency crisis, collective chaos, an air traffic controllers' strike, the October War and the first oil crisis were weathered without significant damage. In the same year, the regional representative of Swissair in Buenos Aires was kidnapped by a revolutionary group. After 38 days in captivity, he was released after the payment of a CHF 12.4 million ransom. The airline also phased out the CV-990s during that time. Swissair was the second European airline to offer a service to the People's Republic of China, introducing service to Beijing and Shanghai in 1975. In the same year, Swissair was the launch customer for the DC-9-51. In 1977, Swissair was the launch customer for the third DC-9 type, the DC-9-81 variant, now called the MD-80. Armin Baltensweiler had travelled to a meeting of the McDonnell-Douglas directorial board in St. Louis to convince them to further stretch the fuselage of the DC-9-51. Baltensweiler was called the “Father of the MD-80". In 1979, Swissair was the first company to order the Airbus A310 and the jumbo jet variant with a stretched upper deck, the Boeing 747-300. Also, the Fokker 100 short-range aircraft and the three-engined MD-11 were aircraft for which Swissair was the launch customer. 1983 saw the replacement of the older DC-9s with MD-83s. Since the 1960s, Swissair had been a world leader in the development of cargo reservation systems (CRS). PARS and CARIDO were examples of systems enabling the booking of passenger seats and freight space. "The flying bank" After the 1960s, air traffic increased quickly and allowed many airlines – many of which were quasi-monopolists on their routes – to yield high revenues. Swissair profited from its well-established reputation as a quality airline and from the fact that the political neutrality of Switzerland allowed the company to fly to exotic and lucrative destinations in Africa, the Middle East, South America and the Far East. In geographic terms, the central position of Switzerland in Europe helped it to generate revenue from transfer passengers. By the early 1970s, Swissair was becoming known as "the flying bank", appealing to the large hidden assets and the huge liquidity Swissair had. Second, the "flying bank" was the designation for a corporate group that cared more about financial management than about flying aeroplanes. With the beginning of deregulation and liberalisation in the late 1970s, airlines felt growing financial pressure. In 1978, Moritz Suter founded a regional airline named Crossair, which put Swissair under additional stress. To counter these changes, Swissair invested their large financial reserves into takeovers and into flight-related trades like baggage handling, catering, aircraft maintenance, and duty-free stores. This strategy diversified economic risks at the expense of the core business of Swissair: commercial aviation. Due to a 12-day global flight ban for the DC-10 imposed by the US Federal Aviation Administration after the crash of American Airlines Flight 191 in 1979, a sizable portion of the long-haul fleet was on the ground. On October 7, after landing in Athens, a DC-8 overran the runway and caught fire, killing 14 passengers. 1979 was characterized by an enormous increase in fuel prices: at the end of the year, kerosene prices were twice as high as before, and the share of fuel costs rose from 12 to 16% of total costs. Swissair was the first to order the Airbus A310 designed with a two-man cockpit for more traffic-tight short distances and on shorter medium distances, and accepted options for 10 more units. Another Boeing 747 was ordered. Dublin was added to the route network as a new destination, but service to Beirut had to be discontinued in mid-July due to the political turmoil in Lebanon. Swissair was able to outperform the competition in a year that experts deemed to be the worst in the history of civil aviation. In contrast to other airlines, the proven cabin division into first and economy classes was maintained. The short-haul fleet was renewed with the MD-81 (DC-9-81) introduction. This type of aircraft partially replaced the older and smaller DC-9. In addition, modern, fuel-saving aircraft, such as five new Boeing 747s with extended upper decks and two DC-10-30s with a longer range, were ordered. With the connection of Zurich Airport to the national railway network, bus delivery services from Zurich were discontinued. Air passengers were already able to check their luggage at the rail station. The route network was expanded with service to Jakarta, but flights to Tehran and Baghdad had to be suspended after the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war. By the end of 1980, Swissair was represented in 196 cities. New representations or points of sale were opened in Luxembourg, Ulm, Ottawa, Raleigh, Westchester, Valparaíso, Jubil, Sanaa, and Salisbury/Harare. Under the name Swissôtel, the hotels Président in Geneva, International in Zurich, Drake in New York, and Bellevue Palace in Bern were administratively combined. Concentration Regarding further liberalisation of Europe's airline market, Swissair focused more on commercial aviation and extended its partnerships. As the first European airline to do so, Swissair signed in 1989 a cooperation treaty with Delta Air Lines and Singapore Airlines to form the alliance "Global Excellence". In 1990, together with SAS, Austrian Airlines and Finnair, the "European Quality Alliance" was founded. The last alliance was later renamed to "The Qualiflyer Group". Because of the weak economy, the Gulf War and its aftermath, and rising operational costs, many airlines lost money in 1990 and 1991. Additionally, the ongoing liberalisation of the industry strengthened the competition. Consequently, Swissair lost 99 million Swiss Francs in the first half-year and could not pay dividends to its shareholders. In the years 1991 and 1992, Swissair had to utilise financial reserves to cushion significant losses from the commercial aviation sector. On 1 January 1991, commercial aviation in Europe was completely liberalised and existing capacities led to aggressive competition among airlines. In a national referendum held on 6 December 1992, Swiss citizens rejected taking part in the European Economic Area (EEA). This referendum was a significant disservice to Swissair, an airline with a minute domestic market: Its planes were not allowed to take up passengers during intermediate landings in EEA countries (e.g., Zurich – Frankfurt – New York), and Swissair was not allowed to offer tickets for sections that fully lie in EEA member countries (e.g., Zurich – Frankfurt – Paris). See also freedoms of the air. Like other airlines of smaller countries, Swissair now was under significant pressure. More and more national airlines affiliated themselves with airline alliances to maintain a worldwide market presence. But to be interesting for American alliance partners, an airline must have a critical size in terms of passenger numbers. To meet that goal, in 1993 an alliance between Swissair, KLM, SAS, and Austrian Airlines was proposed. This project bore the name "Alcazar" to create a single Central European airline. However, in various countries, this project was criticised. In Switzerland itself, it was thought that the huge financial assets were too precious to sacrifice to merge Swissair with the other airlines. Hunter Strategy In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Swissair tried to merge with Air France, Lufthansa, and British Airways to get access to a wider European market. Finally, after deregulation, Swissair tried to expand beyond its home market; after the Alcazar project was cancelled, Swissair aimed to be a major force in European aviation. In the mid-1990s Swissair initiated the disastrous “Hunter Strategy”, a major expansion programme devised by the US consulting firm McKinsey & Co. Using this strategy, Swissair aimed to grow its market share through the acquisition of small airlines rather than entering into alliance agreements. Swissair decided to acquire 49.5 per cent of the very successful Italian charter airline Air Europe, the unprofitable Belgian flag carrier, Sabena, and significant stakes in the carriers Air Liberté, AOM, Air Littoral, Volare, LOT, Turkish Airlines, South African Airways, Portugália and LTU, and planned to acquire stakes in Aer Lingus, Finnair, Malév, as well as Brazilian carriers TAM and Transbrasil. By mid-2000, it was predicted that Swissair would lose between and over the next three fiscal years. The management, however, maintained classical restructuring, and the Board approved the reorganization of LTU for approximately . Also, there were plans to take over Alitalia. In the summer of 2000, CEO Philippe Bruggisser came under public pressure, as the press published the financial situation of the group. Swissair and Sabena were each losing one million francs per day, and another million were lost every day at LTU and the French investments. The Board for the first time began to consider scenarios for phasing out the existing participation in other airlines, as Swissair looked to withdraw from their foreign investments. In January 2001 Bruggisser was summarily dismissed. Moritz Suter, the founder of Crossair, was nominated as the new CEO of SAirLines and thus all Group airlines including Swissair. After only 44 days, Suter resigned. In March 2001, two studies by consultants were presented to the Board, which showed the financial difficulties of SAirGroup. At this point, the Directors resigned, with only Mario Corti, the former CFO of Nestlé, remaining. The buying spree created a major cash flow crisis for parent company SAirGroup and was exacerbated by the environment caused by the September 11 attacks. Unable to make payments to creditors on its large debt, and with the refusal of UBS AG to extend its line of credit, on 2 October 2001 the entire Swissair fleet was abruptly grounded. Many blamed UBS for the fiasco, causing demonstrators to take to the streets with signs referring to UBS chairman, Marcel Ospel as "Bin Ospel", quoting al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, and redefining the bank's acronym, "UBS", as the United Bandits of Switzerland. Two large bridge loans from the Swiss government were required to finance the continuation of flight operations. This notwithstanding, with the resumption of flight service, it was necessary for flight crews to carry large sums of cash to purchase fuel at foreign airports. Grounding On 1 October 2001, Project "Phoenix" was announced, under which parts of the group sought a payment delay. The continuation of service was secured by the Swiss federal authorities, as they were willing to pay half of the loan. 2 October 2001 saw an increased necessity for strong liquidity, as all suppliers insisted on cash payments of outstanding invoices following a request for payment delay announced the day before. The company's cash reserves filed on that day were barely sufficient to carry out the first morning flights. During the morning, fuel suppliers refused to fuel the waiting aircraft. At 15:45, CEO Mario Corti announced a cessation of flight operations due to the security risks caused by the crossing of the Flight Duty Regulations. This led to the cancellation of over 230 flights, and thousands of passengers, as well as flight crews, being stranded around the world. Flight crew corporate credit cards were blocked by the banks, with some hotels expelling the crews, and having them return home at their own expense. All tickets sold were voided. 4 October 2001 saw demonstrations by former Swissair employees before the UBS presentation held in Glattbrugg, and the following day saw demonstrations in Bern's Federal Square. At around the same time, SAirGroup's stake in Crossair was sold to the Swiss banks UBS and Credit Suisse. Furthermore, Crossair took over various assets of former Swissair, including its employees, aircraft, and most European routes. Swissair and the SAirGroup were handed over to the liquidation firm of Jürg Hoss Liquidators and ceased operations on 31 March 2002. Crossair was renamed Swiss International Air Lines, or Swiss for short, and took over Swissair's intercontinental routes on 1 April 2002, officially ending 71 years of Swissair service. Transition phase On 5 October, commercial flights on most routes were gradually resumed thanks to a federal emergency loan of over CHF 450 million. This occurred, in part, to ensure Switzerland's continued accessibility as a business location, and to establish a basis for the creation of Swiss. By preventing the complete collapse of Swissair, the other airline-related businesses of the group were likewise spared collapse. Following another federal repayable funding commitment of one billion francs, each of the 26 long-haul aircraft (MD-11s and A330s) and 26 medium-haul aircraft (A321s, A320s and A319s) were able to be transferred to Crossair / Swiss at the end of the winter schedule of 2001/02. On Easter Monday, 1 April 2002, the last flight of Swissair, flight SR145 from São Paulo, landed in Zurich. A 71-year-long chapter of Swiss aviation history thus came to an end. Between 1931 and 2002, Swissair transported more than 260 million passengers. The SwissairGroup (the name change from SAirGroup to SwissairGroup was announced in 2001 but never officially implemented) still existed as 'SAirGroup in Nachlassstundung' (German: Swissair in Administration) for several years until all assets were liquidated, including a large auction where many of the remaining Swissair assets, such as historic items, were auctioned. Today, Gategourmet continues as a subsidiary under the parent firm Gate Group. Factors behind collapse Like other airlines that flew to the United States, Swissair's operations and profitability were disrupted in the wake of the 11 September 2001 attacks. As several politicians were amongst those included on Swissair's Board of directors, commentators have pointed to potential conflicts of interest as fundamental to the demise of Swissair. Media have also suggested that the directorial board failed to oversee the actions of Philippe Bruggisser (Chief Operating Officer since 1996) and Eric Honegger (board member since 1993 and later board president) and that they left behind a convoluted corporate structure and financial commitments – amongst others a further purchase of 35.5 per cent of Sabena's stocks – which would only come to light when Mario Corti was trying to save the airline. The judiciary is continuing to examine why Swissair acquired counselling that supported the Hunter Strategy, and why Swissair continued to make certain payments despite nearing insolvency. Questions have also been raised about federal aid given to Swissair and the politicians involved. The highly competitive nature of the market during the business's final years also precipitated its demise: like subsidiary Sabena, Swissair fell victim to the rise of competition of budget airlines such as Ryanair and EasyJet. A BBC correspondent said regarding the collapse: "Something did die in Switzerland that day: not just an airline but an image the Swiss had of themselves and, more importantly, of their business leaders" and "The Swiss financial community's reputation for good business sense was already seriously damaged by the Swissair disaster." Due to continued civil proceedings, parts of the causes of the collapse of SAirGroup are subject to legal proceedings and have therefore not been legally clarified. The following causes are widely recognised as crucial factors: The management underestimated the dangers and difficulties in acquisitions and investments of partially ailing airlines. Therefore Belgian airline Sabena and German airline LTU were acquired despite significant capital requirements. Also, investments in France (AOM, Air Liberté, and Air Littoral) required much capital restructuring. Sabena ultimately ceased operations, due to the aforementioned financial crisis. The indebtedness created by an uncompromising and too little adapted to the realities of implementation, "Hunter strategy" and the lack of monitoring by the Board. The 2001 terrorist attacks in the US led to a sharp slump in demand and consequently to an extreme tightening of liquidity. An orderly transfer of operations to Crossair was denied by the failure to reach a bridging loan and the delayed transfer of the share purchase price. Increasing competition from low-cost carriers such as Ryanair and EasyJet caused Swissair to lose passenger revenues. A full merger with Sabena was impossible due to Swissair's financial crisis. A McDonnell-Douglas MD-11, operating as Swissair Flight 111, crashed in 1998, killing everyone on board. This event exposed the airline to negative publicity, a significant lawsuit and lowered customer confidence (see below). Legacy In April 2002 the successor Swiss International Air Lines commenced operations. First called Swiss Air Lines, this company was based on the former Crossair and was a merger of Crossair and former Swissair employees, routes and aircraft. The company Swissair continued to exist (in liquidation) but had no further assets. Due to legal problems with Swissair, the name had to be changed to Swiss International Air Lines. Swiss took over 26 long-haul and 26 medium-haul aircraft from the defunct Swissair fleet and refurbished the liveries and interiors to turn it into the new Swiss fleet, together with the former Crossair Fleet consisting of Embraer 145, Saab 2000, MD-80 Series and Avro RJ. The remainder of the Swissair aircraft that were grounded and were not taken by Swiss were returned to their lessors. After problems with the former Crossair pilot unions, who refused to accept different conditions than the former Swissair pilots within the same airline, a subsidiary called Swiss European Air Lines was founded which belongs 100% to Swiss International Air Lines. In 2004, it appeared that Swiss was going to become a member of the Oneworld alliance. It had codeshares with Oneworld carriers British Airways, American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, Aer Lingus and Finnair, and held a strategic partnership and joint operation for all service to North America and AA-operated flights beyond U.S. gateways using American Airlines. Swiss started to terminate these codeshare agreements but did not terminate the AA alliance. A theory emerged that Swiss was planning to use its partnerships, the AA alliance, and its partnership with British Airways, a strong supportive member of Oneworld, to join Oneworld itself. However, in 2005 Swiss was taken over by the German airline Lufthansa, the national airline of Germany. With the merger with Lufthansa, Swiss joined the Star Alliance in 2006, which Swissair planned to join before it failed. With this move, Swiss's frequent flyer club, Swiss TravelClub became part of Miles & More, which was originally the Lufthansa Group frequent flyer club. It acts as both airlines' frequent flyer programme, along with many other Lufthansa Group airlines. Management trial A criminal trial began on 16 January 2007 in Bülach. The entire former Swissair management board stood facing criminal charges of mismanagement, false statements, and forgery of documents. Top defendants in the trial were Mario Corti, Philippe Bruggisser, George Schorderet, Jacqualyn Fouse, Eric Honegger, and Verena Spoerry. Corti, Honegger, and Spoerry entered statements proclaiming their innocence. On 7 June 2007, the court in Bülach cleared the defendants of all criminal charges over the airline's 2001 bankruptcy. Continued use of the "Swissair" brand Swiss retains the rights to the "Swissair" name, whose value was estimated at more than 10 million Swiss francs in 2010. To prevent the trademark from becoming void through disuse, Swiss licensed it to Hopscotch Air, which operates a fleet of Cirrus SR22 planes in the United States, for use from 2010 to 2013. In Switzerland, the trademark is protected through its use by an aviation sports club, Sportfluggruppe Swissair. Fleet Last active fleet Before its demise, the Swissair fleet consisted of the following aircraft: Historic fleet In its 71 years of existence, Swissair operated the following aircraft: Destinations Asia Beijing - Beijing Capital International Airport Shanghai Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (before 1999) Shanghai Pudong International Airport Hong Kong Hong Kong International Airport Kai Tak Airport (terminated due to airport closure) Delhi – Indira Gandhi International Airport Mumbai – Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport Tehran – Mehrabad International Airport Tel Aviv – Ben Gurion Airport Osaka – Kansai International Airport Tokyo Haneda Airport (before 1978) Narita International Airport Jakarta Kemayoran Airport (terminated due to airport closure) Soekarno–Hatta International Airport Kuala Lumpur Subang International Airport Kuala Lumpur International Airport Muscat – Muscat International Airport Karachi – Jinnah International Airport Manila – Ninoy Aquino International Airport Jeddah – King Abdulaziz International Airport Riyadh - King Khalid International Airport Singapore – Singapore Changi Airport Seoul – Gimpo International Airport Bangkok – Don Mueang International Airport Taipei – Chiang Kai-Shek International Airport (as Swissair Asia; airport reamed Taoyuan International Airport in 2006) Abu Dhabi – Abu Dhabi International Airport Dubai – Dubai International Airport Ho Chi Minh City – Tan Son Nhat International Airport Africa Algiers – Houari Boumediene Airport Douala – Douala International Airport Yaoundé – Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport Kinshasa – N'djili Airport Cairo – Cairo International Airport Malabo – Malabo International Airport Addis Ababa – Addis Ababa Bole International Airport Libreville – Libreville International Airport Banjul – Banjul International Airport Accra – Kotoka International Airport Abidjan – Port Bouet Airport Nairobi – Jomo Kenyatta International Airport Benghazi – Benina International Airport Monrovia – Roberts International Airport Bamako – Bamako–Sénou International Airport Casablanca – Mohammed V International Airport Lagos – Murtala Muhammed International Airport Brazzaville – Maya-Maya Airport Dakar – Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport Cape Town – Cape Town International Airport Johannesburg – O. R. Tambo International Airport Khartoum – Khartoum International Airport Dar es Salaam – Julius Nyerere International Airport Tunis – Tunis–Carthage International Airport Harare – Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport Europe Linz - Linz Airport Vienna – Vienna International Airport Brussels – Brussels Airport Larnaca – Larnaca International Airport Prague – Prague Ruzyně Airport Bordeaux – Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport Lyon – Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport Orly Airport Strasbourg – Strasbourg Airport Toulouse – Toulouse–Blagnac Airport Berlin – Berlin Tegel Airport Düsseldorf – Düsseldorf Airport Frankfurt – Frankfurt Airport Hannover – Hannover Airport Munich Munich-Riem Airport (terminated due to airport closure) Munich Airport Nuremberg – Nuremberg Airport Stuttgart – Stuttgart Airport Athens – Ellinikon International Airport (until 2001) switched to Athens International Airport Eleftherios Venizelos Thessaloniki – Thessaloniki Airport Budapest – Budapest Ferihegy International Airport Bologna - Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport Florence - Florence Airport Milan – Milan Malpensa Airport Rome – Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport Venice – Venice Marco Polo Airport Amsterdam – Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Oslo Oslo Fornebu Airport (terminated due to airport closure) Oslo Gardermoen Airport Kraków – Kraków John Paul II International Airport Warsaw – Warsaw Chopin Airport Lisbon – Lisbon Airport Porto – Porto Airport Moscow – Sheremetyevo International Airport Saint Petersburg – Pulkovo Airport Belgrade – Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport Alicante – Alicante–Elche Miguel Hernández Airport Barcelona – Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport Madrid – Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport Stockholm – Stockholm Arlanda Airport Bern – Bern Airport Geneva – Geneva Airport Hub Zürich – Zurich Airport Hub / / Basel, Mulhouse, Freiburg – EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg Hub Istanbul – Istanbul Atatürk International Airport Kyiv – Boryspil International Airport London London City Airport London Gatwick International Airport London Heathrow International Airport Manchester – Manchester Airport Americas Buenos Aires – Ministro Pistarini International Airport Rio de Janeiro – Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport São Paulo – São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport Montréal Montréal–Mirabel International Airport Montréal–Trudeau International Airport Toronto – Toronto Pearson International Airport Vancouver - Vancouver International Airport Santiago – Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport Bogota – El Dorado International Airport Atlanta – Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport Boston – Logan International Airport Chicago – O'Hare International Airport Dallas/Fort Worth – Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Los Angeles – Los Angeles International Airport New York City – John F. Kennedy International Airport Newark – Newark Liberty International Airport Miami – Miami International Airport San Francisco - San Francisco International Airport Seattle - Seattle–Tacoma International Airport Washington, D.C. – Washington Dulles International Airport Caracas – Simón Bolívar International Airport Swissair Asia Due to Taiwan's relations with China, Swissair Asia was formed to serve Taipei, Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China, while Swissair maintained service to the People's Republic of China. Corporate affairs Swissair's head office was on the grounds of Zurich Airport and in Kloten. KSG, Architects G.Müller + G.Berger designed the final head office complex for the airline. It was in proximity to the main airport facilities and area freeways. The first phase of the building included offices for 1,600 workers, computer rooms, printing rooms, and 500-seat restaurant facilities. The second phase included an open-plan office room, another computer laboratory, and expansions of the restaurant facilities. In the 1930s the head office was in the Dübendorf Aerodrome in Zürich. Accidents and incidents Over the 71-year history of Swissair, there were eleven major incidents reported resulting in 414 fatalities. Literature Benedikt Meyer: Im Flug. Schweizer Airlines und ihre Passagiere, 1919–2002. Chronos, Zürich 2014, . In Popular Culture A Swissair plane trip was the focus of "The Big Plane Trip" in Little Mammoth Media's BIG Adventure Series. In the video, a plane takes people from the Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia to the Zurich Airport in Zürich, Switzerland. References Bibliography External links Archive of Swissair.com "Swissair." Swiss International Air Lines Swissair Information Website. Swissair Imagefilm "Follow Me" (1967), Condor Films Overview of the complete Swissair fleet How the organisational culture of Swissair affected the demise Swiss companies established in 1931 Airlines established in 1931 Airlines disestablished in 2002 Defunct airlines of Switzerland Swiss companies disestablished in 2002 Companies based in the canton of Zürich

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%B2%AD%EC%82%AC

정부서울청사

정부서울청사(政府서울廳舍, Government Complex Seoul)는 서울특별시 종로구 세종대로 209에 위치하고 있다. 정부서울청사는 흩어져있는 중앙행정기관을 집중수용함으로써 행정능률의 제고와 국민의 행정기관 이용편의를 증진하기 위해 1970년에 건립되었다. 세종특별자치시로 부처 일부가 이전하고 남은 중앙행정기관들이 모여있는 기존의 '중앙청사'라는 권위적인 명칭을 피하고, 공공성을 감안해 국민에게 친숙한 명칭으로 다가가기 위해 각계각층의 다양한 의견을 수렴하여 정부청사명칭제정위원회에서 정부서울청사로 개칭되었다. 청사 관리는 행정안전부 정부청사관리본부에서 담당한다. 연혁 1967년 7월 29일 - 정부종합청사 착공 1970년 12월 23일 - 정부종합청사 본관 준공 1970년 12월 24일 - 정부종합청사로 11개 정부기관 이전 시작 1981년 10월 14일 - 국민대학교로부터 총무처가 창성동별관 매입 1997년 11월 22일 - 정부제1종합청사에서 정부세종로청사로 개칭 1999년 9월 1일 - 정부세종로청사에서 정부중앙청사로 개칭 2002년 12월 11일 - 정부중앙청사 별관 준공 2013년 1월 1일 - 명칭을 정부중앙청사에서 정부서울청사로 변경 입주 기관 본관 통일부 행정안전부 정부청사관리소 여성가족부 별관 외교부 (여권과는 서초구 남부순환로 2558 외교타운 6층에 위치함) 행정안전부 창성동 별관 국무조정실 공직복무관리관실 입주예정기관 정부세종청사로 일부 기관이 이전함에 따라, 2014년까지의 입주예정기관은 다음과 같다. 외교부 (기존 입주기관) 통일부 (기존 입주기관) 행정안전부 (기존 입주기관) 개인정보보호위원회 지역발전위원회 국가정보화전략위원회 지방분권촉진위원회 (기존 창성동별관 입주기관) 사행산업통합감독위원회 소청심사위원회 승강기사고조사판정위원회 (기존 창성동별관 입주기관) 정부공직자윤리위원회 사건 및 사고 방화 사건 2012년 10월 14일 서울 광화문 정부중앙청사 18층 교육과학기술부 사무실에서 김모(61)씨가 불을 지르고 뛰어내렸다. 김씨는 병원으로 옮겨졌으나 숨졌다. 불은 사무실의 책상 위 서류, 의자 등을 태우고 교육과학기술부 직원에 의해 6분만에 진화됐다. 사건 당시 김 씨는 정부청사 출입증과 유사한 모양을 한 신분증으로 청사에 들어와 18층 사무실까지 별다른 제재를 받지 않고 엘리베이터를 타고 올라갔으며 휴일이라는 이유로 검색대와 보안게이트도 전혀 작동하지 않았던 것으로 알려졌다. 2012년 10월 15일 김황식 국무총리는 세종로 정부중앙청사에서 총리실 간부회의를 개최하고 "청사방호 체계의 문제점을 보여주는 것으로 매우 유감스럽게 생각한다"고 말했다. 김 총리는 이어 "행정안전부 등 관계기관은 정부청사는 물론 주요공공시설 경비 및 보안관리 체계 전반에 대해 재점검하고 이러한 사례가 재발되지 않도록 대책을 마련하라"고 지시했다. 사건 발생 이후 정부중앙청사경비대의 출입 경비인원이 2배 늘어나는 등 보안이 강화되었다. 2012년 10월 17일 행정안전부가 정부중앙청사 방화사건과 관련, 정부청사 출입 보안과 경비체계 강화 대책을 발표했다. 행정안전부는 중앙청사의 1개소에서만 운영 중인 자동인식출입시스템(스피드게이트)을 과천과 대전청사로 전면 확대하는 한편, 정부청사에 설치된 CCTV에 대해 상시 모니터링 체제를 구축하고 중앙, 과천, 대전, 세종 등의 4개 정부청사에 칩이 내장된 공무원증을 통해 출입자를 자동 확인할 수 있는 화상인식 출입시스템 도입도 적극 검토할 계획이다. 또한 청사 출입 공무원과 상시 방문자를 대상으로 재직여부 정기 확인 등의 청사 출입자 관리를 강화할 계획이다. 청사 외곽경비도 강화된다. 정부청사 출입문의 경찰 경비인원을 확대하고 위조출입증을 이용한 청사출입 방지를 위해 청사 출입자와 출입차량에 대한 검문검색을 대폭 강화할 예정이다. 이에 대해 맹형규 행정안전부장관은 "기술적인 시스템 보강에서부터 보안인력 근무기강 확립과 공무원 교육까지 종합적인 대책을 시행해 이같은 불상사가 다시 발생하지 않도록 관리를 강화해 나갈 것"이라고 강조했다. 공시생 침입 사건 2016년 3월, 국가공무원 지역인재 7급 필기시험에 응시한 송모씨가 정부서울청사 16층 인사혁신처 사무실에 무단 침입해 합격자 명단을 조작하는 사고가 일어나 보안 허점이 노출되었다. 교통 지하철 : 경복궁역 : 광화문역 버스 ● 111번, 1002번, 790번, 799번 (경기도 도시형버스) ● 1711번, 7016번, 7018번, 7022번, 7212번, 종로 09번, 종로 11번 (이상 지선버스, 마을버스) ● 101번, 103번, 109번, 150번, 160번, 260번, 270번, 271번, 273번, 370번, 401번, 402번, 405번, 406번, 421번, 470번, 471번, 501번, 506번, 600번, 602번, 606번, 700번, 702A번, 702B번, 703번, 704번, 707번, 710번, 720번, 721번 (이상 간선버스) ● 1000번, 1005-1번, 1200번, 1900번, 2000번, 2500번, 5500-1번, 5500-2번, 8600번, 9401번, 9401번, 9703번, 9709번, 9714번 (이상 광역버스) ● M7106, M7111번, M7119번 (광역급행버스) ● 6002번, 6701번 (공항버스) 같이 보기 정부중앙청사 화재 대한민국 정부 서울특별시 종로구 세종대로 종각역 광화문역 경복궁역 각주 서울청 서울 종로구의 건축물 서울 종로구 소재의 관공서

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Complex%20Seoul

Government Complex Seoul

The Government Complex Seoul (), formerly known as Central Government Complex (building) () is government office building complex in Jongno, Seoul. It has one main building and two annex building. In year 2022, the Complex is used by several Ministries of South Korea, including Financial Services Commission, Ministry of the Interior and Safety and Ministry of Unification. See also Government Complex, Daejeon Ministry of the Interior and Safety (South Korea) References Government buildings in South Korea Buildings and structures in Jongno District Buildings and structures completed in 1970

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A7%88%ED%86%A0%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%BF

헤마토크릿

헤마토크릿(, Ht, Hct)은 혈액에서 적혈구가 차지하고 있는 용적의 비중을 백분율로 표시한 것이며, 이것을 구하는 검사 명칭이기도 하다. 다른 이름으로 적혈구 용적 백분율(赤血球容積百分率, , PCV), 적혈구 용적률(赤血球容積率), 헤마토크리트라고도 한다. 일반적으로 남자는 45% 내외, 여자는 40% 내외를 정상으로 본다. 적혈구는 몸에서 산소를 운반하는 역할을 하므로 헤마토크릿은 체내 산소 운반 능력을 평가하는 하나의 척도가 될 수 있다. 헤마토크릿이 너무 높거나 낮으면 혈액 질환, 탈수, 기타 다른 질환이 있다는 뜻일 수 있다. 헤마트크릿 값이 너무 낮다면 적혈구의 총 개수가 감소하는 빈혈을, 너무 높다면 적혈구증가증일 수 있다. 헤마토크릿 검사는 매우 간편하고 정확도가 높기 때문에 헤모글로빈 농도, 백혈구 계수, 혈소판 계수 등과 함께 일반 혈액 검사의 한 항목으로 포함되어 있다. 측정 방법 헤마토크릿을 측정하는 방법으로는 크게 직접 측정하는 방법과 자동혈구계산기를 이용해 적혈구에 발생하는 전압 변화를 측정해 산출하는 자동혈구계산기법 두 가지를 이용하는데, 일반적인 병원에서는 자동혈구계산기법을 가장 많이 이용한다. 직접 측정하는 방법은 내부에 헤파린이 발라져 있는 모세관을 10,000 RPM으로 5분간 원심분리하여 측정하는 마이크로헤마토크릿법()과 항응고제인 EDTA가 포함된 혈액을 Wintrobe tube에 넣고 원심분리하여 측정하는 Wintrobe법 두 가지가 있다. 혈액을 모세관에 넣고 원심분리하면 두 층으로 나뉜다. 농축된 적혈구의 부피를 전체 혈액 표본 부피로 나눈 것이 PCV이다. 관을 사용하였기 때문에 각 층의 길이를 재서 계산하면 된다. 현대적인 장비를 갖춘 실험실에서는 자동혈구분석기를 이용한다. 평균적혈구용적에 적혈구 수를 곱하여 계산한다. 적혈구 사이에서 빠져나가지 않은 혈장이 소량 존재하는 PCV와 비교하면 헤마토크릿이 약간 더 정확하다. g/dL 단위로 나타낸 헤모글로빈 농도에 3을 곱하고 단위를 제거한 값은 %로 나타낸 헤마토크릿 추정치에 근사한다. 혈액 채취자가 부주의하여 농축된 적혈구나 혈액을 주입하고 있는 정맥주사선 가까이에서 실험 표본 혈액을 채취하는 경우가 있다. 이 경우에 헤모글로빈은 혈액에 희석되어 순환하고 있지 않기 때문에 환자의 실제 헤모글로빈 수치로 볼 수 없고, 세포가 과다하게 많아서 헤마토크릿이 인위적으로 높아질 것이다. 반대로 식염수나 다른 액체가 공급되는 환자는 혈액이 희석되어 헤마토크릿이 낮아진다. 상승 요인 뎅기열 환자는 헤마토크릿이 높아지면 뎅기열 쇼크 증후군 위험 징후로 본다. 골수가 과도한 적혈구를 생산하는 골수증식질환인 진성적혈구증가증이 있을 때 헤마토크릿이 증가한다. 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환(COPD) 및 저산소증과 관련된 기타 폐 상태에 따라 적혈구 비율이 높아질 수 있다. 이는 저산소증에 반응하여 신장에서 에리트로포이에틴(EPO) 발현이 증가하여 나타나는 현상이다. 전문 운동선수의 헤마토크릿은 혈액 도핑이나 에리트로포이에틴 사용을 검사하는 수단 중 하나이다. 개인차를 감안하여 헤마토크릿을 해당 선수의 장기간에 걸친 헤마토크릿 자료와 대조하고, 이 때 인구 내에서 나타날 수 있는 최대 기대값, 혈액 응고로 인하여 뇌졸중이나 심장마비 위험이 높아지는 헤마토크릿 값을 최대허용량 절대치로 정한다. 합성대사 남성화 스테로이드(AAS)를 사용하는 것 또한 적혈구 양을 증가시키고, 따라서 헤마토크릿에 영향을 미친다. 볼데논(boldenone)과 옥시메톨론(oxymetholone) 등이 이에 포함된다. 탈수 상태에서 헤마토크릿이 높아질 수 있다. 모세혈관 누출 증후군(capillary leak syndrome)은 혈장이 때때로 순환계 바깥으로 유출되는 증상이 있으므로 헤마토크릿 값이 비정상적으로 높아질 수 있다. 수면 무호흡증 또한 헤마토크릿을 높이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하강 요인 평균적혈구용적(MCV)과 적혈구크기분포폭(RDW)은 헤마토크릿이 정상보다 낮을 때 유용하게 쓰인다. 헤마토크릿은 단순히 적혈구가 혈액에서 차지하는 부피를 나타내는 지표이기 때문에 급성 혈액 손실의 경우 일반적으로 헤마토크릿의 변화로 나타나지는 않지만, 임상의는 평균적혈구용적과 적혈구크기분포폭 값을 통하여 혈액 손실이 만성인지 급성인지 결정하는 데에 도움을 받는다. 평균적혈구용적은 적혈구의 크기를, 적혈구크기분포폭은 적혈구 집단의 크기 변화를 상대적으로 나타내는 값이다. 헤마토크릿과 평균적혈구용적이 작고 적혈구크기분포폭이 크면 만성 철 결핍성 빈혈로 적혈구생성 동안 헤모글로빈이 비정상적으로 합성된다. 빈혈이 발생할 가능성이 높은 사람들은 아래와 같다. 철을 적절히 섭취하지 못하는 젖먹이 성장기의 어린이. 적혈구 양이 증가하면서 철 요구량이 증가하는 속도를 따라가지 못하는 경우 월경 중인 여성 임신 중인 여성 충분한 에리트로포이에틴을 분비하지 못하는 만성신장질환자. 에리트로포이에틴은 적혈구 증식을 촉진하고 골수에서 적혈구 계보에 있는 세포가 죽지 않도록 한다. 따라서 적혈구 계보에 있는 세포들은 계속해서 성숙하여 골수를 빠져나와 적혈구가 된다. 오차 공통 : 측정하고자 하는 혈액이 채혈된 후 실온에서 6~24시간 정도 방치될 경우 정상치보다 이 값이 증가할 수 있다. 어원 헤마토크릿()이라는 용어는 '피'를 뜻하는 haima()와 '판단'을 뜻하는 kritēs()에서 유래하였으며, 말 그대로는 '피를 분리하다'라는 뜻을 가지고 있다. 1891년 스웨덴의 생리학자인 망누스 블릭스()가 낙농업에서 쓰이는 용어인 lactokrit에서 본따 'haematokrit'이라는 용어를 처음 고안하였다. 각주 및 참고 문헌 표준 임상혈액학, 변대훈 외 15명, 대학서림 (2011) 외부 링크 헤마토크릿 - Lab Tests Online 혈액 검사

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematocrit

Hematocrit

The hematocrit () (Ht or HCT), also known by several other names, is the volume percentage (vol%) of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood, measured as part of a blood test. The measurement depends on the number and size of red blood cells. It is normally 40.7–50.3% for males and 36.1–44.3% for females. It is a part of a person's complete blood count results, along with hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count and platelet count. Because the purpose of red blood cells is to transfer oxygen from the lungs to body tissues, a blood sample's hematocrit—the red blood cell volume percentage—can become a point of reference of its capability of delivering oxygen. Hematocrit levels that are too high or too low can indicate a blood disorder, dehydration, or other medical conditions. An abnormally low hematocrit may suggest anemia, a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells, while an abnormally high hematocrit is called polycythemia. Both are potentially life-threatening disorders. Names There are other names for the hematocrit, such as packed cell volume (PCV), volume of packed red cells (VPRC), or erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF). The term hematocrit (or haematocrit in British English) comes from the Ancient Greek words (, "blood") and (, "judge"), and hematocrit means "to separate blood". It was coined in 1891 by Swedish physiologist Magnus Blix as haematokrit, modeled after lactokrit. Measurement methods With modern lab equipment, the hematocrit can be calculated by an automated analyzer or directly measured, depending on the analyzer manufacturer. Calculated hematocrit is determined by multiplying the red cell count by the mean cell volume. The hematocrit is slightly more accurate, as the PCV includes small amounts of blood plasma trapped between the red cells. An estimated hematocrit as a percentage may be derived by tripling the hemoglobin concentration in g/dL and dropping the units. The packed cell volume (PCV) can be determined by centrifuging EDTA-treated or heparinized blood in a capillary tube (also known as a microhematocrit tube) at 10,000 RPM for five minutes. This separates the blood into layers. The volume of packed red blood cells divided by the total volume of the blood sample gives the PCV. Since a tube is used, this can be calculated by measuring the lengths of the layers. Another way of measuring hematocrit levels is by optical methods such as spectrophotometry. Through differential spectrophotometry, the differences in optical densities of a blood sample flowing through small-bore glass tubes at isosbestic wavelengths for deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin and the product of the luminal diameter and hematocrit create a linear relationship that is used to measure hematocrit levels. Other than potential bruising at the puncture site, and/or dizziness, there are no complications associated with this test. While known hematocrit levels are used in detecting conditions, it may fail at times due to hematocrit being the measure of concentration of red blood cells through volume in a blood sample. It does not account for the mass of the red blood cells, and thus the changes in mass can alter a hematocrit level or go undetected while affecting a subject's condition. Additionally, there have been cases in which the blood for testing was inadvertently drawn proximal to an intravenous line that was infusing packed red cells or fluids. In these situations, the hemoglobin level in the blood sample will not be the true level for the patient because the sample will contain a large amount of the infused material rather than what is diluted into the circulating whole blood. That is, if packed red cells are being supplied, the sample will contain a large amount of those cells and the hematocrit will be artificially very high. Levels Hematocrit can vary from the determining factors of the number of red blood cells. These factors can be from the age and sex of the subject. Typically, a higher hematocrit level signifies the blood sample's ability to transport oxygen, which has led to reports that an "optimal hematocrit level" may exist. Optimal hematocrit levels have been studied through combinations of assays on blood sample's hematocrit itself, viscosity, and hemoglobin level. Hematocrit levels also serve as an indicator of health conditions. Thus, tests on hematocrit levels are often carried out in the process of diagnosis of such conditions, and may be conducted prior to surgery. Additionally, the health conditions associated with certain hematocrit levels are the same as ones associated with certain hemoglobin levels. As blood flows from the arterioles into the capillaries, a change in pressure occurs. In order to maintain pressure, the capillaries branch off to a web of vessels that carry blood into the venules. Through this process blood undergoes micro-circulation. In micro-circulation, the Fåhræus effect will take place, resulting in a large change in hematocrit. As blood flows through the arterioles, red cells will act a feed hematocrit (Hf), while in the capillaries, a tube hematocrit (Ht) occurs. In tube hematocrit, plasma fills most of the vessel while the red cells travel through in somewhat of a single file line. From this stage, blood will enter the venules increasing in hematocrit, in other words the discharge hematocrit (Hd).In large vessels with low hematocrit, viscosity dramatically drops and red cells take in a lot of energy. While in smaller vessels at the micro-circulation scale, viscosity is very high. With the increase in shear stress at the wall, a lot of energy is used to move cells. Shear rate relations Relationships between hematocrit, viscosity, and shear rate are important factors to put into consideration. Since blood is non-Newtonian, the viscosity of the blood is in relation to the hematocrit, and as a function of shear rate. This is important when it comes to determining shear force, since a lower hematocrit level indicates that there is a need for more force to push the red blood cells through the system. This is because shear rate is defined as the rate to which adjacent layers of fluid move in respect to each other. Plasma is a more viscous material than typically red blood cells, since they are able to adjust their size to the radius of a tube; the shear rate is purely dependent on the amount of red blood cells being forced in a vessel. Elevated Generally at both sea levels and high altitudes, hematocrit levels rise as children mature. These health-related causes and impacts of elevated hematocrit levels have been reported: Fall in blood plasma levels Dehydration Administering of testosterone supplement therapy In cases of dengue fever, a high hematocrit is a danger sign of an increased risk of dengue shock syndrome. Hemoconcentration can be detected by an escalation of over 20% in hematocrit levels that will come before shock. For early detection of dengue hemorrhagic fever, it is suggested that hematocrit levels be kept under observations at a minimum of every 24 hours; 3–4 hours is suggested in suspected dengue shock syndrome or critical cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Polycythemia vera (PV), a myeloproliferative disorder in which the bone marrow produces excessive numbers of red cells, is associated with elevated hematocrit. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other pulmonary conditions associated with hypoxia may elicit an increased production of red blood cells. This increase is mediated by the increased levels of erythropoietin by the kidneys in response to hypoxia. Professional athletes' hematocrit levels are measured as part of tests for blood doping or erythropoietin (EPO) use; the level of hematocrit in a blood sample is compared with the long-term level for that athlete (to allow for individual variations in hematocrit level), and against an absolute permitted maximum (which is based on maximum expected levels within the population, and the hematocrit level that causes increased risk of blood clots resulting in strokes or heart attacks). Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use can also increase the amount of RBCs and, therefore, impact the hematocrit, in particular the compounds boldenone and oxymetholone. Capillary leak syndrome also leads to abnormally high hematocrit counts, because of the episodic leakage of plasma out of the circulatory system. At higher altitudes, there is a lower oxygen supply in the air and thus hematocrit levels may increase over time. Hematocrit levels were also reported to be correlated with social factors that influence subjects. In the 1966–80 Health Examination Survey, there was a small rise in mean hematocrit levels in female and male adolescents that reflected a rise in annual family income. Additionally, a higher education in a parent has been put into account for a rise in mean hematocrit levels of the child. Lowered Lowered hematocrit levels also pose health impacts. These causes and impacts have been reported: A low hematocrit level is a sign of a low red blood cell count. One way to increase the ability of oxygen transport in red blood cells is through blood transfusion, which is carried out typically when the red blood cell count is low. Prior to the blood transfusion, hematocrit levels are measured to help ensure the transfusion is necessary and safe. A low hematocrit with a low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) with a high red cell distribution width (RDW) suggests a chronic iron-deficient anemia resulting in abnormal hemoglobin synthesis during erythropoiesis. The MCV and the RDW can be quite helpful in evaluating a lower-than-normal hematocrit, because they can help the clinician determine whether blood loss is chronic or acute, although acute blood loss typically does not manifest as a change in hematocrit, since hematocrit is simply a measure of how much of the blood volume is made up of red blood cells. The MCV is the size of the red cells and the RDW is a relative measure of the variation in size of the red cell population. Decreased hematocrit levels could indicate life-threatening diseases such as leukemia. When the bone marrow no longer produces normal red blood cells, hematocrit levels deviate from normal as well and thus can possibly be used in detecting acute myeloid leukemia. It can also be related to other conditions, such as malnutrition, water intoxication, anemia, and bleeding. Pregnancy may lead to women having additional fluid in blood. This could potentially lead to a small drop in hematocrit levels. See also Blood tests Hematology Reference ranges for blood tests References External links Hematocrit – Lab Tests Online Blood tests Mathematics in medicine

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%9B%90%EC%88%98%20%EC%9D%98%EC%A0%84%EC%B0%A8

국가원수 의전차

국가원수 의전차(國家元首儀典車, )는 자국의 국가원수를 비롯한 정부 요인이나, 자국을 방문한 외국 귀빈을 의전하기 위해 정부에서 사용하는 자동차이다. 국빈 방문 시에 의전차는 국가원수의 도착과 맞추어 준비된다. 의전차가 되기 위한 조건으로는 공무를 수행하기에 충분한 안전과 성능, 위엄 등이 있다. 리무진(대형 세단 포함), 고급 세단(Executive car, 혹은 준대형 세단) 혹은 SUV가 주로 선택되는 차종이다. 승객이 처하는 안전 상의 위험이 크기 때문에 의전차들은 종종 엄중한 보호를 받는다. 의전차들은 자동차 메이커나 애프터마켓 전문 업체에 의해 방탄 처리되기도 하며, 요인이 탑승할 경우 경찰 혹은 군인으로 구성된 차량 행렬에 둘러싸여 보호를 받는 것이 일반적이다. 운전사 역시 경찰이나 군 출신의 인원으로 이루어지기도 한다. 예를 들어 미국 대통령의 의전차는 숙련된 시크릿 서비스 (SS) 요원이 운전하며, 영국 총리의 의전차는 특별 훈련을 받은 SAS 대원이 운전한다. 독자적인 자동차 메이커를 갖고 있는 국가에서 정부는 보통 의전차를 자국 메이커 중 한 곳에서 선택하거나, 혹은 여러 자국 메이커에서 각각 한 종류 씩을 선택하여 제공받는다. 이러한 경우 자동차 메이커들은 자신이 국가원수 의전차를 제공하도록 선택되는 것을 영광으로 간주한다. 또한 자국 메이커의 자동차를 선택하는 것은 정부가 자국 (자동차) 산업에 대한 자신감을 표현하는 것으로 보여지기도 한다. 가령 대한민국 대통령은 제네시스를 이용하며, 미국 대통령은 캐딜락, 영국 왕실은 벤틀리, 이탈리아 총리는 마세라티, 일본 황실은 토요타를 각각 이용한다. 프랑스 대통령은 르노와 시트로엥, 푸조에서 제작한 고급차 중에서 선택할 수 있으며, 독일의 모든 주요 자동차 메이커들은 각각 자신들의 차종을 독일 연방수상을 포함한 주요 정부 요인들이 사용하도록 의전차로 제공하고 있다. 독자적인 자동차 메이커가 없는 국가들은 의전차를 자국과 정치, 경제, 외교적으로 강하게 연계된 국가에서 구입하기도 한다. 캐나다는 미국과 미국 자동차 메이커과의 역사적으로 강한 연계를 반영하여, 자국의 의전차로 미국 빅3(GM, 크라이슬러, 포드)의 차종만을 독점적으로 사용하고 있으며, 이들 중 다수는 캐나다 공장에서 제작한 것이다. 캐나다 정부는 2008년 경기 침체에 따른 GM과 크라이슬러의 재건 과정에서 이들의 지분을 매입하여 소유하고 있다. 다른 나라와의 연계와는 별개로, 가장 보편적으로 사용되는 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스나 BMW 7 시리즈 등을 의전차로 사용하는 국가도 많다. 이 경우에는 독자적인 자동차 메이커가 없는 경우와, 독자적 자동차 메이커가 존재하지만 그 중에서 의전차로 충분한 성능을 가진 차종이 없다고 판단되는 경우가 포함된다. 그레나다 그레나다의 총독은 흰색 BMW 750Li를 타며, 여왕을 상징하는 왕관 모양의 번호판을 단다. 반면에 그레나다의 총리는 검은 BMW 750Li에 타며, 그레나다의 국장 모양의 번호판과 국기를 단다. 의전차는 경찰의 오토바이 경호대와 검은 미쓰비시 파제로 2대의 호위를 받는다. 니카라과 니카라과의 대통령은 메르세데스 벤츠 G클래스를 사용한다. 과거에 소모사 가문은 43년의 통치 기간 동안 여러 고급 차량을 사용하였다. 메르세데스-벤츠 300 (Mercedes-Benz Type 300) 이 공식 행사에 사용되었고, 그 외에 메르세데스-벤츠와 캐딜락 리무진도 사용되었다. 대한민국 대한민국의 대통령은 벤츠 S600 풀만가드와 제네시스 EQ900, 현대 넥쏘를 사용한다. 그 전에는 2005년에 구입한 방탄 처리된 BMW 7 시리즈와, 2002년에 구입한 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스 (W220) 가 사용되었다. 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스 (W220)는 노무현 전 대통령이 2007년 평양에서 열린 남북 정상 회담에 사용하기도 하였다. 대통령의 차량 행렬은 선두의 경찰 사이카와 경찰차량들을 시작으로, 경호처 소속의 캐딜락 에스컬레이드, 쉐보레 서버번과 포드 익스커젼, 그리고 대통령이 탄 차량과 똑같이 생긴 차량 여러 대가 대통령이 탑승한 차량을 호위한다. 구 독일 민주 공화국 (동독) 구 동독에서는 트라반트와 바르트부르그를 생산했지만, 모두 국가 의전차로는 부적절하다고 판단되었다. 동독의 지도자들은 소련제 자동차와 스웨덴제 볼보를 사용하였고, 독일 통일사회당 서기장이었던 에리히 호네커는 가운데를 늘린 (스트레치드) 시트로엥 CX와 볼보 700 모델 여러 대를 사용하였다. 라트비아 라트비아의 대통령은 메르세데스-벤츠 S500을 타며, 라트비아의 국장을 번호판 대신 달고 차 앞부분에 국기를 단다. 대부분의 라트비아 국회의원들은 볼보 900 시리즈나 아우디 A6, 메르세데스-벤츠 E 클래스를 타지만, 볼보 S80, 볼보 S70 등의 다른 고급차들도 사용되고 있다. 러시아 러시아의 대통령은 방탄 처리된 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스 스트레치드 리무진을 주로 탄다. 처음으로 사용된 차종인 W140 계열 변형은 보리스 옐친 전 대통령에 의해 구입되었고 최근 들어 W221 계열로 대체되고 있다. 대통령의 차량 행렬은 일반적으로 경찰의 오토바이 경호대와 더불어 메르세데스-벤츠 G 클래스, E클래스, 표준형 S클래스, BMW 5 시리즈, 폭스바겐 캐러벨 (Volkswagen Caravelle) 등으로 이루어진 지원 차량의 호위를 받는다. 러시아의 장군과 군관들은 볼가 (Volga) 세단을 타며, 이들 볼가 세단들에는 더 좋은 다른 차량의 엔진이 사용되고 기타 기술적 개량이 이루어졌다. 소비에트 연방 시절 공산당 중앙위원회 서기장은 항상 소련제 질 (ZIL) 리무진 (ZIL-41047) 을 탔고, 차이카 (Chaika) 세단 2대의 호위를 받았다. 질 리무진 2대는 여전히 크렘린 차고에서 관리되고 있으며, 승전기념일에 열리는 열병식에 종종 모습을 보이고 있다. 루마니아 루마니아의 대통령은 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스에 타며, 검은 BMW 5 시리즈 (E60)으로 이루어진 차량 행렬이 호위한다. 대통령은 종종 개인 소유의 SUV 다치아 더스터(Dacia Duster)를 타기도 한다. 멕시코 멕시코의 대통령과 영부인은 대통령 경호실(Estado Mayor Presidencial)에서 관리하는 15대에서 30대의 쉐보레 서버번을 사용할 수 있다. 몽골 몽골의 대통령은 0001과 0002 번호판이 달린 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스를 일반 도로에서 사용하며, 오프로드 차량으로는 토요타 랜드크루저를 사용한다. 바베이도스 바베이도스의 총리의 공식 의전차는 'MP2' 번호판이 달린 2009년형 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스로, 공식 행사에 사용된다. 바하마 바하마의 총리는 'PM'(Prime Minister) 번호판이 달린 검은 메르세데스-벤츠 S500을 사용하며, 2012년형 포드 익스플로러 1대와 경찰의 오토바이 경호대가 주로 호위한다. 볼리비아 볼리비아의 대통령은 BMW 7 시리즈와 토요타 랜드크루저를 타며, 쉐보레 서버번을 타기도 한다. 대통령의 의전차는 10대의 토요타 세콰이어가 호위한다. 부탄 부탄의 이전 국왕인 지미 싱게 왕축은 국내에서 이동할 때 토요타 랜드크루저를 사용하였고, 지금의 국왕인 지그메 케사르 남기엘 왕축은 레인지로버를 사용한다. 세르비아 세르비아의 대통령은 B7급 방탄 능력을 가진 메르세데스-벤츠 S600를 사용하며, 세르비아의 총리는 방탄 처리된 아우디 A5를 사용한다. 싱가포르 싱가포르의 대통령은 2010년형 메르세데스-벤츠 S350L과 2001년형 렉서스 LS430 중 하나를 선택하여 사용한다. 이 두 차량은 이전에 사용된 모든 국가원수 의전차와 마찬가지로 모두 흰색이다. 국경일 퍼레이드 (National Day Parade) 와 같은 공식 행사에 사용될 때에는 대통령의 문장을 번호판 대신 달며, 평상시에는 'SEP1' 번호판을 단다. 싱가포르의 총리는 보통 흰색의 표준형 메르세데스-벤츠 S280을 타며, 일반 번호판을 사용한다. 싱가포르 총리실은 국가 행사와 외국 귀빈의 방문에 대비하여 4대의 흰색 벤츠를 유지하고 있다. 정치적 피임명자 중에서는 대통령과 총리, 국회의장에게만 관용차가 제공되며, 내각의 다른 모든 구성원들은 개인 차량을 사용한다. 아르헨티나 아르헨티나의 대통령은 방탄 처리되고 일반 번호판이 달린 아우디 A8을 사용한다. 아이슬란드 아이슬란드의 대통령 올라푸르 라그나르 그림손은 운전사가 딸리고 '1' 번호판을 단 렉서스 LS600hL을 타며, 특별 행사 시에는 1942년형 패커드(Packard)도 사용한다. 아제르바이잔 아제르바이잔의 대통령 일함 알리예프는 방탄 처리된 마이바흐 62를 사용한다. 방탄 처리된, 맞춤형 메르세데스-벤츠 W221 S600 가드 풀먼도 종종 사용된다. 에스토니아 에스토니아의 대통령은 방탄 처리된 아우디 A8 4.2 TDI 콰트로를 사용하며, 에스토니아의 국장을 번호판 대신 단다. 대통령의 의전차는 아우디 Q7이 호위한다. 에스토니아의 총리는 2011년에 등록된 아우디 A8을 사용한다. 오스트리아 오스트리아의 정부 요인들은 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스, 아우디 A8, BMW 7 시리즈를 사용한다. 우크라이나 우크라이나의 대통령은 방탄 처리된 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스와 방탄 처리된 2011년형 폭스바겐 페이톤 V12 롱 휠베이스 모델을 사용하며, 대통령의 차량 행렬에는 센티곤(Centigon)에서 방탄 처리된 폭스바겐 투아렉을 이용한다. 이스라엘 이스라엘의 총리는 토요타 랜드크루저와 렉서스 CT200h, 볼보 S80, 아우디 A8을 사용하며, 이스라엘의 대통령은 아우디 A8과 볼보 스트레치드 리무진을 사용한다. 이집트 이집트의 전 대통령 호스니 무바라크는 2011년 2월 퇴임하기 전까지 검은색의 방탄 처리된 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스를 사용하였다. 그 이전에 사용하던 구형 S클래스 의전차는 1995년 에티오피아에서 발생한 암살 미수 사건에서 무바라크 전 대통령의 목숨을 구해 주기도 하였다. 일본 일본 일왕 (덴노) 과 왕후의 의전차는 2006년에 제작된 토요타 센츄리 로열이다. 토요타에서 맞춤 제작한 이 차량은 길이 약 6미터, 넓이 약 2미터이다. 중화민국 중화민국의 총통은 미국과의 밀접한 관계를 반영하여 역사적으로 캐딜락 세단을 이용해 왔다. 장제스가 탄 두 대의 방탄 캐딜락은 타이베이의 중정기념당에 전시되어 있다. 그러나 천수이볜은 이전까지 사용되던 캐딜락 드빌의 사용을 중지하고, 첫 번째 임기에 링컨을, 두 번째 임기에 BMW 7 시리즈를 각각 사용하였다. 현재의 마잉주는 2008년과 2012년에 구입한 BMW 740i를 이용한다. 중화인민공화국 중화인민공화국의 역대 지도자들은 약 7미터 길이의 훙치(紅旗)를 사용해 왔다. 2009년 중화인민공화국 국경절에 있었던 열병식에서 후진타오는 훙치 HQE 리무진을 사용하였고, BMW 5 시리즈 경찰 차량의 호위를 받았다. 코스타리카 코스타리카의 대통령 라우라 친치야는 현대 에쿠스 리무진 VL500을 국가원수 의전차로 사용한다. 코스타리카의 외교부 장관은 현재 기아 오피러스를 사용한다. 쿠웨이트 쿠웨이트의 통치자 (에미르)는 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스나 BMW 7 시리즈를 일상에 사용한다. 에미르의 차량 행렬은 쉐보레 서버번과 경찰 차량들의 호위를 받는 3대의 똑같이 생긴 차량(S클래스 혹은 7시리즈)으로 이루어져 있다. 국가적 행사에는 롤스로이스가 사용된다. 크로아티아 크로아티아의 대통령은 방탄 처리된 메르세데스-벤츠 S600를 사용하며, 크로아티아의 총리는 방탄 처리된 BMW 7 시리즈를 사용한다. 터키 터키의 주요 고위 정치인들은 메르세데스-벤츠 차량을 사용한다. 터키의 대통령과 총리는 메르세데스-벤츠 S클래스를 사용한다. 북키프로스의 대통령은 번호판 대신 금색 문장이 달린 붉은색 BMW 750Li를 사용한다. 포르투갈 포르투갈의 대통령은 방탄 처리된 메르세데스-벤츠 S600이나 BMW E67 760Li를 주로 탄다. 포르투갈의 총리는 메르세데스-벤츠 S350 BlueTEC AT Lg.를 탄다. 폴란드 폴란드의 대통령은 방탄 처리된 BMW E67 760Li를 사용한다. 핀란드 핀란드의 대통령은 방탄 처리된 메르세데스-벤츠 S600L를 타며, 핀란드의 국장을 번호판 대신 사용한다. 국회의장도 대통령과 유사한 차량을 사용하며, 총리의 공식 의전차는 회색의 방탄 처리된 메르세데스-벤츠 S450 CDI이다. 내각 구성원들의 대부분은 아우디 A6을 사용하지만, 볼보 S80과 사브 9-5도 일부 사용된다. 외교부 장관이 타는 아우디 A8은 이들 중 유일하게 방탄 처리되어 있다. 홍콩 홍콩특별행정구의 행정장관 렁춘잉은 렉서스 LS600hL을 타며, 번호판이 아닌 홍콩 특구 문장을 사용한다. 행정장관은 종종 1997년형 메르세데스-벤츠 S500L을 사용하기도 한다. 정무사 사장, 종심법원 수석대법관과 경무처 처장을 비롯한 주요 정부 관원들에게는 각각 폭스바겐 페이톤이 지급되어 있다. 입법회 주석은 렉서스 GS450h를 사용하며 "LC1" 번호판을 사용한다. 자동차 분류

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official%20state%20car

Official state car

An official state car is a vehicle used by a government to transport its head of state or head of government in an official capacity, which may also be used occasionally to transport other members of the government or visiting dignitaries from other countries. A few countries bring their own official state car for state visits to other countries, for instance, the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Germany and Japan. It also may serve as an automotive symbol of the head of state and their country. An official state car must have adequate security, capability and stateliness for its duty. A limousine or other high-end vehicle is usually selected. Due to the high security risk of the passengers, these vehicles are often heavily secured and protected. Vehicles may be armored by the manufacturer or an after-market specialist. (In this article the term "armored car" invariably means a reinforced civilian vehicle, not the military vehicle). When carrying an important passenger, state vehicles may be surrounded by a motorcade consisting of police or military personnel. The vehicle's driver might also be from the law enforcement or military pool; the driver of the United States Presidential State Car is an experienced agent from the Secret Service, the British prime minister is driven by a Specialist Protection officer from the Metropolitan Police Service, and the Canadian prime minister is driven by a Protective Services officer from the RCMP. In some cases state cars may bear standard number plates; in others special or no plates are used. Sourcing In countries that have domestic automobile manufacturers, the government will usually commission one of the national automakers to provide a state car, or allow several to provide cars for an official state fleet. It is considered an honour for a car manufacturer to be selected to provide a state car for their respective country and a demonstration of the confidence of a government in their national industry. For example, the president of the United States currently uses a Cadillac with special undisclosed security features commissioned by the United States government, built by General Motors. Historically the president also used Lincoln, manufactured by Ford Motor Company and also Chrysler vehicles having been used in the past, representing the Detroit Three of American manufacturers. Soviet leaders used custom-built limousines made by the ZiL company, and though the Russian presidents switched to the Mercedes-Benz S-Class due to ZiL's decline after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Vladimir Putin commissioned a new official state car from the national automotive establishment, which was delivered in early 2018. In 2018 the Government of South Korea commissioned a highly modified Hyundai Nexo SUV to serve as the official state car of South Korea. The emperor of Japan uses a Toyota Century, the prime minister of Italy uses a Maserati, the prime minister of Malaysia uses a Proton Perdana, the president of the Czech Republic is driven around in a Škoda Superb, and the British monarch uses a Bentley. Members of the British royal family are driven in Jaguars, though other makes may be used in other Commonwealth realms. The president of France can choose from cars manufactured by Renault or PSA Peugeot Citroën, and all major German manufacturers (Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Volkswagen Group) are represented in Germany's pool of vehicles available for use by state officials. The prime minister of India uses a Land Rover Sentinel high security edition as Jaguar and Land Rover are owned by Tata Motors, an Indian automobile company though they are manufactured in the UK. For countries without major indigenous manufacturers, an official state car may be purchased from a suitable manufacturer in a nation with strong economic and diplomatic ties. Canada typically aims to exclusively use state cars manufactured by the Detroit Three, many of which are made in Canadian factories, with the United States and American car manufacturers having a historically strong relationship with Canada. These companies have a well established and rich manufacturing history dating back to the 1920s in Ontario. Countries The following information lists some state cars and their users of sovereign states and other territories; the list is likely to be out of date in some cases as incumbents and cars change. Afghanistan The president of Afghanistan traveled in a convoy of armored Toyota Land Cruiser J200s without registration plates. Albania The current president of Albania rides in his Mercedes-Benz S350 escorted by a motorcade consisting of black Mercedes-Benz GLS SUVs. Argentina The president of Argentina Alberto Fernández has a Toyota Corolla accompanied by the Presidential Security using 4×4 Toyota Hilux SW4 and Toyota Corolla. Armenia The current president of Armenia is driven in a 4th generation Audi A8, escorted by a motorcade consisting of black Mercedes-Benz G-Class SUVs. Australia Governor-general and state governors The governor-general of Australia travels in a Rolls-Royce Phantom VI limousine for ceremonial occasions, such as the State Opening of Parliament. He more commonly uses a white ballistic and bullet-proof armoured BMW 7 series when on official business. The official cars of the governor-general fly the flag of the governor-general of Australia and display St. Edward's Crown instead of number plates. A similar arrangement is used for the governors of the six states. When the king is in Australia, the king's personal Australian flag is flown on the car in which he is travelling. During Queen Elizabeth II's 2011 visit to Australia, the queen and the Duke of Edinburgh were driven in a Range Rover Vogue. Prime minister The official state car of the prime minister of Australia is a white ballistic and bullet-proof armoured BMW 7 Series, supported at all times by an armoured BMW X5. Prior to 2013, vehicles in the prime ministerial fleet were white Ford Territory and Holden Caprice models. The prime ministerial vehicle is also escorted by police vehicles from state and federal authorities. The prime minister's car bears the number plate C1 (meaning "Commonwealth One") and a centrally mounted Australian flag. The prime ministerial car fleet operates as part of COMCAR, a division of the Australian Government's Department of Finance. In 2013, BMW was selected to provide a fleet of 7 Series High Security vehicles as part of a tender to replace the ageing armoured Holden Caprice fleet that formerly transported the Australian prime minister. The off-the-shelf replacements offer greater protection and better value for money. A BAE and GM-Holden Consortium also bid for the contract. Austria Senior government figures in Austria use Audi A8, BMW 7 Series and Mercedes-Benz S-Class models. Azerbaijan President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev travels in an armored Maybach 62 limousine. Sometimes he uses a heavy armored, custom-built Mercedes-Benz W221 S600 Guard Pullman. Bangladesh The prime minister of Bangladesh travels in an armoured BMW 7 Series, as well as an armoured Mercedes-Benz G-Class SUV and a Maybach. Previously, the car was a Nissan Armada SUV. Belgium The Belgian king, Philippe, uses a Mercedes-Benz S-Class or a BMW 7 Series, mostly with the number plate '1', because he is the commander in chief of the army. For his inauguration, a Mercedes-Benz 600 landaulette was used. All royal family members drive cars with only numbers. The prime minister of Belgium uses an Audi A6. Federal government officials drive cars with number plates starting with an "A" followed by one to three numbers. Regional government officials drive cars with number plates starting with an "E" followed by one to three numbers. Members of parliament and the senate drive cars with number plates starting with a "P" followed by three numbers. For personal use, Queen Paola of Belgium drives a Fiat 500 with diplomatic plates. Prince Laurent of Belgium is famous for his speed driving and his fast cars. There is also a Mercedes-Benz 600 and a 1965 Lincoln Continental Convertible in the royal garage. Baudouin of Belgium ordered in the 1970s an armored De Tomaso Deauville. He had also an Aston Martin DB2/4. For their marriage in 1960, Baudouin and Fabiola used a 1955 Cadillac Series 62 Convertible, with a bulletproof bubble-top. Belize The current governor-general of Belize and the current prime minister of Belize are both driven in a Genesis EQ900 Convertible bearing the Belizean flag and the standard of that office. Ministers generally use Toyota Prado or Ford Excursion, bearing either government plates or civilian plates with tags. Previously, the governor-general of Belize and the prime minister of Belize are both driven in various cars. Bhutan The king of Bhutan, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck is driven in a Lexus LX 570, escorted by a Jeep Wrangler of the Royal Bodyguard of Bhutan. Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Presidency is driven in Audi A8 escorted by Volkswagen Passat . President of entity Republic of Srpska Milorad Dodik is driven in armored Mercedes-Benz S-Class W 221. The rest of government is usually driven in Volkswagen Passat or Škoda Superb. Bolivia The president of Bolivia is driven in an armoured Lexus LS 460L and escorted by four Toyota Land Cruisers. Brazil The ceremonial state car of the president of Brazil is a 1952 Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith, reserved exclusively for Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the presidential inauguration. The official state car used by the president for regular transportation is a 2011-model armored version of the Ford Fusion Hybrid. The car is also used as escort car for the presidential motorcade. The Fusion was first used on 17 June 2008 when it replaced a 2004 Chevrolet Omega. In February 2012 the Brazilian government bought 12 Canadian-built Ford Edge models, 10 of which armored, for the use of President Dilma Rousseff and her security team. The federal government's most important officials (president, ministers, magistrates, etc.) use yellow-green brass plates adorned with the coat of arms of Brazil and their titles engraved on them (e.g., president of the republic, president of the Senate, defense minister, Supreme Court president, etc.). Brunei The ceremonial state car of the sultan of Brunei is a 1992 state landaulette Rolls-Royce Phantom VI. On non-ceremonial occasions, the sultan of Brunei personally drives a black Mercedes-Benz M-Class W163 ML55 AMG, usually escorted by either a Secret Service BMW E39 540i or a BMW E61 545i, and a few Lexus LX470. Recently, the Sultan drives around in a black Brabus G700. On other occasions he drives a Maybach 62. The sultan and his brother Prince Jefri Bolkiah own several luxury and exotic cars, one of the largest collections in the world. Queen Saleha of Brunei is usually driven around in a 2012 Rolls Royce Phantom Series II. The members of the royal family are usually escorted by a Secret Service escort of Volvo S80 V8 models, or Mitsubishi 380. The cabinet ministers of Brunei and visiting foreign dignitaries are driven in a black Mercedes Benz W221 S350L, while other senior ranking officials are driven in a black Mercedes Benz W211 E280. The sultan drives a Mercedes-Benz G-Class, the 2009 facelifted G55 AMG instead of the W163 ML55 AMG. Bulgaria The cars of the president of Bulgaria include Mercedes-Benz S600 and BMW 5 Series and BMW 7 Series. The prime minister is driven in a Toyota Land Cruiser, he very often drives it himself with the security guards sitting in the back of the car. The prime minister is also driven in a black BMW X5. The pilot cars are usually Ford, Toyota or Audi A6 and Audi A8. As of 18 December, the prime minister and the president of Bulgaria are transported in a top-of-the-line Mercedes S600 Guard, 517 hp. Cambodia The royal king of Cambodia Norodom Sihamoni is driven in a black Mercedes S-Class 600 with the Royal Palace plate number and the logo of the royal standard of the King of Cambodia behind. The king has owned two black Mercedes-Benz 600s and also a black Lexus SUV and uses an armoured Range Rover Sentinel stretch for his visits to provinces and rural area. The prime minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia has owned more than four Mercedes-Benz guard cars and more than five Chevrolet Suburbans in his houses. He also had a black Mercedes-Benz S-Class 600 Carat Duchatelet bullet proof with plate number 2Z-9999 and another black Mercedes-Benz S600 (V221) with plate number 2AA-9999 and two gold Mercedes-Benz S600 (W220)s. Cameroon The president of Cameroon, Paul Biya, uses an armoured Range Rover Sentinel as his official car. Other vehicles forming part of his motorcade include Toyota Land Cruisers which transport his security detail. Canada In 1926, in anticipation of the 1927 royal tour of Canada undertaken by Prince Edward of Wales (later the duke of Windsor) and his brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, the first state cars of Canada, two Mclaughlin-Buick seven passenger open touring cars were constructed for their use by General Motors Canada. Mclaughlin Motor Car Company, was a Canadian automobile company that produced cars under the marque Mclaughlin, later branded Mclaughlin-Buick, that was purchased in 1918 by General Motors and became its Canadian subsidiary. Two McLaughlin-Buick Phaetons were built for the 1939 Royal tour of Canada. One of these later carried Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales, during their 1986 visit to Canada. It is believed that during the 1927 Royal tour of Canada, Edward VIII had stated that he favored American cars, and thus this set the standard for American cars being selected in the future to be official state cars of Canada. The monarch of Canada and governor general of Canada are currently driven in a Lincoln Continental, with the appropriate flag of office on a metal flagstaff affixed to the right-side front fender. The sovereign's car bears a licence plate with a gold St. Edward's Crown on a red field. The governor general's car bears a standard licence plate of the province of Ontario, but the car displays the governor general's flag to distinguish it. The governor general has also been driven in a Chevrolet Suburban or at times in a Cadillac DTS stretched limousine. All vehicles are from the VIP fleet of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The prime minister of Canada is driven in a motorcade of typically ten cars and four motorcycles. The motorcade's size is adjusted for certain events, as seen fit by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The prime minister usually rides in an armored Chevrolet Suburban or long-wheelbase Cadillac DTS, but he has also in some cases been seen arriving at certain events in a minivan when travelling with members of his family. The prime minister's vehicle bears a standard Ontario licence plate. The motorcade is usually led by a Chrysler 300 sedan. Historically, Canadian prime ministers were usually driven in Cadillac limousines. Chile Official ceremonial vehicle The president of Chile traditionally uses an horse drawn "Bandeja" Carriage imported from France by President José Manuel Balmaceda for ceremonial events. In 1968, Queen Elizabeth made a state visit to Chile in which she and then president, Eduardo Frei Montalva, travelled together in a 1966 Ford Galaxie XL, reportedly donated by either Ford Brasil or Queen Elizabeth herself, and has been customised with Queen Elizabeth's royal arms on the steering wheel. The 1966 model Ford Galaxie began production in Brazil for South America in 1967 so it's plausible they would donate a vehicle knowing the promotional value its use would receive, and in fact provided other vehicles in Brazil for the queen's visit there prior to her visiting Chile, although the unlikely story of a British queen giving Chile a car built in Brazil by an American manufacturer has become an enduring myth. Montalva's successor, socialist Salvador Allende, not wanting to convey the image of royalty that carriages now confer, decided the more plebeian Ford better fit his image and used it for his inauguration, adopting the vehicle as his official vehicle, with a normally issued license plate (EL-2801). The Galaxie has since transported dignitaries such as Fidel Castro, Indira Gandhi and Pablo Neruda. Gabriel Boric was the first president officially driven in the Galaxie by a female driver during his inauguration. Both the carriage and the Galaxie have since been maintained by the state and are now used only for official ceremonies, such as presidential inaugurations on 11 March every four years, state visits, and the national holidays on 21 May and 19 September. Daily transportation President Ricardo Lagos used a Lincoln Town Car, while President Michelle Bachelet introduced a 2008-model Peugeot 607 saloon in her first term in office. Her motorcade was also often seen driving 2006 Audi A4 and A6s. Various Dodge Durangos also composed the presidential motorcade. During his first term, Sebastián Piñera was the first to switch to an Asian manufacturer, recognizing their increasing market share in Chile, choosing a Lexus LS 600h as his daily transport. Bachelet introduced the use of a Hyundai Equus in 2014 for her second term, a marque that has continued into Piñera's second term in 2018 with his choice of the Genesis G90. La Moneda staff currently accompanies the president in Hyundai Santa Fe and Hyundai Sonata chase vehicles. Hyundai has long been a favored brand for the Chilean government since the signing of a free trade agreement in 2003, overtaking Chevrolet as the best selling auto brand in Chile in 2017. China Before production began of the Hongqi, Chinese leaders used various foreign luxury cars. For example, Chairman Mao Zedong used a bullet-proofed ZIS-115 given by Stalin, while Premier Zhou Enlai used a GAZ-12 ZIM, later a ZIL-115 and Foreign Minister Chen Yi used a Mercedes Benz 600 Pullman before Hongqi began production of its CA770. Since the 1960s Chinese leaders have traditionally used limousines produced under the Hongqi brand for official events. Before the new Hongqi HQE (official name L9) was introduced, the Chinese leaders used a special version of CA770 limousine to review the troops on National Days. During former leader Hu Jintao's review of troops on National Day in 2009, he was seen in a Hongqi HQE Limousine. The HQE is powered by an aluminium V12 cylinder engine of Chinese design (designation CA12VG), with a displacement of 6.0 liters and producing 370 kW (470 hp) at 5600 rpm and 550 N m (405 lb·ft) of torque at 4400 rpm. It is bulletproof, completely hand built and comes with run-flat tyres. When the Kuomintang was still in power, Provisional president Sun Yat-sen used a Ford Model T and his successor Chiang Kai-shek used an armoured Packard limousine in China and a Cadillac 75 armoured limo in Taiwan. In the early 90s, Chinese leaders switched to using minibuses, such as the Toyota Coaster, or Hongqi CA630 for short-distance trips. When visiting a foreign country, Chinese leaders generally use vehicles supplied by the host country. This custom began to change in November 2014, when Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party, used his own Hongqi L5 limousine on a state visit to New Zealand. Chinese premiers continue to use cars supplied by the host country. Colombia The Colombian presidential vehicles have usually been state secret-armored BMWs. As of 2022, the presidential fleet includes four Israeli made armored BMW 7 Series and several units of Toyota Land Cruiser Sahara, whose level of armor is a state secret. These BMWs and Toyotas are equipped with GPS and run-flat tires, as well as a gas-proof chamber for defense against gas attacks, and a reinforced chassis with a steel plate under each vehicle protecting them against bombs, IEDs and grenades rolled under the car. The motorcade is made up of 3 BMWs plus 8 Toyota Sahara's, all armored, plus a Prado armored level IIIA used by The National Intelligence Directorate, an ambulance and no less than 8 motorcycles. All the vehicles have presidential tags. Costa Rica The president of Costa Rica, Rodrigo Chaves Robles, uses two Toyota Land Cruiser. Before, a Hyundai Equus limo, donated by the government of South Korea was used as the Presidential State Car. In addition, the presidency owns Land Rover Discovery 4 turbodiesel. Land Cruiser its been part of the presidential house fleet. Croatia The president of Croatia is driven in an armored black BMW 7 Series and escorted by a selection of marked and unmarked BMW and Audi models driven by the members of the Croatian Secret Service. The president occasionally uses Volkswagen Passat and Mercedes-Benz E250. These vehicles are part of the vehicle fleet of the Honor Guard Battalion. The prime minister of Croatia and speaker of the Croatian Parliament, similar to the president, are driven in an armored Black BMW 7 Series with an escort, while government ministers use BMW 5 Series and Audi A6. These vehicles are part of the vehicle fleet of Ministry of the Interior's Department of Protection of Protected Persons. Cuba Fidel Castro used Soviet-made ZiL limousines as his state cars, the cars were used to welcome both Mikhail Gorbachev and Jimmy Carter. Castro was also spotted using a GAZ-69 during Hugo Chávez's visit to Havana in 2002. Czech Republic The current president of the Czech Republic, Petr Pavel, uses the Czech-made Škoda Superb in top-end 'Laurin & Klement' trim after his predecessor, Miloš Zeman. Historically, presidents of Czechoslovakia were driven in cars manufactured by Škoda (Hispano-Suiza and VOS), Praga (Grand and Golden), Tatra (80, 603 and 613), Daimler (EL24 and DE36), ZiL (110, 111, 114 and 115) and GAZ (12-ZIM and M13-Čajka). After 1989, Czech presidents used Renault 21, BMW 735i and 750i, Mercedes-Benz 600 SEL, Audi A8 4.2 and thereafter Škoda Superb. Democratic Republic of the Congo The current president of DR Congo rides in his Mercedes-Maybach S600 and escorted by Toyota Land Cruiser 70 SUVs. Denmark Queen Margrethe II uses a 1958 Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith seven-seater limousine (LGLW 25 body no. 10181), commonly referred to as "Store Krone" (Great Crown). It was purchased by her father, Frederick IX of Denmark, as new. The coachbuilder and seller was Hooper & Co. in London. In addition, she uses several lesser cars for more common occasions. Noteworthy are Krone (Crown) 1, 2 and 5, which are all Daimler DS420 eight-seater limousines made in 1970, 1989 (purchased in 1994 with 1500 km on the odometer) and 1986. There was also a Bentley Arnage that was replaced by a Bentley Mulsanne in 2012. The name Krone with a number, like Krone 121, refers to the license plate used when carrying members of the Danish royal family inside Denmark. The queen also uses a hybrid limousine, the Lexus LS 600h L. In July 2016, the queen and prince-consort used a stretched Volvo S80 by Nilsson. Crown Prince Frederik has been using a fully electric Tesla Model S since the summer of 2013. The current prime minister of Denmark uses an Audi A8 L. The former one was driven in an armored Mercedes-Benz S-Class. The ministers in the Danish government have different cars, including the VW Phaeton, BMW 5 Series, BMW 7 Series, Audi A6, Audi A8 and Mercedes-Benz S-Class. Dominican Republic The president of the Dominican Republic, Luis Abinader uses a black Tesla Model S and a black Lincoln Navigator, which can be seen normally with the 0–1 plate (Presidential Plate) and it is mostly chosen by the government for its reliability and bulletproof armor, a black Ford Expedition which was used during his campaign and is now being used as a security car and back up, a black BMW 7 Series used the inaugural parade, only used to go to events in or near the Distrito Nacional, Santo Domingo. All of the cars have been modified with bullet-proof tires and bullet-proof windows. The Presidential Plate will be changed to the car that the president will use for the day. The Escort teams use black Toyota 4Runner fourth and fifth generation, Toyota Fortuner, and Toyota Land Cruiser Prado J120 and the J150 on the motorcade. Since 2013, the fleet of official state vehicles for the Governor of the state or province were changed from first generation Nissan X-Trail and Nissan Frontier D22 to new 2014 Mitsubishi Montero fourth generation. They could also use their own personal vehicles. Ecuador The presidential state car in Ecuador is an armored Lincoln Town Car purchased by president Lucio Gutierrez in 2005. An armored Chevrolet Trooper is also used. Before that, Abdala Bucaram and Rosalia Arteaga used an armored Volvo 900 Series in 1996 to 1997. The president Rafael Correa used to travel in one of several armored Nissan Patrol scholastic level 7 for several Ford Explorer, Chevrolet D-Max and Toyota Hilux. On 30 September 2011, the Nissan Patrol withstood high-caliber ammunition in the midst of a shooting in the police hospital in the city of Quito. The Nissan Patrol fleet was changed for Toyota Land Cruiser 200s. The current president Lenin Moreno uses a fleet of Mitsubishi Outlander jeeps for himself and his guards, in behalf of his austerity policies. Egypt The presidential state car in Egypt used by Hosni Mubarak until February 2011 was a black armored 1998 Mercedes-Benz S-Class. An earlier model of it helped save his life in Ethiopia in 1995. The current vehicle used by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi is a black armored variant of the 2013 Mercedes Benz S-Class with a special black number plate with the presidential crest above an Arabic 1. Ministers and highly placed government officials are sometimes seen driving black BMW 7 Series, or Audi A8s, all with special government number plates. Parliamentary vehicles are often Mercedes-Benz E-Class. El Salvador The president of El Salvador uses an armored Mercedes-Benz W220 as its official state car. He also drives or is driven in a Lexus LX 570, a Hummer H3, a Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT-8, a Chevrolet Suburban and a 200 Series Toyota Land Cruiser. The president is generally escorted by six Toyota Land Cruiser Prados. Estonia During the first republic (1918–1940), the first president, Konstantin Päts, preferred American cars, such as the Studebaker Dictator. After officially becoming a president in 1938, he also bought a Packard Super 8 Touring Sedan, and in the following year a Studebaker Commander Cruising Sedan. The president of Estonia uses a Mercedes-Benz S350dL with the coat of arms of Estonia as its license plate. The car is escorted by an Audi Q7. The prime minister of Estonia uses an Audi A8L registered in 2015. Finland The president of Finland uses an armoured Mercedes-Benz S600L with the coat of arms of Finland in lieu of a license plate. Armoured Audi A8Ls are used for visiting dignitaries and government officials. A similar car is used by the speaker of the Parliament, whereas the prime minister's official car is a grey armoured Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard. Finnish cabinet members carpool consists of BMW 5-Series and Mercedes E-Class models. France The president of France can choose between several armoured versions of high-end French cars including the Citroën DS5 Hybrid4, Citroën C6, Renault Vel Satis and Peugeot 607. These are traditionally provided by the manufacturers and different presidents will have their own preference. Valéry Giscard d'Estaing used a Peugeot 604 throughout his term, whilst Jacques Chirac preferred Citroën (CX Prestige and C6) and François Mitterrand was a Renault fan, occasionally using his own Renault 5 model and the presidential Renault 30 and Safrane, also a Peugeot 605. For his inauguration parade in 2007, Sarkozy used the one-off Peugeot 607 Paladine model, a stretched limousine with landaulette body, originally built as a concept car in 2000. The model was brought out of storage for the occasion and updated with a new grille and lights to bring it in line with the 2004 re-style of the mainstream model. It has since been returned to Peugeot and, as it effectively remains a concept car in its fit and finish, will not become part of the Élysée fleet. President Hollande used a one-off convertible version of the Citroën DS5 Hybrid4 for his inauguration parade on 15 May 2012. The car, owned by Citroën, has since been displayed at various events throughout the world. President François Hollande was usually chauffeured in an armoured Citroën C6, although he has been known to make private trips by moped. President Emmanuel Macron has used a DS 7 Crossback as the first luxury SUV by French manufacturer DS Automobiles for his investiture. But for his day to day travel, he uses an armoured Peugeot 5008 and a Renault Espace, also the Acmat military command car for the military parade. The most famous association between a president of France and a single model was that of Charles de Gaulle with the Citroën DS, as portrayed in the film, The Day of the Jackal. The president was saved in two assassination attempts by French Algeria supporters by the car's unique ability to drive on three wheels and to keep running when more than one tyre is punctured. For ceremonial occasions, the president also has access to two special open top Citroën SM Présidentielle models, created for President Georges Pompidou by the coach-builder Henri Chapron. Based on the SM Opera, itself a special edition four-door coupé, these cars are still used for state occasions and military parades, when the open-top layout enables the president to stand in the back seat and survey the crowd. Built for an official visit by Queen Elizabeth II in 1972, the cars have a standard mechanical layout with the addition of a special gear for low-speed cruising. One of these cars was also used by President François Mitterrand for the official opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994, when it accompanied the Rolls-Royce Phantom VI of Elizabeth II. Number plates on these cars are standard French ones, although specially created for the model (2 PR 75 and 3 PR 75, '75' denoting the Paris region). Both are still maintained in working order, but are now rarely seen in use. An international museum of official state cars also exists in France. Gabon Known for his large car interest, former president Omar Bongo, had one of two ever built Stutz Royales. The other one is in Saudi Arabia. Germany Over the years, German presidents, chancellors and senior politicians have often used Mercedes-Benz S-Class vehicles and their predecessor models. The most famous variants were the Mercedes 300 series "Adenauer" and the stretched "Pullman" variants. Currently the State Car of the president of Germany is an armored Mercedes-Benz S600 with license plate 0–1, but the president has also used an Audi A8. The president is (besides the minister of defense) the only German official whose official car regularly shows a flag (a version of the president's standard) placed on the front of the hood. All officials under close personal protection from the Bundeskriminalamt (BKA), one of Germany's federal police forces, are transported by the BKA pool of armoured cars and BKA driving staff. The car pool includes armored limousines from all German car manufacturers, usually high-end models such as the Audi A8, Volkswagen Phaeton, BMW 7 Series, Porsche Panamera and Mercedes-Benz S-Class. Some German politicians choose to express their regional origins through the make of car they use. In particular officials from Bavaria customarily prefer cars from Munich-based BMW over the more common Mercedes brand. Some high-ranking politicians from Alliance '90/The Greens (Germany's green party) have chosen Audi, VW or BMW cars. While in office, former chancellor Gerhard Schröder initially used an Audi for his official car, a brand he is known to prefer as his personal car as well. Later during his administrative term, Volkswagen presented him with a VW Phaeton which found its way into the car pool. Before becoming the chancellor, he had been the minister president of Lower Saxony, where Volkswagen is headquartered and is a major employer; and the state government owns several stocks in the company. His successor in office, chancellor Angela Merkel was known to alternate between brands as to project neutrality and support the German car industry in general. During the latter part of Kaiser Wilhelm II's reign, he could be seen riding Mercedes' cars. Additionally, the Weimar Republic's chancellors and other bureaucrats rode in Mercedes-Benz (or predecessor companies) vehicles. Especially Hitler was known for his love of luxury cars and ordered a succession of custom vehicles from Mercedes, culminating in the 770K model of 1941, which was rumoured to weigh up to five tonnes. These cars and their predecessors were most prominently seen at Nazi parades and Hitler's visits to conquered cities such as Vienna and Paris. East Germany The former East Germany manufactured the Trabant and Wartburg, both deemed unsuitable for state car usage. The leaders of the country used Soviet-made cars and Swedish Volvo models, while the Communist Party general secretary, Erich Honecker, used a fleet of stretched Citroën CX and Volvo 700 Series models. Greece The prime minister of Greece used to use a heavy armoured, custom-built W221 Mercedes-Benz S600 escorted by custom built Mercedes-Benz G-Class vehicles. George Papandreou displaced it with a standard Toyota Prius, followed a little later by a Lexus SUV Hybrid. The president's vehicle fleet now also includes an armored Mercedes S-Class S500 (W 220), later S500 L (221 series). On official events the car of the president is used. Past prime ministers have also used a Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow Long-Wheelbase Limousine. The president, also, uses a W221 Mercedes-Benz S600, wearing the Greek coat of arms. The monarchs in the 1930s used a Maybach Zeppelin. The official state car of the king of Greece in the 1960s was a 1959 Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith (LHLW44 chassis). Grenada The governor general of Grenada is driven in a white BMW 750Li with a crown license plate symbolizing the King while the prime minister drives in a black BMW 750Li bearing a Grenadian flag and a coat of arms license plate, escorted by police motorcycle outriders and two black Prado SUVs. Guatemala The current president of Guatemala is transported in a Chevrolet Suburban, escorted by a motorcade consisting of black Toyota Land Cruiser Prado SUVs. Guyana The president of Guyana is usually transported in a Toyota Crown or Lexus LS 460. For overland work trips into different parts of the country and longer road journeys, the president sometimes uses a Toyota Prado or Toyota Land Cruiser. The vehicle being used by the president - whichever it is - always bears the presidential emblem of a gold cacique's crown in place of the front and rear plates. The prime minister of Guyana is usually transported in a Toyota Crown. For overland work trips into different parts of the country and longer road journeys, the prime minister typically uses either a Toyota Prado or Toyota Land Cruiser. Similar to the practice surrounding the presidential vehicle, the vehicle being used by the prime minister - whichever it is - bears a gold depiction of coat of arms of Guyana in place of the front and rear plates. Haiti The current president of Haiti rides in his armored 2nd generation Kia Quoris, escorted by a motorcade consisting of Nissan Patrol Y61s donated from the United Nations. Hong Kong The official vehicle of the chief executive of Hong Kong bears no license plate but the Emblem of Hong Kong. This follows the practice of the British governor, as the representative of the British Crown, the laws of Hong Kong did not apply, including the need for a number plate on the car. Hence the official limousine simply had a Crown emblem front and rear in place of number plates. Former chief executive Carrie Lam is usually driven in a BMW 7 Series (G11). Occasionally, the chief executive is also seen using a Toyota Alphard. The Chief Executive may also be escorted by Hong Kong Police Force Escort Group (FEG) using BMW R1200RT motorbikes. Senior government officials, including the chief secretary, chief justice are assigned a Lexus LS (XF50) while the commissioner of police is assigned a BMW 5 Series (F10) with the number plate "1". The president of the Legislative Council is driven in a Lexus GS450h, with the number plate "LC1". Prior to 1997, the governor of Hong Kong used a Rolls-Royce Phantom V for ceremonial occasions and a Daimler DS420 limousine for everyday use. Both were removed from Hong Kong by the Royal Navy immediately following the handover to China on 1 July 1997. The Phantom V displayed St Edward's Crown instead of a front license plate. Hungary Hungarian public key dignitaries and security personnel use armored Audi A8Ls. Also used in official convoys are the Audi A7, Audi Q7, and Audi A6. The prime minister, however, prefers to ride in a Volkswagen Multivan. Members of the government use the Škoda Superb, while lower-ranking officials use Škoda Octavias. Iceland The president of Iceland, Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson, is driven by a chauffeur in a Lexus LS600hL with the license plate of "1." For special occasions the president also uses a 1942 Packard. India (president) The president of India, travels in a black Mercedes S600 Pullman Guard; custom-built to a BR7-level armour standard. The president's motorcade always consists of the former presidential car, a black Mercedes-Benz armoured limousine, which is used as a spare vehicle. The presidential car used to display the National Emblem of India instead of the number plates. The vice president of India uses a BMW X5. India (prime minister) The prime minister of India, the head of the government, uses Land Rover's Range Rover Sentinel with BR7-level with several other decoys. Occasionally, BR7-level highly modified armoured BMW 7 Series (F01) are also used. The prime minister also travels in armored Toyota Land Cruiser and several decoys. The motorcade is escorted by the SPG usually in several Toyota Fortuners, Mahindra Scorpios, BMW X5s, Tata Safaris, Range Rovers, Toyota Land Cruisers, Mercedes-Maybach S650 Guards, and a jammer vehicle along with a Mercedes-Benz Sprinter van which are a permanent part of the prime minister's convoy. When visiting a foreign country, Indian leaders generally use vehicles supplied by the host country. In December 2021, a Mercedes-Maybach S650 Pullman Guard was added to the fleet of the prime minister's official cars. Indonesia The President of Indonesia is driven in one of several armored black Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard bearing the "RI 1" or "INDONESIA 1" license plate and sometimes with the Indonesian flag mounted on the bonnet at formal events. The vice president of Indonesia is driven in a similar car bearing similar attributes. The president and vice president of Indonesia are escorted by the Paspampres in a number of cars depending on the security detail, where the fleet consists of Mercedes-Benz GLS, Mercedes-Benz G-Class, Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Fortuner or Mazda CX-9 models as well as Volkswagen Caravelle carrying a communications jammer device. In addition to the escort cars, the fleet also includes several Toyota HiAce and Toyota Alphard vehicles to carry their entourage and additional security forces in Yamaha FZ1 motorcycles. For trips outside Jakarta the SUV models are preferred to the usual Mercedes sedans. During military exercises, the president of Indonesia is driven in armored personnel carriers bearing the 'INDONESIA 1" license plate, usually in the Anoa. Incumbent president Joko Widodo preferred using the Volkswagen Caravelle, Toyota Land Cruiser, or Toyota Alphard for trips outside of Jakarta. An older BMW X5 was notably used by former president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono during the 2007 Jakarta flood. Cabinet ministers of Indonesia are driven in black Toyota Crown, Hyundai Ioniq 5 or Genesis Electrified G80 models, escorted by black Nissan X-Trail or Toyota Fortuner vehicles. The Indonesian National Police vehicles, either a motorcycle or an unmarked Nissan X-Trail is always present in all cabinet minister motorcades. Iran The supreme leader and the current president of Iran has used different vehicles over the years ranging from Toyota Cressida, BMW 5 Series and a Peugeot 607. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad used a 1977 Peugeot 504. Cars for diplomatic and official purposes range from various types of Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Peugeot, through to domestically made Samand model Sarir. Iraq The Iraqi president uses a BMW E67 760 Li escorted by Nissan Patrol models. The prime minister uses an armoured Chevrolet Tahoe along with a Toyota Land Cruiser and Chevrolet Suburban. While in power, Saddam Hussein normally traveled in a white 1988 Mercedes-Benz W126, and also bought a large fleet of luxury cars for himself and his family. Some were classic American cars, many from the era of Al Capone of whom Saddam Hussein was an admirer. Ireland The daily transport for Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Micheál Martin is a dark blue 2019 Lexus LS hybrid. The taoiseach is driven by specially trained and armed members of the Garda Special Detective Unit (SDU). The car the Taoiseach travels in is always accompanied by a follow car, usually an Audi A6 or BMW 5 Series, containing armed close protection officers from the SDU and staff/minders. The taoiseach's car is usually escorted by motorcycle outriders from the Garda Traffic Corps, and further marked and unmarked patrol cars are added to the escort when the Taoiseach is attending sensitive events or during times of a heightened security risk. The daily transport of the president of Ireland, currently Michael D. Higgins, is a 2017 BMW 7-Series LWB, finished in blue, similar to the background colour of the president's standard. The president receives the highest protection in the land by law. The president's car is driven by a specially trained and armed member of the Garda Special Branch. The motorcade is led by Garda motorbikes to fend off traffic for the oncoming motorcade. A marked patrol car follows and then the president's car proceeds. Two unmarked cars from the Special Detective Unit follow, they are usually BMW 5 Series, Volvo S90 and/or Audi A6, containing armed bodyguards and the president's staff. The president's aide-de-camp always travels with him in the cavalcade. The convoy occasionally contains a vehicle from the Garda Emergency Response Unit (ERU) for increased security. The Presidential State Car is a Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith landaulette, license plate ZJ 5000, nicknamed "DeV's car" because of its association with former president Éamon de Valera. It is only used occasionally by the president for ceremonial occasions. On ceremonial occasions, such as inauguration day, or commemoration events that occur throughout the year, the presidential motorcade receives a Captain's Escort of Honour from the Irish Army's 2nd Cavalry Squadron, consisting of 30 uniformed outriders mounted on motorcycles, currently 2019 Honda 750X models. When the president or taoiseach visits Northern Ireland, they are driven in armoured vehicles and security in their motorcade increases. The Garda SDU and ERU liaise with the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) Close Protection Unit (CPU) during visits to Northern Ireland. Isle of Man The official car of the lieutenant governor of the Isle of Man is a black BMW that carries the number plate MAN-1 and, when the lieutenant governor is aboard, it flies the lieutenant governor's standard from a small flag pole at the front of the bonnet, above the grille panels. Israel The official car of the prime minister of Israel is an Audi A8 modified by the Israeli security service to meet security requirements. The prime minister is also escorted by a fleet of Toyota Land Cruisers, Lexus IS 250, and Volvo S80. The president of Israel uses a Volvo stretch limousine and Audi A8. Italy In 1960, the then president of Italy, Giovanni Gronchi, personally ordered custom-built Lancia Flaminia limousines for a state visit by Queen Elizabeth II. Four Lancia Flaminia 355 Presidenziale models were delivered, coachbuilt by Pininfarina with landaulet body on an extended wheelbase. All of the original four cars survive today, with two being leased to different automobile museums and two still in service for the most significant state occasions, like the Republic Day parade or presidential inaugurations. Sandro Pertini drove a Maserati Quattroporte III during his tenure. The current presidential cars are several armoured Maserati Quattroporte VI, a Lancia Thesis Stola S85 limousine and two identical Audi A8L. There is also a curious three-wheeled Piaggio Ape Calessino, in service at the presidential summer residence Villa Rosebery and therefore rarely seen. It was donated in 2008 by Roberto Colaninno, head of Piaggio industries, on the 60th anniversary of both the Italian Constitution and Calessino. Its blue livery is decorated with the emblem of the Presidency of the Italian Republic, while the interior is trimmed in wood and white leather. The government fleet includes a varied array of vehicles, notably Alfa Romeo 159, 166, Stelvio and Giulia, Audi A6 and A8, Bentley Continental Flying Spur, BMW 5 Series and 7 Series, Lancia Thesis and Lancia Thema, Maserati Quattroporte V and VI, Mercedes-Benz W212 and W221 models. Jamaica The official state vehicles of the governor-general of Jamaica and the prime minister of Jamaica are modified BMW 740Li cars bearing the Jamaican flag and the standard of each office respectively. The governor-general's vehicle carries license plates bearing the state crown, whilst the prime minister's car carries the island's standard private license plate. The prime minister also has at his disposal, and often uses in lieu of the state BMW 740Li on a day-to-day basis, two customized Land Rover Discovery vehicles along with dark blue BMW 5 Series for his accompanying security detail. Both chief officials are driven by members of the protective services branch of the Jamaica Constabulary Force. The Government of Jamaica also maintains a fleet of modified BMW 5 Series as protocol vehicles for visiting heads of state/government, in addition to other foreign dignitaries. Ministers of government generally use a Toyota Prado or Mitsubishi Pajero, bearing either government plates (yellow plates with black numbering) or civilian plates with tags. They are also accompanied by a follow Toyota Rav4 or a vehicle of similar class for their security detail. Previous vehicles used by holders of these offices include: Dark blue BMW 5 Series Black Mercedes Benz S600 Japan The currently used by the emperor of Japan and the empress of Japan are specially prepared G51 Toyota Century Royal limousines, four $500,000 custom cars delivered in 2006, and a hybrid G60 Toyota Century convertible parade car built specifically for Naruhito's enthronement in 2019. Custom built by Toyota, the limousines are long and wide and features extra amenities such as seating for 8, bulletproofing and a granite entryway. The convertible features rear seat raised higher than the sedan for greater parade visibility. The emperor has previously been transported in multiple vehicles including a Nissan Prince Royal (1967–2008), Cadillac Series 75 (1951–1970), Mercedes-Benz 770 W07 Series (1932–1968), Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost (1921–1936) and a Daimler Landley (1913–1927). From 1935 to 1963, the Imperial Household also possessed a fleet of five 1935 Packard Eights, one of which was Emperor Hirohito's personal car during that period. Naruhito's father, Emperor Akihito, used a 1990 Rolls-Royce Corniche as a parade car for his enthronement ceremony 1989. The Imperial Household Agency is responsible for maintaining the imperial fleet, including a number of horse drawn state carriages, used for ceremonial events and the presentation of credentials by ambassadors, one of only a few nations that still maintain them. Since 2020, the prime minister of Japan travels in an armored hybrid G60 Toyota Century, replacing the UVF-46 Lexus LS 600h L acquired in 2008. Jordan The official state car currently used by the king of Jordan is Mercedes-Maybach S600 Pullman, escorted by a motorcade consisting of black Cadillac Escalades and BMW motorcycles. Kenya The president of the Republic of Kenya has several official cars that he uses during his travels. The most common one that he uses is an armoured Mercedes Benz Pullman S600 with the Kenyan coat of arms instead of the licence plate. The other fleet he normally uses from time to time includes an armoured Range Rover Vogue, armoured Toyota Land Cruiser and several other Mercedes-Benz's at his disposal. Additionally, he has an open top military Land Cruiser, covered with bullet proof glass on the side, used during state functions with licence plates CIC (Commander in Chief). For a long time an open top military Land Rover 109 was used during state ceremonies but it was replaced by the Land Cruiser. His escort includes several Mercedes-Benz E-Classes, BMW 5 Series, a Range Rover, Toyota Land Cruisers and an ambulance. Cabinet ministers are supplied with Volkswagen Passats, Mercedes Benz E & S – Classes and Toyota Land Cruisers in addition to other vehicles in the ministerial car pool. The prime minister in office from 2008 to 2013 was equipped with similar vehicles to the president; Mercedes-Benz limousines, Range Rovers and Land Cruisers, however, he had a substantially smaller escort. Kuwait The emir of Kuwait uses a BMW 7 Series or Mercedes-Maybach on a daily basis. His motorcade consists of three identical cars escorted by GMC Yukon Denalis and marked police vehicles. For state occasions he uses a Rolls-Royce or Bentley. Laos Before, Lao government used to ride in luxury cars from Europe such as Mercedes-Benz S-Class, BMW 7 Series and more. In 2016, the former Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith announced to change the luxurious expensive official state car to the reasonable affordable car in order to reduce cost of buying more car to serve in office. Now, the daily transport of the president of Laos is a Toyota Camry (XV50). The prime minister official cars include Toyota Camry (XV50) and Toyota Land Cruiser, while Politburo members also travel in Toyota Camry (XV50). The official Cabinet ministers and vice minister cars are the Toyota Camry (XV50) and Toyota Land Cruiser Prado respectively. Visiting heads of state or government are chauffeured in a Toyota Camry (XV50) (sometime in remain Mercedes-Benz S-Class and BMW 7 Series). Latvia The president of Latvia travels in a Lexus LS 600h L or a Mercedes-Benz S-Class, with the coat of arms of Latvia as the number plate and front mounted Latvian flag. Most Latvian Parliament members use Volvo 900 series, Audi A6 and Mercedes-Benz E-Class cars, but Volvo S80s, Volvo S70s and other luxury sedans are also used. Lebanon The president's car is a W221 Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard armored limousine. It is escorted by the Republican Guard's SUVs (Ford Expedition, Chevrolet Suburban and GMC Yukon) and other security vehicles, including the preceding official state car (an armored W140 Mercedes-Benz S600 now possibly used as a back-up limo) as well as other W220 Mercedes-Benz S500L models. Another vehicle that is used sometimes is the J200 Toyota Land Cruiser. The motorcade would be generally escorted by a dozen other Land Cruisers of the same color, as well as the regular Republican Guard's General Motors SUVs. Other government representatives have their own private cars but are still provided with police escorts. The most notable motorcade was Saad Hariri's (when he was prime minister of Lebanon) motorcade, which contained around 25 cars, 6 armoured W222 Mercedes S600, a dozen J200 Land Cruiser, some Chevrolet Tahoe and some Nissan Xterra used as spotting cars. Liberia The current president of Liberia is driven in a black Mercedes-Benz W220 S-class. The presidential car is often escorted by several Nissan SUVs carrying security personnel. Previous presidents, such as Charles Taylor and Samuel Doe, were also driven in Mercedes-Benz cars. Some claim that Doe had purchased over 60 luxury Mercedes, which cost over US$60,000 each. Lithuania The first official Lithuanian state car was bought in 1919 from war-losing Germany. It was a Benz 25/55PS with four cylinder, 6.3-liter engine. The car had a Vytis symbol on the left back door and Lithuanian flags in the front. The car was used by Antanas Smetona and Aleksandras Stulginskis. Later Lithuania bought a French-made Delauney-Belleville 12 CV which was used along with Benz 25/55PS by third Lithuania president Kazys Grinius. After that Antanas Smetona became president of Lithuania again and ordered to buy a new car – Fiat 519, however, it was soon replaced with armored Lincoln K-series due to his wife's wishes. None of these cars remain. After the restoration of Lithuanian independence, leader of the Supreme Council, Vytautas Landsbergis used Soviet-built Čaika M14, after some time it was replaced with armored Opel Senator. Later Lithuania bought armored Mercedes-Benz W126, which was used by Vytautas Landsbergis and Algirdas Brazauskas. The car is now owned by businessman Robertas Dargis. During Algirdas Brazauskas' term of office, two brand-new Audi V8 Lang arrived, they were later replaced with newer version Audi A8 Lang. Valdas Adamkus was driven in a long-wheelbase BMW 7 Series for a short amount of time, however, it was later replaced with a Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220), which was used until 2013. In 2013, four armoured BMW 7 (F01) were purchased. Luxembourg The grand duke of Luxembourg and his family are driven in an Audi A8 or similar vehicle. The grand duke's car generally displays his personal flag on a flagstaff, and the car bears a registration plate with a large gold crown (from the Luxembourg coat of arms) on a plain white background. Official cars used by other members of the ruling family of Luxembourg normally display registration plates that have an orange stripe over a blue stripe (the flag of the House of Nassau-Weilburg), without any numbers. For important ceremonial occasions like state visits, there is a Daimler DS420 limousine and also a Bentley Mulsanne. Most of the official cars are painted black or dark blue. Macau The chief executive of Macau is driven in a fleet of government vehicles with special plates reserved for government officials. The fleet consists of European cars, Mercedes-Benz, Audi or Volvo. Malaysia Yang di-Pertuan Agong and other sultans The Yang di-Pertuan Agong travels in either a stretched red Bentley Arnage, a dark-blue Bentley Continental Flying Spur, or black Maybach 62. All the sultans in Malaysia are also transported in official cars bearing their respective royal emblems; common choices include Rolls-Royce Phantom and Mercedes-Benz S-Class, BMW 7 Series, Bentley Mulsanne, Lexus LS and Maybach 62. Yellow Plate with personal logo of the monarch used by the king and the royal family while Black and white with full title used by the prime minister. Prime minister Under the guidelines of Malaysia's automotive policies, cars for use by federal and state government officials are required to be of national brands primarily Proton. The prime minister uses a stretched Proton Perdana which features classified security measures to protect occupants of the vehicle. The prime minister of Malaysia normally using the Proton Perdana Executive Limousine as official car to transport within Klang Valley. He will use other official state's car provided by the government of the state. He also used an armoured Toyota Vellfire as his private car. The prime minister is generally escorted by a group of motorcade that comprised a team of Pasukan Gerakan Khas that using the armoured Volvo XC90, Proton X70, Honda CRV SUVs, Honda VFR800 and Kawasaki GTR bikes for the motorcade. Police cars and bikes also in their motorcade. Malawi The former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika, was driven in an armored Black Mercedes Benz S Class, a Toyota Land Cruiser or Range Rover, the security features remain a state secret. The president traveled in a motorcade of four Hummer H3 and eight escort motorcycles, along with police cars. Malta Among the presidential cars are a pair of Vanden Plas Princess limousines, one dating from 1960 and the other, a convertible, from 1955. Both remain in use for state visits and similar occasions; they were originally imported and used by the British governor of Malta. Mauritius The prime minister of the Republic of Mauritius uses armored BMW 7 Series (760Li & 750Li) and a Nissan Patrol V8 on a daily basis. He is escorted by multiple BMW 5 Series (usually 540i and 550i) and five police motorcycles. The president of the Republic of Mauritius uses a BMW 750Li or a Mercedes S600L. He is escorted by a BMW 5 Series and at least two police motorcycles. Mexico The president and first lady of Mexico both possess a fleet of 30 armoured Chevrolet Suburban, managed by the Estado Mayor Presidencial. Under the presidency of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, he later sold the vehicles in an auction for US$3.25 million and since being president, used his Volkswagen Jetta as his mode of transport. As President of Mexico, he sometimes continues to ride in an armored Chevy Suburban Moldova The president, the prime minister, and the speaker of the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova have three long-wheelbase Mercedes Benz S500s at their disposal, all of which were purchased in 2012 and are operated by the State Protection and Guard Service. The vehicles are not armoured. Morocco The king of Morocco, Muhammad VI Normally, when inside Morocco uses his Mercedes 600 Pullman. The royal fleet also includes Range Rover models (when he goes to mountainous places only), Mercedes-Benz S500 and various Lexus models. One BMW 5 Series, which travels in the King's motorcade, contains a communications jammer. An ambulance is always present in the royal motorcade, which is usually escorted by police motorcycles. The prime minister of Morocco is driven in a Mercedes-Benz S-Class, like all other ministers. The king also has a personal garage, which consists of sports cars, including three Laraki Fulgura models, and an Aston Martin DB7. Monaco In 2011, Prince Albert II acquired a one-off Lexus LS 600h L Landaulet hybrid sedan, making it his official state car. In addition, he owns a variety of eco friendly cars including a Lexus LS 600h, BMW Hydrogen 7, Toyota Prius, Lexus RX 400h, Fisker Karma, Tesla Roadster (2008), and a limited production Venturi Fétish. He also owns a collection of vintage cars, which number over 100, and include prestigious models from Maserati, Jaguar, Mercedes-Benz, Rolls-Royce and Bentley. Government and escorting security officials drive a fleet of Lexus LS 600h, BMW Motorcycles, and KTM for out riding. Mongolia The president of Mongolia uses a Mercedes Benz S-Class with number plate 0001, the Speaker of the Parliament, an S-Class with number plate 0002 and the prime minister an S-Class with number plate 0003, all escorted by a traffic police car and either a Mercedes-Benz G-Class and Toyota Land Cruiser series 100 or 200, all protected by the State Special Protection Agency. Montenegro The prime minister of Montenegro and senior state officials of Montenegro use a fleet of Audi limousines, notably the Audi A8 models, and lower ranked officials travel in Mercedes-Benz E-Class models. Mercedes M-Class, Volkswagen Passat are also seen. They are escorted by BMW 5-Series, and additional police Mercedes A-class and VW Golf 4 and VW Golf 5. The first state vehicles were a fleet of vehicles, unknown by model names, probably from Austria-Hungary, Germany, France, Russia and the United Kingdom. They were bought in the period 1908–1910 and most are seen in a 1910 Coronation video from an archive where Knyaz Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš was proclaimed King of Montenegro. Myanmar The current president of Myanmar rides in his Hongqi H9+, escorted by a motorcade consisting of black Range Rover Sports and Harley-Davidson motorcycles. The chairman of State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), Than Shwe, was driven in a Toyota Crown S180 open-top limousine. The State Counsellor of Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi is transported by armored Mercedes-Benz S-Class and escorted by several Toyota Fortuner security vehicles. Namibia The current president of Namibia, Hage Geingob is driven in a fleet of armoured Mercedes- Benz S600Ls, escorted by 2-3 unmarked Mercedes Benz E500s, Double cab Toyota Hilux 4.0 v6 cars used by the VIPPD and a fleet of police cars. As an offroad vehicle, the president uses armored black Mercedes-Benz ML500s or armored Toyota Land Cruiser 200 Series presidential car always bearing the presidential seal. The vice president of Namibia is driven in an armoured Mercedes-Benz S550 (bearing GRN plate number) or S600 which is escorted by Black Mercedes E250s. As an offroad car, the vice president uses armored Toyota Land Cruiser 200s, under the escort of Toyota Prado V6 VX, Toyota Hilux Double cab 4.0 V6 and police cars. The prime minister of Namibia uses an armored black Mercedes-Benz E500(GRN plates) V8 and Black Toyota Land Cruiser 200 series SUVs. Cabinet ministers and their deputies are driven in Black Mercedes-Benz E400s and E250s and use White toyota Land Cruiser Prado VX V6 or Toyota Hilux Double cab V6 as off-road vehicles (All bearing GRN plates). The current First Lady of Namibia uses a fleet of armored Mercedes Benz E400s, escorted by VIPPD Toyota Corolla 1.8 Exclusive or Hyundai Sonatas. The FLON utilizes Black armored Toyota Land Cruisers Prado VX V6 as off-road vehicles. The two former presidents of Namibia, Nujoma and Pohamba are driven in a fleet of armored Mercedes Benz S550/S500 and Black Toyota Land cruiser 200 series. usually escorted by VIPPD police cars. Nepal The president of Nepal, Bidya Devi Bhandari uses a Mercedes Benz E-Class W210 bulletproof Car for her daily transport, while the Nepalese state car is an armoured stretched Jaguar XJ. The former prime minister of Nepal, Baburam Bhattarai used a Nepali-made Mustang bullet proof Max four-wheel drive. Netherlands Dutch royal family The first car to be owned by the Dutch royal family was a 1908 Renault, purchased by Prince Hendrik. In the years that followed, it would be joined by nine royal limousines from the Amsterdam carriage maker Spijker. Between 1925 and the late 1950s, the royal limousines were supplied by Cadillac, after which the royal household switched to the Ford Motor Company. However, in 1957, a customized Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith was commissioned by Queen Juliana and delivered in 1958. The official royal limousine is a custom built stretched Audi A8L model, to be used by King Willem Alexander. This stretched A8L is 45 cm longer compared to the normal A8L. A custom-built stretched Volvo S80 limousine is still being used by the former queen, Beatrix. Other members of the royal family use different cars. Visiting heads of state are chauffeured in a stretched and armoured Cadillac DTS, which replaced a 20-year-old Lincoln Town Car. Other cars are a few non-stretched Volvo S80s and a V70, Audi A6 and A8, and Ford Focus, Mondeo and Galaxy for the royal household. The Royal Stables have also a Ford Scorpio Landaulet, a Mercedes W126 4-door convertible, a blue coach, and a blue Mercedes-Benz Viano and Volkswagen Crafter VIP bus. The royal bodyguards drive Audi A6 models. All royal automobiles are painted in royal-blue, with standard Dutch number plates, as well as a plate beginning with AA, a special designation for the royal household. Other vehicles used by the royal family are Audi or Mercedes. The members of the royal family have private vehicles also for their own use. King Willem-Alexander has owned a red Volvo XC90 and a Tesla Model X. The late Prince Bernhard, the former queen's father had a collection of Ferraris, and other exotic cars. Dutch government The prime minister of the Netherlands uses an armoured Mercedes-Benz S-Class and sometimes an Audi A6. Previously, an armoured BMW 7 Series was used. Both cars are owned by the Royal and Diplomatic Security Service (DKDB). New Zealand The governor-general travels in a long wheel base BMW 7 Series (F02). Although this vehicle has been debadged, it is most likely a 730LD, consistent with other state BMWs. However, while all other state BMWs are silver, the governor-general's BMW is black. Between 1996 and 2011, the governor-general used a Jaguar XJ Sovereign. Before 1996, governor-general traveled in a Rolls-Royce Phantom VI. During official travel, it is the only vehicle in the country not required to use standard number plates. The official flag of the governor-general is flown on the car used while travelling. The King of New Zealand has his own flag, which is used when he is travelling in the country, but there are no specific cars reserved for his use. The prime minister is driven predominately in the BMW 7-Series 730LD and 750LI, the latter of which is an armoured high security model. From the 1960s up until 2011, the prime minister used to travel in one of two cars, one being a Holden Statesman/Caprice sedan or Ford Fairlane, usually followed by the other vehicle containing their security detail. The prime minister's Wellington-based car has the number plate CR1, and all other cars in the fleet for ministers have number plates starting in the CR series. The main motorcade vehicles usually consist of several Toyota Highlanders operated by the New Zealand Police Diplomatic Protection Service. As of 2020 the NZ Government is purchasing Audi E-trons as the Official Government cars. Nicaragua The president of Nicaragua uses a Mercedes-Benz G-Class. In the past, the Somoza family used several luxury cars during their 43 years in the presidency. A Mercedes-Benz Type 300 was used for official ceremonies. Others were Mercedes-Benz and Cadillac limousines. Nigeria The president of Nigeria and other high-profile government officials use a black armored Mercedes Benz S-Class 2016 model adorned with the Nigerian flag and official party flag. Other luxury cars, like the Toyota Land Cruiser and the Range Rover, all armoured, are used. The president travels in a motorcade of 30 cars and ten escort motorcycles, along with police cars and 6 Mercedes S-550 of SSS surrounding the president's car. Foreign visitors also travel along in the president's car. North Korea The Kim dynasty have long been known for their affection for the Mercedes-Benz brand. The founder of North Korea, Kim Il Sung, initiated the trend with the purchase of two W100 Mercedes-Benz 600 Landaulets in the 1960s. Daimler-Benz made fifty-nine 600 Landaulets, twelve with a longer convertible roof which (while not an official factory designation) are usually referred to as presidential landaulets. The North Korean 600s have the longer roof. Both Kim Jong Il and Kim Jong Un have continued to use these W100 landaulets for ceremonial occasions. When Kim Il Sung died in 1994, official state propaganda proclaimed that "1000 cranes descended from the heavens to take Kim Il Sung," while his worldly possessions, including a black Mercedes-Benz W140 500SEL have been entombed at the Kumsusan Memorial Palace where Kim Il Sung's body lies in state. Kim Jong Il continued the obsession with purchases of Maybach 62s and Mercedes-Benz W221 S600 Pullman Guards, openly flouting UN Sanctions prohibiting the sale of luxury goods. The UN sanctions were reportedly a sticking point brought up by Kim Jong Un at the 2019 Vietnam Summit, one which he also frequently makes a point of flouting with his own use of post sanction Mercedes-Maybach W222 S600 Pullman Guards at the summit, and the use of a Rolls-Royce Phantom VII at a summit with United States secretary of state Mike Pompeo. Kim Jong Un is believed to have a collection of luxury cars including a Range Rover L322 in which he has been seen visiting farms in the countryside following a flood. North Korean government officials are also known to drive various Audi, Mercedes and Lexus vehicles, mainly the Chinese manufactured Audi A6L, the Mercedes-Benz E-Class and the Lexus GS. North Macedonia The president of North Macedonia is driven by stretched Mercedes-Benz W140. The prime minister of North Macedonia is driven in an armored Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard and escorted by four VW Passat B8. Norway The king and queen use a 2016 Audi A8 L Extended (known as A-2) for formal use, and a stretched Mercedes E-Class (Binz Business) (known as A-7) as HM queen's private limousine. The crown prince and crown princess use a fully electric Mercedes EQS 580 4-matic (known as A-8), a fully electric BMW i7 xDrive60 (known as A-6) and a stretched Volvo S90 T8 Limousine Plug-in Hybrid (known as A-3) all three acquired in late 2022. The royal family of Norway also uses a 2007 Audi A8, an E65 and an E67 BMW 7 Series, a vintage 1966 Lincoln Continental convertible (A-5), one of stretched Cadillac Deville (Superior Commercial Glass). The BMWs are often driven by the king and queen. The king has a private BMW 7-series Hybrid (C-570) and the queen a 2017 Volvo XC 60 with regular plates. The Prime Minister of Norway is driven in a fully armoured Mercedes S600L Oman Sultan Qaboos drove around the country in the following cars: 2 Maroon-colored 2007 model Mercedes S-Class pullman. 4 Red-colored 2003 model Mercedes S600 pullman. 4 Maybach 62 A number of khaki-colored Range Rover Vogue cars In addition to this, his garage contained: Several Rolls-Royces A line of Lamborghinis A couple of Ferraris, SRTs and Aston Martins More than 20 Mercedes Up to 10 BMWs Pakistan The president of Pakistan and prime minister of Pakistan both have armoured fleet of Mercedes-Benz S-Class and BMW 7-Series. The motorcade consists of armoured Toyota Land Cruiser and BMW X5. The prime minister of Pakistan uses a Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222) guard and the president of Pakistan uses a BMW 7 Series (G11) high security for their official purposes. Panama The president of Panama uses a black armored Chevrolet Suburban. The Ford Explorer and the Toyota Land Cruiser are used for the Institutional Protection Service (S.P.I.) as escort presidential motorcade and 400cc motorcycles. High-security motorcades may include up to ten vehicles. Paraguay The current president of Paraguay rides in his Hongqi H7, escorted by a motorcade consisting of black Nissan Patrol Y61s. For the rural visit, the Paraguayan president using Chevrolet Suburban. Peru The president of Peru is driven in a black armoured Lexus LS 460hL. In May 2015, the Lexus was chosen by the president Humala as the official brand of the Government of Peru. Before, a black Mercedes Benz S600 and a black armoured Hongqi HQ430, which was donated by China, were used. The prime minister of Peru and the other ministers are driven around in Lexuses. Philippines The presidential limousine is a Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard which was acquired during the term of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and still in use. The president is always escorted by the Presidential Security Group. The high-security motorcade may involve as many as 25 vehicles, depending on the destination. The official presidential cars are registered and bear the license plate number "1", with the national flag mounted on the right front fender and the presidential standard mounted on the left front fender. Presently, the presidential convoy would consist of the presidential car, an identical backup car, several SUVs, an ambulance, police vehicles and police motorcycle escorts. Selected past presidential cars are on permanent display at the Presidential Car Museum within the Quezon Memorial Circle, Quezon City. Former President Emilio Aguinaldo's 1924 Single Six Packard Model 226 is also displayed in the museum. Official cars used by past presidents include: President Emilio Aguinaldo - 1924 Packard Six Touring President Manuel L. Quezon – 1937 Cadillac Series 37-90 Transformable Town Car, 1937 Chrysler Airflow Custom Imperial CW President José P. Laurel – 1941 Packard 180 President Sergio Osmeña – 1941 Cadillac Series 61 President Manuel Róxas – 1940 Cadillac Fleetwood Series 75 Vice presidents Elpidio Quirino and Fernando López – 1946 Packard Clipper President Elpidio Quirino – 1949 Cadillac Series 75, 1953 Chrysler Crown Imperial President Ramón Magsaysay – 1955 Cadillac Series 75-23 Fleetwood President Diosdado Macapagal – 1959 Cadillac de Ville President Ferdinand Marcos (partial list) – Mercedes-Benz 600, 1969 Buick Electra 225, 1974 Cadillac Sixty Special Brougham, 1980 Lincoln Continental Mark VI, Mercedes-Benz 500 SEL President Corazon Aquino – Mercedes-Benz 500 SEL President Fidel Ramos – Mercedes-Benz 500 SEL Guard President Joseph Estrada – Mercedes-Benz S600 President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo – Mercedes-Benz S600 (LWB), Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard President Benigno Aquino III – Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard, Lexus LX 570 (J200), Toyota Land Cruiser (J200) President Rodrigo Duterte – Toyota Land Cruiser (J200) President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. - Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard, Toyota Land Cruiser (J300), Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard, Lincoln Continental 2020, Mercedes-Maybach S 580. Portugal The president of Portugal is usually driven in an armoured Mercedes S600, E67 BMW 760 Li or in a Mercedes-Benz E Class 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY. The license plate reads PR with the armillary sphere of Portugal between the P and the R, which stand for 'Presidency of the Republic'. The prime minister of Portugal is driven in a Mercedes-Benz S350 BlueTec, in a Volkswagen Phaeton 5.0 V10 TDI or in an electric car, Nissan Leaf. Poland The president of Poland, prime minister of Poland and other high officials are protected by State Protection Service (SOP). Both the president and prime minister are entitled to use an armored car and travel in at least a 3-car motorcade (with 6 to 10 guards). First (Republic of Poland) president Wojciech Jaruzelski used an armored Volvo 760 GLE. Lech Wałęsa used an also stretched Volvo 760 and a Mercedes-Benz 560 SEL W126 stretched limousine and an Audi A8 D2 since 1994. President Aleksander Kwaśniewski for 10 years in office used primarily a fleet of BMW 750iL S (E38). Lech Kaczyński used original and facelifted BMW 7 Series (E67). Bronisław Komorowski was the first president to use Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard (W221) and BMW 760Li High Security (F03) purchased in 2010. Ahead of Polish EU presidency in 2011 a fleet of 14 Audi A8, 9 Audi A6 and 4 Audi Q7 was purchased in late 2010 for BOR. At least two armored Audi A8 L Security (4H) with VR9 protection were delivered in December 2016 for use by President Andrzej Duda. Following destroying one of the cars in 2017, two more Audi A8 L Security were delivered in December 2017. In 2019 SOP purchased an armored Range Rover Sentinel VR8 SUV for occasional use by the president or the prime minister. It joined a white Toyota Land Cruiser V8 used for traveling in unsurfaced terrain. In 2021 president Duda switched to a Mercedes-Benz S 600 Guard (W222) In 2016 and 2017, there were two serious car accidents involving Polish president and prime minister cars. In the past decade, the BOR had dozens of car collisions, but those cases were kept out of public. On 4 March 2016, President Andrzej Duda's BMW 760Li HS went into a ditch on A4 motorway when its rear tire blew. The accident was blamed for series of procedure violation, while the tire (produced in 2010) was used beyond its two years service life against manufacturer's accordance. Four days after the incident Ministry of Interior settled the tender for 20 new cars, selecting Audi A8L Quattro, but eventually in June 2016 it ordered 20 BMW 750Li xDrive (G12) instead. In 2019 SOP purchased eight Audi A8L Quattro (D5). On 25 January 2017 a BMW X5 (F15) crashed into the minister of national defense's BMW 750Li xDrive (G12) (both from Military Gendarmerie) in an eight cars pileup on S8 expressway. Due to the upcoming 2016 Warsaw NATO Summit the Military Gendarmerie had purchased 37 new BMW and Audi cars in 2016. On 10 February 2017 an Audi A8 L Security transporting Prime Minister Beata Szydło hit a tree in Oświęcim at approx. 50 km/h. The prime minister suffered minor injuries, but spent the following week in a military hospital in Warsaw; her security guard suffered leg bone fracture, while the driver was injured. The accident occurred when the government car moving in the three cars motorcade with piloting Audi A6 and closing Audi Q7 using red and blue beacons was overtaking a group of cars on a three-way junction. The Audi driver swerved left to avoid collision with a Fiat Seicento, but still hit the Fiat's bumper, that cut them off while turning left from the priority road, but without using indicator. The Fiat's driver assumed there was only one emergency vehicle. The prosecutor accused the Fiat's 21 years old driver of causing the accident. In 2020 the court found both the Fiat's driver partial guilt, as well as the government motorcade for not using sirens, thus the trial was discontinued. Even before the accident the Ministry of Interior and Administration announced a major reform in The Government Protection Bureau. In 2014 a 1935 Cadillac Fleetwood 355D used by Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski was restored to a driving condition. The only post war communist president Bolesław Bierut had a 1939 Austin Twenty-Eight. Józef Cyrankiewicz, the longest-serving prime minister of Polish People's Republic used cars such as 1953 Buick Skylark, 1961 Jaguar E-Type and 1963 Jaguar Mark X. First Secretary of the PZPR in 1950s and 1960s Władysław Gomułka used cars such as ZIS-110, GAZ-13 Chaika, ZIL-111D and Mercedes W109 300SEL. They both used also the Mercedes-Benz 300d "Adenauer". 1970s prime minister Piotr Jaroszewicz used W109 300 SEL. In 1978 an armored Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham was purchased for First Secretary Edward Gierek. Wojciech Jaruzelski as a first secretary and chairman of the Council of State used armored Peugeot 604 Ti since 1981, Peugeot 505 in 1985 and Volvo 760 GLE since 1986. In the 80s Mercedes-Benz W123 nicknamed "Barrel" was common among nomenklatura. In the 90s common cars among Polish officials included Lancia Thema and Lancia Kappa. Between 1993 and 1995 Prime Minister Waldemar Pawlak replaced his Volvo 760 limousine with Polish made FSO Polonez. Since 2010 the most popular car used by government members officials was Škoda Superb. Qatar The emir of Qatar Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani was seen driven in Bentley Mulsanne Grand Limousine escorted by fleet of Mercedes-Benz S-Class, Mercedes-Benz G-Class, Nissan Frontier and Range Rover. The car was notably seen during the Emir visit to Monaco in 2016. Romania The president of Romania rides in a BMW 7 series, escorted by a motorcade consisting of black BMW 5 Series models. Since the fall of communism, Ion Iliescu, Emil Constantinescu and Traian Băsescu used the Mercedes-Benz S-Class limousines. After that, president Klaus Iohannis switched to BMW 7 series. Russia For a long time the president of Russia was seen in an armoured Mercedes S-Class stretched limousine as his car. The first such model, a W140 variant, was purchased for Boris Yeltsin and has been superseded by a W221 model. The limousine is bulletproof, has solid rubber tires, and carries an array of communications equipment. On state visits, it is airlifted to the destination using an Ilyushin Il-76. Historically, presidents Yeltsin and Medvedev were driven in Mercedes-Benz S-Class limousines stretched and armored by the Belgian Carat Duchatelet, while President Putin preferred Mercedes-Benz Guard limousines. For President Medvedev's inauguration a special Carat Duchatelet limousine with raised roof was ordered. The presidential motorcade is usually escorted by police motorcycle outriders and a series of support vehicles including, but not limited to, the Mercedes G-Class, Mercedes E-Class, standard S-Class models, Mercedes SLK-Class, BMW 5 Series and Volkswagen Caravelle. Under the USSR, the general secretary of the Communist Party was always driven in a Soviet-built ZIL-41047, escorted by Chaika models. Two of the ZIL limousines are still maintained in the Kremlin garage and occasionally seen in use by the military parades on the Day of Victory. A new car, Aurus Senat limousine, developed by NAMI as a part of the so-called Unified Modular Platform program (nicknamed "Kortezh", AKA "motorcade", as the development project also includes numerous support vehicles), was rolled out in early 2018, as the new Russian-made state car. Unlike many other nations no customized license plates are used on an official state car in Russia. Instead, common licence plates are installed, with the numbers from the pools assigned to various official state agencies. The current Aurus Senat limousine, for example, still uses the В776УС/77 plates (from the numbers pool assigned to NAMI for test vehicles) it was fitted with during the state trials in early 2018. Rwanda The president of Rwanda is driven in an Audi A8 or Mercedes S600, escorted by a motorcade consisting of Rwanda National Police special vehicles. President Paul Kagame has been seen in an armoured Range Rover Sentinel. Saudi Arabia The Government of Saudi Arabia has many a Mercedes S-600 guard's in which the King often rides, the king of Saudi Arabia even has an S600 Pullman. Some BMW 7-series sedans are also used to welcome guests and politicians. All these cars need to have safety standards, like bullet proof windows, bullet proof tyres and a high-roof. These cars are usually escorted by Toyota Landcruisers, GMC Yukons, Chevrolet Tahoe's and Suburban's, Cadillac Escalades and GMC Sierra 3500HD pickups with rifles mounted in the back. GMC Savanah ambulances also travel with them where ever they go. Serbia The president of Serbia uses an armoured Mercedes-Benz S-Class W221 (S 600 Guard) with B6/B7 resistance level, escorted by two Mercedes-Benz E-Class W212 models. Singapore The president of Singapore usually travels in a white 2022 Mercedes Benz S450L. Previous presidential cars have traditionally been Mercedes S-classes since the 1980s. The first presidential cars in the 60s till the 80s were a pair of Rolls Royce Phantom V. When travelling to official events such as the National Day Parade, the car displays the presidential crest in place of a license plate. Normally, it carries the plate SEP1, indicating Singapore's elected president. The prime minister usually travels in a silver BMW 750Li. The president, prime minister and speaker of Parliament are the only political appointees to be given official cars. All other ministers of the cabinet travel in their personal cars with no benefits. The state also maintains a small number of state cars for the transport of visiting dignitaries. These cars carry number plates bearing a single S prefix, following by a single digit and no suffix. (e.g. S1, S2, S3). They include an armoured Audi A8 W12, an armoured BMW 7 series and a Lexus LS460L (the previous official car for the prime minister). The number plates are interchangeable and the S1 plate is applied on the Prime Minister's car for certain events such as the National Day Parade. Historically, presidents of Singapore used the following cars: 1960s to mid-1980s (Presidents Yusof bin Ishak, Benjamin Sheares and Devan Nair) - Rolls-Royce Phantom V 1980s to early 1990s (under Wee Kim Wee) - Mercedes-Benz S-Class (280SEL or 300SEL) 1990s (under Ong Teng Cheong) - Mercedes-Benz 560SEL 2000s (under S.R. Nathan) - Mercedes-Benz S320, Lexus LS430, Mercedes-Benz S350L (2010 to 2011) 2010s (Presidents Tony Tan Keng Yam and Halimah Yacob) - Mercedes-Benz S350L (2012 to 2021) 2020s (under Halimah Yacob) - Mercedes-Benz S450L (2022) Slovakia The president of Slovakia uses various vehicles from the Office for the Protection of Constitutional Officials and Diplomatic Missions which has more than 230 cars for the president, prime minister, ministers and state visits. For state visits, the president uses an armored Mercedes Benz Pullman, for normal driving, one of the 230 cars (armored Audi A8, Mercedes-Benz S-Class, BMW 7 Series, Volkswagen Phaeton, Range Rover, BMW X5, Škoda Superb and other vehicles). Slovenia Slovenian president Borut Pahor uses an Audi A8 and Prime Minister Miro Cerar uses a BMW 7 series while their security officers use BMWs X5 as protection vehicles. The Speaker of Parliament and ministers are mostly driven in Audis A6 or A8 and BMWs 5 series. Somalia The president of Somalia is driven in various state-owned armored vehicles, four black identical armoured Toyota Land Cruiser 200 vehicles are always in the motorcade, for security reasons the president is expected to change vehicle's and they keep on changing position as the motorcade is driven, which is guarded by the Presidential Guard [60th Battalion Military Police]. Instead of a number plate, it features the flag of Somalia. The same vehicles are used by the prime minister of Somalia, only by policy the motorcade is made up of white vehicles. South Africa The president of South Africa is driven in an armored BMW 7 Series or on occasion a Mercedes-Benz S-Class. A similar car is used by the deputy president of South Africa. The presidential motorcade is composed of numerous BMW X5, Jeep Grand Cherokee, BMW 3-Series and Mercedes-Benz ML-Class models, followed by a number of Mercedes-Benz V-Class. South Korea The president of South Korea, Moon Jae-in, uses a Hyundai Nexo SUV and a Mercedes-Maybach W222 S600 Guard as his official state cars. Seven Hyundai Nexo SUV's were purchased in 2018 to replace the three Genesis EQ900 limousines that were provided in 2017 to President Moon Jae-in. These were the first presidential vehicles manufactured in South Korea, offered bulletproofing to a B7/UL8 level, and are equipped with oxygen supply, fire suppression systems, infrared night vision, and run flat tyres. The Genesis limousines were used after the inauguration of Moon. President Roh Moo-hyun rode in an armoured BMW E65 Security 760Li purchased in 2005 and a 2002 model Mercedes-Benz W220 S600 Guard. Roh used the W220 during peace talks with North Korea. The presidential motorcade was escorted by Chevrolet Tahoe, Chevrolet Suburban and Ford Excursion, also with several identical Mercedes-Benz W220s. It is believed that Blue House prefers to use the Mercedes vehicles instead of the Genesis in talks with North Korea to present a neutral brand that is also favored by North Korea. The late president Kim Dae-jung used an armored BMW E38 750iL S, offered by BMW Korea, for his state visit to Mongolia in June 1999, while presidents Rhee, Yun, Park, and Chun used successive models of Cadillac Fleetwood limousines. Kim Dae-jung was the first to switch to German vehicles. Park Geun-hye was the first to officially use a Korean produced vehicle. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs keeps an armored Cadillac DTS limousine by Alpine Armoring and an armored Hyundai Equus limousine for foreign dignitaries. Each vehicle was acquired between 2010 and 2011. Spain Spanish royal family The Spanish royal family has access to one of the largest fleets of cars in Spain. Various armoured vehicles are used by the family, including Cadillac Broughams, Audi A6s and Mercedes-Benz S-Class models. Three Rolls-Royce Phantom IV cars from 1952 are used for major ceremonial occasions, such as state visits. Only eighteen examples of the Phantom IV were ever built, all being reserved for royalty or heads of state. Three were ordered by the Spanish government for the use of General Franco and delivered in 1952. They belong to the Spanish Army and are available for use by members of the royal family. One is a 4-door cabriolet version, and the other two are hard-top limousines. A special order was placed for the wedding of the then-Prince of Asturias (now King Felipe VI), when the Phantom IV cabriolet was rebuilt to include armoured protection. Modifications included heavy-duty air conditioning and a special glazed armoured bubble to protect the rear passengers. The modifications cost over €360,000. The Spanish royal family uses mainly Mercedes Benz S-Class models for its official transport, with BMW 5 Series cars as escort vehicles. The motorcade is composed of around 15 cars. The personal cars of the former king Juan Carlos I have included a specially customised Maybach 57 S and an Audi RS6. Spanish government The prime minister of Spain and deputy prime minister of Spain both use Audi vehicles. The premier's Audi A8L was purchased in March 2005, shortly after retiring the Audi A8 used by former PM José María Aznar. The vehicle, which then cost the Spanish government well over 380,000 Euros (approx. US$520,000), is said to be equipped with the latest features, runflats, level B7+ armouring, satellite communications and various special items that are kept secret by Spanish officials. The fleet has been renovated and now includes various new Audi A8L, Mercedes-Benz S600 and Audi A6 models, although former prime minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero wanted to swap those cars for the hybrid Toyota Prius to save fuel oil. Sri Lanka The president of Sri Lanka is driven in an armored Black Mercedes Maybach S-Class (Guard) or armored Black BMW 7 Series escorted by a selection of marked and unmarked President's Security Division vehicles. During official travel it is the only vehicle in the country not required to use standard number plates. The official flag of the president is flown on the car in which the president is travelling. The prime minister of Sri Lanka is driven in a Black Mercedes-Benz S-Class (Guard) escorted by Prime Minister's Security Division vehicles. The Chief of Defence Staff in Sri Lanka is usually driven in a Black BMW 7-Series. This is known as the Staff Car of the CDS and consists four silver stars which represents the Rank of the respective officer. Normally the CDS holds the rank of General. This vehicle is formally escorted with two landrover defenders and other VIP Jeeps and sedans depending on the occasion. However, during the recent convoys in 2022 it has been noticed that the Chief of Defence staff has been driven in a Range Rover Autobiography Black LWB. Sudan The president of Sudan, is driven in a Mercedes-Benz S300 W221. The presidential fleet also includes a Nissan Patrol (only when he goes to rural places) and Hyundai Sonata. Ministers usually travel in a Toyota Land Cruiser 70. Sweden The current official car of the king of Sweden is a stretched Volvo S80, escorted by the Swedish Security Service in BMW X5, BMW 5 Series and Mercedes-Benz E-Class models. Saab 9-5 and Volvo XC90 vehicles are also used to transport members of the Swedish royal family. For significant ceremonial events like state visits, there is a Daimler DS420 limousine. There are also a number of different cars in the Royal Stables, which are used on special occasions. The first royal motor car in Sweden was a Daimler bought in 1899 for Crown Prince Gustaf. The prime minister of Sweden uses an armored Audi A8 L since 2014. Other cabinet ministers are chauffeured around in an armored BMW 7 Series and several BMW X5s, all escorted by the Swedish Security Service. Switzerland The Swiss federal councillors of Switzerland can buy a new car every four years. They usually have the option between Audi A8 and Mercedes-Benz S-Class models. Syria The president of Syria is driven in various state-owned armored vehicles with Toyota Land Cruiser 70 motorcade. Ministers usually travel in a Toyota Prado. Taiwan The president of the Republic of China has historically traveled in Cadillac sedans, reflecting the ROC's close relations with the United States. Former president Chiang Kai-shek's two armored Cadillacs are on exhibition in the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in the capital city of Taipei. Former president Chen Shui-bian discontinued the use of the Cadillac DeVille, preferring a Lincoln in his first term and a BMW 7 Series in his second term. Former president Ma Ying-jeou used four BMW F03 750Lis, usually escorted by two BMW R1200RTs police bikes, one BMW E65 750i, and two BMW E60 5 Series police cars (one at the front and one at the end). Since 2016, current president Tsai Ing-wen, uses an Audi A8 L Security. Tanzania The current president of Tanzania uses Kia Quoris, escorted by a motorcade consisting of white Toyota Land Cruiser 70s. For the rural visit, the Tanzanian president using Toyota Land Cruiser 200. Zanzibar The president of Zanzibar is driven in a Mercedes-Benz W221, escorted by a motorcade consisting of four Mitsubishi Pajero SUVs. Thailand Thai royal family During his time as king, Bhumibol Adulyadej traveled in a Maybach 62 with special plates, with police motorcycle outriders, and an escort of Mercedes Benz S-Class (W221) and Mercedes Benz S-Class (W221) police cars. He usually traveled in different cars. The other models include a Rolls-Royce Phantom VI, a Rolls-Royce Silver Spur stretch limousine, Rolls-Royce Silver Spur Park Ward, Lexus LS460L, BMW 760Li (E38 and E66), BMW 5 Series (E60), Cadillac DTS stretch limousine, Volkswagen Caravelle T5 TDi, and Mercedes E55 AMG (W211). All of the royal cars are ivory colored. Sirikit, the queen mother, mostly travels by a Cadillac DTS stretch limousine and a modified Volkswagen Caravelle T4 TDi. King Maha Vajiralongkorn and Queen Suthida usually travel by Rolls-Royce cars. These Rolls-Royces used to be the previous king's former official cars. The Rolls-Royce collection includes a Rolls-Royce Phantom V, Rolls-Royce Phantom VI, and Rolls-Royce Silver Spur stretch limousine. They also travel by Maybach 62, Mercedes-Maybach S650 Pullman Guard W222, Mercedes-Maybach S650 W222, Mercedes-Maybach S680 W223 and Bentley Mulsanne Grand Limousine. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn usually travels by Lexus LS600hL, and Mercedes-Benz S500 (W221 and W222). For unofficial royal journeys, she travels in a modified Mercedes-Benz V-Class. Other royal family members mostly travel by Mercedes-Benz S500 (W221 and W222), ivory colored, for official journeys, with Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222) police escorts. A tourist during the early 1990s confirmed that a mid-1980s Chevrolet Suburban (presumably a 1985 model) is used by the security detail of the Crown Prince. Princess Bajarakitiyabha sometimes drives herself in a red Mini Cooper S and a lime-green Volkswagen New Beetle with the motorcade. There are also royal cars in a convertible form for royal ceremonies, such as a Rolls-Royce Corniche and a Cadillac DTS (the hard top was transformed into a convertible top). On official royal journeys, there are a group of more than 45 cars in the motorcade including Mercedes Benz S-Class (W221 and W222), BMW 7 Series (F01 and G11) in red color and Mercedes-Benz V-Class in ivory color. For unofficial royal journeys, the cars in the motorcade are a group of about 15 cars including BMW 7 Series (F01 and G11), Mercedes Benz S-Class (W221 and W222), Honda Accord and Nissan Teana. These cars are all ivory colored. The Bureau of the Royal Household also has its own vehicles. These cars are mostly Nissan Teana and Mercedes Benz S-Class (W221 and W222). These cars are painted in ivory. The royal department has several type of cars, Toyota Corolla Altis 1.6 G, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Toyota Hilux Revo, Nissan Navara, Toyota Fortuner, Isuzu MU-X, Toyota Coaster and Toyota Commuter. They are mostly painted silver or white, with the registration plates in yellow with the text "RENTED VEHICLE JEEP USE ส.น.ว.xxxx" in green. Thai prime minister In March 2016, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha was the recipient of two new armoured Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard sedans, worth 19.5 million baht each. They were among four new luxury armoured cars, costing 78 million baht total, procured by the Secretariat of the Prime Minister. One was equipped with license plate 4 Kor Dor 29 (4กต 29), the other with 4 Kor Tor 29 (4กท 29). One will serve as Gen Prayut's car for daily use with the other one as a backup. Two other S600 Guard sedans are reserved for high-profile foreign visitors. Gen Prayut's position entitles him to an armored van, which he sometimes uses. He travels by a Volkswagen Caravelle on some occasions. Thai ministers mostly travel in Mercedes S-Class, Toyota Alphard, Volkswagen Caravelle, and Jaguar XJs. Tonga For official travel, the king uses the Humber Pullman with landaulette body, released in 1949. Previously, King George Tupou V traveled around the country in the classic 'black cab', the Austin FX4. Trinidad and Tobago The President of Trinidad and Tobago uses a black, armoured, 2020 Lexus ES Sedan with the license plate of the country's Coat of Arms in Gold. The Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago uses a black, armoured, 2016 Mercedes-Benz S-Class (WSS). It carries the license plate PM-1 for the Prime Minister. Each motorcade also includes a decoy car, two police motorcycles, two 2016 Toyota Land Cruisers Prado as support vehicles and a leading Toyota Camry police vehicle. Turkey The official state car of the president of Turkey is a black ballistic and bullet-proof armoured Mercedes-Benz Maybach S-600 Pullman Guard, carrying the presidential crest instead of a license plate, supported at all times by an entourage of SUVs and additional support cars. Other government officials generally use Mercedes S-Class, BMW 7 Series, Audi A8 or Toyota Land Cruiser models. Turkey plans to adopt the domestically designed and manufactured Togg T10X as official cars. All ambassadors of Turkey serving abroad use ballistic and bullet-proof cars operated by trained security personnel. This measure is taken because of previous assassination attempts to Turkish ambassadors. Rauf Denktaş, the president of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, had a red BMW 750 Li with gold crests replacing the number plate. Uganda Ugandan presidents have usually preferred to ride in European cars. Edward Mutesa, first president of Uganda, drove in a 1960s Rolls-Royce. All succeeding ones drove in black Mercedes Benz limousines. President Yoweri Museveni drove in a black Mercedes cross country and 600 SEL stretch Limos up to the mid-1990s. His convoy now consists of a Toyota Land Cruiser 200 presidential car. The presidency has ceremonial cars that include a stretch 600 SEL Mercedes, and a white G Wagon. Escorts travel on double cabin pick up trucks and Mitsubishi Pajero models. Ukraine The president of Ukraine uses an armoured Mercedes-Benz S-Class and an armoured Volkswagen Phaeton Model 2011 in a W12 long version, and for the motorcade, armoured Porsche Cayenne by Centigon. United Kingdom Five state cars (two Bentleys and three Rolls-Royces) are kept at the Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace, for use by the King and those representing or supporting him as head of state. There are also two State Royal Review Vehicles (open-top Range Rovers) designed for use at military parades and similar events. The State Cars are sometimes used when the king is travelling abroad, and they are also made available for heads of state visiting the UK, as well as for senior members of the royal family on official duties. As British law in general does not apply to the sovereign, these vehicles do not possess registration plates. Other official vehicles kept at the Mews include Jaguar and Daimler limousines (for less formal occasions), Land Rovers, luggage brakes and minibuses. These do have number plates (as do the monarch's personal vehicles and those of other members of the royal family). One state car is usually on display at the Royal Mews, where state road vehicles (including the horse-drawn carriages) are kept and maintained. The state cars and official limousines are painted claret and black, and have fittings on the roof for a shield and flagpole. Current state cars Since his accession to the throne, King Charles III has made regular use of the 1978 Rolls-Royce Phantom VI state limousine (which was presented to his mother Queen Elizabeth II by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders to mark the occasion of her Silver Jubilee). He has also made use of the oldest of the State cars, a rare Rolls-Royce Phantom IV (which was purchased by his mother in 1950 and became a state car upon her accession to the throne in 1952). The other state cars (all of which remain in use) are a 1987 Rolls-Royce Phantom VI, and a pair of custom-built Bentley State Limousines (made in 2002 to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II). The Bentley State Limousines regularly conveyed Queen Elizabeth II to and from official events during the last two decades of her reign. Based on the Bentley Arnage floorplan, they have twin-turbocharged 6.75 litre V8 engines that produce and of torque, giving a maximum speed of . The state limousines are longer than a standard Bentley Arnage, taller and wider. They are equipped with broad rear-hinged doors that open almost 90 degrees. The car also has opaque rear window panels that can be removed to allow increased visibility when the occupant is attending a public event or installed for increased privacy when required. The State Royal Review Vehicle is a bespoke 2015 Range Rover Hybrid used for parades and other official rides; the King and other members of the royal family can stand up in the back for good visibility. This is the latest in a series of royal review vehicles, which have been built by Land Rover since 1953. The current vehicle replaces a 2002 model (which remains in use as the second royal review vehicle). Other official vehicles The official fleet is augmented by three Range Rovers (with number plates MYT 1, MYT 2 and MYT 3), acquired in 2022, two stretched Jaguar XJ limousines (with number plates NGN 1 and NGN 2), acquired in 2012, and three Daimler DS420 limousines (also with number plates), acquired in 1988 and 1992. Used on less formal occasions (or as support vehicles on more formal occasions), these are all painted in claret and black, and have fittings for a mascot, roof flag and shield. On formal occasions, King Charles, when he was Prince of Wales, was often seen in a claret and black 1962 Rolls-Royce Phantom V Landaulet (registration plate NLT 1), which he inherited from Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother and later had converted with a fixed roof in place of the former open top. British government The prime minister of the United Kingdom is usually driven in one of a fleet of armoured Range Rover Sentinel models, escorted by Range Rover, Land Rover Discovery and Ford Galaxy vehicles and police motorcycle outriders. Senior ministers and government figures with police protection as well as visiting foreign dignitaries also receive armoured cars. All former prime ministers since 1975 have been provided with an armoured car, usually the same model as the current prime minister, along with police protection. , John Major, Tony Blair and Gordon Brown were provided with cars. The British government maintains the Government Car Service which provides transport for senior government officials. In December 2008, the service took delivery of a fleet of armoured BMW 760Li models for use by senior dignitaries and visiting politicians. The service also uses vehicles from Jaguar, Land Rover, Ford and Vauxhall, while some ministers use Toyota Prius hybrid models. Since the premiership of Prime Minister Boris Johnson, custom made blast and bullet-proof Land Rover Sentinel have also been added in the government fleet. United Kingdom Overseas Territories British Virgin Islands The governor of the British Virgin Islands is driven in a grey Royal Service Range Rover from the United Kingdom with a license plate symbolizing the Crown, usually by a police officer from the RVIPF (Royal Virgin Islands Police Force). Cayman Islands The governor of the Cayman Islands is driven in a beige Cadillac DeVille sedan. Surmounted on the hood is the flag of the office, and instead of license plates the car has a crown on the front and back. It is likely that the car is armoured but this is not known for certain. Other senior officials and visiting VIPs use a fleet of armoured Ford Excursions. Gibraltar The chief minister of Gibraltar is driven in a black Tesla Model S with a 'G1' Gibraltarian license plate. The governor of Gibraltar uses a black Jaguar XJ with a British Crown plate in silver. United States The president of the United States travels in a heavily armored, custom-built limousine, which is often referred to as Limo One, Cadillac One, or its less formal nickname of "the Beast." The vehicle is based on a GMC Topkick platform, and has the outward appearance of an enlarged Cadillac DTS limousine, with styling elements from other vehicles in the Cadillac lineup. The vehicle features bulletproof windows, state-of-the-art communication and protection systems, a stowable desk, and a gas-proof chamber for defense against gas attacks. It was retired in 2018 for a new presidential limo, described as an "evolutionary update" of the vehicle used from 2009 to 2017 with a current Cadillac front fascia. On 24 May 2011, an earlier "Beast" failed to clear the driveway of the U.S. Embassy compound in Dublin, Ireland. Though President Barack Obama was the escorted official, he was in the second limo as the first noisily struck the pavement hump under the Embassy gate. The president also travels in a heavily armored 2007–2014 model Chevrolet Suburban and a spare. Unlike most other heads of state, with the occasional exception of the British monarch and the president of Russia, the U.S. president is accompanied on all foreign and domestic trips by a full motorcade of U.S. government vehicles, including several presidential limousines, escort vehicles and a military ambulance, all of which are transported by the United States Air Force using C-17 Globemaster III aircraft. For security reasons, the president always travels in "the Beast" on trips abroad. The U.S. vehicles are typically complemented with coaches, police vehicles, ambulances and limousines provided by local authorities. The United States Secret Service also has a fleet of heavily armored buses called Ground Force One for the president and vice president. Like the president, the U.S. vice president is accompanied by a full U.S. motorcade during domestic and foreign trips. Members of Congress have an allowance of $1,000 per month in which the government may cover the cost of a lease, not including mobile offices. The preferred car for members of Congress was the Lincoln Town Car until its discontinuation. Executive cars are the most common type of car for congressmen. The two most popular cars for congressmen are the Town Car's successors: the MKS and the MKT. Most high ranking federal-level officials travel in SUVs usually armored Chevrolet Suburbans or Chevrolet Tahoe. State governors and large city mayors mostly travel in SUVs with their state and city police security details. Visiting heads of state and foreign dignitaries are provided armored vehicles and protection by the United States Secret Service and Diplomatic Security Service in US soil. The annual United Nations General Assembly session in New York is one such event where hundreds of motorcades are managed with the assistance of NYPD. U.S. ambassadors travel in their United States Department of State pool of armored vehicle that can range from Cadillac DTS, Chevrolet Suburban, Toyota Land Cruiser and BMW along with host security vehicles. Uruguay The presidential state car of Uruguay is an armoured 2005 Chevrolet Vectra, purchased by president Tabaré Vázquez when his term in office began on 1 March 2005. Previously, the Uruguayan head of state traveled in a Mitsubishi Galant procured from the government's fleet of diplomatic vehicles. As of August 2007, the presidential motor pool includes Mitsubishi Galants, Toyota Corollas, Volkswagen Ventos, and Rover 75s. Municipal intendants of Uruguay are transported in armored Peugeot 607s. After 2010, the official state car was no longer used. President Jose Mujica instead drives a Volkswagen Beetle. President Luis Lacalle Pou most of the time uses a white 4x4 Toyota Hilux SW4, and is escorted by one or more presidential security cars. Uzbekistan The state limousines of Uzbekistan are two special ordered 2010 Range Rover Supercharged with bulletproof windows. Also, the president of the Republic of Uzbekistan is transported by an armored Mercedes-Benz S-class which is escorted by other similar vehicles. Vatican As the Vatican's sovereign, the pope was traditionally carried on an elaborate sedan chair during ceremonial occasions or transported in a horse-drawn carriage. With the international reach of the Catholic church in modern times, the motorized Popemobile has replaced the carriage as the favored mode of transportation when greeting the millions of Catholic devotees during state visits. The first motorized papal vehicle was a Mercedes-Benz W08 Nurberg 460 Pullman limousine, made for Pope Pius XI in 1930. Mercedes has provided about a third of all papal vehicles used by the Vatican such as the contemporary W163 Mercedes M-Class featuring its distinctive glass enclosure surrounding the rear seat. There have been many different designs for popemobiles since Pope Paul VI used a modified Lincoln Continental to greet crowds in New York City in 1965. Some are open air, while others have bulletproof glass walls to enclose the pope, deemed necessary after the 1981 assassination attempt of Pope John Paul II. Some allow the pope to sit, while others are designed to accommodate him standing. The variety of popemobiles allows the Roman Curia to select an appropriate one for each usage depending upon the level of security needed, distance, speed of travel, and the pope's preferences. When visiting regions with domestic automobile production, the pope often makes an attempt to commission a vehicle from that country such as the SEAT Panda for John Paul II's trip to Spain, a Jeepney for Francis' trip to the Philippines, and Kia Sedona for his trip to South Korea. For daily driving, the Vatican uses an armoured Mercedes-Benz S-Class and a custom-made Lancia Thesis, as well as a custom-made electric Renault Kangoo for use around Castel Gandolfo. All the popemobiles and limousines have registration SCV 1. Venezuela Hugo Chávez, president until his death in 2013, sometimes drove a red IKCO Samand badged Centauro, or in red or green a Tiuna truck accompanied with some ministers or governors or mayors, depending on the occasion when he travelled, usually with a high security personnel around, with a large convoy of armored SUV conformed by Ford Explorer, Chevrolet Suburban, Chevrolet Tahoe, Chevrolet Trailblazer, Chevrolet Express, Ford Expedition, Toyota 4Runner, Toyota Fortuner, Toyota Sequoia, Jeep Grand Cherokee, and an ambulance in case of emergency, and escorted by the Presidential Guard, using armored Toyota Land Cruiser (80&90 Series), the transit police and the Venezuelan National Guard motorcycle officers have the duty to escort the motorcade and to clear up the traffic. Another fleet of vehicles includes a Cadillac Fleetwood that is used for national holidays like special parades, also the president used 3 armoured black (W211), these vehicles have license plates with the national emblem, but are used for special occasions or important meetings when Hugo Chávez met with other presidents. Another vehicle is an armored silver Lincoln Town Car used to transport the president's visitors from the Simón Bolívar International Airport of Maiquetia to the Palacio de Miraflores and back. The vice president is usually driven in an armored Nissan Patrol with a motorcade of 4 or 5 SUVs. Ministers usually travel in armored vehicles including Chevrolet Impala, Chevrolet Trailblazer, Chevrolet Tahoe, Jeep Grand Cherokee, Toyota 4Runner, Toyota Camry, Toyota Fortuner, Ford Fusion, Ford Explorer, Ford Expedition, also escorted by Venezuelan National Guard officers. The last acquisition to the fleet is a Bentley Continental Flying Spur. President Nicolas Maduro is driving a black Toyota 4Runner or a Ford Explorer or a Toyota Fortuner often accompanied with the Venezuela Presidential Honor Guard motorcade with his assistants and ministers. Vietnam The president of Vietnam is driven in a bulletproof Toyota Land Cruiser. The General Secretary of the Vietnam Communist Party travels in a 1998 Toyota Crown. The prime minister uses Toyota Land Cruiser as well. Usually on long-distance or special occasions, the motorcade includes some police motorbikes, several Toyota Land Cruiser and Toyota Camry. Ministers usually travel in Toyota Camry, Toyota Fortuner and VinFast Lux A 2.0. All government cars have blue licence plates but some have white civil license plates with a government placard behind the windshield. Yemen The president of Yemen is driven in various state-owned armored vehicles. Ministers usually travel in a Toyota Prado. Yugoslavia President Josip Broz Tito used a custom-built Mercedes-Benz 600 limousine with a removable top for most functions. Tito also had several luxury cars in his private motor pool collection, including: numerous Mercedes Benz models, including a 770k seized from Ante Pavelić after WWII, a Rolls-Royce Phantom V, and several Cadillac and Chevrolet models. Zambia As of July 2011, the president of Zambia was driven in an armoured Mercedes-Benz S600 Pullman limousine, escorted by 30 officers of the Zambia Police Service trained in diplomatic protection on BMW motorcycles and in six BMW 3 Series E93 cars. His motorcade also included an ambulance at all times. For visits to rural areas, the president uses an armoured Toyota Land Cruiser 100 Series. Zimbabwe The president of Zimbabwe, Emmerson Mnangagwa, has been seen in various armoured vehicles, including a Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class and a Mercedes-Benz S-Class. His motorcade includes Mercedes-Benz C-Class marked as police cars, as well as various other vehicles transporting his security detail. The president uses 1952 Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith as ceremonial state car. Mthakawazi The king of the Matebe Nation uses a Toyota Hilux, while chiefs use Toyota Land Cruisers. See also Air transports of heads of state and government Royal train Royal yacht Royal barge Royal Mews#Royal and State Carriages References External links Official and Ceremonial Vehicles of World Leaders Armoured vehicles Limousines

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%8F%84%20%EC%82%AC%EB%AA%A8%EB%9D%BC

리카르도 사모라

리카르도 사모라 마르티네스(, 1901년 1월 21일 ~ 1978년 9월 8일)는 스페인의 축구 선수였다. 포지션은 골키퍼였다. 사모라의 별명은 신성한 사나이(El Divino)였으며, 경기를 뛸 때 모자와 흰색 터틀넥을 입는 것으로 유명했다. 사모라는 용감함으로도 유명했다. 1929년 스페인 축구 국가대표팀으로 활약하던 때에 그의 복장뼈가 부러졌음에도 불구하고 잉글랜드전에 출전해 4-3 승리를 거두었고, 스페인은 브리튼 제도 이외의 나라들 가운데 최초로 잉글랜드를 이긴 첫 나라가 됐다. 프리메라리가 최고의 골키퍼에게 수여하는 트로페오 리카르도 사모라는 그의 이름을 따서 만들어졌으며, 월드 사커 매거진이 정한 20세기 최고의 선수 100명중 79번째로 선정되었다. 클럽 경력 사모라는 우니베르시타리 SC에서 축구를 처음 시작했다. 1916년 RCD 에스파뇰에 입단했고, 1918년 카탈란 풋볼 챔피언십에서 우승을 차지했다. 사모라는 1919년 FC 바르셀로나로 이적해 3번의 카탈란 풋볼 챔피언십 우승과 2번의 코파델레이 우승을 차지했다. 1922년에 RCD 에스파뇰에 다시 입단해 1929년 2월 2일 프리메라리가 데뷔전을 가졌고, 카탈란 풋볼 챔피언십과 코파델레이에서 우승을 차지했다. 1930년에 사모라는 레알 마드리드 CF로 이적했고, 동시에 카탈루냐에서 배신자 취급을 받았다. 사모라는 1931-32 시즌 팀의 첫 리그 우승을 차지하는데 일조했다. 다음 시즌인 1932-33 시즌에도 리그 우승을 차지했으며, 1934년 코파델레이에서 우승을 했다. 1936년 코파델레이 결승전에서는 결승전 사상 최초로 FC 바르셀로나와 대결했는데, 경기 종료 전에 사모라가 FC 바르셀로나의 공격수 호세프 에스콜라의 슛을 막아내면서 레알 마드리드 CF가 2-1로 승리해 우승을 차지했다. 이후 1937년 OGC 니스로 이적했고, 1938년 은퇴했다. 국가대표팀 경력 사모라는 1920년 처음으로 결성된 스페인 축구 국가대표팀에 선발돼 1920년 하계 올림픽에 출전했고, 은메달을 땄다. 사모라는 1934년 FIFA 월드컵에도 출전해 대회 최우수 골키퍼에 선정됐다. 사모라는 스페인 축구 국가대표팀 소속으로 모두 46경기에 출전했다. 사모라는 또한 카탈루냐 축구 국가대표팀으로 뛰었으며, 적어도 13경기에 출전했다. 사모라는 1920년대에 파울리노 알칸타라, 에밀리오 사히 리냔, 호세프 사미티에르 등과 카탈루냐 축구 국가대표팀으로 활약하며 3번의 코파 프린세프 데 아스투리에스 우승을 차지했다. 감독 경력 사모라는 1939년 아틀레티코 아비아시온의 감독으로 부임했다. 아틀레티코 아비아시온은 1940년 팀 사상 처음으로 리그 우승을 차지했으며, 1941년에도 우승을 차지했다. 1946년에는 셀타 비고의 감독이 되어 1947-48 시즌 리그 4위와 코파델레이 결승 진출을 이루어냈다. 1952년 6월에는 스페인 축구 국가대표팀 감독으로 선임돼 두 경기를 치렀으며, 이후 셀타 비고와 RCD 에스파뇰의 감독을 맡았다. 논란 사모라는 또한 논란의 대상이기도 했다. 그는 전해진 바에 따르면 코냑을 즐겨 마셨으며, 하루에 담배 세 갑을 피웠다. 1920년 하계 올림픽 때에는 이탈리아전에서 상대 선수를 때려 퇴장당했으며, 올림픽 이후에는 쿠바산 시가을 밀수입하려다 적발돼 수감되고 벌금을 물었다. 1922년에는 그가 RCD 에스파뇰로 이적하면서 받은 계약금을 세무청에 거짓으로 신고해 집행 유예 1년을 선고받았다. 사모라는 바르셀로나 태어난 카탈루냐 출신으로, FC 바르셀로나와 카탈루냐 축구 국가대표팀에서 활약했으나, 1930년 레알 마드리드 CF로 이적하면서 카탈루냐에서 비난을 받았다. 사모라의 정치적 성향 역시 논란의 대상이었다. 1934년에는 스페인 제2공화국으로부터 훈장을 수여받았고, 스페인 내전 동안에는 프랑코파 선전원들로부터 그들을 위해 경기를 뛰라고 강요를 받았으며, 1950년대에는 프랑코로부터 훈장을 수여받았다. 스페인 내전 1936년 7월 스페인 내전 초기에 ABC 신문은 공화파가 사모라를 죽였다는 오보를 내보냈다. 프랑코파는 이 기사를 선전에 이용하려고 했다. 그러나 사모라는 살아있었고, 그의 죽음에 대한 소문이 퍼지자 공화파 민병대는 그를 체포해 투옥시켰다. 그는 결국 아르헨티나 대사관의 탄원으로 석방됐고, 프랑스로 떠나 전쟁이 끝날 때까지 OGC 니스에서 뛰었다. 사모라는 1938년 12월 8일 스페인으로 돌아와 프랑코파 군사들을 위한 경기를 뛰었다. 1901년 출생 1978년 사망 스페인의 남자 축구 선수 스페인 남자 축구 국가대표팀 선수 스페인의 축구 감독 RCD 에스파뇰의 축구 선수 FC 바르셀로나의 축구 선수 레알 마드리드 CF의 축구 선수 OGC 니스의 축구 선수 아틀레티코 마드리드의 축구 감독 셀타 비고의 축구 감독 CD 말라가의 축구 감독 스페인 축구 국가대표팀 감독 1920년 하계 올림픽 축구 참가 선수 1934년 FIFA 월드컵 참가 선수 1920년 하계 올림픽 메달리스트 스페인의 스페인 내전 관련자 카탈루냐 출신 축구 선수 프랑스의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 스페인의 올림픽 은메달리스트 1924년 하계 올림픽 축구 참가 선수 스페인의 해외 진출 남자 축구 선수 올림픽 축구 메달리스트 라리가의 축구 감독 스페인의 올림픽 축구 참가 선수 프랑스의 외국인 축구 감독 라리가의 축구 선수 스페인의 해외 진출 축구 감독 카탈루냐 남자 축구 국가대표팀 선수

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo%20Zamora

Ricardo Zamora

Ricardo Zamora Martínez (; 14 February 1901 – 8 September 1978) was a Spanish footballer and manager. He played as a goalkeeper for, among others, RCD Espanyol, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid. As an international he played for both the Catalan XI and Spain. As a manager, he won two La Liga titles with Atlético Madrid (then Atlético Aviación) and briefly managed Spain. Club career RCD Espanyol Born in Barcelona, Spain, Zamora began his career as a junior with Universitari SC before signing for Espanyol in 1916, at the age of fifteen, after playing a series of friendly matches with the club. He made his debut for the club on 23 April 1916 against Madrid FC (now Real Madrid CF), keeping a clean sheet in a goalless draw. He then helped Espanyol win the Campionat de Catalunya in 1918. Zamora never had the support of his parents to play football because they wanted him to focus on studying medicine like his father, but his teammates such as Pakán encouraged him to keep playing. But even so, in 1919, he decided to resume his studies, at the will of his family, so he abandoned the ranks of Espanyol. However, he resumed the activity shortly after due to a large offer from local rivals FC Barcelona, which he accepted despite his family's opposition and an argument with Espanyol's board. After three successful seasons at Barça he returned to Espanyol in 1922. On 2 February 1929, he made his La Liga debut with Espanyol during the competition's inaugural season. In the same year, under the management of Jack Greenwell and together with Ricardo Saprissa, he helped the club win both the Campionat de Catalunya and their first ever Copa del Rey in 1929, after beating the likes of Atlético Madrid in the quarter-finals, the soon-to-be La Liga champions Barcelona in the semi-finals and Real Madrid 2–1 in the final. After playing 26 La Liga games for Espanyol, he joined Real Madrid in 1930. FC Barcelona Between 1919 and 1922 Zamora was a prominent member of the legendary FC Barcelona team, coached by Jack Greenwell, that also included his close friend Josep Samitier, Sagibarba, Paulino Alcántara and Félix Sesúmaga. During his time at Barcelona, he helped the team win the Campionat de Catalunya three times and the Copa del Rey twice in 1920 and 1922, keeping a clean-sheet in the 1920 final in a 2–0 win over Pichichi's Athletic Bilbao. Real Madrid In 1930 Zamora signed for Real Madrid. He was one of several new arrivals, and among the others was Jacinto Quincoces. During the 1931–32 season they helped the club win La Liga for the first time. The following season Zamora and Quincoces were joined at the club by Josep Samitier and the trio helped Real retain the title. In 1934 Francisco Bru took over as the Real coach and he guided Zamora and company to victory in two Copa de España finals. In the 1934 final they beat a Valencia CF team coached by Jack Greenwell 2–1. The 1936 final saw Real Madrid meet FC Barcelona for the first time in a cup final, and despite playing with ten men for most of the game, the Madrid club beat Barça 2–1 at the Mestalla. Barça's attempts to equalize in the final minutes were thwarted by Zamora's spectacular save from Josep Escolà. International career Spain In 1920 together with Josep Samitier, Félix Sesúmaga, Pichichi and José María Belauste, Zamora was a member of the first ever Spanish national squad. The squad, coached by Francisco Bru, won the silver medal at the 1920 Olympic Games. Zamora subsequently made 46 official appearances for Spain, including in the infamous game against England on 15 May 1929, in which England took a 2-0 lead within 20 minutes following mistakes from him, who had injured his sternum early on, but despite that he carried on playing and Spain won the game 4–3, becoming the first team from outside the British Isles to defeat England. Zamora also represented Spain at the 1934 World Cup. Zamora was also Spain's most capped player for 45 years until being surpassed by José Ángel Iribar. Catalan XI Zamora also played at least 13 games for the Catalan XI. However, records from the era do not always include accurate statistics and he may have played more. Together with Paulino Alcántara, Sagibarba and Josep Samitier, he helped the Catalan XI win two tournaments of the Prince of Asturias Cup, an official inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF, winning in 1923-24 and 1926. Player profile Style of play Zamora, nicknamed El Divino, was noted for wearing a cloth cap and a white polo-neck jumper on the field, a look later copied by several of his contemporaries. He claimed it was to protect him from both the sun and his opponents. As a goalkeeper, he was primarily known for his athleticism, quick reflexes, shot-stopping abilities, large frame, and bravery in goal. In 1929 while playing for Spain against England, he carried on playing despite breaking his sternum. Spain won the game 4–3, becoming the first team from outside the British Isles to defeat England. Zamora is also remembered for a spectacular last-minute save he made in the 1936 Copa del Rey final while playing for Real Madrid against FC Barcelona. Legacy Regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of his generation, along with Gianpiero Combi and František Plánička, as well as one of the greatest of all time, in 1999, the IFFHS elected Zamora as the best Spanish goalkeeper – as well as the fourth best in Europe and fifth best overall – of the twentieth century; in the same year, he was voted one of the greatest players of the 20th century by World Soccer magazine. The award for the best goalkeeper in La Liga, the Ricardo Zamora Trophy, is named in his honour. Spanish Civil War Prisoner In July 1936 during the early days of the Spanish Civil War, ABC falsely reported that Zamora had been killed by Republicans. The Nationalists then attempted to exploit this as propaganda. However, Zamora was alive and well and, as rumours began to spread of his death, he was arrested by Republican militia and then imprisoned at the Modelo prison. Among his fellow prisoners were Ramón Serrano Súñer and Rafael Sánchez Mazas. His life was saved by both the actions of the prison governor Melchor Rodríguez García and because of his own willingness to play and talk football with the guards. Zamora was eventually released after the Argentinian Embassy interceded on his behalf. He then made his way to France where he was reunited with Josep Samitier at OGC Nice. He later returned to Spain and on 8 December 1938 played for a Spain XI against Real Sociedad in a benefit game for Nationalist soldiers. In the 1950s, the Franco regime awarded Zamora the Great Cross of the Order of Cisneros, a medal created in 1944 to reward "political merit." Controversies Zamora was also the subject of controversy throughout his career. He allegedly enjoyed drinking Cognac and smoking up to three packs of cigarettes a day. During the 1920 Olympic Games he was sent off against Italy after punching an opponent and on the way back from the same tournament he was arrested, imprisoned and fined for attempting to smuggle Havana cigars. In 1922 he was suspended for a year when he lied to the tax authorities about the signing on fee he received when he returned to RCD Espanyol. He also received 40,000 pesetas of the 150,000 peseta fee that took him from Espanyol to Real Madrid. Zamora's ostensible political allegiances were also the subject of debate and controversy. Despite playing regularly for the Catalan XI, he was accused of rejecting Catalan nationalism. In 1934, he was awarded an Order of the Republic medal by his namesake Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, president of the Second Spanish Republic, while during the Spanish Civil War he was exploited by Nationalist propagandists and he played in a benefit game for their cause. During the 1950s he was awarded the Great Cross of the Order of Cisneros by the Franco regime. Coaching career In 1939 Zamora was appointed coach of Atlético Madrid, then known as Athletic Aviación and later to become Atlético Aviación, following a merger with Aviación Nacional, a Spanish Air Force team. With Zamora as manager, the club won their first La Liga in 1940 and then retained the title in 1941. In 1946 he moved to Celta de Vigo and during the 1947–48, he led a Celta team that included Pahiño and Miguel Muñoz to fourth in La Liga and the Copa del Generalísimo final. In June 1952 he coached Spain for two games. In 1953 was hired as coach by La Salle F.C. of Caracas (Venezuela). He later returned to Celta de Vigo and then had two spells as coach at Espanyol. Personal life Zamora died on 8 September 1978 in Barcelona, and is interred in the city's Montjuïc Cemetery. Honours Player Club Espanyol Copa del Rey (1): 1928–29 Catalan Champions (2): 1917–18, 1928–29 Barcelona Copa del Rey (2): 1920, 1922 Catalan Champions (3): 1919–20, 1920–21, 1921–22 Real Madrid La Liga (2): 1931–32, 1932–33 Copa de España (2): 1934, 1936 International Spain Olympic Games: Silver medallist 1920 Catalan XI Prince of Asturias Cup (2): 1923–24 and 1926 Individual IFFHS Best Spanish Goalkeeper of the Twentieth Century. IFFHS Fourth Best European Goalkeeper of the Twentieth Century. IFFHS Fifth Best World Goalkeeper of the Twentieth Century. Berlin-Britz Goalkeeper of the Decade (1920s) FIFA World Cup Team of the tournament: 1934 FIFA World Cup Best Goalkeeper Award: 1934. Manager Atlético Aviación Spanish Second Division Winners: 1939 1939 Mancomunado Winners (1): 1939 La Liga: Winners (2):1939–40, and 1940–41. Spanish Super Cup Winners (1): 1940. Copa Presidente Federación Castellana Winners (1): 1940–41. Celta Vigo Copa del Generalísimo Runner-up (1):: 1947–48 References General Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football (2003), Phil Ball. Barça: A People's Passion (1998), Jimmy Burns. Specific External links Rsssf ststs 1901 births 1978 deaths Footballers from Barcelona Spanish men's footballers Men's association football goalkeepers La Liga players RCD Espanyol footballers FC Barcelona players Real Madrid CF players OGC Nice players Spain men's international footballers 1934 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics Footballers at the 1924 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers for Spain Olympic silver medalists for Spain Olympic medalists in football Spanish expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in France Spanish expatriate sportspeople in France Spanish football managers La Liga managers Atlético Madrid managers RC Celta de Vigo managers CD Málaga managers Spain national football team managers RCD Espanyol managers OGC Nice managers Expatriate football managers in France Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War Spanish expatriate football managers Catalonia men's international footballers Burials at Montjuïc Cemetery Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80%EB%85%B8%20%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4

나가노 아이

나가노 아이()는 사이타마현 출신의 일본 여성 성우이다. 데뷔 당시에는 오피스CHK 소속이었으나 현재는 BOOK SLOPE 소속이다. 경력·인물 1997년 애니메이션 큐티 하니 F로 데뷔. 주인공인 키사라기 하니/큐티 하니 역을 담당했다. 디지몬 시리즈와 인연이 깊어 디지몬 세이버즈까지 전 시리즈에 출연했으며 프리큐어 시리즈와도 인연이 깊어 시리즈 중 4작품에 출연했다. 꼬마마법사 레미 시리즈에서도 4년동안 조연 캐릭터를 담당하는 등 도에이 애니메이션 작품에 출연한 비율이 높다. 출연 작품 TV 애니메이션 1997년 낚시왕 강바다 - 미유키 등 소년탐정 김전일 - 간호사, 웨이트리스, 시라이시 미에 큐티 하니 F - 키사라기 하니/큐티 하니 (데뷔 작) 하니타로 입니다. - 러블리 등 1998년 봄뜰의 셋째 - 요괴 28호 등 비밀의 앗코쨩 - 싯포나, 모리야마 선생 등 신비한 마법 판판 파마시 - 시부, 논스케 등 여기봐! 미이코 - 오가와 유우코 오자루마루 - 아키코 헬리터코푸쨩 - 테루테루타코보즈 등 1999년 구슬동자 - 소년봉 꼬마마법사 레미 - 타마키 레이카 (나옥수) 디지몬 어드벤쳐 - 레이디 데블몬 신의 괴도 잔느 - 츠구미 2000년 꼬마마법사 레미 샵 - 타마키 레이카 (나옥수) 파워 디지몬 - 레이디 데블몬 2001년 꼬마마법사 레미 포르테 - 타마키 레이카 (나옥수), 타마키 에리카 (나혜수), 메어리 (메리) 노노쨩 - 미야베 디지몬 테이머즈 - 리 슈촌 (곽소희) 2002년 꼬마마법사 레미 비바체 - 타마키 레이카 (나옥수) 디지몬 프론티어 - 토게몬 선생, 네페르티몬 2003년 금색의 갓슈벨 - 빅 보잉, 달리아, 체릿슈, 메구미의 매니저, 룬, 히로미 외 내일의 나쟈 - 에반스 선생, 피터 2004년 꼬마마법사 레미 비밀편 - 타마키 레이카 (나옥수), 메어리 (메리) 빛의 전사 프리큐어 - 타케노우치 선생 (구아현 선생) 2005년 SoltyRei - 리타 갑충왕자 무시킹 숲의 주민의 전설 프리큐어 Max Heart - 타케노우치 선생 (구아현 선생), 씨쿤 2006년 디지몬 세이버즈 - 쿠로사키 미키 에어 기어 워킹맨 - 히로코의 친구, 마사지 가게 점원 2007년 Yes! 프리큐어5 - 아키모토 코마치 (박하늘)/큐어 민트, 아키모토 마도카 (박하영) 2008년 Yes! 프리큐어5 GoGo! - 아키모토 코마치 (박하늘)/큐어 민트, 아키모토 마도카 (박하영) 2011년 오자루마루 - 타마키 2012년 토리코 - 메리아 2013년 토리코 - 푸킨 2014년 소년탐정 김전일 R - 요시나가 선생 OVA switch - 직원 동창회 Yesterday Once More - 카노 마코토 극장판 애니메이션 극장판 꼬마마법사 레미 샵 - 타마키 레이카 (나옥수) 디지몬 시리즈 디지몬 어드벤처 - 어린 아이 디지몬 테이머즈 모험자들의 싸움 - 리 슈촌 (곽소희) 디지몬 테이머즈 폭주 디지몬 특급 - 리 슈촌 (곽소희), 鳳麗花 테즈카 오사무의 붓다 붉은 사막이여! 아름답게 극장판 큐티 하니 F - 키사라기 하니/큐티 하니 프리큐어 시리즈 극장판 Yes! 프리큐어5 거울나라의 미라클 대모험 - 아키모토 코마치 (박하늘)/큐어 민트 극장판 Yes! 프리큐어5 GoGo! 과자나라의 해피 버스 데이 - 아키모토 코마치 (박하늘)/큐어 민트 극장판 프리큐어 올스타즈 DX 우린 모두 친구☆기적같은 전원 대집합! - 아키모토 코마치 (박하늘)/큐어 민트 극장판 프리큐어 올스타즈 DX2 희망의 빛☆레인보우 쥬얼을 지켜라! - 아키모토 코마치 (박하늘)/큐어 민트 극장판 프리큐어 올스타즈 DX3 미래에 전하라! 세계를 이어주는☆무지갯빛 꽃 - 아키모토 코마치 (박하늘)/큐어 민트 극장판 프리큐어 올스타즈 NewStage3 영원한 친구 - 아키모토 코마치 (박하늘)/큐어 민트 게임 1997년 포토제닉 - 오리하라 우미 1998년 무지갯빛 트윙클 ~빙글빙글 대작전~ - 마키 별언덕학원 이야기 학원제 - 유키야나기 나즈나 첫사랑 발렌타인 SPECIAL - 야마가타 나미 트윈스 스토리 너에게 전하고 싶어서... - 키리야마 쿄코 풀하우스 ~여배우 이야기~ - ? 해변에서 리치! - 시도 쿄카 1999년 BOYS BE... 2nd season - 스즈키 사에 Spiritual Soul - 유니 마법소녀 대작전 - 리리오 언젠가, 겹쳐질 미래로 - 베르・미하일로부나 트루 러브 스토리 2 - 모리시타 아카네 2000년 펀치매니아 북두의 권 2 격투수라의 국편 2001년 트루 러브 스토리 3 - 미사카 아야나 2002년 꼬마마법사 레미 비바체 무지갯빛 파라다이스 - 타마키 레이카 (나옥수), 타마키 에리카 (나혜수) 2004년 꼬마마법사 레미 어드벤쳐 비밀의 마법 - 타마키 레이카 (나옥수) ※PCALL 2005년 금색의 갓슈벨 고! 고! 마물 파이트!! - 빅 보잉 프리큐어 Max Heart 정말?정말!?파이트로 뭐~어때 2006년 디지몬 세이버즈 Another Mission - 쿠로사키 미키, 아이A 2007년 Yes! 프리큐어5 - 아키모토 코마치 (박하늘)/큐어 민트 2011년 마지카★마지카 - 코모리 히나 실사 대일본인 - 돈 터치 미 (목소리) 라디오 나가노 아이의 문화제 실행 위원회 아이다! 미츠오다! 비타민 라디오 치에와 아이의 꿈꾸는 TOY BOX CD 드라마CD 꼬마마법사 레미 17 - 타마키 레이카 (나옥수) 드라마CD Re : 큐티 하니 디지몬 테이머즈 베스트 테이머즈 (8) 리 슈촌 (곽소희)&로프몬 바카노! - 레이첼 착한 용의 죽이는 방법 일본의 여자 성우 사이타마현 출신 1974년 출생 살아있는 사람 다쿠쇼쿠 대학 동문

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai%20Nagano

Ai Nagano

is a Japanese voice actress. She has been voice-acting since 1997 that worked for Toei Academy. Ai is known for her role in Cutey Honey Flash as Honey Kisaragi, which was her debut role. She also voice Komachi Akimoto/Cure Mint in Yes! PreCure 5 and its sequel GoGo!, in addition to Madoka (Komachi's sister); and Yoshimi Takenochi in the inaugural Futari wa Pretty Cure. Also known as the voice of Suzie Wong from Digimon Tamers, Miki Kurosaki Digimon Savers and Lady Devimon from Digimon Adventure. She was part of Office CHK, Wit Promotion, and Drama House in the past. She is currently signed to Bookslope. Biography Filmography Anime Air Gear (girl in Chinese dress #9) Ashita no Nadja (Ms. Evans and Peter) Cutey Honey Flash (Honey Kisaragi/Cutey Honey) Digimon Adventure (Lady Devimon) Digimon Savers (Miki Kurokawa) Digimon Frontier (Nefertimon/Togemon (Ep 8)) Digimon Tamers (Reika Ootori and Shuichon Lee) Futari wa Pretty Cure (Ms. Yoshimi Takenouchi) Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart (Seekun) Haruba-Ke no Sanninme (Kimchi) Hataraki Man (Hiroko's friend (ep 3), Massage parlour employee (ep 7)) Kindaichi Shōnen no Jikenbo (nurse, Shiraishi (ep 64-67), waitress) Kocchi Muite Miko (Yuuko Ogawa, [+ unlisted credits]) Mo~tto! Ojamajo Doremi (Reika Tamaki, Mary) Ojamajo Doremi (Reika Tamaki) Ojamajo Doremi Sharp (Reika Tamaki) Ojamajo Doremi Dokkan! (Reika Tamaki) SoltyRei (Rita Revant) Ojarumaru (Akiko) Yes! PreCure 5 & Yes PreCure 5 GoGo! (Komachi Akimoto/Cure Mint, Madoka Akimoto) Konjiki no Gash Bell!! (Hiromi, Big Boing, Cherish, Daria Anjé) Non-anime True Love Story 2 (Akane Morishita) Video games Yes! Precure 5 (Komachi Akimoto/Cure Mint) CD Baccano! (Rachel) Digimon Tamers (Lopmon and Shuichon Lee) References External links 1974 births Living people Japanese video game actresses Japanese voice actresses Voice actresses from Saitama Prefecture

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B0

위키하우

위키하우(wikiHow)는 위키로 만들어진, 방대하고 다양한 기술의 매뉴얼을 제공하는 커뮤니티 사이트이다. 위키하우의 목표는 세계에서 가장 크고 질 좋은 매뉴얼 제공처가 되는 것이다. 사이트는 기존에 존재했던 eHow에서 출발하여 현재 138,000개 이상의 문서를 가지고 있다. 2012년 1월 기준으로, 위키하우는 200여개 국가의 3550만 명의 이용자가 방문하였으며, 그 달 총 방문 수는 4400만 번 이상이었다. 사이트의 문서들은 모두 크리에이티브 커먼즈 (by-nc-sa) 하에 작성되었으며 오픈 소스 프로그램인 미디어위키 1.12 개정판을 사용하고 있다. 역사 2005년 1월 15일 eHow의 운영자 잭 헤릭과 조시 한나는 위키하우를 열었다. eHow에도 이미 수천 개의 기술 매뉴얼이 저장되어 있었으나 위키하우는 이용자들의 투고를 받으면서 좀 더 크고 나은 사이트가 되기를 고대하였다. 2006년 4월 28일, eHow는 디맨드 미디어 (Demand Media)에 매각되었으며 위키하우는 독립 사이트로서 오픈하였다. 2009년 1월 28일에는 5만 번째 문서가 올라왔다. 그해 3월 11일 문서의 수는 10만 개가 되었다. 2012년 8월 기준으로 위키하우에 가입한 이용자 수는 507,301명이었다. 이용자 중 105명이 관리자이다. 2012년 8월 기준으로 페이지 편집 수는 8,706,270번, 문서 수는 토막글과 특수 문서를 포함하여 총 2,009,064개이며, 조회수는 1,216,891,759번이다. 내용과 문서 형태 위키하우는 위키 사이트로, 누구나 수정할 수 있다. 위키하우는 오픈 소스 소프트웨어를 이용하며 문서들은 공개 라이선스를 사용하여 무료로 이용이 가능하다. 위키하우에 방문하는 사람이면 누구든 새로운 페이지를 만들어 무언가를 ‘하는 법’에 대해 적을 수 있다. 위키하우에 올라가는 문서는 특정한 포맷, 즉 요약 – 재료 – 단계별 설명 – 팁, 경고 - 주석 등의 문서 순서를 따라야한다. 특정 내용을 강조하기 위해 사진을 추가할 수 있다. 일단 올려진 문서는 다른 임의의 사용자가 수정하거나 개선할 수 있다. 위키하우에 가입된 사람과 가입하지 않은 익명의 사용자가 함께 사이트에서 제공하는 정보의 질을 높이기 위해 노력하고 있다. 삭제 정책 위키하우의 삭제 정책에 따르면 홍보성 문서, 부정확한 문서나 장난성 문서, 반감 및 인종차별주의자를 불러일으키는 문서, 어떤 이유에서든 개인으로서는 불가능한 지시 사항이 담긴 문서, 저작권 침해 문서, 부도덕적인 내용이 담긴 (예를 들어 마약 사용 관련) 문서, 극도로 위험한 지시 사항이 담긴 문서, 정치적 발언이 포함된 문서 등은 업로드가 금지된다. 비즈니스 모델 처음 사이트 오픈 시의 비용은 eHow에서 헤릭이 낸 수익을 사용하였다. 현재는 광고주 모집을 통해 기금을 마련하고 있다. 모금은 이용자들에게 성가실 것이라는 이유로 따로 하지 않으며, 운영 단체는 “영리적 단체이나 대중들의 권익을 우선하는” 혼합적인 성격을 띄고 있다. 라이선스 위키하우의 문서들은 크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자 표시-비영리-동일조건 변경 허락 (by-nc-sa) 하에 배포된다. 문서 제작자는 해당 문서에 대한 저작권을 소유하며 다른 라이선스로 다른 곳에서 동일 문서를 배포해도 된다. 선택 광고 위키하우의 큰 특징 중 하나는 이용자들이 웹사이트에서 제공되는 광고를 끌 수 있다는 점이다. 사이트에는 “광고 숨기기” (hide ads) 버튼이 있어 이걸 누르면 24시간 동안 모든 사이트 내 광고가 차단된다. 가입 사용자들은 로그인을 하면 외부 비디오 제공자의 광고가 아닌 이상 광고가 보이지 않는다. 비판 크리에이티브 커먼즈 라이선스가 적용되기 전까지, 위키하우는 문서 기고를 받아 자신들의 이익을 챙기려 한다는 비판을 받아왔다. 또 문서 작성자들이 비전문가란 점을 들어 문서의 신뢰성에 관해서도 논란이 되었으며, 일부 문서는 필요성이 적다는 점에서 (예: “다크 초콜렛을 맛보는 법”) 비판을 받았다. 위키하우의 크기가 점점 커지면서 언론도 관심을 보이기 시작했다. 저널 프로비던스 (Providence)의 칼럼니스트 마크 패틴킨은 2009년 말 위키하우를 소재로, 다양한 주제의 흥미로운 글을 많이 찾았다는 글을 기고하였다. 그러면서도 그는 다음과 같이 지적하였다: ”외발자전거 타는 법” 같은 문서는 조금 위험했다. 한편으로는 “Easeus Partition Manager를 이용해 파티션 사이즈를 바꾸는 법” 같은 당황스러운 제목을 단 문서도 있었다. “깔끔해지는 법” 같은 문서는 너무 길었다. “씨몽키 키우는 법” 같은 문서는 너무 애매했고, “관악기로 글리산도 연주하는 법” 같은 문서는 너무 어려웠다. 한편 “뱀을 요리하는 법” 같은, 전혀 알고 싶지 않았던 내용에 관한 문서도 있었다. 어떤 것, 예를 들면 “고양이 변비를 치료하는 법”은 좀 메스꺼웠다. 맥빠지게 하는 문서도 있었다: “도서관 책을 찾는 법”. 정말 요즘 사람들은 모르는 걸까? 각주 참고 문헌 외부 링크 위키하우 공식 페이지 위키 미국의 웹사이트 팰로앨토의 기업

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiHow

WikiHow

wikiHow is an online wiki-style publication featuring how-to articles on a variety of topics. Founded in 2005 by Internet entrepreneur Jack Herrick, its aim is to create an extensive database of instructional content, using the wiki model of open collaboration to allow users to add, create, and modify content. It is a hybrid organization, a for-profit company run for a social mission. wikiHow uses the free and open-source MediaWiki software, and its text content is released under a Creative Commons NonCommercial license. In February 2005, wikiHow had over 35.5 million unique visitors. , wikiHow contains more than 235,000 how-to articles and over 2.5 million registered users. History wikiHow was founded by Jack Herrick on January 15, 2005, with the goal of creating "the how-to guide for everything." January 15 was selected as its launch date to honor Wikipedia, which was launched on January 15, 2001. Herrick drew inspiration for wikiHow from eHow, a how-to website he and business partner Josh Hannah purchased in 2004. After running eHow, Herrick concluded that its business model prevented it from becoming the extensive, high quality how-to site he wanted to create. Realizing that the wiki method of content creation would ultimately produce higher-quality work, both of them sold eHow in 2006 to Demand Media. Herrick described the difference between eHow and wikiHow as "eating a McDonald's burger vs. a wonderful, home cooked meal." In 2006, the non-profit foundation One Laptop per Child chose wikiHow as one of the content sources for the educational laptops it distributed around the world. On September 21, 2007, the website's 25,000th article was published. In 2009, after completing a redesign the site surpassed 20 million monthly visitors with 25 million page views. In 2014, Google chose wikiHow as one of the launch partners for Google Contributor, an ad-free Internet product. In 2016, wikiHow reached 100 million monthly visitors. On March 24, 2016, wikiHow acquired Guidecentral, a website focused on instructions for "hands-on" projects. The acquisition's terms were not released; however, Guidecentral raised over $1 million from investors including NXTP Labs, Enterprise Ireland, and South Ventures. Operations wikiHow provides instructional content on a wide range of topics. As of December 2021, it contains over 235,000 articles. Articles typically follow a standardized format to detail the step-by-step process of completing a task or accomplishing a specific outcome. Images serve as visual aids and may be created by users or contracted staff. The MediaWiki software allows users to add, delete, and otherwise modify content. Like other wikis, quality control is achieved by reviewing edits via the "Recent Changes" page and using a diff feature to compare revisions of an article and highlight changes in the content. Other users review these changes and may accept or reject the edits based on guidelines regarding content and style. To provide an authoritative review and ensure reliability of the content, staff writers also consult with subject-matter experts, particularly in topics such as health and medicine, law, finance, and psychology. In 2021, wikiHow partnered with the United Nations to launch a campaign against COVID-19 misinformation. Among the volunteer editing community, a number of trusted users, known as administrators, may be tasked with responsibilities pertaining to the maintenance and smooth operation of the website. Functionally similar to administrators on Wikipedia and internet forum moderators, these users have elevated account privileges used to delete articles, block other users from editing, and perform various maintenance tasks. Business model At the time of launch, wikiHow's startup costs were, to some extent, financed from Herrick's sale of eHow. The website has since relied on advertising on its pages for revenue. wikiHow is run as a "hybrid organization"—a "for-profit company focused on creating a global public good in accordance with [the] mission". Initially and throughout its history, Herrick has declined financial donations to wikiHow. However, in mid-2020 as a response to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the company began soliciting contributions to support wikiHow. Later that year, wikiHow released a subscription service called "wikiHow Pro", which allows access to paywalled features such as custom PDF downloads of articles and email-based courses created by subject-matter experts. Licensing wikiHow's text content is published under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 (by-nc-sa 3.0) license, allowing it to be modified and reused for non-commercial purposes as long as the original authors are attributed and the license is not substantially changed. Authors retain full copyright to their content, may publish it elsewhere under different licenses, and grant wikiHow an irrevocable license to use it for any purpose. Opt-out ads wikiHow lets readers control whether advertising appears alongside content. Registered, logged-in users do not see ads except those from external video providers. In November 2014, it was announced that wikiHow would participate in Google Contributor, a service allowing website users to make monthly donations to support their favorite websites and not be required to see ads on them. Reception wikiHow has won multiple awards, including a Webby Award for Community in 2009, and the Co-Creation award in the Open Innovation competition, organized by The Guardian and Nesta in 2010. Mashable selected wikiHow as runner-up for best wiki in its Open Web Awards in 2008. In October 2018, Gizmodo included wikiHow in its list of "100 Websites That Shaped the Internet as We Know It", referring to it as "a consistently useful resource." More recently, Forbes recognized wikiHow in its list of "The Best Small Companies Of 2019". A PBS journalist reported that the "wikiHow app has an excellent set of articles to help you in just about any situation, from helping someone who is choking to handling vehicle emergencies, to natural disasters." The New York Times reported: "Type in a few key words about the problem into the app’s Search page and the guide will return some advice. Its information pages are clear and well laid out. They begin with an introductory description, then offer a list of steps to follow. The app displays the necessary tools and items, and includes tips and warnings." Lifehacker has described wikiHow as the "ever-handy guide site." wikiHow has been positively described in many other media, including Inc. Magazine, Cosmopolitan, TechRepublic, Condé Nast Traveler and PC Magazine. wikiHow has also been the target of satire and criticism for its notable abundance of arguably eccentric articles. For example, American Public Radio show Wits has a segment called "wikiHow theater", where actors read obvious or ludicrous wikiHow topics, such as "How to Make People Respect Your Pet", for comic effect. Two accomplished poets published a book called "How To Feel Confident with Your Special Talents", where each poem's title is taken directly from a wikiHow article. Vice parodied wikiHow's article "How to Break Up with Your Boyfriend". The Huffington Post created a list of bizarre life skills, such as "How to React to an Ugly Baby", that "you could only learn from wikiHow". Illustrations are often criticized for being strange or eccentric. Other publishers have criticized wikiHow for hosting instructions on topics of questionable social value, such as "How to get a thigh gap" and "How to stop a wedding". Other websites have created "worst of wikiHow" lists to highlight topics that are "deranged", "brilliantly bizarre" and otherwise controversial. The artwork of wikiHow’s illustrations has received mixed reception among internet users, with some praising the representation of various minority groups, while others ridiculing the bizarre and uncanny depictions. In an interview with OneZero, Chris Hadley, Vice President of Operations, stated that the illustrations are created by freelance artists typically outside of the US. References External links Creative Commons-licensed works How-to websites Wiki communities MediaWiki websites Internet properties established in 2005 American websites Companies based in Palo Alto, California

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%88%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%98%20%EA%B3%A0%ED%86%A0%EC%BF%A0

아수라의 고토쿠

《아수라의 고토쿠》()는 1979년, 1980년에 NHK에서 방송되었던 무코다 구니코 각본의 드라마가 원작으로, 후에 소설화되어 2003년 모리타 요시미츠 감독에 의해 영화화된 일본 영화이다. 다음해 2004년 무대화되었다. 개요 장녀 츠나코는 미망인이 되어 생화의 스승으로 생계를 유지하고 있다. 차녀 마키코는 중학생의 한 남자한 여자를 지닌 평범한 샐러리맨 가정 주부. 삼녀 타키코는 도서관 사서로 근무하고 있고 남성에게는 마음이 전혀 없음. 사녀 사키코는 부모 형제에게도 비밀로 무명의 복서와 동거하고 있다. 그러던 어느 날, 타키코가 흥신소에 조사를 의뢰하던 중에 네 자매의 아버지에게 애인과 아이가 있는 것을 발견. 네 사람은 모여 어머니를 걱정하면서 이를 대처할 토론을 한다. 그러나 자신들도 「은밀한 것」과 「비밀 사항」을 가지고 주변의 다양한 사람을 말려 들면서 의심 암이 대두. 「질투」 그리고 「남자와 여자」 가족 밥상을 둘러싸면서 마당에서 배추를 절여하면서 일상의 한 토막에 힐끗 들여다 내면 「아수라」 그래서 시트콤처럼 인간 군상을 그린 작품. 텔레비전 드라마 1979년 1월 13일부터 27일까지 NHK 종합 "토요 드라마" 시간대에서 무코다 구니코 시리즈로 전 3회 방송되었다. 속편으로 시즌 2는 1980년 1월 19일부터 2월 9일 동 시간대에서 전 4회 방송되었다. 출연진 미타무라 츠나코 (장녀) - 카토 하루코 사토미 마키코 (차녀) - 야치구사 카오루 타케자와 타키코 (삼녀) - 이시다 아유미 진나이 사키코 (사녀) - 후부키 준 타케자와 츠네타로 (아버지) - 사부리 신 타케자와 후지 (어머니) - 오지 미치오 츠치야 토모코 (아버지의 불륜 상대) - 야기 마사코 사토미 타카오　- 오가타 켄/츠유구치 시게루(시즌 2) 제작진 제작 : 누마노 호사무 연출 : 와다 츠토무 (제1화, 제3화), 타카하시 야스오 (제2화) / 토미자와 마사유키 (시즌 2) 영화 2003년 11월 8일 도호 배급으로 일본 개봉. 감독은 모리타 요시미츠. NHK 드라마의 시즌 2까지를 한데 묶은 스토리가 있다. 텔레비전 드라마에서 차녀를 연기한 야치구사 카오루가 어머니 역으로, 또한 동 드라마에서 장녀를 연기한 카토 하루코가 내레이션했다. 개요 아수라는 표면적으로 인의예지신을 찬양하는 것처럼 보이지만, 그 내면에는 의심이 많고 진실을 왜곡시키며 남의 험담을 늘어놓아 싸움을 일으키는 인도의 민간신앙에서 다툼을 상징하는 신으로 "고토쿠"란 깨달음을 의미하는 일본어이다. 아수라의 고토쿠는 타케자와 집안의 네 자매는 서로를 헐뜯고 시기하며 서로의 불행을 보며 회심의 미소를 짓기도 한다. 그 저변에는 가족의 일을 자신의 일처럼 생각하며 상대를 생각하는 따뜻한 감정이 깔렸있다. 원작자의 무코다 쿠니코는 여성을 아수라에 비유하면서 거기에 있는 진정한 가족의 모습과 부모 자식의 감정을 훌륭하게 그려낸 작품이다. 주연의 오타케 시노부, 쿠로키 히토미, 후카츠 에리, 후카다 쿄코 등 각 세대를 대표하는 개성있는 배우들이 모여 때로는 아름답게 때로는 두터운 아수라의 모습을 보여준다. 줄거리 무코다 쿠니코의 인기 원작을 영화화한 작품으로 타케자와 집안의 네 자매에게 일어나는 네 가지 사랑을 이야기를 담은 영화이다. 장녀 츠나코(오오타케 시노부)는 남편을 먼저 보낸 미망인으로, 꽃꽂이 강사를 하며 생계를 유지하면서 유부남과 사귀고 있는데 그만 그의 아내에게 들켜버린다. 차녀 마키코(쿠로키 히토미)는 평범한 샐러리맨 남편과 중학생의 1남 1녀 자녀를 둔 가정 주부이다. 삼녀인 타키코(후카츠 에리)는 도서관 사서로 일하고 있지만 결벽증이 있어 좀처럼 결혼은 늦어지고 있다. 막내의 사키코(후카다 쿄코)는 가족에게는 비밀로 하며 무명 복서와 동거중이다. 이러한 타케자와 집안은 웬만한 큰 행사가 아니면 좀처럼 모두가 모이는 일이 거의 없다. 그러던 1979년 겨울날 삼녀 타키코의 갑작스런 연락으로 네 자매가 오랜만에 모이게 되는데, 타키코가 흥신소에 확인해 70세의 아버지 코타로에게 숨겨진 애인과 아이가 있다는 것이 알려지며 큰 충격을 받게 된다. 다만 이 사실을 모르는 어머니를 걱정하면서 사건의 해결을 논의해 나간다. 출연 주요 인물 미타무라 츠나코 (장녀) - 오타케 시노부 45세. 타케자와 집안의 장녀로 미망인이다. 꽃꽂이 강사일을 하며, 만나게 된 유부남과 사귀고 있다. 사토미 마키코 (차녀) - 쿠로키 히토미 41세. 평범한 회사원의 남편과 1남 1녀의 자녀를 둔 주부이다. 남편 타카오의 외도를 의심하며 노이로제 증세를 보이고 있다. 타케자와 타키코 (삼녀) - 후카츠 에리 29세. 타케자와 집안의 네 자매 중 유일하게 미혼이다. 도서관 사서로 일하고 있지만 결벽증을 가지고 있어 결혼이 늦어지고 있다. 진나이 사키코 (사녀) - 후카다 쿄코 21세. 타케자와 집안의 막내로 현재 별볼일없는 무명 복서선수와 동거중이다. 자신보다 성실한 언니들에게 컴플렉스를 가지고 있다. 네 자매의 부모 타케자와 츠네타로 - 나카다이 타츠야 타케자와 네 자매의 아버지. 나이는 정확지는 않으나 70세쯤이다. 네 자매 사이에서 숨겨진 애인과 아이가 있다는 사실을 의심받게 된다. 타케자와 후지 - 야치구사 카오루 타케자와 네 자매의 어머니. 67세. 남편의 불륜을 유일하게 모르고 있다. 네 자매의 애인 혹은 남편 등 히지키가와 사다하루 - 반도 미츠고로 츠나코가 다니는 술집의 주인이다. 유부남이지만 츠나코와 사귀고 있다. 츠나코에 푹 빠져 있어 아내 토요코와 이혼하고 결혼도 생각하고 있다. 사토미 타카오 - 코바야시 카오루 마키코의 남편으로 아내에게 비서와 불륜을 의심받고 있다. 카츠마타 시즈오 - 나카무라 시도 타케자와 츠네타로의 뒷 조사를 맡은 흥신소의 탐정으로 의뢰자인 타키코를 좋아하게 된다. 진나이 히데미츠 - 리키야 신인 복서선수로 사키코와 동거중이다. 그 외 히지키가와 토요코 - 모모이 카오리 츠나코와 불륜중인 유부남 사다하루의 아내이다. 아카기 케이코 - 기무라 요시노 타카오의 비서로 타카오에게 의도적으로 접근한다. 오가타 - 마스오카 토오루 타카오를 찾아왔던 츠나코의 맞선 상대이다. 사토미 요코 - 나가사와 마사미 마키코와 타카오의 딸이다. 츠지야 토모코 - 콘노 미사코 츠네타로의 애인으로 쇼지라는 아들이 있다. 스태프 감독 : 모리타 요시미츠 원작 : 무코다 구니코 각본 : 츠츠이 토모미 제작자 : 혼다 히데유키 제작 총괄 : 시마타니 요시나리, 야스나가 요시오, 카토 하루키, 후루야 후미아키 프로듀서 : 이치가와 미나미 촬영 : 키타 노부야사 편집 : 다나카 신지 미술 : 야마자키 히데미츠 녹음 : 하시모토 후미오 음악 : 오오시마 미치루 제작 프로덕션 : 도호 제작 협력 : 도호, 하쿠호도, 마이니치 신문, 일본 출판 판매 배급 : 도호 수상 정보 2003년 제46회 블루 리본상 감독상 - 모리타 요시미츠 베스트10 작품 선정 2003년 제16회 닛칸스포츠 영화대상 작품상 여우조연상 - 야치구사 카오루 호치 영화상 최우수 여우조연상 - 후카츠 에리 2004년 제27회 일본 아카데미상 우수 작품상 최우수 감독상 - 모리타 요시미츠 최우수 각본상 - 츠츠이 토모미 우수 여우주연상 - 오타케 시노부 우수 남우조연상 - 나카무라 시도 최우수 여우조연상 - 후카츠 에리 우수 여우조연상 - 야치구사 카오루 우수 음악상 - 오오시마 미치루 우수 촬영상 - 키타 노부야사 무대 2004년판 2004년 처음 연극화되어 예술좌, 하카타좌에서 상연되었다. 2013년판 2013년 1월부터 2월까지 도쿄 루테아토루 긴자, 오사카 모리노미야 필로티 홀, 아이치 메이 홀에 각 재공연 되었다. 외부 링크 영화 《아수라의 고토쿠》 공식 사이트 토요 드라마 무코다 쿠니코 시리즈 아수라와 고토쿠 - NHK 명작선 (동영상·사진) NHK 자료실 무코다 쿠니코 시리즈 아수라와 고토쿠 시즌2 - NHK 명작선 (동영상·사진) NHK 자료실 1979년 드라마 1980년 드라마 일본의 텔레비전 드라마 일본의 연극 2003년 영화 일본의 영화 작품 소설을 바탕으로 한 영화 드라마 영화 일본의 드라마 영화 모리타 요시미쓰 감독 영화

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like%20Asura

Like Asura

is a 2003 Japanese film directed by Yoshimitsu Morita. At the 27th Japan Academy Prize it won three awards and received ten other nominations. The film is a remake of the TV mini series Ashura no Gotoku on NHK. Synopsis The film follows four sisters who discover that their elderly father is having an affair. When a letter is published in the newspaper detailing the affair, they try to hide it from their mother, while suspecting each other of having written it. Cast Shinobu Otake Eri Fukatsu Kaoru Yachigusa Shidou Nakamura Awards and nominations 27th Japan Academy Prize. Won: Best Director - Yoshimitsu Morita Won: Best Screenplay - Tomomi Tsutsui Won: Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Eri Fukatsu Nominated: Best Picture Nominated: Best Actress - Shinobu Otake Nominated: Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Kaoru Yachigusa Nominated: Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Shidou Nakamura Nominated: Best Music - Michiru Oshima Nominated: Best Cinematography - Nobuyasu Kita Nominated: Best Lighting Direction - Koichi Watanabe Nominated: Best Art Direction - Hidemitsu Yamasaki Nominated: Best Sound Recording - Fumio Hashimoto Nominated: Best Film Editing - Shinji Tanaka References External links 2003 films Films directed by Yoshimitsu Morita 2000s Japanese-language films Films scored by Michiru Ōshima 2000s Japanese films

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%98%20%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%AC

공주님 조심

공주님 조심(/한국명:공주님 조심하세요)는 2006년에 제작된 TV 애니메이션. 산뜻해 보이는 제목과 달리, 본 작품은 '갤럭시 엔젤'을 제작했던 제작진들이 다시 한 번 뭉져 만들어 낸 오리지널 판타지 코미디 애니메이션이라고 한다. 어느날 갑자기 나타난 왕관 때문에 하루 아침에 한 나라의 공주가 되어 버린 주인공 '히메코'와 왕관을 빼앗으러 온 진짜 공주 '나나'의 왕관 쟁탈전을 중심으로 저마다의 목적을 갖고, 히메코 주위로 모여드는 개성 강한 캐릭들이 펼치는 코미디물이라고 한다. 등장 인물 ＊성우 순서는 '일본 성우/더빙판 성우'로 기술되었으며, 인물에 대한 소개는 애니 내용과 인터넷에 떠돌아 다니는 정보들을 바탕으로 저술되었음. 츠바키 히메코(椿 姫子)(한국명-히메라) 성우 - 신타니 료코/윤미나 본 작품의 주인공. 테니스부에 소속된 지극히 평범한 여고생. 그러나 어느날 우연히 레슬리 일당이 훔친 왕관을 갖게 되었고, 그 정체불명의 큰 왕관을 머리에 쓴 순간부터 그녀는 하루 아침에 한 나라의 공주님이 되어 버리고 말았다. 먹을 것에 약하고 외국인 컴플렉스가 있어, 외국인을 만나면 도망치곤 한다. 나나(ナーナ) 성우 - 미야자키 우이/이용신 본 작품의 또다른 주인공. 히메코가 쓴 왕관의 진짜 주인인 꼬마공주. 자신의 왕관을 되찾으려고 히메코 주변을 머물고 있다. 그러나 언제부터 히메코에게서 왕관을 뱃으려고 하지 않고, 히메코와 친하게 지냄. 바 나나(バ・ナーナ) 성우 - 치바 치에미/임주현 나나랑 같이 다니는 새끼 고릴라. 나나가 하는 말은 잘 들으나 다른 사람이 하는 말은 잘 듣지 않는다. 레슬리가 흘린 트렁크 속옷을 입고 있으며, 항상 바나나를 먹고 있다. 미스즈 아오이(美涼 葵)(한국명-아다린) 성우 - 요시미즈 코즈에/이현선 히메코가 다닌 고등학교의 이사장 따님이자 히메코의 테니스부 선배. 자신의 신분과 경제력을 등에 두고 있어서 그런지 오만방자한 모습을 보이곤 한다. 그러나 히메코가 공주가 된 이후부턴 그에게 계속 불행이 찾아오곤 한다. 나바나 소바나(菜花 そばな) 성우 - 사와시로 미유키/장은숙 히메코와 어린 시절부터 친하게 지낸 친구로, 옆집에 살고 있음. 항상 고양이 모양의 손인형을 가지고 다니며, 모든 의사소통을 손인형을 통해서 한다.(참고로 그녀는 학교에서 손인형 연극부에 소속되었다고 함.) 코이데 마리(小出 まり) 성우 - 시라토리 유리/이용신 히메코의 담임이자 테니스부의 고문. 학생의 일보다 항상 자신의 입장을 우선적으로 생각하는 인물. 권력에 약하고, 항상 강자에게 아첨을 떤다고 함. 레슬리(レスリー) 성우 - 타다노 요헤이/변영희 자칭 '세계 제일의 대도둑'. 어느 정체불명 조직의 의뢰를 받고 왕관을 박물관에 훔쳤으나, 이런사정으로 인해 왕관이 히메코에게 넘어 갔다. 이후 의뢰를 넘어서 도둑으로서의 자신의 자존심을 지키기 위해, 그녀 곁을 맴돌며 왕관을 되찾으려고 분투중. 도둑이다 보니, 변장과 연기, 탈출, 화술에 매우 능통함. 카렌(カレン) 성우 - 치바 치에미/임은정 레슬리의 파트너이자 친구. 레슬리와 함께 도둑질을 하고 있으며 주로 기술 부분 담당. 레슬리에 비해, 도둑으로서 어리숙한 면이 보이곤 한다. 랏세 왕자(가짜)(ラッセ 王子) 성우 - 사나다 아사미/이현주 자칭 '세계 제일의 결혼사기단'. 정체불명의 조직의 의뢰를 받고 히메코의 왕관을 빼앗으려고 랏세 왕자인 척 등장한다. 허나 나이가 어린 탓에 자신이 랏세 왕자라는 말을 아무도 믿지 않는다. 그래서 자신이 랏세 왕자임을 증명하려고 히메코 주변을 맴돌며 노력을 하고 있음. 아드론(アドロン) 성우 - 토리우미 코스케/유호한 정체불명의 조직의 의뢰를 받고, 왕관을 빼앗기 위해 히메코에게 접근한 닌자. 그리고 그녀를 죽여 왕관을 빼앗기 위해 히메코의 경호원으로 들어오게 된다. 그러나 히메코와 황당한 일을 겪고 나서 그녀에게 호감을 품게 되고, 그로 인해 히메코를 죽일 기회가 있어도 차마 죽이지 못 하고, 오히려 위기에 빠진 그녀를 종종 도와주게 된다. 미스 요코(ミス・ヨーコ)(한국명-요요) 성우 - 카이다 유코/임주현 어둠의 세계에 인재파견회사 사장. 수령X와 같이, 왕관을 되찾으려고 수령 X(首領 X) 성우 - 와카모토 노리오/유호한 왕관을 노리는 정체불명의 조직의 보스. 음흉한 목소리와 달리, 실물은 미남. 왕관을 되찾으려고 함정을 만들거나 요코를 통해서 왕관을 빼앗을 인재를 보내곤 한다. 이모 대신(イーモー大臣) 성우 - 카나이 미카 어릴 적에 잃어버린 공주님을 찾으러 왔다고 하는, 고양이 행성의 신하. 히메코에게 나타나 히메코를 어릴 적에 잃어버린 자신들의 공주님이라며, 그녀를 자신의 별로 데려 가려고 한다. 허나 그는 단순히 왕관을 쓰고 있는 사람이나 동물을 공주라고 여기는 듯 한, 매우 이상한 태도를 보인다. 나나를 자신의 행성으로 데려갔으나, 이후 나나와 다시, 지구로 오나 자신들이 타고 온 우주선이 망가져 지구에 정착하게 되며, 그 우주선을 개조해 카레라면집을 열게 된다. 츠바키 산쥬로(椿 山十郎) 성우 - 츠지 신파치/윤세웅 히메코의 아버지로, 평범한 순경. 그러다 히메코가 공주님이 되면서 근위대장이 된다. 츠바키 에비네(椿 えびね) 성우 - 아마노 유리/이현주 히메코의 어머니로, 매우 평범한 가정 주부. 히메코가 공주가 되면서 메이드장이 된다. 나나어(ナーナ語) 나나어(ナーナ語)는 극 중 나나가 쓰는 작품 고유의 언어. 일본어를 로마자로 입력했을 때, 누른 키에 해당하는 카타카나 입력을 연결해 읽은 것이 나나어라고 한다. ex)バイバーイ → baiba-i → コチニコチホニ DVD판에선 나나어의 의미를 알 수 있게 자막이 들어가 있으며, 플레이어로 DVD를 볼 때, 일본어 자막을 ON으로 설정하는 것으로 일본어 번역을 볼 수 있다고 한다. 2006년 애니메이션 WOWOW 애니메이션 코미디 애니메이션 란티스 애니메이션

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hime-sama%20Goy%C5%8Djin

Hime-sama Goyōjin

is a 12 episode anime series, produced by Nomad, that aired on WOWOW from April 12, 2006 to July 19, 2006. It has been aired by the anime television network Animax across its networks worldwide, including its English language premiere in Southeast Asia, starting from October 2007 and ended in November 2007. Plot Himeko Tsubaki bumps into a pair of thieves called Leslie and Karen. She accidentally takes one of their bags containing a magic crown. Placing the crown on her head will magically turn her into a princess, and eventually fulfilling all of her wishes. Her classmates and teachers believe her to be a princess, but she becomes a target of various people who want the crown for themselves. Tagging along is the true owner of the crown, a child princess named Nana. Characters She's your typical Xenophobic girl who happens to find a magical crown that belongs to Nana. She likes to eat, and has the habit of misunderstanding things. Named Christie Tsubaki in the Animax dub. Nana is the girl that keeps following Himeko around, and though no-one understands her, in the later episodes she manages to say something to Karen, Leslie and Himeko. She owns the crown Himeko is wearing. Banana is a monkey, and a pet of Nana. Banana often makes trouble, even stealing Leslie's underpants. Sobana is Himeko's best friend with this sock puppet shaped like a cat (assuming cat-like intonations in the process). She was once locked up in prison, when she was caught wearing gloves as the law forbids them to wear gloves. She is named "Winnie" in the Animax dub. Aoi is perfect in school. She constantly hates Himeko since she misunderstands Aoi on poisoning Nana, which Nana caught when Aoi slipped, making Nana choke, and has vanished temporarily. She helped Karen and Leslie once. Named Prefect Maple in the Animax dub. Himeko's teacher at school. She often fights with Aoi, and she is the reason why Chief X has been following Himeko around. Named Marie (Often mispronounced by various characters as 'Marian".) in the Animax dub. Ebine is Himeko's mother. Sanjūrō is Himeko's father, who often sleeps while seated in the toilet due to all-nighters (because he is a policeman). A professional thief. Karen knew Leslie since their childhood. Named Helen in the Animax dub. A professional thief. Leslie is best friends with Karen. Named Louise in the Animax dub. An assassin whose mission is to kill Himeko to get her crown--a mission he cannot fulfill because he has developed a crush on her. Named Alan in the Animax dub. Episode list Production Staff Director: Shigehito Takayanagi Episode director: Yuki Nanoka (ep 8) Original work: Shigehito Takayanagi Original character design: Mitsue Character design: Makoto Koga Color design: Hiroko Umezaki Art director: Kazuya Fukuda Editing: Bun Hida Director of photography: Yumiko Morimoto Music: Katsuyuki Harada Music producer: Yoshiyuki Ito Sound director: Yoshikazu Iwanami Sound effects: Minoru Yamada Music Opening Theme 百発百中とらぶるん♪ (Hyappatsu Hyakuchū Toraburun♪) Lyrics by: Aki Hata Composition by: Shinji Tamura Arrangement by: Masaki Suzuki Song by: Ryōko Shintani and Ui Miyazaki Ending Theme CANDY☆POP☆SWEET☆HEART Lyrics, Composition and Arrangement by: R·O·N Song by: Ryōko Shintani Music by: PINK BAMBI Note: Ryōko Shintani and Ui Miyazaki sang the theme songs under the name of Himeko Tsubaki and Nana. Note External links Official website WOWOW's website for Hime-sama Goyōjin Fantasy anime and manga Nomad (company) Anime with original screenplays Wowow original programming

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%A1%B0%20%EB%A7%88%EC%82%AC%EC%BD%94

호조 마사코

호조 마사코(, 호엔(保元) 2년(1157년) - 가오(嘉應) 원년 음력 7월 11일(1225년 8월 16일))는 일본 헤이안 시대(平安時代) 말기에서 가마쿠라 시대(鎌倉時代) 초기의 여성이다. 가마쿠라 막부를 연 미나모토노 요리토모(源賴朝)의 미다이도코로으로, 이즈국(伊豆國)의 호족이자 가마쿠라 막부의 초대 싯켄(執權)이 된 호조 도키마사(北條時政)의 맏딸이다. 요리토모와의 사이에 요리이에(賴家), 사네토모(實朝) 두 아들과 오오히메(大姬), 산만히메(三幡姬)의 두 딸을 두었고, 형제자매로는 무네토키(宗時), 요시토키(義時), 도키후사(時房), 아와노쓰보네(阿波局), 도키코(時子) 등이 있다. 이즈의 유인(流人)이었던 요리토모의 아내가 되어, 요리토모가 가마쿠라에 무가정권을 수립하면서는 미다이노도코로(御台所)라고 불렸고, 남편의 사후에는 머리를 깎고 출가하여 아마미다이(尼御台)라 불렸다. 비구니로서의 법명(法名)은 안뇨인(安養院)이었다. 요리토모 사후 세이이타이쇼군(征夷大將軍)이 된 아들 요리이에, 사네토모 형제가 차례대로 암살당하자, 요리토모의 먼 친척이라는 후지와라노 요리쓰네(藤原賴經, 구조 요리쓰네九條賴經)를 교토로부터 데려다 꼭두각시 쇼군으로 옹립하고 그 후견인을 자처하며 막부의 실권을 장악하여, 당대에 비구니 쇼군(尼將軍)이라고까지 불렸다. 또한 '마사코'라는 이름도 원래는 겐포(建保) 6년(1218년)에 조정으로부터 종3위 관위를 수여받으면서 아버지 도키마사의 이름에서 한 글자를 따서 지은 것으로, 그 이전의 이름이 무엇이었는지는 알려지지 않았다. 생애 유배온 자의 아내로서 마사코의 아버지 도키마사는 이즈의 재청관인(在廳官人)으로서 당시 헤이지의 난에서 패하여 그곳으로 유배된 미나모토노 요리토모의 감시역이었다. 도키마사가 오반야쿠(大番役) 일로 교토에 가서 머무르고 있던 사이에 마사코는 요리토모와 만나 가까워졌다. 이 무렵의 마사코와 요리토모의 사이를 말해주는 사료는 남아있지 않고, 설화적인 성격이 강한 《소가 이야기》(曾我物語)에 보면 두 사람이 만나기 전에 있었던 매몽담(買夢談)이 수록되어 있다. 한국의 신라 시대 김춘추와 김유신의 누이동생 김문희의 혼인담과 비슷한 이 이야기의 줄거리는 다음과 같다. 마사코의 누이동생으로 훗날 요리토모의 이복동생 아노 젠세이(阿野全成)의 아내가 되는 아와노 쓰보네가 하루는 해와 달을 손에 쥐는 기묘한 꿈을 꾸었는데, 누이동생으로부터 그 꿈 이야기를 듣게 된 마사코는 그 꿈이 재앙을 가져올 것이라며 자신에게 팔라고 했고, 누이동생에게 꿈 값으로 고소데(小袖)를 주고 그 꿈을 샀는데, 사실 마사코는 꿈 이야기를 듣고 그것이 길몽임을 알아채고 일부러 누이동생에게 재앙을 불러올 꿈이라며 그 꿈을 자신에게 팔 것을 권했던 것으로, 이 꿈을 삼으로 해서 마사코는 훗날 천하를 손에 쥐게 되는 미나모토노 요리토모라는 남자와 맺어질 수 있게 되었다는 것이다. 지쇼(治承) 원년(1177년), 요리토모와 마사코의 관계를 알게 된 도키마사는 헤이케(平家)의 추궁이 두려워 마사코를 이즈의 모쿠다이(伊豆目代) 야마키 가네타카(山木兼隆)에게 시집보내려 했는데, 가네타카도 원래 요리토모처럼 유인이었지만 다이라 씨 일족으로서 헤이케가 정권을 쥐면서 그 대관(代官)으로서 부임해 온 자였다. 마사코는 수레에 실려 야마키의 저택으로 보내졌지만, 마사코는 기어이 한밤중에 저택을 빠져나와 산 하나를 넘어 요리토모에게로 달아났고 두 사람은 이즈야마곤겐(伊豆山權現)을 모시는 신사에 숨었다. 이때 마사코의 나이는 스물한 살이었다. 이후 이즈 산 승병들의 힘으로 마사코는 가네타카의 손에서 벗어날 수 있었다. 이때의 일에 대해, 훗날 미나모토노 요시쓰네(源義經)의 애첩 시즈카 고젠(靜御前)이 요리토모의 노여움을 샀을 때 요리토모를 말리며 그에게 "칠흑같은 어둠을 헤메고 비에 젖어서 당신이 있는 곳으로 향했었죠"라고 털어놓았다. 마사코는 얼마 안 되어 요리토모의 딸 오오히메를 낳았고, 도키마사는 두 사람의 결혼을 인정할 수밖에 없었다. 이후 호조 집안은 요리토모의 가장 중요한 후원자가 되었다. 지쇼 4년(1180년) 황족 모치히토 왕(以仁王)은 미나모토노 요리마사(源賴政)와 함께 당시 전국에 흩어져 있던 겐지들에게 헤이케 타도를 위한 거병을 권하는 영지(令旨)를 내렸다. 이즈의 요리토모에게도 이 영지가 전해졌지만, 요리토모는 신중한 자세로 움직이지 않고 있었다. 그러나 이 계획이 탄로나고 모치히토 왕도 패사하게 되자, 위기를 느낀 요리토모는 마침내 거병을 결의했다. 먼저 자신이 있던 이즈의 모쿠다이 야마키 가네타카의 저택을 습격하지만 거꾸로 이시바시(石橋) 산에서 패했고, 이 와중에 마사코의 큰오빠였던 무네토키가 죽기도 했다. 마사코는 이즈 산에 머무르며 요리토모의 안부를 염려하는 불안한 나날을 보낼 수밖에 없었다. 요리토모는 장인 도키마사, 처남 요시토키와 함께 아와(安房)로 달아나 재흥을 꾀했다. 이때 도고쿠(東國)의 무사들이 잇달아 요리토모에게 모여들어 수만 기(騎)에 달하는 대군을 모을 수 있었고, 겐지의 연고지인 가마쿠라에 무혈입성해 그곳을 자신의 거점으로 삼았다. 이때 마사코도 가마쿠라로 옮겨 살게 되었다. 가마쿠라는 호조 씨의 조상이기도 한 다이라노 나오카타(平直方)가 요리토모의 선조 미나모토노 요리요시(源賴義)에게 양도한 땅이었고, 호조 씨가 가마쿠라에서 차지하는 위상 또한 적지 않았다. 이후 요리토모는 후지(富士) 강의 싸움에서 헤이케군을 상대로 승리를 거두고, 각지의 반대세력을 멸하면서 간토(關東)을 제압해 나갔으며, 요리토모가 도고쿠의 주인으로서 가마쿠라도노(鎌倉殿)라 불리게 되면서 마사코도 미다이노도코로(御台所)라는 칭호로 불리게 되었다. 그녀가 단순한 아내로써뿐 아니라 요리토모와 간토 무사단 사이의 매개 역할까지 해내며 요리토모와 함께 막부를 구축할 수 있었다. 미다이노도코로로서 요와(養和) 2년(1182년) 마사코는 비로소 둘째 아이를 가졌고 요리토모는 미우라 요시즈미(三浦義澄)의 원대로 마사코의 순산기원을 위해 앞서 헤이케에 가담했던 호족으로서 가마쿠라측에 붙들린 이토 스케지카(伊東祐親)에 대한 은사를 명했다. 요리토모는 마사코와 맺어지기 전에 스케지카의 딸 야에히메(八重姬)와 사랑하게 되어 그 사이에 아들까지 두었지만, 헤이케의 분노를 무서워한 스케지카가 이 아이를 죽이고 야에히메를 다른 무사에게 강제로 시집보내 두 사람 사이를 갈라놓았던 적이 있는데, 이때에 이르러 사면이 이루어지자 스케지카는 몹시 부끄러워하며 스스로 목숨을 끊었다. 이 해 8월에 마사코는 아들 만쥬(万壽)를 낳았다. 훗날 2대 쇼군이 되는 요리이에였다. 마사코가 임신해 있는 동안에 요리토모는 가메노 마에(龜の前)라는 여자를 총애하게 되어 그녀를 가까이 두었다. 이를 도키마사의 후처 마키노 카타(牧の方)로부터 전해듣게 된 마사코는 질투심으로 격분한 나머지, 11월에 마키노 카타의 아버지 마키노 무네지카(牧宗親)에게 명해 가메노 마에가 살던 후시미 히로쓰나(伏見廣綱)의 집을 부숴버리게 했고, 가메노 마에는 간신히 몸만 빠져나와 달아났다. 요리토모는 몹시 노하여 무네지카를 힐문하며 자신의 손으로 무네지카의 상투까지 잘라버리는 등 수치를 주었고, 도키마사가 격노해 일족을 거느리고 이즈에 돌아가 버리는 소동까지 일어났다. 수그러들줄 모르는 마사코의 분노를 가라앉히기 위해 결국 히로쓰나가 도토미(遠江)로 유배되면서 일은 마무리되었다. 마사코의 이러한 질투심은 일부다처제가 당연한 것으로 여겨지던 당시 사회의 여성들 사이에서 보기 드문 것이었다. 당시 귀족은 여러 명의 처첩을 두는 것이 일반적이었고, 힘있는 무가에서도 본처 외에 많은 첩을 거느리며 아이를 두고 일족의 수를 늘리는 것이 당연했다. 요리토모의 아버지 요시토모(義朝)나 할아버지 다메요시(爲義)도 많은 첩을 거느리며 그들로부터 여러 명의 아이를 두었고(마사코의 아버지 도키마사도 여러 명의 처첩이 있었고 마사코와 배가 다른 형제자매도 많이 있었다) 겐지의 도료로서 교토에서 태어나 자란 요리토모에 있어 많은 여자의 집을 드나드는 것은 상식이자 의무의 범주에 속했고 사회적으로도 당연한 행위였지만, 실제 요리토모는 생애에 많은 여성들과 정을 통하면서도 마사코를 무서워해 거의 숨어다니다시피 했다. 이 배경에는 마사코의 질투심만이 아니라 당시 이즈의 소규모 호족에 불과했던 호조 집안 출신의 마사코가 귀족인 요리토모의 정실로서는 너무도 신분이 미천했고, 그 지위가 결코 안정된 것이 아니었기 때문으로 생각할 수 있다. 요리토모는 주에이(壽永) 원년(1182년) 7월에 형 요시히라(義平)의 미망인으로 같은 겐지 일족이었던 닛타 요시시게(新田義重)의 딸 쇼쥬히메(祥壽姬)를 아내로 맞아들이려 했지만 마사코의 노여움을 두려워한 요시시게가 딸을 다른 곳에 시집보내버리는 바람에 실현되지 않았던 적이 있다(마사코가 가메노 마에의 집을 습격한 것은 그로부터 4개월 뒤의 일이다). 요리토모의 정실이라는 지위를 굳건히 하기 위해 마사코는 질투심 많고 격렬한 천성을 가진 악녀의 이미지를 가질 수밖에 없었다. 주에이 2년(1183년), 요리토모는 자신과 대립하던 미나모토노 요시나카(源義仲)와의 화목을 위해 요시나카의 적자 요시타카(義高)와 자신의 맏딸 오오히메의 혼약을 성립시켰다. 요시타카는 오오히메의 남편이자 요리토모의 사위라는 명목하에 인질로서 가마쿠라에 보내졌다. 이때 요시타카의 나이는 열한 살, 오오히메의 나이는 여섯 살 전후였다. 어린 나이였지만 오오히메는 요시타카를 진심으로 좋아하게 되었다. 요시나카가 헤이케를 교토에서 몰아내고 요리토모보다 먼저 입성한 뒤, 교토의 치안 유지에도 실패하고 당시 치천의 군(治天の君)이었던 고시라카와 법황(後白河法皇)과도 대립하게 되면서, 겐랴쿠(元曆) 원년(1184년), 요리토모의 이복동생인 노리요리(範賴), 요시쓰네 형제에 의해 요시나카는 전사했다. 화근을 없애려는 요리토모는 가마쿠라에 남아있던 요시타카까지 죽이려 했는데, 이를 시녀들로부터 엿듣게 된 오오히메는 요시타카를 가마쿠라에서 탈출시켰다. 그러나 격노한 요리토모는 호리 지카이에(堀親家)에게 명하여 요시타카를 쫓게 했고 지카이에의 노토였던 도우치 미쓰즈미(藤內光澄)에 의해 처형되고 만다. 오오히메는 상심에 빠져 결국 병을 얻어 눕게 되었고, 마사코는 요시타카를 잡겠다고 오오히메를 아프게 했다며 지카이에의 노토에게 그 부주의한 책임을 물을 것을 강하게 요구했다. 어쩔 수 없이 요리토모는 미쓰즈미를 처벌하게 하지만, 마음의 병을 얻은 오오히메는 그 뒤 줄곧 우울증에 빠져 지냈고, 오오히메가 쾌유하기를 바라며 마사코는 자주 절과 신사에 다니며 기도를 올렸지만 오오히메는 죽을 때까지 끝내 회복되지 못했다. 한편 노리요리와 요시쓰네는 이치노타니(一ノ谷)에서 헤이케를 상대로 큰 승리를 거두고, 포로로 잡은 삼위중장(三位中將) 다이라노 시게히라(平重衡)가 가마쿠라로 보내졌다. 요리토모는 시게히라를 후하게 대접했고, 마사코도 시녀 센쥬노 마에(千手の前)를 붙여주어 시중을 들게 했다. 시게히라는 뒤에 그가 불태워 없앴던 도다이사(東大寺)로 보내져 처형되었는데, 센쥬노 마에도 시게히라의 죽음에 비통해하다 얼마 안 가서 숨을 거두었다고 한다. 노리요리와 요시쓰네가 헤이케와 전투를 벌이는 사이 요리토모는 도고쿠 경영을 진행시켜 나갔고 마사코도 참예 기원이나, 지샤의 축조식 등 여러 중요한 행사에 요리토모와 동석하고 있다. 겐랴쿠 2년(1185년) 요시쓰네는 단노우라 전투(壇ノ浦戰鬪)에서 헤이케를 멸하였다. 헤이케가 멸망한 뒤, 요리토모와 요시쓰네는 대립하게 되었고 요리토모에 맞서 병사를 일으키려다 실패한 요시쓰네는 그 노토와 애첩 시즈카 고젠을 데리고 교토를 빠져나가지만, 분지(文治) 2년(1186년) 시즈카는 가마쿠라군에 붙들려 가마쿠라로 보내졌다. 마사코는 예전부터 시라뵤우시(白拍子)로서 이름을 떨쳤던 그녀의 춤을 보고자 몇 번을 사양하는 시즈카를 설득하고 있다. 거듭되는 요청에 굽힌 시즈카는 쓰루가오카 하치만구(鶴岡八幡宮)에서 시라뵤우시의 춤을 피로하는데, 요리토모 앞에서 「요시노(吉野) 산봉우리의 흰 눈 헤치고 들어가신 분의 자취를 따르려네(吉野山峯の白雪ふみ分て 入りにし人の跡ぞ恋しき)」, 「시즈여 시즈 하고 몇 번이나 불러주시던 그때로 옛날을 지금으로 돌렸으면(しづやしづしずのをたまきをくり返し 昔を今になすよしもがな)」라는, 요시쓰네를 그리워하는 노래를 불렀다. 요리토모는 이에 몹시 격노하지만 마사코는 유인이었던 시절의 요리토모와의 힘든 만남을 가지던 때와 그가 헤이케 타도를 외치며 거병했을 때의 불안했던 나날들을 말하며 "그때의 제 심정이 지금의 시즈카와 같습니다. 요시쓰네로부터 여러 해에 걸쳐 받아온 사랑을 잊고, 연모하지 않는다면 정결한 여인이라 할 수 없겠지요. 내가 저 자리에 있었어도 지금과 똑같이 노래했을 겁니다." 라며 요리토모를 설득했고 요리토모는 이에 화를 거두고 시즈카에게 상을 내렸다고 한다. 마사코는 딸 오오히메를 위로하려 남어당(南御堂)에 참배했고, 이때 시즈카가 마사코와 오오히메를 위해 이곳 남어당에 춤을 봉납하기도 했다. 이때 시즈카는 요시쓰네의 아이를 가지고 있었는데 요리토모는 딸을 낳으면 살려주고 아들을 낳으면 죽일 것을 명했다. 시즈카가 아들을 낳자 마사코는 아이의 목숨만은 구해주자며 요리토모에게 호소했지만 요리토모는 받아들이지 않았고 아이는 가마쿠라의 유이가하마(由比ヶ浜)에 버려졌다. 마사코와 오오히메는 시즈카를 가엾게 여겨 교토로 돌아가는 그녀와 그녀의 어머니에게 많은 보물을 내렸다. 오슈(奧州)로 달아난 요시쓰네는 분지 5년(1189년) 4월, 오슈 후지와라 씨의 당주 후지와라노 야스히라(藤原泰衡)의 공격을 받아 끝내 자해하고, 요리토모는 기다렸다는 듯이 오슈 정벌에 나섰고 오슈 후지와라 씨를 멸했다. 마사코는 이때 쓰루가오카 하치만구에서 전승기원을 올렸다고 한다. 겐큐(建久) 원년(1190년)에 대군을 거느리고 교토로 입경한 요리토모는 고시라카와 법황으로부터 우콘노에노다이쇼(右近衛大將)로 임명된다. 겐큐 3년(1192년), 마사코는 아들 센벤(千幡)을 낳았다. 훗날 3대 쇼군이 되는 사네토모였다. 이보다 수일 전에 요리토모는 세이이다이쇼군(征夷大將軍)으로 임명되었다. 마사코의 임신중에 요리토모는 또 다시 다이신노 쓰보네(大進局)라는 여자와의 사이에 아들 죠쿄(貞曉)를 두었는데, 마사코를 두려워해 아이의 출산을 축하하는 의식도 생략할 정도였다. 다이신노 쓰보네는 마사코의 질투를 두려워해 몸을 숨겨버렸고, 그 아들 또한 마사코를 무서워해 유모도 두지 못한 채 다른 사람의 이목을 피해가며 자라다 결국 일곱 살 때 마사코로부터 도망치다시피, 출가하여 교토의 닌나사(仁和寺)로 보내질 수밖에 없었다. 그가 닌나사로 가던 날 요리토모는 몰래 그를 만나러 왔다고 한다. 겐큐 4년(1193년) 요리토모는 후지 산 봉우리에서 대규모 사냥을 열었는데, 요리이에가 사슴을 활로 쏘아 맞춘 것에 기뻐하면서 사자를 시켜 마사코에게 이 일을 알렸지만, 마사코는 시큰둥하게 "무가의 자식이라면 사슴 잡는 것쯤이야 별로 대단할 것도 없는 당연한 일이 아닙니까?" 라며 사자를 돌려보냈다. 이 후지에서의 사냥 마지막날 밤, 소가(曾我) 형제가 그들 아버지의 원수였던 구도 스케쓰네(工藤祐經)를 쳐죽이는 사건이 터진다(소가 형제의 복수). 가마쿠라에는 요리토모가 살해당했다는 소문이 나돌았고 크게 상심한 마사코에게, 당시 가마쿠라에 남아있던 요리토모의 동생 노리요리가 "겐지에는 제가 있으니 걱정 놓으십시오" 라며 마사코를 위로했는데, 가마쿠라로 돌아온 요리토모는 마사코로부터 이 이야기를 전해듣고 노리요리에 대해 의심을 품은 나머지, 노리요리를 이즈에 유폐시켰다가 얼마 뒤 살해하고 말았다. 여전히 병약한 상태로 잦은 병치레를 하던 오오히메를 위해, 겐큐 5년(1194년) 마사코는 요리토모의 조카뻘인 구게(公家) 이치조 다카야스(一條高能)와의 혼담을 권했지만, 오오히메는 요시타카를 그리워하며 완고하게 거절했다. 마사코는 오오히메를 위로하기 위해 요시타카를 위한 추선(追善)공양을 성대하게 개최했다. 겐큐 6년(1195년)에는 요리토모와 함께 상경해, 센요몬인(宣陽門院)의 생모 단고노 쓰보네(丹後局)와 만나 오오히메를 고토바 천황(後鳥羽天皇)에게 입궁시키는 문제를 협의했다. 요리토모는 정치적으로도 큰 의미를 가지는 이 입궁을 강하게 염원했고 마사코도 상대가 천황이라면 오오히메도 기뻐할 것이라 생각했지만, 이후 오오히메의 병은 더욱 깊어졌다. 마사코와 요리토모는 쾌유를 바라는 가지기도를 올렸지만, 결국 겐큐 8년(1197년)에 오오히메는 스무 살의 나이로 사망한다. 《조큐기》(承久記)에 의하면 마사코는 오오히메의 죽음에 자신도 따라 죽으려고 할 정도로 상심했고, 요리토모는 "어머니까지 죽어 버리면 오오히메의 다음 생이 좋지 못할 것"이라며 충고하고 있다. 요리토모는 오오히메 대신 산만히메를 입궁시키려 했지만 당시 조정의 유력자였던 미나모토노 미치치카(源通親)에 의해 저지되었다. 친가마쿠라파였던 간파쿠(關白) 구조 가네자네(九條兼實)가 실각하고 조정 내에서 요리토모의 위치가 열세에 놓이면서 산만히메 입궁도 어렵게 되자 요리토모는 다시 한 번 상경할 계획을 세웠지만 겐큐 10년(1199년) 1월에 그만 낙마사고로 급사한다. 《조큐기》에 따르면 마사코는 "오오히메와 요리토모 공이 죽고 나도 이제 끝이라고 생각했는데, 나까지 죽어버리면 아직 나이도 차지 않은 요리이에가 부모 두 사람을 모두 잃게 되니, 아이들을 버릴 수는 없는 일이었다"고 술회했다고 한다. 아마미다이로서 요리토모 사후 그의 아들 요리이에가 가독(家督)을 이어받고, 마사코는 출가하여 비구니로서 아마미다이(尼御台)라 불리게 되었다. 요리토모의 죽음으로부터 2개월이 지나 딸 산만히메가 중병을 얻는다. 마사코는 가마쿠라 안에 있는 지샤에 명하여 가지기도를 올리게 했고、고토바 상황에게 인센(院宣)까지 내게 하면서 교토의 명의를 가마쿠라로 데려오기까지 했다. 산만히메는 의사의 처방을 받고 잠시 호전되는 것처럼 보이더니, 갑작스럽게 병이 악화되어 6월에 불과 14세로 숨을 거둔다. 젊은 요리이에에 의한 독재에 고케닌(御家人)들의 반발이 일어날 무렵, 조지(正治) 2년(1200년)에 요리이에의 전제적 통치를 견제하기 위한 오오에노 히로모토(大江廣元)、가지와라 가게토키(梶原景時)、히키 요시카즈(比企能員)、호조 도키마사、호조 요시토키 등의 노신(老臣)으로 이루어진 13인의 합의제가 성립되었다. 그러다 고케닌 아다치 가게모리(安達景盛)의 애첩을 요리이에가 빼앗는 사건이 일어나고, 가게모리의 원망을 알게 된 요리이에가 군사를 일으켜 가게모리를 치려 하자 마사코는 조정을 위해 가게모리의 저택에 들어가, 요리이에에게 사자를 보내 "가게모리를 죽이려거든 먼저 나부터 활로 쏘거라!" 라며 단호히 말해 보냈다. 그리고는 가게모리를 용서하고 그에게 모반할 뜻이 전혀 없음을 고하는 서약문을 쓰게 하는 것으로 요리이에에게 군사를 돌리게 했다. 다만 아노 젠세이의 모반을 이유로 요리이에가 그 첩이자 마사코의 자매인 아와노 쓰보네의 신병 인도를 요구했을 때는 한 발 물러나기도 했다. 호조 마사코에게는 겐지 쇼군가의 미망인(後家)이자 쇼군의 친권자(어머니)라는 입장과 호조 집안의 일원으로서의 자각이라는 두 가지 입장이 있었다. 가마쿠라 시대는 무가의 여성에게도 '집안(家)'의 계승권을 인정하였는데, 마사코의 경우처럼 친정과도 긴밀하게 연결고리를 가지면서 시댁의 상속권을 다음 적자에게 이어주는 것이 마사코가 가진 역할이기도 했다. 《구칸쇼》(愚管抄)에서도 기술하고 있듯 마사코가 전자의 입장을 내세워 겐지의 '소료(總領)', 즉 막부의 소료로서 막부뿐 아니라 고케닌에 대해서도 지배적 권위를 가진다는 것을 의미했다. 하지만 이 시대는 아직 가부장권이 확립되기 전으로 아내가 남편에게 완전하게 예속되는 것이 아니라 남편과는 별도로 다른 친권을 행사할 수 있었기 때문에, 친정의 정치력이나 집안의 격식이 남편 쪽 '집안' 경영에 어떤 식으로든 영향을 줄 수 있었다. 마사코는 최종적으로는 친정인 호조씨의 이익을 우선하는 쪽을 택했다. 요리이에와 노신들과의 대립이 계속되는 가운데 요리토모 때부터 막부에 중용되고 있던 가지와라 가게토키가 실각하고 집안이 멸문당한다(가지와라 가게토키의 변). 유흥에 빠진 요리이에는 축국에만 몰두했고 마사코의 충고도 듣지 않았다. 소송에서의 실정이 계속되어 고케닌들의 불만이 높아지는 와중에, 요리이에는 유모의 남편 히키 요시카즈를 중용하며 그의 딸에게서 맏아들 잇벤(一幡)을 얻는 등, 히키씨의 대두가 호조씨를 위협하고 있었다. 겐닌(建仁) 3년(1203년), 요리이에가 병상에 누워 위독하게 되자, 마사코와 도키마사는 잇벤과 사네토모가 일본을 나누어 통치하게 하자고 결정했다. 이에 불만을 품은 요시카즈는 병상의 요리이에에게 호조씨가 정치를 농단한다고 호소했고 요리이에는 호조씨 토벌을 명했다. 그러나 미닫이 너머에서 이를 듣고 있던 마사코는 사자를 도키마사에게 보내 이를 알렸고 도키마사는 대책을 강구한 끝에 요시카즈를 모살한 뒤, 마사코의 이름으로 거병하여 히키 집안을 멸해버렸다. 이 와중에 히키 집안도 잇벤도 모두 죽었다.(히키 요시카즈의 변) 직후 위급한 상황에서 회복되기는 했지만, 히키 집안과 잇벤의 몰살을 알고 격노하며 도키마사 토벌을 명하는 요리이에의 명을 따르는 자는 없었다. 이미 주도권이 호조씨에게 넘어간 상태에서 요리이에는 마사코의 명으로 강제로 출가당하고 군권을 빼앗긴 채 이즈의 슈젠사(修善寺)에 유폐되었다가 얼마 뒤에 암살당하고 만다. 요리이에 다음으로 쇼군이 된 사네토모로부터 도키마사는 초대 싯켄으로 임명되었다. 그러나 도키마사와 그 아내 마키노 카타가 정권 독점을 도모하자, 마사코는 도키마사의 저택에 머무르던 사네토모를 급히 데리고 돌아왔고, 겐큐(建久) 2년(1205년) 도키마사와 마키노 카타가 사네토모를 폐위하고 사위 히라가 도모마사(平賀朝雅)를 쇼군으로 옹립하려 획책한 음모를 마사코는 요시토키와 함께 저지하고 도키마사를 강제로 출가시킨 뒤 이즈로 내쫓아버렸다. 그리고 요시토키가 싯켄으로 취임한다(마키씨 사건). 《구칸쇼》는 마사코가 막부를 장악한 것을 당시 교토에서 막대한 세력을 쌓은 경2위 후지와라노 가네코(고토바 상황의 유모)와 함께 일본의 정치를 여성이 완성한 실례라고 서술하고 있다. 전횡을 일삼던 형 요리이에와는 달리 조정을 존중하며 구게 정권과의 융화를 도모한 사네토모는 고토바 상황으로부터 우대받으며 승진을 거듭했지만, 이러한 사네토모의 친조정 성향은 고케닌들과의 이익과는 상충되는 것이었다. 사네토모의 관위는 나날이 높아져 고다이진(右大臣)에까지 올랐고 요시토키나 오오에노 히로모토는 사네토모가 조정과 가까이 지내면서 고케닌들로부터 멀어지는 것을 우려하며 간언했지만 사네토모는 따르지 않았다. 한편 겐포(建保) 6년(1218년), 마사코는 병약한 사네토모의 평유를 빌며 구마노(熊野)를 참예했고, 교토에 머무르면서 후지와라노 가네코와 회담을 거듭했다. 이 상경에서 가네코의 알선에 의해 마사코는 종2위의 관위를 받는 전례 없는 대우를 받았다. 《구칸쇼》에는 이 때 마사코는 가네코와 함께 병약하고 자식도 없는 사네토모의 후임 쇼군으로서 고토바 상황의 황자를 동쪽으로 보내는 문제를 상담했다고 한다. 일찍이 마사코는 후환을 없애기 위해 요리이에의 아들들을 모두 불문에 들였는데, 겐포 7년(1219년), 고다이진 임명을 축하하는 의식에 참석하기 위해 쓰루가오카 하치만구에 들어간 사네토모를 죽인 것은 요리이에의 아들로 하치만구의 벳토(別當)을 맡고 있던 조카 구교(公曉)였다. 《조큐기》에 따르면, 사네토모의 암살 소식에 마사코가 깊이 한탄하며 "자식들 가운데 유일하게 남은 오오오미도노(大臣殿, 사네토모)를 잃고 이로써 이미 끝이라고 생각했다. 비구니 홀로 슬픔 많은 이 세상을 살아가지 않으면 안 되는 것이냐고, 연못에 몸을 던질 생각까지 들었다."라고 술회하고 있다. 비구니 쇼군 사네토모의 장례를 마치고 마사코는 사자를 교토에 보내, 고토바 상황의 황자를 쇼군으로 맞아들이고 싶다고 청했지만, 상황은 "그건 일본을 두 개로 나누는 것이나 다름없다"며 거절했고, 사자를 가마쿠라로 돌려보내면서 황자를 보내는 조건으로 상황의 애첩이 소유한 장원의 지토(地頭)를 파면할 것을 요구했다. 싯켄 요시토키도 그것을 "막부를 뿌리부터 흔드는 것"이라며 거절했고, 요시토키의 동생 도키후사에게 병사를 대동하게 하여 교토로 가서 거듭 황자를 동쪽으로 보내달라고 청했지만 상황은 이마저도 거부했다. 결국 한 수 접은 요시토키는 황족 대신 셋칸케(攝官家)에서 두 살에 불과한 미토라(三寅)를 맞아오게 했고 도키후사가 이를 데리고 돌아오자 마사코는 산닌의 후견인으로서 쇼군 대행을 맡아 '비구니 쇼군(尼將軍)'이라는 칭호로 불리게 된다. 조큐(承久) 3년(1221년), 황권 회복을 꿈꾸던 고토바 상황과 막부와의 대립은 더욱 깊어져갔고 급기야 조정은 교토의 슈고(守護) 이가 미쓰스에(伊賀光季)를 공격해 죽이고 거병을 단행했다. 상황은 요시토키 추토(追討)를 명하는 선지(宣旨)를 여러 구니의 슈고와 지토들에게 내렸다. 상황이 막부 공격을 명했다는 소식을 들은 가마쿠라의 고케닌들은 동요하기 시작했다. 이때 고케닌들 앞에 나선 마사코는 '마지막 연설'을 한다.마사코의 말에 고케닌들은 동요하던 것을 멈추고 막부를 지키기 위해 싸울 것을 결의했다고 한다. 《조큐기》에는 마사코 자신이 가마쿠라의 무사들 앞에 나서서 이렇게 말했다고도 하고, 《아즈마카가미》(吾妻鏡)에는 아다치 가게모리가 이 연설문을 대신 읽었다고도 한다. 군의가 열리고 하코네(箱根)ㆍ아시가라(足柄)에서 요격하자는 방어책이 우세한 가운데 적극적으로 출격해 교토로 진군하자는 오에노 히로모토의 주장이 마사코의 재단으로 채택되고, 고케닌들에게 동원령이 내린다. 또다시 부상한 소극책에 맞서 미요시 야스노부(三善康信)가 거듭 출격을 주장했고, 마사코가 이를 지지하면서 마침내 막부군은 출격했다. 막부군은 도중에 병력을 증강해 최종적으로는 19만 기의 대군으로 불어났다. 고토바 상황은 자신이 내린 선지의 효과만 믿으면서 막부군이 출격할 것은 예상도 못했기 때문에 크게 낭패했고, 교토측은 막부의 대군 앞에 각지에서 패퇴했으며, 마침내 교토는 막부군에게 함락되었다. 고토바 상황은 요시토키 추토의 선지를 철회하는 등 사실상 막부에 항복했고, 오키(隱岐) 섬에 유배되었다. 이 전후처리에 마사코도 요시토키와 동참했다. 죠오(貞應) 3년(1224년), 요시토키가 급사했다. 요시토키의 맏아들 야스토키(泰時)는 재주뿐 아니라 실적도 높아서 차기 싯켄으로 주목받고 있었지만, 요시토키의 미망인 이가노 카타(伊賀の方)는 친아들 마사무라(政村)의 싯켄 옹립을 획책하며 당시 막부의 유력 고케닌이었던 미우라 요시무라(三浦義村)를 끌어들이려 했다. 요시무라의 모반 소문이 퍼지며 가마쿠라 안에 소란이 일자 마사코가 직접 요시무라의 저택을 찾아 '야스토키가 요시토키의 뒤를 이어야만 하는 이치'를 설명하면서 "요시무라가 마사무라 옹립 음모에 참가하고 있는 것이 아니냐"고 힐문했고, 요시무라는 그 자리에서 야스토키에게 충성하겠다고 맹세했다. 그 뒤로도 여전히 시끄럽던 가마쿠라를 마사코가 나서서 진정시켰고, 이가노 카타는 이즈로 쫓겨났다(이가씨의 변). 이후 야스토키는 요시토키가 남긴 영지의 배분 문제를 고모인 마사코와 상담하면서 아우들을 위해 자신의 몫을 대폭 줄이는 안을 제시했고 마사코는 이에 감동했다고 전한다. 가로쿠(嘉祿) 원년(1225년), 마사코는 향년 69세로 병상에서 죽었다. 계명(戒名)은 안양원전여실묘관대선정니(安養院殿如實妙觀大禪定尼). 묘소는 지금의 일본 가나가와현(神奈川縣) 가마쿠라시의 슈후쿠사(壽福寺)에 요리토모의 무덤 옆에 모셔져 있다. 후대의 평가 《아즈마카가미》는 마사코를 중국 전한(前漢)의 여후(呂后)나 일본 신화의 진구 황후(神功皇后)의 환생으로 비유하며, 일본의 왕업의 기틀을 지키도록 신이 내려준 옹호라고 칭송한다. 천태종 승려 지엔(慈円)은 《구칸쇼》에서 마사코의 권세를 가리켜서 "여인이 이룬 일본국"이라고 평가하였다. 군담소설인 《조큐기》는 "여자로서 가장 드러난 예"라고 평가하지만, 이러한 평에 대해서 마사코는 "이 비구니만큼 깊은 슬픔을 가진 사람도 이 세상에는 없다"고 술회한다. 무로마치 시대(室町時代)의 이치조 가네요시(一条兼良)는 "이 일본국은 희씨국(姫氏国)이라 하여 여자가 다스려야 하는 나라라고 한다"며 호조 마사코부터 히미코(卑弥呼), 나라 시대(奈良時代)의 여제(女帝) 즉 겐메이 천황(元正天皇)이나 고켄 천황(孝謙天皇) 등의 고사를 들고 있다. 기타바타케 지카후사(北畠親房)의 《신황정통기》(神皇正統記)나 이마가와 료슌(今川了俊)의 《난태평기》(難太平記)에서도 가마쿠라 막부를 주도한 마사코의 평가는 높다. 에도 시대에 이르면 주로 유학의 영향으로 인륜이나 도덕적인 관점에 중점을 두고 《대일본사》나 아라이 하쿠세키(新井白石), 라이 산요 등이 마사코를 평가하고 있지만, 요리토모 사후에 가마쿠라 막부를 주도한 것은 높이 평가하면서도 자식(요리이에, 사네토모 형제)가 변사하고 시댁(겐지)이 멸망하면서 친정(호조씨)이 막부를 대표하게 된 것은 "부인으로서의 인륜을 저버린 행위"라고 비판하고 있다. 또한 이 무렵부터 마사코의 질투도 비판의 대상이 되면서 마사코를 히노 도미코(日野富子)나 요도도노(淀殿)과 같은 악녀로 보는 평가도 나오게 되었다. 현대에는 NHK 대하드라마 「불놀이(草燃える)」(1979년)의 원작이 된 나가이 미치코(永井路子)의 소설 「호조 마사코」등이 주된 작품. 파일 참고 문헌 고미 후미히코 등 《일본인 이야기》(한은미 역) 이손, 2003년 1157년 출생 1225년 사망 호조씨 헤이안 시대의 여성 가마쿠라 시대의 여성 가마쿠라 막부의 미다이도코로 일본의 비구니 이즈국 사람 12세기 일본 사람 13세기 일본 사람 일본의 여군 겐지 장군가 미나모토노 요리토모 12세기 여자 통치자 13세기 여자 통치자 가마쿠라 시대 사람 헤이안 시대 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D%20Masako

Hōjō Masako

was a Japanese politician who exercised significant power in the early years of the Kamakura period, which was reflected by her contemporary sobriquet of the "nun shogun". She was the wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo, and mother of Minamoto no Yoriie and Minamoto no Sanetomo, the first, second and third shoguns of the Kamakura shogunate, respectively. She was the eldest daughter of Hōjō Tokimasa and sister of Hōjō Yoshitoki, both of them shikken of the Kamakura shogunate. Early life to marriage (1156–1182) Hōjō Masako [her real name is unknown, she was called Masako after her father's name Tokimasa by later researchers] was born in 1156, eldest child of Hōjō Tokimasa, leader of the influential Hōjō clan of Izu province, and his wife, Hōjō no Maki. Masako's parents were still in their teens, so she was raised by many ladies-in-waiting and nannies. Masako was born into a world of war and strife. In Kyoto, the capital of Japan, the Hōgen Rebellion was in full swing. Cloistered Emperor Toba and Emperor Sutoku warred over who would be the next emperor. The Hōjō clan wisely chose to stay out of the rebellion, even though the Hōjō family was descended from the Taira clan and thus was related to the imperial family. During the Heiji Rebellion in 1159, the Taira clan under Taira no Kiyomori, defeated the Minamoto clan with the support of Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Minamoto no Yoshitomo, leader of the Minamoto clan, was executed while his sons and daughters were either executed or sent to nunneries. Of his surviving sons, Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Minamoto no Noriyori were forced into priesthood, while Minamoto no Yoritomo, at the age of thirteen, was exiled to Izu in the domain of Hōjō Tokimasa. While this was happening, Masako was barely an infant. The Taira under Kiyomori now were in successful control of Japan. Masako was the oldest child of fifteen. She was instructed in horseback riding, hunting, fishing, and she ate with men rather than with the women of the household. Her brother, Hōjō Yoshitoki, was born in 1163 would eventually become the second Hōjō shikken (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate and head of the Hōjō clan. Another of her brothers, Hōjō Tokifusa, would become a member of the Rokuhara Tandai. Masako married Yoritomo around 1177, against her father's wishes. In 1179, they had their first daughter, Ō-Hime. As Yoritomo's wife, she participated in the government administration and eventually became a representation of power for men of the Hōjō clan. The same year a disillusioned Imperial Prince Mochihito, son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa, called on the Minamoto members remaining in Japan to overthrow the Taira. Mochihito thought the Taira had denied him the throne to offer the throne to Emperor Antoku, who was half Taira. Minamoto no Yoshitomo [Yoshitomo has been executed many years earlier; this must be a mistake for "Yoritomo"] considered himself the head of the Minamoto and responded. He had the full support of the Hōjō and Hōjō Tokimasa, not to mention Masako. The Minamoto center was at the city of Kamakura, to the east of Izu in Sagami Province. Thus, the Genpei War, the final war between Minamoto and Taira had begun. In 1180, Masako's elder brother Munetoki was killed at Battle of Ishibashiyama and Yoshitoki became heir of Hōjō clan. In 1181, Taira no Kiyomori died, leaving the Taira in the hands of his son Taira no Munemori. In 1182, Masako and Yoritomo had their first son, Minamoto no Yoriie, who would be the heir. The Genpei War and its aftermath (1182–1199) In 1183, Yoritomo's rival and cousin Minamoto no Yoshinaka took Kyoto, forcing the Taira (and Emperor Antoku) to Shikoku. Quickly, Emperor Go-Toba was installed by the Minamoto. Nonetheless, Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Minamoto no Noriyori, Yoritomo's half brothers who had joined Yoritomo drove Yoshinaka out and executed him, and took Kyoto in the name of Yoritomo (and the Hōjō.) By 1185, the Taira were completely defeated at the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Munemori was executed, while the remaining Taira either were executed or drowned, including the young Emperor Antoku. Minamoto no Yoritomo was now the undisputed leader of Japan. Hōjō Masako and her family had stood by Yoritomo through it all. She rode with him on his campaigns and was never defeated in battle. His new allegiance to his wife's family and her dislike of her brothers-in-law, as well as an internal power struggle brought up by the three brothers, eventually resulted in the arrest and execution of Yoshitsune and Noriyori. Yoritomo even created new titles, such as shugo and jitō, which Hōjō Tokimasa received approval from Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa in Kyoto. The capital was not moved to Kyoto, but remained away from the court in Kamakura. In 1192, Yoritomo was named shōgun by Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who died later that year. He was now the most powerful man in Japan, and gave that power over to Masako and the Hōjō clan. That same year Masako and Yoritomo had another son, Minamoto no Sanetomo. Yoritomo's death and familial strife (1199–1205) In 1199, Minamoto no Yoritomo died. He was succeeded as shōgun by his son, Minamoto no Yoriie. Since he was only eighteen, Hōjō Tokimasa proclaimed himself shikken or regent for Yoriie. Masako also had a strong position since her son was shōgun. Since her husband was dead, she shaved her head and became a Buddhist nun, receiving a tonsure from the priest Gyōyū. However, she did not take up residence in a monastery or a nunnery, and still involved herself in politics. Along with her father Tokimasa and her brother Yoshitoki, Masako created a council of regents for the eighteen-year-old Yoriie. The headstrong shōgun hated his mother's family and preferred his wife's family, the Hiki clan, and his father-in-law, Hiki Yoshikazu. Hōjō Masako overheard a plot that Yoshikazu and Yoriie were hatching, and turned in her own son to Tokimasa, who did not hurt Yoriie but had Yoshikazu executed in 1203. Now, Shōgun Yoriie was very sick and retired to Izu Province. He was murdered in 1204, no doubt by Tokimasa's orders. Masako had not been aware of this. During the murders and purges of the Hiki clan, Minamoto no Ichiman, Yoriie's eldest son and heir and Masako's grandson, was also executed since he was part Hiki himself. In 1203, Masako's other son by Yoritomo, Minamoto no Sanetomo, became the third shōgun with Tokimasa as regent. Sanetomo was closer to his mother than his elder brother was, and still a child when appointed shōgun, by contrast his brother, who was forced to abdicate as shōgun was now an adult. Nonetheless, Masako and Yoshitoki, the heir to the Hōjō, were angry with their father, especially after their mother, Hōjō no Maki, died in 1204. Masako's sister's husband, Hatakeyama Shigetada, was wrongfully executed on Tokimasa's orders even after Yoshitoki, Masako, and Tokifusa told Tokimasa he was not guilty of the "treason" charges. Hōjō Tokimasa was by 1205 the most powerful man in Kamakura. Masako heard rumors that Tokimasa was planning to execute Sanetomo and replace him with one of his allies, so Masako and Yoshitoki immediately ordered Tokimasa to step down and go into priesthood or they would rebel. Hōjō Tokimasa abdicated in 1205, and was sent off to a monastery in Kamakura, where he shaved his head and became a monk, dying in 1215. The later years (1205–1225) Tokimasa was ousted in 1205 when Minamoto no Sanetomo became shōgun. The position of the Hōjō clan was still secure. Masako's brother, Hōjō Yoshitoki, succeeded as shikken for Sanetomo, and Masako herself remained in a powerful position as a negotiator with the court. In 1218, Masako was awarded the court rank of Junior Second Rank by the imperial government. She continued to work towards the creation of an advisory council. During this time, she was sent by Regent Yoshitoki on a mission to the Cloistered Emperor Go-Toba, to ask if Minamoto no Sanetomo might adopt one of the emperor's sons as an heir. The emperor refused. In 1219, Sanetomo was killed by his nephew Kugyō, son of his murdered elder brother Yoriie. Sanetomo's death marked the end of the Minamoto line of shōguns. Masako and Hōjō Yoshitoki selected Kujō Yoritsune, known as Fujiwara no Yoritsune, as the next shōgun. Because Yoritsune was still an infant, Masako was able to act as de facto shōgun until her death. Yoritsune belonged to the Kujō clan (itself part of the Fujiwara clan) but his grandmother was the niece of first shōgun Yoritomo. This meant that whilst he was not strictly a member of the Hōjō clan he was still a figurehead for them. During the Jōkyū War of 1221, Go-Toba rebelled against the Hōjō. Kamakura was greatly upset by that news, but Masako is said to have calmed it down with her celebrated speech to Kamakura vassals. Azuma Kagami, the official chronicle of the Kamakura shogunate, tells that Masako summoned the vassals and had these words delivered to them by Adachi Kagemori, the Vice-Governor of Akita Fortress: Regent Yoshitoki and his eldest son, Hōjō Yasutoki, responded to the rebellion by regaining Kyoto,resulting in the exile of Go-Toba. Masako continued to consolidate rule under the advisory council, manage relationships and connections between imperial and aristocratic families, and administer judgments and postwar rewards. In an era that acknowledged the authority and legitimacy of women in rule, Masako's dominance enabled the Hōjō clan to dominate the Kamakura Shogunate until the downfall of the government in 1333. Hōjō Masako died in 1225 at the age of 69. Due to her lifestyle of cloistered rule, she was known as the ama-shōgun, or the "nun-shōgun". Azuma Kagami portrayed her as a peer of Empress Lü in China and Empress Jingū of Japan. In Fiction Shima Iwashita played Hōjō Masako in Kusa Moeru, the 1979 Taiga drama. Masako is played by Eiko Koike in The 13 Lords of the Shogun, the 2022 Taiga drama. See also Hōjō clan Hōjō Tokimasa Hōjō Yoshitoki Hōjō Yasutoki Hōjō Tokifusa Kugyō Minamoto no Yoritomo Minamoto no Yoriie Minamoto no Sanetomo Kujō Yoritsune Emperor Go-Toba Emperor Go-Shirakawa Taira no Kiyomori Kamakura shogunate References Sources External links Samurai Archives: Hojo Masako History Detective Podcast: The Nun Shogun Hōjō Masako 1150s births 1225 deaths 12th-century Buddhist nuns 12th-century Japanese women 12th-century women rulers 13th-century Buddhist nuns 13th-century Japanese women 13th-century women rulers Masako Japanese Buddhist nuns Japanese women in warfare Minamoto clan People of Kamakura-period Japan People of Heian-period Japan Women in 12th-century warfare Women of medieval Japan

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%98%A4%EA%B7%A0

공오균

공오균(, 1974년 9월 10일 ~ )은 대한민국의 전직 축구 선수이자 현 지도자로 현역 시절 포지션은 공격수였다. 현역 시절 9년간 대전 하나 시티즌에서 맹활약한 뒤 선수 은퇴 후 대한민국 U-20 축구 국가대표팀, 대한민국 U-23 축구 국가대표팀, 인도네시아 축구 국가대표팀, K리그2 서울 이랜드 등에서 코치로 재직했으며 최근에는 베트남 U-23 축구 국가대표팀의 사령탑을 맡았다. 선수 경력 1997년 대전 시티즌에 입단하여 10시즌을 소화하며 컵대회를 통틀어 291경기에 나서 38골을 기록한 공오균 감독은 전방 스트라이커부터 윙어, 공격형 미드필더 등 다양한 포지션에서 활약하면서 2001년 FA컵 우승, 2002년 슈퍼컵 준우승, 2004년 리그컵 준우승 등에 공헌했고 특히 2002년 12월 3일에는 대전 한국철도와의 2002년 FA컵 16강전에서 해트트릭을 기록하며 대전 창단 1호 해트트릭의 주인공이 되었으며 이러한 활약에 힘입어 대전은 그 해 FA컵 4강까지 올랐다. 그 후 2006년 오랜 기간 활약한 대전으로부터 방출 통보를 받았으나 경남 FC에 입단하며 다시 K리그로 복귀한 뒤 2008년 5월 14일 부산 아이파크와의 경기에서 득점을 올려 경남의 팀 통산 100번째 골을 기록한 주인공이 되었다. 소속팀으로부터 은퇴 제의를 받았으나 선수 생활을 이어나가겠다는 의지를 밝힌 후 호주 A리그의 선샤인 코스트로 이적하여 활약한 후 선수 생활에 마침표를 찍었다. 지도자 경력 선수 은퇴 후 6년이 지난 2015년 중국 슈퍼리그의 선전 FC의 수석 코치로 지도자 생활을 시작했고 2016년에는 대한민국 U-18 대표팀의 코치로 활동하였다. 이후 같은 해 대한민국 U-17 대표팀의 수석 코치로 부임하여 인도에서 열린 2017년 FIFA U-17 월드컵에서 대한민국 U-17 대표팀의 16강 진출을 도왔고 이후 2016년부터 2019년까지 U-20 대표팀과 대한민국 U-23 대표팀의 코치로 활동했으며 특히 폴란드에서 열린 2019년 FIFA U-20 월드컵에서 대한민국 U-20 대표팀의 사상 첫 FIFA 주관 대회 준우승을 이끌어냈다. 그 후 2019년 12월 26일 인도네시아 축구 국가대표팀의 수석 코치로 부임하여 2021년까지 성인팀과 U-20 대표팀을 이끌었고 2020년 4월 4일에는 한국행 비행기에 탑승하기 전 현지 병원에서 실시한 코로나19 신속 검사에서 양성 판정을 받았으나 귀국 후 재진행된 PCR 검사에서 최종 음성 판정을 받았다. 2021년 8월 2일에 정정용 감독의 부름을 받아 서울 이랜드의 코치로 부임하였으나 2021 시즌 종료 후 대대적인 개편 차원에서 코치진이 대거 교체되면서 서울 이랜드와의 계약을 종료했다. 그 후 2022년 2월 23일 2021년 동남아시아 경기 대회 이후 베트남 U-23 대표팀 감독직에서 물러나는 박항서 감독의 후임으로 내정된 뒤열린 2021년 동남아시아 경기 대회에서 베트남 U-23 대표팀 수석 코치로 박항서 감독을 보좌하여 베트남의 2회 연속 동남아시아 경기 대회 금메달 획득을 이끌었고 이후 같은 해 6월 태국과의 2022년 AFC U-23 아시안컵 C조 조별리그 1차전에서 베트남 U-23 대표팀 감독 데뷔전(2-2 무)을 치렀으며 팀은 이 대회에서 대한민국에 이어 조 2위로 4년만에 U-23 아시안컵 8강 진출에 성공했다. 2022년 3월부터 임중용, 주승진 등과 함께 P급 지도자 자격 강습회에 참여하기 시작했다. 수상 내역 클럽 (선수) 대전 하나 시티즌 FA컵 : 우승 (2001), 4강 (2002) 슈퍼컵 : 준우승 (2002) 리그컵 : 준우승 (2004) 국가대표팀 (지도자) 대한민국 U-20 (코치) FIFA U-20 월드컵 : 준우승 (2019) 베트남 U-23 (수석 코치) 동남아시아 경기 대회 : 금메달 (2021) 외부 링크 각주 1974년 출생 살아있는 사람 대한민국의 남자 축구 선수 축구 스트라이커 K리그1의 축구 선수 대전 하나 시티즌의 축구 선수 경남 FC의 축구 선수 선샤인 코스트 FC의 축구 선수 대한민국의 오스트레일리아 진출 축구 선수 오스트레일리아의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 대한민국의 축구 감독 대한민국의 해외 진출 축구 감독 대한민국 U-20 축구 국가대표팀 코치 대한민국 U-17 축구 국가대표팀 감독 대한민국 U-23 축구 국가대표팀 코치 서울 이랜드 FC의 축구 코치 인도네시아 U-20 축구 국가대표팀 감독 베트남 U-23 축구 국가대표팀 감독 오스트레일리아에 거주한 대한민국인 인도네시아에 거주한 대한민국인 부평동중학교 동문 부평고등학교 동문 관동대학교 동문 20세기 대한민국 사람 21세기 대한민국 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong%20Oh-kyun

Gong Oh-kyun

Gong Oh-kyun (, Hanja: 孔五均; born September 10, 1974) is a former South Korean football player and a professional coach. He last worked as the manager of Kelantan United. Club career He played for Daejeon Citizen for 10 seasons and appeared in 291 games for this club, scored 38 goals and made 18 assists. In 2009, he also joined the Australian semi-professional club Sunshine Coast FC. Managerial career In May 2022, he was appointed as the manager of Vietnam national under-23 football team. He left the position in December 2022. Personal life He has a Teaching Certificate of Physical Education, Level 2 and Asian Football Confederation Coaching License Level A (eligible to coach up to professional level) and Bachelor of Physical Education, Kwandong University (graduated in 1997), Graduate School of Public Health, Konyang University (graduated in 2006), publishing a thesis researching "Study on improvement of dietary patterns and intake status of health functional foods in adult soccer players." Career statistics Club References External links 1974 births Living people Men's association football forwards South Korean men's footballers Daejeon Hana Citizen players Gyeongnam FC players K League 1 players South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Vietnam

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%A6%88%EB%9D%BC%20%EB%B0%80%EB%9F%AC

에즈라 밀러

에즈라 매슈 밀러(, 1992년 9월 30일 ~)는 미국의 배우, 가수, 뮤지션과 운동가이다. 밀러는 장편 영화 《애프터스쿨》(2008)로 데뷔하였다. 그는 드라마 영화 《케빈에 대하여》(2011)의 주연과 소설을 각색한 영화 《월플라워》(2012)에서 공동 주연을 맡았다. 2015년, 그는 드라마 영화 《더 스탠포드 프리즌 엑스페리먼트》와 코미디 영화 《나를 미치게 하는 여자》에서 공동 주연을 맡았다. 그는 DC 확장 유니버스에서 배리 앨런 / 플래시 역할을 맡아 2016년 《배트맨 대 슈퍼맨: 저스티스의 시작》에서 처음으로 등장하였고, 또한 같은 해에는 해리 포터 시리즈의 프리퀄 영화 《신비한 동물사전》에서 크레덴스 베어본 역할로 출연하였다. 어린 시절 밀러는 뉴 저지 주 와이코프에서 태어나고 자랐다. 그의 어머니 마르타(결혼 전 성씨는 코치)는 현대 무용가이다. 그의 아버지 로버트 S. 밀러는 히페리온 북스의 선임부사장 겸 상무 이사였고, 후에 워크맨 퍼블리싱의 출판업자가 되었다. 밀러의 형제로는 사이야와 케이틀린, 두 명의 누나를 두었다. 그의 아버지는 유대인이며, 어머니는 독일계와 네덜란드계 조상을 둔 기독교인 출신이다. 에즈라는 스스로를 "영적으로" 유대인이라고 생각한다. 에즈라는 만 6살 때 언어 장애를 극복하기 위해 오페라 가수 훈련을 시작했다. 그는 메트로폴리탄 오페라와 함께 노래를 불렀으며, 필립 글래스의 오페라 《화이트 레이븐》의 미국 초연에서 공연하였다. 로클랜드 컨트리 데이 스쿨과 허드슨 스쿨에 다녔으며, 영화 《애프터스쿨》 개봉 이후 자퇴하였다. 경력 밀러는 2008년 안토니오 캠포스 감독의 영화 《애프터스쿨》에서 기숙 학교의 10대 청소년으로 출연하여 배우 경력을 시작했다. 이후, 밀러는 앤디 가르시아, 줄리아나 마걸리스, 스티븐 스트레이트와 함께 《시티 아일랜드》에 출연하였고, 트리베카 영화제에서 초연 된 두 작품 《곤조는 못말려》와 《에브리 데이》에 공동 주연으로 출연하였다. 밀러는 차기작으로 린 램지가 미국 작가 라이오넬 슈라이버의 2003년 동명 소설을 각색하여 감독한 BBC 필름 영화 《케빈에 대하여》에서 존 C. 라일리와 틸다 스윈턴과 공연하며 케빈 역할을 연기했다. 이 영화는 칸 국제 영화제에서 센세이션을 일으키며 비평가의 절찬을 받았다. 또한, 밀러는 쇼타임의 인기 코미디 텔레비전 프로그램 《캘리포니케이션》에서 데미안 역할을 연기하였다. 그는 《로얄 페인스》에서는 두 시즌동안 터커 브라이언트 역할을 연기하였다. 2012년 9월 21일에 개봉한 소설 원작의 영화 《월플라워》에서는 엠마 왓슨과 로건 러먼의 상대역인 패트릭 역할을 맡았다. 워너 브라더스는 2018년 개봉한 DC 코믹스의 실사 영화 《플래시》에서 밀러가 플래시 / 배리 앨런 역할을 맡을 것이라 발표했다. 그는 《배트맨 대 슈퍼맨: 저스티스의 시작》에서 플래시로 처음 등장했고, 《저스티스 리그》에서 같은 역할로 다시 등장하였다. 사생활 밀러는 스스로를 퀴어라고 표현하며, 다음과 같이 설명했다. “나는 나 자신을 게이로 정체화하지 않을 것이다. 나는 대개 '그녀들'에게 끌렸지만 다른 많은 사람에게도 그러했고, 사랑이 어디에 있든 그것에 대해 열려있다.”; “매우 다른 성별과 젠더를 가진 정말 멋진 친구들이 많이 있다. 나는 특히 아무에게나 사랑에 빠진다.” 논란 풍기문란 밀러는 2011년 6월 28일 영화 《월플라워》를 촬영하던 펜실베이니아주 피츠버그에서 정지등을 끈 채 길 한쪽에 댄 차량 앞좌석에 앉아 흡연 행위를 하는 모습이 경찰에 의해 발견되었고, 조사 결과 20 그램의 마리화나를 소지하고 있어 체포되었다. 그는 처음에는 마약 소지 혐의로 기소 되었지만, 나중에 이 혐의는 판사가 기각하여 면소 되었다. 대신, 풍기문란 (disorderly conduct) 행위에 대한 두 건의 소환장으로 600 달러의 벌금이 부과 되었다. 밀러는 나중에 다음과 같이 말했다. “나는 마리화나를 피웠다는 사실을 숨길 필요가 없다고 느낀다. 마리화나는 감각 인식을 높여주는 해롭지 않은 약초 물질이다.” 목조름 사건 2020년 4월 6일에 밀러가 한 여성의 목을 조르고 땅에 내동댕이치는 영상이 공개되었다. <버라이어티>는 이 영상이 밀러가 자주 방문하는 아이슬란드 레이캬비크의 바에서 촬영되었음을 확인했다. 하와이에서의 체포 밀러는 2022년 3월 28일에 하와이의 한 가라오케 바에서 다른 손님들에게 욕설을 퍼부은 후 그들과 몸싸움을 벌여서 풍기문란과 괴롭힘으로 기소되었다. 또한 4월 19일에 파호아에서 2급 폭행 혐의로 체포되었다. <미디 리브르>에 따르면, 그는 한 사모임에서 떠나라는 요구를 받자 의자를 던졌고, 이는 한 여성의 이마를 맞춰 0.5인치 크기의 상처를 남겼다. 밀러는 가라오케 사건에 대해 이의를 제기하지 않았고(pleaded no contest), 풍기문란으로 500달러의 벌금형을 받았다. 토카타 아이언 아이즈와의 관계 스탠딩 락 수 부족 법원은 2022년 6월에 밀러에게 활동가 토카타 아이언 아이즈에 대한 임시 접근 금지 명령(temporary order of protection)을 내렸다. 그의 부모는 밀러가 "폭력, 협박, 공포, 편집증, 망상, 마약"을 이용해 그들의 아이를 조종해서 금지명령을 요청했다. 밀러와 아이언 아이즈의 인연은 밀러가 23세이고 아이언 아이즈가 12세였던 2016년에 시작되었다. 아이언 아이즈는 2021년에 학교를 자퇴했는데, 그의 부모는 이것이 밀러를 따르기 위해서라고 믿는다. 또한 법정 문서에서 밀러가 그들의 아이의 몸에 상처를 입히고 그루밍했다고 진술했다. 이후 아이언 아이즈의 인스타그램에 그들의 주장을 부인하는 글과 동영상이 게시되었으나, 그의 부모는 그가 본인의 SNS를 통제하지 않는다고 주장하며 이를 반박했다. 2022년 6월 10일 기준 법원은 밀러의 위치를 파악할 수 없었다. 이후 밀러는 자신의 인스타그램에 법원을 조롱하는 글을 올린 후 계정을 삭제했다. 괴롭힘 혐의 밀러가 한 여성의 가족을 위협하고 그녀의 12살 아이에게 부적절한 행동을 보이자 2022년 6월 16일에 매사추세츠주에서 그들에 대한 임시 접근 금지 명령을 받았다. 어머니와 아이에 따르면, 그는 방탄조끼를 입은 채로 갑자기 그들의 집에 나타나 총을 휘두른 후 아이의 엉덩이를 불쾌하게 만졌다. <비즈니스 인사이더>에 따르면, 그는 2월부터 이 가족과 알고 지냈으며, 아이의 "스타일과 성숙도" 때문에 아이에게 관심을 가져 의류 브랜드 공동 설립과 디자인 학교 등록금 지원을 제안했다. 또한 아이를 "그가 인도하고 보호하면 좋을" 강력한 "신비한 존재"라고 생각했다. 접근 금지 명령이 내려지기 직전, 그는 카우보이 옷을 입고 가족의 집을 방문해 아이에게 말을 사 주려고 했다. 버몬트 농장 사건 <롤링 스톤>에 따르면, 밀러는 2022년 4월부터 하와이에서 만난 한 여성과 그녀의 세 아이를 버몬트주에 있는 자신의 농장에 거주하게 했다. 모두 5살 이하인 아이들은 총과 탄약에 쉽게 접근할 수 있었고, 한 살짜리 아이는 자신의 입에 총알을 넣기도 했다. 여성은 밀러가 자신에게 치유를 위한 피난처를 제공했고, 남편이 자신을 학대한다고 주장했다. 또한 사람들은 환기가 잘 되지 않는 방에서 아이들 앞에서 대마초를 피웠고, 밀러는 아이의 얼굴에 대마초 연기를 내뿜은 후 팔을 이용해 연기가 아이 쪽으로 더 가게 했다. <롤링 스톤>은 밀러가 대규모의 무면허 대마초 재배 사업을 운영한다고 밝혔다. 출연 작품 영화 텔레비전 수상 및 후보 각주 외부 링크 1992년 출생 살아있는 사람 미국의 영화 배우 미국의 텔레비전 배우 미국의 어린이 배우 미국의 모델 미국의 가수 미국의 오페라 가수 미국의 드럼 연주자 미국의 성소수자 인물 범성애자 논바이너리 인물 유대계 미국인 유대인 배우 독일계 미국인 네덜란드계 미국인 유대인 성소수자 성소수자 배우 성소수자 가수 뉴저지주 출신 배우 뉴저지주 출신 음악가 뉴저지주의 성소수자 인물 말더듬이 20세기 성소수자 사람 21세기 성소수자 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra%20Miller

Ezra Miller

Ezra Matthew Miller (born September 30, 1992) is an American actor. Their feature film debut was in Afterschool (2008), which they followed by starring in the dramas We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011) and The Perks of Being a Wallflower (2012). After a supporting role in the comedy Trainwreck (2015), Miller played Credence Barebone in the Fantastic Beasts fantasy films Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016), Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018), and Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore (2022). In 2020, they had a recurring role on the miniseries The Stand. Miller played the Flash in the DC Extended Universe, including in the films Justice League (2017) and The Flash (2023). Miller's off-screen life has been marred with multiple controversies and legal issues. Since 2022, they have been accused of committing assault, burglary, disorderly conduct, harassment, and grooming of minors, resulting in multiple widely publicized arrests, citations, and restraining orders. Early life Ezra Matthew Miller was born in Wyckoff, New Jersey, on September 30, 1992. They have two older sisters named Saiya and Caitlin. Their mother, Marta Miller (née Koch), is a modern dancer. Their father, Robert S. Miller, was senior vice president and managing director of Hyperion Books, and later became a publisher at Workman Publishing. Miller's father is Jewish; their mother is of Dutch and German descent. Miller identifies as Jewish and "spiritual". At the age of six, they started to train as an opera singer in order to overcome a speech impediment, stuttering. They have sung with the Metropolitan Opera, and performed in the American premiere of Philip Glass's opera White Raven. Miller attended Rockland Country Day School and The Hudson School, dropping out at age 16 after the release of the film Afterschool. Miller attended Bard College for six months before dropping out to pursue their acting career full time. Career Miller's career in film began in 2008 with Antonio Campos' Afterschool, in the role of a teenager at a boarding school who accidentally films the drug-related deaths of two classmates, and is then asked to put together a memorial video. The following year, they appeared in City Island with Andy García, Julianna Margulies, and Steven Strait. In 2010, Miller portrayed the lead of Beware the Gonzo and had a supporting role in Every Day, both of which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival. They next appeared in the BBC Films drama We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011), alongside Tilda Swinton and John C. Reilly, which was adapted and directed by Lynne Ramsay from American author Lionel Shriver's 2003 novel of the same name. In television, Miller played Damien on the Showtime hit comedy series Californication. They then appeared on Royal Pains as Tucker Bryant for two seasons. In the 2012 film adaptation of the novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower, Miller played Patrick, alongside Logan Lerman and Emma Watson. Miller has been credited with singing, drumming and percussion on musical recordings by the band Sons of an Illustrious Father as early as 2011. The band is a trio that features Lilah Larson (vocals, guitar, bass and drums), Josh Aubin (bass, keyboards, guitar, vocals), and Miller. In 2019, the band released a cover of "Don't Cha" by the Pussycat Dolls and Miller appeared in its music video. Miller played Credence Barebone in the 2016 film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, a spin-off of the Harry Potter film series. They reprised the role in the film's sequel, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, which was released in November 2018, and in Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore, released in April 2022. Miller portrays Barry Allen as the Flash in Warner Bros.' DC adaptations, first appearing in cameos in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Suicide Squad, and continuing the role as one of the leads in Justice League. They played the character in the standalone film The Flash, which was released in 2023. Miller attended Middle East Film and Comic Con in 2018, representing their character in the DC Comics franchise film Justice League. In 2020, they reprised the role of the Flash for a cameo appearance in the Arrowverse crossover event, Crisis on Infinite Earths. In December 2020, Miller portrayed Trashcan Man in the Paramount+ television miniseries The Stand, based on the Stephen King novel of the same name. Personal life In 2010, Miller dated Zoë Kravitz, both of whom star in Beware the Gonzo. Miller later became engaged to Erin, a woman they began dating in 2016, but called it off after a spiritual adviser told them that she was a "parasite". Miller came out as queer in 2012, but later said they avoided the use of the label "queer". They had also said in 2018, "Queer just means no, I don't do that. I don't identify as a man. I don't identify as a woman. I barely identify as a human." Miller uses they/them pronouns, which GQ wrote in 2020 was "a pointed refusal to be gendered". They previously used all pronouns interchangeably but, , use they/them, it, and zir pronouns. Having expressed an interest in "kissing boys" at a young age, Miller said, "The way I would choose to identify myself wouldn't be gay. I've been attracted mostly to 'shes' but I've been with many people and I'm open to love whatever it can be." Miller also commented on having "a lot of really wonderful friends who are of very different sexes and genders. I am very much in love with no one in particular." In 2018, Miller showed support for the #MeToo movement and revealed a personal experience concerning a Hollywood producer and a director, both of whom were left unnamed: "They gave me wine and I was underaged. They were like, 'Hey, want to be in our movie about gay revolution?' And I was like, 'No, you guys are monsters. In November 2018, Miller announced that they were in a polyamorous relationship with multiple people, including their bandmates in the rock band Sons of an Illustrious Father. Following their parents' divorce in 2019, the status of Miller's mental health began to deteriorate, although their spokesperson denied that it was caused by the divorce. According to Insider, Miller began to travel while wearing a bulletproof vest and carrying at least one firearm in early 2022, following fears that they were being followed by members of the Ku Klux Klan and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Tokata Iron Eyes, an associate of Miller, later referred to their bulletproof vest as "a fashionable safety measure in response to actual attacks and received death threats." On January 27, 2022, Miller posted a video on Instagram that seemed to threaten members of the Ku Klux Klan operating in Beulaville, North Carolina. In response, the Southern Poverty Law Center reported no knowledge of recent Klan activity in Beulaville. On August 15, 2022, a representative of Miller released a statement to Variety in which Miller apologized for their past behavior, stating that they had recently "gone through a time of intense crisis" and had begun treatment for "complex mental health issues". A September 2022 article in Vanity Fair quoted others as saying Miller has claimed to be Jesus, the devil, and the next Messiah. It also reported that they believed their relationship with Iron Eyes would bring about the apocalypse and Freemasons were sending demons to kill them. Controversies and legal issues Disorderly conduct On June 28, 2011, in the midst of filming The Perks of Being a Wallflower, Miller was a passenger in a vehicle that was pulled over in Pittsburgh for a broken brake light; police discovered 20 grams of marijuana in Miller's possession. The actor was initially charged with drug possession, but the charge was later dropped by a judge. They instead faced a penalty of $600 for two citations of disorderly conduct. They later remarked, "I don't feel like there's any need to hide the fact that I smoke pot. It's a harmless herbal substance that increases sensory appreciation." Choking incident On April 6, 2020, a video surfaced in a since-deleted tweet that appeared to show Miller choking out a woman and throwing her to the ground. The video was confirmed by Variety to have taken place at Prikið Kaffihús, a bar in Reykjavík, Iceland, that Miller frequents when in the city. A bar employee identified the person in the video as Miller, who was escorted off the premises by staff after the incident. In September 2022, a representative for Miller claimed that the supposed strangulation was a "spontaneous reaction" spurred by "a group of teenagers" taunting Miller over their mixed martial arts skills, and that they did not strangle the woman but "went at her collarbone". Hawaii incidents By early March 2022, Miller had arrived on the island of Hawaii. From March 7 through March 28, Miller was the subject of ten calls to the police because of various minor incidents, such as filming people at a gas station, loitering on a restaurant's sidewalk, and arguing with people. Eventually, Miller was invited to live with a couple at a hostel in Hilo after Miller allegedly became acquainted with them at a farmer's market. On March 28, Miller was arrested in Hilo following what police said was a physical altercation with patrons after having hurled obscenities at customers at a karaoke bar and was charged with disorderly conduct and harassment. Miller later claimed that they became enraged after being "accosted by a Nazi", but Hawaii Police Assistant Chief Kenneth Quiocho stated that Miller's outrage was caused by patrons of the bar singing Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper's song "Shallow." Miller claimed to have filmed the incident so the footage could later be used as "NFT crypto art." During their arrest, Miller said that they were being "unlawfully persecuted" and, after members of the police misgendered them, accused the officers of intentionally committing a hate crime. Three days later, the couple Miller was staying with was granted a temporary restraining order against Miller after they allegedly threatened the two, while also stealing the wife's passport and the husband's wallet. According to the couple, the incident took place the same night as Miller's arrest at the karaoke bar mere hours after the husband bailed Miller out of jail for $500. The allegation involved Miller barging into the couple's bedroom and threatening "I will bury you and your slut wife." Soon after, Miller fled Hilo with a friend to stay in Volcano, Hawaii. The couple later dropped their petition for the order on April 11. On April 19, Miller was again taken into custody for second-degree assault by Leilani Estates Subdivision police authorities in Pāhoa. According to Midi Libre, they were arrested for throwing a chair, which hit a 26-year-old woman and left a half-inch cut on her forehead, after being told to leave during a private get-together. Miller was arrested 20 minutes after the attack during a traffic stop in Kea'au. Just hours after this second arrest, Miller pleaded no contest to the karaoke incident and was fined $500 for disorderly conduct by judge Kanani Laubach. Relationship with Tokata Iron Eyes and alleged messiah claims In June 2022, the Standing Rock Sioux tribal court issued a temporary order of protection against Miller on behalf of 18-year-old activist Tokata Iron Eyes. Her parents, Chase Iron Eyes and Sara Jumping Eagle, requested the court order because, they said, of Miller's use of "violence, intimidation, threat of violence, fear, paranoia, delusions, and drugs" to hold sway over their child. The relationship between Miller and Iron Eyes, which began in 2016 when Miller was aged 23 and Iron Eyes was aged 12, also included Iron Eyes flying to London in 2017 to visit Miller on the set of The Crimes of Grindelwald. Iron Eyes dropped out of school in 2021, which her parents believe she did in order to follow Miller. Her parents also stated in court documents that Miller had caused bruises on their child's body, and that Miller has groomed and manipulated her. Text and video responses were later posted on the Instagram account believed to belong to Iron Eyes, denying her parents' allegations; however, the parents countered by claiming their child did not have control over her social media account. Iron Eyes stated in the video response that it was her own choice not to have a phone. Law enforcement were initially unable to locate Miller to serve them with the order. Miller then posted messages, since deleted, on their Instagram account mocking the court's attempts to find them. Iron Eyes' parents later attempted to obtain a permanent order of protection against Miller, but it was eventually dismissed. They also withdrew their request for the custody of Iron Eyes. In August, Miller's former music collaborator Oliver Ignatius stated that he had witnessed Miller verbally abuse Iron Eyes over her wearing makeup. Iron Eyes defended Miller by referring to the incident as "a catty comment" and a part of "queer dialogue"; she called the allegation of abuse "homophobic". According to a former resident of Miller's farm in Vermont, Miller believed that people criticized their relationship with Iron Eyes because she is "an apocalyptic Native American spider goddess" who, along with Miller as Jesus Christ, will bring about an Indigenous revolution. Miller allegedly refers to themself as a Messiah to Native Americans. Miller does not have Indigenous ancestry, and their attitude toward the Native American community has been strongly criticized by some within it. Harassment allegations On June 16, 2022, a mother and her twelve-year-old child were granted a temporary harassment prevention order against Miller in Massachusetts after they said that Miller threatened the woman's family and showed inappropriate behavior towards the child. According to the mother, child, and a neighbor, Miller, who was originally visiting a neighbor, showed up at the family's house unexpectedly while wearing a bulletproof vest and brandishing a gun before "pestering" the child by "uncomfortably" touching the child's hips. The child's mother told Business Insider that Miller had known the family since February, had taken an interest in the child because of their "style and maturity level", and had offered to start a clothing line with the child and fund their attendance to a design school. The mother also said that Miller considered the child to be a powerful "mystical being" who "would be lucky to have Ezra to guide and protect them." Shortly before the order was granted in June, the mother stated, Miller arrived at the family's house dressed as a cowboy and attempted to buy horses for the child. No criminal charges were filed and the order was lifted on June 30, 2023. Miller's attorney Marissa Elkins stated that all of the encounters between them and the child were initiated by the mother, that they were never alone with the child and they only interacted twice for a short while in front of other adults. She also denied that Miller had brandished a gun and stated that they had been unable to come to court to defend themselves when the order was issued. Vermont farm incidents As reported by Rolling Stone, Miller has been housing a woman they met in Hilo, Hawaii, and her three children on Miller's farm in Stamford, Vermont, since mid-April 2022. Allegations from both anonymous and named sources as well as the children's father are that guns and ammunition are easily accessible to the children, aged one to five years, and that the one-year-old put a loose bullet in her mouth. The woman claimed that Miller was offering them a shelter from her ex-husband, who she alleged was abusive. Further claims include assault rifles being propped up on piles of the children's stuffed animals, and "heavy marijuana use" with people smoking marijuana in front of the children in rooms without proper ventilation, including a witness stating that he "saw Miller blow marijuana smoke in the baby's face and use their arm to waft more smoke in the baby's direction." Rolling Stone also published that Miller has been running a large, unlicensed marijuana cultivation operation. On the weekend of August 6, 2022, Vermont State Police approached Miller's residence and "repeatedly attempted to serve the mother an emergency care order that demanded the children's removal from her care and the home over fear for their safety... based on a Department for Children and Families (DCF) caseworker's affidavit, the State Attorney's office had requested two emergency care orders over the past week that sought to transfer legal custody of the children over to the state." Police and social workers were unable to locate the children or the mother. Miller told police that the woman and her children do not live there, and have not "for the past two months". Contradicting Miller, the DCF caseworker, in her affidavit to the Court, presented evidence that up until late July 2022, the woman had been regularly posting images on social media that confirm that she was living with Miller. The Vermont State Attorney's office stated that Miller's response "seemed like an attempt to 'evade service of the order. Burglary charge On August 7, 2022, Miller was charged with felony burglary in Stamford, Vermont, stemming from what the police report indicated was theft of bottles of alcohol from a private home in May 2022, according to Vermont State Police. According to the report, Miller was identified by police via video surveillance footage. Miller was due to be arraigned in court on September 26, 2022. A week prior to the planned arraignment date, a representative for Miller stated that the home is owned by a former childhood friend of Miller's and that Miller believed that they were welcome to enter the home to obtain rice wine for cooking. The arraignment was later pushed back to October 17, 2022. Appearing in court remotely on that date, Miller pleaded not guilty to the charges. The next hearing on this case was scheduled for January 13, 2023. A day before the scheduled hearing, they pleaded guilty to trespassing, leading to the burglary charge being dropped. On the day of the hearing, Miller's trespassing plea was approved by the court. Filmography Film Television Video games Awards and nominations See also List of messiah claimants List of people claimed to be Jesus List of solved missing person cases Explanatory notes References Further reading External links 1992 births 2010s missing person cases 21st-century American actors 21st-century American Jews 21st-century apocalypticists Actors from New Jersey American child actors American film actors American non-binary actors American people of Dutch descent American people of German descent American television actors Formerly missing people Jewish American actors Jewish models LGBT Jews LGBT people from New Jersey Living people Missing person cases in the United States Models from New Jersey People from Wyckoff, New Jersey Polyamorous people The Hudson School alumni Genderfluid people Chopard Trophy for Male Revelation winners Jewish messiah claimants Bard College alumni

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%A0%9D%20%EB%85%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%9D%98%20%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%8F%B4%EB%8F%84

헤르젝 노비의 레오폴도

헤르젝 노비의 성 레오폴도(1866년 5월 12일 - 1942년 7월 30일)는 로마 가톨릭교회의 카푸친 작은형제회 수사사제이자 성인이다. 오늘날 헤르젝 노비에 해당하는 오스트리아-헝가리 제국령 보체 디 카타로의 카스텔누오보디카타로에서 태어나 이탈리아의 파도바에서 선종하였다. 1.35m라는 매우 작은 키에 건강이 좋지 않았으며 말더듬이었지만, 강한 신앙심과 영적 능력으로 충만하였다. 축일은 5월 12일이다. 생전에 그는 동유럽에서 선교하고자 했던 열망을 가졌지만, 1960년부터 선종할 때까지 파도바에서 생애를 보냈다. 제1차 세계대전 기간에 레오폴도는 크로아티아 국적을 포기하지 않았다는 이유로 1년간 이탈리아 감옥에 갇혀있기도 하였다. 또한 그는 로마 가톨릭교회와 동방 정교회의 재일치와 동양에 가는 것에 대한 열망을 갖고 있었다. 그가 쓴 기도는 오늘날 교회일치운동 기도의 전신(前身)이기도 하다. 오늘날 레오폴도는 그의 삶의 지향과 모범으로 인해 ‘일치의 사도’, ‘고해성사의 사도’로 공경을 받고 있다. 유년기와 사제 복단 만딕(Bogdan Mandić)은 아드리아 해 선단 소유주인 드라기카 자레빅과 페타르 안툰 만딕 사이에서 열두 번째 아들로 태어났다. 그의 집안은 보스니아 브르흐보스나의 귀족 가문의 후손이었다. 어렸을 때부터 복단 만딕은 신체장애를 앓아 큰 고통을 받았다. 그의 부모는 나중에 대부분의 재산을 잃고 비슷한 상황에서 고통 받는 이들에게 더욱 심적으로 공감하게 되었다. 1882년 11월 16세가 된 복단 만딕은 이탈리아 베네치아에 있는 카푸친 작은형제회 수도원으로 들어갔다. 2년 후에 그는 수도복을 받고 레오폴도라는 수도명을 받았다. 그리고 1885년 5월 4일에 첫 서약을 했고, 4년 후인 1888년 10월 28일에 종신서약을 하였다. 1890년 9월 20일 레오폴도는 베네치아에서 사제 서품을 받았다. 당시 그의 나이 24세였다. 레오폴도는 자신의 고향에 파견되어 설교 활동을 하기를 원했는데, 그 이유는 그곳에 로마 가톨릭교회와 달리하는 동방 정교회가 있어서 이 교회와 일치를 목표로 살고자 결심을 하였기 때문이었다. 하지만 그는 언어 장애가 있었고 더듬거리기까지 했기 때문에 설교에 적합한 사람이 아니었다. 더욱이 작은 키에 건강도 안 좋았고 위장병과 신경통에도 자주 시달렸다. 그러한 이유로 카푸친회 장상들은 레오폴도를 설교와 선교에 적합한 인물로 여기지 않았으며, 대신에 그를 고해성사 전담 사제로 임명했다. 비록 자신이 하고자 하는 일과는 달랐지만, 레오폴도는 그 임명을 기꺼이 받아들였다. 이후 그는 매일 하루에 12시간 내지 15시간 고해성사를 주며 지냈다. 그는 고해성사를 요청하는 많은 참회자들을 항상 반갑게 맞이하면서 고요하고 자비로운 성품으로 대했다고 전해진다. 레오폴도는 참회자들에게 조그만 보속을 주고는 남는 보속을 늦은 밤에 자신이 직접 했다. 그는 참회자들에게 “안심하세요. 제 어깨에 모든 것을 지우십시오. 제가 떠맡을 것입니다.”라고 말하곤 했다고 한다. 한 증인은 다음과 같이 증언했다. “나는 수년 동안 성사들을 받지 않았던 파도바의 한 신사한테 이런 경험담을 들었습니다. 그는 매우 당황되고 헷갈려서인지 고해소에 들어가자마자 무릎을 꿇기는커녕 그만 사제석에 앉아 버렸는데, 레오폴도 신부는 아무 말도 하지 않고 고해자의 자리에서 무릎을 꿇은 자세로 그의 고백을 들어 주셨답니다.” 죽음과 시성 1942년 7월 30일 레오폴도는 미사를 봉헌하기 위해 제의를 입다가 바닥에 쓰러져 혼절하였다. 자신의 독방으로 실려가 병자 성유를 받은 뒤, 그곳에 모인 온 수사들과 함께 살베 레지나를 낭송하는 도중에 “너그러우시고, 자애로우시며, 오! 아름다우신 동정 마리아님.” 부분에서 선종했다. 향년 76세였다. 사망 원인은 식도암 때문이었다. 한편, 레오폴도의 유해의 나머지는 모두 부패한 데 반해 고해성사 때 사죄경을 주었던 그의 오른손만큼은 오늘날까지 썩지 않고 그대로 보존되어 있다. 1944년 제2차 세계 대전 기간에 레오폴도가 거주하였던 카푸친회 수도원이 미국 공군의 공습을 받아 완전히 무너졌지만, 레오폴도의 고해소와 그가 아꼈던 성모상만은 무사히 보존되었다. 레오폴도는 죽기 전에 다음과 같은 예언을 한 적이 있다고 한다. “불행하게도 이 형제회 건물마저 호되게 폭탄을 맞을 것이지만, 이 작은 독방은 맞지 않을 것입니다. 여기는 맞지 않을 것입니다. 바로 여기에서 주인이신 하느님께서 영혼들에게 그토록 큰 자비를 베푸셨기 때문에 이곳은 당신의 선하심에 대한 기념물로 남아야 합니다.” 1976년 5월 2일 교황 바오로 6세에 시복되었으며, 1983년 10월 16일 교황 요한 바오로 2세에 의해 시성되었다. 1866년 출생 1942년 사망 20세기 기독교 성인 카푸친회원 크로아티아의 로마 가톨릭 성인 크로아티아의 로마 가톨릭 성직자 교황 요한 바오로 2세가 시성한 성인 교황 바오로 6세가 시복한 복자 이탈리아에 거주한 크로아티아인 몬테네그로의 로마 가톨릭 신부 크로아티아의 로마 가톨릭 신부

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold%20Mandi%C4%87

Leopold Mandić

Leopold Maria Mandić [Mandich], OFMCap (also known as Leopold of Castelnuovo; 12 May 1866 – 30 July 1942) was a Croatian Capuchin friar and Catholic priest, who suffered from disabilities that would plague his speech and stature. He developed tremendous spiritual strength in spite of his disabilities and became extremely popular in his ministry as a confessor, often spending 12–15 hours in the confessional. Although Mandić wanted to be a missionary in Eastern Europe, he spent almost all his adult life in Italy, living in Padua from 1906 until his death. He also spent one year in an Italian prison during World War I, since he would not renounce his Croatian nationality. He also dreamed unceasingly about reuniting the Catholic and Orthodox churches and going to the Orient. He became known as an Apostle of Confession and an Apostle of Unity. He made a famous prayer that is the forerunner of today's ecumenism. Life Early life He was born Bogdan Ivan Mandić in the coastal town of Herceg Novi, in the Bay of Kotor, then in the Austrian Empire but today part of Montenegro. He was the twelfth child of Dragica Zarević and Petar Antun Mandić, owner of an Adriatic fishing fleet, natives of Zakučac (in the hinterland of the city of Omiš, 28 km from Split). His family originates from Bosnia, from where they settled to Dalmatia and later in the Bay of Kotor. Mandić grew up in the orbit of a community of Capuchin friars based in the Province of Venice who had served in his town for two centuries, dating from when the area was ruled by the Republic of Venice. Physically malformed and delicate, he grew to a height of only 1.35 m (4'5"), with a clumsy walk. He also had a stutter. Having felt called to follow that way of life, in November 1882, when he was 16, he went to Udine to enter the minor seminary of the Capuchin Venetian Province. Two years later he was admitted to the friars' novitiate in Bassano del Grappa, where he was clothed in the Capuchin habit and given the religious name of Leopold Maria. On 3 May 1885, he made his first profession of religious vows, after which he was sent to pursue his studies for Holy Orders in Capuchin friaries in Padua and Venice. He made his profession of perpetual vows in 1888. Priesthood On 20 September 1890, Mandić was ordained to the priesthood at the Basilica of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice at the age of 24 by Cardinal Domenico Agostini, Patriarch of Venice. After his ordination, Mandić was sent to posts in various Capuchin friaries in the Venice region and in his native Croatia. Among his various tasks were the teaching of the seminarians who followed him, as well as the household duties of the house, such as porter. Common to all his assignments was that of the duty of a confessor at the church which the friars served. This went on until 1906, when he was assigned to the Friary of Santa Croce in Padua. It was there that he would spend the rest of his life. Death Mandić suffered from esophagus cancer, which would ultimately lead to his death at age 76. On 30 July 1942, while preparing for Mass, he collapsed on the floor. He was then brought to his cell, where he was given the last rites. Friars who had gathered at his bed began singing Salve Regina and saw that Leopold died as they sang "O clement, O loving, O sweet Virgin Mary". Veneration As a result of the bombing during World War II, the church and part of the friary in Padua where Mandić lived were demolished, but his cell and confessional were left unharmed. He had predicted this before his death, saying, "The church and the friary will be hit by the bombs, but not this little cell. Here God exercised so much mercy for people, it must remain as a monument to God's goodness." The Sanctuary of Leopold Mandić was built to contain the confessional. Pope Paul VI beatified Leopold on 2 May 1976. He was canonized by Pope John Paul II during the General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops on 16 October 1983. Leopold is hailed as the "Apostle of Unity". Jubilee Year At the personal request of Pope Francis, Mandić's remains were brought to Rome for veneration during the 2015–2016 Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy. He and his fellow Capuchin friar, Pio of Pietrelcina, were designated as saint-confessors to inspire people to become reconciled to the Church and to God, by the confession of their sins. Their bodies were available for veneration, first at the Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls, administered by the Capuchin friars, then at St. Peter's Basilica. References External links The shrine and tomb of St Leopold Mandić – Padua, Italy (official website) Biografije svetaca Leopold Bogdan Mandić Short biography of St. Leopold Mandić Zakučac proslavio blagdan sv. Leopolda Mandića: Zakučac celebrates the feast day of its saint Živi' će nam ime makar granu sikli Reportaža Glas Koncila Reportage of Glas koncila 1866 births 1942 deaths People from Herceg Novi Capuchins 19th-century Croatian Roman Catholic priests Croatian Roman Catholic saints Croatian expatriates in Italy Montenegrin Roman Catholic priests Croats of Montenegro Deaths from esophageal cancer Deaths from cancer in Veneto Beatifications by Pope Paul VI Canonizations by Pope John Paul II 19th-century Christian saints 20th-century Christian saints Franciscan saints Capuchin saints 20th-century Croatian Roman Catholic priests

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EB%AA%A8%ED%86%A0%20%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90

키모토 오리에

키모토 오리에() 또는 기모토 오리에는 도쿄부 출신의 일본 여성 연극배우, 성우이다. 인물 소개 경력 『kirakira☆멜로디 학원』(1기생·출석번호 63번)에 다니고 있었을 때에는 당시의 본명으로 활동했었으나 졸업 후, 「호시노 나오」라는 이름을 거쳐 현재의 이름으로 개명. 예명은 극단 21세기 FOX의 주장인 키모츠키 카네타가 지어 주었다. 2002년 11월 극단 21세기 FOX 제51회 공연 『달밤과 오르간』에서 첫 무대를 가졌다. 그 이후에는 같은 극단의 공연에 출연하는 것 외에도 야마구치 캇페이, 타카기 와타루, 세키 토모카즈가 주장인 연극 유닛 「세 사람의 만남」에도 게스트 출연했다. 2006년 3월 31일부로 극단 21세기 FOX를 나와 야마구치 캇페이가 대표직을 맡고 있는 『고쿠 (悟空)』에 들어갔다. 또 2004년에는 극장판 이누야샤 홍련의 봉래도에서 성우로서 데뷔. 그 후, 오토모 야요이, 타나카 마이, 유키무로 카즈키와 함께 연극 유닛 「여우 아가씨 (狐娘)」를 결성한다. SPEED GRAPHER에 등장하는 텐노주 카구라역의 오디션에서는 최종후보 10명까지 올라갔으나 낙방했다. 2006년에 방송한 두 사람은 프리큐어 Splash Star에서는 처음으로 주인공을 맡게 되었다. 2007년에도 히토히라에서 주인공을 담당했으며 그 외에도 소녀왕국 표류기에서도 중요 캐릭터를 담당했다. 2008년 이후에는 무대업을 주로 하나 때때로 성우업도 같이 한다. 2010년 6월 8일 자신의 결혼과 임신 소식을 블로그에 알렸으며 같은 해 10월에는 출산소식도 알렸다. 에피소드 특기는 테니스. 취미는 피아노, 기타, 펭귄과 관련된 상품 모으기 두 사람은 프리큐어 Spalsh Star에 같이 출연했던 에노모토 아츠코나 치바 잇신과는 방송종료 후에도 빈번하게 만나고 있다. 특히 같은 프리큐어 역으로 출연했던 에노모토 아츠코하고는 같은 옷을 살 때도 있고 우연히 같은 신발을 신고 만난 적이 있다. 본인 말로는 「노래는 잘 못 부르는 편이다.」라고 한다. 하지만 라이브 무대 등에서는 적극적으로 노래하는 모습을 보여준다.「모두 함께 SUPER☆TEUCHI☆LIVE～Friend×Friend～」에서는 자신이 작사한 신곡을 내보였으나 부르는 도중에 가사를 잊어버리는 해프닝이 발생. 그 후, 에노모토 아츠코에게 한 소리 들었었으며 본인이 출연하는 라디오에서도 이 사건에 관한 메일을 수십 통 이상을 받았다고 한다. 라이브 2부 무대에서는 악보를 준비한 덕에 노래를 끝까지 불렀다. 두 사람은 프리큐어 Splash Star 처음으로 주인공을 맡아서 긴장을 해 더빙 할 때 모니터를 볼 여유가 없었다고 한다. 그 후, 극장판을 더빙했을 때 처음으로 믹서에게 칭찬을 받아 기뻤다고 한다. 자신의 고양이에게 붙인 이름인 「플라피」 와 「쵸피」는 극 중에 등장하는 파트너 요정들의 이름이다. 작품종료 후에도 같은 프리큐어 역으로 출연했던 에노모토 아츠코와 오프닝 가수인 우치야에 유카, 엔딩 가수인 고죠 마유미와 함께「4명이서 SUPER☆TEUCHI☆LIVE」란 제목의 라이브 무대를 정기적으로 개최하고 있다. 출연 작품 무대 THE! CreRo- - 게스트 출연 BroaderHausUnit Online EX　『그 남자 아제르바이잔』 T-KY'S& 시바탄트 리듬 『반짝반짝☆혼순제』 극단 21세기 FOX - 다수 출연 세 사람의 모임 『손오공』 영원의 아세리아 - 타카미네 카오리 캡슐병단 『타오의 달』 TV 애니메이션 2005년 SPEED GRAPHER - 반 친구 사모님은 마법소녀 - 고토 사유리 슈가슈가룬 - 이시다 마유, 아야메 아이실드 21 - 아나운서 은반 카레이도 스코프 - 여자 아나운서 2006년 괴 ~ayakashi~「천수 이야기」 - 나데시코, 마을 여자 데스노트 - 신입생 E 두 사람은 프리큐어 Splash Star - 휴가 사키 (김소라)/큐어 블룸/큐어 브라이트 사신의 발라드 - 코사카이 아야메 요괴인간 - 타치야마 마코토 2007년 D.C. 다카포 II - 학생 디 그레이맨 - 테리마 닌자보이 란타로 - 아야카 도쿄마인학원 검풍첩 - 여학생 1 마인탐정 네우로 - 니시다 메이 소녀왕국 표류기 - 시노부 아따맘마 - 마법사 A 외 인조곤충 버그파이터 - 노리미 #26 짱구는 못말려 - 코치, 여자 점원 B 호빵맨 - 치마키 군, 츠미키 왕자 히토히라 - 아사이 무기 2008년 D.C.II S.S ~다카포 II 세컨드 시즌~ - 학생 네오 안젤리크 Abyss - 샐리 네오 안젤리크 Abyss -Second Age- - 샐리, 남자 아이 도라에몽 - 여자 아이 B, 아이 짱구는 못말려 - 나오, 여자 아이 포르피의 기나긴 모험 - 마틸드 호빵맨 - 서부의 아이 B 2009년 닌자보이 란타로 - 찻집 여자 명탐정 코난 - 점원 2010년 닌자보이 란타로 - 어린 중, 여자 도라에몽 - 야스오, 심판, 소년 B 명탐정 코난 - 여자 아나운서 쓰리몬 - 점원 2011년 명탐정 코난 - 학생 명탐정 코난/매직 쾌두 - 여학생 짱구는 못말려 - 코야마 무사에 (초등학생 시절), 손님 A, 여자 A 2012년 에어리어의 기사 - 후쿠시마 모모코 짱구는 못말려 - 스태프, 아이, 주부 B, 안내원 등 극장판 애니메이션 극장판 이누야샤 홍련의 봉래도 - 호타루 짱구는 못말려 극장판: 태풍을 부르는 노래하는 엉덩이 폭탄! - 누나 A 영화 크레용 신짱: 아라시를 부르는! 오라와 우주의 프린세스 - 어린 아이 프리큐어 시리즈 극장판 두 사람은 프리큐어 Splash Star 똑딱똑딱 위기일발! - 휴가 사키 (김소라)/큐어 블룸/큐어 브라이트 극장판 프리큐어 올스타즈DX 우린 모두 친구☆기적같은 전원 대집합! - 휴가 사키 (김소라)/큐어 블룸/큐어 브라이트 극장판 프리큐어 올스타즈DX2 희망의 빛☆레인보우 쥬얼을 지켜라! - 휴가 사키 (김소라)/큐어 블룸/큐어 브라이트 극장판 프리큐어 올스타즈DX3 미래에 전하라! 세계를 이어주는 무지갯빛 꽃 - 휴가 사키 (김소라)/큐어 블룸/큐어 브라이트 게임 도라에몽 노비타의 신 마계 대모험 DS 프리큐어 시리즈 - 휴가 사키 (김소라)/큐어 블룸/큐어 브라이트 두 사람은 프리큐어 Spalsh Star PANPAKA 게임으로 절호조! Yes! 프리큐어5 GoGo! 전원 집합! 드림 페스티벌 웹 애니메이션 간닷! 겐씨 - 아이 C 라디오 프리티♥기모토 오리에의 수다 코너 (매주 금요일 갱신: 2006년 10월 20일 ~) 기모토 오리에with야마구치 캇페이의 런치타임 뮤직 (BBQR: 2006년 8월 ~ 방송 중 초!A&G+: 2007년 9월 9일 ~ 방송 중 (1월 ~ 3월까지는 제외)) 하라쇼 『狐娘楽園』 하나코마치의 예측불허 라디오 히토히라 방송국 무기 라디오 OnAir (2007년 3월 29일 ~ 2007년 7월 5일) 드라마 CD 히토히라 히토히라 오리지널 드라마&BGM앨범 Vol.1「무기 편」 히토히라 오리지널 드라마&BGM앨범 Vol.2「노노 편」 일본의 여자 성우 일본의 여자 배우 1979년 출생 살아있는 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orie%20Kimoto

Orie Kimoto

, known by her stage name is a Japanese actress and voice actress. Career Although she was active in her real name (then) at the time of "Kirakira ☆ Melody Gakuen" (first year student, number 63), after graduating she took the name Nao Hoshino. The stage name was given by Kaneta Kimotsuki, the head of 21st Century Fox. In November 2002, she went on stage for the first time at the 21st Century Fox 51st Performance “Moonlight and Organ”. Since then, she has appeared on Fox's stage and has acted as a stage actress in the theater unit “Sanninkai”, presided by Kappei Yamaguchi, Wataru Takagi, and Tomokazu Seki. On March 31, 2006, she left Fox. Later, she became a member of Gokū, represented by Kappei Yamaguchi. She made her debut as a voice actress in the 2004 anime film Inuyasha the Movie: Fire on the Mystic Island. After that, she formed the theater unit Tatsumi Musume with Yayoi Otomo, Mai Tanaka, Kazuki Yukimuro and others. In the audition for the role of Kagura Tennōzu in Speed Grapher, the final candidate was rejected. Since 2008, she refocused on the stage, making sporadic appearances. She sometimes performs voice acting. Personal life On June 8, 2010, she announced her marriage and pregnancy. That October she announced that she had successfully given birth. Filmography Anime 2006 Ayakashi: Samurai Horror Tales (Nadeshiko - Tenshu Monogatari) Ballad of a Shinigami (Ayame Kozakai) D.Gray-man (Terima) Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star (Saki Hyuuga/Cure Bloom/Cure Bright) 2007 Da Capo II (Student, 8 episodes) Da Capo II: Second Season (Girl, 3 episodes) Hitohira (Mugi Asai) Majin Tantei Nōgami Neuro (Mei Nishida) Nagasarete Airantou (Shinobu) 2008 Neo Angelique Abyss (Sally) Porphy no Nagai Tabi (Machird) 2012 Area no Kishi (Momoko Fukushima) 2023 Power of Hope: Grown-Up Precure 23 (Saki Hyuuga) Films Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star: Tick Tack Kiki Ippatsu! (Saki Hyuuga/Cure Bloom/Cure Bright) Pretty Cure All Stars DX: Minna Tomodachi Kiseki no Zenin Daishuugou (Saki Hyuuga/Cure Bloom/Cure Bright) Pretty Cure All Stars DX2: Kibou no Hikari Rainbow Jewel o Mamore! (Saki Hyuuga/Cure Bloom/Cure Bright) Pretty Cure All Stars DX3: Mirai ni Todoke! Sekai o Tsunagu Niji-Iro no Hana! (Saki Hyuuga/Cure Bloom/Cure Bright) Pretty Cure All Stars New Stage 3: Eien no Tomodachi (Saki Hyuuga/Cure Bloom/Cure Bright) Video games Tokyo Afterschool Summoners (Maria, Gabriel, Taromaiti, Kotaro, Babe Bunyan) LIVE A HERO (Protagonist, Kirsch) References External links Official agency profile Japanese stage actresses Japanese video game actresses Japanese voice actresses Living people Voice actresses from Tokyo

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%ED%98%95%20%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1

Ia형 초신성

Ia형 초신성(Ia形超新星, )은 초신성의 하위 범주로, 백색 왜성이 격렬하게 폭발한 결과물이다. 백색 왜성이란 핵융합이 끝나 일반적인 삶의 주기가 종료된 항성의 잔해이다. 그런데 백색 왜성 중 온도가 높아지면 엄청난 양의 에너지를 방출하여 핵융합을 다시 시작할 수 있는 것이 있다. 자전 속도가 낮은 백색 왜성의 질량은 찬드라세카르 한계인 약 1.44 태양질량 이하로 물리적으로 제한된다. 이것은 별이 전자 축퇴압으로 유지될 수 있는 최대한의 질량이다. 이 한계를 넘어서면 백색 왜성은 붕괴해 버린다. 만약 백색 왜성이 동반성의 질량을 점차적으로 뺏어온다면, 그 질량이 한계점에 가까워짐에 따라 백색 왜성의 핵이 탄소 연소를 일으킬 수 있는 발화 온도에 도달하게 된다는 것이 통설이다. 만약 백색 왜성이 다른 별과 하나로 합쳐진다면(매우 드문 경우), 그 온도는 핵융합 발화 온도보다 훨씬 뜨거워지고, 순간적으로 찬드라세카르 한계를 뛰어넘어 붕괴하기 시작한다. 핵융합이 일어나는 찰나의 순간동안 백색 왜성을 이루는 물질의 상당량이 열폭주 반응을 일으켜 1~2×1044 J 상당의 에너지를 방출한다. 이 에너지는 별의 속박을 풀어 버리고 초신성 폭발을 일으키기에 충분한 양이다. 강착 메커니즘을 통해 폭발하는 백색 왜성의 질량이 균일하기에, 이 종류의 초신성은 최고 광도가 일정하다고 알려져 있다. 이 값의 안정성 때문에, Ia형 초신성 폭발은 그 실시 등급이 주로 지구까지의 거리에 의해 결정되므로, 초신성이 속해 있는 모은하까지의 거리를 재는 척도로 사용된다. 하지만 2014년 1월 애리조나 대학의 연구팀에 의해 발견된 M82 은하에서 발견한 초신성은 그 가정을 부정하고 있어서 학계에서 관심을 끌고 있다. 만약 이 광도의 일정성이 부정되면 허블 상수와 암흑 에너지의 양이 달라지고 결국 우주의 나이에 대한 계산까지 바뀌어야 한다. 형성 과정 단일 원형 항성 소멸 이 부류의 초신성이 만들어지는 과정에 대한 가설 중 하나는, 동반성 사이의 거리가 가까운 쌍성계에서 생겨난다는 것이다. 이 쌍성계는 처음에는 주계열성 두 개로 이루어져 있는데, 한쪽이 다른 쪽보다 질량이 더 크다. 질량이 큰 항성은 동반성보다 빨리 진화하여 점근거성가지에 도달하고, 항성의 외피가 급격히 부풀어오른다. 만약 두 항성의 외피가 하나로 합쳐진다면, 쌍성계는 상당량의 질량을 잃고, 각운동량과 궤도 반지름 및 주기도 줄어든다. 먼저 진화한 쪽이 백색 왜성으로 쭈그러들면, 이번에는 두 번째 항성이 적색 거성으로 진화하고, 두 번째 거성의 가스가 백색 왜성으로 질량 강착을 일으킬 무대가 마련된다. 이 최후의 외피 공유 단계동안, 두 항성은 각운동량을 잃으면서 소용돌이 모양으로 돌며 점점 가까워진다. 이렇게 작아진 궤도의 공전 주기는 수 시간 정도로 짧다. 질량 강착이 계속되면서, 백색 왜성의 질량은 점점 늘어나 찬드라세카르 한계에 가까워진다. 궤도만 충분히 가깝다면, 백색 왜성은 준거성이나 주계열성에서도 질량을 빼앗을 수 있다. 이 강착 단계의 진화 과정은 아직 불분명한데, 이 진화 과정이 강착의 속도가 얼마나 큰지, 백색 왜성으로의 각운동량 이동이 얼마나 빨리 일어나는지에 달려 있기 때문이다. 이런 종류의 Ia형 초신성은 전체 Ia형 초신성의 20%를 넘지 않는 것으로 보인다. 이중 원형 항성 소멸 Ia형 초신성의 도화선에 불을 붙이는 다른 가능한 기작으로는, 백색 왜성 두 개가 합쳐져서 찬드라세카르 한계를 넘어버리는 경우가 있다. 합쳐진 결과물을 초찬드라세카르 질량(super-Chandrasekhar mass) 백색 왜성이라고 부른다. 그러한 경우, 항성의 총 질량은 찬드라세카르 한계에 얽매이지 않는다. 우리 은하에서 단독성들끼리 충돌하는 사건은 107 ~ 1013년에 한 번 꼴로 일어나는데, 신성의 출현 빈도보다도 드문 수치이다. 구상 성단의 조밀한 중심부에서는 훨씬 빈번하게 충돌이 일어난다. (Cf. 청색 낙오성) 가장 충돌이 일어남직한 시나리오는 쌍성계의 두 별 사이, 혹은 백색 왜성을 가진 두 쌍성계 사이의 충돌이다. 충돌 결과로 백색 왜성 두 개로만 이루어진 근점쌍성이 형성될 수 있으며, 공전 궤도가 쇠퇴하면서 외피를 공유하게 되고, 하나로 합쳐지게 된다. 그런데, 슬로운 전천 탐사(SDSS) 분광기로 4,000 개의 백색 왜성을 검사한 결과, 15개의 쌍성계를 발견했다. 계산 결과 우리 은하에서 백색 왜성 두 개가 합쳐지는 현상은 100년에 한 번 꼴로 일어나는데, 이 수치는 가까운 우주에서 발견되는 Ia형 초신성의 숫자와 안성맞춤 일치한다. 초신성 SN 2003fg의 원형 항성은 이례적으로 질량이 큰데(2 태양질량), 이것을 이중 원형 항성 소멸 모형으로 설명할 수 있다. 백색 왜성 한 개 짜리 모형으로는 도저히 설명이 불가능했던 초신성 SNR 0509-67.5는 이 이중 원형 원형 모형이 아니면 달리 설명할 길이 없다. 동반성의 초신성 잔해가 발견되지 않는 SN 1006 역시 이중 원형 항성일 가능성이 매우 높다. NASA의 스위프트 우주 망원경으로 지금까지 연구된 모든 Ia형 초신성을 다시 관측한 결과, 그 중 일부는 거성 또는 초신성 동반성이 없었다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 초거성 동반성이 외피를 날려버릴 때 엑스선이 방출되는데, 스위프트의 엑스선 망원경(XRT)이 초신성 잔해 53개를 관측한 결과, 이 엑스선이 발견되지 않았던 것이다. 또한 Ia형 초신성 12개를 폭발 10일여 동안 스위프트의 자외선 광학 망원경(UVOT)으로 관측한 결과, 초신성의 충격파가 가열된 동반성의 표면을 때렸을 때 발생해야 하는 자외선이 관측되지 않았다. 이것은 초신성의 원형 별 주위에 적색 거성같은 큰 항성이 존재하지 않았다는 것을 의미한다. SN 2011fe의 경우, 동반성이 만약 존재했다면, 그 크기는 태양보다도 작았을 것이다. 찬드라 우주 망원경으로 5개 타원 은하와 안드로메다 은하의 팽대부에서 방출되는 엑스선을 관측한 결과, 엑스선이 예측했던 것보다 30 ~ 50배 정도 약했다. Ia형 초신성의 원형 별의 강착 원반에서 엑스선이 방출되므로, 엑스선이 이렇게 약하다는 것은 강착 원반을 형성한 백색 왜성이 적다는 것을 의미하며, 즉 Ia형 초신성을 설명하는 종래의 강착 원반 모형으로 설명이 불가능했다. 나선을 그리며 서로를 향해 떨어져 내리는 한 쌍의 백색 왜성은 강력한 중력파 생성원임에 틀림없지만, 2012년 현재 이것을 검출할 수 있는 기술은 존재하지 않는다. 관측 Ia형 초신성은 모든 형태의 은하에서 발생하기에, 다른 형태의 초신성과 달리 타원 은하에서도 발견된다. Ia형 초신성은 항성이 형성되는 지역에서 더 많이 발생한다거나 하는 경향성을 보이지 않는다. 백색왜성은 항성이 진화의 주계열에서 벗어나면서 만들어지기 때문에, 그 정도로 오래된 항성계는 원래 만들어진 장소를 벗어나 멀리 다른 곳에 있을 것이다. 그러고 나서 쌍성계는 Ia형 초신성이 폭발하기 위한 환경이 만족될 때까지 수백만 년 동안 질량 이동 단계를 거친다. 이 기간동안 계속해서 신성 폭발이 있을 수 있다. 초신성의 원형(原形, ) 항성은 천문학의 오래된 숙제 중 하나이다. 이런 후보 항성을 직접 관측함으로써 초신성 모형에 유용한 제한 요인을 얻을 수 있다. 2006년 기준으로, Ia형 초신성의 원형 항성을 찾기 위한 노력은 백년 넘게 계속되고 있다. Ia형 초신성 후보 항성은 아직 발견되지 않았지만, 2011년 8월 24일에 팔로마 트랜젼트 팩토리(Palomar Transient Factory, PTF)에 의하여 발견된 초신성 SN 2011fe의 관측은 유용한 정보를 제공해 주었다. 이 초신성은 바람개비 은하(M101)에서 폭발한 것으로, 우리 은하에서 불과 2천만 광년 떨어진 매우 가까운 것이었다. 이 장소를 허블 우주 망원경이 이전에 관측했을 때는 아무것도 없었기 때문에 적색 초거성이 폭발한 것(즉 II형 초신성)일 가능성은 배제되었다. 폭발로 인해 팽창하는 플라스마는 탄소와 산소를 포함하고 있었는데, 이를 통해 초신성 폭발을 하기 전의 원형 항성이 이 원소들로 이루어진 백색 왜성이었음을 추측할 수 있다. 또한 2011년 1월 16일에 역시 PTF가 발견한 초신성 SN PTF 11kx의 관측에서는, 이 폭발이 적색 거성인 동반성을 가진 원형 항성에서 일어난 것으로 결론이 났다. 이것은 Ia형 초신성의 원형 항성은 혼자 폭발하는 것이 없다는 것을 시사하고 있다. 광도곡선 Ia형 초신성은, 폭발 이후 시간에 따른 광도를 나타낸 그래프인, 광도곡선이 특징적으로 나타난다. 광도가 최댓값을 가질 때가 가까워지면 스펙트럼에 산소에서 칼슘에 이르는 중간 질량의 원자가 나타난다. 이 원자들은 항성의 외피층을 이루는 주된 구성 물질이다. 폭발하고 몇 달이 지나면 폭발한 외피층은 팽창하여 거의 투명해지고, 스펙트럼에는 항성의 핵을 이루는 무거운 물질의 빛이 지배적으로 나타난다. 이 물질은 주로 철과 질량이 비슷한 동위원소들이다. 니켈-56이 코발트-56을 거쳐 철-56으로 방사성 붕괴하는 과정에서 고에너지 광자가 방출된다. Ia형 초신성의 광도곡선의 폭과 최대밝기 사이의 상관관계를 이용하여 그래프를 보정하면 모든 광도곡선이 거의 일정하게 나타나게 된다. 즉, 지금까지 발견된 모든 Ia형 초신성의 절대광도는 유사하며, 이 때문에 Ia형 초신성은 외부은하천문학에서 이차적인 우주 거리 사다리로 사용될 수 있다. 이렇게 광도곡선이 일정한 이유는 여전히 의문으로 남아 있다. 1998년, 멀리 떨어진 Ia형 초신성을 관측하다 우주가 가속팽창한다는 의도치 않은 결과를 얻게 되었다. 이 우주의 가속팽창을 설명하기 위해 암흑 에너지 개념이 도입되었으며, 이것을 발견한 솔 펄머터, 브라이언 슈밋, 애덤 리스는 2011년 노벨 물리학상을 수상했다. 같이 보기 탄소폭발 초신성 관측의 역사 초신성 잔해 우주 거리 사다리 찬드라세카르 한계 각주 외부 링크 (A Type Ia progenitor found) 초신성

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20Ia%20supernova

Type Ia supernova

A Type Ia supernova (read: "type one-A") is a type of supernova that occurs in binary systems (two stars orbiting one another) in which one of the stars is a white dwarf. The other star can be anything from a giant star to an even smaller white dwarf. Physically, carbon–oxygen white dwarfs with a low rate of rotation are limited to below 1.44 solar masses (). Beyond this "critical mass", they reignite and in some cases trigger a supernova explosion; this critical mass is often referred to as the Chandrasekhar mass, but is marginally different from the absolute Chandrasekhar limit, where electron degeneracy pressure is unable to prevent catastrophic collapse. If a white dwarf gradually accretes mass from a binary companion, or merges with a second white dwarf, the general hypothesis is that a white dwarf's core will reach the ignition temperature for carbon fusion as it approaches the Chandrasekhar mass. Within a few seconds of initiation of nuclear fusion, a substantial fraction of the matter in the white dwarf undergoes a runaway reaction, releasing enough energy (1–) to unbind the star in a supernova explosion. The Type Ia category of supernova produces a fairly consistent peak luminosity because of this fixed critical mass at which a white dwarf will explode. Their consistent peak luminosity allows these explosions to be used as standard candles to measure the distance to their host galaxies: the visual magnitude of a type Ia supernova, as observed from Earth, indicates its distance from Earth. Consensus model The Type Ia supernova is a subcategory in the Minkowski–Zwicky supernova classification scheme, which was devised by German-American astronomer Rudolph Minkowski and Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky. There are several means by which a supernova of this type can form, but they share a common underlying mechanism. Theoretical astronomers long believed the progenitor star for this type of supernova is a white dwarf, and empirical evidence for this was found in 2014 when a Type Ia supernova was observed in the galaxy Messier 82. When a slowly-rotating carbon–oxygen white dwarf accretes matter from a companion, it can exceed the Chandrasekhar limit of about , beyond which it can no longer support its weight with electron degeneracy pressure. In the absence of a countervailing process, the white dwarf would collapse to form a neutron star, in an accretion-induced non-ejective process, as normally occurs in the case of a white dwarf that is primarily composed of magnesium, neon, and oxygen. The current view among astronomers who model Type Ia supernova explosions, however, is that this limit is never actually attained and collapse is never initiated. Instead, the increase in pressure and density due to the increasing weight raises the temperature of the core, and as the white dwarf approaches about 99% of the limit, a period of convection ensues, lasting approximately 1,000 years. At some point in this simmering phase, a deflagration flame front is born, powered by carbon fusion. The details of the ignition are still unknown, including the location and number of points where the flame begins. Oxygen fusion is initiated shortly thereafter, but this fuel is not consumed as completely as carbon. Once fusion begins, the temperature of the white dwarf increases. A main sequence star supported by thermal pressure can expand and cool which automatically regulates the increase in thermal energy. However, degeneracy pressure is independent of temperature; white dwarfs are unable to regulate temperature in the manner of normal stars, so they are vulnerable to runaway fusion reactions. The flare accelerates dramatically, in part due to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability and interactions with turbulence. It is still a matter of considerable debate whether this flare transforms into a supersonic detonation from a subsonic deflagration. Regardless of the exact details of how the supernova ignites, it is generally accepted that a substantial fraction of the carbon and oxygen in the white dwarf fuses into heavier elements within a period of only a few seconds, with the accompanying release of energy increasing the internal temperature to billions of degrees. The energy released (1–) is more than sufficient to unbind the star; that is, the individual particles making up the white dwarf gain enough kinetic energy to fly apart from each other. The star explodes violently and releases a shock wave in which matter is typically ejected at speeds on the order of , roughly 6% of the speed of light. The energy released in the explosion also causes an extreme increase in luminosity. The typical visual absolute magnitude of Type Ia supernovae is Mv = −19.3 (about 5 billion times brighter than the Sun), with little variation. The Type Ia supernova leaves no compact remnant, but the whole mass of the former white dwarf dissipates though space. The theory of this type of supernova is similar to that of novae, in which a white dwarf accretes matter more slowly and does not approach the Chandrasekhar limit. In the case of a nova, the infalling matter causes a hydrogen fusion surface explosion that does not disrupt the star. Type Ia supernovae differ from Type II supernovae, which are caused by the cataclysmic explosion of the outer layers of a massive star as its core collapses, powered by release of gravitational potential energy via neutrino emission. Formation Single degenerate progenitors One model for the formation of this category of supernova is a close binary star system. The progenitor binary system consists of main sequence stars, with the primary possessing more mass than the secondary. Being greater in mass, the primary is the first of the pair to evolve onto the asymptotic giant branch, where the star's envelope expands considerably. If the two stars share a common envelope then the system can lose significant amounts of mass, reducing the angular momentum, orbital radius and period. After the primary has degenerated into a white dwarf, the secondary star later evolves into a red giant and the stage is set for mass accretion onto the primary. During this final shared-envelope phase, the two stars spiral in closer together as angular momentum is lost. The resulting orbit can have a period as brief as a few hours. If the accretion continues long enough, the white dwarf may eventually approach the Chandrasekhar limit. The white dwarf companion could also accrete matter from other types of companions, including a subgiant or (if the orbit is sufficiently close) even a main sequence star. The actual evolutionary process during this accretion stage remains uncertain, as it can depend both on the rate of accretion and the transfer of angular momentum to the white dwarf companion. It has been estimated that single degenerate progenitors account for no more than 20% of all Type Ia supernovae. Double degenerate progenitors A second possible mechanism for triggering a Type Ia supernova is the merger of two white dwarfs whose combined mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit. The resulting merger is called a super-Chandrasekhar mass white dwarf. In such a case, the total mass would not be constrained by the Chandrasekhar limit. Collisions of solitary stars within the Milky Way occur only once every to ; far less frequently than the appearance of novae. Collisions occur with greater frequency in the dense core regions of globular clusters (cf. blue stragglers). A likely scenario is a collision with a binary star system, or between two binary systems containing white dwarfs. This collision can leave behind a close binary system of two white dwarfs. Their orbit decays and they merge through their shared envelope. A study based on SDSS spectra found 15 double systems of the 4,000 white dwarfs tested, implying a double white dwarf merger every 100 years in the Milky Way: this rate matches the number of Type Ia supernovae detected in our neighborhood. A double degenerate scenario is one of several explanations proposed for the anomalously massive () progenitor of SN 2003fg. It is the only possible explanation for SNR 0509-67.5, as all possible models with only one white dwarf have been ruled out. It has also been strongly suggested for SN 1006, given that no companion star remnant has been found there. Observations made with NASA's Swift space telescope ruled out existing supergiant or giant companion stars of every Type Ia supernova studied. The supergiant companion's blown out outer shell should emit X-rays, but this glow was not detected by Swift's XRT (X-ray telescope) in the 53 closest supernova remnants. For 12 Type Ia supernovae observed within 10 days of the explosion, the satellite's UVOT (ultraviolet/optical telescope) showed no ultraviolet radiation originating from the heated companion star's surface hit by the supernova shock wave, meaning there were no red giants or larger stars orbiting those supernova progenitors. In the case of SN 2011fe, the companion star must have been smaller than the Sun, if it existed. The Chandra X-ray Observatory revealed that the X-ray radiation of five elliptical galaxies and the bulge of the Andromeda Galaxy is 30–50 times fainter than expected. X-ray radiation should be emitted by the accretion discs of Type Ia supernova progenitors. The missing radiation indicates that few white dwarfs possess accretion discs, ruling out the common, accretion-based model of Ia supernovae. Inward spiraling white dwarf pairs are strongly-inferred candidate sources of gravitational waves, although they have not been directly observed. Double degenerate scenarios raise questions about the applicability of Type Ia supernovae as standard candles, since total mass of the two merging white dwarfs varies significantly, meaning luminosity also varies. Type Iax It has been proposed that a group of sub-luminous supernovae that occur when helium accretes onto a white dwarf should be classified as Type Iax. This type of supernova may not always completely destroy the white dwarf progenitor, but instead leave behind a zombie star. Observation Unlike the other types of supernovae, Type Ia supernovae generally occur in all types of galaxies, including ellipticals. They show no preference for regions of current stellar formation. As white dwarf stars form at the end of a star's main sequence evolutionary period, such a long-lived star system may have wandered far from the region where it originally formed. Thereafter a close binary system may spend another million years in the mass transfer stage (possibly forming persistent nova outbursts) before the conditions are ripe for a Type Ia supernova to occur. A long-standing problem in astronomy has been the identification of supernova progenitors. Direct observation of a progenitor would provide useful constraints on supernova models. As of 2006, the search for such a progenitor had been ongoing for longer than a century. Observation of the supernova SN 2011fe has provided useful constraints. Previous observations with the Hubble Space Telescope did not show a star at the position of the event, thereby excluding a red giant as the source. The expanding plasma from the explosion was found to contain carbon and oxygen, making it likely the progenitor was a white dwarf primarily composed of these elements. Similarly, observations of the nearby SN PTF 11kx, discovered January 16, 2011 (UT) by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF), lead to the conclusion that this explosion arises from single-degenerate progenitor, with a red giant companion, thus suggesting there is no single progenitor path to SN Ia. Direct observations of the progenitor of PTF 11kx were reported in the August 24 edition of Science and support this conclusion, and also show that the progenitor star experienced periodic nova eruptions before the supernova – another surprising discovery. However, later analysis revealed that the circumstellar material is too massive for the single-degenerate scenario, and fits better the core-degenerate scenario. In May 2015, NASA reported that the Kepler space observatory observed KSN 2011b, a Type Ia supernova in the process of exploding. Details of the pre-nova moments may help scientists better judge the quality of Type Ia supernovae as standard candles, which is an important link in the argument for dark energy. In September 2021, astronomers reported that the Hubble Space Telescope had taken three images of a Type Ia supernova through a gravitational lens. This supernova appeared at three different times in the evolution of its brightness due to the differing path length of the light in the three images; at −24, 92, and 107 days from peak luminosity. A fourth image will appear in 2037 allowing observation of the entire luminosity cycle of the supernova. Light curve Type Ia supernovae have a characteristic light curve, their graph of luminosity as a function of time after the explosion. Near the time of maximal luminosity, the spectrum contains lines of intermediate-mass elements from oxygen to calcium; these are the main constituents of the outer layers of the star. Months after the explosion, when the outer layers have expanded to the point of transparency, the spectrum is dominated by light emitted by material near the core of the star, heavy elements synthesized during the explosion; most prominently isotopes close to the mass of iron (iron-peak elements). The radioactive decay of nickel-56 through cobalt-56 to iron-56 produces high-energy photons, which dominate the energy output of the ejecta at intermediate to late times. The use of Type Ia supernovae to measure precise distances was pioneered by a collaboration of Chilean and US astronomers, the Calán/Tololo Supernova Survey. In a series of papers in the 1990s the survey showed that while Type Ia supernovae do not all reach the same peak luminosity, a single parameter measured from the light curve can be used to correct unreddened Type Ia supernovae to standard candle values. The original correction to standard candle value is known as the Phillips relationship and was shown by this group to be able to measure relative distances to 7% accuracy. The cause of this uniformity in peak brightness is related to the amount of nickel-56 produced in white dwarfs presumably exploding near the Chandrasekhar limit. The similarity in the absolute luminosity profiles of nearly all known Type Ia supernovae has led to their use as a secondary standard candle in extragalactic astronomy. Improved calibrations of the Cepheid variable distance scale and direct geometric distance measurements to NGC 4258 from the dynamics of maser emission when combined with the Hubble diagram of the Type Ia supernova distances have led to an improved value of the Hubble constant. In 1998, observations of distant Type Ia supernovae indicated the unexpected result that the universe seems to undergo an accelerating expansion. Three members from two teams were subsequently awarded Nobel Prizes for this discovery. Subtypes There is significant diversity within the class of Type Ia supernovae. Reflecting this, a plethora of sub-classes have been identified. Two prominent and well-studied examples include 1991T-likes, an overluminous subclass that exhibits particularly strong iron absorption lines and abnormally small silicon features, and 1991bg-likes, an exceptionally dim subclass characterized by strong early titanium absorption features and rapid photometric and spectral evolution. Despite their abnormal luminosities, members of both peculiar groups can be standardized by use of the Phillips relation to determine distance. See also Carbon detonation Cosmic distance ladder History of supernova observation List of supernova remnants Near-Earth supernova Supernova remnant References External links List of all known Type Ia supernovae at The Open Supernova Catalog. (A Type Ia progenitor found) SNFactory Shows Type Ia ‘Standard Candles’ Have Many Masses (March 4, 2014) Type 1a Supernova Articles containing video clips

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC

유기동물

유기동물(遺棄動物, )은 주인의 실수, 혹은 의도적인 목적으로 인하여 버려진 이국적인 동물, 혹은 반려동물을 뜻한다. 유기동물들은 주로 주인의 죽음이나, 혹은 동물들이 너무 커지거나 질병에 걸린 경우 발생한다. 2008년 세계 금융 위기 당시, 많은 유기동물들이 그들의 주인에 의한 재정적 문제로 버려지거나 방치되기도 하였다. 해외의 경우, 많은 유기동물들이 주인의 집이 압류당하여, 버려진 집에 구조되지 못한 채로 버려져 있기도 한다. 이 동물들은 음식과 물이 없어 죽는 경우가 많지만, 운이 좋은 경우 부동산 업자와 은행 사무관의 차압과정에서 발견되기도 한다. 동물 보호소에 직접 동물들을 유기하는 경우도 있다. 동물을 유기하는 것은 동물보호법에서 금지하고 있다. 이유 동물들은 다양한 이유로 인해 유기된다. 예쁘고 귀엽다는 이유로 입양했다가 나중에 늙고 병들어 동물의 외모가 마음에 들지 않거나 많이 다쳐서 치료비가 부담들어서 등, 다양한 명분을 들며 반려동물을 유기한다. 주인이 동물의 행동과 심리를 이해하지 못해서 생긴 갈등 때문에 유기하는 경우도 있다. 고양이와 개들은 다른 동물들과는 달리 그들의 식민지를 형성하는 경우도 있으며, 떠돌이 개에 비하여 떠돌이 고양이의 수가 많다고 알려져 있다. 방생 햄스터와 토끼, 파충류 등 키우던 동물을 자연에 풀어주는 것이 무조건 좋은 것이라고 생각하여 동물들을 유기하는 경우도 있다. 그러나 잘못된 방생을 한다면 풀어준 동물을 도리어 죽게 만들거나 생태계를 교란 시킬 수 있다. 온도, 먹이를 구하는 법, 천적 등 동물들은 완전히 새로운 환경에서 ‘생존’해 나가야 하고 그 과정에서 수많은 동물들이 죽어간다. 또한 위험한 병원체를 자연에 유입시킬 수 있을 뿐 아니라 외래종 방생은 생태계를 교란시킬 수 있어 생물다양성법과 야생동식물보호법으로 금지하고 있다. 현황 대한민국에서는 2011년 기준 매년 8만 여 마리의 반려동물이 버려지는 것으로 집계된다. 버려지는 반려동물이 매년 10만 여 마리에 달한다는 의견도 있다. 유기동물의 전년대비 증가율은 ’16년 9.3%, ’17년 14.4%, ’18년 17.9%를 기록하였다. 유기동물이 늘어나면서 구조·보호 비용을 포함한 운영비도 많이 늘어났다. 2018년 동물보호센터 운영비는 전년의 155억 5000만원에 비해 28.9%가 증가한 200억 4000만원이 소요되었다. 사회적 관심 대한민국 대한민국의 경우 1991년 처음 동물보호법이 제정되었으나, 당시의 사회분위기를 고려해 제정된 법조항 대부분이 선언적인 내용에 그친 경우가 많았다. 이후 정부와 동물보호단체등의 노력으로 동물보호법이 개정되어 2008년 1월 27일부터 개정된 동물보호법이 시행되고있다. 새 동물보호법은 동물소유자의 사육·관리 의무를 강화하고 동물 학대 등 위법행위시 처벌규정 또한 대폭 강화함으로써 그냥 법을 만든 취지를 살릴 수 있게 되었다는 평가를 받고 있다. 대한민국에서의 동물유기는 동물보호법 제 47조에 의하여, 300만원 이하의 과태료가 부과된다. 또한, 대한민국의 많은 연예인들도 유기견을 입양한다. 동물등록제가 시행되고 있는데 동물등록제는 반려동물의 등록관리를 통하여 소유주의 책임을 강화하고 유실동물을 신속하게 소유주에게 인계함으로서 유실 및 유기 동물의 발생을 억제하여 동물 보호 및 인수공통전염병예방 등 반려동물의 문화향상 및 동물보호를 목적으로 제정된 제도이다. 반려동물로 기르는 개는 2개월령이 되는 날부터 30일 이내에 지자체에 등록해야 하며 동물등록은 시군구청 및 등록대행기관(동물병원, 동물보호단체 등)에서 접수가 가능하고, 등록 신청이 완료되면 동물병원에서 내장형 무선식별장치 개체 삽입을 받게된다. 등록대상동물을 등록하지 않은 경우 60만원 이하의 과태료가 부과되며 동물등록을 함으로써 유기동물을 줄일 수 있다. 2022년 6월에는 유기동물 고양이들이 모여 창설했다는 설정이 있는 아이돌 그룹 11 키티즈가 창설되었고, 이는 하나의 유기동물 입양 장려 캠페인이다. 많은 사람들이 유기동물을 입양할 수 있는 캠페인을 마련하는 등 유기동물에 대한 인식이 서서히 나아지고 있다. 미국 미국의 많은 주에서 애완동물을 버리는 것은 중죄다. 뉴욕에서는 경범죄로 간주되고 있으며, 2019년 상원 법안 S410에서는 동물 유기죄의 최고 벌금을 2,000달러로 인상할 것을 제안하고 있다. 영국 영국에서는tion, the Dogs Trust등의 의한 자선단체의 구조가 활발하다. 인도 인도에서는 자이나교의 추종자들에 의하여 인도 전역에 동물 보호소가 있다. 입양절차 보호소에 들어온 대부분의 동물들은 중성화수술이 안 되어 있기 때문에 입양하려는 보호자로 하여금 중성화 수술을 하겠다는 서약을 하거나 미리 중성화 수술 비용을 받고 수술후에 분양을 하는 편이다. 또한 입양하려는 사람의 인적정보가 담긴 마이크로칩을 동물의 목덜미 피부에 삽입하는데 법(동물등록제)적으론 개만 해당된다. 수수료는 보통 1~3만원 정도 한다. 보통 입양시 필요한 물품은 신분증, 이동장이나 켄넬을 준비해야 한다. 법적의무는 아니지만 동물병원에서 진료를 받을 시에 유기동물을 입양했다는 것을 알려주면 진료비 할인혜택을 받을 가능성이 높다. 그러나 유기동물을 입양했다는 것이 영리를 추구하는 동물병원에게 당연히 요구해야 하는 권리는 아니다. 오히려 동물병원 입장에서는 각종 질병에 감염되어 있을 가능성이 높거나 사회화가 덜 된 유기동물을 치료하는 것에 대해 거부감을 가지기도 하고, 실제로 유기동물을 치료한다는 소문이 나는 경우 환자가 줄어들기도 한다.</s> 유기동물에 대한 편견에서 비롯된 잘못된 비유로, 유기동물 병원비 할인은 유기동물의 입양을 촉진하기 위한 것이며 병원에서 자발적으로 시행할 수 있다. 실제로 유기동물 치료를 적극적으로 하는 병원의 경우, 치료를 받고 입양된 후에도 해당 병원을 찾는 경우가 많고, 유기동물 반려인들 사이에서도 신뢰할 수 있는 병원으로 소문이 나는 경우 또한 많다. 각주 사회 문제 동물복지 애완동물

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandoned%20pets

Abandoned pets

Abandoned pets are companion animals that are either inadvertently or deliberately abandoned by their owners, by either dumping the animals on the streets, leaving them alone in a vacant property, or relinquishing them at an animal shelter. Animal welfare laws in many states of the United States make it a crime to abandon a pet. The UK passed the Abandonment of Animals Act 1960 which describes the offence of cruelty as "If any person being the owner or having charge or control of any animal shall without reasonable cause or excuse abandon it, whether permanently or not, in circumstances likely to cause the animal any unnecessary suffering, or cause or procure or, being the owner, permit it to be so abandoned." Often, when abandoned, pets are forced to fend for themselves and become stray or feral. Feral cats are said to outnumber feral dogs and can become challenging to handle and socialize enough to be re-introduced to a new human owner. In general, only some newly abandoned cats and very young feral kittens can be tamed. There is a necessity to investigate interventions to prevent companion-animal relinquishment. Stray animals increase potential exposure to zoonotic diseases like rabies. Cat bites or scratches involving stray or feral animals are eight times more common than dog bites. Some pets relinquished to an animal shelter will be euthanized due to a lack of space or financial resources. Millions of companion animals enter animal shelters every year in the United States. However, the number of dogs and cats euthanized in US shelters declined from approximately 2.6 million in 2011 to 1.5 million in 2018. This decline can be partially explained by an increase in the percentage of animals adopted, and an increase in the number of stray animals successfully returned to their owners. Studies show that the majority of people who relinquish an animal also report being emotionally attached to the dog. It has been reported that when forced to abandon their animals in an evacuation, people suffer mental issues such as grief, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Recognizing the importance of pets to their owners and their role in public health is an essential first step in improving a public health problem that has been seen repeatedly in the past and is unlikely to change in the future. Pet abandonment increased during the USA financial crisis of 2007–2008. In early 2009, the ASPCA published advice for people facing foreclosure and the loss of their pets, recommending finding a foster or adoption situation for your pet, being aware of rental property rules for pets, and checking with animal shelters and animal rescue groups. See also Estray Overpopulation in companion animals Spaying and neutering References Pets Abandoned animals

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B5%AD%EB%A1%A0

신국론

『이교도와 대결하는 신의 도성』(), 통칭 『신국론』(神國論, )은 5세기 초에 쓰여진 아우구스티누스 후기 주요 저작이다. 세계가 창조된 이후의 역사를 지상의 나라와 신의 나라라는 두 개의 역사로 구별하여 서술한다. 모두 22권으로 이루어져 있으며, 전반부 10권은 제신에 대한 희생제의와 관련하여 그리스도교와 모순되는 두 가지 그릇된 견해를 반박하고, 후반부 12권은 하느님의 나라와 이 세상 나라로 나누어 그 기원, 경과 및 발전과 결말을 각기 다루며 그리스도교의 구원사를 구상한다. 이 말은 성서에 등장하는 어구로, 아우구스티누스의 저서 뿐만 아니라, 모든 기독교에서 사용한다. 집필의 직접적인 동기는 410년 아라리크가 이끄는 서고트족이 행한 로마시의 약탈에 있다. 당시 정치적인 중요성은 상실되었으나 로마제국의 영광을 상징하는 의의를 갖고 있어서 신성불가침의 도시로 여겨지던 로마의 함락은 제국의 전 국민에게 대단한 충격을 주었고, "세계의 빛은 꺼졌다… 로마시의 멸망은 결국 전 인류의 멸망이다"(히에로니무스)라고 말했을 정도였다. 이에 민심의 밑바닥에 끈질기게 살아 있던 전통적 이교신앙, 곧 모든 재앙은 하느님의 노여움이라는 고대 로마적 신앙이 표면화되어 그 책임을 그리스도 교도에게 돌리는 논의가 재연되었다. 이는 4세기간 이교(異敎)가 정치적·사회적 세력으로서는 대패하였지만 사상적으로는 결코 압도되지 않았음을 보여주는 것이다. 게다가 그리스도 교도도 가끔 동일한 이론적 기반에 서려고 하였다. 아우구스티누스는 정신적 지도자로서 이 위기에 대처할 길을 제시하라는 요구를 받았다. 이 책은 이러한 요구에 대한 응답이다 내용 1-5권은 재앙을 그리스도 교도에 의한 다신교 제사의 금지에 돌리려는 주장을 배격하고, 6-10권에서는 이러한 재앙은 과거에도 있었으며, 신들에게 희생을 바친다 해도 이러한 재앙을 막을 힘이 생기기지 않는다는 것을 말하고 있다. 곧 이 책 전반부는 타설의 반박이며, 자기의 주장은 후반에 적극적으로 개진하고 있다. 11-14권에서 이 세상에 나그네로 머무르고 있는 영광스러운 '신의 나라'와 끊임없는 지배를 구하는 지배욕에 사로잡힌 '지상의 나라'의 영원을, 15-18권은 이 두 나라의 발전을, 마지막 네 권은 이러한 발전의 귀착을 각각 보여준다. 그는 목전에 일어난 재앙을 사실(事實)로 인식하였으나 그렇다고 제국의 전도에 대해 비관적인 결론을 맺지는 않는다. 오히려 이 사실의 참된 역사적 의의를 고찰한다. 그 자신에 있어서는 외부 세계의 격동은 내면적인 사상적 성숙의 과정과 복잡하게 얽혀 있었다. 그것은 젊은 날에는 마니교의 2원론, 또는 신플라톤주의에서 구했던 악의 문제에 대한 철저한 해명이 되었다. 역사에 일어나는 재앙(惡)은 역사를 지배하며 '썩은 것'을 잘라내고, 살려야 핦 것은 모두 남겨놓고 또한 새로운 창조를 하는 하느님의 의지에서 생긴다는 관점이 여기에 제시되어 있다. 로마의 함락은 고트인에 의한 것이 아니라 하느님에 의해서 이루어진 것이다. 역사 위에 심판을 내린다는 하느님에 대한 개념은 고대 유대의 경세(警世)의 예언자들에게서도 찾아볼 수 있다. 그러나 아우구스티누스는 시대가 그리스도교를 신봉하고 있는 때인만큼 옛날보다는 현재의 상태가 낫다고 긍정하는 낙관주의로 나아가지는 않는다. 세계의 사상(事象)을 신의실현(神意實現)의 발전과정으로서 해석하고 있다. 역사는 단순한 사실의 연속·숙명, 또는 유물적 인과율(唯物的因果律)의 발전이 아니라, 인간의 도덕적 의지에 자유로운 선택을 허용하면서도 일체가 예정된 경로를 밟는다는 영적 의의를 가진 사건의 연속이다. 역사의 이러한 의미에 눈을 뜰 때 인간은 하느님과의 일치냐 배반이냐, '신의 나라'와 '지상의 나라' 중 어느 쪽을 따르느냐 하는 것이 역사의 현실 속에서 요구되는 것이다. 이러한 사상은 그리스도교의 지반으로부터 산출된 사상 최초의 역사철학이며, 두 개 나라(要素)의 대립을 포함하고 역사는 발전한다는 역사관은 중세에 일관됨은 물론 17세기 계몽주의시대가 되기까지 서양의 역사사상(歷史思想)에서 가장 기본적인 저류를 이루는 것이 되었다. 목차 제1부 (제1~10권) 제1~5권 (로마에 대한 비판) 제1권 시대의 재앙과 하느님의 섭리 제2권 그릇된 도덕을 낳은 다신숭배 제3권 로마사의 비판적 회고 제4권 제국 성장에 아무것도 못해 준 많은 신들 제5권 운세의 이치가 있는가 없는가 제6~10권 (이교도 철학에 대한 비판) 제6권 참 행복에 아무 도움도 못 되는 신들 제7권 신들에 관한 자연주의 해석과 참 행복 제8권 그리스도와 철학자들의 가르침에 나타난 중개자의 역할 제10권 영원한 생명의 종교 제2부 (제11~22권) 제11~14권 (2개의 나라의 기원) 제11권 하느님이 시간 속에 창조한 세계와 천사 제12권 천사와 인간 창조 제13권 영원한 생명의 복원인 인간의 구속 제14권 범죄 후 인간의 행태에서 나온 두 도성 제15~18권 (그들의 역사 또는 진보) 제15권 두 도성의 전개: 카인과 아벨부터 대홍수까지 제16권 하느님 도성의 초기사: 노아부터 다윗까지 제17권 예언자 시대의 하느님 도성 제18권 역사 진행 속의 두 도성 비교 제19~22권 (마땅히 누려야 할 운명들) 제19권 선의 목적은 하느님 안의 평화 제20권 최후심판에서 닥칠 일들 제21권 종말의 징벌 제22권 육신의 부활과 영원한 생명 아우구스티누스의 작품 기독교 책 기독교 문서 철학 책 라틴 문학 기독교 신학 로마 철학 신플라톤주의 테오도시우스 왕조 5세기 책 5세기 문서 5세기 기독교

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20City%20of%20God

The City of God

On the City of God Against the Pagans (), often called The City of God, is a book of Christian philosophy written in Latin by Augustine of Hippo in the early 5th century AD. The book was in response to allegations that Christianity brought about the decline of Rome and is considered one of Augustine's most important works, standing alongside The Confessions, The Enchiridion, On Christian Doctrine, and On the Trinity. As a work of one of the most influential Church Fathers, The City of God is a cornerstone of Western thought, expounding on many questions of theology, such as the suffering of the righteous, the existence of evil, the conflict between free will and divine omniscience, and the doctrine of original sin. Background The sack of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 left Romans in a deep state of shock, and many Romans saw it as punishment for abandoning traditional Roman religion in favor of Christianity. In response to these accusations, and in order to console Christians, Augustine wrote The City of God as an argument for the truth of Christianity over competing religions and philosophies. He argues that Christianity was not responsible for the Sack of Rome but instead responsible for Rome's success. Even if the earthly rule of the Empire was imperiled, it was the City of God that would ultimately triumph. Augustine's focus was Heaven, a theme of many Christian works of Late Antiquity. Despite Christianity's designation as the official religion of the Empire, Augustine declared its message to be spiritual rather than political. Christianity, he argued, should be concerned with the mystical, heavenly city, the New Jerusalem, rather than with earthly politics. The book presents human history as a conflict between what Augustine calls the Earthly City (often colloquially referred to as the City of Man, but never by Augustine) and the City of God, a conflict that is destined to end in victory for the latter. The City of God is marked by people who forgo earthly pleasure to dedicate themselves to the eternal truths of God, now revealed fully in the Christian faith. The Earthly City, on the other hand, consists of people who have immersed themselves in the cares and pleasures of the present, passing world. Augustine's thesis depicts the history of the world as universal warfare between God and the Devil. This metaphysical war is not limited by time but only by geography on Earth. In this war, God moves (by divine intervention, Providence) those governments, political/ideological movements and military forces aligned (or aligned the most) with the Catholic Church (the City of God) in order to oppose by all means—including military—those governments, political/ideological movements and military forces aligned (or aligned the most) with the Devil (the City of the World). This concept of world history guided by Divine Providence in a universal war between God and the Devil is part of the official doctrine of the Catholic Church as most recently stated in the Second Vatican Council's document: "The Church ... holds that in her most benign Lord and Master can be found the key, the focal point and the goal of man, as well as of all human history ... all of human life, whether individual or collective, shows itself to be a dramatic struggle between good and evil, between light and darkness ... The Lord is the goal of human history the focal point of the longings of history and of civilization, the center of the human race, the joy of every heart and the answer to all its yearnings." Structure Part I (Books I–X): a polemical critique of Roman religion and philosophy, corresponding to the Earthly City Book I–V: A critique of pagan religion Book I: a criticism of the pagans who attribute the sack of Rome to Christianity despite being saved by taking refuge in Christian churches. The book also explains good and bad things happen to righteous and wicked people alike, and it consoles the women violated in the recent calamity. Book II: a proof that because of the worship of the pagan gods, Rome suffered the greatest calamity of all, that is, moral corruption. Book III: a proof that the pagan gods failed to save Rome numerous times in the past from worldly disasters, such as the sack of Rome by the Gauls. Book IV: a proof that the power and long duration of the Roman empire was due not to the pagan gods but to the Christian God. Book V: a refutation of the doctrine of fate and an explanation of the Christian doctrine of free will and its consistency with God's omniscience. The book proves that Rome's dominion was due to the virtue of the Romans and explains the true happiness of the Christian emperors. Book VI–X: A critique of pagan philosophy Book VI: a refutation of the assertion that the pagan gods are to be worshipped for eternal life (rather than temporal benefits). Augustine claimed that even the esteemed pagan theologist Varro held the gods in contempt. Book VII: a demonstration that eternal life is not granted by Janus, Jupiter, Saturn, and other select gods. Book VIII: an argument against the Platonists and their natural theology, which Augustine views as the closest approximation of Christian truth, and a refutation of Apuleius' insistence of the worship of demons as mediators between God and man. The book also contains a refutation against Hermeticism. Book IX: a proof that all demons are evil and that only Christ can provide man with eternal happiness. Book X: a teaching that the good angels wish that God alone is worshipped and a proof that no sacrifice can lead to purification except that of Christ. Part II (Books XI–XXII): discussion on the City of God and its relationship to the Earthly City Books XI–XIV: the origins of the two cities Book XI: the origins of the two cities from the separation of the good and bad angels, and a detailed analysis of Genesis 1. Book XII: answers to why some angels are good and others bad, and a close examination of the creation of man. Book XIII: teaching that death originated as a penalty for Adam's sin, the fall of man. Book XIV: teachings on the original sin as the cause for future lust and shame as a just punishment for lust. Books XV–XVIII: the history or progress of the two cities, including foundational theological principles about Jews. Book XV: an analysis of the events in Genesis between the time of Cain and Abel to the time of the flood. Book XVI: the progress of the two cities from Noah to Abraham, and the progress of the heavenly city from Abraham to the kings of Israel. Book XVII: the history of the city of God from Samuel to David and to Christ, and Christological interpretations of the prophecies in Kings and Psalms. Book XVIII: the parallel history of the earthly and heavenly cities from Abraham to the end. Doctrine of Witness, that Jews received prophecy predicting Jesus, and that Jews are dispersed among the nations to provide independent testimony of the Hebrew Scriptures. Books XIX–XXII: the deserved destinies of the two cities. Book XIX: the end of the two cities, and the happiness of the people of Christ. Book XX: the prophecies of the Last Judgment in the Old and New Testaments. Book XXI: the eternal punishment for the city of the devil. Book XXII: the eternal happiness for the saints and explanations of the resurrection of the body. English translations The City of God. Translation by William Babcock, notes by Boniface Ramsey. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 2012. The City of God against the Pagans. Translation by R. W. Dyson. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. The City of God. Translation by Henry Bettenson. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1972. The City of God: Volumes XVI–XVIII Translation by Eva Matthews Sanford with William M. Green. Loeb Classical Library 415, 1965. City of God. Translation by William M. Green. Cambridge University Press, 1963 The City of God. Translation by Gerald G. Walsh, S. J., et al. Introduction by Étienne Gilson. New York: Doubleday, Image Books, 1958. The City of God. Translation by Marcus Dods. Introduction by Thomas Merton. New York: The Modern Library, a division of Random House, Inc., 1950. First published: 1871. The City of God. Translation by John Healey. Introduction by Ernest Barker. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1945. Of the Citie of God. Translation by John Healey. Notes by Juan Luis Vives. London: George Eld, 1610. References Further reading External links De civitate dei – The Latin Library. The City of God – Dods translation, New Advent. Excerpts only. (Dods translation) The City of God – Marcus Dods translation, CCEL Lewis E 197 Expositio in civitatem dei S. Augustini (Commentary on St. Augustine's City of God) at OPenn Texts about the work An introduction to The City of God by James J. O'Donnell Excerpts from The City of God Excerpts from The City of God City of God, The City of God, The City of God, The City of God, The 5th-century Christianity Philosophy books Political thought in ancient Rome Neoplatonic texts Works by Augustine of Hippo Christian theology books

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%B9%B4%EA%B0%80%EC%99%80%20%EC%95%84%ED%82%A4%EC%BD%94

나카가와 아키코

나카가와 아키코()는 홋카이도 삿포로시 출신의 일본 여자 성우다. 남편은 작곡가인 와다 카오루이다. 내력 홋카이도 삿포로시에서 태어나 초등학교 3학년 때, 아오모리현 아오모리시로 이사해 아오모리아케노호시 고등학교를 졸업할때까지 살았다. 어렸을 때부터 봤던 애니메이션이나 특촬물, 중학생 시절대 시작했던 연극의 영향으로 성우가 될 것을 결심하고 대학진학을 계기로 상경. 상경 할 때쯤 받았던 진로상담에서는 선생님, 부모님의 반응에 부딪혔지만 선생님을 설득해 협력을 받았으며 그 후, 둘이서 1년 동안 끈질기게 부모님과 교섭. 최종적으로 부모님들도 연극 할 때부터 계속 열심히 해온 것을 알기에 허락해 주었다. 센슈 대학 법학과 2부에 재학 중, 1994년에 마크로스7으로 성우 데뷔를 한다. 또한, 성우일과 학업을 병행하면서도 4년을 무사히 끝마쳤고 애니메이션 라디오 방송에서 라디오 퍼스널리티로서도 활약했으며 소년탐정 김전일, 포춘 퀘스트 L 등에서 성우로서의 입지를 굳혀 나갔다. 트루바두르 음악사무소에 소속 된 후, 엑셀, 프리랜서를 거쳐 도쿄배우생활협동조합에 들어가게 된다. 2002년에 작곡가인 와다 가오루와 결혼했다. 고이즈미 리나, 고타니 노부코, 야마구치 가쓰코와 함께 성우 걸즈밴드인 『LAMUSE』를 결성했던 적도 있다. 인물상 좌우명은 「당신의 일상을 사랑하라.」 데뷔 전 초등학교 때에는 음악부 (기악부라는 말도 있다.)에서 실로폰 담당이었다. 중학교 때에는 소프트볼부를 그만 둔 뒤, 테니스부와 연극부를 동시에 가입했으며 이 때가 연극을 만나게 되면서 그 후에 연극의 매력에 푹 빠지게 되었다. 고등학교 때에는 현 대회에 10년 이상 연속 출전했던 연극으로 유명한 명문학교여서 그녀가 고2때에는 10년만에 동북 대회까지 진출했다. 이 때, 처음으로 기쁨의 눈물을 흘렸다고 한다. 『은하철도의 밤』을 모티브로 한 <어른이 되지 않은 아이들을 위해서>란 제목의 연극에서 캄파넬라를 연기했다. 대학시절 때에는 성우 활동과 동시에 연극 동호회 일에도 참가해 4년동안 학교 생활도 같이 했다. 자신의 어린 시절을 무뚝뚝하고 이사 걱정하고 낯가림이 심했다고 평할 때가 많다. 자신이 먼저 말을 걸지 않고 소극적이고 아무 말도 하지 않는 성격이었으며 수업 중에 모두가 손을 들을 때 자신만 들지 않아 역으로 주목을 받아 주목 받기 싫어했던 그녀는 그 뒤로는 쭈뼛쭈뼛 손을 들었다고 한다. 친구가 같이 놀자해도 계속 책만 읽고 있어 결국 가지 않아서 그녀는 일요일 날 친구들이랑 논 기억이 대부분 없다고 한다. 처음 학교축제 날 연극을 했을 때에는 「저 나카가와가!」「무대 위에서는 말 잘하네」란 말을 들었다 한다. 음악시간 때는 노래를 부르지 않고 입만 뻥끗거려 노래방에서 노래하는 것도 매우 서툴렀었으나 성우 데뷔 후, 레코딩 작업이나 라이브 무대등에서 계속 노래해 가면서 극복해 나간다. 노래는 성우업, 연극의 연장선이라 한다. 매일 아침 반야심경을 외우시는 할머니 옆에서 같이 외울 정도로 할머니를 많이 따랐다고 한다. 비록 소극적인 성격이지만 같이 어울려 춤추는 것을 좋아했다 한다. 국어 교과서를 낭독할 때나 방송위원일 때 마이크 앞에서 원고 읽는 것을 즐겼던 면도 있다. 첫 사랑은 초등학교 3학년 때였다 한다. 전학 갈 때쯤 편지에 마음을 담아 보냈다고 한다. 전학 간 후에도 몇 번이고 편지를 써서 보냈지만 그걸로 끝이었다고 한다. 중학교 시절에는 특히 자신을 내세우지 못한 때였다고 한다. 교사가 얌전하단 말을 부정적인 뉘앙스로 말한 것 등을 부모가 걱정해 고등학교는 미션계 여학교로 선택해 갔다. 고등학교는 자신을 내세울 수 있는 곳이었으며 연극부에서는 기분 좋은 공간을 모두와 함께 만들어 간 것 같단 느낌이었다 한다. 연극을 목표로 하는 만큼 갑자기 바뀐 것을 공부하기 위해 대학은 법학과를 선택했다. 대학 때에는 베이커리, 케이크 가게, 텔레폰 어포인터, 도쿄 디즈니 랜드의 웨이트레스 등 여러 아르바이트를 했다. 어느 정도 정해진 범위에서 사람을 응대하는 접객업은 좋아했다고 한다. 대학 연극 동호회에서는 합숙으로 '이즈시치도'에 갈 때 동호회 멤버가 여권이 필요하다고 맡기라고 했을 때 믿고 가지고 있던 여권을 제시했던 일도 있었다. 「성우가 될 거란 자신감은 언제나 있었다. 때때로는 체력적으로 힘들다고 생각할 때도 있었지만 연극을 계속 해온 일이 마음의 버팀목이 되어 왔다.」라는 얘기를 했었다. 양성소 그녀가 성우가 되기 위한 활동을 하고 있었을 때 성우가 되기 위한 정보가 부족해 양성소를 고를 때 힘들었으며 여러모로 실패도 많이 겪었다고 한다. 큰 성우 양성소에 자신이 직접 녹음한 데모테이프를 자신이 직접 보낸 일이나 성우에 관한 공부를 전혀 가르쳐 주지 않는 곳에 들어가 버린 일 등이 있었다. 1년 반 자신의 발로 직접 뛰어 다니며 애니메이션 양성소니까 애니메이션 잡지를 찾아보면 어떨까라는 생각이 문득 들어 예전에 애독했던 「애니미디어」를 다시 보았더니 거기에 광고가 실려 있었다. 그 때까지는 막 새로 생겼던 「하라주쿠 성우 프로듀스·오피스」에서 월 2회 레슨, 1회 당 3~4시간의 수업을 받으면서 성우 공부를 해나간다. 1년 후, 오디션에서 「꽃다발 소녀」역에 합격해서 드디어 꿈에 그리던 성우 데뷔를 하게 된다. 그 때의 심정을 그녀는 「정말 하늘에 오를 것만 같은 기분이었어요. 방금까지 있던 세계하고는 다른 세계에 있다는 느낌. 제가 두 명이 있는 듯한 느낌이었어요.」라고 말했다. 성우 지망생들에게 엄하게 대하는 성우가 많이 있는 요즘 보기 드물게도 그녀는 「잘 대해주는 양성소도 있으니까 주위를 잘 보렴.」이라고 염려하는 말을 해주기도 하며 「성우가 되는 길에 지름길은 없단다. 자신이 먼저 행동할 것. 어떤 걸 목표로 하든 일단 움직일 것. 성우를 목표로 하는 여러분, 힘내세요!!」라고 격려해 준다. 애칭 애칭이 꽤 많다. 앗코, 나코, NAVI, 우왓코, 나캇치, 누님・바이오닉 아키코, 아키아키, 나카가왓치, 아코삐, 사장, 농장장, 성주 등이 있으며 가장 잘 사용되고 있는 애칭은 앗코쨩, 앗코상. 특기 줄넘기 (특히, 2중 뛰기), 드럼 (존경하는 드러머는 히구치 무네타카), 버터플라이 영법 취미 및 좋아하는 것 음식·음료 일본차, 홍차, 커피를 좋아한다고 한다. 마시면서 느긋하게 보내는 걸 사치 부리는 것 같다고 한다. 레몬 즙을 짜서 넣은 토마토 주스는 참을 수 없을 만큼 좋아한다 한다. 상경해서 처음으로 먹은 「네기도로동」은 추억의 맛이라고 한다. 파를 잔뜩 넣은 백숙을 좋아한다. 유제품은 좋아하지만 그냥 우유는 잘 못 마신다고 한다. 술자리의 분위기를 좋아하는데다 술도 강하다. 자신있게 할 수 있는 요리는 햄버그 스테이크. 작가·예술가 가방안에 조그마한 책 한 권이라도 있어야 마음이 편안하다고 한다. 좋아하는 작가는 리처드 바크, 스티븐 킹, 기타무라 가오루, 온다 리쿠, 모리 히로시 등이 있다. 또 좋아하는 판화가는 심 시멜, 좋아하는 화가는 하야가와 기코, 짐 다인, 마크 로스코 등. 캐릭터 좋아하는 캐릭터로는 판셀, 『도라에몽』의 도라에몽, 『포켓몬스터』의 피카츄, 『피너츠』의 스누피, 『게게게의 기타로』의 눈알 아저씨, 『드래곤 퀘스트 II 악령의 신들』의 사마루토리아의 왕자, 『도로론 엔마군』의 엔마 군, 『붉은광탄 질리온』의 JJ, 『스타 워즈』의 R2D2, 『루팡 3세』의 지겐 다이스케, 『무민』의 스너프킹, 『별의 왕자님』의 키츠네 등이 있다. 게임 처음으로 산 게임은 프론트 라인, 아스트로 로보 SASA. 처음으로 산 CD는 드래곤 퀘스트 II 악령의 신들의 악곡 『Love Song 찾아서』. 가족끼리 코타츠에 빙 둘러앉아 근육맨의 돈쟈라를 해온게 계기가 되어 마작을 좋아하게 되었다. 오로지 게임이나 인터넷 대전만을 해왔지만 사회 공부라 둘러대고 도요시마 마치코와 함께 마작장에 간 적도 있다. 패션 흰 티셔츠에 청바지가 자기답고 좋다고 몇 번 말한 적이 있다. 데님으로는 자켓을 좋아한다. 코트에 푹하고 둘러싸이는게 좋다고 해 태내회귀본능이 있는 것 같다고 한다. 선글라스는 외출할 때 필수품이라고 한다. 사진집에서 유카타를 입은 모습을 몇 번인가 보여주었다. 소년탐정 김전일, 프레시 프리큐어! 더빙 현장에서는 출연 성우들과 미리 의논해서 유카타를 입고 녹음하러 간 적이 있다고 한다. 염신전대 고온저의 이벤트에 참가했을 때에도 유카타를 입었었다. 계절 계절은 「어느 계절이고 다 좋아하지만 북쪽에서 자라와서 그런지 몰라도 특히 추운 때가 좋다.」라고 한다. 찬 바람을 맞으면 그리운 친구를 만난 듯 무척 기쁘고 눈이 내리면 마치 자신을 응원하는 듯한 느낌을 받는다 한다. 방사냉각 현상이 일어난 아침의 푸른 하늘을 제일 좋아한다고 한다. F1 F1을 좋아하며 하인즈 헤럴드 프렌첸의 팬이라고 공언했었다. 귀 밑쪽의 털이 마음에 들었다고 한다. 공룡 공룡을 좋아해 『쥐라기 공원』을 감상 후, 원작 소설도 완독했다. 디노 크라이시스도 플레이를 끝냈다. 하지만 악어, 뱀, 이구아나 같은 파충류는 싫어하지는 않지만 안지는 못할 것 같다고 한다. 라디오 사이토 히로미의 『라디오는 아메리칸』을 열심히 들은 청취자이며 공개녹음에도 간 적이 있다고 한다. 놀이공원 특히, 절규 머신 계열을 좋아한다. 관람차도 좋아한다고 한다. 불꽃 불꽃놀이 대회에서 불꽃을 쏘아 올릴 때의 소리가 나면 가만히 있지를 못하게 된다고 한다. 한 편으론 선향불꽃도 좋아한다. 악기 상경해서 라이브 무대를 많이 관람하는 중에 드럼이 가장 기분 좋은 느낌을 받았다 한다. 성우 데뷔 후에 지금부터 배우면 늦지 않을까라는 생각을 하면서도 배우기 시작해 후에 LAMUSE에서 일거리 중 하나가 되고 만다. 음색이 가장 좋은건 피아노. 자신의 라이브에서 우쿨렐레를 연주하는 모습도 보여 주었다. 장소 공항, 항구, 여행 떠나는 곳을 좋아한다. 천공정원에 동경심을 품고 있다. 바다 생물 고래, 범고래, 돌고래, 개복치, 쥐가오리, 데바스즈메다이 등을 좋아한다. 금속 금, 은, 동 중에서는 「지구의 땅에서 태어난 듯한 얼굴을 하고 있다.」라고 느끼는 동을 좋아한다. 시민 마라톤 대회에서 동메달을 받은 적이 있으나 20위 이하 전원이 받을 수 있는 참가상 같은 것이었다. 출연 작품 TV 애니메이션 1994년 마크로스7 - 꽃다발 소녀, 시민, 오퍼레이터 1995년 신비의 세계 엘하자드 애천사전설 웨딩피치 - 타케우치 아키코 #28 1996년 아이들의 장난감 - 유이 #21 1997년 소년탐정 김전일 - 나나세 미유키 (설유미), 고이즈미 게이코 아이들의 장난감 - 마코 #57 포춘 퀘스트 L - 파스텔·G·킹 1998년 DT에이트론 - 시나 #20 LET'S 누풋누풋 - 타카키 요시코 외 꽃피는 천사 텐텐군 - 사유리카와 사치코 열화의 염 - 코미 2000년 삐뽀빠뽀 파토루군 - 하야토 외 섬 시타로의 시마지로 - 염소 얏쿤 원피스 - 미스 골든위크 이누야샤 - 히구라시 소타 (유태영) 2001년 작은 눈의 요정 슈가 - 안느 2002년 HAPPY★LESSON - 토가쿠시 칸나 격투! 크러시 기어 TURBO - 蘭芳, 지나 파이어스틴 도쿄 언더그라운드 - 마리 록맨 에그제 - 미도리카와 케로 (쥬쥬), 토드맨 베리베리 뮤우뮤우 - 야나기다 모에 포춘독 - 캐미 2003년 GAD GUARD - 여자 SD건담 포스 - 세라 내일의 나쟈 - 테레즈 록맨 에그제AXESS - 미도리카와 케로 (쥬쥬) 탐정학원Q - 쿠리타 스미카 2004년 록맨 에그제Stream - 미도리가와 케로 (쥬쥬) 마리아님이 보고계셔 - 쿠보 시오리 불새 - 소녀, 시녀 빛의 전사 프리큐어 - 야베 치아키 아가사 크리스티의 명탐정 포와로와 마플 - 모리 2005년 록맨 에그제BEAST+ - 미도리카와 케로 (쥬쥬) 츠바사 -RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE- - 이즈 아키라 2006년 두 사람은 프리큐어 Splash Star - 안도 카요 (태영) 2007년 Yes! 프리큐어5 - 여자 소년탐정 김전일 사건부SP - 나나세 미유키 (설유미) 2008년 월드 디스트럭션 ~세계 박멸의 6명~ - 리난 2009년 이누야샤 완결편 - 히구라시 소타 (유태영) 프레시 프리큐어! - 야마부키 이노리 (나소희)/큐어 파인 OVA 샤머닉 프린세스 - 스반나 화이트 스타라이트 스쿨럼블 연애후보생 - 쿠스하라 리나 전뇌전대 부기'즈 엔젤 - 오키누 쨩 카페 알파 - 타카츠 코코네 ヨコハマ買い出し紀行 (요코하마 매물기행,한국명:카페 알파) - Quiet Country Cafe- - 타카츠 코코네 극장판 애니메이션 극장판 이누야샤 - 히구라시 소타 (유태영) 이누야샤 시대를 초월한 마음 이누야샤 거울 속의 몽환성 이누야샤 천하패도의 검 극장판 천지무용! in Love 록맨 에그제 빛과 어둠의 유산 - 미도리카와 케로 (쥬쥬) 마크로스7 은하가 날 부른다! - 꽃다발 소녀 소년탐정 김전일 사건부 - 나나세 미유키 (설유미) 소년탐정 김전일 사건부2 살육의 딥블루 - 나나세 미유키 (설유미) 쾌걸근육맨 2세 머슬 당근쟁탈! 초인 대전쟁 - 다레난다 공주 프리큐어 시리즈 극장판 프리큐어 올스타즈DX 우린 모두 친구☆기적같은 전원 대집합! - 야마부키 이노리 (나소희)/큐어 파인 극장판 프레시 프리큐어! 장난감 나라에는 비밀이 가득!? - 야마부키 이노리 (나소희)/큐어 파인 극장판 프리큐어 올스타즈DX2 희망의 빛☆레인보우 쥬얼을 지켜라! - 야마부키 이노리 (나소희)/큐어 파인 극장판 프리큐어 올스타즈DX2 미래에 전하라! 세계를 이어주는☆무지갯빛 꽃 - 야마부키 이노리 (나소희)/큐어 파인 극장판 프리큐어 올스타즈 New Stage 미래의 친구 - 야마부키 이노리 (나소희)/큐어 파인 게임 1997년 용기전승2 - 루체 류비 (Windows) 용기전승PLUS - 큐이 (Windows) 1998년 데뷔21 - 마키 치사 (플레이스테이션) 드래곤 마스터 실크 외전 스코벤쳐 - 시로후지 미츠키 (세가 새턴) 로망레느 - 나키 (Windows) 명탐정 코난 - 아이카와 유미 (플레이스테이션) 무인도 이야기R - 하시모토 유키미 (Windows & 세가 새턴) 방과후 연애클럽 -사랑의 에튀드- - 오리하라 사나에 (세가 새턴판 에서만 Windows판에서는 다른 성우가 맡았다.) 스타라이트 스쿨럼블 연애후보생 - 쿠스하라 리나 (Windows & 플레이스테이션) 아가씨 특급 - 이야마 이라이 (세가 새턴 & 플레이스테이션) 1999년 L의 계절 ~A piece of memories~ - 유미쿠라 아키코 (플레이스테이션) ONE ~빛나는 계절로~ - 사토무라 아카네 (플레이스테이션) 우연히 사랑하고 - 소마 나나에 2001년 From TV animation 원피스 뛰쳐나와 해적단! - 미스 골든위크 (플레이스테이션) 머메이드의 계절 - 와카바 코토노 (Windows & 플레이스테이션) 엔젤 프레젠트 - 아사기리 아야메 (드림캐스트) 청춘요일 - 키라 (드림캐스트) 2002년 From TV animation 원피스 그랜드 배틀! - 미스 골든위크 (플레이스테이션) 2004년 F ~퍼내틱~ - 애니 화이트 (Windows & 플레이스테이션2) 2005년 제3차 슈퍼로봇 대전α 종언의 은하로 - 시비루 (플레이스테이션2) 원피스 그랜드 배틀!RUSH - 미스 골든위크 (플레이스테이션2 & 닌텐도 게임큐브) 2009년 마크로스 얼티메이트 프론티어 - 시비루 (플레이스테이션 포터블) 소년탐정 김전일의 사건부 악마의 살인항해 - 나나세 미유키 (설유미) (닌텐도 DS) 더빙 네휴 - 아이슈링 사이좋은 도깨비 - 에도월 ※DVD 신 녹음판 프릿지 - 크리시 특촬 보이스랏가 - 호무라 아키코/보이스랏가 루비 슈퍼 전대 시리즈 염신전대 고온저 - 봄퍼의 목소리 염신전대 고온저 BUNBUN!BANBAN!극장BANG!! - 봄퍼의 목소리 염신전대 고온저 BONBON!BONBON!인터넷으로BONG!! - 봄퍼의 목소리 극장판 염신전대 고온저 VS 게키 레인저 - 봄퍼의 목소리 사무라이 전대 신켄져 VS 염신전대 고온저 스크린BANG!! - 봄퍼의 목소리 해적전대 고카이저 - 봄퍼의 목소리 울트라Q dark fantasy - 가라Q의 목소리 라디오 Radio아!LAMUSE VOICE OF WONDERLAND 나이토 칸의 ZigZag 안테나 나카가와 아키코 LUCKY FARM 나카가와 아키코의 Heart to Heart 나카가와·마쓰카제@열풍 대륙 라라라LAMUSE 마크로스 월드 성우가 되고 싶어~LAMUSE를 향한 길 앗코와 메구의 매지컬 에그에 어서오세요 전격 대작전 잡지 연재 Cotton Candy - 애니미디어에서 연재. 성우가 되기까지의 과정이나 성우가 된 후에 일어났던 일을 말하고 있다. Relaxation Time - 성우 그랑프리에서 연재. 사진과 시가 실려있다. 포켓・팔렛, 만물박사 나카가와 - 성우 그랑프리에서 연재. 칼럼. CD 싱글 Sweet Pain 꿈의 도시 TOKYO LIFE 멋진 퓨어러브 (마키 치사의 명의로 싱글 컷.) 앨범 FRIENDS (자주제작 프라이빗 미니앨범) graduation I.O. (라디오 방송LUCKY FARM기획앨범) Songs & Days Winter Tales from Akiko Nakagawa 미소의 Soldier! 드라마 CD Aika special mission 3〜Mary Gene - 미사키 BUD BOY - 유우히메 LAMUSE FIGHT! - 나카가와 아키코 L의 계절 드라마 CD - 유미쿠라 아키코 건드라이버 - 안나 스톤 고쿠레이에 노티 보이 - 카토 유리 다중인격 탐정 사이코 시리즈 MPD-PSYCHO 사이코 사운드·스토리 - 코에이 아야코 데스크탑의 메이드씨 드라마 CD - 메이팡 태양의 소녀 잉카쨩 - 잉카 쨩 주제가「SUN」（작사: 마츠모토 유카 작곡: 아베 준 편곡: 아베 준, 타케후지 세이지, 첫 레코딩 곡) 마크로스7 CD시네마 - 소녀 A 방과후 연애클럽 -사랑의 에튀드- - 오리하라 사나에 보이스랏가 외전 vol.1 - 호무라 아키코 성우가 되고 싶어 ~LAMUSE를 향한 길~ 시리즈 - 나카가와 아키코 스타라이트 스쿨럼블 연애후보생 라디오 스쿨럼블 - 쿠스하라 리나 이누야샤 드라마 앨범2 『폭풍과 축제의 보래도!』 - 히구라시 소타 (유태영) 천국에 눈물은 필요없어 와룡봉추부부추 - 사사키 리츠코 초철제국 테슬라 - 스칼렛 테슬라 주제가「아이리스의 kiss」（with 미나미 오미, 작사: 시라쿠라 유미, 작곡: 마츠모토 요이치） 카페 알바 시리즈 카페 알바 - 소녀 카페 알바 2 - 다카츠 코코네 삽입곡 「달에게 허밍」(허밍with 시이나 헤키루, 작곡: GONTITI) 쿄시로 - 니시야마 레이코 특공천녀 - 카미사키 류카 팔콤 크러시맥스 오리지널 CD 드라마 「이스 I/여신의 기억」 - 레아 포춘 퀘스트 시리즈 - 파스텔·G·킹 포춘 퀘스트 외전 「파스텔의 여행」 포춘 퀘스트 아르바이트 편 「저녁 해가 두 개로 보인 밤」 풍희외전 화진의 바람 - 센쥬마루 하이퍼 안나 - 타카츠키 안나 흡혈공주 미타 CD시네마 - 소녀 힘차게! 프로즌·프리티 주제가「Frozen Kiss」(작사・작곡: 아베 준 편곡: 타케후지 세이지) 그 외 BLITZ INDEX - 나레이션 뇌내 워드Q 히키다스! - 나레이션 생활구조 개혁 신설!? 일본 미스테리 - 하니완 애니메이션 세계 명작 『파브르 곤충기』 - 파브르, 교재 애니메이션 DVD 여삼필 - 낭독회. 아오키 사야카와 함께 공동출연. 외부 링크 공식 프로필 (도쿄 배우생활 협동조합) acopi.net - 공식 사이트 나카가와 아키코의 블로그 일본의 여자 성우 삿포로시 출신 1973년 출생 살아있는 사람 센슈 대학 동문

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko%20Nakagawa

Akiko Nakagawa

is a Japanese voice actress who was born in Sapporo. She is married to Inuyasha music composer Kaoru Wada. She is one of the voice actresses for Miyuki Nanase in Kindaichi Case Files series. Notable voice roles Sōta Higurashi in Inuyasha Anne in Little Snow Fairy Sugar Moe Yanagida in Tokyo Mew Mew Inori Yamabuki/Cure Pine in Fresh Pretty Cure Miyuki Nanase in Kindaichi Case Files Miss Goldenweek in One Piece Demi in Flame of Recca Kanna Togakushi in Happy Lesson Sayla and Nana in Superior Defender Gundam Force Massa in Gokujō!! Mecha Mote Iinchō Chiaki Yabe in Futari wa Pretty Cure Kayo Ando in Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star Shiori Kubou in Maria-sama ga Miteru Sivil in Macross 7 Susie in PaRappa the Rapper Bomper in Engine Sentai Go-onger Akiko Homura in Voicelugger Kero Midorikawa in Mega Man NT Warrior Cammy in Fortune Dogs External links Akiko Nakagawa at Ryu's Seiyuu Info 1973 births Living people Voice actresses from Sapporo Japanese voice actresses

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94%20%EB%A7%88%EC%95%BD%20%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81

멕시코 마약 전쟁

멕시코 마약 밀매와의 전쟁(), 줄여서 마약 전쟁(guerra contra el narco)은 세력 다툼을 벌이고 있는 라이벌 마약 카르텔들과 그들을 제압하려는 멕시코 정부군과 시민 자경단 간에 현재 진행 중인 무장 충돌을 일컫는다. 2006년, 멕시코 군부가 개입하면서 정부의 최선의 과제는 마약과 관련된 모든 폭력을 종식시키는 것이었다. 정부는 강력한 마약 카르텔들을 와해시키는 것을 첫 번째 목표로 삼았으며 마약 밀매를 방지하는 것은 미국 정부가 알아서 해야 하는 것이었다. 멕시코의 마약 카르텔, 혹은 마약 밀매 조직들은 이미 수 십 년간 존재해 오고 있었으나 1990년대 콜롬비아의 칼리와 메데인 카르텔의 몰락을 기점으로 보다 강력해졌다. 멕시코 마약 조직들은 현재 불법 마약 도매 시장을 지배하고 있으며 2007년에는 미국으로 들어오는 코카인의 90%를 공급하였다. 거대 조직인 티후아나와 걸프 카르텔의 중심 인물들이 검거되었으나 이는 오히려 더 심각한 폭력 사태들을 초래하였고 미국으로의 밀매 경로를 차지하고자 하는 카르텔들의 경쟁이 더 심해졌다. 해마다 불법 마약 도매로 얻는 수익은 136억 불에서 494억 불 정도로 추산된다. 펠리페 칼데론 대통령의 임기가 끝날 때까지 멕시코 마약 전쟁으로 인한 공식적인 사망자 수는 최소한 6만여 명으로 추산되고 있다. 그러나 수많은 실종자들의 수를 감안할 때 최소 10만여 명이 살해된 것으로 추산된다. 배경 지정학적인 위치 탓에 멕시코는 멕시코 자체뿐 만이 아니라 남미나 다른 지역으로부터 미국으로 향하는 마약, 불법 이민자들, 밀수품들이 통해갈 수 밖에 없는 장소였다. 멕시코는 미국의 금주령 시대의 알코올 공급처였고, 1933년 금주법이 폐지되자 불법 마약 거래국이 되었으며, 1960년대 말에 이르러서는 멕시코 마약 밀매업자들이 대량으로 밀수를 시작하게 되었다. 1980~1990년대 초반에는 콜롬비아의 파블로 에스코바르가 코카인 수출의 주역이었으며 그는 전 세계에 걸친 조직 범죄 네트워크와 일하였다. 남부 플로리다와 캐리비안 연안 국가들에 대한 감시가 심해지자 콜롬비아 조직들은 멕시코의 마약 운송 업자들과 손을 잡고 멕시코를 통해 코카인을 미국으로 밀반입하기 시작했다. 이는 이미 멕시코 마약업자들이 오랜 기간 헤로인과 대마의 주된 공급자로서 콜롬비아 업자들을 도와 사업을 할 조직이 완비되어 있었기에 쉽게 가능한 일이었다. 1980년 중반까지 멕시코 운송 조직들은 콜롬비아 코카인을 운송하는 데에서 잘 정비되고 믿을만한 세력이었다. 처음에 멕시코 업자들은 운송 업무의 대가만 현찰로 받았었는데 1980년 후반에는 '물건'으로 운송비를 대신하는 협약을 맺기도 했다. 멕시코 운송조직들은 보통 코카인 밀수 운송 건당 35 ~ 50%의 보수를 받았다. 이러한 상황은 멕시코 조직들이 코카인의 운송뿐만이 아니라 유통에도 관여할 수 있게 해주었고, 결과적으로 쉽게 건드릴 수 없는 마약 밀수 조직이 되어 버렸다. 현재 시날로아 카르텔과 걸프 카르텔이 콜롬비아로부터 전 세계의 시장으로 코카인을 밀수하고 있다. 시간이 경과함에 따라 여러 카르텔들의 세력 균형은 바뀌고 있다. 신규 조직이 부상하고 오래된 조직은 와해되었다. 조직의 리더가 체포되거나 살해당해 시스템이 분열되는 경우 권력의 부재를 틈타 세력을 확장하기 위한 조직 간의 혈투는 더욱 거세어진다. 때로 공권력의 개입으로 특정 카르텔의 지휘 세력이 체포되거나 하는 경우가 있는데 카르텔들은 이런 기회를 포착하기 위해 상대 조직을 단속하도록 정부 관리를 매수하거나 다른 조직의 정보를 정부나 DEA에 흘려 치명타를 입히기도 한다. 폭력이 심해지는 데에는 많은 이유들이 있겠지만, 멕시코 시티의 보안 분석가들은 이러한 재앙이 제도 혁명당이 주도하던 정부와 마약 밀매상들의 암묵적인 합의가 깨진 데에서 비롯되었다고 생각한다. 제도 혁명당은 1980년대 후반부터 정치력을 잃기 시작했다. 라이벌 조직 간의 폭력 행위는 1989년 코카인 사업을 하던 미겔 앙헬 펠릭스 가야르도의 검거 이후부터 본격적으로 심해졌다가 1990년대에는 잠시 소강상태로 접어들었다. 그러나 2000년도부터 점차적으로 심각해져 가고 있다. 비센테 폭스의 집권기 2000년도에 대통령 비센테 폭스가 타마울리파스의 누에보 라레도에 군대를 파견하여 조직을 진압하기 시작하면서부터 폭력이 다시 난무하게 되었다. 2005년도 1월에서 8월까지 누에보 라레도에서만 걸프와 시날로아 카르텔간의 싸움으로 약 110명이 살해당했다. 같은 해 미초아칸에서는 '라 파밀리아 미초아카나'가 조직되면서 폭력이 증가하였다. 마약의 출처와 소비 1980년대 이후 멕시코가 불법 마약시장에서 제조 및 운송에서 더 큰 역할을 하게 되자 멕시코 내에서도 마약을 쉽게 구할 수 있게 되었다. 이전 수 십 년간은 마약의 소비는 사회, 경제적으로 높은 지위에 있는 사람들이나 지식인, 예술가 등에 국한되어 있었고 일반 대중에게는 그리 퍼져있지 않았다. 많은 경우 미국으로 가는 마약 운송이 멕시코 국경 마을에서 지연되었고 이로 인해 그 지역의 마약 소비를 촉진한 것으로 보인다. 2001년 9월 11일의 테러 사건과 함께 국경 통제가 심해지자 미국으로의 코카인 수출량이 줄어들었다, 이로 인해 업자들은 코카인의 유통 경로에 있는 지방(특히 멕시코 국경지대)에서 더 싼 값에 판매하게 되었다. 멕시코 내의 마약 소비량이 늘자 마약 중독 치료에 대한 수요도 동시에 늘어났다. 멕시코 내 불법 마약의 소비는 미국이나 캐나다에 비하면 여전히 낮은 수준이다. 멕시코는 마약의 주된 생산국이자 통과국으로서, 미국으로 들어오는 대마의 주된 공급처이며 많은 양의 필로폰 공급처이기도 하다. 카르텔들의 수입 절반 정도가 대마 판매에서 나온다. 헤로인 생산량 자체는 많지 않지만 미국에서 유통되는 물량의 많은 부분을 공급하고 있다. 멕시코 카르텔들은 미국에서 유통되는 수입 마약의 거의 70%를 판매하고 있다. 미 국무부에 따르면 콜롬비아가 주 생산국인 헤로인의 90%가 멕시코를 통해서 유입되고 있다. 나머지는 볼리비아와 페루 등을 통해서 들어온다. 멕시코 마약 운송업자들은 미국이 전신환 거래에 대한 감시를 강화하자 마약 판매대금을 현금으로 승용차나 트럭에 숨겨 멕시코로 반입하기 시작했다. 기회의 박탈 멕시코 마약 전쟁이 계속되는 데 있어 또 다른 중요한 요소는 멕시코 청년들, 특히 저학력층의 청년들이 제대로 된 일자리를 찾을 수 있는 기회가 제한적이라는 것이다. 문맹과 낮은 교육 수준은 과거부터 계속된 문제였다. 예를 들자면 1960년 대에는 실질적인 대다수의 멕시코 인들이 읽고 쓰지를 못했기 때문에 멕시코시티의 지하철에는 글자대신 각 역 별로 식별 가능한 표시를 할 수 밖에 없었다. 세계 경제학 포럼에 따르면 멕시코는 2009년에 GDP의 5.3%를 교육에 투자하였는데 이는 상대적으로 높은 비율이었다. 하지만 개인과 국가의 경제적인 기회 측면에서 본다면 그 결과가 여전히 제한적으로 남아있다. 이와 같은 교육의 문제로 나타난 것이 '로스 니니스'(ni trabajan ni estudian / 일도 안하고 공부도 안 하는 사람들)이다. 이들은 수 백만의 빈곤층 낙오자들이며 많은 수가 카르텔의 전투원이 되고 만다. 멕시코 카르텔 기원 멕시코의 모든 마약 카르텔의 근원은 전직 멕시코 사법부 연방 경찰 요원이었던 미겔 앙헬 펠릭스 가야르도(일명 갓 파더)로 거슬러 올라가야 한다. 그는 1980년 과달라하라 카르텔을 조직하였으며 1980년대를 주름잡으며 멕시코-미국 국경을 통하는 모든 마약밀매사업을 지배했었다. 그는 대마와 아편을 미국으로 밀수하는 것으로 시작하여 최초로 콜롬비아의 코카인 카르텔들과 연합을 한 멕시코 갱 두목이었다. 그는 파블로 에스코바르가 이끄는 메데인 카르텔의 교섭대표가 되기도 하였는데, 이는 가야르도가 이미 콜롬비아 마약 밀수단과 협업을 하는데 필요한 하부 조직을 완비하고 있었기에 가능한 일이었다. 당시에는 멕시코에는 다른 카르텔이 존재하지 않았다. 가야르도는 멕시코 마약 밀수업자들의 우두머리였다. 그는 모든 작업을 관장하였다. 단지 그와 그의 패거리와 그들이 매수한 정치인들만이 존재하였다. 그러나 1985년 조직의 공동 창시자인 라파엘 카로 퀸테로가 DEA요원 엔리케 카마레나의 살해 용의로 체포, 유죄 판결을 받으면서 직격탄을 맞게 되었다. 이후 가야르도는 조용히 지내다가 1987년에 과달라하라로 가족과 함께 이주하였다. 피터 데일 스캇에 따르면 과달라하라 카르텔은 CIA 이자 연방안전국의 수장이었던 미겔 나사르 아로의 비호 덕택에 번영할 수 있었다고 한다. 가야르도는 그가 관장하던 사업을 세분화하였고 이는 보다 더 효율적이면서 당국의 단속을 피하기가 용이하였기 때문이다. 어떤 의미에서 가야르도는 DEA에 상대적으로 잘 알려져 있지 않은 인물들을 두목으로 삼고 음성화하면서 그의 사업을 사유화하고 있었다고 할 수도 있다. 가야르도는 아카플코의 리조트에 멕시코의 선두 마약업자들을 불러 모아 영역을 지정해주기도 했다. 티후아나 루트는 아레야노 펠릭스 형제에게, 후아레스 시 루트는 카리요 푸엔테스 가문에게, 소노라는 미겔 카로 킨테로에게, 타마울리파스의 마타모로스 경로는 후안 가르시아 아브레고에게 할당되었다. 호아킨 구스만 로에라와 이스마엘 삼바다 가르시아는 태평양 연안의 사업을 맡게되고 이는 추후에 시날로아 카르텔로 발전하게 된다. 구스만과 삼바다는 노장 엑토르 루이스 팔마 살라사르를 다시 현업으로 끌어들인다. 가야르도는 중요한 유대관계를 유지하고 있었기에 여전히 전국적인 사업을 감독하였으나 사업의 세부 영역까지는 더 이상 관리하지 않게 되었다. 가야르도는 1989년 4월 8일에 검거되었다. 주요 카르텔 시날로아 카르텔 2003년 3월 걸프 카르텔의 리더인 오시엘 카르데나스가 체포되자 시날로아 카르텔은 그동안 열망해오던 남서부 텍사스 유통로를 차지하기 위해 경쟁에 뛰어들었다. 2006년 태평양 연안주인 시날로아에 근거를 둔 여러 조직들이 합의한 결과로 "페더레이션"이 만들어졌다. 카르텔의 수장은 호아낀 "엘 차포" 구스만이었는데, 그는 멕시코 제1의 수배범이며 포브스 매거진은 세계에서 1,140번째의 부자(순자산 10억 불 추정)이며 55번째로 권능이 있는 사람으로 꼽았다. 2010년 2월에는 로스 세타스와 벨트란-레이바 카르텔에 대항하기 위한 새로운 동맹이 형성되었다. 북부 후아레스 시와 그 근방의 마약 밀수 유통로를 놓고 후아레스 카르텔과 오랜 시간 전쟁을 별여온 시날로아 카르텔은 결국 승리하게 되었지만 이미 양측은 약 5천에서 만 2천의 사망자를 낸 이후였다. 이 기간 시날로아 카르텔은 로스 멕시클스(los mexicles), 아르티스타스 아세시노스(artistas asesinos), 그리고 헨테 누에바(gente nueva) 등과 같은 갱단들을 동원하여 후아레스를 공격하였고, 후아레스 카르텔 역시 라 리네아(la linea)나 아스테카(azteca) 등의 갱들을 끌어들였다. 2010년 5월, 멕시코와 미국의 많은 언론들은 시날로아 카르텔이 이미 멕시코 연방정부와 군부에 침투하였으며 이를 이용하여 다른 조직들을 궤멸하려고 하고 있다고 발표했다. 꼴리마(colima), 소노라(sonora), 밀레니오( milenio) 등은 현재 시날로아 카르텔의 하위 조직이다. 로스 세타스 1999년에 걸프 카르텔의 지도자 오시엘 카르데나스 기옌은 부패한 전직 군인 31명을 채용하였다. 이들은 과거 공수 특전단 및 특수해병 소속으로, 이후 '로스 세타스'라고 불리는 걸프 카르텔의 사병대가 되었다. 2000년대 초반에 세타스는 걸프 카르텔이 마약 사업을 지배하는 중요 수단이 되었다. 2007년 조직의 리더인 기옌이 체포되자 로스 세타스는 스스로 움직일 기회를 포착하였다. 에리베르토 라스카노의 지휘 아래 300명에 육박하는 조직이 된 세타스는 마약, 무기, 그리고 인신매매 조직을 독립적으로 키워나가기 시작했다. 2008년 로스 세타스는 시날로아 카르텔의 전직 지휘관이었던 벨트란-레이바 형제와 협정을 맺었고 그 이후 그들의 전 소속 카르텔이던 걸프와 라이벌 관계가 되었다. 2010년 초, 로스 세타스는 공식적으로 걸프 카르텔과의 분리를 선언하였고 멕시코 북동부의 마약 유통경로의 지배권을 놓고 유혈 사태를 벌이기 시작하였다. 이 싸움으로 수 천명으로 추측되는 카르텔 조직원 및 조직원으로 생각되는 사람들이 살해당했다. 또한 카르텔 간의 동맹관계 때문에 시날로아를 비롯한 더 많은 카르텔이 이 싸움에 가담하게 되었다. 로스 세타스는 민간인들을 공격하기로 악명이 높은데 이 중 산 페르난도 학살로 불리는 사건에서는 72명의 이주민을 살해한 것으로 알려지고 있다. 로스 세타스는 마약 밀매 뿐만이 아니라 인신매매, 송유관 석유 탈취, 고문, 해적 CD 유통 등의 사업에도 관계하고 있다. 그의 조직은 멕시코에서 중미, 미국, 그리고 유럽에까지도 뻗어 있는 것으로 알려졌다. 2012년 로스세타스의 창단자이자 최고 보스인 에리베르토 라즈카노가 멕시코 해군과 교전중 사망하였다. 2013년 7월 15일, 멕시코 해군은 로스 세타스의 최고 보스인 라스카노의 뒤를 이은 차기 보스 미겔 뜨레비노 모랄레스를 검거하였다. 걸프 카르텔 걸프 카르텔(카르텔 델 골포: Cartel del golfo)는 타마울리파스의 마타모로스를 근간으로 하는 조직으로서 최근의 가장 강력한 2대 조직 중 하나이다. 1990년대에는 현재의 로스 세타스를 용병으로 영입하였지만 이후 타마울리파스 주의 여러 국경 근방의 도시들을 놓고 로스 세타스와 혈투를 벌이게 되었다. 결과적으로 이 싸움의 배경이 되었던 도시들은 현재 유령 마을이 되고 말았다. 2011년까지는 수 차례 로스 세타스가 영역을 침범하려는 것을 막아낼 정도로 강력한 조직이었지만 시간이 지남에 따라 내부의 분쟁이 심해져서 결국 멕시코와 미국에서의 수 차례의 검거와 처형으로 세력이 약해졌다. 결국 걸프 카르텔은 분열되었는데 로스 메트로스가 반대파인 로스 로호스를 제압하고 걸프 카르텔의 사업을 접수한 것으로 보인다. 내부의 싸움으로 카르텔의 힘은 약해졌지만 주 활동 구역이나 밀매 경로는 아직 유지하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 멕시코 연방 정부는 칼데론 집권기에 걸프 카르텔의 많은 리더들을 잡아들였는데, 오시엘 카르데나스 기옌, 그의 동생 안토니오와 마리오, 호르헤 에두아르도 코스티야 산체스 등 핵심 인물이 투옥되었다. 라 파밀리아 카르텔 라 파밀리아 미초아카나는 2006년에서 2011년 사이 미초아칸 주에서 활동하던 규모가 큰 마약 밀매 조직이었다. 일찍이 걸프와 로스 세타스와 연합하였고, 이후 독립 조직으로 성장하였다. 2009년에서 2010년 사이 멕시코와 미국 정부의 마약 단속 작업으로 미국에서만 라 파밀리아 카르텔 조직원으로 의심되는 자들이 345명 검거되었으며 2010년 12월 9일에는 카르텔의 창시자 중 한 명인 나사리오 "엘 차요" 모레노 곤살레스가 사망하였다. 이후 나이츠 템플라 카르텔(knights templar cartel)과 호세 데 헤수스 멘데스 바르가스가 이끄는 파벌로 나뉘게 되었고 후자는 라 파밀리아라는 이름을 계승하였다. 멘데스 바르가스의 라 파밀리아는 나이츠 템플라와 싸움을 계속하였지만 2011년 6월 21일 멘데스가 멕시코 정부에 체포되었고, 멕시코 법무장관은 공식적으로 라 파밀리아가 박멸되었음을 알렸다. 그러나 나이츠 템플라 카르텔은 아직도 존재한다. 2010년 2월, 라 파밀리아는 로스 세타스와 벨트란 레이바 카르텔에 맞서 걸프 카르텔과 연합하기도 했다. 티후아나 카르텔 티후아나 카르텔은 아레야노 펠릭스 조직으로도 알려져 있으며 한 때 멕시코의 가장 강력한 단체 중 하나였다. 티후아나는 전략적으로도 가장 중요한 유통 경로이며 2009년 내부문제로 약화된 후에도 꾸준히 이 경로로 마약 밀매를 진행하고 있다. 내부 분쟁과 이로 인한 주요 멤버들의 구속 및 사망으로 현재의 티후아나 카르텔은 1990년대에서 2000년 초반에 이르는 번성했던 시기에 멕시코 경찰이 가장 강력하고 폭력적인 카르텔이라고 여기던 때의 규모의 일부만이 남아있다. 아레야노 펠릭스 조직의 주요 멤버들이 체포되고 살해당한 이후 아레야노 형제의 조카인 루이스 페르난도 산체스 아레야노가 이 카르텔을 운영해오고 있다. 나이츠 템플라 나이츠 템플라 마약 카르텔(카바예로스 템플라리오스: Caballeros Templarios)은 라 파밀리아 미초아카나의 리더인 나사리오 모레노 곤살레스의 사망 이후에 결성되었다. 엔리케 플란카르테 솔리스와 세르반도 고메스 마르티네스는 라 파밀리아의 후계자인 호세 헤수스 멘데스 바르가스와 뜻을 달리하였고 이에 나이츠 템플라를 만들게 되었다. 나이츠 템플라가 결성되고 그 해 봄과 여름에 걸쳐 라 파밀리아와 상당한 규모의 폭력전이 잇따랐다. 나이츠 템플라는 차차 세력을 키워 2011년 말 경에는 호세 데 헤수스의 체포 이후 멕시코와 미국의 라 파밀리아 세력을 장악하였다. 2011년 라 파밀리아 잔당의 소탕과 로스 세타스의 영향력을 견제하기 위하여 시날로아와 연합한 것으로 보인다. 벨뜨란-레이바 카르텔 마르코스 아르투로, 카를로스, 알프레도, 그리고 엑토르 벨트란 레이바의 4형제가 조직한 마약 범죄 카르텔이다. 2004 ~ 2005년, 아르투로 벨트란은 멕시코 북동부 지역의 마약 운송로를 차지하기 위한 다툼에서 시날로아를 위해 운영한 강력한 암살조직을 이끌었다. 이 조직은 뇌물과 협박으로 멕시코 정치, 법조계와 경찰기구에 침투하여 마약 진압작전에 대한 중요 정보를 빼내었고 심지어는 멕시코의 인터폴에도 잠입하였다. 2009년 13월에 카르텔의 리더인 아르투로가 멕시코 해병대에게 살해당하자 카르텔 내부에서는 엑토르 벨트란 레이바와 아르투로의 최고 수하였던 에드가르 발데스 비야레알과의 세력 다툼이 발생한다. 동시에 카르텔은 내부 분열로 사우스 퍼시픽 카르텔, 라 마노 콘 오호스, 아카플코 독립 카르텔, 그리고 라 바레도라 등의 소규모 집단으로 나뉘게 되고 후자 2개 조직은 다시 상위 카르텔 내부 분열에 개입하게 되었다. 멕시코 연방 경찰은 이 카르텔이 완전히 와해된 것으로 여기고 있으며 마지막 지도자였던 엑토르는 더 이상 활동 징후가 없는 도망자 신세에 있는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 미국은 엑토르에게 5백만 불의 현상금을 걸었으며 멕시코 정부는 210만 불의 현상금을 건 상태이다. 후아레스 카르텔 후아레스 카르텔은 멕시코로부터 미국에 유입되는 양이 연간 수십억 불에 달하는 중요한 불법 마약 유통로를 장악하고 있었다. 2007년 이래로 후아레스 카르텔은 후아레스 시의 장악을 놓고 이 전의 파트너였던 시날로아와 심각한 싸움을 치러왔다. 라 리네아는 후아레스 카르텔의 무장 조직으로 일하고 있는 후아레스와 치와와주의 부패 경찰과 마약 밀매원들의 조직이다. 2011년 이래 후아레스 카르텔은 점점 세력을 잃어가고 있지만 여전히 텍사스의 엘 파소로 통하는 3군데의 중요 거점에서 영향력을 보여주고 있다. 그러나 10년 전의 세력에 비하면 거의 존재감이 없는 상황이며 후아레스에서 시날로아에 대항해 싸울 능력이 없어져서 2011년에는 후아레스의 사망률이 많이 줄어들었다. 2013년 9월, 멕시코 당국은 리더로 추정되는 알베르토 카리요 푸엔테스(일명 어글리 베티)를 검거하였다. 카르텔 선전전(프로파간다) 카르텔들은 라이벌들과 관리 지역 주민에게 선전전, 심리전을 펼쳐 영향력을 행사하려고 하기도 한다. 현수막이나 나르코만타 등을 사용해 협박을 가한다(반대파 조직을 살해하고 그 자리에 경고 문구가 새겨진 현수막을 걸어 놓는 등). 어떤 카르텔은 팜플렛이나 전단지 등을 이용하기도 하며, 기자나 블로거, 카르텔에 반대하는 사람을 협박하여 정보 환경을 장악하기도 한다. 젊은이를 카르텔에 가입시키기 위한 채용 전략에도 공을 들이고 있다. 그들은 "나르코(마약 범죄 관련)"라는 접두사를 멕시코 문화 전반에 걸쳐 각인시켰다. 음악, TV 쇼, 문학, 음료, 음식, 건축양식 등이 이미 "나르코"의 이름을 달고 있다(이는 카르텔 두목을 미화하거나 그의 행태를 찬양하는 내용의 음악이나 문화를 만들어 낸다는 얘기다.). 총기류 밀수 멕시코는 헌법상 총기 소유가 합법이지만 사실 합법적으로 총기를 구매하는 것은 매우 힘들다. 멕시코로 반입되는 총기류의 상당수가 미국 총기상으로부터 오는 것인데 주로 미국-멕시코 국경을 통한 밀수에 의한 것이다. 수류탄이나 로켓 발사기는 대부분 과테말라 국경을 통해 들어오거나 멕시코 경찰이나 부대에서 강탈한 것이다. 카르텔이 사용하는 대부분의 권총이나 돌격 소총은 미국에서 들어온다. 결과적으로 암시장 총기류는 쉽게 취득할 수 있다. 제일 흔한 밀수 총기류로는 AR-15나 AK-47과 소총류와 FN 5-7 반자동 권총 등이다. 2009년 멕시코 정부는 4400정의 소총을 압수하였다. 유탄 발사기가 멕시코 치안부대를 상대로 사용되었으며 M203 유탄 발사기가 장착된 M4 카빈도 압수되었다. 일부 고화력 총기류는 미군 부대에서 훔친 것이라는 소리도 있다. 총기의 원산지 많은 보고서는 멕시코로 밀반입되는 총기류의 대다수는 미국의 총기 거래상으로부터 온다고 주장한다. 2009년 GAO 보고서에서 87%의 멕시코 밀수 총기류가 미국에서 들어왔다는 주장이 있었으나, 미 국토안전부는 이 수치가 잘못된 것이라고 반박하였다. 2004~2008년 동안 압수한 약 3만 정의 총기류 중 7,200여 정만이 미국산으로 보이며 이 중에서 4,000여 정이 기록에 나와 있고, 여기서 87%정도가 미국에서 밀수된 것이라는 것이다. 총기류 밀수를 막기 위해서 미국 정부는 멕시코에 기술, 장비, 훈련을 원조하고 있다. 프로젝트 건러너는 그러한 노력 중에 하나인데, 이는 미국에서 제조되었거나 합법적으로 수입된 총기류를 추적하기 위한 것이다. ATF(알콜/담배/화기 단속국)의 부국장 윌리엄 후버는 2008년 2월 멕시코로 운송되다 회수, 단속된 총기류의 90% 이상이 미국 내의 다양한 출처에서 나온 것이라고 국회에서 증언하였다. 그러나 국토안전부는 이 수치에 동의하지 않았으며 이는 멕시코로 밀반입되는 수량의 일부분에 해당할 뿐이라고 주장하였다. 카르텔이 사용하는 화기의 원산지가 미국산뿐만인 것은 아니지만 ATF는 상당한 수의 화기가 미국 내의 출처에서 나온 것은 분명한 사실이라고 주장하고 있다. 프로젝트 건러너 ATF의 프로젝트 건러너는 멕시코 카르텔이 사업의 도구로 총기를 사용하는 것을 막기 위해 미국으로부터 멕시코의 총기의 판매와 수출을 막자는 공식 계획이었다. 그러나 2011년 2월, ATF가 구매 대행을 허락하여 멕시코로 총기가 유입되는 문제로 비판을 받는 스캔들이 터져 문제가 되었다. 프로젝트 건러너 하에 통해 판매된 총기들 중 몇 정은 아리조나 범죄 현장과 멕시코 전역의 범죄 현장에서 회수되었고 이는 많은 논란을 야기하였다. 진압작전 미초아칸 작전 마약 전쟁이 시작되기 휠씬 이전부터 카르텔 간의 폭력은 있어 왔지만 1990년대와 2000년대 초반까지 정부는 소극적인 자세로 일관해 왔다. 그러나 이는 새 대통령 펠리페 칼데론이 취임하고 6500명의 연방군을 미초아칸 주에 투입하여 카르텔 간의 폭력사태를 종결시키고자 하였으며, 이가 바로 미초아칸 작전이다. 조직범죄에 대한 첫 번째 주요 작전이며, 이를 기점으로 정부와 마약 카르텔 간의 전쟁이 시작되었다고 보는 것이 보편적인 견해이다. 시간이 지나면서 칼데론은 그의 반 마약 정책을 강화시켜 나갔으며 주, 연방 경찰 외에도 4만5천의 군인들이 파견되었다. 2010년, 칼데론 대통령은 카르텔이 정권을 교체하려 하고, 무력으로 독점하며, 자신만의 법을 만들려고 하고 있다고 비난했다. 2010년까지 멕시코 군은 카르텔과 조직범죄에 관련된 11,544명을 체포하였으며 그 전 해에는 2만 8천명을 마약 관련 혐의로 체포하였다. 그러나 연방 당국의 수치가 보여주듯 마약 압수와 단속의 수치가 감소하고 있어 칼데론의 보안에 대한 의지가 제대로 반영되고 있지 못하다. 마약 전쟁이 시작된 후로 카르텔의 폭력으로 4만 명 이상이 살해당했다. 칼데론 집권기에 멕시코의 살인사건 비율은 엄청난 증가세를 보였다. 칼데론은 카르텔 간의 폭력을 끝내기 위한 정책을 폈지만 결과적으로 본의 아니게 상황을 악화시켰다고 한다. 칼데론은 카르텔과 직접 맞부딪히는 정책을 썼고 이러한 공격적인 단속으로 인하여 카르텔과 정부군은 더 많은 살인과 고문을 행하게 되었다. 이러한 상황 속에서 멕시코 국민은 마약과의 전쟁과 그에 따른 부정적인 상처로 공포와 불안을 계속 가지고 있을 수 밖에 없었다. 카르텔의 리더가 검거되거나 살해되어 자리가 공석이 되면 안팎에서 권력다툼이 일어나게 되고 이는 보다 더 극심한 폭력 사태를 불러 일으키게 되었다. 칼데론의 군대는 조직을 와해시키기 위해 조직의 상위 멤버를 제거하는데 집중했다. 그리고 그에 따른 빈 자리를 차지하기 위한 싸움으로 많은 조직원이 위험에 처하게 되었다. 많은 하위 멤버가 서로 싸우기 시작하면서 더 큰 혼란이 야기되었다. 이 시기를 지나면서 마약 카르텔의 공격적인 성향이 더 심해졌고 영향력도 커졌다. 칼데론은 마약과의 전쟁에서 군대에 심하게 의존하였다. 그러나 단속에 참여하는 장교들의 많은 수가 부패 혐의가 있는 상태에서 대단한 성과를 내기는 힘들었다. 항간에는 카르텔들이 이미 고위 장성들과 관리들에게 영향을 미칠 정도로 군 내부로 침투하였다는 의혹을 가지고 있다. 2006년 마약 전쟁의 시작과 함께 멕시코 인권위원회는 거의 5800건에 달하는 군대에 의해 저질러진 인권유린 사례를 신고 받았고, 2007년부터 90건에 가까운 보고서를 작성했다. 2012년 5월에는 미 국경 지대와 몬테레이 사이의 지역 도로가에서 50여 구의 시체가 발견되었고 이를 조사한 당국은 고위 군 장교 4명을 체포하였다. 이들은 카르텔에서 보수를 받으며 군사 작전을 사전에 유출하였다는 혐의를 받고 있다. 이런 사실들은 군부가 카르텔의 영향으로부터 완전히 자유로워지기 전까지는 칼데론의 군대를 사용한 강경진압 정책이 좋은 결과를 가져다 줄 것이라 기대하기 힘들다는 것을 보여준다. 같이 보기 멕시코 마약 전쟁 (2011년~2012년) 2011년 멕시코 시위 블로그 델 나르코(Blog del Narco) 메리다 구상(Mérida Initiative) 멕시코 마약 전쟁에서 멕시코 해군의 작전(Mexican Naval operations in the Mexican Drug War) 멕시코 마약 전쟁의 연대기(Timeline of the Mexican Drug War) 일반 주제: 마약 테러(Narcoterrorism) 멕시코의 범죄(Crime in Mexico) 각주 서적 Vulliamy, Ed, Amexica: War Along the Borderline, Bodley Head, 2010. Gutierrez Aire, Jose, "Blood, Death, Drugs & Sex in Old Mexico," CreateSpace, 2012. 외부 링크 Map of Mexican Drug War violence Statistics of Crime in Mexico Bowers, Charles. "The Mexican Kidnapping Industry" An academic paper examining both the emergence of kidnapping as a drug war spillover, and statewide variance in Mexico's kidnapping statutes. AP interactive map: Mexican Drug Cartels Map: Areas of cartels' influences The Mexican Zetas and Other Private Armies - written by the Strategic Studies Institute. Mexico page on InSight Crime. Ongoing reporting on Mexico's drug war and involved cartels. Mexico's Lone Gunshop. The Last Narco, book about the current phase of the drug war by journalist Malcolm Beith. El Narco: Inside Mexico's Criminal Insurgency, A report on the history and inner workings of drug cartels; by journalist Ioan Grillo. BBC documentary (2010): Mexico's Drug War Los Angeles Times Feature on Mexico's Drug War The Atlantic: Mexico's Drug War George Grayson, "Mexico's Elite Must Commit to Fighting Drug Cartels", Foreign Policy Association Headline Series. Council on Foreign Relations Human Rights Watch Juarez, City of Death, City of Hope Cocaine Incorporated June 15, 2012 경찰관 순직 사건 2006년 멕시코 2007년 멕시코 2008년 멕시코 2009년 멕시코 2010년 멕시코 2011년 멕시코 2012년 멕시코 2013년 멕시코 21세기 분쟁 멕시코가 참전한 전쟁 마약 2006년 분쟁 2007년 분쟁 2008년 분쟁 2009년 분쟁 2010년 분쟁 2011년 분쟁 2012년 분쟁 2013년 분쟁 2014년 분쟁 2015년 분쟁 2016년 분쟁 2014년 멕시코 2015년 멕시코 2016년 멕시코 2017년 멕시코 2020년 멕시코

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%20drug%20war

Mexican drug war

The Mexican drug war (also known as the Mexican war on drugs; , shortened to and commonly known inside Mexico as War against the narco; ) is an ongoing asymmetric low-intensity conflict between the Mexican government and various drug trafficking syndicates. When the Mexican military intervened in 2006, the government's main objective was to reduce drug-related violence. The Mexican government has asserted that their primary focus is dismantling the cartels and preventing drug trafficking. The conflict has been described as the Mexican theater of the global war on drugs, as led by the United States federal government. Violence escalated after the arrest of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo in 1989. He was the leader and the co-founder of the first major Mexican drug cartel; the Guadalajara Cartel, an alliance of the current existing cartels (which included the Sinaloa Cartel, the Juarez Cartel, the Tijuana Cartel, and the Sonora Cartel with Aldair Mariano as the leader). After his arrest, the alliance broke and high-ranking members formed their own cartels, fighting for control of territory and trafficking routes. Although Mexican drug trafficking organizations have existed for several decades, their influence increased after the demise of the Colombian Cali and Medellín cartels in the 1990s. By 2007, Mexican drug cartels controlled 90% of the cocaine entering the United States. Arrests of key cartel leaders, particularly in the Tijuana and Gulf cartels, have led to increasing drug violence as cartels fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States. Federal law enforcement has been reorganized at least five times since 1982 in various attempts to control corruption and reduce cartel violence. During the same period, there have been at least four elite special forces created as new, corruption-free soldiers who could do battle with Mexico's endemic bribery system. Analysts estimate that wholesale earnings from illicit drug sales range from $13.6 to $49.4 billion annually. The U.S. Congress passed legislation in late June 2008 to provide Mexico with US$1.6 billion for the Mérida Initiative as well as technical advice to strengthen the national justice systems. By the end of President Felipe Calderón's administration (December 1, 2006 – November 30, 2012), the official death toll of the Mexican drug war was at least 60,000. Estimates set the death toll above 120,000 killed by 2013, not including 27,000 missing. Since taking office in 2018, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador declared that the war was over. His comment was criticized, as the homicide rate remains high. Recently, cartels in Northeastern Mexico have been thinking of teaming up against the Jalisco New Generation Cartel. Background Due to its location, Mexico has long been used as a staging and transshipment point for narcotics and contraband between Latin America and U.S. markets. Mexican bootleggers supplied alcohol to the United States' gangsters throughout Prohibition in the United States, and the onset of the illegal drug trade with the U.S. began when prohibition came to an end in 1933. Near the end of the 1960s, Mexicans started to smuggle drugs on a major scale. In the 1960s and 1970s, Mexico was part of both Operation Intercept and Operation Condor, developed between 1975 and 1978, with the pretext to fight against the cultivation of opium and marijuana in the "Golden Triangle", particularly in Sinaloa. The operation, commanded by General José Hernández Toledo, was a flop with no major drug lord captures, and reported abuse and repression in rural zones. During the 1970s and early 1980s, Colombia's Pablo Escobar was the main exporter of cocaine and dealt with organized criminal networks all over the world. While Escobar's Medellin Cartel and the Cali Cartel would manufacture the products, Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo's Guadalajara Cartel would oversee distribution. When enforcement efforts intensified in South Florida and the Caribbean, the Colombian organizations formed partnerships with the Mexico-based traffickers to transport cocaine by land through Mexico into the United States. This was easily accomplished because Mexico had long been a major source of heroin and cannabis, and drug traffickers from Mexico had already established an infrastructure that stood ready to serve the Colombia-based traffickers. By the mid-1980s, the organizations from Mexico were well-established and reliable transporters of Colombian cocaine. At first, the Mexican gangs were paid in cash for their transportation services, but in the late 1980s, the Mexican transport organizations and the Colombian drug traffickers settled on a payment-in-product arrangement. Transporters from Mexico usually were given 35% to 50% of each cocaine shipment. This arrangement meant that organizations from Mexico became involved in the distribution, as well as the transportation of cocaine, and became formidable traffickers in their own right. In recent years, the Sinaloa Cartel and the Gulf Cartel have taken over trafficking cocaine from Colombia to the worldwide markets. The balance of power between the various Mexican cartels continually shifts as new organizations emerge and older ones weaken and collapse. A disruption in the system, such as the arrests or deaths of cartel leaders, generates bloodshed as rivals move in to exploit the power vacuum. Leadership vacuums are sometimes created by law enforcement successes against a particular cartel, so cartels often will attempt to pit law enforcement against one another, either by bribing corrupt officials to take action against a rival or by leaking intelligence about a rival's operations to the Mexican or U.S. government's Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). While many factors have contributed to the escalating violence, security analysts in Mexico City trace the origins of the rising scourge to the unraveling of a longtime implicit arrangement between narcotics traffickers and governments controlled by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which began to lose its grip on political power in the late 1980s. The fighting between rival drug cartels began in earnest after the 1989 arrest of Félix Gallardo, who ran the cocaine business in Mexico. There was a lull in the fighting during the late 1990s but the violence has steadily worsened since 2000. Presidents The dominant PRI party ruled Mexico for around 70 years until 2000. During this time, drug cartels expanded their power and political influence, and anti-drug operations focused mainly on destroying marijuana and opium crops in mountainous regions. There were no large-scale high-profile military operations against their core structures in urban areas until the 2000 Mexican election, when the right-wing PAN party gained the presidency and started a crackdown on cartels in their own turf. Vicente Fox In 2000, Vicente Fox, from the right-wing PAN party, became the first Mexican president since the Mexican Revolution not to be from the PRI; his presidency passed with relative peace, having a crime index not too different from that of previous administrations, and Mexican public opinion was mainly optimistic with the regime change, with Mexico showing a decline in homicide rates from 2000 to 2007. One of the Fox's administration's strongest criticisms arose from its management of the peasant unrest in San Salvador Atenco. During this time, activities of Mexican criminal organizations were not widely reported by the media, although key conflicts took place, including the Sinaloa Cartel attacks and advance on the Gulf Cartel's main regions in Tamaulipas. It is estimated that in the first eight months of 2005 about 110 people died in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas as a result of the fighting between the Gulf and Sinaloa cartels. The same year, there was another surge in violence in the state of Michoacán as La Familia Michoacana drug cartel established itself, after splintering from its former allies, the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas. Felipe Calderón On December 11, 2006, newly elected President Felipe Calderón, from the PAN party, dispatched 6,500 Mexican Army soldiers to Michoacán, his home state, to end drug violence. This action is regarded as the first major deployment of government forces against cartels, and is generally viewed as the starting point of the Mexican drug war. As time passed, Calderón continued to escalate his anti-drug campaign. By 2008, there were about 45,000 troops involved along with state and federal police forces. The government was initially successful in detaining drug lords. Drug-related violence spiked markedly in contested areas along the U.S. border such as Ciudad Juárez, Tijuana, and Matamoros. Some analysts, including U.S. Ambassador in Mexico Carlos Pascual, argued that this rise in violence was a direct result of Felipe Calderón's military measures. Since Calderón launched his military strategy against organized crime, there was an alarming increase in violent deaths related to organized crime: more than 15,000 people died in suspected drug cartel attacks since it was launched at the end of 2006. More than 5,000 people were murdered in Mexico in 2008, followed by 9,600 murders in 2009; 2010 saw more than 15,000 homicides across the country. By the end of Calderón's presidency his administration statistics claimed that, during his 6-year term, 50,000 drug related homicides occurred. Outside sources claimed more than 120,000 murders happened in the same period as result of his militaristic anti-drug policy. Enrique Peña Nieto In 2012, newly elected president Enrique Peña Nieto, from the PRI party, emphasized that he did not support the involvement of armed American agents in Mexico and was only interested in training Mexican forces in counter-insurgency tactics. Peña Nieto stated that he planned to deescalate the conflict, focusing in lowering criminal violence rates, as opposed to the previous policy of attacking drug-trafficking organizations by arresting or killing the most-wanted drug lords and intercepting their shipments. In the first 14 months of his administration, between December 2012 and January 2014, 23,640 people died in the conflict. In 2013 Mexico saw the rise of the controversial Grupos de Autodefensa Comunitaria (self-defence groups) in southern Mexico, para-military groups led by land-owners, ranchers and other rural inhabitants that took up arms against the criminal groups that wanted to impose dominance in their towns, entering a new phase in the Mexican war on drugs. This strategy, allegedly proposed by General Óscar Naranjo, Peña Nieto's security advisor from Colombia, crumbled when autodefensas started to have internal organization struggles and disagreements with the government, as well as infiltration by criminal elements, that deprived the government forces the ability to distinguish between armed-civilian convoys and drug-cartel convoys, forcing Peña Nieto's administration to distance from them. Peña Nieto's handling of the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping and the 2015 escape of drug lord Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán from the Altiplano maximum security prison sparked international criticism. A great part of Peña Nieto's strategy consisted in making the Mexican Interior Ministry solely responsible for public security and the creation of a national military level police force called the National Gendarmerie. In December 2017, the Law of Internal Security was passed by legislation but was met with criticism, especially from the National Human Rights Commission, accusing it gave the President a blank check. Andrés Manuel López Obrador Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the President from the Center-left National Regeneration Movement party, took office on December 1, 2018. One of his campaign promises was a controversial "strategy for peace", which would give amnesty to Mexicans involved in drug production and trafficking as a way to stop the drug trade and the resulting turf violence. His aides explained that the plan was not to pardon real criminals, like violent drug cartel members, but to prevent other people from following that path, especially low-income people, farmers forced into drug cultivation by cartels, and young people that may end up in jail for drug possession. Obrador pointed out that the past approaches failed because they were based on misunderstanding the core problem. According to him, the underlying issue was Mexico's great social disparities which previous governments' economic policies did not reduce. For law enforcement, he promised to hold a referendum for the creation of a temporary national guard, merging elite parts of the Federal police, Military police, Navy, Chief of Staff's Guard and other top Mexican Security agencies, intending to finally give a legal framework to the military grade forces that have been doing police work in the last years. He promised not to use arms to suppress the people, and made an announcement to free political prisoners. His approach is to pay more attention to the victims of violent crime and he wants to revisit two previously taken strategies. In 2019, the promised Mexican National Guard was created. Despite the new government's planned strategy changes, during the first two months of the new presidency the violence between drug trafficking organizations sustained the same levels as previous years. On July 15, 2022 authorities captured Rafael Caro-Quintero, a former leader of the Guadalajara cartel, but lost fourteen soldiers in an aircraft crash in the remote mountains near Sinaloa's border with Chihuahua. On January 30, 2019, Obrador declared the end of the Mexican war on drugs, stating that he would now focus on reducing spending, and direct its military and police efforts primarily on stopping the armed gasoline theft rings —locally called huachicoleros— that had been stealing more than 70 thousand barrels of oil, diesel and gasoline daily, costing the Mexican state-owned company Pemex around 3 billion dollars every year. On October 17, 2019, based on an extradition request sent to Mexico by a Washington, D.C. judge and misinformation provided to Mexican authorities, a failed operation to capture alleged kingpin Ovidio Guzmán López was carried by the Mexican National Guard, in which fourteen people died (mostly from the armed forces and cartel enforcers and one civilian bystander). Guzmán was released after approximately 700 cartel enforcers, armed with .50 caliber rifles, Rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) and 40 mm grenades took multiple hostages, including the housing unit where military families live in Culiacan. The cartels used burning vehicles to block roads, a tactic taken from militant protesters, with the event described as a mass insurrection. Obrador defended the decision to release Ovidio Guzmán, arguing it prevented further loss of life, and insisted that he wants to avoid more massacres. He further stated that the capture of one drug smuggler cannot be more valuable than the lives of innocent civilians, and that even though they underestimated the cartel's manpower and ability to respond the criminal process against Ovidio is still ongoing, During 2019, the federal forces deployed 8,000 troops and police reinforcements to restore peace in Culiacan. This strategy of avoiding armed confrontations while drug organizations have continued violent altercations has been controversial. One of the strongest critics of the new strategy and a firm proponent of continuing the armed struggle is former President Felipe Calderón, who originally started the military operations against traffickers in 2006. Calderón's militaristic strategy to capture cartel heads has also been criticised by local and foreign experts, as well as by multiple media outlets. President López Obrador, known for his strong criticism of the previous administrations' approach to public security through militarization, campaigned on the promise of removing the military from the streets and returning them to the barracks. However, under the López Obrador administration, deployments and military expenditures have reached unprecedented levels. The current number of soldiers deployed for security duties is 76% higher than during Felipe Calderón's presidency, whom López Obrador holds responsible for the militarization of the drug war. Consequently, defense spending has surged by 87% between 2012, Calderón's last year in office, and 2022. Although the number of deployed soldiers is higher, available data indicates that they assume a more restrained role. They engage in fewer confrontations, seize fewer firearms, and prioritize non-confrontational strategies to deter criminals. This has resulted in lower seizures of weapons and fewer arrests of alleged criminals. Additionally, President López Obrador has broadened their duties, such as overseeing vaccine distribution and addressing irregular migration flows. Drug sources and use Sources The U.S. State Department estimates that 90 percent of cocaine entering the United States is produced in Colombia (followed by Bolivia and Peru) and that the main transit route is through Mexico. Drug cartels in Mexico control approximately 70% of the foreign narcotics flow into the United States. Mexican cartels distribute Asian methamphetamine to the United States. It is believed that almost half the cartels' revenues come from cannabis. Cocaine, heroin, and increasingly methamphetamine are also traded. Although Mexico accounts for only a small share of worldwide heroin production, it supplies a large share of the heroin distributed in the United States. Since 2003 Mexican cartels have used the dense, isolated portions of U.S. federal and state parks and forests to grow marijuana under the canopy of thick trees. Billions of dollars’ worth of marijuana has been produced annually on U.S. soil. "In 2006, federal and state authorities seized over 550,000 marijuana plants worth an estimated 1 billion dollars in Kentucky's remote Appalachian counties". Cartels profited from marijuana growing operations from Arkansas to Hawaii. A 2018 study found that the reduction in drugs from Colombia contributed to Mexican drug violence. The study estimated, "between 2006 and 2009 the decline in cocaine supply from Colombia could account for 10%–14% of the increase in violence in Mexico." Use Illicit drug use in Mexico is low compared to the United States, but is on the rise. With Mexico's increased role in the trafficking and production of illicit drugs, the availability of drugs has slowly increased locally since the 1980s. In the decades before this period, consumption was not generalized – reportedly occurring mainly among persons of high socioeconomic status, intellectuals and artists. As the United States of America is the world's largest consumer of cocaine, as well as of other illegal drugs, their demand is what motivates the drug business, and the main goal of Mexican cartels is to introduce narcotics into the U.S. The export rate of cocaine to the U.S. has decreased following stricter border control measures in response to the September 11 attacks. This has led to a surplus of cocaine which has resulted in local Mexican dealers attempting to offload extra narcotics along trafficking routes, especially in border areas popular among North American tourists. Drug shipments are often delayed in Mexican border towns before delivery to the U.S., which has forced drug traffickers to increase prices to account for transportation costs of products across international borders, making it a more profitable business for the drug lords, and has likely contributed to the increased rates of local drug consumption. With increased cocaine use, there has been a parallel rise in demand for drug user treatment in Mexico. Poverty One of the main factors driving the Mexican drug war is widespread poverty. From 2004 to 2008 the portion of the population who received less than half of the median income rose from 17% to 21% and the proportion of population living in extreme or moderate poverty rose from 35 to 46% (52 million persons) between 2006 and 2010. Among the OECD countries, Mexico has the second highest degree of economic disparity between the extremely poor and extremely rich. The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of 1.36% of the country's resources, whereas the upper ten percent dispose of almost 36%. OECD also notes that Mexico's budgeted expenses for poverty alleviation and social development is only about a third of the OECD average. In 2012 it was estimated that Mexican cartels employed over 450,000 people directly and a further 3.2 million people's livelihoods depended on various parts of the drug trade. In cities such as Ciudad Juárez, up to 60% of the economy depended on illegal sources of income. Education A problem that goes hand in hand with poverty in Mexico is the level of schooling. In the 1960s, when Mexican narcotic smugglers started to smuggle drugs on a major scale, only 5.6% of the Mexican population had more than six years of schooling. More recently, researchers from the World Economic Forum have noted that despite the Mexican economy ranking 31st out of 134 economies for investment in education (5.3% of its GDP), as of 2009, the nation's primary education system is ranked only 116th, thereby suggesting "that the problem is not how much but rather how resources are invested". The WEF further explained: "The powerful teachers union, the SNTE, the largest labor union in Latin America, has been in large part responsible for blocking reforms that would increase the quality of spending and help ensure equal access to education." The result of the high levels of poverty, lack of well paid jobs, government corruption, and the systemic failure of Mexico's schools has been the appearance of ninis, a youth underclass of school-dropouts who neither work nor study, who might have ended up as combatants on behalf of the cartels. Teachers' unions have opposed reforms that propose their testing and grading on their students' performance with standardized tests that do not take into account the socioeconomic differences between middle class urban schools and under-equipped poor rural schools, which has an important effect on the students performance. Also, teachers unions have argued the legislation is ambiguous, focuses exclusively on teachers, without evaluating the Education Ministry, and will allow more abuses and political corruption. Mexican cartels Origins The birth of most Mexican drug cartels is traced to former Mexican Judicial Federal Police agent Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (), who founded the Guadalajara Cartel in 1980 and controlled most of the illegal drug trade in Mexico and the trafficking corridors across the Mexico–U.S. border along with Juan García Ábrego throughout the 1980s. He started off by smuggling marijuana and opium into the U.S., and was the first Mexican drug chief to link up with Colombia's cocaine cartels in the 1980s. Through his connections, Félix Gallardo became the person at the forefront of the Medellín Cartel, which was run by Pablo Escobar. This was accomplished because Félix Gallardo had already established a marijuana trafficking infrastructure that stood ready to serve the Colombia-based cocaine traffickers. There were no other cartels at that time in Mexico. He oversaw operations with his cronies and the politicians who sold him protection. The Guadalajara Cartel suffered a major blow in 1985 when the group's co-founder Rafael Caro Quintero was captured, and later convicted, for the murder of DEA agent Enrique "Kiki" Camarena. Félix Gallardo then kept a low profile and in 1987 he moved with his family to Guadalajara. According to Peter Dale Scott, the Guadalajara Cartel prospered largely because it enjoyed the protection of the Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS), under its chief Miguel Nazar Haro. Félix Gallardo was arrested on April 8, 1989. He then divested the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down in one law enforcement swoop. In a way, he was privatizing the Mexican drug business while sending it back underground, to be run by bosses who were less well known or not yet known by the DEA. Félix Gallardo sent his lawyer to convene the nation's top drug traffickers at a house in Acapulco where he designated plazas or territories. The Tijuana route would go to his nephews the Arellano Felix brothers. The Ciudad Juárez route would go to the Carrillo Fuentes family. Miguel Caro Quintero would run the Sonora corridor. Meanwhile, Joaquín Guzmán Loera and Ismael Zambada García would take over Pacific coast operations, becoming the Sinaloa Cartel. Guzmán and Zambada brought veteran Héctor Luis Palma Salazar back into the fold. The control of the Matamoros, Tamaulipas corridor—then becoming the Gulf Cartel—would be left undisturbed to its founder Juan García Ábrego, who was not a party to the 1989 pact. Félix Gallardo still planned to oversee national operations, as he maintained important connections, but he would no longer control all details of the business. When he was transferred to a high-security prison in 1993, he lost any remaining control over the other drug lords. Major cartels in the war Sinaloa Cartel The Sinaloa Cartel began to contest the Gulf Cartel's domination of the coveted southwest Texas corridor following the arrest of Gulf Cartel leader Osiel Cárdenas in March 2003. The "Federation" was the result of a 2006 accord between several groups located in the Pacific state of Sinaloa. The cartel was led by Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, who was Mexico's most-wanted drug trafficker with an estimated net worth of U.S. $1 billion. This made him the 1140th richest man in the world and the 55th most powerful, according to his Forbes magazine profile. He was arrested and escaped in July 2015, and re-arrested in January 2016. In February 2010, new alliances were formed against Los Zetas and Beltrán-Leyva Cartel. The Sinaloa Cartel fought the Juárez Cartel in a long and bloody battle for control over drug trafficking routes in and around the northern city of Ciudad Juárez. The battle eventually resulted in defeat for the Juárez Cartel, resulting in the deaths of between 5,000 and 12,000 people. During the war for the turf in Ciudad Juárez the Sinaloa Cartel used several gangs (e.g. Los Mexicles, the Artistas Asesinos and Gente Nueva) to attack the Juárez Cartel. The Juárez Cartel similarly used gangs such as La Línea and the Barrio Azteca to fight the Sinaloa Cartel. As of May 2010, numerous reports by Mexican and U.S. media stated that Sinaloa had infiltrated the Mexican federal government and military, and colluded with it to destroy the other cartels. The Colima, Sonora and Milenio Cartels are now branches of the Sinaloa Cartel. Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán was arrested on January 8, 2016, and extradited to the United States a year later. On February 4, 2019, in Brooklyn, NY, he was found guilty of ten counts of drug trafficking and sentenced to life imprisonment. Guzman unsuccessfully attempted to convince prosecutors that he has assumed charges on behalf of Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada "El Chapo" alleged that he had paid former presidents Enrique Peña Nieto and Felipe Calderón bribes, which was quickly denied by both men. In March 2019, El Chapo's successor, Ismael Zambada García, alias "El Mayo," was reported to be Mexico's "last Capo" and even more feared than his closest rival Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes, alias "El Mencho," who serves as leader of the Jalisco Cartel New Generation. Beltrán-Leyva Cartel The Beltrán-Leyva Cartel was a Mexican drug cartel and organized crime syndicate founded by the four Beltrán Leyva brothers: Marcos Arturo, Carlos, Alfredo and Héctor. In 2004 and 2005, Arturo Beltrán Leyva led powerful groups of assassins to fight for trade routes in northeastern Mexico for the Sinaloa Cartel. Through corruption or intimidation, the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel infiltrated Mexico's political, judicial and police institutions to feed classified information about anti-drug operations, and even infiltrated the Interpol office in Mexico. Following the December 2009 death of the cartel's leader Arturo Beltrán Leyva by Mexican Marines the cartel entered into an internal power struggle between Arturo's brother, Héctor Beltrán Leyva, and Arturo's top enforcer Edgar Valdez Villarreal. Meanwhile, the cartel continued to dissolve with factions such as the South Pacific Cartel, La Mano Con Ojos, Independent Cartel of Acapulco, and La Barredora forming and the latter two cartels starting yet another intra-Beltrán Leyva Cartel conflict. The Mexican Federal Police considers the cartel to have been disbanded, and the last cartel leader, Héctor Beltrán Leyva, was captured in October 2014. Juárez Cartel The Juárez Cartel controls one of the primary transportation routes for billions of dollars' worth of illegal drug shipments annually entering the United States from Mexico. Since 2007, the Juárez Cartel has been locked in a vicious battle with its former partner, the Sinaloa Cartel, for control of Ciudad Juárez. La Línea is a group of Mexican drug traffickers and corrupt Juárez and Chihuahua state police officers who work as the armed wing of the Juárez Cartel. Vicente Carrillo Fuentes headed the Juárez Cartel until his arrest in 2014. Since 2011, the Juárez Cartel continues to weaken. It is present in the three main points of entry into El Paso, Texas. The Juárez Cartel is only a shadow of the organization it was a decade ago, and its weakness and inability to effectively fight against Sinaloa's advances in Juarez contributed to the lower death toll in Juarez in 2011. Tijuana Cartel The Tijuana Cartel, also known as the Arellano Félix Organization, was once among Mexico's most powerful. It is based in Tijuana, one of the most strategically important border towns in Mexico, and continues to export drugs even after weakening by an internal war in 2009. Due to infighting, arrests and the deaths of some of its top members, the Tijuana Cartel is a fraction of what it was in the 1990s and early 2000s, when it was considered one of the most potent and violent criminal organizations in Mexico by the police. After the arrest or assassination of various members of the Arellano Félix family, the cartel is currently allegedly headed by Edwin Huerta Nuño alias "El Flako". Gulf Cartel The Gulf Cartel (CDG), based in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, has been one of Mexico's two dominant cartels in recent years. In the late 1990s, it hired a private mercenary army (an enforcer group now called Los Zetas), which in 2006 stepped up as a partner but, in February 2010, their partnership was dissolved, and both groups engaged in widespread violence across several border cities of Tamaulipas state, turning several border towns into "ghost towns". The CDG was strong at the beginning of 2011, holding off several Zetas incursions into its territory. As the year progressed, internal divisions led to intra-cartel battles in Matamoros and Reynosa, Tamaulipas state. The infighting resulted in several arrests and deaths in Mexico and in the United States. The CDG has since broken apart, and it appears that one faction, known as Los Metros, has overpowered its rival Los Rojos faction and is now asserting its control over CDG operations. The infighting has weakened the CDG, but the group seems to have maintained control of its primary plazas, or smuggling corridors, into the United States. The Mexican federal government has made notable successes in capturing the leadership of the Gulf Cartel. Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, his brothers Antonio Cárdenas Guillén, Mario Cárdenas Guillén, and Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez have all been captured and incarcerated during Felipe Calderón's administration. Los Zetas In 1999, Gulf Cartel's leader, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, hired a group of 37 corrupt former elite military soldiers to work for him. These former Airmobile Special Forces Group (GAFE), and Amphibian Group of Special Forces (GANFE) soldiers became known as Los Zetas and began operating as a private army for the Gulf Cartel. During the early 2000s the Zetas were instrumental in the Gulf Cartel's domination of the drug trade in much of Mexico. After the 2007 arrest and extradition of Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, the Zetas seized the opportunity to strike out on their own. Under the leadership of Heriberto Lazcano, the Zetas, numbering about 300, gradually set up their own independent drug, arms and human-trafficking networks. In 2008, Los Zetas made a deal with ex-Sinaloa cartel commanders, the Beltrán-Leyva brothers and since then, became rivals of their former employer/partner, the Gulf Cartel. In early 2010 the Zetas made public their split from the Gulf Cartel and began a bloody war with the Gulf Cartel over control of northeast Mexico's drug trade routes. This war has resulted in the deaths of thousands of cartel members and suspected members. Furthermore, due to alliance structures, the Gulf Cartel-Los Zetas conflict drew in other cartels, namely the Sinaloa Cartel which fought the Zetas in 2010 and 2011. The Zetas are notorious for targeting civilians, including the mass murder of 72 migrants in the San Fernando massacre. The Zetas involved themselves in more than drug trafficking and have also been connected to human trafficking, pipeline trafficked oil theft, extortion, and trading unlicensed CDs. Their criminal network is said to reach far from Mexico including into Central America, the U.S. and Europe. On July 15, 2013, the Mexican Navy arrested the top Zeta boss Miguel Treviño Morales. In recent times, Los Zetas have experienced severe fragmentation and seen its influence diminish. As of December 2016, two subgroups calling themselves Los Zetas Grupo Bravo (Group Bravo) and Zetas Vieja Escuela (Old School Zetas) formed an alliance with the Gulf Cartel against a group known as El Cartel del Noreste (The Cartel of the Northeast). La Familia Cartel La Familia Michoacana was a major Mexican drug cartel based in Michoacán between at least 2006 and 2011. It was formerly allied to the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, but split off and became an independent organization. In 2009–10, a counter-narcotics offensive by Mexican and U.S. government agencies produced the arrest of at least 345 suspected La Familia members in the U.S., and the incorrectly presumed death of one of the cartel's founders, Nazario Moreno González, on December 9, 2010. The cartel then divided into the Knights Templar Cartel and a José de Jesús Méndez Vargas-led faction, which kept the name La Familia. Following the cartel's fragmentation in late 2010 and early 2011, the La Familia Cartel under Méndez Vargas fought the Knights Templar Cartel but on June 21, 2011, Méndez Vargas was arrested by Mexican authorities and in mid-2011 the attorney general in Mexico (PGR) stated that La Familia Cartel had been "exterminated", leaving only the splinter group, the Knights Templar Cartel. In February 2010, La Familia forged an alliance with the Gulf Cartel against Los Zetas and Beltrán-Leyva Cartel. Knights Templar The Knights Templar drug cartel (Spanish: Caballeros Templarios) was created in Michoacán in March 2011 after the death of the charismatic leader of La Familia Michoacana cartel, Nazario Moreno González. The Cartel is headed by Enrique Plancarte Solís and Servando Gómez Martínez who formed the Knights Templar due to differences with José de Jesús Méndez Vargas, who had assumed leadership of La Familia Michoacana. After the emergence of the Knights Templar, sizable battles flared up during the spring and summer months between the Knights Templar and La Familia. The organization has grown from a splinter group to a dominant force over La Familia, and at the end of 2011, following the arrest of José de Jesús "El Chango" Méndez Vargas, leader of La Familia, the cartel appeared to have taken over the bulk of La Familia's operations in Mexico and the U.S. In 2011 the Knights Templar appeared to have aligned with the Sinaloa Federation in an effort to root out the remnants of La Familia and to prevent Los Zetas from gaining a more substantial foothold in the Michoacán region of central Mexico. Alliances or agreements between drug cartels have been shown to be fragile, tense and temporary. Mexican drug cartels have increased their co-operation with U.S. street and prison gangs to expand their distribution networks within the U.S. On March 31, 2014, Enrique Plancarte Solís, a high-ranking leader in the cartel, was killed by the Mexican Navy. On September 6, 2016, a Mexican police helicopter was shot down by a gang, killing four people. The police were conducting an operation against criminal groups and drug cartels in Apatzingán, including the Knights Templar Cartel. CJNG The Jalisco New Generation Cartel (, CJNG, Los Mata Zetas and Los Torcidos) is a Mexican criminal group based in Jalisco and headed by Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes ("El Mencho"), one of Mexico's most-wanted drug lords. Jalisco New Generation Cartel started as one of the splits of Milenio Cartel, beside La Resistencia. La Resistencia accused CJNG of giving up Oscar Valencia (El Lobo) to the authorities and called them Los Torcidos (The Twisted Ones). Jalisco Cartel defeated La Resistencia and took control of Millenio Cartel's smuggling networks. Jalisco New Generation Cartel expanded its operation network from coast to coast in only six months, making it one of the criminal groups with the greatest operating capacity in Mexico as of 2012. Through online videos, the Jalisco New Generation Cartel has tried to seek society's approval and tacit consent from the Mexican government to confront Los Zetas by posing as a "righteous" and "nationalistic" group. Such claims have stoked fears that Mexico, just like Colombia a generation before, may be witnessing the rise of paramilitary drug gangs. By 2018 the CJNG was hyped as the most powerful cartel in Mexico. though Insight Crime has said the Sinaloa Cartel is still the most powerful cartel and called the CJNG its closest rival. In 2019, the group was greatly weakened by infighting, arrests of senior operatives, and a war with the Sinaloa Cartel and its allies, Nueva Plaza Cartel CJNG co-founder Érick Valencia Salazar (alias "El 85") and former high-ranking CJNG leader Enrique Sánchez Martínez (alias "El Cholo") had also departed from the CJNG and formed a rival cartel known as the Nueva Plaza Cartel. Since 2017, the cartel has been engaged in a war with the CJNG. The Nueva Plaza Cartel has also become aligned with the Sinaloa Cartel to fight the CJNG. Cartel propaganda and messaging Criminal organizations in Mexico are heavily involved in information warfare. These groups have a variety of tools they use to influence public opinion, such as food handouts, sponsoring of community development, social media posts, filmed press release-style video communications, physical narco messages, narco corridos, and private messaging such as WhatsApp chats. The goal of narco propaganda is to influence public opinion, threaten or accuse rivals, and generally communicate with those outside their organization. Many cartels have controlled the information environment by threatening journalists, bloggers, and others who speak out against them. Their primary method of communication is the physical narco message, which can range from professionally-printed banners to hastily written messages on cardboard or paper. They are commonly displayed in public places, such as bridges, town centers, and highways. Many are often also left at crime scenes, such as after an assassination. Some cartels, such as the CJNG, have sophisticated propaganda arms capable of producing large numbers of professional styled narco messages to advance their interests. These messages use stock phrases or slogans, cartel logos, and have cohesive messaging. In 2011, then President Felipe Calderón (2006-2012) met with Mexico's major media outlets to discuss their role in what he argued was sensationalizing the violence and providing free press coverage to cartels and their messages. They agreed to limit coverage of the drug war and the messaging of criminal groups. Paramilitaries Paramilitary groups work alongside cartels to provide protection. This protection began with a focus on maintaining the drug trade, then moved to theft from other valuable industries such as oil and mining. It has been suggested that the rise in paramilitary groups coincides with a loss of security within the government. These paramilitary groups came about in a number of ways. First, waves of elite armed forces and government security experts have left the government to join the side of the cartels, responding to large bribes and an opportunity for wealth they may not have received in government positions. One such paramilitary group, Los Zetas, employed military personnel to create one of the largest groups in Mexico. Some of the elite armed forces members who join paramilitaries are trained in the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC, formerly known as the School of the Americas). One theory is that the paramilitaries have sprung out of deregulation of the Mexican army, which has been slowly replaced by private security firms. Paramilitaries, including the Zetas, have now entered uncharted territories. Branching out of just protecting drug cartels, paramilitary groups have entered many other financially profitable industries, such as oil, gas, kidnapping, and counterfeiting electronics. There has been a complete and total loss of control by the government, and the only response has been to increase army presence, notably an army whose officials are often on the drug cartels payroll. The United States has stepped in to offer support in the "War on Drugs" through funding, training and military support, and transforming the Mexican judicial system to parallel the American system. Women Women in the Mexican drug war have been participants and civilians. They have served for and or been harmed by all belligerents. There have been female combatants in the military, police, cartels, and gangs. Women officials, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, paralegals, reporters, business owners, social media influencers, teachers, and non-governmental organizations directors and workers have also been involved in different capacities. Women citizens and foreigners, including migrants, have been raped, tortured, and murdered in the conflict. Cartels and gangs fighting in the conflict carry out sex trafficking in Mexico as an alternative source of profits. Some members of the criminal organizations also abduct women and girls to use as their personal sex slaves and carry out sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States. Firearms Smuggling of firearms Mexicans have a constitutional right to own firearms, but legal purchase from the single Mexican gun shop in Mexico City is extremely difficult. Firearms that make their way to Mexico come primarily from the American civilian market. Most grenades and rocket-launchers are smuggled through Guatemalan borders, as leftovers from past conflicts in Nicaragua. Some grenades are also smuggled from the U.S. to Mexico or stolen from the Mexican military. The most common weapons used by the cartels are the AR-15, M16, M4, AK-47, AKM and Type 56 assault rifles. Handguns are very diverse, but the FN Five-seven (dubbed Matapolicías or Cop-killer by criminals) is a popular choice due to its armor-piercing capability. Grenade launchers are known to have been used against Mexican security forces, while H&K G36s and M4 carbines with M203 grenade launchers have been confiscated. Gun origins Some researchers have asserted that most weapons and arms trafficked into Mexico come from gun dealers in the United States. There is strong evidence for this conclusion, indicating that many of the traceable weapons come from the failed American government Operation "Fast and Furious", and there is a geographic coincidence between the supposed American origin of the firearms and the places where these weapons are seized, mainly in the northern Mexican states. Most grenades and rocket-launchers are smuggled through Guatemalan borders from Central America. Some grenades are also smuggled from the US to Mexico or stolen from the Mexican military. United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) officials have stated that the statistic is misleading: out of approximately 30,000 weapons seized in drug cases in Mexico in 2004–2008, 7,200 appeared to be of U.S. origin, approximately 4,000 were found in ATF manufacturer and importer records, and 87 percent of those—3,480—originated in the United States. In an effort to control smuggling of firearms, the U.S. government is assisting Mexico with technology, equipment and training. Project Gunrunner was one such effort between the U.S. and Mexico to collaborate in tracing Mexican guns which were manufactured in or imported legally to the U.S. In 2008, it was falsely reported that ninety percent of arms either captured in Mexico or interdicted were from the United States. The DHS and others have dismissed these claims, pointing that the Mexican sample submitted for ATF tracing is the fraction of weapons seized that appear to have been made in the U.S. or imported into the U.S. In 2015, official reports of the U.S. government and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) revealed that over the last years, Mexican cartels improved their firearm power, and that 71% of their weapons come from the U.S. Many of those guns were manufactured in Romania and Bulgaria, and then imported into the U.S. The Mexican cartels acquire those firearms mainly in the southern states of Texas, Arizona and California. After the United States, the top five countries of origin of firearms seized from Mexico were Spain, China, Italy, Germany and Romania. These five countries represent 17% of firearms smuggled into Mexico. Some cartels such as the Beltrán Leyva Cartel use counterfeit M16s made with aftermarket parts. Project Gunrunner ATF Project Gunrunner has stated that the official objective is to stop the sale and export of guns from the United States into Mexico in order to deny Mexican drug cartels the firearms considered "tools of the trade". In February 2011, it brought about a scandal when the project was accused of accomplishing the opposite by ATF permitting and facilitating "straw purchase" firearm sales to traffickers, and allowing the guns to "walk" and be transported to Mexico. Allegedly, the ATF allowed to complete the transactions to expose the supply chain and gather intelligence. It has been established that this operation violated long-established ATF policies and practices and that it is not a recognized investigative technique. Several of the guns sold under the Project Gunrunner were recovered from crime scenes in Arizona, and at crime scenes throughout Mexico, resulting in considerable controversy. One notable incident was the "Black Swan operation" where Joaquín Guzmán Loera was finally captured. The ATF confirmed that one of the weapons the Mexican Navy seized from Guzmán's gunmen was one of the many weapons that were "lost" during the Project Gunrunner. Many weapons from Project Gunrunner were found in a secret compartment in the "safe house" of José Antonio Marrufo "El Jaguar", one of Guzmán's most sanguinary lieutenants. He is accused of many killings in Ciudad Juárez, including the notorious massacre of 18 patients of the rehabilitation center "El Aliviane". It is believed that Marrufo armed his gunmen with weapons purchased in the United States. Operations Operation Michoacán Although violence between drug cartels had been occurring long before the war began, the government held a generally passive stance regarding cartel violence in the 1990s and early 2000s. That changed on December 11, 2006, when newly elected President Felipe Calderón sent 6,500 Federal troops to the state of Michoacán to end drug violence there. This action is regarded as the first major operation against organized crime, and became the starting point of the war between the government and the drug cartels. Calderón escalated his anti-drug campaign, in which there are now about 45,000 troops involved in addition to state and federal police forces. In 2010, Calderón said that the cartels seek "to replace the government" and "are trying to impose a monopoly by force of arms, and are even trying to impose their own laws". As of 2011, Mexico's military captured 11,544 people who were believed to have been involved with the cartels and organized crime. In the year prior, 28,000 individuals were arrested on drug-related charges. The decrease in eradication and drug seizures, as shown in statistics calculated by federal authorities, poorly reflects Calderón's security agenda. Since the war began, over forty thousand people have been killed as a result of cartel violence. During Calderón's presidential term, the murder rate of Mexico increased dramatically. Although Calderón set out to end the violent warfare between rival cartel leaders, critics argue that he inadvertently made the problem worse. The methods that Calderón adopted involved confronting the cartels directly. These aggressive methods have resulted in public killings and torture from both the cartels and the country's own government forces, which aids in perpetuating the fear and apprehension that the citizens of Mexico have regarding the war on drugs and its negative stigma. As cartel leaders are removed from their positions, by arrest or death, power struggles for leadership in the cartels have become more intense, resulting in enhanced violence within the cartels themselves. Calderón's forces concentrate on taking down cartel members that have a high ranking in the cartel in an attempt to take down the whole organization. The resulting struggle to fill the recently vacated position is one that threatens the existence of many lives in the cartel. Typically, many junior-level cartel members then fight amongst one another, creating more and more chaos. The drug cartels are more aggressive and forceful now than they were in the past and at this point, the cartels hold much of the power in Mexico. Calderón relies heavily on the military to defend and fight against cartel activity. Calderón's military forces have yet to yield significant results in dealing with the violent cartels due in part to the fact that many police working for the Mexican government are suspected of corruption. There is suspicion that cartels have corrupted and infiltrated the military at a high level, influencing many generals and officers. Mexico's National Human Rights Commission has received nearly 5,800 complaints regarding military abuse since the beginning of the drug war in 2006. Additionally, the National Human Rights Commission has completed nearly 90 in-depth reports since 2007, addressing the many human rights violations of civilians that have occurred while the military officers were actively participating in law enforcement activities. Violence in May 2012 in which nearly 50 bodies were found on a local highway between the Mexico–United States border and Monterrey has led to the arrests of 4 high-ranking Mexican military officials. These officials were suspected of being on the cartel payrolls and alerting them before military action against them. Such actions demonstrate that Calderón's significant military offensive will continue to reveal mixed results until the military itself is rid of the corrupting influences of the cartels whom they supposedly aim to persecute. Escalation (2008–12) In April 2008, General Sergio Aponte, the man in charge of the anti-drug campaign in the state of Baja California, made a number of allegations of corruption against the police forces in the region. Among his allegations, Aponte stated that he believed Baja California's anti-kidnapping squad was actually a kidnapping team working in conjunction with organized crime, and that bribed police units were used as bodyguards for drug traffickers. These accusations sent shock waves through state government. Many of the more than 50 accused officials quit or fled. The progress against drug cartels in Mexico has been hindered by bribery, intimidation, and corruption; four months later the General was relieved of his command. On April 26, 2008, a major battle took place between members of the Tijuana and Sinaloa cartels in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, that left 17 people dead. In March 2009, President Calderón called in an additional 5,000 Mexican Army troops to Ciudad Juárez. The DHS also said that it was considering using state National Guard troops to help the U.S. Border Patrol counter the threat of drug violence in Mexico from spilling over the border into the U.S. The governors of Arizona and Texas have encouraged the federal government to use additional National Guard troops from their states to help those already there supporting state law enforcement efforts against drug trafficking. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, Mexican cartels are the predominant smugglers and wholesale distributors of South American cocaine and Mexico-produced cannabis, methamphetamine and heroin. Mexico's cartels have existed for some time, but have become increasingly powerful in recent years with the demise of the Medellín and Cali cartels in Colombia. The Mexican cartels are expanding their control over the distribution of these drugs in areas controlled by Colombian and Dominican criminal groups, and it is now believed they control most of the illegal drugs coming into the U.S. No longer mere intermediaries for Colombian producers, Mexican cartels are now powerful organized-crime syndicates that dominate the drug trade in the Americas. Mexican cartels control large swaths of Mexican territory and dozens of municipalities, and they exercise increasing influence in Mexican electoral politics. Cartels have waged violent turf battles over control of key smuggling corridors from Matamoros to San Diego. Mexican cartels employ hitmen and groups of enforcers, known as sicarios. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration reports that the Mexican drug cartels operating today along the border are far more sophisticated and dangerous than any other organized criminal group in U.S. law enforcement history. The cartels use grenade launchers, automatic weapons, body armor, Kevlar helmets, and sometimes unmanned aerial vehicles. Some groups have also been known to use improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Casualty numbers have escalated significantly over time. According to a Stratfor report, the number of drug-related deaths in 2006 and 2007 (2,119 and 2,275) more than doubled to 5,207 in 2008. The number further increased substantially over the next two years, from 6,598 in 2009 to over 11,000 in 2010. According to data of the Mexican government, the death numbers are even higher: 9,616 in 2009, 15,273 in 2010, coming to a total of 47,515 killings since their military operations against drug cartels began in 2006, as stated in the government's report of January 2012. On October 7, 2012, the Mexican Navy responded to a civilian complaint reporting the presence of armed gunmen in Sabinas, Coahuila. Upon the navy's arrival, the gunmen threw grenades at the patrol from a moving vehicle, triggering a shootout that left Lazcano and another gunman dead and one marine slightly wounded. The vehicle was found to contain a grenade launcher, 12 grenades, possibly a rocket-propelled grenade launcher and two rifles, according to the navy. The Navy confirmed his death through fingerprint verification and photographs of his corpse before handing the body to the local authorities. Lazcano is the most powerful cartel leader to be killed since the start of Mexico's drug war in 2006, according to Reuters. This death came just hours after the navy arrested a high-ranking Zeta member in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Salvador Alfonso Martínez Escobedo. The apparent death of Lazcano may benefit three parties: the Mexican Navy, who scored a significant blow to organized crime with the death of Lazcano; Miguel Treviño Morales, who rose as the "uncontested" leader of Los Zetas; and Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, the leader of the Sinaloa Cartel and the main rival of Los Zetas. El Chapo is perhaps the biggest winner of the three, since his primary goal is to take over the smuggling routes in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, the headquarters of Treviño Morales. If the body had not been stolen, it would also be a symbolic victory for Felipe Calderón, who can say that his administration took down one of the founders and top leaders of Los Zetas and consequently boost the morale of the Mexican military. Effects in Mexico Casualties It is often not clear what deaths are part of the Mexican drug war versus general criminal homicides, and different sources give different estimates. Casualties are often measured indirectly by estimated total deaths from organized crime in Mexico. This amounts to about 115,000 people in the years 2007–2018. From 2018 to 2020, it was estimated that there were 11,400 reports of gang violence, and over 80% of the attacks targeted civilians, resulting in 13,000 related-deaths during the period. Violence The Mexican attorney general's office has claimed that 9 of 10 victims of the Mexican drug war are members of organized-crime groups, although this figure has been questioned by other sources. Deaths among military and police personnel are an estimated 7% of the total. The states that suffer from the conflict most are Baja California, Guerrero, Chihuahua, Michoacán, Tamaulipas, Nuevo León and Sinaloa. By January 2007, these various operations had extended to the states of Guerrero as well as the so-called "Golden Triangle States" of Chihuahua, Durango, and Sinaloa. In the following February the states of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas were included as well. Seizures and arrests have jumped since Calderón took office in December 2006, and Mexico has extradited more than 100 people wanted in the U.S. On July 10, 2008, the Mexican government announced plans to nearly double the size of its Federal Police force to reduce the role of the military in combating drug trafficking. The plan, known as the Comprehensive Strategy Against Drug Trafficking, also involves purging local police forces of corrupt officers. Elements of the plan have already been set in motion, including a massive police recruiting and training effort intended to reduce the country's dependence in the drug war on the military. On July 16, 2008, the Mexican Navy intercepted a 10-meter long narco-submarine travelling about 200 kilometers off the southwest of Oaxaca; in a raid, Special Forces rappelled from a helicopter onto the deck of the submarine and arrested four smugglers before they could scuttle their vessel. The vessel was found to be loaded with 5.8 tons of cocaine and was towed to Huatulco, Oaxaca, by a Mexican Navy patrol boat. One escalation in this conflict is the traffickers' use of new means to claim their territory and spread fear. Cartel members have broadcast executions on YouTube and on other video sharing platforms or shock sites. Cartels have also hung banners on streets stating demands and warnings. The 2008 Morelia grenade attacks took place on September 15, 2008, when two hand grenades were thrown onto a crowded plaza, killing ten people and injuring more than 100. Some see these efforts as intended to sap the morale of government agents assigned to crack down on the cartels; others see them as an effort to let citizens know who is winning the war. At least one dozen Mexican norteño musicians have been murdered. Most of the victims performed what are known as narcocorridos, popular folk songs that tell the stories of the Mexican drug trade—and celebrate its leaders as folk heroes. Increasing violence has jeopardized foreign investment in Mexico. Finance Minister, Agustín Carstens, said that the deteriorating security alone is reducing gross domestic product annually by 1% in Mexico, Latin America's second-largest economy. Teachers in the Acapulco region were "extorted, kidnapped and intimidated" by cartels, including death threats demanding money. They went on strike in 2011. Government corruption Mexican cartels advance their operations, in part, by corrupting or intimidating law enforcement officials. Mexican municipal, state, and federal government officials, along with the police forces, often work together with the cartels in an organized network of corruption. A Pax Mafioso, is a specific example of corruption which guarantees a politician votes and a following in exchange for not impeding a particular cartel. The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) reports that although the central government of Mexico has made concerted efforts to reduce corruption in recent years, it remains a serious problem. Some agents of the Federal Investigations Agency (AFI) are believed to work as enforcers for various cartels, and the Attorney General (PGR) reported in December 2005 that nearly 1,500 of AFI's 7,000 agents were under investigation for suspected criminal activity and 457 were facing charges. In recent years, the federal government conducted purges and prosecution of police forces in Nuevo Laredo, Michoacán, Baja California and Mexico City. The anti-cartel operations begun by President Calderón in December 2006 includes ballistic checks of police weapons in places where there is concern that police are also working for the cartels. In June 2007, President Calderón purged 284 federal police commanders from all 31 states and the Federal District. Under the 'Cleanup Operation' performed in 2008, several agents and high-ranking officials have been arrested and charged with selling information or protection to drug cartels; some high-profile arrests were: Victor Gerardo Garay Cadena, (chief of the Federal Police), Noé Ramírez Mandujano (ex-chief of the Organized Crime Division (SEIDO)), José Luis Santiago Vasconcelos (ex-chief of the Organized Crime Division (SEIDO)), and Ricardo Gutiérrez Vargas who is the ex-director of Mexico's Interpol office. In January 2009, Rodolfo de la Guardia García, ex-director of Mexico's Interpol office, was arrested. Julio César Godoy Toscano, who was just elected July 6, 2009, to the lower house of Congress, is charged with being a top-ranking member of La Familia Michoacana drug cartel and of protecting this cartel. He is now a fugitive. In May 2010, an NPR report collected allegations from dozens of sources, including U.S. and Mexican media, Mexican police officials, politicians, academics, and others, that Sinaloa Cartel had infiltrated and corrupted the Mexican federal government and the Mexican military by bribery and other means. According to a report by the U.S. Army Intelligence section in Leavenworth, over a 6-year period, of the 250,000 soldiers in the Mexican Army, 150,000 deserted and went into the drug industry. The 2010 NPR report also stated that the Sinaloa Cartel was colluding with the government to destroy other cartels and protect itself and its leader, 'Chapo'. Mexican officials denied any corruption in the government's treatment of drug cartels. Cartels had previously been reported as difficult to prosecute "because members of the cartels have infiltrated and corrupted the law enforcement organizations that are supposed to prosecute them, such as the Office of the Attorney General." Effects on human rights The drug control policies Mexico has adopted to prevent drug trafficking and to eliminate the power of the drug cartels have adversely affected the human rights situation in the country. These policies have given the responsibilities for civilian drug control to the military, which has the power to not only carry out anti-drug and public security operations but also enact policy. According to the U.S. State Department, the police and the military in Mexico were accused of committing serious human rights violations as they carried out government efforts to combat drug cartels. Some groups are especially vulnerable to human rights abuses collateral to drug law enforcement. Specifically in northern border states that have seen elevated levels of drug-related violence, human rights violations of injection drug users (IDUs) and sex workers by law enforcement personnel include physical and sexual violence, extortion, and targeting for accessing or possession of injection equipment or practicing sex work, although these activities are legal. Such targeting is especially deleterious because members of these marginalized communities often lack the resources and social or political capital to enforce their rights. Immense power in the executive branch and corruption in the legislative and judiciary branches also contribute to the worsening of Mexico's human rights situation, leading to such problems as police forces violating basic human rights through torture and threats, the autonomy of the military and its consequences and the ineffectiveness of the judiciary in upholding and preserving basic human rights. Some of the forms of human rights violations in recent years presented by human rights organizations include illegal arrests, secret and prolonged detention, torture, rape, extrajudicial execution, and fabrication of evidence. Drug policy fails to target high-level traffickers. In the 1970s, as part of the international Operation Condor, the Mexican government deployed 10,000 soldiers and police to a poverty-stricken region in northern Mexico plagued by drug production and leftist insurgency. Hundreds of peasants were arrested, tortured, and jailed, but no major drug traffickers were captured. The emergence of internal federal agencies that are often unregulated and unaccountable also contributes to the occurrence of human rights violations. The AFI of Mexico had been involved with numerous human rights violation cases involving torture and corruption. In one case, detainee Guillermo Velez Mendoza died while in the custody of AFI agents. The AFI agent implicated in his death was arrested and escaped on bail. Similarly, nearly all AFI agents evaded punishment and arrest due to the corrupt executive and judiciary system and the supremacy of these agencies. The Attorney General's Office reported in December 2005 that one-fifth of its officers were under investigation for criminal activity, and that nearly 1,500 of AFI's 7,000 agents were under investigation for suspected criminal activity and 457 were facing charges. The AFI was finally declared a failure and was disbanded in 2009. Ethnic prejudices have also emerged in the drug war, and poor and helpless indigenous communities have been targeted by the police, military, drug traffickers and the justice system. According to the National Human Rights Commission (Mexico) (Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos-CNDH), nearly one-third of the indigenous prisoners in Mexico in 2001 were in prison for federal crimes, which are mostly drug-related. Another major concern is the lack of implementation of the Leahy Law in U.S. and the consequences of that in worsening the human rights situation in Mexico. Under this U.S. law, no member or unit of a foreign security force that is credibly alleged to have committed a human rights violation may receive U.S. security training. It is alleged that the U.S., by training the military and police force in Mexico, is in violation of the Leahy Law. In this case, the U.S. embassy officials in Mexico in charge of human rights and drug control programs are blamed with aiding and abetting these violations. In December 1997, a group of heavily armed Mexican special forces soldiers kidnapped twenty young men in Ocotlan, Jalisco, brutally torturing them and killing one. Six of the implicated officers had received U.S. training as part of the Grupo Aeromóvil de Fuerzas Especiales (GAFE) training program. Effects on public health As a result of "spillover" along the U.S.-bound drug trafficking routes and more stringent border enforcement, Mexico's northern border states have seen increased levels of drug consumption and abuse, including elevated rates of drug injection 10 to 15 times the national average. These rates are accompanied by mounting rates of HIV and STIs among injection drug users (IDUs) and sex workers, reaching a 5.5% prevalence in cities such as Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez, which also report STI rates of 64% and 83%, respectively. Violence and extortion of IDUs and sex workers directly and indirectly elevate the levels of risk behavior and poor health outcomes among members of these groups. Marginalization of these vulnerable groups by way of physical and sexual violence and extortion by police threatens the cross-over of infection from high-prevalence groups to the general population. In particular, decreased access to public health services such as syringe exchange programs and confiscation of syringes can precipitate a cascade of health harms. Geographic diffusion of epidemics from the northern border states elsewhere is also possible with the rotation of police and military personnel stationed in drug conflict areas with high infection prevalence. Journalists and the media The increase in violence related with organized crime has significantly deteriorated the conditions in which local journalism is practiced. In the first years of the 21st century, Mexico was considered the most dangerous country in the world to practice journalism, according to groups like the National Human Rights Commission, Reporters Without Borders, and the Committee to Protect Journalists. Between 2000 and 2012, several dozen journalists, including Miguel Ángel López Velasco, Luis Carlos Santiago, and Valentín Valdés Espinosa, were murdered there for covering narco-related news. The offices of Televisa and local newspapers have been bombed. The cartels have also threatened to kill news reporters in the U.S. who have done coverage on the drug violence. Some media networks simply stopped reporting on drug crimes, while others have been infiltrated and corrupted by drug cartels. In 2011, Notiver journalist Miguel Angel Lopez Velasco, his wife, and his son were murdered in their home. About 74 percent of the journalists killed since 1992 in Mexico have been reporters for print newspapers, followed in number by Internet media and radio at about 11 percent each. Television journalism only includes 4 percent of the deaths. These numbers are not proportional to the audience size of the different mediums; most Mexican households have a television, a large majority have a radio, but only a small number have the internet, and the circulation numbers for Mexican newspapers are relatively low. Since harassment neutralized many traditional media outlets, anonymous, sensationalized blogs like Blog del Narco took on the role of reporting on events related to the drug war. The drug cartels responded by murdering bloggers and social media users. Twitter users have been tortured and killed for posting and denouncing information of the drug cartels' activities. In September 2011, user NenaDLaredo of the website Nuevo Laredo Envivo was allegedly murdered by Los Zetas. In May 2012, several journalist murders occurred in Veracruz. Regina Martinez of Proceso was murdered in Xalapa. A few days later, three Veracruz photojournalists were tortured and killed and their dismembered bodies were dumped in a canal. They had worked for various news outlets, including Notiver, Diario AZ, and TV Azteca. Human rights groups condemned the murders and demanded the authorities investigate the crimes. Murders of politicians Since the start of the Mexican drug war in 2006, the drug trafficking organizations have slaughtered their rivals, killed policemen, and have increasingly targeted politicians – especially local leaders. Most of the places where these politicians have been killed are areas plagued by drug-related violence. Part of the strategy used by criminal groups behind the killings of local figures is the weakening of the local governments. For example, María Santos Gorrostieta Salazar, former mayor of Tiquicheo, Michoacán, who had survived three earlier assassination attempts and the murder of her husband, was abducted and beaten to death in November 2012. Extreme violence puts politicians at the mercy of the cartels, allowing them to increase their control of government structures and expand their influence. In addition, because mayors usually appoint local police chiefs, they are seen by the cartels as key assets in their criminal activities to control the police forces in their areas of influence. The cartels also seek to control the local governments to win government contracts and concessions; these "public works" help them ingrain themselves in the community and gain the loyalty and respect of the communities in which they operate. Politicians are usually targeted for three reasons: (1) Political figures who are honest pose a direct threat to organized crime, and are consequently killed by the cartels; (2) Politicians make arrangements to protect a certain cartel and are killed by a rival cartel; and (3) A cartel kills politicians to heat up the turf of the rival cartel that operates in the area. Massacres and exploitation of migrants Cartels have engaged in kidnapping, ransom, murder, robbery, and extortion of migrants traveling from Central America through Mexico on their way to the United States and Canada. Cartels have also forced migrants to join their organization and work for them, a situation that has been described as slavery. Mass graves have been also discovered in Mexico containing bodies of migrants. In 2011, 177 bodies were discovered in a mass grave in San Fernando, Tamaulipas, the same area where the bodies of 72 migrants were discovered in 2010, where most victims "died of blunt force trauma to the head." Cartels have also infiltrated the Mexican government's immigration agencies, and attacked and threatened immigration officers. The National Human Rights Commission of Mexico (Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos, CNDH) said that 11,000 migrants had been kidnapped in 6 months in 2010 by drug cartels. Human trafficking There are documented links between the drug cartels and human trafficking for forced labor, forced prostitution, and rape. The wife of a drug lord described a system in which young girls became prostitutes and then were forced to work in drug factories. In the early 2010s, Los Zetas reportedly began to move into the prostitution business (including the prostitution of children) after previously only supplying women to already existing networks. The U.S. State Department says that the practice of forced labor in Mexico is larger in extent than forced prostitution. Mexican journalists like Lydia Cacho have been threatened and forced into exile for reporting on these events. Effects internationally Europe Improved cooperation between Mexico and the U.S. has led to the arrests of hundreds of Sinaloa Cartel suspects in U.S. cities and towns, but the U.S. market is being eclipsed by booming demand for cocaine in Europe, where users now pay twice the going U.S. rate. In 2008, U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey announced that an international drug interdiction operation, Project Reckoning, involving law enforcement in the United States, Italy, Canada, Mexico and Guatemala had netted more than 500 organized crime members involved in the cocaine trade. The announcement highlighted the Italian-Mexican cocaine connection. Concerns about European security and the trafficking of drugs through the European continent have grown in recent years, and, in December of 2022, Europol (the law enforcement agency of the EU) and the DEA released a joint report on the situation involving Mexican drug trafficking through the EU. In December 2011, the government of Spain remarked that Mexican cartels had multiplied their operations in that country, becoming the main entry point of cocaine into Europe. In 2012, it was reported that Mexican drug cartels had joined forces with the Sicilian Mafia, when Italian officials unearthed information that Palermo's black market, along with other Italian ports, was used by Mexico's drug cartels as a conduit to bring drugs to the European market, in which they had been trafficking drugs, particularly cocaine, throughout the Atlantic Ocean for over 10 years to Europe. In 2016, investigation into transatlantic drug trafficking revealed that the Kinahan Clan, Ireland's largest drug trafficker, among other prominent drug traffickers in Mexico, South America, West Africa, and Europe had created an informal "Super Cartel" in an attempt to improve business and increase buyers. However, the extent of the prevalence of the Super Cartel is largely unknown, since many trafficking relationships may exist without any real central plan. The 2017 guest list to the wedding of Daniel Kinahan led to the discovery of most of the key players in the Super Cartel Alliance. Those that have been most investigated include top underworld figures such as: Ridouan Taghi, Ricardo Riquelme Vega, aka El Rico, caged assassin Noufal Fassih and Italian Camorra boss Raffaele Imperiale. In 2022/2023 - In January of 2023, two alleged drug lords said to be kingpins in the mostly European Super Cartel were released just two months after being arrested in Dubai. Edin Gacanin, (Tito) a Dutch-Bosnian national described by the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as one of the top 50 drug traffickers in the world, and Zuhair Belkhair, a Dutch-Moroccan accused of trafficking huge amounts of cocaine through the port of Rotterdam, were among 49 suspects arrested in a massive, highly-publicised, international police operation. Most of the others arrested are awaiting trial or have pled guilty. Guatemala The Mexican Army crackdown has driven some cartels to seek a safer location for their operations across the border in Guatemala, attracted by corruption, weak policing and its position on the overland smuggling route. The smugglers pick up drugs from small planes that land at private airstrips hidden in the Guatemalan jungle. The cargo is then moved up through Mexico to the U.S. border. Guatemala has also arrested dozens of drug suspects and torched huge cannabis and poppy fields. The U.S. government sent speedboats and night-vision goggles under a regional drug aid package. In February 2009, Los Zetas threatened to kill the president of Guatemala, Álvaro Colom. On March 1, 2010, Guatemala's chief of national police and the country's top anti-drugs official were arrested over alleged links to drug trafficking. A report from the Brookings Institution warns that, without proactive, timely efforts, the violence will spread throughout the Central American region. According to the United States government, Los Zetas control 75% of Guatemala through violence, political corruption and infiltration in the country's institutions. Sources mentioned that Los Zetas gained ground in Guatemala after they killed several high-profile members and the supreme leader of Los Leones, an organized crime group from Guatemala. West Africa At least nine Mexican and Colombian drug cartels have established bases in 11 West African nations. They have reportedly worked closely with local criminal gangs to carve out a staging area for access to the lucrative European market. The Colombian and Mexican cartels have discovered that it is easier to smuggle large loads into West Africa and then break that up into smaller shipments to Europe – mostly Spain, the United Kingdom and France. Higher demand for cocaine in Western Europe in addition to North American interdiction campaigns has led to dramatically increased trafficking in the region: nearly 50% of all non-U.S. bound cocaine, or about 13% of all global flows, is now smuggled through West Africa. Canada The Mexican Army severely curtailed the ability of the Mexican drug cartels to move cocaine inside the U.S. and Canada, prompting an upsurge in gang violence in Vancouver in 2009, where the cocaine price has increased from $23,300 to almost $39,000 per kilo as the Canadian drug markets experienced prolonged shortages. As evidence of this pressure, the U.S. government stated the amount of cocaine seized on U.S. soil dropped by 41 percent between early 2007 and mid-2008. Since 2009, Vancouver has become the Mexican drug cartels' main center of operations in Canada. South America Patricio Pazmiño, the Interior Minister of Ecuador, stated that the February 2021 riots at three prisons that took 79 lives were related to Mexican and Colombian drug gangs. The government intercepted a record 126 tons of cocaine in 2020. On September 8, 2021 National Prosecutor Jorge Abbott declared that Mexican cartels were attempting to establish themselves in Chile. It is known that Sinaloa Cartel has attempted to use Chile as a transit route for the shipment of cocaine to Rotterdam in the Netherlands. The activity of Jalisco New Generation Cartel includes an attempt at establishing a drug laboratory in Iquique as well as the import of marihuana through the port of San Antonio. United States The U.S. Justice Department considers the Mexican drug cartels to be the "greatest organized crime threat to the United States." During the first 18 months of Calderón's presidency, the Mexican government spent about US$7 billion in the war against drugs. In seeking partnership from the United States, Mexican officials point out that the illicit drug trade is a shared problem in need of a shared solution, and remark that most of the financing for the Mexican traffickers comes from American drug consumers. On March 25, 2009, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated that "[America's] insatiable demand for illegal drugs fuels the drug trade", and that "the United States bears shared responsibility for the drug-fueled violence sweeping Mexico." U.S. State Department officials knew that Mexican ex-president Felipe Calderón's willingness to work with the United States was unprecedented on issues of security, crime and drugs, so the U.S. Congress passed legislation in late June 2008 to provide Mexico and Central American countries with US$1.6 billion for the Mérida Initiative, a three-year international assistance plan. The Mérida Initiative provides Mexico and Central American countries with law enforcement training and equipment, as well as technical advice to strengthen the national justice systems. The Mérida Initiative does not include cash or weapons. Currently, the Mexican drug cartels already have a presence in most major U.S. cities. In 2009, the Justice Department reported that Mexican drug cartels distribute drugs in nearly 200 cities across the United States, including Los Angeles, Chicago and Atlanta. Gang-related activity and violence has increased along the U.S. Southwest border region, as U.S.-based gangs act as enforcers for Mexican drug cartels. U.S. death toll and national security U.S. authorities reported a spike in killings, kidnappings and home invasions connected to Mexican cartels, and at least 19 Americans were killed in 2008. Another 92 Americans were killed between June 2009 and June 2010. The U.S. Joint Forces Command noted in a December 2008 report that in terms of worst-case scenarios, Mexico bears some consideration for sudden collapse in the next two decades as the government, its politicians, police, and judicial infrastructure are all under sustained assault and pressure by criminal gangs and drug cartels. The Joint Forces Command stated concern that the conflict will have a major impact on the stability of the Mexican state over the next several years, and therefore would demand an American response based on the implications for homeland security alone. After the JFC broached this issue in its 2008 report, several journalists and academics have discussed the possibility that Mexico could become a failed state. The Mexican government responded negatively to the U.S. government raising the prospect of Mexico becoming a failed state. In a February 2009 interview with the Associated Press, President Calderón said it was "absolutely false" to label his country a failed state. To smooth over relations with Mexico over this issue, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton personally visited Mexico City in March 2009, followed by a visit by President Barack Obama a month later. In March 2009, the U.S. DHS said that it was considering using the National Guard to counter the threat of drug violence in Mexico from spreading to the U.S. The governors of Arizona and Texas have asked the federal government to send additional National Guard troops to help those already there supporting local law enforcement efforts against drug trafficking. Calls for National Guard deployment on the border greatly increased after the 2010 murder of Arizona rancher Robert Krentz, possibly at the hands of Mexican drug smugglers. In March 2009, the Obama administration outlined plans to redeploy more than 500 federal agents to border posts and redirect $200 million to combat smuggling of illegal drugs, money and weapons. On May 25, 2010, President Obama authorized deployment of 1,200 National Guard troops to the U.S. border with Mexico to assist with border protection and enforcement activities, as well as help train additional Customs and Border Protection agents. The Washington Office on Latin America said the U.S. southwest border region remained calm, with a homicide rate lower than the national average. Controversies Vicente Zambada Niebla, a member of the Sinaloa Cartel and son of Ismael Zambada García, one of the top drug lords in Mexico, claimed after his arrest to his attorneys that he and other top Sinaloa cartel members had received immunity by U.S. agents and a virtual licence to smuggle cocaine over the United States border, in exchange for intelligence about rival cartels engaged in the Mexican drug war. In October 2013, two former federal agents and an ex-CIA contractor told an American television network that CIA operatives including Félix Rodríguez were involved in the kidnapping and murder of DEA covert agent Enrique Camarena, because he was a threat to the agency's drug operations in Mexico. According to the three men, the CIA was collaborating with drug traffickers moving cocaine and marijuana to the United States, and using its share of the profits to finance Nicaraguan Contra rebels attempting to overthrow Nicaragua's Sandinista government. A CIA spokesman responded, calling it "ridiculous" to suggest that the Agency had anything to do with the murder of a U.S. federal agent or the escape of his alleged killer. According to former Presidents Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil, Ernesto Zedillo of Mexico and César Gaviria of Colombia, the United States-led drug war is pushing Latin America into a downward spiral; Mr. Cardoso said in a conference that "the available evidence indicates that the war on drugs is a failed war". The panel of the Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy commission, headed by Cardoso, stated that the countries involved in this war should remove the "taboos" and re-examine the anti-drug programs. Latin American governments have followed the advice of the U.S. to combat the drug war, but the policies had little effect. The commission made some recommendations to United States President Barack Obama to consider new policies, such as decriminalization of marijuana and to treat drug use as a public health problem and not as a security problem. The Council on Hemispheric Affairs states it is time to seriously consider drug decriminalization and legalization, a policy initiative that would be in direct opposition to the interests of criminal gangs. Money laundering Despite the fact that Mexican drug cartels and their Colombian suppliers generate, launder and remove $18 billion to $39 billion from the United States each year, the U.S. and Mexican governments have been criticized for their unwillingness or slow response to confront the various cartels' financial operations, including money laundering. The U.S. DEA has identified the need to increase financial investigations relating to the movement of illegal drug funds to Mexico. The DEA states that attacking the financial infrastructure of drug cartels has to play a key role in any viable drug enforcement strategy. The U.S. DEA has noted that the U.S. and Mexican financial services industry continues to be a facilitator for drug money movement. Following suit, in August 2010 President Felipe Calderón proposed sweeping new measures to crack down on the cash smuggling and money laundering. Calderón proposes a ban on cash purchases of real estate and of certain luxury goods that cost more than 100,000 pesos (about US$8,104.) His package would also require more businesses to report large transactions, such as real estate, jewelry and purchases of armor plating. In June 2010, Calderón "announced strict limits on the amount in U.S. dollars that can be deposited or exchanged in banks", but the proposed restrictions to financial institutions are facing tough opposition in the Mexican legislature. In 2011, Wachovia, at one time a major U.S. bank, was implicated in laundering money for Mexican drug lords. In a settlement, Wachovia paid federal authorities $110 million in forfeiture. A U.S. Senate report from the permanent subcommittee for investigations revealed in July 2012 that HSBC – one of Europe's biggest banks- moved $7 billion in bulk cash from Mexico to the U.S., most of it suspected to assist Mexican drug lords and U.S. drug cartels in moving money to the U.S. While money laundering problems at HSBC have been flagged by regulators for nearly a decade, the bank continued to avoid compliance. On December 12, 2012, HSBC settled for a $1.93 billion fine. Drug demand RAND studies released in the mid-1990s found that using drug user treatment to reduce drug consumption in the United States is seven times more cost effective than law enforcement efforts alone, and it could potentially cut consumption by a third. In FY2011, the Obama administration requested approximately $5.6 billion to support demand reduction. This includes a 13% increase for prevention and almost a 4% increase for treatment. The overall FY2011 counter-drug request for supply reduction and domestic law enforcement is $15.5 billion with $521.1 million in new funding. See also Narcoculture in Mexico 2011 Mexican protests 2011–12 in the Mexican drug war Borderland Beat Blog del Narco Drug liberalization Mérida Initiative Naval operations of the Mexican drug war Timeline of the Mexican drug war Uppsala Conflict Data Program War on drugs Crime in Mexico Narcoterrorism List of ongoing armed conflicts List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico List of politicians killed in the Mexican drug war References Further reading Buscaglia, Edgardo (2013). Vacíos de Poder en México: Como Combatir la Delincuencia Organizada. Editorial Penguin Random (Debate), Edición Kindle Atuesta, L. H., Siordia, O. S., & Lajous, A. M. (2018). "The 'War on Drugs' in Mexico: (Official) Database of Events between December 2006 and November 2011." Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vulliamy, Ed, Amexica: War Along the Borderline, Bodley Head, 2010. Gutierrez Aire, Jose, Blood, Death, Drugs & Sex in Old Mexico, CreateSpace, 2012. The Last Narco, book about the current phase of the drug war by journalist Malcolm Beith. Hernández, Anabel, Narcoland: The Mexican Drug Lords And Their Godfathers, Verso, 2013. External links Map of Mexican drug war violence An academic paper examining both the emergence of kidnapping as a drug war spillover, and statewide variance in Mexico's kidnapping statutes. The Mexican Zetas and Other Private Armies – written by the Strategic Studies Institute. Mexico page on InSight Crime. Ongoing reporting on Mexico's drug war and involved cartels. The Atlantic: Mexico's Drug War George Grayson, "Mexico's Elite Must Commit to Fighting Drug Cartels", Foreign Policy Association Headline Series. Juarez, City of Death, City of Hope Cocaine Incorporated June 15, 2012 How American guns turned Mexico into a war zone (by Stuart Miller, LA Times, Feb 24, 2021) History of drug control 2006 in Mexico 2007 in Mexico 2008 in Mexico 2009 in Mexico 2010s conflicts 2010s in Mexico 2020 in Mexico Conflicts in 2021 War 21st-century conflicts Operations against organized crime Organized crime conflicts in Mexico Organized crime conflicts in the United States Conflicts in 2006 Conflicts in 2007 Conflicts in 2008 Conflicts in 2009 Conflicts in 2020 Proxy wars 2006 crimes in Mexico Articles containing video clips

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잔니 아녤리

잔니 아녤리(Gianni Agnelli)로 잘 알려진 조반니 아녤리(Giovanni Agnelli, 1921년 3월 12일 ~ 2003년 2월 24일)는 이탈리아의 자동차 회사 피아트의 창업자의 조반니 아녤리의 손자이다. 아녤리는 이탈리아 현대사에서 가장 큰 부자로, 그의 기업들은 이탈리아 GDP의 4.4%, R&D의 16.5%, 산업 노동자 고용의 3.1%를 차지했다. 이탈리아 현대사에서 가장 중요한 인물 중 한 명이자 유명인사였던 그는 변호사(L’Avvocato), 이탈리아의 왕, 리비에라의 탕아로 알려졌다. 아녤리는 정치, 스포츠, 예술에도 관심이 많아 적극적으로 관여했다. 그는 1967년 이탈리아 공화국 공로장을 수여받고, 1991년 이탈리아 상원의 종신의원으로 지명됐다. 유벤투스 FC와 스쿠데리아 페라리의 구단주로서 두 팀의 국제적인 성공을 거두도록 지원했다. 아녤리는 세련되면서도 파격적인 패션 감각으로 유명해, 패션 잡지 에스콰이어가 2007년 역사상 최고의 패션 아이콘 중 한 명으로 선정하기도 했다. 그의 사망 후 경영권은 외손자인 존 엘칸에게 상속되었다. 생애 출생과 성장 잔니 아녤리는 1921년 사업가 에도아르도 아녤리와 귀족 가문 출신의 비르지니아 부르본 델 몬테 사이에서 태어났다. 그의 이름은 할아버지이자 피아트의 창업주인 조반니 아녤리의 이름에서 따왔다. 할아버지와 이름을 구분하기 위해서 잔니라고 불렸다. 일곱 자녀들 중 첫째였던 부유한 환경에서 자랐다. 14살 때 아버지가 비행기 사고로 사망하자 아녤리 가문의 재산을 물려받게 되었다. 할아버지 밑에서 그는 사업가로서 기술을 배웠다. 1938년 미국을 방문해 현대적인 모습과 빠른 속도에 깊은 인상을 받았다. 이 때 경험은 후에 사업가로서 전후 이탈리아의 경제 성장에 기여하는데 영향을 주었다. 2차 대전 제2차 세계 대전이 발발했을 때 아녤리는 18살이었다. 전쟁 초기에는 토리노 대학교에 계속 재학하면서 법학 학위와 변호사라는 별명을 얻었다. 졸업 후에 피아트로 가는 대신, 가족들의 반대에도 1941년 이탈리아군에 입대했다. 대위로서 그는 북아프리카와 동부전선에서 싸우다 부상으로 후방으로 이송되었다. 이탈리아가 연합국으로 전향한 후에는 미군에 협조했다. 파시즘 정권 밑에서 복무한 사실 때문에 기소되지는 않았지만 전후 경영에 직접 참여하는 대신 피아트의 부회장직을 맡았다. 경영은 비토리오 발레타가 1967년 사망할 때까지 22년 동안 맡았다. 1945년 어머니가 교통 사고로 사망하고, 15일 후에 할아버지도 사망했다. 전후 1950년대 아녤리는 경영에서 물러나 코트다쥐르에 거주하며 예술과 파티, 스포츠카를 즐기며 살았다. 여러 여성들과 사귀던 그는 1952년 교통사고로 중상을 입은 후 만난 마렐라 카라시올로 디 카스타젠토(Marella Caracciolo di Castagneto)와 1953년 결혼했다. 나폴리의 귀족 가문 출신인 마렐라는 남편과 같이 예술에 관심이 많고 패션 스타일로 유명했다. 그녀는 트루먼 커포티를 포함한 많은 예술가들과 친분이 있었다. 사업 스포츠 축구 1947년 25살 나이에 유벤투스의 회장에 취임해, 1954년 일정탓에 사임할 때까지 두 번 스쿠데토를 달았다. 아녤리는 사업으로 바쁜 일정 중에도 유벤투스 FC에 많은 관심을 쏟았다. 그는 클럽의 경영에 직접 참여했고, 자주 사전 예고 없이 훈련장을 방문했다. 모터스포츠 아녤리는 페라리 엔진이 장착된 피아트를 직접 몰고 다녔다. 납치와 테러가 잦은 납의 시대에도 그는 매일 직접 차를 몰고 출퇴근했다. 빠르고 거친 운전으로 유명했던 그는 "교통 사고보다 더 나쁘게 죽는 방법이 많다"고 말하기도 했다. 정치 아녤리는 한번도 정당에 가입하지 않았지만, 좌우를 가리지 않고 다양한 정당들과 밀접한 관계였다. 그는 전후 이탈리아 정치를 주도한 기독교민주당 뿐만 아니라 이탈리아 사회당, 이탈리아 사회민주당, 이탈리아 공화당 정치인들과 우호적이었다. 노사 분쟁에도 불구하고 이탈리아 공산당과도 원만한 관계였는데, 엔리코 베를링구에르와의 관계가 특히 그랬다. 베를링구에르와 다른 이탈리아 공산당원들은 유벤투스의 서포터이기도 했다. 그는 다른 국가의 사업가들보다 훨씬 큰 영향력을 행사했다. 그는 이탈리아에서 가장 중요한 기업인 피아트의 경영자인 동시에, 다양한 기업과 은행들에 영향력을 행사했다. 그는 이탈리아에서 가장 영향력 있는 신문들 중 두 곳인 스탐파와 코리에레 델라 세라의 사주이기도 했다. 정치와 기업의 경계가 모호한 이탈리아에서 그는 자신의 정치적 영향력으로 교통, 무역 정책을 피아트에 유리하게 바꿨다고 알려졌다. 이탈리아의 정치학자 프란코 파본첼로는 마니풀리테로 전후 이탈리아 정치권이 사실상 붕괴된 상황에서 신흥 부호 실비오 베를루스코니가 정권을 잡는데 도움을 주었다고 평가했다. 가족 관계 자녀 아녤리는 아내와 사이에서 자녀를 두 명 두었다. 장남인 에도아르도 아넬리는 결혼 후 7개월 후 1954년 뉴욕에서 태어났다. 가문의 사업에 무관심하고 적대적이기까지 했던 에도아르도는 신비주의에 심취해 일찌감치 후계자 자리에서 제외되었다. 프린스턴 대학교에서 동양 종교와 철학을 전공한 그는 영적인 경험을 위해 아시시와 인도, 이란, 케냐를 돌아다녔고, 인터뷰에서 가족들을 비난했다. 뉴욕에 거주할 때 이슬람교로 개종하고 마흐디로 개명했다. 그는 2000년 46세 나이에 다리에서 투신해 자살했다. 에도아르도는 결혼을 하거나 자녀를 두지 않았다. 장녀인 마르게리타 아녤리는 1955년 태어났다. 그녀는 두 번 결혼했다. 1975년과 1981년 사이 유대계 소설가인 알랭 엘칸와 결혼해, 둘 사이에서 존, 라포, 기네브라 세 자녀를 두었다. 독일의 귀족 가문 출신이자 피아트 직원이던 팔렌 자작과의 결혼에서는 다섯 자녀를 낳았다. 잔니 아녤리가 그녀와 엘칸 사이의 세 자녀에게만 상속을 했기 때문에, 마르게리타와 그녀의 다섯 자녀들은 상속 소송을 계속하고 있다. 가문 아녤리 가문은 정치적 영향력과 예술과 스포츠 후원으로 해외에서 "이탈리아의 케네디가"로 알려져 있다. 또한 케네디가의 저주처럼 많은 구성원들이 이른 나이에 기이한 죽음을 맞이한 것으로도 유명하다. 예를 들어 잔니 아녤리의 조카이자 후계자로 여겨지던 조반니 알베르토 아녤리는 1997년 32살 나이에 희귀한 위암으로 사망했다. 조반니의 이른 죽음으로 잔니 아녤리의 외손자인 존 엘칸이 경영권을 물려 받게 되었다. 2020년 현재 가문의 구성원 수는 200명 이상으로 알려졌다. 패션 아녤리는 젊은 시절부터 사업가로서 만큼이나 패션 아이콘으로 유명했고, 그가 시작한 트랜드들은 오늘날까지 영향을 주고 있다. 그를 '아이콘 중의 아이콘'으로 선정한 에스콰이어는 그의 스타일이 로버트 레드퍼드와 폴 뉴먼, 스티브 매퀸의 그것들을 합친 것보다 더 많이 모방되었다고 평가했다. 그는 넓은 옷깃과 슬림한 스타일로 정교하게 제작된 맞춤 정장을 즐겨 입었다. 캐주얼한 옷으로는 미국의 서부 스타일의 데님 재킷과 청바지를 많이 입었다. 그의 패션의 중요한 특징은 완벽한 모습을 추구하지 않고, 말끔하지 않은 모습을 보여줬다는 것이다. 한쪽에 쏠린 넥타이와 셔츠 위에 쓴 손목 시계, 정장과 같이 신은 가죽 부츠는 자연스럽고 자유분방한 그만의 스타일이 되었다. 사망 아녤리는 81세 나이로 2003년 토리노에서 전립선암으로 사망했다. 피아트는 후계자가 정리될 때까지 회장직은 동생인 움베르토가 맡을 거라고 발표했다. 스쿠데리아 페라리는 그를 기리기 위해 2003 시즌 포뮬러 원 차량인 F2003-GA에 그의 이름을 붙였다. 유벤투스와 이탈리아 축구 연맹도 추모에 참가했다. 2021년 그의 모습이 담긴 우표가 발행되었다. 참고 1921년 출생 2003년 사망 이탈리아의 기업인 이탈리아의 억만장자 아녤리 가 피아트 사람 이탈리아의 제2차 세계 대전 참전 군인 토리노 대학교 동문 20세기 유럽 사람 21세기 유럽 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni%20Agnelli

Gianni Agnelli

Giovanni "Gianni" Agnelli (; 12 March 192124 January 2003), nicknamed ("The Lawyer"), was an Italian industrialist and principal shareholder of Fiat. As the head of Fiat, he controlled 4.4% of Italy's GDP, 3.1% of its industrial workforce, and 16.5% of its industrial investment in research. He was the richest man in modern Italian history. Agnelli was regarded as having an impeccable and slightly eccentric fashion sense, which has influenced both Italian and international men's fashion. Agnelli was awarded the decoration Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1967 and the Order of Merit for Labour (Cavaliere del lavoro) in 1977. Following his death in 2003, control of the firm was gradually passed to his grandson and chosen heir, John Elkann. Early life Agnelli was born in Turin; he maintained strong ties with the village of Villar Perosa, near Turin in the Piedmont region, of which he served as mayor until 1980. His father was the prominent Italian industrialist Edoardo Agnelli. His maternal grandmother was American; his mother was Princess Virginia Bourbon del Monte, daughter of Carlo, 4th Prince of San Faustino, head of a noble family established in Perugia, who was married with the American heiress Jane Allen Campbell. Agnelli was named after his grandfather Giovanni Agnelli, the founder of the Italian car manufacturer Fiat. At the age of 14, his father was killed in a plane crash, and he was raised by his grandfather, who died on 16 December 1945, fifteen days after Agnelli's mother, Virginia, died in a car crash. Known as Gianni to differentiate from his grandfather, with whom he shared his first name, he inherited the command of Fiat and the Agnelli family assets in general in 1966, following a period in which Fiat was temporarily ruled by Vittorio Valletta while he was learning how his family's company worked. Agnelli raised Fiat to become the most important company in Italy, and one of the major car-builders of Europe, amid the Italian economic miracle. He was considered the king of Italian business from the 1960s to the 1980s. He also developed an accessory business, with minor companies, such as Fiat Velivoli, operating in the military industry. Agnelli was educated at Pinerolo Cavalry Academy, and studied law at the University of Turin, although he never practised law. He joined a tank regiment in June 1940 when Italy entered World War II on the side of the Axis powers. He fought on the Eastern Front, being wounded twice. He also served in a Fiat-built armoured-car division during the North African campaign, for which he received the War Cross of Military Valor. After the armistice of Cassibile, Agnelli became a liaison officer with the occupying American troops due to his fluency in English. His grandfather, who had manufactured vehicles for the Axis powers during the war, was forced to retire from Fiat but named Valletta to be his successor. His grandfather died, leaving him head of the family but Valletta running the company. Fiat then began producing Italy's first inexpensive mass-produced car, with the Fiat 600 being a success. Prior to his marriage on 19 November 1953 to Marella Caracciolo dei Principi di Castagneto, a half-American, half-Neapolitan noblewoman who made a small but significant name as a fabric designer and a bigger name as a tastemaker, Agnelli was a noted playboy whose mistresses included actresses, such Anita Ekberg, Rita Hayworth, Linda Christian, Danielle Darrieux, the socialite Pamela Harriman, and Jackie Kennedy. Although Agnelli continued to be involved with other women during his marriage, including Ekberg and the fashion designer Jackie Rogers, the Agnellis remained married until his death of prostate cancer in 2003 at the age of 81. For most of his life, Agnelli was considered to be a man of exquisite taste. In 2002, he left his paintings to the city of Turin, which established the Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli. His only son, Edoardo Agnelli, was born in New York City on 9 June 1954, seven months after the couple's wedding at the Château d'Osthoffen in France. He gave up trying to groom him to take over Fiat, seeing how the boy was more interested in mysticism than making cars; his son studied religion at Princeton University and took part in a world day of prayer in Assisi. His son, who seemed burdened by the mantle of his surname, committed suicide on 15 November 2000 by jumping off a bridge near Turin; Agnelli joined police at the scene. The Agnellis had one daughter, Countess Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen. She is the mother of John Elkann, Lapo Elkann, and Ginevra Elkann. She has five other children from her second marriage to Count Serge de Pahlen: Maria de Pahlen, Peter de Pahlen, Anna de Pahlen, and Tatiana de Pahlen. Into the 2020s, the de Pahlens remain involved in a dispute with the Elkanns over Agnelli's inheritance. Head of Fiat Agnelli became president of Fiat in 1966. He opened factories in many places, including the Soviet Union in the Russian city of Tolyatti, Spain, and South America, such as Automóveis in Brasil; he also started international alliances and joint-ventures like Iveco, which marked a new industrial mentality. During the international energy crisis of the 1970s, he sold part of the company to Lafico, a Libyan company owned by Muammar Gaddafi; Agnelli would later repurchase these shares. He was also closely connected with Juventus, the most renowned Italian football club, of which he was a fan and the direct owner. In 1969 and 1970, Fiat was joined by Ferrari and Lancia. In the 1970s, which were marked by labour tensions, Fiat expanded to the east and agreements with Poland, Turkey, and Yugoslavia were strengthened. In 1974, he was elected president of Confindustria and came to terms with the labour unions by signing the agreement for the single point of contingency with the CGIL by Luciano Lama. The 1980s saw increased sales for Fiat under Vittorio Ghidella, with successes such as the Fiat Uno, the Fiat Croma, and the Lancia Thema. In 1986, after a failed agreement with Ford Motor Company, Agnelli bought Alfa Romeo from the Italian state. In the 1990s, as Fiat was unable to make inroads into the non-European automotive markets, Agnelli decided to form an alliance with General Motors. The agreement provided for General Motors to sell 5% of their shares in exchange for 20% of the Fiat Group's package, with the possibility after two years and within the next eight years to buy the remaining 80% of Fiat if it was sold. In 1991, Agnelli was named an Italian senator for life and joined the independent parliamentary group; he was later named a member of the Senate of the Republic's defence commission. In 1997, he briefly acquired de facto control of Telecom Italia. In the early 2000s, Agnelli made overtures to General Motors resulting in an agreement under which General Motors progressively became involved in Fiat. The crisis of Fiat came when Agnelli was already fighting against cancer, and he could take little part in these events. Agnelli also encountered a number of difficulties with Mediobanca through Cesare Romiti, who caused Agnelli anxiety. Mediobanca made a policy of constantly supervising Fiat because of their financial interests in the company, often becoming significantly involved in executive decisions and important issues. Vincenzo Maranghi, who later became the CEO of the bank, eventually developed a close friendship with Agnelli, despite previous tensions. At the time of his death in 2003, Fiat was worth €3.3 billion; Agnelli's inheritance was twenty-five times bigger by 2023. Nicknamed L'Avvocato ("The Lawyer") because he had a degree in law even though he was never admitted to the Order of Lawyers, Agnelli was the most important figure in Italian economy, the symbol of capitalism throughout the second half of 20th century, and regarded by many as the true "King of Italy". A cultivated man of keen intelligence and a peculiar sense of humour, he was perhaps the most famous Italian abroad, particularly in the United States and New York, forming deep relationships with international bankers and politicians, largely through the Bilderberg Group, whose conferences he attended regularly since 1958. Some of the other Bilderberg regulars became close friends, among them Henry Kissinger. He was also close to John F. Kennedy, and was a friend of Truman Capote. Another longtime associate was David Rockefeller, who appointed him to the International Advisory Committee of Chase Manhattan Bank, of which Rockefeller was chairman; Agnelli sat on this committee for thirty years. He was also a member of a syndicate with Rockefeller that for a time in the 1980s owned Rockefeller Center. He was also an honorary member of the International Olympic Committee, a position he held until his death, and was named in 2000 the committee honorary president for Torino 2006, of which he was an instrumental promoter. Later life and death Agnelli stepped down in 1996 but stayed on as Fiat's honorary chairman until his death. Giovanni Alberto Agnelli, the son of Gianni's younger brother, Umberto Agnelli, died of a rare form of cancer in 1997 at age 33 while he was being groomed by his uncle to head the Fiat Group. John Elkann, the son of Gianni and Marella's daughter, Margherita, was expected to take over Fiat after Gianni's death. Instead, Umberto became chairman, taking over from Paolo Fresco. While Fresco had diversified the Fiat Group's holdings, Umberto refocused its activities on its auto and mechanics division. He then brought in Giuseppe Morchio to mastermind a rescue strategy for the company. Morchio was expected to continue to run the Fiat Group as it attempted to claw its way out of its latest financial crisis. Upon Umberto's death, Ferrari chairman Luca Cordero di Montezemolo was named Fiat chairman, with Elkann as vice chairman; Morchio immediately offered his resignation. His successor was Sergio Marchionne, an expert of reorganisation who between 2002 and 2004 led the Swiss certification company Societé Générale de Surveillance; Elkann played a key role when he brought Marchionne to Fiat. Agnelli died in 2003 of prostate cancer at age 81 in Turin. Fiat-owned Scuderia Ferrari named their 2003 Formula One contender, the F2003-GA, in tribute to Agnelli. Juventus and the Italian Football Federation were also in mourning over his death. In 2021, to celebrate the centenary of Agnelli's birth, a special postage stamp was issued. Sports Juventus F.C. 1940s–1990s The figure of Agnelli was intimately linked to the history of Juventus, the association football team of Turin of which he was appointed president from 1947 to 1954. His activity had an impact within the club similar to that of his father, Edoardo Agnelli, twenty years earlier, acquiring important players, such as Giampiero Boniperti, John Hansen, and Karl Aage Præst, who were decisive for the conquest of two Serie A leagues in 1950 and 1952, the first won by the club in fifteen years. Agnelli also had an impact on the transformation at the corporate level during his management from a private club belonging to the rival car manufacturer Cisitalia, chaired by Piero Dusio, to an independent company with private capital with limited liability that achieved further successes. After his activity as president of the club, Agnelli remained linked to Juventus by carrying out various management activities as honorary president, with which he was able to maintain his influence on the club until 1994, the year in which he handed over these activities to his brother Umberto. Agnelli led Juventus to ten Italian football champion titles, four Italy Cups, one Intercontinental Cup, one European Cup, one Cup Winners' Cup, three UEFA Cups, and one UEFA Super Cup, for a total of 23 official trophies in 48 years, which made him one of the most important personalities in sports history. He daily called at 6 am Boniperti, such as when he convinced him to become Juventus chairman in 1971, and Juventus players to see how they were doing. Agnelli liked footballers like Stanley Matthews and Garrincha, as well as Pelé, Diego Armando Maradona, Johan Cruijff, and Alfredo Di Stéfano, whom his club tried to sign. In 1958, Agnelli sought to purchase Pelé through Fiat's shares. In a dinner in 1962, Santos F.C. was offered one million for Pelé by Umberto. In 1962, he sent Boniperti to Chile to sign Pelé with an offer of one hundred million, which the Brazilian Football Federation did not authorise for the transfer. He was instrumental in signing Michel Platini, of whom he said: "We bought him for a piece of bread and he's put foie gras on top of it." He gave several notable nicknames to footballers, such Zbigniew Boniek (bello di notte, or "Beauty at night", which is a play on the title of Luis Buñuel's movie Belle de Jour), Roberto Baggio (Raffaello, after an Italian Renaissance painter, best known as Raphael), and Alessandro Del Piero (Pinturicchio, after the nickname of another Italian Renaissance painter, Bernardino di Betto), and Ahead of the 1996 UEFA Champions League final won by Juventus against Ajax, he said: "If they are a team of Flemish painters, we will be tough Piedmontese." His grandson, John Elkann, as well as his nephew, Andrea Agnelli, followed his footsteps at Juventus. 1990s–2000s In 1999, Juventus improved their own record of having won all five major UEFA competitions by winning the Intertoto Cup, the next year was voted the seventh best of the FIFA Club of the Century and in 2009 was placed by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics second in the European best club of the 20th-century ranking, the highest position for an Italian club in both; by the early 2000s, the club had the third best revenue in Europe at over €200 million. This all changed when, three years after his death, Calciopoli controversially hit the club, which was demoted to Serie B for the first time in its history despite the club being acquitted and the leagues were ruled to be regular; it was his nephew, Andrea Agnelli, who built the club back up in the 2010s. When Agnelli died in 2003, Juventus had won the 2001–02 Serie A at the last matchday, and a few months after his death had reached the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, the club's four UEFA Champions League final in seven years, three of which were achieved consecutively; those in 1997, against Borussia Dortmund, and in 1998, against Real Madrid, were lost out controversially. In the words of Fulvio Bianchi, early 2000s Juventus were "stronger than all those that came after, and had €250 million in revenue, being at the top of Europe, and 100 sponsors. It took ten years to recover and return to the top Italians, not yet Europeans: now the club makes over €300 million, but in the meantime Real, Bayern, and the others have taken off." Some observers allege that Calciopoli and its aftermath were a dispute within Juventus and between the club's owners that came after the deaths of Gianni and Umberto Agnelli, including Franzo Grande Stevens, who was nicknamed by Agnelli "the lawyer's lawyer", and Gianluigi Gabetti who favoured Agnelli's grandson, John Elkann, over his nephew as chairman, and wanted to get rid of Luciano Moggi, Antonio Giraudo, and Roberto Bettega, whose shares in the club increased. Whatever their intentions, it is argued they condemned Juventus: first when Carlo Zaccone, the club's lawyer, agreed for relegation to Serie B and point-deduction, when he made that statement because Juventus were the only club risking more than one-division relegation (Serie C), and he meant for Juventus (the sole club to be ultimately demoted) to have equal treatment with the other clubs; and then when Luca Cordero di Montezemolo retired the club's appeal to the Regional Administrative Court of Lazio, which could have cleared the club's name and avoid relegation, after FIFA threatened to suspend the FIGC from international play, a renounce for which then-FIFA president Sepp Blatter was thankful. Several observers, including former FIGC president Franco Carraro, argue that had Agnelli been alive, things would have been done differently, as the club and its directors would have been defended properly, which could have avoided relegation and cleared the club's name much earlier than the Calciopoli trials of the 2010s. When Tangentopoli hit the country in the 1990s, Agnelli said: "My men must be defended to the last degree of judgement." Moggi, one of the two Juventus directors involved in the scandal, was nicknamed by Agnelli as "the king's groom, who must know all horse thieves". Moggi discussed how "Agnelli said that because during my time it was full of sons of bitches. And he wanted an expert, one who could stand up to these here. For me it's a compliment." He added that Calciopoli only happened because "l'Avvocato Agnelli and il Dottor Umberto died", and had the two Agnellis not died, "nothing [of this farce] would have happened." According to observers, Juventus was weak after Agnelli's death, with Moggi saying: "The death of l'Avvocato Agnelli made us orphans and weak, it was easy to attack Juve and destroy them by making things up." According to critics, Juventus bothered because they won too much under Agnelli. Then-CONI president Gianni Petrucci said "a team that wins too much is harmful to their sport". Ferrari Upon Fiat's acquisition of Ferrari in 1969, Agnelli became associated with Formula One and Scuderia Ferrari, which achieved successes in the 1970s with Niki Lauda and Jody Scheckter. About his passion for Ferrari, he said: "Not all Italians support the national team, while all Italians and fifty per cent of non-Italians support Ferrari." In 1996, upon the signing of Michael Schumacher, he said: "Of course, if now they don't win with Schumacher it's their fault..." In 1998, two years before Ferrari's return to dominance of the early 2000s with Schumacher, he said: "I wouldn't give up a Juve Scudetto for a Ferrari world championship." Upon his death in 2003, asked whether Agnelli loved more Juventus or Ferrari, Boniperti recalled: "I think Juve. And he loved Turin very much, the city that has always been in his heart." About Schumacher, he was quoted as saying that "this German is very dear to me, in the sense that he costs me dearly, but he is worth it." In an interview with Oggi, Agnelli's grandson Lapo Elkann said: "He saved the Prancing Horse, preventing it from being sold to the Americans. Then he chose the right people: [former Ferrari chairman] Luca di Montezemolo and Jean Todt. He loved Ferrari cars and he loved all the beautiful things in life. It's not enough to be rich to appreciate beauty. Taste cannot be bought." About Agnelli's favoured Formula One drivers, Elkann said: "His favourite driver was the one who won. I think that's why he loved Michael Schumacher. Then he liked Gilles Villeneuve, his way of driving. And Ayrton Senna, who, had he not died so tragically, would have come to Ferrari the following year. He loved talent and courage and also recognised them in his opponents. He was a true sportsman." Yacht racing Among his many passions, he was one of the promoters of Azzurra, an Italian boat entering the America's Cup. When in sea, he often spent his time on the 1967 G-Cinquanta, one of his many boats. Style Agnelli's fashion sense and style inspired and influenced menswear throughout the years in Italy and around the world. In his retirement speech, Milanese fashion designer Nino Cerruti named Agnelli as one of his biggest inspirations along with James Bond and John F. Kennedy. Esquire named Agnelli as one of five best-dressed men in the history of the world. Agnelli's dress style featured a foundation of classic suits. He had a large number of bespoke Caraceni suits, which were of high quality and classic design. He was known for wearing his wristwatch over his cuff and was regarded as conveying sprezzatura, the Italian art of making the difficult look easy. Agnelli's nickname "The Rake of the Riviera" inspired the classical menswear magazine The Rake. Politics Politically, Agnelli did not join any party and remained an independent politician; nonetheless, he was close to the Italian Republican Party (PRI), and was described as the Republican monarch of the 20th century. He had amicable relations with the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) and Italian Socialist Party (PSI) leaders Giuseppe Saragat and Sandro Pertini, respectively, as well as with Francesco Cossiga of Christian Democracy (DC) and Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. Despite their political differences and conflicts like the in 1980, he also had relatively amicable relations with the Italian Communist Party (PCI), particularly during the leadership of Enrico Berlinguer; in 2013, Giorgio Napolitano, former PCI member and then president of Italy, described it as "sincere cordiality and sympathy". Several notable PCI leaders, such as Palmiro Togliatti, Luciano Lama, and Berlinguer, and allegedly Antonio Gramsci, were supporters of Agnelli's Juventus. Like other family members, such as his grandfather, Agnelli sought to create a non-ideological, centrist political formation of Atlanticist and pro-European persuasion that sought a modernising, internationalist capitalism in contrast to the left and opposed to the populist, nationalist, or fascist right. He received his first public assignment in 1961 when, on the occasion of the celebrations for the first centenary of the unification of Italy, he was appointed president of the Expo 61. In the 1970s, there were talks of forming a secular bloc between the Italian Liberal Party, PSDI, and PRI, and take over the place of the DC. Ahead of the 1976 Italian general election, then PRI secretary Ugo La Malfa offered Agnelli a candidacy on the party lists; in turn, Agnelli offered his disponibility to be the Ambassador of the Italian Republic to the United States. The DC was ultimately able to not only have Agnelli retire his PRI candidacy, which could have cost them about one million votes, by raising the prospect of economic retaliations for Fiat but also convinced Umberto Agnelli, his younger brother, to join the DC. He turned down the invite by then president Oscar Luigi Scalfaro to become Prime Minister of Italy after Ciampi. In 1991, Agnelli was appointed senator for life by Cossiga, then president of the Italian Republic. He joined the For the Autonomies group and was admitted to the Defense Commission of the Senate. In 1994, he was among the three life senators (together with Giovanni Leone and Cossiga) to vote their confidence in the Berlusconi I Cabinet; it was the first time in the history of Italy that life senators were decisive for the confidence in an executive. When Berlusconi was about to enter politics, he said: "If he wins, an entrepreneur will have won. If he loses, Berlusconi will have lost." When the Prodi I Cabinet fell in 1998 and Massimo D'Alema was appointed Prime Minister of Italy and became the first post-Communist to hold the office of a NATO country, as well as Italy's only post-Communist prime minister, his vote in favour of confidence caused a sensation. He told the press that "today in Italy a left-wing government is the only one that can make right-wing policies." Quotations Agnelli is the author of many aphorisms and quotations. The most notable of them are related to what he described as "the love of a lifetime", Juventus, about which he said "they are my life's companion, above all an emotion. It happens when I see those shirts enter the field. I even get excited when I read the letter J in some headline in the newspaper. Immediately I think of Juve." He also said: "Juve is for me the love of a lifetime, a source of joy and pride, but also of disappointment and frustration, however strong emotions, as can give a true and infinite love story." To the shouted cheering, in response to the question "Will Juventus win or the best team win?", Agnelli replied with irony: "I'm lucky, often the two things coincide". He described Juventus thusly: "[Because] Juventus, after a century of history already, has become a legend. A legend that started off in a high school in Turin and finished up by gaining nine or ten million fans in Italy and, of course, the same number abroad with a jersey and colours that are known throughout the world." About Tommaso Buscetta, a member of Cosa Nostra who became a pentito and collaborator of justice, he was quoted as saying: "He said he was obsessively a fan of Juventus? If you meet him, tell him it's the only thing he won't have to regret [a play on the word pentito, which comes from pentire, meaning in English 'to regret']." Honours Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, 27 December 1967. Knight of the Order of Merit for Labour, 1977. Italian Medal of Merit for Culture and Art, June 1987. War Cross of Military Valor, 13 February 1943. . War Merit Cross. Grand Cross of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. References Further reading External links Giovanniagnelli.it – his life in images (in English and Italian) Agnèlli, Giovanni, detto Gianni at Treccani (in Italian) Agnèlli, Giovanni (1921–2003) at Sapere.it by De Agostini (in Italian) Gianni Agnelli at Encyclopaedia Britannica (in English) Agnelli, Giovanni at Dizionario Biografico degli italiani by Giuseppe Berta, published by the Institute of the Italian Encyclopaedia in 2013 (in Italian) Agnelli, Giovanni at Open Library, Internet Archive (in English) Agnelli, Giovanni (1921–2003) at Persée, Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (in French) Gianni Agnelli (1921–2003) at Open Library, Internet Archive (in English) Gianni Agnelli at Olympedia (in English) Obituary: Italian industrial giant Agnelli dead at 81 by Eric J. Lyman for the United Press International (in English) Geneall.net (in Italian) Giovanni Agnelli, detto Gianni (Torino 1921–2003) at MuseoTorino (in Italian) Agnelli, Giovanni (Gianni) at the National Archive System (in Italian) Giovanni Agnelli at Confindustria.it (in Italian) Giovanni Agnelli at Senato.it (in Italian) Frasi di Gianni Agnelli at Meglio.it (in Italian) 1921 births 2003 deaths 20th-century Italian businesspeople 20th-century Italian politicians Gianni Automotive businesspeople Bourbon del Monte family Businesspeople from Turin Deaths from cancer in Piedmont Deaths from prostate cancer Fiat people Italian art collectors Italian automotive pioneers Italian billionaires Italian life senators Italian military personnel of World War II Italian newspaper publishers (people) Juventus FC chairmen and investors Juventus FC directors Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group Nobility from Turin Politicians from Turin Presidents of Confindustria University of Turin alumni

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알바로 모라타

알바로 보르하 모라타 마르틴(, 1992년 10월 23일, 마드리드 지방 마드리드 ~)은 스페인의 축구 선수로, 포지션은 스트라이커이다. 현재 라리가의 아틀레티코 마드리드 소속이다. 그는 레알 마드리드에서 프로 무대에 첫 선을 보였는데, 그는 2010년 말에 1군 첫 경기를 치르고 52번의 공식 경기 (11골) 에 나섰고, 이 중 한 번은 2014 UEFA 챔피언스리그 결승전 경기였다. 2014년, 그는 €20M에 유벤투스로 이적해 두 시즌 연속 세리에 A와 코파 이탈리아 2관왕을 달성한 뒤, 친정 구단에 €30으로 복귀했다. 모라타는 스페인 청소년 국가대표로 34경기 출전했으며, 2013년 UEFA U-21 축구 선수권 대회 우승을 거두었다. 2014년, 그는 성인 국가대표팀 첫 경기를 치렀고, UEFA 유로 2016에서 조국을 대표로 출전했다. 클럽 경력 레알 마드리드 마드리드 출신으로, 모라타는 2008년에 헤타페에서 레알 마드리드로 이적해 유소년 아카데미를 2년 후 졸업했지만, 아직 미숙했던 그는 레알 마드리드 C 경기에 출전했다. 2010년 7월, 후베닐 A 연령대에서 두 번의 유소년 우승을 거두고 34골을 넣으며 성공적인 시즌을 보낸 후, 레알 마드리드 카스티야의 일원으로 승진했다. 그달 말, 주제 모리뉴 1군 감독은 4명의 동료와 함께 미국의 시즌 전 훈련에 그의 이름을 포함시켰다. 2010년 8월 15일, 모라타는 알코르콘과의 친선경기에서 카스티야 첫 경기를 펼쳤고, 이 경기의 1-0 결승골을 기록했다. 그의 3부 리그 첫 경기는 29일, 3-2로 이긴 코루호전이었고, 1-1로 비긴 알칼라와의 10월 31일 경기에서 첫 공식 골을 기록했다. 2010년 12월 12일, 모라타는 3-1로 이긴 레알 사라고사와의 라 리가 경기에서 앙헬 디 마리아와 88분에 교체로 들어가 1군 첫 경기를 치렀다. 열흘 후, 그는 코파 델 레이 첫 경기를 치렀는데, 이 경기에서도 막판에 교체로 들어가 뛰었다. 2011년 1월, 곤살로 이과인이 부상으로 쓰러진 후, 스페인 언론은 그를 잠재적인 1군 대체자로 예상했다. 그러나, 모리뉴는 그리 하지 않기로 결정했는데, 그는 "그는 [모라타는] 레알 마드리드 선발로 나설 준비가 되지 않았다. 그는 성장하고 카스티야에서 자신을 완성시켜야 한다." 라고 말했다. 그는 이 시기 동안 카스티야에서 4경기 5골을 기록했고, 한편 에마뉘엘 아데바요르가 들어오면서 그의 1군 공격수 지위는 상실했다. 2011년 2월 13일, 모라타는 데포르티보 B와의 경기에서 첫 해트트릭을 기록했는데, 카스티야는 7-1로 이겼다. 그는 성인 무대 첫 시즌을 14골로 마쳐 동료 호셀루와 함께 가장 많은 골을 넣었지만, 카스티야는 플레이오프에서 패하면서 승격이 좌절되었다. 2012년 11월 11일, 모라타는 레알 마드리드 1군 경기에서 첫 골을 넣었는데, 레반테와의 경기에 83분 입장해서 60초만에 2-1 결승골을 기록했다. 자신의 생애 첫 공식 경기인 2월 17일 라요 바예카노와의 안방 경기에서, 그는 3분만에 선제골을 넣었지만, 30분도 채 안되어 세르히오 라모스가 퇴장 당하면서 라울 알비올로 수비를 강화하기 위해 나갔고, 경기는 2-0으로 이겼다. 2013년 3월 2일, 모라타는 바르셀로나와의 고전 더비 경기에 90분을 모두 소화했으며, 카림 벤제마의 선제골을 돕고, 안방에서의 2-1 승리에 일조했다. 2013-14 시즌, 모라타는 카를로 안첼로티 신임 감독 체제 하에 1군 정규 일원이 되었다. 2014년 3월 18일, 그는 UEFA 챔피언스리그 경기 첫 골을 기록했는데, 샬케 04와 산티아고 베르나베우에서 벌인 16강전 경기에서 쐐기골을 넣어 3-1 승리에 공헌했다. 5월 17일, 리그 최종전에서, 그는 에스파뇰에 2골을 넣어 안방에서 3-1 승리를 견인하고, 모든 대회를 통틀어 8골을 기록했다. 그는 이긴 아틀레티코 마드리드와의 UEFA 챔피언스리그 결승전에도 연장전에 벤제마와 교체로 들어가 막판 10분을 뛰었다. 유벤투스 2014년 7월 19일, 유벤투스는 모라타의 이적과 합의를 보았고 €20M에 5년 계약을 맺었다고 발표했으며, 레알 마드리드는 향후에 그를 재영입할 권한을 가져갔다. 그는 2-0으로 이긴 우디네세 칼초와의 9월 13일 경기에서 페르난도 요렌테와 교체로 들어가 세리에 A 첫 경기를 치렀다. 2주 후에는 같은 스페인 국적의 선수와 자리를 바꿔, 3-0으로 이긴 아탈란타와의 경기에서 유벤투스 1호골을 넣었다. 2014년 10월 5일, 로마와의 경기에서, 모라타는 교체로 들어갔다 코스타스 마놀라스에 보복 행각을 해 반칙으로 퇴장을 당해 경기장을 나갔다. 11월 9일, 7-0으로 이긴 파르마와의 안방 경기에서 71분에 교체된 요렌테가 두 골을 넣고, 들어가 두 골을 추가했다. 그는 12월 22일, 카타르 도하에서 열린 나폴리와의 수페르코파 이탈리아나 경기의 막판 10분을 출전했지만, 승부차기 끝에 5-6으로 패했다. 2015년 1월 28일, 모라타는 파르마와의 코파 이탈리아 경기 막판 13분에 출전했고, 에니오 타르디니에서 열린 이 경기는 그의 1-0 결승골로 끝났고, 유벤투스는 준결승전에 진출했다. 다음 달, 도르트문트와의 UEFA 챔피언스리그 16강 1차전 안방 경기에서, 그는 43분에 2-1 결승골을 넣었다. 그는 2차전에서 선발로 출전해 골을 또 득점해 베스트팔렌슈타디온에서 열린 이 경기에서 3-0 대승을 거두게 했다. 2015년 4월 7일, 모라타는 피오렌티나와의 코파 이탈리아 준결승전에서 알레산드로 디아만티에게 범한 반칙으로 퇴장당했지만, 유벤투스는 승리하여 결승전에 올랐지만, 그는 그 경기에 결장하게 되었다. 1주 후, 그는 모나코와의 UEFA 챔피언스리그 8강 1차전에서 페널티킥을 얻었고, 이를 아르투로 비달이 넣어 1-0으로 안방에서 이겼고, 2차전까지 치르고 이는 최종 합계 점수가 되었다. 준결승전 1차전에서는 친정 구단 레알 마드리드를 상대했고, 그는 8분만에 가볍게 톡 건드려 선제골을 기록해 경기는 안방에서의 2-1 승리로 끝났고, 2차전에서도 득점을 했는데, 그는 두 번의 득점 상황에서 자축하지 않았다. 6월 6일, 바르셀로나를 상대로한 베를린에서 열린 결승전에서 후반 이른 시간에 동점골을 넣었지만, 1-3으로 졌다. 2015년 8월 초, 모라타는 훈련 도중 왼쪽 종아리의 족저근이 파열되어 한 달간 활동이 불가능하게 되었고, 수페르코파 이탈리아나 2015에 빠졌다. 복귀 후 두 번째 경기인 9월 15일, 맨체스터 시티와의 UEFA 챔피언스리그 조별 리그 경기에 85분 뛰어 2-1 결승골을 득점했다. 9월 30일, 그는 세비야와의 유벤투스 경기장 경기에서 알레산드로 델 피에로와의 기록과 동률을 이루는 자신의 5호골로 2-0 승리에 일조했고, 11월 24일에는 UEFA 올해의 팀 일원으로 선정되었다. 2015년 12월 10일, 모라타는 2020년까지 유벤투스와의 계약을 연장했다. 2016년 3월 20일, 이웃 토리노와의 데르비 델라 몰레 경기에서, 그는 전반에 교체로 들어가 원정 경기에서 두 골을 넣고 4-1 승리에 일조했다. 5월 21일, 그는 로마의 올림픽 경기장에서 열린 코파 이탈리아 결승전에서 교체로 나와 연장전 110분에 결승골을 기록해 밀란을 격파했다. 레알 마드리드 복귀 2016년 6월 21일, 레알 마드리드는 인수 조항을 발동시켜 모라타를 유벤투스에서 €30M으로 다시 데려왔다. 그의 첫 공식전은 같은 스페인 국적의 세비야와의 8월 9일 UEFA 슈퍼컵 경기로, 그는 선발로 출전해 62분에 벤제마와 교체로 나갔고, 경기는 3-2 승리로 끝났다. 그는 8월 27일, 2-1로 이긴 셀타 비고와의 안방 경기에서 첫 골을 기록했다. 2017년 4월 5일, 모라타는 지네딘 지단의 순회 정책으로부터 수혜를 보았는데, 레가네스와의 원정 경기에서 3골을 넣어 4-2 승리를 견인해 한 경기를 덜 치르고도 소속 구단이 바르셀로나와 승점 2점차 선두를 유지하게 도왔다. 2016-17 시즌 대부분을 벤제마에 밀려 후보 선수로 지냈지만, 그는 리그에서 15골을 기록했고, 구단은 5년 만에 처음으로 리그 정상을 탈환했다. 그는 UEFA 챔피언스리그에서 9경기 출전해 3골을 넣었고, 레알 마드리드는 이 대회 2연패를 거두었다. 첼시 2017년 7월 19일, 프리미어리그의 첼시가 레알 마드리드의 모라타가 이적 합의안에 수락했다고 발표했다. 구단은 이적에 따라 의료 검진을 실시하고 개인 조항에 합의를 마치면 완료될 것이라고 덧붙였다. 레알 마드리드는 이후 모라타에게 헌신, 프로적인 모습, 그리고 구단에서의 훌륭한 활약에 대한 감사문을 기재했다. 7월 21일, 모라타는 의료 검진을 통과하여 공식적으로 첼시 선수가 되었다. 2017년 9월 23일 밤 11시(한국시간)에 열린 스토크 시티와의 리그 원정 경기에서 EPL 입성 후, 첫 해트트릭을 기록하여 4-0 대승을 이끌어냈다. 경기 후, 모라타는 영국 '데일리 메일'로부터 평점 9점으로 양 팀 최고점을 받았다. 그 후, 모라타는 디에고 코스타 이후, 3년 만에 해트트릭을 기록한 첼시 선수가 되었다. 아틀레티코 마드리드 2019년 1월 28일, 아틀레티코 마드리드와 18개월 임대 계약을 맺었다. 2020년 7월 1일, 아틀레티코 마드리드로 완전 이적했다. 유벤투스 복귀 2020년 9월 22일 유벤투스에 1시즌 임대로 복귀하였다. 국가대표팀 경력 모라타는 나이지리아에서 열리는 2009년 FIFA U-17 월드컵을 앞두고 스페인 U-17 국가대표팀에 대회에서 4경기에 나서 2골을 넣었고, 3위의 성적을 거두었다. 그는 이후 U-19 국가대표팀에 합류해 일본에서 열린 국제 대회에 참가했고, 개최국에 이어 준우승을 차지했다. 모라타는 루마니아에서 열린 2011년 UEFA U-19 축구 선수권 대회에 나가 대회 최다인 6골을 넣어 조국이 우승할 수 있게 도왔다. 그는 이스라엘에서 열린 2013년 UEFA U-21 축구 선수권 대회에서 U-21 국가대표팀에서 신고식을 치렀고, 러시아와 독일과의 조별 리그 2연전에서 중요한 역할을 맡았고, 각각 82분과 86분에 홀로 골을 넣었다. 그는 네덜란드와의 조별 리그 3차전에서도 대표팀과 자신의 3번째 골을 기록해 조별 리그를 완벽하게 마쳤다. 그는 이 대회 최다 득점자로 등극했고, 우승도 차지했다. 2014년 11월 7일, 모라타는 비센테 델 보스케에 의해 벨라루스와 독일과의 경기를 앞두고 성인 국가대표팀에 차출되었다. 모라타는 전자와의 15일 UEFA 유로 2016 예선전 경기에 이스코와 교체로 들어가 막판 10분을 출전했고, 우엘바에서 치러진 이 경기는 3-0으로 끝났다. 2015년 3월 27일, 세비야에서 열린 우크라이나와의 같은 대회 경기에서 첫 성인 국가대표팀 골을 넣었고, 스페인은 그의 골에 힘입어 1-0 신승을 거두었다. 모라타는 프랑스에서 열리는 본선에 발탁되었고, 니스에서 열린 터키와의 조별 리그전에 선발로 출전해 2골을 넣어 3-0 승리를 견인했다. 플레이스타일 공중에 뜬 공을 경합하는 것과 공을 잡고 있는 능력에 우수하며, 깔끔하게 마무리하는 능력 또한 일품이며, 발이 빠르고, 효율적으로 움직이는데, 언론은 모라타의 플레이스타일을 레알 마드리드와 스페인의 전 선수인 페르난도 모리엔테스와 견주어 보곤 했다. 유벤투스의 첫 시즌에, 그는 자신의 발놀림, 체력, 그리고 경기장에서의 일률로 도약했고, 기술, 기회 포착, 그리고 긍정적인 마음 가짐은 그가 수 차례 결정적인 득점을 올리는데 큰 역할을 했다. 다재다능한 다목적 공격수로, 모라타는 주 공격수로 활약하거나 선과 선 사이 연결고리의 역할도 하며, 측면으로 넓게 경기장을 쓸 수도 있다. 그는 정확한 페널티킥 주자이기도 하다. 사생활 2014년 3월, 모라타는 아픈 아이들과의 연대를 위해 자신의 머리를 모두 밀면서, "소아암과 싸우는 아이들이 저와 같은 머리카락을 원했지만 그렇지 못했고, 그래서 제 머리를 그들처럼 밀었습니다"라고 말했다. 2016년 12월 10일, 그는 이성친구 알리체 캄펠로와 약혼했고, 2017년 6월 17일에는 이탈리아 베네치아에서 결혼식을 올렸다. 경력 통계 클럽 2020년 6월 27일 기준 국가대표팀 2019년 11월 18일 기준 국가대표팀 득점 기록 2019년 11월 15일 기준. 아래의 점수에서 왼쪽의 점수가 스페인의 점수이며, 점수 열은 모라타의 득점 이후의 점수 상황을 나타낸다 수상 레알 마드리드 프리메라리가: 2011–12, 2016–17 코파 델 레이: 2010–11, 2013–14 UEFA 챔피언스리그: 2013–14, 2016–17 UEFA 슈퍼컵: 2016 FIFA 클럽 월드컵: 2016 유벤투스 세리에 A: 2014–15, 2015–16 코파 이탈리아: 2014–15, 2015–16 수페르코파 이탈리아나: 2015 첼시 FA컵 : 2017-18 스페인 FIFA U-17 월드컵 3위: 2009 UEFA U-19 축구 선수권 대회: 2011 UEFA U-21 축구 선수권 대회: 2013 개인 UEFA U-19 축구 선수권 대회 득점왕, 대회 베스트 : 2011 UEFA U-21 축구 선수권 대회 득점왕, 대회 베스트 : 2013 UEFA 챔피언스리그 대회의 팀 : 2014–15 각주 외부 링크 레알 마드리드 공식 프로파일 BDFutbol 프로파일 1992년 출생 살아있는 사람 마드리드 출신 스페인의 남자 축구 선수 마드리드주 출신 축구 선수 축구 스트라이커 라리가의 축구 선수 세군다 디비시온의 축구 선수 세군다 디비시온 B의 축구 선수 레알 마드리드 카스티야의 축구 선수 레알 마드리드 CF의 축구 선수 세리에 A의 축구 선수 유벤투스 FC의 축구 선수 스페인 남자 U-21 축구 국가대표팀 선수 스페인 남자 축구 국가대표팀 선수 UEFA 유로 2016 참가 선수 스페인의 해외 진출 남자 축구 선수 이탈리아의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 이탈리아에 거주한 스페인인 첼시 FC의 축구 선수 잉글랜드의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 프리미어리그의 축구 선수 아틀레티코 마드리드의 축구 선수 잉글랜드에 거주한 스페인인 스페인 남자 U-19 축구 국가대표팀 선수 UEFA 유로 2020 참가 선수 2022년 FIFA 월드컵 참가 선수

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro%20Morata

Álvaro Morata

Álvaro Borja Morata Martín (born 23 October 1992) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a striker for La Liga club Atlético Madrid and captains the Spain national team. Morata began his career at Real Madrid, making his debut with the senior team in late 2010. After winning the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League, he moved to Juventus for €20 million in 2014, winning the double of Serie A and the Coppa Italia in both of his seasons with the club. After being bought back by Real Madrid for €30 million, he won a La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League in 2016–17 before joining Premier League club Chelsea in 2017 for a club record fee of around £60 million. In January 2019, he moved to Atlético Madrid on loan and joined the club permanently on 1 July 2020. From 2020 to 2022, Morata had another spell at Juventus on loan, winning the Supercoppa Italiana before continuing at Atlético Madrid. Morata earned 34 caps for Spain at youth level, helping his country win the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. He made his senior debut in 2014, and has represented Spain at UEFA Euro 2016, UEFA Euro 2020 and the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Club career Real Madrid Morata signed for Real Madrid in 2008 from neighbouring Getafe after starting out at Atlético Madrid, and appeared for Real Madrid C while still a junior. In July 2010, after a successful season with the Juvenil A team, where he won two youth titles and scored 34 goals, he was promoted to Real Madrid Castilla, Real's reserve team. Later that month, first-team manager José Mourinho took Morata and four of his teammates on a preseason tour in the United States. On 15 August 2010, Morata made his debut with Castilla in a friendly match with Alcorcón, scoring the only goal of the game. His Segunda División B debut came on 29 August in a 3–2 win against Coruxo, and he scored his first competitive goal in a 1–1 draw against Alcalá on 31 October. On 12 December 2010, Morata made his debut for the first team when he was brought on as a substitute for Ángel Di María in the 88th minute of a 3–1 La Liga win at Real Zaragoza. Ten days later he made his first appearance in the Copa del Rey, again coming off the bench in the last few minutes. In January 2011, after Gonzalo Higuaín's injury, the Spanish media expected Morata to be his replacement in the main squad. Mourinho, however, rejected this, saying that "Morata is not yet ready to be a starter at Madrid. He trains with us, but he has to continue learning with Castilla". In this period Morata scored five goals in four matches with the reserves, while Emmanuel Adebayor was signed to replace Higuaín in the first team. On 13 February 2011, Morata scored the first hat-trick of his career, in a 7–1 victory against Deportivo Fabril. He finished his first season as a senior with 14 league goals – joint top scorer in the squad with Joselu – but Castilla failed to gain promotion in the play-offs. Morata scored his first competitive goal with Real's first team on 11 November 2012, coming on in the 83rd minute and scoring the winner after just 60 seconds in a 2–1 away win against Levante. In his first official start, at home against Rayo Vallecano on 17 February of the following year, he scored the opener after just three minutes, but was substituted before the half-hour mark to make room for Raúl Albiol, after Sergio Ramos was sent off in a 2–0 home victory. On 2 March 2013, Morata played the full 90 minutes of El Clásico against Barcelona, assisting Karim Benzema to score the opener in an eventual 2–1 home win. In the following season, he became a regular member of the first-team squad under new coach Carlo Ancelotti, but expressed a desire for more minutes during the January transfer window. On 18 March 2014, Morata scored his first goal in the UEFA Champions League, the third goal in a 3–1 win over Schalke 04 at the Santiago Bernabéu in the round of 16. On 17 May, in the last game of the league campaign, he scored two late goals against Espanyol to help Real to a 3–1 home win, and finish with eight goals in the competition. He also featured in the club's victory in the UEFA Champions League Final against Atlético Madrid, playing the last ten minutes of regular time and extra time after replacing Benzema. Juventus On 19 July 2014, Juventus announced that they had reached an agreement for the fee of €20 million for the transfer of Morata, who signed a five-year deal, with Real Madrid having the option to buy him back in the future. He made his debut in Serie A on 13 September, replacing Fernando Llorente for the final minute of a 2–0 home win against Udinese; two weeks later he again came on in place of his compatriot, and headed his first goal for his new club as they won 3–0 at Atalanta. On 5 October 2014, in a 3–2 home win against Roma, Morata came on as a substitute and was sent off for a foul on Kostas Manolas, who was ordered off for retaliating. On 9 November he scored twice in a 7–0 home demolition of Parma, with Llorente – whom he replaced after 71 minutes – adding a further two. Morata came on for the final ten minutes of the Supercoppa Italiana against Napoli in Doha, Qatar on 22 December, and scored in the penalty shoot-out which Juventus lost 5–6. On 28 January 2015, Morata played the last 13 minutes of the Coppa Italia fixture against Parma, and scored the game's only goal at the Stadio Ennio Tardini to qualify for the semi-finals. The following month, at home against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League round of 16, he scored the winner in the 43rd minute of the first leg; he also started and found the net in the return match, helping Juve to a 3–0 win at the Westfalenstadion. On 7 April 2015, Morata was sent off for a foul on Alessandro Diamanti as Juventus defeated Fiorentina in the cup semi-final, thus missing the final. One week later, he won a penalty in the first leg of the Champions League quarter-final against Monaco, which was converted by Arturo Vidal in a 1–0 home win. In the first leg of the semi-final, against Real Madrid, he put the hosts ahead with a tap-in in the eighth minute, as the match ended in a 2–1 home victory, and he repeated the feat in the return match, on both occasions not celebrating scoring against his former club. On 6 June, in the final against Barcelona in Berlin, he scored the equaliser early in the second half of a 1–3 loss. In early August 2015, Morata was ruled out for a month due to a soleus muscle tear in his left calf during training, and was sidelined for the 2015 Supercoppa Italiana. In his second appearance after returning to action, on 15 September, he featured for 85 minutes and scored the winner in a 2–1 win at Manchester City in the UEFA Champions League group phase. On 30 September, he scored to help defeat Sevilla 2–0 at the Juventus Stadium, his fifth goal in as many appearances in the competition to equal Alessandro Del Piero's record. On 24 November, he was nominated for the UEFA Team of the Year. On 10 December 2015, Morata signed a contract extension until 2020. On 20 March 2016, in the Derby della Mole away to neighbours Torino, he came off the bench in the first half and scored twice in a 4–1 victory. On 21 May, he again came off the bench to score the winning goal in the 20th minute of extra time to win the Coppa Italia final 1–0 against A.C. Milan in Rome's Stadio Olimpico. Return to Real Madrid On 21 June 2016, Real Madrid exercised their buy-back clause to re-sign Morata from Juventus for €30 million. His first competitive appearance was on 9 August, as he started in a 3–2 win over fellow Spaniards Sevilla in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup, being replaced by Benzema after 62 minutes. His first goal came in a 2–1 home win over Celta on 27 August. On 5 April 2017, Morata profited from manager Zinedine Zidane's rotations and scored three times in a 4–2 away win against Leganés to keep his team two points clear of Barcelona with a game in hand. In spite of spending the vast majority of the season as backup to Benzema, he scored 15 league goals as the club was crowned champions for the first time in five years. He added three goals in nine appearances in the UEFA Champions League, which Real Madrid won for the second successive year. Chelsea 2017–18 season On 19 July 2017, Chelsea announced that they had agreed terms with Real Madrid for the transfer of Morata, for a reported club-record fee of around £60 million. On 21 July, he successfully passed his medical and officially became a Chelsea player. Morata made his competitive debut in the 2017 FA Community Shield match against Arsenal, coming on as a substitute in the 74th minute as his team lost on penalties after drawing 1–1 in normal time, with Morata missing in the shoot-out. On 12 August 2017, he scored and provided an assist for David Luiz in his first appearance in the Premier League, a 2–3 defeat at home to Burnley – his goal was a header in the 69th minute of the game to cut the deficit to 3–1. On 23 September, he scored his first hat-trick for Chelsea in a 4–0 away win against Stoke City; this made him the 17th Chelsea player to score a hat-trick in the Premier League. On 5 November 2017, Morata scored in the 1–0 home defeat of Manchester United, coached by his former boss Mourinho. He took his league tally to ten goals on 26 December, helping Chelsea to a 2–0 win over Brighton & Hove Albion, also at Stamford Bridge. On 17 January 2018, Morata was sent off after picking up a booking for diving, then another seconds later for dissent, in a third round FA Cup replay win over Norwich City. He finished his first year with 15 goals in all competitions, and the Blues finished fifth in the league table. 2018–19 season Morata opened his account for the following campaign on 18 August 2018, scoring the second goal in a 3–2 home victory against Arsenal. On 4 October, he scored the winner in a 1–0 win over MOL Vidi in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League. A month later, he scored twice to help beat Crystal Palace 3–1 in a league fixture at home. Atlético Madrid 2018–19 season On 27 January 2019, Morata returned to Atlético Madrid after 12 years, joining the club on an 18-month loan deal. He made his league debut on 3 February, in a 0–1 away loss against Real Betis. He scored his first goal on 24 February, in a 2–0 home win over Villarreal. On 6 July 2019, Atlético Madrid confirmed the permanent signing of Morata from Chelsea and he would officially join the club on 1 July 2020, for a fee around £58 million. 2019–20 season On 18 August 2019, Morata scored the only goal in Atlético Madrid's La Liga opener win against Getafe. On 1 October 2019, Morata marked his 300th professional game with an assist for the game's opening goal in a 2–0 away win against Russian side Lokomotiv Moscow. On 22 October, he scored his first Champions League goal for Atlético by heading home Renan Lodi's cross for the only goal of the game in a 1–0 win at home against German side Bayer Leverkusen. This also made him the first player to score for both Real Madrid and Atlético in the Champions League. On 11 March 2020, in the Champions League last 16 second leg away to defending champions Liverpool, Morata came on as a late substitute in extra time and scored the final goal of the game in a 3–2 away win, thus winning the tie 4–2 on aggregate, ensuring his team's qualification to the quarter-finals of the competition. Return to Juventus Morata returned to Juventus on 22 September 2020, on a one-year loan worth €10 million, with an option for purchase at €45 million. Juventus also reserve the right to extend the loan for a further year for another €10 million; in this case, the option for purchase is worth €35 million. He made his first appearance for the club since his return on 27 September, in a 2–2 away draw against Roma in Serie A. He scored his first goal for the club since his return on 17 October, in a 1–1 away draw to Crotone. Morata scored a brace on 20 October, to help Juventus win 2–0 in the UEFA Champions League group stage match against Dynamo Kyiv away from home. On 28 October, he had three goals disallowed for offside against Barcelona in a Champions League group stage game, which Juventus lost 2–0 at home. On 20 January 2021, Morata won the Supercoppa Italiana, beating 2–0 Napoli in a match where he scored the second goal. On 15 June 2021, Morata's loan with Juventus was extended until 30 June 2022. In the 2021–22 season, he scored nine goals in 35 Serie A appearances, as Juventus decided not to activate the buy option of €35m. Return to Atlético Madrid In July 2022, Atlético Madrid confirmed that Morata would return to Madrid at the end of his loan spell at Juventus. In the 2022–23 Champions League season, Atlético were eliminated from all European competitions as they finished last in the group, in which Morata failed to score in his five matches in the competition. However, he scored 13 goals in the league, to be his best record at Atlético in La Liga. On 28 August 2023, he scored a brace in a 7–0 win over Rayo Vallecano, to be his club's biggest away win in La Liga history. On 24 September, he scored a brace in a 3–1 victory over Real Madrid, to be his first La Liga goals against his former club. International career Youth Morata was selected to the Spain under-17 team for the 2009 U-17 World Cup in Nigeria, playing four matches and scoring two goals as Spain finished third. Subsequently, he represented the under-19s at the Japan International Tournament, helping Spain finish second behind the hosts. Morata was selected by Spain for the 2011 UEFA European Under-19 Championship in Romania, helping the national team win the tournament with six goals, the highest in the competition. He made his debut with the under-21s at the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in Israel, scoring the only goal in each of the first two group games against Russia and Germany, in the 82nd and 86th minutes respectively. He closed out a perfect group stage with his third goal, against the Netherlands in a 3–0 win. Spain won the tournament, and he finished as the competition's top scorer. Senior On 7 November 2014, Morata was called up to manager Vicente del Bosque's senior squad for matches against Belarus and Germany. He made his debut against Belarus on the 15th, replacing Isco for the last ten minutes of a 3–0 win in Huelva for the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers. In the same competition, on 27 March 2015, he scored his first senior international goal, the only goal in a victory over Ukraine in Seville. Selected for the finals in France, Morata started and scored a brace in a 3–0 group win against Turkey in Nice. On 2 September 2017, coming off the bench in the 77th minute, he scored once to help the hosts defeat Italy 3–0 in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. On 21 May 2018, Morata was left out of Spain's 23-man squad for the World Cup finals, following what was described by The Guardian as "an indifferent season at Chelsea." On 24 May 2021, he was included in Luis Enrique's 24-man squad for UEFA Euro 2020. On 19 June, In Spain's second group match of the tournament against Poland, Morata scored the opening goal in an eventual 1–1 draw. Morata scored Spain's fourth goal of the Euro 2020 round of 16 in the 100th minute of the game against Croatia, resulting in a 5–3 victory on 28 June. In the semi-finals against Italy, he came off the bench to score an equalising goal, which sent the match to extra-time and eventually to a penalty-shootout. Spain was eliminated after losing the shootout by 4–2, in which his penalty was saved by Gianluigi Donnarumma. However, his goal against Italy was his sixth in the European Championship, allowing him to become Spain's top scorer in the competition, overtaking Fernando Torres' former record of five goals in the competition. On 27 September 2022, he scored a goal in the 88th minute to secure a 1–0 victory over Portugal, which helped Spain to clinch top spot of their group in the Nations League A, and qualify to the competition's finals. In November 2022, he was named in the final squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. During the group stage, he scored a goal each in all three matches against Costa Rica, Germany and Japan, eqauling the same record for Spain by Telmo Zarra in 1950. In March 2023, Morata was named as captain of the Spain national team by head coach Luis de la Fuente for the upcoming Euro 2024 qualifying matches. In June 2023, he was selected in the final squad for the Nations League Finals, which Spain won for the first time after defeating Croatia 5–4 on penalties following a goalless draw. Style of play In his younger days, Morata was compared to Real Madrid and Spain's Fernando Morientes due to his playing style. During his first season at Juventus he stood out for his pace, energy, physicality and work-rate on the pitch, while his technique, opportunism, heading ability and positional sense saw him score several crucial goals. Despite this, Morata has been criticised for his inconsistency in front of goal and perceived poor mentality, most notably during his time at Chelsea. A versatile and well-rounded forward, Morata is capable of playing as a main striker or linking up play between the lines, and has also played out wide on the wing. Personal life Morata was born in Madrid. He is son to Susana Martín and Alfonso Morata. His father is heavily involved in transfer negotiations alongside Morata's agent, Juanma López. In March 2014, Morata shaved off all of his hair in solidarity with sick children, saying "kids with cancer wanted to have my haircut but they couldn't, so I gave myself theirs." On 10 December 2016, he got engaged to his Italian girlfriend Alice Campello and married in Venice on 17 June 2017. Their twin sons Alessandro and Leonardo were born on 29 July 2018 and Morata changed his kit number at Chelsea from 9 to 29 to honour them. On 29 September 2020, the couple's third son Edoardo was born. On 9 January 2023, the couple's first daughter Bella was born. Career statistics Club International Spain score listed first, score column indicates score after each Morata goal Honours Real Madrid Castilla Segunda División B: 2011–12 Real Madrid La Liga: 2011–12, 2016–17 Copa del Rey: 2010–11, 2013–14 UEFA Champions League: 2013–14, 2016–17 UEFA Super Cup: 2016 FIFA Club World Cup: 2016 Juventus Serie A: 2014–15, 2015–16 Coppa Italia: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2020–21; runner-up: 2021–22 Supercoppa Italiana: 2020 UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2014–15 Chelsea FA Cup: 2017–18 Spain U17 FIFA U-17 World Cup third place: 2009 Spain U19 UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2011 Spain U21 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2013 Spain UEFA Nations League: 2022–23 Individual UEFA European Under-19 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2011 UEFA European Under-19 Championship Golden Boot: 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship Golden Boot: 2013 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2014–15 References External links Atlético Madrid official profile 1992 births Living people Footballers from Madrid Spanish men's footballers Men's association football forwards Real Madrid Castilla footballers Real Madrid CF players Atlético Madrid footballers Juventus FC players Chelsea F.C. players Segunda División B players Segunda División players La Liga players Serie A players Premier League players UEFA Champions League winning players Spain men's youth international footballers Spain men's under-21 international footballers Spain men's international footballers UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA Euro 2020 players 2022 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Nations League-winning players Spanish expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Italy Expatriate men's footballers in England Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Italy Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%B4

공무합체

공무합체()는 일본의 역사에서 막말 당시 조정(公)과 에도 막부(武)가 결합하여 막번체제를 재편·강화하고자 했던 정책 혹은 정치 활동을 말한다. 당시 막부는 미일수호통상조약 조인을 둘러싸고 조정과 갈등을 빚고 있었는데 이는 당시까지의 막부-조정 관계에 비추어보면 막부의 권위를 심각하게 위협하는 것이었다. 이에 막부는 조정과의 관계를 회복하고 막부의 권위를 살리기 위해 공무합체를 추진하고자 했다. 구체적으로는 존왕(尊王)을 명분으로 삼아 막부를 비판하는 세력을 억제하고 대정위임론을 바탕으로 막부의 권력을 강화하길 원했는데 그 과정에서 추진되었던 것이 쇼군 도쿠가와 이에모치와 황녀 가즈노미야 지카코 내친왕의 국혼이었다. 한편, 후쿠이번의 마쓰다이라 슌가쿠, 사쓰마번의 시마즈 나리아키라와 시마즈 히사미쓰 등 공무합체파의 유력자들은 조정과 막부를 연계시키고 유력 번들이 힘을 합쳐 거국일치 체제를 구축할 것을 주장했다. 하지만 이는 중앙 정치의 요직을 독점하고 있던 후다이 다이묘 중심의 로주 제도의 변혁을 강요하는 것이었고 막부의 반발을 불러일으킬 여지가 컸다. 또한 이들은 통상조약의 조인에 반대했지만 개국과 통상에 찬성하는 입장이었고 전쟁도 불사하자는 급진적 존왕양이파와도 대립했다. 전개 히토쓰바시파의 막부·웅번 협조 1853년 미국의 해군 제독 매슈 캘브레이드 페리가 대통령의 국서를 가지고 일본에 와서 개국을 요구했다. 당시 로주였던 아베 마사히로는 덴포 개혁이 다이묘들의 반발로 실패로 끝나자 사쓰마번 등 웅번과의 협조를 중시하는 노선을 취하고 있었다. 개국 문제에 대처하기 위해 아베는 모든 다이묘에게 자문을 구했으며 한편으로 미국 대통령의 국서를 수리할 뜻을 조정에 전했다. 이는 에도 막부가 개창한 이래 전례가 없던 일이었다. 다이묘들 중에는 통상조약에 반대하며 전쟁도 불사해야 한다는 강경론을 펼친 경우도 있었지만 대다수는 미지근한 반응을 보이거나 개국에 찬성하는 막부의 눈치를 봤다. 이 무렵 막부는 쇼군 도쿠가와 이에사다의 후계자 문제를 둘러싸고 정쟁을 겪고 있었다. 마쓰다이라와 시마즈 등 유력 다이묘들은 자신들의 중앙 정치 참여를 요구하며 히토쓰바시 도쿠가와가의 당주인 도쿠가와 요시노부를 쇼군의 후계자로 지지했다. 웅번과의 협조를 추진하던 아베와 막부의 신하들도 요시노부를 지지했다[히토쓰바시파(一橋派)]. 하지만 막부의 권위를 다시 세워야 한다고 주장하는 히코네번주 이이 나오스케는 이에모치를 지지했다[난키파(南紀派)]. 1857년 아베가 사망한 뒤 홋타 마사요시가 다이로에 취임했다. 홋타는 통상조약 체결을 진행하기 위해 교토로 상경하여 고메이 천황의 칙허를 받고자 했으나 양이론자였던 천황은 이 요구를 거절했다. 이는 당시까지의 조정과 막부의 관계를 생각하면 있을 수 없는 일이었고 홋타는 정치적으로 큰 타격을 받게 되었다. 홋타는 현실적으로 미국의 요구를 거절할 수 없어 결국 통상조약을 체결했지만 이것이 빌미가 되어 홋타는 실각했고 이이가 새롭게 다이로에 취임했다. 이이 정권과 무오년의 밀칙 이이는 이에모치를 후계자로 선포한 뒤 요시노부를 지지하던 세력을 실각시켰다. 히토쓰바시파는 천황의 칙허도 없이 통상조약을 체결한 이이를 비판했지만 실제로 조약이 조인한 것은 홋타였고 히토쓰바시파는 통상론을 지지하던 입장이었기에 이이에게 적극적으로 대항하지 못했다. 미국과 통상조약을 맺은 것을 계기로 막부는 프랑스, 영국 등과 차례로 안세이 5개국 조약을 맺었다. 이를 받아들일 수 없던 천황은 도쿠가와 고산케와 고산쿄 등에게 밀칙을 내렸다. 이는 막부, 도자마 다이묘, 후다이 다이묘의 협조를 통한 공무합체를 요구하는 것이었으며 만일의 사태를 대비해서 출병 의뢰도 포함되어 있었다. 결과적으로 각 번은 출병 요구에 응하지 않았지만 막부를 통하지 않고 천황이 직접 다이묘들에게 칙허를 하달한 것에 분노한 이이는 정치적 반대파들을 대대적으로 탄압하는 안세이 대옥을 일으켰다. 이를 바탕으로 이이는 즉각적인 양이를 요구하는 천황을 굴복시키는데 성공했다. 하지만 이이의 강압적인 통치 방식은 더욱 많은 반대파를 만들었고 결국 이이가 암살되는 사쿠라다문 밖의 변이 일어나고 말았다. 급진적 존왕양이파와 공무합체파의 대립 이이가 암살된 뒤 권력을 잡은 로주 안도 노부마사는 이전부터 추진되었던 천황의 여동생과 쇼군의 국혼을 이어나가는 한편, 조정과의 연합(공무합체)를 성사시켜 막부 권위를 수복하길 원했다. 천황은 이와쿠라 도모미의 상신을 받아들여 여동생 가즈노미야의 혼례를 허락했는데 이는 막부가 양이를 추진할 것을 기대했기 때문이었다. 하지만 이 정략 결혼은 존왕양이파를 자극했고 미토번의 낭사들이 안도를 습격하는 사건이 발생했다. 이것이 사카시타문 밖의 변인데 안도는 목숨은 건졌지만 부상을 입었고 결국 실각하고 말았다. 막부가 이렇게 공무합체를 추진할 무렵 웅번은 정치적 발언력을 강화하기 위해 공무합체를 주선하고자 했다. 이에시게와 가즈노미야의 국혼 이후인 1862년 4월, 사쓰마번은 막부와 히토쓰바시파 다이묘의 관계를 회복시키고자 번주의 아버지 히사미쓰가 직접 군사를 이끌고 교토에 올라왔다. 히사미쓰는 막부에 칙사를 파견할 것을 조정에 강력히 요구했다. 조정은 이를 받아들여 오하라 시게토미를 에도에 보내 요시노부를 쇼군후견직에, 마쓰다이라를 정사총재직에 앉히는 데 성공했다(분큐 개혁). 또한 이때 전 도사번주 야마우치 요도를 비롯해 안세이 대옥 때 처분받은 인물들이 대거 사면되었다. 이후 교토에 머무르던 히사미쓰는 자신의 영지 내의 존왕양이파 급진 세력을 숙청하는 사쓰마번 지사 숙청 사건을 일으켜 이들과의 대립 관계를 확실히 했다. 이에 반해 조슈번은 히토쓰바시파와 거리를 둔 채 항해원략책을 내세워 막부에 접근했다. 적극적인 통상을 통해 국력을 키우고 이를 바탕으로 양이를 추진하자는 것이었는데 막부는 이를 받아들이지 않았다. 이후 조슈번은 통상조약을 파기하고 구미와 전쟁할 것을 주장하며 격화하는 존왕양이 운동의 맹주로 변신했다. 양이를 주장하던 천황은 이들을 지지했고 조슈번·사쓰마번·도사번의 급진적 존왕양이파는 공무합체를 주장하는 공가를 제압하고 조정을 움직여 1863년 1월에 상경한 이에시게로부터 양이를 실행하겠다는 약속을 받아내는 데 성공했다. 3월에는 마쓰다이라가 정사총재직을 사임했고 히사미쓰와 야마우치가 자신의 영지로 돌아가면서 공무합체파의 세력은 현저히 약해졌다. 사쓰마번은 이러한 분위기를 역전시키고자 아이즈번 등과 손을 잡고 8월 18일의 정변을 일으켜 조슈번과 존왕양이파를 조정에서 일소했다. 이후 조정의 이름으로 막부의 로주 요시노부, 교토 수호직을 맡고 있는 마쓰다이라 가타모리, 마쓰다이라 슌가쿠, 야마우치, 전 우와지마번주 다테 무네나리, 히사미쓰 등을 중심으로 참예회의를 성립시키고 웅번 제후들의 중앙 정치 참여를 제도화했다. 참예회의의 붕괴와 토막파의 형성 1864년 1월에 설치된 참예회의는 사쓰마번의 배제를 노린 요시노부에 의해 그해 3월 해체되고 말았다. 같은 달 요시노부는 천황의 신임을 바탕으로 긴리고쇼에이소쿠에 임명되었고 이후 7월에 아이즈번, 구와나번과 함께 금문의 변을 일으켜 정권을 장악했다. 이를 계기로 형식적이나마 막부를 중심으로 한 공무합체가 실현되었다. 조정과의 관계를 잃은 사쓰마번은 조슈번에 접근해 1866년 삿초 동맹을 체결했다. 다음해 5월 사쓰마번은 히사미쓰·야마우치·다테·마쓰다이라 슌가쿠에 의한 사후회의를 성립시켰지만 쇼군이 된 요시노부의 반격에 막혀 참예회의와 마찬가지로 단기간에 끝나고 말았다. 이로써 사쓰마번은 조정 개혁도 막정 개혁도 실패했고 결국 조슈번과 함께 무력으로 막부를 토벌할 것을 결심했다. 이렇게 공무합체 노선이 막다른 골목에 내몰리고 있을 때 후쿠이번이나 도사번은 여전히 막부의 존재를 전제로 하여 조정의 산하에 제후들이 회동하는 공의정체론을 주장했다. 이후 요시노부는 도사번의 주장을 받아들여 대정봉환을 행하고 다이묘들의 연합 정권을 수립하여 도쿠가와 종가의 실권을 유지하는 방향으로 전환하게 된다. 대정봉환과 메이지 유신 1868년 1월 3일 교토 어소의 소어소(小御所)에서 회의가 열렸다. 총재, 의정, 참여 3직에 의한 메이지 신정부 최초의 회의였다. 참여자는 메이지 천황, 총재 아리스가와노미야 다루히토 친왕, 의정 나카야마 다다야스·오오기마치산조 사네나루·이와쿠라·전 오와리번주 도쿠가와 요시카쓰·마쓰다이라 슌가쿠·히로시마번세자 아사노 나가코토·야마우치·히사미쓰, 참여 고토 쇼지로·사이고 다카모리·오쿠보 도시미치 등이었다. 대정봉환을 계기로 정권을 반납한 요시노부는 내대신에 임명되었는데 이를 불편하게 여긴 토막파는 요시노부를 토벌하길 원했다. 그 명분을 만들기 위해 회의를 열어 요시노부에게 내대신직의 사임과 도쿠가와가 직할령의 납지를 요구하고 요시노부가 받아들이지 않으면 이를 명분으로 막부 세력을 완전히 말소하고자 했다. 공가의 나카야마와 이와쿠라는 천황과 신정부에 대한 요시노부의 충성심을 요구하며 내대신직 사임과 직할령 납지를 강요했다. 야마우치가 요시노부를 옹호하고 마쓰다이라 슌가쿠도 야마우치를 지지하여 요시노부를 신정부에 참여시켜야 한다고 주장했지만 이와쿠라와 오쿠보는 이를 단호하게 거부했다. 고토와 요시카쓰가 야마우치를 지지하면서 이와쿠라와 오쿠보는 궁지에 몰렸지만 이후 타협안을 모색하여 마쓰다이라 슌가쿠와 요시카쓰가 요시노부에게 사임과 납지의 뜻을 전한 뒤 요시노부가 자발적으로 이를 제안하도록 할 것이 협의되었다. 결과적으로 에치젠·도사·오와리번은 막부를 무력으로 토벌하는 것에 반대하는 자세를 보였고 결국 무력 토벌을 원하던 사쓰마번이 타협을 할 수밖에 없었다. 요시노부는 사임과 납지를 즉시 실행하면 막부를 통제하기 어렵다며 유예를 요구했다. 교토에서는 전쟁에 반대하는 분위기가 역력했기에 제후회의파가 기세를 잡았기에 요시노부에게 유리한 방향으로 회의가 진행되었다. 최종적으로 요시노부는 전 내대신을 칭하는 것을 허락받는 것으로 내대신직에서 사임했고 납지에 대해선 애매한 내용으로 규정한데다 알맹이는 빠진 형태로 삼직회의의 승인을 받았다. 하지만 사이고가 에도시내에서 방화, 약탈, 폭행 등 도발을 감행하자 막부는 에도에 있는 사쓰마번저를 불태우는 것으로 보복했다. 이를 계기로 요시노부조차 막부를 통제하지 못하는 상황이 되었고 결국 양측은 도바·후시미 전투를 벌이게 되었다. 막부가 패배하자 요시노부는 오사카에서 에도로 돌아간 뒤 칩거했다. 삼직회의는 전 번주들로 구성된 의정을 견제하기 위해 3직 아래에 7과를 두었고 폐번치현을 계기로 사족 출신 의정들의 신분과 발언력을 보증하던 번이 해체되면서 그들이 영향력은 급속히 줄어들었다. 7과에서 근무한 사람들은 훗날 메이지 정부의 관료로써 맹활약을 하게 된다. 신정부는 최종적으로 막부 세력을 일소하고자 보신 전쟁을 일으켰고 최종적으로 막부가 패배하면서 공무합체도 완전히 막을 내렸다. 같이 보기 요코이 쇼난 막말사현후 참고 문헌 에도 시대의 정치 에도 시대의 사상 막말 고메이 천황

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dbu%20gattai

Kōbu gattai

was a policy in the Bakumatsu era of Japanese history aiming to strengthen Japan against the perceived "foreign threat" by obtaining a political coordination between the Tokugawa shogunate, certain major feudal domains and the Japanese Imperial Court. Overview Following the Perry Expedition, of 1853, and particularly after the signing of the Harris Treaty with the US in 1858, the inability of a politically weak Tokugawa shogunate to reach a consensus on how to handle overseas demands that Japan end its national isolation policy and the signing of unequal treaties with foreign powers, led to members of the kuge aristocracy starting to meddle in national political policy by meeting in Kyoto directly with members of various feudal domains. In 1858, the shogunate under tairō Ii Naosuke attempted to end this direct daimyō–Imperial Court collusion with a harsh purge (the "Ansei Purge") of those who did not support its authority and foreign trade policies. while simultaneously promoting closer ties between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court. This took the form of a proposed political marriage between Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi and the sister of the Emperor, Princess Kazunomiya. Following the murder of Ii Naosuke in 1860 and the attempted assassination of his successor, Andō Nobumasa, the idea of kōbu gattai faded into the background. It was strongly opposed by proponents of the Sonnō jōi movement, who sought to overthrow the shogunate and restore political power to the Emperor, as well as by major daimyō such as Shimazu Hisamitsu of Satsuma Domain and Matsudaira Shungaku of Fukui Domain who sought a compromise proposal whereby the Tokugawa clan would retain some measure of hegemony under a European-style parliamentary system. Despite this opposition, the marriage between Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi and Princess Kazunomiya took place in 1862. Tokugawa Iemochi died in 1866, by which time events had increasingly rendered the kōbu gattai concept obsolete. In 1868, the Boshin War and the Meiji restoration rendered kōbu gattai irrelevant. Notes Japanese historical terms Bakumatsu

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%98%EB%A6%AC%20%EC%B9%BC%ED%8A%BC

래리 칼튼

래리 칼튼(Larry Carlton, 1948년 3월 2일~)은 미국의 재즈 음악가이다. 발자취 입문 동기 6 살 때부터 기타를 시작하여, 바니 케셀, B.B. 킹과 웨스 몽고메리, 존 콜트레인 등의 영향을 받아 14 살 때까지 슬림 에드워즈를 사사하였다. 그 무렵에 조 패스가 기타를 연주한 제럴드 윌슨 빅밴드의 《Moment Of Truth》음반을 듣고 재즈에 입문하였다. 첫 등장 LA 하버 칼리지('66 -'68년)와 롱 비치 주립 대학교 ('68 -'70년)에서 음악을 전공하였다. 재학 중에 남부 캘리포니아 빅 밴드 대회에서 최우수 독주자 상을 수상하였는데, 우연히 그곳에 참석하였던 해리 미첼이라는 음반 프로듀서의 제안으로 '68년에 첫 솔로 앨범 《With a little help from my friends》를 발표하였다. 세션 시작 '68년 'The 5th Dimension'과 순회 공연을 하였다. 임시로 마스터 세션 및 데모 작업을 함께 하면서 알게 된 사람들의 추천으로 'April/Blackwood Music Publishing'에서 한 주에 이틀 간 일을 하였다. 그 후 그들 요청으로 편곡자가 되었다.포드 모터 컴퍼니가 제작한 'The Going Thing'이라는 광고선전용 그룹에 참여함으로써 TV와 라디오 광고에 등장하였다. NBC TV에 'Lohman and Barkley show'에 출연 요청을 받고, 어린이를 대상으로 한 'Mrs. Alphabet'에서는 음악감독이 되었다. '69년 퀸시 존스가 제작한 《Hey, Hey, Hey, It's Fat Albert》(TV 만화 사운드트랙)에서는 신참 보조 연주자였다.'72년에 재즈 크루세이더스에 가입하여 앨범 《Crusaders 1》를 녹음하면서 자신의 《Singing / Playing》도 발표하였다. 크루세이더즈는 《Free As The Wind》까지 여덟 작품에 참여하고 결정지었지만, 그 활동과 병행하여 세션 연주자로서 활약은 계속되었다. '73년 'The Baked Potato' 클럽에서 색소폰 연주자인 톰 스코트 등의 협연에 우연히 참가한 것을 계기로 L.A. Express의 일원이 되어,《Tom Scott and The L.A. Express》를 녹음하였다. 조니 미첼의 《Court and Spark album》에서 일이 끝나자마자, 필 스펙터의 요청으로 존 레논의 《Rock 'n' Roll》(1986년 《Menlove Ave》에 수록되지만 공식 명단에는 없음)을 도와주었다. 빌리 조엘의 《Piano Man》은 주요 요원으로 연주하였다.'75년 존 바에즈의 《Diamonds & Rust》는 연주에 지휘와 현악 편곡도 담당하였다. '76년 스틸리 댄이 발표한 《The Royal Scam》의 'Kid Charlemagne'에서 솔로 연주는 2008년 롤링 스톤이 선정한 역대 가장 위대한 기타 곡 목록에서 80위에 기록되었다.'77년 크루세이더즈를 탈퇴하고 본격적인 솔로 활동을 시작하였다. 이듬해 '78년 제프 포카로와 함께, 때로는 노래도 한 명작인 《Larry Carlton》(〈Room 335〉는 당시 기타리스트 지망생들에게 큰 영향을 주었다), '79년 마이클 잭슨의 《Off the Wall》에 수록곡 〈She's Out of My Life〉작업은 퀸시 존스의 부탁으로 실현되었다. '81년 마이크 포스트와 공동 작업한 《Hill Street Blues》(TV 영화 사운드트랙) 주제곡은 빌보드 핫 100 순위에서 10위를 기록하고, 24회 그래미 최우수 팝 연주상을 수상하였다. '84년 TV 연속물《Who's the Boss》(1984-1992)는 주제곡을 작곡하였으며,《Against All Odds》(영화 사운드트랙)는 미셸 콜롱비에와 공동 프로듀서로 작업하였다. 전성기 '86년에 발매된 모두 어쿠스틱 악기로만 연주한 《Discovery》의 수록곡이자 싱글인 〈Minute by Minute〉(마이클 맥도널드 작곡)의 재해석으로 '87년 그래미 최우수 팝 연주 부문을 수상하였다. '86년《Last Nite》실황과 '89년《On Solid Ground》은 그래미 최우수 재즈 퓨전 연주 부문 후보에 올랐다. '88년 개봉한 영화 《Scrooged》에서는 마일스 데이비스 등과 카메오 출연하고, 공동 녹음도 하였다. GRP 시대 '90년 GRP 레코드에서 MCA에서 발매하여 칼튼의 성공작들 모아 디지털로 믹싱한 《Collection Vol. 1》 모음집이 나왔다. '92년 팝 성향의 《Kid Gloves》는 처음으로 어쿠스틱과 일렉트릭 요소의 결합을 시도하였다. '93 ~ 94년, 스탠리 클락, 빌리 코브햄, 데론 존슨, 내지와 순회 공연을 하였다.(93년 7월 3일, 그리크 극장에서 공연이.Epic에서 《Stanley Clark and Friends Live at the Greek》로 음반화되었다.) 하모니카 연주자 테리 맥밀런이 참여하여 내슈빌에서 처음 녹음한 6곡이 수록된 《Renegade Gentleman》과 '95년 리 릿나워와 《Larry & Lee》를 잇따라 발표하였다. '96년 이지 리스닝 느낌의 《The Gift》는 매카트니 & 레논 작품인 〈Things We Said Today〉가 포함되었다. '97년 《Collection Vol. 2》 모음집을 끝으로 워너 브라더스 레코드로 옮긴다. 새로운 도전과 투어 '98년부터 리 릿나워의 후임으로 포플레이에 가입하여 녹음과 투어를 진행하고 있었다. 또한 '98년과 '01년에는 스티브 루카서(토토)와 스페셜 프로젝트에서 세계 순회 공연을 감행한다. '99년에는 '98년 11월에 오사카 블루 노트에서 열린 실황을 수록한 앨범 《No Substitutions: Live in Osaka》를 출시하였다. 2000년 《Fingerprints》는 마이클 맥도널드가 객원으로 노래하고, 칼튼은 시퀀싱 작업도 맡았다. 할리우드 록 워크에 핸드 프린트를 새기는 명예의 거리에 선정되는 등 스타 음악가의 지위를 공고히 하였다. 2003년에 출시한 《Sapphire Blue》는 10년만의 블루스 프로젝트로 기타와 브라스가 두드러져 기분 좋은 사운드로 새로운 팬들을 확보하였다. 독립 2006년에 자신의 매니저와 음반사 '335 Records'를 설립하였다. 가스펠 가수 미셸 필러의 《I Hear Angels Calling》, 70년대 중반 'Donte’s Supper Club'에서 다수의 연주를 하고, 뉴욕의 레스 폴 생일 잔치에서 협연한 인연으로 팬이 되어 공연한 로벤 포드와의 도쿄 실황을 발매하였다. 2008년에는, 올스타 재즈 관현악단과 함께 타이의 푸미폰 아둔야뎃 왕의 80 살 생일 축하 및 즉위를 기념하여 위촉된 《The Jazz King》을 내놓았다. 2009년에 스틸리 댄의 미국 여름 순회 공연 중 뉴욕, 로스엔젤레스, 시카고에서의 7개의 쇼에서 객원 연주자로 참여하였다. 2010년 2월, 솔로 활동에 전념하기 위해 포플레이를 탈퇴하였다. 6월에 발매된 《Take Your Pick》는 깁슨사를 통해 소개받은 B'z의 마쓰모토 다카히로와의 작품으로 53회 그래미 최우수 팝 연주 앨범상을 받았다. 10월에는 블루노트 도쿄에서의 공연 모습을 담은 DVD도 출시하였다. 2011년,《Plays the Sound of Philadelphia》는 60 ~ 70년대 소울/알앤비 인기곡들을 모은 케니 갬블과 레온 허프 작사/곡 팀에 대한 헌정 음반이었다. 사고 1988년 4월 6일, 할리우드 힐스 녹음실에서 작업하고 있을 당시, 문이 약간 열리는 상태에서 저먼 셰퍼드 개 한 마리와 두 십대 소년이 가볍게 뛰는 모습이 보였다. 칼튼이 사무실 문을 닫으려고 갔을 때, 소년 한 명이 멈추고 그의 목을 향하여 총을 발포하였다. 바로 의식을 잃었다. 10 걸음 정도를 걸었고, 마루에 드러누웠다. "오 하느님, 나의 죄를 용서해 주세요. 집에 갑시다" 솔직히 곧 죽는다고 생각하였다. 살아 남아 운이 좋았다. 하지만, 고도의 신경장애로 괴로워하였다. 목동맥이 절단되었고 1 개의 성대를 잃었다. 또한 왼손 손가락이 완전히 움직이지 못하게 되어 버렸다. 그러나 그는 단념하지 않았다. 다시 기타를 손에 넣을 수 있을 것이라고 믿어 대수술을 받고 열심히 재활훈련에 임하여 그 해 12월에 복귀 콘서트를 열었다. 각주 외부 링크 1948년 출생 살아있는 사람 미국의 블루스 음악가 미국의 재즈 기타 연주자 미국의 재즈 가수 캘리포니아주 출신 음악가 그래미상 수상자

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Carlton

Larry Carlton

Larry Eugene Carlton (born March 2, 1948) is an American guitarist who built his career as a studio musician in the 1970s and 1980s for acts such as Steely Dan and Joni Mitchell. One of the most sought after guitarists of his era, Carlton has participated in thousands of recording sessions, recorded on hundreds of albums in many genres, including more than 100 gold records, as well as for television and movies. He has been a member of the jazz fusion group the Crusaders, the smooth jazz band Fourplay, and has maintained a long solo career. Music career Session work Carlton was born in Torrance, California, United States, and at the age of six began guitar lessons. His interest in jazz came from hearing guitarist Joe Pass on the radio, after which he moved on to jazz guitarists Barney Kessel and Wes Montgomery, and blues guitarist B.B. King. He went to junior college and Long Beach State College while playing professionally at clubs in Los Angeles. During the 1970s, he found steady work as a studio musician on electric and acoustic guitar in a variety of genres: pop, jazz pop, rock, rhythm and blues, soul, and country. Carlton appeared in hundreds of recording sessions with Steely Dan, Joni Mitchell, Linda Ronstadt, Michael Jackson, Quincy Jones, Bobby Bland, Sammy Davis, Jr., Paulinho Da Costa, Charly García, the Fifth Dimension, Herb Alpert, Christopher Cross, Dolly Parton, Andy Williams, and the Partridge Family. Carlton performed on Mike Post's 1981 "Theme from Hill Street Blues", which won Grammys for 'Best Instrumental Composition' and for 'Best Pop Instrumental Performance'. In 1982, he appeared on The Nightfly by Donald Fagen, lead singer for Steely Dan. His guitar work on Steely Dan's "Kid Charlemagne" from their 1976 LP The Royal Scam was ranked No. 80 on a list of the best guitar songs by Rolling Stone magazine. Solo career Carlton recorded his debut solo album, With a Little Help from My Friends, in 1968. In the mid-1970s he built a home studio and called it Room 335 after the Gibson ES-335, an electric guitar he often played. He has recorded most of his albums at Room 335. In 1988, with his solo career in ascent, he was shot in the throat by a teenager outside Room 335 and suffered nerve and vocal cord damage, which delayed completion of the album he was working on at the time, On Solid Ground. His left arm was paralyzed and for six months he was unable to play more than a few notes. Carlton produced six albums from 1978 to 1984. His version of "Sleepwalk" by Santo Farina climbed the pop and adult contemporary charts. From 1985 to 1990, he did various solo projects, including the live album Last Nite. Carlton was commissioned to compose music for the King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, in honor of the king's birthday. He recorded The Jazz King (Sony BMG, 2008) with a jazz orchestra that included Tom Scott, Nathan East, and Earl Klugh. Awards and honors Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance, "Theme from Hill Street Blues", 1981 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance, "Minute by Minute", 1987 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Album, No Substitutions: Live in Osaka, 2001 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Album, Take Your Pick, 2010 Notable instruments Carlton is best known for his 1969 Gibson ES-335, being often referred to as “Mr. 335”. Other guitars he owns and plays include a 1951 Fender Telecaster, a 1964 Fender Stratocaster, and a 1955 Gibson Les Paul Special. He has used a 1958 Fender Deluxe amplifier, and his standard setup included a Dumble. He now plays Bludotone amplifiers. In 2020, Carlton began endorsing Sire Guitars, with whom he has a signature line of electric guitars. Personal life Carlton married contemporary Christian music artist Michele Pillar in 1987; they divorced in 2013. Carlton's son Travis is a professional bassist. Discography As leader With a Little Help from My Friends (Decca, 1968) Singing/Playing (Blue Thumb, 1973) Larry Carlton (Warner Bros., 1978) Mr. 335 Live in Japan (Warner Bros., 1979) Strikes Twice (Warner Bros., 1980) Eight Times Up [live] (Warner Bros., 1982) Sleepwalk (Warner Bros., 1982) Friends (Warner Bros., 1983) Alone / But Never Alone (MCA 5689, 1986) Last Nite (MCA 5866, 1986) Discovery (MCA 42003, 1987) On Solid Ground (MCA 6237, 1989) Christmas at My House (MCA 6322, 1989) Collection (GRP, 1990) Kid Gloves (GRP, 1992) Renegade Gentleman with Terry McMillan (GRP, 1993) Live at the Greek with Stanley Clarke (Epic, 1994) Larry & Lee with Lee Ritenour (GRP, 1995) The Gift (GRP, 1996) Fingerprints (Warner Bros., 2000) Deep Into It (Warner Bros., 2001) No Substitutions: Live in Osaka with Steve Lukather (Favored Nations, 2001) Sapphire Blue (Bluebird, 2003) Fire Wire (Bluebird, 2006) Live in Tokyo with Robben Ford (335 Records, 2007) Greatest Hits Rerecorded, Volume One (335, 2007) Take Your Pick with Tak Matsumoto (335, 2010) Plays the Sound of Philadelphia (335, 2010) New Morning: The Paris Concert (335, 2011) Four Hands & a Heart, Volume One (335, 2012) Unplugged with Robben Ford (335, 2013) Four Hands & a Heart: Christmas (335, 2014) At Billboard Live Tokyo with David T. Walker (335, 2015) At Blue Note Tokyo with Steve Lukather (335, 2016) Lights On [live] with the SWR Big Band (335, 2017) Soul Searchin with Paul Brown (Shanachie, 2021)With The Crusaders Crusaders 1 (Blue Thumb, 1972) The 2nd Crusade (Blue Thumb, 1973) Unsung Heroes (Blue Thumb, 1973) Scratch (Blue Thumb, 1974) Southern Comfort (Blue Thumb, 1974) Chain Reaction (Blue Thumb, 1975) Those Southern Knights (Blue Thumb, 1976) Free as the Wind (Blue Thumb, 1977) The Good and Bad Times (MCA, 1986) Happy Again (Sin-Drome, 1995) Louisiana Hot Sauce (Sin-Drome, 1996)With Fourplay 4 (Warner Bros., 1998) Snowbound (Warner Bros., 1999) Yes, Please! (Warner Bros., 2000) Heartfelt (Bluebird, 2002) Journey (Bluebird, 2004) X (Bluebird, 2006) Energy (Heads Up, 2008) Silver (Heads Up, 2015) As sideman With Paul Anka The Painter (United Artists, 1976) The Music Man (United Artists, 1977) Headlines (RCA Victor, 1979)With Joan Baez Diamonds & Rust (A&M, 1975) Speaking of Dreams (Guardian, 1989)With Bobby Bland His California Album (Dunhill, 1973) Dreamer (Dunhill, 1974)With David Cassidy Cherish (Bell, 1972) Rock Me Baby (Arista, 1972)With Paulinho da Costa Happy People (Pablo, 1979) Sunrise (Pablo, 1984) – rec. 1982 Paulinho Da Costa (Columbia, 1984)With Randy Crawford Everything Must Change (Warner Bros., 1976) Nightline (Warner Bros., 1983)With Andraé Crouch Take Me Back (Light, 1975) I'll Be Thinking of You (Elektra, 1979)With Four Tops Keeper of the Castle (Dunhill, 1972) Main Street People (Dunhill, 1973) Meeting of the Minds (Dunhill, 1974)With Michael Franks The Art of Tea (Reprise, 1976) Sleeping Gypsy (Warner Bros., 1977) Objects of Desire (Warner Bros., 1982) Blue Pacific (Reprise, 1990)With David Gates First (Elektra, 1973) Goodbye Girl (Elektra, 1978)With Lani Hall Sun Down Lady (A&M, 1972) Hello It's Me (A&M, 1974) Sweet Bird (A&M, 1976)With Albert Hammond It Never Rains in Souther California (Epic, 1972) The Free Electric Band (Mums, 1973) Albert Hammond (Mums, 1974)With Hues Corporation Freedom for the Stallion (RCA Victor, 1973) Love Corporation (RCA Victor, 1975)With John Klemmer Touch (ABC, 1975) Barefoot Ballet (ABC, 1976) Hush (Elektra, 1981) Music (MCA, 1989)With Bill LaBounty The Right Direction (Noteworthy Records, 1991) Back To Your Star (Chill Phill Records, 2009)With Henry Mancini Music from the TV Series the Mancini Generation (RCA Victor, 1972) Country Gentleman (RCA Victor, 1974)With Gap Mangione Suite Lady (A&M, 1978) Dancin' Is Makin' Love (A&M, 1979)With Megan McDonough In the Megan Manner (RCA, 1972) Megan Music (RCA, 1972) Keepsake (RCA, 1973) Sketches (RCA, 1974)With Joni Mitchell Court and Spark (Asylum, 1974) The Hissing of Summer Lawns (Asylum, 1975) Hejira (Asylum, 1976) Don Juan's Reckless Daughter (Asylum, 1977) Wild Things Run Fast (Geffen, 1982)With Wayne Newton Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast (Chelsea, 1972) While We're Still Young (Chelsea, 1973)With Michael Omartian White Horse (Dunhill, 1974) Adam Again (Myrrh, 1977) Mainstream (Sparrow, 1982)With The Partridge Family The Partridge Family Notebook (Bell, 1972) Shopping Bag (Bell, 1972) Bulletin Board (Bell, 1973) Crossword Puzzle (Bell, 1973)With Michele Pillar Look Who Loves You Now (Sparrow, 1984) Love Makes All the Difference (Urgent, 1991) I Hear Angels Calling (335 Records, 2006)With Johnny Rivers L.A. Reggae (United Artists, 1972) Blue Suede Shoes (United Artists, 1973) New Lovers and Old Friends (Epic, 1975) Wild Night (United Artists, 1976)With Leo Sayer Endless Flight (Chrysalis, 1976) Thunder in My Heart (Chrysalis, 1977)With Tom Scott Great Scott! (A&M, 1972) Tom Scott and the L.A. Express (A&M, 1974)With James Lee Stanley James Lee Stanley (RCA, 1973) Three's the Charm (RCA, 1974)With Steely Dan Katy Lied (ABC, 1975) The Royal Scam (ABC, 1976) Aja (ABC, 1977) Gaucho (MCA, 1980)With Barbra Streisand Stoney End (Columbia, 1971) ButterFly (Columbia, 1974) Lazy Afternoon (Columbia, 1975) Songbird (Columbia, 1978) Wet (Columbia, 1979)With Livingston Taylor Man's Best Friend (Epic, 1980) Last Alaska Moon (Coconut Bay, 2009)With others''' The 5th Dimension, Living Together, Growing Together (Bell, 1973) Alessi Brothers, Long Time Friends (Qwest, 1982) Herb Alpert, Midnight Sun (A&M, 1992) America, Harbor (Warner Bros., 1977) Chet Atkins, Stay Tuned (Columbia, 1985) Hoyt Axton, Fearless (A&M, 1976) Anita Baker, Christmas Fantasy (Blue Note, 2005) David Benoit, Letter to Evan (GRP, 1992) Stephen Bishop, Careless (ABC, 1976) Clint Black, Nothin' but the Taillights (RCA, 1997) David Blue, Com'n Back for More (Asylum, 1975) Terence Boylan, Suzy (Asylum, 1980) The Brothers Johnson, Blam! (A&M Records, 1978) Glen Campbell, Bloodline (Capitol, 1976) Kim Carnes, Rest on Me (Amos, 1971) Vikki Carr, Ms. America (Columbia, 1973) Keith Carradine, I'm Easy (Asylum, 1976) David Crosby, Oh Yes I Can (A&M, 1989) Christopher Cross, Christopher Cross (Warner Bros., 1979) Lisa Dal Bello, Lisa Dal Bello (MCA, 1977) Patti Dahlstrom, The Way I Am (20th Century, 1973) Eumir Deodato, Love Island (Warner Bros., 1978) Neil Diamond, Jonathan Livingston Seagull (Columbia, 1973) Cass Elliot, Cass Elliot (RCA Victor, 1972) Don Ellis, Haiku (MPS, 1974) Tommy Emmanuel, Can't Get Enough (Columbia, 1996) Eye to Eye, Shakespeare Stole My Baby (Warner Bros., 1983) Donald Fagen, The Nightfly (Warner Bros., 1982) Peter Frampton, All Blues (Universal, 2019) Peter Gabriel, Walk Through the Fire (Virgin, 1984) Charly García, Clics modernos (Interdisc, 1983) Jerry Garcia, Compliments of Garcia (Warner Bros., 1974) Art Garfunkel, Angel Clare (Columbia, 1973) Lesley Gore, Love Me By Name (A&M Records, 1976) Marjoe Gortner, Bad, but Not Evil (Chelsea, 1972) Carolyn Hester, Carolyn Hester (RCA Victor, 1973) Thelma Houston, I've Got the Music in Me (Sheffield, 1975) James Ingram, It's Your Night (Qwest, 1983) Chuck Jackson, Through All Times (ABC, 1973) Michael Jackson, Off the Wall (Epic, 1979) Etta James, Deep in the Night (Warner Bros., 1978) Al Jarreau, Glow (Reprise, 1976) Billy Joel, Piano Man (Columbia, 1973) Booker T. Jones, The Runaway (MCA, 1989) Marc Jordan, Mannequin Vivid Sound, (Warner Bros., 1978) The Keane Brothers, The Keane Brothers (20th Century Records, 1977) Abraham Laboriel, Dear Friends (Bluemoon, 1993) James Last, Well Kept Secret (Polydor, 1975) Peggy Lee, Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota (Capitol, 1972) John Lennon, Rock 'n' Roll (Apple, 1975) Lori Lieberman, A Piece of Time (Capitol, 1974) Jeff Lorber, Private Passion (Warner Bros., 1986) Elliot Lurie, Elliot Lurie (Epic, 1975) Chuck Mangione, 70 Miles Young (A&M, 1982) Ray Manzarek, The Golden Scarab (Mercury, 1974) Johnny Mathis, A Special Part of Me (Columbia, 1984) Michael McDonald, Motown (Motown, 2003) Lonette McKee, Lonette (Sussex, 1974) Carmen McRae, Can't Hide Love (Blue Note, 1976) Anne Murray, Together (Capitol Records, 1975) Teruo Nakamura, Super Friends (Eastworld, 1985) Aaron Neville, Warm Your Heart (A&M, 1991) Olivia Newton-John, Soul Kiss (MCA Records, 1985) Dolly Parton, 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs (RCA Victor, 1980) Mike Post, Television Theme Songs (Elektra, 1982) Boots Randolph, Boots with Brass (Monument, 1970) Lou Rawls, She's Gone (Bell, 1974) Gene Redding, Blood Brother Haven (Capitol, 1974) Helen Reddy, Helen Reddy (Capitol Records, 1971) The Righteous Brothers, Give It to the People (Capitol, 1974) Minnie Riperton, Adventures in Paradise (Epic, 1975) Austin Roberts, The Last Thing On My Mind (Chelsea, 1973) Linda Ronstadt, Don't Cry Now (Asylum, 1973) Diana Ross, Ross (RCA Victor, 1983) Buffy Sainte-Marie, Sweet America (ABC, 1976) Joey Scarbury, America's Greatest Hero (Elektra, 1981) Diane Schuur, The Gathering (Vanguard, 2011) Seals and Crofts, Get Closer (Warner Bros., 1976) Marlena Shaw, Who Is This Bitch, Anyway? (Blue Note, 1975) Ben Sidran, The Doctor Is in (Arista, 1977) Dan Siegel, Dan Siegel (Elektra, 1982) Sonny & Cher, Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (MCA, 1973) Dusty Springfield, Cameo (Dunhill, 1973) Jim Stafford, Not Just Another Pretty Foot (MGM, 1975) B. W. Stevenson, Lead Free (RCA, 1972) B. W. Stevenson, My Maria (RCA, 1973) B. W. Stevenson, Calabasas (RCA, 1974) John Stewart, Sunstorm (Warner Bros., 1972) Tavares, Hard Core Poetry (Capitol, 1974) Cal Tjader, Last Bolero in Berkeley (Fantasy, 1973) Allen Toussaint, Motion (Warner Bros., 1978) Valdy, Landscapes (Hayda, 1973) Frankie Valli, Closeup (Private Stock, 1975) Townes Van Zandt, High, Low and in Between (Poppy, 1972) T-Bone Walker, Very Rare (Reprise, 1973) Dionne Warwick, Friends in Love (Arista Records, 1982) Tim Weisberg, Hurtwood Edge (A&M, 1972) Kirk Whalum, The Promise (Columbia, 1989) Vanessa Williams, The Sweetest Days (Mercury, 1994) Andy Williams, Andy (Columbia, 1976) Lorna Wright, Circle of Love (Rocket Records, 1978) Video 1987 Larry Carlton Live 1988 Scrooged 1989 Star Licks Larry Carlton 1992 Star Licks Larry Carlton Vol. 2 1997 Larry Carlton Live at Montreal International Jazz Festival 2002 Ohne Filter (inakustik) 2002 Live at Montreal Jazz Festival (Eagle) 2004 Larry Carlton Recorded Live in Paris 2005 Carlton/Lukather Band – The Paris Concert (inakustik) 2007 Larry Carlton with Robben Ford Live in Osaka (335) - bonus DVD with CD Larry Carlton with Robben Ford Live in Tokyo 2008 Carlton, Ford + Autour Du Blues – The Paris Concert (inakustik) 2008 Carlton and the Sapphire Blues Band – The Paris Concert (inakustik) 2009 Carlton Trio – The Paris Concert (inakustik) 2004 Eric Clapton's Crossroads Guitar Festival'' References External links Official site 1948 births Living people Musicians from Torrance, California Guitarists from California 20th-century American guitarists 21st-century American guitarists American blues guitarists American jazz educators American jazz guitarists American male guitarists American pop guitarists American rock guitarists American session musicians American shooting survivors Grammy Award winners Jazz fusion guitarists Lead guitarists American male jazz musicians Smooth jazz guitarists GRP Records artists MCA Records artists Uni Records artists Warner Records artists The Crusaders members Fourplay members L.A. Express members Favored Nations artists 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians Jazz musicians from California Blue Thumb Records artists

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%9D%91%EB%85%B8

이응노

이응로(李應魯, 1904년 음력 1월 12일 ~ 1989년 1월 10일)는 대한민국 출신의 프랑스 화가이다. 본관은 전의(全義)이고 호는 고암(顧庵, 顧菴)·죽사(竹士, 竹史)이다. 생애 출생과 성장 이응노는 충청남도 홍주군 홍천면 중리(현 홍성군 홍북면 중계리)에서 아버지 이근상과 어머니 김해 김씨의 5남 1녀 중 넷째 아들로 출생하여 지난날 한때 충청남도 홍성군 홍성읍 고암리를 거쳐 그 후 충청남도 예산군 예산읍 예산리에서 잠시 유아기를 보낸 적이 있는 그는 이후 예산군 덕산면 낙상리에서 성장하였다. 그는 그림을 그리기 위해 17살 때 가출, 산제당에 단청을 그리는 상엿집 칠장이로 전전하다가 염재 송태회 선생에게 묵화의 기본을 배우고, 1923년 경성부에서 당시 유명한 서예가이자 서화가였던 해강 김규진의 문하생이 되어 서예·사군자·묵화 등을 교습하고 죽사라는 호를 받았다. 이듬해 1924년 조선미술전에 '묵죽'을 출품하여 입선하였다. 1928년 공주, 대전 등지에서 활동하다 전주 중앙동에 정착하여 개척사라는 간판가게를 운영하였다. 1931년 제10회 조선미술전람회 사군자부에서 청죽으로 특선을 차지 하였다. 이듬해 같은 전람회에도 풍죽, 대죽, 청죽을 무감사로 출품하였다. 1933년에는 규영 정병조 선생에게 고암이라는 호를 받았다. 일본에서 1935년 가족과 함께 일본으로 건너가 동경에서 신문배급소를 운영하며 작품활동을 계속하였다. 일본 도쿄 가와바타 미술학교에서 수학하였다. 동경 본향회화연구소에서 서양화 기법을 공부하기도 했다. 일본 남화의 대가였던 마쓰바야시 게이게쓰의 덴코화숙에서도 공부했다. 이들 학교는 정규의 미술학교가 아닌 본과입학을 위한 예비학교 같은 곳이었는데, 그는 서양미술의 소묘와 유화기법을 연수했다. 마쓰바야시 선생이 그를 보고 직접 대나무 숲에 가서 면밀히 그 생태를 관조할 것을 교시한 일이 있었는데, 그 이유는 그의 필법이 너무나 제멋대로였으며 준거로서의 규범을 무시했거나 등한시 했기 때문이었다. 그러나 그는 정규학교에서 미술수업을 받지 못하였을 뿐 게으르거나 소질이 없었던 것은 아니었다. 1935년 제95회 일본미술협회전에 풍죽으로 입선하였다. 1938년 제17회 선전에서는 이왕직상을 수상하였고, 이후 1945년까지 선전과 일본 화원전에서 입선과 특선 또는 무감사로 계속 출품했다. 1939년에는 서울 화신화랑에서 처음으로 개인전을 열었는데, 작품은 남화신작들이었다. 그의 작품은 전통적인 사군자에서 벗어나 대상을 사실주의적으로 탐구한 현실풍경화가 주를 이뤘다. 귀국 1945년 42세가 된 이응노는 해방과 함께 귀국하여 충남 예산의 수덕여관을 인수하여 동생 흥노에게 경영을 맡기고 서울에 '고암화숙'을 개설하였다. 1946년 김영기, 배렴, 이유태, 장우성과 함께 단구미술원(檀丘美術院)을 조직하여 일본 잔재의 청산과 민족적인 한국화를 주창했으며, 조선미술가협회의 상임위원이 되었다. 1948년 홍익대학관(현 홍익대학교)에 부임하여 1950년 6월까지 재직하였다. 1948년에서 1954년까지 대전문화원, 동아갤러리, 서울화신백화점, 광주, 홍성, 수원, 예산에서 개인전을 열었다. 1954년에는 경주 서라벌예술대학의 동양화과 교수로 취임하였다. 1956년 '동양화의 감상과 기법'을 출판하였다. 1954년 대한민국미술전람회의 폐단을 지적하고 국전 추천작가로 초대받는 것을 거절하였다. 미국 뉴욕 월드 하우스 갤러리에서 열린 현대한국미술전에 '출범'과 '산'을 출품하였는데, 록펠러 재단이 이를 구입하여 뉴욕현대미술관에 기증하였다. 세계미술평론가협회 프랑스 지부장 자크 라상느로부터 프랑스에서 작품활동을 하라고 초청을 받았다. 조선일보사가 주최한 현대작가 초대전에 동양화가로는 유일하게 초대받아 '숲', '산', '은조'를 출품하였다. 프랑스에서 1958년 12월에 한국을 떠나 프랑스로 작품 생활의 무대를 바꾸었다. 떠나기 전에 서울 중앙 공보관에서 도불 기념 개인전을 가졌다. 1959년 서독대사 리차드 허츠 박사의 주선으로 서독을 방문하여 1년간 쾰른, 본, 프랑크푸르트에 체류하였다. 이 기간동안 독일 본 시립미술관에서 이응노-박인경 부부전을 개최하였고, 프랑크푸르트와 쾰른에서 개인전을 가졌다. 1960년 1월에 파리에 정착하여 재불한국작가전에 출품하였고, 미국 워싱턴 국제현대갤러리에서 개인전을 가졌다. 그리고 파리 폴 파케티 갤러리의 그룹전에도 참여하였다. 파리에서 새롭게 출발한 이응노의 생활은 궁색하여 작품을 제작할 재료가 없어 뜰에 버려진 낡은 컬러판 잡지를 주워서 그것을 물감 대신 캔버스에 뜯어 붙였는데, 이것이 발전하여 새로운 전기가 되었다. 콜라주 기법을 발견한 것이었다. 단순히 뜯어 붙이는 것이 아니라 붓글씨를 쓸 때 느껴지는 '획'이 이 과정에서 부여되었다. 붙여지는 한 조각의 종이가 서예의 획과 같이 한 획 한 획의 힘과 절도가 중첩되고 집적되어 작품이 만들어졌다. 고암의 콜라주 작품 60호는 1961년 11월 개막된 카네기국제미전에 출품되었다. 1962년 11월 파리의 폴 파케티 갤러리에서 '이응노, 콜라주' 초대전을 개최하고 폴 파케티 갤러리와 전속으로 계약하였다. 또, 서울 중앙공보관에서 초대 개인전을 갖았고, 프랑스 파리 살롱 콩파레종에 참가하였다. J. Lassaigne, M. Ragon, P. Schneider 3인 평론가의 추천으로 파리 막스 카가노비치 갤러리에서 전시회를 열고, 독일 뮌헨에서 개인전을 가졌다. 회갑이 된 이응노는 1964년 11월 초 프랑스화단의 예술가와 각계 인사의 후원으로 파리 세르누쉬 미술관안에 파리동양미술학교를 설립하였다. 미국 피츠버그에서 열린 카네기 국제미술제에 초대작품을 출품하였고, 스위스 오베르니에 누마가 갤러리와 파리 막스 카가노비치 갤러리에서 개인전을 가졌다. 이듬해 그는 브라질 제8회 상파울로 비엔날레에서 은상을 수상하였다. 이후 덴마크 코펜하겐 국립미술관과 스위스 누마가 갤러리에서 개인전을 가졌다. 옥고 후 다시 프랑스로 1967년 중앙정보부 요원들에 의해 동백림 간첩단 사건이 조작되었고, 그는 한국 전쟁 때 헤어진 아들을 만나기 위해 동독의 동베를린에 갔다가 고국에 납치돼 감옥생활을 하게 된다. 감옥에서도 그의 예술혼은 시들지 않았다. 그는 감옥안에서도 나무 도시락을 이용해 작품을 만들었다. 나무 도시락의 조각들을 하나하나 떼어내고 베니어 합판 위에 먹다 남은 밥풀로 붙이고, 덕지덕지 붙은 나무조각들 위로 배식용 고추장과 간장을 발라 색깔을 입혀 도시락 콜라주 작품을 만들었다. 신영복은 자신의 재판이 빨리 끝나 대전교도소에 수용되면 이응노를 만날 수 있으리라 기대했는데, 이응노가 프랑스 정부의 탄원에 힘입어 빨리 출소했기에 만나지 못했다. 그러나 신영복이 대전교도소에서 이응노와 한 방에서 생활한 수감자를 만나 이응노의 이야기를 전해 들을 수 있었는데, 이응노는 다른 수감자를 번호로 부르는 일이 없었고 관례와는 다르게 꼭 이름을 불렀다고 한다. 1969년 3월 석방 후 예산 수덕여관에서 요양하다가 프랑스로 돌아갔다. 이 일로 인해 대한민국 예술계와는 단절되었으나 스위스와 프랑스에 이어 일본·미국·벨기에를 중심으로 수십 차례의 초대전에 출품하는 등 꾸준한 활동을 계속하였다. 그는 파리의 동양미술학교에서 다시 프랑스인들에게 묵화기법을 지도하였다. 1975년 현대화랑에서 개인전을 가졌고, 영국 브리스톨 시립미술관의 회화와 콜라주전에 출품하였다. 1976년 11월 파리에서 고려화랑을 개관하였고, 프랑스에서 'Ungno Lee'라는 그의 생애를 소재로 한 영화가 제작되었다. 같은 해 주앵빌 고등학교의 벽화를 제작하였다. 1977년 문헌화랑에서 신작 〈무화 舞畵〉로 개인전을 열었으나 또다시 뜻하지 않은 정치적 사건에 연루되어 대한민국과의 관계는 완전히 단절되었다. 그의 아내 박인경은 1977년 7월 31일 취리히에서 조선민주주의인민공화국에 의해 발생한 백건우와 윤정희 부부 납치미수 사건과 관련된 것으로 알려져 있다. 프랑스 귀화후 이응노는 1983년 프랑스 시민권을 취득하였다. 이후 1985년 일본 도쿄(東京)에서 마지막 개인전을 가졌으며, 1989년 프랑스 파리에서 심장마비로 타계하였다. 작품 세계 '인간' 시리즈 그의 대표 작품 중 하나인 ‘군상(群像)’ 시리즈는 그의 후기 작품이다. 그는 1970년대 후반부터 집중적으로 ‘군상’ 연작을 그렸다. 이지호 이응노미술관장은 "그의 초기 ‘군상’ 작품에서는 후기 문자추상에서 보이던 장식적인 양식들이 사람의 모습으로 변형되어 표현되어 있는데 화면 전체는 인간의 모습을 연상하게 하는 유기체적인 도형들이 전체적으로 고르게 퍼져있으며, 그 형태는 디자인적이고 장식적이다. 하지만 후반으로 들어오면서 고암의 ‘군상’들은 이미지가 작고 단순해지면서 반복적으로 나타난다. 화면에서의 표현을 절제한다고 할 수 있다. 점점 사람의 형상들이 화면 전체를 뒤덮기 시작하고, 화폭을 가득 채운 사람들은 마치 거대한 축제 한바탕에 나온 듯 춤을 추고 흥겨운 모습처럼 보인다."라고 분석하였다. 고암은 '나의 그림은 추상적인 표현이었으나, 1980년 5월에 광주혁명이 있고 나서부터 좀더 사람들에게 호소되는 구상적인 요소를 그림 속에 가져왔다. 2백 호의 화면에 수천 명의 군중의 움직임을 그려넣았다. 우리나라 사람은 이 그림을 보고 이내 광주를 연상하거나, 서울의 학생 데모라고 했다. 유럽 사람들은 반핵운동으로 보았지만, 양쪽 모두 나의 심정을 잘 파악해 준 것이다'라고 말했다. 고암의 군상 시리즈와 유사한 형식의 작품은 1960년대 전반에 시도한 바 있었고, 1970년대 후반에는 문자화와 결합되어 인간 군상이 일시적으로 나타나기도 했다. 1980년대에 본격적으로 제작된 인간 시리즈는 초기에 2인이나 5인으로 등장 인원이 그렇게 많지 않았다. 많아봤자 20명 정도였다. 1985년경부터는 대량의 군중이 출현하기 시작했다. 동양적 사상 배경을 가진 이응노가 작품의 주된 소재로 인간, 그것도 단순히 한 두 사람의 인간 실상을 내적으로 묘사하는 것이 아니라, 수많은 집단의 인간상, 인간군을 그렸다는 것은 이응노 화력의 획기적인 변화를 의미한다. 그의 관심은 단순한 관념의 세계, 관조의 자연, 유미주의적 적막과 고립에 머무르지 않고 생동하는 인간, 움직이는 인간, 역사 속의 인간에게 접근하는 것이었다. 그의 조카 이강세는 그가 '우리 조국은 꼭 통일을 해야합니다. 이 그림처럼 조국통일이 되는 날이 오면 우리 민족의 동포들이 기쁜 마음으로 춤을 추게 될 것이며, 나는 이러한 작업을 할 때 의무와 기쁨을 함께 느끼고 있습니다.'라고 말했다고 회고하며, 인간 혹은 군중 시리즈를 '통일무'라고 했다. 작가 스스로의 작품시기 구분 그는 스스로 자신의 예술 시대를 6기간으로 나누었다. 20대에는 한국의 전통 동양화와 서예적 기법을 기초로 모방을 주로 했던 시기였고, 30대에는 자연물체를 사실주의적으로 탐구한 시대였으며, 40대는 반추상적인 표현 즉 자연 사실에 대한 사의적(思意的) 표현을 한 시대, 50대는 유럽에서 추상화를 시작한 사의적 추상의 시기, 60대는 서예적 추상의 시기로 나누었다. 사후 1992년 프랑스 보쉬르센(Vaux-sur-Seine)에 그를 기린 '고암서방'이 건립되었고, 2000년 서울특별시 평창동에 이응노미술관이 개관하였다. 2005년 이응노미술관이 폐관하여 대전광역시가 소장품을 인계받았으며, 2007년 서구 만년동 둔산대공원에 이응노미술관이 개관하였다. 대전 이응노미술관은 프랑스 건축가 로랑 보두엥이 건물을 설계하였으며, 파리의 고암 아카데미와 연계하여 다양한 연구와 전시를 하고 있다. 2012년에는 대전고암미술문화재단이 설립되었다. 가족 관계 그는 1936년 박귀희(朴貴嬉, 1909년 ~ 2001년)와 결혼하여 예산 수덕사 인근에서 함께 여관을 운영하며 살았으나, 1958년 이응노가 후배였던 화가 박인경과 프랑스 파리로 떠나면서 별거하였고, 이후 법적으로 이혼하였다. 저서와 영화 이응노, 『동양화의 감상과 기법』, 문화교육출판사(서울), 1956 이응노, 피에르 자키야르, 『서(書)』, 이데 에 칼렌데(뉴샤텔, 스위스), 1973 이응노, 『수묵법채화법(水墨法 采畵法)』, 고려화랑 (파리, 프랑스), 1978 이응노, 박인경, 도미야마 다에코, 『서울 · 파리 · 동경』, 기록사 (동경, 일본), 1985 이응노, 『묵기(墨技)』, 아틀리에 드 라 본느 아방튀르(베르사이유, 프랑스), 1988 'Ungno Lee', 아니크 르 무인느 갤러리(파리, 프랑스), 1976 관련 문화재 이응로 선생 사적지 (충청남도 기념물 제103호) 각주 외부 링크 이응노미술관 이응노 생가 기념관 1904년 출생 1989년 사망 홍성군 출신 대한민국의 화가 서라벌예술대학교 교수 홍익대학교 교수 한국계 프랑스인 프랑스의 화가 전의 이씨 프랑스로 귀화한 사람 20세기 화가 20세기 한국 사람 20세기 프랑스 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi%20Eungro

Yi Eungro

Lee Ungno (in Hangul:이응노, in Hanja:李應魯, or Yi Eung-no in Revised Romanization of Korean; January 12, 1904 – January 10, 1989) was a Korean-born French painter and printmaker whose works were chiefly focused on Eastern and Korean-style paintings. After training in traditional inkwash painting in Korea from the 1920s to the 1930s, Lee gradually experimented with Western-style painting techniques in Japan. His works from the 1950s showcase creative attempts at merging Eastern medium and brushstrokes with Western perspective and forms. After returning to Korea before liberation and developing his early quasi-abstract ink painting style, Lee Ungno relocated to France in 1958, where he fully established his standing as an abstract artist. He is most known for his series of ink and paper collage, abstract letters, and crowd paintings that developed during his stay in France. Other than painting, Lee Ungno has worked as an art educator in Hongik University after liberation, founded Goam Misul Yeonguso (Goam Art Research Institute) and published a Korean art textbook (동양화감상기법, The Impression and the Techniques of Oriental Painting) in 1956, and also established an Eastern art school, Académie de Peinture Orientale de Paris in the 1960s. Lee Ungno Museum opened in 2007 in Daejeon, South Korea, to preserve, display, and promote artworks and materials related to the artist. He is credited for forming part of the first generation of Korean abstract artists, and for contributing to the diversification in the use of Eastern material in modern and contemporary art. Early life Lee Ungno was born in Hongseong County (홍성, 洪城), Chungcheongnam-do Province (충청남도, 忠淸南道) in 1904 and spent his childhood in Yesan County (예산, 禮山). Lee was taught classical Chinese (한문, 漢文) by his father, and enrolled in Hongseong Botong Hakyo (홍성보통학교, 홍성초등학교, 洪城普通學校) for his primary education, but soon dropped out due to his family's financial situation. Instead of following up on formal education, he helped with farmwork at home and began to study painting by depicting landscapes of Yongbongsan Mountain (용봉산, 龍鳳山), Deoksungsan Mountain (덕숭산, 德崇山), and Sudeoksa Temple (수덕사, 修德寺), eventually training ink painting under the tutelage of literati painter Yeomjae Song Tae-hoe (염재 송태회, 念齋 宋泰會·1872–1942) from 1920. Art career in Korea After deciding to pursue a career as an artist and realising the need to overcome traditional conventions to progress in his artistic pursuits, Lee Ungno moved to Seoul in 1922 and became apprentice to celebrated calligrapher-painter-photographer Haegang Kim Gyu-jin (해강 김규진, 海岡 金圭鎭, 1868–1933) from 1923. In the 1920s, Lee Ungno primarily learned to paint the Four Gentlemen in the 'Haegang style.' In 1924, his inkwash painting of a bamboo, Mukjuk (묵죽, 墨竹, Ink Bamboo), won a prize in the 3rd Annual Joseon Art Exhibition (조선미술전람회, 朝鮮美術展覽會) in the category of Four Gentlemen. However, he soon faced several years of disappointing results in the annual exhibition prizes. In the meantime, he made a living from producing various shop signboards and other calligraphic work, and in 1931, he finally won prizes for Cheongjuk (청죽, 靑竹, Blue Bamboo) and Pungjuk (풍죽, 風竹, Bamboo in the Wind) in the 10th Annual Joseon Art Exhibition in 1931. Lee Ungno consecutively won prizes in the 11th, 12th, and 13th Joseon Art Exhibition in the Eastern Painting category following the abolishment of the Calligraphy and Four Gentlemen categories, and continued to submit works and win prizes in the Joseon Art Exhibition throughout the colonial period. Yet, Lee Ungno believed that Eastern ink painters should take the Four Gentlemen as a basic skill to build upon and modernize. It was in the early 1930s that Lee Ungno moved on from emulating Kim Gyu-jin's style of painting the traditional Four Gentlemen, and began to produce inkwash landscapes that were influenced by new, modern Eastern ink painting styles and naturalistic renditions found in Western-style paintings. Training in Japan After gaining some recognition as a professional artist in Korea in the early 1930s, Lee began to expand his activities to Japan. Lee Ungno won a prize in the 95th Nihon Bijutsu Kyokai Ten (日本美術協会展) in 1935, and won prizes in the 27th and 18th Joseon Art Exhibition, where his ink paintings began to exhibit stronger influences of Western landscapes. Lee Ungno soon relocated to Japan to expand his knowledge about Western paintings and techniques. He trained under renowned Japanese painter Matsubayashi Keigetsu (松林桂月, 1876–1963) and learned the basics of Western painting in Hongo Kaiga Kenkyusho (本鄕繪畫硏究所), and also enrolled in Kawabata School of Painting (川端畫學校) in Tokyo. In the late 1930s, he continued to be accepted in several art exhibitions in Japan and Shenzhen, China and also held his first solo exhibition in Hwasin Department Store Gallery, Seoul, in 1939. Return to Korea Toward the end of the Pacific War, Lee Ungno sold his newspaper shop in Tokyo and returned to Seoul in March 1945, then moved to Yesan to avoid conscription. After liberation, he returned to Seoul and formed part of the founding members of Joseon Misul Geonseol Bonbu (조선미술건설본부, 朝鮮美術建設本部, Joseon Art Development Center) and Joseon Misulga Hyeophoe (조선미술가협회, 朝鮮美術家協會, Joseon Artists Association). He also organized Dangu Art Association (단구미술원, 檀丘美術院) with fellow Korean artists to overcome remnants of Japanese colonial rule and push for the development of Korean artistic creativity. From 1948 to 1950, he taught in the Oriental Painting Department of Hongik University, while continuously exhibiting in Seoul, Jeonju (전주, 全州), and Daejeon (대전, 大田) up to the outbreak of the Korean War. By this time, Lee was gradually transitioning to abstraction, using "acts of conscious deformation" to grid "pictorial space using perpendicular lines that are successively layered onto each other to both produce the illusion of spatial recession and reinforce the flatness of the physical support." During this time, Lee Ungno met Park In-gyeong (박인경, 朴仁景, 1926–present) in 1949, who was studying Eastern painting in Ewha Womans University. When the Korean War broke out in 1950, Lee Ungno moved to Yesan with his family, along with Park In-gyeong, but continued to hold various exhibitions and trained students. Lee returned to Seoul after ceasefire in July 1953 and held a solo exhibition where he showcased many of his new paintings that depicted scenes from rural life, such as farmlands, markets, farm animals, and people seeking refuge from the war. Lee continued to hold various solo exhibitions in Seoul during the late 1950s and submitted works to exhibitions like Daehan Misul Hyeophoejeon, but from the late 1950s, Lee Ungno began to look to stage his works outside of Korea. In 1957, his works were sold to Rockefeller Foundation and donated to the New York Museum of Modern Art, and he signed a 5-year contract with World House Gallery. Around this time, Lee received an invitation from the French art critic Jacques Lassaigne to move to France. In 1958, Lee Ungno left for France with Park In-gyeong, who he married after his divorce with his first wife Park Gwi-hui (박귀희, 朴貴嬉, 1909–2001) before leaving Korea. He held his farewell exhibition at the Central Public Information House, Seoul. This last solo exhibition in Korea before his departure is thought to have "proposed the future of Korean Eastern-style painting" and displayed some of his breakthrough pieces where the breakdown of traditional ink painting and Lee's unique formation of free, rythmatic, yet balanced abstract brushstrokes were successfully deliberated. Art career in France After travelling to France in 1958, Lee Ungno spent a year in Germany where he held his first European solo exhibition in Galerie Prestel, Frankfurt, then in Galerie Boisserée, Cologne, followed by a joint exhibition with Park In-gyeong at Kunstmuseum Bonn. In France, Lee was influenced by Art Informel and European abstract expressionism and became well-recognized for his unique modern painting techniques using traditional Eastern materials. In particular, he developed a novel style of collage using crumpled, cut, and pasted hwaseonji (화선지, 畵宣紙), thin sheets of paper used for calligraphy, and received wide acclaim in both Europe and Korea. In 1962, he signed a contract with Galerie Facchetti in Paris and held a successful Paris debut exhibition of collage pieces that utilised ink and diverse forms of hwaseonji, old newspapers, magazines, and other printed paper. In addition to his collage series, Lee also began to experiment with calligraphic forms and Chinese characters that would develop into his abstract letter paintings. Lee's works were incredibly well-received in not only France but all of Europe, where he continued to hold many successful solo and group shows throughout his career. In 1963, he participated in "Trois Critiques d'Art Presentent: Un Groupe de Peintres et Sculpteurs," a 3-man show organized by Galerie Max Kaganovitch, Paris. He held solo exhibitions in numerous galleries around Europe, including Musée des beaux-arts La Chaux-de-Fonds and Galerie Numaga, Switzerland, National museet Kobenhavn, Denmark, and Friedrich & Dahlem, Munich. Winning a silver prize in the 1965 São Paulo Art Biennial granted him an even greater prominence as an artist in France. In 1964, he established Académie de Peinture Orientale de Paris at Musée Cernuschi that recruited and trained students in Eastern painting. After returning to France from his release in South Korea in the 1970s, Lee Ungno further focused on his abstract letter paintings. He continuously drew from his background in being trained as a calligrapher and ink painter and his understanding of Chinese characters as an "abstract expression of meaning and shapes from nature." Lee Ungno mostly painted a large group of people with ink in the 1980s, inspired by the democratization movement in Korea after the Gwangju uprising. Dongbaekrim incident Lee Ungno did not have biological children but had adopted Lee Mun-se (이문세, 李文世, 1923–1996), his older brother's second son, during his first marriage, and Young-sé Lee (이융세, 1956–present) during his second marriage. During the Korean war, Lee Mun-se was drafted to North Korea where he worked as a teacher and spent the rest of his life. Lee Ungno had travelled to East Berlin in an attempt to meet his son; this propelled him into the so-called Dongbaekrim incident or the East Berlin incident of 1967, where the then Korean Central Intelligence Agency charged some 190 Korean-national artists, professors, and doctors of conducting espionage in East Berlin in the interest of North Korean authorities. Lee Ungno was convicted and jailed in Daejeon Prison for two and a half years, after which the French government succeeded in having him released and return to France in 1969. While incarcerated, Lee continued to produce art using any materials he could find, such as soy sauce, wooden lunch boxes, toilet paper, ballpoint pens, and rice. In 1977, Lee Ungno's wife, Park In-gyeong, was involved in yet another political scandal where she was suspected of being an accomplice to the attempted kidnapping of South Korean pianist Kun-Woo Paik (백건우, 白建宇, 1946–present) and actress Yoon Jeong-hee (윤정희, 尹靜姬, 1944–2023) to North Korea in Zagreb. The scandal completely severed Lee Ungno's ties to the South Korean art scene and led to both Lee Ungno and Park In-gyeong applying for and gaining French citizenship in 1983. With his new French citizenship Lee Ungno was able to travel to North Korea to meet his son in 1893, and in 1987, Lee Ungno was invited to hold a solo show in Pyeongyang (평양, 平壤), North Korea. After a wave of democratization, in 1989, a large-scale "Goam Lee Ungno Exhibition" (고암 이응노전) was hosted by Hoam Gallery, organized by Jungang Ilbosa, and sponsored by Korea Broadcasting Station and Gana Art Center, which marked a long-awaited recovery of Lee's relationship with his homeland. Unfortunately, he died of a heart attack in Paris on 10 January, 1989, a day before the opening day of the exhibition. Works According to the artist in 1976, he went through six notable phases in his lifetime as an artist. He focused on obtaining skills in traditional Korean calligraphy and ink painting in his twenties, explored naturalistic depiction in his thirties, experimented with quasi-abstract expressions in his forties, developed his own abstraction in Europe in his fifties, focused on interpretative abstraction (사의적 추상, 寫意的 抽象) in his sixties, and then on calligraphic abstraction (서예적 추상, 書藝的 抽象) in his seventies. During his stay in France, Lee Ungno developed his unique collage and "arrachage" technique, where he would scrunch up, tear, arrange, and layer various types of paper and use several colours, mostly natural hues, to create multi-layered and freeflowing works. Lee Ungno's "deconstruction of the calligraphic forms" aligned with the Art Informel movement, but Lee went "beyond experimentation with form to create works using paper and Chinese script" to equally highlight the recomposition of the deconstructed forms and the unique texture and matière he created with paper collage.I devoted myself to developing what I would like to call as Koreanized abstract painting. My work departed from the linear movements of Eastern paintings, Hanja and Hangeul, and my artistic style was achieved through studies on spatial composition and harmony. "나는 특히 한국의 민족적 추상화를 개척하려고 노력했다. 나는 동양화와 한자, 한글의 선의 움직임에서 출발, 공간구성과 조화로 나의 화풍을 발전시켰다"His abstract letter series developed from the 1960s, and Lee Ungno experimented with simplifying and evening out relief surfaces on the canvas and systemizing the rhythmic formations of colours, structures, and volume in his earier experimentations. Lee believed that Chinese characters were abstraction itself as they are an expression of meaning and shapes found in nature. Lee Ungno developed such calligraphic abstraction that borrowed references from Chinese script and ancient Korean stone carvings throughout the 1970s and also emphasised "coincidental appearances of codes and signs" through the application of his earlier collage techniques into the abstract letter works. Toward the later phase of abstract letters in the 1970s to the early 1980s, Lee Ungno emphasised geometric letters. His return to France from South Korea after his release from prison signalled a brief shift from the 'humorous' tones of his works to 'frugal' or 'cold' images, involving terse and rigid geometric forms. According to Patrick-Gilles Persin, Lee's works only retrieved their original unique, sensitive flexibility in 1979. He also began to utilize Hangeul letters that were visually much geometric in nature than Chinese script. Toward the late 1970s and 1980s, Lee Ungno's works were introduced to new elements, such as more delicately planned background and tightly structured forms, and the artist harmoniously placed all his visual elements to produce even more sophisticated paintings. Works from the last decade of Lee Ungno's life entail the artist's attempts to continue to experiment with new techniques and medium, such as in the case of his commissioned pieces for Baccarat Crystal Museum and Manufacture nationale de Sèvres, or his folded panel paintings that revisited his past years of training in traditional ink painting. From 1982, Lee started to exclusively produce the so-called mass or crowd paintings that expressed active movement of people in a collaboration with forms of letters. Many of these paintings omitted colour in both the crowd figures and background, or used very minimal variants of colour. One subtype of the crowd paintings bind three to four figures with thick black outlines and the other resembles traditional Chinese calligraphy and expresses movement and emotion through the repretitive brushstrokes depicting each of the figures within the crowd. Though he lived far from his homeland, the Gwangju Uprising in 1980 greatly influenced the artist and caused him to choose formative elements over complete abstraction in as he thought that it would resonate with the general public. Lee Ungno's abstract paintings are highlighted today for not only their visual accomplishments but also the artist's creative process itself and as an example of the successful merging of traditional Eastern materials, thought, technique with Western and contemporary artistic practice. Solo exhibitions 1958 solo exhibition to celebrate his moving to France at the Central Public Relations Office in Seoul. 1960 solo exhibition at International Contemporary Gallery in Washington, the US. 1962 solo exhibitions simultaneously at Galerie Paul Facchetti and the Central Public Relations Center in Seoul. 1963 solo exhibitions at Frederick gallery and Dahlem galley in Germany. 1964 solo exhibitions at Galerie Numaga in Auvernier, Swiss and Max Kaganovich gallery in Paris. 1966 solo exhibition at National Museum of Denmark, Coppenhagen 1967 solo exhibition at Galerie Numaga in Neuchâtel, Swiss Auvernier. 1969 solo exhibition <Collage 1969–1970> at Galerie Paul Facchetti in Paris. 1972 solo exhibition by the Querini Stampalia foundation in Venice, Italy. 1973 solo Exhibition at New Smith gallery in Brussels, Belgium. 1976 solo exhibitions at Arras gallery in New York, Shinsegae gallery in Seoul, and Goryo gallery in France. 1978 solo exhibition <People> at Goryo gallery in Paris. 1979 solo exhibition <Folding screens> at Goryo gallery in Paris. 1980 solo exhibitions at BIMC gallery, Goryo gallery in Paris. 1983 solo exhibitions at Del Naviglio gallery in Milan, Italy. 1988 solo exhibition at Simmons gallery in LA, Retrospective exhibition <1950-1980> in New York. Publications and films Lee Ungno, "Appreciation and Techniques of the Oriental Painting", Munwha Kyoyuk publishers (Seoul), 1956. Lee Ungno & Pierre Jaquillard, "Calligraphie, Peinture Chinoise et Art Abstrait", Ides et Calendes (Neuchâtel, Swiss), 1973. Film "Lee ungno" produced by Atelier Annick le Moine (Paris, France), 1976. Lee Ungno, "L'art de peindre à l'encre de Chine", Sarl Koryo (Paris, France), 1978. Lee Ungno, Park Inkyung & Tomiyama Daeiko, "Seoul•Paris•Tokyo", Kirokusa Publisher (Tokyo, Japan), 1985. Lee Ungno, "L'art de peindre à l'encre de Chine", Atelier de la Bonne Aventure (Versailles, France), 1988. Interview "Lee Ungno", Claude Jeanmart, Centre Régional de Documentation Pédagogique de l'Académie de Toulouse (Toulouse, France), 1972. External links Art museum of Yi Eungro 4 donated paintings of Yi Eung ro Yonhap References 1904 births 1989 deaths French people of Korean descent 20th-century French painters French male painters South Korean painters People from Hongseong County South Korean emigrants to France

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIT

UNIT

유닛(UNIT)은 드라마 <닥터 후>에 등장하는 가상의 국제적 외계 대응 기구이다. UNified Intelligence Taskforce의 줄임말로, 원래 UN 산하 기관이라는 설정으로 United Nations~였지만 실제 UN의 요청에 의해 Unified~ 로 명칭을 바꾸었다. 뉴 시즌 4에서 마사 존스가 한때 있었던 곳이기도 하다. 다른 여타의 국제 기구와 마찬가지로 거점을 중립국인 스위스 제네바에 두고 있다. 시리즈 내에서의 역사 2대 닥터 시리얼 <The Web of Fear(공포의 웹)>에서, '위대한 지성체'라는 이름의 외계인은 로봇 예티를 이용해 런던을 침공한다. 이후 닥터와 그 동행인들의 활약으로 위대한 지성체는 지구에서 쫓겨나게 되고, 이 사건을 계기로 외계의 위협에 대처하는 전문 기구의 필요성이 두각된다. 이렇게 만들어진 것이 UNIT, 즉 국제연합정보기동대(United Nations Intelligence Taskforce)이다. 드라마 내에서는 2대 닥터 시리얼 <The Invasion(침공)>에 처음 등장하며, 이후 3대 닥터가 지구에 유배되면서 지속적으로 <닥터 후>에 등장한다. 정확히 언제, 왜 바뀌었는지는 알 수 없지만 21세기에 그 이름이 UNified Intelligence Taskforce로 바뀐다. 주요 인물 드라마 내에서의 역사가 오래된 만큼 UNIT의 직원 역시 여럿 알려져있다. 여기서는 간단히 중요 인사만을 짚고 넘어가기로 한다. 앨리스터 고든 레스브릿지-스튜어트 준장(Brigadier Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart) 위대한 지성체가 런던을 침공했을 때, 대령의 신분으로 닥터를 도와 위대한 지성체를 물리쳤다. 이후 유엔에 외계 대응 기구의 필요성을 역설하여 UNIT의 설립에 큰 기여를 하였다. UNIT이 생기면서 준장으로 진급했고, 동시에 영국 지부의 수장이 되었다. 3대 닥터가 지구에 유배되자 그의 경험을 높이 사 UNIT의 과학 고문 자리에서 일할 수 있도록 자리를 마련해주었고, 그 뒤로도 물심양면으로 닥터를 돕는다. UNIT에서 은퇴한 후에는 브렌든 공립학교에서 수학 교사로 일했지만, 나중에 다시 UNIT에 합류한다. 정확히 언제인지는 알 수 없으나 2013년이 되기 전 사망하였다. 닥터(The Doctor) UNIT의 과학 고문. 2대 닥터 때 역사에 간섭한 죄로 강제 재생성 당함과 동시에 지구에 유배되면서, UNIT의 과학 고문으로 발탁되어 살아간다. 3대 닥터가 재생성하면서 UNIT을 떠났지만, 공식적으로는 지금까지도 그 직위를 유지하고 있다. 군대식 사고와 관료주의를 부정적으로 여기는 3대 닥터의 성격 때문에 가끔씩 마찰을 빚기도 하지만, 지구 유배가 사면되고 난 후에도 UNIT을 돕는 등 정든 듯한 모습을 보이기도 한다. 마이크 예이츠 대위(Captain Mike Yates) UNIT의 대위. 3대 닥터 <Terror of the Autons(어우턴의 공포)>에서 처음 등장했다. 병장 존 벤튼과 함께 닥터를 자주 돕는 모습을 보였다. 특히, 닥터의 동행인이자 UNIT의 멤버인 조 그란트와 로맨틱한 관계로 그려지기도 한다. 하지만 <The Green Death(녹색 죽음)>에서 컴퓨터 BOSS에 의해 뇌세척을 당했고, 이 때 사건의 여파인지는 몰라도 인간들을 모두 없애려는 황금 시대 작전(Operation Golden Age)에 참여했다가 들통나면서 UNIT에서 쫓겨난다. 훗날, 자신이 다니던 명상 센터에서 수상한 일이 벌어지고 있다는 것을 눈치채자 사라제인 스미스를 통해 닥터에게 알린다. 훗날 <The Five Doctors(다섯 닥터)>에서 닥터가 다크 타워로 진입하려 할 때, 마이크 예이츠의 환영이 나타나 닥터의 진입을 막으려 했다. 존 벤튼 병장(Sergeant John Benton) UNIT의 병장. 마이크 예이츠 대위와 함께 자주 닥터를 돕는다. 2대 닥터 시리얼 <The Invasion(침공)>에서 처음 나온 후 지속적으로 등장하며 UNIT의 주요 등장인물로 자리잡는다. 훗날 준위로 진급하며, 레스브릿지 스튜어트 준장의 말에 따르면 은퇴한 후 중고차 판매원이 됐다고 한다. 엘리자베스 쇼(Elizabeth Shaw) 애칭은 리즈 쇼(Liz Shaw). 케임브릿지 대학의 박사이자 UNIT의 과학 고문이다. 닥터가 지구에 왔다는 것을 몰랐던 준장에 의해 UNIT의 멤버로 발탁된다. 처음에는 외계인의 존재에 대해 회의적이었으나 닥터와 함께 어우턴 침공 사건을 겪으면서 닥터의 조수로 다양한 사건에 참여한다. 이후 연구를 위해 케임브릿지로 돌아가지만 나중에 다시 UNIT에 합류한 것으로 보인다. UNIT에서 닥터의 장례식이 치러지고 있을 때, 달기지에 있어서 장례식에 참석하지 못했다는 말이 나온다. 예이츠 대위와 마찬가지로 <The Five Doctors>에서 엘리자베스 쇼의 환영이 닥터를 막으려 했다. 조세핀 그란트(Josephine Grant) 애칭은 조 그란트(Jo Grant). 닥터의 조수이자 동행인이다. 국제연합(UN)에서 일하는 삼촌을 통해 UNIT에 취직한다. 천재 과학자였던 엘리자베스 쇼와 달리 과학에 대해 잘 알지 못했기 때문에 처음에는 닥터 쪽에서 거절하지만, 같이 어우턴 침공을 막으면서 친해지게 된다. 비록 과학을 잘 알지 못해 종종 닥터로부터 핀잔을 듣지만 탈출기술을 포함, 다양한 재주를 가지고 있다. <The Green Death(녹색 죽음)>에서 과학자 클리포드 존스(Clifford Jones)와 사랑에 빠지면서 닥터와 UNIT을 떠난다. 그 후 환경운동과 정치운동을 벌이며 살며 7명의 자식과 13명의 손자손녀를 둔 것으로 나온다. 훗날, 닥터의 장례식에 참가했다가 닥터를 다시 만나게 된다. 케이트 스튜어트(Kate Stewart) 레스브릿지-스튜어트 준장의 딸. 특혜를 받고싶지 않다며 이름에서 '레스브릿지'를 뗐다. 21세기, 아버지와 마찬가지로 UNIT에서 일하게 되었으며 특히 UNIT을 과학자 중심의 단체로 바꿔나갔다. UNIT 연대측정 논란 UNIT 연대측정 논란(UNIT Dating Controversy)이란 UNIT 및 그 직원들의 역사에 관한 설정충돌을 의미한다. 5대 닥터 시리얼 <Mawdryn Undead(불사신 머드린)>에서, 레스브릿지-스튜어트 준장과 벤튼 병장은 각각 1976년과 1979년에 UNIT을 은퇴했다는 말이 나온다. 하지만 UNIT의 최초 등장 시리얼인 <The Invasion(침공)>의 배경이 1979년임을 감안할 때, 이는 명백히 틀린 진술이다. 이 외에도 수많은 모순점들이 존재하며, 이들로 인해 UNIT과 관련해서는 연대를 정리하는 것이 거의 불가능하게 되었다. 실제로 10대 닥터 에피소드 <The Sontaran Stratagem(손타란의 계략)>, 11대 닥터 게임 <The Eternity Clock(영원의 시계)>, 50주년 스페셜 <The Day of the Doctor(닥터의 날)> 등에서는 닥터가 UNIT에서 일했던 시기에 대한 언급이 나오는데, 모두 "70년대 또는 80년대"와 같이 두루뭉술하게만 언급될 뿐 더 이상의 자세한 연도는 나오지 않는다. 각주 및 참고자료 닥터 후

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIT

UNIT

UNIT is a fictional military organisation from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its spin-off series Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. Operating under the auspices of the United Nations and initially led by Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart, its purpose is to investigate and combat paranormal and extraterrestrial threats to Earth. Several UNIT personnel (such as the Brigadier, Sergeant Benton and Mike Yates) played a major role in the original Doctor Who series, and it was a regular feature from The Invasion (1968) until The Seeds of Doom (1976). Originally referred to as the United Nations Intelligence Taskforce, executive producer Russell T Davies said in 2005 that the UN was no longer happy to be associated with the fictional organisation and the UN's full name could now no longer be used. However, the "UNIT" and "UN" abbreviations could be used as long as it was not explained what the letters stood for. In 2008, he announced that the organisation's name had been changed to the Unified Intelligence Taskforce. This new name was first mentioned on-screen in "The Sontaran Stratagem", also in 2008, in which it was indicated in a line of dialogue that the United Nations still supports UNIT with funding. In March 2023, BBC sources told the Daily Mirror that a spin-off series devoted to UNIT would be part of the expanded Whoniverse widely expected once Disney purchased the flagship series' streaming rights outside the United Kingdom. Jemma Redgrave will reprise her role as UNIT leader Kate Stewart. Creation In a 2014 interview with Doctor Who Magazine, script editor Terrance Dicks recalled that he was present at the "birth" of UNIT during the production of the Doctor Who serial The Invasion (1968). He credited both scriptwriter and script editor Derrick Sherwin and producer Peter Bryant as having come up with the idea beforehand, claiming that they were testing the concept in The Invasion before it had become central to the show in the Doctor Who serial Spearhead from Space (1970). In a series of interviews originally recorded for the 2006 DVD of the Doctor Who serial Inferno (1970), actor Nicholas Courtney, who played Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in The Invasion, similarly described The Invasion as a "dummy run" for the idea of the Doctor, the main protagonist of Doctor Who, being exiled to Earth. Dicks also said that the idea of exiling the Doctor was done because making every serial take place on Earth was cheaper to produce than if every serial had to have a new alien planet built, and that UNIT was an idea Sherwin had come up with to answer the question of what to do with the Doctor after he was exiled to Earth. Speaking in an interview on the 2012 DVD of the Doctor Who serial The Krotons (1968–69), Sherwin said that he wanted Doctor Who to be "down on Earth anyway, for credibility", and described UNIT as "the ideal vehicle" for this. In another 2014 interview in Doctor Who Magazine, Sherwin recalled that after submitting his scripts for The Invasion to Bryant, which included UNIT, Sherwin, who was also working freelance as a script editor, was told by Bryant to introduce his UNIT idea earlier, as it could "take some of the weight off [the] shoulders" of actor Patrick Troughton, who played the Doctor. Speaking in an interview on the 2011 special-edition DVD of Spearhead from Space, Sherwin claimed that he had created UNIT because he wanted to give some "considerable support" to the Doctor, "so that [Troughton] didn't have so many damn lines to learn each week". Sherwin told Doctor Who Magazine in 2014 that while working as script editor on the Doctor Who serial The Web of Fear (1968), which also involved an army, he told scriptwriters Mervyn Haisman and Henry Lincoln to include all of the characters that he had originally invented for The Invasion. Sherwin was uncertain if the army forces featured in The Web of Fear appeared as UNIT, but was "convinced" that, as a teaser for UNIT's more substantial role in The Invasion, The Web of Fear was supposed to have replaced the basic army forces that were seen in the story. Sherwin asserted that he held the copyright on Lethbridge-Stewart, as he "created him in The Invasion". However, previously in an interview recorded for the 2006 DVD of Inferno, Sherwin described The Invasion as the start of UNIT and the beginning of the Doctor "coming down to Earth". On top of this, production notes in Doctor Who: The Complete History credit Haisman and Lincoln as the owners of Lethbridge-Stewart, who was the army leader from The Web of Fear, and mention how Bryant and director Douglas Camfield were negotiating the use of the character for The Invasion from Haisman and Lincoln in May 1968, subsequent to The Web of Fear being broadcast in February and March. The Web of Fear is also described in the notes as being a "major influence on The Invasion". Fictional history The roots of UNIT in the Doctor Who universe lie in the Second Doctor serial The Web of Fear (1968), following which the organisation is named and established in The Invasion (1968). According to "Survivors of the Flux" (2021), UNIT was founded in 1958 and built over the subsequent decade, with Lethbridge-Stewart joining the taskforce after it failed to act on the events of The War Machines (1966). Following The Invasion, the contribution of scientific advice in battling extraterrestrial threats is recognised and both Dr Elizabeth Shaw and the exiled Third Doctor joins UNIT just in time to help defeat the Autons in Spearhead from Space (1970). UNIT continued to feature in Doctor Who after Spearhead, but when the Third Doctor's exile is lifted in The Three Doctors (1972–73), his association with UNIT becomes more sporadic, especially after his regeneration into his fourth incarnation at the end of Planet of the Spiders (1974). The last appearance of UNIT in the series for many years was in The Seeds of Doom (1976); however, the organisation continues to execute its mandate to investigate and combat alien activity. The final appearance of UNIT during the original run of Doctor Who was the Seventh Doctor serial Battlefield (1989). UNIT is mentioned by both its acronym and full name in the 2005 series episodes "Aliens of London" and "World War Three", where it sent a delegation to a gathering of experts at 10 Downing Street. UNIT appeared again the same year in "The Christmas Invasion". In addition to Doctor Who, UNIT has also featured in the spin-off series Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. From "The Power of Three" (2012), the first on screen appearance of UNIT in any Whoniverse media since the two-part Doctor Who special "The End of Time" in 2009–2010, UNIT has been shown to have been reorganised by Kate Stewart, the Brigadier's daughter. In the 2019 New Year special "Resolution", the Thirteenth Doctor attempts to call on Kate Stewart for assistance, but discovers UNIT operations have been suspended and replaced with an outsourced call centre, due to a diplomatic argument over funding. In the 2020 New Year's Day episode, "Spyfall, Part 1", it is stated that UNIT and Torchwood no longer exist. The 2021 episode "Survivors of the Flux" reveals it to be caused by Grand Serpent, a political figure who assumed the identity of Prentis and was instrumental in UNIT’s formation, to facilitate the Sontarans’ invasion of Earth during the Flux crisis. UNIT is resurrected in the 2022 BBC Centenary special "The Power of the Doctor", once again under the leadership of Kate Stewart. Organisation UNIT's status is supported by enabling legislation that allows it to assume emergency powers when necessary. Although it operates under the authority of the United Nations, its members are seconded from the host country's military and are still bound to obey that chain of command. Ranks, within the UK section of UNIT at least, thus mirror those in the British Army — Lethbridge-Stewart is a Brigadier, Yates is a Captain, a Major appears in "The Christmas Invasion" (2005), and a Colonel and Captain appear in "The Sontaran Stratagem"/"The Poison Sky" (2008). UNIT personnel are seconded from the Royal Navy, British Army and Royal Air Force, and are still bound by the UK chain of command, and the commander reports to the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Defence through Department C-19. However, if the commander feels it appropriate and necessary, the commander can request that Geneva overrule the national government. Lethbridge-Stewart, for example, reports to the Ministry of Defence and the Prime Minister, and Major Blake reports to the Prime Minister in "The Christmas Invasion". UNIT is able to call on the conventional military branches for support, such as the RAF for precision air-strikes. Due to the international nature of the organisation, it is sometimes viewed with suspicion by local military and national security agencies, who feel that it might impinge on their sovereignty. UNIT's existence is known to the public, but mainly as a security organisation with scientific expertise; its actual agenda is classified, some believing it to be some kind of covert counter-terrorist unit. Although the Brigadier originally states that UNIT do not arrest people, as of the 21st century, UNIT has the authority to detain persons indefinitely without trial, appeal, outside contact or legal representation, as experienced by Toshiko Sato before she was recruited to work for the British government by the Torchwood Institute in a flashback in the Torchwood episode "Fragments" (2008). The organisation was rearranged by Kate Stewart, the daughter of Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart. In "The Power of Three" (2012), Kate heads UNIT's scientific research department, which now has authority over the military branch. Equipment In the 1970s-produced serials, the British troops of UNIT are armed with standard British Army weapons such as the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle, Sterling submachine gun, Browning Hi-Power pistol and wear 58 pattern webbing. They are also shown utilising heavy weaponry such as bazookas, machine guns, mortars and, in Terror of the Zygons (1975), a depth charge launcher. For Battlefield (1989), they have the Steyr AUG assault rifle while the Brigadier uses a Webley Revolver. In the 2000s, they use Heckler & Koch G36C carbine, the M4 carbine (with different scopes used such as ACOG and holographic weapon sights, as well as equipping CQB receivers for indoor use), SIG P226 pistols, and for heavy duty, use Stinger missile launchers. They wear PLCE pouches on police tac-vests, and also wear riot-protection arm pads and gloves, and have side-handle batons and quick-cuffs for arrests. In "The Power of Three", they are further equipped with PASGT helmets, goggles, and riot armour for their shins. UNIT's personnel have a wide range of weaponry to call on, some custom-made to combat specific threats. Among these are special ammunition described by the Brigadier in Battlefield as armour-piercing rounds with a solid core and Teflon coating which "could go through a Dalek". Other munitions include explosive rounds for Yetis, other armour-piercing rounds for robots, and gold-tipped rounds for use against the Cybermen (as well as silver bullets as suggested by the Doctor), and rad-steel coated bullets to neutralise Sontaran anti-bullet fields that target copper. In The Invasion (1968), UNIT has a command centre established in the cargo hold of a Lockheed Hercules military transport aircraft. The Dæmons (1971) features the UNIT Mobile HQ, a large bus-like vehicle that could be driven to the site of an incident. A mobile command centre is also shown in "The Sontaran Stratagem" and "The Poison Sky", where it is depicted as a black articulated lorry with UNIT insignia. UNIT employs unarmed helicopters for transport and light air support. It is also shown using a tank in Robot (1974–75). In "Planet of the Dead" (2009), it uses trucks with SAM launchers. In "The Christmas Invasion", UNIT is shown to have translation software which can decipher alien languages with great accuracy. The software, or at least the results from the translation, can be loaded on a hand-held device. In "The Poison Sky", UNIT is shown to be able to command and co-ordinate the world's combined nuclear arsenal for strategic strikes on orbiting alien craft. In "The Sound of Drums" (2007), the flying aircraft carrier the Valiant is introduced. The Valiant is also shown (in "The Poison Sky") to be equipped with a scaled down version of the Torchwood Institute weapon that destroyed the Sycorax ship in "The Christmas Invasion". It is mentioned in The Sarah Jane Adventures story Death of the Doctor (2010) that UNIT has a Moonbase. In "The Power of Three", UNIT is shown to have a scientific research department with a large laboratory in the base beneath the Tower of London. During the story, the laboratory is dedicated to studying cubes that appeared out of nowhere. Kate Stewart, daughter of the Brigadier and head of the scientific research department, has a handheld device that can scan a body (picking up the Eleventh Doctor's twin hearts), and also serves as a communication device. The computers at UNIT HQ can detect anomalies such as artron energy spikes, and can also access CCTV on the streets. There is also mention of them using helicopters and tanks while testing the destructibility of the cubes. "The Day of the Doctor" (2013) shows that the Tower of London base contains the Black Archive housing various alien technological devices that UNIT has salvaged over the years and kept hidden away. Protected by various alien defences that erase the memories of visitors to ensure that they cannot reveal what is inside the Archive, the Archive is also 'TARDIS-proof', and has been used by UNIT as a means of assessing the Doctor's companions to confirm whether they can be trusted. UNIT is also shown to at least have access to the Under-Gallery, a secret gallery containing works of art dating back to the Elizabethan era that Elizabeth I ordered locked away as they were too dangerous for the public. Uniform Across the eras, UNIT have been identified with different styles of uniform. For The Invasion, Privates and Corporals wore No.7 dress, while ranks of Sergeant and above wore uniforms based on No.4 dress, but lacking buttons and with the jacket – which appears to be fastened by velcro – tucked into the trousers. All UNIT members wore oval patches with 'U.N.I.T' embroidered on them on their left sleeves and NCOs wore their badges of rank on their right sleeves. Sand/Beige coloured berets, similar to those worn by the Special Air Service with the black UNIT logo on a round white background as a cap badge were worn by all ranks. There was also the assault team, who wore 1960 pattern fatigues and dark berets with the same UNIT insignia. For UNIT's next appearance, Spearhead from Space (1970), the No.4s became uniform for all ranks, except for two radar operators seen in the opening who wear No.7s; the female officer wearing a tie with a UNIT logo printed on. The No.4 style of uniform stayed throughout Doctor Who and the Silurians (1970). Christine Rawlins had a new futuristic-looking design produced for The Ambassadors of Death (1970), which features only in this story. All ranks are given khaki-coloured zip-up jackets without lapels, which are worn over tan rolled-neck sweaters. The Brigadier retained his No.4 uniform. For Inferno (1970), these changed to Denison smock camouflage uniforms. From Terror of the Autons, producer Barry Letts decided to have UNIT wearing 1960 pattern fatigues, while the Brigadier, Sergeant Benton and Captain Yates also wear appropriate contemporary uniform, such as service dress and barrack dress. The UNIT patches and tan berets remain standard, except for the Brigadier and Yates, who also wore caps with their rank insignia. The fatigues were changed for Terror of the Zygons, as director Douglas Camfield reckoned the fatigues "looked too soft". For this serial, they wear DPM camouflage jackets and tactical black cap badges. The Android Invasion (1975) sees them wearing barrack dress, which they also wear for their brief appearance in The Seeds of Doom (1976). UNIT then had a lengthy absence from the screen. They made a small cameo appearance in The Five Doctors (1983), which sees Colonel Crichton wearing service dress and a Sergeant in barrack dress, both with the oval patches on their uniform. Captain Yates returns in the serial also wearing service dress but with no markings. For their full return in Battlefield, their look was completely updated. Their appearance in this serial is close to the real-world United Nations Peacekeeping troop outfits. UNIT are represented by a nuclear missile convoy wearing UN issued blue berets and DPM camouflage. They have a new UNIT insignia patch of a winged globe, which is worn the upper sleeves and beret. There is also a Czech engineer team wearing Czech camouflage with the same UN issued blue beret as the convoy. The Brigadier returns, wearing at different times service dress, barrack dress, and DPM while wearing a cap rather than beret. After the series was cancelled and recommissioned, UNIT first had a minor appearance in the episode "Aliens of London" (2005). In this episode, UNIT were represented by four high-ranking US military officers, wearing Army Service Uniform with real UN peacekeeper patches on the sleeves, and Navy Service Uniform. Only the female officers wore headwear, the Army officer a garrison cap, the Navy officer a white female variation combination cap. UNIT's first major appearance in the new series was in "The Christmas Invasion" in 2005. Here, a new insignia has been designed based on the Battlefield version. The troopers wear black uniforms consisting of police clothing/SAS Counter Revolutionary Warfare (CRW) Wing overalls and a red Royal Military Police beret, and equipment. Insignia is a small silver-metal UNIT parawings on a red beret and a large UNIT Parawing patch worn over the left breast pocket on the utility vest or fatigues. Commanding officers wear No. 2 service dress with UNIT insignia. Variations include Captain Magambo from "Turn Left" (2008) wearing a black version of service dress with a red beret, and Colonel Karim in The Sarah Jane Adventures story Death of the Doctor wearing black civilian clothes with UNIT insignia and rank epaulettes. This UNIT also includes a uniform for scientists: a lab-coat with the UNIT insignia on the chest. UNIT returns in the series 7 episode "The Power of Three". Their uniforms in this series are an alteration of the uniforms seen since 2005. They no longer wear ID cards on the right breast pocket, and appear to lack the logos on the arms. They wear PASGT helmets with black covering and black goggles in place of berets. They also wear riot armour for their forearms and shins, and plain black brassards on the left arm. The scientific research department that now serves as the head of UNIT consists of plainclothes civilians. The series 8 episode "Death in Heaven" introduces an officer uniform, consisting of black or navy-blue jacket and trousers, white shirt and black tie, with medal ribbons and rank epaulettes, inspired by (but not identical to) officers' No. 2 service dress, sans the gloves, peaked cap and Sam Browne shoulder belt. Prominent members of UNIT The Doctor, the main protagonist of Doctor Who, is a member of UNIT. In "Aliens of London", after reading up about the Doctor during his twelve-month absence, Mickey Smith tells Rose Tyler that the Ninth Doctor knows UNIT because "he's worked for them". In "The Sontaran Stratagem", Colonel Mace tells the Tenth Doctor, "Technically speaking, you're still on staff." In "The Day of the Doctor", the Eleventh Doctor tells Clara Oswald that he works for UNIT and that UNIT is his "job". In "Death in Heaven" (2014), Kate Stewart describes the Twelfth Doctor as "technically" still "on the payroll", as he never resigned. Prominent members of the British contingent of UNIT include Dr. Elizabeth Shaw, Brigadier Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart, Sergeant Benton, Captain Yates, UNIT operative Jo Grant and later, Surgeon-Lieutenant Harry Sullivan, RN. After leaving the Doctor, Martha Jones joins UNIT. Civilians who have worked with UNIT include the journalist Sarah Jane Smith. In The Claws of Axos (1971), an American agent named Bill Filer was sent from Washington to assist in the hunt for the Master. Kate Stewart, the Brigadier's daughter, becomes Head of Scientific Research and Chief Scientific Officer, and appears in multiple episodes beginning with "The Power of Three" in 2012. Republican Security Forces The 1970 serial Inferno sees the Third Doctor visit a parallel universe. In this reality, Great Britain is a fascist republic, where the Royal Family was executed for treason in 1943, as depicted in the novel I, Alastair; the novel also shows that this universe's version of the Doctor was an associate of Oswald Mosley, and eventually became leader of the country following the downfall of the old order, with his picture being visible in the Brigade Leader's office in Inferno. The parallel version of the British contingent of UNIT is an SS-like state paramilitary organisation known as the Republican Security Forces (RSF), manning their version of the drilling project as a "scientific labour camp". They are armed with a mixture of Soviet and German weapons, such as the SKS rifle and the Walther P38 pistol. Their rank system uses titles based loosely on that of the British Union of Fascists: Sergeant Benton is Platoon Under Leader Benton, Brigadier Lethbridge Stewart is Brigade Leader Lethbridge Stewart, and Elizabeth Shaw, a soldier rather than a scientist in their dimension, has the rank of Section Leader (which appears to be an officer rank). Their uniforms consist of contemporary US Army olive green military fatigues for Other Ranks, tan uniforms with black rank slides on the shoulders (based on the brown shirts) for officers, and black garrison caps with white piping and an RSF cap-badge as head-dress for both. The organisation has full authority to interrogate, court-martial, and formally execute prisoners as they see fit under the "Defence of the Republic Act, 1943". By the end of the story, most of the members of the RSF are killed when a volcanic cataclysm engulfed Great Britain and left much of their world devastated. Main characters Sergeant Benton The Doctor has been UNIT's principal scientific advisor since his third incarnation was exiled to Earth (having periodically collaborated with UNIT during his second incarnation). The Doctor departed from UNIT's full-time employment during his fourth incarnation, leaving a space-time telegraph (and, later, the TARDIS's telephone number) with which he could be summoned in emergencies. He retains his credentials, still bearing his third incarnation's portrait; and, initially, UNIT personnel Surgeon-Lieutenant Harry Sullivan and Sarah Jane Smith as his companions. Despite the looseness of his UNIT affiliation and his frequent disagreements with the organisation, the Doctor continues to consider UNIT's scientific advisor to be his job, even into his thirteenth incarnation. Jo Grant is a civilian employee of UNIT who was assigned as assistant to the Scientific Advisor, the Third Doctor. The character appears from the serial Terror of the Autons in 1971 until The Green Death in 1973. According to the novelisation of Terror of the Autons, she holds the rank of Corporal. Martha Jones codename "Greyhound 6", becomes a medical doctor after her adventures with the Doctor, and subsequently a Medical Officer for UNIT (revealed during an appearance on the spin-off series Torchwood). She contacts the Doctor so he could help UNIT in the episode "The Sontaran Stratagem" (2008). She becomes trusted enough in UNIT to be given the Osterhagen Key, part of a mechanism for a program to destroy Earth. Brigadier Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart (later Sir Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart) is a founder of UNIT and the original commander of UNIT's British contingent. During the Doctor's exile on Earth, he hires the Doctor as his Scientific Advisor. He was the father of Kate Lethbridge-Stewart, another UNIT commander. Petronella Osgood, played by Ingrid Oliver, is a UNIT scientist and assistant to Kate Stewart in "The Day of the Doctor" (2013). She wears a long, knitted scarf of many colours, reminiscent of the Fourth Doctor's scarf, and suffers from a respiratory ailment for which she uses an inhaler when over-excited. In "The Day of the Doctor", she comes to be impersonated by a Zygon, and the two get along rather well. Following a peace treaty between humans and Zygons, which resulted in 20 million Zygons settling on earth disguised as humans, the Zygon duplicate remains in the form of Osgood, with neither version of Osgood revealing to others which is which. One version of Osgood works with Kate Stewart and the Twelfth Doctor, in the episode "Death in Heaven" (2014), wearing a bow tie reminiscent of the Eleventh Doctor and Converse reminiscent of the Tenth Doctor. She is shown to be eager to please the Doctor and admires him. The Doctor hints that he might consider making her a companion, but she is disintegrated by Missy. Osgood displayed a great deal of self-control as she near-calmly tried persuading Missy to spare her with logical explanations. In "The Zygon Invasion" (2015), the surviving Osgood is kidnapped by a splinter group of Zygons led by Bonnie, who seeks war with the humans. After being rescued by the Doctor, she travels with him to UNIT Black Archive in an attempt to keep the peace whilst refusing to tell him whether she is human or Zygon. In "The Zygon Inversion", the Doctor, after successfully convincing Bonnie to live peacefully with humanity, offers Osgood a trip in the TARDIS. Osgood refuses, revealing Bonnie has become her new duplicate. Liz Shaw, originally drafted as Scientific Advisor, accepts the position of Assistant when the Third Doctor took the job of Scientific Advisor. Sarah Jane Smith is an investigative journalist who becomes a UNIT associate by way of her companion relationship with the Third, Fourth, Tenth and Eleventh Doctors. She first gains access to UNIT in the serial The Time Warrior (1973–74) by posing as her aunt and foster mother, the famous virologist Dr. Lavinia Smith—a guise through which the Third Doctor immediately sees, as he had read papers which Lavinia published when Sarah Jane was but a young child. Sarah Jane maintains contact with, and receives support from, senior UNIT personnel well after leaving their employ. Kate Stewart, sometimes known as Kate Lethbridge-Stewart, is the Chief Scientific Officer and de facto leader of UNIT's UK contingent in the 2010s. She first appears in "The Power of Three" (2012), introduced by Chris Chibnall, before returning in the fiftieth anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" (2013) and subsequently recurring during the Twelfth, Thirteenth, and upcoming Fourteenth and Fifteenth Doctor's eras. Kate is the daughter of Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart. The character was created for the unofficial spin-off videos Downtime (1995) and Dæmos Rising (2004), in which she was played by Beverley Cressman. She is depicted as a single mother to Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart, who to date has not been referred to in Doctor Who. Harry Sullivan, a Surgeon-Lieutenant in the Royal Navy, is a medical officer in UNIT at the time of the Doctor's third regeneration and his companion for several adventures. Other appearances UNIT has also been featured in many Doctor Who spin-offs. Different spin-offs have made varying attempts to be consistent with other stories. Stage play In 1984, a stage comedy titled Recall UNIT: The Great T-Bag Mystery was produced, written by Richard Franklin (Captain Yates) who reprised his character in the play. The cast also included John Levene as Benton, and the play was performed between 20 August and 24 August as part of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Due to other commitments, Nicholas Courtney was unable to appear as the Brigadier, but pre-recorded a telephone message from Lethbridge-Stewart which was written into the plot. Novels The novelisation of Remembrance of the Daleks (1990) by Ben Aaronovitch mentions that the troops that Gilmore commands were from the "Intrusion Counter-Measures Group". UNIT Exposed, the 1991 Doctor Who Magazine Winter Special, suggests that the ICMG is a forerunner of UNIT. Both Virgin Publishing's Missing Adventures and BBC Books' Past Doctor Adventures have set stories in the UNIT era and have revealed new information about UNIT's past, present and future. The novel Business Unusual sees the Sixth Doctor assist UNIT in an investigation involving the now-retired Brigadier being held prisoner by the agents of the Nestene Consciousness, while Deep Blue sees the Fifth Doctor interact with the Third Doctor's UNIT colleagues at a time when his past self was away. Bullet Times pits the Seventh Doctor and Sarah Jane Smith against a branch of UNIT known as the 'Cortez Project', who consider any alien activity on Earth to be dangerous even if said aliens have no hostile intent, forcing the Doctor to discreetly work with a Chinese triad to help a crashed alien ship repair itself and depart. No Future (1994) by Paul Cornell featured an intelligence section of UNIT in an alternate 1970s called Broadsword. Broadsword agents wore plain clothes and were "hand-picked to offer us lateral and non-military solutions, backed up by SAS training and sheer common sense". The 1996 New Adventures novel Just War by Lance Parkin mentions "LONGBOW", a world security organisation set up by the League of Nations that encountered the occasional extraterrestrial incident but was disbanded after it and the League failed to prevent World War II. The standalone 1996 Virgin novel Who Killed Kennedy by David Bishop, which provides a fictional history of UNIT from an investigative journalist's perspective, reveals Lethbridge-Stewart's role in proposing the formation of UNIT after the Yeti incident. By the 26th century, UNIT has transformed into a secret society called the Unitatus, pledged to defend the Earth against alien threats, first seen in Parkin's Cold Fusion (1996). The Dying Days (1997), also by Parkin, names the French division of UNIT as NUIT (Nations Unies Intelligence Taskforce). The Unitatus lasts at least until the 30th century, according to So Vile a Sin (1997) by Ben Aaronovitch and Kate Orman. The Devil Goblins from Neptune (1997) by Keith Topping and Martin Day introduced a division within the Central Intelligence Agency headed by a man known only as Control, which has featured as a rival to UNIT in subsequent novels The King of Terror and Escape Velocity, King seeing the Fifth Doctor working with the Brigadier on an investigation in 1999 that forces them to work with the CIA and Control, and Escape depicting Control trying to deal with a new alien presence on Earth before UNIT discover it, only for the threat to be thwarted by the amnesic Eighth Doctor. Alien Bodies (1997) by Lawrence Miles introduced a more ruthless UN division called UNISYC (United Nations Intelligence Security Yard Corps), which by the 2040s has replaced UNIT. The Face of the Enemy (1998) by David A. McIntee has the British branch of UNIT facing a menace without the Third Doctor to help them, as he and Jo Grant are elsewhere (and elsewhen) experiencing the television serial The Curse of Peladon. The Southeast Asian contingent of UNIT is identified in McIntee's Bullet Time (2001) as UNIT-SEA. The 2003 Eighth Doctor Adventure Emotional Chemistry by Simon A. Forward names the Russian division of UNIT ОГРОН (OGRON) (Оперативная Группа Разведки Объединённых Наций, or, Operativnaya Gruppa Razvedki Obyedinyonnih Natsiy, which roughly translates as "United Nations Reconnaissance Operations Group"). Comic strips The Doctor Who Magazine comic strip also frequently features UNIT, and in the 1980s introduced a new UNIT officer, Muriel Frost. One story, Final Genesis (DWM #203–206), is set in a parallel universe in which humanity has made peace with the Silurians, and UNIT has become the United Races Intelligence Command. The Eighth Doctor comic strip The Flood (DWM #346–353) establishes that the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) views UNIT with some degree of contempt in the early 21st century, and deliberately does not inform them when it detects a Cyberman incursion due to this and other unspecified problems with the United Kingdom's relationship with the United Nations. The Tenth Doctor comic strip The Age of Ice (DWM #408–411) is set in UNIT's Australian base beneath Sydney Harbour. The Eleventh Doctor strip The Golden Ones (DWM #425–428) introduces UNIT Japan. UNIT has also appeared in cameo roles in unrelated comics. In at least one issue of Uncanny X-Men, where a character identified as Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart was seen briefly from behind, addressing a Sergeant-Major Benton; 2000 AD's Caballistics, Inc. strip has Lethbridge-Stewart (referred to solely by rank) appearing in several adventures as a military liaison and referring to The Web of Fear; and Hip Flask has a 22nd-century UNIT tied into the origins of the Elephantmen. Marvel Comics also has two major characters called Dr Alistaire Stuart (who has claimed to know "a chap from Gallifrey") and Brigadier Alysande Stuart, Scientific Advisor and commander, respectively, of Britain's Weird Happenings Organisation (W.H.O.) taskforce. W.H.O. has since been disbanded and Alysande killed, but Alistaire Stuart is still a recurring character in Marvel's United Kingdom. The Titan Comics Ninth Doctor series includes a storyline where the Ninth Doctor, Rose Tyler and Captain Jack Harkness work with UNIT in the mid-1970s when rival anti-alien organization 'Avalon Defence' try to undermine UNIT's reputation so that they can take over in exchange for financial benefits. The storyline concludes with UNIT nurse Tara Misha joining the TARDIS crew after she sacrifices her own reputation to expose Avalon's deceptions. Audio plays An alternate universe version of UNIT and the Brigadier appear in the Doctor Who Unbound audio play Sympathy for the Devil (2003), produced by Big Finish Productions. In this story, UNIT is commanded by the abrasive Colonel Brimmicombe-Wood. The story concerns a UNIT that never had the Third Doctor working for it, with many different outcomes; Terror of the Autons resulted in "the Plastic Purges", Mike Yates died on a time-travel mission to destroy the Silurians, and so on. In December 2004, Big Finish released UNIT: Time Heals, the first audio drama in a UNIT spin-off series, which features a retired General Sir Alistair Lethbridge-Stewart as an advisor to a new generation of officers. A preview episode (given away free with Doctor Who Magazine #351, and later available as a free download on the Big Finish website), UNIT: The Coup, has Lethbridge-Stewart finally breaking decades of secrecy by informing a press conference of UNIT's true purpose as humanity's first line of defence against the unknown (although, as it turns out, the general public believe this to be a hoax). The series also introduced another rival division, this time within the British government, the Internal Counter-Intelligence Service, or ICIS. The protagonists for most of this series are Colonel Emily Chaudhry, Lieutenant Will Hoffman and Colonel Robert Dalton. Hoffman and Dalton are killed in the third instalment, UNIT: The Longest Night (2005). The fourth play, UNIT: The Wasting (2005), features this universe's version of Brimmicombe-Wood, and is revealed to have been the commander of ICIS all along, and working to destroy UNIT from within. The short story "The Terror of the Darkness" in the collection Short Trips: A Day in the Life (2005) reveals that Chaudhry and Hoffman had previously travelled with the Sixth Doctor. Their adventures then continue in "Incongruous Details" in Short Trips: The Centenarian (2006) before ending in Short Trips: Defining Patterns (2008). Following the death of Lethbridge-Stewart's actor Nicholas Courtney in 2011, in 2015, Big Finish announced a new series of UNIT audio dramas to be released in six-month intervals beginning with UNIT: Extinction in November. The series features Lethbridge-Stewart's daughter Kate Stewart in her role as Head of Scientific Research, as established in "The Power of Three" (2012), and is the first time that Big Finish have been licensed elements from the 2005 revival series from BBC Worldwide. Direct-to-video productions In 1987, John Levene reprised his role as Benton for a made-for-video film entitled Wartime. Produced by Reeltime Pictures, this was the first independently made Doctor Who spin-off film and was followed by many others over the next 20 years. In 1997, the film was revised with voice-over dialogue provided by Nicholas Courtney in character as Lethbridge-Stewart. The Brigadier himself got a made-for-video film, Downtime, which also sees appearances from UNIT and a corrupt UNIT officer named Captain Cavendish. BBV have made a trilogy of UNIT videos involving the Autons, although they feature none of the original members, with the main character being Lockwood (a codename for the otherwise nameless UNIT Operative 8954B)—an investigator with psychic powers. The trilogy introduced one of UNIT's facilities (the Warehouse) for containing the remains of alien technology; the Containment Team responsible for these facilities and preventing alien outbreaks at them; and the Internal Security Division. Other media In an issue of the Uncanny X-Men, U.N.I.T forces led by Sergeant Benton can be seen loading an unconscious Juggernaut into a lorry while Benton receives a message. In the internet Flash animation Scream of the Shalka, Major Kennet hands the Doctor a folder with a UNIT crest on it. For the new television series, BBC created a faux website for UNIT, complete with "easter eggs" that can be accessed by the reader with the passwords "bison" and "buffalo" (the latter mentioned on screen in "World War Three"). The 'public' part of the website advertises UNIT Conferences and publications relating to "extra-territorial threats", as well as press releases on the establishment of a central New York Liaison office; the press releases and publications also make reference to off-screen adventures, such as the Skaniska Incident and Jersey Tollgate Situation, with the most recent covering the events of "The Christmas Invasion" (2005) ("Alien Life Confirmed"). The Secure Login link, using the password "badwolf" (originally "bison") uncovers a 'private' section which provides UNIT point-of-view reports about various events in the 2005 series, as well as mention of missions such as The Fourth Reich and Guatemala "Big Locust" Problem. Due to the objections by the United Nations as noted above, the letters "UN" are no longer expanded to "United Nations" on the website. UNIT dating The original 1963–1989 series presents conflicting evidence about when the stories featuring UNIT are meant to take place, and there has been much confusion and continuing fan debate on this subject. Initially the production team intended for the UNIT stories to take place in the 1980s. In the 1975 story Pyramids of Mars, Sarah Jane Smith explicitly states that she is "from 1980". However, the 1983 story Mawdryn Undead explicitly states that the Brigadier retired from UNIT in 1976 and that Warrant Officer Benton left the army in 1979. A reference to this confusion appeared in the 2008 episode "The Sontaran Stratagem", where the Doctor was unsure if his time on the UNIT staff took place during the 1970s or the 1980s. Similarly, The Sarah Jane Adventures story The Lost Boy displays a UNIT file on Sarah Jane Smith which says, "The service quickly expanded, making our presence felt in a golden period that spanned the sixties, the seventies, and, some would say, the eighties." Yet another reference occurred in "The Day of the Doctor", where Kate Stewart refers to "one of my father's incident files. Codename: Cromer. Seventies or eighties depending on the dating protocol". The Cromer wording is a reference to the 1972–73-story The Three Doctors which, as well as being the first time that Doctors from different eras come together to fight a common foe was the occasion where Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart, on first being transported to an alien world, likened it to the Norfolk coastal town of Cromer. Kate Stewart again refers to the confusion when she describes events from Terror of the Zygons as occurring in the "'70s (or) '80s" ("The Zygon Invasion"). A possible justification for at least some of these dating anomalies can be found in the audio adventure The Legacy of Time: The Split Infinitive, when a temporal anomaly results in the 1960s and 1970s becoming briefly linked when a flawed time travel experiment essentially splits an individual between these eras. When the crisis concludes after the Seventh Doctor brings the two aspects together, he notes that the resulting temporal explosion will cause a range of minor anomalies to anyone in this era who has dealt with time travel, reflecting that this explains how someone who was working in the eighties could have retired in the seventies. The episode "Survivors of the Flux" makes reference to the conflicting dates during a scene in which Kate Stewart accuses The Grand Serpent of deliberately tampering with evidence, photographs and dates in order to cover up his infiltration of UNIT. Critical reception The concept of UNIT has been generally well received by Doctor Who fans. In Andrew Cartmel's Through Time: An Unauthorised and Unofficial History of Doctor Who, the sharp contrast between the Doctor's eccentric personality and the seriousness and normality of UNIT is described by Cartmel as an "inspired stroke". The organisation is often seen within the context of other international organisations which featured in science fiction of the post-war era. Among others, these included SMERSH and SPECTRE from the James Bond novels, S.H.I.E.L.D. from Marvel Comics, and U.N.C.L.E. from The Man from U.N.C.L.E.—like UNIT, intended as a fictional United Nations intelligence agency. There was even a one-season wonder telecast by NBC, in 1979, in which Robert Conrad played A Man Called Sloane who worked for a top-secret agency openly called UNIT. See also List of UNIT personnel References External links (BBC-sponsored) [Password= "badwolf", Password= "buffalo"] Fictional intelligence agencies Fictional military organizations Fiction set in the 1980s

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%98%A4%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%85

자오유팅

자오유팅 (, , 1984년 9월 25일 ~ )은 타이완의 출신의 중화권배우이다. 출연 작품 2012년 10 여분 CF미니 영화 애재일기 (愛在一起) 2013년 영화 적인걸 2: 신도해왕의 비밀 (狄仁杰之神都龙王) - 적인걸 역 2015년 영화 구층요탑 : 전설의 비밀 - 후바이 역 2015년 영화 비자영웅 : 블랙앤화이트 던오브저스티스 - 오영웅역 2016년 영화 워리어스 게이트 - 주 장군 역 2017년 드라마 삼생삼세십리도화 - 묵연 & 야화 & 조가 (1인 3역) / 총 58부작 / 2018년 500억 뷰 달성 2017년 드라마 심야식당:중국판 : 마크의 딸 - 마크 역 / 총 45부작 중 "마크의 딸 - 상, 중, 하편") 2018년 영화 남극지련 - 오푸춘 역 / --2017년 12월 1일 극장 개봉 예정-- 2018년 영화 적인걸 3: 사대천왕 - 적인걸 역 2019년 드라마 평범적영요 - 오각지 과장역 / 총 42부작 / --2019년 8월 27일 방송 예정-- / 2020년 9월 4일 절강위시 첫방송 2019년 영화 란심대극원 - 담눌 역 / --2019년 12월 7일 극장 개봉예정-- 2019 베니스 국제영화제 경쟁부문 진출 (19.07. 확정) 2019 토론토 국제영화제 특별상영작 (19.07. 확정) 2020년 현재 "음양사 : 청아집" --촬영중-- 20.04.22 크랭크업 (촬영종료) - 청명(세이메이) 역 그외 출연 작품 2017년 시 낭독집 <위니독시(为你读詩) : 많은 소리 중 당신의 소리를 듣는다 (재소유성음중 아경은니:在所有声音中 我倾听你> 발간. 2019년 3월 - 하루 한번 21일 동안 진행하는 영어 독서 교육 과정일기 <박하열독 (薄荷阅读) : 어린왕자(小王子 / The Little Prince) 더빙 참여> 출연 작품 이야기 드라마 삼생삼세 십리도화는 2018년 500억뷰를 달성하였다. 대한민국에는 2017년 중화TV에서 드라마 "삼생삼세 십리도화"의 방영이후 폭발적인 사랑을 받고 있다. 2018년 4월 2일 월요일 중화TV 월~금 매일 2회씩 오후 6시 재방송 시작 (서비스 종료) 2019년 3월 4일 월요일 중화Tv 월~금 매일 2회씩 오후 7시 재방송 시작 (서비스 종료) 2019년 2월 넷플렉스 "삼생삼세십리도화" 정식 vod 서비스. 중국판 심야식당은 중화권에서는 7, 8, 9화가 "마크의 딸 - 상, 중, 하" 본편이지만, 국내에 아시아N 채널에서 방영될 때에는 1, 2, 3화가 "마크의 딸 - 상, 중, 하"편으로 회차가 바뀌어 방영되었다. 2018년 4월 27일 아시아N 금~일 매일 2회씩 밤 11시 방송 시작 (서비스 종료) 2019년 7월 6일 아시아N 토~월 매일 2회씩 새벽 1시 방송 시작 (서비스 종료) 드라마 평범적영요는 대한민국 TvN 8주년 특집 드라마로 각색한 미생 (국내 드라마 원작 역시 대한민국 윤태호 작가의 웹툰 미생 )의 판권을 정식 수입하여 중국 현지에 맞춰 리메이크 된 작품이다. 드라마 평범적영요는 2019년 8월 첫방송 예정이었지만, 중국 현지의 사정으로 방송이 미뤄졌다가 2020년 8월 30일 절강위시의 공식 오피셜 정보로 첫방송이 2020년 9월 4일 확정되었음을 알렸다. 출연 작품 - 숨은 이야기 2018년 개봉작 남극지련(南極之戀) 최초 작품명은 남극절연 南极绝恋 이었고, 2017년 12월 1일 개봉 예정이었으나, 개봉 시일이 미뤄지는 악재와 여러 과정을 거쳐 최종 극장 개봉이 2018년 2월 2일로 확정되면서 제목을 남극지련 南极之恋으로 바꾸었다. 2019년 8월 27일 방송 예정이던 "평범적영요" 드라마는 2019년 중국 광전총국의 신중국 70주년, "백일전개" 추천 드라마 86편 선정 리스트에 편성되지 못하여 최종 방송 예정에서 편성 취소가 되어 무기한 방송 연기가 되었음. 2019년 12월 7일 극장 개봉 예정이었던 "란심대극원" 역시 내부 사정으로 개봉 연기가 됨. 배우 이야기 조우정 배우는 데뷔 초에는 대만에서 활동했던 배우가 맞으나, 현재 활동의 주 무대는 중화권이다. 조우정 배우의 국적에 대하여는 중국 현지에서도 정확하게 확인된 바는 없다. 대만과 캐나다가 이중국적이 가능한 국가이기 때문에 태어나 취득한 대만 국적과 이민가며 취득한 캐나다 이중 국적인 상태에서, 연예인 활동이 시작되면서 중국의 특수성 때문에 대만 출신 배우로 활동에 불편함이 있어 공항에서 노출된 여권등으로 캐나다 국적을 선택한 것이 아니냐는 추측만 있을 뿐, 팬들은 조우정 배우가 직접 언급하지 않은 사생활에 관련된 정보는 보호해주는 분위기이다. 2019.05.21. 첫째 딸이 태어나 아빠가 되었다. (조우정 배우는 본인 이외의 가족은 사생활 보호를 해주고 싶다는 인터뷰를 여러번 한 상태이고, 팬들은 조우정 배우의 사생활 보호 존중을 위하여, 배우 본인이 직접 공개해주는 자료 이외는 아이의 사생활 보호를 위해 정보 노출은 최소한으로 자제하고 있음.) 1984년 출생 살아있는 사람 대만의 남자 영화 배우 캐나다의 남자 영화 배우 캐나다로 귀화한 사람 빅토리아 대학교 (캐나다) 동문

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Chao

Mark Chao

Mark Chao (, born 25 September 1984) is a Taiwanese-Canadian actor and model. He made his television debut in the television series Black & White (2009), for which he won the Golden Bell Award for Best Actor. Since then, he has starred in films Monga (2010), Caught in the Web (2012), So Young (2013), Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon (2013), Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe (2015) and the television series Eternal Love (2017). Early life Chao is the son of actor and television host . He graduated from the University of Victoria in Canada, with a double degree in sociology and economics. He started his career in the Taiwanese entertainment industry after he graduated. Career Mark Chao made his debut in the television drama Black & White (2009). His role as the rash, righteous and no-nonsense cop shot him to fame and won him the Best Actor award at the 44th Golden Bell Awards. He then starred in his first film, Monga (2010). The gangster flick, directed by Doze Niu grossed more than NT$250 million (HK$61 million) in Taiwan, making it one of the most successful domestic productions. Chao won the Best Newcomer award at the Asian Film Awards for his performance as a solitary, self-loathing and intense gang member. Chao won the Best Actor in Leading Role at the 26th Asian Television Awards (2021). Chao's successive films boosted his recognition in China. Love (2012), directed by Monga director Doze Niu, became the highest-grossing Taiwanese film in the Mainland. He also starred in First Time alongside Angelababy, and reprised his role as Wu Yingxiong in the prequel of Black and White. The same year, he starred in Caught in the Web directed by Chen Kaige. The film drew than six million viewers and praise from critics. Mark won the Best Actor award for the Hong Kong and Taiwan category at the Huabiao Awards. Chao then starred in Zhao Wei's directorial debut So Young (2013), playing an ambitious and nerdy China university student. The same year, he played Di Renjie in Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon, the prequel to the popular Detective Dee film directed by Tsui Hark. Chao once again reprised his role as Wu Yingxiong in Black & White: The Dawn of Justice (2014), the sequel to Black & White Episode I: The Dawn of Assault. He won the Best Actor award at the 16th Huading Awards for his performance. Chao was then cast to play Hu Bayi in Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe (2015), adapted from the best-selling tomb raid novel series Ghost Blows Out the Light. The film, directed by Lu Chuan, was a hit at the box office but received mixed reviews in regard to its faithfulness to the novel. The following year, he starred in the Chinese-French film The Warriors Gate, directed by Matthias Hoene and filmed in English. Chao made his return to television after 8 years in fantasy romance drama Eternal Love (2017). Though Chao's casting as the beautiful male lead was originally met with criticism, he eventually won praise for his acting. After the series aired, Mark experienced an explosive rise in popularity and increased film offers. Chao ranked 36th on Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2017. In 2018, Chao starred in the romance film Till the End of the World, which was shot in Antarctica. He is also set to reprise his role in Detective Dee: The Four Heavenly Kings. The same year, Chao was cast in Lou Ye's period drama film Saturday Fiction. Chao is set to return to the small screen with the Chinese remake of South Korean television series Misaeng, titled Ordinary Glory. Personal life Mark married Chinese actress Gao Yuanyuan in 2014. The two met on the set of Caught in the Web and welcomed a daughter - Rhea Chao in June 2019, one month after announcing that Gao was pregnant. Filmography Film Television series Discography Awards and nominations References External links Mark Chao at chinesemov.com 1984 births Living people 21st-century Taiwanese male actors Taiwanese male film actors Taiwanese male television actors Male actors from Taipei Naturalized citizens of Canada University of Victoria alumni Best Newcomer Asian Film Award winners

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNH48

SNH48

SNH48(에스엔에이치포티에이트)는 중화인민공화국의 상하이시를 중심으로 활동하고 있는 여성 아이돌 그룹이다. 개요 종합 프로듀스는 AKB48와 함께 아키모토 야스시가 맡고, 운영은 AKB48 공식 라이센스를 구입하여 설립된 「SNH48 운영 사무국」(통상은 유한회사 상해 구상 연예 매니지먼트와 상해성사파 음악문화 프로모션(소속 사무소), 미디어 등은 유한회사 후난 위성 텔레비 문화 커뮤니케이션)이 담당한다. SNH48의 어드바이저(고문)은 office48의 야마모토 마나부(전 AKB48 매니저)가 맡고, 운영 회사의 사장은 예밍둥(葉明東)이, 극장 지배인은 판이바이(范逸白)가 맡는다. SNH48의 자매그룹인 SHY48에서는 7명을 영입하고 CKG48에서는 4명을 영입을 했다. 약력 2012년 4월 21일, 상하이의 무역센터인 상하이 마트에서 개최된 "AKB48 상하이 팬미팅"에서 그룹의 결성이 "서프라이즈"로서 발표되었다. 중국의 자매 그룹 결성에 이르른 이유나 배경에 관해서는 복수의 스포츠 신문이 언급하고 있다. 스포츠 닛폰의 기사에서는, 상하이가 "지금도 더욱 발전을 이룩하고 있는" 도시일 뿐만 아니라, AKB48의 현지에서의 인기 상승도 본 그룹의 결성의 이유일 것이라고 추측하고 있다. 데일리 스포츠의 기사에서는 중국에서의 AKB48의 인기가 상승하고 있는 것을 언급하며, "본토에서의 자매 그룹 탄생이 기다려지는 상황이었다"고 기술하고 있다. 8월 24일, AKB48 도쿄 돔 콘서트의 첫 날 공연에서, AKB48로부터 팀K 미야자와 사에와 팀B 스즈키 마리야가 SNH48로 이적한다는 발표가 있었다. 8월 30일, 중국 표준시 정오에 제1기 오디션 모집이 종료되었는데, 응모자는 38,066명이었다. 9월 8일에서 23일까지, 2차 심사를 청두시, 항저우시, 광주, 베이징시, 상하이시에서 순차 개최하였다. 9월 25일, 제2기 오디션 모집을 개시하였다. 10월 13일에서 14일 양일에 걸쳐, 1기생에 대한 3차 심사가 열렸다. 10월 14일, 멤버 발표의 기자회견이 있었다(다만, 일본과 중국이 영토 문제로 대립하고 있었던 당시 분위기에 의해, 운영회사의 의향에 따라 일본 미디어의 출석은 인정되지 않았다.). 11월 1일, 미야자와 사에와 스즈키 마리야가 SNH48으로 이적하였다. 2013년 1월 12일, 상하이 시내에서 피로연 공연 "Give Me Power!"를 개최. 미야자와 사에와 스즈키 마리야는 연예 활동에 필요한 취학 비자 취득을 맞추지 못하고 결석했다. 4월 17일, 결성으로부터 반년 경과한 것으로 중국 노동법에 의거 1기생들의 사이분케이 행해져 18명이 정규 멤버로 등용되었다. 나머지 멤버 중 두 사람은 또한 2개월간 모습을 보고 정규 등록 여부를 다시 판단하기로 하고 4명은 등용하지 못했다(계약 해제). 5월 20일, 바오스틸 큰 무대에서 극장 밖에서 최초의 콘서트 "祈福雅安，星花为你绽放Blooming For You"를 개최. 2016년 3월 16일, 일본에서의 그룹 졸업의 발표로 인해 유학생 미야자와 사에의 졸업 공연을 행하였다. 4월 20일, 베이징시를 거점으로 하는 BEJ48와 광둥성 광주를 거점으로 하는 GNZ48의 결성이 발표되었다. 6월 9일, AKS에서 현지 운영 측면에 계약 위반이 있는 운영을 재검토를 실시하는 것, BEJ48과 GNZ48은 AKB48 그룹과 무관한 것으로 발표되었다. 6월 10일, SNH48의 운영 단체는 AKB48 그룹에서 완전 독립하라는 성명을 발표했다. 스즈키 마리야의 겸임 해제가 발표되었다. 7월 30일, "SNH48 제3회 선발 총선거"에서 선양시를 거점으로 하는 SHY48의 설립이 발표, 공식 사이트에서 제1기생 오디션의 응모 개시를 한다고 발표되었다. 2017년 6월 2일, "제4회 SNH48 선발 총선거"에서 충칭시를 거점으로 하는 CKG48의 설립이 발표, 공식 사이트에서 제1기생 오디션의 응모 개시를 한다고 발표되었다. 9월 25일, 청두시를 거점으로 하는 CGT48의 설립이 발표, 공식 사이트에서 제1기생 오디션의 응모 개시를 한다고 발표되었다. 12월 21일, 팀NII의 캡틴 펑신둬와 부캡틴 황팅팅이 사임을 발표. 팀NII의 멤버 리이퉁이 생일축하 파티를 개최하였다. 12월 24일, 18번째 EP를 발매하였다. 2018년 2월 3일, "제4회 리퀘스트 타임 BEST 50"에서 멤버들의 팀 이동이 있었고, 팀XII가 없어지면서, 팀Ft가 만들어졌고, 예비생도 추가되면서, 9기생이 팀Ft에 소속되어 있는 것을 발표하였다. 3월 23일, 19번째 EP를 발매한다. 2019년 1월 19일, "제5회 리퀘스트 타임 BEST 50"에서 SNH48 그룹 대조각 체제를 발표. 멤버 팀SⅡ 팀NⅡ 팀HⅡ 팀X SNH48 그룹 해외 유학생 SNH48 그룹 명예 졸업생 휴업 전 멤버 정규 멤버 계약생 계약생은 총선거, 콘서트 등에 참여하지 않는 등 사실상 탈퇴 멤버이다. 2015년 9월 13일, 공식 사이트에서 계약생 프로필을 전부 삭제했다. 연구 · 후보생 디스코그래피 EP 앨범 DVD 수상 목록 2019년 제3회 소리바다 베스트 케이뮤직 어워즈 글로벌 엔터테이너상 같이 보기 파생 유닛 Seine River Style-7 7SENSES 일렉트로아이즈 걸즈 Color Girls HO2 BlueV 관련 그룹 BEJ48 GNZ48 SHY48 CKG48 CGT48 IDOLS Ft 각주 외부 링크 SHN48 공식 홈페이지 SNH48 공식 팬클럽 홈페이지 SNH48 공식 유튜브 채널 SNH48 공식 블로그 - 웨이보 SNH48 공식 블로그 - 텐센트 중국의 음악 그룹 중국의 걸 그룹 2012년 결성된 음악 그룹 10인조 이상 음악 그룹 2010년대 음악 그룹 2020년대 음악 그룹

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNH48

SNH48

SNH48 is a Chinese idol girl group based in Shanghai. Following AKB48's creator Yasushi Akimoto's concept of "idols you can meet", the group features dozens of female members around the age of 20, who perform regularly in the group's own theater and interact with fans predominantly via the official Pocket48/口袋48 App online and offline via theater and handshake events. There are over 200 female members across SNH48 and all its sister groups including GNZ48, BEJ48, CKG48, CGT48 and IDOLS Ft. The group is owned by Chinese companies NineStyle and Star48. Established in 2012, it parted ways with AKB48's groups in June 2016. History 2012–2013: Creation and debut On April 21, 2012, AKS Co., Ltd. and Chinese company Ninestyle jointly announced the establishment of SNH48. A theater was built in Shanghai beginning in October. In January 2013, SNH48 debuted in the show "Give Me Power!", with 16 selected members on stage performing the Chinese version of "Heavy Rotation", "River" and "Ponytail to Shushu". In April MV "River" was released and the group participated in the "2013 Shanghai Strawberry Music Festival". In June the video for "Let's Become Cherry Blossom Trees" was released, as well as their first EP, Heavy Rotation (). That same month the group performed overseas for the first time, at the Singapore "Asia Style Collection" Show with AKB48. In July the video for "Ponytail and Scrunchie" was released, and a month later their second EP, Flying Get () and SNH48's theater, the Star Dream theater, was opened. In September SNH48 announced the result of their second audition, and 31 new members were added into the group. Mariya Suzuki and Sae Miyazawa made their theater debut in October, after receiving working visas in China. In November the group held a concert in Guangzhou with an audience of 10,000, and released a third EP, Fortune Cookie of Love. In December SNH48 signed up for China's Got Talent (5th season). 2014–2015: Mae Shika Mukanee On January 18, 2014, SNH48 held their first and only "Kouhaku Utagassen" () in Shanghai, of which Team SII won. Meanwhile, they began their third generation member audition. On March 12, they released their fourth EP, Heart Electric (). On May 10, they released their first album, Mae Shika Mukanee (), in digital form, at the same time kick-starting voting for their first General Election. The physical copy was released one week later. During the first General Election held on July 26, Wu Zhehan emerged as winner, becoming the center for their next EP. Meanwhile, 30 third-generation members were announced. On August 8, auditions for fourth-generation members kick-started. On August 21, it was announced that the theater would be closed shortly for an upgrade. It would reopen on September 5, with a special stage by the Top 16 of 2014. During this stage, most third-generation members were allocated to Team HII, with some allocated to Team SII and Team NII. On October 12, they released their fifth EP, UZA. Its music video was shot in South Korea. Between December 18–28, Team SII and Team NII took a national tour, which included five major cities, Beijing, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. On January 15, 2015, SNH48 released their sixth EP, Give Me Five! (). On January 31, they held their first Request Time, of which the songs performed at this event were determined by televoting. 18 fourth-generation members were announced during the event, all of whom would be assigned to Team X on April 17. On March 18, auditions for fifth-generation members kick-started. On March 28, they released their seventh EP, After Rain (). On May 15, they released their eight EP, Manatsu no Sounds Good! (), which has its music video shot in Saipan. The EP included ballots for SNH48's second General Election. On June 22, their first documentary, Documentary of SNH48: Girls of Babel Tower was released. During the General Election of the year, held on July 25 at the Mercedes-Benz Arena, Shanghai, Zhao Jiamin was crowned winner. 43 fifth-generation members were announced at the event. On October 12, they released their ninth EP, Halloween Night (), which had its music video filmed in Paris, France and Prague (Charles Bridge), Czech Republic and Sychrov (Sychrov Castle), Czech Republic. On October 31, SNH48 held its first "SNH48 Fashion Awards" () at the Redtown in central Shanghai. It was the first of its kind within AKB48 and its sister groups. On November 18, it was announced that the 36 fifth-generation members will be split into Teams A and B from the first stage performance on December 4. On December 4, the fifth-generation members were promoted to Team XII. On December 22, it was announced that members in Team XII would hold concurrent positions with Teams SII, NII, HII and X. On December 26, they held their second Request Time. On December 8, they released their tenth EP, New Year's Bell (). 2016: Parting ways with AKB48, original releases On January 18, 2016, SNH48 released their mini-movie Soulvenir. On March 3, Tang Anqi, was the victim of attempted murder by being set on fire at a coffee shop in Shanghai and suffered severe burns on 80% of her body. Evidence pointed towards a member of her fanclub, who poured oil over her during an argument. SNH48 began its move towards originality by placing more emphasis on original material, starting from the release of their 11th EP, Engine of Youth () on March 25. On March 26, they announced the first batch of 11 sixth-generation members. On April 20, SNH48's management company, Star48, announced the formation of two sister groups, BEJ48, based in Beijing, and GNZ48, based in Guangzhou, as well as the formation of three new sub-units, Color Girls, 7SENSES and ElectroEyes Girls. Auditions for SNH48 seventh-generation members and BEJ48 and GNZ48 first-generation members were also kick-started. On May 20, SNH48 released their 12th and second original EP, Dream Land (), which in its first time included BEJ48 and GNZ48 members. It includes ballots for SNH48's third General Election, and its music video was shot in Mauritius. Meanwhile, original stages were put up by various teams, starting from Team SII's "Journey of the Heart" on May 20 and Team NII's "Exclusive Party" on July 22. On June 1, SNH48 released its second documentary, Documentary of SNH48: Taking Off Together () for its third General Election. On June 9, AKB48 removed all SNH48-related content on their website, declaring the group to be fully independent, after violating a contract. Overseas transfer member Mariya Suzuki's concurrent position was also removed. On June 10, SNH48 management side insisted that they were an independent unit from the start and were never a sub-unit of AKB48, and there was never a contract to begin with. On the same day, AKB48 removed Mariya Suzuki's concurrent position with SNH48, and SNH48-related materials were removed from JKT48's website. The next day, according to a report by Southern Metropolis Entertainment Weekly, AKB48 founder Kotaro Shiba made a call to the SNH48 management, saying that he fully understood and supported SNH48's move towards originality. SNH48 held its third General Election on July 30 at the Mercedes-Benz Arena, with Ju Jingyi emerging as winner with 230,752.7 votes. During this event, a fourth sister group, SHY48, was announced. On August 14, the SNH48 management company announced that there will be stricter checks on the members of SNH48 and its sister groups. As a result, two fifth-generation members of Team SII and two sixth-generation members of Team NII were dismissed from the group. On September 15, during the Mid-Autumn Special Stage, 13 seventh-generation members were announced. Meanwhile, SNH48 Team X's Yan Mingjun is transferred to Team B due to academic reasons. On October 12, they released their 13th EP, Princess's Cloak (). The title track's music video was shot in Madrid, Spain while the music videos for "Romantic Melody" and "A Yo Ai Yo" were shot in South Korea. On October 29, Team X began its third stage, "The Flag Of The Dream". On November 1, auditions are held for SNH48 eighth-generation members, BEJ48 second-generation members, GNZ48 second-generation members and SHY48 second-generation members, the first ever at a global scale. On November 5, they held their second Fashion Awards at the Shanghai World Expo Exhibition and Convention Center, and introduced their own fashion label, "Idol's Generation". On November 13, Team HII captain Wang Lu announced that she would leave SNH48 and resign from her position as captain, which is currently unconfirmed by the officials. If so, she would be the second SNH48 captain to leave, and the first captain to leave voluntarily. On December 20, SNH48 released their 14th EP, Happy Wonder World (). 2017: After parting ways with AKB48, new sister groups On January 7, 2017, SNH48 held their third "Request Time". On January 12, SNH48's sister group in Shenyang, SHY48, was formed, and they held their first performance in the newly opened SHY48 theatre. Meanwhile, they held the "SNH48 4th Anniversary Concert" at the Shanghai World Expo Exhibition Hall 4, involving all first-generation members as well as a few others from subsequent generations. It was later released in USB format on February 28. On January 27, some members performed on the CCTV New Year's Gala 2017 as backup dancers during a segment with Coco Lee and JJ Lin. This was their first performance at a major event to date. On March 17, they released their 15th EP, Each Other's Future (). On April 8, they held the "48 Idol Festival", with special stages held in all four theaters. Meanwhile, Team HII began its fourth stage, "Beautiful World", making the group and its sister groups' material fully original. On May 19, they released their 16th EP, "Summer Pirates", of which its title song involves SHY48 members for the first time, and its music video is shot in Australia. It includes ballots for SNH48's fourth General Election. On June 2, Star48 held the launching ceremony for SNH48's fourth General Election, in which a sister group, CKG48, was announced. Meanwhile, SNH48 released its third documentary, Documentary of SNH48: My Heart Soars (). On July 28, SNH48 held the 4th General Election Preheat Concert at the Mercedes-Benz Arena. During SNH48's fourth General Election held on July 29 at the same venue, Ju Jingyi won with 277781.3 votes. On the same day, auditions were held for SNH48 ninth-generation members, BEJ48, GNZ48 and SHY48 fourth-generation members and CKG48 second-generation members. Since August 25, SNH48 has been holding "Mini live" sessions at the SNH48 Café. From September 6 to 10, the group held a series of stages to commemorate the fourth anniversary of the SNH48 Theatre. On September 25, during a meeting with several companies in Qingyang District, Chengdu, 11 Star48 projects were signed, and Wang Zijie announced that a fifth sister group, CGT48, is in the making. On October 7, Team NII held the first performance of its stage, "In the Name of Love". On October 19, they released their 13th EP, Dawn in Naples. On October 21, SNH48 held its first fan exchange event. On October 27, SNH48's sister group in Chongqing, CKG48, was formed, and they held a press conference in the newly opened CKG48 theatre. On November 11, Team NII held the first performance of a revamped version of their stage, "In the Name of Love 2.0". On November 16, SNH48 launched the pilot of their video game, Xingmeng Academy. On November 18, they held the third Fashion Awards at the Shanghai International Fashion Center. On December 3, auditions were held for SNH48 tenth-generation members, BEJ48, GNZ48 and SHY48 fifth-generation members and CKG48 third-generation members. On December 8, SNH48 Group held the first performance of its original musical, "The Shiny Star". On December 15, Team X held the first performance of their original stage, "Fate X". On December 24, SNH48 released their 18th EP, "Sweet Festival". 2018–2020: Continuing expansion, Team Shuffle, venture towards other media On February 2, 2018, SNH48 Group held their 4th Request Time Pre-Concert at the Mercedes-Benz Arena. During this event, Feng Xinduo and Lu Ting were announced as the members of sub-unit HO2 while Mo Han, Li Yuqi, Sun Rui, Wan Lina and Lü Yi were announced as members of sub-unit BlueV. On February 3, they held their fourth Request Time, in which they announced the results of their Team Shuffle. This event marked the disbandment of Team XII and the creation of Team FT, consisting of mainly ninth-generation members. The members and captains of the remaining four teams were announced, while a separate team consisting of trainees was created. On March 23, Team FT held the first performance of its first stage, "Dream Banner". On March 26, SNH48 released their 19th EP, "The Future Movement". On March 30, Team HII held the first performance of its waiting stage, "New H Stars", after putting their previous stage, "Beautiful World" on hold. On April 7, SNH48 held its first Idol Games, of which Team SII emerged as the overall champions. On April 18, auditions were held for SNH48 eleventh-generation members. On May 26, SNH48 kickstarted the "Unmask Plan" for its trainees, in which they attend regular performances while wearing masks. Fans can also vote for the trainees using their performance tickets. On June 9, SNH48 Group held the launching ceremony for SNH48 Group's fifth General Election. During this event, it was announced that they have partnered with Sina Weibo in setting up the "SNH48 Election Chart", opening up another channel for fans to vote for their idols. Meanwhile, Pocket48 released the "Mate48" applet, based on WeChat mini-programs to run user-generated content campaigns. On the same day, they announced the release of their fourth documentary, Documentary of SNH48 Group: Go Ahead (砥砺前行). On June 29, SNH48 Group's management, Star48, opened a global audition to recruit youths to be trained to become artists. This recruitment is for SNH48 Group members, Korean-style idol trainees and Fashion Mina China actors. On July 10, Documentary of SNH48 Group: Go Ahead was first aired in the SNH48 Theater. On July 28, SNH48 Group held the fifth General Election at the Mercedes-Benz Arena, at which Li Yitong won with 402040.4 votes. During this event, it was announced that they would open its first Korean style training centre, and that SNH48 Group's annual Fashion Awards and Request Time would be held in Beijing and Guangzhou respectively. On September 1, Team FT held the first performance of their stage, "Two-Faced Idol", the first time in which an SNH48 team performs a stage originally performed by one of its sister groups. On September 7, SNH48 Group held the launching ceremony for its fifth Request Time, which marked the debut of its sub-units HO2 and BlueV. On September 27, SNH48 Group officially became a member of China Association of Performing Arts. On October 10, they released their 21st EP, Endless Story. On October 27, SNH48 Group held their fourth Fashion Awards at the Beijing National Aquatics Center, in which BEJ48's Qing Yuwen came in first. Team NII debuted their stage "N·thE Wings" on November 2, while Team SII debuted their stage "Rebirth Plan" on November 23. SNH48 released their 22nd EP, Now and Forever on December 20. On January 19, 2018, SNH48 Group held their fifth Request Time at the Guangzhou Gymnasium. During this event, a 7-member sub-unit, DeMoon, was announced, consisting of Xu Zixuan, Wu Zhehan, Yang Bingyi, Zhang Yi, Yuan Yiqi, Zhang Dansan and Zhang Qiongyu. The results for SNH48 Group's Team Shuffle were announced, including the launch of the overseas trainee program, where five members: Gao Chong, Li Jia'en, Wang Qiuru, Xu Jiayin and Zhou Ruilin, were selected to go to the overseas base for a two-year high-level closed training, and "IDOLS Ft", a system for idols to interact with fans through the Pocket 48 app,. SNH48 Team Ft, SHY48 and CKG48 were dissolved. Meanwhile, auditions for SNH48 twelfth-generation members, BEJ48 and GNZ48 seventh-generation members and overseas trainees kickstarted. On January 27, 2019, it was announced that Dai Meng and Mo Han would step down as captain and vice-captain of Team SII respectively, with Dai assuming the role of vice-captain while Qian Beiting was appointed as the new captain. On February 19, Star Palace member Ju Jingyi participated in the 2019 CCTV Lantern Festival Gala, marking the first time SNH48 Group has participated in such an event. On February 27, 7Senses debuted in South Korea. On April 13, SNH48 Group held its second Idol Games at the Shanghai Baoshan Gymnasium, in which Team HII emerged as the overall winner. On May 15, members Xu Jiaqi, Zhang Yuge and Xu-Yang Yuzhuo, together with Zhang Yixing and Unine, attended the Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations. On May 25, they released their 25th EP, Dream In a Summer; on the same day they held auditions for SNH48 13th-generation members, BEJ48 eighth-generation members and GNZ48 eighth-generation members.On July 28, SNH48 Group held the sixth General Election at the Mercedes-Benz Arena, where Li Yitong won for a second time with 1483041.5 votes, making her the second member to be elevated to the Star Palace. On September 14, they released their 26th EP, Poetry About Time; on that day they also held their sixth anniversary special stage and announced four 12th-generation members during this event. September 15 marked the debut of sub-unit DeMOON, the first with a distinct gothic concept. Teams NII and SII held their sixth anniversary stages on November 17 and November 29 respectively, and announced a total of three 13th-generation members, two of whom are assigned to Team SII and one assigned to Team NII. On December 21, they held their sixth Request Time at the Guangzhou Gymnasium. During this event, they announced that their seventh General Election would be the first one to be held in Guangzhou, though it did not happen due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On December 28, they released their 26th EP, Wings. 2020–present: Involvement in reality shows and internal changes On January 2, 2020, Star48 announced JNR48, a sister group created by Shanghai Xiaoyuan Art, which recruits girls between the ages of 6 and 14 who love to sing, dance and perform. On January 15, Star48 announced that 10 SNH48 Group members would participate in iQIYI's reality show Youth With You 2, namely SNH48's Mo Han, Xu Jiaqi, Song Xinran, Dai Meng, Sun Rui, Fei Qinyuan, Xu-Yang Yuzhuo and Zhang Yuge, and BEJ48's Duan Yixuan and Su Shanshan. Xu Jiaqi would come in third during its finals aired on May 30, becoming a member of THE9. On April 8, Star48 announced that 7 members would participate in Tencent Video's reality show Produce Camp 2020, namely SNH48's Zhao Yue, Sun Zhenni and Li Jia'en, BEJ48's Huang Enru, Chen Qiannan and Ma Yuling, and GNZ48's Chen Ke. Zhao Yue would come in second during its finals aired on July 4, becoming a member of BonBon Girls 303. On May 13, Star48 announced that 16 SNH48 Group members would be participating in Tencent Video's idol group competition show We Are Blazing; SNH48 Group would later be eliminated during the show's seventh episode. On June 13, SNH48 Group released its 27th EP, Beautiful Day. On August 15, they held their seventh General Election at the Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena, the first without the participation of SNH48's first-generation members. Sun Rui came in first with 3533525 votes, while the second and third places went to Lu Ting and Song Xinran. On September 3, SNH48's first-generation members released their graduation EP, Take Me. Star48 made a series of announcements through SNH48's official website on September 4. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing, BEJ48 was facing financial difficulties after its theater was closed for a prolonged period. As such, half of BEJ48's members, especially those who ranked higher during SNH48 Group's General Election, were transferred to SNH48, while the remaining half would remain in Beijing, albeit without teams. Li Hui of Idols Ft and CKG48 was promoted to Team SII after ranking 31st, while Jiang Zhenyi, Wang Xinyantiantian and Zhang Jiayu were demoted to Idols Ft after ranking in the bottom 20. Some first-generation members have signed new contracts with Star48, they would continue their activities individually as models, actresses and members of its sub-units. Starting 2021, members who would reach the age of 29 by December 31 of that year will graduate from the group. Between October 2 and 3, eight 14th-generation members were announced, with four assigned to Team SII and four assigned to Team X. From October 7–8, SNH48's first-generation members held their graduation concert at the Shanghai Oriental Art Center. On October 19, SNH48 Group released its 28th EP, F.L.Y, which stands for "Future", "Light", "Young". On July 12, 2021, the contestants of Girls Planet 999 were revealed. The South Korean contestants (K-Group) were the first contestants to be revealed, followed by the Chinese contestants (C-Group) and the last group to be revealed were the Japanese contestants (J-Group). It was revealed that 2 SNH48 members, Ma Yuling and Wang Qiuru plus 2 GNZ48 members, who were the twins Liang Qiao and Liang Jiao would compete on Girls Planet 999. Members Discography EPs "Heavy Rotation" ()Released on June 13, 2013 "Flying Get" ()Released on August 2, 2013 "Fortune Cookie of Love" ()Released on November 25, 2013 (Beijing) and November 29, 2013 (Shanghai) "Heart Electric" ()Released on 12 March 2014 "UZA" ()Released on October 12, 2014 "Give Me Five!" ()Released on January 15, 2015 "After Rain" ()Released on March 28, 2015 "Manatsu no Sounds Good!" ()Released on May 15, 2015 "Halloween Night" ()Released on October 12, 2015 "New Year's Bell" ()Released on December 28, 2015 "Engine of Youth" ()Released on March 25, 2016 "Dream Land" ()Released on May 20, 2016 "Princess's Cloak" ()Released on October 12, 2016 "Happy Wonder World" ()Released on December 20, 2016 "Each Other's Future" ()Released on March 17, 2017 "Summer Pirates" ()Released on May 19, 2017 "Dawn in Naples" ()Released on October 18, 2017 "Sweet Festival" ()Released on December 20, 2017 "The future movement" ()Released on March 26, 2018 "Forest Theorem" ()Released on May 17, 2018 "Endless Story" ()Released on October 12, 2018 "Now and Forever" ()Released on December 20, 2018 Best 50 Special EP: "Our Journey" ()Released on March 20, 2019 "Dream in a Summer" ()Released on May 25, 2019 "Poetry About Time" ()Released on September 21, 2019 "Wings" ()Released on December 28, 2019 "Beautiful Day" ()Released on June 13, 2020 First Generation Graduation EP: “Take Me” ()Released on September 3, 2020 "F.L.Y (Future, Light, Young)" ()Released on October 19, 2020 "Flipped" ()Released on May 26, 2021 "Floral and Firm" ()Released on October 13, 2021 "Sea Gravel" ()Released on June 25, 2022 Albums "Mae Shika Mukanee" () - Released on May 10, 2014 Awards and nominations Reception According to the Financial Times, SNH48 is described as being "run more like a tech start-up than a musical group". Its strategy, which is modeled after AKB48's, involves teams of interchangeable singers, allowing to build generations of female stars and longer-lasting revenue streams. In May 2017, it is reported that they had raised more than $150 million from investors. SNH48's system is an expansion on the model used by AKB48, combining technology such as mobile applications to track a favorite idol with the traditional focus on voting for a favorite Idol. In 2016 alone the group sold an estimated 2 million copies of their albums. Sister groups and selected associated acts References External links 2012 establishments in China Chinese girl groups Chinese pop music groups Chinese idols Musical groups established in 2012 Musical groups from Shanghai

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베를린 U반

베를린 U반(Berlin U-Bahn, ), 또는 베를린 지하철은 독일의 수도 베를린의 도시 철도이자 S반, 트램, 버스와 함께 베를린의 대중 교통을 이룬다. 1902년 최초 노선이 개통한 베를린 U반은 10개 노선에 173개의 지하철역이 있고, 운행 중인 차량 총 대수는 1272량, 총 노선 길이는 146 km에 이른다. 지하철을 운영하는 베를린교통공사(BVG)는 공공기관(Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts)으로 지정되어 있다. 지하철 노선의 80%가 지하화되어 있다. 출퇴근 시간에는 보통 2~5분 간격으로 배차되고, 공휴일에는 약 5분 간격으로 배차되며, 저녁에는 약 10분 간격으로 배차된다. 2017년 BVG의 연간 총 수송객은 10억 6400만명(2011년: 9억 3700만명)이며, 이 중 절반 가량인 5억 6300만명(2011년: 5억 730만명)이 지하철 승객으로 집계되었다. 2016년 기준 연간 전체 차량의 누적 운행 거리는 2160만 km(2011년: 2090만 km)이다. 전 구간 직류 750V 제3궤조 전철화를 사용한다. 역사 베를린 U반의 건설 역사는 크게 세 단계로 나눌 수 있다. 최초 개통부터 1913년까지: 소형 규격(, 클라인프로필) 노선망 건설. 베를린, (당시 독립시였던) 샤를로텐부르크, 빌머스도르프, 달렘, 쇠네베르크 지역에 건설되었다. 소형 규격 노선은 노면 전차와 비슷한 차량 한계인 전폭 2.3 m 차량을 사용한다. 1930년까지: 대형 규격(, 그로스프로필) 노선망 건설. 바이마르 공화국 설립 이후 베를린 대확장이 일어나면서 이 시기에 편입된 시역으로 뻗어나갔다. 대형 규격 노선은 전폭 2.65 m 차량을 사용한다. 1953년 이후: 제2차 세계대전 이후 동베를린과 서베를린의 노선망 발전 방향은 달랐고, 통일 이후에도 건설은 계속되었다. 베를린의 최초 지하 철도 노선은 1895년 건설된 AEG 공장을 지하로 잇는 철도 노선이다. 같은 시기에 지멘스 역시 터널 건설 기술을 개발했다. 19세기 말부터 베를린시에서는 시내 및 인접한 다른 도시간의 교통량 증가 문제 해결책을 연구하고 있었다. 베를린시에서는 지하 철도가 하수도를 손상시킬 것을 우려하여 이전 도시 성벽의 경로를 따른 고가 철도를 선호했다. 그러나 당시 독립시였던 샤를로텐부르크는 베를린과는 생각이 달랐기에 타우엔치엔 거리(Tauentzienstraße)를 따라서 고가 철도를 건설하려고 하지 않았다. 수년 간 협상이 이어졌고, 그 결과 1902년 2월 15일 베를린 대중 교통에 사용하는 최초의 지하 전기 철도 노선(슈탐슈트레케, )이 개통했다. 오스트하펜역(폐역 직전 이름은 슈트랄라우어 토어역)부터 동물원역 사이를 잇는 노선으로, 포츠다머 플라츠역으로 도중 분기하는 지선이 같이 건설되었다. 당시 노선의 상당 부분은 고가 구간이었고, 당시에는 독립시였던 샤를로텐부르크까지 노선이 건설되었다. 역시 당시 독립시였던 쇠네베르크에도 일부 노선이 건설되었다. 지하 구간으로 건설된 부분은 현재의 포츠다머 플라츠역 및 샤를로텐부르크 시역에 건설된 비텐베르크플라츠역, 베를린 동물원역 및 크니역이었다. 1902년 8월 17일 동쪽인 바르샤우어 브뤼케역(Warschauer Brücke, 현 바르샤우어 슈트라세역), 같은 해 12월 14일 서쪽인 크니역(Knie, 현 에른스트로이터플라츠역)으로 연장되었다. 한편 쇠네베르크 시에서는 1910년 12월 1일에 독일 최초로 시에서 자금을 조달한 지하철도를 건설했다. 첫 노선 건설 이후에도 확장안은 계속 제안되고 있었다. 당시의 독립시였던 빌머스도르프, 쇠네베르크, 샤를로텐부르크 내에도 개별적인 노선을 건설할 계획이 있었으며, 남서부의 달렘(Dahlem), 서부의 도이체 슈타디온 및 역사적인 도심부를 이을 계획이 있었다. 수익성을 위하여 당시 부유했던 지역부터 노선을 건설하기 시작했다. 1920년 베를린 대확장 이후 베를린시에서는 시영 지하철 노선을 건설할 계획을 세웠다. 다양한 계층에 대중 교통을 공급할 수 있도록 시에서는 남북 노선을 건설하려고 했고, 기존의 노면전차 규격보다 더 큰 차량을 사용해서 수송량을 증대시키려고 했다. 1912년 12월 베를린 북부의 베딩과 남부의 템펠호프 및 노이쾰른을 잇는 노선인 노르트쥐트반(Nord-Süd-Bahn, 남북 철도) 건설을 시작했다. 당시의 베를린시는 지멘스의 영향력을 배제하고 노선을 공영으로 건설하기로 계획했다. 그러나 제1차 세계 대전과 뒤따르는 대공황과 초인플레이션으로 1919년까지 공사가 중단되었다. 1923년 1월 30일 할레셰스 토어역과 슈테틴역(Stettiner Bahnhof, 현 나투어쿤데무제움역 사이에 첫 번째 구간이 생겼고, 두 달 후에 제슈트라세역(Seestraße)까지 연장되었다. 자금 문제로 인해서 새로운 노선용 대형 전동차 대신 과거의 소형 전동차를 사용해야 했다. 차량 전폭이 달랐기 때문에 블루멘브레터(Blumenbretter, 꽃 냄비용 판)라고 불리는 발판을 장착해서 운행했다. 벨알리앙스슈트라세(Belle-Alliance-Straße), 지금의 메링담역 지선의 베를린 템펠호프역 남쪽 끝은 1929년 12월 22일에 개통했고, 1930년 12월 21일 그렌츠알레역 지선이 개통했다. 한편 AEG 역시 1912년에 알렉산더플라츠(Alexanderplatz)를 경유하는 게준트브루넨역(Gesundbrunnen)과 노이쾰른 간을 잇는 GN 철도() 건설을 시작했다. 노르트쥐트반과 같은 이유로 1919년에 건설이 중단되었다. 노선 건설 및 운영을 담당할 예정이었던 AEG의 자회사 AEG-Schnellbahn-AG가 청산되었고, 베를린시에서는 시 재정으로 공사를 재개하려고 했으나 노르트쥐트반 건설 때문에 1926년까지 공사를 다시 시작하지 못했다. 1단계 구간으로 보딘슈트라세역-쇤라인슈트라세역 간을 1927년 7월 17일에 개통했으며, 중간 지점의 헤르만플라츠역(Hermannplatz)은 베를린 최초의 대형 규격 노선간 환승역으로 개통했다. 건설 당시 목표했던 전 구간은 1930년 4월 18일에 개통했다. 1930년대에는 동쪽으로 나가는 새로운 지하철 노선인 알렉산더플라츠-프리드리히스펠데 구간이 개통되었다. 이 시기에 건설된 새로운 노선은 대형 규격으로 건설되었다. 나치당 집권 시기에는 나치 독일 국기가 전 역에 게양되었고, 당시의 라이히스칸츨러플라츠역은 아돌프히틀러플라츠역(오늘날의 테오도어호이스플라츠역), 쇤하우저 토어역은 호르스트베셀플라츠역(오늘날의 로자룩셈부르크플라츠역)으로 개명되었다. 알베르트 슈페어의 세계수도 게르마니아 계획에 새로운 지하철 노선 건설 계획이 포함되어 있었으나 이 계획에 따라 건설된 노선은 없었다. 제2차 세계 대전 중 자동차 사용이 감소하면서 지하철 이용이 급증했으며, 많은 지하역이 공습 대피소로 사용되었다. 그러나 연합군의 공습으로 인하여 지하철 노선망의 대부분이 손상 및 파괴되었다. 란트베어운하(Landwehrkanal) 아래에 있는 베를린 S반의 남북 터널을 폭파시키면서 생긴 침수 사고로 프리드리히슈트라세역의 지하철 터널도 같이 침수되었다. 지하철 노선은 전시에도 신속하게 수리되었지만 전쟁이 진행되면서 재건축이 더욱 어려워졌다. 결국 1945년 4월 25일 발전소가 파괴되어 전체 운영이 중단되었다. 나치 독일의 무조건적인 항복과 소련군의 진입으로 (베를린 공방전과 함께) 437곳의 손상 지점과 496개의 손상된 차량이 발생했다. 지하에서 144곳, 지상에서 33곳이 공격받았고, 베를린 U반에는 약 400명의 희생자가 있는 것으로 추정된다. 제2차 세계 대전 종전 이후 1945년 말까지 69.5 km의 선로와 93개의 역이 사용되었으며, 1950년에 피해 구간의 보수 공사가 완료되었다. 그러나 전쟁이 끝나고 동베를린과 서베를린이 분할되면서 위기와 변화가 다가오기 시작했다. 전쟁 이전 건설한 노선망은 동서베를린 전체를 아우르지만 서베를린 시민들은 점점 소련군 점령지를 피하기 시작했다. 1953년부터 동서베를린 간 경계를 지나다닐 때 차내에서 국경 통행에 관한 안내방송이 나오기 시작했다. 1953년 동독 폭동 사태가 발생한 6월 17일에는 동베를린 영토로 진입하는 노선이 일시 폐쇄되었다. 바로 다음 날 A선 및 C선 북역(Nordbahnhof)-프리드리히슈트라세역(Friedrichstraße) 구간 운행이 재개되었다. 1953년에서 1955년 사이에 수립된 200 km 계획은 향후 베를린의 지하철 노선망을 200 km까지 연장하는 자세한 계획이었다. 가장 높은 우선 순위를 가졌던 구간은 C선을 북쪽으로 알트테겔역 및 남쪽으로 알트마리엔도르프역까지 연장하는 것이었다. 테겔 방면 노선 연장은 1956년 5월 3일 쿠르트슈마허플라츠역, 1958년 5월 31일 쿠르트슈마허플라츠역-알트테겔역 구간이 완공되었다. 한편 동베를린을 우회하여 슈테글리츠, 베딩, 라이니켄도르프를 잇는 새로운 남북연결선인 G선이 계획되었다. G선의 1단계 구간으로 레오폴트플라츠역-슈피헤른슈트라세역이 개통되었고, 북쪽과 남쪽 연장 구간은 2단계 이후로 계획되었다. 원래 개통 예정은 1961년 9월 2일이었으나, 같은 해 8월 28일에 베를린 장벽의 건설 발표에 의해 1단계 구간을 조기 개통했다. 1961년 8월 13일 베를린 장벽 건설 이후 동서베를린이 명확하게 분리되면서 지하철 노선망에도 변화가 생겼다. 오늘날의 U2 노선은 동베를린과 서베를린 구간으로 나뉘었다. 남북간을 운행하는 오늘날의 U6 및 U8 노선은 계속 서베를린 열차가 운행했으나, 동베를린 내에 있었던 역은 모두 열차가 정차하지 않는 유령역이 되었다. 예외는 프리드리히슈트라세역 한 곳으로, 동베를린 국경 통과 지점 및 베를린 S반과의 환승역으로 사용되었다. 장벽 건설 이전까지 서베를린의 미테구 남북간 교통 수요를 대체하는 새로운 버스 노선이 운행하기 시작했다. 그리고 베를린 S반의 운영은 동서베를린 모두 동독 국영철도(Deutsche Reichsbahn)가 담당했기 때문에, 서베를린에도 상당 노선이 존재했던 S반 거부운동이 일어나기 시작했고 서베를린 시에서는 대체 수송 기능을 할 수 있는 지하철 노선 연장을 계속했다. 냉전 시기에는 서베를린의 지하철 노선망이 대폭 확대되었다. 장벽 건설 이후 운행이 제한되었던 U6, U8호선의 기능을 보강하는 새로운 남북연결선 U9호선이 개통되었다. U7호선도 남동부의 루도역(Rudow) 및 서부의 슈판다우 지역으로 연장되었다. U6호선 및 U8호선도 각각 남북 방향으로 연장되었다. 한편 동베를린에서는 대형 규격 E선(현재의 U5호선)을 동부 외곽 지역으로 계속 연장했다. 1973년 동베를린 동물원을 역세권으로 하는 티어파르크역이 개업했다. 1988/1989년에는 도시 동부의 신시가지를 따라 가는 E선의 회노역(Hönow) 연장 구간이 개통했다. 장벽 붕괴와 독일 재통일 시기에는 동서로 나뉘었던 노선망이 다시 하나로 합쳐지기 시작했다. 1989년 11월 9일부터 불안한 달이 지나자, 동독인들에 대한 여행 제한이 해제되었다. 이 소식을 접한 수만명의 동베를린 시민들은 국경 검문소로 몰려와 서베를린으로 여행하는 허가를 요청했다. 분단 시기 유령역이었던 역의 영업이 다시 시작되었다. 야노비츠브뤼케역이 이틀 후 다시 환승역으로 영업을 재개했다. U8의 다른 역인 로젠탈러 플라츠역 및 베르나우어 슈트라세역도 뒤이어 영업을 다시 시작했다. 1990년 7월 1일까지 모든 국경 통제가 없어졌다. 1990년대에는 제2차 세계 대전 중 베를린 공방전으로 인한 전투 피해로 인해 동부 지역의 일부 역에서 입구에 총알이 박힌 타일이 발견되어 2004년 12월 21일까지 제거되었다. 재통일 이후 노선 연장은 S반과의 추가 환승역 건설 및 1930년대부터 계획되고 있었던 U5 노선의 도심부 연장 공사였다. 2009년 8월 8일 베를린 중앙역-브란덴부르크 문역을 잇는 U55호선의 영업이 시작되었다. 기존 U5와 접속되는 브란덴부르거 토어역-알렉산더플라츠역 간을 잇는 공사는 2020년 12월 4일에 개통하여 U55호선은 U5호선에 편입되었다. 노선 베를린 U반 개통 초기에는 지선 운행 계통에 별도의 명칭을 부여하지 않았고 알파벳으로 운행 계통을 구분했다. 전쟁 이후 서베를린에서는 운행 계통을 조정하여 겹치는 구간을 최소화했고 숫자로 운행 계통을 구분했다. 동베를린에서는 한동안 전쟁 이전의 알파벳 운행 계통 구분을 사용하다가 통일 이후 서베를린의 체계를 따르게 되었다. 여러 노선의 운행 계통이 겹치는 구간은 비텐베르크플라츠-바르샤우어 슈트라세역 구간으로 U1과 U3이 같은 노선을 운행한다. 첨두시(RH) 배차 간격은 4분/5분, 평상시(NH) 배차 간격은 5분/10분이다. 2003년부터 금요일, 토요일에는 15분 간격 야간 열차 운행을 U4, U55 제외 전 노선에서 시작했다. 평일 밤에는 지하철 노선을 따라서 30분 간격으로 야간 버스가 운행한다. 베를린 U반은 9개 노선이 운영되고 있다. 현행 노선 체계는 서베를린 BVG에서 1966년 3월 1일에 도입한 것이다. 당시의 소형 규격 노선은 간선이었던 B선과 AI선은 1호선, AII선은 2호선, BII선은 3호선, BI선은 4호선, AIII선은 5호선으로 변경되었다. 대형 규격 노선은 C선과 CII은 6호선, CI선은 7호선, D선은 8호선, G선은 9호선으로 변경되었다. 1984년 BVG에서 서베를린 S반 운행을 담당하게 되면서 S반 노선의 "S"와 구분하기 위해서 "U"를 노선 앞에 추가로 붙였다. 예를 들어 1호선은 U1호선이 되었다. 1966년 당시의 5호선은 도이체 오퍼역과 리하르트바그너플라츠역을 잇는 셔틀 노선이었으며, 해당 구간은 7호선의 연장 구간에 편입되면서 대형 규격으로 재건축하기 위해 1970년에 영업을 중지했다. 결번이 된 5호선은 당시 동베를린 영토에 완전히 포함되어 있었던 E선에 사용할 예비 번호로 남겨 두었다. 동베를린 BVB는 A선의 동부 구간과 E선의 전부를 관리했다. 1993년부터 2003년까지 운행했던 U12 운행 계통은 야간 열차 전용이었다. U2의 서부 구간과 U1의 동부 구간이 합쳐진 형태였다. 노선 공사나 대형 행사가 있을 때 임시 운행 계통으로 부활하는 경우가 있다. 마지막으로 운행 계통이 운행했던 시기는 2015년이다. 운행 승객수가 가장 많은 노선은 대형 규격 노선인 U7, U9, U6호선 순이다. 소형 규격 노선 중에서는 U2호선의 승객이 가장 많으며, U4호선은 승객 수가 매우 적다. 차량 베를린 U반은 전 구간 표준궤()로 건설되었으며, 직류 750V 제3궤조 급전을 사용한다. 소형 규격 열차는 노면 전차의 차량 한계를 기반으로 하며, 전폭 2.30 m, 급전 궤도는 양극이고 대지는 음극이다. 제1차 세계 대전 이후에 건설된 노선은 편성장을 늘이는 대신 열차의 전폭을 넓혀서 승객 수송량을 증대시켰다. 대형 규격 열차는 전폭 2.65 m, 급전 궤도는 음극이고 대지는 양극이다. 대한민국의 도시 철도에서 운행하는 대형과 중형 전동차의 차이와 유사하다. 근본적으로 대형 규격과 소형 규격 차량은 호환되지 않지만, 소형 규격 차량의 급전 장치를 개조하고 승강장과 열차 사이의 간격을 메워 대형 규격 노선에서 운행했던 적이 있었다. 1923년부터 1927년까지 노르트쥐트반(현재의 U6)에는 AI 차량을 개조한 AI K 차량이 운행했다. 제2차 세계 대전 이후 동베를린에 있었던 지하철 차량이 상당 부분 모스크바 지하철에 전쟁 배상으로 징발되었기 때문에 1945년부터 1968년까지 AI K 차량이 E선(현재의 U5)에서 운행했다. 한편 2017년부터 U5호선에 IK 차량이 운행하기 시작했다. IK 차량을 구매할 때 극성 전환을 통해서 대형 규격에서 운행할 수 있는 옵션을 행사할 수 있었고, 비슷한 시기에 F형 차량 중 일부가 차체 부식 문제로 인하여 더 이상 운행할 수 없었기 때문에 IK 차량을 대형 규격 노선에서 운행하기 시작했다. 소형 규격 차량은 U1, U2, U3, U4 노선에서 운행하고, 대형 규격 차량은 U5, U6, U7, U8, U9 노선에서 운행한다. 소형 규격 소형 규격(Kleinprofil, 클라인프로필) 열차는 전폭 2.30 m, 전고 3.10 m이다. 지하철 최초 건설 당시 바르샤우어 브뤼케 기지에는 철도차량 생산 기능도 있었고, 최초로 제작된 열차는 동력차 42량, 무동력 객차 21량이었다. 실험용 차량과는 다르게 롱시트를 장착했다. 1927년까지 지하철 열차에는 흡연실과 3등석 객차가 있었다. 1928년 개선형 AII 차량이 생산되었다. 세 개의 창문과 두 개의 미닫이 출입문만으로 구별되었다. 도시 분단 후 서베를린은 동베를린보다 지하철 열차를 더 빨리 대차했다. 1960년에 도입된 A3형은 대형 규격 D형 전동차를 기술적인 기반으로 했다. 개선형인 A3L, A3L 84, A3L 92 열차는 DL, F형 전동차를 기술적인 기반으로 한다. 동베를린에서는 전쟁 이전에 사용했던 AI 및 AII 전동차를 계속 사용했다. 한편 1974년 신형 소형 규격 전동차인 G형 전동차가 시험 운행을 시작했고, 양산형인 GI 전동차가 1975년부터 생산되면서 AI 및 AII 전동차가 운행을 점차 중단하기 시작했다. 1988년에 GI 전동차의 개선형인 GI/1 전동차가 출고되기 시작하면서 AI 및 AII 전동차가 동베를린에서 완전히 퇴역했다. GI/1 전동차는 GI 전동차와 전기적으로 호환되지 않는다. 재통일 이후 생산된 A3형 전동차의 최후기형인 A3L 92는 교류 유도전동기를 사용하는 최초의 소형 규격 열차이다. 그리고 초기형 A3 전동차가 A3L 92 사양에 준하는 개수를 거쳐서 A3E로 운행하고 있다. 한편 소형 규격 전동차 운행 노선이었던 U2호선의 동서간 운행이 다시 시작되면서 필요한 편성 수에 비해서 보유하고 있는 편성 수가 많아져서, 초기형 GI 전동차는 전부 평양 지하철도로 수출되었다. 베를린에 남은 GI/1 전동차는 추가 개량을 거쳐서 GI/1E로 운행하고 있다. GI/1E 개수 공사를 거치면서 기존의 2량 1편성이었던 GI/1 전동차 2편성을 영구 연결하여 4량 1편성을 기본 단위로 운행한다. 완전한 새로운 차량은 2000년부터 생산이 시작된 H형 전동차의 소형 규격 파생형인 HK형 전동차이다. 계획상 이름은 A4였으나 기존 A/A3 전동차와 기술적인 차이가 컸기 때문에 새로운 형식명을 부여받았다. HK형 전동차는 4량 1편성으로, 편성 내 이동이 완전히 자유롭다. 운행 중인 A3L71 전동차를 대차하기 위해 2012년에 IK형 전동차를 새로 발주했다. 2015년에 2편성이 시험 운행을 시작했으며, 양산형 차량은 2018년부터 운행하기 시작했다. 회생 제동 기능이 있어서 제동 에너지의 최대 20%까지 회수할 수 있다. 2019년 기준 A3 열차는 평상시에 3/4편성(총 6/8량)을 병결 운행하며, GI/1E, HK, IK 열차는 평상시에 2편성(8량)을 병결 운행한다. U4호선은 저조한 수요로 인해서 A3 열차 1편성(총 2량)을 운행한다. 대형 규격 대형 규격(Großprofil, 그로스프로필) 열차는 전폭 2.65 m, 전고 3.40 m이다. 노르트쥐트반이 최초로 개업했을 때에는 소형 규격 열차를 개조해서 사용했으나, 1924년부터 대형 규격용 최초 차량인 BI 전동차(Tunneleulen, 터널 올빼미)가 운행하기 시작했다. 1량의 전장은 13.15 m였고 수동식 미닫이문이 한 쪽에 3개씩 장착되어 있었다. 전면부에는 관통문과 타원형 창문이 있다. 개수된 BII 전동차는 1927년부터 운행을 시작했다. B 전동차에서 전장이 18 m로 더 길어진 C 전동차는 1926년에 최초 양산형인 CI가 운행을 시작했다. CIV 전동차에서는 알루미늄 차체를 최초로 사용했다. C 전동차는 제2차 세계대전의 전쟁배상으로 소련에 징발되어 모스크바 지하철에서 사용되었다. 분단 이후 서베를린에서 새로 도입한 D 전동차는 1957년부터 운행을 시작했으며, 강철제 차체를 사용했기 때문에 매우 무거웠다. 1965년부터 운행을 시작한 DL 전동차는 알루미늄 차체를 사용하여 무게가 26% 감소했다. 한편 동베를린에서는 새로운 E 전동차를 개발하고 있었으나, 서베를린 S반 보이콧으로 인하여 S반 차량이 남아돌게 되자, S반에서 사용했던 ET 168 전동차를 도시철도용으로 개수하여 EIII 열차로 투입했다. EIII 열차가 투입되면서 동베를린 E선을 운행하고 있었던 개조된 소형 열차가 다시 A선으로 돌아갔다. 서베를린 D 전동차의 후속작인 F 전동차가 1973년부터 운행을 시작했다. B, C, D 전동차에 장착했던 롱시트 대신 크로스시트를 장착했다. 1979년 제작된 F79 전동차부터는 3상 교류 전동기를 사용하기 시작했다. 1980년대 후반 E선의 동부 연장으로 인하여 동베를린 BVB에 새로운 차량이 필요했기 때문에 서베를린 BVG는 당시에 폐차 예정이었던 D 전동차를 동베를린으로 매각했다. 통일 이후 운행의 비효율성으로 인하여 EIII 열차의 운행을 중단했다. 이와 함께 F 전동차의 후속작으로 H 전동차를 제작했다. 1995년 시제차가 운행을 시작했고 1997년부터 2002년까지 양산형 차량이 운행을 시작했다. F 전동차의 크로스시트에서 다시 롱시트로 되돌아갔고, 6량 1편성 전체가 차내에서 연결되어 있다. 이와 함께 D 전동차의 퇴역도 진행되었고, 일부 편성만 남겨 놓고 평양 지하철도로 매각되었다. 한편 통일 이후 대형 규격 노선의 수요가 증대했으나 2002년 이후 신규 차량 도입이 더 이상 없었다. 대형 노선의 차량 부족 현상은 2018년에 F79 전동차에서 발견된 차체 부식 및 균열 문제로 더 심해졌다. 문제를 해결하기 위해서 보존 상태로 남아 있었던 D 전동차 총 3편성을 개수하여 2018년부터 평상시 승객 수요가 저조한 U55호선에 다시 운행하기 시작했으며, 기존에 운행했던 F 전동차를 다른 노선으로 이동시켰다. 추가적으로 원래는 소형 노선에 도입되었어야 하는 IK형 전동차 중 일부에 극성 전환 장치를 장착하여 대형 노선에서 운행하기 시작했다. 2019년 현재 평상시에 F형 전동차는 2/3편성(총 4/6량)을 병결 운행하며, H형 전동차는 단일 편성이 6량이므로 별도의 병결 운행이 없다. IK형 전동차는 승강장 길이 문제로 U5호선에서만 2편성 병결 운행한다. 운행 관리 차량 기지 베를린 U반의 차량 기지는 "주 작업장"(, 약칭 Hw)과 "보조 작업장"(, 약칭 Bw)의 두 가지 등급으로 구분된다. 보조 작업장(Bw)에서는 창 교체나 낙서 제거와 같은 간단한 수리만 할 수 있으며, 주 작업장(Hw)에서는 주기적인 열차 검수를 할 수 있다. 열차와 대차간 분리 작업은 Hw에서만 가능하다. Bw 그루네발트 그루네발트 기지는 소형 규격 차량을 관할하는 경검수 기지이며, 중검수는 Hw 제슈트라세에서 받는다. 1913년 1월 21일에 개업했으며, 올림피아슈타디온역에 인접해 있다. 1913년 첫 번째 차고가 건설되었고, 1924/1925년 두 번째 차고, 1926년 세 번째 차고, 1927년 네 번째 차고가 건설되었다. 제2차 세계 대전 중 베를린 공습으로 인해서 1943년 9월 3일에 대부분 시설이 전소되었다. 전소된 부분은 1950년에 복구되었다. 줄여서 부를 때에는 "Bw Gru"라고도 이야기한다. 그루네발트 기지에는 BVG 직업 훈련원(Ausbildungszentrum)이 있어서 기관사 및 선로 공사 작업을 교육한다. 이 기지에서 관리하는 선로는 U1, U2, U3, U4, U5, U7호선(라트하우스 슈판다우-리하르트바그너플라츠)이다. 2013년 10월 25개월간의 공사를 통해서 제 4호 차고 대체 공사를 완공했다. 이를 통해서 4곳에서 동시에 차량 관리 작업을 진행할 수 있게 되었으며, 세척 및 낙서 제거선, 업무용 시설이 건설되었다. 1950년대에 건설된 제 3호 차고 역시 같이 보수 공사가 진행되었다. Hw 제슈트라세 제슈트라세 기지는 1923년에 개업한 최초의 대형 규격용 차량 기지이다. C선(오늘날의 U6호선)을 건설하면서 대형 규격용 차량 기지를 별도로 건설했다. 제슈트라세역 북쪽에 있으며, 차량 기지 연결선은 복선 터널로 구성되어 있다. 기지의 통로는 총 4개가 있었고, 복선 인입선, 20개의 검수선(이 중 16개는 2개의 선로군으로 나뉨) 및 사무실이 있었다. 모든 대형 규격 차량이 한 때 이 곳에서 관리를 받았다. 제2차 세계 대전 당시 베를린 공습으로 인해서 1944년 9월 22일 대부분의 건물이 전소되었고, 1950/1951년에 복구되었다. 1990년대에 차량 기지 계획을 재정립하면서 일부 구역이 재건축 및 철거되었다. 2007년부터 그루네발트 기지가 담당했던 소형 규격 차량의 중검수 기능이 이 곳으로 이전되었다. 현재는 모든 소형 및 대형 규격 차량의 중검수를 여기에서 실시한다. 차량 기지의 일부 구역은 쇼핑 센터로 재건축되었다. 주박 기능은 브리츠쥐트 기지(U7) 및 프리드리히스펠데 기지(U5)에서 분담하고 있다. 총 17개의 선로가 있으며, 2선은 중검수, 15선은 경검수용 선로이다. 줄여서 부를 때에는 "Hw See"라고 부른다. Bw 프리드리히스펠데 프리드리히스펠데(Friedrichsfelde, Bw Fri)와 브리츠쥐트(Britz-Süd, Bw Britz)의 두 곳에는 그로스프로필 열차용 서비스 작업장이 있다. E선(오늘날의 U5호선) 건설 공사와 함께 1927년부터 1930년까지 프리드리히스펠데 기지(Bw Fi)를 건설했다. 1930년에 개업한 프리드리히스펠데역과 1973년에 개업한 티어파르크역 사이에 있다. 1930년에 완공한 1호와 2호 차고는 당시의 최신 시설을 갖추고 있었다. 프리드리히스펠데역 남쪽에 인입선이 있었다. 1960년대 말에 티어파르크역을 건설하면서 인입선 구조를 변경했다. 동베를린 시기에는 동베를린 영토 내에 소형 규격 차량용 기지가 없었기 때문에 A선의 소형 규격 차량도 여기에서 관리를 받았다. 클로스터슈트라세역과 바이젠투넬(Waisentunnel) 사이의 연결선에는 급전 궤도가 설치되어 있지 않았고 소형 규격과 대형 규격의 급전 방식이 달랐기 때문에, 과거 사용한 소형 규격 차량을 개조하여 대형 규격 차량용 제3궤조 집전 장치를 장착한 별도의 급전차를 운행했다. 1993년 이후 포츠담 광장역-글라이스드라이에크역 사이가 다시 연결되면서 더 이상 소형 규격 차량을 여기에서 관리할 필요가 없어졌다. 2012년부터 2015년 10월까지 개보수 공사 때문에 차량 기지 사용이 제한되었다. 프리드리히스펠데 기지에서는 U5, U8, U9호선의 관리를 맡고 있다. U55호선 공사 때문에 알렉산더플라츠역 주변 연결선으로 더 이상 차량이 지나다닐 수 없게 되어서 U8, U9호선의 차량 관리가 임시로 브리츠쥐트 기지로 이관되었다. Bw 브리츠쥐트 서베를린 시기에 새로운 대형 규격 노선이 계속 개업하기 시작하면서 새로운 기지 수요가 발생했다. U7호선을 루도역으로 연장하면서 기지 수요가 늘어나서 1969년부터 1971년 사이에 기지를 건설했다. 여러 단계로 기지를 확장할 것을 염두에 두고 100.000 m² 면적의 토지를 구입해 두었다. 1988년 당초 계획했던 규모의 기지 확장이 완공되었다. 현재 베를린 U반 기지 중 최신 시설을 보유하고 있다. 줄여서 "Bw Britz"라고 부른다. 브리츠쥐트 기지에는 선로 관리 기능이 있으며, U6, U7(리하르트바그너플라츠-루도), U8, U9호선의 선로를 관리한다. 기타 베를린 U반 최초의 차량 기지는 1901년 완공된 바르샤우어 브뤼케(Warschauer Brücke)역 옆에 있는 기지다. 길이 106 m, 폭 16.5 m 공간에 검수선이 4개 설치되어 있고, 총 32량이 들어갈 수 있다. 지표면과 연결되는 엘리베이터 시설이 설치되었다. 당시 운행했던 노면 전차 노선도 이 기지를 임시로 사용했으나, 1909년에 더 이상 기지를 사용할 필요가 없어졌다. 이후 노면 전차 운행은 역 앞에 있는 회차선을 통한 되돌림 운행으로 변경되었다. 지하철 노선이 동서베를린으로 분단되면서 1961년 8월 13일 바르샤우어 브뤼케역이 유령역이 되었고, 기지 역시 더 이상 사용할 수 없었다. 1995년 바르샤우어 브뤼케역이 영업을 다시 시작하면서 한동안 버려졌던 기지는 주박용으로 다시 사용하기 시작했다. 검수 업무는 1961년 8월부터 그루네발트 기지로 완전히 이전했다. 1920년까지 독립시였던 쇠네베르크시에서는 놀렌도르프플라츠역-인스브루커플라츠역 간을 이었던 지하철 노선을 남쪽으로 더 연장하기 위해서 자체적인 기지를 건설했다. 터널 내에 인상선 3선을 설치해 두었고 이 중 1선은 자체적인 기지로 가는 노선이었다. 쇠네베르크에 있었던 작은 기지는 1926년 놀렌도르프플라츠역이 환승역으로 개업하여 더 이상 필요가 없어졌고 1932년에 폐쇄되었다. U3호선 남쪽 종점인 크루메 란케역 근처에도 기지가 있었다. 현재 U3의 전신인 빌머스도르프-달렘 철도가 건설되면서 기지가 필요했기 때문에 틸플라츠역에 있었던 임시 기지를 대체하기 위해서 1929년 12월 22일에 개업했다. 8량 편성 열차를 최대 4편성 보관할 수 있는 유치선과 일상 검수용 시설이 설치되어 있었다. 기지 외부에는 전차대가 설치되어 있었으나 2차 세계 대전 이후 새로운 A3과 A3L 차량이 도입되면서 방향을 전환할 필요가 없어져서 더 이상 사용하지 않게 되었다. 비용 절감과 새로운 차량의 검수 주기 증가로 인하여 모든 소형 규격 차량을 그루네발트 기지에서 관리할 수 있게 되어서 기지를 폐쇄했다. 현재에도 기지 시설물은 U3호선에서 볼 수 있으나 더 이상 운행 및 주박에 사용하지 않는다. 동베를린 BVB는 1949년 서베를린 BVG와 조직이 분리된 이후 더 이상 서베를린 BVG 기지에서 검수를 받을 수 없었으므로, 베를린 S반 기지로 사용되었던 쇠네바이데 조차장에서 지하철 차량의 검수도 같이 맡게 되었다. E선의 동부 연장 구간이 건설되기 이전에는 간선 철도망과 연결되어 있지 않았기 때문에 프리드리히스펠데 차량 기지에서 트레일러를 사용해서 쇠네바이데 조차장까지 운송해야 했다. 소형 규격 차량의 경검수는 로자룩셈부르크플라츠역 인상선에 임시 기지를 설치하여 해결했다. 독일 재통일 이후 포츠담 광장역과 글라이스드라이에크역 사이 구간 운행이 복원되면서 임시 기지는 다시 폐쇄되었다. 관제 2015년 8월 프리드리히스펠데 기지에 신축한 400 m² 건물로 지하철 전 노선의 관제를 이전했다. 총 21명이 근무하고 있으며 이전에 분리된 소형 및 대형 규격 노선의 관제를 한 곳에서 담당한다. 공사 기간은 약 2년이며 총 890만 유로의 예산을 사용했다. 전 노선의 운행을 관리하고 운행 시 문제가 발생한 경우 승객에게 안내한다. 이전에는 클라이스트파르크역에 종합 관제 시설을 갖추고 있었다. 알렉산더플라츠역, 클라이스트파르크역, 놀렌도르프플라츠역에는 승객 안내용 관제 시설이 설치되어 있다. 역 구내의 일반인이 통행할 수 있는 영역과 이어져 있다. 해당 관제 시설에서는 역사 내 설치된 CCTV를 감시할 수 있으며, 역 구내에 설치된 비상용 인터폰과 연결되어 있다. 템펠호퍼 우퍼(Tempelhofer Ufer) 근처에 있는 안전 관제소에서는 BVG의 자체적인 보안 요원과 위탁 보안 요원(현재는 Wisag에 위탁함)을 관리한다. 주기적으로 역을 돌아가면서 표시하는 비디오 월이 설치되어 있다. 지하철 전 역사의 CCTV를 감시할 수 있으며, 역시 역 구내에 설치된 비상용 인터폰과 연결되어 있다. 전력망 관제소는 투름슈트라세역 근처에 있는 BVG 사업소 건물에 입주해 있다. 전력 지하철 차량 전원 공급은 직류 750V 제3궤조집전식을 사용한다. 소형 규격 노선은 급전 궤도가 양극이고 운행 궤도가 음극이며, 대형 규격 노선은 급전 궤도가 음극이고 운행 궤도가 양극이다. 지하철의 연간 에너지 소모량은 200 GWh이다. 일반 전력망에서 10 kV 교류를 수전한 다음 59개의 직류 변전소로 급전한다. 2007년 6월 기준 평균 에너지 비용은 1량·킬로미터당 25 유로센트, 열차·킬로미터당 1.26 유로이다. 같이 보기 베를린 S반 베를린 트램 M반 유령역 지하철 목록 각주 주해 문헌 영어 Brian Hardy: The Berlin U-Bahn, Capital Transport, 1996, ISBN 1-85414-184-8 Ulf Buschmann: U-Bahnhöfe Berlin. Berlin Underground Stations. Berlin Story Verlag, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-86368-027-5 독일어 Jan Gympel: U-Bahn Berlin - Reiseführer. GVE-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-89218-072-5 AG Berliner U-Bahn: Zur Eröffnung der elektrischen Hoch-und Untergrundbahn in Berlin. GVE-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-89218-077-6 Jürgen Meyer-Kronthaler und Klaus Kurpjuweit: Berliner U-Bahn – In Fahrt seit Hundert Jahren. be.bra Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-930863-99-5 Petra Domke und Markus Hoeft: Tunnel Gräben Viadukte – 100 Jahre Baugeschichte der Berliner U-Bahn. kulturbild Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-933300-00-2 Ulrich Lemke und Uwe Poppel: Berliner U-Bahn. alba Verlag, Düsseldorf, ISBN 3-87094-346-7 Robert Schwandl: Berlin U-Bahn Album. Alle 192 Untergrund- und Hochbahnhöfe in Farbe. Robert Schwandl Verlag, Berlin Juli 2002, ISBN 3-936573-01-8 Jürgen Meyer-Kronthaler: Berlins U-Bahnhöfe – Die ersten hundert Jahre. be.bra Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-930863-16-2 외부 링크 Berlin Metro Map on Google Maps with Geolocation VSWB - Disused Rails and Lanes in Berlin Photo tour of U-Bahn stations including map of architectural styles pics of Berlin Metro Track map of the Berlin U-Bahn Berlin U-Bahn Map Photographing the Berlin U-Bahn 독일의 지하철 베를린의 철도 교통

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%20U-Bahn

Berlin U-Bahn

The Berlin U-Bahn (; short for , "underground railway") is a rapid transit system in Berlin, the capital and largest city of Germany, and a major part of the city's public transport system. Together with the S-Bahn, a network of suburban train lines, and a tram network that operates mostly in the eastern parts of the city, it serves as the main means of transport in the capital. Opened in 1902, the serves 175 stations spread across nine lines, with a total track length of , about 80% of which is underground. Trains run every two to five minutes during peak hours, every five minutes for the rest of the day and every ten minutes in the evening. Over the course of a year, U-Bahn trains travel , and carry over 400 million passengers. In 2017, 553.1 million passengers rode the U-Bahn. The entire system is maintained and operated by the , commonly known as the BVG. Designed to alleviate traffic flowing into and out of central Berlin, the U-Bahn was rapidly expanded until the city was divided into East and West Berlin at the end of World War II. Although the system remained open to residents of both sides at first, the construction of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent restrictions imposed by East Germany limited travel across the border. The East Berlin U-Bahn lines from West Berlin were severed, except for two West Berlin lines that ran through East Berlin (U6 and U8). These were allowed to pass through East Berlin without stopping at any of the stations, which were closed. Friedrichstraße was the exception because it was used as a transfer point between U6 and the West Berlin S-Bahn system, and a border crossing into East Berlin. The system was reopened completely following the fall of the Berlin Wall and German reunification. The Berlin U-Bahn is the most extensive underground network in Germany. In 2006, travel on the U-Bahn was equivalent to 122.2 million km (76 million mi) of car journeys. History The Berlin U-Bahn was built in three major phases: Up to 1913: the construction of the (small profile) network in Berlin, Charlottenburg, Schöneberg, and Wilmersdorf; Up to 1930: the introduction of the (large profile) network that established the first north–south lines; From 1953 on: further development after World War II. In a bid to secure its own improvement, Schöneberg also wanted a connection to Berlin. The elevated railway company did not believe such a line would be profitable, so the city built the first locally financed underground in Germany (intentionally using standard of ). It was opened on 1 December 1910. Just a few months earlier, work began on a fourth line to link Wilmersdorf in the southwest to the growing Berlin U-Bahn. The early network ran mostly east to west, connecting the richer areas in and around Berlin, as these routes had been deemed the most profitable. In order to open up the network to more of the workers of Berlin, the city wanted north–south lines to be established. In 1920, the surrounding areas were annexed to form Groß-Berlin ("Greater Berlin"), removing the need for many negotiations, and giving the city much greater bargaining power over the private ("elevated railway company"). The city also mandated that new lines would use wider carriages—running on the same, standard-gauge track—to provide greater passenger capacity; these became known as the Großprofil ("large profile") network. Construction of the ("North-South railway") connecting Wedding in the north to Tempelhof and Neukölln in the south had started in December 1912, but halted for the First World War. Work resumed in 1919, although the money shortage caused by hyperinflation slowed progress considerably. On 30 January 1923, the first section opened between Hallesches Tor and Stettiner Bahnhof (Naturkundemuseum), with a continuation to Seestraße following two months later. Desperately underfunded, the new line had to use trains from the old Kleinprofil network; the carriages exits had to be widened to fill the gap to the platforms with wooden boards that passengers jokingly referred to as Blumenbretter ("boards for flower pots"). The line branched at Belle-Alliance-Straße, now (Mehringdamm); the continuation south to Tempelhof opened on 22 December 1929, the branch to Grenzallee on 21 December 1930. In 1912, plans were approved for AEG to build its own north–south underground line, named the after its termini, Gesundbrunnen and Neukölln, via Alexanderplatz. Financial difficulties stopped the construction in 1919; the liquidation of AEG-Schnellbahn-AG, and Berlin's commitment to the Nord-Süd-Bahn, prevented any further development until 1926. The first section opened on 17 July 1927 between Boddinstraße and Schönleinstraße, with the intermediate Hermannplatz becoming the first station at which passengers could transfer between two different Großprofil lines. The completed route was opened on 18 April 1930. Before control of the U-Bahn network was handed over completely to the BVG in 1929, the Hochbahngesellschaft started construction on a final line that, in contrast to its previous lines, was built as part of the Großprofil network. The major development was stopped in 1930. The seizure of power by the National Socialists brought many changes that affected Germany, including the U-Bahn. Most notably, the new national flag was hung in every station, and two of the stations were renamed. Extensive plans—mostly the work of architect Albert Speer—were drawn up that included the construction of a circular line crossing the established U-Bahn lines, and new lines or extensions to many outlying districts. Despite such grand plans, no U-Bahn development occurred. In the Nazi period the only addition to Berlin's underground railways was North–South Tunnel of S-Bahn, opened 1936–1939. During the Second World War, U-Bahn travel soared as car use fell, and many of the underground stations were used as air-raid shelters; however, Allied bombs damaged or destroyed large parts of the U-Bahn system. Although the damage was usually repaired fairly quickly, the reconstructions became more difficult as the war went on. Eventually, on 25 April 1945, the whole system ground to a halt when the power station supplying the network failed. Upon unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany following the Battle for Berlin there were 437 damaged points and 496 damaged vehicles. The war had damaged or destroyed much of the network; however, of track and 93 stations were in use by the end of 1945, and the reconstruction was completed in 1950. Nevertheless, the consequent division of Berlin into East and West sectors brought further changes to the U-Bahn. Although the network spanned all sectors, and residents had freedom of movement, West Berliners increasingly avoided the Soviet sector and, from 1953, loudspeakers on the trains gave warnings when approaching the border, where passage of East Germans into the Western sectors also became subject to restrictions imposed by their government. There was a general strike on 17 June 1953 which closed the sections of the Berlin U-Bahn that traveled through East Berlin. Just after the strike, on the following day, train service on the line A was resumed and the service C was resumed to provide connections to Nordbahnhof and Friedrichstraße. Between 1953 and 1955, the 200-Kilometre-Plan was drawn up, detailing the future development of the U-Bahn, which would grow to . Extending the C line to run from Tegel to Alt-Mariendorf was considered the highest priority: the northern extension to Tegel was opened on 31 May 1958. In order to circumvent East Berlin, and provide rapid-transport connections to the densely populated areas in Steglitz, Wedding, and Reinickendorf, a third north–south line was needed. The first section of line G was built between Leopoldplatz and Spichernstraße, with the intention of extending it at both ends. It had been planned to open the G line on 2 September 1961, but an earlier opening on 28 August was forced by the announcement of the construction of the Berlin Wall. The next crisis was followed by the Berlin Wall construction on 13 August 1961, which had split the city between east and west. The U2 was split into two sections, and for the north–south lines, trains were not allowed to stop for passengers and become Geisterbahnhöfe ("ghost stations"), patrolled by armed East-German border guards. Only at Friedrichstraße, a designated border crossing point, were passengers allowed to disembark. A further consequence over the years is that most of the Berlin S-Bahn passengers boycotted the Deutsche Reichsbahn, and transferred to the U-Bahn with numerous expansion. From 9 November 1989, following months of unrest, the travel restrictions placed upon East Germans were lifted. Tens of thousands of East Berliners heard the statement live on television and flooded the border checkpoints, demanding entry into West Berlin. Jannowitzbrücke, a former ghost station, was reopened two days later as an additional crossing point. It was the first station to be reopened after the opening of the Berlin Wall. Other stations, Rosenthaler Platz and Bernauer Straße on the U8 soon followed suit; and by 1 July 1990, all border controls were removed. In the decade following reunification, only three short extensions were made to U-Bahn lines. In the 1990s some stations in the eastern portion of the city still sported bullet-riddled tiles at their entrances, a result of World War II battle damage during the Battle of Berlin. These were removed by 21 December 2004. U-Bahn network Routes The U-Bahn has nine lines: Stations Among Berlin's 170 U-Bahn stations there are many with especially striking architecture or unusual design characteristics: Hermannplatz station resembles something of a U-Bahn cathedral. The platform area is 7 metres high, 132 metres long and 22 metres wide. It was built in connection with the construction of the first North-South Line (Nord-Süd-Bahn), now the U8. The architecturally important department store Karstadt adjacent to the station, was being constructed at the same time. Karstadt contributed a large sum of money towards the decoration of the station and was in return rewarded with direct access from the station to the store. Hermannplatz was also the first U-Bahn station in Berlin to be equipped with escalators. Today, Hermannplatz is a busy interchange between the U7 and U8. Alexanderplatz station is another of the more notable U-Bahn stations in Berlin, and is an important interchange between three lines (U2, U5 and U8). The first part of the station was opened in 1913 along with an extension of today's U2 line. In the 1920s Alexanderplatz was completely redesigned, both above and below ground. The U-Bahn station was expanded to provide access to the new D (today's U8) and E (today's U5) lines, then under construction. The result was a station with a restrained blue-grey tiled colour-scheme and Berlin's first underground shopping facilities, designed by Alfred Grenander. Over the last few years Alexanderplatz station has, in stages, been restored; the work was due to be finished in 2007. Wittenbergplatz station is also unusually designed. It opened in 1902 as a simple station with two side platforms, designed to plans created by Paul Wittig. The station was completely redesigned by Alfred Grenander in 1912, with five platform faces, accommodating two new lines, one to Dahlem on today's (U3), and the other to Kurfürstendamm, today's Uhlandstraße (Berlin U-Bahn) on the (U1). A provision for a sixth platform was included but has never been completed. The redesign also featured a new entrance building, which blended into the grand architectural styles of Wittenbergplatz and the nearby KaDeWe department store. The interior of the entrance building was again rebuilt after considerable war damage during World War II, this time in a contemporary 1950s style. This lasted until the early 1980s when the interior was retro-renovated back into its original style. Wittenbergplatz station was presented with a London style "Roundel type" station sign in 1952, the 50th Anniversary of the Berlin U-Bahn. Today's station is an interchange station between the U1, U2 and U3 lines. The name of the Gleisdreieck (rail triangle) station is reminiscent of a construction which can only be imagined today. The wye was built in the opening year 1902. Plans for a redesign were made soon after, because the wye was already obsolete. An accident on 26 September 1908, which claimed 18 to 21 lives, was the final straw. The redesign and expansion of the transfer station, during which the station was still used, took until 1912. After World War II the station was put back into service on 21 October 1945 (lower platform) and 18 November 1945 (upper platform). However, service was interrupted again by the construction of the Berlin Wall. From 1972 onwards no trains ran on the lower platform, because servicing the U2 was no longer profitable due to the parallel traffic on the U1. The lower platform was reactivated in 1983, when the test line of the M-Bahn was built from the Gleisdreieck to the Kemperplatz station. It was broken down again after the fall of the Berlin Wall, since it obstructed parts of the reopened U2. Since 1993 the U1 and U2 trains both service the station again. Tickets Berlin public transit passes are available from many places, automated and non-automated, from BVG, Bahn, and authorized third-parties. The Ring-Bahn Line and the other S-Bahn lines are included, as are all U-Bahn lines, buses, trams, ferries, and most trains within the city limits: tickets are valid for all transportation considered part of the Berlin-Regional public transit system. The Berlin U-Bahn mostly runs on an honor system and has been noted for its relative lack of turnstiles in its stations; instead transportation agents will inspect tickets and fine fare evaders. Ride-passes (tickets) are available in fare classes: Adult and Reduced. Children between the ages of six and 14 and large dogs qualify for the reduced fare. Children below the age of six and small dogs travel free. There are senior discounts in the form of an annual ticket. Residents who have applied for and received a German Disability Identification card confirming 80% or more disability (ID's available from the Versorgungsamt, German Disability Office), can ride without a pass, including an additional person (as a helper). The disability identification card must be in the owner's possession when traveling. With unemployment in the east averaging 15%, another common fare class in Berlin is the S(ocial)-Class. These identification cards are cleared through the normal government offices, then fulfilled at a BVG ride-pass non-automated location. Provided either by the Job Center (Arbeitsamt) for out-of-work residents or by the Sozialamt for people who cannot work or are disabled, the S-Class ride-passes normally restrict travel to the AB zones and must be renewed (a new pass purchased at a non-automated location) on the 1st of each month. Additional passes are available for those which want to bring a bicycle on the public transit system. A bicycle-pass is included in the Student-class ride-pass, which is provided through the universities. For small dogs which can be carried there is no additional fare requirement. For each "large dog", a reduced fare ride-pass must be purchased. Tourist ride-passes, all-day, group passes, and season passes include a dog fare. BVG ride-passes are issued for specific periods of time, and most require validation with a stamping machine before they are first used. The validation shows the date and time of the first use, and where the ticket was validated (in code), and therefore when the ticket expires. For example, once validated, an all-day pass allows unlimited use from the time of purchase to 3:00 am the following day. Unlike most other metro systems, tickets in Berlin are not checked before entering tram, U-Bahn or S-Bahn stations. They are however checked by the bus drivers upon entering. On the tram, S-Bahn and U-Bahn, a proof-of-payment system is used: there are random spot checks inside by plain-clothed fare inspectors who have the right to demand to see each passenger's ticket. Passengers found without a ticket or an expired/invalid ticket are fined €60 per incident. The passenger may be required to pay on the spot, and is required on the spot to give a valid address to which the relevant fine notice can be mailed (it does not have to be in Germany). On the third incident, the BVG calls the offender to court, as there is now a history of 'riding without paying'. Fare zones Berlin is a part of the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (Berlin-Brandenburg Transit Authority, VBB), which means ticketing and fare systems are unified with that of the surrounding state of Brandenburg. Berlin is divided into three fare zones, known as A, B, and C. Zone A is the area in the centre of Berlin and is demarcated by the S-Bahn urban rail ring line. Zone B covers the rest of the area within the city borders, and Zone C includes the immediate surroundings of Berlin. Zone C is divided into eight parts, each belonging to an administrative district. The Potsdam-Mittelmark area is included in the city district of Potsdam. Tickets can be bought for specific fare zones, or multiple zones. Most passengers who live in Berlin buy AB fare zone tickets, while commuters coming in from the suburbs need ABC fare zone tickets. If a ticket not valid for travel in a tariff zone is checked by a ticket inspector, the passenger is subject to a fine. Short-term tickets Single-journey tickets (Einzeltickets) are issued for use within specific fare zones, namely AB, BC, and ABC. They are only valid for two hours after validation, and cannot be extended. The BVG also offers single-day tickets (Tageskarte), which are valid for the entire day when first validated until 3 a.m. the next morning. Long-term tickets Long-term paper tickets are issued with validity periods of seven days (7-Tage-Karte), one month (Monatskarten), or one year (Jahreskarte). The BVG is in the process of introducing the plastic MetroCard as a yearly ticket that also has additional features. The Metrocard also permits passengers to make reservations for hire cars at specific times, for example on weekends. It is expected that plastic Metrocards without such features will also be made available as they are more durable and ecofriendly than the paper tickets. Tourist passes The BVG offers tickets directed specifically for non-resident tourists of Berlin called the WelcomeCard and CityTourCard . WelcomeCards are valid for either 48 or 72 hours, and can be used by one adult and up to three children between the ages of six and 14. WelcomeCards are valid in fare zones ABC, and have the additional benefit of a reduction on entry fees to many museums and tourist attractions. See the Current Prices and Descriptions link for more information. Underground facilities A full GSM (GSM-900 and GSM-1800) mobile phone network for Germany's four carriers is in place throughout the U-Bahn system of stations and tunnels. This system was in place by 1995 for the E-Plus network, and was one of the first metro systems in the world to allow mobile telephone use; by the late-1990s the other networks could be used in some portions as well. Since 2015, UMTS and LTE is also available for E-Plus and O2 (LTE since 2016) customers, and since 2020 mobile reception in some underground sections has also been extended to Deutsche Telekom and Vodafone Germany customers, with complete reception for the latter two telcos expected to be realised by mid-2021. Many of the carriages on the U-Bahn feature small flat screen displays that feature news headlines from BZ, weekly weather forecasts, and ads for local businesses. Most major interchange stations have large shopping concourses with banks, supermarkets, and fast food outlets. Unused stations and tunnels There are several stations, platforms and tunnels that were built in preparation for future U-Bahn extensions, and others that have been abandoned following planning changes. For example, platforms have already been provided for the planned "U3" at Potsdamer Platz on the planned line to Weißensee. It is unlikely that this line, which had the working title "U3" will ever be built, so the platforms have been partially converted into a location for events and exhibitions. The line number "U3" has been used to re-number the branch to Krumme Lanke, which had been part of "U1". Line D, today's U8, was intended to run directly under Dresdner Straße via Oranienplatz to Kottbusser Tor. This segment of tunnel was abandoned in favour of a slightly less direct route in order to provide the former Wertheim department store at Moritzplatz with a direct connection. This involved the construction of a 90-degree curve of the line between Moritzplatz and Kottbusser Tor stations. The construction of the tunnel under Dresdner Straße had only been partially completed before abandonment, leaving it with only one track. This tunnel is separated into three parts, as it was blocked by a concrete wall where it crossed the border between East and West Berlin. Another concrete wall separates this tunnel, which now houses a transformer for an electricity supplier, from the never-completed Oranienplatz Station which is located partially under the square of the same name. Stralauer Tor was a station on the eastern bank of the Spree between Warschauer Straße and Schlesisches Tor stations. It was completely destroyed in World War II. It had been opened in 1902 and was renamed Osthafen in 1924. Today, only struts on the viaduct remain to indicate its location. In the post-Second World War period it was not thought necessary to rebuild the station, due its close proximity to the Warschauer Straße station. Also its location was directly on the border between the Soviet and American sectors. Although a Berlin map dated 1946 shows the station renamed as Bersarinstraße after the Soviet General responsible for restoring civil administration of the city, this name was used later at another location. Nürnberger Platz station was closed on 1 July 1959. It was replaced by two new stations on either side, Augsburger Straße and an interchange station to the U9 at Spichernstraße. Today, nothing remains of the station as a third track siding was constructed in its place. Another tunnel, which once connected the U4 to its original depot and workshop at Otzenstraße (Schöneberg), is still in existence. The connection from Innsbrucker Platz station to the depot was severed when a deep level motorway underpass was constructed in the early 1970s; however, the continuation of the tunnel at Eisackstraße is still in existence for a distance of 270 metres and now ends at the former junction to the workshop of the Schöneberg line. Platforms at five stations, Rathaus Steglitz, Schloßstraße, Walther-Schreiber-Platz, Innsbrucker Platz, and Kleistpark, were provided for the planned but never constructed U10. The U10 platform at Kleistpark has been converted into office space for the BVG. At Schloßstraße, U9 and U10 were planned to share two directional platforms at different levels; the would-be U10 tracks have been abandoned, leaving both platforms used by U9 trains only. The other U10 platforms remain unused and are not generally open to the public. During the construction of Adenauerplatz (U7) station, which was built in conjunction with an underpass, platforms were also provided for a planned U1 extension from Uhlandstraße to Theodor-Heuss-Platz. A short tunnel section was also constructed in front of the Internationales Congress Centrum (ICC), beneath the Messedamm/Neue Kantstraße junction. This tunnel was built concurrently with a pedestrian subway and was also intended for the planned extension of the U1. The tunnel section, approximately 60 metres long, ends at the location of the planned Messe station adjacent to Berlins central bus station (ZOB). The tunnel is used as a storage area for theater props. At Jungfernheide station, double U-Bahn platforms similar to those at Schloßstraße were built for the planned extension of the U5. The unused platform sides are fenced off. The finished (U5) tunnel section which leads off towards Tegel airport is now used for firefighting exercises. On 4 December 2020, the U5 extension between Alexanderplatz and Brandenburger Tor was opened. This included the new Unter den Linden station, which acts as a transfer point between the lines U5 and U6. Französische Straße station on the U6 was simultaneously closed due to its short distance to the new station. Future development Berlin's chronic financial problems make any expansion not mandated by the Hauptstadtvertrag—the document that regulates the necessary changes to the city as the capital of Germany—unlikely. Furthermore, there is still great rivalry for construction money between the U-Bahn and the S-Bahn. After the construction boom that followed the reunification of the city, enthusiasm for further growth has cooled off; many people feel that Berlin's needs are adequately met by the present U- and S-Bahn. As of 2020, the only proposals receiving serious consideration aim to facilitate travel around the existing system, such as moving Warschauer Straße's U-Bahn station closer to its S-Bahn station. There are several long-term plans for the U-Bahn that have no estimated time of completion, most of which involve closing short gaps between stations, enabling them to connect to other lines. This would depend on demand, and new developments in the vicinity. New construction of U-Bahn lines is frequently the subject of political discussion with the Berlin chapters of the CDU, FDP and AfD who usually advocate in favor of U-Bahn expansion while the SPD, Alliance 90/The Greens and The Left typically advocate for tram construction instead. After the last extension of U5 opened on 4 December 2020, there are no immediate plans to expand the metro system due to lack of budgetary conditions, although there are several extensions of railway lines that can be discussed over time: Berlin Transport Minister Manja Schreiner (CDU) and Economy Minister Franziska Giffey (SPD) have underlined the local government's plans to extend the ends of each of the city's nine underground lines so that they reach the city's limits with the neighbouring state of Brandenburg. "We must radically extend all the U-Bahn lines," Giffey told the Tagesspiegel newspaper. "We must offer Berliners a vision as to which routes we will tackle first," Schreiner added. Speaking to the dpa, Schreiner added that "Masterplan 2030" was crucial for many reasons: "More public transport means better climate protection, a better quality of life and more suitable mobility for everyone in the city." Here's how the city plans to expand Berlin's nine existing underground lines - as well as building an additional two lines to serve travellers: Ringlinie U0 - The outer Ringbahn This is perhaps the biggest part of the project and one that will impact the most people. While Berlin's current Ringbahn - a circular line which rides an hour-long stretch around the city, connects U-Bahn lines to each other about mid-way through their routes - the local government plans for the U0 Ringlinie to connect the ends of each U-Bahn line that sprawls to near the outskirts of the city. Since this part of the expansion project is particularly ambitious, it may be many, many years before you can step onto a U0 Ringlinie train. U1 - Spandau to Weißensee Currently, the U1 is simply a horizontal route which connects the east and west of central Berlin. Under the new plans, the U1 will reach Heerstraße in Spandau at one end and run through to Antonplatz in Weißensee at the other. With the plans, Antonplatz is set to become a new connection hotspot, where the U0 Ringlinie, the U1 and U3 will intersect. U2 - Spandau to Pankow This line will be expanded again into Spandau and towards the northeast to Pankow. The final stop in the northeast will be Pankow Kirche in the Pankow Altstadt. U3 - Zehlendorf / Kleinmachnow to Falkenberg This will be the only U-Bahn line that may even cross outside Berlin's borders with Brandenburg, reaching into Düppel-Kleinmachnow. For now, though, the plans are just for the line to be extended to Mexikoplatz (S1), which reaches the border of Schlachtensee. If the funding is secured, the expected five-year-long construction process should begin swiftly and the U3 could reach Mexikoplatz by 2030. U4 - Lichterfelde to Marzahn This line will connect two very different parts of Berlin in what will be the biggest line extension of the project by far. At the moment the U4 is Berlin's baby U-Bahn line; the yellow one that stretches a modest four stops between Innsbrucker Platz and Nollendorfplatz without leaving the central southwest of the city. Under the new plans, the line will be hugely extended at both ends, ultimately connecting Lichterfelde to Marzahn. U5 - Charlottenburg to Hönow Only recently was the U5 extended from Alexanderplatz to Hauptbahnhof and the line is already set for another development, but one not quite as ambitious as the U4 development. Since the U5 already reaches quite far on its eastern side, to Hönow, it will only be extended in the west and even then only to Jungfernheide, the Ringbahn station that lies in northern Charlottenburg. U6 - Tegel to Lichtenrade As with the U5, the U6 will only be extended at one end of the line, in the south of the city. The new line will continue to run from Alt-Tegel, but instead of ending its journey at Alt-Mariendorf, will continue on to Naharlystraße in Lichtenrade. U7 - Spandau to BER Airport Already one of the city's longer U-Bahn routes, the U7 will be extended from Rathaus Spandau in the west, adding a new stop so it comes to meet the new U1 line at its terminal. In the southeast, the train will basically replace the current X7 bus route, which runs from Rudow to BER Airport. U8 - Reinickendorf to Buckow One of Berlin's most infamous lines, shamelessly voted to have the highest number of "disgusting" stations, the northern part of U8 will be expanded from Wittenau to reach the Märkisches Viertel in Reinickendorf. In the south, it will extend from Hermannstraße to Buckow-Süd. U9 - Pankow to Buckow Another of Berlin's most important north-south lines, the U9 will see considerable expansion at both ends. In the north the orange line will extend out from Wedding into Pankow and, in the south, the line will go quite far south of Steglitz to reach Buckower Chausee, south of Tempelhof-Schöneberg. U10 - Alexanderplatz to Weißensee And a new addition! The highly-awaited U10 should run from Alexanderplatz to Weißensee. Portions of the U10 have remained under the city's streets since the plans for the line were scrapped in the 1970s, earning it the name Phantomlinie (Phantom line). And when the U5 line was extended to Hauptbahnhof in 2020 an extra platform was built at U-Bahnhof Rotes Rathaus with the future U10 in mind. New U-Bahn stops to expect on the U10 line are; Am Friedrichshain, Marienburger Straße, Danziger Straße, Greifswalder Straße, Gürtelstraße and Falkenberger Straße - but don't get too excited, the funds are yet to be secured for this one. Rolling stock The Berlin U-Bahn uses 750-volt DC electric trains that run on standard gauge ( ) tracks. The first trains were based on trams; they have a width of , and take their power from an upward facing third rail. To accommodate greater passenger numbers without lengthening the trains—which would require costly extended platforms—trains that ran on lines built after World War I were required to be wider. The original trains and lines, which continued to operate, were designated Kleinprofil (small profile), and the newer, wider trains and lines were designated Großprofil (large profile). Großprofil trains are wide, and take their power from a downward facing third rail. This is similar to New York City's A Division and B Division systems, where the B Division trains are wider than A Division trains (though B Division trains are also longer, while Großprofil trains are generally about the same length as Kleinprofil ones). Although the two profiles are generally incompatible, Kleinprofil trains have been modified to run on Großprofil lines during three periods of economic difficulty. Between 1923 and 1927 on the Nord-Süd-Bahn, and between 1961 and 1978 on the E line, adapted Kleinprofil trains were used to compensate for the lack of new Großprofil trains: they were widened with wooden boards to reach the platforms; and had their power pickups adapted to accept power from the negatively charged downward-facing third rail, instead of positively charged upward-facing third rail. As of 2017, Class IK Kleinprofil trains are in operation on the Großprofil line U5, after refurbishing the existing F79 rolling stock was deemed unfeasible. They were widened with metal boards by on each side and elevated by to close the gap to the platforms; their power pickups were designed reversible to work on both profiles. As of October 2019, IK rolling stock is still used on the U5; it is intended to move the trains to Kleinprofil lines once new Großprofil rolling stock has been delivered. As of 2007, Kleinprofil trains run on the U1, U2, U3, U4 and U5 lines; and Großprofil trains operate on the U5, U55, U6, U7, U8, and U9 routes. Kleinprofil (small profile) Kleinprofil trains are wide, and high. When the U-Bahn opened in 1902, forty-two multiple units, and twenty-one railroad cars, with a top speed of , had been built at the Warschauer Brücke workshop. In contrast to the earlier test vehicles, seating was placed along the walls, facing inward, which was considered more comfortable. Until 1927, U-Bahn trains had smoking compartments and third-class carriages. The trains were first updated in 1928; A-II carriages were distinguished by only having three windows, and two sliding doors. After the division of the city, West Berlin upgraded its U-Bahn trains more rapidly than did East Berlin. The A3 type, introduced in 1960, was modelled on the Großprofil D type, and received regular modifications every few years. Meanwhile, A-I and A-II trains operated exclusively in East Berlin until 1975, when G-I trains, which had a top speed of , started to travel the Thälmannplatz–Pankow route. These were superseded in 1988 by the G-I/1 type, which used couplings that were incompatible with the older G-I carriages. Following reunification, the A3L type was again upgraded as the A3L92. In 2000, prototypes for a Kleinprofil variant of the H series were built; the HK, the first Kleinprofil type to use AC induction motors like their large counterparts, differs from its Großprofil counterpart by not being fully interconnected—carriages are only interconnected within each of the two half-trains. As of 2005, only trains of the HK, G-I/1 and A3(U/L) types are in active service. From 2017, new IK-type trains will enter service to replace the remaining examples of type A3L71. Like HK-type trains they will be interconnected and as a result of their regenerative braking will recuperate up to 20% of the energy they require. Großprofil (large profile) Großprofil trains are wide, and high. The first sixteen multiple units and eight ordinary carriages entered active service on the Nord-Süd-Bahn in 1924, after a year of using modified Kleinprofil trains. Designated B-I, the cars were long and each had three sliding doors; the large elliptical windows at the front of the train earned them the nickname, Tunneleulen (tunnel owls). Upgraded B-II trains were introduced in 1927, and continued to be used until 1969. The first C-I trains were trialled in 1926, and two upgrades were produced before the end of the decade. The first U-Bahn trains to use aluminium in their construction, the C-IV types, were introduced in 1930. Many C-type trains were seized by Soviet forces in 1945, to be used in the Moscow Metro. The first D-type trains, manufactured in 1957, were built from steel, making them very heavy and less efficient; however, the DL type that followed from 1965 used metals that were less dense, allowing a 26% reduction in weight. In East Berlin, D-type trains bought from the BVG were designated D-I. Difficulties there in trying to develop an E series of trains led, in 1962, to the conversion of S-Bahn type 168 trains for use on the E line. These E-III trains were desperately needed at the time to allow modified Kleinprofil trains to return to the increasingly busy A line but, following reunification, high running costs led to their retirement in 1994. In West Berlin, the successor to the D-type was the F-type, which debuted in 1973. They varied from other models in having seats that were perpendicular to the sides of the train; from 1980, they also became the first U-Bahn trains to use three-phase electricity. In 1995, the original seating arrangement returned as the H series took up service. H-type trains are characterised by the interconnection of carriages throughout the length of the train; and they can only be removed from the tracks at main service depots. As of 2005, only F, H, and a variation of the IK-type trains are in active service. Depots Depots of the Berlin U-Bahn fall into one of two classes: main workshops (, abbreviated as Hw); and service workshops (, abbreviated Bw). The main workshops are the only places where trains can be lifted from the tracks; they are used for the full inspections required every few years, and for any major work on trains. The service workshops only handle minor repairs and maintenance, such as replacing windows, or removing graffiti. As of 2005, the only dedicated Kleinprofil depot is at Grunewald (Hw Gru/Bw Gru), which opened on 21 January 1913. The first Großprofil depot opened at Seestraße (Hw See/Bw See) in 1923, to service the Nord-Süd-Bahn. It has 17 tracks—2 for the main workshop, and 15 for the service workshop—but its inner-city location prevents any further expansion. Due to BVG budget cuts, the Seestraße depot also services Kleinprofil trains. Two further Großprofil service workshops are located at Friedrichsfelde (Bw Fri), and Britz-Süd (Bw Britz). In the past, there were other workshops. The first opened in 1901 at Warschauer Brücke, and was the construction site for most of the early U-Bahn trains. The division of the U-Bahn network on 13 August 1961 forced its closure, although it was reopened in 1995 as a storage depot. A small depot operated at Krumme Lanke between 22 December 1929 and 1 May 1968; and, while the network was split, East Berlin's U-Bahn used the S-Bahn depot at Schöneweide, along with a small service workshop at Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz, which was closed following reunification. Accidents The Berlin ranks among the safest modes of transport: its history features few accidents. The most severe accident occurred at the original (rail triangle), where the main and branch lines were connected by switches that allowed the tracks to cross. On 26 September 1908, a train driver missed a stop signal. As a result, two trains collided at the junction, and one fell off the viaduct. The accident killed eighteen people, and severely injured another twenty-one. 's triangular layout had already been deemed unsuitable for future developments; this incident—and a later, less-serious one—triggered its reconstruction as a multi-level station, starting in 1912. On 30 June 1965, a train with brake failure stopped on the G line—today's U9—between and . Unaware of the faulty train, a mechanic working at the signal tower noticed that the signal for the affected section had been set to "Stop" for a long time. Thinking it was a fault of his, after several attempts he manually overrode the signal, in defiance of regulations that strictly prohibited such actions. The following train, which had been waiting at , then left the station on the same track. With emergency brakes unable to prevent the accident, the two trains collided. One passenger was killed in the crash, and 97 were injured. The mechanic was fined 600,000 DM. Fires can be particularly dangerous and damaging within an underground system. In October 1972, two trains and a 200 m length of tunnel were completely destroyed when the trains caught fire; the reconstructed tunnel is clearly distinguishable from the old one. Another train burned out in the connecting tunnel between Klosterstraße and Alexanderplatz in 1987. On 8 July 2000, the last car of a GI/I train suffered a short circuit, burning out at the rear of the Deutsche Oper station. The single exit of the station was unreachable, forcing the passengers to run through the tunnel to reach the next emergency exit. The fire also damaged the station, which remained closed until that September. The Portuguese Ambassador, João Diogo Nunes Barata, presented the BVG with (tiled paintings), specially designed for the station, by the artist José de Guimarães. Installation of Portugal's gift to the city was completed on 30 October 2002. As a consequence of the Deutsche Oper incident, BVG decided to post an employee at every station with only one exit until a second exit could be built. Over the following few years, many of those stations—including Britz-Süd, Schillingstraße, Viktoria-Luise-Platz, Uhlandstraße, and Theodor-Heuss-Platz—were retrofitted with additional exits. By June 2008, the only remaining stations with no second exit, Konstanzer Straße and Rudow, had been fitted with second exits. Despite these changes, several passenger organisations—such as Pro Bahn, and IGEB—demand that stations with exits in the middle of the platform also be fitted with additional emergency exits. Many stations are built this way; meeting those demands would place a heavy financial burden on both the BVG and the city. The U6 saw a particularly costly, though casualty-free, incident on 25 March 2003. Scheduled repair work on the line limited the normal service to between Alt-Mariendorf and Kurt-Schumacher-Platz; one train then shuttled back and forth between Kurt-Schumacher-Platz and Holzhauser Straße, sharing a platform at Kurt-Schumacher-Platz with the normal-service trains departing for their return journey to Alt-Mariendorf. Needing to pass several stop signals on the shuttle service, the driver had been given special instructions how to proceed. Unfortunately, he ignored the signal at the entry to Kurt-Schumacher-Platz, and ploughed into the side of a train heading back to Alt-Mariendorf. The impact wrecked both trains, and caused considerable damage to the tracks. Normal service did not resume for two days, and the removal of the two wrecked trains—which, surprisingly, could still roll along the tracks—also took nearly 48 hours. Films, music and merchandising The Berlin U-Bahn has appeared in numerous films and music videos. Offering access to stations, tunnels, and trains, the BVG cooperates with film-makers, although a permit is required. Whether set in Berlin or elsewhere, the U-Bahn has had at least a minor role in a large number of movies and television programmes, including Emil and the Detectives (2001), Otto – Der Film (1985), (1987) featuring Ingolf Lück, Run Lola Run (1998), and several Tatort episodes. The previously unused Reichstag station was used to shoot scenes of the movies Resident Evil and Equilibrium. The U Bahn station Messe was used as coverage in the films Hanna and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2. Möbius 17, by Frank Esher Lämmer and Jo Preussler from Berlin, tells the story of an U-Bahn train that, caught in a Möbius strip, travels through alternate universes after a new line is built. Alexanderplatz station plays an essential role in Berlin Alexanderplatz—a film of thirteen hour-long chapters and one epilogue—produced in 1980 by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, based on the book by Döblin. The film's scenes feature a recreation of the station as it was in 1928—rather darker and dirtier than in the 21st century. In the surrealistic two-hour epilogue, Fassbinder transforms parts of the station into a slaughterhouse where people are killed and dissected. Since 2001, the Berlin U-Bahn has hosted the annual short-film festival Going Underground. Short films (up to 90 seconds long) are shown on the monitors found in many of the U-Bahn trains. Passengers on board vote for the festival winner. Sandy Mölling, former singer of the pop band No Angels, shot the video for her single "Unnatural Blonde" in the U-Bahn station Deutsche Oper. Kate Ryan, Overground, Böhse Onkelz, Xavier Naidoo, Die Fantastischen Vier, and the DJ duo Blank & Jones have all used the U-Bahn and its stations for their videos as well. "Linie 1", a musical performed by Berlin's Grips-Theater, is set completely in stations and trains of the Berlin U-Bahn; a movie version has also been produced. In 2002, the BVG cooperated with design students in a project to create underwear with an U-Bahn theme, which, in English, they named "Underwear". They used the names of real stations that, in the context of underwear, appeared to be mild sexual double entendres: men's underpants bore labels with Rohrdamm (pipe dam), Onkel Toms Hütte (Uncle Tom's Cabin), and Krumme Lanke (crooked lake); the women's had Gleisdreieck (triangle track), and Jungfernheide (virgin heath). After the first series sold out quickly, several others were commissioned, such as Nothammer (emergency hammer), and Pendelverkehr (shuttle service; though Verkehr also means "intercourse" and Pendel also means "pendulum"). They were withdrawn from sale in 2004. See also Berlin S-Bahn Berlin Straßenbahn Ghost station List of metro systems M-Bahn Metro systems by annual passenger rides References Bibliography Brian Hardy: The Berlin U-Bahn, Capital Transport, 1996, Ulf Buschmann: U-Bahnhöfe Berlin. Berlin Underground Stations. Berlin Story Verlag, Berlin 2012, Jan Gympel: U-Bahn Berlin – Reiseführer. GVE-Verlag, Berlin 2002, AG Berliner U-Bahn: Zur Eröffnung der elektrischen Hoch-und Untergrundbahn in Berlin. GVE-Verlag, Berlin 2002, Jürgen Meyer-Kronthaler und Klaus Kurpjuweit: Berliner U-Bahn – In Fahrt seit Hundert Jahren. be.bra Verlag, Berlin 2001, Petra Domke und Markus Hoeft: Tunnel Gräben Viadukte – 100 Jahre Baugeschichte der Berliner U-Bahn. kulturbild Verlag, Berlin 1998, Ulrich Lemke und Uwe Poppel: Berliner U-Bahn. alba Verlag, Düsseldorf, Robert Schwandl: Berlin U-Bahn Album. Alle 192 Untergrund- und Hochbahnhöfe in Farbe. Robert Schwandl Verlag, Berlin Juli 2002, Jürgen Meyer-Kronthaler: Berlins U-Bahnhöfe – Die ersten hundert Jahre. be.bra Verlag, Berlin 1996, External links VSWB – Disused Rails and Lanes in Berlin Photo tour of U-Bahn stations including map of architectural styles Photos of Berlin Metro Track map of the Berlin U-Bahn Photographing the Berlin U-Bahn (archived) U-Bahn Underground rapid transit in Germany Articles containing video clips 750 V DC railway electrification

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%20%EC%96%B4%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4

캐스트 어웨이

《캐스트 어웨이》()는 2000년 개봉한 미국의 서바이벌 드라마 영화다. 페덱스 직원이 업무 도중 비행기가 남태평양에 추락해 무인도에 좌초된 뒤, 구조되는 과정을 그렸다. 줄거리 1995년, 시스템 분석가인 척 놀랜드는 회사 창고에서 생산성 문제를 해결하기 위해 전 세계를 여행하는 페덱스 임원이다. 그는 테네시 주 멤피스에서 여자 친구 켈리 프리어스와 함께 살고 있다. 부부는 결혼을 원하지만 척의 바쁜 일정 때문에 결혼을 할 수 없다. 가족 크리스마스 저녁 식사 중에 척은 말레이시아의 업무 문제를 해결하기 위해 소환된다. 그러나 그가 타고 있는 페덱스 화물기는 거센 폭풍을 만나 태평양에 추락한다. 척은 충돌의 유일한 생존자이며 팽창식 구명 뗏목으로 탈출하여 그 과정에서 비상 위치 송신기를 잃는다. 다음날 그는 무인도에 몸을 씻는다. 다음 며칠 동안 여러 페더럴 익스프레스 패키지와 척이 매장한 페덱스 조종사 중 한 명인 앨버트 R. 밀러의 시체가 해변으로 밀려온다. 척은 지나가는 배에 신호를 보내고 손상된 구명 뗏목에서 탈출하려고 하지만 들어오는 파도가 그를 산호초에 던져 다리를 다쳤다. 그는 충분한 음식, 물, 피난처를 찾는다. 척은 대부분의 패키지를 열어 몇 가지 유용한 항목을 찾았지만 한 쌍의 황금 천사 날개가 그려진 패키지는 열지 않는다. 불을 피우려고 시도하는 동안 척은 손을 베었다. 그는 윌슨 스포팅 구즈(Wilson Sporting Goods) 배구공을 포함하여 패키지에서 여러 물건을 격렬하게 던져 피 묻은 손자국을 남긴다. 진정 후 척은 얼룩진 피로 얼굴을 그리고 공을 "윌슨"(Wilson)이라고 명명하고 말을 시작한다. 그는 섬에 있는 나머지 시간 동안 정기적으로 그와 대화를 나눈다. 4년 후인 1999년, 이제 긴 머리에 수염이 난 수척한 척이 동굴로 이사했다. 휴대용 변기 인클로저의 큰 부분이 섬으로 밀려온 후 그는 플라스틱을 돛으로 사용하여 뗏목을 만든다. 척은 물과 개봉하지 않은 페더럴 익스프레스 패키지를 비축한 뗏목을 성공적으로 발사한다. 척과 뗏목은 폭풍우에서 살아남았지만 그 후 윌슨은 뗏목에서 떨어져 떠내려간다. 척은 깨어나 윌슨을 구하려고 헛되이 시도하지만 그의 상실에 대해 슬퍼하게 된다. 얼마 지나지 않아 그는 지나가던 컨테이너선에 구조된다. 문명으로 돌아온 척은 단정하고 깔끔하게 면도한 척이 가족과 친구들에 의해 사망 신고를 받았다는 사실을 알게 된다. 나중에 그는 멤피스의 페덱스 본사에서 열리는 영웅의 환영 홈 파티로 돌아간다. 그곳에서 그는 켈리가 결혼한 후 딸이 있다는 것을 알게 된다. 비오는 밤, 척은 켈리의 집을 방문하여 그녀와 재회한다. 둘 다 여전히 서로 사랑하지만 척은 켈리에게 새 가족에 대한 책임을 상기시킨다. 그녀는 척에게 그의 오래된 지프를 주었고 그들은 슬프게도 헤어진다. 척은 개봉하지 않은 페더럴 익스프레스 패키지를 보낸 사람에게 반환하기 위해 텍사스로 운전한다. 집을 아무도 찾지 못한 그는 소포가 자신의 생명을 구했다는 메모와 함께 소포를 문에 남겨 둔다. 그는 트럭을 타고 출발하여(트럭에서 윌슨 배구공을 하나 더 사서 조수석에 실었다) 외딴 교차로에 정차한다. 픽업트럭에 탄 여성이 멈춰 서서 각각의 길이 어디로 가는지 알려준다. 그녀가 차를 몰고 가면서 척은 트럭 뒷문에 소포에 있는 것과 똑같은 천사 날개가 그려져 있는 것을 발견한다. 그는 각 길을 내려다보며 어느 길로 가야 할지 결정하려고 한다. 결국 척은 여자가 택한 길을 바라보며 미소를 짓는다. 출연 톰 행크스 - 척 놀랜드 역 헬렌 헌트 - 켈리 프리어스 역 닉 서시 - 스탠 역 제니퍼 루이스 - 베카 트위그 역 크리스 노스 - 제리 러빗 역 라리 화이트 - 베티나 피터슨 역 빈스 마틴 - 앨버트 "앨" 밀러 역 제프리 블레이크 - 메이너드 그레이엄 역 한국판 성우진(KBS) 오세홍 - 척(톰 행크스) 송도영 - 켈리(헬렌 헌트) 강구한 - 스탠(닉 시어시) 임은정 - 그웬(비브카 데이비스) 온영삼 - 기장(마이클 포레스트) 서문석 - 앨(빈스 마틴) 송덕희 - 베티나(라리 화이트) 장승길 - 유리(피터 본 버그) 전인배 - 제리(크리스 노스) 이승주 - 피터(제이 아코폰) 장호비 - 조종사(가렛 데이비스) 수상 및 후보 후보 제73회 아카데미상 - 아카데미 남우주연상 - 톰 행크스 제73회 아카데미상 - 아카데미 음향상 - 랜디 톰, 톰 존슨, 데니스 S. 샌즈, 윌리엄 B. 캐플런 수상 제6회 크리틱스 초이스 영화상(2001년) - Best Inanimate Object - 윌슨 제58회 골든 글로브상 - Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama - 통 행크스 제44회 그래미상 - Best Instrumental Composition - 앨런 실베스트리 같이 보기 촬영지 모누리키(Monuriki) - 태평양에 있는 피지의 섬 캐나디안 (텍사스주) - 사거리 외부 링크 영어 영화 작품 2000년 영화 미국의 생존 영화 미국의 모험 드라마 영화 무인도를 배경으로 한 영화 오세아니아를 배경으로 한 영화 모스크바를 배경으로 한 영화 테네시주를 배경으로 한 영화 20세기 폭스 영화 드림웍스 영화 플레이톤 영화 필리핀에서 촬영한 영화 러시아에서 촬영한 영화 피지에서 촬영한 영화 텍사스주를 배경으로 한 영화 텍사스주에서 촬영한 영화 로스앤젤레스에서 촬영한 영화 로버트 저메키스 감독 영화 1995년을 배경으로 한 영화 1999년을 배경으로 한 영화 톰 행크스 제작 영화 항공 사고를 소재로 한 영화 해변을 배경으로 한 영화 섬을 배경으로 한 영화 앨런 실베스트리 영화 음악 미국의 크리스마스 영화 페덱스를 소재로 한 영화

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast%20Away

Cast Away

Cast Away is a 2000 American survival drama film directed and produced by Robert Zemeckis and starring Tom Hanks, Helen Hunt, and Nick Searcy. Hanks plays a FedEx troubleshooter who is stranded on an uninhabited island after his plane crashes in the South Pacific, and the plot focuses on his desperate attempts to survive and return home. Initial filming took place from January to March 1999 before resuming in April 2000 and concluding that May. Cast Away was released on December 22, 2000, by 20th Century Fox in North America and DreamWorks Pictures in its international markets. It grossed $429 million worldwide, making it the third-highest-grossing film of 2000. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised its screenplay and Hanks's performance, for which he won Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama at the 58th Golden Globe Awards and was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 73rd Academy Awards. Plot In December 1995, Chuck Noland is a FedEx systems analyst who travels the world resolving productivity problems. He lives with his girlfriend, Kelly Frears in Memphis, Tennessee. During a Christmas dinner, Chuck is summoned to resolve a problem in Malaysia. Before leaving, Kelly gives Chuck her grandfather’s pocket watch with a photo of her in it. Chuck gives her a small box, saying she can wait to open it on New Year's Eve when he returns, implying it is an engagement ring. However, the FedEx cargo plane he is on gets caught in a violent storm, loses control and crashes into the Pacific Ocean. Chuck is the only survivor and escapes on an inflatable life raft, losing the emergency locator transmitter in the process. The next day, he washes up on an uninhabited island. As FedEx packages begin to wash ashore, he gathers and sorts them but leaves them unopened. The body of one of the pilots, Albert Miller, washes up on the coast. Chuck buries him and writes an epitaph on the rock above the burial site. In the following days, Chuck struggles to locate food and water. After seeing the lights of a passing ship in the distance, Chuck tries to escape in the life raft, but the strong tide tosses him onto a coral reef which pierces and badly cuts Chuck’s leg. Realizing it is unlikely he will be rescued, Chuck opens most of the packages, finding useful items he uses to improve his living conditions. However, he does not open a package with golden angel wings printed on it. While attempting to start a fire, Chuck cuts his hand and furiously throws several objects including a Wilson volleyball, leaving a bloodstained handprint. After calming down himself, Chuck draws a face into the blood, names the ball "Wilson" and begins talking to it. Chuck realizes that the chances of ever being found are extremely low as the search area is equal to twice the size of Texas. After enduring a constant toothache, Chuck is forced to extract his own tooth using a rock and an ice skate from one of the packages. Four years later, in 1999, Chuck, now bearded and disheveled, has adapted to life alone on the island. After a section from a portable toilet enclosure washes up on the island, Chuck begins construction on a raft, using the plastic as a sail. While making a rope from tree fibers, aided by the enclosure sail, which he has painted with golden angel wings, Chuck launches a raft stocked with his belongings, as well as the unopened package. Chuck survives a storm, but afterward, Wilson falls off the raft and floats away. Chuck unsuccessfully attempts to rescue Wilson but is left to grieve its loss. Soon after, he is rescued by a passing cargo ship. Four weeks later, Chuck is cleaned up and returned to the mainland, where he learns he was declared dead by his family and friends. He is given a hero’s welcome home party at the FedEx Headquarters in Memphis, where he learns that Kelly has since married and has a daughter. One night while visiting Kelly, the two share a passionate kiss and confess their love for each other before Chuck drives away. However, they quickly realize she has to go home, and they part ways. Chuck drives to Texas to return the angel-winged package to its sender. Finding no one home, he leaves it at the door with a note saying the package saved his life. He departs in his truck and stops at a remote crossroads. A woman in a pickup truck stops and gives information about where each road leads. As she drives away, Chuck notices two angel wings painted on the tailgate of her truck. He looks down each road, trying to decide which way to go. He then stares down the road the woman took and smiles. Cast Tom Hanks as Charles "Chuck" Noland, a FedEx systems analyst. Helen Hunt as Kelly Frears Lovett, Chuck's girlfriend. Nick Searcy as Stan, Chuck's best friend and co-worker Chris Noth as Gerald "Jerry" Lovett, later Kelly's husband Lari White as Bettina Peterson, the woman who sent the unopened FedEx package Vince Martin as Pilot Albert 'Al' Miller, a FedEx pilot who is buried by Chuck on the island Michael Forest as Pilot Jack Jay Acovone as Pilot Peter Garret Davis as Pilot Blaine Viveka Davis as Pilot Gwen Jenifer Lewis as Becca Twig Geoffrey Blake as Maynard Graham Nan Martin as Kelly's Mother Dennis Letts as Dennis Larson Valerie Wildman as Virginia Larson Steve Monroe as Steve Larson Elden Henson as Elden Madden Timothy Stack as Morgan Stockton Joe Conley as Joe Wally Frederick W. Smith as himself Production Development In a 2017 Actor Roundtable with The Hollywood Reporter, Tom Hanks stated Filming The film was not shot chronologically. It began on January 18, 1999 before halting two months later. Filming resumed on April 3, 2000, and finished the following month. Hanks gained during pre-production, for the purpose of making his transformation more dramatic. After most of the film was shot, production was paused so he could lose the weight and grow his hair and beard to look like he had been living on the island for years. Another four-month production halt preceded the filming of the return scenes. During the year-long hiatus, Zemeckis used the same film crew to make another film, What Lies Beneath. While the film was in production, Hanks nearly died when he suffered an infected cut on his leg. He was rushed to a local hospital to undergo surgery and stayed there for three days. Filming of Cast Away was suspended for three weeks to allow Hanks to recover from the injury. Cast Away was filmed on Monuriki, one of the Mamanuca Islands in Fiji. It is in a subgroup of the Mamanuca archipelago, which is sited off the coast of Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island. The island became a tourist attraction after the film's release. After Chuck's return, it is identified by Kelly as being "about south of the Cook Islands," but there is no land between the southernmost Cook Islands of Mangaia and Antarctica. The film begins and ends in the same location, on the Arrington Ranch in the Texas Panhandle south of the city of Canadian, Texas. Music The film's minimal score was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri for which he won a Grammy Award in 2002. The film's soundtrack is most notable for its lack of score and creature sound effects (such as bird song or insect sounds) while Chuck is on the island, which is intended to reinforce the feeling of isolation. Cast Away contains no original musical score until Chuck escapes the island. However, there is a Russian choral piece heard near the start of the film that was not composed or even recorded by Silvestri, so it does not appear on the film's soundtrack list. It is a traditional Russian song written by Lev Knipper called "Oh, My Field" ("Polyushko, Polye") and it is available on various collections of Red Army hymns. The official soundtrack CD is an anthology of musical pieces from all the films up to that point that were both directed by Zemeckis and scored by Silvestri. The only track from Cast Away itself is the theme from the end credits. The Cast Away soundtrack consists of 10 tracks, with performers including Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, and Charles Brown. FedEx FedEx provided access to their facilities (Memphis, Los Angeles, and Moscow) as well as airplanes, trucks, uniforms, and logistical support. A team of FedEx marketers oversaw production through more than two years of filming. FedEx CEO Fred Smith made an appearance as himself for the scene where Chuck is welcomed back, which was filmed on location at FedEx's home facilities in Memphis, Tennessee. The idea of a story based on a FedEx plane crashing gave the company "a heart attack at first," but the overall story was seen as positive. FedEx, which paid no money for product placement in the film, saw an increase in brand awareness in Asia and Europe following the film's release. Wilson the volleyball In the film, Wilson the volleyball serves as Chuck Noland's personified friend and only companion during the four years that Noland spends alone on a deserted island. Named after the volleyball's manufacturer, Wilson Sporting Goods, the character was created by screenwriter William Broyles Jr. While researching for the film, he consulted with professional survival experts, and then chose to deliberately strand himself for one week on an isolated beach in the Gulf of California, to force himself to search for water and food, and obtain his own shelter. During this time, a volleyball washed up on shore, providing the inspiration for the film's inanimate companion. From a screenwriting point of view, Wilson also serves to realistically allow dialogue to take place in a solitary scenario. It is rumored, but not confirmed, that one of the original volleyball props was sold at auction for $18,500 to the ex-CEO of FedEx Office, Ken May. At the time of the film's release, Wilson launched its own joint promotion centered on its products "co-starring" with Tom Hanks. Wilson manufactured a volleyball with a reproduction of the bloodied handprint face on one side. It was sold for a limited time during the film's initial release and continues to be offered on the company's website. Reception Box office Cast Away opened in 2,774 theaters in North America and grossed $28.9 million (an average of $10,412 per theater) in its opening weekend. For the four-day Christmas long holiday weekend, it took in a total of $39.9 million. At that point, it had the highest Christmas opening weekend of any film, surpassing Patch Adams. Upon opening, Cast Away reached the number one spot at the box office, beating another Helen Hunt film, What Women Want. It would also compete against How the Grinch Stole Christmas, which was released the previous month. With a total gross of $8.5 million, Cast Away held the record for having the biggest New Year's Eve gross until Meet the Fockers took it in 2004. The film remained at the top of the box office for three weeks until it was overtaken by Save the Last Dance. Cast Away kept performing well and ended up earning $233.6 million domestically and $196 million internationally, for a total of $429.6 million, against its production budget of $90 million. It became the third-highest-grossing film of 2000, behind Mission: Impossible 2 and Gladiator. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, Cast Away holds an approval rating of 89% based on 158 reviews, with an average rating of 7.40/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Flawed but fascinating, Cast Away offers an intelligent script, some of Robert Zemeckis' most mature directing, and a showcase performance from Tom Hanks." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars out of four. In his review, he praised Hanks for doing "a superb job of carrying Cast Away all by himself for about two-thirds of its running time" by "never straining for effect, always persuasive even in this unlikely situation, winning our sympathy with his eyes and his body language when there's no one else on the screen." However, he also mentioned how he felt that the film is "a strong and simple story surrounded by needless complications, and flawed by a last act that disappoints us and then ends on a note of forced whimsy." Accolades Home media Cast Away was released on VHS and DVD on June 12, 2001. The DVD version of the film is a THX certified two-disc Special Edition release that features a DTS 6.1 ES audio track and several bonus features, including galleries, special effects vignettes, audio commentary, trailers, TV spots, behind-the-scenes footage, interviews, featurettes and more. It became the fastest-selling DVD release in 20th Century Fox history, selling 1.8 million copies and surpassing X-Men. Additionally, the film generated $5.5 million in rentals, which broke Traffics record for having the highest DVD rentals. Cast Away would go on to hold this record until 2002 when it was taken by The Fast and the Furious. In total, the film made $57 million in home video sales and $20.6 million in home video rentals during its first week of release, with the latter becoming the third-highest home video rentals of any film, behind Meet the Parents and The Sixth Sense. A single-disc DVD version of the film was released alongside Independence Day on May 21, 2002. In popular culture A FedEx commercial during Super Bowl XXXVII parodied the final scene of the film, in which Chuck Noland returns a package to its sender. In this version, the woman answers the door, and when Noland asks what was in the box, the woman replies: "Just a satellite phone, GPS locator, fishing rod, water purifier, and some seeds. Just silly stuff." Media executive Lloyd Braun of ABC Studios first suggested the idea of a Cast Away–type television series at a dinner party in 2003. Thom Sherman later pitched the idea for Cast Away – The Series, but never developed the idea. The concept was later developed and pitched with the title Nowhere, which later turned into the ABC show Lost. The second episode of the seventh season of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, "The Gang Goes to the Jersey Shore" refers to a Cast Away scene. When Frank loses his "rum ham" while floating on a raft in the Atlantic Ocean, his anguish resembles that of Tom Hanks's character losing a volleyball he named "Wilson." On December 31, 2002, at Madison Square Garden, Phish played a clip from the film on the jumbotron to introduce their song "Wilson" during their concert. They later introduced "Tom Hanks" during the song onstage, but it was later revealed to be keyboardist Page McConnell's brother Steve. On April 15, 2022, at Progressive Field, Tom Hanks threw the ceremonial first pitch at the Cleveland Guardians home opener, accompanied by a replica of Wilson from the movie. References External links 2000 films 2000s adventure drama films American adventure drama films American Christmas films American survival films 2000 drama films Films about aviation accidents or incidents Films about castaways Films about sole survivors Films set in 1995 Films set in 1999 Films set in 2000 Films set in Memphis, Tennessee Films set in Oceania Films set on uninhabited islands Films shot in Fiji Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Russia Films shot in Tennessee Films shot in Texas Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance 2000s American films 2000s English-language films Films set on beaches Films about FedEx Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films produced by Tom Hanks Films produced by Robert Zemeckis Films directed by Robert Zemeckis 20th Century Fox films DreamWorks Pictures films ImageMovers films Playtone films CJ Entertainment films

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey%20Jude

Hey Jude

〈Hey Jude〉는 폴 매카트니가 작곡하고 레논-매카트니 명의로 발표된 영국의 록 밴드 비틀즈의 노래다. 존 레논은 그 당시 신시아 레논과 이혼하고 일본인 오노 요코와 재혼을 했다. 신시아와 레논의 아들 줄리언 레논을 불쌍하게 여긴 매카트니는 줄리언을 위해 이 곡을 작곡했다. 그래서 원래 곡의 이름은 줄리안의 애칭인 Julie, 즉 〈Hey Julie〉였다. 〈Hey Jude〉의 도입부에 나타난 버스-브리지는 매카트니의 보컬과 피아노 반주가 결합되어 있다. 곡이 진행됨에 따라 갖가지 악기가 추가된다. 네 번째 구절 이후로는 페이드아웃 코다로 전향하여 4분간 지속된다. 〈Hey Jude〉는 처음 애플 레코드 레이블을 달고 1968년 8월 출시되었다. 7분을 넘기는 곡의 재생시간 덕에 당시 영국 차트 정상에 오른 곡 중 가장 긴 재생시간을 보유한 것으로 기록되었다. 또한 미국에서는 어떤 비틀즈 싱글도 뛰어넘지 못한, 9주 동안 정상에 머무르는 대업을 이룩한다. 〈Hey Jude〉는 당시 영국 차트에서 가장 오래 머무른 싱글이었다. 이 싱글은 거의 8백만 장이 팔려나갔으며 평론가가 선정한 역대 최고 노래 목록에 단골로 등장한다. 2013년, 빌보드는 역대 가장 위대한 곡에 10위로 곡을 선정했다. 영감과 작사·작곡 1968년 5월, 존 레논과 그의 아내 신시아 레논은 오노 요코와 존의 외도로 별거한다. 다음 달, 폴 매카트니는 웨이브리지 켄우드에 위치한 신시아와 존의 아들 줄리언 방문을 위해 차에 올랐다. 신시아는 밴드가 1963년 명성을 높여가기 시작할 때부터 비틀즈 사교계의 일원이었다. 매카트니는 그녀가 "좀 너무하다 싶을 정도로 그들로부터 따돌림 당했으며 삶에서 제외되었다"고 뒷날 털어놓았다. 신시아는 매카트니의 깜짝 방문을 이렇게 회상한다. "우리의 안녕을 기원하는 그의 진실된 염려는 제 마음에 와 닿았습니다. ... 그는 'Hey Jude'를 차를 운전하는 여행길 동안 작곡했죠. 우리를 위해 와준 폴의 그 신사다운 배려와 염려를 절대 잊을 않을 겁니다." 폴 매카트니가 곡의 대부분을 만들었다. 그는 존과 신시아 레논이 헤어진 뒤 그의 아들 줄리언을 염두에 두고 이 노래를 작곡했다. "그 가족의 친구로서 그들에게 다 잘될 거라고 말해주려고 차를 타고 웨이브리지에 있는 존의 집에 갔던 것 같습니다." "한 시간쯤 운전했어요. (운전할 때면) 저는 항상 라디오를 쓰고 노래를 만들어보곤 했죠. 혹시 모르니까요."라고 매카트니는 회상한다. 부모의 이혼으로 스트레스를 겪는 줄리언을 위로하기 위해 매카트니는 〈Hey Julie〉라는 제목을 처음 붙였다. 《롤링 스톤》지와의 인터뷰 도중 매카트니는 운전할 때 이 곡이 어떻게 떠올랐는지 설명했다. "저는 노래를 부르기 시작했어요. '줄스야, 나쁘게만 보진 마.' 줄리언에게 전하는 낙관적이고 희망적인 메시지였죠." 그는 "주드가 더 나은 이름이라는 생각"에서 줄스에서 주드로 바꿨다. 여기서 주드는 그가 좋아한 뮤지컬 《오클라호마!》의 등장인물 이름 저드(Jud)에서 가져왔다. 매카트니는 자신이 생각한 구조대로 곡을 네 부분으로 나눴다. 음악 저널리스트 크리스 헌트에 따르면, 곡을 지은 뒤로 일주일이 지나고 매카트니는 "자신의 최신 작품을 너무 정중해서 거부할 사람에게 시험했다. 그말인 즉 모두에게나" 6월 30일, 요크셔에서 블랙 마이크 밀스 밴드의 반주로 자신의 곡 〈Thingumybob〉을 녹음한 뒤 매카트니는 베드포드셔의 한 마을에 멈춰서 〈Hey Jude〉를 동네 펍에서 공연한다. 또한 런던에서 더 본조 독 밴드의 멤버들과 그들의 싱글 〈I'm the Urban Spaceman〉의 프로듀싱을 위해 와 있을 때 〈Hey Jude〉로 그들을 즐겁게 해 주었다. 당시 더 배론 나이트 때문에 녹음 세션에 차질을 빚고 있었다. 비틀즈의 새 레코드 레이블 애플 레코드와 계약해 훗날 배드핑거에서 활동할 론 그리프스는 스튜디오에 발을 내디딘 첫날 매카트니가 "우리에게 'Hey Jude'의 풀 콘서트 연주를 해달라"고 말했다고 밝혔다.매카트니는 레논에게 작품을 소개할 당시에 "당신이 필요한 행동은 당신 어깨에 있어요(the movement you need is on your shoulder)"를 레논이 "멍청한 표현이군. 앵무새같은 소리야"라며 고치려고 했다고 증언했다. 레논은 이렇게 응수했다. "너 진짜 그러기야. 그건 곡에서 최고의 가사라구." 매카트니는 가사를 바꾸지 않고 유지하였다. 폴은 "그 가사는 존을 떠올리게 되요. 가끔 그 부분을 공연하게 되면 조금 감정적이 되죠."라고 말했다. 매카트니가 곡을 줄리언을 위해 썼다고는 하나, 존 레논은 그것이 자신을 향한 곡이라고 생각했다. 1980년 인터뷰에서 레논은 자신이 "곡을 들을 때마다 자신을 향한 것"으로 생각했다면서 어떤 면에서 매카트니가 자신과 요코의 관계를 축복하려는 의도였다고 분석했고, 다른 한편으로 레논의 친구 자리와, 그리고 작곡 파트너십으로서 그를 잃게 된 실망감이 존재한다고 주장했다. 데일리 익스프레스의 주디스 시몬스를 비롯한 다른 이들도 매카트니가 그들에 대해 곡을 썼다고 믿었다. 하지만 레논을 포함한 여러 사람들은 〈Hey Jude〉의 가사에 대해, 매카트니가 제인 애셔와의 장기간 연애에 실패하면서 무의식적인 "본인을 향한 메시지"가 잠재되어 있음을 추측했다. 매카트니와 애셔는 1967년 12월 25일 약혼을 발표했지만, 폴은 1968년 6월부터 린다 이스트먼과 불륜 관계를 시작했다. 같은 달 애플 사와 영화 제의를 위해 런던에 체류하던 미국인 프랜시 슈워츠는 성 존스 우드에 위치한 매카트의 자택에서 그와 동거하게 되었다. 레논이 폴에게 곡이 자신과 오노에 대한 것이 아니냐고 물었을 때 매카트니는 이를 부인하면서 레논에게 자신에 대해 쓴 곡이라고 설명했다. 작가 Mark Hertsgaard는 "곡의 가사 대다수는 강렬한 새 사랑을 찾기 직전의 성인을 직접적으로 가리키는 것 같다. 특히나 가사 '그녀를 찾았으니, 가서 그녀와 사귀어요(you have found her now go and get her)' 그리고 '당신은 함께할 누군가를 기다리고 있어요(you're waiting for someone to perform with.)'에서 현저하다."고 저술한다. 음악 평론가 겸 작가 팀 라일리는 이렇게 적었다. "만약 곡이 어려움에 직면한 자기존중과 자기위안에 대한 것이라면, 보컬 공연 그 자체는 여정을 전달하는 것에 가깝다. 그는 누군가를 위로하기 위해 곡을 부르기 시작하고, 진행됨에 따라 그는 자신의 감정이 곡에 영향을 줌을 발견하고, 마지막으로 반복되는 후렴에서 그는 자신을 믿게 된다." 인증 각주 내용주 참조주 참고 문헌 외부 링크 1968년 노래 1968년 싱글 비틀즈의 노래 빌보드 핫 100 1위 싱글 팝 발라드 록 발라드 레논-매카트니가 작곡한 노래 애플 레코드 싱글

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey%20Jude

Hey Jude

"Hey Jude" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released as a non-album single in August 1968. It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership. The single was the Beatles' first release on their Apple record label and one of the "First Four" singles by Apple's roster of artists, marking the label's public launch. "Hey Jude" was a number-one hit in many countries around the world and became the year's top-selling single in the UK, the US, Australia and Canada. Its nine-week run at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 tied the all-time record in 1968 for the longest run at the top of the US charts, a record it held for nine years. It has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on music critics' lists of the greatest songs of all time. The writing and recording of "Hey Jude" coincided with a period of upheaval in the Beatles. The ballad evolved from "Hey Jules", a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon's young son Julian, after Lennon had left his wife for the Japanese artist Yoko Ono. The lyrics espouse a positive outlook on a sad situation, while also encouraging "Jude" to pursue his opportunities to find love. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a coda featuring a "Na-na-na na" refrain that lasts for over four minutes. "Hey Jude" was the first Beatles song to be recorded on eight-track recording equipment. The sessions took place at Trident Studios in central London, midway through the recording of the group's self-titled double album (also known as the "White Album"), and led to an argument between McCartney and George Harrison over the song's guitar part. Ringo Starr later left the band only to return shortly before they filmed the promotional clip for the single. The clip was directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg and first aired on David Frost's UK television show. Contrasting with the problems afflicting the band, this performance captured the song's theme of optimism and togetherness by featuring the studio audience joining the Beatles as they sang the coda. At over seven minutes in length, "Hey Jude" was the longest single to top the British charts up to that time. Its arrangement and extended coda encouraged many imitative works through to the early 1970s. In 2013, Billboard magazine named it the 10th "biggest" song of all time in terms of chart success. McCartney has continued to perform "Hey Jude" in concert since Lennon's murder in 1980, leading audiences in singing the coda. Julian Lennon and McCartney have each bid successfully at auction for items of memorabilia related to the song's creation. Inspiration and writing In May 1968, John Lennon and his wife Cynthia separated due to his affair with Japanese artist Yoko Ono. The following month, Paul McCartney drove out to visit the Lennons' five-year-old son Julian, at Kenwood, the family's home in Weybridge. Cynthia had been part of the Beatles' social circle since before the band's rise to fame in 1963; McCartney later said he found it "a bit much for them suddenly to be personae non gratae and out of my life". Cynthia Lennon recalled of McCartney's surprise visit: "I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare ... On the journey down he composed 'Hey Jude' in the car. I will never forget Paul's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us." The song's original title was "Hey Jules", and it was intended to comfort Julian from the stress of his parents' separation. McCartney said, "I knew it was not going to be easy for him", and that he changed the name to "Jude" "because I thought that sounded a bit better". According to music journalist Chris Hunt, in the weeks after writing the song, McCartney "test[ed] his latest composition on anyone too polite to refuse. And that meant ." On 30 June, after recording the Black Dyke Mills Band's rendition of his instrumental "Thingumybob" in Yorkshire, McCartney stopped at the village of Harrold in Bedfordshire and performed "Hey Jude" at a local pub. He also regaled members of the Bonzo Dog Band with the song while producing their single "I'm the Urban Spaceman", in London, and interrupted a recording session by the Barron Knights to do the same. Ron Griffith of the group the Iveys – soon to be known as Badfinger and, like the Black Dyke Mills Band, an early signing to the Beatles' new record label Apple Records – recalled that on one of their first days in the studio, McCartney "gave us a full concert rendition of 'Hey Jude'". The intensity of Lennon and Ono's relationship made any songwriting collaboration between Lennon and McCartney impossible. In support of his friend nevertheless, McCartney let the couple stay at his house in St John's Wood, but amidst growing tensions, the couple soon moved out. McCartney presented "Hey Jude" to Lennon on 26 July, when he and Ono visited McCartney's home. McCartney assured him that he would "fix" the line "the movement you need is on your shoulder", reasoning that "it's a stupid expression; it sounds like a parrot." According to McCartney, Lennon replied: "You won't, you know. That's the best line in the song." McCartney retained the phrase. Although McCartney originally wrote "Hey Jude" for Julian, Lennon thought it had actually been written for him. In a 1980 interview, Lennon stated that he "always heard it as a song to me" and contended that, on one level, McCartney was giving his blessing to Lennon and Ono's relationship, while, on another, he was disappointed to be usurped as Lennon's friend and creative partner. Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them, including Judith Simons, a journalist with the Daily Express. Still others, including Lennon, have speculated that in the lyrics to "Hey Jude", McCartney's failing long-term relationship with Jane Asher provided an unconscious "message to himself". McCartney and Asher had announced their engagement on 25 December 1967, yet he began an affair with Linda Eastman in June 1968; that same month, Francie Schwartz, an American who was in London to discuss a film proposal with Apple, began living with McCartney in St John's Wood. When Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him and Ono, McCartney denied it and told Lennon he had written the song about himself. Author Mark Hertsgaard has commented that "many of the song's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love, especially the lines 'you have found her now go and get her' and 'you're waiting for someone to perform with.'" Music critic and author Tim Riley writes: "If the song is about self-worth and self-consolation in the face of hardship, the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey. He begins by singing to comfort someone else, finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process, and finally, in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation, he comes to believe in himself." Production EMI rehearsals Having earmarked the song for release as a single, the Beatles recorded "Hey Jude" during the sessions for their self-titled double album, commonly known as "the White Album". The sessions were marked by an element of discord within the group for the first time, partly as a result of Ono's constant presence at Lennon's side. The strained relations were also reflective of the four band members' divergence following their communal trip to Rishikesh in the spring of 1968 to study Transcendental Meditation. The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI Studios in London over two nights, 29 and 30 July 1968, with George Martin as their producer. These dates served as rehearsals, however, since they planned to record the master track at Trident Studios to utilise their eight-track recording machine (EMI was still limited to four-tracks). The first two takes from 29 July, which author and critic Kenneth Womack describes as a "jovial" session, have been released on the 50th Anniversary box set of the White Album in 2018 and the Anthology 3 compilation in 1996, respectively. The 30 July rehearsals were filmed for a short documentary titled Music!, which was produced by the National Music Council of Great Britain. This was the first time that the Beatles had permitted a camera crew to film them developing a song in the studio. The film shows only three of the Beatles performing "Hey Jude", as George Harrison remained in the studio control room, with Martin and EMI recording engineer Ken Scott. During the rehearsals that day, Harrison and McCartney had a heated disagreement over the lead guitar part for the song. Harrison's idea was to play a guitar phrase as a response to each line of the vocal, which did not fit with McCartney's conception of the song's arrangement, and he vetoed it. Author Simon Leng views this as indicative of how Harrison was increasingly allowed little room to develop ideas on McCartney compositions, whereas he was free to create empathetic guitar parts for Lennon's songs of the period. In a 1994 interview, McCartney said, "looking back on it, I think, Okay. Well, it was bossy, but it was ballsy of me, because I could have bowed to the pressure." Ron Richards, a record producer who worked for Martin at both Parlophone and AIR Studios, said McCartney was "oblivious to anyone else's feelings in the studio", and that he was driven to making the best possible record, at almost any cost. Trident Studios recording The Beatles recorded the master track for "Hey Jude" at Trident, where McCartney and Harrison had each produced sessions for their Apple artists, on 31 July. Trident's founder, Norman Sheffield, recalled that Mal Evans, the Beatles' aide and former roadie, insisted that some marijuana plants he had brought be placed in the studio to make the place "soft", consistent with the band's wishes. Barry Sheffield served as recording engineer for the session. The line-up on the basic track was McCartney on piano and lead vocal, Lennon on acoustic guitar, Harrison on electric guitar, and Ringo Starr on drums. The Beatles recorded four takes of "Hey Jude", the first of which was selected as the master. With drums intended to be absent for the first two verses, McCartney began this take unaware that Starr had just left for a toilet break. Starr soon returned – "tiptoeing past my back rather quickly", in McCartney's recollection – and performed his cue perfectly. On 1 August, the group carried out overdubs on the basic track, again at Trident. These additions included McCartney's lead vocal and bass guitar; backing vocals from Lennon, McCartney and Harrison; and tambourine, played by Starr. McCartney's vocal over the long coda, starting at around three minutes into the song, included a series of improvised shrieks that he later described as "Cary Grant on heat!" They then added a 36-piece orchestra over the coda, scored by Martin. The orchestra consisted of ten violins, three violas, three cellos, two flutes, one contra bassoon, one bassoon, two clarinets, one contra bass clarinet, four trumpets, four trombones, two horns, percussion and two string basses. According to Norman Sheffield, there was dissension initially among the orchestral musicians, some of whom "were looking down their noses at the Beatles, I think". Sheffield recalls that McCartney ensured their cooperation by demanding: "Do you guys want to get fucking paid or not?" During the first few takes, McCartney was unhappy about the lack of energy and passion in the orchestra's performance, so he stood up on the grand piano and started conducting the musicians from there. The Beatles then asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the coda. All but one of the musicians complied (for a double fee), with the abstainer reportedly saying, "I'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney's bloody song!" Apple Records assistant Chris O'Dell says she joined the cast of backing singers on the song; one of the label's first signings, Jackie Lomax, also recalled participating. "Hey Jude" was the first Beatles song to be recorded on eight-track equipment. Trident Studios were paid £25 per hour by EMI for the sessions. Sheffield said that the studio earned about £1,000 in total, but by having the Beatles record there, and in turn raving about the facility, the value was incalculable. The band carried out further work at Trident during 1968, and Apple artists such as Lomax, Mary Hopkin, Billy Preston and the Iveys all recorded there over the next year. Mixing Scott, Martin and the Beatles mixed the finished recording at Abbey Road. The transfer of the Trident master tape to acetate proved problematic due to the recording sounding murky when played back on EMI's equipment. The issue was resolved with the help of Geoff Emerick, whom Scott had recently replaced as the Beatles' principal recording engineer. Emerick happened to be visiting Abbey Road, having recently refused to work with the Beatles any longer, due to the tension and abuse that had become commonplace at their recording sessions. A stereo mix of "Hey Jude" was then completed on 2 August and the mono version on 8 August. Musicologist Walter Everett writes that the song's "most commented-on feature" is its considerable length, at 7:11. Like McCartney, Martin was concerned that radio stations would not play the track because of the length, but Lennon insisted: "They will if it's us." According to Ken Mansfield, Apple's US manager, McCartney remained unconvinced until Mansfield previewed the record for some American disc jockeys and reported that they were highly enthusiastic about the song. "Hey Jude" was one second longer than Richard Harris's recent hit recording of "MacArthur Park", the composer of which, Jimmy Webb, was a visitor to the studio around this time. According to Webb, Martin admitted to him that "Hey Jude" was only allowed to run over seven minutes because of the success of "MacArthur Park". Pleased with the result, McCartney played an acetate copy of "Hey Jude" at a party held by Mick Jagger, at Vesuvio's nightclub in central London, to celebrate the completion of the Rolling Stones' Beggars Banquet album. The song upstaged the Stones' album and, in author John Winn's description, "reportedly ruin[ed]" the party. In the song's final bridge section, at 2:58, the spoken phrase "Fucking hell!" appears, uttered by Lennon. Scott admits that although he was told about it, he could not hear the words originally. Malcolm Toft, the mix engineer on the Trident recording, recalled that Lennon was overdubbing his harmony vocal when, in reaction to the volume being too loud in his headphones, he first called out "Whoa!" then, two seconds later, swore as he pulled the headphones off. In his 2021 book The Lyrics, however, McCartney recalls that he uttered the expletive (rather than Lennon) when he missed a piano chord. Composition and structure "Hey Jude" begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano. The patterns he plays are based on three chords: F, C and B (I, V and IV). The main chord progression is "flipped on its head", in Hertsgaard's words, for the coda, since the C chord is replaced by E. Everett comments that McCartney's melody over the verses borrows in part from John Ireland's 1907 liturgical piece Te Deum, as well as (with the first change to a B chord) suggesting the influence of the Drifters' 1960 hit "Save the Last Dance for Me". The second verse of the song adds accompaniment from acoustic guitar and tambourine. Tim Riley writes that, with the "restrained tom-tom and cymbal fill" that introduces the drum part, "the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord, making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ('And any time you feel the )." At the end of each bridge, McCartney sings a brief phrase ("Na-na-na na …"), supported by an electric guitar fill, before playing a piano fill that leads to the next verse. According to Riley, this vocal phrase serves to "reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside". Additional musical details, such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies accompanying the lead vocal, are added to sustain interest throughout the four-verse, two-bridge song. The verse-bridge structure persists for approximately three minutes, after which the band leads into a four-minute-long coda, consisting of nineteen rounds of the song's double plagal cadence. During this coda, the rest of the band, backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals, repeats the phrase "Na-na-na na" followed by the words "hey Jude" until the song gradually fades out. In his analysis of the composition, musicologist Alan Pollack comments on the unusual structure of "Hey Jude", in that it uses a "binary form that combines a fully developed, hymn-like song together with an extended, mantra-like jam on a simple chord progression". Riley considers that the coda's repeated chord sequence (I–VII–IV–I) "answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges", since "The flat seventh that posed dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it." This three-chord refrain allows McCartney "a bedding ... to leap about on vocally", so he ad-libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song. In Riley's estimation, the song "becomes a tour of Paul's vocal range: from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse, through the mounting excitement of the song itself, to the surging raves of the coda". Release "Hey Jude" was released on a 7-inch single on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom, backed with "Revolution" on the B-side. It was one of four singles issued simultaneously to launch Apple Records – the others being Mary Hopkin's "Those Were the Days", Jackie Lomax's "Sour Milk Sea", and the Black Dyke Mills Band's "Thingumybob". In advance of the release date, Apple declared 11–18 August to be "National Apple Week" in the UK, and sent gift-wrapped boxes of the records, marked "Our First Four", to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family, and to Harold Wilson, the prime minister. The release was promoted by Derek Taylor, who, in author Peter Doggett's description, "hyped the first Apple records with typical elan". "Hey Jude" was the first of the four singles, since it was still designated as an EMI/Parlophone release in the UK and a Capitol release in the US, but with the Apple Records logo now added. In the US, "Hey Jude" was the first Capitol-distributed Beatles single to be issued without a picture sleeve. Instead, the record was presented in a black sleeve bearing the words "The Beatles on Apple". Author Philip Norman comments that aside from "Sour Milk Sea", which Harrison wrote and produced, the first Apple A-sides were all "either written, vocalised, discovered or produced" by McCartney. Lennon wanted "Revolution" to be the A-side of the Beatles single, but his bandmates opted for "Hey Jude". In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone, he said "Hey Jude" was worthy of an A-side, "but we could have had both." In 1980, he told Playboy he still disagreed with the decision. Doggett describes "Hey Jude" as a song that "glowed with optimism after a summer that had burned with anxiety and rage within the group and in the troubled world beyond". The single's release coincided with the violent subjugation of Vietnam War protestors at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, and condemnation in the West of the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia and its crushing of attempts to introduce democratic reforms there. In this climate, Lennon's espousal of a pacifist agenda over violent confrontation in "Revolution" drew heavy criticism from New Left activists. By contrast, with its more universal message, "Hey Jude" was adopted as an anthem by Czech citizens in their struggle. The song was first released on an album in February 1970, as the title track to Capitol's North American compilation Hey Jude. The album was conceived as a way to generate income for the Beatles by Allen Klein, the American businessman who, despite McCartney's strong opposition, the other Beatles had appointed to manage the ailing Apple organisation in 1969. "Hey Jude" subsequently appeared on the compilation albums 1967–1970, 20 Greatest Hits, Past Masters, Volume Two and 1. Promotion Apple shop window graffiti A failed early promotional attempt for the single took place after the Beatles' all-night recording session on 7–8 August 1968. With Apple Boutique having closed a week before, McCartney and Francie Schwartz painted Hey Jude/Revolution across its large, whitewashed shop windows. The words were mistaken for antisemitic graffiti (since Jude means "Jew" in German), leading to complaints from the local Jewish community, and the windows being smashed by a passer-by. Discussing the episode in The Beatles Anthology, McCartney explained that he had been motivated by the location – "Great opportunity. Baker Street, millions of buses going around…" – and added: "I had no idea it meant 'Jew', but if you look at footage of Nazi Germany, Juden Raus was written in whitewashed windows with a Star of David. I swear it never occurred to me." According to Barry Miles, McCartney caused further controversy in his comments to Alan Smith of the NME that month, when, in an interview designed to promote the single, he said: "Starvation in India doesn't worry me one bit, not one iota … And it doesn't worry you, if you're honest. You just pose." Promotional film The Beatles hired Michael Lindsay-Hogg to shoot promotional clips for "Hey Jude" and "Revolution", after he had previously directed the clips for "Paperback Writer" and "Rain" in 1966. For "Hey Jude", they settled on the idea of shooting with a live, albeit controlled, audience. In the clip, the Beatles are first seen by themselves, performing the initial chorus and verses, before the audience moves forward and joins them in singing the coda. The decision was made to hire an orchestra and for the vocals to be sung live, to circumvent the Musicians' Union's ban on miming on television, but otherwise the Beatles performed to a backing track. Lindsay-Hogg shot the clip at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September 1968. Tony Bramwell, a friend of the Beatles, later described the set as "the piano, there; drums, there; and orchestra in two tiers at the back." The event marked Starr's return to the group, after McCartney's criticism of his drumming had led to him walking out during a session for the White Album track "Back in the U.S.S.R." Starr was absent for two weeks. The final edit was a combination of two different takes and included "introductions" to the song by David Frost (who introduced the Beatles as "the greatest tea-room orchestra in the world") and Cliff Richard, for their respective TV programmes. It first aired in the UK on Frost on Sunday on 8 September 1968, two weeks after Lennon and Ono had appeared on the show to promote their views on performance art and the avant-garde. The "Hey Jude" clip was broadcast in the United States on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on 6 October. According to Riley, the Frost on Sunday broadcast "kicked 'Hey Jude' into the stratosphere" in terms of popularity. Norman comments that it evoked "palpable general relief" for viewers who had watched Frost's show two weeks before, as Lennon now adopted a supporting role to McCartney, and Ono was "nowhere in sight". Hertsgaard pairs the band's performance with the release of the animated film Yellow Submarine as two events that created "a state of nirvana" for Beatles fans, in contrast with the problems besetting the band regarding Ono's influence and Apple. Referring to the sight of the Beatles engulfed by a crowd made up of "young, old, male, female, black, brown, and white" fans, Hertsgaard describes the promotional clip as "a quintessential sixties moment, a touching tableau of contentment and togetherness". The 4 September 1968 promo clip is included in the Beatles' 2015 video compilation 1, while the three-disc versions of that compilation, titled 1+, also include an alternate video, with a different introduction and vocal, from the same date. Critical reception In his contemporary review of the single, Derek Johnson of the NME wrote: "The intriguing features of 'Hey Jude' are its extreme length and the 40-piece orchestral accompaniment – and personally I would have preferred it without either!" While he viewed the track overall as "a beautiful, compelling song", and the first three minutes as "absolutely sensational", Johnson rued the long coda's "vocal improvisations on the basically repetitive four-bar chorus". Johnson nevertheless concluded that "Hey Jude" and "Revolution" "prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that the Beatles are still streets ahead of their rivals". Chris Welch of Melody Maker said he had initially been unimpressed, but came to greatly admire "Hey Jude" for its "slow, heavy, piano-ridden beat, sensuous, soulful vocals and nice thumpy drums". He added that the track would have benefited from being edited in length, as the climactic ending was "a couple of minutes too long". Cash Boxs reviewer said that the extended fadeout, having been a device pioneered by the Beatles on "All You Need Is Love", "becomes something of an art form" in "Hey Jude", comprising a "trance-like ceremonial that becomes almost timeless in its continuity". Time magazine described it as "a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records". The reviewer contrasted "Hey Jude" with "Revolution", saying that McCartney's song "urges activism of a different sort" by "liltingly exhort[ing] a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love". Catherine Manfredi of Rolling Stone also read the lyrics as a message from McCartney to Lennon to end his negative relationships with women: "to break the old pattern; to really go through with love". Manfredi commented on the duality of the song's eponymous protagonist as a representation of good, in Saint Jude, "the Patron of that which is called Impossible", and of evil, in Judas Iscariot. Other commentators interpreted "Hey Jude" as being directed at Bob Dylan, then semi-retired in Woodstock. Writing in 1971, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called it "one of [McCartney's] truest and most forthright love songs" and said that McCartney's romantic side was ill-served by the inclusion of "'I Will', a piece of fluff" on The Beatles. In their 1975 book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote that "Hey Jude" "promised great things" for the ill-conceived Apple enterprise and described the song as "the last great Beatles single recorded specifically for the 45s market". They commented also that "the epic proportions of the piece" encouraged many imitators, yet these other artists "[failed] to capture the gentleness and sympathy of the Beatles' communal feel". Walter Everett admires the melody as a "marvel of construction, contrasting wide leaps with stepwise motions, sustained tones with rapid movement, syllabic with melismatic word-setting, and tension ... with resolution". He cites Van Morrison's "Astral Weeks", Donovan's "Atlantis", the Moody Blues' "Never Comes the Day" and the Allman Brothers' "Revival" among the many songs with "mantralike repeated sections" that followed the release of "Hey Jude". In his entry for the song in his 1993 book Rock and Roll: The 100 Best Singles, Paul Williams describes it as a "song about breathing". He adds: "'Hey Jude' kicks ass like Van Gogh or Beethoven in their prime. It is, let's say, one of the wonders of this corner of creation ... It opens out like the sky at night or the idea of the existence of God." Alan Pollack highlights the song as "such a good illustration of two compositional lessons – how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast." Pollack says that the long coda provides "an astonishingly transcendental effect", while AllMusic's Richie Unterberger similarly opines: "What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic because McCartney varies the vocal with some of the greatest nonsense scatting ever heard in rock, ranging from mantra-like chants to soulful lines to James Brown power screams." In his book Revolution in the Head, Ian MacDonald wrote that the "pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade-out may be a blemish" but he praised the song as "a pop/rock hybrid drawing on the best of both idioms". MacDonald concluded: "'Hey Jude' strikes a universal note, touching on an archetypal moment in male sexual psychology with a gentle wisdom one might properly call inspired." Lennon said the song was "one of [McCartney's] masterpieces". Commercial performance The single was a highly successful debut for Apple Records, a result that contrasted with the public embarrassment the band faced after the recent closure of their short-lived retail venture, Apple Boutique. In the description of music journalist Paul Du Noyer, the song's "monumental quality ... amazed the public in 1968"; in addition, the release silenced detractors in the British mainstream press who had relished the opportunity to criticise the band for their December 1967 television special, Magical Mystery Tour, and their trip to Rishikesh in early 1968. In the US, the single similarly brought an end to speculation that the Beatles' popularity might be diminishing, after "Lady Madonna" had peaked at number 4. "Hey Jude" reached the top of Britain's Record Retailer chart (subsequently adopted as the UK Singles Chart) in September 1968. It lasted two weeks on top before being replaced by Hopkin's "Those Were the Days", which McCartney helped promote. "Hey Jude" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 13 September; that same week, NME reported that two million copies of the single had been sold. The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 14 September, beginning a nineteen-week chart run there. It reached number one on 28 September and held that position for nine weeks, for three of which "Those Were the Days" held the number-two spot. This was the longest run at number one for a single in the US until 1977. The song was the 16th number-one hit there for the Beatles. Billboard ranked it as the number-one song for 1968. In Australia, "Hey Jude" was number one for 13 weeks, which remained a record there until ABBA's "Fernando" in 1976. It also topped the charts in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and West Germany. On 30 November 1968, NME reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide. By 1999, "Hey Jude" had sold an estimated eight million copies worldwide. That year, it was certified 4× platinum by the RIAA, representing four million units shipped in the US. As of December 2018, "Hey Jude" was the 54th-best-selling single of all time in the UK – one of six Beatles songs included on the top sales rankings published by the Official Charts Company. It has since been described as an international global hit. Awards and accolades "Hey Jude" was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the categories of Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, but failed to win any of them. In the 1968 NME Readers' Poll, "Hey Jude" was named the best single of the year, and the song also won the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for "A-Side With the Highest Sales". "Hey Jude" was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001 and it is one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs That Shaped Rock & Roll". In 2001, the 1968 release of "Hey Jude" on Apple Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked "Hey Jude" at number eight on the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time", making it the highest-placed Beatles song on the list; it dropped to number 89 in the 2021 revised list. Among its many appearances in other best-song-of-all-time lists, VH1 placed it ninth in 2000 and Mojo ranked it at number 29 in the same year, having placed the song seventh in a 1997 list of "The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time". In 1976, the NME ranked it 38th on the magazine's "Top 100 Singles of All Time", and the track appeared at number 77 on the same publication's "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2014. In January 2001, "Hey Jude" came in third on Channel 4's list of the "100 Greatest Singles". The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranks "Hey Jude" as the 11th-best jukebox single of all time. In 2008, the song appeared in eighth place on Billboards "All Time Hot 100 Songs". In July 2006, Mojo placed "Hey Jude" at number 12 on its list of "The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs". On a similar list compiled four years later, Rolling Stone ranked the song at number seven. In 2015, the ITV program The Nation's Favourite Beatles Number One ranked "Hey Jude" in first place. In 2018, the music staff of Time Out London ranked it at number 49 on their list of the best Beatles songs. Writing in the magazine, Nick Levine said: "Don't allow yourself to overlook this song because of its sheer ubiquity ... 'Hey Jude' is a huge-hearted, super-emotional epic that climaxes with one of pop's most legendary hooks." Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia In his 1996 article about the single's release, for Mojo, Paul Du Noyer said that the writing of "Hey Jude" had become "one of the best-known stories in Beatles folklore". In a 2005 interview, Ono said that for McCartney and for Julian and Cynthia Lennon, the scenario was akin to a drama, in that "Each person has something to be totally miserable about, because of the way they were put into this play. I have incredible sympathy for each of them." Du Noyer quoted Cynthia Lennon as saying of "Hey Jude", "it always bring tears to my eyes, that song." Julian discovered that "Hey Jude" had been written for him almost 20 years after the fact. He recalled of his and McCartney's relationship: "Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit – more than Dad and I did. We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad." In 1996, Julian paid for the recording notes to "Hey Jude" at an auction. He spent a further at the auction, buying John Lennon memorabilia. John Cousins, Julian Lennon's manager, stated at the time: "He has a few photographs of his father, but not very much else. He is collecting for personal reasons; these are family heirlooms if you like." In 2002, the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie's in London. The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to at the auction, which was scheduled for 30 April 2002. McCartney went to court to stop the auction, claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home. Richard Morgan, representing Christie's, said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written. The courts decided in McCartney's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics. They had been sent to Christie's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier, who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for in the early 1970s. In the original catalogue for the auction, Julian Lennon had written, "It's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you. It still touches me." Along with "Yesterday", "Hey Jude" was one of the songs that McCartney has highlighted when attempting to have some of the official Beatles songwriting credits changed to McCartney–Lennon. McCartney applied the revised credit to this and 18 other Lennon–McCartney songs on his 2002 live album Back in the U.S., attracting criticism from Ono, as Lennon's widow, and from Starr, the only other surviving member of the Beatles. In April 2020, the handwritten lyrics used during the original recording sold for $910,000 at auction via Julien's Auctions (). Cover versions and McCartney live performances In 1968, R&B singer Wilson Pickett released a cover recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, with a guitar part played by a young Duane Allman, who recommended the song to Pickett. Eric Clapton commented, "I remember hearing [it] and calling either Ahmet Ertegun or Tom Dowd and saying, 'Who's that guitar player?' ... To this day, I've never heard better rock guitar playing on an R&B record. It's the best." Session musician Jimmy Johnson, who played on the recording, said that Allman's solo "created Southern rock". Pickett's version reached number 23 on the Hot 100 and 13 on the Billboard R&B chart. "Hey Jude" was one of the few Beatles songs that Elvis Presley covered, when he rehearsed the track at his 1969 Memphis sessions with producer Chips Moman, a recording that appeared on the 1972 album Elvis Now. A medley of "Yesterday" and "Hey Jude" was included on the 1999 reissue of Presley's 1970 live album On Stage. Katy Perry performed "Hey Jude" as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honouring McCartney. "All Around the World", a song by British rock band Oasis, features a several minute long outro much in the vein of "Hey Jude". McCartney played "Hey Jude" throughout his 1989–90 world tour, his first tour since Lennon's murder in 1980. McCartney had considered including it as the closing song on his band Wings' 1975 tours, but decided that "it just didn't feel right." He has continued to feature the song in his concerts, leading the audience in organised singalongs whereby different segments of the crowd – such as those in a certain section of the venue, then only men followed by only the women – chant the "Na-na-na na" refrain. McCartney played "Hey Jude" as the final act during the Super Bowl XXXIX halftime show on 6 February 2005. McCartney performed "Hey Jude" in the White House East Room as part of a concert honoring him with the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song in June 2010. McCartney also sang the song in the closing moments of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics hosted in London. On 4 August 2012, McCartney led the crowd in a rendition of "Hey Jude" while watching cycling at the velodrome. Personnel According to Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn: The Beatles Paul McCartney– lead vocal, piano, bass guitar, handclaps John Lennon– backing vocal, acoustic guitar, handclaps George Harrison– backing vocal, electric guitar, handclaps Ringo Starr– backing vocal, drums, tambourine, handclaps Additional musicians Uncredited 36-piece orchestra – 10 violins, three violas, three cellos, two double basses, two flutes, two clarinets, one bass clarinet, one bassoon, one contrabassoon, four trumpets, two horns, four trombones, and one percussion instrument; 35 of these musicians on additional backing vocals and handclaps Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales See also Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1968 List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1960s List of top 25 singles for 1968 in Australia List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1968 List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1968 List of number-one singles of 1968 (Canada) List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 1968 List of number-one hits of 1968 (Germany) List of number-one singles of 1968 (Ireland) List of number-one singles in 1968 (New Zealand) List of number-one songs in Norway List of number-one singles of 1968 (Spain) List of number-one singles from 1968 to 1979 (Switzerland) List of UK charts and number-one singles (1952–1969) List of best-selling singles of the 1960s in the United Kingdom "The Official BBC Children in Need Medley" Notes References Sources External links Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles' official website "David Frost Meets The Beatles" at Mojo4music.com 1960s ballads 1968 singles 1968 songs Apple Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles British pop rock songs Cashbox number-one singles Dutch Top 40 number-one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Irish Singles Chart number-one singles Music videos directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg Number-one singles in Australia Number-one singles in Austria Number-one singles in Brazil Number-one singles in Germany Number-one singles in New Zealand Number-one singles in Norway Number-one singles in Spain Number-one singles in Switzerland Pop ballads Rock ballads RPM Top Singles number-one singles Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs published by Northern Songs Songs written by Lennon–McCartney The Beatles songs UK Singles Chart number-one singles Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles Wilson Pickett songs

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A5%AC%EB%9D%BC%EA%B8%B0%20%EA%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%203

쥬라기 공원 3

《쥬라기 공원 3》(Jurassic Park III)은 2001년 개봉한 미국의 SF 모험 영화이자 쥬라기 공원 시리즈의 세 번째 영화이다. 줄거리 소년 에릭이 양아버지인 벤과 함께 이슬라소르나 근해로 패러세일링을 하러 가는데, 패러글라아더에 연결된 보트가 암초에 부딪히고 부자는 섬에 추락하게 된다. 그로부터 8주 후의 어느 날. 고생물학자 앨런 그랜트 박사는 벨로키랍토르에 관한 새 이론을 발표한다. 하지만 대중은 그의 이론은 무시하고 과거 쥬라기 공원에 대해서만 관심을 가진다. 쥬라기 공원에서 동행했던 엘리는 새로운 가정을 꾸린 상태이다. 앨런과 엘리는 공룡에 대한 관심은 여전하지만 쥬라기 공원에서의 일은 잊고 싶어 한다. 그리고 앨런의 화석 발굴 팀은 후원이 부족해서 철수할 위기에 처한다. 앨런은 제자인 빌리가 랍토르의 발성을 흉내내는 피리를 보다가 폴 커비라는 자의 방문을 받는다. 기업 사장을 자처한 폴은 아내인 어맨다와 함께 이슬라소르나 근처로 비행기 여행을 가려는데, 앨런이 가이드를 해달라고 부탁한다. 앨런은 난색을 표하지만 폴이 내민 백지수표를 보고 돈이 궁하던 차라 어쩔 수 없이 일을 받아들인다. 앨런은 조수 빌리와 커비 부부, 부부의 경호원인 유데스키, 쿠퍼, 그리고 조종사 내시와 함께 이슬라소르나에 도착한다. 부부는 앨런에게 한 말과 달리 비행기를 착륙시키려고 한다. 육식공룡 스피노사우루스가 갑자기 나타나 쿠퍼를 포식하고, 비행기는 스피노를 피하려다 숲속에 곤두박질친다. 스피노는 비행기를 파괴하고 내시도 잡아먹는다. 일행은 스피노로부터 도망치다가, 이번에는 또 다른 육식공룡 티라노사우루스와 마주치게 된다. 두 공룡이 대치하고 스피노가 티라노의 목을 물어뜯어 죽인다. 커비 부부는 사장이 아니라 조그만 철물점 주인일 뿐이었고, 이혼한 사이이기도 한 것이 밝혀진다. 부부는 8주 전 행방불명된 아들 에릭과 어맨다의 애인 벤을 찾으려고 섬에 온 것이었다. 벤은 유골이 되어 패러글라이더째로 나무에 매달려 있었으나, 에릭의 시체는 찾을 수 없었다. 일행은 패러글라이더를 챙기고 랍토르의 둥지를 지나, 인젠의 버려진 시설을 발견한다. 에릭이 있을 거라 생각하고 그곳으로 발을 옮겼지만, 에릭 대신 랍토르 한 마리가 기다리고 있었다. 랍토르는 동료 랍토르들을 불러 일행을 뒤쫓는다. 유데스키가 랍토르에게 공격당하고, 미끼로 쓰이다가 결국 죽게 된다. 한편, 일행과 홀로 떨어진 앨런은 무언가를 찾고 있는 랍토르떼의 공격을 받다가, 에릭에게 구조된다. 에릭은 인젠사 트럭에 거처하며 생존해 있었다. 다음날 에릭은 친아빠 폴의 전화 벨소리를 듣고 달려나가 부모님과 재회한다. 그런데 전화 벨소리는 전날 내시와 함께 전화기를 꿀꺽한 스피노사우루스에게서 나는 소리였다. 재결합한 일행은 스피노를 피해 인젠 시설에 몸을 숨긴다. 앨런은 빌리가 연구비 욕심으로 랍토르의 알을 숨겨 갖고 왔으며 그것이 랍토르가 그들을 쫓는 이유임을 알게 된다. 일행은 해변가로 가다가 거대한 새장을 지나게 되는데, 그곳은 프테라노돈의 둥지였다. 에릭이 프테라노돈에게 붙잡히자 빌리가 패러글라이더를 착용하고 몸을 던져 에릭을 살리는 데 성공한다. 하지만 빌리 본인은 강에 빠져 프테라노돈과 함께 남겨진다. 일행은 어쩔 수 없이 빌리를 버리고, 고물 보트를 고쳐 강길을 따라 내려간다. 길을 가던 중 스피노사우루스의 대변덩어리를 발견한 일행은 그 안을 뒤져 전화기를 찾아낸다. 앨런이 엘리에게 전화를 걸어 구조를 요청하려던 때, 스피노사우루스가 다시 나타나 보트를 짓밟는다. 앨런이 간신히 연료에 불을 붙여 스피노를 쫓는 데 성공한다. 다음날 길을 가던 일행은 알을 되찾으러 온 랍토르떼를 다시 마주친다. 어맨다가 알을 내주는 척하며 시간을 끄는 사이, 앨런이 빌리의 피리를 불어 랍토르의 울음소리를 흉내낸다. 그 소리에 놀란 랍토르들은 알만 가지고 돌아간다. 드디어 해안가에 도착하자, 엘리가 보낸 군부대가 일행을 구출한다. 놀랍게도 빌리가 살아남아 먼저 구출되어 헬기에 타고 있었다. 섬을 떠나면서 일행은 헬기 창문으로 프테라노돈이 섬을 떠나 어디론가 날아가는 것을 본다. 출연 샘 닐 - 앨런 그랜트 박사 윌리엄 H. 메이시 - 폴 커비 테아 레오니 - 어맨다 커비 알레산드로 니볼라 - 빌리 브레넌 트레버 모건 - 에릭 커비 마이클 지터 - 유데스키 존 딜 - 쿠퍼 브루스 A. 영 - 내시 로라 던 - 엘리 디글러 테일러 니컬스 - 마크 디글러 마크 해럴릭 - 벤 힐더브랜드 훌리오 오스카르 메초소 - 엔리케 카르도소 (패러글라이딩 운전사) 블레이크 브라이언 - 찰리 디글러 등장 공룡 벨로키랍토르 티라노사우루스 스피노사우루스 스테고사우루스 브라키오사우루스 케라토사우루스 프테라노돈 트리케라톱스 안킬로사우루스 람베오사우루스 파라사우롤로푸스 한국판 성우진(KBS) (2005년 7월 23일) 장광 - 앨런 그랜트 박사(샘 닐) 이재명 - 폴 커비(윌리엄 H. 메이시) 차명화 - 아만다 커비(테아 레오니) 양석정 - 빌리(알레산드로 니볼라) 소연 - 에릭(트레버 모건) 성창수 - 우데스키(마이클 지터) 박규웅 - 쿠퍼(존 딜) 고재균 - 내쉬(브루스 A. 영) 윤소라 - 엘리(로라 던) 장우영 - 찰리(블레이크 마이클 브라이언) 관객 반응 감독이 바뀌면서 주 공룡인 티라노사우루스 렉스가 스피노사우루스로 바뀌고, 스피노사우루스가 철장을 쉽게 부수는데 정작 나무 벽은 뚫지 못한다는 것과 그리고 스피노사우루스가 전화기를 먹은 후 뱃속에서 벨소리가 들렸는데 벨소리가 너무 뚜렸하게 들리고 평범한 어린아이인 에릭 커비가 공룡이 있는 섬에서 무려 8개월 동안 살아남았다는 설정 오류가 있었다. 4년을 기다리고 영화를 보러온 팬들에게는 실망감이 매우 컸다. 외부 링크 2001년 영화 영어 영화 작품 쥬라기 공원 영화 공룡 영화 속편 영화 미국의 SF 모험 영화 정글을 배경으로 한 영화 역기능 가정을 소재로 한 영화 코스타리카를 배경으로 한 영화 몬태나주를 배경으로 한 영화 조 존스턴 감독 영화 존 윌리엄스 영화 음악 마이클 크라이튼 원작의 영화 작품 캘리포니아주에서 촬영한 영화 하와이주에서 촬영한 영화 로스앤젤레스에서 촬영한 영화 앰블린 엔터테인먼트 영화 유니버설 픽처스 영화

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic%20Park%20III

Jurassic Park III

Jurassic Park III is a 2001 American science fiction action film directed by Joe Johnston and written by Peter Buchman, Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor. It is the third installment in the Jurassic Park franchise and the final film in the original Jurassic Park trilogy, following The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). It is also the first film in the franchise not to be directed by Steven Spielberg, as well as the first not to be based on a novel by Michael Crichton; however, the film features characters and ideas by Crichton. Sam Neill and Laura Dern reprise their roles from the first film. New cast members include William H. Macy, Téa Leoni, Alessandro Nivola, Trevor Morgan and Michael Jeter. The plot follows a divorced couple who deceive paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant into helping them find their son, who has gone missing on Isla Sorna. After the release of Spielberg's Jurassic Park, Joe Johnston expressed interest in directing a sequel, which Spielberg agreed to. Universal Pictures announced the third film in June 1998, with a release scheduled for mid-2000. A draft written by Peter Buchman was rejected five weeks ahead of filming in favor of a simpler story idea suggested by David Koepp, the writer of the previous two films. Payne and Taylor were hired to rewrite the earlier script by Buchman, who made further revisions to their draft. Filming lasted five months, beginning in Hawaii in August 2000 before moving to California. A final draft of the script was never completed during production, a circumstance Johnston considered quitting over. Jurassic Park III features a combination of computer-generated and animatronic dinosaurs. A Spinosaurus replaces the Tyrannosaurus from previous films as the principal dinosaur antagonist. Jurassic Park III premiered on July 16, 2001, and was theatrically released on July 18. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, the film was successful at the box office, grossing $368.8 million worldwide to become the eighth highest-grossing film of 2001; however, it is the lowest-grossing installment in the franchise to date. In 2015, it was followed by Jurassic World, which started the Jurassic World sequel trilogy. Plot Twelve-year-old Eric Kirby and his mother's boyfriend, Ben Hildebrand, are parasailing near the restricted Isla Sorna. As the boat enters a thick fog, the crew is killed by an unknown attacker, prompting Ben to detach the line before the vessel crashes into rocks. Eric and Ben drift towards the island. Eight weeks later, paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant struggles to secure funding for his Velociraptor research, and rebuffs the public's obsession with the events on Isla Nublar. Grant discusses his research with a longtime colleague Ellie, hypothesizing that Velociraptors were intellectually and socially advanced beyond even primates. In Montana, his assistant, Billy Brennan, uses a three-dimensional printer to replicate a Velociraptor larynx. Paul and Amanda Kirby, a seemingly wealthy couple, offer to fund Grant's research if he gives them an illegal aerial tour of Isla Sorna. Grant reluctantly agrees, flying there with Billy, two of the Kirbys' mercenary associates (Udesky and Cooper), and their pilot (Nash). Grant learns that the Kirbys intend to land; he protests, but Cooper knocks him unconscious. Grant awakens to find that the group has landed, although they reboard the plane when a large theropod approaches the runway, leaving Cooper behind. During takeoff, a Spinosaurus emerges and devours Cooper. The aircraft hits the dinosaur and crashes into the trees. The Spinosaurus attacks the plane and eats Nash, who has Paul's satellite phone. The survivors flee, only to encounter a Tyrannosaurus. The two dinosaurs fight, and the Spinosaurus kills the Tyrannosaurus as the humans escape. Grant furiously confronts the Kirbys, who reveal they are a middle-class divorced couple, searching for their son Eric and Amanda's boyfriend Ben. Government agencies declined to help, so they deceived Grant and brought him along, mistakenly believing him to have experience on Isla Sorna. The group begins searching for Eric and Ben, as they travel to the coast. They find Ben's corpse attached to the parasail, which Billy takes. They also stumble upon a Velociraptor nest, and Billy secretly places two eggs in his bag. They soon discover an InGen compound, where a Velociraptor ambushes them, before vocalizing for its pack. The humans escape within a herd of Corythosaurus and Parasaurolophus, causing a stampede; Grant and Udesky become separated from the others, who take refuge in the trees. The Velociraptors injure Udesky and thus attempt to lure Paul, Amanda, and Billy into rescuing him; their trap is unsuccessful, and they soon kill Udesky. Elsewhere, Grant observes the pack communicating, and suspects that they are searching for something; as he tries to slip away, they ambush him. Eric appears, dispersing the attack with canisters of tear gas, before taking Grant to an overturned supply truck where he has been taking shelter. The following morning, they reunite with Billy and the Kirbys, and narrowly escape the Spinosaurus again. Grant, wary of Billy, checks his bag and sees the Velociraptor eggs, which Billy says he planned to sell for funding. Grant decides to keep the eggs, hoping the Velociraptors may spare the group if the eggs are returned. The group enters an aviary, which they realize is filled with Pteranodons. A flock attacks the group and flies away with Eric. Billy rescues him using the parasail; the flock then attacks Billy, who is seemingly killed. Boarding a barge, the group escapes the aviary but unintentionally leaves the cage unlocked. That night, they retrieve the ringing satellite phone from a pile of Spinosaurus feces. Grant contacts Ellie for help, but the Spinosaurus attacks them. Fuel from the boat leaks into the water, and Grant ignites it using a flare gun, forcing the Spinosaurus to flee. The following day, the group hears the sound of the ocean and arrive at the coast, but they are ambushed by the Velociraptors, who have come for the eggs. Grant uses the replica larynx to confuse the pack into thinking more of their troops need help. Upon hearing distant helicopters, the raptors spare the group and reclaim their eggs before disappearing into the jungle. United States Marines and Navy, summoned by Ellie, land on the beach and rescue the survivors. On a military helicopter, they discover that Billy has also been rescued, albeit in a seriously injured state. They watch the now-freed Pteranodons fly alongside them as they leave the island. Cast Production When Steven Spielberg's film Jurassic Park was released in 1993, his friend Joe Johnston became interested in directing a potential sequel. While Spielberg expected to direct the first sequel, he agreed Johnston could direct a possible third film. The second film, entitled The Lost World: Jurassic Park, includes a scene showing a Tyrannosaurus rampaging through San Diego; Spielberg had intended to use this scene for a third film but later decided to add it into the second film after realizing he probably would not direct another film in the series. After the release of the second film in May 1997, Spielberg was busy with other projects; when asked about the possibility of a third Jurassic Park film, he responded that it would give him a tremendous headache to make it. Spielberg had no intention of returning to the Jurassic Park series as a director, stating that the films were difficult to make. He had been satisfied with directing the previous films, and felt that the third film needed someone new to take over. After the release of the second film, Johnston again asked Spielberg about directing a Jurassic Park sequel. Pre-production Universal Pictures announced the film in June 1998, with Spielberg as a producer. Michael Crichton, who wrote the Jurassic Park novels, was to collaborate with Spielberg to create a storyline and write a script, although Johnston later said that Crichton had no involvement with the project. The film was initially set for release in mid-2000. Spielberg initially devised a story involving Dr. Alan Grant, who was discovered to have been living on one of InGen's islands. According to Johnston: "He'd snuck in, after not being allowed in to research the dinosaurs, and was living in a tree like Robinson Crusoe. But I couldn't imagine this guy wanting to get back on any island that had dinosaurs in it after the first movie". Craig Rosenberg, who previously wrote and directed Hotel de Love, began writing the first draft of Jurassic Park III in June 1999. Spielberg and Johnston were impressed by Rosenberg's prior work, which included thriller screenplays for Spielberg's company DreamWorks. Rosenberg's draft involved teenagers becoming marooned on Isla Sorna, and it included a sequence involving the aquatic reptile Kronosaurus, which was not featured in the final film. Another scrapped scene would involve characters on motorcycles trying to evade raptors. Johnston was announced as the film's director in August 1999, with Rosenberg still attached. Spielberg gave complete creative freedom to Johnston, who said that Spielberg "has strongly pointed out that I shouldn't try to copy him". Production was expected to begin in early 2000. The previous films were shot in Hawaii, and the island of Kauai was the preferred filming location for the third film, although no decisions would be made until the finalization of the script. Rosenberg's draft about teenagers on Isla Sorna was rejected in September 1999. Johnston said it was "not a badly written script", but he felt that viewers would not want to see such a story, also saying that it read like a bad episode of Friends. Buchman draft Peter Buchman was hired to rewrite Rosenberg's draft, and did so going into early 2000. Buchman's draft involves dinosaurs causing a series of mysterious killings on the mainland, followed by an investigation. The script also has a parallel story that involves Alan Grant, Billy, and a family crash-landing on Isla Sorna. The draft begins with a vacationing couple who go parasailing over Isla Sorna, becoming the latest tourists to go missing there. A representative for the U.S. State Department, Harlan Finch, goes to Costa Rica and meets environmentalist Simone Garcia, who informs him of a recent dinosaur attack. Meanwhile, Grant is seeking financial donors for a raptor research station that he wants to build on Isla Sorna. Finch offers Grant exclusive research rights to the island if he will help the U.S. government acquire jurisdiction over it. Grant agrees and is scheduled to testify along with Simone at a hearing, to be held the next day in San José, Costa Rica. Grant also meets Paul Roby, a wealthy businessman who offers him a donation if he will host an aerial tour of Isla Sorna. Grant agrees, and they fly over the island prior to the hearing, along with Grant's graduate student Billy Hume and Paul's 12-year-old son Miles, a dinosaur enthusiast. Also on the tour is Paul's bodyguard Cooper, and Susan Brentworth, Paul's business associate and girlfriend. The plane is forced to land on the island after hitting an unidentified object. As it takes off again, it hits a Spinosaurus and crashes. The story would then alternate between the island and San José. The hearing would reveal that dinosaur attacks have taken place in various mainland locations, ranging from the Baja California Peninsula to Panama. Finch becomes concerned that the dinosaurs are breeding, thus posing a worldwide problem. The island scenes would largely play out the same as the final film, although the aviary and InGen laboratory sequences were much longer and more complex in this draft. Part of the script would involve the humans spending the night in the laboratory and making it their base of operations, although velociraptors would eventually sneak into the lab, after Billy stole their eggs. The humans would escape on dirt bikes and later take refuge in treetops. Cooper would die to velociraptors while protecting Miles, and Billy would die to a Pteranodon during the aviary sequence. Near the end of the draft, the U.S. government sends in fighter jets to bomb the island and destroy its dinosaur population. In the process, Roby is spotted by a pilot and he and his family are rescued from the island. However, Grant refuses to leave and, in his final scene, retreats into the jungle, incorporating Spielberg's initial idea. These final scenes inspired the title Jurassic Park: Extinction, although the filmmakers decided against this name as it seemed to suggest a definitive end to the franchise. Johnston also considered it a vague title, with Extinction potentially referring to the dinosaurs, the human population, or Grant. The name was eventually simplified as Jurassic Park III. Johnston said that no one was "particularly fond" of the title "but you certainly knew what it meant". Other potential titles included Jurassic Park: Breakout and The Extinction: Jurassic Park 3. Filming locations were scouted for this draft, including Fiordland, New Zealand, which was once considered as a location for the previous film. In March 2000, Maui, Hawaii, reportedly had been chosen instead of New Zealand. Casting and further rewrites Sam Neill signed to the project in June 2000, reprising his role from the first film as Dr. Alan Grant. Johnston later described Grant in the third film as being more cynical and sarcastic following the character's experience in the first film. Neill was happy to return, as he felt his performance in the first film could have been better. Hawaii was confirmed as a filming location for a three-week shoot, and filming overall was expected to take 18 weeks. Filming was scheduled to begin by August 2000, with a projected release in July 2001. William H. Macy originally turned down his role due to scheduling conflicts, so filming was delayed by a month. Macy had been working with Laura Dern on the 2001 film Focus, and she urged him to accept the role in Jurassic Park III. Trevor Morgan and Téa Leoni were subsequently announced as cast members. Johnston felt that Buchman's draft was too complicated, particularly in getting Alan Grant back to an island of dinosaurs. When screenwriter David Koepp held discussions with Johnston, Koepp suggested the simpler "rescue mission" plot. Koepp had written the previous two films, but had no involvement in writing the script for Jurassic Park III. In July 2000, about five weeks before filming began, Johnston and Spielberg rejected the entire second script because they were dissatisfied with it; $18 million had already been spent on the film, which had been storyboarded and budgeted. Some set-building had already begun, as well. The rejection came after Johnston and Spielberg approved Koepp's story idea, believing it to be superior to the earlier story. Many sequences from the second rejected draft, and some from the original draft, were incorporated into the final film as a way of salvaging the work that had been put into the project up to that point. At the time, Utah's Dinosaur National Monument and a military base at Oahu were being considered as filming locations. Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor began rewriting Buchman's script in July 2000, while Spielberg signed a deal with Universal to receive 20% of the film's profits. Payne and Taylor were hired to improve the film's characters and story, as the script primarily consisted of action. They were surprised to receive the writing offer, as the project differed from past films on which they had worked, but Universal had been impressed with their rewrite on the studio's film Meet the Parents. Payne and Taylor were not hardcore fans of the Jurassic Park franchise, although Taylor enjoyed its premise. The two writers watched the previous Jurassic Park films and spent the next four weeks writing their draft of the script. Payne and Taylor had previously written Citizen Ruth (1996), which starred Dern. She had also portrayed Ellie in the first Jurassic Park film. The character was absent from the previous Jurassic Park III script, so Payne and Taylor decided to write in a small part for Dern to reprise the role. She was initially hesitant to reappear only for a cameo, so Spielberg suggested that Ellie have an important role in saving the characters on the island. Dern was convinced after learning that Payne and Taylor were working on the script. In one draft, Neill and Dern's characters were a couple in the process of splitting up. Johnston said: "I didn't want to see them as a couple anymore. For one thing, I don't think they look like a couple. It would be uncomfortable to still see them together. And Laura Dern doesn't look like she's aged for the past 15 years!" Buchman made subsequent revisions to the script, and John August did uncredited work on it, as well. Much of the humor added by Payne and Taylor was not used in the final film. According to Payne: "We gave them a new script, and then we saw the movie, and it's all action. They took the rest out!" Writing credit ultimately went to Buchman, Payne, and Taylor. Johnston described the final film as simpler, faster-moving, and more intense than the earlier films. Filming A final draft of the script was never completed during production. While the first act was mostly in place, the middle portion of the script was not as complete, and the ending had yet to be written. Principal photography began on August 30, 2000, and it lasted five months. Filming the script was a lengthy process because of technical preparations before scenes. Macy criticized the project during filming. Commenting on the slow pace of filming, Macy said "we would do a quarter-page, [or] some days, an eighth of a page. And that would be a full 12-hour day". Johnston said that filming ultimately went over schedule by a few days, primarily because of weather and unexpected technical issues, although he was satisfied with how the schedule eventually turned out considering these issues. Macy also noted that executive producer Spielberg was not seen on set, despite a chair bearing his name that was always present, with Macy saying, "You don't know if it's a threat or a promise!" Spielberg was busy creating the 2001 film A.I. Artificial Intelligence. While Macy was impressed with the Jurassic Park III footage, he criticized the project for starting without a finished script: "The script has been evolving and being rewritten as we go, and what you want to say is, 'Who launched a $100 million ship without a rudder, and who's getting fired for this?' But that's the way it goes. That's the way they make these movies... big deal. I think someone should be shot, but I'm not in charge". Johnston said the actors went through an uncomfortable production shoot and that Macy may have simply made the critical comments on a bad day of filming. As the film approached its release, Macy said: "It was about the most amazing thing I've ever done in this business". Johnston thought about quitting the project on a few occasions because of uncertainty about how the film would turn out, considering that it did not have a finished script. He said that making the film was "a living hell on a daily basis", and that shooting without a finished script was "nerve-wracking, but it was also a way of freeing up the whole creative process. We could literally decide on the day how we wanted a scene to progress. I'm not saying it's the way to make movies, but it gives you more freedom". Johnston said the actors were "very flexible" and that they dealt with the lack of a finished script "the best they could". Alessandro Nivola criticized the film after its release, saying in a 2002 interview: "It was like the only part I've ever done that just had nothing for me to latch on to, character-wise. [...] It was kind of maddening". The actors were frequently bruised during filming. Leoni said "more of my makeup was to cover the real bruises than to create fake ones". Michael Lantieri, who worked on the previous films, returned as the special effects consultant. Lantieri said that Jurassic Park III was the most physically demanding film of the series: "We had a cast that was willing to get real bruises and bumps, be around real heat, and actually go underwater". Locations Filming began at Dillingham Airfield in Mokulēia, Hawaii, and continued on Oahu during early September 2000. Filming in Oahu included Heeia Kea Ranch. Aerial footage of Molokai's North Shore cliffs was then filmed over a two-day period, followed by a week of filming in Kauai, where locations included Hanalei Valley and rain forests in the Manoa Valley. Filming in Hawaii concluded in mid-September 2000, after scenes were shot at the South Fork of Kauai's Wailua River. By that time, John August had been hired to do the uncredited script revisions, which were followed by additional work from Buchman. Macy also wrote a scene. After the Hawaii shoot, production moved to California. A dinosaur lecture given by the character of Alan Grant was filmed at Occidental College in Los Angeles on October 10, 2000. Scenes were filmed at Center Bay Studios in Los Angeles at the end of October. Other filming locations in California included a rock quarry in Irwindale, while the interior of the InGen compound was filmed in a warehouse located east of downtown Los Angeles. Another scene was filmed at El Mirage Lake, where Udesky and the mercenaries prepare for their visit to Isla Sorna. Dern's small role as Ellie was filmed in a day. Scenes set at Ellie's house were filmed in South Pasadena, California. Filming subsequently moved to Universal Studios' backlot in Los Angeles for 96 days. Production designer Ed Verreaux and greensman Danny Ondrejko created a jungle rain forest at Universal's Stage 12. Ondrejko and his 14-member team took two months to create the jungle set, and Lantieri's team created mist and fog through the use of pipes. Johnston was impressed with the set and had difficulty distinguishing it from the jungles in Hawaii. The most challenging scene for Lantieri was the Spinosaurus attack on the plane, which was filmed on a soundstage. Lantieri's team built four plane props for the scene. The beginning of the scene depicts the crashed airplane in a tree, above ground, before the plane later falls to the ground and is rolled around by the Spinosaurus. For the early portion of the sequence, Lantieri created a pneumatic gimbal disguised as a tree, with the plane placed on top. The gimbal had 100 horsepower and was powered by hydraulics and hoses. It allowed the plane to be shaken and tilted. The plane also had a breakaway cockpit area for a shot in which the Spinosaurus tears the front end off. A later portion of the attack scene required close collaboration with Winston's team, which created a full-scale Spinosaurus leg prop, controlled by puppeteers. The leg, suspended in the air by two poles, was slammed down into one of the plane fuselage props for a series of shots. Another prop plane was rigged with a hydraulic machine, which crushed the fuselage from the inside, giving the impression that it was being crushed by the Spinosaurus. With another prop plane, the actors were filmed inside the fuselage as it is rolled around. The actors agreed to do their own stunts for the scene, which Macy compared to being inside a clothes dryer. Stunt people were only used for one shot during this scene. The film is the first in the series not to be based on a novel, although it includes characters and ideas from Crichton, who wrote the novels that inspired the previous two films. For Jurassic Park III, Crichton received a "based on characters created by" credit. Scenes involving a pterosaur aviary and a T. rexs attempted attack on a river raft were featured in the first novel Jurassic Park (1990). Although these scenes were absent from the novel's film adaptation, they were added into Jurassic Park III. The film's Spinosaurus attack on the boat is a modified version of the scene from the novel. At Falls Lake, located on the Universal lot, Verreaux and his team built a giant rock wall as part of a set that would depict InGen's Pteranodon aviary. Three months were spent laying foam blocks that were molded by hand to form jagged rock. A team subsequently built a 10-story, three-sided scaffold covered with netting to simulate the aviary. The aviary scene was filmed in early December 2000. The set was then redecorated for the nighttime exterior sequence in which the Spinosaurus attacks the boat. The scene involved rain and fire and took nine nights of filming. Part of the scene required Macy to stand on a giant crane and distract the Spinosaurus. Macy fell off the crane, but had a harness. Another portion of the scene required the actors to perform under water. The scene depicting the satellite phone in Spinosaurus feces was filmed using of oatmeal. In a November 2000 draft of the script, the U.S. State Department was to send in a helicopter and Ellie to rescue the characters, with Ellie explaining that she arrived thanks to a good friend at the department. This ending was not considered exciting enough, resulting in the final ending with the Marines and Navy coming to rescue the characters, while excluding Ellie from coming to the island. In the final film, Ellie's husband is an employee of the State Department, although his involvement in rescuing the group is not specified. The new ending was written in December, and the Pentagon lent two Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawks to the production, as well as four assault amphibious vehicles and 80 Marines. Production returned to Hawaii in January 2001 to film the ending on Kauai's Pila'a Beach. The film's longest rough cut without credits was around 96 minutes long. The final film, including credits, is 92 minutes, making it the shortest installment in the series. Creatures on screen As with the previous films, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) provided dinosaurs through computer-generated imagery (CGI), while Stan Winston and his team provided animatronics. The animatronics were more advanced than those used in previous films, and included the ability to blink, for an increased sense of realism. While animatronics were used for close-up shots, other scenes used sticks with pictures of dinosaur heads attached, as placeholders to which the actors could react. Puppeteers worked together to create the T. rex, Spinosaurus, and Velociraptor movements. Multiple puppeteers were assigned to operate different parts of each animatronic dinosaur, and in some cases, hours of practice were needed for a dinosaur's puppeteers to perform in synchrony. The animatronics were powerful and considered dangerous, as one wrong move could kill someone. One scene, depicting Udesky's death, was filmed with Winston team member John Rosengrant wearing a partial raptor suit. Winston's team took roughly 13 months to design and create the various practical dinosaurs. ILM scanned dinosaur sculptures, also created by Winston's team, to create the computer-generated versions of the animals. ILM also designed some dinosaurs entirely through CGI, including Ankylosaurus and Brachiosaurus. New dinosaurs not featured in earlier films included the Ankylosaurus, in addition to Ceratosaurus and Corythosaurus. Paleontologist Jack Horner worked as the film's technical advisor, as he had done for the previous films. Horner was brought on early in the film's development when story ideas were being considered. After two films, the filmmakers wanted to replace the T. rex with a new dinosaur antagonist. Baryonyx was originally considered, and early concept posters reflected this. Horner ultimately convinced the filmmakers to replace the T. rex with the larger Spinosaurus, an animal which had a distinctive sail on its back. Johnston said that "a lot of dinosaurs have a very similar silhouette to the T. rex ... and we wanted the audience to instantly recognize this as something else". Horner hypothesized that T. rex was more of a scavenger, while Spinosaurus was a true predator. The roars of the Spinosaurus in the film were created by mixing the low guttural sounds of a lion and an alligator, a bear cub crying, and a lengthened cry of a large bird that gave the roars a raspy quality. Winston and his sculptors created an initial Spinosaurus design, and Horner then provided his scientific opinion. Winston's team began with a 1/16 maquette version of the Spinosaurus, before creating a 1/5-scale version with more detail, leading to the creation of the final, full-scale version. The process took 10 months. The Spinosaurus animatronic was built from the knees up, while full body shots of the animal were done through CGI. The Spinosaurus animatronic measured 44 feet long, weighed 13 tons and was faster and more powerful than the 9-ton T. rex. Winston and his team had to remove a wall to get the Spinosaurus animatronic out of Winston's studio, located in Van Nuys, California. It was then transported by flatbed truck to the jungle set at Universal Studios' Stage 12. Verreaux had to design the set to accommodate the dinosaur. At the soundstage, the Spinosaurus was placed on a track that allowed the creature to be moved backward and forward. Four Winston technicians were required to fully operate the Spinosaurus animatronic. The fight between the Spinosaurus and T. rex was one of the last scenes shot for the film, and the two animatronics were put to extensive use for the fight. A T. rex animatronic from the previous film was re-skinned for its appearance in Jurassic Park III. The Spinosaurus animatronic was so powerful that it ripped the head off of the T. rex during filming. Johnston said the fight was meant as a modern homage to various earlier films that featured dinosaurs created by Ray Harryhausen. An early script featured a death sequence for the Spinosaurus near the end of the film, as Alan Grant would use the resonating chamber to call a pack of raptors which would attack and kill it. Because of new discoveries and theories in the field of paleontology, several dinosaurs are portrayed differently in this film from in previous ones. Discoveries suggesting velociraptors were feathered prompted the addition of quill-like structures on the head and neck of the males in the film. Horner said: "We've found evidence that velociraptors had feathers, or feather-like structures, and we've incorporated that into the new look of the raptor". Spielberg insisted that Johnston include Pteranodons, which had been removed from the previous films for budget reasons, with the exception of a brief appearance in The Lost World: Jurassic Park. The Pteranodons featured in Jurassic Park III are a fictionalized version of the actual animal. The animals were created with a combination of animatronics and puppetry. Winston and his team created a Pteranodon model with a wingspan of 40 feet, although the creatures are predominantly featured in the film through CGI. ILM animators studied footage of bats and birds while in flight, and also closely worked with a Pteranodon expert to create the creatures' flight movements. Winston's team also designed and created five rod puppets to depict baby pteranodons in a nest, with puppeteers working underneath the nest to control them. Johnston chose the pteranodons to end the film because he wanted an ending shot of "these creatures being beautiful and elegant". At one point, there were discussions about a final sequence in which the pteranodons would attack the survivors in their helicopter after departing from the island. This was scrapped for budgetary reasons. The film contains more than 400 effects shots, about twice the number featured in the two previous films combined. Most of the shots were for the fight between the T. rex and Spinosaurus, and for the Pteranodon aviary sequence. Less than half of the 400 effects shots involved dinosaurs, as the animators also had to focus on environmental surroundings, such as jungle foliage brushed by dinosaurs. Some shots were only a few seconds long, but required months of work. Music Composer John Williams, who worked on the previous films, was busy writing the music for A.I. Artificial Intelligence; he recommended Don Davis to write the Jurassic Park III score. Williams' original themes and several new ones—such as one for the Spinosaurus that focused on low sounds, with tubas, trombones, and timpani—were integrated into the score. The fight between the Spinosaurus and the Tyrannosaurus, which Davis compared to King Kong's fight with dinosaurs in the 1933 film, juxtaposes the Spinosaurus theme with the one Williams wrote for the T. rex. In addition, "Big Hat, No Cattle", a song by Randy Newman, was used in a restaurant scene. The soundtrack was released in July 2001. Marketing and merchandise A teaser trailer of Jurassic Park III was released online in September 2000, which was also found on the DVD releases of its predecessors. The first image from the film was released four months later. Universal avoided excessive early marketing to prevent a possible backlash; the studio believed awareness of the film was already sufficient. Marketing began in April 2001, three months before the film's release. The first footage from the film was aired during the second-season finale of Survivor in May 2001, and the official website went online at the end of June. Promotional partners included Kodak and the Coca-Cola Company. No fast-food promotions took place in the United States, although children's meal toys based on the film were offered in Canadian Burger King outlets. A novelization by Scott Ciencin, aimed at young children, was published, as well. Ciencin also wrote three children's books to tie in with the film's events: Jurassic Park Adventures: Survivor, the first book, details the eight weeks Eric spent alone on Isla Sorna; Jurassic Park Adventures: Prey has Eric and Alan returning to Isla Sorna to rescue a group of teenage filmmakers; and Jurassic Park Adventures: Flyers involves Eric and Alan leading the Pteranodon home after they nest in a Universal Studios theme park. In early 2001, Hasbro released a line of action figures including electronic dinosaurs, humans, and vehicles, to coincide with the film's release. The figures were scaled down from the original Kenner action figures from the pre-Jurassic Park III toy lines. A line of toys were also released through the Lego Studios brand. Playskool released a line of toys called Jurassic Park Junior, which were aimed at young children. A smaller line of die-cast toys and a range of clothes were also produced. In November 2001, to promote the film's impending home media release, Universal launched a viral marketing website for Isla Travel, a fictional Isla Sorna travel agency. Cell phone promotion For the film's home media release, Universal partnered with cell-phone company Hop-On to produce "the world's first disposable cell phone", which would have been available through an in-package offer upon purchase of the film. The telephones were to be delivered free to customers who responded to a winning promotional card that was supplied with selected copies of the film. Around 5,000 copies of the film contained a winning promotional card; around 1,000 of them were redeemed. The promotion was cancelled because the handsets could not be finished on time. An investigation by the San Francisco Chronicle revealed that sample versions of Hop-On's cell phones were actually modified Nokia handsets; Hop-On was having problems with its own design. Customers who were to receive the cell phones received a $30 check and a free DVD, instead. Release Jurassic Park III premiered at the Universal Amphitheater in Los Angeles, California, on July 16, 2001; two days later the film was released in the United States and other countries. Neill, a resident of New Zealand, hosted the film's Australasian premiere in the city of Dunedin in August. Home media The film was released on VHS and DVD on December 11, 2001. It was re-released with both sequels in December as the Jurassic Park Trilogy, and as the Jurassic Park Adventure Pack in November 2005. In 2011, the film was released on Blu-ray as part of the Jurassic Park: Ultimate Trilogy Blu-ray collection. Jurassic Park III is also included in the Jurassic Park 4K UHD Blu-ray collection, which was released on May 22, 2018. Reception Box office Jurassic Park III opened on July 18, 2001 with $19 million. At the time, it had the second-highest Wednesday opening of any film, after Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. In just five days, it generated a total of $80.9 million. The film had also grossed $50.3 million during its three-day opening weekend. When the film opened, it had the fourth-highest July opening weekend, behind Independence Day, Men in Black and X-Men. This marked the first time that four consecutive films had made an opening weekend over $45 million, joining Planet of the Apes, Rush Hour 2 and American Pie 2. Additionally, it was one of the four consecutive Universal films of 2001 to gross $40 million in their opening weekends, with The Mummy Returns, The Fast and the Furious and American Pie 2 being the others. The film ultimately earned $181.2 million in the United States and $368.8 million worldwide, making it the eighth-highest-grossing film of the year worldwide. Despite this, it is the lowest-grossing film in the franchise. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 49% based on 186 reviews, with an average rating of 5.30/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Jurassic Park III is darker and faster than its predecessors, but that doesn't quite compensate for the franchise's continuing creative decline." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale. On Metacritic, it was the lowest-rated film of the Jurassic Park franchise until the release of Jurassic World Dominion in 2022 and remains the lowest rated film in the original Jurassic Park trilogy. The films' distributor Universal did not allow reviews to be published until the film's release. Entertainment Weeklys Owen Gleiberman, who praised the previous Jurassic Park films, awarded the third film a C grade, writing "Jurassic Park III has no pretensions to be anything more than a goose-bumpy fantasy theme-park ride for kids, but it's such a routine ride. Spielberg's wizardry is gone, and his balletic light touch as well, and that gives too much of this 90-minute movie over to the duller-than-dull characters". Derek Elley of Variety called the film "an all-action, helter-skelter, don't-forget-to-buy-the-computer-game ride that makes the two previous installments look like models of classic filmmaking". Ben Varkontine of PopMatters called it "not as good a ride as the first, but a damn sight better than the second". Apollo Movie Guide panned the film as being "almost the same as the first movie" with "no need for new ideas or even a script". Empire magazine gave the film 3 stars out of 5, calling it "short, scrappy and intermittently scary". On Ebert and Roeper, Richard Roeper gave it a Thumbs Down while Roger Ebert awarded a Thumbs Up. In a subsequent review, Ebert called it "the best blockbuster of the Summer". In his review, Ebert gave the film three stars and said it "is not as awe-inspiring as the first film or as elaborate as the second, but in its own B-movie way it's a nice little thrill machine". He also wrote: "I can't praise it for its art, but I must not neglect its craft, and on that basis I recommend it". Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, an early pioneer of the dinosaur-bird connection, said the feather quills added to the Velociraptor for Jurassic Park III "looked like a roadrunner's toupee", but conceded that feathers are difficult subjects for computer animation and speculated that Jurassic Park IV's raptors would have more realistic plumage. Spielberg, according to his spokesman, was "very happy" with Johnston's work on the film. In 2002, Crichton said he had not watched the film. Some fans of the series were upset with the decision to kill off the T. rex and replace it with a new dinosaur. Retrospective assessments Some later reviews of the film have been positive, with a couple of critics declaring it superior to The Lost World: Jurassic Park. Retrospective reviews have also praised the aviary sequence. Simon Brew, writing for Den of Geek, stated in 2007 that the film has "an efficiency and focus" that was missing in the previous film. He enjoyed the set pieces, but criticized the abrupt ending. Comparing the first film with Jurassic Park III, David Chen of /Film wrote in 2009 that the original managed to "thrill audiences and make them think", while the latter "did neither particularly well". Several critics reviewed the film in 2015, when Jurassic World was released. Justin Harp of Digital Spy wrote that despite the shortcomings of Jurassic Park III, it "remains immensely watchable and visually impressive. It manages to strike a clear balance between moments of terror and genuine laughs". Although Harp considered the film to be the black sheep of the series, he described it as "fresh, exciting and, most of all, a whole lot of fun". Matt Goldberg of Collider wrote that the film "doesn't really have any reason to exist beyond proving that the franchise maybe never should have been a franchise to begin with". Goldberg stated that the film "is overly excited to let you know [the raptors] can vocally speak to each other, which ends up just looking funny. It feels like we're missing subtitles". Zaki Hasan of Sequart Organization enjoyed the film, but wrote that it has issues such as the abrupt ending. Entertainment Weekly, in 2018, wrote "what the plot lacks in credibility it makes up for with relatability". The magazine praised it as the only film in the series that "has zero to do with scientific stupidity or sinister corporate forces", writing that it was "perhaps the most narratively original" film out of all them. Neill said in 2021 that he believes the film is "dismissed too easily", opining that it is "pretty damn good" aside from the final 10 minutes and "hurried" ending. Accolades Video games Several film-based video games were released in 2001. Knowledge Adventure produced three games, Jurassic Park III: Danger Zone!, Jurassic Park III: Dino Defender, and Scan Command: Jurassic Park, all for Microsoft Windows. Three other games were released by Konami for the Game Boy Advance, including Jurassic Park III: The DNA Factor, Jurassic Park III: Island Attack, and Jurassic Park III: Park Builder. An arcade game, also titled Jurassic Park III, was also released. See also List of films featuring dinosaurs Notes References External links Official website Jurassic Park III at Amblin Jurassic Park films Films about dinosaurs Giant monster films American monster movies 2000s monster movies 2001 films 2001 science fiction action films 2000s science fiction adventure films 2000s science fiction thriller films Amblin Entertainment films American science fiction action films American science fiction adventure films American science fiction thriller films American sequel films Fiction about animal communication Films scored by Don Davis (composer) Films about dysfunctional families Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films directed by Joe Johnston Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films set in Costa Rica Films set in Montana Films set on fictional islands Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Hawaii Jungle adventure films Universal Pictures films Films with screenplays by Peter Buchman Films with screenplays by Alexander Payne Films with screenplays by Jim Taylor (writer) 2000s English-language films 2000s American films

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밥 오든커크

밥 오든커크(, 1962년 10월 22일 ~ )는 미국의 배우, 코미디언, 작가, 감독이자 연출가이다. AMC의 범죄 드라마 시리즈 《브레이킹 배드》와 그 스핀오프 《베터 콜 사울》에서 미심쩍은 달변가 변호사 사울 굿맨 역으로, 그리고 HBO 스케치 코미디 시리즈 《미스터 쇼 위드 밥 앤 데이비드》의 공동 제작자이자 친구 데이비드 크로스와 출연자로 유명하다. 1980년대 말과 1990년대 사이 오든커크는 텔레비전 쇼 《새터데이 나이트 라이브》, 《레이트 나이트 위드 코난 오브라이언》, 《겟 어 라이프》, 《벤 스틸러 쇼》, 《데니스 밀러 쇼》에서 작가로 일했다. 2000년대 초에는 팀 앤 에릭이라는 코미디 듀오를 발견해 이들의 텔레비전 시리즈 《톰 고즈 투 더 메이어》, 《팀 앤 에릭 어섬 쇼, 그레이트 잡!》을 제작했다. 그는 총 세 편의 영화를 연출했으며, 《저녁 먹으러 가는 멜빈》 (2003), 《감옥에 가보자》 (2006), 《솔로몬》 (2007)이 그것이다. 2015년에 그와 데이비드 크로스는 재결합했고 《W/ 밥 앤 데이비드》를 위해 미스터 쇼의 제작진들과 호흡을 맞춘다. 1996년 《위드 밥 앤 데이비드》의 책임 프로듀서 나오미 옴토브와 결혼했다. 부부는 두 아이를 가지고 있다. 초기 생애 오든커크는 일리노이주 버윈에서 태어나 네이퍼빌 부근에서 자랐다. 그는 인쇄 사업에 종사하던 월터 오든커트와 로마 가톨릭에 독일 및 아일랜드 혈통 바바라 오든커크의 일곱 자식 중 한 명이었다. 부모는 월터 오든커크의 알코올 중독으로 갈라선다. 이는 밥이 최대한 알코올을 멀리 해야겠다는 결정에 영향을 미쳤다. 그는 후에 네이퍼빌에서 자란 것이 "싫었다"고 말했는데 "마치 막다른 길 같았어요. 노웨어스빌(Nowheresville) 처럼요. 다른 도시로 이사가 그곳에서 신나는 사람들과 어울리고 싶었죠."라고 이유를 들었다. 월터 오든터크는 골암으로 1995년 사망했다. 오든커크는 네이퍼빌 노스 고등학교와 위스콘신주 밀워키에 위치한 마르케트 대학에 재학했다. 그러다 "그의 칼리지 라디오 방송의 라이브 쇼에서의 스케치 저술과 공연 솜씨로" 일리노이주 카본데일에 위치한 서던 일리노이 대학으로 편입했다. 그는 코미디 극작가로 뛰어들기 위해 서던 일리노이 대학에 위치한 지역의 대학 라디오 WIDB에서 맷 헬서와 그레그 윈도프와 라디오 DJ로 일했다. 그는 WIDB에서 일하며 프라임 타임 스페셜(The Prime Time Special)이라는 심야 라디오 코미디 쇼를 기획하기도 했다. 그 쇼는 아주 재미난 쇼로 평가되며 밥에게는 자신의 타고난 재능을 표출할 배출구를 제공해 주었다. 대학에서 3년을 지낸 그는 시카고로 가서 글을 쓰고 공연을 펼칠 결심을 한다. 처음에는 그가 다니게 된 "더 플레이어스 워크샵 오브 더 세컨트 시티"에서 델 클로스에게 배웠다. 이곳에서 그는 로버트 스미걸을 만나 그들은 협업을 하기 시작했고 곧 몇 년을 하게 되는 《새터데이 나이트 라이브》로 이끌게 된다. 임프루브 올림픽에서는 크리스 팔리와 팀 메도스와 공연을 펼치기도 했다. 오든커크는 지적이면서도 단순한 유머를 조합한 《몬티 파이튼의 비행 서커스》가 코미디의 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 이외에 영향을 준 것은 스티브 달, 《SCTV》, 스티브 마틴의 《레츠 갯 스몰》, 우디 앨런, 클리디비티 갭, 밥 앤 레이 등이다. 14살 때에는 시카고의 세컨드 시티 시어터에 방문한 적이 있었다. 코미디 작가 빌 오든커크는 그의 남동생이다. 경력 텔레비전에서 《새터데이 나이트 라이브》: 1987–1991 1987년 오든커크는 《새터데이 나이트 라이브》의 작가로 기용되었고 1991년까지 그 일을 계속했다. 로버트 스미걸과 코난 오브라이언과 함께 작업하면서 그들은 수많은 스케치를 제작했지만, 자신의 각본에 대해서는 확신을 느끼지 못하고 있었다. 그 쇼에서 조역으 몇 차례 연기했는데 1991년 배드 아이디어 진의 패러디 상업광고가 그중 가장 두드러졌다. 《SNL》에서 일하는 마지막 해에 그는 애덤 샌들러, 데이비드 스페이드, 크리스 록, 크리스 파레이와 함께 작업했지만 결국 자신만의 공연을 펼치고 싶어 쇼에서 사임했다. 《SNL》에서 그는 스케치의 저술에서 짐 다우니와 앨 프랭큰 그리고 자시의 친구 스미걸과 오브라이언에게 많은 교육을 받았다. 《SNL》에서 그는 "동기적 수다쟁이(Motivational Speaker) 맷 폴리"라는 캐릭터를 구상했고 이는 쇼에서 반복해 출연한다. 《SNL》이 1988년 여름 휴방기에 접어들었을 때, 오든커크는 시카고로 돌아와 스미걸과 오브라이언과 함께 무대 공연을 가졌고 이를 《해피 해피 굿 쇼》로 명명했다. 다음해 여름에는 자신의 원맨쇼인 《쇼-액팅 가이》를 기획했고 톰 가이나스가 연출했다. 마지막 여름 공백기에는 세컨드 시티 주무대에서 《플레그 버닝 퍼미티드 인 로비 온리》를 쓰고 연기했다. 다양한 저술 및 연기 활동: 1991–1994 1991년, 오든커크는 TV 쇼 《겟 어 라이프》의 각본가로 채용되었으며 《레이트 나이트 위드 데이비드 레터맨》의 출연자 크리스 엘리엇이 출연한 쇼였다. 또한 《더 데니스 밀러 쇼》의 각본도 썼다. 오든커크는 벤 스틸러와는 친구 관계로 《SNL》 시절에서는 사무실을 공유하기도 했다. 이 경험이 《더 벤 스틸러 쇼》의 출연진으로서 기용되는 데 도움되었다. 쇼에서 작가와 배우라는 두 역을 맡은 그는 길이 회자될 스케치인 "계집애 맨슨"을 기획 및 출연했다. 그리고 쇼가 각본 부문에서 에미상을 수상할 수 있게 하지만, 상을 탈 무렵 쇼는 이미 취소되었다. 오든커크는 1993년과 1994년 시즌의 《레이트 나이트 위드 코난 오브라이언》에서 작가로 공헌했다. 《더 벤 스틸러 쇼》 시기 만난 데이비드 크로스와 손잡고 라이브 스케치 쇼를 시작하기도 했고 결국에는 《미스터 쇼 위드 밥 앤 데이비드》로 발전한다. 1993년에는 《레리 샌들러 쇼》에서 레리 샌들러의 오원 스티브 그랜트 역으로 자주 출연하게 되었고 1998년까지 그 캐릭터를 계속했다. 같은 해 《로잔느 아줌마》와 톰 아널드의 《재키 토마스 쇼》에서 잠시 연기했다. 라디오 예술가 조 프랭크에게 기용된 그와 데이비드 크로스는 프랭크의 1994년도 라디오 프로그램 "A Hearing"과 "The Last Run"에서 등장했고 1997년 둘은 합쳐져 "The OJ Chronicles."가 되었다. 출연작 목록 영화 방송 각주 참고 문헌 외부 링크 1962년 출생 살아있는 사람 미국의 남자 텔레비전 배우 미국의 남자 영화 배우 20세기 미국의 남자 성우 미국의 영화 감독 미국의 영화 제작자 미국의 영화 각본가 미국의 텔레비전 감독 미국의 텔레비전 프로듀서 미국의 텔레비전 각본가 독일계 미국인 아일랜드계 미국인 일리노이주 출신 배우 에미상 수상자 21세기 미국의 남자 성우

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Odenkirk

Bob Odenkirk

Robert John Odenkirk (; born October 22, 1962) is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker best known for his role as Saul Goodman on Breaking Bad (2008–2013) and its spin-off Better Call Saul (2015–2022). For the latter, he has received six nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. As a producer on Better Call Saul since its premiere, he has also received six nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series. He is also known for the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show with Bob and David (1995–1998), which he co-created and co-starred in with fellow comic David Cross. In 2015, he and Cross reunited, along with the rest of the Mr. Show cast, for W/ Bob & David on Netflix. Odenkirk wrote for television series Saturday Night Live (1987–1991) and The Ben Stiller Show (1992), winning an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series in 1989 and 1993. He also wrote for Late Night with Conan O'Brien (1993–1994) and acted in a recurring role as Agent Stevie Grant in The Larry Sanders Show (1993–1998). In the early 2000s, Odenkirk discovered the comedy duo Tim & Eric. He produced their television series Tom Goes to the Mayor (2004–2006) and Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! (2007–2010). His feature directorial credits include the films Melvin Goes to Dinner (2003), Let's Go to Prison (2006), and The Brothers Solomon (2007). The success of Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul led to acting work in high-profile projects such as Nebraska (2013), the first season of Fargo (2014), Steven Spielberg's The Post (2017), Pixar's Incredibles 2 (2018), Little Women (2019) and, as the lead, the action film Nobody (2021), which he also produced. Early life Odenkirk was born in Berwyn, Illinois, then raised in Naperville. He is the second oldest of seven siblings born to Walter Henry Odenkirk, who was employed in the printing business, and Barbara Mary ( Baier) Odenkirk (1936–2021), Catholics of German and Irish descent. His parents divorced in part due to Walter's alcoholism, which influenced Bob's decision to avoid alcohol as much as possible. He describes his father as "remote, fucked-up, and not around". Odenkirk would later say that he grew up "hating" Naperville as a 15-year-old because "it felt like a dead end, like Nowheresville. I couldn't wait to move into a city and be around people who were doing exciting things." Walter Odenkirk died of bone cancer in 1986. Odenkirk's younger brother is comedy writer Bill Odenkirk. Bob had helped with Bill's early career. Odenkirk attended Naperville North High School and graduated at 16; he was "tired of high school", and because he had enough credits, he was able to leave high school when he was still a junior. Because he was so young and thought he would be awkward at any college, he decided to attend the local College of DuPage in Glen Ellyn, Illinois. After a year, he went to Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, then transferred to Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, Illinois, "honing his sketch-writing and performance skills with live shows on both colleges' radio stations". He began his foray into comedy writing as a radio DJ for WIDB, the local non-broadcast college station at SIU. At WIDB he created a late-night (midnight to 4 am) radio comedy show called The Prime Time Special. After three years of college, Odenkirk was three credits short of graduating when he decided to try writing and improv in Chicago. He completed the credits at Columbia College Chicago and received his bachelor's degree from SIU in 1984. First studying with Del Close, Odenkirk attended the Players Workshop where he met Robert Smigel, and they began a collaboration that would last for years and take Odenkirk to Saturday Night Live. He also performed at the Improv Olympic alongside future Saturday Night Live cast members Chris Farley and Tim Meadows. Odenkirk would sharpen his stand-up and improv skills at Elmhurst's now defunct Who's on First comedy club, then part of The Steve and Leo Show. Odenkirk visited Chicago's Second City Theater at the age of fourteen. He said his strongest comedic influence was Monty Python's Flying Circus, primarily due to its combination of cerebral humor and verbal slapstick, which Odenkirk characterized as "laugh-out-loud" humor. Other influences included radio personality Steve Dahl, SCTV, Steve Martin's Let's Get Small, Woody Allen, The Credibility Gap, and Bob and Ray. Career 1980s–1990s: Saturday Night Live, writing and Mr. Show Odenkirk was hired as a writer at Saturday Night Live in 1987 and worked there through 1991. Working alongside Robert Smigel and Conan O'Brien, he contributed to many sketches they created but felt uncertain of the efficacy of his writing at the show. When SNL took its 1988 summer break, Odenkirk returned to Chicago to perform a stage show with Smigel and O'Brien, titled Happy Happy Good Show. The following summer he did a one-man show, Show-Acting Guy, directed by Tom Gianas. During his final summer hiatus, he wrote and acted in the Second City Mainstage show, Flag Burning Permitted in Lobby Only. In that particular show, he wrote the character "Matt Foley, Motivational Speaker" for Chris Farley, which would later be reprised on SNL. He acted in several small roles on the show, most visibly during a 1990 parody commercial for Bad Idea Jeans. During his final year at SNL, he worked alongside Adam Sandler, David Spade, Chris Rock and Chris Farley, but eventually he decided to leave the show in order to pursue performing. He has credited SNL with teaching him many lessons about sketch writing, from senior writers like Jim Downey and Al Franken, as well as his friends Smigel and O'Brien. In 1991, Odenkirk relocated to Los Angeles and was hired to write for the TV show Get a Life, which starred Late Night with David Letterman alumnus Chris Elliott. He wrote for The Dennis Miller Show. Odenkirk's friendship with Ben Stiller, with whom he briefly shared an office at SNL, would lead to his being hired for the cast of The Ben Stiller Show in 1992. Working as both a writer and actor on the show, he created and starred in the memorable sketch "Manson Lassie", and helped the show win an Emmy Award for writing. However, the show had already been canceled by the time it won the award. Odenkirk served as a writer on Late Night with Conan O'Brien for the show's 1993 and 1994 seasons. Odenkirk met David Cross at Ben Stiller; shortly afterward, the pair began performing live sketch shows, which eventually evolved into Mr. Show with Bob and David. In 1993, Odenkirk began a recurring role on The Larry Sanders Show as Larry Sanders' agent, Stevie Grant. He would continue the character through 1998. Also in 1993, he had brief acting roles on Roseanne and Tom Arnold's The Jackie Thomas Show. Odenkirk's first movie roles were very minor parts in films such as Wayne's World 2, The Cable Guy, Can't Stop Dancing and Monkeybone. Odenkirk briefly attempted a stand-up career in the mid 90s, but ditched it soon after, admitting he "hated telling the same joke twice." Created by Odenkirk and David Cross, Mr. Show ran on HBO for four seasons. The series featured a number of comedians in the early stages of their careers, including Sarah Silverman, Paul F. Tompkins, Jack Black, Tom Kenny, Mary Lynn Rajskub, Brian Posehn and Scott Aukerman. While nominated for multiple Emmy awards in writing and generally well-liked by critics, it never broke out of a "cult" audience into larger mainstream acceptance due to being a premium cable show. After Mr. Show, Bob and David and the writers from the staff wrote the movie Run, Ronnie, Run. The film was an extension of a sketch from the show's first season. However, the studio took production control away from Cross and Odenkirk during the editing stages, and the pair disowned the final product. Early 2000s: After Mr. Show Odenkirk starred in numerous television shows and some films. He has written and produced many TV pilots, including The Big Wide World of Carl Laemke and David's Situation, but most didn't make it to air and none were picked up as a series. In 2003, Odenkirk directed Melvin Goes to Dinner and played the role of Keith. The film received positive reviews from critics and won the Audience Award at the SXSW Film and Music Festival. It was later self-released in five cities, then distributed on DVD by Sundance. In 2004, Odenkirk received an unsolicited package including the work of Tim Heidecker and Eric Wareheim. Inspired by their unique voice, he connected with them and helped them develop a semi-animated show for Adult Swim called Tom Goes to the Mayor. He assisted Tim and Eric with the development of their second series, Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job. He had several small featuring roles on TV shows, including Everybody Loves Raymond, Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, NewsRadio, Just Shoot Me!, Joey, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Arrested Development, Entourage, Weeds, and How I Met Your Mother. Odenkirk was considered for the role of Michael Scott in the pilot of The Office, a role that ultimately went to Steve Carell. Odenkirk finally guested in the final season of The Office as a Philadelphia manager strongly reminiscent of Michael Scott. In 2006, Odenkirk directed Let's Go to Prison, which was written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Ben Garant, and starred Will Arnett, Dax Shepard and Chi McBride. The film received a 12% "All Critics" score from the website Rotten Tomatoes and had a total box office gross of a little more than US$4.6 million. The following year Odenkirk directed The Brothers Solomon, written by Will Forte and starring Forte, Will Arnett and Kristen Wiig. The film received a 15% "All Critics" score from Rotten Tomatoes and had a total box office gross of approximately $1 million. 2009–2014: Breaking Bad In 2009, Odenkirk joined the cast of AMC's Breaking Bad as corrupt lawyer Saul Goodman. Writer Peter Gould, as well as several others, had been quickly drawn to Odenkirk for this role based on his Mr. Show performances. The Goodman role was intended to be only a three-episode guest spot in the second season, but Odenkirk's performance led Gould and Vince Gilligan to extend the character as an ongoing role. Odenkirk became a series regular as Goodman for the show's third through fifth and final season. In 2011, Odenkirk wrote and developed Let's Do This! for Adult Swim, starring Cal Mackenzie-Goldberg a "two-bit movie mogul and head of Cal-Gold Pictures as he leads a collection of crazy, fame-hungry strivers chasing Hollywood dreams". The pilot can be seen on Adult Swim's website. Odenkirk executive produced the sketch comedy show The Birthday Boys, which starred the comedy group of the same name. Odenkirk also appeared in and directed a number of the sketches on the show. It premiered on IFC on October 18, 2013. In 2014, Odenkirk played Police Chief Bill Oswalt in FX's miniseries Fargo. In fall of 2014, Odenkirk played Dr. Stork, a podiatrist who specializes in cutting off people's toes, in Adult Swim's anthology series Tim & Eric's Bedtime Stories. After starring in Breaking Bad, Odenkirk began to have more prominent roles in critically successful films, such as Incredibles 2, Little Women, The Post, The Disaster Artist, The Spectacular Now, which received the Special Jury Award for Acting at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, and the Alexander Payne-directed Nebraska, which was nominated for a Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. 2015–2022: Better Call Saul, film work, and publishing It was reported in April 2015 that Odenkirk was teaming with former co-star David Cross to produce a new sketch comedy series based on their previous production, Mr. Show, called W/ Bob and David. The series was commissioned by Netflix with the first season having been released in November 2015, featuring four 30-minute-long episodes, along with an hour-long behind-the-scenes special. Odenkirk and Cross both write, star in, and produce the show. Odenkirk has expressed interest in doing more seasons. Odenkirk starred in the title role of Better Call Saul, a Breaking Bad spinoff. Primarily set in the early 2000s, years before the character's debut in Breaking Bad, the series follows lawyer Saul Goodman's journey from court-appointed defense attorney origins to his eventual status as a successful, though unscrupulous, criminal defense lawyer. He is also credited as a producer for the series. The first season consists of ten 47-minute-long episodes, with a second and third season of ten episodes apiece following in early 2016 and 2017, respectively. The fourth season was available on Netflix as of August 6, 2018, and the fifth season premiered on AMC on February 23, 2020. The show's final sixth season, which started production in February 2020 but was delayed due to COVID-19, started airing on April 18, 2022. In 2017, Odenkirk published his first book, A Load of Hooey, a collection of comedic sketches and essays. Odenkirk co-wrote, produced, and starred in Girlfriend's Day, a Netflix original film. This film-noir comedy about a greeting card writer was directed by Michael Stephenson and influenced by Chinatown. It was a movie Odenkirk had wanted to make for 16 years, after Mr. Show writer Eric Hoffman sent him the original script and they began developing it. In April 2020, with the end of Better Call Saul in sight, Odenkirk established his own production company Cal-Gold Pictures and signed a first-look deal with Sony Pictures Television. Odenkirk, with Cal-Gold, plans to develop unique stories, with dynamic characters and social relevance. Former Comedy Central vice president Ian Friedman will serve as Cal-Gold's head of television. In March 2021, Odenkirk starred as Hutch Mansell in the action-thriller film Nobody, which opened at number one at the US box office, with $6.7 million in ticket sales. Odenkirk received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 18, 2022, the date of the premiere of the final season of Better Call Saul. Odenkirk's star is located next to the star of his Breaking Bad co-star Bryan Cranston. In 2022, a new series starring Odenkirk was announced for AMC, entitled Lucky Hank, based on the novel Straight Man by Richard Russo. It premiered on March 19, 2023. In 2022, Odenkirk published his memoir, Comedy Comedy Comedy Drama. This was followed by a collection of children's poetry in 2023, Zilot & Other Important Rhymes, written with his daughter, Erin. Upcoming projects Odenkirk starred as Tommy Wiseau's character Johnny in a 2023 remake of The Room, which is in post-production. Personal life In the early 1990s, Odenkirk was linked romantically to fellow comedian, actress, and writer Janeane Garofalo, who introduced him to Mr. Show with Bob and David co-creator David Cross. In 1997, Odenkirk married Naomi Yomtov, who was later the executive producer of W/ Bob and David. They have two children, a son and a daughter. Discussing costume choices on Better Call Saul, Odenkirk stated he has a bit of color blindness, and leaves it to the costume department to select the right outfits for his roles. On December 15, 2019, Odenkirk's alma mater SIU announced it had awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of Performing Arts. On July 27, 2021, Odenkirk was hospitalized in Albuquerque after having what he described as a "small heart attack" on the set of the sixth season of Better Call Saul. Three days later, on July 30, Odenkirk reported that he would "be back soon", and on September 8 he reported he had returned to work. In 2022, Odenkirk revealed that he had two stents placed in his coronary arteries shortly after the widow-maker heart attack due to arterial plaque build-up, which he had been diagnosed with earlier in 2018; he also said that his condition was more severe than had initially been understood, disclosing that his heart stopped and he required cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation to recover a pulse. Filmography Bibliography Awards and nominations References Further reading External links 1962 births Living people 20th-century American comedians 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American screenwriters 21st-century American comedians 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American screenwriters American comedy writers American film directors American male comedians American male film actors American male screenwriters American male television actors American male television writers American male voice actors American music video directors American people of Dutch descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American writers of Irish descent American sketch comedians American television directors American television producers American television writers Comedians from Illinois Comedy film directors Film directors from Illinois Male actors from Illinois Primetime Emmy Award winners Screenwriters from Illinois Southern Illinois University Carbondale alumni Television producers from Illinois Writers from Naperville, Illinois

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8%20%EB%83%89%EA%B0%81%20%EA%B3%A0%EC%86%8D%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EB%A1%9C

나트륨 냉각 고속원자로

나트륨 냉각 고속 원자로(Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor, SFR)는 4세대 원자로의 하나로 나트륨을 그 냉각재로 이용한다. 경수로나 중수로 등 기존의 원자로에 비해 높은 에너지의 고속중성자로 핵분열을 일으켜 발생하는 열로 전기를 생산하는 제4세대(Gen IV) 원자로이다. 원자로의 연료가 되는 우라늄은 현재 60년 치 밖에 남지 않았다고 알려져 있으나, 나트륨 냉각고속로는 다른 원자로에 비해 100배나 높은 효율을 내므로, 단순히 계산하면 우라늄을 향후 6,000년 동안 사용할 수 있다는 뜻이 된다. 나트륨 냉각고속로는 경수로에서 사용한 사용후핵연료를 폐기하지 않고, 파이로프로세싱과 연계하여 나트륨 냉각고속로의 연료로 재활용한다. 또한 방사성 독성이 강하고 수명이 긴 방사성핵종을 방사성 독성이 약하고 수명이 짧거나 안정된 핵종으로 변환이 가능하다는 것이 특징이다. 나트륨 냉각고속로가 고유 안전성을 확보할 수 있는 요소로는 액체나트륨을 냉각재로 사용하고, 금속연료와 풀형 원자로를 채택하고 있다는 것이다. 냉각재인 나트륨은 끓는점이 높아 대기압 운전이 가능하고 안전 여유가 충분하다. 나트륨 냉각고속로에서 사용하는 금속연료는 열전도도가 높아, 빠르게 냉각되고 과열 시 자동으로 핵분열이 감소된다. 풀형 원자로도 원자로용기에 다량의 냉각재를 보유하여 잔열 흡수 능력이 뛰어나다. 사고가 발생할 경우에도 노심에서 방출되는 붕괴열을 수용할 수 있는 열적 여유도가 크다. 그러므로 원자로가 급속하게 가열되는 것을 방지할 뿐만 아니라 안전조치를 취할 수 있는 시간적 여유를 제공할 수 있다. 즉, 자연냉각이 되기 때문에 후쿠시마 원전사고처럼 냉각수 펌프 문제로 폭발하는 사태는 벌어지지 않는다. 후쿠시마 원전 사고에서는 지진해일이 경수로의 전력을 단절시키고, 비상발전기 6대를 동시에 고장 내자, 전기에 의해 가동되는 냉각수 펌프가 돌아가지 않아 자체 과열로 폭발했다. 그러나 나트륨 냉각고속로는 냉각수 펌프가 필요 없이, 자연냉각이 된다. 1973년 준공된 러시아의 BN-350을 시작으로 세계적으로 많은 원전들에 적용되고 있다. 2006년 개념 설계를 마치고, 2030년 준공 계획인 우리나라의 칼리머-600도 여기에 속한다.   600도의 고온인 액체 나트륨은 공기나 물과 접촉해 화재가 발생한다. 1995년 몬주에서도 화재가 발생했다. 역사 1950년대부터 개발이 시작된 나트륨 냉각고속로는 전 세계에서 500억 달러(50조원)의 개발비가 투입되었다. 원리 그동안 플루토늄은 오로지 군사용 핵폭탄 제조에만 사용되는 것으로 여겨졌지만, 나트륨 냉각고속로는 이 플루토늄을 핵연료로 사용한다. 극단적으로 말해서 전 세계의 핵무기를 모조리 발전소에서 태워버릴 수 있다. 기존의 경수로는 우라늄 235만을 핵연료로 사용했다. 냉각재는 기존의 경수로가 경수, 중수로가 중수인 물을 사용한 것과 달리, 액체 나트륨을 냉각재로 사용한다. 비핵화선언 한국은 1991년 11월 8일 노태우 대통령이 한반도의 비핵화에 관한 공동선언에서 핵재처리 시설을 국내에 건설하지 않겠다고 선언했으며, 1991년 12월 31일 남북한은 한반도의 비핵화에 관한 공동선언을 하였다. 그러나 2010년 착공, 3년간 330억원이 투입되어, 2013년 5월 연간 10톤의 플루토늄 핵연료를 생산하는 프라이드 핵재처리장이 준공된다. 세계 최초의 파이로프로세싱 핵재처리장이다. 대한민국 정연호 한국원자력연구원장은 "파이로프로세싱은 나트륨 냉각고속로와 연계해 사용후핵연료 문제를 해결하고 원자력 발전의 지속가능성을 획기적으로 향상시킬 수 있는 미래형 신기술"이라며 "PRIDE 구축을 통해 독창적인 파이로 원천 기술을 개발해서 세계 파이로 연구개발을 선도하겠다"고 말했다. 한국원자력연구원은 사용후핵연료의 재활용을 위한 모든 공정을 모의시험할 수 있는 시설을 2013년 5월 완공한다. 제품 BN-350, , 전기출력 350 MWe, 1964년 착공, 1973년 준공 클린치강 증식로, , 전기출력 350 MWe, 1970년 착공, 1983년 계획취소 SNR-300, , 전기출력 300 MWe, 1972년 착공, 1985년 준공, 러시아 BN-350에 자극받음 BN-600, , 전기출력 600 MWe, 일본이 10억 달러에 설계도 구입, 한국 칼리머-600과 동일출력 BN-800, , 전기출력 800 MWe, 2014년 전기출력 시작 BN-1200, , 전기출력 1200 MWe, 2017년 준공 Dounreay Prototype Fast Reactor, Fermi 1, Experimental Breeder Reactor I, Experimental Breeder Reactor II, Fast Breeder Test Reactor, , 전기출력 13.2 MWe, 1985년 발전시작 Jōyō, 몬주, , 전기출력 280 MWe, 1985년 착공, 1994년 준공 Phénix, , 전기출력 233 MWe, 1968년 착공, 1973년 준공 Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, , 전기출력 500 MWe, 2004년 착공, 2012년 준공예정 S1G, , 핵잠수함 원자로 S2G, , 핵잠수함 원자로 Sodium Reactor Experiment, , 전기출력 6.5 MWe, 1954년 착공, 1957년 준공 Superphénix, Rapsodie, 칼리머-150, , 전기출력 150 MWe, 2001년 개념설계 완료 칼리머-600, , 전기출력 600 MWe, 2006년 개념설계 완료, 2030년 준공계획 스텔라-1, , 전기출력 66 MWe, 2012년 준공 스텔라-2, CEFR, , 전기출력 20 MWe, 2010년 준공 JSFR, , 전기출력 1500 MWe, 1998년 착공, 2010년 준공계획 ASTRID, , 전기출력 600 MWe, 2020년 준공계획 도시바 4S, , 전기출력 10 MWe, 마이크로 원전 각주 더 보기 프라이드 핵재처리장 - 2013년 5월 한국이 세계 최초로 건설한 파이로프로세싱 시험시설. 연간 10톤의 나트륨냉각고속로용 핵연료 생산 액체금속 냉각 원자로

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-cooled%20fast%20reactor

Sodium-cooled fast reactor

A sodium-cooled fast reactor is a fast neutron reactor cooled by liquid sodium. The initials SFR in particular refer to two Generation IV reactor proposals, one based on existing liquid metal cooled reactor (LMFR) technology using mixed oxide fuel (MOX), and one based on the metal-fueled integral fast reactor. Several sodium-cooled fast reactors have been built and some are in current operation, particularly in Russia. Others are in planning or under construction. For example in 2022, in the USA, TerraPower (using its Traveling Wave technology) is planning to build its own reactors along with molten salt energy storage in partnership with GEHitachi's PRISM integral fast reactor design, under the Natrium appellation in Kemmerer, Wyoming. Aside from the Russian experience, Japan, India, China, France and the USA are investing in the technology. Fuel cycle The nuclear fuel cycle employs a full actinide recycle with two major options: One is an intermediate-size (150–600 MWe) sodium-cooled reactor with uranium-plutonium-minor-actinide-zirconium metal alloy fuel, supported by a fuel cycle based on pyrometallurgical reprocessing in facilities integrated with the reactor. The second is a medium to large (500–1,500 MWe) sodium-cooled reactor with mixed uranium-plutonium oxide fuel, supported by a fuel cycle based upon advanced aqueous processing at a central location serving multiple reactors. The outlet temperature is approximately 510–550 degrees C for both. Sodium coolant Liquid metallic sodium may be used to carry heat from the core. Sodium has only one stable isotope, sodium-23, which is a weak neutron absorber. When it does absorb a neutron it produces sodium-24, which has a half-life of 15 hours and decays to stable isotope magnesium-24. Pool or loop type The two main design approaches to sodium-cooled reactors are pool type and loop type. In the pool type, the primary coolant is contained in the main reactor vessel, which therefore includes the reactor core and a heat exchanger. The US EBR-2, French Phénix and others used this approach, and it is used by India's Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor and China's CFR-600. In the loop type, the heat exchangers are outside the reactor tank. The French Rapsodie, British Prototype Fast Reactor and others used this approach. Advantages All fast reactors have several advantages over the current fleet of water based reactors in that the waste streams are significantly reduced. Crucially, when a reactor runs on fast neutrons, the plutonium isotopes are far more likely to fission upon absorbing a neutron. Thus, fast neutrons have a smaller chance of being captured by the uranium and plutonium, but when they are captured, have a much bigger chance of causing a fission. This means that the inventory of transuranic waste is non existent from fast reactors. The primary advantage of liquid metal coolants, such as liquid sodium, is that metal atoms are weak neutron moderators. Water is a much stronger neutron moderator because the hydrogen atoms found in water are much lighter than metal atoms, and therefore neutrons lose more energy in collisions with hydrogen atoms. This makes it difficult to use water as a coolant for a fast reactor because the water tends to slow (moderate) the fast neutrons into thermal neutrons (although concepts for reduced moderation water reactors exist). Another advantage of liquid sodium coolant is that sodium melts at 371K and boils / vaporizes at 1156K, a difference of 785K between solid / frozen and gas / vapor states. By comparison, the liquid temperature range of water (between ice and gas) is just 100K at normal, sea-level atmospheric pressure conditions. Despite sodium's low specific heat (as compared to water), this enables the absorption of significant heat in the liquid phase, while maintaining large safety margins. Moreover, the high thermal conductivity of sodium effectively creates a reservoir of heat capacity that provides thermal inertia against overheating. Sodium need not be pressurized since its boiling point is much higher than the reactor's operating temperature, and sodium does not corrode steel reactor parts, and in fact, protects metals from corrosion. The high temperatures reached by the coolant (the Phénix reactor outlet temperature was 560 C) permit a higher thermodynamic efficiency than in water cooled reactors. The electrically-conductive molten sodium can be moved by electromagnetic pumps. The fact that the sodium is not pressurized implies that a much thinner reactor vessel can be used (e.g. 2 cm thick). Combined with the much higher temperatures achieved in the reactor, this means that the reactor in shutdown mode can be passively cooled. For example, air ducts can be engineered so that all the decay heat after shutdown is removed by natural convection, and no pumping action is required. Reactors of this type are self-controlling. If the temperature of the core increases, the core will expand slightly, which means that more neutrons will escape the core, slowing down the reaction. Disadvantages A disadvantage of sodium is its chemical reactivity, which requires special precautions to prevent and suppress fires. If sodium comes into contact with water it reacts to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen, and the hydrogen burns in contact with air. This was the case at the Monju Nuclear Power Plant in a 1995 accident. In addition, neutron capture causes it to become radioactive; albeit with a half-life of only 15 hours. Another problem is leaks. Sodium at high temperatures ignites in contact with oxygen. Such sodium fires can be extinguished by powder, or by replacing the air with nitrogen. A Russian breeder reactor, the BN-600, reported 27 sodium leaks in a 17-year period, 14 of which led to sodium fires. Design goals The operating temperature must not exceed the fuel's melting temperature. Fuel-to-cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) has to be accommodated. FCCI is eutectic melting between the fuel and the cladding; uranium, plutonium, and lanthanum (a fission product) inter-diffuse with the iron of the cladding. The alloy that forms has a low eutectic melting temperature. FCCI causes the cladding to reduce in strength and even rupture. The amount of transuranic transmutation is limited by the production of plutonium from uranium. One work-around is to have an inert matrix, using, e.g., magnesium oxide. Magnesium oxide has an order of magnitude lower probability of interacting with neutrons (thermal and fast) than elements such as iron. High-level wastes and, in particular, management of plutonium and other actinides must be handled. Safety features include a long thermal response time, a large margin to coolant boiling, a primary cooling system that operates near atmospheric pressure, and an intermediate sodium system between the radioactive sodium in the primary system and the water and steam in the power plant. Innovations can reduce capital cost, such as modular designs, removing a primary loop, integrating the pump and intermediate heat exchanger, and better materials. The SFR's fast spectrum makes it possible to use available fissile and fertile materials (including depleted uranium) considerably more efficiently than thermal spectrum reactors with once-through fuel cycles. History In 2020 Natrium received an $80M grant from the US Department of Energy for development of its SFR. The program plans to use High-Assay, Low Enriched Uranium fuel containing 5-20% uranium. The reactor was expected be sited underground and have gravity-inserted control rods. Because it operates at atmospheric pressure, a large containment shield is not necessary. Because of its large heat storage capacity, it was expected to be able to produce surge power of 500 MWe for 5+ hours, beyond its continuous power of 345 MWe. Reactors Sodium-cooled reactors have included: Most of these were experimental plants that are no longer operational. On November 30, 2019, CTV reported that the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Ontario and Saskatchewan planned an announcement about a joint plan to cooperate on small sodium fast modular nuclear reactors from New Brunswick-based ARC Nuclear Canada. See also Fast breeder reactor Fast neutron reactor Integral fast reactor Lead-cooled fast reactor Gas-cooled fast reactor Generation IV reactor References External links Idaho National Laboratory Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor Fact Sheet Generation IV International Forum SFR website INL SFR workshop summary ALMR/PRISM ASME Liquid metal fast reactors Radioactive waste

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EA%B0%92

극값

해석학에서, 함수의 극대점(極大點, )은 주위의 모든 점의 함숫값 이상의 함숫값을 갖는 점이다. 극댓값(極大값, )은 극대점이 갖는 함숫값이다. 마찬가지로, 함수의 극소점(極小點, )은 주위의 모든 점의 함숫값 이하의 함숫값을 갖는 점이며, 극솟값(極小값, )은 극소점이 갖는 함숫값이다. 극대점과 극소점을 통틀어 극점(極點, )이라고 하며, 극댓값과 극솟값을 통틀어 극값()이라고 한다. 기하학적으로, 함수의 그래프는 극대점에서 위로 우뚝 솟아있으며, 극소점에서 아래로 움푹 꺼져있다. 함수의 최대점(最大點, )과 최소점(最小點, )은 각각 정의역의 모든 점의 함숫값 이상의 함숫값을 갖는 점이다. 최댓값(最大값, )과 최솟값(最小값, )은 각각 최대점과 최소점이 갖는 함숫값이다. 최댓값과 최솟값은 극댓값과 극솟값보다 더 강한 개념이다. 극댓값·극솟값·최댓값·최솟값은 최적화 문제 등에서 응용된다. 정의 다음이 주어졌다고 하자. 위상 공간 함수 그렇다면, 다음 조건을 만족시키는, 의 근방 가 존재한다면, 를 의 극대점이라고 하며, 를 의 극댓값이라고 한다. 임의의 에 대하여, 마찬가지로, 다음 조건을 만족시키는, 의 근방 가 존재한다면, 를 의 극소점이라고 하며, 를 의 극솟값이라고 한다. 임의의 에 대하여, 또한, 가 다음 조건을 만족시키면, 를 의 최대점이라고 하며, 를 의 최댓값이라고 한다. 임의의 에 대하여, 마찬가지로, 가 다음 조건을 만족시키면, 를 의 최소점이라고 하며, 를 의 최솟값이라고 한다. 임의의 에 대하여, 또한, 위의 극댓값/극솟값/최댓값/최솟값의 정의에서 인 경우에 한하여 부등호 와 를 와 로 대신하면, 엄격한 극댓값/극솟값/최댓값/최솟값(嚴格한..., )의 정의를 얻는다. 유계인 닫힌 구간에서 함수가 연속이면 최대 최소 정리로 최대점,최소점은 항상 유일하게 존재한다. 극소점, 극대점은 존재하지 않을 수 있으며 극대점, 극소점이 최대점, 최소점과 다를 수 있다. 일계 도함수 판정법 공역에 부분순서가 존재하는 모든 함수가 극대, 극소를 판정할 수 있지만 여기서는 편의상 공역이 실수집합 인 함수 를 생각하자.(여기서 는 열린집합이다.) 만약 이 함수가 미분가능하고 에서 극값을 가진다면 이다. 즉, 는 함수 의 임계점이다. 이렇게 임계점을 통해 극값을 찾는 방법을 일계 도함수 판정법이라고 한다. 이때 미분 계수가 0이기 위해서는 부터 까지의 모든 에대해 임을 알 수 있다. 다만, 극값을 가지기 위해서는 임계점이어야 하지만 임계점이라고 모두 극값을 가지는 것은 아니다. 예를 들어, 위 그래프의 점 I나 점 K의 경우 임계점이긴 하지만 극솟값이나 극댓값은 아니다. 증명 n=1일 때 극댓값의 정의에 의하여 를 만족하는 를 포함하는 어떤 개구간 가 존재한다. 개구간은 열린 집합이므로 를 만족하는 어떤 양의 실수 이 존재한다. 가 존재하므로 이를 라하자. 그렇다면 이다. 일 때 이므로 이다.(극한의 성질 중 함수와 극한의 대소 문단 참고) 마찬가지로 일 때 이므로 이다. 인 동시에이므로 이다. 극솟값의 경우도 마찬가지이다. 즉, 함수 가 미분가능하고 에서 극값을 가진다면 이다. 모든 n에 대해 임의의 벡터 에 대해 함수 을 로 정의하자. 그렇다면 는 에서 극값을 가져야 한다. 위에서 증명했듯이 이므로 연쇄법칙에 의하여 이다. 임의의 에 대해 이므로 이다. 이계 도함수 판정법 함수 이 함수이고 가 함수 의 임계점일 때, 가 양의 정부호이면, 즉 모든 에 대하여 0 이상이고 일때만 0이라면 에서 극소이다. 반대로 가 음의 정부호이면, 즉 모든 에 대하여 0 이하이고 일때만 0이라면 에서 극대이다. 이를 이용하여 극대, 극소를 판별하는 방법을 이계 도함수 판정법이라고 한다. 여기서 이라는 조금 특별하고 조금 더 익숙한 경우를 생각해보자. 이라면 이므로 일때만 양의 정부호이고 일때만 음의 정부호이다. 즉, 일변수 함수의 이차 도함수 판정법은 단순히 의 부호를 알아보는 것이다. 증명 보조정리: 어떤 실수행렬 가 있을 때 이차 함수 를 정의하자. 만약 가 양의 정부호라면 모든 가 을 만족하는 양의 실수 이 존재한다. (증명) 인 에 대해 는 연속이므로 최대 최소 정리에 의하여 최솟값 을 가진다. 이때 가 양의 정부호이므로 이다.는 이차함수이므로 이 아닌 모든 에 대해 가 성립한다. 일때는 자명하다. 이므로 테일러 정리에 의하여 이다. 여기서 이다. 만약 가 양의 정부호라면 보조 정리에 의하여 를 만족하는 양의 실수 이 존재하며 극한의 정의에 의하여 을 만족하는 양의 실수 가 존재한다. 따라서 일 때 , 즉 이다. 그러므로 에서 극소이다. 비슷한 방식으로 가 음의 정부호이면 에서 극대이다. 헤세 행렬식과의 관계 헤세 행렬에서 그림과 같이 대각선상에 위치한 부분행렬들의 행렬식들이 모두 양일 경우 가 양의 정부호이고 음과 양이 번갈아서 나올 경우 음의 정부호이다. 즉, 이차 도함수 판정법에 따라서 부분 행렬들의 행렬식들이 모두 양일 경우 에서 극소이고 부분행렬들의 행렬식이 음과 양이 반복될 경우 에서 극대이다. 만약 두 경우 모두 아니라면 임계점 는 안장점으로 극대이지도 극소이지도 않다. 예를 들어, 이변수 함수 이고 함수일 경우 만약 에서 극소라면 다음과 같은 조건들을 만족시킨다. 에서 이때 는 의 헤세 행렬의 행렬식이다. 마찬가지로 에서 극대라면 다음과 같은 조건들을 만족시킨다. 에서 그리고 가 이 조건들을 만족시키지 않는 임계점이라면, 즉, 에서 라면 는 안장점이다. 만약 이라면 이차 도함수 판정법만으로는 극대와 극소를 판별할 수 없는데, 이때 인 임계점을 퇴화 극점 또는 변질 극점이라고 말한다. 반대로 이차 도함수 판정법으로 극대, 극소, 안장점인지의 여부를 판별할 수 있는 인 임계점을 정상적인 임계점 또는 비퇴화 임계점이라고 한다. 같이 보기 최대 최소 정리 라그랑주 승수법 참고 문헌 외부 링크 해석학 (수학) 최적화 미적분학

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20and%20minimum

Maximum and minimum

In mathematical analysis, the maximum and minimum of a function are, respectively, the largest and smallest value taken by the function. Known generically as extremum, they may be defined either within a given range (the local or relative extrema) or on the entire domain (the global or absolute extrema) of a function. Pierre de Fermat was one of the first mathematicians to propose a general technique, adequality, for finding the maxima and minima of functions. As defined in set theory, the maximum and minimum of a set are the greatest and least elements in the set, respectively. Unbounded infinite sets, such as the set of real numbers, have no minimum or maximum. In statistics, the corresponding concept is the sample maximum and minimum. Definition A real-valued function f defined on a domain X has a global (or absolute) maximum point at x∗, if for all x in X. Similarly, the function has a global (or absolute) minimum point at x∗, if for all x in X. The value of the function at a maximum point is called the of the function, denoted , and the value of the function at a minimum point is called the of the function. Symbolically, this can be written as follows: is a global maximum point of function if The definition of global minimum point also proceeds similarly. If the domain X is a metric space, then f is said to have a local (or relative) maximum point at the point x∗, if there exists some ε > 0 such that for all x in X within distance ε of x∗. Similarly, the function has a local minimum point at x∗, if f(x∗) ≤ f(x) for all x in X within distance ε of x∗. A similar definition can be used when X is a topological space, since the definition just given can be rephrased in terms of neighbourhoods. Mathematically, the given definition is written as follows: Let be a metric space and function . Then is a local maximum point of function if such that The definition of local minimum point can also proceed similarly. In both the global and local cases, the concept of a can be defined. For example, x∗ is a if for all x in X with , we have , and x∗ is a if there exists some such that, for all x in X within distance ε of x∗ with , we have . Note that a point is a strict global maximum point if and only if it is the unique global maximum point, and similarly for minimum points. A continuous real-valued function with a compact domain always has a maximum point and a minimum point. An important example is a function whose domain is a closed and bounded interval of real numbers (see the graph above). Search Finding global maxima and minima is the goal of mathematical optimization. If a function is continuous on a closed interval, then by the extreme value theorem, global maxima and minima exist. Furthermore, a global maximum (or minimum) either must be a local maximum (or minimum) in the interior of the domain, or must lie on the boundary of the domain. So a method of finding a global maximum (or minimum) is to look at all the local maxima (or minima) in the interior, and also look at the maxima (or minima) of the points on the boundary, and take the largest (or smallest) one. For differentiable functions, Fermat's theorem states that local extrema in the interior of a domain must occur at critical points (or points where the derivative equals zero). However, not all critical points are extrema. One can often distinguish whether a critical point is a local maximum, a local minimum, or neither by using the first derivative test, second derivative test, or higher-order derivative test, given sufficient differentiability. For any function that is defined piecewise, one finds a maximum (or minimum) by finding the maximum (or minimum) of each piece separately, and then seeing which one is largest (or smallest). Examples For a practical example, assume a situation where someone has feet of fencing and is trying to maximize the square footage of a rectangular enclosure, where is the length, is the width, and is the area: The derivative with respect to is: Setting this equal to reveals that is our only critical point. Now retrieve the endpoints by determining the interval to which is restricted. Since width is positive, then , and since that implies that Plug in critical point as well as endpoints and into and the results are and respectively. Therefore, the greatest area attainable with a rectangle of feet of fencing is Functions of more than one variable For functions of more than one variable, similar conditions apply. For example, in the (enlargeable) figure on the right, the necessary conditions for a local maximum are similar to those of a function with only one variable. The first partial derivatives as to z (the variable to be maximized) are zero at the maximum (the glowing dot on top in the figure). The second partial derivatives are negative. These are only necessary, not sufficient, conditions for a local maximum, because of the possibility of a saddle point. For use of these conditions to solve for a maximum, the function z must also be differentiable throughout. The second partial derivative test can help classify the point as a relative maximum or relative minimum. In contrast, there are substantial differences between functions of one variable and functions of more than one variable in the identification of global extrema. For example, if a bounded differentiable function f defined on a closed interval in the real line has a single critical point, which is a local minimum, then it is also a global minimum (use the intermediate value theorem and Rolle's theorem to prove this by contradiction). In two and more dimensions, this argument fails. This is illustrated by the function whose only critical point is at (0,0), which is a local minimum with f(0,0) = 0. However, it cannot be a global one, because f(2,3) = −5. Maxima or minima of a functional If the domain of a function for which an extremum is to be found consists itself of functions (i.e. if an extremum is to be found of a functional), then the extremum is found using the calculus of variations. In relation to sets Maxima and minima can also be defined for sets. In general, if an ordered set S has a greatest element m, then m is a maximal element of the set, also denoted as . Furthermore, if S is a subset of an ordered set T and m is the greatest element of S with (respect to order induced by T), then m is a least upper bound of S in T. Similar results hold for least element, minimal element and greatest lower bound. The maximum and minimum function for sets are used in databases, and can be computed rapidly, since the maximum (or minimum) of a set can be computed from the maxima of a partition; formally, they are self-decomposable aggregation functions. In the case of a general partial order, the least element (i.e., one that is smaller than all others) should not be confused with a minimal element (nothing is smaller). Likewise, a greatest element of a partially ordered set (poset) is an upper bound of the set which is contained within the set, whereas a maximal element m of a poset A is an element of A such that if m ≤ b (for any b in A), then m = b. Any least element or greatest element of a poset is unique, but a poset can have several minimal or maximal elements. If a poset has more than one maximal element, then these elements will not be mutually comparable. In a totally ordered set, or chain, all elements are mutually comparable, so such a set can have at most one minimal element and at most one maximal element. Then, due to mutual comparability, the minimal element will also be the least element, and the maximal element will also be the greatest element. Thus in a totally ordered set, we can simply use the terms minimum and maximum. If a chain is finite, then it will always have a maximum and a minimum. If a chain is infinite, then it need not have a maximum or a minimum. For example, the set of natural numbers has no maximum, though it has a minimum. If an infinite chain S is bounded, then the closure Cl(S) of the set occasionally has a minimum and a maximum, in which case they are called the greatest lower bound and the least upper bound of the set S, respectively. Argument of the maximum See also Derivative test Infimum and supremum Limit superior and limit inferior Maximum-minimums identity Mechanical equilibrium Mex (mathematics) Sample maximum and minimum Saddle point Notes References External links Thomas Simpson's work on Maxima and Minima at Convergence Application of Maxima and Minima with sub pages of solved problems Calculus Mathematical analysis Mathematical optimization Superlatives

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B8

데니소바인

데니소바인(Denisovan)은 신생대 제4기 홍적세 후기에 살던 화석 인류의 하나로서 2008년 7월에 시베리아의 알타이 산맥에 위치한 데니소바 동굴에서 41,000년 전의 손가락뼈와 어금니 화석이 발견되면서 알려졌다. 43만년 전부터 2-3만년 전 경까지 시베리아와 우랄 산맥, 알타이 산맥, 동남아시아 지역에서 생존했다고 추정된다. 현생인류 및 네안데르탈인, 호모 플로레시엔시스 등과는 별도로 생존했던 고생인류의 일종으로, 데니소바 동굴에서 발견된 치아 화석 및 다리뼈 화석, 오스트레일리아 원주민 일부의 유전자 검사를 통해 그 존재가 확인되었다. 개요 2008년 7월, 시베리아의 알타이 산맥에 위치한 데니소바 동굴에서 30~50세 가량으로 추정되는 손가락뼈, 치아 화석 및 다리뼈 일부 화석이 처음 발견되었다. 미토콘드리아 DNA 검사 결과 2010년 이후 현생인류와는 상이한 점이 발견되었으며 네안데르탈인과 가까운 점이 발견되었다. 2011년에는 데니소바 근처의 다른 동굴에서는 4만년 전의 네안데르탈인으로 추정되는 발가락 화석도 발견되었다. 처음에 동굴곰의 뼈로 인식했던 처음 발견된 새끼손가락뼈는 6~7살 정도의 여자 어린이로 확인되었다. 다리뼈 일부와 어금니 화석은 성인의 것으로 밝혀졌다. 유전자 검사 결과 미토콘드리아 DNA에 따르면 네안데르탈인과 현생 인류와 관련이 있으며 공통조상은 약 100만년 전에 있었던 것으로 확인되었다. 호모 하이델베르겐시스의 후예이자 네안데르탈인과 근연종으로 추정되며, 네안데르탈인, 현생인류와 동시대에 산 것으로 보이며 서로 교배도 한 것으로 보인다. 기원전 6만년 경 이후에 유라시아로 이동한 현생인류 중에 데니소바인이 흡수되었고, 동남아시아로 이주한 것으로 추정된다. 실제 라오스 북부의 한 동굴에서 164,000년에서 131,000년 전에 사망한 것으로 보이는 데니소바인 소녀의 것으로 추정되는 어금니들이 발견되었다. 이는 시베리아 밖에서 발견된 두 번째 데니소바인의 화석이다. 한편 시베리아에 남아있던 데니소바인은 2-3만년 전에 사멸된 것으로 추정된다. 그리하여 현재 멜라네시아인들과 오스트레일리아 원주민인 애보리지니들의 DNA 중 6%가 이들로부터 유래한 것으로 보인다. 이 새로운 화석인류는 인류가 아프리카에서 이주해 나오면서 생긴 것으로 보이며, 아프리카에서 나온 호모 에렉투스와도 모종의 관련이 있는 듯 해 보인다. 한편 데니소바인의 유전자가 존재하는가 여부를 두고 논란이 발생, 각지의 현생인류의 유전자를 검색하던 중 파푸아뉴기니와 솔로몬 제도 등에 거주하는 일부 멜라네시아인들에게서 데니소바인의 유전자가 발견되기도 했다. 현생인류 및 네안데르탈인, 호모 솔로엔시스 이외에도 시베리아에서 존재했던 미지의 인류라는 점에서 한때 화제가 되기도 했다. 가까운 근연종은 네안데르탈인과 그들의 공통조상으로 추정되는 호모 하이델베르켄시스이다. 2013년 12월 4일에는 에스파니아의 시마 동굴에서 발견된 일부 호모 하이델베르켄시스의 유골에서 데니소바인의 특징을 갖춘 유골이 존재한다는 것이 확인되기도 하였다. 2018년 국제 학술지 네이쳐에 네안데르탈인과의 두 인류종과의 1세대가 처음 발견되었다는 내용의 보고가 발표되었으며, 장소는 데니소바 동굴이다. 2019년 국제 학술지 네이쳐 1월30일자 발표에선 데니소바 동굴에서 발견된 데니소바 소녀의 DNA분석과 탄소측정과 100개이상의 지층에서 28만개의 사료분석을 통해 OSL연대측정을 해서 비교분석했다. 데니소바 동굴에서 인류는 43만년전부터 살았던 것으로 추정된다. 43만년전부터 2-3만년전까지 간헐적으로 데니소바인이 살았고 45만년전부턴 네안데르탈인이 살았으며 어느순간에 네안데르탈인과 데니소바인이 간헐적으로 교차사용했으며 13만년전에 최초로 네안데르탈인 어머니와 데니소바인을 아버지로 둔 아이가 태어난다. 2-3만년전을 기점으로 데니소바인은 사라지고 4만9000~4만3000년 사이에 후기구석기 유물이 발견된다. 후기구석기 유물은 현생인류만이 남겼다고 지금까지 알려졌다. 운이 좋게도 데니소바 동굴에서 데니소바인과 네안데르탈인 1대1 혼혈 화석이 발견되어 혼혈은 확실한 것으로 확정되었다. 네안데르탈인은 유럽에 주로 분포되어 있고 데니소바인은 아시아에 주로 분포되어 있는 것으로 추정된다. 2019년에는 티베트고원 바이시야 카르스트 동굴(Baishiya Karst Cave)에서 시베리아 데니소바 동굴 밖의 데니소바인이 처음으로 발견되었다. 이 아래턱 화석은 1980년에 발견되었으나 2019년에 이르러서야 DNA 분석 결과 데니소바인 화석인 것으로 동정되었다. 이 화석은 데니소바인이 아시아에 폭넓게 거주했다는 설과 티베트의 고산적응 유전자가 데니소바인에서 유래했다는 설을 지지하는 증거이다. 각주 외부 링크 멸종인류 '데니소바인' 게놈 완전 해독 "새 인류 '데니소바人'도 현대인 조상" 40만년 전 인류 DNA, 데니소바인과 유사 "Ancient tooth suggests Denisovans ventured far beyond Siberia" 화석 인류 플라이스토세의 포유류 아시아의 선사 시대 아시아의 고대 포유류 사람속 아시아의 고고학 알타이 변경주

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan

Denisovan

The Denisovans or Denisova hominins ) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human that ranged across Asia during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic. Denisovans are known from few physical remains; consequently, most of what is known about them comes from DNA evidence. No formal species name has been established pending more complete fossil material. The first identification of a Denisovan individual occurred in 2010, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from a juvenile female finger bone excavated from the Siberian Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains in 2008. Nuclear DNA indicates close affinities with Neanderthals. The cave was also periodically inhabited by Neanderthals, but it is unclear whether Neanderthals and Denisovans ever cohabited in the cave. Additional specimens from Denisova Cave were subsequently identified, as was a single specimen from the Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau, and Cobra Cave in the Annamite Mountains of Laos. DNA evidence suggests they had dark skin, eyes, and hair, and had a Neanderthal-like build and facial features. However, they had larger molars which are reminiscent of Middle to Late Pleistocene archaic humans and australopithecines. Denisovans apparently interbred with modern humans, with a high percentage (roughly 5%) occurring in Melanesians, Aboriginal Australians, and Filipino Negritos. This distribution suggests that there were Denisovan populations across Asia, the Philippines, and New Guinea and/or Australia. Introgression into modern humans may have occurred as recently as 30,000 years ago in New Guinea, which, if correct, might indicate this population persisted as late as 14,500 years ago. There is also evidence of interbreeding with the Altai Neanderthal population, with about 17% of the Denisovan genome from Denisova Cave deriving from them. A first-generation hybrid nicknamed "Denny" was discovered with a Denisovan father and a Neanderthal mother. Additionally, 4% of the Denisovan genome comes from an unknown archaic human species which diverged from modern humans over one million years ago. Taxonomy Denisovans may represent a new species of Homo or an archaic subspecies of Homo sapiens (modern humans), but there are too few fossils to erect a proper taxon. Proactively proposed species names for Denisovans are H. denisova or H. altaiensis. Discovery Denisova Cave is in south-central Siberia, Russia, in the Altai Mountains near the border with Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia. It is named after Denis (Dyonisiy), a Russian hermit who lived there in the 18th century. The cave was first inspected for fossils in the 1970s by Russian paleontologist Nikolai Ovodov, who was looking for remains of canids. In 2008, Michael Shunkov from the Russian Academy of Sciences and other Russian archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk Akademgorodok investigated the cave and found the finger bone of a juvenile female hominin originally dated to 50–30,000 years ago. The estimate has changed to 76,200–51,600 years ago. The specimen was originally named X-woman because matrilineal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from the bone demonstrated it to belong to a novel ancient hominin, genetically distinct both from contemporary modern humans and from Neanderthals. In 2019, Greek archaeologist Katerina Douka and colleagues radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave, and estimated that Denisova 2 (the oldest specimen) lived 195,000–122,700 years ago. Older Denisovan DNA collected from sediments in the East Chamber dates to 217,000 years ago. Based on artifacts also discovered in the cave, hominin occupation (most likely by Denisovans) began 287±41 or 203±14 ka. Neanderthals were also present 193±12 ka and 97±11 ka, possibly concurrently with Denisovans. Specimens The fossils of five distinct Denisovan individuals from Denisova Cave have been identified through their ancient DNA (aDNA): Denisova 2, 3, 4, 8, and 11. An mtDNA-based phylogenetic analysis of these individuals suggests that Denisova 2 is the oldest, followed by Denisova 8, while Denisova 3 and Denisova 4 were roughly contemporaneous. During DNA sequencing, a low proportion of the Denisova 2, Denisova 4 and Denisova 8 genomes were found to have survived, but a high proportion of the Denisova 3 genome was intact. The Denisova 3 sample was cut into two, and the initial DNA sequencing of one fragment was later independently confirmed by sequencing the mtDNA from the second. These specimens remained the only known examples of Denisovans until 2019, when a research group led by Fahu Chen, Dongju Zhang and Jean-Jacques Hublin described a partial mandible discovered in 1980 by a Buddhist monk in the Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau in China. Known as the Xiahe mandible, the fossil became part of the collection of Lanzhou University, where it remained unstudied until 2010. It was determined by ancient protein analysis to contain collagen that by sequence was found to have close affiliation to that of the Denisovans from Denisova Cave, while uranium decay dating of the carbonate crust enshrouding the specimen indicated it was more than 160,000 years old. The identity of this population was later confirmed through study of environmental DNA, which found Denisovan mtDNA in sediment layers ranging in date from 100,000 to 60,000 years before present, and perhaps more recent. In 2018, a team of Laotian, French, and American anthropologists, who had been excavating caves in the Laotian jungle of the Annamite Mountains since 2008, was directed by local children to the site Tam Ngu Hao 2 ("Cobra Cave") where they recovered a human tooth. The tooth (catalogue number TNH2-1) developmentally matches a 3.5 to 8.5 year old, and a lack of amelogenin (a protein on the Y chromosome) suggests it belonged to a girl barring extreme degradation of the protein over a long period of time. Dental proteome analysis was inconclusive for this specimen, but the team found it anatomically comparable with the Xiahe mandible, and so tentatively categorized it as a Denisovan, although they could not rule out it being Neanderthal. The tooth probably dates to 164,000 to 131,000 years ago. Some older findings may or may not belong to the Denisovan line, but Asia is not well mapped in regards to human evolution. Such findings include the Dali skull, the Xujiayao hominin, Maba Man, the Jinniushan hominin, and the Narmada Human. The Xiahe mandible shows morphological similarities to some later East Asian fossils such as Penghu 1, but also to Chinese H. erectus. In 2021, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Qiang Ji suggested his newly erected species, H. longi, may represent the Denisovans based on the similarity between the type specimen's molar and that of the Xiahe mandible. Evolution Sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), preserved by the cool climate of the cave (average temperature is at freezing point), was extracted from Denisova 3 by a team of scientists led by Johannes Krause and Svante Pääbo from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. Denisova 3's mtDNA differs from that of modern humans by 385 bases (nucleotides) out of approximately 16,500, whereas the difference between modern humans and Neanderthals is around 202 bases. In comparison, the difference between chimpanzees and modern humans is approximately 1,462 mtDNA base pairs. This suggested that Denisovan mtDNA diverged from that of modern humans and Neanderthals about 1,313,500–779,300 years ago; whereas modern human and Neanderthal mtDNA diverged 618,000–321,200 years ago. Krause and colleagues then concluded that Denisovans were the descendants of an earlier migration of H. erectus out of Africa, completely distinct from modern humans and Neanderthals. However, according to the nuclear DNA (nDNA) of Denisova 3—which had an unusual degree of DNA preservation with only low-level contamination—Denisovans and Neanderthals were more closely related to each other than they were to modern humans. Using the percent distance from human–chimpanzee last common ancestor, Denisovans/Neanderthals split from modern humans about 804,000 years ago, and from each other 640,000 years ago. Using a mutation rate of or per base pair (bp) per year, the Neanderthal/Denisovan split occurred around either 236–190,000 or 473–381,000 years ago respectively. Using per generation with a new generation every 29 years, the time is 744,000 years ago. Using nucleotide site per year, it is 616,000 years ago. Using the latter dates, the split had likely already occurred by the time hominins spread out across Europe. H. heidelbergensis is typically considered to have been the direct ancestor of Denisovans and Neanderthals, and sometimes also modern humans. Due to the strong divergence in dental anatomy, they may have split before characteristic Neanderthal dentition evolved about 300,000 years ago. The more divergent Denisovan mtDNA has been interpreted as evidence of admixture between Denisovans and an unknown archaic human population, possibly a relict H. erectus or H. erectus-like population about 53,000 years ago. Alternatively, divergent mtDNA could have also resulted from the persistence of an ancient mtDNA lineage which only went extinct in modern humans and Neanderthals through genetic drift. Modern humans contributed mtDNA to the Neanderthal lineage, but not to the Denisovan mitochondrial genomes yet sequenced. The mtDNA sequence from the femur of a 400,000-year-old H. heidelbergensis from the Sima de los Huesos Cave in Spain was found to be related to those of Neanderthals and Denisovans, but closer to Denisovans, and the authors posited that this mtDNA represents an archaic sequence which was subsequently lost in Neanderthals due to replacement by a modern-human-related sequence. Demographics Denisovans are known to have lived in Siberia, Tibet, and Laos. The Xiahe mandible is the earliest recorded human presence on the Tibetan Plateau. Though their remains have been identified in only these three locations, traces of Denisovan DNA in modern humans suggest they ranged across East Asia, and potentially western Eurasia. In 2019, geneticist Guy Jacobs and colleagues identified three distinct populations of Denisovans responsible for the introgression into modern populations now native to, respectively: Siberia and East Asia; New Guinea and nearby islands; and Oceania and, to a lesser extent, across Asia. Using coalescent modeling, the Denisova Cave Denisovans split from the second population about 283,000 years ago; and from the third population about 363,000 years ago. This indicates that there was considerable reproductive isolation between Denisovan populations. Based on the high percentages of Denisovan DNA in modern Papuans and Australians, Denisovans may have crossed the Wallace Line into these regions (with little back-migration west), the second known human species to do so, along with earlier Homo floresiensis. By this logic, they may have also entered the Philippines, living alongside H. luzonensis which, if this is the case, may represent the same or a closely related species. These Denisovans may have needed to cross large bodies of water. Alternately, high Denisovan DNA admixture in modern Papuan populations may simply represent higher mixing among the original ancestors of Papuans prior to crossing the Wallace line. Icelanders also have an anomalously high Denisovan heritage, which could have stemmed from a Denisovan population far west of the Altai mountains. Genetic data suggests Neanderthals were frequently making long crossings between Europe and the Altai mountains especially towards the date of their extinction. Using exponential distribution analysis on haplotype lengths, Jacobs calculated introgression into modern humans occurred about 29,900 years ago with the Denisovan population ancestral to New Guineans; and 45,700 years ago with the population ancestral to both New Guineans and Oceanians. Such a late date for the New Guinean group could indicate Denisovan survival as late as 14,500 years ago, which would make them the latest surviving archaic human species. A third wave appears to have introgressed into East Asia, but there is not enough DNA evidence to pinpoint a solid timeframe. The mtDNA from Denisova 4 bore a high similarity to that of Denisova 3, indicating that they belonged to the same population. The genetic diversity among the Denisovans from Denisova Cave is on the lower range of what is seen in modern humans, and is comparable to that of Neanderthals. However, it is possible that the inhabitants of Denisova Cave were more or less reproductively isolated from other Denisovans, and that, across their entire range, Denisovan genetic diversity may have been much higher. Denisova Cave, over time of habitation, continually swung from a fairly warm and moderately humid pine and birch forest to tundra or forest-tundra landscape. Conversely, Baishiya Karst Cave is situated at a high elevation, an area characterized by low temperature, low oxygen, and poor resource availability. Colonization of high-altitude regions, due to such harsh conditions, was previously assumed to have only been accomplished by modern humans. Denisovans seem to have also inhabited the jungles of Southeast Asia. The Tam Ngu Hao 2 site might have been a closed forest environment. Anatomy Little is known of the precise anatomical features of the Denisovans since the only physical remains discovered so far are a finger bone, four teeth, long bone fragments, a partial jawbone, and a parietal bone skull fragment. The finger bone is within the modern human range of variation for women, which is in contrast to the large, robust molars which are more similar to those of Middle to Late Pleistocene archaic humans. The third molar is outside the range of any Homo species except H. habilis and H. rudolfensis, and is more like those of australopithecines. The second molar is larger than those of modern humans and Neanderthals, and is more similar to those of H. erectus and H. habilis. Like Neanderthals, the mandible had a gap behind the molars, and the front teeth were flattened; but Denisovans lacked a high mandibular body, and the mandibular symphysis at the midline of the jaw was more receding. The parietal is reminiscent of that of H. erectus. A facial reconstruction has been generated by comparing methylation at individual genetic loci associated with facial structure. This analysis suggested that Denisovans, much like Neanderthals, had a long, broad, and projecting face; large nose; sloping forehead; protruding jaw; elongated and flattened skull; and wide chest and hips. The Denisovan tooth row was longer than that of Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans. Middle-to-Late Pleistocene East Asian archaic human skullcaps typically share features with Neanderthals. The skullcaps from Xuchang feature prominent brow ridges like Neanderthals, though the nuchal and angular tori near the base of the skull are either reduced or absent, and the back of the skull is rounded off like in early modern humans. Xuchang 1 had a large brain volume of approximately 1800 cc, on the high end for Neanderthals and early modern humans, and well beyond the present-day human average. The Denisovan genome from Denisova Cave has variants of genes which, in modern humans, are associated with dark skin, brown hair, and brown eyes. The Denisovan genome also contains a variant region around the EPAS1 gene that in Tibetans assists with adaptation to low oxygen levels at high elevation, and in a region containing the WARS2 and TBX15 loci which affect body-fat distribution in the Inuit. In Papuans, introgressed Neanderthal alleles are highest in frequency in genes expressed in the brain, whereas Denisovan alleles have highest frequency in genes expressed in bones and other tissue. Culture Denisova Cave Early Middle Paleolithic stone tools from Denisova Cave were characterized by discoidal (disk-like) cores and Kombewa cores, but Levallois cores and flakes were also present. There were scrapers, denticulate tools, and notched tools, deposited about 287±41 thousand years ago in the Main Chamber of the cave; and about 269±97 thousand years ago in the South Chamber; up to 170±19 thousand and 187±14 thousand years ago in the Main and East Chambers, respectively. Middle Paleolithic assemblages were dominated by flat, discoidal, and Levallois cores, and there were some isolated sub-prismatic cores. There were predominantly side scrapers (a scraper with only the sides used to scrape), but also notched-denticulate tools, end-scrapers (a scraper with only the ends used to scrape), burins, chisel-like tools, and truncated flakes. These dated to 156±15 thousand years ago in the Main Chamber, 58±6 thousand years ago in the East Chamber, and 136±26–47±8 thousand years ago in the South Chamber. Early Upper Paleolithic artefacts date to 44±5 thousand years ago in the Main Chamber, 63±6 thousand years ago in the East Chamber, and 47±8 thousand years ago in the South Chamber, though some layers of the East Chamber seem to have been disturbed. There was blade production and Levallois production, but scrapers were again predominant. A well-developed, Upper Paleolithic stone bladelet technology distinct from the previous scrapers began accumulating in the Main Chamber around 36±4 thousand years ago. In the Upper Paleolithic layers, there were also several bone tools and ornaments: a marble ring, an ivory ring, an ivory pendant, a red deer tooth pendant, an elk tooth pendant, a chloritolite bracelet, and a bone needle. However, Denisovans are only confirmed to have inhabited the cave until 55 ka; the dating of Upper Paleolithic artefacts overlaps with modern human migration into Siberia (though there are no occurrences in the Altai region); and the DNA of the only specimen in the cave dating to the time interval (Denisova 14) is too degraded to confirm species identity, so the attribution of these artefacts is unclear. Tibet In 1998, five child hand- and footprint impressions were discovered in a travertine unit near the Quesang hot springs in Tibet, which in 2021 were dated to 226 to 169 thousand years ago using uranium decay dating. This is the oldest evidence of human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau, and given the Xiahe mandible is the oldest human fossil from the region (albeit, younger than the Quesang impressions), these may have been made by Denisovan children. The impressions were printed onto a small panel of space, and there is little overlap between all the prints, so they seem to have been taking care to make new imprints in unused space. If considered art, they are the oldest known examples of rock art. Similar hand stencils and impressions do not appear again in the archeological record until roughly 40,000 years ago. The footprints comprise four right impressions and one left superimposed on one of the rights. They were probably left by two individuals. The tracks of the individual who superimposed their left onto their right may have scrunched up their toes and wiggled them in the mud, or dug their finger into the toe prints. The footprints average long, which roughly equates to a 7 or 8 year old child by modern human growth rates. There are two sets of handprints (from a left and right hand), which may have been created by an older child unless one of the former two individuals had long fingers. The handprints average , which roughly equates with a 12 year old modern human child, and the middle finger length agrees with a 17 year old modern human. One of the handprints shows an impression of the forearm, and the individual was wiggling their thumb through the mud. Interbreeding Analyses of the modern human genomes indicate past interbreeding with at least two groups of archaic humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans, and that such interbreeding events occurred on multiple occasions. Comparisons of the Denisovan, Neanderthal, and modern human genomes have revealed evidence of a complex web of interbreeding among these lineages. Archaic humans As much as 17% of the Denisovan genome from Denisova Cave represents DNA from the local Neanderthal population. Denisova 11 was an F1 (first generation) Denisovan/Neanderthal hybrid; the fact that such an individual was found may indicate interbreeding was a common occurrence here. The Denisovan genome shares more derived alleles with the Altai Neanderthal genome from Siberia than with the Vindija Cave Neanderthal genome from Croatia or the Mezmaiskaya cave Neanderthal genome from the Caucasus, suggesting that the gene flow came from a population that was more closely related to the local Altai Neanderthals. However, Denny's Denisovan father had the typical Altai Neanderthal introgression, while her Neanderthal mother represented a population more closely related to Vindija Neanderthals. About 4% of the Denisovan genome derives from an unidentified archaic hominin, perhaps the source of the anomalous ancient mtDNA, indicating this species diverged from Neanderthals and humans over a million years ago. The only identified Homo species of Late Pleistocene Asia are H. erectus and H. heidelbergensis, though in 2021, specimens allocated to the latter species were reclassified as H. longi and H. daliensis. Before splitting from Neanderthals, their ancestors ("Neandersovans") migrating into Europe apparently interbred with an unidentified "superarchaic" human species who were already present there; these superarchaics were the descendants of a very early migration out of Africa around 1.9 mya. Modern humans A 2011 study found that Denisovan DNA is prevalent in Aboriginal Australians, Near Oceanians, Polynesians, Fijians, Eastern Indonesians and Mamanwans (from the Philippines); but not in East Asians, western Indonesians, Jahai people (from Malaysia) or Onge (from the Andaman Islands). This means that Denisovan introgression occurred within the Pacific region rather than on the Asian mainland, and that ancestors of the latter groups were not present in Southeast Asia at the time, which in turn means that eastern Asia was settled by modern humans in two distinct migrations. In the Melanesian genome, about 4–6% or 1.9–3.4% derives from Denisovan introgression. Prior to 2021, New Guineans and Australian Aborigines were reported to have the most introgressed DNA, but Australians have less than New Guineans. A 2021 study discovered 30 to 40% more Denisovan ancestry in Aeta people in the Philippines than in Papuans, estimated as about 5% of the genome. The Aeta Magbukon in Luzon have the highest known proportion of Denisovan ancestry of any population in the world. In Papuans, less Denisovan ancestry is seen in the X chromosome than autosomes, and some autosomes (such as chromosome 11) also have less Denisovan ancestry, which could indicate hybrid incompatibility. The former observation could also be explained by less female Denisovan introgression into modern humans, or more female modern human immigrants who diluted Denisovan X chromosome ancestry. In contrast, 0.2% derives from Denisovan ancestry in mainland Asians and Native Americans. South Asians were found to have levels of Denisovan admixture similar to that seen in East Asians. The discovery of the 40,000-year-old Chinese modern human Tianyuan Man lacking Denisovan DNA significantly different from the levels in modern-day East Asians discounts the hypothesis that immigrating modern humans simply diluted Denisovan ancestry whereas Melanesians lived in reproductive isolation. A 2018 study of Han Chinese, Japanese, and Dai genomes showed that modern East Asians have DNA from two different Denisovan populations: one similar to the Denisovan DNA found in Papuan genomes, and a second that is closer to the Denisovan genome from Denisova Cave. This could indicate two separate introgression events involving two different Denisovan populations. In South Asian genomes, DNA only came from the same single Denisovan introgression seen in Papuans. A 2019 study found a third wave of Denisovans which introgressed into East Asians. Introgression, also, may not have immediately occurred when modern humans immigrated into the region. The timing of introgression into Oceanian populations likely occurred after Eurasians and Oceanians split roughly 58,000 years ago, and before Papuan and Aboriginal Australians split from each other roughly 37,000 years ago. Given the present day distribution of Denisovan DNA, this may have taken place in Wallacea, though the discovery of a 7,200 year old Toalean girl (closely related to Papuans and Aboriginal Australians) from Sulawesi carrying Denisovan DNA makes Sundaland another potential candidate. Other early Sunda hunter gatherers so far sequenced carry very little Denisovan DNA, which either means the introgression event did not take place in Sundaland, or Denisovan ancestry was diluted with gene flow from the mainland Asian Hòabìnhian culture and subsequent Neolithic cultures. In other regions of the world, archaic introgression into humans stems from a group of Neanderthals related to those which inhabited Vindija Cave, Croatia, as opposed to archaics related to Siberian Neanderthals and Denisovans. However, about 3.3% of the archaic DNA in the modern Icelandic genome descends from the Denisovans, and such a high percentage could indicate a western Eurasian population of Denisovans which introgressed into either Vindija-related Neanderthals or immigrating modern humans. Denisovan genes may have helped early modern humans migrating out of Africa to acclimatize. Although not present in the sequenced Denisovan genome, the distribution pattern and divergence of HLA-B*73 from other HLA alleles (involved in the immune system's natural killer cell receptors) has led to the suggestion that it introgressed from Denisovans into modern humans in West Asia. In a 2011 study, half of the HLA alleles of modern Eurasians were shown to represent archaic HLA haplotypes, and were inferred to be of Denisovan or Neanderthal origin. A haplotype of EPAS1 in modern Tibetans, which allows them to live at high elevations in a low-oxygen environment, likely came from Denisovans. Genes related to phospholipid transporters (which are involved in fat metabolism) and to trace amine-associated receptors (involved in smelling) are more active in people with more Denisovan ancestry. Denisovan genes may have conferred a degree of immunity against the G614 mutation of SARS-CoV-2. See also References Further reading External links The Denisova Consortium's raw sequence data and alignments Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016). Picture of Denisovan molar. Homo fossils Human populations Altai Krai Prehistoric Asia Paleolithic Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B0%84%EB%8F%84

무간도

《무간도》(, )는 2002년 개봉한 홍콩의 액션 스릴러 영화이다. 맥조휘와 장문강이 공동 집필한 이 영화에는 유덕화, 양조위, 황추생, 증지위, 진혜림이 출연한다. 이 영화는 삼합회에 잠입한 경찰관과 같은 갱에서 비밀리에 일하는 또 다른 경찰관을 따라간다. 《무간도》 시리즈의 첫 번째 작품이며, 《무간도 II》와 《무간도 III》가 그 뒤를 잇는다. 이 영화는 제76회 아카데미상에서 최우수 외국어 영화상 홍콩 출품작으로 선정되었지만 후보에 오르지 못했다. 미라맥스는 미국 배급권을 인수하여 2004년 미국 극장 개봉을 제한했다. 마틴 스코세이지는 2006년 이 영화를 《디파티드》로 리메이크하여 아카데미 작품상과 각색상을 수상했다. 2017년에는 인도의 리메이크 영화도 계획되었다. 줄거리 삼합회 두목인 한침은 젊은 깡패 유건명을 경찰학교에 보내 그의 첩자로 삼는다. 비슷한 시기에, 젊은 경찰 사관생도인 진영인은 경찰학교에서 쫓겨나는 것으로 보인다. 사실, 진영인은 황 국장에게만 보고하는 첩보원이 되었고, 황 국장은 그를 한침의 삼합회에 잠입시키기 위해 그를 보낸다. 10년 동안, 진영인은 잠복근무로 인해 엄청난 스트레스를 받는 반면, 유건명은 경찰에서 빠르게 승진한다. 황 국장과 그의 팀은 진영인으로부터 제보를 받은 후 한침과 태국 코카인 딜러 사이의 거래를 중단했다. 그러나 유건명은 한침에게 경고하고, 그의 심복들이 증거를 처분하도록 할 충분한 시간을 준다. 이 사건 이후, 황 국장과 한침은 그들 자신의 조직 내에 두더지가 있다는 것을 깨닫고, 두더지가 누구인지 알아내기 위해 시간과의 경쟁을 벌인다. 진영인은 영화관에서 혼과 대화하는 것을 본 후 유건명을 따라가려 할 때 유건명의 정체를 거의 알게 된다. 이 무렵, 진영인과 유건명은 둘 다 이중 정체성으로 어려움을 겪고 있는데, 진영인은 10년 동안 깡패 생활을 한 후 경찰로서 자신에 대한 믿음을 잃기 시작하고, 유건명은 경찰관의 삶에 더 익숙해지고 삼합회와의 관계를 끝내고 싶어한다. 캐스팅 양조위 - 진영인(陳永仁, 찬윙얀) 유덕화 - 유건명(劉健明, 라우긴밍) 황추생 - 황지성(黃志誠, 웡지싱) 경찰국장 증지위 - 한침(韓琛) 두문택 - 아강(傻強) 진관희 - 청년 유건명 여문락 - 청년 진영인 정수문 - 메리 진혜림 - 이심아 한국판 성우진(KBS) (2003년 11월 15일) 홍시호 - 유건명(유덕화) / 청년 유건명(진관희) 김일 - 진영인(양조위) / 청년 진영인(여문락) 차명화 - 메리(정수문) 김지혜 - 이심아(진혜림) 이봉준 - 황지성 국장(황추생) 김소형 - 한침(증지위) 탁원제 - 서장(윤지강) 김익태 - 정 반장(오정엽) / 엽교장(허금봉) 임진응 - 임국평(임가동) 이원준 - 아강(두문택) 성완경 - 피에로(임적안) 이승주 - 조직원(호화초) 임미진 - 메이(소아현) 위훈 - 하마(구헌위) 고재균 - 경찰(증건용) / 뚱보 대체 엔딩 영화는 외설, 도박, 폭력, 범죄를 조장할 수 없다는 중국 영화 관리 규정 제25조를 준수하기 위해 영화의 대체 엔딩을 촬영했다. 원래 (홍콩) 엔딩에서 류는 형사 잠복자로서의 자신의 진짜 신분을 숨기고 입법 처벌을 피하기 위해 자신을 경찰이라고 밝혔다. 따라서 오리지널 엔딩 버전은 범죄 행위와 부정을 조장하고, 대체 엔딩은 중국 본토 시장에 접근하기 위해 촬영되었다. 다른 결말에서 장 경감은 유건명의 범죄 행위의 증거를 발견하고 즉시 엘리베이터 밖에서 유건명을 체포했다. 이 대체적인 결말은 중국 본토와 말레이시아에서 보여졌다. 반응 박스오피스 홍콩에서 초연되었을 때, 무간도는 개막일(1월 16일부터 19일까지) 동안 160,356 달러를 벌어들였다. 이 영화는 홍콩 극장에서 상영되는 동안 총 7,035,649 달러의 수익을 올렸다. 이 영화는 그 후 아시아 전역에서 개봉되었고, 극장 수입으로 169,659 달러를 벌어들였다. 2016년, 한국 극장들은 3주 동안 총 128,026 달러를 벌어들인 이 영화를 다시 개봉했다. 한국에서 이 영화의 평생 총 수익은 977,903달러이다. 전 세계적으로, 이 영화는 국내 시장과 영화를 전시한 유럽 극장에서 총 8,836,958달러의 수익을 올렸다. 각주 외부 링크 2002년 영화 광둥어 영화 작품 홍콩의 범죄 영화 홍콩의 드라마 영화 홍콩의 스릴러 영화 홍콩의 영화 작품 범죄 스릴러 영화 수사 영화 마약을 소재로 한 영화 유위강 감독 영화

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infernal%20Affairs

Infernal Affairs

Infernal Affairs is a 2002 Hong Kong action thriller film co-directed by Andrew Lau and Alan Mak. Jointly written by Mak and Felix Chong, it stars Andy Lau, Tony Leung, Anthony Wong, Eric Tsang, Sammi Cheng and Kelly Chen. The film follows an undercover Hong Kong Police Force officer who infiltrates a Triad, and another officer who is secretly a spy for the same Triad. It is the first in the Infernal Affairs series and is followed by Infernal Affairs II and Infernal Affairs III. The film was selected as the Hong Kong entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 76th Academy Awards but was not nominated. Miramax Films acquired the United States distribution rights and gave it a limited US theatrical release in 2004. Martin Scorsese remade the film in 2006 as The Departed, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture as well as Academy Award for Best Director, Scorsese's first and only Oscar in his career, and Best Adapted Screenplay. A 4K remaster of the Infernal Affairs trilogy was released on December 12, 2022, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Infernal Affairs. Plot Hon Sam, a Hong Kong Triad boss, sends Lau Kin-ming, a young gangster, to the police academy to serve as his spy in the Hong Kong Police Force. Around the same time, Chan Wing-Yan, a young police cadet, is seemingly expelled from the police academy. In reality, Chan has secretly become an undercover cop, reporting only to Superintendent Wong Chi-shing, who sends him to infiltrate Hon's triad. Over the course of ten years, Chan experiences great stress from his undercover work while Lau quickly rises through the ranks in the police force, eventually becoming a Senior Inspector. Wong and his team interrupt a deal between Hon and a group of Thai cocaine dealers after receiving a tip from Chan. However, Lau alerts Hon, giving him enough time to get his henchmen to dispose of the evidence. After this incident, both Wong and Hon realize that they have a spy within their own organizations, placing them in a race against time to find out who the spy is. Chan nearly finds out Lau's identity when he tries to follow Lau after seeing him talking to Hon in a cinema; Lau manages to get away before Chan could see his face. By this time, both Chan and Lau are struggling with their double identities – Chan starts losing faith in himself as a cop after being a gangster for ten years; Lau becomes more accustomed to the life of a police officer and wants to end his association with the triad. At their next meeting on a rooftop, Wong wants to pull Chan out of undercover work for fear of his safety. However, Hon, who knows about the meeting from Lau, sends "Crazy" Keung and other henchmen to confront them. Chan escapes from the building while Wong tries to distract the gangsters and ends up being thrown off the roof to his death. Just then, the police show up and a shootout ensues. Keung, not knowing that Chan is the spy, drives them away from the scene but dies from a gunshot wound later. When the news report that Keung was actually another undercover cop, Hon assumes that he was the spy and that Chan killed him to protect himself. Lau retrieves Wong's cell phone and contacts Chan; both of them agree to foil a drug deal by Hon. The plan succeeds and many of Hon's men are arrested, while Lau betrays and kills Hon. Everything seems to have returned to normal – Chan can revert to his true identity as a cop, while Lau has erased his criminal connections by eliminating the triad. However, back at the police headquarters, Chan discovers that Lau was the spy and leaves immediately. Realising what has happened, Lau erases Chan's file from the police database and makes a copy on his personal computer, intending to use the proof of Chan's identity as leverage, so that he would not reveal his real identity. Chan sends to Lau a compact disc with a recording that Hon kept between himself and Lau. The disc inadvertently ends up in the hands of Lau's girlfriend, Mary. Chan and Lau meet on the same rooftop where Wong was killed earlier. Chan disarms Lau and holds his pistol to Lau's head; Lau states calmly that he "wants to be a good person" now, but Chan rejects Lau's plea to help him conceal his criminal past. Inspector "Big B" arrives on the scene shortly and orders Chan to release Lau. Chan holds Lau as a hostage at gunpoint and backs into an elevator, but gets shot in the head by "Big B" when he moves his head from behind Lau. "Big B" then reveals to Lau that he is also a spy planted by Hon in the police force, and assures Lau that he has destroyed evidence of Lau's criminal associations. When they take the elevator to the ground floor, Lau kills "Big B". Lee discovers records that prove Chan's identity as an undercover cop, while "Big B" is identified as the spy in the police force and the case is closed. Lau salutes Chan at his funeral, with Cheung and Lee present as well. A flashback reaffirms the point that Lau wished he had taken a different route in life. Cast Andy Lau as Senior Inspector Lau Kin-ming (劉健明), Hon's spy in the Hong Kong Police Force. Edison Chen as young Lau Kin-ming Tony Leung as Chan Wing-yan (陳永仁), an undercover cop in Hon's Triad. Shawn Yue as young Chan Wing-yan Anthony Wong as Superintendent Wong Chi-shing (黃志誠), Chan's superior. Eric Tsang as Hon Sam (韓琛), the Triad boss and main antagonist. Chapman To as "Silly" Keung (傻強), Hon's henchman. Gordon Lam as Inspector B (大B; Big B), Lau's subordinate who is also a spy in the HKPF. Sammi Cheng as Mary, Lau's fiancée. Kelly Chen as Lee Sum-yee (李心兒), Chan's psychiatrist. Berg Ng as Senior Inspector Cheung (張Sir), Wong's subordinate. Wan Chi-keung as Officer Leung (梁Sir), the Chief Superintendent of the internal affairs department. Dion Lam as Del Piero (迪路), Hon's henchman. Elva Hsiao as May, Chan's ex-girlfriend. Hui Kam-fung as Officer Yip (葉Sir), Chan's cadet school principal Alternate ending An alternate ending for the film was shot in order to comply with Article 25 (7) of the Chinese Film Administration Regulations specifying that films cannot propagate obscenity, gambling or violence, or abet to commit crimes. In the original (Hong Kong) ending, Lau concealed his true identity as a Triad spy and identified himself as a police officer to avoid legislative punishment. Therefore, the original ending was deemed to promote criminal activity and injustice, and an alternate ending was filmed to make the film suitable for mainland China. In the alternate ending, inspector Cheung discovers evidence of Lau's criminal activity and immediately arrests Lau outside the elevator. This alternate ending was shown in mainland China and Malaysia. Analysis Postcolonial identity crisis in Hong Kong In Infernal Affairs, the identity crisis suffered by both Chan and Lau as a mole is hinting at the struggle of Hong Kong residents, who faced both the colonization by the British and the reunification with Mainland China. Specifically, under Deng Xiaoping’s "One Country, Two System policy", the duplicity, unsettling, and uncertain nature of the future of Hong Kong residents is tightly echoed in Chan and Lau's character developments. Scholar Howard Y. F. Choy further claimed that “this postcolonial (re)turn is actually more a recolonization than a decolonization of the capitalist Cantonese city by the mainland Mandarin master.” Quotes from Buddha Infernal Affairs opens with Buddhist classic Nirvana Sutra Verse Nineteen, stating that “The worst of the Eight Hells is called Continuous Hell. It has the meaning of Continuous Suffering. Thus the name.” The film also closes with another quote from Buddha, stating that “He who is in Continuous Hell never dies. Longevity is a big hardship in Continuous Hell.” In Buddhism, Continuous Hell is also termed The Avici, where one can never reincarnate nor be relieved from guilt and suffering. This concept of timeless, placeless, and endless suffering especially applies to the character Lau throughout the trilogy, who infinitely bears the burden of self-betrayal (serves as a mole), loss of family and friendship, and unsettledness. Reception Box office Upon its premiere in Hong Kong, Infernal Affairs grossed $160,356 during the opening day (January 16–19). In total, the film grossed $7,035,649 during its run in Hong Kong theatres. The film was then released across Asia, where it grossed a further $169,659 from theatre receipts. In 2016, South Korean theaters re-released the film, which went on to gross $128,026 across three weeks. The total lifetime gross of the film in Korea is $977,903. In total, worldwide, the film grossed $8,836,958 across release in both domestic markets and European theatres which displayed the film. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, Infernal Affairs has an approval rating of 94% based on reviews from 64 critics, with an average rating of 7.50/10. The consensus from the site reads as "Smart and engrossing, this is one of Hong Kong's better cop thrillers." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 75 out of 100 based on reviews from 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". It was ranked as the 62nd Best Movie of 2004, 86th Most Discussed Movie of 2004, and the 95th Most Shared Movie of 2004. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film a three-out-of-four star rating and described Infernal Affairs as offering "rare emotional depth." In his words, "The movie pays off in a kind of emotional complexity rarely seen in crime movies. I cannot reveal what happens but will urge you to consider the thoughts of two men who finally confront their own real identities—in the person of the other character." New York Times reviewer Elvis Mitchell was so enraptured with the film that he stated that "Infernal Affairs is so beautifully shot that the images occasionally distract you from the condensed policier plot." Accolades Infernal Affairs played an integral role in Andrew Lau's breakout films in entering the 21st century. Being the most critically acclaimed film of his to date, it was ranked No. 30 in Empire Magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010. Infernal Affairs gained significant traction during its festival run as it was nominated for sixteen awards during the 22nd Hong Kong Film Awards, winning seven of those categories. It also won the Best Picture at the 40th Golden Horse Awards, the 8th Golden Bauhinia Awards, and the Best Foreign Language Film at the 46th Blue Ribbon Awards. Eventually, Infernal Affairs would spark the creation of two more films. With Infernal Affairs II getting 11 nominations and Infernal Affairs III getting 7 nominations during the 23rd Hong Kong Film Awards, with Infernal Affairs II winning Best Original Film Song. Awards and nominations Music The original film score for Infernal Affairs was written and performed by Chan Kwong-wing. The theme song, Infernal Affairs (無間道), was composed by Ronald Ng, lyrics provided by Albert Leung, and performed in Cantonese and Mandarin by Andy Lau and Tony Leung. Although not included in the soundtrack, Tsai Chin's (蔡琴) song "Forgotten Times" (《被遺忘的時光》) features prominently in this film as a recurring element of its storyline, and also in its sequels. Development Script Writer Alan Mak had long wanted to write a story about police and gangsters. The script of Infernal Affairs was inspired by John Woo's Face/Off (1997) but Mak knew that faces cannot swap in the real world. Instead, he focused on the exchange of identity and psychology between the two leads and delved into human nature and the human heart. In the process of Mak's creation, his good friend Felix Chong also encouraged and supported him. The script, written by Mak and revised by Chong, took three years to complete. The dialogue in the famous rooftop showdown was created on the spot by Felix Chong and Tony Leung, with Chong playing Andy Lau's part. The script originally included a typical shootout in the third act, but Leung insisted on turning it into a dialogue scene. Gordon Lam did not receive the full script and did not know his character was also a triad mole until the final scene. Investment The script for Infernal Affairs originally belonged to Andy Lau's Teamwork Motion Pictures, but entangled amidst a lawsuit, the company was unable to produce the film. In addition, the creative team could not find investors because other studios at the time thought that an undercover film wasn't novel enough to make money. Eventually, Andrew Lau made a hopeless bid and showed the script to John Chong at Media Asia Entertainment Group. To his surprise Chong and company chairman Peter Lam saw potential in the story. Lam proceeded to invest HK $20 million in the film, under the condition that Andy Lau will star the film. Adaptations With star power, visual allure, and an engaging script, Andrew Lau and Alan Mak's Infernal Affairs /《無間道》(2002) did very well critically and financially, spawned two sequels and a television series, and attracted the attention of Hollywood. In 2003, Brad Pitt's production company Plan B Entertainment acquired the rights for a Hollywood remake, named The Departed, which was directed by Martin Scorsese, and starred Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, and Mark Wahlberg, set in Boston, Massachusetts, roughly based on the life of famed Boston mobster James "Whitey" Bulger. The Departed was released on 6 October 2006 and won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Andrew Lau, the co-director of Infernal Affairs, who was interviewed by Hong Kong newspaper Apple Daily, said: "Of course I think the version I made is better, but the Hollywood version is pretty good too. [Scorsese] made the Hollywood version more attuned to American culture." Andy Lau, one of the main actors in Infernal Affairs, when asked how the movie compares to the original, said: "The Departed was too long and it felt as if Hollywood had combined all three Infernal Affairs movies together." Lau pointed out that the remake featured some of the "golden quotes" of the original but did have much more swearing. He ultimately rated The Departed 8/10 and said that the Hollywood remake is worth a view, though according to Lau's spokeswoman Alice Tam, he felt that the combination of the two female characters into one in The Departed was not as good as the original storyline. Lau, Tsang, and Jacky Cheung parodied the cinema scene to promote the Hong Kong Film Awards. Lau and Tsang, in their respective characters, go through the scene where they meet to gather info on the undercover cop amongst Hon Sam's gang. Lau Kin-ming asks Hon, "Why do we always meet in a cinema?", to which Hon answers, "It's quiet. No one comes to movies". Cheung comes out from the shadows behind them and says, "I don't know...quite a few people watch movies" and we see a slew of Hong Kong celebrities watching various clips of Hong Kong films on the screen. Originally Tony Leung was going to appear but scheduling conflicts led to the recasting. The 2003 TVB spoof celebrating the Chinese New Year called Mo Ba To (吐氣羊眉賀新春之無霸道), the 2004 comedy film Love Is a Many Stupid Thing by Wong Jing, and the 2004 TVB television drama Shades of Truth were re-writings based on the plot of the film. In Taiwan SHODA (劉裕銘) and a secondary school student Blanka (布蘭卡) cut and rearranged the original film and inserted new sound tracks to produce their videos Infernal Affairs CD pro2 and Infernal Affairs iPod on the web. The videos had many views and both producers removed their videos after receiving cease and desist letters from the Group Power Workshop Limited (群體工作室), the Taiwan distributor of the film. Media Asia released a limited edition of eight-DVD set of the Infernal Affairs trilogy in an Ultimate Collectible Boxset (無間道終極珍藏DVD系列(8DVD套裝)) on 20 December 2004. Features included an online game and two Chinese novelisations of the film series by Lee Muk-Tung (李牧童), titled 無間道I+II小說 and 無間道III終極無間小說. The hi-fi shop scene was later recreated with additions of excerpts of the film to encourage businesses to join the Quality Tourism Services Scheme in Hong Kong. In 2009, a Korean remake City of Damnation, which was directed by Kim Dong-won was released on 22 January 2009. In 2009, a Telugu remake Homam, which directed and acted by JD Chakravarthy along with Jagapathi Babu was released and became a notable movie. In 2012, Double Face (ダブルフェイス), a Japanese television remake starring Hidetoshi Nishijima was released by TBS and WOWOW. The production aired in two parts: "Police Impersonation" on WOWOW and "Undercover" on TBS. A TV series remake debuted in 2018 produced by Media Asia and former TVB producer Tommy Leung. The series, which is titled Infernal Affairs like the film, stars Gallen Lo, Damian Lau, Paul Chun, Lo Hoi-pang, Eric Tsang, Derek Kok, Dominic Lam, Toby Leung and Yuen Biao. The story takes place years after the films' events, with some minor characters reprising their roles alongside a new cast. The TV series uses the same concept as the film, but with an entirely new story and characters, and the setting expanded beyond Hong Kong to include Thailand and Shenzhen. It stretched through three seasons with each season consisting of 12 episodes. Hindi remake is going to be a joint development between Warner Bros. India and Mumbai – based banner Azure and is set for a remake for a two-picture deal The success of the film inspired many genres, including an open-world video game from United Front Games titled Sleeping Dogs (or True Crime: Hong Kong before canceled by Activision Blizzard in 2011), with the protagonist of the story infiltrating the criminal underworld as an undercover police. Influence and artistry The Influence of Infernal Affairs on Hong Kong Cinema Infernal Affairs is the turning point of Hong Kong film aesthetics. Before Infernal Affairs, there were few serious and artistic works in Hong Kong films, but they basically had the following characteristics: 1. The relative roughness of the production was compensated for by the skill of the practitioners 2. Hong Kong films incorporate a lot of dramatic elements. After the release of Infernal Affairs, Hong Kong films began to pay attention to the plot and picture. The Artistry of the Infernal Affairs title "Insanity" refers to the Insanity Hell, and in the Buddhist view, those who enter the Insanity Hell are extremely sinful. Those who enter the Infinite Hell never have any hope of relief, and they have no other feeling out of suffering. Those who enter the Infinite Hell will forever be tortured in Hell as retribution for the wickedness of their previous lives. The title perfectly sums up the plot described in Infernal Affairs. Two identities should not belong to their own people, as they live in a similar hell of the environment; the dream is afraid of others who expose their undercover identity. Both of them are trying to use their own hated identities to hide their real identity. Their position in tandem with their identity force them to be tortured all the time, which perfectly fits the Buddhist-influenced title. See also Infernal Affairs film series Cinema of Hong Kong List of Hong Kong films Andy Lau filmography List of films featuring surveillance List of films set in Hong Kong References External links 2002 films 2002 action thriller films 2000s crime thriller films Hong Kong New Wave films Hong Kong action thriller films Hong Kong crime thriller films Hong Kong police films 2000s Cantonese-language films Films directed by Andrew Lau Best Film HKFA Films set in Hong Kong Films set in 2002 Films shot in Hong Kong Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Horse Award Police detective films Triad films Basic Pictures films Media Asia films Films directed by Alan Mak Chinese New Year films Fictional rivalries 2000s Hong Kong films

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%88%98%EB%AC%B8

정수문

정슈원(鄭秀文, Sammi Cheng Sau Man, 1972년 8월 19일 ~ )은 홍콩의 배우 및 가수이다. 주요 이력 홍콩에서 출생하여 지난날 한때 중화인민공화국 광둥 성 산터우 시 청하이 구에서 잠시 유아기를 보낸 적이 있으며 1988년 홍콩에서 영화배우 첫 데뷔하였다. 출연 작품 (영화) 비호정영지인간유정 (주연) (1992) 백분백감각 (주연) (1996) 백분백암필 (주연) (1996) 보디가드 (주연) (1997) 럭키 가이 (주연) (1998) 니딩 유 (주연) (2000) 하일적마마다 (주연) (2000) 종무염 (주연) (2001) 러브 온 다이어트 (주연) (2001) 동거남녀 (주연) (2001) 무간도 (카메오) (2002) 가개유전인 (주연) (2002) 아좌안견도귀 (주연) (2002) 백년호합 (주연) (2003) 무간도 3: 종극무간 (카메오) (2003) 굿 타임 베드 타임 (주연) (2003) 마환주방 (주연) (2004) 용봉투 (주연) (2004) 장한가 (주연) (2005) 대수사지녀 (주연) (2008) 고해발지련 2 (주연) (2012) 블라인드 디텍티브 (주연) (2013) 임시동거 (주연) (2014) 충상운소 (주연) (2015) 합맺남녀 (2017) 팔낱녀인일태놀 (2018) 성하서꾀죽안 (2018) 오야만수 (2019) 화초지미 (2019) 음악활동 대표곡 치득(値得) 사념(思念) 묵계(默契) 기실니심리유몰유아(其實你心裏有沒有兒, 남편 허지안과 듀엣) 역대 음반 1988 華星武俠金曲集－第二集 1990 仍是你－Promotion CD－白版 Sammi－CD Sammi－Gramophone Record 1991 不來的季節－Promotion CD 情斷維也納－Promotion CD 情斷維也納－Promotion CD－白版 Friends－Promotion CD－白版 Holiday－精裝版 Holiday－平裝版 1992 Say U'll be mine－Promotion CD Say U'll be mine－Promotion CD－白版 2gether－Promotion CD 2gether－Promotion CD－白版 娃娃看天下－Promotion CD 娃娃看天下－Promotion CD－白版 Never Too Late－平裝版 Never Too Late－精裝版 不可一世－Promotion CD 不可一世－Promotion CD－白版 火熱動感－香港版 火熱動感－香港精裝版 火熱動感 1993 其實你心裡有沒有我－Promotion CD 其實你心裡有沒有我－Promotion CD－白版 Chotto等等－Promotion CD Chotto等等－Promotion CD－白版 癡心等待－Promotion CD 癡心等待－Promotion CD－白版 一水隔天涯－Promotion CD 一水隔天涯－Promotion CD－白版 快樂迷宮 大報復 火熱動感－93勁秋版 愛情動感La La La 兩情相悅 1994 非一般精選－Vol. 1 十誡－平裝版 十誡－精裝版 時間地點人物－精裝版 時間地點人物－平裝版 時間地點人物－903 廣播劇向世界出發－白版 Wish You Well 失憶－精裝版 失憶－平裝版 1995 其後－平裝版 其後－精裝版 其後－日本版 一見心醉 是時候．不要 是時候新舊對照18首 捨不得你－CD 捨不得你－台灣版－CD 捨不得你－新加坡版－CD 捨不得你－Compact Audio Cassette 捨不得你－珍藏版 捨不得你Remix 1996 不要新舊對照17首 放不低－CD 放不低－台灣版－CD 放不低－新加坡版－CD 放不低－Compact Audio Cassette 放不低－珍藏版 捨不捨得－VCD 捨不捨得－Part II－VCD 捨不捨得－LD 小心女人EP 值得 值得－香港版 值得－新加坡版 放不低－卡拉OK 捨不捨得－2VCD 濃情 濃情－台灣版 濃情－新加坡版 默契－珍藏版 談情說愛 X派對Remix Kara EP 是時候@不要新舊對照35首 1997 Sammi X Live 96鄭秀文X空間演唱會－CD Sammi X Live 96鄭秀文X空間演唱會－VCD Sammi X Live 96鄭秀文X空間演唱會－Live LD Sammi X Live 96鄭秀文X空間演唱會－Karaoke LD Sammi X Live 96鄭秀文X空間演唱會－演唱會製作檔案 24K超極品音色系列 為你等 為你等－台灣版 為你等－新加坡版 為你等－台灣第二版 我們的主題曲 為你等－台灣影音雙D精裝紀念版 我們的主題曲－台灣版 我們的主題曲－新加坡版 我們的主題曲－香港特別版 我們的主題曲卡拉OK精選－VCD 我們的主題曲卡拉OK精選－LD 非男非女 最後一次 一夜成名－珍藏版 談情說愛慈善演唱會－CD 談情說愛慈善演唱會－VCD 華納非常有效Remix16首 生活語言－Promotion CD－白版 生活語言－CD 生活語言－台灣版－CD 生活語言－新加坡版－CD 生活語言－香港特別版－CD 生活語言－香港特別版2－CD 生活語言－MD 捨不捨得－DVD 親密關係 表演時間 1998 金曲廿載情 Sammi Star Show鄭秀文97演唱會－CD Sammi Star Show鄭秀文97演唱會－VCD Sammi Star Show鄭秀文97演唱會－DVD Sammi Star Show鄭秀文97演唱會－Live LD Sammi Star Show鄭秀文97演唱會－Karaoke LD 生活語言卡拉OK精選－VCD 生活語言卡拉OK精選－DVD 24K 超極品音色系列II 親愛的鄭秀文精選 I Cross My Heart－Promotion CD Feel So Good－CD Feel So Good－台灣版－CD Feel So Good－新加坡版－CD Feel So Good－MD 理想對象－珍藏版 最好混音精選 1999 鄭秀文。有聲有影全集47首 聽聞－CD 聽聞－台灣版－CD 聽聞－新加坡版－CD 聽聞－第二版－CD 聽聞－MD 聽聞熱唱卡拉OK精選 鄭秀文精精精選 缺席－Promotion CD 我應該得到 我應該得到－香港首批精裝版 我應該得到－香港版 我應該得到－新加坡版 我應該得到－台灣冠軍銷售版 我應該得到－新加坡加料特別版 我應該得到－台灣豪華典藏版 很愛很愛－CD 很愛很愛－台灣版－CD 很愛很愛－新加坡版－CD 很愛很愛－MD Aiwa 2000 Limited Edition－Sammi Cheng 多謝新曲+精選－CD 多謝新曲+精選－台灣版－CD 多謝新曲+精選－新加坡版－CD 多謝新曲+精選－MD 2000 愛情故事－Promotion CD 愛情故事－Promotion CD－白版 愛情故事 愛情故事－新世紀天后版 愛情故事－鐵盒版 Sammi I Concert 99－CD Sammi I Concert 99－VCD Sammi I Concert 99－DVD Sammi I Concert 99－LD 時間地點人物－再版 至理名言－Promotion CD 至理名言－Promotion CD－白版 去愛吧！ 去愛吧！－香港版 去愛吧！－新加坡版 去愛吧！－台灣男生去愛版 去愛吧！－台灣女生去愛版 多謝世紀卡拉OK精選－VCD 多謝世紀卡拉OK精選－新加坡版－VCD 多謝世紀卡拉OK精選－DVD Sammi X Live 96鄭秀文X空間演唱會－DVD 我愛MD精選 我愛MD精選－Vol.2 孤男寡女－AVCD Ladies First Ladies First－台灣限量版 Ladies First－台灣版 Ladies First－新加坡版 Ladies First－香港極速特別版 眉飛色舞－Promotion CD 眉飛色舞－Promotion CD－白版 眉飛色舞 鄭秀文台北His＆Her眉飛色舞演唱會（首次台北演唱會）－香港版 鄭秀文台北His＆Her眉飛色舞演唱會（首次台北演唱會）－新加坡版 Love Is... Love Is...－台灣版 Love Is...－新加坡版 2001 Love Is...+鍾無艷－AVCD 鍾無艷－AVCD 鄭秀文台北演唱會－CD 鄭秀文台北演唱會－新加坡版－CD 鄭秀文台北演唱會－VCD 捨不得你－HDCD Remaster Series 放不低－HDCD Remaster Series 值得－HDCD Remaster Series 濃情－HDCD Remaster Series Love Is...－特別版 華納皇牌極品HDCD精選34首 獨一無二－Promotion CD 獨一無二－Promotion CD－白版 魅力燃燒－Promotion CD 魅力燃燒－Promotion CD－白版 完整－Promotion CD 完整 完整－香港版 完整－新加坡版 完整－先聽版 完整－香港特別版 完整－限量特別版 完整－卡拉OK Shocking Pink Shocking Pink－台灣版 Shocking Pink－新加坡版 心水選擇 Shocking Pink－香港特別版 鄭秀文903拉闊音樂會2001－Promotion CD 鄭秀文903拉闊音樂會2001－CD 文歌與我 愛是…美麗 鄭秀文卡拉OK冠軍曲 Sammix Dance Collection Sammix Dance Collection－台灣版 溫柔 溫柔－台灣版 溫柔－新加坡版 2002 溫柔－特別版 Sammi Shocking Colours Live 2001－CD Sammi Shocking Colours Live 2001－VCD 嫁個有錢人－OST CD 嫁個有錢人－AVCD Sammi Shocking Colours Live 2001－DVD 天衣無縫－Promotion CD 捨得 捨得－香港版 捨得－新加坡版 捨得－鮮聽EP 鄭秀文電影金曲精選 鄭秀文電影金曲精選－Karaoke VCD 鄭秀文電影金曲精選－Karaoke DVD 鄭秀文903拉闊音樂會2001－VCD 鄭秀文903拉闊音樂會2001－DVD 捨得－特別版 捨得－香港特別版 捨得－卡拉OK 電Party－Promotion CD 電Party 心肝命椗－Promotion VCD Becoming Sammi 電Party－香港版 Becoming Sammi－台灣版 Becoming Sammi－香港版 Becoming Sammi－新加坡版 Becoming Sammi+我左眼見到鬼－OST CD 我左眼見到鬼－OST CD 心肝命椗 Becoming Sammi－第二版 愛是…炫耀－VCD 愛是…炫耀－DVD 談情說愛慈善演唱會－DVD 華納音樂曲譜系列－鄭秀文 Wonder Woman Wonder Woman－台灣版 Wonder Woman－新加坡版 2003 Becoming Sammi－SACD Hybrid Wonder Woman－特別版 完全擁有 完全擁有－Promotion VCD 完全擁有－第二版 完全精采－VCD 完全精采－DVD 美麗的誤會－台灣版 美麗的誤會－香港版 美麗的誤會－卡拉OK 2004 調情（Bossa Mix）－Promotion CD La La La La La La－正常版 Mi Century登峰造極世紀精選－香港版 Mi Century登峰造極世紀精選－台灣版 Sammi's Kara-Showcase－VCD Sammi's Kara-Showcase－DVD 藍色飛揚－Promotion CD 喜歡戀愛（more than words version）－Promotion CD Sammi VS Sammi Sammi VS Sammi鄭秀文04演唱會－CD Sammi VS Sammi鄭秀文04演唱會－VCD Sammi VS Sammi鄭秀文04演唱會－DVD Best Of Sammi精選 2005 長恨歌－Promotion CD 長恨歌－OST CD 2006 多謝新曲+精選－再版 粉紅色的神奇女俠大戰灰色的非男非女－Promotion CD 回味無窮－Promotion CD Sammi Ultimate Collection 完整－再版 2007 愛情萬歲－Promotion CD Mi－Promotion CD 鄭秀文Show Mi 07演唱會紀念精裝專輯－限量版 Sammi Ultimate Collection－平裝版 東亞萬歲 Show Mi鄭秀文2007演唱會－珍藏版 景福Show Mi鄭秀文2007演唱會－DVD－限量版 景福Show Mi鄭秀文2007演唱會－DVD－限量版－中國版 景福Show Mi鄭秀文2007演唱會－VCD 景福Show Mi鄭秀文2007演唱會－VCD－中國版 景福Show Mi鄭秀文2007演唱會－DVD－平裝版 景福Show Mi鄭秀文2007演唱會－DVD－平裝版－中國版 景福Show Mi鄭秀文2007演唱會－Blu-Ray 景福Show Mi鄭秀文2007演唱會－Blu-Ray－中國版 劍雪－Promotion CD 2008 鄭秀文極品精選LPCD Mastering 劍雪－Picture CD 2009 Faith-福音大碟 2010 Love Mi 世界巡迴演唱會香港站DVD 외부 링크 1972년 출생 살아있는 사람 홍콩의 여자 영화 배우 홍콩의 여자 텔레비전 배우 홍콩의 여자 가수 홍콩의 복음주의자

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammi%20Cheng

Sammi Cheng

Sammi Cheng Sau-man (; born 19 August 1972) is a Hong Kong singer and actress. She is considered one of the most prominent female singers in Hong Kong, with album sales of over million copies throughout Asia. Most notably in the 1990s, she was dubbed by the media as the "Cantopop Queen" (). Having success in entertainment industry for over three decades, Cheng is also best known for her roles in Hong Kong rom-com films in the early 2000s that were box office hits. For her performance in the 2022 film 'Lost Love', she won 4 best actress honors including from the Hong Kong Film Awards. Cheng holds the record of having the most best sales albums and The Best Sales Local Female Vocalist awards in the Hong Kong Cantopop industry since her debut. From 1993 to 2010, Cheng won a total of 12 Top Female Vocalist awards, 14 The Best Sales Local Female Vocalist Awards and has 7 albums that are The Best Sales Cantonese Release of the Year. She had also previously won the Most Popular Hong Kong Female Artist Award in annual Top Ten Jade Solid Gold Awards Presentation for three times, and in a year winning also the Gold Song Gold Award, the highest-ranked award which is the last to be presented at the ceremony. She also received Honorary Lifetime Achievement Award for Female Singer in 2011 Metro Radio Hits Awards. She had also won many top honors in various Chinese music awards held in Asia, including MTV Asia Awards for Favorite Artists Hong Kong 3 times, in 2002, 2003 and 2004. She has produced over 80 studio albums, 10 live concert albums, over 130 singles (songs) with also over 30 cover songs and had received numerous awards from acting to singing. She also starred in close to 40 films and 7 television dramas(in early years) and had held approximately 200 concerts up to date with over 12 concert tours. She is one of the female artists with most concert shows in Hong Kong Coliseum, at 102. Early life Sammi Cheng was previously named Twinnie Cheng. Contrary to popular belief, "Twiny" is not her birth name. The name came about when Sammi was still in school and her English Language teacher wanted everyone in class to have an English name. When Sammi turned to her sister for help, her sister came up with the name "Twiny". The name was later changed to "Sammi" as "Sammi" sounds a little like "Sau Man". Cheng received her education at SKH St. Peter's Primary School and Tang Shiu Kin Victoria Government Secondary School. She has three sisters and one brother. Two of her sisters are twins. Career Music Sammi Cheng entered the entertainment industry at the age of 16 through the New Talent Singing Awards in 1988. Although she came in third in the competition, the sponsoring record company Capital Artists saw her potential and offered her a recording contract. Cheng at the time was still in school, and had to balance her studies with her rising singing career. Sammi released 3 full-length studio albums prior to leaving school: "Sammi", "Holiday" and "Never Too Late". One of her first major award was the 1990 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards, where she was recognized as a best new prospect. She capitalized on the attention received from her duet with artist Andy Hui, "Do you really have me in your heart?" (其實你心裡有沒有我), winning the 1993 Jade Solid Gold Top 10 Awards with that song. Cheng then went through a transformation, dying her hair orange, changing her style. Her 4th studio album "Sammi's Happy Maze" (鄭秀文的快樂迷宮) was also released, which include the hit single "Chotto Matte" (Chotto 等等), meaning 'wait a moment' in Japanese. Her new image fitted well with the new single, which was a remake of a Japanese song by Maki Ohguro. The success helped Sammi and boosted her singing career. In 1994 she continued to capitalize on her wild, new image. Her first album of that year was "Big Revenge" (大報復). The album included the hit "Ding Dong" (叮噹), which became one of Sammi's signature songs. But with her new fame also came a lot of backlash from the media. Critics argued that Sammi purposely westernized her Cantonese. Instead of saying "Ding Dong", Sammi pronounced it as "Deen Dong". Despite the criticism, the song was one of the most popular dance songs of that year. In 1994 the racy and controversial cut of "Ten Commandments" (十誡) was banned from the radio for a few days after its initial airplay of the track including tiny bits of what can be recognized as pornography soundtrack. In 1995 Cheng disappeared from the public eye for nearly half a year. Later that year, it was revealed that Warner Music Group had signed her. She let her hair color return to black and temporarily abandoned the wild image she used to have. In 1995 she released her first album "Missing you" (捨不得你). In 1996, the company decided it was time for Sammi to expand her market and fan base beyond Hong Kong. They released her first Mandarin album, "Worth It" (值得). The album was number one on the Taiwan IFPI chart for six consecutive weeks. She won a number of awards, most notably she was voted back-to-back as the most popular female artist by TVB from 1996 to 1997. She went on to win the top female award again in 2001. She would finish that year with her first concert titled "Sammi's X-Dimension Concert" (鄭秀文X空間演唱會). In 1998 she was also a featured star in a Heineken sponsored Music Horizons concert along with international singers such as Boyz II Men and Julian Lennon. By the time Cheng was 24 years old, she had already released four greatest hits albums. In the 1990s, another female star, Faye Wong was one of her main rivals. When they were on stage together, they would be cold to one another. The rivalry was confirmed in the 1999 TVB music award night. Both Wong and Cheng were arranged to sit next to each other backstage. Cheng avoided Wong by repeatedly going off stage to fix her make-up. In addition, her fans were angry and hissed at Faye Wong when she went on stage to receive an award. Wong herself has insisted that the rivalry wasn't true, and that she was friendly toward Cheng. In July 2004, she held 7 nights of "Sammi Vs Sammi" concerts in Hong Kong. She also broke the record as being the youngest female singer to hold more than 50 accumulated concert nights in the city. From December 2014 to January 2015, she held 12 nights of 'Touch Mi' concerts in Hong Kong Coliseum. She also invited heavyweight stars to be the guests of her concerts, including Andy Lau, Jacky Cheung, Leon Lai, Ekin Cheng, Louis Koo, Nick Cheung and Eason Chan. Her 'Touch Mi' concert extends to World Tour in 2015 and 2016 with 4 shows at Genting (Malaysia), 3 shows at Macau (China), 3 shows at Singapore, 2 shows at Guangzhou (China), 1 show at Foshan (China), 1 show at Melbourne (Australia), 2 shows at Sydney (Australia), 1 show at Shenzhen (China), 1 show at London (United Kingdom). Her 'Touch Mi' World Tour concluded in Hong Kong with another 8 shows in September 2016, hence bringing her total number of shows for this world tour to 38. Some of her new guest stars in Touch Mi 2 Hong Kong shows are Dayo Wong, Dicky Cheung, Francis Ng and Alex To. In 2017, she held a series of mini-concert tours entitled Naked. Sammi in Taiwan and China. Also, she held a private mini-concert in Macau, entitled Sammi Cheng VIP Music Private Enjoy Show. She held a single-show Sidetrack Birthday Gig concert at Macau on 19 August 2018 in conjunction of her 46th birthday as a treat to her fans. At the same year she collaborate for the first time with Taiwanese rock band 831, releasing her remake song "眉飛色舞Plus" (Eyebrow Dance Plus). In conjunction with her 30th anniversary in the entertainment industry, her 10th concert world tour is organized, which began with 13 shows at Hong Kong's Coliseum in July 2019. This brought her total shows in Hong Kong's Coliseum exceeding 100-mark, at 102. In conjunction with her 49th birthday in 2021, she held a single-show 'Listen to Mi Birthday Gig' concert at Hong Kong on 18 August 2021. For her 50th birthday, she held a Christmas-themed 'You Are Beautiful To Mi Christmas Party' event at Hong Kong on December 2022. Acting Cheng's acting career began with the TVB series A Life of His Own (浪族闊少爺) in 1991. A year later she began her film career with the movie Best of the Best (飛虎精英之人間有情) in 1992 with fellow cantopop star Jacky Cheung. She would follow with another comedy film Feel 100% (百分百感覺) with Ekin Cheng and Gigi Leung. In the late 1990s during the slump of the HK film industry she starred in the film Needing You... by director Johnnie To, co-starring Andy Lau and the movie Summer Holiday in 2000. The films were hits at the box office hit in all South East Asia regions, and Hong Kong has cumulated nearly HK$60 million at the box office. The Needing You... VCD received a sold out record of more than 200,000 copies. From this film, she was also a nominee for "Best Actress" as well as taking part in singing the "Best original film song" in the 2001 Hong Kong Film Award. Following the success of those movies she starred in a few more including Wu Yen, Love on a Diet, Marry a Rich Man, My Left Eye Sees Ghosts and many more. At the 62nd Venice International Film Festival Cheng was one of the front runner for the "Best actress" award for the film Everlasting Regret in 2005. Other contenders for the award included Monica Bellucci, Gwyneth Paltrow, Lee Young-ae and Isabelle Huppert. Sammi had been nominated 10 times in Hong Kong Film Awards for best actress, from her performance in 'Needing You' (2001), triple nominations in 2002 for 'Fighting for Love', 'Wu Yen' and 'Love on a Diet', in 2006 for 'Everlasting Regret', in 2012 for 'Romancing in Thin Air', in 2013 for 'Blind Detective', double nominations in 2019 for 'Fagara' and 'Fatal Visit', and in 2022 for 'Lost Love'. This makes her one of the most nominated actress in the lead actress category in the history of Hong Kong Film Awards. She had also received 3 past nominations (for films 'Needing You', 'My Left Eye Sees Ghost', and 'Blind Detective') in best actress at the Taiwan's Golden Horse Awards, the most prestigious awards on Chinese language film. She had won Best Actress from Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards in 2002 for her titular role in 'Wu Yen'. Due to her contribution in Hong Kong film industry and having starred in over 30 films, she is awarded 'Excellence in Asian Cinema' award in 11th Asian Film Awards on 2017. For her critically acclaimed performance in 'Lost Love', she won 4 best actress honors from Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards, Hong Kong Directors' Guild Awards, Hong Kong Online Film Critics Highlight Awards and 41st Hong Kong Film Awards in 2023. Advertisements Cheng changes her look and image for every album, which enables her to gain extensive attention and appreciation from the music professional and the public. Sammi is a trendsetter of hair-coloring and has been chosen to be one of the Top Ten fashionable celebrities in Hong Kong. She has been signed and endorsed by many companies. These endorsements include SK-II skin care and Mona Lisa bridal service. Her first album with Warner Music Group, "Can't Give You Up" (捨不得你) released 3 hit singles, "Gentlemen, you are so fine today" (男仕今天你很好), "Can't Give You Up" (捨不得你) and "The Mourning Song for Love" (愛的輓歌). She was selected as the prominent celebrity for the endorsement of Panasonic using "Can't Give You Up" (捨不得你) as the theme song. In the many years of her active presence in entertainment industry, she had been involved in multiple advertisements for various brands ranging from sports shoes, watches, clothing, massager, skin-care products, magazine covers, etc. Post-break career Break (2005–2007) In 2005, Cheng had only one feature film release and no music projects. She became a representative for Veeko and Titus, a fashion and watch brand in Hong Kong, respectively. She also began writing Saturday columns for Mingpao magazine. In 2006, she released another greatest hits album, but there were no new tracks. The break was taken to recoup her energy from the entertainment industry. During a break lasting more than a 1,000 days, she reflected upon her life, she became evangelical Christian and was baptized in 2007. Show Mi Tour After taking a break for about 2 years, she re-invented herself again, and held her 6th concert in HK from 18 to 25 May 2007 titled "Show Mi" (Mi being the nickname of SamMI given by her fans). Due to the huge demand for tickets, the four performances was expanded to eight. She returned to entertain at the age of 34, and invited fellow star Andy Lau and Denise Ho to perform with her. At the end of the first show, audience members continued to shout 'encore' for 15 minutes until Sammi came back out and sang "Our Theme Song" (我們的主題曲). The concert was expanded to the Show Mi Tour. She then continues actively in Hong Kong entertainment industry after about two years of rest, marking a strong comeback with many more concerts held at Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Canada, United States, Australia, etc. She also continued to work in films and had starred in various commercial advertisements. Community work In 2003 Cheng performed at the 1:99 Concert to raise funds for SARS affected families. She had participated in the 2008 Chinese winter storm support effort where many artists including Andy Lau, Alan Tam, Kelly Chen, etc. recorded a song called "Warmth in the Snow" in support of those effected by the storm. She was also a participant of the Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign. In April 2008, she participated in the activities of World Vision. She traveled to Laos with fellow singer Gigi Leung, also a World Vision volunteer, to experience for themselves the struggles of the local people and children. They also visited the local children there to find out more on their situation where food and supplies are lacking. When Sammi returned to Hong Kong, she and Leung were invited to a radio program 903 to talk about the experience; she responded by announcing she had "adopted" 24 children. Filmography Film Television series Discography Cantonese studio albums Sammi (1990) Holiday (1991) Never Too Late (1992) Happy Maze (1993) Ten Commandments (1994) Lost Memory (1994) After (1995) Can't Let You Go (1995) Missing You (1996) Passion (1996) Our Theme Song (1997) Living Language (1997) Feel So Good (1998) Listen to Sammi (1999) Love You So Much (1999) Ladies First (2000) Love Is ... (2000) Shocking Pink (2001) Tender (2001) Becoming Sammi (2002) Wonder Woman (2002) La La La (2004) Sammi vs. Sammi (2004) Faith (2009) Love is Love (2013) Fabulous (2016) Believe in Mi (2018) Listen To Mi (2021) Mandarin studio albums Worth It (1996) Waiting for You (1997) I Deserve (1999) To Love (2000) Complete (2001) Letting Go (2002) Beautiful Misunderstanding (2003) Faith (2010) Nude (2017) Concerts X Live '96 (1996) Star Show (1997–1998) i Concert '99 (1999–2000) Shocking Colours Live (2001–2002) Sammi vs. Sammi (2004) Show Mi World Tour (2007–2008) Love Mi World Tour (2009–2011) Touch Mi World Tour (2014–2016) FOLLOWMi World Tour (2019) You & Mi World Tour (2023-) Awards and nominations References External links Sammi's Weibo 1972 births Living people People from Chenghai 20th-century Hong Kong women singers 20th-century Hong Kong actresses 21st-century Hong Kong women singers 21st-century Hong Kong actresses Cantopop singers Hong Kong Mandopop singers Hong Kong film actresses Hong Kong television actresses Hong Kong female dancers Hong Kong dancers New Talent Singing Awards contestants Hong Kong evangelicals Hong Kong Christians Hong Kong Protestants Hong Kong idols People with Ménière's disease Media Asia Music Artists

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80%EB%85%B8%20%ED%9E%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8B%9C

나가노 히로시

나가노 히로시(, 1972년 10월 9일 ~ )는 일본의 가수, 배우이며, 남성 아이돌 그룹 V6의 멤버이다. 카나가와 현 야마토시 출신. 쟈니즈 사무소 소속. 내력 1986년, 누나가 이력서를 쟈니즈 사무소에 보낸 결과, 합격해 사무소에 들어간다. 1988년, 《3학년 B반 킨파치 선생님》 제3시리즈에 첫 출연. 1991년, 카나가와 현립 아야세니시 고등학교 졸업. 1993년, 정보처리계 전문학교 졸업. 1994년, 토요 와이드 극장 《신·아카카부 검사 분투기》 제1시리즈에 출연. 1995년, 토요 와이드 극장 《신·아카카부 검사 분투기》 제2시리즈에 출연. 1995년 11월 1일, V6의 멤버로서 〈MUSIC FOR THE PEOPLE〉로 CD 데뷔 (당시 23세). 1996년, 《핸섬맨》으로 주인공 사에키 토비오 역을 연기한다. 1996년, 《울트라맨 티가》로 주인공의 마도카 다이고 역을 연기한다. 쟈니즈 사무소 소속의 아이돌로서는 첫 특수 촬영 변신 히어로의 주연이다. 2000년 3월, 20th Century의 한 명으로서 부타이 《도쿄 선댄스~우리들의 20세기~》로 첫 주연. 2000년, 《울트라맨 티가 THE FINAL ODYSSEY》로 다시 마도카 다이고 역으로 영화 첫 주연. 2001년, 월트 디즈니 탄생 100주년 기념 작품 아틀란티스 잃어버린 제국 (일본어 더빙판)의 주역:마일로 제임스 싸치 역에 발탁 된다. 2002년, 〈바이크에 friendship 대상〉을 수상. 2003년, 무대 《포틴브라스》로 단독 첫 주연을 맡는다. 2005년, 무대 《프로듀서즈》에 주연(이노하라와의 더블 주연). 2007년, 랠리 재팬의 PR대사로 취임했다. 2008년, 무대 《프로듀서즈 (재연)》에 주연(이노하라와의 더블 주연). 2008년 6월 2일, 본인이 휴대폰 사이트에서 매주 갱신하고 있는 블로그를 정리한, 첫 저서 《쿠루히모 구루메》을 발매. 2008년 9월 4일, V6 멤버 첫 솔로 사진집 《나가노 히로시 with 울트라맨 티가》 발매. 2008년, 《대결전! 초울트라 8형제》에 주연. 2008년, 무대 《프라이팬과 권총》에 주연. 2010년, 무대 《사과 키무라 아키노리 이야기》에 주연. 참가 유닛 헤이케하 J-Eleven 사카모토&나가노즈 쟈니즈 Sr. V6 20th Century J-FRIENDS TU→YU 토시오토코 유닛 인물 성격·특징·인품 친가는 카나가와 현내에서 자전거점을 경영.(톤네루즈의 키나시 노리타케의 친가와 같은 자전거점 조합에 소속해 있다) 스트레이트한 머리카락. 살갗이 희다. V6에서 멤버 컬러는 보라색. 동 그룹의 사카모토 마사유키가 평가하기를, 벌꿀 얼굴이다. 주류를 체질적으로 거의 마실 수 없으며,·비흡연자. 꽃가루 알레르기이다. 동 그룹의 사카모토 마사유키가 말하기를, V6를 가족에 비유하면 자신이 부친 역, 나가노 히로시는 모친 역을 담당하고 있다고 한다. V6 결성부터 몇 년간은 동 그룹 오카다 준이치에 있어서 모친적 존재였다. 인품에 대해서, 상냥하다고 평 되는 것이 많아, 동 그룹 이노하라 요시히코에게는 〈일본의 상냥함의 규준이다〉라고까지 말해지고 있다. 또 이 때, 본인에 대해 오카다는 〈나쁜 부분이 별로 없다〉, 사카모토는 〈화내지 않는다〉라고 말하고 있다. 정신적으로 강하다는 평가도 많아, 반드시 지쳤다·힘들어 등을 말하지 않는다고 동 그룹의 사카모토 마사유키에게 말해지고 있다. 초등학교 때는 소년 야구와 보이 스카우트, 중학생 때는 축구부에 소속해 있었다. 운동신경이 좋다. 좋아하는 차는 스바루 임프레자, 혼다 CBR954RR, 혼다 드림 CB750FOUR. CB750FOUR는 2002년에 출연하고 있던 프로그램 《BOON!》 내의 기획에서 스스로 수리한 것이다. SMAP, TOKIO, KinKi Kids, V6의 멤버 중에서 쟈니즈 입소가 제일 빠르다. 동기는 없는 것 같다(본인이 입소한 1개월 후에 히카루GENJI 사토 아츠히로가 입소). 취미·특기 소년 야구와 축구부에 소속해 있던 경위로부터, 야구와 축구에 자신있다. 쟈니즈 대운동회에서는 야구와 축구 모두 선발 멤버로 풀 타임 출장을 하였다. 야구의 포지션은 센터, 축구의 포지션은 주로 DF이다. 사생활에서는 카비라 지에이와 같은 팀에서 축구를 하고 있다. 또, 같은 그룹 모리타 고도 본인과 카비라가 소속하는 팀에서 축구를 즐겼다. 차나 오토바이를 좋아한다. 사생활에서 MotoGP나 전일본 로드 레이스 선수권 개최중에 서킷의 패덕에 얼굴을 내미는 일도 있다. 2011년 기준으로, 츄니치 스포츠·도쿄 츄니츠 스포츠에서 2륜 레이스 칼럼 〈V6 엔진〉을 연재하고 있어, 사적으로 교류가 있는 라이더와의 대담이 게재되는 것도 많다. 특히 아오키 타쿠마와는, 〈V6 엔진〉의 연재가 시작되기 이전, 아오키 토쿠마가 울트라맨 티가에 출연한 1996년부터 교우 관계가 계속되고 있어 아오키 자신도 V6의 콘서트를 보러 왔다. 2012년에는 모터스포츠 잡지 《MOTO NAVI》의 표지를 장식함과 동시에 봄 레더 자켓 특집에 모델 데뷔도 했다. 자격 2002년 이전, 대형 이륜 면허 취득.. 2003년, 견인 면허 취득. 2003년부터 2005년까지의 사이, 대형 1종 취득. 2008년 이전, 조리사 면허 취득. 2009년, 야채 소믈리에 자격 취득. 에피소드 소년대가 신인상을 받은 무대의 뒤에서 춤춘 것이 첫 번째 일. 쟈니즈 Jr. 때, 쟈니 키타가와로부터 스케이트 보이즈에게 들어오지 않겠는가라고 전화로 2번 권유받았지만 끊었다. 고교 2학년 도중부터 전문학교 재학 중까지의 2년반의 사이 쟈니즈 사무소를 자주적으로 퇴소 하고 있었다. 본인이 말하기를 1번 댄스 레슨이 없어지고 나서 그대로 페이드 아웃 하고 갔다는 것, 이 그만두고 있는 동안에 SMAP이 데뷔해, TOKIO가 결성되고 있었다. 전문학교 1학년 때 사무소에서 본인에게 〈아직 의지가 있다면 뮤지컬의 오디션을 받아 보지 않겠는가〉라고 전화가 와, 춤을 사무소 사람에게 보여준 결과, 바로 스테이지에 나올 수 있다고 판단된 것 같아서, 이틀 뒤부터 소년대의 전국 투어 백으로 춤추게 되었다. 사무소를 그만둔 동안, 사무소를 그만두고 있던 같은 그룹 사카모토 마사유키와 매주 서로 연락을 하고 있었다. 1995년 3월, 무대 《여자의 할말》 공연 기간 1개월간은 히카루GENJI의 우치우미 코지의 심부름꾼을 하고 있었다. 우치우미의 심부름꾼을 1개월 근무한 뒤, 소년대 우에쿠사 카츠히데의 심부름꾼을 했다. TOKIO의 코쿠분 타이치에게 맛있는 불고기 가게를 전화로 질문 받았을 때는 〈어느 부위를 먹고 싶어?〉라고 물었다. 상술한 대로 친가는 카나가와 현 내에서 자전거점을 경영하고 있어, 쟈니즈 관계자 일부는 이 자전거점에서 자전거를 사고 있다라는 것. TOKIO의 나가세 토모야가 이 자전거점에서 쇼핑을 했을 때, 주문한 상품을 쌓은 소형 트럭을 나가노 본인이 운전해 나가세의 처소에 가져왔다고 하는 에피소드도 있다. 출연 버라이어티 방송 레귤러 매직컬 두뇌 파워!! (1996년 ~ 1999년, 닛폰 TV계) 학교에 가자! (1997년 ~ 2005년, TBS계) 24시간 TV (1998년·2000년, 닛폰 TV계) BOON! (1999년 ~ 2002년, 닛폰 TV계) V6의 소 (1999년 ~ 2000년, 후지 TV계) 맛하 브이로쿠 (2000년, 후지 TV계) 웃음 V6 병동! (2000년 ~ 2001년, 후지 TV계) 러브센! (2002년 ~ 2004년, TBS 외) MOBI (2002년 ~ 2004년, 닛폰 TV계) 애슬리트 응원 TV! 닛폰! 챠×3 (2006년 ~ 2007년, TBS계) - 토니센 학교에 가자! MAX (2005년 ~ 2008년, TBS계) VivaVivaV6 (2001년 ~ 2010년, 후지 TV계) 신지식 계급 쿠마구스 (2008년 ~ 2010년, TBS 외) 요리의 괴인 (2010년 ~ 2011년, TV 도쿄계) 미션 V6 (2010년 ~ 2011년, TBS 외) 남자의 편차치!! (2011년 ~ 2012년, TBS 외) 가챠가챠 V6 (2012년 ~ 2014년, TBS계) 마법의 레스토랑 (2012년 ~ , MBS) 맑음. 때때로 농장! (2013년 ~ , NHK계) 어메이지 팡! (2014년 ~ , TBS계) 텔레비전 드라마 핸섬맨 (1996년, TV 아사히계) 울트라맨 티가 (1996년, TBS계) 연기자. 비단★잉어 (2002년, 후지 TV계) 극단 연기자. 그리프트의 수법 (2004년, 후지 TV계) 극단 연기자. 새로운 생물 (2005년, 후지 TV계) 세컨드 하우스 (2006년, 도쿄 TV계) 경시청 수사 1과 9계 2006 최후의 사건 (2006년 12월 27일, TV 아사히계) 공부하고 싶어 (2007년, NHK계) 야스코와 켄지 (2008년, NTV계) 영화 슛! (1994년) - 특별 출연 하나코 (1998년) - 야베 선생 역 울트라맨 티가 THE FINAL ODYSSEY (2000년) - 마도카 다이고/울트라맨 티가 역 대결전! 초울트라 8형제 (2008년) - 마도카 다이고/울트라맨 티가 역 무대 PLAYZONE10Yrs KING&JOKER (1995년) ※ 사카모토 마사유키, 이노하라 요시히코와 공연 마녀 배달부 (1996년) 화영의 꽃 (1997년) PLAYZONE'98 5Night's (1998년) ※ 사카모토 마사유키, 이노하라 요시히코와 공연 PLAYZONE'99 Goodbye&Hello (1999년) ※ 사카모토 마사유키, 이노하라 요시히코와 공연 PLAYZONE'00 Theme Park (2000년) ※ 사카모토 마사유키, 이노하라 요시히코와 공연 포틴브라스 (2003년) DEATHTRAP (2004년) 프로듀서스 (2005년) ※ 이노하라 요시히코와 공연 프로듀서스 (2008년, 재연) ※ 이노하라 요시히코와 공연 프라이팬과 권총 (2008년) 사과 키무라 아키노리 이야기 (2010년) Flower Plaid (2013년) 각주 V6 1972년 출생 살아있는 사람 일본의 아이돌 일본의 남자 가수 일본의 남자 배우 가나가와현 출신 자니즈

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi%20Nagano

Hiroshi Nagano

is a Japanese singer, rapper, actor, and television host. He is a former member of V6, a dance-vocal group formed in 1995 by Johnny & Associates, and its subunit 20th Century. He is best-known for his role in the popular tokusatsu series Ultraman Tiga, as the lead character, Daigo Madoka/Ultraman Tiga. Career In 1986, at age 14, Nagano joined Johnny & Associates as a Johnny's Jr. He quit Johnny's Jr. in 1990 to continue his studies but rejoined in mid-1992. V6 was formed on 4 September 1995. They made their CD debut on 1 November 1995. In 1988, Nagano made his acting debut in the television series, Kinpachi-sensei. He landed his first lead role in 1996 as Daigo Madoka in the tokusatsu television drama Ultraman Tiga. In addition to starring in the Ultraman Tiga television series, he has also appeared in several of its spin-offs and feature films. Personal life Nagano was born on 9 October 1972 in Yamato, Kanagawa. His parents run a bicycle shop. Nagano is a qualified chef and vegetable sommelier. He married actress Miho Shiraishi on 29 November 2016. They have two children. Filmography Film Television (as an actor) Television (as a personality) References Living people 1972 births Johnny & Associates Japanese male pop singers People from Yamato, Kanagawa Male actors from Kanagawa Prefecture 21st-century Japanese singers 21st-century Japanese male singers

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-64

T-64

T-64는 소비에트 연방이 생산한 2세대 주력 전차이다. T-62에 대응했을 때 매우 진보한 전차다. T-64들이 전차 사단에 보급된 반면에 T-62 전차들은 차량화 소총 사단의 보병들을 지원했다. 이 전차는 복합 장갑, 소형의 엔진 및 변속기, 125mm 활강포와 자동 장전 장치 장착으로 승무원을 3명으로 줄이고 전차는 작아지고 가벼워진 것과 같은 여러 고급 기능들이 소개되었다. 중전차 수준의 장갑과 무장을 갖추었음에도 이 전차의 중량은 38톤밖에 되지 않았다. 이러한 특징들이 T-64를 제작하는데 이전세대의 소련 전차들보다 훨씬 비싸지게 만들었다. 특히 파워팩은 구축하는데 많은 시간이 걸렸고 비용도 기존의 엔진에 비해 2배 이상 높아졌다. 향상시킨 T-64 전차와 새로운 엔진을 만들자는 몇몇의 제안이 있었지만 수석 디자이너 알렉산더 모로조프가 지닌 정치적인 힘이 가격에 대한 우려에도 불구하고 해당 디자인을 생산 중에 유지하게 만들었다. 이로 인해 원래 T-72전차는 비상 계획으로 설계되어 전시에만 생산하기로 했지만 T-64의 높은 가격으로 인해 모로조프의 반대에도 불구하고 40%의 저렴한 가격으로 생산에 돌입하게 된다. 개요 T-64를 개발하기 전까지 소련군의 주력 전차는 T-62였다. T-62는 세계최초로 활강포를 장착한 혁신적인 전차였지만 어디까지나 T-55를 개량한 것이라는 한계가 있었고, 소련은 보다 강력한 복합장갑과 APFSDS를 사용 가능한 활강포를 탑재하는 새로운 전차를 개발할 필요성을 느끼고 있었고 영국의 FV 4201 치프틴 전차와 같은 서방의 신형 전차와 신형 대전차 무기에 대응할 필요가 있었다. 신형 전차에 대한 연구가 시작되던 1951년 초,KB-60팀이 말리셰프로 지명된 제75호 하리코프 운송-기계-제조 공장(러시아어: конструкторское бюро Харьковского завода транспортного машиностроения №75 им. Малышева)의 하리코프 설계국에 설립되었다. 모로조프를 수장으로 하는 기술자들이 니즈니타길에서 돌아왔다. 1958년부터 모로조프 전차 설계국은 Ob'yekt 430으로 명명된 프로토타입 3대가 탄생되었고 1958년 쿠빈카에서 테스트되었다.그 차량들은 철의 장막에서 벌여질 전차전의 양상을 근본적으로 바꿀 만한 특성을 보여주었다. 처음으로는 공장의 엔진 설계 팀이 설계한  4TD;매우 소형화된 대향 피스톤 기관이 사용되었다. 변속기시스템은 엔진의 각 측면에 2개의 측면 기어를 포함하고 있었다. 이 두 혁신은 포탑 아래에 개구부가 있는 굉장히 짧은 엔진 구획을 산출해냈다. 엔진 구획의 용량은 T-54전차의 절반 밖에되지 않는다. 향상된 냉각 시스템과 경량화된 서스펜션이 장착되었고 직경이 가는 중공 금속 바퀴와 고무 이음새로 이루어진 무한 궤도로 이루어져있다. 이 전차는 D-45TS 주포와 120mm의 전면 장갑으로 무장한다. 활발히 운용되고 있는 T-55전차와 비교했을 때 전투 특성면에서 분명한 우월성을 나타내지 않았기 때문에 모로조프는 아직 생산이 준비되지 않았다고 판단했다. 하지만 122mm 주포와 160mm의 전면장갑을 장착한 오비예끄트430U에서 실시된 연구에 따르면 해당 전차는 중형 전차 체급에 중전차 수준의 화력과 장갑을 장착할 가능성을 보여주었다. 결과적으로 Ob'yekt 432로 불리는 새로운 프로젝트로 이어진다. 곧이어 Ob'yekt 432 기획안에서 막강한 115 mm D-68 (2A21) 주포를 장착하고 자동장전장치를 탑재한 전차를 개발하는데 성공하고, 서방에서 위협적인 영국제 105mm L7 강선포, 미국제 M68 강선포를 장착한 M60 패튼과 센추리온 신형 전차를 등장시킴에 따라 HEAT탄에 내성을 갖춘 복합장갑을 갖춘 전차를 만드는 데 성공하여 1968년부터 T-64라는 이름으로 배치한다. 당시 최신기술을 상당수 적용시켰기 때문에 신기술 유출을 염려한 소련 정부는 T-64를 다른 국가에 판매하지 않았고, 해당 전차는 동유럽과 같은 중요한 지역에 배치되었다. T-64A는 1976년 주동독 소련군에 처음 배치되었으며 후에 헝가리에 주둔중인 남부 군집단에도 배치되었다. 1981년까지 개선된 T-64B전차가 동독과 헝가리 지역에 배치되기 시작했다. T-64 전차는 근위 부대에서만 유일하게 보유할 수 있는 것으로 알려졌지만 오데사 군구 제14군과 같은 질적으로 훨씬 낮은 후방 부대에도 배치되기도 했었다. 현재 우크라이나만이 T-64를 운용하고 있으며 러시아에서는 약 4000대의 T-64가 치장물자로 보관되고 있다. T-64의 설계는 키로프 공장에서 개발되는 가스 터빈엔진의 T-80 주력전차의 기반이 되었다. T-64B의 포탑은 향상된 T-80U, T-80UD에 사용되었고 우크라이나에서 생산되는 디젤 엔진을 사용하는 T-80UD, T-84에도 사용되었다. 특징 T-64는 당시로서는 최신 기술을 종합적으로 적용시킨 전차였다. 세계 최초로 자동장전장치를 장착해 포탑의 크기를 줄여서 피탄 면적을 줄였으며 목측식 관측장비대신 당시 미군의 M47 전차에도 장비되었던 영상합치식 광학 거리측정기가 탑재되었다. 장갑은 복합장갑을 채용해 차체와 포탑 전면에 장착되었는데 이 복합장갑은 세라믹 블록과 티타늄장갑을 결합한 것으로서 HEAT탄과 철갑탄 모두에게 효과가 있었으며 균질 압연강판으로 환산시 약 410mm에 달했다. 서스펜션은 토션바식의 채용으로 중량이 경감되어 차체 중량은 35.5톤, 600마력의 수평 대향 디젤엔진을 탑재했고 주포는 개발 당시에는 115mm 활강포를 장착했으나 이란 장교가 망명할 때 타고 온 M60 패튼 전차에 장비된 105mm포를 보고서는 125mm 활강포를 개발해 장착한다. 페름의 공장에서 125mm D-81T 활강포를 생산했고 125mm 탄약이 용량을 더 차지함에 따라 장전수와 합치면 탄약이 25발에 불과했다. 소련의 기술자들은 고민에 빠졌지만 전차를 확대하여 내부 공간을 늘릴 수는 없는 법이였고 해결책은 장전수 대신에 자동 장전 장치를 장착해 승무원을 3명으로 줄이는 것이였다. 6ETs10자동장전장치는 28발을 장착하며 분당 8발을 발사할 수 있었다.안정장치인 2E23과 신형  TPD-2-1 (1G15-1)조준경에 결합되었다.야간 주행시에는 TPN-1-43A 신형 잠망경과 주포의 좌측에 장착된 강력한 적외선 L2G 프로젝터 조명을 사용한다. 보기륜은 사일런트 블록으로 바뀌고, 캐터필러도 더블핀 방식으로 바뀌어 현가장치가 미국식으로 바뀐다. 이렇게 최신 기술을 많이 접목시켜 서방측에게 놀라움을 안겨주었지만 검증되지 않은 신기술을 대거 적용시킨 탓에 신뢰성이 떨어졌다. 포탑의 면적이 좁고 자동장전장치는 신뢰성 문제 때문에 자주 고장났으며 (승무원 팔이 걸려서 빨러들어갔다는거나 또는 잘려나갔다는 이야기는 과장된 이야기다) 5기통 엔진을 장착하다 문제가 생겨 야전정비소요가증가하게 된다. T-64의 문제점을 보고 소련군은 검증된 기술을 이용해 T-72를 만들었으며, T-64의 기술은 훗날 T-80를 만드는 데 적용된다. T-64A 프로토타입이 1966년~1967년에 테스트되고 초도생산분 600대가 생산되었다. 소련 육군에 실전배치될 때 T-64A라는 제식명을 부여받았고 설계의 총책임자인 모로조프는 전차개발 성공에 대한 공로로 레닌상을 수여받았다. 근위대를 위해 설계된 T-64A는 불과 3년 만에 첫번째 현대화가 일어났다. -사격통제장치를 교체해 광학 이중상 합치 방식의 TPD-2-49 주간 조준경과  TPN-1-49-23 야간 조준경으로 교체하고 2E26 시스템을 장착하여 안정화 -R-123M 라디오 장착 -운전수에 TBN-PA,전차장에 TNP-165A 야간 투시경이 갖춰졌다. 전차장 머리위에 NSVT 12.7 mm × 108 대공기관총을 장착한 소형의 포탑을 장착하고 PZU-5 광학 조준경으로 전차장이 외부에 노출되지 않도록 전차 내부에서 사용할 수 있다. KMT-6 대 지뢰 시스템도 장착할 수 있었다. 파생된 버전은 지휘용으로 설계되었고 T-64AK로 명명되어 1972년에 등장한다.10m 길이의 R-130M 텔레스코픽 안테나로 엄폐가 필요한 고정된 위치에서만 사용할 수 있었으며 PAB-2AM 포격 지원 유도 장치, TNA-3 내비게이션 스테이션은 보조 가솔린 점화 발전기에 의해 동력을 공급받을 수 있었다. 1976년, 향상된 2A46-1 주포와 2E28M2안정장치, 6ETs10M 자동장전장치로 교체된다. 야간투시경은 TNPA-65로 교체되었고 엔진도 디젤 연료, 등유 또는 가솔린을 포함한 다른 연료와도 호환이 되었다. 생산은 B형이 나옴에 따라 1980년에 중단되었다. 하지만 거의 대부분의 T-64A는 주포의 양쪽에 6연장의 81mm 902A연막탄 발사기를 장착하고 수명이 닳은 스커트를 고무 스커트로 교체하는 등 현대화는 계속되었다. 그 전차들 중 일부는 T-64AV와 같은 폭발성 반응 장갑을 장착하고 거리 측정기도 TPD-K1 레이저 측광기로 교체되었다. 거의 대부분 기존의 기본형 T-64 전차들은 1977년과 1981년 사이에 T-64A 전차와 유사한 T-64R로 현대화되었다. 설계국은 계속해서 새로운 버전에 대한 작업을 계속 진행했다. 5TDF 엔진 설치 문제는 현지 생산 능력이 3개의 공장(하르키우의 말리셰프, 레닌그라드의 키로프, 우랄바곤자보드)에서 수행된 생산에 비해 불충분하다는 것이 입증됨에 따라 발생했다. 1961년부터 obyekt 432의 대안을 연구한 결과 V-45 엔진이장착되었고 obtekt 436으로 불렸다. 1966년 첼랴빈스크의 공장에서 3가지 프로토타입이 테스트되었다. 같은 엔진으로 434에서 파생된 모델을 개발하는 형식은 obyekt 438이라는 제식명이 부여되었고 나중에 439로 명칭이 변경되었다, 이 유형의 4개의 전차들은 1969년에 제작되어 테스트되었고 생산 버전과 동일한 기동성을 보여주었지만 대량 생산은 시작되지 않았다. 이들은 T-72 전차의 엔진 구획의 설계를 위한 기초로 사용되었다. T-64B 1970년대 초반, 설계국은 전차를 더욱 개선하려고 노력했다.1973년 T-64A-2M 연구는보다 강력한 엔진과 강화된 포탑을 사용하여 두 가지 프로젝트의 기초가 되었다. Obyekt 476:6TD 1000마력(735kW)엔진이 T-80 전차에 사용되었다. Obtekt 447:레이저 원격 측정기로 새로운 사격 통제 장치를 장착했으며 주포를 통해 미사일을 발사할 수 있다. 후자의 경우, T-64B라는 제식명으로 생산을 시작했으며 비용면에서 저렴한 미사일 유도 시스템이 없는 파생형 버전(부품의 95%를 공유함)인 obyekt 437도 생산에 돌입했고 T-64B1이란 명칭을 부여받았으며 미사일 유도 시스템이 있는 T-64B의 가격이 T-64B1의 두 배가 되었다. 1976년 9월 3일, T-64B 및 T-64B1은 2E26M 안정장치, 6ETs40 자동장전장치 및 1A33 사격 통제 장치가 장착된 개선된 D-81TM (2A46-2) 활강포를 장착한 것을 특징으로 한다. -1V517 탄도계산기 -1G21 레이저 원격 측정기 -1B11 측풍 감지기 T-64B 전차는 신형 9M112 "코브라" 라디오 지령 유도 대전차 미사일(나토 토드명 AT-8 송스터)을 발사할 수 있는 능력을 지녔다. 전차는 8발의 미사일과 28발의 포탄을 탑재할 수 있었다. 미사일 조종 시스템은 전차장용 소형 포탑 앞에 장착되었다. T-64B1 전차는 37발의 포탄과 1250발을 수송하는 T-64B보다 많은 2000발의 7.62mm 기관총 탄약을 수송할 수 있었다. 그 외 1979년 10월에 6TD 엔진의 생산을 시작하고 5TDF 엔진과의 큰 유사성을 결정한 이 연구는 B버전 뿐만 아니라 A버전에도 적용할 수 있는 연구도 이루어졌고 T-64AM, T-64AKM, T-64BM, T-64BAM 등의 모델들이 등장하게 되었다. T-64B 전차들은 주포를 2A46M1으로 교체하고 2E42 안정장치, 902A Tucha-1 연막탄 발사기를 총 4개씩 양측에 2개씩 장착하여 현대화되었다. 1987년 모든 버전의 T-64들의 생산이 종료되었고 총 생산량은 거의 13000여대에 달했다. 우크라이나의 현대화 우크라이나는 소련 붕괴 후에 T-64를 전차하는 주요 공장들을 가지고 있었기에 현대화를 주도했다. 1999년 두 가지 업그레이드 패키지가 개발되었다. -T-64BM2는 57DFM 850-hp (625kW) 엔진, 새로운 1A43U 사격 통제 장치, 새로운 6ETs43 자동장전 장치 및 9M119 미사일 (NATO 코드 " AT-11 Sniper ") 발사 기능을 갖추고 있다. -(T-80U와 T-84와 동일한) 1A45 사격 통제, 전차장을 위한 PNK-4SU와 TKN-4S 광학과 대공 기관총을 위한 PZU-7 위에 통합 된 T-64U . 전차장은 전차를 운전하고 필요할 경우 포를 직접 사용할 수 있다. Kontakt-5 장갑은 몇몇 프로토타입에 추가되었다. 두 가지 형식은 Knotakt-5 폭발반응장갑에 의해 보호되며 HEAT 형태의 탄약에 대해서만 효율적이었던 첫 번째 모델과는 달리 운동 에너지 발사체에 대한 방호력을 지녔다. 그 2개의 형식은 6TDF 1,000 hp (735 kW) 엔진으로 다시 동력화 될 수 있었다. -T-64BM BULAT 우크라이나군의 현대화에 따라, 러시아제 Kontakt-5보다 텐덤 탄두에 대한 방호가 향상된 'Knife'반응 장갑과 신형 125mm GUN KBA3, TO1-KO1ER 야간 시야와 발사 능력을 갖춘 형식이 통합되었다. Kombat 이라 불리는 텐덤 탄두가 장착 된 대전차 유도 미사일도 발사가 가능하다. 2010년 키예프의 말리셰프공장에서 기존의 T-64B 전차들을 T-64BM "Bulat" 표준형식으로 업그레이드했으며 2011년에 19대가 추가로 업그레이드 되었다. 이 T-64B 전차들은 원래 1980년 하르키우의 공장에서 생산되었다. 2009년 4월에 약 2억 파운드 규모의 계약이 체결되었다. 2011년 10월 기준으로 우크라이나 육군은 76대의 T-64BM 전차들을 운용하고 있었다. 말리셰프 공장의 수석 기술자는 T-64BM이 현대식 전차의 기준에 잘 맞춰져 있다고 밝혔다. 실전 기록 T-64는 공식적으로 1967년에 야전에 실전배치되어 1970년에 공개적으로 공개되었다고 알려졌다. T-64 전차들은 독립 전차 대대의 T-10, IS-3 중전차들을 대체해 나갔다. 한편 T-72 전차는 T-54/55, T-62 전차들을 대체해 나갔고 저렴한 가격으로 중앙유럽 공산주의 국가들과 다른 친소국가와 제3세계에 팔려나갔다. T-64 전차는 T-72보다 더 우수한 전차였지만 더 비싸고 기계적으로 복잡했다. T-72는 반면에 기계적으로 간단했고 전장에서 운용하기 쉬웠지만 방호력이 T-64에 비해 약하고 제조 공정도 간단했다. 소련군 교리에서는 우수한 T-64 전차들은 유럽에서의 전쟁 발발 시 1선에 바로 투입되는 것이 아니라 가장 중요한 임무에 대비해 대기하는 역할을 지녔다. 최초 배치부대는 키예프 군구의 제41 근위 전차사단이였고 이후 주로 주동독 소련군에 T-64 전차들을 배치해 서독 주둔 영국 라인군단의 FV 4201 치프틴 전차들을 견제했다. 동독 주둔 소련군 휘하 부대 중 최초로 T-64전차들을 수령한 부대는 제14 근위 차량화 소총사단이였다. T-64 전차는 T-72와 함께 동독 북부에 주둔하는 제2근위전차군의 주 일원이였고 제3충격군, 제20근위군에서도 T-64 전차들을 주력으로 운용했다.1980년대 후반부터 소련군이 동독에서 철군하기 직전까지 T-64 전차들은 신형 T-80A 전차들로 단계적으로 대체해나가고 있었지만 독립 여단들은 여전히 T-64를 주력으로 운용하고 있었다. 소련–아프가니스탄 전쟁에서 T-64는 흔히 사용되지 않았으며 이는 투입된 40군이 T-54/55, T-62들을 주력으로 운용하고 있었기 때문이다. 소수의 T-64가 투입되어 실전 테스트를 거친 것으로 사료된다.1980년 1월, T-64의 엔진은 아프간의 높은 지형에서 운용하기 힘들어져서 결국 철수했다. 1990년 9월 소련은 우랄 서부에 3982대의 T-64 전차들이 배치되었고 우크라이나에는 이중 2091대가 배치되어있었다. 소련 붕괴 이후 1991년 소련 붕괴 이후 러시아 연방군은 지상군의 주력 전차를 T-80, T-72로 이원화 시키기로 결정했으며 이에 따라 T-64 전차는 점차 예비군에 배치되거나 폐기되었다. 1992년 6월, 오데사 군구 제59 근위 차량화 소총 사단 소속의 18대의 러시아군 T-64BV 전차들이 트란스티스트리아 전쟁에서 트란스티스트리아군에 의해 운용되었다. 몰도바군의 MT-12 100mm 대전차포에 의해 1대가 전투불능상태에 빠졌고 이것이 공식적인 T-64 전차의 첫 실전기록이였다. 제1차 체첸 전쟁에서 많은 수의 러시아군 T-80 전차들이 동원되었지만 T-64 전차들은 명확한 기록이 남아있지는 않다.다만 일부 제한적으로는 사용되었다고 알려져있다. 돈바스 전쟁에서도 우크라이나군과 반군의 T-64 전차들이 교전에 임했으며 2014년 8월말 기준으로 노보로시아군이 20여대의 T-64 전차를 운용하는 것이 확인되었다. 우크라이나와 나토 관계자는 T-64 전차가 러시아에 의해 분리주의자들에게 공급되었다고 주장했다. 2014년 8월말 기준으로 T-64BM을 포함 70여대의 T-64 전차들이 파괴된 것으로 알려졌다. 이는 개입한 러시아군의 T-72BA/T-72B3 전차의 공격으로 인한 것이기도 하다.(러시아 정부는 공식적으로 부인) 운용 국가 현재 운용국 2,300대(1997년), 2000대(2005년) 600대가 운용 중이고 900대 이상이 치장물자, 그리고 약 100여대가 T-64BM Bulat로 현대화됨 100대 25대의 T-64BV-1 18대의 T-64BV 운용 , 루간스크 인민공화국 이전 운용국 50대를 2011년에 폐기 같이 보기 T-72 T-80 T-62 러시아의 전차 소련의 주력전차 주력전차

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-64

T-64

The T-64 is a Soviet tank manufactured in Kharkiv, and designed by Alexander Morozov. The tank was introduced in the early 1960s. It was a more advanced counterpart to the T-62: the T-64 served in tank divisions, while the T-62 supported infantry in motorized rifle divisions. It introduced a number of advanced features including composite armour, a compact engine and transmission, and a smoothbore 125-mm gun equipped with an autoloader to allow the crew to be reduced to three so the tank could be smaller and lighter. In spite of being armed and armoured like a heavy tank, the T-64 weighed only . These features made the T-64 expensive to build, significantly more so than previous generations of Soviet tanks. This was especially true of the powerpack, which was time-consuming to build and cost twice as much as more conventional designs. Several proposals were made to improve the T-64 with new engines, but chief designer Alexander Alexandrovich Morozov's political power in Moscow kept the design in production in spite of any concerns about price. This led to the T-72 being designed as an emergency design, only to be produced in the case of a war, but its 40% lower price led to it entering production in spite of Morozov's objections. At present the T-64 is in use in very few nations or regions, but is currently undergoing significant factory overhauls and modernization in Ukraine. The T-64 formed the design basis of the Soviet T-80, which entered service in 1976. Overview The T-64 was conceived at the Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau, as the next-generation main battle tank by Alexander A. Morozov, the designer of the T-54 (which, in the meantime, would be incrementally improved by Leonid N. Kartsev's Nizhny Tagil bureau, by the models T-54A, T-54B, T-55, and T-55A). The T-64 was the first Soviet tank to use an autoloader for its 125-mm gun, allowing one crew member's position to be omitted and helping to keep the size and weight of the tank down. Tank crewmen would joke that the designers had finally caught up with their unofficial hymn, Three Tankers, a song written to commemorate the crewmen fighting in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, in 3-man BT-5 tanks in 1939. The T-64 also pioneered other Soviet tank technology: the T-64A model of 1967 introduced the 125-mm smoothbore gun, and the T-64B of 1976 would be able to fire an anti-tank guided missile through its gun barrel. Soviet military planners considered the T-64 the first of the third-generation tanks and the first main battle tank. The T-64 design was used as basis by LKZ for the gas turbine-powered T-80 main battle tank. The T-64A turret was adopted for early T-80 tank models, with its main gun and automatic loading mechanism, and upgraded armour. The T-64 was only supplied to the Soviet Army and its successors. It was never exported before 1991, unlike the T-54/55. The tank equipped elite and regular formations in Eastern Europe and elsewhere, the T-64A model being first deployed with East Germany's Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG) in 1976, and some time later in Hungary's Southern Group of Forces (SFG). By 1981, the improved T-64B began to be deployed in East Germany and later in Hungary. While it was believed that the T-64 was reserved for elite units, it was also used by much lower level "non-ready formations", for example, the Odesa Military District's 14th Army. With the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, T-64 tanks remained in the arsenals of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Uzbekistan. In mid 2014, slightly fewer than 2,000 of the former Soviet inventory of T-64 tanks were in service with the military of Ukraine and about 4,000 were out of service and awaiting destruction in Russia. Development history Object 430 Studies for the design of a new battle tank started as early as 1951. The KB-60M team was formed at the Kharkiv design bureau of the Kharkiv transport machine-building factory No. 75 named for Malyshev () by engineers coming back from Nizhniy Tagil, with Morozov at its head. A project named obyekt 430 gave birth to three prototypes which were tested in Kubinka in 1958. Those vehicles had characteristics that were going to influence and radically alter the design of tanks on this side of the Iron Curtain. For the first time, an extremely compact opposed-piston engine was used: the 4TD, designed by the plant's engine design team. The transmission system comprised two lateral gears on each side of the engine. Those two innovations yielded a very short engine compartment with the opening located beneath the turret. The engine compartment volume was almost half that of the T-54. An improved cooling system and a new lightweight suspension was fitted, featuring hollow metallic wheels of a small diameter and caterpillar tracks with rubber joints. The tank would be armed with the D-54TS and would have frontal armour of 120 mm. As it did not present a clear superiority in combat characteristics when compared to the T-55, which was entering active service, Morozov decided that production was not yet ready given the project's drawbacks. However, studies conducted on the Object 430U, featuring a 122 mm gun and 160 mm of armour, demonstrated that the tank had the potential to carry the firepower and armour of a heavy tank on to a medium tank chassis. A new project was consequently started, the Object 432. Object 432 The gun fitted on this new tank was a powerful 115 mm D-68 (2A21). This was a potentially risky decision to replace the human loader by an electro-hydraulic automatic system, since the technology was new to Russian designers. The crew was reduced to three, which allowed a considerable reduction in internal volume and external visible silhouette, and consequently in weight, from 36 tonnes (obyekt 430) to 30.5 tonnes. The height dropped by 76 mm. However, the arrival of the British 105 mm L7 gun and the US M68 variant of it, fitted to the Centurion and M60 tanks, forced the team to undertake another audacious première, with the adoption of composite armour. The recently created process was called "K combination" by Western armies: this protection consisted of an aluminium alloy layer between two high strength steel layers. As a consequence, the weight of the prototype rose eventually to 34 tonnes. But, as the engine was now a 700 hp (515 kW) 5TDF (also locally designed), its mobility remained excellent, far superior to that of the T-62. The obyekt 432 was ready in September 1962 and production started in October 1963 in the Kharkiv plant. On 30 December 1966, it entered service as the T-64. T-64A Even as the first T-64s were rolling off the assembly lines, the design team was working on a new version, named Object 434, which would allow it to maintain firepower superiority. The brand new and very powerful 125 mm D-81T gun, from the Perm weapons factory, was fitted to the tank. This gun was merely a scaled-up version of the 115 mm smoothbore cannon from the T-62. The larger size of the 125 mm ammunition meant that less could be carried inside the T-64, and with a fourth crewman loader taking up space as well, the tank would only have a 25-round capacity. This was unacceptably low for the Soviet designers, but strict dimensional parameters forbade them from enlarging the tank to increase interior space. The solution was to replace the human loader with a mechanical autoloader, cutting the crew to three and marking the first use of autoloaders in a Soviet MBT. The 6ETs10 autoloader has 28 rounds and can fire 8 shots per minute; the stabiliser, a 2E23, was coupled to the new TPD-2-1 (1G15-1) sight. Night driving was also adapted with the new TPN-1-43A periscope, which would benefit from the illumination of a powerful infrared L2G projector, fitted on the left side of the gun. The shielding was improved, with fibreglass replacing the aluminium alloy in the armour, and small spring-mounted plates fitted along the mudguards (known as the Gill skirt), to cover the top of the suspension and the side tanks. They were, however, extremely fragile and were often removed. Some small storage spaces were created along the turret, with a compartment on the right and three boxes on the front left. Snorkels were mounted on the rear of the turret. An NBC protection system was fitted and the hatches were widened. Prototypes were tested in 1966 and 1967 and, as production began after the six hundredth T-64, it entered service in the Soviet Army under the designation T-64A. Chief engineer Morozov was awarded the Lenin Prize for this model's success. Designed for elite troops, the T-64A was constantly updated as available equipment was improved. After only three years in service, a first modernisation occurred, regarding: fire control, by replacing the sights with the TPD-2-49 day sight with an optical coincidence rangefinder and a TPN-1-49-23 night sight, and stabilisation by mounting a 2E26 system. the radio by mounting a R-123M night vision with a TBN-4PA for the driver and a TNP-165A for the tank leader. His battlepost was transformed by mounting a small stabilised turret with an anti-aircraft NSVT 12.7 mm × 108 machine gun, electrically guided through an optical PZU-5 sight, and fed with 300 rounds. It could be used from within the tank so that the tank leader could avoid being exposed (as on previous tanks). The possibility of mounting a KMT-6 anti-mine system was also added. A derived version appeared at the same time, designed for the commanding officer and named T-64AK. It comprised a R-130M radio with a 10 m telescopic antenna, which could be used only in a static position as it required shrouds, an artillery aiming circle PAB-2AM and TNA-3 navigation station; all of these could be powered by an auxiliary gasoline-fired generator. In 1976, the weapons system was improved by mounting a D-81TM (2A46-1), stabilised by a 2E28M2, supplied by an automatic 6ETs10M. The night sight was replaced by a TNPA-65 and the engine could accept different fuels, including diesel fuel, kerosene or gasoline. The production, first carried on the B variant, stopped in 1980. The majority of T-64As were further modernised after 1981, by mounting a six smoke grenade-launcher 81 mm 902A on each side of the gun, and by replacing the gill plates by a rubber skirt for a longer life. Some of them seem to have been fitted with reactive bricks (as the T-64AV) after 1985, or even with laser TPD-K1 telemeters instead of the optical TPD-2-49 optical coincidence rangefinder (1981). Almost all T-64s were modernised into T-64R, between 1977 and 1981, by reorganising external storage and snorkels, similar to the T-64A. T-64B The design team was carrying on its work on new versions. Problems with the setup of the 5TDF engine occurred as the local production capacity was proven to be insufficient against a production done in three factories (Malyshev in Kharkiv, Kirov in Leningrad and Uralvagonzavod). From 1961, an alternative to the Object 432 was studied, with a 12 V-cylinder V-45 engine: the Object 436. Three prototypes were tested in 1966 in the Chelyabinsk factory. The order to develop a model derived from the 434 with the same engine given to the Object 438, later renamed as the Object 439. Four tanks of this type were built and tested in 1969, which showed the same mobility as the production version, but mass production was not started. They served however as a basis for the design of the T-72 engine compartment. At the beginning of the 1970s, the design team was trying to improve the tank further. The T-64A-2M study in 1973, with its more powerful engine and its reinforced turret, served as a basis for two projects: Object 476 with a 6TD 1000 hp (735 kW) engine which served as a model for the T-80 combat compartment. Object 447 which featured a new fire control with a laser telemeter, and which was able to fire missles through the gun. For the latter, the order was given to start its production under the name T-64B, as well as a derived version (which shared 95% of its components), the Object 437, without the missile guidance system for cost reasons. The latter was almost twice as much produced under the designation T-64B1. On 3 September 1976, the T-64B and the T-64B1 were declared good for the service, featuring the improved D-81Tm gun (2A46-2) with a 2E26M stabiliser, a 6ETs40 loader and a 1A33 fire control, including: a 1V517 ballistic calculator a 1G21 sight with laser telemetry a 1B11 cross-wind sensor. Its ford capacity reaches 1.8 m without equipment. The T-64B had the ability to fire the new 9M112 "Kobra" radio-guided missile (NATO code "AT-8 Songster"). The vehicle then carries 8 missiles and 28 shells. The missile control system is mounted in front of the tank leader small turret and has many changes. The T-64B1 carries only 37 shells and has 2,000 7.62 mm rounds, against 1,250 for the T-64B. They were modernised in 1981 by the replacement of the gun by a 2A46M1, the stabiliser by a 2E42, and the mounting of a 902A "Tucha-1" smoke grenade launcher in two groups of four, on each side of the gun. Two command versions are realised, very similar to the T-64AK: the T-64BK and the T-64B1K. The decision in October 1979 to start production of the 6TD engine, and its great similarity with the 5TDF engine, allowed after some study to fit it in versions B and B1, but also A and AK, yielding the new models T-64AM, T-64AKM, T-64BM and T-64BAM, entering service in 1983. Production of all versions ended in 1987. Total production reached almost 13,000. Modernisations in Ukraine After the dissolution of the USSR, Ukraine carried on the development of T-64 modernization, as the original and main factory was in this country. As a result, modernized variants of the T-64 had become the most common tank in the Ukrainian inventory by 2022. Two different upgrade packages were developed in 1999: with a 57DFM 850-hp (625 kW) engine, a new 1A43U fire control, a new 6ETs43 loader and the possibility to fire the 9M119 missile (NATO code "AT-11 Sniper"). which integrated on top the 1A45 fire control (from the T-80U and T-84), PNK-4SU and TKN-4S optics for the tank commander and PZU-7 for the AA machine gun. The tank commander is then able to drive the tank and to use the gun directly if needed. The two variants are also protected by Kontakt-5 modular reactive armour, able to resist to kinetic energy projectiles, as opposed to the first models which were efficient only against high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) shaped charge ammunition. Those two variants could also be re-motorised with the 6TDF 1,000 hp (735 kW) engine. Ukrainian army on use modernization, incorporating Nizh (Knife) reactive armour that offers better performance dealing with tandem warheads than the Soviet Kontakt-5, new Ukrainian-made 125 mm KBA3 gun, TO1-KO1ER night sight and capability of firing the Ukrainian tandem-warhead anti-tank guided missile. In 2010, the Kharkiv Malyshev Factory upgraded ten T-64B tanks (originally produced in Kharkiv in 1980) to T-64BM Bulat standard, and a further nineteen were delivered in 2011. These twenty-nine tanks are being upgraded under a ₴200 million ($25.1M) contract signed in April 2009. As of October 2011, the Ukrainian Army has 76 T-64BM Bulat in service. According to Malyshev Factory chief engineer Konstantin Isyak, the T-64BM Bulat is armoured to the level of modern tanks. It has Nizh (Knife) reactive armour, and Varta active protection system. The Bulat weighs , and with its 5TDFM multi-fuel diesel engine can travel at , with a range of . It retains the 125 mm smoothbore gun with an autoloader for 28 rounds, some of which can be guided missiles. It has a 12.7 mm AA machinegun, and a 7.62 mm coaxial machinegun. A 2019 modernization program with TPN-1TPV thermal sight, 1A43U fire-control system, 1H46M sight for the Kombat ATGM, Lybid-2 radios, Basalt battlefield information system, raised turret ring, improved KhSChVK Nizh reactive armour, armour shield above the commander's cupola, 12 mm armour for external fuel tanks, anti-RPG screens beside the engine compartment, and new 1000-hp 6TD-1 engine and transmission (new 5TD engines were no longer manufactured). This was conducted at the Kharkiv Armoured-Vehicle Plant (KhBTZ), with the engine compartment enlarged for the new engine by the Malyshev Factory (ZIM). Upgraded tanks were field tested in April 2021, and several were paraded in the August Independence Day parade. T-64BV model 2017 In 2019, Ukroboronprom reported that the Kharkiv Armoured Plant (KhBTZ) had delivered over 100 updated tanks to the Ukrainian Armed Forces. The upgraded tanks included new thermal imaging for all crew, remove Luna infrared searchlight, include TPN-1-TPV Ukrainian night sight in place of TPN1-49-23, Nizh reactive armour modules designed for bolt-on replacement on T-64BV turrets, SN-4215 networked satellite navigation unit, and Lybid K-2RB digital radio (under license from Motorola) providing secure communications with a 70 km range. In August 2019, Ukroboronprom announced the Lviv Armoured Plant (LBTZ) had also started modernizing T-64s to the 2017 standard. T-64BV model 2022 In early 2022 Ukroboronprom was reported to be testing another modernization of the T-64BV, ordered by the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. The tank has "new third-generation surveillance and sighting units" and is equipped with a new 12.7mm Snipex Laska K-2 heavy machine gun. It features "new up-to-date radio stations" and additional "navigation, internal and external communication systems which fully meets NATO standards." The exterior fuel tanks are now also protected by 12mm steel plates. Ukraine claims that a T-64BV killed an undisclosed Russian vehicle at 10,600 meters (6.5 mi) in August 2022. The kill, if correct, is double the previous record held by a Challenger 1 tank of 5,000 metres (3.1 mi). The kill was achieved, according to Ukrainian sources, by firing twenty 125 mm high explosive shells with a drone correcting fire. This meant that the Russian tank could not fire back, making it a one sided exchange. Production history Different sources differ on the initial production date of the tank that is set between 1963 and 1967. However it is normally agreed that the T-64 formally entered service with the army in 1967 and was publicly revealed in 1970. The T-64 was KMDB's high-technology offering, intended to replace the IS-3 and T-10 heavy tanks in independent tank battalions. Meanwhile, the T-72 was intended to supersede the T-55 and T-62 in equipping the bulk of the Soviet tank and mechanized forces, as well as for export partners and east-block satellite states. It introduced a new autoloader, which is still used on all T-64s currently in service, as well as all variants of the T-80 except the Ukrainian T-84-120. The T-64 prototypes had the same 115 mm smoothbore gun as the T-62, the ones put in full-scale production had the 125 mm gun. While the T-64 was the superior tank, it was more expensive and physically complex, and was produced in smaller numbers. The T-72 is mechanically simpler and easier to service in the field, while it is not as well protected, and its manufacturing process is correspondingly simpler. In light of Soviet doctrine, the superior T-64s were kept ready and reserved for the most important mission: a potential outbreak of a war in Europe. In Soviet times, T-64 was mostly in service with units stationed in East Germany opposing the Chieftain-equipped units of the BAOR. No T-64s were exported. Many T-64s ended up in Russian and Ukrainian service after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Models Ob'yekt 430 (1957) – Prototype with D-10T 100-mm gun, 120 mm armour, 4TPD 580 hp (427 kW) engine, 36 tonnes. Ob'yekt 430U – Project, equipped with a 122-mm gun and 160 mm of armour. T-64 or Ob'yekt 432 (1961) – Prototype with a D-68 115-mm gun, then initial production version with the same features, about 600 tanks produced. T-64R (remontirniy, rebuilt) or Ob'yekt 432R – Redesigned between 1977 and 1981 with external gear from the T-64A but still with the 115-mm gun. T-64 upgraded to T-64A standard. Preserving the 115 mm gun is questionable. T-64A or Ob'yekt 434 – 125-mm gun, "gill" armour skirts, a modified sight, and suspension on the fourth road wheel. T-64T (1963) – Experimental version with a GTD-3TL 700 hp (515 kW) gas turbine. Ob'yekt 436 – Alternative version of Ob'yekt 432 with a V-45 engine. Three built. Ob'yekt 438 and Ob'yekt 439 – Ob'yekt 434 with V-45 diesel engine. T-64AK or Ob'yekt 446 (1972) – Command version, with a R-130M radio and its telescoping antenna, a TNA-3 navigation system, without antiaircraft machine gun, carrying 38 rounds of main gun ammunition. Ob'yekt 447 – Prototype of the T-64B. Basically a T-64A fitted with the 9K112 "Kobra" system and a 1G21 gunsight. This is the "T-64A" displayed in the Kyiv museum. T-64B or Ob'yekt 447A (1976) – Fitted with redesigned armour, 1A33 fire control system, 9K112-1 "Kobra" ATGM system (NATO code "AT-8 Songster"), TPN-1-49-23 sight, 2A46-2 gun, 2E26M stabiliser and 6ETs40 loader. Later B/BV models have more modern systems 1A33-1, TPN-3-49, 2E42 and a 2A46M-1 gun. From 1985 the T-64B was fitted with stronger glacis armour; older tanks were upgraded with a 16-mm armour plate. Tanks, equipped with the 1,000 hp 6DT engine are known as T-64BM. T-64BV – Features "Kontakt-1" reactive armour and "Tucha" 81-mm smoke grenade launchers on the left of the turret. T-64BM2 or Ob'yekt 447AM-2 – "Kontakt-5" reactive armour, rubber protection skirts, 1A43U fire control, 6ETs43 loader and able to fire the 9K119 missile (NATO code "AT-11A Sniper"), 5TDFM 850 hp (625 kW) engine. T-64U, T-64BM Bulat, or Ob'yekt 447AM-1 – Ukrainian modernisation, bringing the T-64B to the standard of the T-84. Fitted with Nizh reactive armour, 9K120 Refleks missile (NATO code AT-11 Sniper), 1A45 Irtysh fire control, TKN-4S commander's sight, PZU-7 antiaircraft machine-gun sight, TPN-4E Buran-E night vision, 6TDF 1,000-hp (735 kW) engine. T-64U is one of 2 variants of the modernization program in 1990s, while Bulat is the most recent modernization from 2004. T-64B1 or Ob'yekt 437 – Same as the B without the fire control system and "Kobra", carrying 37 shells. T-64B1M – T-64B1 equipped with the 1,000-hp 6TD engine, redesigned turret and improved armour. Modernization program from 1970s (resulted in T-64AM, AKM, BM and B1M; BM is not the same as T-64BM "Bulat" from 2004). Never entered mass production. T-64BK and T-64B1K or Ob'yekt 446B – Command versions, with an R-130M radio and its 10-m telescoping antenna, a TNA-3 navigation system and AB-1P/30 APU, without antiaircraft machine gun, carrying 28 shells. Obyekt 476 – Five prototypes with the 6TDF engine, prototypes for T-80UD development. BREM-64 or Ob'yekt 447T – Armoured recovery vehicle with a light 2.5-tonne crane, dozer blade, tow bars, welding equipment, etc. Only a small number were built. T-55-64 – Heavily upgraded T-55 with the complete hull and chassis of the T-64, fitted with "Kontakt-1" ERA. Prototype. T-Rex – Ukrainian T-64 concept with unmanned turret. T-64 With T-72A Turret - An Uzbekistani T-64 that had the T-72A turret installed. Modernisations T-64 1977–1981 – brought to the T-64R standard, reorganisation of external equipment as on the T-64A. T-64A, T-64AK 1972 redesign, fire control improvement (TPD-2-49 and TPN-1-49-23), inclusion of the NSVT machine gun on an electrical turret, R-123M radio. 1973 redesigned turret with improved armour protection. 1975 redesign, new 2E28M stabiliser, 6ETs10M loader, multi-fuel engine, 2A46-1 gun and TNPA-65 night vision. 1979 introduced smoke grenade launchers "Tucha". 1980 rubber skirts on the suspension instead of the Gill protection. 1981 redesign, two sets of six 902A smoke grenade launchers. 1983 T-64AM,T-64AKM, some tanks were equipped with the 6TDF engine during maintenance. 1985 installation of ERA "Kontakt-1" during overhaul. Upgraded tanks designated T-64AV. Due to ERA installation, "Tucha" was repositioned from the front of the turret to the left side. T-64B, T-64B1, T-64BK, T-64B1K 1979 introduced smoke grenade launchers "Tucha". 1980 rubber skirts on the suspension instead of the Gill protection. 1981 redesign, 2 sets of four 902B2 smoke grenade launchers (in fact this is related to the ERA installation since 1985), 2A26M1 gun. 1983 T-64BM,T-64B1M,T-64BMK and T-64B1MK: some tanks were equipped with the 6TDF engine during maintenance. 1985 T-64BV,T-64BV1,T-64BVK and T-64BV1K: with "Kontakt-1" reactive armour, smoke grenade launchers on the left of the turret. BM Bulat – T-64 modernization by the Malyshev Factory in Ukraine (see above). 2011 T-64E 2017 T-64BV type 2017: Night sight TPN1-49-23 replaced with TPN-1-TPV from Trimen-Ukraine, added СН-4215 satellite navigation system from Orizon-Navihatsiia, new Lybid-K 2RB digital radio, Luna infrared searchlight removed, and improved reactive armour units. This upgrade for T-64BV tanks was received by the 14th Mechanized Brigade, participated in Strong Europe Tank Challenge 2017, and over two hundred of these were in service by 2020. 2020 T-64MV – T-64 modernization for the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan, consists of an installation of a more modern engine, ERA, slat armor and a digital radio system. Variants – Heavy infantry fighting vehicle, based on the chassis of the T-64 but with a completely redesigned hull with a single entry hatch in the rear. Armament consists of a remote-controlled 30mm autocannon and 7.62 mm machine gun. Combat weight is 34.5 tons. The first prototype was ready in 2005. – Similar APC version. – Modified version that will serve as the basis for several (planned) specialized vehicles, including a fire support vehicle, an ambulance and an air-defence vehicle. – This variant is not tracked but has a new suspension with 4 axles, similar to the Soviet BTR series. The vehicle is powered by a 5TDF-A/700 engine and has a combat weight of 17.7 tons. It is fitted with a RCWS and can transport 3+8 men. Prototype only. BMPT-64 Strahz (cyrrillic: Страж, translates to guardian) – Fire support vehicle armed with 2 30mm autocannons, 2 PK machine guns, 4 ATGM-launchers and one AG-17 grenade launcher, developed by Zhytomyr Armored Plant. BAT-2 – Fast combat engineering vehicle with the engine, lower hull and "small roadwheels" suspension of the T-64. The 40-ton tractor sports a very large, all axis adjustable V-shaped hydraulic dozer blade at the front, a single soil ripper spike at the rear and a 2-ton crane on the top. The crew compartment holds 8 persons (driver, commander, radio operators plus a five-man sapper squad for dismounted tasks). The highly capable BAT-2 was designed to replace the old T-54/AT-T based BAT-M, but Warsaw Pact allies received only small numbers due to its high price and the old and new vehicles served alongside during the late Cold War. – Ukrainian development using surplus T-64s to create a Heavy APC/IFV design, which in turn is intended as the basis of a new family of combat and support vehicles. The basic conversion includes moving the engine compartment forward, and at the same time removing the turret and normal crew compartment. This allows the installation of any one of 15 different 'functional modules', weighing up to 22 tons. One resulting option is the Heavy IFV, designated BMP-64E, which combines accommodation for up to 10 troops (not including the driver) with a remote weapons system. The Heavy APC version is designated the BTR-64E, and can not only carry more troops (at the cost of the RWS) but comes with large armoured double hatches at the rear for rapid loading and disembarkation. Other options include a universal supplies carrier (UMBP-64), a 'highly secure command and staff car with a weight up to 41 tons', and a 120 mm mortar carrier. The Kharkiv Armour Repair Plant (Zavod 311) is behind the project. Current status of the program is unclear as of early 2014. Service history Soviet Union The T-64 entered service in 1967 with the 41st Guards Tank Division in the Kiev Military District, the suggestion being that this was prudent due to the proximity of the division to the factory, and significant teething problems during induction into service that required constant presence of factory support personnel with the division during acceptance and initial crew and service personnel training on the new type. It appears that the tank remained secret to the West for some years between its entry into production in the first half of 1960s and the official acceptance in the Soviet Army in 1967. The T-64A began deployment to the Soviet Union's western military districts during the 1970s, and was gradually deployed to first line units in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany in East Germany and Soviet troops in neighboring Warsaw Pact states. The first GSFG unit to receive the T-64A was the 14th Guards Motor Rifle Division at Jüterbog, which became the 32nd Guards Tank Division in 1982. When NATO detected the new tank after it was first deployed to East Germany, it was initially misidentified as the T-72. The T-64 mainly served with Soviet tank units in northern East Germany that were part of the 2nd Guards Tank Army, the 3rd Army, and the 20th Guards Army, although it began to be phased out and replaced by the newer T-80BV/T-80U before Soviet troops were withdrawn from Germany in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, when the Soviet troops withdrew from Germany, two divisions and the 6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade still operated the T-64. In September 1990, the Soviet Union had 3,982 T-64s in service west of the Urals, with 2,091 of these in Ukraine. 1,386 of these were T-64As, 220 T-64AKs, 1,192 T-64Bs, 159 T-64BVs, 420 T-64B1s, 27 T-64B1K/BV1K, and 578 T-64Rs. During the Soviet period, the T-64 was never exported. It is normally reported that the T-64 was not used in the Soviet–Afghan War since the 40th Soviet Army that was deployed there used T-54/55 and T-62 tanks, possibly due to the limited usefulness of tanks in mountain warfare. A small number of T-64 tanks were tested in Afghanistan during January 1980, but were quickly withdrawn without seeing combat because their engines did not perform well in the high altitude necessary for Afghan operations. Post-Soviet period After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the new Russian Ground Forces decided to standardize the tank fleet with the T-72 and the T-80, and the T-64s were gradually put in reserve storage or scrapped. In June 1992, 18 former Soviet T-64BV tanks from the Odesa Military District's 59th Guards Motor Rifle Division were taken over by the Transnistrian Army, fighting in the Transnistria War. Two T-64s were disabled by Moldovan Ground Forces troops near Bender during Transnistrian counterattacks, one of which was knocked out by an MT-12 100mm anti-tank gun. These actions were the first combat use of the tank. Ukraine Ukraine deployed its T-64s during the initial outbreak of the war in Donbas. About 300 Ukrainian T-64s were reported lost to enemy action in 2014. At least 20 were abandoned during disorderly withdrawals and subsequently captured by pro-Russian separatists of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic. In June 2014, Russia began reactivating T-64s from its reserve stocks and donating them to the separatists as well. Donating surplus T-64s to the separatists was seen as cost-effective and deniable because the Russian military no longer had any use for the tanks and they could passed off as individual examples captured from the Ukrainian Army. US intelligence officials noted that "Russia will claim these tanks were taken from Ukrainian forces...[but] we are confident that these tanks came from Russia." Separatist T-64s donated by Russia could be distinguished by their lack of Ukrainian markings and upgrades. By early 2022, the separatist armies collectively operated a little over 100 T-64s of various marks and configurations. There were around 40 T-64BVs stationed in Crimea in February 2014. Russia initially seized these tanks following its annexation of the peninsula, although they were returned to the Ukrainian government in June. T-64s were used by both Ukraine and the pro-Russian separatists during 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. During the early phases of the invasion, Russian forces captured a number of Ukrainian T-64s, which they passed on to the separatists. By the end of 2022, the Ukrainian Army had lost 276 T-64s either captured or destroyed. Pro-Russian forces had also lost 50 T-64s in 2022. The crews of T-64s have been called upon to act as artillery leading to shortages in 125 mm ammunition. Crews of the T-64 tanks rely on attack helicopters and drones, after firing at a target they move positions and fire again. If the Russian forces send infantry directly onto the battle field then the T-64 crews are required to directly support the infantry. On 21 December 2022 the Biden administration announced an aid package with an extra 100,000 rounds of 125 mm tank ammunition for the first time. Other foreign service Five T-64s were delivered to UNITA forces at some point during the Angolan Civil War. The origin of these tanks is not clear, but some number of them were also captured by MPLA forces. According to video evidence, at least one was destroyed in combat. The Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo received 25 T-64B1M from late 2016. They were seen in mid-2017 patrolling in Kasaï during the Kamwina Nsapu rebellion. Capabilities and limitations A rather unconventional design, the T-64 had several features which set it apart not only from previous tanks, but from the visually similar T-72, many related to its higher mechanical complexity: Firepower The T-64's hydraulic "Basket" autoloader places the projectiles horizontally at the bottom of the turret facing towards the center, and the propellant charges vertically along the outer rim of the turret race, front-down. By contrast, the T-72's "Cazette" mechanism places the propellant charge on top of the corresponding projectile, also horizontally. Being hydraulic, the Basket-type created a risk of hydraulic fluid fire if damaged in combat. The Cazette, by contrast, is electric. Basket-type folds the projectile cradle upwards off the floor and vertically against the projectile cradle to which it is hinged, moving both pieces into the upper turret. Approaching the gun, the projectile cradle is moved forwards, unfolding both cradles and ammunition pieces to a straight line, ready for insertion. The Cazette's cradles are fixed, stacked propellant on top of projectile, and the two-cradle assembly must raise the propellant part above the gun to load the projectile first, then drawing back the mechanical pusher, lowering the propellant part, and inserting it with a second use of the pusher. This increases the time of loading of the T-72 by approximately one second. Total loading time is thus ~6-13s for T-64/80 against ~7–15 of T-72. Because of greater diameter, Basket-type holds projectile and propellant parts for 6 additional shots over the Cazette of T-72 (28 vs 22). Because of greater diameter of projectile cradle ring of the Basket-type, T-64 and later T-80 have a higher limit to the maximum length of armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) projectiles, providing superior anti-armour performance relative to shorter projectiles used by T-72. The automatic loader of T-64 is more reliable, and less sensitive to jolting when running off-road. It also has a "sequence" fire mode that feeds the gun with shells of the same type in less than five seconds. In the modern versions it is also able to turn backwards to keep a good speed at the end of the loading sequence Early versions of the basket autoloader lacked safety features and were dangerous to the tank crews (especially the gunner, who sits nearby): Limbs could be easily caught in the machinery rotating around the crew, leading to injuries and deaths. A sleeve unknowingly snagged on one of the autoloader's moving parts could also drag a crewman into the apparatus upon firing. The tank commander's cupola provides good vision, the antiaircraft machine gun can be operated from inside the turret; the commander can also control the main gun sight if necessary The turret was poorly configured to allow the crew to manually load the gun should the autoloader break. In such situations, rate of fire usually slowed to an abysmal one round per minute as the gunner fumbles with the awkward task of working around the broken machine to load the gun. Although two-piece ammunition allows for fast reloading of the gun in combat, replenishing the autoloader is quite slow. Movement Because of a lower weight than T-72 (by ~3 tonnes), T-64 has slightly superior strategic and operational mobility (less wear and tear on tank transportation equipment, and lower fuel consumption per distance traveled. Driving seems much less exhausting for the crew, thanks to assisted controls and a more flexible suspension. The suspension system featured an entirely new and advanced design, and suffered various failures of unusually high frequency. Due to these problems, teams of civilian mechanics from the T-64 factories were "semi-permanent residents" of Soviet tank units early in the T-64's initial adoption phase. The 5TDF opposed-piston engine, while powerful and compact, was very finicky and prone to malfunctions and fires. Russian expert Viktor Murakhovsky, then a battalion commander in Group of Soviet Forces in Germany reflected that in his unit the rate of the engines requiring a major overhaul was close to one per tank in a year. He also noted the difficulty of starting this engine, especially in the damp German winters, and that starting aids used by soldiers, like the high-pressure air and/or oil injection, often caused engine fires. Protection Basket-type autoloader stores, as stated previously, propellant charges vertically, the rear ends almost the same height as the roof of the hull. Combined with greater diameter of the complete autoloader assembly, the overall greater size of this type compared to the cazette significantly increases chance of ammunition being ignited by direct hit of any weapon penetrating into the crew compartment. The problem is largely irrelevant if a full ammunition load outside autoloader is carried, but T-72 carrying only autoloader ammunition is far more survivable than a T-64 in a similar situation thanks to the compact dimensions of Cazette-type ammunition storage. Small and lightly constructed roadwheels of T-64 have been found to be less resistant to antitank mines than the larger roadwheels of T-72 and previous Soviet medium tanks. Because of the small-diameter roadwheels and vertical placement of propellant charges in the autoloader, charges are dangerously exposed against hits penetrating the 85mm hull side armour, and are located at such height that they are too high to be protected by the roadwheels, yet too low to be fully protected by the sideskirt armour panels. While many previous tanks used 4 or 5-man crews, T-64 and T-72 have crews of three men. This allows the fourth man to remain in relative safety away from combat and perform other duties until the tank returns for maintenance and resupply. Potentially, he and other would-be loaders can be reassigned to vehicle maintenance and resupply duty to assist the crews of other returning tanks, improving the quality of maintenance as the crew inside the tanks will likely be exhausted after several hours of operation. Because of smaller physical characteristics thanks to the 3-men +autoloader design, T-64 and T-72 have a lower theoretical logistical footprint than tanks of equal number using a human loader. This decreases the chance of the logistics chain being detected and attacked, and decreases potential losses. Counter to the benefit of leaving the fourth crew man in favour of using an automatic loader, this also creates difficulties in immediately replacing an injured crewman while in combat. In comparison with 4-man tanks, there exists a possibility of an injured crewman being dragged from his seat and into the loader's space for immediate treatment of injury while the tank retreats. In more cramped 3-man designs such empty space is not immediately available and moving between the turret and hull may be more difficult in the first place. There is also an argument that a fourth crewman can replace any other of the three in case of injury, however, this possibility can also exist in 3-man designs if redundancy of weapon controls allows for temporary 1-man operation of turret. Because of weight limitations of the powertrain, T-64 had lower overall capacity for improvements which add weight to the tank. Because improvements of armour tend to have a greater cost in weight than, say, replacement of gun optics and turret/gun laying drives with more precise versions, this means T-64 suffers greater limitations in terms of protection improvement than the heavier T-72, which was designed with a more durable powertrain from the start. Concerns of 3-man & 4-man maintenance While having smaller tank crews (three vs. the usual four) is advantageous since more tanks can theoretically be fielded using the same number of soldiers, there are also serious downsides. Tanks require frequent maintenance and refueling, and much of this is physically demanding work that several people must work together to accomplish. Most of the time, these duties are also performed at the end of a long day of operations, when everyone in the tank is exhausted. Having one less crewman for these tasks increases the strain on the remaining three men and increases the frequency of botched or skipped maintenance. This problem worsens if the tank's commander is also an officer who must often perform other duties such as higher-level meetings, leaving only two men to attend to the tank. All of this means that tanks with three-man crews are more likely to suffer from performance-degrading human exhaustion, and mechanical failures that take longer to fix and that keep the tank from reaching the battlefield. These problems are exacerbated during prolonged time periods of operations. Operators Current operators – 25 T-64BV-1 tanks received from Ukraine in 2016. Transnistria – 18 T-64BVs are in service. – approximately 4,000 in 1995. In 2014, Russia had approximately 2,000 which it had phased out of service and believed to be slated for destruction, according to NATO and the United States Department of State. T-64As and T-64BVs, including Zr. 2017 variants, have been used by pro-Russian forces in the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. – 2,345 were in service as of 1995, 2,250 as of 2000, 2,215 as of 2005, 1,667 as of 2010, 700 T-64BV and T-64BM Bulat in service and 650 T-64 in storage as of 2015. By August 2019, Ukraine's Kharkiv Armoured-Vehicle Factory (KhBTZ) had upgraded over 150 T-64BV to the new Model 2017 standard, and the Lviv Armoured -Vehicle Factory (LBTZ) had started delivering this model as well. In 2020, Ukraine had over 720 T-64BV 2017, T-64BM Bulat and T-64BV in service, and 578 T-64 in storage. During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, some older T-64As and T-64Bs have also been spotted. Donetsk People's Republic – multiple T-64B, T-64BV and T-64BM in service as of 2017. Luhansk People's Republic – multiple T-64B, T-64BV and T-64BM in service as of 2017. – 100 in service as of 2017. Former operators UNITA − 5 used in the Angolan Civil War; the provenance of these tanks is unclear. – passed on to successor states. – 299 in 1994. All have been scrapped since. – approximately 50 in 2011. All have been scrapped since. Specifications (T-64BV) Dimensions Length (gun to the front): 9.225 m Length (without the gun): 6.54 m Breadth: 3.6 m Height: 2.17 m Weight: 42.5 t Crew Three men: commander driver gunner Propulsion Engine: 5TDF multifuel (diesel, kerosene and petrol) with 5 opposed cylinders, 10 piston, 13.6 L. Developing 700 hp (515 kW) at 2,800 rpm, consumption of 170 to 200 litres per 100 km. Transmission: two lateral gearboxes with seven forward and one backward gear. Three internal tanks for a 740 litres fuel capacity, two on the mudguards with 140 litres and two droppable 200 litres tanks on the aft end of the chassis. Performance Max. road speed: 60.5 km/h. Max off-road speed: 35 km/h. Power-to-weight ratio: 16.2 hp/t (11.9 kW/t). Range: 500 km, 700 km with additional tanks. Ground pressure: 0.9 kgf/cm2 (88 kPa, 12.8 psi). Able to ford in 1.8 m of water without preparation and 5 m with snorkels. Crosses a 2.8 m wide trench. Crosses a 0.8 m high obstacle. Max. slope 30°. Armament 125 mm smoothbore 2A46M-1 gun (D-81TM) with carousel 6ETs40 loader, 28 shots, fire rate 8 shots per minute, 36 embedded shots (8 x 9M112M "Kobra" (NATO code "AT-8 Songster"), 28 shells). Available shells are all fin-stabilised: anti-personnel (APERS) version of the 3UOF-36, 3OVF-22, with several perforating abilities. armour-piercing shells (APFSDS) 3UBM-17 or 3UBM-19 or older ones with a supplementary charge giving them an initial speed of about 1800 m/s. hollow charge shells, 3VUK-25 or 3UBK-21. coaxial machine gun 7.62 mm PKT with 1,250 rounds. remote-controlled air-defence machine gun 12.7 mm NSVT "Utyos" with 300 rounds. 4+4 (T-64B) or 6+6 (T-64A) 81 mm smoke mortars 902B "Tucha-2". Equipment The 1A33 fire control system, with: Radio control of the 9K112 "Kobra" missiles (NATO code "AT-8 Songster") launched from the gun. The 2E28M hydraulic stabiliser (vertical range −5°20' to +15°15') The gunner day sight 1G42 with embedded laser telemeter. The TPN-1-49-23 active IR night sight. The L2G IR projector left of the gun for illumination. The 1V517 ballistic calculator. The 1B11 anemometric gauge. The tank commander's cupola is equipped with: The PKN-4S combined day and night sight which allows a 360° vision and to fire the main weapons. The PZU-6 AA sight. The 2Z20 2-axis electrical stabiliser (vertical range −3° to +70°). The TPN-3-49 or TPN-4 and TVN-4 night vision for the driver. An R-173M radio. A CBRN protection, with radiation detectors and global compartment overpressure. Two snorkels for crossing rivers with a depth up to 5 m. A KMT-6 mine clearing plough can be fitted at the front. Protection 3-layer composite armour (K formula), with a thickness between 450 and 20 mm: Front: 120 mm steel, 105 mm glass fibre, 40 mm steel. Sides: 80 mm steel. Front of the turret: 150 mm steel, 150 mm glass fibre, 40 mm steel Lateral rubber skirts protecting the top of the suspension. Kontakt-1 reactive bricks covering: The front and the side of the turret The glacis The lateral skirts See also List of tanks List of Soviet tanks T-72 T-80 T-84 T-90 T-95 125 mm Smoothbore Rounds Notes Sources Saenko, M., V. Chobitok (2002). Osnovnoj boevoj tank T-64, Moscow: Eksprint. . Zaloga, Steven (1992), T-64 and T-80, Hong Kong: Concord, . External links Kampfpanzer T-64 (in German) Cold War tanks of the Soviet Union Tanks with autoloaders Main battle tanks of the Soviet Union Main battle tanks of the Cold War Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%20%EB%B2%88%EC%9D%98%20%EA%B2%B0%ED%98%BC%EC%8B%9D%EA%B3%BC%20%ED%95%9C%20%EB%B2%88%EC%9D%98%20%EC%9E%A5%EB%A1%80%EC%8B%9D

두 번의 결혼식과 한 번의 장례식

『두 번의 결혼식과 한 번의 장례식』 (두결한장, Two Weddings And A Funeral)은 2012년 6월 21일에 대한민국에서 개봉한 로맨틱 코미디 퀴어 영화로, 게이와 레즈비언이 위장 결혼을 하면서 벌어지는 이야기를 다룬다. 영화 제작자 김조광수의 장편 영화 첫 데뷔작이자 네번째 퀴어 영화이다. 대중적인 인기를 끌지는 않았으나, 10일동안 32,000명의 관객을 모으며 대한민국에서 상업적으로 가장 성공한 퀴어 영화가 되었다. 줄거리 부모의 간섭에 벗어나고 싶은 게이 민수와 아이를 입양하고 싶은 레즈비언 효진은 같은 병원에서 일하는 동료 의사로, 서로의 목적을 이루고자 위장 결혼을 하기로 한다. 효진은 밖에서는 완벽한 신혼 부부의 모습을 보여주지만, 일을 마치면 옆 집에서 애인 서영과 함께 생활한다. 부부의 집에 방문한 민수의 어머니는 쓰이지 않는 부엌 도구들을 석연치 않게 여기지만 대수롭게 여기지 않는다. 민수는 단골 게이바에서 친구들 (민수를 짝사랑하는 티나, 왕언니, 경남, 주노, 영길, 익훈)과 자주 만남을 가지지만, 게이 코러스 (G 보이스)활동에는 아웃팅에 대한 위험 때문에 부담을 느낀다. 집으로 돌아가던 민수는 와이낫의 바텐더로 일하는 석과 마주치게 되고, 서로에게 끌리는 감정을 느낀다. 효진은 민수의 어머니에게 들키지 않기 위해 집에 자신의 흔적을 여러 곳에 남겨 놓고, 아이를 입양하기 위해 민수에게 혼인 신고서를 쓰도록 한다. 하지만 민수는 혼인 신고에는 부담을 느끼고 이를 미룬다. 와이낫에 간 민수는 석이 미국에서 왔으며, 유부남과 사귀다가 헤어진 사실을 알게 되는데, 민수가 단순한 유부남인 줄 알고 있는 석은 그에게 거리를 둔다. 그러던 중, 석은 민수가 계약 결혼을 했다는 사실을 알게 되고, 서로의 마음을 확인한 민수와 석은 관계를 가진 후 동거를 시작한다. 정해둔 아이를 아이를 서둘러 입양해야 할 상황에 놓인 효진은 민수가 혼인 신고를 하지 않은 것을 알고 그를 질책한다. 결국 민수는 미루던 혼인 신고를 끝내고 효진과 함께 보육원에서 입양 절차를 진행하게 된다. 석의 어머니는 석의 동생 준의 결혼을 알리고자 1년 만에 석을 찾아오지만, 준은 형이 게이인 것을 부끄럽게 여기고 약혼자가 알지 못하도록 결혼식에 오지 말라고 요구한다. 석은 민수에게 자신이 게이인 것을 아버지에게 들키고 치료를 받다가 나았다고 거짓말을 하고, 마음에 없는 약혼을 하게 되자 진실을 밝히고 한국으로 돌아왔음을 고백한다. 민수는 석에게 외국으로 떠나자고 말하지만, 석은 쫓겨가듯 떠나기보다는 한국에서 함께 살고 싶다고 말한다. 불쑥 찾아오는 민수의 어머니 때문에 위기가 찾아올뻔 하고, 민수와 효진은 결혼 생활 때문에 많은 불편함을 느낀다. 그러던 중 민수는 익명의 발신자로부터 효진이 동성애자이고 옆 집을 확인하라는 메시지를 받게 된다. 메시지를 보낸 사람을 알아낸 민수는 효진이 대학 시절부터 레즈비언으로 유명했다는 사실을 알게 되고, 병원에 효진에 대한 소문이 퍼져 자신을 바라보는 눈빛이 달라졌음을 깨닫는다. 궁지에 몰린 민수는 석에게 서둘러 외국으로 떠나자고 하지만, 석은 외국도 별 다를 것이 없으며 게이로 태어난 이상 이대로 당당하게 살아가는 것이 옳다는 생각을 밝히며 현실을 도피하려고 하는 민수를 질책한다. 민수는 커밍아웃에 대한 부정적인 생각을 밝히고 석에게 애원하지만, 석은 자신과 생각이 다른 민수에게 실망하고 집을 떠난다. 효진은 자신은 괜찮다고 말하며 민수에게 떳떳이 살아가라고 말한다. 괴로운 마음에 혼자서 술을 마시던 민수는 석이 전화를 받지 않자 티나에게 연락하고, 그와 함께 택시를 타고 집에 가던 중 자신들을 욕하는 택시 기사에게 화를 내고 내리게 된다. 티나의 집에서 민수는 자신이 게이인 것을 한탄하지만, 티나는 자신의 정체성에 대해 만족하고 지금이 자신의 황금기이며, 고향에 내려가면 누나에게 커밍아웃을 할 것이라고 밝힌다. 다음 날, 민수가 놓고 간 휴대폰을 돌려주려 밖을 나선 티나는 전 날의 호모포비아 택시 기사와 마주쳐 폭행을 당하게 되고, 이를 발견하고 다가오는 민수를 저지하려고 길로 뛰어들다가 교통사고를 당하게 된다. 분노한 민수는 택시 기사를 폭행하고, 병원에서 택시 기사가 진실을 말하지 않자 자신이 동성애자임을 밝히고 사건의 진실을 말한다. 티나의 죽음에 대해 죄책감을 느끼던 민수는 티나의 장례식장에서 석과 재회하고, 그에게 위로를 받고 다시 서로를 받아들이게 된다. 당당하게 커밍아웃을 한 민수와 석, 효진과 서영은 합동 결혼식을 열고, 가족이 모인 앞에서 G 보이스 공연을 펼치며 결혼식을 마친다. 이후 두 부부는 '또 하나의 지구'라는 이름의 요양원을 운영하며 살게 된다. 등장 인물 김동윤 : 민수 역 송용진 : 석 역 류현경 : 효진 역 정애연 : 서영 역 박정표 : 티나 역 박수영 : 왕언니 역 이승준 : 경남 역 김준범 : 주노 역 한승도 : 영길 역 장세현 : 익훈 역 최일화 : 민수 부 역 (특별출연) 신혜정 : 민수 모 역 (특별출연) 권해효 : 선배의사 역 (특별출연) 이문식 : 신부 역 (특별출연) 정인기 : 택시기사 역 (특별출연) 유연석 : 석동생 역 (특별출연) 신현실 : 송 간호사 역 (특별출연) 김혁 : 석의 예전남친 역 (특별출연) 이춘연 : 민수 외삼촌 역 (특별출연) 수상 내역 제 12회 서울국제여성영화제 극영화 피치&캐치 관객인기상 (김조광수) 극영화 피치&캐치 아트레온상 (김조광수) 각주 외부 링크 두결한장 공식까페 "들러리쓰" 두결한장 공식 블로그 한국어 영화 작품 2012년 영화 대한민국의 성소수자 영화 대한민국의 로맨틱 코미디 영화 만화를 바탕으로 한 영화 김조광수 감독 영화 게이 영화

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%20Weddings%20and%20a%20Funeral

Two Weddings and a Funeral

Two Weddings and a Funeral () is a 2012 South Korean gay romantic comedy film that explores the taboos and intolerance in Korean society in the story of a gay man and lesbian who enter into a sham marriage. It is the feature film debut of out filmmaker Kim Jho Kwang-soo, and his fourth LGBT-themed film. Although the film didn't emerge as a mainstream hit, its 10-day total of 32,000 admissions was impressive for a specialty release, making it the most commercially successful queer Korean film yet. Plot A gay man, Min-soo (Kim Dong-yoon) and a lesbian woman, Hyo-jin (Ryu Hyun-kyung) are both promising doctors at a general hospital. The colleagues agree to marry so Hyo-jin can legally adopt a child with her lover of ten years Seo-young (Jung Ae-yeon), and Min-soo can please his parents while maintaining his closeted lifestyle. While secretly living with their respective partners, who move in next door, Min-soo and Hyo-jin appear to be a happy, "normal" couple. They enjoy all the benefits afforded to heterosexual couples and are also able to ward off public scrutiny and parental disapproval. However, Min-soo's intrusive parents begin to get a bit too involved with the couple's life, threatening their scheme. Cast Kim Dong-yoon - Min-soo Ryu Hyun-kyung - Hyo-jin Song Yong-jin - Seok Jung Ae-yeon - Seo-young Park Jung-pyo - Tina Park Soo-young - Big sister Lee Seung-joon - Kyeong-nam Kim Joon-beom - Joo-noh Han Seung-do - Young-gil Jang Se-hyun - Ik-hoon Jung In-young - Nurse Na Choi Il-hwa - Min-soo's father Shin Hye-jung - Min-soo's mother Kim Hyuk - Seok's ex-boyfriend Yoo Yeon-seok - Joon, Seok's younger brother Kwon Hae-hyo - senior colleague doctor (cameo) Lee Moon-sik - priest (cameo) Jung In-gi - taxi driver (cameo) References External links 2012 films South Korean romantic comedy films South Korean LGBT-related films Films directed by Kim-Jho Gwangsoo 2010s South Korean films

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%86%A0%20%EC%95%84%EC%82%AC%EC%B9%B4

세토 아사카

세토 아사카(본명:이노하라 메구미&이에다 메구미, 1976년 12월 12일 ~ )는 일본의 배우이다. 아이치현 세토시 출신. 포스터 소속. 왼손잡이. 남편은 V6의 이노하라 요시히코. 신장 169 cm. 내력·인물 예명은 출신지인 아이치 현 세토 시로부터 오고 있다. 중학생 때에 자택에서 스카우트된다. 세토 시에서 〈귀여운 아이는 없는가〉라고 탐문을 하고 있었는데, 누구든지가 말하는 이름이 있었고, 그것이 지금의 〈세토 아사카〉였다. 중학 졸업과 동시에 상경해 연예계에 진출했다. 데뷔 이래, 한결같이 텔레비전 드라마나 영화의 출연을 계속하고 있다. 차 운전을 좋아하고, 한가하면 2마리의 애견과 친가에 애차로 귀성하고 있다. 데뷔 전, 현지에서는 어느 쪽일까 하고 말하면 불량 아가씨였지만, 한편으로 술은 마시지 못하고, 밤놀이도 좋아하지 않는다. 1993년에 출연한 KOSE 화장품 〈루쉐리〉의 CM으로 주목을 끌어 다음 1994년, 후지 TV의 게츠9 범위에서 방송된 《너와 함께한 여름》에 헤로인으로 발탁되고 브레이크를 하였다. 10대 무렵은 아이돌 취급이었지만, 1996년의 TV 드라마 《Age,35 그리워서》에서 남자에게 의존하지 않는 미혼의 어머니를 연기한 이래, 한 방향으로 계속 가는 심의 강한 여성의 역할로 여배우로서 독자적인 경지를 열었다. 그 후, 강한 여성의 이미지 정착을 피하고자 인가 여러 가지의 역에 도전하지만, 2005년의 《이혼 변호사 II》 이래, 다시 심의 강한 여성의 역할도 연기하고 있다. 한편, 공식 블로그에서는 역과는 다른 평상시의 모습을 볼 수 있다. 카토리 싱고와 대등한 연예계에서 으뜸가는 마요라이며, 《마츠무라 쿠니히로의 올나이트 닛폰》에서는 거의 매주 소재로 되고 있었다. 2007년 9월 29일, V6의 이노하라 요시히코와 결혼. 2008년 5월, 결혼식·피로연을 실시했다. 2009년 9월, 임신을 발표. 2010년 3월 2일, 장남을 출산. 2011년 12월 스타트한 텔레비전 드라마, 《악녀들의 메스》에서는 나카마 유키에와 함께 악녀를 연기해 산후 복귀를 하였고, 2012년 10월기 《TOKYO 에어포트~도쿄 공항 관제 보안부~》로 연속 드라마에도 복귀하였다. 2013년 7월, 두번째 아이 임신을 발표. 11월 22일, 여아를 출산. 출연 드라마 목요극장 인생은 아름다운 걸까 (1993년 7월 1일 ~ 9월 16일, 후지 TV) - 주인공·타카하타 유메(고교 시절) 역 수요극장 이제 눈물은 보이지 않아 (1993년 10월 20일 ~ 12월 22일, 후지 TV) 카노 유키 역 도시바 일요극장 스위트 홈 (1994년 1월 9일 ~ 3월 27일, TBS) - 미야사카 나호 역 너와 함께한 여름 (1994년 7월 4일 ~ 9월 19일, 후지 TV) - 사노 아사미 역 월요 드라마 인 도쿄대학 이야기 (1994년 10월 10일 ~ 12월 19일, TV 아사히) - 미즈노 하루카 역 기묘한 이야기 (후지 TV) '94 봄 특별편 〈전학생〉 (1994년) '04 가을 특별편 〈공백의 인간〉 (2004년) 나는 뉴스 캐스터 귀찮겠지만 (1995년 4월 6일, TBS) Miss 다이아몬드 (1995년 10월 19일 ~ 12월 14일, TV 아사히) - 주연·사키사카 나나 역 끝나지 않는 여름 (1995년 7월 19일 ~ 9월 20일, 닛폰 TV) - 주연·쿠도 히마와리 역 Age,35 그리워서 (1996년 4월 18일 ~ 6월 27일, 후지 TV) - 테루이 미사 역 친구의 연인 (1997년 4월 10일 ~ 6월 26일, TBS) - 주연·미즈사와 쇼 역 나리타 이혼 (1997년 10월 15일 ~ 12월 17일, 후지 TV) - 타나카 유코 역 보이 헌트 (1998년 7월 6일 ~ 9월 21일, 후지 TV) - 나카다 치사토 역 나니와 금융도 4 (1999년, 후지 TV) - 야마카와 시노부 역 P.S. 건강합니다, 슌페이 (1999년 6월 24일 ~ 9월 16일, TBS) - 오오타하라 모모코 역 나들이 옷, 여기가 최고 (2000년 3월 31일 ~ 6월 16일, NHK) - 주연·콘노 아즈키 역 최면 (2000년 7월 9일 ~ 9월 17일, TBS) - 아오이 유카 역 안녕, 오즈 선생님 (2001년 10월 9일 ~ 12월 18일, 후지 TV) - 아시카가 뮤 역 대하드라마 토시이에와 마츠~카가 백만석 이야기~ (2002년 1월 6일 ~ 12월 15일, NHK) - 요도도노 역 한밤 중은 다른 얼굴 (2002년 4월 1일 ~ 5월 23일, NHK) - 주연·하스이 노에루 역 천국의 다이스케에게~하코네 역전이 이어준 인연~ (2003년 1월 2일, 닛폰 TV) - 하야세 유이코 역 열정적 중화반점 (2003년 1월 8일 ~ 3월 12일, 후지 TV) - 미무라 나나코역 신 야반도주 도우미 센터 (2003년 1월 13일 ~ 3월 17일, 닛폰 TV) - 아카네 쿄코역 오오쿠~제1장~ (2004년 10월 7일 ~ 12월 16일, 후지 TV) - 오만(케이코인) 역 이혼 변호사 II 핸섬 우먼 (2005년 4월 19일 ~ 6월 28일, 후지 TV) - 사에키 에리 역 27세의 여름 휴가 (2005년 6월 30일, TBS) - 주연·스미타 리사 역 여계가족 (2005년 7월 7일 ~ 9월 15일, TBS) - 야지마 치즈 역 오늘 밤 홀로 침대에서 (2005년 10월 20일 ~ 12월 22일, TBS) - 토모나가 유우 역 사랑의 유형지 (2007년 3월 20일 ~ 21일, 닛폰 TV) - 오리베 미유키 역 라이프 (2007년 6월 30일 ~ 9월 15일, 후지 TV) - 토다 와카에 역 허니와 클로버 (2008년 1월 8일 ~ 3월 18일, 후지 TV) - 하라다 리카 역 꿈을 이루어주는 코끼리 남자의 성공편 (2008년 10월 2일, 요미우리 TV) - 히무로 아야코 역 꽃 자랑 (2008년 12월 20일, NHK) - 주연·타즈루 역 아침식사 식당 (2009년, WOWOW) - 주연·타카미 미사코 역 이웃집 잔디 (2009년 7월 1일 ~ 9월 16일, TBS) - 주연·타카히라 토모코 역 금요 프레스테이지 특별 기획 악녀들의 메스 (2011년 12월 9일, 후지 TV) - 나카하라 토와코 역 금요 프레스테이지 특별 기획 여은닉수사관 하라마키 아게하 (2012년 7월 13일, 후지 TV) - 주연·하라마키 역 TOKYO 에어포트~도쿄 공항 관제 보안부~ (2012년 10월 14일 ~ 12월 23일, 후지 TV) - 타케우치 유미 역 ST 적과 백의 수사 파일 (2014년 7월 16일 ~ 9월 17일, 닛폰 TV) - 마츠도 시오리 역 여자 안의 타인 (2017년 1월 8일 ~ 2월 19일, NHK BS 프리미엄) - 주연·타누마 유리코 역 영화 그래도 내가 하지 않았어 (2007년 1월 20일) - 주인공·스토 리코 역 각주 외부 링크 세토 아사카 공식 사이트 세토 아사카 공식 블로그 1976년 출생 살아있는 사람 일본의 여자 배우 일본의 여자 성우 아이치현 출신

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaka%20Seto

Asaka Seto

also known as Megumi Ieda, is a Japanese actress who works at Foster Management. She won the award for Best Actress at the 24th Yokohama Film Festival for Travail. She is married to Yoshihiko Inohara of the band V6. Filmography Television appearances Subarashiki kana jinsei (Fuji TV, 1993) Mou namida wa misenai (Fuji TV, 1993) Sweet Home (TBS, 1994) Kimi to ita natsu (Fuji TV, 1994) Tokyo daigaku monogatari (TV Asahi, 1994) Owaranai natsu (NTV, 1995) Miss Diamond (Fuji TV, 1995) Age 35 koishikute (Fuji TV, 1996) Boku ga boku de aru tame ni (Fuji TV, 1997) Tomodachi no Koibito (TBS, 1997) Narita Rikon (Fuji TV, 1997) Kamisan nanka kowakunai (TBS, 1998) Boy Hunt (Fuji TV, 1998) Naniwa Kinyudo 4 (Fuji TV, 1998) P.S. Genki desu, Shunpei (TBS, 1999) Saimin (TBS, 2000) Sayonara, Ozu Sensei (Fuji TV, 2001) Mayonaka wa Betsu no Kao (NHK, 2002) Kaidan Hyaku Monogatari Story 11 (Fuji TV, 2002) Toshiie and Matsu (NHK, 2002) – Yodo-dono Netsuretsu Teki Chuuka Hanten (Fuji TV, 2003) Tengoku no Daisuke e (NTV, 2003) Shin Yonige-ya Honpo (NTV, 2003) Ooku Dai-ishou (Fuji TV, 2004) Rikon Bengoshi 2 (Fuji TV, 2005) Nyokei Kazoku (TBS, 2005) Konya Hitori no Bed de (2005) Life (Fuji TV, 2007) Hachimitsu to Clover (Fuji TV, 2008) Yume wo Kanaeru Zo (YTV, 2008) Hana no Hokori (NHK, 2008) Choshokutei (WOWOW, 2009) Tonari no Shibafu (TBS, 2009) Movies Wangan Bad Boy Blue (1992) Nozokiya (1995) Sharan-Q no enka no hanamichi (1997) Bullets of Love (2001) Travail (2002) One Missed Call 2 b.k.a. Chakushin ari 2/ 着信アリ２ (2005) 2/2 (2005) Death Note (2006) (Naomi Misora) I Just Didn't Do It/ Soredemo boku wa yattenai (2006) Kaidan (2007) L: Change the WorLd (Naomi Misora) Jōkyō Monogatari (2013) Commercial appearances TDK (1992) Kodak (1996) Maybelline New York (2002) Dubbing Live-action Hitch, Sara Melas (Eva Mendes) Animation The Little Prince, the Mother References External links Official site (in Japanese) Japanese actresses 1976 births Living people Actors from Aichi Prefecture

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%83%80%EB%AC%B4%EB%9D%BC%20%ED%83%80%EC%BF%A0%EB%AF%B8

키타무라 타쿠미

키타무라 타쿠미(, 1997년 11월 3일 ~ )는 일본의 배우, 가수, 패션 모델이다. 도쿄도 출신. 스타더스트 프로모션 제작 3부 소속. 스타더스트 프로모션의 젊은 남성 아티스트 집단 EBiDAN의 멤버이며, 댄스 록 밴드 DISH//의 리더이다. DISH//에서는 2016년 TAKUMI 명의로 활동했다. 신장은 177cm, 혈액형은 B형이다. 약력 2006년 (초등학교 3학년 때)에 스카우트되어 스타더스트 프로모션에 소속하게 되었다. 100회 이상 오디션을 계속해 9세 때 CM 데뷔. 2007년 HONDA의 〈저상·저중심 미니밴 -저상 세계-〉편으로, CM 첫 출연. 2008년 2·3월 NHK 《모두의 노래》에서 방송된 〈리스에 사랑에 빠진 소년 〉으로 가수 데뷔했다. 그리고 같은 해 6월 공개된 《DIVE!!》로 영화 첫 출연. 2009년 학습 잡지 〈초등학교 6학년〉에서 동년 독자 모델 특별상을 수상했다. 같은 해 8월 텔레비전 드라마 《태양과 바다의 교실》에서 드라마 첫 출연한다. 2010년 여름에는 배우 위주로 시작된 EBiDAN에 소속. 2011년 12월 EBiDAN 내에서 탄생된 댄스 록 밴드 DISH//의 멤버가 되었다. 밴드 내에서 리더와 메인 보컬과 기타를 담당하고 있다. 2017년 영화 《너의 췌장을 먹고 싶어》에서 하마베 미나미]와 함께 주인공으로 발탁되어, 제41회 일본 아카데미상 신인 배우상을 비롯해 수많은 신인상을 수상했다. 영화도 흥행 수입 35억엔을 넘는 대히트작이 되었다. 2018년에는 TV 도쿄 계열 드라마 《스즈키 선생님》(2011년)에 출연한 이후 친분이 있는 츠치야 타오와 보컬 유닛 ‘TAOTAK’를 결성. 우카스카지의 노래 〈Anniversary〉〉를 커버하고, 11월 16일에 전달 한정으로 출시했다. 2020년에는 영화 《돈카츠 DJ 아게타로》에서, 카츠마타 요타로 역으로 영화 첫 단독 주연을 맡았다. 2021년 8월 16일, 신종 코로나 바이러스에 감염된 것을 공표하였다. 인물 취미는 카메라로, 17세 때 아버지로부터 선물받은 라이카의 컴팩트 필름과 펜탁스의 SP 등을 애용하고 있다. 미니어처 슈나우저의 ‘하쿠’라는 이름의 반려견을 기르고 있다. 영화 《DIVE!!》에서 이케마츠 소스케의 어린 시절을 연기하여, 배우 데뷔한 후에 아역 시절 때에는 유명 배우가 연기하는 주인공의 어린 시절을 연기하는 경우가 많았다. 오카다 마사키의 어린 시절은 드라마 데뷔작인 《태양과 바다의 교실》과 《중력 피에로 》에서 두 차례 연기하고 있다. 그 밖에도 《외사경찰》에서 와타베 아츠로와 《슈얼리 섬데이》에서 코이데 케이스케, 《양지의 그녀》에서 마츠모토 준의 각각 어린 시절을 연기하고 있다. 또한 동경의 배우로 꼽는 오구리 슌은 영화 《TAJOMARU》에서 오구리의 어린 시절을 연기해, 오구리 감독 작품 》슈얼리 섬데이》에도 출연하게 되었다. 《노부나가 콘체르토》에서 공연할 기회도 있었다는 것으로부터 인연이 되어 목표가 되는 배우 되었다. 20세의 생일 때에 오구리에 코나미 지로의 사진을 선물 받아, 집의 벽을 장식하고 있다. 오구리에 “무엇을 원하니?”라는 질문을 스스로 요청한 것이라고 한다. 2017년에 공개된 영화 《너의 췌장을 먹고 싶어》는 오구리가 주인공을 맡은 키타무라 역의 성인을 연기했다. 음악 작품 싱글  키타무라 타쿠미 & 마츠모토 토시아키 〈리스에 사랑에 빠진 소년 〉 (2008년 3월 5일, 소니 뮤직 재팬 인터내셔널) 앨범  츠츠미 쿄헤이 SONG BOOK 〈다시 만날 날까지 〉 (2021년 3월 24일, 소니 뮤직 재팬 인터내셔널) 전달 싱글 TAOTAK 〈Anniversary〉 (2018년 11월 16일) 〈두 번 다시 〉 (2019년 12월 2일) 〈봄은 녹는다 〉 (2021년 4월 23일 ~ 9월 30일) 출연 작품 역할의 굵은 표시는 주연 작품 영화 텔레비전 드라마 무대 극장판·TV 애니메이션 WEB·전달 드라마·영화 학원 잠입형 연애 드라마 고등학교 드라이브 ~눈뜨면 고교생이었던~ (2012년, BeeTV) - 료스케 역 DISH//가 사랑하는 드라마 디시 (2018년, AmebaTV) - 카카오 페티쉬 백만장자 역 돈 떨어지면 사랑의 시작 스핀오프 드라마 〈사랑의 사이가 멀어지면 돈의 시작?〉 (2020년 9월 15일 ~ 10월 6일, Paravi) - 이타가키 슌 역 무지개색 카르테~대난투 발렌타인편 (2021년 2월 11일 ~ 2월 18일, TELASA) - 아오야마 타이요 역 릴레이 공상 영화 〈거짓말과 마가렛〉 (2020년 6월 18일) - 리쿠 역 WEB·전달 애니메이션 스핀오프 애니메이션 〈ANOTHER WORLD〉 (2019년 9월 13일 ~ 10월 4일, dTV·히카리 TV) - 켄쇼 나오미 역 DVD 드라마 사실은 무서운 동요 VOL.1 〈비오는 날〉 (2008년) - 코우타 역 그 외 출연 버라이어티 사우나즈 2 이소무라 하야토 × 키타무라 타쿠미 (2021년 WWOW일, WOWOW) 기타·정보 프로그램 아무도 모르는 아카시야 산마 롱 인터뷰에서 해금! (2017년 11월 26일, NTV) - 고등학생 아카시야 산마 역 ROCK AX Vol.4 (2020년 3월 21일, NTV) - 내레이션 메쟈마시 TV (2020년 10월 6일 ~ 21일, 후지 TV) - 월간 엔터테인먼트 발표자 라디오 Saturday Amusic Islands -Morning Edition- (2017년 12월 ~ , FM802) - 토요일에 월 1 코너 〈일어나면 타쿠미〉 PV 100s 〈세계의 플라워 로드 〉 (2009년) RADWIMPS 〈휴대전화 〉 (2010년) 키마구렌 〈IT'S MY 용기 〉 (2011년) 야마시타 타츠로 〈빛과 그대에게로의 레퀴엠 〉 (2013년) OKAMOTO'S 〈Dancing Boy〉 (2019년) 광고(CM) HONDA 저상·저중심 미니밴 -저상의 세계 편- (2007년) 진연 세미나 중학 강좌 (2011년) 동일본여객철도 (JR 동일본) 〈JR SKISKI〉 (2015년 ~ 2016년) - 야마모토 마이카, 타이라 유우나와 공동 출연 Radiko.jp (2016년) 시세이도 시 브리즈 〈댄스부 선배〉편 (2017년) - 타쿠미 역 오츠카 제약 칼로리 메이트 〈한 걸음을 믿는다〉편 (2017년) JT 기업 광고 〈생각하다〉편 (2018년) 미니스톱 〈하로하로〉 (2018년 7월 ~ )  소프트뱅크 〈기가 나라 이야기〉 (2019년) 칸로 〈푸레구미〉 (2019년 2월 ~ ) - 영화 《너는 달밤에 빛나고》 콜라보 CM ABC 마트 〈READY ALREADY? new balance703〉 (2020년 6월 ~ ) 다케다 컨슈머 헬스케어 〈벤자부롯쿠® 프리미엄〉 (2020년 9월 ~ ) JINS 〈JINS 1DAY〉 (2020년 11월 ~ ) 부르봉 〈페투치네 구미〉 (2021년 3월 ~ ) 메이지 유업 VAAM (2021년 6월 ~ )  SUNSTAR 〈Ora2 me〉 (2021년 9월 ~ ) - 나가노 메이와 공동 출연 니베아 카오 〈니베아 맨 모닝 10〉 (2021년 10월 ~ ) Eleven 〈사스만계 WiFi〉 (2021년 11월 ~ ) 모델·이미지 캐릭터 GUERLAIN 〈GUERLAIN MAKE THE DRAMA〉 (2018년 8월 10일) 겐토샤 분코 〈오늘 외출 그만하지?〉이미지 캐릭터 (2018년) 슈에이샤 분코 여름 페어 〈나츠이치〉 캠페인 캐릭터 (2019년) LANVIN en Bleu 브랜드 앰버서더 (2020년 ~ ) TikTok TOHO Film Festival 2021 공식 앰버서더 (2021년) Tommy Hilfiger 남성복 컬렉션 브랜드 앰버서더 (2021년 ~ ) 저서 사진집 키타무라 타쿠미 첫 솔로 사진집 〈U&I〉 (2019년 9월 26일, KADOKAWA) ISBN 978-4-04-896579-8 잡지 연재  주간 더 텔레비전 〈take me, take you〉 (2017년 3월 17일호 ~ 2019년 12월 13일호, KADOKAWA) - 연재 MEN’S NON-NO 〈키타무라 타쿠미의 치루아우토 고항〉 (2020년 1월호 ~ 슈에이샤) - 연재 사진가로서 참여 사토 칸타 개인 북 〈NEXT BREAK〉 (2021년 6월 16일, 와니북스) 개인전 키타무라 타쿠미 개인전 〈키타무라 타쿠미 20세 기념전 -스무살 타시-〉 (2017년 11월 3일 ~ 5일 시부야·미타게가로) 수상 경력 각주 내용주 참조주 외부 링크 스타더스트 프로모션 > 키타무라 타쿠미 - 공식 프로필 DISH// 공식 사이트 DISH// 공식 블로그 Powered by LINE 1997년 출생 살아있는 사람 도쿄도 출신 일본의 남자 배우 일본의 남자 텔레비전 배우 일본의 남자 영화 배우 일본의 남자 어린이 배우 일본의 남자 가수 일본의 기타 연주자 일본의 남자 모델 스타더스트 프로모션

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takumi%20Kitamura

Takumi Kitamura

is a Japanese actor, singer, and model. He is represented by Stardust Promotion's Section 3. He is the leader of Stardust's music collective Ebidan unit Dish. As a member of Dish, he is nicknamed Takumi, stylized as TAKUMI. Biography Kitamura was born on 3 November 1997, in Tokyo. He was scouted by Stardust Promotion when he was in third grade of elementary school. His first singing debut was "Risu ni Koi Shita Shōnen" in the NHK series Minna no Uta in February and March 2008. Later in June Kitamura's first film appearance was Dive!!. He won the 2009 Reader Model Award of the magazine Shōgaku Rokunensei in 2009. In the summer of 2010, Kitamura joined the actor unit Ebidan. He later joined Ebidan's dance rock band Dish in December 2011. Kitamura is the leader of the band as its lead vocalist and guitarist. In August 2021, he tested positive for COVID-19. Takumi recently starred in the live-action film Tokyo Revengers. The film received positive reviews, and is one of the highest grossing Japanese films of 2021. Discography Singles Filmography TV drama Films Video on demand Music videos Advertisements Direct-to-video Awards References External links Takumi Kitamura at wiki informer Japanese male child actors Japanese male models Stardust Promotion artists Male actors from Tokyo 1997 births Living people 21st-century Japanese male actors 21st-century Japanese male singers

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EB%9D%BC%EC%98%A4%EC%B9%B4%20%EC%9C%A0%ED%83%80

히라오카 유타

히라오카유타(, 1984년 9월 1일 ~ )는 일본의 배우이다. 히로시마현 히로시마시 출생. 야마구치현 쿠가 군 와키정 출신. 아뮤즈 소속. 내력 2002년, 《제15회 쥬논 수퍼 보이 콘테스트》에서 그랑프리를 수상, 엔트리 No.5. 2003년, 드라마 《라이온 선생님》으로 배우 데뷔. 2004년, 영화 《스윙 걸즈》로 제28회 일본 아카데미상 신인 배우상 수상. 인물 뮤지션이 되고 싶어 고교 3학년 때 상경. 출연 드라마 라이온 선생님 (2003년 10월 ~ 12월, 요미우리 TV) - 오리하라 켄지 역 메다카 (2004년 10월 ~ 12월, 후지 TV) - 타카스기 준페이 역 P&G 팬틴 드라마 스페셜 〈소리 없는 푸른 하늘〉 (2005년, 후지 TV) - 카도와키 타카시 역 도쿄 프렌즈 (2005년 3월) - 타나카 히데토시 역 디비전 1 스테이지 12 〈정삼각형의 정의〉 (2005년 4월 ~ 5월, 후지 TV) - 야나기 아키오 역 WATER BOYS 2005 여름 (2005년 8월, 후지 TV) - 나카오 사토루 역 위험한 아네키 (2005년 10월 ~ 12월, 후지 TV) - 나카무라 타쿠미 역 정말로 있었던 무서운 이야기 여름 특별편 2006 〈이상한 시간〉 (2006년 8월 22일, 후지 TV) - 주연·시라토리 다이고 역 메시지~전설의 CM 디렉터·스기야마 토시~ (2006년 8월 28일, 마이니치 방송·TBS) - 스기야마 덴메이 역 숨겨진 태엽장치 (2006년 9월 14일, TBS) - 쿠리모토 유스케 역 단 하나의 사랑 (2006년 10월 ~ 12월, 닛폰 TV) - 오오사와 아유타 역 도쿄 타워~엄마와 나와, 때때로, 아빠~ (2007년 1월 ~ 3월, 후지 TV) - 나루사와 하지메 역 사랑의 유형지 (2007년 3월 20일 ~ 21일, 닛폰 TV) - 타니와키 타카시 역 프로포즈 대작전 (2007년 4월 ~ 6월, 후지 TV) - 에노키도 미키오 역 퍼스트 키스 (2007년 7월 ~ 9월, 후지 TV) - 유키 아키오 역 정말 좋아!! (2008년 1월 ~ 3월, TBS) - 후쿠하라 렌 역 프로포즈 대작전 SP (2008년 3월 25일, 후지 TV) - 에노키도 미키오 역 아베레이지 (2008년 3월 29일, 후지 TV) - 바텐더 역 기적의 동물원 2008~아사히야마 동물원 이야기~ (2008년 5월 16일, 후지 TV) - 키타지마 역 몬스터 페어런트 (2008년 7월 ~ 9월, 칸사이 TV) - 모치즈키 미치오 역 기묘한 이야기 '08 가을 특별편 〈행렬이 생기는 형사〉 (2008년 9월 23일, 후지 TV) - 주연·스즈키 마사츠구 역 아베레이지 2 (2008년 10월 10일, 후지 TV) - 바텐더 역 the 파도타기 레스토랑 (2008년 11월 1일 ~ 9일, 닛폰 TV) - 타카아키 역 이나가키 고로의 킨다이치 코스케 악마의 공놀이 노래 (2009년 1월 5일, 후지 TV) - 아오이케 카나오 역 키이나~불가능 범죄 수사관~ (2009년 1월 ~ 3월, 닛폰 TV) - 야마자키 타케루 역 갓 핸드 테루 (2009년 4월 ~ 5월, TBS) - 주연·마히가시 테루 역 일하는 곤! (2009년 9월 23일, 닛폰 TV) - 무라니시 준 역 드라마 W 〈일단 추정〉 (2009년 12월 20일, WOWOW) 피는 이 꽃 (2010년 1월 ~ 3월, NHK) - 신도 유라 역 대하드라마 료마전 (2010년 1월 ~ 12월, NHK) - 무츠 요노스케 역 Oh! my PROPOSE (2010년 6월 ~ 9월, GyaO!) - 시마다 유사쿠 LADY~최후의 범죄 프로파일~ (2011년 1월 ~ 3월, TBS) - 신보리 케이스케 역 월요 골든 〈내부 조사관·미즈히라 나오의 보고서〉 (2011년 1월 17일, TBS) - 하마다 타카시 역 내가 연애할 수 없는 이유 (2011년 10월 ~ 12월, 후지 TV) - 야마모토 타다시 역 드라마 스페셜 〈노히메〉 (2012년 3월 17일, TV 아사히) - 오다 노부유키 역 미래일기-ANOTHER:WORLD- (2012년 4월 ~ 6월, 후지 TV) - 오쿠다 요스케 역 ATARU CASE4·10 (2012년 5월 6일·6월 17일, TBS) - 키미하라 타쿠로 역 히가시노 케이고 미스터리즈 제7화 〈하얀 흉기〉 (2012년 8월 23일, 후지 TV) - 모리타 코토부키 역 정성을 다해 요리첩 (2012년 9월 22일, TV 아사히) - 나가타 겐사이 역 어부의 아내가 되는 날~토바·토시지마 파라다이스~ (2012년 9월 30일, NHK BS 프리미엄) - 나루미 히사시 역 특수 최전선 2012 (2012년 10월 1일, 패밀리 극장) - 주연·토모타카 요스케 역 TOKYO 에어포트~도쿄 공항 관제 보안부~ (2012년 10월 ~ 12월, 후지 TV) - 모토카미 케이스케 역 GTO 정월 스페셜 (2013년 1월 2일, 칸사이 TV) - 사나다 카즈유키 역 스트로베리 나이트 애프터 더 인비저블 레인 〈추정 유죄 / 프로바블리 길티〉 (2013년 1월 26일, 후지 TV) - 츠지우치 마사토 역 2밤 연속 드라마 스페셜 〈가장 먼 은하〉 (2013년 2월 2일 ~ 3일, TV 아사히) - 요이치 역 뱀파이어 헤븐 (2013년 4월 ~ 6월, TV 도쿄) - 하야토 역 토요 와이드 극장 특별 기획 〈스페셜리스트〉 (2013년 5월 18일, TV 아사히) - 호리카와 코헤이 역 아사키유메미시~야채가게 오시치 이야기 (2013년 9월 ~ 11월, NHK) - 칸조 역 안도로이도~A.I.Knows LOVE?~ (2013년 10월 ~ 12월, TBS) - 카도시로 하지메 역 토요 와이드 극장 특별 기획 〈스페셜리스트 2〉 (2014년 3월 8일, TV 아사히) - 호리카와 코헤이 역 정성을 다해 요리첩 2 (2014년 6월 8일, TV 아사히) - 나가타 겐사이 역 하나사키 마이가 가만히 있지 않아 제9 ~ 최종화 (2014년 6월 11일 ~ 18일, 닛폰 TV) - 이타미 세이치로 역 가족 사냥 (2014년 7월 ~ 9월, TBS) - 시이무라 에이사쿠 역 타임 스파이럴 (2014년 9월 ~ 10월, NHK BS 프리미엄) - 유키 켄타로 역 디어 시스터 (2014년 10월 ~ 12월, 후지 TV) - 요시무라 타츠야 역 매칭 러브 (2014년 12월 24일, TBS) - 이와사와 류타로 역 토요 와이드 극장 특별 기획 〈스페셜리스트 3〉 (2015년 2월 28일, TV 아사히) - 호리카와 코헤이 역 야메고쿠~야쿠자 그만두겠습니다~ 제9화 (2015년 6월 11일, TBS) - 마루하시 역 (우정 출연) 테디 고! (2015년 10월, 후지 TV) - 후유노 역 토요 와이드 극장 특별 기획 〈스페셜리스트 4〉 (2015년 12월 12일, TV 아사히) - 호리카와 코헤이 역 스페셜리스트 (2016년 1월 ~ 3월, TV 아사히) - 호리카와 코헤이 역 하야코 선생님, 결혼한다니 정말인가요? 제7화 (2016년 6월 2일, 후지 TV) - 카가와 유스케 역 연속 TV 소설 벳핀상 (2016년 10월 ~ 2017년 4월, NHK) - 무라타 쇼이치 역 영화 스윙 걸즈 (2004년, 토호) - 나카무라 유타 역 지금, 만나러 갑니다 (2004년, 토호) - 아이오 유지 역 NANA (2005년, 토호) - 엔도 쇼지 역 언젠가 저편으로 (2005년) - 주연·아키 역 체케랏쵸!! (2006년, 토호) - 타마키 테츠오 역 TRICK 극장판 2 (2006년, 토호) - 아오누마 카즈히코 역 도쿄 프렌즈 The Movie (2006년, 쇼치쿠) - 타나카 히데토시 역 7월 24일 거리의 크리스마스 (2006년, 토호) - 왕자님 제5위 역 (카메오 출연) 나는 여동생을 사랑한다 (2007년, 쇼게이트) - 야노 하루카 역 행복한 식탁 (2007년, 쇼치쿠) - 나카하라 역 Presents 성게 전병 (2007년, 앳 무비) - 타카노 역 스바루 (2009년, 워너 브라더스 영화) - 코헤이 역 한여름의 오리온 (2009년, 토호) - 츠보타 마코토 역 NECK (2010년, 아스믹 에이스) - 에치젠 마타로 역 해피 해피 브레드 (2012년, 아스믹 에이스) - 야마시타 토키오 역 이로도리, 인생 2막 (2012년, 쇼게이트) - 에다 하루히코 역 키즈 리턴 재회의 시간 (2013년, 오피스 키타노/도쿄 테아트르) - 주연·타카기 신지 역 사랑과 음치의 방정식 (2014년, 티 조이) - 오가와 카즈유키 역 연 (에니시) ~THE BRIDE OF IZUMO~ (2016년, OSMAND 엔터테인먼트/트리플 업) - 나카무라 카즈노리 역 L -엘- (2016년, 토호 영상 사업부) PV Mr.Children 〈미래〉 (2005년) Ms.OOJA 〈30〉 (2013년) 각주 외부 링크 히라오카 유타 Official Site 공식 프로필 - 아뮤즈 1984년 출생 살아있는 사람 일본의 남자 배우 야마구치현 출신 아뮤즈 히로시마시 출신

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABta%20Hiraoka

Yūta Hiraoka

is a Japanese actor who belongs to the talent agency Amuse, Inc. He gained recognition in 2004 film Swing Girls and won "Newcomer of the Year" Award at 28th Japan Academy Prize. Then he appeared in several dramas and films, including Water Boys 2005 Summer, Tokyo Friends: The Movie (2006), Daisuki!! (2008), Kiina (2009), NECK (2010), The Reason I Can't Find My Love (2011), ATARU (2012), Ando ♡ Roid (2013), Hanasaki Mai Speaks Out (2014), Attack on Titan: Counter Rockets (2015), Specialist (2016), Tokyo Tarareba Girls (2017) and best known for the role of "Mikio Enokido" (榎戸 幹雄) in 2007 TV drama series Operation Love. Filmography Television dramas Lion Sensei (2003) (2004) Oto no Nai Aozora (2005) Tokyo Friends (2005) Water Boys 2005 Summer (2005) Dangerous Beauty (2005) Honto ni Atta Kowai Hanashi (2006) (2006) (2006) Love of My Life (2006) Tokyo Tower (2007) (2007) Operation Love (2007) First Kiss (2007) Daisuki!! (2008) Operation Love SP (2008) Average 1 (2008) Miracle Zoo 2008: The Story of Asahiyama Zoo (2008) Monster Parent (2008) The Naminori Restaurant (2008) Average 2 (2008) Akuma no Temari Uta (2009) Kiina (2009) GodHand Teru (2009) Hataraku Gon! (2009) Sakuya Konohana (2010) Ryōmaden (2010) Oh! my PROPOSE (2010) LADY - The Last Criminal Profile (2011) The Reason I Can't Find My Love (2011) He is my Sister's Lover (2011) GTO New Year's Special (2012) (2012) ATARU (2012) (2012) Tokyo Airport: Air Traffic Controller (2012) Strawberry Night: After The Invisible Rain (2013) Vampire Heaven (2013) Specialist 1 (2013) Ando ♡ Roid (2013) (2014) Specialist 2 (2013) (2014) Family Hunter (2014) (2014) Dear Sister (2014) Matching Love 2 (2014) Specialist 3 (2015) Attack on Titan: Counter Rockets (2015) Teddy Go! (2015) Specialist 4 (2015) Specialist (2016) Beppinsan (2016) (2017) Tokyo Tarareba Girls (2017) Kensho Sousa (2017) (2017 - ) Funohan (2018) Holiday Love (2018) (2018) Koujin (2018) (2018) (2018) (2018) (2019) Onna no Kigen no Naoshi Kata (2019) (2019) (2019) '' (2019) Film Stage play Regular TV Show Music video Narration Video game Endorsement Accolade References External links Official profile on Amuse, Inc. 1984 births Living people Actors from Hiroshima Prefecture Actors from Yamaguchi Prefecture Amuse Inc. talents Japanese male film actors Japanese male stage actors Japanese male television actors Japanese male video game actors 21st-century Japanese male actors

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%B9

크룹

크룹(Croup) 또는 후두기관기관지염은 상부 기도의 바이러스 감염에 의한 호흡기 질환이다. 감염에 의해 후두가 부어올라 정상적인 호흡이 곤란해지며 "개가 짖는 듯한" 기침, 천명음 (쌕쌕거리는 소리), 쉰 목소리 등의 증상이 나타난다. 경도, 중등도, 중증으로 분류되며, 밤에 심해지는 경향이 있다. 경구 스테로이드 1회 투여로 간단히 치료할 수 있으나, 심한 증상에는 에피네프린을 사용해야 하는 경우도 있다. 입원을 요하는 경우는 매우 드물다. 크룹은 보다 심각한 증상 (후두개염 또는 기도 이물 등)을 배제한 후, 임상적 증상을 근거로 진단한다. 일반적으로 혈액 검사, X-레이, 배양 검사 등은 필요하지 않다. 크룹은 흔한 질병으로 주로 6개월에서 5~6세 사이 어린이의 15%가 감염된다. 청소년과 성인에서는 드물다. 임상증상 크룹의 증상으로는 "개가 짖는 듯한" 기침, 천명음(대개 숨을 들이쉴 때 나는 고음의 쌕쌕거리는 소리), 쉰 목소리, 호흡곤란 등이 있으며, 이는 주로 밤에 악화된다. 개가 "짖는 듯한" 기침은 물개나 바다사자가 우는 소리와 비슷하게 들릴 수 있다. 울음은 쌕쌕거리는 증상을 악화시킨다. 쌕쌕거리는 증상은 기도가 좁아져서 생긴다. 크룹이 매우 심해지면 쌕쌕거리는 소리는 오히려 줄어들기도 한다. 다른 증상으로 일반적인 감기 증상인 열, 코감기와 숨을 들이쉴 때 갈비뼈 사이의 피부가 안으로 함몰되는 현상이 있을 수 있다. 침흘림 또는 심하게 아파 보인다면 다른 병을 생각해야 한다. 원인 크룹은 일반적으로 바이러스 감염으로 유발된다. 크룹을 심한 후두기관염, 연축성 크룹, 후두 디프테리아, 세균성 기도염, 후두기관기관지염, 후두기관기관지폐렴을 총칭하는 용어로 사용하거나 혼용하여 쓰기도 한다. 처음 두 질환은 가벼운 바이러스 감염증이며, 나머지 질환은 세균 감염으로 보다 심한 증상을 나타낸다. 바이러스성 크룹 바이러스성 크룹의 75%는 파라인플루엔자 바이러스 타입 1, 2가 일으킨다. 다른 병원체로는 인플루엔자 A, B형, 홍역, 아데노바이러스 및 호흡기 세포융합 바이러스 (RSV, respiratory syncytial virus)가 있다. 연축성 크룹(개 짖는 소리를 내는 크룹)은 급성 후두기관지염과 동일한 원인균으로 유발되지만 감염 증상(미열, 인후통, 백혈구 수 증가)를 동반하지 않는다. 그러나 치료와 치료에 대한 반응은 동일하다. 세균성 크룹 세균성 크룹은 후두 디프테리아, 세균성 기도염, 후두기관기관지염, 후두기관기관지폐렴으로 구분된다. 후두 디프테리아는 디프테리아균에 의한 감염증이며, 세균성 기도염, 후두기관기관지염 및 후두기관기관지폐렴은 바이러스 감염을 앓고 난 후 생기는 세균성 감염이다. 포도상구균, 폐렴구균, 헤모필루스 인플루엔자, 모락셀라 카타랄리스 등이 흔한 원인균이다. 병태생리 바이러스 감염으로 후두와 기관이 부어 오르고 큰 기도에 백혈구가 증가한다. 기도가 부어 오르면 호흡곤란이 일어날 수 있다. 진단 크룹은 임상적 증상을 근거로 진단한다. 첫 단계로 상기도를 막을 수 있는 다른 질환 특히, 후두개염, 기도 이물, 성문하협착증, 혈관부종, 인두후 농양, 세균성 기도염과 감별한다. 일반적으로 경부 X-레이를 찍지 않지만, 찍었을 경우 기관이 좁아져 뾰족탑처럼 보이는 탑상 징후를 볼 수 있다. 이러한 소견은 50% 정도에서 나타난다. 혈액검사, 바이러스 배양(바이러스 검사)은 불필요하게 기도를 자극할 수 있다. 비강 흡입(코에 튜브를 삽입하여 점액을 채취) 방법으로 바이러스를 배양하여 정확한 원인을 확인할 수 있으나, 이는 주로 연구 목적으로만 쓰인다. 표준 치료로 증상이 향상되지 않으면 세균 감염 여부를 가리기 위해 추가적인 검사를 할 수 있다. 중증도 웨스틀리 점수(Westley score)로 크룹의 중증도를 평가할 수 있다. 이 방법은 임상 진료보다는 주로 연구 목적으로 사용된다. 웨스틀리 점수란 의식 상태, 청색증, 천명음, 호흡 장애, 흉벽 함몰 등 다섯 가지 항목의 총점을 가리킨다. 표의 각 항목 오른쪽 란에 점수를 주며, 총점은 0에서 17까지이다. 총점 2 미만: 가벼운 크룹을 의미한다. 개가 짖는 듯한 기침과 쉰 목소리가 나타나지만 휴식 시 천명음(쌕쌕거리는 소리)은 들리지 않는다. 총점 3-5: 중등도 — 천명음 이외에 별다른 증상은 없다. 총점 6–11: 중증'’. 뚜렷한 천명음과 함께 흉벽 함몰 증상이 나타난다. 총점 12 이상: 호흡 부전이 생길 수 있다. 이 단계에 이르면 개가 짖는 듯한 기침과 쌕쌕거리는 증상은 사라질 수 있다. 응급실을 찾는 어린이의 85%가 경미한 질병으로 진단된다. 심각한 크룹은 1% 미만으로, 매우 드물다. 예방 인플루엔자, 디프테리아에 대한 예방접종(백신)으로 크룹을 어느 정도 예방할 수 있다. 치료 크룹에 감염된 어린이를 가능한 침착하게 진정시킨다. 보통 스테로이드를 투여하며, 심각한 경우에는 에피네프린을 사용한다. 혈액 산소포화도가 92% 미만인 어린이에게는 산소를 공급하며, 심각하면 입원시켜 병의 진행을 관찰한다. 산소가 필요한 경우 얼굴 주위에 산소를 “불어 주어” 산소 마스크로 인해 어린이가 보채지 않도록 한다. 이러한 치료에도 불구하고 0.2% 미만의 환자는 기도에 튜브를 삽입하는 기도 삽관이 필요하다. 스테로이드 덱사메타손, 부데소나이드 등 코르티코스테로이드 투여로 효과적으로 치료된다. 투여한 후 빠르게는 6시간 후면 눈에 띄는 효과가 나타난다. 경구 투여, 비경구 투여, 흡입 등이 모두 효과가 있으나 보통 경구 투여가 선호된다. 1회 투여로 충분하며 일반적으로 상당히 안전하다고 생각된다. 덱사메타손 투여 시 0.15, 0.3, 0.6 mg/kg 용량이 모두 동등한 효과를 보인다. 에피네프린 중등도에서 중증의 크룹에는 분무형에피네프린(기도 확장을 유도하는 흡입형 액상제)이 도움이 된다. 에피네프린은 보통 10-30분 이내에 크룹의 중증도를 완화하며 2시간까지 효과를 유지한다. 치료 후 2-4 시간 이후까지 합병증이 없이 호전상태를 유지하면 퇴원할 수 있다. 기타 기타 치료 방법도 연구되었지만 근거가 불충분하다. 뜨거운 증기나 습도가 높은 공기를 들이마시는 민간 요법 자가치료이 사용되었으나 임상연구에서 효과가 증명되지 않아, 현재는 드물게 사용된다. 보통 덱스트로메토르판 및 구아이페네신(guiafenesin) 성분을 포함하고 있는 감기약 투여는 권장되지 않는다. 과거에는 호흡을 편하게 해주는 헬리옥스(헬륨과 산소의 혼합물)를 사용했으나 의학적 근거는 거의 없다. 크룹은 바이러스 감염으로 세균 감염의 동반이 의심되지 않는 한 항생제를 사용하지 않는다. 세균성 감염에는 반코마이신과 세포탁심을 권장한다. 인플루엔자 A, B형과 관련된 심한 경우에는 항바이러스제인 뉴라미니다아제 억제제를 투여할 수 있다. 예후 바이러스성 크룹은 단시간 지속하는 질환으로호흡 부전 및 심정지로 사망하는 경우는 드물다. 증상은 보통 이틀 이내로 호전되지만, 일주일 까지 지속될 수도 있다. 기타 흔하지 않은 합병증으로 세균성 기도염, 폐렴, 폐부종이 있다. 역학 어린이의 15%가 크룹을 앓는데, 연령은 주로 6개월에서 5~6세 사이이다. 이 연령에서 입원하는 경우 5%가 크룹으로 인한 것이다. 드물게 3개월이나 15세 어린이에게서도 볼 수 있다. 남아가 여아보다 50% 정도 흔하다. 크룹은 가을에 더 많이 발생한다. 역사 크룹라는 병명은 초기 근대 영어에서 "쉰 목소리로 울다"는 뜻의 동사 croup''에서 유래한 것으로 스코틀랜드에서 처음 사용되어 18세기에 널리 퍼졌다. 디프테리아 크룹은 호머의 고대 그리스 시대에도 알려져 있었다. 1826년에 브레토노(Bretonneau)가 바이러스성 크룹과 디프테리아 크룹을 최초로 감별하였다. 프랑스에서는 바이러스성 크룹을 "가성(faux) 크룹", 디프테리아 크룹을 "크룹"이라고 부른다. 디프테리아 크룹은 효과적인예방접종이 시행된 후 거의 자취를 감추었다. 참고 외부 링크 소아청소년과 상기도 질환 바이러스성 호흡기 질환 동물 바이러스성 질병

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup

Croup

Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and runny nose may also be present. These symptoms may be mild, moderate, or severe. Often it starts or is worse at night and normally lasts one to two days. Croup can be caused by a number of viruses including parainfluenza and influenza virus. Rarely is it due to a bacterial infection. Croup is typically diagnosed based on signs and symptoms after potentially more severe causes, such as epiglottitis or an airway foreign body, have been ruled out. Further investigations, such as blood tests, X-rays and cultures, are usually not needed. Many cases of croup are preventable by immunization for influenza and diphtheria. Most cases of croup are mild and the patient can be treated at home with supportive care. Croup is usually treated with a single dose of steroids by mouth. In more severe cases inhaled epinephrine may also be used. Hospitalization is required in one to five percent of cases. Croup is a relatively common condition that affects about 15% of children at some point. It most commonly occurs between six months and five years of age but may rarely be seen in children as old as fifteen. It is slightly more common in males than females. It occurs most often in autumn. Before vaccination, croup was frequently caused by diphtheria and was often fatal. This cause is now very rare in the Western world due to the success of the diphtheria vaccine. Signs and symptoms Croup is characterized by a "barking" cough, stridor, hoarseness, and difficult breathing which usually worsens at night. The "barking" cough is often described as resembling the call of a sea lion. The stridor is worsened by agitation or crying, and if it can be heard at rest, it may indicate critical narrowing of the airways. As croup worsens, stridor may decrease considerably. Other symptoms include fever, coryza (symptoms typical of the common cold), and indrawing of the chest wall–known as Hoover's sign. Drooling or a very sick appearance can indicate other medical conditions, such as epiglottitis or tracheitis. Causes Croup is usually deemed to be due to a viral infection. Others use the term more broadly, to include acute laryngotracheitis (laryngitis and tracheitis together), spasmodic croup, laryngeal diphtheria, bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis. The first two conditions involve a viral infection and are generally milder with respect to symptomatology; the last four are due to bacterial infection and are usually of greater severity. Viral Viral croup or acute laryngotracheitis is most commonly caused by parainfluenza virus (a member of the paramyxovirus family), primarily types 1 and 2, in 75% of cases. Other viral causes include influenza A and B, measles, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Spasmodic croup is caused by the same group of viruses as acute laryngotracheitis, but lacks the usual signs of infection (such as fever, sore throat, and increased white blood cell count). Treatment, and response to treatment, are also similar. Bacteria and cocci Croup caused by a bacterial infection is rare. Bacterial croup may be divided into laryngeal diphtheria, bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis. Laryngeal diphtheria is due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae while bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis are usually due to a primary viral infection with secondary bacterial growth. The most common cocci implicated are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, while the most common bacteria are Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Pathophysiology The viral infection that causes croup leads to swelling of the larynx, trachea, and large bronchi due to infiltration of white blood cells (especially histiocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils). Swelling produces airway obstruction which, when significant, leads to dramatically increased work of breathing and the characteristic turbulent, noisy airflow known as stridor. Diagnosis Croup is typically diagnosed based on signs and symptoms. The first step is to exclude other obstructive conditions of the upper airway, especially epiglottitis, an airway foreign body, subglottic stenosis, angioedema, retropharyngeal abscess, and bacterial tracheitis. A frontal X-ray of the neck is not routinely performed, but if it is done, it may show a characteristic narrowing of the trachea, called the steeple sign, because of the subglottic stenosis, which resembles a steeple in shape. The steeple sign is suggestive of the diagnosis, but is absent in half of cases. Other investigations (such as blood tests and viral culture) are discouraged, as they may cause unnecessary agitation and thus worsen the stress on the compromised airway. While viral cultures, obtained via nasopharyngeal aspiration, can be used to confirm the exact cause, these are usually restricted to research settings. Bacterial infection should be considered if a person does not improve with standard treatment, at which point further investigations may be indicated. Severity The most commonly used system for classifying the severity of croup is the Westley score. It is primarily used for research purposes rather than in clinical practice. It is the sum of points assigned for five factors: level of consciousness, cyanosis, stridor, air entry, and retractions. The points given for each factor is listed in the adjacent table, and the final score ranges from 0 to 17. A total score of ≤ 2 indicates mild croup. The characteristic barking cough and hoarseness may be present, but there is no stridor at rest. A total score of 3–5 is classified as moderate croup. It presents with easily heard stridor, but with few other signs. A total score of 6–11 is severe croup. It also presents with obvious stridor, but also features marked chest wall indrawing. A total score of ≥ 12 indicates impending respiratory failure. The barking cough and stridor may no longer be prominent at this stage. 85% of children presenting to the emergency department have mild disease; severe croup is rare (<1%). Prevention Croup is contagious during the first few days of the infection. Basic hygiene including hand washing can prevent transmission. There are no vaccines that have been developed to prevent croup, however, many cases of croup have been prevented by immunization for influenza and diphtheria. At one time, croup referred to a diphtherial disease, but with vaccination, diphtheria is now rare in the developed world. Treatment Most children with croup have mild symptoms and supportive care at home is effective. For children with moderate to severe croup, treatment with corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine may be suggested. Steroids are given routinely, with epinephrine used in severe cases. Children with oxygen saturation less than 92% should receive oxygen, and those with severe croup may be hospitalized for observation. In very rare severe cases of croup that result in respiratory failure, emergency intubation and ventilation may be required. With treatment, less than 0.2% of children require endotracheal intubation. Since croup is usually a viral disease, antibiotics are not used unless secondary bacterial infection is suspected. The use of cough medicines, which usually contain dextromethorphan or guaifenesin, are also discouraged. Supportive care Supportive care for children with croup includes resting and keeping the child hydrated. Infections that are mild are suggested to be treated at home. Croup is contagious so washing hands is important. Children with croup should generally be kept as calm as possible. Over the counter medications for pain and fever may be helpful to keep the child comfortable. There is some evidence that cool or warm mist may be helpful, however, the effectiveness of this approach is not clear. If the child is showing signs of distress while breathing (inspiratory stridor, working hard to breathe, blue (or blue-ish) coloured lips, or decrease in the level of alertness), immediate medical evaluation by a doctor is required. Steroids Corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone and budesonide, have been shown to improve outcomes in children with all severities of croup, however, the benefits may be delayed. Significant relief may be obtained as early as two hours after administration. While effective when given by injection, or by inhalation, giving the medication by mouth is preferred. A single dose is usually all that is required, and is generally considered to be quite safe. Dexamethasone at doses of 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg appear to be all equally effective. Epinephrine Moderate to severe croup (for example, in the case of severe stridor) may be improved temporarily with nebulized epinephrine. While epinephrine typically produces a reduction in croup severity within 10–30 minutes, the benefits are short-lived and last for only about 2 hours. If the condition remains improved for 2–4 hours after treatment and no other complications arise, the child is typically discharged from the hospital. Epinephrine treatment is associated with potential adverse effects (usually related to the dose of epinephrine) including tachycardia, arrhythmias, and hypertension. Oxygen More severe cases of croup may require treatment with oxygen. If oxygen is needed, "blow-by" administration (holding an oxygen source near the child's face) is recommended, as it causes less agitation than use of a mask. Other While other treatments for croup have been studied, none has sufficient evidence to support its use. There is tentative evidence that breathing heliox (a mixture of helium and oxygen) to decrease the work of breathing is useful in those with severe disease, however, there is uncertainty in the effectiveness and the potential adverse effects and/or side effects are not well known. In cases of possible secondary bacterial infection, the antibiotics vancomycin and cefotaxime are recommended. In severe cases associated with influenza A or B infections, the antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors may be administered. Prognosis Viral croup is usually a self-limiting disease, with half of cases resolving in a day and 80% of cases in two days. It can very rarely result in death from respiratory failure and/or cardiac arrest. Symptoms usually improve within two days, but may last for up to seven days. Other uncommon complications include bacterial tracheitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema. Epidemiology Croup affects about 15% of children, and usually presents between the ages of 6 months and 5–6 years. It accounts for about 5% of hospital admissions in this population. In rare cases, it may occur in children as young as 3 months and as old as 15 years. Males are affected 50% more frequently than are females, and there is an increased prevalence in autumn. History The word croup comes from the Early Modern English verb croup, meaning "to cry hoarsely." The noun describing the disease originated in southeastern Scotland and became widespread after Edinburgh physician Francis Home published the 1765 treatise An Inquiry into the Nature, Cause, and Cure of the Croup. Diphtheritic croup has been known since the time of Homer's ancient Greece, and it was not until 1826 that viral croup was differentiated from croup due to diphtheria by Bretonneau. Viral croup was then called "faux-croup" by the French and often called "false croup" in English, as "croup" or "true croup" then most often referred to the disease caused by the diphtheria bacterium. False croup has also been known as pseudo croup or spasmodic croup. Croup due to diphtheria has become nearly unknown in affluent countries in modern times due to the advent of effective immunization. One famous fatality of croup was Napoleon's designated heir, Napoléon Charles Bonaparte. His death in 1807 left Napoleon without an heir and contributed to his decision to divorce from his wife, the Empress Josephine de Beauharnais. References External links Animal viral diseases Acute upper respiratory infections Pediatrics Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full) Cough de:Pseudokrupp

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%91%EB%8B%B5%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC%201997

응답하라 1997

《응답하라 1997》은 《올드 미스 다이어리》, 《해피선데이》 등 연출을 맡았던 신원호 감독이 박성재 감독과 함께 연출한 드라마이다. H.O.T.와 젝스키스로 대변된 1990년대 후반을 배경으로, 오빠들에 미쳐있던 여고생과 다섯 친구들의 감성복고 드라마이다. 극의 배경은 부산이며 따라서, 서울 출신인 도학찬을 제외한 대부분의 인물들이 부산 사투리를 쓴다. 처음 방영할 당시 경험이 전무한 아이돌과 오디션프로 출신의 가수를 주연으로 내세웠다는 점 때문에 많은 비판을 받았지만 극이 진행될수록 주연을 비롯한 모든 배우들이 기대 이상의 연기력을 보여주며 대호평을 받았고 90년대 아날로그 추억이라는 색다른 소재로 드라마 자체도 신드롬에 가까운 인기를 끌게 된다. 또 과거와 현대 사이의 시간차가 15년이나 남에도 불구하고 아역과 성인의 구분이 없으며 배우들 역시 풋풋한 10대시절의 교복패션부터 성숙한 성인까지 시간을 거스르는 분장을 위화감없이 소화해내어 이목을 집중시켰다. 인기에 힘입어 2013년 후속작 《응답하라 1994》이 방영됐다. 이일화가 맡았던 배역은 당초 김성령이 낙점됐으나 스케줄 문제 때문에 좌절됐다 등장 인물 주요 인물 정은지 : 성시원 역 (아역 김환희) 1981년 1월 30일생 (1997년 당시 고2, 18세) / 2012년 기준 33세 (빠른 1981년생, 1980년생과 동기) H.O.T 멤버 토니 안 열혈 팬. 학창시절 성적은 전교 꼴찌였지만 라디오에 사연을 보냈다하면 전국구로 소개가 된다. 별명은 '안승부인(안승호 부인)'. 훗날 윤윤제와 결혼 서인국 : 윤윤제 역 (아역 송의준) 1980년 4월 29일생 (1997년 당시 고2, 18세) / 2012년 기준 33세 부산 광안고 전교 1등 출신. 서울중앙지법 스타 판사. 서울대 법대 특차 전형에 수석으로 합격한 뒤 사법고시에서도 수석으로 합격한다. 훗날 성시원과 결혼 신소율 : 모유정 역 1980년생 (1997년 당시 고2, 18세) / 2012년 기준 33세 하루에도 수 십 번 사랑에 빠지는 대한민국 최고의 쉽·사·빠. H.O.T 멤버 강타의 팬이었으나, 젝스키스 멤버 은지원의 팬으로 돌아섰다. 현직 유치원 교사 훗날 도학찬과 결혼 은지원(젝스키스리더) : 도학찬 역 1980년생 (1997년 당시 고2, 18세) / 2012년 기준 33세 서울에서 나고 자란 서울 토박이. 고2 때, 군인인 아버지를 따라 부산에 왔다. 극 초반부터 표준어를 쓰는 유일한 인물. '야동 마니아' 훗날 모유정과 결혼 이시언 : 방성재 역 1980년생 (1997년 당시 고2, 18세) / 2012년 기준 33세 24시간 풀가동 수다쟁이. 오지랖이 넓어서 낯선 이와의 수다도 전혀 어색하지 않다. 상식은 많이 알고 있으나, 학업 성적은 나쁜 편. 현직 보험설계사이나 만년 대리 이호원 : 강준희 역 1980년 10월 4일생 (1997년 당시 고2, 18세) / 2012년 기준 33세 윤윤제와 가장 친한 친구로 2년째 같은 반 짝꿍. 부산 최고의 춤꾼으로 김재덕과 쌍벽을 이룬다. 부산 광안고 전교 2등 출신. 서울대 의대 졸업. 현직 의사. 동성애자이다. 주변 인물 시원이네 가족 성동일 : 성동일 역 1950년 4월 29일생 (1997년 당시 48세) / 2012년 기준 63세. 성시원의 아버지 전라도 출신. 딸 밖에 모르는 딸 바보. 하지만 하나 밖에 없는 딸 성시원이 H.O.T 토니 안에게 빠지자 토니 안과의 전쟁을 선포한다. 전직 해태 타이거즈 선수 출신이지만 '부산갈매기' 팀의 코치로 재직. 현직 '부산갈매기' 2군 감독. 고등학생 시절 역은 강균성 (특별출연) (9회)이 맡았다. 이일화 : 이일화 역 1950년생 (1997년 당시 48세) / 2012년 기준 63세. 성시원의 어머니 경상도 출신. 화통한 성격의 전업주부. 전형적인 '부산 아지매'. 토니 오빠에 미친 딸 성시원을 혼내기는커녕, 아빠 몰래 용돈까지 쥐어주며 '이것도 한 때다'라고 말하며 딸을 존중해주는 쿨한 엄마. 본인 역시 드라마 별은 내 가슴에 등장인물 강민의 팬이다. 고등학생 시절 역은 박초롱 (특별출연) (9회)이 맡았다. 김예원 : 성송주 역 (특별출연) (3회, 4회, 9회) 성시원의 친언니. 윤태웅과 대학 재학 시절 연인 관계였으나 1992년 교통사고로 사망했다. 윤제네 가족 송종호 : 윤태웅 역 1972년생 (1997년 당시 26세) / 2012년 기준 41세. 윤윤제의 친형 1991학년도 대입 학력고사 전국 수석 출신이지만 유일한 혈육 윤윤제를 위해 부산에 남았다. 성시원의 담임교사이자 수학 담당 교사. 반듯하고 붙임성 있는 성격 덕에 동료 교사들에게 인정을, 학생들에게 존경을 받고 있다. 교직 시절부터 컴퓨터를 잘 다뤘고, 벤처 사업가로 큰 성공을 거뒀다. 훗날 18대 대통령후보로 나선다. 이주연과 결혼 양준혁 : 윤준혁 역 (특별출연) (1회, 9회) 1950년생. 윤윤제의 아버지 대한민국 공군 대령이었으나 1990년 사고로 문정미와 함께 사망했다. 성동일과는 학창시절부터 친구였다. 고등학생 시절 역은 손진영 (특별출연) (9회)이 맡았다. 이연경 : 문정미 역 (특별출연) (1회, 9회) 1950년생. 윤윤제의 어머니 1990년 사고로 윤준혁과 함께 사망했다. 이일화와는 학창시절부터 친구였다. 고등학생 시절 역은 윤보미 (특별출연) (9회)가 맡았다. 성시원 주변인물 노지연 : 장단지 역 1980년생 (1997년 당시 고2, 18세) / 2012년 기준 33세. 성시원의 광안고 같은 반 친구 H.O.T 멤버 문희준의 열혈 팬으로 별명은 '희준바라기'. 성시원의 팬클럽 활동에 동반자이자 라이벌이다. 현직 큐레이터 김선아 : 은각하 역 1980년생 (1997년 당시 고2, 18세) / 2012년 기준 33세. 성시원의 광안고 같은 반 친구 젝스키스 멤버 은지원의 팬으로 별명은 '은각하'. 현직 부산갈매기 프로야구단 편파 중계 캐스터 도학찬 주변인물 윤상 : 도민구 역 도학찬의 아버지. 1997년 당시 대한민국 육군 소장 그 외 인물 리민 : 부산 광안고등학교 학생주임 겸 국사 담당 교사. '피칠갑'이라는 별명을 갖고 있다. 김민진 : 태웅의 후배 역 맹봉학 : 음반가게 사장 역 이병철 : 리어카에 카세트테이프를 파는 남자 역 이정성 : 의사 역 이용녀 : 암병동 404호 병실의 환자 역 정두겸 : 드라마 "이웃집 남자"의 남주 역 육미라 : 드라마 "이웃집 남자"의 여주 역 손선근 : 드라마 "이웃집 남자"의 의사 역 전혜영 : 장우동 역 - H.O.T의 장우혁바라기 안수호 : 윤제에게 강아지는 이미 팔렸다고 말하는 남자 역 현영임 : 강아지를 잃어버린 아이의 엄마 역 정현석 : 시원의 방송 선배 역 이준희 : 윤제의 대학 선배 역 - 국선변호사 주동희 : 김대호 역 - 국선변호사 주부진 : 성재에게 전구 갈아달라고 얘기하는 할머니 역 박성균 : 의사 역 - 대장 유암종 수술을 설명하는 의사 정영섭 : 의사 역 소희정 : 방송작가 역 김동균 : 방송작가 역 특별출연 김국진 : '김국진의 스타다큐' MC 역 (1회) 토니 안 : (1회, 3회) 문희준 : (목소리출연) (3회) 정경미 : (3회, 6회, 7회, 9회, 10회) 별명은 '은도끼(은지원이 자신을 도끼로 찍었다고 생각함)'. 성시원의 광안고 같은 반 친구. 젝스키스 멤버 은지원의 팬 임시완 : ROTC 서울 오빠 정석원 역 - 시원이의 채팅남 (4회) 염동균 이윤석 : 이규경/이윤석 역 - 붕어빵 장수→제일그룹 아들, 제일그룹 회장 (1인 2역) (5회) 김종민 : 의사 역 - 동일의 차를 추돌한 인물이자 극 중 시원 아빠의 암수술을 맡았던 의사 (5회) 신봉선 : H.O.T 팬클럽 부산지부 임원 역 (6회) 김미진 : 오미희 목소리 대역 (5회) 신영일 : 아나운서 역 (목소리출연) (7회) 이솔지 : 아나운서, 시원이 맡은 프로그램 진행자 (극초반부 목소리출연) (15회) 김태원 : 노래방에서 노래 부르는 뒷태가 예쁜 남자 역 (8회) 정주리 : 노래방에서 노래 부르는 뒷태만 예쁜 여자 역 (8회) 정명옥 : 노래방에서 노래 부르는 뒷태만 예쁜 여자 역 (8회) 박지윤 : 강준희의 6번째 및 7번째 쌍둥이 누나 역 (1인 2역) (8회, 10회) 추민기 : 고등학생 추신수 역 - (부산고등학교 선수) (8회) 실제 추신수의 친동생이기도 하다. 류담 : 고등학생 이대호 역 - (경남고등학교 선수) (8회) 박찬희 신동엽 : 1998년 대한민국 영상음반대상 (골든디스크상) 진행자 역 (목소리출연) (10회) 윤형빈 : 은각하의 남편 역 - 정경미와는 직장 동료 관계 (9회, 10회) 안영미 : 젝스키스 팬클럽 전국 회장 역 (10회) 강유미 : H.O.T. 팬클럽 전국 회장 역 (10회) 양세형 : - 정경미의 남편 (9회, 10회) 김기욱 : 휴대폰 판매점 직원 역 (9회) 김대주 : 1998년 대한민국 영상음반대상 (골든디스크상) 제작진 역 (10회) 주연 : 이주연 역 - 윤태웅이 대장 유암종을 치료하기 위해 입원한 종합병원의 과장, 동방신기 팬클럽 회장 윤태웅과 결혼 (14회, 16회) 고인범 : 시원의 작은할아버지 & 동일의 작은아버지 역 (15회) G.NA : 최진아 역 - 윤제의 맞선녀, 태웅의 선배 딸 (15회) 이수근 : 대리운전 기사 역 (목소리출연) (16회) 배다해 : 윤제의 친구 역 - 윤제와 서울대 법대 & 사법연수원 동기생 (16회) OST Part 1 응답하라 1997 Love Story Part 2 화수별 삽입곡 시청률 매주 화요일 밤 11시부터 tvN을 통해 방영되는 본방송 시청률 기록이다. CJ E&M 방송사업부문 산하 기타 채널(Mnet 등)에서 방송되는 재방송 시청률은 포함하지 않았다. ※ 16화 시청률은 케이블TV 유가입자 기준, 9월 18일 동시 방영 4개 채널(tvN, Mnet, OCN, 올'리브) 합산 시청률로 표기한다. 《응답하라 1997》은 방영 내내 신드롬을 일으켰으며, 2012년 기준 케이블 TV 제작 드라마 중 역대 최고 시청률을 기록한 드라마로 기록됐다. TNmS에서 공개한 표를 바탕으로 작성한 시청률이다. 빨간색 글씨는 최고 시청률, 파란색 글씨는 최저 시청률을 나타낸다. 같이 보기 응답하라 응답하라 1994 응답하라 1988 수상 2012년 제5회 코리아 드라마 어워즈 남자 신인상 - 서인국 2012년 제5회 코리아 드라마 어워즈 베스트 커플상 - 서인국, 정은지 2012년 제14회 Mnet 아시안 뮤직 어워드 베스트 OST상 2012년 제1회 K-드라마 스타 어워즈 라이징 스타상 - 서인국, 정은지 2012년 제1회 K-드라마 스타 어워즈 베스트 OST상 2012년 제1회 K-드라마 스타 어워즈 베스트 커플상 - 서인국, 정은지 2012년 제6회 미디어어워드 유료방송 콘텐츠버라이어티 부문 우수상 - 신원호 2013년 제4회 멜론 뮤직 어워드 뮤직 스타일상 OST부문 2013년 제2회 가온 차트 K-POP 어워드 올해의 가수상 음원부문 9월 - 서인국, 정은지 2013년 제49회 백상예술대상 TV부문 여자 신인 연기상 - 정은지 2013년 제1회 미국 드라마피버 어워드 올해 최고의 키스신상 - 서인국, 정은지 2013년 제1회 미국 드라마피버 어워드 올해 최고의 이뤄질 수 없는 안타까운 커플상 - 서인국, 이호원 2013년 제7회 케이블TV 방송대상 드라마부분 대상 2016년 tvN10 Awards 드라마 콘텐츠 본상 2016년 tvN10 Awards 스페셜 연기상 - 성동일 2016년 tvN10 Awards made in tvN 드라마 부문 - 서인국 2016년 tvN10 Awards 베스트 키스상 - 서인국, 정은지 각주 내용주 참조주 외부 링크 공식 홈페이지 2012년 드라마 2010년대 대한민국의 텔레비전 프로그램 부산광역시를 배경으로 한 텔레비전 프로그램 서울특별시를 배경으로 한 텔레비전 프로그램 1997년을 배경으로 한 작품 이우정 시나리오 작품 TvN의 심야 드라마 2012년에 시작한 대한민국 TV 프로그램 2012년에 종료한 대한민국 TV 프로그램 tvN 월화드라마

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reply%201997

Reply 1997

Reply 1997 () is a 2012 South Korean television series that centers on the lives of six friends in Busan, as the timeline moves back and forth between their past as 18-year-old high schoolers in 1997 and their present as 33-year-olds at their high school reunion dinner in 2012, where one couple will announce that they're getting married. As the first installment of the Reply series, it also portrays the extreme fan culture that emerged in the 1990s when first generation idol groups such as H.O.T. and Sechs Kies took center stage and K-pop was just beginning to blossom. The series was one of the highest-rated Korean dramas in cable television history, and has garnered praise from audiences and critics for being well-researched, refreshing, genuine, and full of humor and heart. Summary Set in 1997, the series follows female high school student Sung Shi-won (Jung Eun-ji), who idolizes boyband H.O.T, and the lives of her five high school friends. As a teen, Shi-won was obsessed with a boy band. Now 33 years old, Shi-won and her friends are reliving their memories at their high school reunion. Cast Main Jung Eun-ji as Sung Shi-won A devoted fangirl of boyband H.O.T., who dreams of marrying Tony. Though Shi-won has the worst grades in her class and always has her head in the clouds, she is also forthright and sassy. Seo In-guk as Yoon Yoon-je Quiet and brooding yet devoted to those close to him, Yoon-jae is Shi-won's childhood best friend who frequently spends time at her house following the death of his own parents. He is also known as one of the two most handsome boys in the school, alongside Joon-hee, and girls often fall for the both of them. He is intelligent and at the top of his class. As a teenager, Yoon-jae falls for Shi-won, and tries to keep it a secret. Hoya as Kang Joon-hee Joon-hee is shy and sweet, and is Yoon-jae's best friend and right-hand man. Like Yoon-jae, girls fall for him easily, and he often spends time with Shi-won. He harbors the secret that he is gay and is in love with his best friend Yoon-jae, which only Shi-won is aware of after he confides in her. Shin So-yul as Mo Yoo-jung Shi-won's best friend, despite the occasional argument following the revelation that Yoo-jung is a fan of Sechs Kies, a rival boy band. Yoo-jung is known to be very fickle when it comes to love, falling for boys - whether in real life or in the celebrity world - at the drop of a hat. Eun Ji-won as Do Hak-chan A transfer student from Seoul. Hak-chan loves sports and has a comically large pornography collection. He is outgoing around his friends, yet his major weakness is his inability to interact with girls - however, he eventually falls for Yoo-jung. Lee Si-eon as Bang Sung-jae The mile-a-minute talker and one-man rumor mill of the group. Sung Dong-il as Sung Dong-il Kang Kyun-sung as young Dong-il in 1968 (ep. 9) Shi-won's father and a baseball coach of the Busan Seagulls. Lee Il-hwa as Lee Il-hwa Park Cho-rong as young Lee Il-hwa in 1968 (ep. 9) Shi-won's mother and a housewife. Song Jong-ho as Yoon Tae-woong A teacher at the high school. Tae-woong turns out to be Yoon-jae's older brother, and had previously been engaged to Shi-won's late elder sister prior to her death. However, over the course of the show, Tae-woong also falls for Shi-won. Supporting Noh Ji-yeon as Jang Dan-ji - Moon Hee-joon fangirl Jung Kyung-mi as Kyung-mi / "Eun Dokki" (Eun Axe) - Sechs Kies fangirl, a bully at the school who believes Eun Ji-won has chosen her, and who is in love with Yoon-jae and Joon-hee, and clashes with Shi-won on the subject, while vying for both boys' attention. Kim Sun-ah as Kim Sun-ah / "Eun Gak-ha" - Sechs Kies fangirl, the accomplice of Kyung-mi, who also is in love with Yoon-jae and Joon-hee. Special appearances Tony Ahn as himself (ep. 1, 3, 6) Kim Gook-jin as himself (ep. 1) Kim Ye-won as Sung Song-joo (ep. 3, 4, 9) Moon Hee-joon as himself (voice) (ep. 3) Im Si-wan as ROTC chatmate (ep. 4) Lee Yoon-seok as Gyu-gaeng, bungeoppang vendor (ep. 5) Kim Jong-min as driver in car accident (ep. 5) Shin Bong-sun as Busan H.O.T. fanclub president (ep. 6) Jung Joo-ri as noraebang customer (ep. 8) Jung Myung-ok as noraebang customer (ep. 8) Kim Tae-won as noraebang customer (ep. 8) Choo Min-ki as Choo Shin-soo (ep. 8) Ryu Dam as Lee Dae-ho (ep. 8) Yang Joon-hyuk as Yoon Joon-hyuk, Yoon-je's father (ep. 9) Son Jin-young as young Joon-hyuk in 1968 (ep. 9) Lee Yeon-kyung as Moon Jung-mi, Yoon-je's mother (ep. 9) Yoon Bo-mi as young Moon Jung-mi in 1968 (ep. 9) Kim Ki-wook as cellphone store salesman (ep. 9) Park Ji-yoon as Joon-hee's sixth older sister at noraebang (ep. 8) / seventh older sister at pojangmacha (ep. 10) Yoon Hyung-bin as Eun Gak-ha's husband (ep. 9, 10) Yang Se-hyung as Eun Dokki's husband (ep. 9, 10) Ahn Young-mi as Sechs Kies fanclub president (ep. 10) Kang Yumi as H.O.T. fanclub president (ep. 10) Kim Dae-ju as PD with megaphone (ep. 10) Shin Dong-yup as MC of the 1998 Golden Disk Awards (voice) (ep. 10) Lee Joo-yeon as Doctor Lee Joo-won (ep. 14, 16) Lee Sol-ji as TV show host (ep. 15) Go In-bum as Dong-il's uncle (ep. 15) G.NA as blind date (ep. 15) Bae Da-hae as Yoon-je's colleague and drinking buddy (ep. 16) Production The series originally aired live on cable channel tvN with 16 episodes (fourteen 30-minute episodes aired back-to-back over a period of 7 weeks, with the last 2 episodes aired separately and lasting 1 hour each due to the amount of material the staff didn't want to edit out). However, due to its popularity, the 15th and 16th episodes were also aired simultaneously on Mnet, OCN, O'live, Ongamenet and OnStyle. This drama served as the acting debut of Jung Eun-ji. Soundtrack The '90s-set drama didn't have an original soundtrack of its own since a huge aspect of the show's mood is set with era-specific music, one of its defining characteristics. Instead, lead actors Jung Eun-ji and Seo In-guk recorded a 2-part mini OST entitled Love Story to thank fans and viewers of the show. Seo was the first season winner of the music audition program Superstar K, and Eun-ji is the main vocalist of K-pop girl group A Pink. Their duet in Part 1 was a remake of 1990s idol group Cool's "All For You." Their duet in Part 2 is a remake of "Just the Way We Love", from the soundtrack of 1999 film Love Wind Love Song. The two singles topped the Gaon Single Chart and Billboard's K-Pop Hot 100, and "All For You" became one of the best-selling singles of that year with 2,499,273 downloads. Jung and Seo also gave a live performance on Mnet's M! Countdown on 6 September 2012, and on 19 September, the song "All For You" ranked first on another music program, Music Triangle. Due to popular demand, CJ E&M eventually released a "Director's Edition" soundtrack that feature Jung and Seo's 2 covers, as well as '90s songs played throughout the series. It also included a mini photobook and a behind-the-scenes DVD. Before its official release, the album sold out its 12,500 units via pre-order, surpassing the average soundtrack sales figure of 5,000. Reception and impact The TV serial mostly consisted of idol singers with scant acting experience, and apart from the meta casting of Sechs Kies member Eun Ji-won (who previously worked with director Shin Won-ho and the writing staff on the variety show 1 Night & 2 Days), it premiered with little hype. But through strong word of mouth, it soon gained recognition as a high-quality production with a distinct sense of identity, becoming a buzz-worthy "syndrome" show (the Korean slang term for a hit show with an ardent fanbase). With Korean cable shows generally considered successful if they hit 1%, Reply 1997 took cable ratings by storm, and received an immense amount of attention and critical praise. The show has been credited for its laser-sharp attention to detail, re-creating the late '90s with an accuracy that had fans singing its praises. Endless pop culture references are packed into every minute of the show, with little pop culture easter eggs hidden in scenes, callbacks to the trends of the day, and cameos that are in-jokes. It was also a digital success, receiving more than a million hits after it was made available for downloading and streaming on internet and mobile site Tving. This was attributed to the fact that Reply 1997 had aired on a cable network (pay television channel), such that several viewers were unable to watch it live. With the majority of Korean dramas shot in the capital city of Seoul, another of the show's charms is its Busan setting, which is treated in a matter-of-fact way as a locale. The realism is aided by the fact that much of the principal cast actually hails from the region, who speak with the authentic Gyeongsang dialect. The dialogue also uses time-specific, location-specific slang. But '90s nostalgia and meticulous attention to detail is only part of the show's appeal. Fans were also intrigued by the clues that the 2012 scenes dropped at regular intervals about who ends up together, as well as the episodes' subtle twists. And its smart, witty way of addressing the growing pains of its adolescent cast makes it just as relevant in the present as it was back in the late-'90s setting of its primary plot. Audiences have lauded the show's intimacy and realism, with a sincerity that connects with people — even those outside that particular generation. Seo In-guk, Eun Ji-won, Lee Si-eon and Shin So-yul hosted the 15 September 2012 episode of sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live Korea, which included skits that parody scenes in their series. On 20 September 2012, a special was aired on tvN's enews featuring behind-the-scenes videos and a few bloopers from the set. A novelization was published in January 2013. Director Shin Won-ho re-edited all 16 episodes for a special director's cut DVD, released in February 2013. It also included 358 minutes of exclusive behind-the-scenes footage, a blooper reel, as well as commentary from the director and actors. The show was said to have sparked the "retro" trend in South Korea and the media and cultural commentators have noted an increased interest in the pop culture of the 1990s after the show aired. Notably, the show garnered more interest in "first generation" K-pop idol groups whose heyday took place during the 1990s prior to the Korean Wave, hence not being as well known to international audiences as their much younger counterparts. Not long after the show concluded, Eun and H.O.T members Moon Hee-joon and Tony An joined two other members of fellow first-generation groups in filming their own variety show Handsome Boys of the 20th Century, which Moon called the "reality-variety show version of Reply 1997". In 2014, the highly successful comebacks of Seo Taiji, g.o.d and Fly to the Sky further added to the retro wave. The variety show Infinite Challenge began airing the "Saturday, Saturday is for Singers" (ToToGa) segment which specifically features artists and groups popular during the 1990s and has directly led to the reunions of first-generation groups Jinusean, S.E.S, Sechs Kies and H.O.T after over a decade of inactivity or disbandment. Ratings Awards and nominations Spin-offs Another series from the same writer and director, Reply 1994 was produced in 2013. Set in a college campus, it follows the pop culture events of that year, including the emergence of seminal K-pop group Seo Taiji and Boys and the basketball craze of the era. It also starred Sung Dong-il and Lee Il-hwa, but as different characters. Younger cast members Jung Eun-ji, Seo In-guk, Hoya, Lee Si-eon, Shin So-yul, Eun Ji-won, and Lee Jooyeon reprised their Reply 1997 roles in cameo appearances. A second spin-off, Reply 1988, aired in 2015. Sung Dong-il and Lee Il-hwa again joined the cast. Remake An American remake, Answer Me 1999 is in development at Fox, written by Amy Andelson and Emily Meyer (Step Up 3D), with the pilot episode directed by Jon M. Chu. References External links 2012 South Korean television series debuts 2012 South Korean television series endings 2010s teen drama television series Korean-language television shows TVN (South Korean TV channel) television dramas Television series set in 1997 South Korean LGBT-related television shows Television shows set in Busan Television series by CJ E&M South Korean comedy-drama television series South Korean teen dramas 2010s LGBT-related comedy television series 2010s LGBT-related drama television series Television series about teenagers

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C11%EA%B8%B0%20%EC%B5%9C%EA%B3%A0%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98%20%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%98%EC%9B%90%20%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0

제11기 최고인민회의 대의원 선거

제11기 최고인민회의 대의원 선거는 2003년 8월 3일에 열린 조선민주주의인민공화국의 11대 최고인민회의 선거다. 대의원 687명을 선출하였다. 상세 조선로동당이 대다수 의석을 가져갔으며, 조선사회민주당과 천도교청우당이 나머지 의석을 가져갔다. 선거 결과 총 687명의 대의원이 당선되었다. 리을설, 류미영, 김경희, 김복남, 강준호, 김영남, 김영복, 류충렬, 장성택, 리제강, 홍서헌, 리순임, 신성보, 유일웅, 오이종, 김정호, 리경일, 윤석천, 전경수, 황길철, 최장애, 김히택, 배영규, 곽상식, 김성히, 허정숙, 조명록, 리운국, 리명옥, 강석주, 엄승근, 량만길, 박정순, 김동운, 박성철, 백학림, 김인남, 김영춘, 오익제, 박관오, 김광철, 김익현, 백용천, 김화숙, 리화실, 강남익, 송춘식, 리동찬, 정명옥, 김일철, 홍성남, 김성희, 박봉남, 김복실, 임만순, 장덕영, 문석불, 리승호, 김세명, 김호제, 김중린, 강광수, 리경철, 신일남, 문상민, 조윤제, 리웅찬, 한재록, 리정록, 김철만, 위영애, 김영주, 리영용, 허득남, 노광철, 김윤혁, 윤기정, 최홍일, 고인호, 염창룡, 김국태, 변영립, 리광호, 안명옥, 장 철, 김영대, 소주정, 황순희, 최태복, 김봉실, 조창덕, 안인건, 리봉수, 김명윤, 계영삼, 로봉호, 김기남, 강순희, 한정화, 정하철, 김응철, 리우호, 채희정, 정완익, 리용무, 최분희, 김영길, 리용철, 최룡익, 강일관, 주동일, 리길송, 강관주, 유범순, 최응권, 김정각, 백성남, 리무영, 김금숙, 리재항, 정용혁, 박태화, 송호경, 김순화, 전영식, 김복신, 강영섭, 리창원, 김순집, 라성환, 원정삼, 리금범, 림경숙, 장성우, 김옥련, 오명일, 림상종, 강부필, 지재룡, 문명학, 양만식, 박동석, 김유봉, 서병복, 리히일, 려원구, 박윤건, 신응식, 김두익, 김연화, 강형봉, 전재록, 최승철, 장병태, 김명희, 최 영, 최종률, 함정건, 한광복, 강영태, 정문산, 박영훈, 조대하, 라영란, 손석근, 김려수, 김재화, 권현숙, 김준걸, 최성원, 강철원, 전금진, 리주오, 장 웅, 김룡근, 김정길, 류재명, 박용석, 리봉익, 정재식, 김영순, 리영건, 김희삼, 곽철호, 허환철, 최영덕, 홍선옥, 신태욱, 안창련, 한운국, 한병만, 김봉수, 조강철, 김무전, 김창수, 리광근, 박명훈, 변덕상, 김용삼, 김양건, 최후용, 김익철, 최광철, 전경선, 김인순, 김학철, 림동옥, 정영철, 박용길, 문재철, 김평해, 백복남, 박순희, 손경남, 장재언, 리상룡, 장 철, 문학준, 박경삼, 리수용, 장진건, 서춘영, 송광철, 김희선, 김영재, 조정림, 윤동현, 오순영, 김덕일, 리원철, 김기룡, 김봉일, 박성실, 손운성, 리경범, 현원국, 정선문, 차명옥, 전호철, 문병금, 안영현, 한봉운, 리홍섭, 리득남, 김수조, 백세봉, 곽영남, 변태준, 김혜란, 김인숙, 오수용, 김영종, 박 성, 리상무, 김대순, 연형묵, 강원중, 정승재, 한성규, 정춘실, 김동은, 렴희룡, 신관진, 주규창, 로해순, 김채란, 김순영, 강혜숙, 박성옥, 렴인윤, 김동선, 리춘구, 김인남, 최기룡, 김치덕, 리 단, 량경복, 조경철, 리정숙, 최희정, 최경술, 허종만, 황윤남, 승상섭, 지상만, 로익화, 허남순, 김춘녀, 계응태, 리종산, 김일호, 리상주, 황순희, 안승옥, 조규일, 최수헌, 강길영, 백남일, 리준희, 송효남, 원창룡, 박정진, 리 철, 리정숙, 김병화, 리종국, 최칠남, 정옥동, 리명철, 김 정, 최진수, 서풍근, 김병률, 주진구, 안민철, 최종건, 서승철, 태형철, 함성도, 최수일, 김병환, 홍계식, 권춘학, 황휘상, 오응창, 문병록, 리경식, 리만성, 안춘섭, 김화순, 김옥규, 오영춘, 박희덕, 강련학, 리태식, 김운기, 김승옥, 최남균, 김병훈, 박의춘, 김용순, 송윤희, 백 설, 장명실, 최정선, 문경덕, 조혜숙, 한성룡, 박재필, 리히헌, 리경일, 박덕관, 고규일, 김룡연, 라창렬, 송승조, 최용선, 박철회, 김영애, 채강환, 오극렬, 김덕중, 윤 철, 문일봉, 김정옥, 신현광, 양형섭, 고정익, 로배권, 백남순, 리종식, 원동구, 주기찬, 김성웅, 박광조, 김시학, 황상권, 김소자, 박명식, 박남철, 봉찬호, 김정록, 리철호, 로두철, 최광철, 박창련, 안경호, 김일근, 배달준, 리찬복, 김령성, 리교상, 김명걸, 김지원, 김병송, 리극수, 김유호, 김원일, 정기훈, 서만술, 홍종구, 한원일, 홍석진, 리용수, 류금렬, 김진규, 석경수, 우두태, 김정심, 김영식, 정성옥, 손금월, 신병철, 리용선, 서석윤, 전선웅, 김인복, 리종혁, 오광철, 정병상, 심상대, 변룡세, 손삼술, 한수만, 김홍수, 김기우, 문영철, 김승연, 고종덕, 지영춘, 리환기, 강능수, 박중근, 신대균, 권이순, 황영삼, 김제동, 리문영, 박삼호, 리광남, 최관영, 리종무, 리철봉, 정문수, 리창한, 전혜성, 리원일, 전대원, 최인호, 고선옥, 남진히, 한장빈, 한재명, 강덕수, 차경일, 박명철, 김양점, 허영춘, 손현남, 송춘섭, 리성웅, 리호림, 리제선, 렴순길, 김화월, 주영숙, 박성일, 김영국, 김양근, 박봉주, 신안선, 조병주, 정병곤, 우원석, 허 학, 장명학, 김종영, 한우철, 리추옥, 류경옥, 리효선, 유경숙, 박인주, 신성우, 한희환, 김만상, 김수학, 문영선, 동영일, 전철구, 리의현, 리영애, 지기선, 김승남, 차승수, 김성덕, 박문식, 한주환, 장영걸, 김풍기, 장동운, 김영걸, 박익동, 박남기, 오기석, 리영숙, 량수정, 강태무, 황재경, 김완수, 리태남, 김재권, 장순금, 우동측, 홍사연, 김송훈, 전경남, 김규훈, 박성수, 필영근, 장일선, 박길연, 김봉식, 박성춘, 송준택, 고정식, 황봉영, 장선옥, 남송록, 황옥선, 조명용, 조윤희, 김창규, 고증호, 신동선, 김계관, 김두남, 김경호, 송순녀, 허한룡, 김용진, 최관준, 리 호, 리정식, 김춘금, 홍석형, 태장헌, 고기훈, 동 훈, 전승훈, 주춘섭, 한흥표, 김민숙, 전성호, 태선희, 김형찬, 송금옥, 전병섭, 김원복, 김태봉, 최길주, 표일석, 송룡수, 김의순, 김동일, 송정희, 박수길, 리귀옥, 리상철, 리태일, 김성종, 한치설, 정찬경, 석길호, 림영철, 박광철, 박명훈, 정영선, 최용호, 김수열, 박창식, 홍린섭, 전광록, 장인숙, 주순옥, 장용석, 림죽선, 리일남, 박철호, 김명희, 리봉죽, 한명국, 김형덕, 최춘황, 박근수, 차영철, 최기준, 리공필, 최덕주, 연태정, 김경호, 송정수, 리현섭, 김용일, 박길만, 김동규, 김동협, 리영복, 김득삼, 정운업, 리호현, 김영일, 오세인, 정명조, 리혜철, 고명희, 김수덕, 전병호, 곽범기, 김형남, 문응조, 길철혁, 김덕훈, 김정숙, 림명환, 임종실, 조희건, 김윤심, 최준길, 한승로, 오금철, 차준식, 리병철, 한두현, 김기선, 리춘일, 김승연, 박재경, 려춘석, 방창덕, 김상익, 리영길, 현철해, 리원정, 리시중, 김원홍, 리 호, 최형관, 김정일, 리형룡, 정호균, 전진수, 박창건, 김문종, 변인선, 장영봉, 김룡운, 주순철, 김형룡, 전재권, 김정현, 김을영, 리명수, 남상락, 렴용히, 리영호, 박원식, 정명도, 박영식, 리태봉, 허성일, 신금연, 정창렬, 박윤활, 리병삼, 전창복, 윤정린, 김금선, 리국준, 김창섭, 김승범, 최룡수, 심원일, 리무웅, 김정남, 로경준, 박인영 각주 2003년 선거 2003년 조선민주주의인민공화국 조선민주주의인민공화국의 선거 최고인민회의

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20North%20Korean%20parliamentary%20election

2003 North Korean parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in North Korea on 3 August 2003. Representatives were elected for five-year terms to all 687 seats of the Supreme People's Assembly, and also to 26,650 positions in city, county, and provincial People's Assemblies. All candidates were members of the three parties constituting the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland. Most polling booths featured posters saying: "Let's participate in the voting for deputies to the People's Assembly and give our support to them!". There was a 99.9% turnout for the election with each candidate receiving 100% of the vote unopposed. In its first session, on 3 September, the newly elected parliament re-elected Kim Jong-il as the Chairman of the National Defence Commission. Significance of the number 649 in North Korean politics Kim Jong-il's seat was the 649th seat, and in North Korea, political meanings are imparted to numbers of the constituencies for cult of personality purposes. According to North Korean sources, multiplying 6, 4 and 9 gives the number 216, which coincides with Kim Jong-il's birthday, 16 February, and 4 times 9 plus 6 gives the number 42, which coincides with Kim Jong-il's official birth year, 1942. Results Elected members The following were elected as members of parliament: Electoral District: Ri Ul-sol Electoral District: Ryu Mi-yong Electoral District: Kim Kyong-hui Electoral District: Kim Bok-nam Electoral District: Kang Jun-ho Electoral District: Kim Yong-nam Electoral District: Kim Yong-bok Electoral District: Ryu Chung-ryol Electoral District: Jang Song-thaek Electoral District: Ri Je-kang Electoral District: Hong So-hon Electoral District: Ri Sun-im Electoral District: Sin Song-bo Electoral District: Yu Il-ung Electoral District: O I-jong Electoral District: Kim Jong-ho Electoral District: Ri Kyong-il Electoral District: Yun Sok-chon Electoral District: Chon Kyong-su Electoral District: Hwang Kil-chol Electoral District: Choe Chang-ae Electoral District: Kim Hi-thaek Electoral District: Pae Yong-kyu Electoral District: Kwak Sang-sik Electoral District: Kim Song-hi Electoral District: Ho Jong-suk Electoral District: Cho Myong-rok Electoral District: Ri Un-kuk Electoral District: Ri Myong-ok Electoral District: Kang Sok-chu Electoral District: Omsung Kun Electoral District: Ryang Man-kil Electoral District: Electoral District: Kim Tong-un Electoral District: Pak Song-chol Electoral District: Paek Hak-rim Electoral District: Kim In-nam Electoral District: Kim Yong-chun Electoral District: O Ik-je Electoral District: Pak Kwan-o Electoral District: Kim Kwang-chol Electoral District: Kim Ik-hyon Electoral District: Paek Yong-chon Electoral District: Kim Hwa-suk Electoral District: Ri Hwa-sil Electoral District: Kang Nam-ik Electoral District: Song Chun-sik Electoral District: Ri Tong-chan Electoral District: Jong Myong-ok Electoral District: Kim Il-chol Electoral District: Hong Song-nam Electoral District: Kim Song-hui Electoral District: Pak Pong-nam Electoral District: Kim Bok-sil Electoral District: Im Man-sun Electoral District: Chang Tok-yong Electoral District: Mun Sok-bul Electoral District: Ri Sung-ho Electoral District: Kim Se-myong Electoral District: Kim Ho-je Electoral District: Kim Jung-rin Electoral District: Kang Kwang-su Electoral District: Ri Kyong-chol Electoral District: Sin Il-nam Electoral District: Mun Sang-min Electoral District: Cho Yun-je Electoral District: Ri Ung-chan Electoral District: Han Jae-rok Electoral District: Ri Jong-rok Electoral District: Kim Chol-man Electoral District: Hui Yong-ae Electoral District: Kim Yong-chu Electoral District: Ri Yong-yong Electoral District: Ho Tuk-nam Electoral District: No Kwang-chol Electoral District: Kim Yun-hyok Electoral District: Yun Ki-jong Electoral District: Choe Hong-il Electoral District: Ko In-ho Electoral District: Yomchang Ryong Electoral District: Kim Kuk-thae Electoral District: Pyon Yong-reeb Electoral District: Ri Kwang-ho Electoral District: An Myong-ok Electoral District: Chang Chol Electoral District: Kim Yong-dae Electoral District: So Chu-jong Electoral District: Hwang Sun-hui Electoral District: Choe Thae-bok Electoral District: Kim Pong-sil Electoral District: Cho Chang-tok Electoral District: An In-kon Electoral District: Ri Pong-su Electoral District: Kim Myong-yun Electoral District: Kye Yong-sam Electoral District: Ro Pong-ho Electoral District: Kim Ki-nam Electoral District: Kang Sun-hui Electoral District: Han Jong-hwa Electoral District: Jong Ha-chol Electoral District: Kim Ung-chol Electoral District: Ri U-ho Electoral District: Chae Hui-jong Electoral District: Jong Wan-ik Electoral District: Ri Yong-mu Electoral District: Choe Punhui Electoral District: Kim Yong-kil Electoral District: Ri Yong-chol Electoral District: Choe Ryong-ik Electoral District: Kang Il-kwan Electoral District: Chu Tong-il Electoral District: Ri Kil-song Electoral District: Kang Kwan-chu Electoral District: Yu Pom-sun Electoral District: Choe Ung-kwon Electoral District: Kim Jong-kak Electoral District: Paek Song-nam Electoral District: Ri Mu-yong Electoral District: Kim Kum-suk Electoral District: Ri Jae-hang Electoral District: Jong Yong-hyok Electoral District: Pak Thae-hwa Electoral District: Song Ho-kyong Electoral District: Kim Sun-hwa Electoral District: Chon Yong-sik Electoral District: Kim Bok-sin Electoral District: Kang Yong-sob Electoral District: Ri Chang-won Electoral District: Kim Sun-jib Electoral District: Ra Song-hwan Electoral District: Won Jong-sam Electoral District: Ri Kum-pom Electoral District: Rim Kyong-suk Electoral District: Chang Song-u Electoral District: Kim Ok-ryon Electoral District: O Myong-il Electoral District: Rim Sang-jong Electoral District: Kang Pu-phil Electoral District: Chi Jae-ryong Electoral District: Mun Myong-hak Electoral District: Yang Man-sik Electoral District: Pak Tong-sok Electoral District: Kim Yu-pong Electoral District: So Pyong-bok Electoral District: Ri Hi-il Electoral District: Ryo Won-ku Electoral District: Pak Yun-kon Electoral District: Sin Ung-sik Electoral District: Kim Tu-ik Electoral District: Kim Yon-hwa Electoral District: Kang Hyong-pong Electoral District: Chon Jae-rok Electoral District: Choe Sung-chol Electoral District: Chang Pyong-thae Electoral District: Kim Myong-hui Electoral District: Choe Yong Electoral District: Choe Jong-ryul Electoral District: Ham Jong-kon Electoral District: Han Kwang-bok Electoral District: Kang Yong-thae Electoral District: Jong Mun-son Electoral District: Pak Yong-hun Electoral District: Cho Tae-ha Electoral District: Ra Yong-ran Electoral District: Son Sok-kun Electoral District: Kim Ryo-su Electoral District: Kim Jae-hwa Electoral District: Kwon Hyon-suk Electoral District: Kim Jun-kol Electoral District: Choe Song-won Electoral District: Kang Chol-won Electoral District: Chon Kum-chin Electoral District: Ri Chu-o Electoral District: Chang Ung Electoral District: Kim Ryong-kun Electoral District: Kim Jong-kil Electoral District: Ryu Jae-myong Electoral District: Pak Yong-sok Electoral District: Ri Pong-ik Electoral District: Jong Jae-sik Electoral District: Kim Yong-sun Electoral District: Ri Yong-kon Electoral District: Kim Hui-sam Electoral District: Kwak Chol-ho Electoral District: Ho Hwan-chol Electoral District: Choe Yong-tok Electoral District: Hong Son-ok Electoral District: Sin Thae-uk Electoral District: An Chang-ryon Electoral District: Han Un-kuk Electoral District: Han Pyong-man Electoral District: Kim Pong-su Electoral District: Cho Kang-chol Electoral District: Kim Mu-chon Electoral District: Kim Chang-su Electoral District: Ri Kwang-kun Electoral District: Pak Myong-hun Electoral District: Pyon Tok-sang Electoral District: Kim Yong-sam Electoral District: Kim Yang-kon Electoral District: Choe Hu-yong Electoral District: Kim Ik-chol Electoral District: Choe Kwang-chol Electoral District: Chon Kyong-son Electoral District: Kim In-sun Electoral District: Kim Hak-chol Electoral District: Rim Tong-ok Electoral District: Jong Yong-chol Electoral District: Pak Yong-kil Electoral District: Mun Jae-chol Electoral District: Kim Phyong-hae Electoral District: Paek Bok-nam Electoral District: Pak Sun-hui Electoral District: Son Kyong-nam Electoral District: Chang Jae-on Electoral District: Ri Sang-ryong Electoral District: Chang Chol Electoral District: Mun Hak-jun Electoral District: Pak Kyong-sam Electoral District: Ri Su-yong Electoral District: Chang Chin-kon Electoral District: So Chun-yong Electoral District: Song Kwang-chol Electoral District: Kim Hui-son Electoral District: Kim Yong-jae Electoral District: Cho Jong-rim Electoral District: Yun Tong-hyon Electoral District: O Sun-yong Electoral District: Kim Tok-il Electoral District: Ri Won-chol Electoral District: Kim Ki-ryong Electoral District: Kim Pong-il Electoral District: Pak Song-sil Electoral District: Son Un-song Electoral District: Ri Kyong-pom Electoral District: Hyon Won-kuk Electoral District: Jong Son-mun Electoral District: Cha Myong-ok Electoral District: Chon Ho-chol Electoral District: Mun Pyong-kum Electoral District: An Yong-hyon Electoral District: Han Pong-un Electoral District: Ri Hong-sob Electoral District: Ri Tuk-nam Electoral District: Kim Su-cho Electoral District: Paek Se-pong Electoral District: Kwak Yong-nam Electoral District: Pyon Thae-jun Electoral District: Kim Hye-ran Electoral District: Kim In-suk Electoral District: O Su-yong Electoral District: Kim Yong-jong Electoral District: Pak Song Electoral District: Ri Sang-mu Electoral District: Kim Tae-sun Electoral District: Yon Hyong-muk Electoral District: Kang Won-jung Electoral District: Jong Sung-jae Electoral District: Han Song-kyu Electoral District: Jong Chun-sil Electoral District: Kim Tong-un Electoral District: Ryom Hui-ryong Electoral District: Sin Kwan-chin Electoral District: Chu Kyu-chang Electoral District: Ro Hae-sun Electoral District: Kim Chae-ran Electoral District: Kim Sun-yong Electoral District: Kang Hye-suk Electoral District: Pak Song-ok Electoral District: Ryom In-yun Electoral District: Kim Tong-son Electoral District: Ri Chun-ku Electoral District: Kim In-nam Electoral District: Choe Ki-ryong Electoral District: Kim Chi-tok Electoral District: Ri Tan Electoral District: Ryang Kyong-bok Electoral District: Cho Kyong-chol Electoral District: Ri Jong-suk Electoral District: Choe Hui-jong Electoral District: Choe Kyong-sul Electoral District: Ho Jong-man Electoral District: Hwang Yun-nam Electoral District: Sung Sang-sob Electoral District: Chi Sang-man Electoral District: Ro Ik-hwa Electoral District: Ho Nam-sun Electoral District: Kim Chun-nyo Electoral District: Kye Ung-thae Electoral District: Ri Jong-son Electoral District: Kim Il-ho Electoral District: Ri Sang-chu Electoral District: Hwang Sun-hui Electoral District: An Sung-ok Electoral District: Cho Kyu-il Electoral District: Choe Su-hon Electoral District: Kang Kil-yong Electoral District: Paek Nam-il Electoral District: Ri Jun-hui Electoral District: Song Hyo-nam Electoral District: Won Chang-ryong Electoral District: Pak Jong-chin Electoral District: Ri Chol Electoral District: Ri Jong-suk Electoral District: Kim Pyong-hwa Electoral District: Ri Jong-kuk Electoral District: Choe Chil-nam Electoral District: Jong Ok-tong Electoral District: Ri Myong-chol Electoral District: Kim Jong Electoral District: Choe Chin-su Electoral District: So Pung-kun Electoral District: Kim Pyong-ryul Electoral District: Chu Chin-ku Electoral District: An Min-chol Electoral District: Choe Jong-kon Electoral District: So Sung-chol Electoral District: Thae Hyong-chol Electoral District: Ham Song-to Electoral District: Choe Su-il Electoral District: Kim Pyong-hwan Electoral District: Hong Kye-sik Electoral District: Kwon Chun-hak Electoral District: Hwang Hwi-sang Electoral District: O Ung-chang Electoral District: Mun Pyong-rok Electoral District: Ri Kyong-sik Electoral District: Ri Man-song Electoral District: An Chun-sob Electoral District: Kim Hwa-sun Electoral District: Kim Ok-kyu Electoral District: O Yong-chun Electoral District: Pak Hui-tok Electoral District: Kang Ryon-hak Electoral District: Ri Thae-sik Electoral District: Kim Un-ki Electoral District: Kim Sung-ok Electoral District: Choe Nam-kyun Electoral District: Kim Pyong-hun Electoral District: Pak Ui-chun Electoral District: Kim Yong-sun Electoral District: Song Yun-hui Electoral District: Paek Sol Electoral District: Chang Myong-sil Electoral District: Choe Jong-son Electoral District: Mun Kyong-tok Electoral District: Cho Hye-suk Electoral District: Han Song-ryong Electoral District: Pak Jae-phil Electoral District: Ri Hi-hon Electoral District: Ri Kyong-il Electoral District: Pak Tok-kwan Electoral District: Ko Kyu-il Electoral District: Kim Ryong-yon Electoral District: Ra Chang-ryol Electoral District: Song Sung-cho Electoral District: Choe Yong-son Electoral District: Pak Chol-hoe Electoral District: Kim Yong-ae Electoral District: Chae Kang-hwan Electoral District: O Kuk-ryol Electoral District: Kim Tok-jung Electoral District: Yun Chol Electoral District: Mun Il-pong Electoral District: Kim Jong-ok Electoral District: Sin Hyon-kwang Electoral District: Yang Hyong-sob Electoral District: Ko Jong-ik Electoral District: Ro Pae-kwon Electoral District: Paek Nam-sun Electoral District: Ri Jong-sik Electoral District: Won Tong-ku Electoral District: Chu Ki-chan Electoral District: Kim Song-ung Electoral District: Pak Kwang-cho Electoral District: Kim Si-hak Electoral District: Hwang Sang-kwon Electoral District: Kim Socha Electoral District: Pak Myong-sik Electoral District: Pak Nam-chol Electoral District: Pong Chan-ho Electoral District: Kim Jong-rok Electoral District: Ri Chol-ho Electoral District: Ro Tu-chol Electoral District: Choe Kwang-chol Electoral District: Pak Chang-ryon Electoral District: An Kyong-ho Electoral District: Kim Il-kun Electoral District: Pae Tal-jun Electoral District: Ri Chan-bok Electoral District: Kim Ryong-song Electoral District: Ri Kyo-sang Electoral District: Kim Myong-kol Electoral District: Kim Chi-won Electoral District: Kim Pyong-song Electoral District: Ri Kuk-su Electoral District: Kim Yu-ho Electoral District: Kim Won-il Electoral District: Jong Ki-hun Electoral District: So Man-sul Electoral District: Hong Jong-ku Electoral District: Han Won-il Electoral District: Hong Sok-chin Electoral District: Ri Yong-su Electoral District: Ryu Kum-ryol Electoral District: Kim Chin-kyu Electoral District: Sok Kyong-su Electoral District: U Tu-thae Electoral District: Kim Jong-sim Electoral District: Kim Yong-sik Electoral District: Jong Song-ok Electoral District: Son Kum-wol Electoral District: Sin Pyong-chol Electoral District: Ri Yong-son Electoral District: So Sok-yun Electoral District: Chon Son-ung Electoral District: Kim In-bok Electoral District: Ri Jong-hyok Electoral District: O Kwang-chol Electoral District: Jong Pyong-sang Electoral District: Sim Sang-tae Electoral District: Pyon Ryong-se Electoral District: Son Sam-sul Electoral District: Han Su-man Electoral District: Kim Hong-su Electoral District: Kim Ki-u Electoral District: Mun Yong-chol Electoral District: Kim Sung-yon Electoral District: Ko Jong-tok Electoral District: Chi Yong-chun Electoral District: Ri Hwan-ki Electoral District: Kang Nung-su Electoral District: Pak Jung-kun Electoral District: Sin Tae-kyun Electoral District: Kwon Isun Electoral District: Hwang Yong-sam Electoral District: Kim Je-tong Electoral District: Ri Mun-yong Electoral District: Pak Sam-ho Electoral District: Ri Kwang-nam Electoral District: Choe Kwan-yong Electoral District: Ri Jong-mu Electoral District: Ri Chol-pong Electoral District: Jong Mun-su Electoral District: Ri Chang-han Electoral District: Chon Hye-song Electoral District: Ri Won-il Electoral District: Chon Tae-won Electoral District: Choe In-ho Electoral District: Ko Son-ok Electoral District: Nam Chin-hi Electoral District: Han Chang-bin Electoral District: Han Jae-myong Electoral District: Kang Tok-su Electoral District: Cha Kyong-il Electoral District: Pak Myong-chol Electoral District: Kim Yang-jom Electoral District: Ho Yong-chun Electoral District: Son Hyon-nam Electoral District: Song Chun-sob Electoral District: Ri Song-ung Electoral District: Ri Ho-rim Electoral District: Ri Je-son Electoral District: Ryom Sun-kil Electoral District: Kim Hwa-wol Electoral District: Chu Yong-suk Electoral District: Pak Song-il Electoral District: Kim Yong-kuk Electoral District: Kim Yang-kun Electoral District: Pak Pong-chu Electoral District: Sin An-son Electoral District: Cho Pyong-chu Electoral District: Jong Pyong-kon Electoral District: U Won-sok Electoral District: Ho Hak Electoral District: Chang Myong-hak Electoral District: Kim Jong-yong Electoral District: Han U-chol Electoral District: Ri Chu-ok Electoral District: Ryu Kyong-ok Electoral District: Ri Hyo-son Electoral District: Yu Kyong-suk Electoral District: Pak In-chu Electoral District: Sin Song-u Electoral District: Han Hui-hwan Electoral District: Kim Man-sang Electoral District: Kim Su-hak Electoral District: Mun Yong-son Electoral District: Tong Yong-il Electoral District: Chon Chol-ku Electoral District: Ri Ui-hyon Electoral District: Ri Yong-ae Electoral District: Chi Ki-son Electoral District: Kim Sung-nam Electoral District: Cha Sung-su Electoral District: Kim Song-tok Electoral District: Pak Mun-sik Electoral District: Han Chu-hwan Electoral District: Chang Yong-kol Electoral District: Kim Pung-ki Electoral District: Chang Tong-un Electoral District: Kim Yong-kol Electoral District: Pak Ik-tong Electoral District: Pak Nam-gi Electoral District: O Ki-sok Electoral District: Ri Yong-suk Electoral District: Ryang Su-jong Electoral District: Kang Thae-mu Electoral District: Hwang Jae-kyong Electoral District: Kim Wan-su Electoral District: Ri Thae-nam Electoral District: Kim Jae-kwon Electoral District: Chang Sun-kum Electoral District: U Tong-chuk Electoral District: Hong Sa-yon Electoral District: Kim Song-hun Electoral District: Chon Kyong-nam Electoral District: Kim Kyu-hun Electoral District: Pak Song-su Electoral District: Phil Yong-kun Electoral District: Chang Il-son Electoral District: Pak Kil-yon Electoral District: Kim Pong-sik Electoral District: Pak Song-chun Electoral District: Song Jun-thaek Electoral District: Ko Jong-sik Electoral District: Hwang Pong-yong Electoral District: Chang Son-ok Electoral District: Nam Song-rok Electoral District: Hwang Ok-son Electoral District: Cho Myong-yong Electoral District: Cho Yun-hui Electoral District: Kim Chang-kyu Electoral District: Ko chung ho Electoral District: Sin Tong-son Electoral District: Kim Kye-kwan Electoral District: Kim Tu-nam Electoral District: Kim Kyong-ho Electoral District: Song Sun-nyo Electoral District: Ho Han-ryong Electoral District: Kim Yong-chin Electoral District: Choe Kwan-jun Electoral District: Ri Ho Electoral District: Ri Jong-sik Electoral District: Kim Chun-kum Electoral District: Hong Sok-hyong Electoral District: Thae Chang-hon Electoral District: Ko Ki-hun Electoral District: Tong Hun Electoral District: Chon Sung-hun Electoral District: Chu Chun-sob Electoral District: Han Hung-phyo Electoral District: Kim Min-suk Electoral District: Chon Song-ho Electoral District: Thae Son-hui Electoral District: Kim Hyong-chan Electoral District: Song Kum-ok Electoral District: Chon Pyong-sob Electoral District: Kim Won-bok Electoral District: Kim Thae-pong Electoral District: Choe Kil-chu Electoral District: Phyo Il-sok Electoral District: Song Ryong-su Electoral District: Kim Ui-sun Electoral District: Kim Tong-il Electoral District: Song Jong-hui Electoral District: Pak Su-kil Electoral District: Ri Kwi-ok Electoral District: Ri Sang-chol Electoral District: Ri Thae-il Electoral District: Kim Song-jong Electoral District: Han Chi-sol Electoral District: Jong Chan-kyong Electoral District: Sok Kil-ho Electoral District: Rim Yong-chol Electoral District: Pak Kwang-chol Electoral District: Pak Myong-hun Electoral District: Jong Yong-son Electoral District: Choe Yong-ho Electoral District: Kim Su-yol Electoral District: Pak Chang-sik Electoral District: Hong Rin-sob Electoral District: Chon Kwang-rok Electoral District: Chang In-suk Electoral District: Chu Sun-ok Electoral District: Chang Yong-sok Electoral District: Rim Juk-son Electoral District: Ri Il-nam Electoral District: Pak Chol-ho Electoral District: Kim Myong-hui Electoral District: Ri Pong-juk Electoral District: Han Myong-kuk Electoral District: Kim Hyong-tok Electoral District: Choe Chun-hwang Electoral District: Pak Kun-su Electoral District: Cha Yong-chol Electoral District: Choe Ki-jun Electoral District: Ri Kong-phil Electoral District: Choe Tok-chu Electoral District: Yon Thae-jong Electoral District: Kim Kyong-ho Electoral District: Song Jong-su Electoral District: Ri Hyon-sob Electoral District: Kim Yong-il Electoral District: Pak Kil-man Electoral District: Kim Tong-kyu Electoral District: Kim Tong-hyob Electoral District: Ri Yong-bok Electoral District: Kim Tuk-sam Electoral District: Jong Un-op Electoral District: Ri Ho-hyon Electoral District: Kim Yong-il Electoral District: O Se-in Electoral District: Jong Myong-cho Electoral District: Ri Hye-chol Electoral District: Ko Myong-hui Electoral District: Kim Su-tok Electoral District: Chon Pyong-ho Electoral District: Kwak Pom-ki Electoral District: Kim Hyong-nam Electoral District: Mun Ung-cho Electoral District: Kil Chol-hyok Electoral District: Kim Tok-hun Electoral District: Kim Jong-suk Electoral District: Rim Myong-hwan Electoral District: Im Jong-sil Electoral District: Cho Hui-kon Electoral District: Kim Yun-sim Electoral District: Choe Jun-kil Electoral District: Han Sung-ro Electoral District: O Kum-chol Electoral District: Cha Jun-sik Electoral District: Ri Pyong-chol Electoral District: Han Tu-hyon Electoral District: Kim Ki-son Electoral District: Ri Chun-il Electoral District: Kim Sung-yon Electoral District: Pak Jae-kyong Electoral District: Ryo Chun-sok Electoral District: Pang Chang-tok Electoral District: Kim Sang-ik Electoral District: Ri Yong-kil Electoral District: Hyon Chol-hae Electoral District: Ri Won-jong Electoral District: Ri Si-jung Electoral District: Kim Won-hong Electoral District: Ri Ho Electoral District: Choe Hyong-kwan Electoral District: Kim Jong-il Electoral District: Ri Hyong-ryong Electoral District: Jong Ho-kyun Electoral District: Chon Chin-su Electoral District: Pak Chang-kon Electoral District: Kim Mun-jong Electoral District: Pyon In-son Electoral District: Chang Yong-pong Electoral District: Kim Ryong-un Electoral District: Chu Sun-chol Electoral District: Kim Hyong-ryong Electoral District: Chon Jae-kwon Electoral District: Kim Jong-hyon Electoral District: Kim Ul-yong Electoral District: Ri Myong-su Electoral District: Nam Sang-rak Electoral District: Ryom Yong-hi Electoral District: Ri Yong-ho Electoral District: Pak Won-sik Electoral District: Jong Myong-to Electoral District: Pak Yong-sik Electoral District: Ri Thae-pong Electoral District: Ho Song-il Electoral District: Sin Kum-yon Electoral District: Jong Chang-ryol Electoral District: Pak Yun-hwal Electoral District: Ri Pyong-sam Electoral District: Chon Chang-bok Electoral District: Yun Jong-rin Electoral District: Kim Kum-son Electoral District: Ri Kuk-jun Electoral District: Kim Chang-sob Electoral District: Kim Sung-pom Electoral District: Choe Ryong-su Electoral District: Sim Won-il Electoral District: Ri Mu-ung Electoral District: Kim Jong-nam Electoral District: Ro Kyong-jun Electoral District: Pak In-yong References Elections in North Korea Parliamentary North Korea Supreme People's Assembly Election and referendum articles with incomplete results

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제12기 최고인민회의 대의원 선거

제12기 최고인민회의 대의원 선거는 2009년 3월 8일에 열린 조선민주주의인민공화국의 12대 최고인민회의 선거다. 대의원 687명을 선출하였다. 선거 결과 명단 대의원 687명을 선출하였으며, 조선로동당이 대다수 의석을 가져가고, 나머지를 조선사회민주당과 천도교청우당이 가져갔다. 제1호선거구 리을설 제2호선거구 김영복 제3호선거구 김경희 제4호선거구 강준호 제5호선거구 김영남 제6호선거구 임만순 제7호선거구 류충렬 제8호선거구 김복남 제9호선거구 홍서헌 제10호선거구 탁화숙 제11호선거구 문상민 제12호선거구 리동찬 제13호선거구 문석불 제14호선거구 김석남 제15호선거구 신영철 제16호선거구 박봉남 제17호선거구 박규홍 제18호선거구 조명록 제19호선거구 김인남 제20호선거구 리제강 제21호선거구 김광철 제22호선거구 김영주 제23호선거구 최홍일 제24호선거구 허정숙 제25호선거구 김경수 제26호선거구 김성히 제27호선거구 리명옥 제28호선거구 송춘식 제29호선거구 윤석천 제30호선거구 황길철 제31호선거구 장성택 제32호선거구 리경일 제33호선거구 김응관 제34호선거구 김동혁 제35호선거구 변영호 제36호선거구 리용무 제37호선거구 리순임 제38호선거구 김성희 제39호선거구 정동두 제40호선거구 성자립 제41호선거구 윤기정 제42호선거구 오극렬 제43호선거구 강남익 제44호선거구 전경수 제45호선거구 김영남 제46호선거구 리근일 제47호선거구 박관오 제48호선거구 강석주 제49호선거구 김명환 제50호선거구 변영립 제51호선거구 장광혁 제52호선거구 정달선 제53호선거구 김화숙 제54호선거구 정현영 제55호선거구 리용철 제56호선거구 김세명 제57호선거구 김기남 제58호선거구 김호제 제59호선거구 한정혁 제60호선거구 김복실 제61호선거구 김경옥 제62호선거구 박희권 제63호선거구 류미영 제64호선거구 전희숙 제65호선거구 조윤제 제66호선거구 김성규 제67호선거구 김양건 제68호선거구 강기섭 제69호선거구 리화실 제70호선거구 리승호 제71호선거구 박진식 제72호선거구 로정남 제73호선거구 최익규 제74호선거구 전진수 제75호선거구 김국태 제76호선거구 허성길 제77호선거구 노광철 제78호선거구 위영애 제79호선거구 김유호 제80호선거구 김정수 제81호선거구 림남수 제82호선거구 리웅찬 제83호선거구 김중린 제84호선거구 리영철 제85호선거구 안인건 제86호선거구 리재일 제87호선거구 장 철 제88호선거구 소주정 제89호선거구 박길남 제90호선거구 김봉실 제91호선거구 김시학 제92호선거구 리길송 제93호선거구 리룡남 제94호선거구 신오순 제95호선거구 한 철 제96호선거구 김철만 제97호선거구 김영대 제98호선거구 정명순 제99호선거구 채희정 제100호선거구 김용일 제101호선거구 김득삼 제102호선거구 박남기 제103호선거구 길철혁 제104호선거구 라동희 제105호선거구 양형섭 제106호선거구 김순화 제107호선거구 하응천 제108호선거구 임종실 제109호선거구 차승수 제110호선거구 김명학 제111호선거구 량장균 제112호선거구 김영성 제113호선거구 정명조 제114호선거구 지동식 제115호선거구 민경남 제116호선거구 홍광일 제117호선거구 김정숙 제118호선거구 진영일 제119호선거구 김형남 제120호선거구 김의순 제121호선거구 김기룡 제122호선거구 한정화 제123호선거구 로성실 제124호선거구 김완수 제125호선거구 리광호 제126호선거구 최영림 제127호선거구 박영순 제128호선거구 고명희 제129호선거구 유정석 제130호선거구 김영길 제131호선거구 림덕화 제132호선거구 최룡익 제133호선거구 주명선 제134호선거구 박순녀 제135호선거구 유범순 제136호선거구 전일춘 제137호선거구 백성남 제138호선거구 최응권 제139호선거구 조경철 제140호선거구 황학원 제141호선거구 채장동 제142호선거구 김경선 제143호선거구 김광연 제144호선거구 김금숙 제145호선거구 박준담 제146호선거구 전영식 제147호선거구 리경렬 제148호선거구 김창명 제149호선거구 리만호 제150호선거구 김순집 제151호선거구 현석길 제152호선거구 김기근 제153호선거구 김광영 제154호선거구 박윤일 제155호선거구 김옥련 제156호선거구 문명학 제157호선거구 김정임 제158호선거구 권혁봉 제159호선거구 김덕일 제160호선거구 장 웅 제161호선거구 최지선 제162호선거구 포희성 제163호선거구 양만식 제164호선거구 길례수 제165호선거구 김 효 제166호선거구 김용화 제167호선거구 김홍곤 제168호선거구 량수정 제169호선거구 신응식 제170호선거구 리승호 제171호선거구 김영일 제172호선거구 김연화 제173호선거구 리농근 제174호선거구 조원택 제175호선거구 김명일 제176호선거구 최종률 제177호선거구 김철웅 제178호선거구 현응실 제179호선거구 김명희 제180호선거구 김형식 제181호선거구 신안선 제182호선거구 허 택 제183호선거구 안극태 제184호선거구 로두철 제185호선거구 리규만 제186호선거구 고창수 제187호선거구 손석근 제188호선거구 원정삼 제189호선거구 전창림 제190호선거구 서란희 제191호선거구 리학성 제192호선거구 김재화 제193호선거구 김정길 제194호선거구 한우철 제195호선거구 로배권 제196호선거구 김봉수 제197호선거구 장만철 제198호선거구 리주오 제199호선거구 김혜영 제200호선거구 박종근 제201호선거구 최칠남 제202호선거구 강련학 제203호선거구 신재완 제204호선거구 리명철 제205호선거구 김영순 제206호선거구 송광철 제207호선거구 곽철호 제208호선거구 문봉룡 제209호선거구 최영덕 제210호선거구 김희영 제211호선거구 박경삼 제212호선거구 안동춘 제213호선거구 김제룡 제214호선거구 허상종 제215호선거구 김창전 제216호선거구 김 정 제217호선거구 전영선 제218호선거구 오익제 제219호선거구 리홍섭 제220호선거구 박명훈 제221호선거구 김희숙 제222호선거구 김익철 제223호선거구 리영준 제224호선거구 박명선 제225호선거구 박학선 제226호선거구 전경선 제227호선거구 김인순 제228호선거구 최광철 제229호선거구 김학철 제230호선거구 홍선옥 제231호선거구 정명학 제232호선거구 김금실 제233호선거구 김중협 제234호선거구 김당수 제235호선거구 백복남 제236호선거구 김병률 제237호선거구 차명옥 제238호선거구 김계관 제239호선거구 최혁철 제240호선거구 장재언 제241호선거구 량경복 제242호선거구 동정호 제243호선거구 허정옥 제244호선거구 리철만 제245호선거구 서춘영 제246호선거구 김평해 제247호선거구 박춘건 제248호선거구 강능수 제249호선거구 태형철 제250호선거구 윤동현 제251호선거구 오순영 제252호선거구 김병훈 제253호선거구 한병만 제254호선거구 리기수 제255호선거구 정선문 제256호선거구 박성실 제257호선거구 서운기 제258호선거구 리경범 제259호선거구 김우철 제260호선거구 김봉일 제261호선거구 김윤석 제262호선거구 전호철 제263호선거구 조성윤 제264호선거구 안영현 제265호선거구 김경희 제266호선거구 리상근 제267호선거구 오응창 제268호선거구 리광곤 제269호선거구 서승철 제270호선거구 윤철영 제271호선거구 김광린 제272호선거구 리영민 제273호선거구 안민철 제274호선거구 문재철 제275호선거구 장영수 제276호선거구 여만현 제277호선거구 김병화 제278호선거구 정옥동 제279호선거구 강추련 제280호선거구 김영걸 제281호선거구 리희찬 제282호선거구 안민흘 제283호선거구 리종국 제284호선거구 박정진 제285호선거구 정창렬 제286호선거구 안승옥 제287호선거구 강영섭 제288호선거구 박춘삼 제289호선거구 김응철 제290호선거구 강길영 제291호선거구 백남일 제292호선거구 김영호 제293호선거구 홍금선 제294호선거구 홍철수 제295호선거구 지상만 제296호선거구 황윤남 제297호선거구 려원구 제298호선거구 강창욱 제299호선거구 김일호 제300호선거구 계영삼 제301호선거구 박순희 제302호선거구 문응조 제303호선거구 허남순 제304호선거구 손경남 제305호선거구 김춘녀 제306호선거구 김동진 제307호선거구 리수영 제308호선거구 리종무 제309호선거구 윤양균 제310호선거구 조금숙 제311호선거구 진상철 제312호선거구 김락희 제313호선거구 조일기 제314호선거구 고인호 제315호선거구 김옥규 제316호선거구 윤량석 제317호선거구 최용남 제318호선거구 구명옥 제319호선거구 김창식 제320호선거구 리태식 제321호선거구 권태문 제322호선거구 신선호 제323호선거구 안춘섭 제324호선거구 김유근 제325호선거구 최 은 제326호선거구 리준희 제327호선거구 송효남 제328호선거구 박성호 제329호선거구 리병철 제330호선거구 차준식 제331호선거구 심재을 제332호선거구 최영호 제334호선거구 김정관 제335호선거구 김우호 제336호선거구 송준택 제337호선거구 한상순 제338호선거구 정명도 제339호선거구 박원식 제340호선거구 김정각 제341호선거구 김진철 제342호선거구 전 일 제343호선거구 김명국 제344호선거구 오광식 제345호선거구 주종경 제346호선거구 조경철 제347호선거구 리영길 제348호선거구 김영춘 제349호선거구 허성일 제350호선거구 김광철 제351호선거구 김금철 제352호선거구 한정진 제353호선거구 김 철 제354호선거구 리성국 제355호선거구 변인선 제356호선거구 김광일 제357호선거구 박승원 제358호선거구 리성복 제359호선거구 채문석 제360호선거구 림광윤 제361호선거구 현영철 제362호선거구 최부길 제363호선거구 주순철 제364호선거구 리정부 제365호선거구 윤경서 제366호선거구 김춘삼 제367호선거구 주성남 제368호선거구 최성운 제369호선거구 리시중 제370호선거구 김광현 제371호선거구 천재권 제372호선거구 김원홍 제373호선거구 김배종 제374호선거구 리영호 제375호선거구 리성순 제376호선거구 현철해 제377호선거구 박동학 제378호선거구 윤학선 제379호선거구 윤정린 제380호선거구 김성덕 제381호선거구 리국준 제382호선거구 김양점 제383호선거구 주상성 제384호선거구 지영춘 제385호선거구 김정호 제386호선거구 김창섭 제387호선거구 우동측 제388호선거구 류 경 제389호선거구 백 설 제390호선거구 송윤희 제391호선거구 봉찬호 제392호선거구 장명실 제393호선거구 조혜숙 제394호선거구 서동명 제395호선거구 최태복 제396호선거구 채강환 제397호선거구 곽범기 제398호선거구 김충걸 제399호선거구 박재필 제400호선거구 김철국 제401호선거구 량희철 제402호선거구 황순희 제403호선거구 고규일 제404호선거구 라창렬 제405호선거구 리철호 제406호선거구 로익화 제407호선거구 리원일 제408호선거구 김영애 제409호선거구 최성원 제410호선거구 강민철 제411호선거구 최창선 제412호선거구 림석복 제413호선거구 김무전 제414호선거구 김정옥 제415호선거구 허종만 제416호선거구 리재욱 제417호선거구 한동근 제418호선거구 리성철 제419호선거구 고병섭 제420호선거구 민동식 제421호선거구 최한춘 제422호선거구 리상호 제423호선거구 류명금 제424호선거구 황인범 제425호선거구 최룡해 제426호선거구 최용선 제427호선거구 라승진 제428호선거구 박명식 제429호선거구 김의봉 제430호선거구 김지선 제431호선거구 리상관 제432호선거구 리철호 제433호선거구 박의춘 제434호선거구 최광철 제435호선거구 박용팔 제436호선거구 리춘일 제437호선거구 주진구 제438호선거구 황봉영 제439호선거구 리 철 제440호선거구 리종혁 제441호선거구 안경호 제442호선거구 리교상 제443호선거구 리찬복 제444호선거구 석연수 제445호선거구 한성철 제446호선거구 김동은 제447호선거구 전병호 제448호선거구 곽영남 제449호선거구 최성건 제450호선거구 김혜란 제451호선거구 김광주 제452호선거구 조병주 제453호선거구 백세봉 제454호선거구 김 철 제455호선거구 전용웅 제456호선거구 조재영 제457호선거구 강정남 제458호선거구 안승희 제459호선거구 최찬건 제460호선거구 김춘일 제461호선거구 정춘실 제462호선거구 주규창 제463호선거구 렴희룡 제464호선거구 박도춘 제465호선거구 신관진 제466호선거구 로해순 제467호선거구 김채란 제468호선거구 김광철 제469호선거구 렴인윤 제470호선거구 리창한 제471호선거구 최기룡 제472호선거구 리승관 제473호선거구 김인남 제474호선거구 박금희 제475호선거구 림영화 제476호선거구 강병후 제477호선거구 리영덕 제478호선거구 심상대 제479호선거구 김룡실 제480호선거구 리정숙 제481호선거구 김두현 제482호선거구 변응규 제483호선거구 홍석진 제484호선거구 김원일 제485호선거구 서만술 제486호선거구 류영섭 제487호선거구 김광일 제488호선거구 한원일 제489호선거구 김윤혁 제490호선거구 리일섭 제491호선거구 권금룡 제492호선거구 김진규 제493호선거구 김정심 제494호선거구 우두태 제495호선거구 지종관 제496호선거구 김영식 제497호선거구 최희정 제498호선거구 고종덕 제499호선거구 신태송 제500호선거구 손금월 제501호선거구 전성웅 제502호선거구 김영재 제503호선거구 김인복 제504호선거구 조충한 제505호선거구 오광철 제506호선거구 심상진 제507호선거구 오룡일 제508호선거구 리환기 제509호선거구 문영철 제510호선거구 리철봉 제511호선거구 심일철 제512호선거구 배명식 제513호선거구 강필훈 제514호선거구 김홍수 제515호선거구 박재경 제516호선거구 최영혁 제517호선거구 김일철 제518호선거구 백정순 제519호선거구 한춘식 제520호선거구 리성호 제521호선거구 최진수 제522호선거구 김송훈 제523호선거구 김현진 제524호선거구 강태석 제525호선거구 심정택 제526호선거구 장순금 제527호선거구 최창식 제528호선거구 김풍기 제529호선거구 강철원 제530호선거구 석원춘 제531호선거구 성광덕 제532호선거구 김수조 제533호선거구 장병태 제534호선거구 남용활 제535호선거구 강형표 제536호선거구 김기우 제537호선거구 정영철 제538호선거구 유경학 제539호선거구 김송철 제540호선거구 장영걸 제541호선거구 김석순 제542호선거구 리종산 제543호선거구 리춘화 제544호선거구 신병강 제545호선거구 김승남 제546호선거구 리용철 제547호선거구 리영애 제548호선거구 리용주 제549호선거구 김승기 제550호선거구 배달준 제551호선거구 문영선 제552호선거구 추영숙 제553호선거구 리추옥 제554호선거구 전길수 제555호선거구 유경숙 제556호선거구 리효선 제557호선거구 류경옥 제558호선거구 정덕영 제559호선거구 박인주 제560호선거구 김만상 제561호선거구 리광남 제562호선거구 허 학 제563호선거구 정병곤 제564호선거구 장명학 제565호선거구 최 현 제566호선거구 주승순 제567호선거구 공승일 제568호선거구 리무영 제569호선거구 김철용 제570호선거구 민병철 제571호선거구 김봉철 제572호선거구 김택구 제573호선거구 신철호 제574호선거구 김화월 제575호선거구 전대원 제576호선거구 리제선 제577호선거구 송춘섭 제578호선거구 리호림 제579호선거구 박태원 제580호선거구 손현남 제581호선거구 박영래 제582호선거구 오룡택 제583호선거구 김수길 제584호선거구 오수용 제585호선거구 주명옥 제586호선거구 김완수 제587호선거구 한장빈 제588호선거구 전구강 제589호선거구 고선옥 제590호선거구 송영신 제591호선거구 정문수 제592호선거구 최인호 제593호선거구 전혜성 제594호선거구 김병팔 제595호선거구 홍성남 제596호선거구 리문영 제597호선거구 방창덕 제598호선거구 려춘석 제599호선거구 계봉춘 제600호선거구 장춘근 제601호선거구 리문봉 제602호선거구 김제동 제603호선거구 황영삼 제604호선거구 김광순 제605호선거구 김창수 제606호선거구 최권수 제607호선거구 리철호 제608호선거구 황강철 제609호선거구 김금옥 제610호선거구 정영수 제611호선거구 강영태 제612호선거구 김성호 제613호선거구 김영철 제614호선거구 조순실 제615호선거구 차경일 제616호선거구 자청근 제617호선거구 방관복 제618호선거구 리태섭 제619호선거구 박성기 제620호선거구 김용진 제621호선거구 김룡근 제622호선거구 하세운 제623호선거구 송순녀 제624호선거구 윤병석 제625호선거구 박희덕 제626호선거구 최관준 제627호선거구 동 훈 제628호선거구 오세관 제629호선거구 김춘금 제630호선거구 태장헌 제631호선거구 리정식 제632호선거구 김태봉 제633호선거구 김철호 제634호선거구 리광남 제635호선거구 송룡수 제636호선거구 주춘섭 제637호선거구 김민숙 제638호선거구 고기훈 제639호선거구 전성호 제640호선거구 김영송 제641호선거구 송금옥 제642호선거구 김형찬 제643호선거구 조창범 제644호선거구 량영호 제645호선거구 전승훈 제646호선거구 최길주 제647호선거구 표일석 제648호선거구 진병섭 제649호선거구 로성웅 제650호선거구 황 민 제651호선거구 리귀옥 제652호선거구 송정희 제653호선거구 홍석형 제654호선거구 김성종 제655호선거구 김선원 제656호선거구 김창식 제657호선거구 전광록 제658호선거구 석길호 제659호선거구 김명선 제660호선거구 박수길 제661호선거구 박동준 제662호선거구 정영선 제663호선거구 박송남 제664호선거구 박광철 제665호선거구 리영진 제666호선거구 홍린섭 제667호선거구 김수열 제668호선거구 김명희 제669호선거구 한명성 제670호선거구 최세관 제671호선거구 박철호 제672호선거구 서홍찬 제673호선거구 정형숙 제674호선거구 리봉죽 제675호선거구 장인숙 제676호선거구 리일남 제677호선거구 김경호 제678호선거구 김형덕 제679호선거구 김동일 제680호선거구 장병관 제681호선거구 안문학 제682호선거구 김 철 제683호선거구 최기준 제684호선거구 엄하진 제685호선거구 연태정 제686호선거구 송정수 제687호선거구 한명국 각주 2009년 선거 2009년 조선민주주의인민공화국 조선민주주의인민공화국의 선거 최고인민회의

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20North%20Korean%20parliamentary%20election

2009 North Korean parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in North Korea on 8 March 2009 to elect the members of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly. They were originally scheduled to be held in August 2008 but were postponed for unknown reasons. Observers of North Korea speculated that it was in relation to Kim Jong-il's ill health. All candidates standing in the elections in North Korea were members of one of the parties comprising the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland. A single candidate, approved by the North-Korean leadership, ran in each of the 687 districts, thereby guaranteeing a full victory by the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland, regardless of voter turnout. Kim Jong-il, the de facto leader of North Korea and the Chairman of the National Defence Commission, ran for election in Constituency 333. Background The 11th Supreme People's Assembly was dissolved and elections were called for North Korea's 687 electoral districts on January 7, 2009. The elections were to be originally held as per North Korea's constitution in August 2008. The delay was not officially explained, but was believed to be related to the health of Kim Jong-il. The elections also come after a significant cabinet shuffle in recent months that saw the replacement of at least five members of cabinet. The elections were called for March 8, 2009 allowing leave for a 60-day campaign period. After dissolution, nominating committees in all 687 districts nominated Kim Jong-il to stand for election. The 333rd district was the first to file their nomination, so he decided to run in that district. In the previous assembly, Kim Jong-il represented the 649th election district. Electoral system Voter registration was conducted by the Resident Registration Bureaus of the National Security Agency. Completing the lists of voters also had the side effect of discovering missing residents who might have defected and left the country. Allegations had surfaced of bribes being paid to officials conducting registration drives to declare family members who have defected as being deceased. The voter registration deadline for the election took place on March 4, 2009. The bribes themselves have been overlooked by the National Security Agency as the North Korean government demands the lists be complete to ensure that there is 100% turnout in the vote. It is easier to explain missing persons as being dead than to have an incomplete list of voters. The voting for deputies of the Supreme People's Assembly in 2009 consisted of using paper ballots containing the name of a single candidate nominated in each district. To indicate support for the candidate, a ballot was dropped into the box unmarked. If the voter did not support a candidate, that voter had to cross out the name of the candidate before dropping the ballot. The voting method was a departure from prior elections. In previous elections, the system consisted of two ballot boxes at each polling station. The boxes, one black and one white, were to indicate support for or against a candidate. There was no system in place to handle absentee ballots for North Koreans living abroad and there did not appear to be a system of advanced voting in place. Proxy votes were ordered to be cast by family members of North Korean defectors who were detained in prisons within China. All voting and the validation of official returns was overseen by the Central Election Committee. Voting was supposed to be a secret process, but with the method of casting ballots, it became obvious who was opposed to the candidates. The voter had the option of going to a booth to cross out the name or dropping the ballot directly in the box. Penalties for voting against a candidate or not voting were severe. Electors who refused to vote were sent to labor camps. A member of the National Security Agency was stationed at every polling station to keep an eye out for people who used or looked at the red pen. Conduct Election day began with editorials being published in all state run media, encouraging voter participation. Voting officially began at 9:00am local time. Mobile polling stations were dispatched to infirm residents who could not travel to polling stations to cast ballots. Citizens of foreign nations resident in North Korea were also encouraged to come out and cast a ballot if they so wished. By noon on election day, the Korean Central News Agency had reported that 71% of registered North Korean voters had turned out to cast ballots. Voters in North Korea had dressed up for election day, wearing suits and chosŏn-ot, traditional Korean dresses. The most watched race of the election was district 333 where leader Kim Jong-il was running. On March 9, 2009, North Korean media announced that Kim Jong-il was unanimously re-elected to parliament. The election committee also stated that 99.98% of all registered voters took part in voting, with 100% voting for their candidate in each district. The election was a largely peaceful event, but some vandalism of candidate posters, along with anti-election graffiti, occurred in Mundeuk, South Pyongan Province. Signage had also been changed on polling stations, as official signage was replaced with new signs misspelling "election booth." Peter Hughes, the British ambassador to North Korea, garnered significant outrage and controversy from around the world after he blogged about the election having a festive atmosphere. The outrage was caused by claims that his blog read more like an official North Korean press release as he did not mention in his blog the negative aspects of the election, such as citizens being forced to vote and that there was only a single candidate to vote for. Results Official election results were announced by the Central Election Commission on March 2009. The official results showed 324 of the 687 Deputies had been replaced and were new to power with the rest being re-elected. A large portion of the Deputies elected were to fill vacancies from those who died. No form of appointment or by-elections currently exists to put Deputies into the Supreme Peoples Assembly between elections. Elected members The following were elected as members of parliament: Electoral District: Ri Ul-sol Electoral District: Kim Yong-bok Electoral District: Kim Kyong-hui Electoral District: Kang Jun-ho Electoral District: Kim Yong-nam Electoral District: Im Man-soon Electoral District: Ryoo Chung-ryol Electoral District: Kim Bok-nam Electoral District: Hong So-hon Electoral District: Tak Hua-suk Electoral District: Mun Sang-min Electoral District: Ri Tong-chan Electoral District: Mun Son-bul Electoral District: Kim Sok-nam Electoral District: Sin Yong-chol Electoral District: Pak Pong-nam Electoral District: Pak Kyu-hong Electoral District: Cho Myong-lok Electoral District: Kim In-nam Electoral District: Ri Jae-kang Electoral District: Kim Kwang-chul Electoral District: Kim Yong-ju Electoral District: Choe Hong-Il Electoral District: Ho Jong-suk Electoral District: Kim Kyong-su Electoral District: Kim Song-hi Electoral District: Ri Myung-ok Electoral District: Song Chun-sik Electoral District: Yuk Sok-chon Electoral District: Hwang Kil-chol Electoral District: Jang Song-thaek Electoral District: Ri Kyong-il Electoral District: Kim Ung-kwan Electoral District: Kim Dong-pyut Electoral District: Byon Sseub-ho Electoral District: Ri Yong-mu Electoral District: Ri Sun-im Electoral District: Kim Song-hui Electoral District: Jong Dong-du Electoral District: Song Ja-reeb Electoral District: Yun Ki-jong Electoral District: O Kuk-ryol Electoral District: Kang Nam-ik Electoral District: Jon Kyong-su Electoral District: Kim Yong-nam Electoral District: Ri Kun-il Electoral District: Pak Kwan-o Electoral District: Kang Son-ju Electoral District: Kim Myong-hwan Electoral District: Byun Yong-reeb Electoral District: Jong Kwang-hyuk Electoral District: Jong Dal-son Electoral District: Kim Hua-suk Electoral District: Jong Hyon-yong Electoral District: Ri Yong-chol Electoral District: Kim Sae-myong Electoral District: Kim Ki-nam Electoral District: Kim Ho Jae Electoral District: Han Jong-hyuk Electoral District: Kim Bok-sil Electoral District: Kim Kyong-ok Electoral District: Pak Hui-kwan Electoral District: Riu Mi-yong Electoral District: Jon Hui-suk Electoral District: Jo Yon-jae Electoral District: Kim Song-kyu Electoral District: Kim Yang-gon Electoral District: Kang Ki-som Electoral District: Ri Hua-sil Electoral District: Ri Sung-ho Electoral District: Pak Jin-sik Electoral District: Rho Jong-nam Electoral District: Choe Ik-kyu Electoral District: Jon Jin-suh Electoral District: Kim Kuk-tae Electoral District: Ho Song-kil Electoral District: Noh Kwang-chol Electoral District: Hui Yong-ae Electoral District: Kim Yu-ho Electoral District: Kim Jong-su Electoral District: Lim Nam-su Electoral District: Ri Ung-chan Electoral District: Kim Jong-lin Electoral District: Ri Yong-chol Electoral District: An In-Kon Electoral District: Ri Jae-il Electoral District: Jang Chul Electoral District: So Ju-chong Electoral District: Pak Kil-nam Electoral District: Kim Bong-sil Electoral District: Kim Si-hak Electoral District: Ri Kil-song Electoral District: Ri Ryong-nam Electoral District: Sin O-sun Electoral District: Han Chol Electoral District: Kim Chol-min Electoral District: Kim Yong-dae Electoral District: Jong Myong-sun Electoral District: Jae Hui-jong Electoral District: Kim Yong-il Electoral District: Kim Duk-sam Electoral District: Pak Nam-ki Electoral District: Kil Chol-hyuk Electoral District: La Dong-hui Electoral District: Yang Hyong-sop Electoral District: Kim Sun-hua Electoral District: Ha Ung-chun Electoral District: Im Jong-sil Electoral District: Cha Sung-suh Electoral District: Kim Myong-hak Electoral District: Ryang Jang-kyun Electoral District: Kim Yong-song Electoral District: Jong Myong-jo Electoral District: Ji Dong-sik Electoral District: Min Kyong-nam Electoral District: Hong Kwang-il Electoral District: Kim Jong-suk Electoral District: Jin Yong-il Electoral District: Kim Hyoung-nam Electoral District: Kim Ui-sun Electoral District: Kim Ki-ryong Electoral District: Han Jong-hua Electoral District: Ro Song-sil Electoral District: Kim Huan-suh Electoral District: Ri Kwang-ho Electoral District: Choe Yong-rim Electoral District: Pak Yong-sun Electoral District: Koh Myong-hui Electoral District: Yu Jang-sok Electoral District: Kim Yong-gil Electoral District: Lim Don-hua Electoral District: Choe Ryong-ik Electoral District: Ju Myong-son Electoral District: Pak Sun-nyo Electoral District: Yu Pom-sun Electoral District: Jon Il-chun Electoral District: Paek Song-nam Electoral District: Choe-Ung-kwon Electoral District: Jo Kyong-chil Electoral District: Hwang Hak-won Electoral District: Chae Jang-dong Electoral District: Kim Kyong-son Electoral District: Kim Kwang-yon Electoral District: Kim Kum-suk Electoral District: Pak Chun-dam Electoral District: Jon Yong-sik Electoral District: Ri Kyong-ryol Electoral District: Kim Jong-myong Electoral District: Ri Man-ho Electoral District: Kim Sun-jib Electoral District: Hyon Sok-kil Electoral District: Kim Ki-kun Electoral District: Kim Kwang-yong Electoral District: Pak Yun-il Electoral District: Kim Ok-ryon Electoral District: Moon Myong-hak Electoral District: Kim Jong-im Electoral District: Kwong Hyuk-bong Electoral District: Kim Dok-il Electoral District: Jang Ung Electoral District: Choe Ji-son Electoral District: Pyo Hui-song Electoral District: Yong Man-sik Electoral District: Kil Lyae-suh Electoral District: Kim Hyo Electoral District: Kim Yong-hua Electoral District: Kim Hong-kon Electoral District: Ryang Suh-jong Electoral District: Sin Ung-sik Electoral District: Ri Sung-ho Electoral District: Kim Yong-il Electoral District: Kim Yon-hua Electoral District: Ri Nyong-kun Electoral District: Jo Won-taek Electoral District: Kim Myong-il Electoral District: Choe Jong-ryul Electoral District: Kim Chol-ung Electoral District: Hyon Ung-sil Electoral District: Kim Myong-hui Electoral District: Kim Hyong-sik Electoral District: Sin An-son Electoral District: Ho Thaek Electoral District: An Kuk-thae Electoral District: Ro Tu-chol Electoral District: Lee Kyo-man Electoral District: Ko Chang-suh Electoral District: Son Suk-kun Electoral District: Won Jong-sam Electoral District: Jon Chang-rim Electoral District: So Lan-hui Electoral District: Ri Hak-song Electoral District: Kim Jae-hua Electoral District: Kim Jong-kil Electoral District: Han Uh-chol Electoral District: Lo Bae-kwon Electoral District: Kim Bong-suh Electoral District: Jang Man-chol Electoral District: Ri Ju-o Electoral District: Kim Hyae-yong Electoral District: Pak Jong-kun Electoral District: Choe Chil-nam Electoral District: Kang Ryon-hak Electoral District: Sin Jae-won Electoral District: Ri Myong-chol Electoral District: Kim Yong-sun Electoral District: Song Kwong-chol Electoral District: Kwak Chol-ho Electoral District: Mun Bong-ryong Electoral District: Choe Yong-dok Electoral District: Kim Hua-yong Electoral District: Pak Kyong-sam Electoral District: An Dong-chun Electoral District: Kim Jae-ryong Electoral District: Ho Sang-jong Electoral District: Kim Chang-jon Electoral District: Kim Jong Electoral District: Jon Yong-son Electoral District: O Ik-jae Electoral District: Ri Hong-sam Electoral District: Pak Myong-hun Electoral District: Kim Hui-suk Electoral District: Kim Ik-chol Electoral District: Ri Yong Jun Electoral District: Pak Myong-son Electoral District: Pak Hak-son Electoral District: Jon Kyong-son Electoral District: Kim In-sun Electoral District: Choe Kwong-chol Electoral District: Kim Hak-chol Electoral District: Hong Son-ok Electoral District: Jong Myong-hak Electoral District: Kim Kum-sil Electoral District: Kim Jong-hyup Electoral District: Kim Dang-suh Electoral District: Paek Bok-nam Electoral District: Kim Byong-ryul Electoral District: Cha Myong-ok Electoral District: Kim Kyo-kwon Electoral District: Choe Hyuk-chol Electoral District: Jang Jae-an Electoral District: Ryang Kyong-bok Electoral District: Tong Jong-ho Electoral District: Ho Jong-ok Electoral District: Ri Chol-man Electoral District: So Chun-yong Electoral District: Kim Pyong-hae Electoral District: Pak Chun-kon Electoral District: Kang Nung-su Electoral District: Thae Hyong-chol Electoral District: Yun Dong-hyon Electoral District: Uh Sun-yong Electoral District: Kim Byong-hun Electoral District: Han Byong-man Electoral District: Ri Ki-suh Electoral District: Jong Son-mun Electoral District: Pak Song-sil Electoral District: Suh Un-ki Electoral District: Ri Kyong-bom Electoral District: Kim Uh-chol Electoral District: Kim Bong-il Electoral District: Kim Yun-sok Electoral District: Jon Ho-chol Electoral District: Jo Song-yun Electoral District: An Yong-hyun Electoral District: Jim Kyong-hui Electoral District: Ri Sang-kun Electoral District: O Ung-chang Electoral District: Ri Kwong-kon Electoral District: So Sung-chol Electoral District: Yun Chol-yong Electoral District: Kim Kwong-lin Electoral District: Ri Yong-min Electoral District: An Min-chol Electoral District: Mun Jae-chol Electoral District: Jong Yong-suh Electoral District: Yo Min-hyon Electoral District: Kim Byong-hua Electoral District: Jong Ok-dong Electoral District: Kang Chu-ryon Electoral District: Kim Young-kil Electoral District: Ri Hui-chon Electoral District: An Min-hul Electoral District: Ri Jong-kuk Electoral District: Pak Jong-jin Electoral District: Jong Chang-ryol Electoral District: An Sung-ok Electoral District: Kang Yong-sop Electoral District: Pak Chun-sam Electoral District: Kim Ung-chol Electoral District: Kang Kil-yong Electoral District: Paek Nam-il Electoral District: Kim Yong-ho Electoral District: Hong Kum-son Electoral District: Hong Chol-soo Electoral District: Ji Sang-min Electoral District: Hwang Yun-nam Electoral District: Ryo Won-ku Electoral District: Kang Chang-uk Electoral District: Kim Il-ho Electoral District: Kye Yong-sam Electoral District: Pak Sun-hui Electoral District: Mun Ung-jo Electoral District: Ho Nam-sun Electoral District: Sun Kyong-nam Electoral District: Kim Chun-ryo Electoral District: Kim Dong-jin Electoral District: Ri Su-yong Electoral District: Ri Jong-mu Electoral District: Yun Yang-kyun Electoral District: Jo Kum-suk Electoral District: Jin Sang-chol Electoral District: Kim Rak-hui Electoral District: Jo Il-ki Electoral District: Ko In-ho Electoral District: Kim Ok-kyu Electoral District: Yun Ryang-sok Electoral District: Choe Yong-nam Electoral District: Ku Myong-ok Electoral District: Kim Chang-sik Electoral District: Ri Tae-sik Electoral District: Kwon Tae-mun Electoral District: Shin Son-ho Electoral District: An Chun-sop Electoral District: Kim Yoo-kun Electoral District: Choe Eun Electoral District: Ri Chun-hui Electoral District: Song Hyo-nam Electoral District: Pak Song-ho Electoral District: Ri Byong-chol Electoral District: Cha Jun-sik Electoral District: Shim Jae-ul Electoral District: Choe Young-ho Electoral District: Kim Jong-il Electoral District: Kim Jong-kwan Electoral District: Kim Yoo-ho Electoral District: Song Jun-taek Electoral District: Han Sang-sun Electoral District: Jong Myong-do Electoral District: Pak Won-sik Electoral District: Kim Jong-gak Electoral District: Kim Jin-chol Electoral District: Jun Il Electoral District: Kim Myong-kuk Electoral District: O Kwang-sik Electoral District: Ju Jong-kyong Electoral District: Jo Kyong-chol Electoral District: Ri Yong Kil Electoral District: Kim Yong-chun Electoral District: Ho Song-il Electoral District: Kim Kwan-chol Electoral District: Kim Kum-chol Electoral District: Han Jong-jin Electoral District: Kim Chol Electoral District: Ri Song-guk Electoral District: Byon In-son Electoral District: Kim Kwong-il Electoral District: Pak Sung-won Electoral District: Ri Song-bok Electoral District: Jae Mun-sok Electoral District: Lim Kong-yun Electoral District: Hyon Yong-chol Electoral District: Choe Bu-gil Electoral District: Ju Sun-chol Electoral District: Ri Jong-bu Electoral District: Yun Kyong-so Electoral District: Kim Chun-sam Electoral District: Ju Song-nam Electoral District: Choe Song-un Electoral District: Ri Si-joong Electoral District: Kim Kwang-hyon Electoral District: Chon Jae-kwon Electoral District: Kim Won-hong Electoral District: Kim Bae-jong Electoral District: Ri Yong-ho Electoral District: Ri Song-sun Electoral District: Hyon Chol-hae Electoral District: Pak Dong-hak Electoral District: Yon Hak-song Electoral District: Yon Jong-lin Electoral District: Kim Song-dok Electoral District: Ri Kuk-jun Electoral District: Kim Yong-jom Electoral District: Ju Sang-song Electoral District: Ji Yong-chun Electoral District: Kim Jong-ho Electoral District: Kim Chong-sup Electoral District: U Tong-chuk Electoral District: Ryu Kyong Electoral District: Paek Sol Electoral District: Song Yun-hui Electoral District: Bong Chan-ho Electoral District: Jong Myong-sil Electoral District: Jo Hae-suk Electoral District: Jo Hae-suk Electoral District: Choe Thae-bok Electoral District: Chae Kang-hwan Electoral District: Kwak Pom-gi Electoral District: Kim Chung-kal Electoral District: Pak Jae-pil Electoral District: Kim Chol-kuk Electoral District: Ryang Hui-chol Electoral District: Hwang Sun-hui Electoral District: Ko Kyu-il Electoral District: La Chang-ryol Electoral District: Ri Chol-ho Electoral District: Lo Ik-hua Electoral District: Ri Won-il Electoral District: Kim Yong-ae Electoral District: Choe Song-won Electoral District: Kang Min-chol Electoral District: Choe Jang-son Electoral District: Lim Song-bok Electoral District: Kim Mu-jon Electoral District: Kim Jong-ok Electoral District: Ho Jong-man Electoral District: Ri Sae-yuk Electoral District: Han Dong-kun Electoral District: Ri Song-chol Electoral District: Ko Byong-som Electoral District: Min Dong-sik Electoral District: Choe Han-chun Electoral District: Ri Song-ho Electoral District: Liu Myong-kum Electoral District: Hwang In-bom Electoral District: Choe Ryong-hae Electoral District: Choe Yong-son Electoral District: Ri Sung-jin Electoral District: Pak Myong-sik Electoral District: Kim Hui-bong Electoral District: Kim Ji-song Electoral District: Ri Song-kwan Electoral District: Ri Chol-ho Electoral District: Pak Ui-chun Electoral District: Choe Kwang-chol Electoral District: Pak Yong-pal Electoral District: Ri Chun-il Electoral District: Ju Jin-kuh Electoral District: Hwang Bong-yong Electoral District: Ri Chol (Ri Su-yong) Electoral District: Ri Jong-hyuk Electoral District: An Kyong-ho Electoral District: Ri Kyo-sang Electoral District: Ri Chon-bok Electoral District: Sok Yon-su Electoral District: Han Song-chol Electoral District: Kim Dong-un Electoral District: Jon Byong-ho Electoral District: Kwak Yong-nam Electoral District: Choe Song-kon Electoral District: Kim Hae-lin Electoral District: Kim Kwong-ju Electoral District: Ju Byong-ju Electoral District: Paek Se-bong Electoral District: Kim Chol Electoral District: Son Yong-ung Electoral District: Jo Sae-yong Electoral District: Kang Jong-nam Electoral District: An Sung-hui Electoral District: Choe Chan-kon Electoral District: Kim Chun-il Electoral District: Jong Chun-sil Electoral District: Ju Kyu-chang Electoral District: Lyom Hui-ryong Electoral District: Pak To-chun Electoral District: Sin Kwan-jin Electoral District: Lo Hae-sun Electoral District: Kim Chae-lan Electoral District: Kim Kwang-chol Electoral District: Lyom In-yun Electoral District: Ri Chang-han Electoral District: Choe Ki-ryong Electoral District: Ri Sung-kwan Electoral District: Kim In-nam Electoral District: Pak Kum-hui Electoral District: Lim Yong-hua Electoral District: Kang Byong-hu Electoral District: Ri Yong-don Electoral District: Sim Sang-dae Electoral District: Kim Ryong-sil Electoral District: Ri Jong-suk Electoral District: Kim Du-hyon Electoral District: Byon Ung-kyu Electoral District: Hong Sok-jin Electoral District: Kim Won-il Electoral District: So Man-sul Electoral District: Lyu Yong-som Electoral District: Kim Kwong-il Electoral District: Han Won-il Electoral District: Kim Yon-hyuk Electoral District: Ri Il-som Electoral District: Kwon Kum-ryong Electoral District: Kim Jin-kyu Electoral District: Kim Jong-sim Electoral District: Uh Du-tae Electoral District: Ji Jong-kwan Electoral District: Kim Yong-sik Electoral District: Choe Hui-chong Electoral District: So Jong-dok Electoral District: Sin Tae-song Electoral District: Son Kum-hwal Electoral District: Jon Song-ung Electoral District: Kim Yong-chae Electoral District: Kim In-bok Electoral District: Jo Chung-han Electoral District: O Kwang-chol Electoral District: Sim Sang-jin Electoral District: O Ryong-il Electoral District: Ri Hwan-ki Electoral District: Mun Yong-chol Electoral District: Ri Chol-pong Electoral District: Sim Il-chol Electoral District: Bae Myong-sik Electoral District: Kang Pil-hun Electoral District: Kim Hong-su Electoral District: Pak Jae-kyong Electoral District: Choe Yong-hyuk Electoral District: Kim Il-chol Electoral District: Paek Jong-sun Electoral District: Han Chun-sik Electoral District: Ri Song-ho Electoral District: Choe Jin-su Electoral District: Kim Song-hun Electoral District: Kim Hyon-jin Electoral District: Kim Tae-son Electoral District: Sim Jong-taek Electoral District: Jong Sun-kum Electoral District: Choe Jong-sik Electoral District: Kim Pung-ki Electoral District: Kim Chol-won Electoral District: Sok Won-chun Electoral District: Song Kwang-dok Electoral District: Kim Su-jo Electoral District: Jang Byong-tae Electoral District: Nam Yong-hal Electoral District: Kang Hyong-pyo Electoral District: Kim Ki-uh Electoral District: Jong Yong-chol Electoral District: Yu Kyong-hak Electoral District: Kim Sung-chol Electoral District: JongYong-kil Electoral District: Kim Sok-sun Electoral District: Ri Jong-son Electoral District: Ri Chong-hua Electoral District: Sin Byong-kang Electoral District: Kim Sung-nam Electoral District: Ri Yong-chol Electoral District: Ri Yong-ae Electoral District: Ri Yong-su Electoral District: Kim Song-ki Electoral District: Bee Dal-sun Electoral District: Mun Yong-son Electoral District: Chu Yong-suk Electoral District: Ri Chu-ok Electoral District: Jon Kil-su Electoral District: Yu Kyong-suk Electoral District: Ri Hyo-son Electoral District: Liu Kyong-ok Electoral District: Jong Dok-yong Electoral District: Pak In-ju Electoral District: Kim Man-sang Electoral District: Ri Kwang-nam Electoral District: Ho Hak Electoral District: Jong Byong-kun Electoral District: Jong Myong-hak Electoral District: Choe Hyon Electoral District: Ju Sung-sun Electoral District: Kong Sung-il Electoral District: Ri Mu-yong Electoral District: Kim Chol-yong Electoral District: Min Byong-chol Electoral District: Kim Pong-chol Electoral District: Km Din-ku Electoral District: Sin Chol-ho Electoral District: Kim Hua-wal Electoral District: Jon Dee-won Electoral District: Ri Jae-son Electoral District: Song Chun-som Electoral District: Ri Ho-lim Electoral District: Pak Thae-won Electoral District: Sun Hyon-nom Electoral District: Pak Yong-lee Electoral District: O Ryong-deek Electoral District: Kim Su-gil Electoral District: O Su-yong Electoral District: Jo Myong-rok Electoral District: Kim Won-su Electoral District: Han Jong-bin Electoral District: Jon Ku-kang Electoral District: Ko Son-ok Electoral District: Song Yong-sin Electoral District: Jong Mun-su Electoral District: Choe In-ho Electoral District: Jon Hae-song Electoral District: Kim Byong-pal Electoral District: Hong Song-nam Electoral District: Ri Mun-yong Electoral District: Pak Chang-dok Electoral District: Lio Chun-sok Electoral District: Jyo Bong-chun Electoral District: Jang Chun-kun Electoral District: Ri Mun-bong Electoral District: Kim Jae-dong Electoral District: Hwang Yong-sam Electoral District: Kim Kwang-suk Electoral District: Kim Chong-sun Electoral District: Choe Kwan-su Electoral District: Ri Chol-ho Electoral District: Hwang Kang-chol Electoral District: Kim Kum-ok Electoral District: Jong Yong-su Electoral District: Kang Yong-tae Electoral District: Kim Song-ho Electoral District: Kim Yong-chol Electoral District: Jo Sun-sil Electoral District: Cha Kyong-il Electoral District: Ja Chong-kun Electoral District: Bang Kwan-bok Electoral District: Li Tae-som Electoral District: Pak Song-ki Electoral District: Kim Yong-jin Electoral District: Kim Ryong-kun Electoral District: Ha Sae-un Electoral District: Song Sun-lyo Electoral District: Yun Byong-sok Electoral District: Pak Hui-dok Electoral District: Choe Kwan-chun Electoral District: Dong Hun Electoral District: O Sae-kwan Electoral District: Kim Chun-kum Electoral District: Tae Jong-hon Electoral District: Li Jong-sik Electoral District: Kim Tae-bong Electoral District: Kim Chol-ho Electoral District: Li Kwang-nam Electoral District: Song Ryong-su Electoral District: Ju Chun-som Electoral District: Kim Min-suk Electoral District: Ko Ki-hon Electoral District: Jon Song-ho Electoral District: Kim Yong-song Electoral District: Song Kum-ok Electoral District: Kim Hyong-chan Electoral District: Jo Chang-bam Electoral District: Ryang Yong-ho Electoral District: Jon Sung-hun Electoral District: Choe Kil-ju Electoral District: Pyo Il-sok Electoral District: Jin Byong-som Electoral District: Ro Song-ung Electoral District: Hwang Min Electoral District: Ri Ku-ok Electoral District: Song Jong-hui Electoral District: Hong Sok-hyong Electoral District: Kim Song-jong Electoral District: Kim Son-won Electoral District: Kim Chong-sik Electoral District: Jon Kwang-lok Electoral District: Sok Kil-ho Electoral District: Kim Myong-sok Electoral District: Pak Su-kil Electoral District: Pak Dong-jun Electoral District: Jong Yong-son Electoral District: Pak Song-nam Electoral District: Pak Kwang-chol Electoral District: Ri Yong-jin Electoral District: Hong Lin-som Electoral District: Kim Su-yol Electoral District: Kim Myong-hui Electoral District: Han Myong-song Electoral District: Choe Sae-kwan Electoral District: Pak Chol-ho Electoral District: So Hong-chan Electoral District: Jong Hyong-suk Electoral District: Ri Bong-juk Electoral District: Jang In-suk Electoral District: Ri Il-nam Electoral District: Kim Kyong-ho Electoral District: Kim Hyong-dok Electoral District: Kim Dong-il Electoral District: Jang Byong-kwan Electoral District: An Mun-hak Electoral District: Kim Chol Electoral District: Choe Ki-jun Electoral District: Om Ha-jin Electoral District: Yon Tae-jong Electoral District: Song Jong-su Electoral District: Han Myong-kuk Reactions The 2009 election in North Korea garnered significant attention from media agencies around the world. The attention was primarily to see if the potentially named successor to Kim Jong-il, Kim Jong-un, was standing for a seat to the Supreme People's Assembly. Rumors surfaced in the world media on 8 March 2009 that Kim Jong-un, the youngest son of Kim Jong-il, appeared on the ballot for the elections to the Supreme People's Assembly. The rumors also stated that following the election the new parliament "may also replace members of [Kim's] cabinet and the National Defense Commission, the top ruling agency." The Central Election Commission, via the Korean Central News Agency, released the complete list of Deputies elected to the Supreme People's Assembly. The list showed that Kim Jong-un was not among those who were elected. The results left watchers of the regime in North Korea guessing as to the political future of the country. References External links Full list of candidates Reported results of the election of deputies Elections in North Korea North Korea Parliamentary Supreme People's Assembly Election and referendum articles with incomplete results

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AE%A4%EC%A6%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%EC%96%B4

뮤즈스코어

뮤즈스코어(MuseScore)는 마이크로소프트 윈도우, 맥 OS, 리눅스에서 사용할 수 있는 피날레나 시벨리우스에 비할 만한 악보 작성 프로그램이며, 다양한 파일 포맷과 입력 방식을 지원한다. GNU 일반 공중 사용 허가서를 따르는 자유 및 오픈소스로 공개되어 있다. 스마트폰용 악보 뷰어 및 재생 앱도 있으며, 온라인으로 악보를 공유하는 플랫폼도 운영되고있다. 특징 뮤즈스코어는 위지위그 에디터 환경으로 고품질의 악보를 만들어내고자 하는 소프트웨어이다. 보표수 무제한, 파트간 연결, 파트보 추출, 타브 악보, MIDI 입출력, 타악기 기보, 보표간 크로스 음표, 자동 조옮김, 가사(여러 줄 가능), 기타 프렛 코드표, 그 외에 악보에서 일반적으로 사용되는 표기를 지원한다. 악보의 모양과 레이아웃을 한 번에 바꿀 수 있는 스타일 옵션도 있고, 스타일시트를 저장하여 다른 악보에 적용할 수도 있다. 다양한 종류의 앙상블에 대해 미리 만들어진 템플릿을 제공한다. 무료로 제공되는 많은 플러그인을 사용하면 기능을 확장할 수 있다. 뮤즈스코어에서는 내장 시퀀서와 사운드폰트(SoundFont) 샘플링 라이브러리를 사용하여 악보를 재생하여 들어볼 수 있다. 뮤즈스코어의 신디사이저에서는 여러 개의 사운드폰트를 불러올 수 있다. 믹서를 사용하여 묵음, 솔로 연주, 개별 파트별 볼륨 조절을 할 수 있으며, 재생할 때 코러스, 리버브 등의 효과도 지원한다. 외부 장치나 소프트웨어 신디사이저로 MIDI를 출력하는 것도 가능하다. 지원하는 파일 포맷 뮤즈스코어에서는 많은 포맷을 불러올 수도 있고, 내보낼 수도 있다. 보는 용도의 파일이나 오디오 파일 등 일부 포맷은 내보내기만 가능하고, 다른 악보 작성 프로그램 전용 포맷 같은 경우에는 불러오기만 가능하다. 뮤즈스코어의 전용 파일 포맷인 .mscz는 악보 및 기타 미디어를 압축한 파일이며, .mscx 파일은 XML 데이터 파일인데 .mscz 파일 내에도 포함되어 있다. 보통 .mscz 파일이 많이 사용되는데 용량도 적고 그림파일도 지원되기 때문이다. 뮤즈스코어는 압축 및 비압축 MusicXML 파일을 읽어오거나 내보낼 수 있으므로, 시벨리우스나 피날레 같은 다른 기보 프로그램에서 악보를 열어볼 수도 있다. MIDI 파일을 읽어오거나 내보낼 수도 있으므로, MusicXML을 지원하지 않는 다른 프로그램에서도 불러오게 할 수 있으나, MIDI가 악보용으로 만들어진 것이 아니므로, 음악 기호들은 대부분 없어진다. 뮤즈 스코어는 Band-in-a-Box (.mgu 및 .sgu), 백파이프 뮤직 라이터 (.bww), 기타 프로 (.gtp, .gp3, .gp4, .gp5, .gpx), 카펠라 (.cap, .capx, 버전 2000 이상), 오버츄어 등, 다른 음악 소프트웨어의 파일을 읽어올 수 있다. MusicXML을 더 발전시킨 MuseData (.md) 파일도 읽을 수 있다. WAV, FLAC, OGG 파일로 음악을 내보낼 수 있고, PDF, SVG, PNG 포맷으로 악보를 저장하거나 바로 인쇄할 수 있다. 온라인 악보 공유 온라인 저장 기능을 사용하면 MuseScore.com을 통해 음악을 온라인으로 게시하고 공유할 수 있다. 유료 가입자는 악보를 다운로드하는 데 제한이 없고, 무료 가입자는 일부 곡을 제외한 곡의 악보를 다운로드 할 수 없다. HTML5 오디오 태그를 지원하는 브라우저를 사용하면 MuseScore.com에서 악보를 재생할 수도 있다. 악보를 유투브에 링크도 가능하여, 해당 곡을 재생하는 비디오를 보면서 악보를 참고할 수 있다. 개발 뮤즈스코어는 MIDI 처리기, MusE의 파생물이다. 2002년에, Werner Schweer는 MusE의 처리기의 악보 기능을 추출해 그것을 독립형 악보 편집기로 다시 작성하기로 결정하였다. 그것은 크로스 플랫폼 Qt 툴킷을 기반으로 고쳐 썼다. 뮤즈스코어의 개발은 코드를 호스팅하고 개발자들의 협동을 관리하기 위해 기트허브를 사용한다. 기트허브는 초기 리눅스 커널 개발을 위해 설계된 SCM, 기트를 기반으로 한다. 누구든지 프로그램의 코드를 포크(fork) 할 수 있으며, 해당 수정내역을 프로그램의 수정 및 검토를 위해 제출할 수 있다. 개발중인 불안정한 빌드들도 자원봉사자 테스터들을 위해 다운로드할 수 있도록 열려 있다. 또한 사용중 문제점이나 새로운 기능 요청을 이슈 트래커(issue tracker)에 게시할 수 있다. 버전 및 도입 2008년 9월에, 뮤즈스코어는 musescore.org 웹사이트의 출시에 따라 다운로드 숫자에 큰 성장을 보고 시작했다. 2008년 12월 기준, 매월 다운로드 수는 15,000이었다. 뮤즈스코어 0.9.5는 2009년 8월에 공개되었다. 다음과 같이 4개월 뮤즈스코어 다운로드 트래픽이 세 배가 되었다. 2009년 10월 이후, 뮤즈스코어는 매일 1000번 보다 더 많이 다운로드되었다. 버전 0.9.5에는 맥 OS의 지원이 추가되었고, 정상적인 사용을 위해 충분히 안정되었다. 뮤즈스코어 0.9.6은 2010년 6월에 공개되었다. 2010년 가을 기준 그리고 새 학년의 시작과 함께, 뮤즈스코어는 그 다운로드의 숫자의 세 배가 되었다. 뮤즈스코어 1.0은 2011년 2월에 공개되었다. 뮤즈스코어 1.1은 2011년 7월에 공개되었고, 거의 백만 번 다운로드되었다. 이 릴리즈는 1.0에서 현재 약 60개의 버그들을 고치고 재즈 리드 악보의 창작을 개선하였다. 최종적으로, 프로그램을 사용하여 커뮤니티와 상호작용을 허용하는 기능인 뮤즈스코어 커넥트(MuseScore Connect)를 도입하였다. 뮤즈스코어 1.2는 2012년 3월에 공개되었다. 약 100개의 버그가 수정되었다. MusicXML 지원기능이 개선되어 시벨리우스와 피날레에서 보다 안정적으로 음악을 가져올 수 있다. 또한, 일부 언어에 존재하는 특수 문자가 추가로 지원되었다. 뮤즈스코어 1.3은 2013년 2월에 공개되었으며 주로 버그 수정을 위한 버전이다. 뮤즈스코어 2.0은 2015년 3월에 공개되었으며 새로운 기능이 많이 추가되었다. 2016년 5월, MuseScore.org는 뮤즈스코어 3가 개발 중이라고 발표하였다. 2018년 말에 출시되었다. 뮤즈스코어는 VALO-CD 컬렉션에 포함된다. 커뮤니티 GNU GPL을 준수하는 뮤즈스코어는 테스트 버전 및 사용자가 스스로 빌드할 수 있는 개발자 버전 소스코드를 제공 포럼을 통한 이슈 지원 기부 및 자원봉사를 통한 운영 등 커뮤니티를 구성하고 있다. 같이 보기 악보 작성 소프트웨어의 목록 악보 작성 소프트웨어의 비교 참조 외부 링크 뮤즈스코어 홈페이지 MuseScore sheet music What's new in MuseScore 2 음악 소프트웨어 자유 소프트웨어 윈도우 소프트웨어 리눅스 소프트웨어 C++로 작성된 자유 소프트웨어 크로스 플랫폼 자유 소프트웨어 Qt를 사용하는 소프트웨어

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuseScore

MuseScore

MuseScore is a music notation program for Windows, macOS, and Linux supporting a wide variety of file formats and input methods. It is released as free and open-source software under the GNU General Public License. MuseScore is accompanied by a freemium mobile score viewer and playback app, and an online score-sharing platform. History MuseScore was created as a fork of the MusE sequencer's codebase. In 2002, Werner Schweer, one of the MusE developers, decided to remove notation support from MusE and create a stand-alone notation program from the codebase. The MuseScore.org website was created in 2008, and quickly showed a rapidly rising number of MuseScore downloads. By December 2008, the download rate was up to 15,000 per month. Version 0.9.5 was released in August 2009. By October 2009, MuseScore had been downloaded more than one thousand times per day. By the fourth quarter of 2010, MuseScore was being downloaded 80,000 times per month. At the end of 2013, the project moved from SourceForge to GitHub, and continuous download statistics have not been publicly available since then, but in March 2015 a press release stated that MuseScore had been downloaded over eight million times, and in December 2016 the project stated that version 2.0.3 had been downloaded 1.9 million times in the nine months since its release. The MuseScore company uses income from their commercial sheet music sharing service to support the development of the free notation software. In 2017, the MuseScore company was acquired by Ultimate Guitar, which added full-time paid developers to the open source team. In April 2021, it was announced that a parent company, Muse Group, would be formed to support MuseScore, Ultimate Guitar, and other acquired properties (including Audacity). From 2021 to June 2022, the MuseScore company relocated its headquarters to Cyprus with Muse Group. Features MuseScore's main purpose is the creation of high-quality engraved musical scores in a "What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get" environment. It supports unlimited staves, linked parts and part extraction, tablature, MIDI input and output, percussion notation, cross-staff beaming, automatic transposition, lyrics (multiple verses), fretboard diagrams, and in general everything commonly used in sheet music. Style options to change the appearance and layout are available, and style sheets can be saved and applied to other scores. There are pre-defined templates for many types of ensembles. Functionality can be extended by making use of the many freely available plugins. MuseScore can also play back scores through the built-in sequencer and SoundFont sample library. Multiple SoundFonts can be loaded into MuseScore's synthesizer. It includes a mixer to mute, solo, or adjust the volume of individual parts, and chorus, reverb and other effects are supported during playback. MIDI output to external devices and software synthesizers is also possible. Supported file formats MuseScore can import and export to many formats, though some are export only (visual representations and audio) and some are import only (native files from some other music notation programs). MuseScore's native file formats are .mscx, which is XML data containing the score, and .mscz, a zip archive containing the .mscx and other data. The .mscz format is used as the default format, as it occupies less space and supports additional data, such as images. MuseScore also can import and export both compressed (.mxl) and uncompressed (.xml) MusicXML files, which allows a score to be edited in other music notation programs (including Sibelius and Finale). The latest edition of MuseScore uses MusicXML 4.0. It can also import and export MIDI (.mid, .midi, and .kar), which is supported by many other programs (such as Synthesia), although since MIDI is not designed for sheet music, some information may be lost. MuseScore can also import certain other music software's native formats, including Band-in-a-Box (.mgu and .sgu), Bagpipe Music Writer (.bww), Guitar Pro (.gtp, .gp3, .gp4, .gp5, and .gpx), Capella (must be version 2000 (3.0) or later; .cap and .capx) and Overture formats. It can also import MuseData (.md), which has been superseded by MusicXML. Audio can be exported to WAV, FLAC, MP3, and OGG files, and graphical representations of scores can also be exported to PDF, SVG, and PNG formats, and/or printed directly. Mobile player Since May 2014 MuseScore has mobile apps available for iOS, Android and Kindle Fire which tie into the MuseScore score sharing site. The app can play scores, and allows changing of transposition and part extraction, but does not allow creating or editing scores. Portable application MuseScore also runs as a portable application. It can be installed onto a regular hard disk drive or stored on a removable storage device such as a CD, USB flash drive or flash card, so that it can be run on any compatible Windows computer system. Custom fonts In Musescore 3.6, a new notation font named Leland was introduced to the software, created by Martin Keary and Simon Smith. Its name is a reference to Leland Smith, the creator of a now defunct notation software SCORE. The same update also introduced a new typeface Edwin, influenced by the font New Century Schoolbook. VST support In Musescore 4.0, support was added for VST3 plugins on Windows and macOS, both instruments and effects. Along with this, the Muse Group released a free orchestral plugin called MuseSounds designed to provide a more realistic playback of notation. Versions Development MuseScore is free and open-source and is written mainly in C++, with the graphical user interface making use of the cross-platform Qt toolkit. Originally founded by Werner Schweer, Nicolas Froment and Thomas Bonte, the project is now headed by Martin Keary (Lead Designer) and Vasily Pereverzev (Lead Developer) with a wider community also contributing. Google Summer of Code has sponsored students to help develop MuseScore in 2013, 2014 and 2016 to 2021. The development of MuseScore takes place on GitHub. Contributing code to MuseScore requires that contributors sign an online Contributor License Agreement. Reception MuseScore accumulated generally favorable reviews years after it was first launched, praising the software's relative ease of use and being a versatile free competitor to other scorewriters. Online computer magazine PC World rated it 3.5 out of 5 stars. It praised the precise control over the size and spacing of every object and the abilities to define keyboard shortcuts and to drag and drop modifiers, changing how they are played, but criticized the mouse methodology as occasionally unintuitive for not fully exploring the drag-and-drop potential. Technology news website Softpedia rated it 4.5 out of 5 stars, calling the design "well-organized" and "comprehensive" and lauding the application's customizability, ability to upload user sheet music, and support for many file formats. In its 2019 review that also scored the software 4.5 stars out of 5, TopTenReviews praised the ability to create tablature and percussion sheet music alongside traditional notation, support for hundreds of instruments, and being able to share music and interact with other composers online. Reviewing MuseScore 4.0, British magazine Music Teacher welcomed this version's improved engraving, new cloud storage, and focus on accessibility, such as allowing users to export their compositions in braille, an expanded color scheme, and keyboard navigation. It also noted the playback feature's support for VSTs, including the application's own Muse Sounds, which the magazine considered a boon to teachers who have spent years dealing with the inconveniences of exporting their compositions. Adoption MuseScore reported over 7,000 downloads per day in 2016. Many Linux distributions also include MuseScore in their software libraries, such as in the Ubuntu Software Center. The total number of downloads is 12.1 million (as of December 2022). Many educational institutions also make use of MuseScore, including Drew University and the Ionian University. The Board of Education of La Seigneurie des Milles-îles in Canada has also made MuseScore available on 10,000 computers across schools in the Milles-îles region in Québec. Crowd-sourced engraving projects Open Goldberg Variations In 2011, MuseScore launched a Kickstarter campaign to create high-quality, freely available digital score and audio versions of the Goldberg Variations. The process influenced the development of MuseScore 2, with notation improvements needed in order to create a high-quality engraving of the variations. With the fundraising goal met, MuseScore developers, pianist Kimiko Ishizaka, and crowd-sourced reviewers collaborated to create an engraved score and also record a new album, both of which were released under a Creative Commons Zero license (without copyright), meaning they can be downloaded and shared freely. In 2012, at the end of the online public review process, the final engraved score was released for free on MuseScore.com, and printed and bound by GRIN in Germany. Kimiko Ishizaka's recording was released for free on BandCamp. Open Well-Tempered Clavier In 2013, a second successful Kickstarter funded the creation of a new edition of Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier. Once again, the score underwent public review on MuseScore.com, and was recorded by Kimiko Ishizaka, with both score and recordings released into the public domain in 2015. Braille editions After hearing from a blind musician who contributed to the Open WTC Kickstarter, MuseScore set up new stretch funding goals to support making music notation more accessible to blind and visually impaired musicians. Though the top goal of automatically converting all scores in the MuseScore.com library to braille was not funded, they did get funding to create braille sheet music for both the Goldberg Variations and the Well-Tempered Clavier. The digital files (for braille terminals & printers) are available for free download, like the standard scores. OpenScore In 2017, MuseScore and the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) launched a Kickstarter for OpenScore, an initiative to create MuseScore and MusicXML versions of public domain music from IMSLP's library. As of December 2020, a number of scores have been completed, including Mozart's Jupiter Symphony, Gluck's Iphigénie en Aulide, Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture, Holst's The Planets and around 900 songs in the OpenScore Lieder Corpus. There are three ongoing OpenScore projects: OpenScore – main transcription group OpenScore Lieder Corpus – French, German and English song cycles (over 800 songs) OpenScore Braille – MusicXML score exports for conversion to Braille Online score sharing and copyright issues The Save Online feature of the MuseScore application allows users to publish and share their music online through MuseScore.com. Initially, MuseScore.com allowed free downloads of scores, free uploads of up to 5 scores, and unlimited uploads for paid accounts. Starting in 2015 with MuseScore 2.0, the Start Center displays featured scores from the website. This feature is no longer present in MuseScore 4.0. Starting in June 2019, a number of users who uploaded Disney songs were "copyright striked" by Disney. Publisher Hal Leonard was taking down original music, or arrangements of music that is in the public domain, based on song titles. MuseScore.com has since obtained permission to publicly display Disney music on the site, unblocking previously uploaded scores. In July 2019, following complaints from some copyright holders, MuseScore.com changed its policies so only paying subscribers were allowed to download any music sheets. Since MuseScore.com did not have a "trustworthy tool to distinguish songs under copyright from songs available for distribution", this applied to all scores, even those intended for liberal sharing via a Creative Commons license. In August and September 2019, features were added to allow works to be marked as public domain or original songs, and made available for free download. On 19 February 2020, MuseScore.com announced that everyone could now upload an unlimited number of scores, even without being a paying subscriber. Paying subscribers still have access to other features that free accounts do not, like Track setup and downloads. MuseScore.com allows playback of a score in any browser supporting the HTML5 audio tag. A score can also be linked to YouTube, so that one may follow the sheet music while watching a video featuring that score. In September 2021, MuseScore.com launched "Official Scores", scores licensed from sheet music publishers, available with an additional subscription. As of December 2022, the website hosts 1.3 million scores and averages 300,000 visitors per day. See also List of scorewriters Comparison of scorewriters Free and open-source software List of music software Notes 1.39 languages are translated over 50%, 69 languages in total References 2002 software Audio software that uses Qt Free music software Scorewriters Scorewriters for Linux Software that uses Qt Free software programmed in C++ Cross-platform software Cross-platform free software Music publishing

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EA%B3%BC%EC%9D%B4

모과이

모과이(Mogwai)는 스코틀랜드의 포스트 록 밴드로 1995년 글래스고에서 결성되었으며 멤버는 스튜어트 브레이스웨이트(기타, 보컬), 배리 번스(기타, 피아노, 신세사이저, 보컬), 도미닉 아이치슨(베이스 기타), 마틴 불록(드럼)으로 구성되어 있다. 모과이의 음악은 보통 기타 위주의 연주곡들로 강약의 대비, 선율적 베이스 라인, 디스토션을 비롯한 이펙트를 다량 사용하는 것으로 특징지어진다. 모과이는 수 년간 글래스고의 레코드 레이블인 케미컬 언더그라운드와 계약을 맺고 미국의 마타도어와 영국의 플레이 잇 어게인 샘과 같은 레이블에 의해 배포되다가 현재는 영국의 록 액션 레코드 및 자체 레이블인 템포러리 레지던스 Ltd.를 사용하고 있다. 모과이의 열 번째 앨범 《As the Love Continues》는 2021년 2월에 영국 앨범 차트 1위에 올랐다. 역사 형성기 (1991-1995년) 스튜어트 브레이스웨이트와 도미닉 아이치슨은 1991년 4월 만나 4년 후에 동창생인 마틴 불록과 함께 모과이를 결성한다. 밴드의 이름은 영화 <그렘린>에 나온 생물체의 이름에서 따왔다. 스튜어트 브레이스웨이트는 "이름에 특별한 의미는 없고 늘 더 나은 이름으로 바꾸려고 생각하고 있었는데 많은 일들이 그렇듯이 그냥 결정을 못하고 흘러가 버렸다"고 한다. 모과이는 광둥어로 "악령"이나 "악마"를 뜻한다. 모과이는 1996년 2월 <Tuner/Lower> 싱글로 데뷔했고 그 해 말에 <Summer>라는 곡으로 NME의 '이 주의 싱글' 상을 받았다. 공연 등 활동을 늘리면서 존 커밍스를 기타로 영입하고 틴에이지 팬클럽의 드러머인 브렌단 오헤어가 합류하면서 데뷔 앨범 《Mogwai Young Team》 녹음 작업을 한다. 《Mogwai Young Team》 시절 (1995-1997년) 1997년 10월에 발매된 데뷔 앨범 《Mogwai Young Team》은 영국 앨범 차트 75위에 올랐다. 이 앨범에는 게스트로 아랍 스트랩의 에이단 모팻이 참여했다. 오헤어는 앨범이 발매된 이후 밴드에서 해고되었다. 《Come On Die Young》 시절 (1998–1999년) 두 번째 앨범 《Come On Die Young》을 녹음하기 전에 배리 번스를 영입했다. 그는 이미 이전에 플룻과 피아노 연주로 몇 차례 공연을 함께 한 경험이 있었다. 스튜어트에 따르면 배리는 잘 웃었기 때문에 멤버로 발탁되었다고 한다. 이 앨범은 영국에서 29위에 올랐다. 이 멤버 구성은 1998년 이후 존 커밍스가 다른 프로젝트를 위해 밴드를 떠난 2015년 11월까지 유지되었다. 스코틀랜드 뮤지션인 루크 서덜랜드는 모과이의 녹음과 공연에서 바이올린과 최근에는 보컬과 기타로 참여했다. 《Rock Action》 시절 (2000–2001년) 2001년 앨범 《Rock Action》으로 영국 차트 23위에 올랐는데 이 앨범에서는 이전보다 기타의 분량이 줄었고 그 자리에 전자 악기들이 들어왔고 많은 곡들에 보컬이 추가되었다. 그리고 얼마 되지 않아 이 시기 공연 마지막에 연주하곤 했던 불협화음으로 이루어진 20분 짜리 곡 <My Father My King>을 발매했다. 《Happy Songs For Happy People》 시절 (2002–2003년) 2003년 앨범 《Happy Songs For Happy People》으로 모과이는 계속적으로 일렉트로니카 스타일과 더 넓고 텅빈 공간적인 편곡을 이어갔다. 이 앨범으로 처음 미국 빌보드 인디 앨범 차트에 13위에 오르게 되고 빌보드 200 차트에도 한 주간 머물게 된다. 평은 일반적으로 호의적이었으나 <피치포크 미디어>에서는 2008년에 "... 앨범에 대한 반응은 그럭저럭에서 호의적이었다. 어떤 이들은 이들이 이미 통달한 약-중-강으로 이어지는 다이나믹의 한계를 넘어서는 웅장함의 단계까지 뻗어나갔다고 찬사했고 다른 이들은 너무 부드럽고 작고, 뻣뻣한 곡들에 대해 한탄했다"고 썼다. 《Mr Beast》 시절 (2004–2006년) 2006년 3월, 《Mr Beast》 앨범이 일반판과 녹음 과정을 담은 DVD가 포함된 한정판으로 발매되었다. 이 앨범에 대해 크리에이션 레코드의 알란 맥기는 "아마도 《Loveless》 이후 내가 참여했던 것들 중 최고의 아트 록 앨범이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 사실, 아마 《Loveless》 보다 더 나을 것이다"라고 마이 블러디 밸런타인의 앨범 《Loveless》와 비교하며 극찬했다. 올뮤직에서는 이 앨범에 대해 "모과이의 앨범들 중 아마도 가장 접근성이 있으면서도 세련되었다"고 평했다. 《The Hawk Is Howling》 시절 (2007–2008년) 6번째 정규 앨범 《The Hawk Is Howling》은 2008년 9월에 발매되었다. 이 앨범은 보컬이 나오는 첫 앨범이자 밴드가 처음으로 자체 제작한 앨범이다. 《Burning / Special Moves》 시절 (2009–2010년) 2010년 모과이는 처음으로 라이브 영상과 앨범 《Burning / Special Moves》를 출시했다. 영상에는 2008-9년 미국 투어 중 브루클린에서의 공연 영상이 담겼고 앨범에는 이 외에 같은 공연에서 연주했던 9곡이 추가되어 있었다. 이 앨범은 모과이의 자체 레이블인 록 액션 레코드를 통해 발매되었다. 《Hardcore Will Never Die, But You Will》 시절 (2011–2013년) 2010년 9월, 모과이는 북미주에서 오랫동안 앨범 유통을 담당했던 마타도어 레코드와 결별하고 섭 팝과 계약을 맺었다. 그리고 일곱 번째 앨범 《Hardcore Will Never Die, But You Will》이 2011년 2월 발매되어 영국 차트 25위에 올랐다. 보너스 에디션에는 23분짜리 곡 <Music for a Forgotten Future (The Singing Mountain)>이 담긴 CD가 추가되었다. 이 앨범에서는 싱글 세 장이 발매되었다: <Rano Pano>, <Mexican Grand Prix>, <San Pedro>. 2012년에는 《Hardcore Will Never Die, But You Will》를 여러 아티스트들이 작업한 리믹스 앨범 《A Wrenched Virile Lore》가 발매되었다. 《Rave Tapes》 시절 (2013–2015년) 2013년 7월, 모과이는 자신들이 참여한 사운드트랙 <지단 - 21세기의 초상> 연주를 영국 전역에 걸쳐 벌였다. 모과이와 폴 사비지가 제작을 한 8번째 앨범 《Rave Tapes》는 2014년 1월에 발매되었고 영국 앨범 차트 10위에 올랐다. 그리고 《Music Industry 3. Fitness Industry 1.》 EP가 2014년 12월에 나왔는데 《Rave Tapes》 녹음 세션에서 나온 곡 세 개와 다른 뮤지션들이 리믹스한 곡 세 개가 담겼다. 2015년 11월에는 기타리스트인 존 커닝햄이 자신의 프로젝트를 위해 밴드를 떠난다는 발표가 있었다. 《Every Country's Sun》 (2016–2019년) 2016년 4월, 브레이스웨이트는 <가디언>지와의 인터뷰에서 새로운 곡을 쓰고 있으며 이후 미국에 가서 15년 전에 《Rock Action》을 제작했던 데이브 프리드만과 함께 녹음할 계획이라고 밝혔다. 2017년 3월에 앨범 녹음을 마치고 애비 로드 스튜디오에서 마스터링 작업을 했다. 이후 10월에는 유럽, 11월에 미국, 그리고 12월에 마무리로 자신들의 고향인 글래스고에서의 공연 계획을 발표했다. 2017년 5월, 새로운 앨범의 제목은 《Every Country's Sun》이 될 것이며 9월에 발매 예정이라고 발표했다. 《As the Love Continues》 (2020년-현재) 2020년 10월, 새 앨범 《As the Love Continues》 발매를 예고했고 이 앨범은 2021년 2월 영국 차트 1위에 올랐다. 앨범 발매 전 주에 모과이는 글래스고 트램웨이에서 전 앨범을 연주하는 영상을 스트리밍으로 내보냈다. 그리고 소셜 미디어에서 여러 연예인들에게 앨범 홍보를 부탁하는 등 사전 작업을 했고 발매 이후 1주일 만에 1위로 올랐는데 모과이는 이 결과에 대해 "완전 초현실적이다"라며 놀랐다. 《As the Love Continues》는 2021년 영국 최고의 음악에 수여하는 머큐리 프라이즈에 후보로 올랐으며 2021년 스코틀랜드 이 해의 앨범상을 받았다. 사운드트랙과 기타 작업들 2006년 모과이는 <지단 - 21세기의 초상> 사운드트랙 작업을 하였다. 이들의 곡 <Auto Rock>은 마이클 만의 2006년 영화 <마이애미 바이스>에 사용되었고 같은 해 <천년을 흐르는 사랑> 사운드트랙에서는 클린트 맨셀과 크로노스 쿼텟과 협업하였다. 2009년에 나온 포스트 록 다큐멘터리 <Introspective>에 출연하기도 했다. 2012년에는 카날+ 프랑스 TV 시리즈인 <더 리턴드> 사운드트랙 작업을 하였고 이들의 곡 <Kids Will Be Skeltons>는 비디오 게임 "라이프 이스 스트레인지"에 기반한 사운드트랙에 담겼다. 2015년에는 마크 커슨스의 다큐멘터리 <어토믹: 리빙 인 데드 앤 프로미스>에 음악을 맡았고 이 사운드트랙은 《Atomic on 1》이라는 제목으로 2016년 4월에 발매되었다. 2016년에는 피셔 스티븐스의 기후변화에 관한 다큐멘터리 <비포 더 플러드>의 음악작업에 트렌트 레즈너, 애티커스 로스, 구스타보 산타오랄라 등과 함께 참여했다. 2018년 8월에는 영화 <킨: 더 비기닝>, 2020년 5월에는 아마존 프라임 시리즈인 <제로제로제로> 사운드트랙을 만들었다. 음악 스타일 모과이가 영향을 받은 이들로는 푸가지, MC5, 마이 블러디 밸런타인, 소닉 유스, 픽시스, 큐어 등을 비롯하여 포스트 록의 선구자인 슬린트가 있으며 음악 스타일은 슈게이즈, 매스 록, 아트 록으로 분류될 수 있다. <스핀> 매거진의 더글라스 월크는 1999년 모과이에 대해 "이들은 곡들은 시간이 지남에 따라 점점 길어지고 때로는 한 두개의 아르페지오 코드로 10분 이상에 걸쳐 음악을 발전시켜 나간다. 속삭임에서 과격함에 이르는 이들의 음악은 슬린트를 떠올리게 한다"고 썼다. 배리 번스는 한 인터뷰에서 자신과 밴드 멤버들은 모과이가 포스트 록이라는 장르에 제한되는 것을 좋아하지 않는다며 모든 것을 너무 과도하게 해석하는게 문제라고 지적했다. 국제적으로 열성팬들이 퍼져 있는 것에 대해 모과이의 음악이 대부분 가사가 없기 때문이라는 설명도 있다. 브레이스웨이트는 가사가 없는 것에 대해 다음과 같이 말했다: 음반 목록 정규 음반 《Mogwai Young Team》 (1997) 《Come On Die Young》 (1999) 《Rock Action》 (2001) 《Happy Songs for Happy People》 (2003) 《Mr Beast》 (2006) 《The Hawk Is Howling》 (2008) 《Hardcore Will Never Die, But You Will》 (2011) 《Rave Tapes》 (2014) 《Every Country's Sun》 (2017) 《As the Love Continues》 (2021) 밴드 멤버 현재 멤버 스튜어트 브레이스웨이트 (Stuart Braithwaite) - 기타, 보컬 (1995년-현재) 도미닉 아이치슨 (Dominic Aitchison) - 베이스, 기타 (1995년-현재) 마틴 불록 (Martin Bulloch) - 드럼 (1995년-현재) 배리 번스 (Barry Burns) - 기타, 키보드, 신세사이저, 플룻, 보컬 (1998년-현재) 이전 멤버 브렌단 오헤어 (Brendan O'Hare) - 키보드, 기타 (1997년) 존 커닝스 (John Cummings) - 기타, 프로그래밍, 드럼, 키보드 (1995-2015년) 변천사 각주 외부 링크 Mogwai's official website 영국의 얼터너티브 록 밴드 포스트 록 밴드 1995년 결성된 음악 그룹 영국의 인디 팝 밴드 인디 팝 밴드 스코틀랜드의 음악 그룹 스코틀랜드의 인디 록 밴드 스코틀랜드의 록 밴드

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogwai

Mogwai

Mogwai () are a Scottish post-rock band, formed in 1995 in Glasgow. The band consists of Stuart Braithwaite (guitar, vocals), Barry Burns (guitar, piano, synthesizer, vocals), Dominic Aitchison (bass guitar), and Martin Bulloch (drums). Mogwai typically compose lengthy guitar-based instrumental pieces that feature dynamic contrast, melodic bass guitar lines, and heavy use of distortion and effects. The band were for several years signed to Glasgow label Chemikal Underground, and have been distributed by different labels such as Matador in the US and Play It Again Sam in the UK, but now use their own label Rock Action Records in the UK, and Temporary Residence Ltd. in North America. Mogwai's tenth album, As the Love Continues, reached No. 1 in the UK Albums Chart on 26 February 2021. History Formation (1991–1995) Stuart Braithwaite and Dominic Aitchison met in April 1991, and four years later formed Mogwai with old schoolfriend Martin Bulloch. The band's name comes from the name of the creatures in the feature film Gremlins, although guitarist Stuart Braithwaite comments that "it has no significant meaning and we always intended on getting a better one, but like a lot of other things we never got round to it." The word mogwai means "evil spirit" or "devil" in Cantonese. The band debuted in February 1996 with the "Tuner"/"Lower" single and by the end of the year they received 'single of the week' from NME for "Summer", a feat repeated early in 1997 with "New Paths to Helicon". After playing a few shows the band expanded with the introduction of John Cummings on guitar, and then Teenage Fanclub drummer Brendan O'Hare joined while they recorded their debut album Mogwai Young Team. Mogwai Young Team (1995–1997) The album, released in October 1997, reached No. 75 on the UK Albums Chart, and featured a guest appearance from Aidan Moffat of Arab Strap. In 1998 the band had their first singles chart success with a split single with Magoo of Black Sabbath cover versions reaching No. 60 in the UK and an EP of "Fear Satan" remixes reaching No. 57. In the same year, an album of remixes of the band's tracks by the likes of Kevin Shields, Alec Empire, and μ-ziq was issued (Kicking a Dead Pig: Mogwai Songs Remixed). The band also remixed tracks for David Holmes and Manic Street Preachers. O'Hare was sacked after the release of the album (reportedly after upsetting the rest of the band by talking all through a performance by Arab Strap). Come On Die Young (1998–1999) Barry Burns was brought in prior to the recording of Come On Die Young, the band's second album. He had already played a few shows with the band, as a flautist and as an occasional pianist. According to Stuart, Barry was invited into the band because he was a "good laugh". The album reached No. 29 in the UK. The band line up remained unchanged from 1998 until November 2015, when John Cummings left to pursue other projects. Fellow Scottish musician Luke Sutherland has contributed violin (and more recently vocals and guitar) to Mogwai's records and live performances. Rock Action (2000–2001) The band's 2001 album Rock Action gave them their then-highest UK album chart placing, reaching No. 23. The album was less guitar-led than previously, featuring more electronics; a larger than usual number of tracks also featured vocals, and guest vocalists included David Pajo of Slint, Gruff Rhys of Super Furry Animals and Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol. Shortly afterwards the band released "My Father My King", a cacophonous 20-minute song which closed their Rock Action-period shows, and was billed as a companion piece to the album. Happy Songs For Happy People (2002–2003) Mogwai's 2003 album Happy Songs for Happy People continued the band's movement into the use of electronica and more spacious arrangements. It was the band's first album to sell in any numbers in the US, reaching No. 13 on the Billboard Independent Albums Chart and even spending one week in the Billboard 200. Reviews were generally favourable, although as Pitchfork Media said in 2008 "...(the album's) reception ranged from middling to favorable. Some praised the band's scope, grandeur, and willingness to explore beyond the bounds of the quiet-loud-louder dynamic it had mastered; others lamented a lack of the same, alternately calling Happy Songs too soft, too small, or too stiff." Mr Beast (2004–2006) In March 2006, the album Mr Beast was released in a regular format and in a limited deluxe edition package that came with both the album on CD and a DVD documenting the recording process entitled The Recording of Mr Beast. The album was described by Creation Records head Alan McGee as "probably the best art rock album I've been involved with since Loveless. In fact, it's possibly better than Loveless" – referring to the influential 1991 album by My Bloody Valentine. AllMusic called the album "Possibly the most accessible yet sophisticated album Mogwai (have) released". The Hawk Is Howling (2007–2008) The band's sixth studio album was recorded from late 2007 until early 2008, and was released in September 2008. It was the first Mogwai album not to feature vocals, and was also the first to be self-produced by the band; the album was recorded by Andy Miller at Chem19 Studios in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, and mixed by Gareth Jones at Castle of Doom Studios in Glasgow. The album spawned an EP, Batcat, featuring the title track from the album and also a collaboration with Roky Erickson, with Erickson providing vocals on "Devil Rides". Burning / Special Moves (2009–2010) In 2010 the band released their first live film (Burning, filmed by Vincent Moon and Nathanaël Le Scouarnec, which premiered at the Glasgow Film Festival in February) and live album (called Special Moves). Burning contains eight tracks from the band's Brooklyn shows during their 2008/2009 American tour, whilst Special Moves adds nine more tracks from the same source. Special Moves was the first release on Mogwai's own Rock Action records, named after Stooges drummer Scott Asheton, who had his name changed to Rock Action. Hardcore Will Never Die, But You Will (2011–2013) In September 2010, Mogwai left longtime North American distributor Matador Records, and signed with Sub Pop. Braithwaite also stated that the band were working on material for a new album for release in early 2011. On 27 October 2010, Mogwai announced their seventh studio album, Hardcore Will Never Die, But You Will. The album was released on 14 February 2011 in the UK and entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 25. A bonus edition featured an additional CD featuring a 23-minute piece called "Music for a Forgotten Future (The Singing Mountain)", which was recorded for an art installation by Douglas Gordon and Olaf Nicolai. Three singles were released from the album; "Rano Pano", "Mexican Grand Prix" and "San Pedro". In 2012 a remix album, A Wrenched Virile Lore was released which included tracks from Hardcore... remixed by numerous artists including Xander Harris, The Soft Moon, Robert Hampson and Justin Broadrick. The album, whose title is almost an anagram of "Hardcore Will Never Die" was again released by Sub Pop in the US, and Rock Action Records elsewhere. Rave Tapes (2013–2015) In July 2013, Mogwai performed their soundtrack to Zidane: A 21st Century Portrait for the first time at dates across the UK. An announcement of new live dates followed, including two nights at the Royal Festival Hall, and an appearance closing the final holiday camp edition of the "All Tomorrow's Parties" festival in Camber Sands, England. They announced their eighth studio album Rave Tapes on 28 October 2013. The album was released on 20 January 2014 on Rock Action in the UK, Spunk in Australia and Hostess in Japan and South-east Asia, while Sub Pop released the album in the US on 21 January. Rave Tapes was produced by Mogwai and Paul Savage, and the song "Remurdered" was uploaded to the Rock Action and Sub Pop SoundCloud pages at the time of the announcement. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 10 and, as of April 2014, was the best selling UK album released in 2014 in terms of vinyl sales. An EP titled Music Industry 3. Fitness Industry 1. on Rock Action was released on 1 December 2014 featuring three new tracks from the Rave Tapes sessions, along with three remixes of tracks from that album by Blanck Mass, Pye Corner Audio and Nils Frahm. The EP was recorded in Glasgow with Paul Savage. In June 2015 Mogwai played a series of high-profile shows in the UK and Ireland, climaxing with two nights at the Camden Roundhouse, to celebrate the band's 20th anniversary. At the same time, in association with ATP, they curated a series of shows at the London venue featuring acts that have "challenged, intrigued and inspired" them, including The Jesus and Mary Chain, Public Enemy, and Godspeed You! Black Emperor. A career retrospective album comprising three CDs or six LPs, Central Belters, was released on 23 October. On 15 November 2015, the band announced that guitarist John Cummings had left to pursue his own projects. Every Country's Sun (2016–2019) In April 2016, Braithwaite told the Guardian that the band were writing new songs and would be travelling to the US later in the year to record a new album with Dave Fridmann, who produced Rock Action some 15 years previously. On 25 November, Fridmann announced that the band had started recording the album with him. On 3 March 2017, the band announced that they had completed recording and were mastering the album at Abbey Road Studios. The band have announced a worldwide tour to coincide with the release of the new album, starting with dates in Europe in October before visiting North America in November, and finally playing in their home city of Glasgow in December. On 14 May 2017, the band announced the new album would be named Every Country's Sun and would be released on 1 September 2017. They also shared the first song "Coolverine". On 2 June, Mogwai played a show at Primavera Sound festival in Barcelona, only announced on the day, which consisted of Every Country's Sun played in full. As the Love Continues (2020–present) On 29 October 2020, Mogwai announced a new album, As the Love Continues, which went on to reach No. 1 in the UK Albums Chart on 26 February 2021. The lead single, "Dry Fantasy", was premiered on BBC Radio 6 and made available for download the same day. On 13 February, the weekend before the album's release on 19 February, the band streamed a show recorded at Glasgow Tramway where they played the album in full. Following a social media campaign asking various celebrities to promote it, the album entered the UK chart at No. 1 in its first week of release, a position that the band called "totally surreal". As the Love Continues was nominated for the Mercury Prize, which honours the best of British music, in 2021. The album won the 2021 Scottish Album of the Year Award. Soundtracks and other work In 2006, the band provided the soundtrack to the film Zidane: A 21st Century Portrait, with the soundtrack album released the following year. The band's songs "Auto Rock" and "We're No Here" were used in Michael Mann's 2006 film Miami Vice. The band also collaborated with Clint Mansell and Kronos Quartet on the soundtrack to The Fountain in 2006. Mogwai are also featured in the 2009 post-rock documentary Introspective. The band donated an exclusive track to the PEACE project in April 2010 in support of Amnesty International. In 2012, the band provided the soundtrack for the Canal+ French TV series Les Revenants (broadcast as The Returned in the UK). The album, Les Revenants, was released on 25 February 2013. The track "Kids Will Be Skeletons" was featured as part of the soundtrack of the story based video game Life Is Strange. In 2015 the band supplied the music for Mark Cousins' documentary Atomic, Living in Dread and Promise. The soundtrack was reworked and released as Atomic on 1 April 2016, through Rock Action Records. The band carried out an extensive live tour of Europe and Japan performing the soundtrack against a backdrop of the screening of the film, beginning in Austria on 1 May 2016. They then announced a North American tour of the album for January 2017. The band also co-wrote the score to Fisher Stevens' 2016 documentary film about climate change Before the Flood. The score was performed and written by Mogwai, Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross, and Gustavo Santaolalla. In 2016 Braithwaite took part in a documentary about Glasgow music, and Chemikal Underground Records, called Lost in France. The film was directed by Niall McCann and brought Braithwaite (along with members of The Delgados, Franz Ferdinand and others) to Mauron, Brittany, to recreate a gig they played just after Mogwai had formed. The film features Mogwai live, as well as footage of Braithwaite playing Mogwai tracks solo and interviews with Braithwaite and his old label-mates such as Alex Kapranos (Franz Ferdinand), Emma Pollock (The Delgados) and Stewart Henderson (The Delgados). It premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival to positive reviews and was called "Funny, vital and sobering" by Scotland's arts magazine The Skinny. In August 2018 Mogwai released the soundtrack for the movie Kin, and in May 2020 the soundtrack for the 2020 Sky Italia & Amazon Prime series ZeroZeroZero. As an extra Mogwai released in 2014 their own whisky brand, a year later they even tried out a (limited edition) spirits brand of rum. In July 2022 Mogwai released the soundtrack for the Apple TV+ series Black Bird. Musical style The band's influences include Fugazi, MC5, My Bloody Valentine, Sonic Youth, Pixies, The Cure and post-rock pioneers Slint, and Braithwaite also listed guitarist John McGeoch as an inspiration. Mogwai's style has easily identifiable connections to genres such as shoegaze, math rock, and art rock. Debut album Mogwai Young Team was described as "stunningly dynamic...[shifting] seamlessly from tranquil, bleakly beautiful soundscapes to brain scrambling white noise and sledgehammer riffing". Douglas Wolk, writing for SPIN in 1999 said of the band: "Their compositions have gotten increasingly drawn-out and austere over time, sometimes barely more than a single arpeggiated chord or two evolving for ten minutes or more, whisperingly brutal in a way that recalls Slint more than any other band". Barry Burns once stated in an interview that he and the rest of the band do not like the categorisation of post-rock because he believes it over-analyses everything. Their strong international fanbase is based, in part, on the band's music being largely lyric-free. Braithwaite has commented on the absence of lyrics in most of Mogwai's music, saying: Band members Current Stuart Braithwaite – guitar, bass, vocals (1995–present) Dominic Aitchison – bass, guitar, keyboards (1995–present) Martin Bulloch – drums (1995–present) Barry Burns – guitar, keyboards, bass, synthesizer, flute, vocals (1998–present) Former Brendan O'Hare – keyboards, guitar (1997) John Cummings – guitar, programming, bass, drums, keyboards (1995–2015) Occasional contributor and touring members Alex Mackay – guitar, keyboards, percussion (touring member: 2016–present) Luke Sutherland – violin, guitar, vocals, percussion (1998–2016) James Hamilton – drums (touring replacement for Martin Bulloch: 2011–2013) Scott Paterson – guitar (touring replacement for John Cummings/Alex Mackay: 2015, 2021) Cat Myers – drums (touring replacement for Martin Bulloch: 2017–2018) Timeline Discography Mogwai Young Team (1997) Come On Die Young (1999) Rock Action (2001) Happy Songs for Happy People (2003) Mr Beast (2006) The Hawk Is Howling (2008) Hardcore Will Never Die, But You Will (2011) Rave Tapes (2014) Every Country's Sun (2017) As the Love Continues (2021) See also List of post-rock bands List of bands from Glasgow List of Scottish musicians References External links Mogwai's official website Mogwai at the Internet Archive's Live Music Archive Bright light! – unofficial website with complete gigography, articles and interviews My Life's Playlist: Mogwai's Stuart Braithwaite [PIAS]'s Blog - 21 April 2015 Scottish post-rock groups Instrumental rock musical groups Scottish space rock musical groups Ableton Live users Musical groups established in 1995 Musical groups from Glasgow 1995 establishments in Scotland Rock Action Records artists Chemikal Underground artists Matador Records artists PIAS Recordings artists Temporary Residence Limited artists Love Da Records artists

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%20%EC%8B%9C%EB%9F%B0

에드 시런

에드워드 크리스토퍼 "에드" 시런(, MBE, 1991년 2월 17일~)은 잉글랜드의 싱어송라이터이다. 시런은 헵든브리지에서 태어나 프램링엄에서 자랐으며, 그곳에서 기타를 배우고 노래를 쓰며 성장했다. 2005년부터 음반을 녹음하기 시작했고, 음악 경력을 쌓기 위해 2008년 런던으로 이동했다. 2011년 초, 8번째 EP No. 5 Collaborations Project를 발매해 주목을 받게 되고, 결국 어사일럼 레코드와 계약을 하게 되었다. 2011년 6월 발매된 싱글 "The A Team"이 영국 싱글 차트 3위를 기록하고 "Lego House" 또한 성공을 거두는 데 이어, 데뷔 음반 +은 영국에서 5x 플래티넘을 기록했다. 2012년 브릿 어워드에서 최우수 신인상과 최우수 남자 솔로 아티스트상을 수상하여 2관왕에 올랐으며, "The A Team"으로 아이버 노벨로 어워드에서 최우수 노래상을 수상하였다. 2011년, 원 디렉션의 데뷔 음반 Up All Night의 수록곡 "Moments"를 썼으며, 2012년에는 테일러 스위프트의 음반 Red의 수록곡 "Everything Has Changed"의 피처링에 참가하였다. 2013년은 대부분 스위프트의 콘서트 투어 The Red Tour의 개막 공연을 하는 데 보냈다. 2013년 제55회 그래미상 시상식에서 엘튼 존과 함께 "The A Team"을 불렀으며, 올해의 노래 부문에도 노미네이트되었다. 또한, 2014년 제56회 그래미상에도 최우수 신인상에 노미네이트되었다. 2014년 4월 공개된 "Sing"은 영국, 오스트레일리아를 포함한 여러 나라의 싱글 차트에서 1위를 하였다. 2번째 음반 X는 같은 해 6월 23일 발매되었다. X는 영국 음반 차트와 미국 빌보드 200 차트에서 1위를 하였으며, 2015년 제58회 그래미 시상식에서 '올해의 노래'상을 수상하였다. 2015년에는 저스틴 비버의 Love Yourself의 작곡과 코러스를 맡았고, 2017년 1월 6일 Shape of You, Castle on the Hill가 발표되었고 이 곡이 수록된 3번째 음반 ÷가 3월 3일 발매되었다. Shape of You의 뮤직비디오는 2020년 기준 유튜브에서 약 50억 조회수를 기록하였으며 스포티파이에서 약 26억 회 이상 스트리밍되기도 한 히트곡으로 불리고 있으며 이후 그의 싱글들이 줄줄이 유명세를 타게 되어 현재까지 그의 대표 앨범으로 자리잡고 있다. 이후 2011년 출시한 No. 5 Collaborations Project의 연장선인 No.6 Collaborations Project가 2019년 7월 12일 발매되었는데 영국 싱글 차트에서 I Don't Care를 포함한 3곡이 1위를 차지하고, 5곡이 탑 5를 차지하는 등의 성적을 보였으나 미국 빌보드에서는 2주 간 1위를 한 후 계속해서 추락하고 있다. 2019년 12월 24일 투어 공연과 결혼을 이유로 휴식기를 가진 후 2020년 12월 21일 복귀를 선언했고 2021년 6월 25일 싱글 Bad Habits를 발매하였다. 영국 싱글 차트에서는 올리비아 로드리고의 good 4 u를 누르고 1위를 차지했고 빌보드 핫 100에서는 5위로 진입하여 현재까지 5 ~ 6위 사이를 유지하고 있다. 2021년 7월 9일에는 방탄소년단의 싱글 Permission to Dance의 작사와 작곡을 맡았으며 7월 10일에는 MSG워너비의 1집 발매 기념으로 러브콜을 보냈다. 어린 시절 에드 시런은 1991년 2월 17일 웨스트요크셔주 핼리팩스 근교의 헵든브리지에서 강사이자 큐레이터인 아버지 존 시런()과 홍보 담당자를 했던 보석 디자이너인 어머니 이모건 록() 사이에서 태어나, 프램링엄에서 자랐다. 부모님은 예술 자문 회사인 시런 록()을 1990년부터 2010년까지 운영했다. 형제자매로는 형 매슈()가 있다. 매슈는 작곡가이자 음악 대학원생이다. 시런의 친조부모는 아일랜드계 혈통으로, 마하라와 노스웩스퍼드 출신이다. 로마 가톨릭교회 집안에서 자란 시런은 4살 때 교회의 합창단원으로 활동했다. 어릴 때부터 기타를 배운 시런은 프램링엄의 토머스 밀스 고등학교를 다니며 노래를 쓰기 시작했다. 유아기때, 부모와 함께 런던 여행을 하며 밴 모리슨의 노래를 들었다고 하며, 11살 때는 아일랜드에서 데이미언 라이스의 공연을 봤다고 한다. 또한, 라이스를 포함하여 비틀즈, 밥 딜런, 니즐로피, 에미넴에게 크게 영향을 받았다고 한다. 시런은 또한 10대 당시, 국립 유소년 극단에 다녔었다. 시런은 또한, 영국 유소년 뮤지컬 극단의 홍보대사이기도 하다. 음반 목록 No.5 Collaborations Project(2011) + (2011) x (2014) ÷ (2017) No.6 Collaborations Project (2019) = (2021) - (2023) Autunm Variations (2023) 출연 작품 브리짓 존스의 베이비 (2016) - 에드 시런 본인 역 송라이터 (2018) 예스터데이 (2019) - 에드 시런 본인 역 놀면 뭐하니 (2021) 영상통화 레드 노티스 (2021) - 에드 시런 본인 역 각주 외부 링크 에드 시런 - 스포티파이 1991년 출생 살아있는 사람 잉글랜드의 남자 가수 잉글랜드의 팝 가수 잉글랜드의 R&B 가수 잉글랜드의 남자 싱어송라이터 아일랜드계 잉글랜드인 대영제국 훈장 구성원 그래미상 수상자 브릿 어워드 수상자 유튜브 다이아몬드 플레이 버튼 수상자 애틀랜틱 레코드 음악가 잉글랜드의 자선가

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Sheeran

Ed Sheeran

Edward Christopher Sheeran ( ; born 17 February 1991) is an English singer-songwriter. Born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, and raised in Framlingham, Suffolk, he began writing songs around the age of eleven. In early 2011, Sheeran independently released the extended play No. 5 Collaborations Project. He signed with Asylum Records the same year. Sheeran's debut album, + ("Plus"), was released in September 2011 and topped the UK Albums Chart. It contained his first hit single "The A Team". In 2012, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist and British Breakthrough Act. Sheeran's second studio album, × ("Multiply"), topped charts around the world upon its release in June 2014. It was named the second-best-selling album worldwide of 2015. In the same year, × won Album of the Year at the 2015 Brit Awards, and he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. A single from ×, "Thinking Out Loud", earned him the 2016 Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance. Sheeran's third album, ÷ ("Divide"), was released in March 2017, and was the best-selling album worldwide of 2017. The first two singles from the album, "Shape of You" and "Castle on the Hill", broke records in a number of countries by debuting in the top two positions of the charts. He also became the first artist to have two songs debut in the US top 10 in the same week. By March 2017, Sheeran had accumulated ten top-10 singles from ÷ on the UK Singles Chart, breaking the record for most top-10 UK singles from one album. His fourth single from ÷, "Perfect", reached number one in the US, Australia, and the UK, where it became the Christmas number one in 2017. The world's best-selling artist of 2017, he was named the Global Recording Artist of the Year. Released in 2019, his fourth overall and first collaborative album, No.6 Collaborations Project, debuted at number one in most major markets, and spawned three UK number one singles, "I Don't Care", "Beautiful People", and "Take Me Back to London". His fifth studio album, = ("Equals"), topped the charts in most major markets in 2021. His sixth album, - ("Subtract"), was released on 5 May 2023, while his seventh album, Autumn Variations, was released on 29 September 2023 under his own record label, Gingerbread Man Records. Sheeran has sold more than 150 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. He has 101 million RIAA-certified units in the US, and two of his albums are in the list of the best-selling albums in UK chart history. In December 2019, the Official Charts Company named him artist of the decade, with the most combined success in the UK album and singles charts in the 2010s. As of April 2022, he is the most followed artist on Spotify. Beginning in March 2017, his ÷ Tour became the highest-grossing of all time in August 2019. An alumnus of the National Youth Theatre in London, Sheeran's acting roles include appearing in the 2019 film Yesterday, playing himself. Early life and education Edward Christopher Sheeran was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England on 17 February 1991. His early childhood home was on Birchcliffe Road in nearby Hebden Bridge. His father was a curator at Cartwright Hall in Bradford, and his mother worked at Manchester City Art Gallery. In December 1995, he moved with his family from Hebden Bridge to Framlingham in Suffolk, where he attended the independent Brandeston Hall preparatory school (now Framlingham College Prep School), then Thomas Mills High School, also in Framlingham. He has an older brother named Matthew, who works as a composer. Sheeran's parents, John and Imogen, are from London. His father is Irish, and Sheeran has stated that his father is from a "very large" Catholic family. John is an art curator and lecturer, and Imogen is a culture publicist turned jewellery designer. His parents ran Sheeran Lock, an independent art consultancy, from 1990 to 2010. Sheeran sang at a local church choir at the age of four, learned how to play the guitar at age eleven, and began writing songs while at Thomas Mills High School in Framlingham. He also played the cello when he was younger. A 2004 school report described him as a "natural performer", and his classmates also voted him "most likely to be famous". He was accepted at the National Youth Theatre in London as a teenager. He successfully auditioned for Youth Music Theatre UK in 2007 and joined their production of Frankenstein – A New Musical in Plymouth. He is a patron of Youth Music Theatre UK (now renamed British Youth Music Theatre) and of Access to Music, where he studied Artist Development. Sheeran is a second cousin of Northern Irish broadcaster Gordon Burns, who hosted the British game show The Krypton Factor. Career 2004–2010: Career beginnings Sheeran began recording music in 2004, and at the age of thirteen independently released his first collection of work, titled Spinning Man. He has been friends with fellow English singer Passenger since he was 15, with the two playing the same gig in Cambridge. He moved to London in 2008 and began playing in small venues. In 2008, he auditioned for the ITV series Britannia High. He also opened for Nizlopi in Norwich in April 2008, after being one of their guitar technicians. In the autumn of 2009, Sheeran began studying music at the Academy of Contemporary Music (ACM) in Guildford, Surrey as an undergraduate at the age 18, but left without permission in the same year to support hip-hop artist Just Jack. He released another EP in 2009, You Need Me, and also collaborated several times with Essex singer Leddra Chapman, including CeeLo Green's "Fuck You". In February 2010, Sheeran posted a video through SB.TV—a channel launched by British entrepreneur Jamal Edwards—and rapper Example invited Sheeran to tour with him. In the same month, he also released his critically acclaimed Loose Change EP, which featured his future debut single, "The A Team". Sheeran began to be seen by more people over the internet through YouTube and his fan base expanded, with him also receiving praise from The Independent newspaper and Elton John. He played a Station Session in St. Pancras International in June 2010. Some of the episode is on their Facebook page Sheeran also self-released two other EPs in 2010, Ed Sheeran: Live at the Bedford and Songs I Wrote with Amy, which is a collection of love songs he wrote in Wales with Amy Wadge. When in Los Angeles in 2010, he was invited to perform at The Foxxhole, a club run by actor Jamie Foxx, which ended with an invitation to stay at Foxx's home. On 8 January 2011, Sheeran released another independent EP, No. 5 Collaborations Project, featuring grime artists such as Wiley, Jme, Devlin, Sway and Ghetts. With this EP, Sheeran gained mainstream attention for having reached number 2 in the iTunes chart without any promotion or label, selling over 7,000 copies in the first week. Three months later, Sheeran put on a free show to fans at the Barfly in Camden Town. Over 1,000 fans turned up, so Sheeran played four different shows to ensure everyone saw a gig, including a gig outside on the street after the venue had closed. Later that month, Sheeran was signed to Asylum Records. 2011–2013: Debut studio album, + ("Plus") On 26 April 2011, Sheeran appeared on the BBC music show Later... with Jools Holland, where he performed his debut single "The A Team". Six weeks later, "The A Team" was released as a digital download in the UK. The release served as the lead single from Sheeran's debut studio album, + ("Plus"). "The A Team" entered the UK Singles Chart at number three, selling over 58,000 copies in the first week. It was the best-selling debut single and the overall eighth-best selling single of 2011, selling 801,000 copies. The lead single also became a top ten hit in Australia, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway and the Netherlands. During a headline set in the BBC Introducing tent at Glastonbury Festival 2011, Sheeran announced that "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" would be released on 26 August as the second single from the album. The second single peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart. "Lego House" was released as the third single, reaching the top ten on the Australian, Irish and New Zealand Singles Charts. The music video for "Lego House" features actor Rupert Grint, as a play on their similar appearance. "Drunk", released on 19 February 2012, became Sheeran's fourth consecutive top-ten single in the UK, peaking at number nine. Sheeran released + on 12 September 2011. The album received generally favourable reviews from music critics and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart for sales of 102,000 copies. By end of 2011, sales of the album in the UK stand at 791,000; it became the second-best-selling debut album and the ninth-biggest-selling album there. The album has been certified platinum six times by the British Phonographic Industry, denoting shipments of 1.8 million copies. As of March 2012, the album had sold 1,021,072 copies in the UK. The album also reached the top five in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the US. The song, "Moments", on the debut album by boy band One Direction, released in November 2011, was co-written by Sheeran. At the 2012 Brit Awards on 21 February, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Breakthrough Act of the Year. On 10 January 2012, it was announced that Sheeran would support Snow Patrol on their US tour from late March until May. His song, "Give Me Love", was featured in the episode "Dangerous Liaisons" of The Vampire Diaries. At the Ivor Novello Awards in May 2012, Sheeran's "The A Team" bested Adele's "Rolling in the Deep" and Florence and the Machine's "Shake It Out" for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. Sheeran performed "The A Team" at the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II concert held on The Mall outside Buckingham Palace on 4 June 2012 and a cover of Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here" at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London on 12 August 2012. Taylor Swift contacted Sheeran after hearing his music while touring Australia in March 2012. He later co-wrote and provided vocals for "Everything Has Changed", a single featured on Swift's fourth studio album, Red. Sheeran also contributed two songs to One Direction's second studio album, Take Me Home, released in November 2012; the single "Little Things" became the group's second number-one in the UK. Sheeran's album peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard 200, while "The A Team" reached No. 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100. In late 2012 and early 2013, he headlined a US tour of 6,000–9,000-capacity venues. "The A Team" received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards. Elton John, who runs Sheeran's management company, canvassed the award organisers to get Sheeran a performance slot at the ceremony but was told that Sheeran alone was not high-profile enough. John decided to appear with Sheeran to circumvent this problem. Sheeran was also featured on some tracks from Irish singer Foy Vance's fourth album Joy of Nothing. From March to September 2013, Sheeran played at arenas and stadiums across North America as the opening act for Swift's The Red Tour. According to Sheeran, it was then his biggest tour, and he added a scarlet RED tattoo to commemorate it. In October 2013, Sheeran headlined three sold-out shows at New York's Madison Square Garden. At the concert, Sheeran debuted new songs, including "Tenerife Sea", a future track on his second studio album. Sheeran released "I See Fire" on 5 November 2013. The song is featured in the end credits of the film The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, the film's soundtrack, and on the deluxe version of his second album. Sheeran was nominated for Best New Artist at the 2014 Grammy Awards. 2014–2015: Second studio album, × ("Multiply") On 24 March 2014, Sheeran performed at the Teenage Cancer Trust charity concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London where he unveiled "Take It Back", a track that would appear on the deluxe version of the second album. "Sing", the lead single, was released on 7 April 2014. Sonically, the song is a departure from Sheeran's previous recordings. "Sing" was intended to create hype over the album release, but from concern that this might alienate Sheeran's fan base, "One", an acoustic ballad, was released on 16 May 2014; "One" also marked the first of several promotional singles released leading to the album release. By early June 2014, "Sing" had earned Sheeran his first number-one single in the UK. Sheeran's second studio album, × ("Multiply"), was released worldwide on 23 June 2014. Spanning three years, Sheeran wrote more than 120 songs for the album. The album features tracks produced by Rick Rubin, Pharrell Williams and Benny Blanco, as well as that of Gosling's. × peaked at number one in both the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200. To support the album, Sheeran embarked on a world tour starting on 6 August 2014 at Osaka, Japan. On 27 September 2014, Sheeran was one of the headline acts at the Melbourne Cricket Ground prior to the 2014 AFL Grand Final. Following "Don't", "Thinking Out Loud" was released on 24 September 2014 as the album's third single. Unlike his previous music videos, Sheeran took the lead role in the single's accompaniment, where he performed a ballroom dance. It became his second single to reach number one in the UK, and it also spent eight weeks at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 (with only "Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars keeping it from top spot). In 2014, combined streams on Sheeran's catalogue in Spotify reached 860 million; Spotify named him the most-streamed artist and × the most-streamed album. In the same year, the album made Sheeran iTunes' best-selling artist in the UK, Ireland and New Zealand. × was nominated for Album of the Year at the 57th Grammy Awards. Sheeran performed "Thinking Out Loud" alongside John Mayer, Questlove and Herbie Hancock at the ceremony. On 25 February, Sheeran won British Male Solo Artist and British Album of the Year for × at the 2015 Brit Awards. On 21 May he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year. On 21 June, Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 Much Music Video Awards in Toronto, where he performed the singles, "Thinking Out Loud" and "Photograph"; he also won two awards, Best International Artist and Most Buzzworthy International Artist or Group. On 27 June, Sheeran performed as the opening act for The Rolling Stones in their Zip Code Tour date in Kansas City's Arrowhead Stadium. On 10–12 July 2015, Sheeran performed sold-out shows at London's Wembley Stadium. The shows, which were announced in November 2014, were part of his world tour. The concert was documented and aired on 16 August 2015 on NBC; the one-hour special Ed Sheeran – Live at Wembley Stadium also included behind-the-scenes footage. In November 2015 Sheeran released the DVD Jumpers for Goalposts: Live at Wembley Stadium; the title is a nod to playing concerts at Wembley Stadium, the home of English football. In 2015, Sheeran wrote "Love Yourself" for Justin Bieber's fourth album. Sheeran had initially planned to put the song on his third album ÷ and added that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song. In August 2015, he sang along with Macklemore on the track "Growing Up". On 26 September, Sheeran performed at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival in Central Park's Great Lawn in New York, an event organised by Coldplay lead singer, Chris Martin, that advocates an end to extreme global poverty. Sheeran headlined the festival along with Beyoncé, Coldplay and Pearl Jam. The festival was broadcast on NBC in the US on 27 September and the BBC in the UK on 28 September. Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards on 25 October in Milan, Italy. He won the awards for Best Live Act and Best Live Stage; the latter was in recognition for his performance at the 2014 V Festival in England. Sheeran won the Breakthrough award at the 2015 Billboard Touring Awards. His single from ×, "Thinking Out Loud", earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 ceremony: Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance. In May 2016, × was named the second-best-selling album worldwide in 2015, behind 25 by Adele. 2016–2018: Third studio album, ÷ ("Divide"), highest-grossing tour of all time On 13 December 2016, after a year long hiatus and social media break, Sheeran tweeted a picture and changed his Twitter, Facebook and Instagram to a light blue, implying the release of a new album—each of Sheeran's previous albums were a single-coloured background with a solid mathematical symbol. On 2 January, he posted a 10-second video on Twitter and other social media platforms, revealing the tracklist and cover art of his fourth studio album, ÷ ("Divide"), which was released on 3 March 2017. The album debuted at number one in the UK, the US, Germany, Australia, Canada and other major markets. With first week sales of 672,000 it is the fastest-selling album by a male solo artist in the UK, and third fastest in UK chart history behind 25 by Adele and Be Here Now by Oasis. It had the biggest first-week sales of 2017 in the US, until it was surpassed by Taylor Swift's Reputation. On 6 January, Sheeran released two singles, "Shape of You" and "Castle on the Hill"; the theme of the latter single Sheeran's upbringing in his home town of Framlingham in Suffolk, with the castle referring to Framlingham Castle. Following the release of these singles, Sheeran co-hosted the BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show with Scott Mills where it was implied that he would possibly make an appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in 2017. It was also during this show that Sheeran used a new Martin guitar that featured the ÷ logo (of his new album) on both the headstock and body of the acoustic guitar. Both singles went on to break the Spotify day one streaming record, with a combined total of over 13 million streams in 24 hours. On 13 January, "Shape of You" and "Castle on the Hill" entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and number two, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two UK chart positions with new songs. The same day he also became the first artist to debut at number one and number two on the German Single Charts. On 15 January, the songs debuted at number one and number two on the ARIA Singles Chart, the first time this has been achieved in the history of the Australian chart. On 17 January, "Shape of You" debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, while "Castle on the Hill" entered at number six; this made Sheeran the first artist ever to have two songs simultaneously debut in the US top 10. The team behind TLC's song "No Scrubs" were given writing credits on "Shape of You" after fans and critics found similarities between elements of the two songs. On 26 January, Sheeran announced dates for the beginning of the Divide Tour with shows in Europe, South America and North America from 17 March until 14 June 2017. On 17 February, Sheeran released "How Would You Feel (Paean)". Though not an official single, the song peaked at number two in the UK. By 11 March 2017, Sheeran had accumulated ten top-10 singles from ÷ on the UK Singles Chart, breaking Scottish DJ Calvin Harris's record of nine top-10 singles from one album. On 25 June, Sheeran headlined the final night of Glastonbury, performing in front of 135,000 people. At the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards Sheeran was named Artist of the Year. The fourth single from ÷, "Perfect", reached number one in the UK and Australia, and a stripped-down acoustic version of the song titled "Perfect Duet", a collaboration with Beyoncé, reached number one in the US and the UK, becoming the year's UK Christmas number one. On 7 November, Taylor Swift revealed that Sheeran collaborated on the song "End Game" for her sixth studio album Reputation. The song, which also features rapper Future, was released on 10 November. On 4 December, Sheeran was named Spotify's most-streamed artist of 2017 with 6.3 billion streams. He has Spotify's biggest album of the year with ÷ streamed 3.1 billion times, and the top song with "Shape of You" with 1.4 billion streams. On 5 December 2017, hip-hop artist Eminem announced that Sheeran had collaborated on the song "River" for his ninth studio album Revival. On working with Eminem, Sheeran stated, "He is one of the reasons I started writing songs, and was such a pleasure to work with him." In December 2017, Sheeran appeared on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge, performing his song "Perfect" and a duet of The Pogues' festive classic "Fairytale of New York" with Anne-Marie. On 3 January 2018, "Shape of You" was named the best-selling single of 2017 in the UK, and the best-selling single of 2017 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. The same day, ÷ was named the best-selling album of 2017 in the UK, and the US. As the best-selling artist worldwide for 2017, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) named him the Global Recording Artist of the Year. At the 2018 Brit Awards held at the O2 Arena in London on 21 February, Sheeran performed "Supermarket Flowers", and received the Global Success Award from Elton John and Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood. Sheeran played to over 950,000 people in Australia and New Zealand in March and April, making it the biggest concert tour in Australasian music history, overtaking the previous record set by Dire Straits in 1986. In April, the IFPI named ÷ the best-selling album worldwide of 2017. At the 2018 Billboard Music Awards on 20 May, Sheeran performed "Galway Girl" from Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland, and picked up six awards, including Top Artist and Top Hot 100 Artist. In 2018 Sheeran wrote songs for boy bands. "Trust Fund Baby", by Why Don't We, was released on 1 February 2018, and "Summer On You", by PrettyMuch, was released on 21 June 2018. 2019–2022: fourth studio album, No.6 Collaborations Project, fifth studio album, = ("Equals") On 10 May 2019, Sheeran released the single "I Don't Care", a duet with Justin Bieber, from his fourth studio album No.6 Collaborations Project. On Spotify, "I Don't Care" debuted with 10.977 million daily global streams, breaking the platform's single-day streaming record. The song debuted at number one in the UK, Australia and other markets, and number two in the US. On 31 May, "Cross Me" featuring Chance the Rapper and PnB Rock, debuted at number 9 in the UK. Released on 28 June 2019, "Beautiful People" featuring Khalid debuted at number 3 in the UK and number 4 in Australia. On 5 July, Sheeran released two new songs, "Best Part of Me" featuring Yebba, and "Blow" with Bruno Mars and Chris Stapleton. On 12 July, he released the album, along with "Antisocial" with Travis Scott. The album debuted at number one in the UK, the US, Australia and other markets. As of 9 August 2019, his four albums have spent a combined 41 weeks at number one in the UK, the most weeks at number one in the UK Album Charts in the 2010s, five weeks more than Adele in second. On 26 August, Sheeran wrapped up the 260-show Divide Tour with the last of four homecoming gigs in Ipswich, Suffolk; the tour included, for example, his performance for over 100,000 people at Malmi Airport in Helsinki, Finland on 24 July. On 30 August, the seventh single from the album, "Take Me Back to London" featuring Stormzy, reached number one in the UK. In 2019, Sheeran co-wrote country music singer Kenny Chesney's single "Tip of My Tongue". In December 2019, Sheeran was named artist of the decade by the Official Charts Company for being the most successful performer in the UK album and singles charts of the 2010s. Eight of his songs featured in the Official Chart Company's chart of the decade with three songs inside the top 5—"Shape of You" was named number one. Globally, Spotify named him the second most streamed artist of the decade behind Drake. On 21 December 2020, after being on hiatus after having his first child with Cherry Seaborn in August, he released the surprise single, "Afterglow". On 25 June 2021, Sheeran released "Bad Habits", the lead single from his upcoming fifth studio album. His 10th UK number one single, the song spent eleven consecutive weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart, topped the charts in Australia, Canada and Germany among others, and peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. His eleventh week at number one in the UK saw him become the first British solo artist to notch up 52 weeks at Number 1 across his catalogue, with only Elvis Presley (80 weeks) and The Beatles (69 weeks) achieving more weeks at the summit. On 19 August, Sheeran announced that his fifth studio album, = ("Equals"), would be released on 29 October 2021. The cover was painted by him during the first COVID-19 lockdown, and is based on the changes his life had during the last four years, including marriage, having a child and losing friends. The promotional single "Visiting Hours" was released alongside the announcement. On 9 September, he was part of the 2021 Kickoff Experience ahead of the American NFL season opening game. Released on 10 September, "Shivers" dethroned "Bad Habits" at the top of the UK and Irish singles charts. Topping the charts in most major markets, = became his fifth UK number-one album, and fourth US number one. On 29 November 2021, Sheeran and Elton John released "Merry Christmas", a duet single for charity. Inspired by a scene from the 2003 romantic-comedy film Love Actually, the song's music video sees the duo pay homage to scenes from past British Christmas hits, including "Last Christmas", "Walking in the Air", "Merry Christmas Everyone", and "Stay Another Day". All of the UK profits from the song went to the Ed Sheeran Suffolk Music Foundation and the Elton John AIDS Foundation. Debuting at number one in the UK Singles Chart on 10 December, it was Sheeran's 12th chart-topper. On 23 December, Sheeran featured on the remix of Fireboy DML's song "Peru". On 11 February 2022, Sheeran released a duet version of "The Joker and the Queen" featuring Taylor Swift. On 4 March, he featured in "Bam Bam", collaborating for the second time with Camila Cabello. Later that month he collaborated with Colombian singer J Balvin in the singles "Sigue" and "Forever My Love". Sheeran commenced his +–=÷x Tour (Mathematics Tour) on 21 March. He played warm-up shows at the Electric Ballroom in Camden Town, London before the main tour began with two concerts at Croke Park in Dublin. On 22 April, Sheeran released the fifth single from =, "2step" featuring Lil Baby, before releasing a version of the song featuring Ukrainian pop-rock band Antytila. 2022 also saw Sheeran venture into heavier styles of music, releasing a new version of "Bad Habits" with the pop metal group Bring Me the Horizon in February. Later that year it was reported that he was in contact with Suffolk extreme metal group Cradle of Filth over a possible project, with frontman Dani Filth confirming progress on the collaboration in August. In July, he launched a collaboration with clothing brand Lucy & Yak which was inspired by the artwork of =. On 29 September, Sheeran released the single "Celestial", a collaboration with Japanese media franchise Pokémon. On November, "Shivers" became Sheeran's 11th song to reach 1 billion streams on Spotify. He celebrated via an Instagram post, saying that he was currently filming a music video for his next album, scheduled to be released the following year. Sheeran was spotted at a beach in the coastal Suffolk town of Lowestoft. 2023–present: Sixth studio album, - ("Subtract"), seventh studio album, Autumn Variations On 1 March 2023, Sheeran officially announced on all social media platforms that his sixth studio album, - ("Subtract"), would be released on 5 May 2023. Sheeran released the album's lead single, "Eyes Closed" with its accompanying music video on 24 March 2023. "Boat" was released as the second single off the record on 21 April 2023. The third single, "Life Goes On", was released on 5 May 2023. In August 2023, Sheeran announced his second album of the year, Autumn Variations, released on 29 September 2023. It is his first studio album for which he owns the copyright, and also his first to be released through Gingerbread Man Records. Musical style and influences Sheeran's musical style has been described as pop, folk-pop, and soft rock. Sheeran also incorporates rap into his music. Sheeran's earliest memories include listening to the records of Joni Mitchell, Bob Dylan and Elton John's Greatest Hits. According to Sheeran, the album that introduced him to music was Van Morrison's Irish Heartbeat. During his childhood his father took him to live concerts that would inspire his musical creations. These included seeing Eric Clapton at the Royal Albert Hall, Paul McCartney in Birmingham, and Bob Dylan. On the influence of Clapton, Sheeran states, "He's the reason I started playing guitar". He singled out Clapton's performance at the Party at the Palace in the grounds of Buckingham Palace, "I was eleven when I saw Eric Clapton play at the Queen's Golden Jubilee concert in June 2002. I remember him walking on stage with this rainbow-coloured Stratocaster and playing the first riff of 'Layla'. I was hooked. Two days later I bought a black Stratocaster copy for £30 that came with an amp. All I did for the next month was try to play that 'Layla' riff." Sheeran has also cited the Beatles, Nizlopi and Eminem as his biggest musical influences. He is also a fan of heavier music and cites bands such as Cradle of Filth, Slipknot, Korn, Marilyn Manson and Bring Me the Horizon as other influences. As a teenager, he also had a Kerrang! subscription. According to Sheeran, he had a stutter in his speech when he was younger, and he credited rapping along to Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP for helping him stammer less. He was also inspired by "Cannonball" singer-songwriter Damien Rice in 2002, with Sheeran stating, "seeing him play this small club in Ireland, I was able to meet him, and he was unbelievably cool. I went straight home and started writing songs. I would not be doing what I'm doing now if he'd been a jerk." He also played the guitar to Westlife's Greatest Hits album when he was ten, citing them as one of his influences. Sheeran collaborated with his idol Eric Clapton in April 2016, with Sheeran stating to People magazine, "I sang on Eric Clapton's album I Still Do. It's one thing having him on mine, but being on his, that's an honour that you can't ever pinpoint on how great that is. I did something for his record, and I was credited as 'Angelo Mysterioso', appearing as a guest on Clapton's 'I Will Be There', in addition to performing the song with Clapton on stage, and he did something for my record performing a guitar solo on 'Dive' on Sheeran's album ÷ and was credited as 'Angelo Mysterioso'." Sheeran also cited Taylor Swift as one of his influences, suggesting in 2015 their respective success drives each other on. Other ventures Gingerbread Man Records In March 2015, Sheeran announced he was setting up a record label, Gingerbread Man Records, which is a deal with Warner Music Group. The label was launched in August 2015 alongside its accompanying YouTube channel. Jamie Lawson, the label's first signee, met Sheeran while they were both in London's folk circuit. Lawson released his self-titled debut album on 9 October 2015, which has earned him a number one in the UK Albums Chart. Sheeran signed his second artist, Foy Vance, in November 2015. Maisie Peters also signed with the label in 2021. Bertie Blossoms On 29 September 2019, Sheeran announced he was teaming up with his manager Stuart Camp to open a bar located on Portobello Road in Notting Hill. The bar is called "Bertie Blossoms", and named after his wife Cherry Seaborn. Charity work Sheeran performed a gig in Bristol, which raised £40,000 for a charity that reaches out to street sex workers. "It's good to show insight that these people are real people with real emotions and they deserve the same charity work as anyone else," Sheeran said. "There's a lot more popular charities that get a lot of attention. And with certain subjects like this they're often washed over and people don't necessarily give them the attention they deserve." Tickets were available to those taking part in the charity's Give it up for One25 campaign by giving something up for 125 hours and hitting the £40,000 fundraising mark. Sheeran frequently gives away his clothes to charity shops around Suffolk, his home county. An ambassador for East Anglia's Children's Hospice, he has donated clothes to the St Elizabeth Hospice charity shop in his home town Framlingham, including eight bags of clothes to the shop in February 2014. In 2016, he donated 13 bags of clothes to the shop. The tartan shirt worn by Sheeran when he met Renee Zellweger's character, Bridget, in Bridget Jones's Baby, was auctioned online to raise further funds for the hospice. On 15 November 2014, Sheeran joined the charity supergroup Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording the latest version of the track "Do They Know It's Christmas?" at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, to raise money for the West African Ebola virus epidemic. In November 2015, Sheeran supported the No Cold Homes campaign by the UK charity, Turn2us. Sheeran was one of nearly thirty celebrities, which included Helen Mirren, Jeremy Irons and Hugh Laurie, to donate items of winter clothing to the campaign, with the proceeds used to help people in the country struggling to keep their home warm in winter. Sheeran teamed up with the cast of the BBC3 mockumentary sitcom People Just Do Nothing to perform a charity single for the BBC's biennial telethon Comic Relief which aired in March 2017. He appeared in a November 2017 episode of Gogglebox along with other UK celebrities such as Ozzy Osbourne, former Oasis frontman Liam Gallagher, and Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn as part of Channel 4 and Cancer Research UK's Stand Up to Cancer fundraising campaign. In December 2019, he launched his own music foundation, Ed Sheeran Suffolk Music Foundation (ESSMF). In the statement, Sheeran stated it will help artists aged under 18 with "small but hopefully useful grants". In May 2020, Sheeran donated £170,000 to his former school Thomas Mills High School in Framlingham, Suffolk. The donations, which have been made over a two-year period via the Ed Sheeran Suffolk Music Foundation, helped the school to purchase items such as MacBooks, cameras and a photography darkroom. The same month, Sheeran made a donation to Ipswich Hospital. In June 2020, Sheeran made a "founding gift" to launch Suffolk Community Foundation's "Rebuilding Local Lives Appeal" in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on the celebration day of the county, "Suffolk Day". Sheeran has donated over £1 million to local charities in Suffolk amid the COVID-19 pandemic, including to a children's hospital ward. Sheeran's parents organised The Ed Sheeran Made in Suffolk Legacy Auction on 23 October 2020 which ran until 8 November. The auction had 220 lots, including items donated by other celebrities such as David Beckham, Kylie Minogue and Usain Bolt. Sheeran has donated some of his personal items including handwritten lyrics from his song "Perfect", lego bricks he played with as a kid, handmade You Need Me EP from 2009 and a £3 ticket to his first gig at the British Legion in Framlingham. The auction was made to raise money for Suffolk charities such as GeeWizz and Zest who both support children and young adults in the county, including redeveloping a playground for kids with special educational needs and disabilities in Ipswich. In November Sheeran sold one of his paintings, marking the first and only time his art has been made available for sale, which he titled "Dab 2 2020", to the same auction. Later that month, Sheeran backed footballer Marcus Rashford's free school meals campaign and opened his own breakfast club at his Notting Hill restaurant, Bertie Blossoms. He announced on his Instagram that he provided hot breakfasts for "anyone who is normally entitled to a free school meal or who is struggling in these strange times". Sheeran's charity, the Framlingham Foundation Trust, is reported to have donated money to give a primary school teacher to take an imperative course to help children create songs with untraditional instruments which will benefit children with learning difficulties. Acting Sheeran made his acting debut in 2014, a cameo role as himself on New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street, filmed while he was in the country for a one-off performance. In May 2015, he appeared as himself and performed on a live episode of the NBC sitcom Undateable. Later that year, while in Australia, he recorded scenes for the soap Home and Away, as a character based on himself. After recording a cover version of Foy Vance's "Make It Rain" for Sons of Anarchy, Sheeran was cast by creator Kurt Sutter to play Sir Cormac in the medieval drama The Bastard Executioner on FX. Sheeran also appeared as himself in the 2016 film Bridget Jones's Baby in a scene where Bridget Jones, played by Renée Zellweger, encounters the singer at the Glastonbury Festival. In July 2017, Sheeran appeared in a scene on Game of Thrones opposite Maisie Williams, who plays Arya Stark. David Benioff explained that since Williams was a big fan of the singer, they wanted to have Sheeran appear on the show to surprise Williams, and that they had tried to get him on for years. It received a mix of positive and very negative reviews. In June 2019, Sheeran made his debut appearance in an advertisement for Heinz Tomato Ketchup. A lifelong fan of the product—he has it with everything from fish and chips to his morning sausage "butty" to upmarket dinners, carries a bottle on tour, and has a Heinz Ketchup tattoo on his arm—he put forward an idea he had written for their next TV campaign, and the company responded. A representative from Heinz stated that "1/3 of @HEINZ Instagram posts include people mentioning or tagging Ed, dating all the way back to 2014." Poking fun at people who turn their nose up at those who ask for ketchup in fancy restaurants, the advert sees him walking into a "super posh" restaurant while narrating the message he had sent to the company. As the other wealthy diners look on in horror at the sight of a ketchup bottle, he flips the bottle, bangs it against his hand to budge the ketchup and smothers it all over his food. The company released a limited edition ketchup product known as Ed Sheeran X Heinz ketchup, also known as "Heinz Edchup". Released in June 2019, Sheeran appeared as himself in a supporting role in the Richard Curtis/Danny Boyle film Yesterday, a film about a struggling singer-songwriter who wakes up to find that no one but he remembers the Beatles. Impact Music journalist Alexis Petridis has stated that Ed Sheeran "brought pop back down to earth" with his music style, introducing himself "touting an even more austere version of Coldplay's dressed-down authenticity: one unassuming man, his guitar and a loop pedal". Noting him as "one of the most influential" artists of his generation, as he spawned "endless imitators", Petridis remarked that the music charts were "packed with Sheeran-alikes" after ×, describing it as "the wave of earnest, dressed-down, boy-next-door troubadours" that reached critical mass. Similarly, The Guardian writer Laura Snapes cited him as "the godfather of the current crop of singer-songwriters" in 2019, stating that Sheeran inspired "troubadours" to enter the music charts, and marked "the calcification of the everyman male pop star", and the end of record labels marketing them "exclusively to teenage girls and their mums." Billboard writer Jason Lipshutz noticed that his appeal and performance style had influenced up-and-coming soloists, impacting "a significant number of pop artists who crave his type of singular success." The Financial Times considered that the scale of Sheeran's commercial accomplishments has "broken through to such a wide and lucrative extent, far beyond the achievements of any of the other singer-songwriters in the market" in the UK. iHeartMedia senior executive Sharon Dastur declared that Sheeran's success has allowed newer artists to be given an opportunity in the mainstream scene with quieter material at the forefront, instead of dance music. GQs George Chesterton deemed Sheeran "the de facto voice of a generation" as a consequence of his music reflecting his personality and "the defining characteristics of his audience", with such recurring qualities of his discography corresponding "with those that his own generation, the millennials, most value: authenticity, realness, earnestness, sincerity." BBC Radio 1 executive George Ergatoudis has stated that his "lyrical candour" and his "professional hunger" resonated with younger listeners, giving him a "very clear edge" to breakthrough in a music industry that is "saturated with singer-songwriters", while Sheeran's "niche combination" has made him able to perform at hip-hop, grime and underground events and "convince the urban crowd that he was authentic". According to Vox, Sheeran has reached "global pop culture ubiquity". In 2017, the BBC named him the second-best performing artist of the decade, after Adele, while in 2021, The Independent said he had "one of the biggest pop careers of this generation." Billboard, The Financial Express, The Brandon Sun and Arab News have cited him as a "British music icon". Sheeran and his work have influenced various recording artists, including Shawn Mendes, Louis Tomlinson, Camila Cabello and Cody Simpson. Accolades On 19 October 2015, Sheeran received an honorary degree from the University of Suffolk in Ipswich for his "outstanding contribution to music". Sheeran commented: "Suffolk is very much where I call home. Receiving this recognition is a real privilege." He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for "services to music and charity". Sheeran received the award from Prince Charles at Buckingham Palace on 7 December 2017. In 2012, he was named a baron of Sealand. In addition to having the highest-grossing concert tour and being one of the world's best-selling music artists with more than 150 million records sold, Sheeran has received a number of awards. As of 2019, he has received four Grammy Awards (including Song of the Year in 2016 for "Thinking Out Loud"), five Brit Awards (including British Male Solo Artist in 2015), and six Billboard Music Awards (including Top Artist in 2018). In 2015 and 2018, he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors. Although he regards Suffolk as home having moved to the county as a young child, Sheeran was recognised by his county of birth in a 2018 poll when he was ranked the fourth-greatest Yorkshireman ever behind Monty Python comedian Michael Palin, and actors Sean Bean and Patrick Stewart. Personal life In early 2011, after securing recording and publishing deals, Sheeran purchased and renovated a farm near Framlingham, Suffolk, where he was raised. He has stated that he hopes to raise a family there. During 2013, he lived between Hendersonville, Tennessee and Los Angeles, California. In 2014, he bought a house in South London. Sheeran was in a relationship with Scottish singer-songwriter Nina Nesbitt (who was in his music video for "Drunk") in 2012, before breaking up. Nesbitt is the subject of Sheeran's songs "Nina" and "Photograph", while most of Nesbitt's album, Peroxide, is about Sheeran. In 2014, Sheeran was in a relationship with Athina Andrelos, who works for chef Jamie Oliver. She is the inspiration of Sheeran's song "Thinking Out Loud". They broke up in February 2015. He is also close friends with singer-songwriter Taylor Swift; the pair collaborated on her albums Red (original and re-recorded versions) and Reputation, as well as on a remix of the song "The Joker and the Queen" from Sheeran's album =. In July 2015, Sheeran began a relationship with childhood friend and former secondary school classmate Cherry Seaborn. They announced their engagement in January 2018 and were married a year later. She is the inspiration of the song "Perfect". It was reported on 12 August 2020 that the couple were expecting their first child. On 1 September, Sheeran announced on Instagram that Seaborn had given birth to a baby girl the previous week. On 19 May 2022, it was announced that the couple's second child, a girl, was born. Sheeran is a supporter of his local football club Ipswich Town, and his +–=÷x Tour kit sponsored their 2021–22 season. Additionally, Sheeran was named in the club's squad list and given the squad number of 17. His +–=÷x Tour kit sponsorship deal with Ipswich Town was renewed for the 2022–23 season. A collector of Panini's FIFA World Cup sticker album, he completed the 2014 World Cup album. Appearing as a guest on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs on 7 May 2017, Sheeran chose His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman as his book of choice, and a lifetime supply of ketchup as the one inanimate luxury item that he would take with him on a desert island. In June 2015, Forbes listed his earnings at $57 million for the previous 12 months, and ranked him the 27th-highest-earning celebrity in the world. In July 2018, Forbes named Sheeran ninth on their list of the highest-paid celebrities. According to The Sunday Times Rich List of 2019, Sheeran is worth £160 million (US$207 million) as the 17th-richest musician in the UK. Sheeran's net worth is estimated at £200 million in 2020. On 24 October 2021, Sheeran tested positive for COVID-19 less than a week before the release of his fifth album. On 1 March 2023, he revealed that his wife, while pregnant, had developed a tumour with "no route to treatment until after the birth". Legal issues Sheeran has faced accusations of plagiarism with regards to chord progression and other elements of his music. However, tort actions which have reached a jury have all been decided decisively in Sheeran's favour. In 2017, Sheeran settled out of court over claims his song "Photograph" was a "note-for-note" copy of the chorus in the song "Amazing" by X Factor UK winner Matt Cardle. Sheeran later regretted the decision to settle, saying that it was done on the advice of his lawyers who thought the case was "more trouble than it was worth." He said he regretted settling the claim not because of the money involved, but because it changed his relationship with the song. He said: "I didn't play 'Photograph' for ages after that. I just stopped playing it. I felt weird about it, it kind of made me feel dirty." He also thought that settling the case opened a floodgate of claims, including the "Shape of You" lawsuit. In 2018, legal action was brought against Sheeran, Sony/ATV Music Publishing and Atlantic Records by the estate and heirs of the late producer Ed Townsend, who co-wrote the song "Let's Get It On" with Marvin Gaye. US District Judge Louis Stanton rejected Sheeran's call in 2019 for dismissal of a legal case accusing him of copying parts of the song in "Thinking Out Loud". Stanton said that a jury should decide but that he found "substantial similarities between several of the two works' musical elements". A previous case by Townsend's estate was dismissed without prejudice in February 2017. The case, closely followed by those in music and legal circles, went to trial on in New York in April 2023. Sheeran's lawyers argued that while the two songs have similar "building blocks" and a specific chord progression, such features are true for many pop songs, and the jury found in favour of Sheeran with a unanimous verdict. After winning the trial, Sheeran said: "These chords are common building blocks which were used to create music long before 'Let's Get It On' was written and will be used to create music long after we are all gone." Sheeran was taken also to court in March 2022 for a copyright lawsuit over "Shape of You". Musicians Sami Chokri and Ross O'Donoghue alleged that the song infringed "particular lines and phrases" of their 2015 composition "Oh Why". Sheeran won the case, with Mr Justice Zacaroli ruling he "neither deliberately nor subconsciously" copied a phrase from "Oh Why" when writing "Shape of You". Political views Sheeran publicly opposed Brexit (the United Kingdom leaving the European Union), and supported "remain". Following the June 2016 referendum result where the British public voted to leave, Sheeran was among a group of British musicians (which included Sting, Queen drummer Roger Taylor, Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason and Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz) who signed a letter to then Prime Minister Theresa May, drafted by Bob Geldof in October 2018, calling for "a 2nd vote". Stating that Brexit will "impact every aspect of the music industry. From touring to sales, to copyright legislation to royalty collation", the letter adds: "We dominate the market and our bands, singers, musicians, writers, producers and engineers work all over Europe and the world and in turn, Europe and the world come to us. Why? Because we are brilliant at it ... [Our music] reaches out, all inclusive, and embraces anyone and everyone. And that truly is what Britain is." In 2017, Sheeran publicly endorsed the centre-left British Labour Party and described himself as a "fan" of its then-leader Jeremy Corbyn, while adding that "I'm not Mr Political. I vote the way I feel I should, but won't tell somebody else what to do." In 2021, Sheeran, along with several other celebrities, urged the United States Congress to pass the proposed Equality Act, which would expand the Civil Rights Act in order to outlaw discrimination against LGBT people. Sheeran stated in the open letter that the Act is "essential to protect [...] the most marginalized communities." In 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Sheeran expressed support for Ukraine and participated in the Concert for Ukraine. Discography + (2011) × (2014) ÷ (2017) No.6 Collaborations Project (2019) = (2021) − (2023) Autumn Variations (2023) Filmography Film Commercials Tours Headlining act + Tour (2011–13) × Tour (2014–15) ÷ Tour (2017–19) +–=÷× Tour (2022–24) - Tour (2023) Opening act Snow Patrol's Fallen Empires Tour (North American select dates) (2012) Taylor Swift's The Red Tour (all North American dates) (2013) The Rolling Stones' Zip Code Tour (Kansas City only) See also List of Official Subscription Plays Chart number-one songs of the 2010s List of highest-grossing live music artists List of YouTubers Notes References Sources External links 1991 births Living people Music YouTubers British YouTubers YouTubers from London 21st-century English male actors 21st-century English singers Alumni of British Youth Music Theatre Asylum Records artists Atlantic Records artists Brit Award winners British folk-pop singers British hip hop singers British soft rock musicians Elektra Records artists English buskers English male guitarists English male singers English male singer-songwriters English people of Irish descent English philanthropists English pop guitarists English pop singers English record producers Gingerbread Man Records artists Grammy Award winners Ivor Novello Award winners Male actors from Yorkshire Members of the Order of the British Empire MTV Europe Music Award winners National Youth Theatre members People from Framlingham Musicians from Halifax, West Yorkshire People involved in plagiarism controversies

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%88%20%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4

키라니 제임스

키라니 제임스(, 1992년 9월 1일 ~ )는 그레나다의 단거리 육상 선수로 200m와 400m에 전문적이었다. 그는 2012년 런던 올림픽에서 400m를 우승하여 그레나다에 최초의 금메달을 바침은 물론, 통치적 400m 세계 챔피언이었다. 어린 나이부터 놀라운 선수였던 제임스는 14~15세의 나이에 의하여 400m 최고 속력으로 달렸다. 그는 카리브해 자유 무역 협회 경기와 코먼웰스 게임 청소년 대회의 금메달 시리즈를 우승하였으며, 2007년 세계 청소년 대회와 2008년 세계 주니어 선수권에서 400m 은메달을 따면서 국제적으로 올랐다. 그는 2009년 세계 청소년 대회에서 200m/400m를 재패한 첫 선수가 되었고, 2010년 세계 주니어 선수권 챔피언이었다. 그는 앨라배마 대학교에서 육상 장학금을 얻었고 자신의 첫 2년 동안에 연속적인 NCAA 실외 선수권 타이틀을 우승하였다. 그는 44.80촐 실내 사상 세 번째로 빨랐으며, 취리히에서 열린 2011년 IAAF 다이아먼드 리그에서 개인 전력 44.36초로 달렸다. 경력 청소년 경력 세인트존구 구야브 출신이다. 14세의 나이로 제임스는 17세 이하의 2007년 카리브해 자유 무역 협회 경기 대회에서 47.86초의 기록을 세워 400m를 우승하였다. 그해에 열린 세계 청소년 육상 선수권 대회에 나가 14세의 나이에 가장 빨리 달린 기록 46.96초와 함께 은메달을 땄다. 2008년 4월에 그는 카리브해 자유 무역 협회 경기의 400m 타이틀을 유지하였고, 200m를 21.38초와 함께 우승하였다. 7월에 열린 세계 주니어 선수권에서 45.70초와 은메달을 획득하여 15세의 나이로 빠른 시간, 최고 국내 청소년 기록과 주니어 기록으로 남았다. 2009년 자신의 세 번째 카리브해 자유 무역 협회 경기 출연을 한 제임스는 20세 이하 경기에 데뷔하여 전직 400m 우승자이자, 조국의 동료 선수 론델 바솔로뮤를 꺾고 개인 전력 45.45초를 세워 우승하였다. 이 일을 선수권 신기록을 쉽게 세워 우사인 볼트의 6년 기록 46.35초를 깼다. 이 성과로 그는 오스틴 실리 상을 수상하였다. 제임스는 그해에 열린 세계 청소년 육상 선수권 대회에서 200m/400m를 재패한 첫 청소년 선수가 되었다. 다음의 2년 동안 주니어 선수가 아니게 될 그는 2012년 런던 올림픽 등을 미래의 목표로 삼았다. 이어서 그는 팬아메리칸 주니어 선수권에서 400m를 우승하여 올해의 그레나다 스포츠맨으로 선정되었다. 대학 선수 시절 베일러 대학교, 앨라배마 대학교, 사우스캐롤라이나 대학교, 플로리다 주립 대학교, 애리조나 주립 대학교를 포함한 미국의 10개 이하의 대학들이 자신들의 육상 팀에 제임스를 보강하는 데 강한 흥미를 보였다. 그는 앨라배마 대학교에서 장학금 마련을 받아들여 실내 경기에서 최초로 나와 400m를 45.79초로 달려 코리 러빙이 보유하던 10년 학교 기록 46.46초를 깼다. 제임스는 2010년 텍사스주 칼리지스테이션에서 열린 텍사스 A&M 도전 경기에서 200m의 실내 신기록 20.94초를 달렸다. NCAA 실내 선수권에서는 준우승을 하다가, 그해에 열린 카리브해 자유 무역 협회 경기에서 200m/400m를 재패하였으며, 400m에서 45.02초의 기록을 세웠다. 그해에 열린 세계 주니어 선수권에서 400m를 우승하였으나, 45.89초의 기록에 대하여 만족하지 않았다. 제임스는 2011년 2월에 열린 실내 경기 사상 3회 출연을 하여 44.80초의 기록과 함께 SEC 실내 선수권 대회를 우승하였다. 이 일은 마이클 존슨과 케론 클레멘트 만이 더 빠른 실내 선수들로 남게 되었고, 라숀 메릿의 이전 세계 주니어 기록 44.93초를 능가하였다. 그는 경기 도중에 다른 선수와 부딪혀 넘어지면서 NCAA 실내 대회에서 기단에 도달하는 데 실패하였다. 그는 대학 실외 우승자로서 되풀이할 수 있었으나 100분의 1초 차이로 길 로버츠의 선두를 헤쳤다. 대학 시즌이 끝난 후, 그는 그해에 가장 빠른 기록 개인 전령 44.61초와 달려 자신을 세계 최고 선수들 사이에 설립하였다. 프로 경력 2011년 대구에서 열린 세계 육상 선수권 대회에서 제임스와 동료 선수 론델 바솔로뮤는 400m 경기에 나갔다. 제임스는 개인 전력 44.60초와 우승하여, 18세의 나이로 최연소 400m 세계 챔피언이 되었다. 이 일은 세계 육상 선수권 대회에서 그레나다의 첫 메달이 되었다. 9일 후에 제임스는 취리히에서 열린 그랑프리 다이아먼드 리그에서 개인 신기록 44.36초와 함께 400m를 우승하였다. 런던 올림픽에서 제임스는 2차 준결승전을 44.59초로 우승하였다. 결승전에서 국내 기록 43.94초와 함께 400m 금메달을 획득하여 조국에 첫 올림픽 메달을 바쳤다. 그는 미국인이 아닌 선수로서 44초를 깬 첫 선수가 되었다. 2016년 리우데자네이루 올림픽에 돌아와 2연승을 노리던 그는 43.76초로 은메달에 그쳤다. 5년 후, 도쿄 올림픽에서는 44.19초와 함께 동메달을 획득하였다. 외부 링크 1992년 출생 살아있는 사람 그레나다의 남자 단거리달리기 선수 그레나다의 올림픽 금메달리스트 그레나다의 올림픽 은메달리스트 그레나다의 올림픽 동메달리스트 올림픽 육상 메달리스트 2012년 하계 올림픽 메달리스트 2016년 하계 올림픽 메달리스트 2020년 하계 올림픽 메달리스트 그레나다의 올림픽 육상 참가 선수 2012년 하계 올림픽 육상 참가 선수 2016년 하계 올림픽 육상 참가 선수 2020년 하계 올림픽 육상 참가 선수 세계 육상 선수권 대회 메달리스트 2011년 세계 육상 선수권 대회 참가 선수 앨라배마 대학교 동문 미국에 거주한 그레나다인

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirani%20James

Kirani James

Kirani James (born 1 September 1992) is a Grenadian professional sprinter who specializes in the 200 and 400 metres. He won the 400 m at the World Championships in 2011, and the 2012 London Olympics. In the 400 metres, James also won the silver medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics, and bronze medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, thus becoming the first man to earn the full set of three medals in the centennial history of the event. He is Grenada's first and only Olympic medalist. Prodigious from a young age, he ran the fastest 400 m times ever by a 14-year-old and a 15-year-old. He won a series of gold medals at the CARIFTA Games and the Commonwealth Youth Games and rose on the international stage with 400 m silver medals at the 2007 World Youth and 2008 World Junior Championships. James became the first athlete to run a 200/400 double at the 2009 World Youth Championships and was the 2010 World Junior Champion. James received an athletic scholarship at the University of Alabama and won back-to-back NCAA Outdoor Championship titles in his first two years. He is the third fastest of all-time indoors (44.80 seconds) and ran a personal best of 43.74 at a 2014 Diamond League event in Lausanne. James is one of only eleven athletes (along with Valerie Adams, Usain Bolt, Veronica Campbell-Brown, Jacques Freitag, Yelena Isinbayeva, Jana Pittman, Dani Samuels, David Storl, Armand Duplantis and Faith Kipyegon) to win world championships at the youth, junior, and senior level of an athletic event. Career Youth career. Kirani James attended the Grenada Boys' Secondary School at age 12. He was always considered as a promising athlete from since he first arrived at the scenes in the 400 and 200m in the Intercol games. At the age of 14 James won the gold medal in the 400 m at the 2007 CARIFTA Games in the under 17 category with a time of 47.86 seconds. He went on to win silver medals at the 2007 World Youth Championships with a time of 46.96 s, a time which is the fastest run by a 14-year-old. In April 2008 he defended his CARIFTA 400 m title, winning the 200 metres with a time of 21.38 s. In July of that year, he won a silver medal at the 2008 World Junior Championships with a time of 45.70 s, which was his personal best, and a national youth and junior record. In October, he won the gold medal at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games with a new games record of 46.66 s. James made his third CARIFTA Games appearance in 2009 and, in his under-20 debut, he defeated the defending 400 m champion and fellow Grenadian Rondell Bartholomew to win in a personal best of 45.45 s. This easily set a new championship record, beating Usain Bolt's six-year-old mark of 46.35 s. In consequence, he was awarded the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the games. James became the first youth athlete to complete a 200/400 metres double gold at the 2009 World Youth Championships in Athletics. Noting that he would be a junior athlete for a further two years, he focused on upcoming events, pinpointing the 2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics and the 2012 Summer Olympics as future goals. Following this, he won the 400 m at the 2009 Pan American Junior Championships. He was declared the 2009 Grenada Sportsman of the Year. College athletics At least ten colleges in the United States had expressed strong interest in recruiting James for their track team, including Baylor, Alabama, South Carolina, Florida State, and Arizona State. He accepted a scholarship offer from Alabama and in his first-ever appearance on an indoor track he ran a 45.79 in the 400 meters, placing first and breaking the 10-year-old school record of 46.46 held by Cori Loving. James ran a new indoor personal best of 20.94 in the 200 m dash at the Texas A&M Challenge at Gilliam Indoor Track Stadium in College Station, Texas on 13 February 2010. He was runner-up at the NCAA Indoor Championships, finishing behind Torrin Lawrence. James lowered his 400 m personal best to 45.02 s at the 2010 CARIFTA Games, where he took a 200/400 m double, and improved further to 45.01 in winning the SEC Championships 400 m title. He claimed the gold medal over 400 m at the 2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics, but stated he was only running for times and was not satisfied with his winning performance of 45.89 seconds. He won the NCAA Outdoor Championship title in his first year of collegiate competition. James moved up to third on the all-time indoor lists in February 2011, recording 44.80 seconds to win at the SEC Indoor Championships. This left only Michael Johnson and Kerron Clement as the faster athletes indoors, and also bettered LaShawn Merritt's previous world best junior time of 44.93 seconds. He failed to reach the podium at the NCAA Indoor meet as he clashed with another athlete and fell mid-race. He managed to repeat as the collegiate champion outdoors, however, as he edged ahead of Gil Roberts by one hundredth of a second. After the end of the college season, he made his professional debut at the London Grand Prix Diamond League meeting and established himself among the world's best with a personal best run of 44.61 seconds – a time which made him the fastest man that year. Professional career At the 2011 World Championships in Daegu, South Korea, both James and fellow Grenadian runner Rondell Bartholomew made the finals of the 400 metres event. James won the event in a personal best of 44.60 seconds, becoming the youngest 400 metres world champion at the age of 18. The medal was the first for Grenada in any event at the World Championships in Athletics. Nine days later, James won the 400 metres at the 2011 IAAF Diamond League meet in Zürich with a new personal best of 44.36 seconds. At the London 2012 Olympics, James won the second 400 metres semi-final, achieving a season best of 44.59 seconds. At the end of the race, James exchanged name tags with double-amputee runner Oscar Pistorius as a sign of respect for him. On 6 August 2012, James won the 400 metres Olympic gold in a time of 43.94, a national record, earning Grenada its first-ever Olympic medal and becoming the first non-US runner to break the 44-second mark. World record holder Michael Johnson said, following the race, that James stood a chance of beating his record if he was able to deal with the remaining flaws in his technique. James described his win as "a huge step for our country in terms of stepping up to the plate in track and field, just going out there and putting us on the map". His domestic reception proved to be a euphoric one. Thousands lined the streets in preparation of his return, and he was greeted with an emphatic and vociferous national pride. Also upon his arrival the Prime Minister, Dr.Keith Mitchell announced Mr. James would be bequeathed government bonds totaling up to EC500,000, a commemorative stamp be crafted in his honor, a new stadium be named for him, and that he would be appointed a tourism ambassador. In December 2012, James and Jamaica's Usain Bolt were named co-sportsmen of the year by Caribbean Journal. On 3 July 2014, at the Athletissima meet in Lausanne, Switzerland, he improved his personal best to 43.74, equaling the fifth fastest time in history, and the fastest by a non-U.S.A. athlete. On 17 November 2014, James and Jamaica's Kaliese Spencer were named the sportsman and sportswoman of the year respectively by the Caribbean Sports Journalists' Association. At the 2015 World Championships, James won a bronze medal in the first World Championship 400 metres race where three men broke 44 seconds. At the Rio 2016 Olympics, he won the silver medal in the 400 metres in a time of 43.76, behind Wayde van Niekerk's world record 43.03. The following year, James raced sparingly and was diagnosed with Graves' disease. At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Kirani James earned a bronze medal in the Men's 400m finals, finishing 3rd behind Colombia's Anthony Zambrano (Silver) and Steven Gardiner of The Bahamas (Gold). In doing so, he denied U.S.A favorite Michael Norman a place on the podium. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to Sport. Statistics Personal bests International competitions 1Disquqalified in the final Circuit wins 400 metres Diamond League: 2011, 2015, 2022 London Grand Prix: 2011, 2012, 2013 Weltklasse Zürich: 2011, 2022 Athletissima: 2012, 2014 Shanghai Golden Grand Prix: 2013, 2015 Meeting de Paris: 2013 Prefontaine Classic: 2014, 2015, 2016 Birmingham Grand Prix: 2014, 2016 BAUHAUS-galan: 2021 References External links Kirani James wins the 2012 Olympic Games men's 400 metres final in 43.94 seconds via the Olympic Channel on YouTube 1992 births Living people Grenadian male sprinters Olympic athletes for Grenada Olympic gold medalists for Grenada Olympic silver medalists for Grenada Olympic bronze medalists for Grenada Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics World Athletics Championships athletes for Grenada World Athletics Championships medalists Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games Alabama Crimson Tide men's track and field athletes People from Saint John Parish, Grenada Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Grenada Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field) Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field) Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field) Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics Diamond League winners World Athletics Championships winners Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games

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이라크 해군

이라크 해군은 육군, 공군과 함께 이라크의 삼군 중 하나에 속하며, 주로 영해 방위를 담당하고 있다. 1937년 7월 2일에 창설되었다. 보유 병력으로는 1,500명의 수병과 800명의 해병대원이 있다. 역사 왕정 시대 1937년 7월 2일 바스라에 기지를 둔 4척의 함선에서 시작했다. 이 기간에는 주로 강이나 연안의 방위를 책임지는 Brown-water Navy에 머물러 있었다. 제2차 세계 대전 당시 이라크는 연합국으로 참전하였다. 그러나, 해군은 규모가 작아서 참전하지 않았다. 이라크 공화국 시대 (걸프 전쟁 이전) 1960년대 초에 이라크 해군력은 눈에 띄게 많은 수의 어뢰정과 함선이 소련으로부터 공급되어 확충되어 나가지만 사실 1958년 7월 14일에 일어난 혁명의 여파로 침체상태에 빠지게 된다. 1968년 7월 17일부터 30일까지 이라크군 수뇌부는 해군력 강화에 전력을 투입하여 후일 1980년대에 자국 해군장교들이 이란 해상목표물을 정확히 타격하여 이라크침공을 저지해 낼 만큼의 새로운 강력한 해군력을 건설하게 된다. 이라크 해군력은 전략적 중요성으로 인해 외국해군력에 노출된 심각한 아랍 걸프만 지역에서 집중적으로 육성되었다. 이라크를 비롯한 아랍국가들의 해군 기술스텝 인력을 키워내기위해 바스라에 Arab Gulf Sea Academy for sea studies가 설립되어 해군관련 공학계열 이수자들에게 석사 학위를 제공하기 사작한다. 이 아카데미는 해군관련 공학분야의 과학적연구의 진전을 장려하고 게다가 기술적, 과학적 경험과 해군관련 숙련자들을 양성해내는데 전문화되었고 독립적 자료와 관리권한을 가진 해군과 해군업무를 관장하던 상부 위원회에서 파견된 행정부에서 관리되었다. 1980년초 이라크해군은 이란해군과 상반되게 바스라에 본부를 둔 약 5000명으로 구성된 자국군내에서도 가장 작은 분과였고 이란과의 전쟁중에도 사실상 별다른 성과를 올리지 못하였다, 이라크해군은 절대로 이란해군의 상대가 되지 못하였고 전쟁발발후에는 실질적으로 거의 가동상태에서 임무수행 활동을 전혀 하지 않은채 항구에만 묶여 있게 된다. 특히 1980년 후에는 당시 치열한 격전장이었던 바스라로 통하는 Shatt Al Arab 수로가 지나가는 이라크에서 두 번째로 큰 해군시설이 있던 Umm Qasr항은 추가된 군사적 중요성을 띄게되고 1988년 초에는 이라크해군이 운용중이던 가동가능한 주요 함정들이 모여 배치된다. 1977년과 1987년 사이에 이라크는 구소련연방으로부터 8척의 고속공격이 가능한 Styx 함대함 미사일을 장착한 Osa급 미사일정을 도입하게 된다. 1986년말에는 이탈리아로부터 4척의 Lupo급 프리기트함과 Otomat-2 함대함미사일을 장착한 6척의 Wadi Assad급 코르벳함을 발주한다. 이 4척의 프리기트함과 6척의 코르벳함은 이탈리아정부의 이라크에 선포한 제재안하에 이탈리아 항구내에 발을 묶이게 되지만 이들 함정의 구매시도는 이라크의 해군력 업그레이드 의도를 타진하게 된다. 1990년 여름까지 이라크해군은 일단의 소규모의 Osa급 유도미사일정과 다수의 보조함으로 편성되어 있었고 당시 이라크해군이 장비하고 있던 구소련제 Osa급 유도미사일정은 5000kg짜리 탄두 하나로 프리기트함 한척을 침몰시키거나 전함 한척에 치명상을 가할 수 있지만 반면에 공격능력은 제한적이었고 변형에 따라 각가지 다른 최대 사거리 46km 또는 95km를 가진 Styx 함대함미사일을 장착하고 있었다. 걸프전기간중 미국 주도의 다국적군에 가해진 이라크해군의 주요위험요소는 광범위하게 보유중이던 기뢰세력으로부터 뿜어져 나왔고 당시 이라크해군이 장비중이던 Styx, Exocet 그리고 Silkworm 함대함미사일등을 장착중이던 이라크해군의 유도미사일정과 쿠웨이트로부터 노획한 그것들을 포함하여 해군헬기와 연안 지대함미사일세력은 별다른 위협이 되지 못하였다. 이라크해군은 당시 다양한 종류의 고정식 부유기뢰, 감응촉발식 기뢰들을 여러 경로를 통해 입수하여 보유중이었고 외국에서 생산된 모델의 역설계를 통해 두 가지 형식의 기뢰를 추가적으로 자체생산했을지도 모르지만 이라크해군은 기뢰전에 대한 최첨단 교리나 기뢰설포 전용 플랫폼을 갖추고 있지는 못했다. 실상 어느 현용 함정이든지 기뢰를 달아 살포할 수 있다지만 이라크는 헬기 또한 기뢰살포수단으로 이용하였다. 당시 이라크 리더쉽은 페르시안 걸프전쟁때 이란측이 벌인 기뢰전의 효과성을 의심할 나머지 없이 인정하던차였고 이라크해군은 GCG 항구와 해상선적로, 미해군의 활동지역에 기뢰전을 수행할 수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있었다. 하지만 조잡한 이란제 고정부유-접촉식 기뢰는 발견 즉시 해체시켜 무력화 할 수이었다지만 이라크제 감응촉발식 기뢰는 미해군과 다국적군의 기뢰제거반에 보다 더 심대한 문제를 제기하였다고 한다. 이라크 지상 위협세력으로는 사거리 25마일의 SSN-2A/B Styx 미사일을 장착한 9척의 낡은 구소련제 Osa급 유도탄정으로 구성되어 있었지만 모두 형편없이 유지되었다. 또 걸프전 발발시점때 이라크해군이 보유중이던 연안 지대함미사일 조작세력에 대해서는 별달리 알려진게 없다고 한다. 그리고 당시 이라크해군의 Osa급 유도탄정 승무원들은 어떠한 타입의 전술적 시나리오를 위한 훈련이수가 되어 있지 않은 상태였고 1980년대 초반이래 단 한발의 Styx 함대함 미사일 조차 제대로 조작하여 발사한 경험 또한 전무한 상태였다. 그들이 개량형 Styx 함대함 미사일을 도입하여 더 많이 가지고 있다고 가정해도 미해군 함정에 최대한 가까히 접근하여 성공적으로 교전을 벌일 가능성은 거의 미지수였다고도 볼 수 있었다. 그리고 초수평선 타켓팅 능력에 대한 훈련은 전혀 실시하지 않았던걸로 보이고 오직 목시선내에서의 교전만이 가능하였던걸로 추정된다. 이라크 공화국 시대 (걸프 전쟁) 1990년 8월 쿠웨이트침공 첫날, 이라크해군은 6척의 Exocet 함대함 미사일 장착 쿠웨이트해군 경비정<1 Lurssen FPB-57, 5 Lurssen TNC-45>과 함께 은닉해둔 100발 이상의 Exocet 함대함 미사일을 노획한다. 당시 이라크해군은 분명히 적어도 1척의 노획한 Lurssen TNC-45 경비정을 운용하고 있었다지만 이라크해군 승무원들의 일반적인 능숙도 부족과 시스템 운용에 미익숙한점의 주어진 사실을 적용해본다면 성공적으로 Exocet 함대함 미사일을 발사했었던 사실의 여부에 대해서는 의심성이 따르지 않을 수 없다. 그렇지만 노획한 쿠웨이트 함선이 제기한 위험에 대해서는 무시할 수 없는 사실이었다. 걸프전 개전당시 이라크해군은 CSSC-3 Silkworm 연안 지대함미사일-운용 부대를 동부 이라크의 Al-Faw와 쿠웨이트의 Ras Al Qulaya 해군기지 모두 2개 사이트에 전개하여 경계상태에 들어간다. 이들 두개 사이트로의 급속배치의 이면에는 이라크와 쿠웨이트 영해 모두를 사이에 두고 커버하여 접근하는 다국적군 함정이나 미해병대의 상륙작전세력을 저지하려는 의도가 있었다. 이라크해군은 약 50대로 추정되는 최대사거리 50마일의 중국제 Silkworm 함대함 미사일을 보유중이었고 이란-이라크전쟁 당시에는 이란의 Bandar Homeini항으로 가르질러 항해하던 유조선들을 향해 수차례 발사했다지만 사정거리 끝자락에 있던 이동목표에 대해 발사되어 별다른 성과를 얻지 못한다. 약 10발중 1발만이 목표에 명중하였다고 한다. 이후 1985년이래 단 한발의 Silkworm 함대함 미사일을 발사해보지 못해다지만 짧은거리내에서는 효과적으로 시스템을 운용할 능력을 가지고 있는 건 분명한 사실이다. 이라크해군은 7대의 Super Frelon 헬기로 편성된 작은 규모의 분견대를 가지고 있었는데 아마 4개 분견대 정도가 가동상태였을것으로 보이며 이 프랑스제 Super Frelon 헬기는 AM.39 Exocet 공대함 미사일들을 장착할 수 있었고 북부 페르시아만에서의 선적활동을 위협할만할 약 150마일의 전투행동반경을 가지고 있었다. 이라크해군의 Super Frelon 헬기분견대들은 이란-이라크 전쟁중 이란의 Bandar Homeini항으로 가로질러 항해하던 상선 콘보이들을 상대로 적지 않은 전과를 올렸다고 한다. 걸프전때 이라크해군은 걸프만 인근해역을 항행하던 선박들에 크나큰 위험요소를 조성할 수 있는 각가지 종류의 감응촉발식 기뢰와 고정식 부유기뢰를 비밀리에 살포했을지도 모르지만 자국영해 밖에 멀리서 효과적으로 작전을 수행할 수 없었던 연안작전수행능력만을 가지고 있었고 보유중이던 함선과 항공기, 연안 지대함미사일 세력들은 미해군을 상대로 극소한의 위협만을 제기할 수 있었다. Operation Desert Shield와 Operation Desert Storm은 사실상 이라크해군의 괴멸을 초래하였고 미해군은 말그대로 이라크해군을 전멸시켜버리고 뭍에까지 무력을 투사하였다. 이뿐만 아니라 다국적군의 수상함들과 헬기, 항공모함전단, 육상기지 발진 PC-3 해상초계기등 모두 100척 이상의 규모의 이라크해군을 붕괴시키는데 한몫을 하였다. 이로 인해 이라크해군은 당시 19척의 함선이 침몰하고 6척이 극심한 손상을 입게 되었다. 이라크 공화국 시대 (이라크 전쟁) 이라크 공화국 시대 (현재) 보유 장비 이라크의 군사 나라별 해군

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%20Navy

Iraqi Navy

The Iraqi Naval Forces (Arabic: القوات البحرية العراقية), or the Iraqi Navy, is the naval warfare service branch of the Armed forces of Iraq. Formed in 1937, initially as the Iraqi Coastal Defense Force, its primary responsibilities was the protection of Iraq's coastline and offshore assets, the official name was changed on 12 January 2005 to Iraqi Naval Forces As of February 2021, the navy had approximately 3,000 sailors and marines which form an Operational headquarters, five afloat squadrons, and two marine battalions. Headed by Rear Admiral Muhammad Jawad, the navy had plans to build six Al Uboor-class patrol boats in Baghdad, with the first of the boats to enter service in September 2005. This project however, was ultimately canceled. Additionally, two Assad-class corvettes built for Iraq in the 1980s by Italy were originally planned to be delivered sometime around 2006–2007. The ships however, were found to be in a worse state than originally believed, forcing the Iraqi navy to reconsider the deal and instead buy 4, newer, smaller modified-Diciotti class vessels. The 5 British corvettes and 1 Soviet patrol boat operated by the Saddam Hussein-era Iraqi Navy were destroyed in the 1991 Gulf War and the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, respectively. The Iraqi Navy is designed for coastal water protection; preventing the smuggling of people, oil and weapons; and to protect the country's oil platforms. As a result, it mainly needs patrol boats. These may be backed up by fast attack craft. The patrol boats need to have the ability to launch rigid-inflatable boats (RIBs) for boarding ships and also possibly be able to accommodate a helicopter which would increase their patrol capability. The Iraqi Navy is building a second Marine battalion. In 2016 the Iraqi Navy awarded money to a ship maintenance company to sustain its current fleet of ships. History Kingdom of Iraq The Royal Iraqi Navy was formed in 1937 as a small four-ship force headquartered in Basra. Between 1937 and 1958, it was primarily a riverine force. Iraqi Republic (pre-2003) Following the 14 July Revolution of 1958, the Iraqi Navy began to expand. Operationally based in the port of Umm Qasr, the Arabic Gulf Academy for Sea Studies was established in Basra, which offered a bachelor's degree in war and engineering naval studies. By 1988, the Navy grew to a force of 5,000, but played a relatively small role during the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War. Much of the Navy was destroyed during Operation Pearl. Between 1977 and 1987, the Iraqi Navy received eight s, armed with Styx anti-ship missiles, from the Soviet Union. It also purchased four s and six s from Italy, although these were never delivered because of international sanctions following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The Iraqi Navy was almost completely destroyed by the Royal Navy during the Gulf War of 1991. The force had 19 ships sunk and 6 vessels damaged. In total, more than 100 Iraqi ships were destroyed. The Navy was not rebuilt and played little part in the Iraq War (2003). One exception was two mine warfare vessels captured by US Navy and Coast Guard units during the assault on Al Faw; The tug Jumariya, towing a well camouflaged minelaying barge, and the tug Al Raya, which had been outfitted as a minelayer itself. Of the units that remained by late 2002, most were in a poor state of repair and the crews were in a poor state of readiness. Whatever units that remained after 1991 were used primarily for safeguarding Saddam's palaces on the Tigris river. Republic of Iraq (post-2003) In January 2004, the Iraqi Coastal Defense Force (ICDF) officially began training its first 214 volunteers. On 30 September 2004, the ICFD assumed the responsibility of protecting the Iraqi coastline, with actual patrol operations beginning the following day, on 1 October 2004. On 11 November 2008, Rear Admiral Muhammad Jawad signed the historic non-legally binding Khawr Abd Allah Protocols or "KAA Protocols" at the Kuwait Naval Base. The protocols were the concept of the British Royal Navy in 2008 when in command of Combined Task Force 158 operating in the northern Gulf region and specifically within Iraqi territorial waters for the protection of the Iraqi oil terminals Al Basrah Oil Terminal and in support of Iraqi maritime boundaries. They are a non-legally binding military agreement aiding deconfliction between the maritime forces of Kuwait and Iraq in the Khawr Abd Allah waterway and are reflected in a former United Kingdom Hydrographic Office chart and which was re-titled the "KAA Interoperability Admiralty Chart". The protocols were developed, written and mediated by a British Royal Marine barrister; Lieutenant Colonel David Hammond, RM; working alongside the heads and staffs of both the Kuwaiti Navy and Iraqi Navy and which saw the historic first meeting on board a British warship on 8 May 2008. The protocols were historically ratified and signed on 11 November 2008 at Kuwait Naval Base in the presence of Vice-Admiral William Gortney, USN; commander of the United States Naval Forces Central Command based in Bahrain and remain an enduring success story in the region highlighting co-operation and co-ordination between the two countries. On 30 April 2010, Iraqi naval forces took over responsibility for the protection of the Khawr al-Amaya and Basra oil terminals, as well as the ports of Umm Qasr and al-Zubair. Organization Commands Iraqi Naval Headquarters: Baghdad (Camp Victory). May move to Umm Qasr. Operational Headquarters: Umm Qasr Tactical Operations Center: Khawr al-Amaya Platform Tactical Operations Center: Al Basrah Platform Naval Training Center: Umm Qasr NCO Academy Swiftboat Crew Training Course Maritime Academy: Basrah Diving Squadron: Umm Qasr RHIBs Patrol Squadron: Umm Qasr PS701, PS702, PS703, PS704, PB301, PB302, PB303, and 5× U/I PBs. Patrol Squadron: planned Patrol Squadron: planned Patrol Squadron: planned Small Boat Squadron: Umm Qasr Squadron equipped with American Defender Class boats. Support & Auxiliary Squadron: Umm Qasr Marines 1st Marine Brigade Special Troops Battalion: Basrah Log City In December 2010 was redesignated 1st and moving to Basrah Log City. Reached full strength in 2011. 1st Marine (Wolverines) Battalion: Umm Qasr 2nd Marine Battalion: Umm Qasr/Az Zubayr 3rd Marine Battalion: Basrah Log City 1st Marine Bde Base Support Unit: Basrah Log City 2nd Marine Brigade Special Troops Battalion: planned planned Bases Umm Qasr: Personnel 5,400 sailors and officers, in addition to 1600 in the Iraqi Naval Battalion (marines) who guard the platforms and the port of Umm Qasr. Ranks Officers Ratings Equipment Assad-class corvettes A total of six ships were ordered by Iraq in the 1980s, but were never delivered as a result of the arms embargo imposed after the Gulf War in 1991. Four of the six ships were eventually purchased by the Royal Malaysian Navy in October 1995 as the Laksamana-class corvette, while the remaining two were mothballed at La Spezia. On 19 May 2017, it was reported that the remaining two vessels would be delivered to the Iraq Navy after 26 years. They eventually left La Spezia on a semi-submersible carrier Eide Trader on 22 May and reached Iraq in June 2017. Saettia Mk4/Fattah OPV On 15 February 2005 the Iraqi Navy signed a $101 million contract with the Italian Government to provide four Saettia MK4 class Offshore-Patrol Vessels. This is a modified Diciotti class offshore patrol boat, as originally used by the Guardia Costiera. The vessels are to be built by Fincantieri at Riva Trigoso, with modifications including increased crew capacity of 38. The contract also comprises the provision of logistical support and crew training with each crew completing a 7-week training course. In cooperation with the Marina Militare (Italian Navy), each commissioning crew is provided with a week's bridge simulator course at the Academy in Livorno. In May 2009, the first vessel, Patrol Ship 701 named Fatah (Arabic for Opening), was handed over at the Muggiano, La Spezia shipyard. The crew had been training since January 2009, and would now be heading for Umm Qasr, a 20-day/5,000 nautical miles journey via the Mediterranean, Suez Canal and Red Sea. There, additional training will be completed, before the vessel takes over duties from the British Royal Marine patrols, who will then revert to a training role of new crew. The vessels will be used to patrol the exclusive economic zone, control maritime traffic, for search and rescue and fire fighting. Al Basra class OSV 2 × 401 Al Basra 402 Al Fayhaa Offshore Patrol Vessels The fifteen (15) 35-meter Patrol Vessels (P301 – P315) were built by Swiftships in the period 2011–2014. The ships will provide logistical support for securing the oil platforms, to the Interceptor boats and more than 60 Fast Attack boats. Predator class The five 27-meter Predator (NHS615) Class patrol boats: (P-101), (P-102), (P-103), (P-104), (P-105); were built by Wuhan Nanhua High-speed Ship Engineering Co., Ltd. and delivered in 2002, they were to be the new ICDF's first ships and were to be purchased under the oil-for-food program. Due to their military compatibilities they were not allowed to enter Iraq until 2003. The vessel has one(1) continuous freeboard main deck with camber and slight fore sheer, one deck house and wheelhouse. The hull below main deck is divided by transversal bulkheads into 4 spaces. The speed of the vessel under sea trial conditions is 32 knots. Crew: 14. Supply vessels 1 offshore supply vessel Al Shams (Sun): September 2006, an Iraqi marine company will deliver a new ship (Al Shams or the Sun) which was bought from Iraqi aquatic transportation company to be employed as guiding afloat station across the sea in order. In March 2010, the Iraqi Navy awarded a US$70 million contract through FMS to RiverHawk Fast Sea Frames, LLC, Tampa, Florida for two 60-metre offshore support vessels. The two vessels were delivered on 20 December 2012. List of fleets Future procurement The Iraqi Navy will reportedly be purchasing ScanEagle UAVs in the near future for maritime reconnaissance support. Exact numbers and delivery dates are still unknown as of January 2012. See also Iraqi Air Force Iraqi Security Forces Iraqi Army References External links DefendAmerica News - Iraqi Navy Ships to be Built in Baghdad Navy League of the United States - Citizens in Support of the Sea Services iraqieconomy.org CPA-IRAQ.org: Homepage of The New Iraq - Information about the Iraqi Dinar David Axe – On Its Own: The Iraqi Navy in 2005 – Proceedings, August 2005 David Axe – Resurrection – Sea Power, November 2005 武汉南华高速船舶工程股份有限公司 Meet the Head of the New Iraqi Navy - Meet the Head of the New Iraqi Navy, March 17, 2007

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%93%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%BC%20%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88%ED%83%80

퓌르논 아니타

퓌르논 산 베니토 아니타(Vurnon San Benito Anita, 1989년 4월 4일 ~ )는 네덜란드령 안틸레스에서 태어난 퀴라소의 축구 선수이다. 현재 알오루바에서 수비수로 뛰고 있다. 클럽 경력 경력 초기 퀴라소에서 유년 시절을 보낸 아니타는 지역 축구팀인 CVV 빌렘스타트에서 축구를 시작했다. 그 후 1997년 그의 가족이 네덜란드로 이사함에 따라 아마추어 팀인 VV 마르센에서 선수생활을 하였고, 1999년 아약스의 스카우터에 의해 아약스 유소년 팀에 합류하였다. 아약스 2005-06 시즌 그는 1군 스쿼드에 등록되어 2006년 3월 19일 흐로닝언에 3-2로 패한 경기를 통해 에레디비시에 데뷔하였다. 같은해 KNVB컵 준결승에서 로다 JC를 상대로 경기에 뛰었으며, 아약스는 그해 KNVB컵에서 우승하였다. 이듬해 리그 경기에 2경기 출장하였고, 또한 UEFA컵에서 SV 베르더 브레멘을 상대로 3-0으로 패한 경기에 출장하여 유럽 대항전에 데뷔하였다. 2007-08시즌에는 1군 경기에 한 경기도 출장하지 못했고, 2008-09 시즌 다시 1군 스쿼드에 등록하여 16경기를 소화하였다. 2009-10 시즌 새로운 감독인 마틴 욜 아래에서 팀 동료인 위르비 엠마뉘엘손의 장기 부상에 따라 그 대체 선수로 활약하며 왼쪽 측면 수비수로서 큰 입지를 다졌고, 이에 마틴 욜은 만족감을 드러내고 시즌 내내 주전 왼쪽 측면 수비수로서 기용하였다. 또한 KNVB컵 결승에서 페예노르트를 상대로 이기며 두번 째 KNVB컵 우승을 따냈으며, 이러한 좋은 경기력은 네덜란드 축구 국가대표팀 선발로 이어졌다. 하지만 2010년 FIFA 월드컵에서 베르트 판 마르베이크의 부름을 받지는 못하였다. 2010-11 시즌 그는 전보다 더 많은 경기에 출장하며 UEFA 챔피언스리그에도 출전하였지만, 조별 리그에서 토너먼트에 진출하지 못하자 마틴 욜 감독은 사임하였으며, 아약스에는 프랑크 더 부르 감독이 취임한다. 더 부르 감독은 아니타가 왼쪽 측면 수비수보다는 수비형 미드필더로 뛰는 것이 더 맞다고 판단하였고, 결과적으로 아니타는 다른 미드필더들과 주전 경쟁을 하게 된다. 그는 수비형 미드필더를 충분히 소화해냈으나, KNVB컵 결승에서 트벤터에 3-2로 패하며 우승에 실패하였다. 하지만 아약스는 에레디비시에서 우승을 하였고, 이는 아니타에게 첫 리그 우승 타이틀이었다. 2011년 4월, 아니타는 아약스와 2014년까지 재계약을 하였다. 뉴캐슬 유나이티드 2012년 8월 16일 아니타는 아약스를 떠나 뉴캐슬 유나이티드와 2017년까지 5년 계약을 체결하였고, 2012년 8월 18일 토트넘 홋스퍼와의 프리미어리그 경기에서 데뷔하였다. 그리고 얼마 후 UEFA 유로파리그 예선 아트로미토스와의 경기에서 처음으로 선발 출장하여 골을 기록하였다. 국가대표팀 경력 아니타는 페루에서 열린 2005년 FIFA U-17 세계 축구 선수권 대회에 출전하였고 이때 네덜란드는 3위를 기록하였다. 또한 네덜란드 U-19팀과 네덜란드 U-21팀에 각각 선발되기도 하였다. 그는 2010년 처음으로 성인대표팀에 발탁되어 2010년 8월 12일 우크라이나와 1-1로 비긴 친선경기에서 PSV 에인트호번 소속의 에릭 피터르스와 교체되며 데뷔했고, 2010년 5월 26일 멕시코를 상대로 2-1로 이긴 친선경기를 통해 성인 국가대표 팀에서 풀타임을 소화하였다. 2010년 FIFA 월드컵 이후 2010년 FIFA 월드컵 예비 명단에는 포함되었으나, 최종 명단에 들지 못하였다. 퀴라소 퓌르논 아니타는 정식으로 2021년에 퀴라소 국가대표팀을 대표하기 위해 1회 국가대표팀 변경 신청하여 승인받았다. 그는 2022년 FIFA 월드컵 지역 예선에서 2021년 3월 25일에 세인트빈센트-그레나딘을 5-0으로 이긴 경기에서 데뷔하였다. 수상 경력 클럽 아약스 에레디비시: 2010-11, 2011-12 KNVB컵: 2005-06, 2006-07, 2009-10 요한 크라위프 스할: 2006, 2007 뉴캐슬 유나이티드 EFL 챔피언십: 2016-17 국가대표팀 UEFA-CAF 메르디안 컵: 2007 참고 문헌 외부 링크 1989년 출생 살아있는 사람 남자 축구 미드필더 네덜란드의 남자 축구 선수 네덜란드 남자 축구 국가대표팀 선수 퀴라소 남자 축구 국가대표팀 선수 AFC 아약스의 축구 선수 뉴캐슬 유나이티드 FC의 축구 선수 리즈 유나이티드 FC의 축구 선수 빌럼 II 틸뷔르흐의 축구 선수 PFC CSKA 소피아의 축구 선수 잉글랜드의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 불가리아의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 네덜란드의 해외 진출 남자 축구 선수 네덜란드 남자 U-21 축구 국가대표팀 선수 네덜란드 남자 청소년 축구 국가대표팀 선수 프리미어리그의 축구 선수 잉글리시 풋볼 리그의 축구 선수 에레디비시의 축구 선수 파르바리가의 축구 선수 퀴라소계 네덜란드인 잉글랜드에 거주한 네덜란드인 RKC 발베이크의 축구 선수 불가리아에 거주한 네덜란드인 사우디아라비아의 외국인 남자 축구 선수 사우디아라비아에 거주한 네덜란드인

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurnon%20Anita

Vurnon Anita

Vurnon San Benito Anita (born 4 April 1989) is a Curaçaoan professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder or full-back for Saudi First Division League club Al-Orobah. Born in Curaçao and raised in the Netherlands, Anita represented the Netherlands national team in 2010 before switching to represent the Curaçao national team in 2021. Anita releases rap music under the moniker "JR (Vurnon Anita)". Career Early career In his youth years on Curaçao, Anita started to play football at local team CVV Willemstad. After he and his family moved to the Netherlands in 1997, he started playing for amateur side VV Maarssen. Later he was scouted by Ajax and he joined their world-famous youth program in 1999. Ajax As of the 2005–06 season he was promoted to the first team of Ajax and on 19 March 2006 he made his Eredivisie debut in a 3–2 away loss against FC Groningen. That year he also participated in the KNVB Cup semi-final against Roda JC. Ajax went on to win the KNVB Cup that year. The following season he added another match to his Eredivisie total, bringing it to two appearances. He also made his European debut in the 3–0 away loss against Werder Bremen in the UEFA Cup. In the 2007–08 season Anita did not play any matches for the first team, but in the 2008–09 he returned to the first team squad. He played a total of 16 matches, mainly as a replacement for injured or suspended teammates. In the 2009–10 season Anita became a first team regular under new head coach Martin Jol. Because of a suspension of Urby Emanuelson and a long-time injury of Thimothée Atouba, Anita was posted as a left back. Jol was satisfied with his performance and continued to let him play as a left back for most of the season. He also played in the KNVB Cup final against Feyenoord and won his second KNVB Cup. His good performances also led to his debut at the Dutch national team. However, he was not selected for the squad for 2010 FIFA World Cup by coach Bert van Marwijk. The 2010–11 season started as the previous season ended with Anita playing most matches as a left back. Ajax managed to qualify for the Group stage of the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 2005–06. Because of the poor team performances during the first half of the season, Martin Jol left Ajax in December 2010 and was replaced by Frank de Boer. He believed Anita should play as a defensive midfielder rather than left back. As a consequence, Anita had to compete with other midfielders for his place in the starting line-up. He successfully did so and managed to play most matches. The season ended with two finals against FC Twente. Twente won the KNVB Cup final with 3–2, but Ajax secured the Eredivisie championship at the last matchday by winning 3–1. It was the first league title of Anita. In April 2011 it was announced that Anita signed a new contract at Ajax, binding him to the club until 2014. Newcastle United After Ajax had rejected Newcastle's first bid, the clubs eventually came to an agreement after the second offer from the English club of an undisclosed fee, thought to be around £6.2 million. He signed a five-year deal and took the number 8 shirt, last worn by Danny Guthrie. Anita made his debut on 18 August 2012, replacing Yohan Cabaye, as the Magpies defeated Tottenham Hotspur 2–1 on the opening day of the Premier League season. He made his first start for the club against Atromitos F.C. in the Europa League on 23 August, the game finished 1–1. He scored his first goal for Newcastle in a Europa League fixture against Club Brugge at the Jan Breydel Stadium on 8 November. Anita scored his first league goal for Newcastle on 1 March 2014 in a comfortable 4–1 win away from home over Hull City, but the match was marred by controversy as manager Alan Pardew headbutted Hull player David Meyler. After Siem de Jong signed for Newcastle on 1 July 2014, the player revealed that both Anita and Tim Krul were very influential in persuading him to leave Ajax and join Tyneside. Under new Manager Steve McClaren, Anita became a regular in centre midfield during the 2015–16 season. In the first half of the season he played eighteen of the first nineteen games before on 28 December 2015 he picked up a hamstring injury against West Bromwich Albion, which would keep him out for a lengthy period, the season saw Newcastle relegated to The Championship with Anita playing 28 games. He was played mostly at right back during the 2016–17 season, playing 31 games in all competitions, which saw Anita win the EFL Championship 2016–17 season and gain promotion to the Premier League On 9 June 2017, Anita left Newcastle when his contract expired at the end of the 2016–17 season. Leeds United On 6 July 2017, Anita signed a three-year contract with Leeds United. On 6 August 2017, Anita made his Leeds United debut at left back coming on as a first half substitute for the injured Gaetano Berardi in the 3–2 victory against Bolton Wanderers. His first start came in the following game on 9 August 2017 in the League Cup 4–1 victory against Port Vale. Due to injuries to regular fullbacks including Luke Ayling, Gaetano Berardi and Laurens De Bock during the season, Anita was used as right-back or left-back during the 2017–18 season, with Talksport's Billy Hawkins opining that Anita and De Bock "made appearances on the left of defence to little success". On 26 July 2018, Anita was not given a shirt number for Leeds for the upcoming 2018–19 season. On 2 September 2019, Anita's contract with Leeds was terminated by mutual consent. Willem II loan On 31 August 2018, he joined Dutch club Willem II on a season-long loan. He made his debut on 1 September 2018 in a defeat to PSV Eindhoven. In total, he made 27 appearances for Willem II in Eredivisie. After returning to Leeds after the end of his loan spell, Anita held talks with Super League Greece side Panathinaikos over a move. CSKA Sofia Anita joined Bulgarian club CSKA Sofia in late February 2020, but only made two league and one Cup appearances for the team, as the championship was suspended in March due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He cancelled his contract with the club prior to the resumption of the matches in June. RKC Waalwijk On 31 August 2020, Anita joined Dutch club RKC Waalwijk for free. After initially leaving the club at the end of the 2020–21 season, on 26 August 2021 he re-signed for another season. He renewed his contract on 24 July 2022, another one-year deal. Al-Orobah On 23 June 2023, Anita joined Saudi First Division League side Al-Orobah. International Netherlands Anita was born in Curaçao, and moved to the Netherlands at the age of 8. He competed in the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Peru for the Netherlands U-17, where the Dutch came third. He has also represented the Netherlands U-19 and Netherlands U-21 teams. On 26 May 2010, Anita made his full international debut for the Netherlands, coming on as a substitute in a 2–1 friendly victory over Mexico. He made his first appearance in the starting eleven in a 1–1 friendly draw with Ukraine on 12 August 2010, being substituted at half-time by PSV Eindhoven defender Erik Pieters. Anita was included in the preliminary squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. However, on 27 May 2010, Netherlands manager Bert van Marwijk announced that the player would not be part of the final squad of 23 participating in the competition. Curaçao Anita, who had not appeared for the Netherlands in a competitive senior international football match, formally filed a one-time switch in 2021 to represent the Curaçao national team. He debuted for Curaçao in a 5–0 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification win over Saint Vincent and the Grenadines on 25 March 2021. Career statistics Club International Honours Ajax Eredivisie: 2010–11, 2011–12 KNVB Cup: 2009–10 Johan Cruijff Shield: 2007 Newcastle United EFL Championship: 2016–17 European Selection U-18 UEFA–CAF Meridian Cup: 2007 References External links Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje Living people 1989 births Footballers from Willemstad Curaçao men's footballers Curaçao men's international footballers Dutch men's footballers Netherlands men's international footballers Netherlands men's under-21 international footballers Netherlands men's youth international footballers Dutch people of Curaçao descent C.V.V. Inter Willemstad players AFC Ajax players Jong Ajax players Newcastle United F.C. players Leeds United F.C. players Willem II (football club) players PFC CSKA Sofia players RKC Waalwijk players Al-Orobah FC players Dutch expatriate men's footballers Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England Expatriate men's footballers in England Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia Eredivisie players Premier League players English Football League players First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players Saudi First Division League players Men's association football fullbacks Dual men's international footballers

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%99%80%20%EC%95%A0%ED%94%8C%EC%9D%98%20%EC%86%8C%EC%86%A1%20%EB%B0%8F%20%EB%B6%84%EC%9F%81

삼성전자와 애플의 소송 및 분쟁

삼성전자와 애플 소송 및 분쟁은 삼성전자와 애플이 여러 나라에서 이뤄진 소송과 분쟁을 말한다. 나라별 소송 진행 네덜란드 2022년 6월 24일에 애플은 삼성전자가 자사의 특허를 침해했다며 삼성전자를 상대로 소송을 제기했다. 2011년 8월 20일에 애플이 소장에 삼성 갤럭시 S의 크기와 비율을 조작하여 실물과 다르게 제출한 것이 확인되었고, 미국의 정보기술 매체인 웹베렐트가 이에 대해 애플 측에 해명을 요구했으나 애플은 답변을 거절했다. 대한민국 2011년 4월 21일에 삼성전자가 애플을 상대로 대한민국 서울중앙지방법원에 특허 침해 금지 및 손해 배상 청구 소송 5건을 제기했다. 삼성전자는 소장에서 고속 패킷 전송 방식 통신표준 기술, 광대역 부호 다중 분할 접속 기술, 테더링 관련 기술 등의 특허를 침해한 아이폰 3GS, 아이폰 4, 아이패드 등의 수입, 양도, 전시를 금지하고 제품을 폐기하라고 주장했다. 애플은 2011년 6월 24일에 삼성전자가 삼성 갤럭시 S, 삼성 갤럭시 S II, 삼성 갤럭시 탭 등의 제품에 자사의 디자인권과 기술 특허를 침해했다며 삼성전자를 상대로 대한민국 서울중앙지방법원에 특허권 침해 금지 및 손해 배상 청구 소송을 제기했다. 2011년 7월 1일에 대한민국 서울중앙지방법원에서 첫 공판이 열렸다. 이 공판에서 삼성전자는 애플의 공식 웹사이트와 아이패드의 제품 상자에 안내된 제품 사양을 증거로 제출하며 3세대 이동통신 규격인 고속 상향 패킷 접속을 사용했기 때문에 삼성전자의 특허를 침해할 수 밖에 없다고 주장했다. 이에 대해 애플은 삼성전자가 2003년에 채택한 기술 표준이 현재까지도 유효한지 살펴봐야 하며 기술 표준 전체가 삼성전자의 특허라고 주장할 수는 없다고 반박했다. 다른 회사들이 기술 표준으로 채택된 삼성전자의 특허를 사용할 수 있도록 공유하는데 삼성전자가 동의했기 때문에 손해배상 요구가 성립하지 않는다는 애플의 주장에 대해서는 삼성전자는 실시권을 요청 조차 하지 않았기 때문에 손해배상 요구가 성립한다고 반박했다. 삼성전자는 고속 상향 패킷 접속과 관련된 특허 침해가 이뤄지지 않았다는 증명을 애플 측에 요구했지만, 이에 대해 애플은 삼성전자에 입증 책임이 있다고 반박했다. 삼성전자 측 변호인은 소장 150쪽과 준비서면 83쪽을 보냈지만 애플은 답변서 8쪽을 보낸 것이 전부이고, 서류를 늦게 제출하는 등의 무성의한 태도로 재판이 지연되고 있다며 애플의 행동에 대해 비판했고, 애플은 삼성전자가 보낸 준비서면에는 구체적인 주장이 없다고 반박했다. 독일 2011년 4월 21일에 삼성전자가 애플을 상대로 독일 만하임 법원에 3건의 특허 침해 소송을 제기했다. 2011년 8월 9일에 독일 뒤셀도르프 지방 법원은 삼성전자의 삼성 갤럭시 탭 10.1의 판매와 마케팅 활동을 중지시켜달라는 애플의 가처분 신청을 받아들여 유럽 지역의 판매와 마케팅 활동의 중지를 명령했다. 이에 대해 삼성전자는 애플이 제기한 가처분 신청에서 삼성 갤럭시 탭 10.1의 크기와 비율을 조작하여 제품의 실체와 다른 자료가 법원에 제출되었다며 이의를 제기했고 법원 측은 이의신청을 받아들여 독일을 제외한 유럽 지역 판매와 마케팅을 허용했다. 2011년 8월 25일에 열린 심리에서 삼성 갤럭시 탭 10.1의 독일 지역 판매 금지 가처분 판결의 효력을 유지하고 소송 판결을 2011년 9월 9일로 연기하였다. 미국 2011년 4월 15일에 애플이 삼성전자를 상대로 자사의 특허 16건이 침해됐다며 미국 캘리포니아주 북부지방법원에 소장을 제출했다. 삼성전자도 2011년 4월 27일에 애플을 상대로 자사의 특허 10건이 침해됐다며 캘리포니아주 북부지방법원에 소장을 제출했다. 법원은 삼성전자의 출시하지 않은 제품들의 특허 침해 여부를 확인해야 한다는 애플의 주장을 받아들여 2011년 5월 24일에 삼성전자에게 삼성 갤럭시 S II, 인퓨즈 4G, 드로이드 차지, 삼성 갤럭시 탭 8.9, 삼성 갤럭시 탭 10.1 등 출시하지 않은 미공개된 5개 제품을 30일 안에 애플의 법정대리인에게 제출하라고 명령했다. 이에 삼성전자도 차세대 아이폰과 차세대 아이패드에 대해서도 증거 제출을 요청했지만, 법원은 2011년 6월 22일에 삼성전자의 요구를 기각했다. 이 소송은 소송 자료만 3840만 쪽 달하고 기술적으로 매우 복잡한 전문적인 내용을 다루고 있어 상당한 시간이 소요될 것으로 예상됐다. 배심원 평결 2012년 8월 24일에는 배심원 평결이 있었다. 이날 배심원들은 삼성이 애플의 디자인 특허와 실용 특허, 그리고 애플의 트레이드 드레스를 고의적으로 침해했다고 평결했다. 그리고 배심원들은 삼성이 애플에게 10억 4900만 달러를 배상하라고 판결하였으며 애플은 삼성에게 배상할 필요가 없다고 평결했다. 디자인 특허 504889 (아이패드의 디자인에 관한 특허)는 배심원들이 삼성이 침해하지 않았다고 평결한 몇안되는 특허중의 하나였다. 애플의 변호사들은 이미 모든 삼성제품에 대한 판매금지를 신청해 놓은 상태이다. 일본 2011년 4월 21일에 삼성전자가 애플을 상대로 일본 도쿄 지방 법원에 특허 침해 소송 2건을 제기했다. 2011년 6월 24일에 애플은 삼성전자가 자사의 특허를 침해했다며 삼성전자를 상대로 소송을 제기했다. 평가 삼성 애플특허분쟁과 특허시스템에 대한 시사점이란 세미나에서 국가마다 상이한 판결이 나온 이유로 독일 변리사는 유럽법원의 특성에서 원인으로 찾으며 "전통적으로 유럽은 특허권 주장에 대해 매우 엄격한 기준을 적용한다"며 "웬만한 특허를 내세워 가처분 소송을 걸거나 손해배상을 요구하는 것은 받아들여지지 않는 분위기"라고 말했다. 유럽에서는 삼성의 승전보가 지속될 것이란 전망을 내놓았다. 그는 "독일 네덜란드 등 유럽에서 특허 유효성을 인정받으려면 높은 가치가 요구된다"며 "(애플의) 그런 약한 특허 가지고는 유럽에선 패할 수밖에 없다"라고 강조했다. 일본 이와하라 변호사는 다소 유보적인 견해를 밝혔다. 이와하라 변호사는 "최근 삼성과 애플 사건과 관련해 지재권 고등재판관 몇 분과 장시간 토론을 했는데 결론이 나오지 않을 만큼 불투명한 상태"라고 전했다. 미국인 홀리 교수는 미국에서의 판결이 이제 시작일 뿐이라는 점을 강조하며 그는 "배심원 평결 등이 애플에 유리하게 나왔다고 하지만 최종판정이 나오려면 최소 1~2년은 지나야 할 것"이라며 "아직도 변수가 많다"고 말했다. "배심원 평결 양식은 20여장에 불과해 너무나 구체성이 떨어지는 양식이여서 항소법원이 법적으로 판단하기에는 굉장히 빈약하다"라고 설명했다. 미국 특허청이 애플의'바운스 백'특허를 무효화했다는 발표에 대해서도 "미국에서는 자주 일어나는 일이고 애플이 항소하면 또 다른 결론이 나올 수 있다"며 "큰 의미를 부여할 필요는 없다"고 말했다. 다만 미국에서 삼성전자의 완패는 '디스커버리'(증거수집제도)나 배심원 제도 등 미국의 법원의 특성을 제대로 이해하지 못한 대응 때문이라고 지적했다. 특허법이 속지주의를 따르는 만큼 불가피한 측면이 있다는 분석도 나왔다. 김병일 한양대 법학전문대학원 교수는"국가마다 관심사나 문화가 달라 특허법에는 속지주의 원칙이 적용되고 있기 때문에 특허분쟁에 대한 판결이 다를 수 있다"고 말했다. 이번 특허소송처럼 같은 사안에 대해 여러 국가에서 동시다발적인 판결이 쏟아지는 사례가 드물어 차이가 더욱 부각되고 있다는 것이다. 전문가들은 이번 특허소송이 결국 '성장통'이라는 데에 의견을 같이 했다. 하인츠 고다 교수는 "자동차 항공기 등 중요한 발명이 등장할 때마다 특허 분쟁이 뒤따랐고, 이번 분쟁도 신상품의 정의를 둘러싼 영역싸움에 해당된다"며 "소송은 협력의 시작이며 갈등 속에서 해법을 찾아갈 것"이라고 말했다. 나라별 행정적 절차 진행 미국 삼성전자는 2011년 6월 29일에 애플이 통신 특허를 포함한 5건의 특허를 침해했다며 미국 국제 무역 위원회에 아이폰 3G, 아이폰 3GS, 아이폰 4, 아이팟 터치, 아이패드, 아이패드 2 등 6개 제품에 대한 미국 수입 금지를 요청했다. 각주 참고 문헌 국제 IP 분쟁동향 보고서, 특허청 2012. 같이 보기 삼성전자 애플 애플 소송 삼성전자 애플 삼성전자 소송 애플 소송 2011년 네덜란드 2011년 대한민국 2011년 독일 2011년 미국 2011년 영국 2011년 이탈리아 2011년 일본 2012년 대한민국 2012년 독일 2012년 미국 2012년 일본

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20Inc.%20v.%20Samsung%20Electronics%20Co.

Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.

Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. was the first of a series of ongoing lawsuits between Apple Inc. and Samsung Electronics regarding the design of smartphones and tablet computers; between them, the companies made more than half of smartphones sold worldwide as of July 2012. In the spring of 2011, Apple began litigating against Samsung in patent infringement suits, while Apple and Motorola Mobility were already engaged in a patent war on several fronts. Apple's multinational litigation over technology patents became known as part of the mobile device "smartphone patent wars": extensive litigation in fierce competition in the global market for consumer mobile communications. By August 2011, Apple and Samsung were litigating 19 ongoing cases in nine countries; by October, the legal disputes expanded to ten countries. By July 2012, the two companies were still embroiled in more than 50 lawsuits around the globe, with billions of dollars in damages claimed between them. While Apple won a ruling in its favor in the U.S., Samsung won rulings in South Korea, Japan, and the UK. On June 4, 2013, Samsung won a limited ban from the U.S. International Trade Commission on sales of certain Apple products after the commission found Apple had violated a Samsung patent, but this was vetoed by U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman. On December 6, 2016, the United States Supreme Court decided 8–0 to reverse the decision from the first trial that awarded nearly $400 million to Apple and returned the case to Federal Circuit court to define the appropriate legal standard "article of manufacture" because it is not the smartphone itself but could be just the case and screen to which the design patents relate. Origin On January 4, 2007, 4 days before the iPhone was introduced to the world, Apple filed a suite of 4 design patents covering the basic shape of the iPhone. These were followed up in June of that year with a massive filing of a color design patent covering 193 screenshots of various iPhone graphical user interfaces. It is from these filings along with Apple's utility patents, registered trademarks and trade dress rights, that Apple selected the particular intellectual property to enforce against Samsung. Apple sued its component supplier Samsung, alleging in a 38-page federal complaint on April 15, 2011, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California that several of Samsung's Android phones and tablets, including the Nexus S, Epic 4G, Galaxy S 4G, and the Samsung Galaxy Tab, infringed on Apple's intellectual property: its patents, trademarks, user interface and style. Apple's complaint included specific federal claims for patent infringement, false designation of origin, unfair competition, and trademark infringement, as well as state-level claims for unfair competition, common law trademark infringement, and unjust enrichment. Apple's evidence submitted to the court included side-by-side image comparisons of iPhone 3GS and i9000 Galaxy S to illustrate the alleged similarities in packaging and icons for apps. However, the images were later found to have been tampered with in order to make the dimensions and features of the two different products seem more similar, and counsel for Samsung accused Apple of submitting misleading evidence to the court. Samsung counter-sued Apple on April 22, 2011, filing federal complaints in courts in Seoul, South Korea; Tokyo, Japan; and Mannheim, Germany, alleging Apple infringed Samsung's patents for mobile-communications technologies. By summer, Samsung also filed suits against Apple in the British High Court of Justice, in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, and with the United States International Trade Commission (ITC) in Washington D.C., all in June 2011. South Korean courts In Seoul, Samsung filed its lawsuit in April 2011 in the Central District Court citing five patent infringements. In late August 2012, a three-judge panel in Seoul Central District Court delivered a split decision, ruling that Apple had infringed upon two Samsung technology patents, while Samsung violated one of Apple's patents. The court awarded small damages to both companies and ordered a temporary sales halt of the infringing products in South Korea; however, none of the banned products were the latest models of either Samsung or Apple. The court ruled that Samsung violated one of Apple's utility patents, over the so-called "bounce-back" effect in IOS and that Apple was in violation of two of Samsung's wireless patents. Apple's claims that Samsung copied the designs of the iPhone and iPad were deemed invalid. The court also ruled that there was "no possibility" that consumers would confuse the smartphones of the two brands, and that Samsung's smartphone icons did not infringe upon Apple's patents. Japanese courts Samsung's complaint in Japan's Tokyo District Court cited two infringements. Apple has filed other patent suits in Japan against Samsung, most notably one for the "bounce-back" feature. Samsung has also sued Apple, claiming the iPhone and iPad infringe on Samsung patents. On August 31, 2012, The Tokyo District Court ruled that Samsung's Galaxy smartphones and tablets did not violate an Apple patent on technology that synchronizes music and videos between devices and servers. The three-judge panel in Japan also awarded legal costs to be reimbursed to Samsung. Presiding Judge Tamotsu Shoji said: "The defendant's products do not seem like they used the same technology as the plaintiff's products so we turn down the complaints made by [Apple]." German courts In August 2011, the Landgericht court in Düsseldorf, Germany granted Apple's request for an EU-wide preliminary injunction barring Samsung from selling its Galaxy Tab 10.1 device on the grounds Samsung's product infringed on two of Apple's interface patents. After Samsung's allegations of evidence tampering were heard, the court rescinded the EU-wide injunction and granted Apple a lesser injunction that only applied to the German market. Samsung also pulled the Galaxy Tab 7.7 from Berlin's IFA electronics fair due to the ruling preventing marketing of the device, before the court was set to make its ruling in September 2011. According to an estimate by Strategy Analytics, the impact on Samsung, in Germany, could have cost up to half a million unit sales. In the same time period and in similar cases of related legal strategy, Apple filed contemporaneous suits against Motorola with regard to the Xoom and against German consumer electronics reseller JAY-tech in the same German court, both for design infringement claims seeking preliminary injunctions. On September 9, 2011, the German court ruled in favor of Apple, with a sales ban on the Galaxy Tab 10.1. The court found that Samsung had infringed Apple's patents. Presiding judge Johanna Brueckner-Hofmann said there was a "clear impression of similarity". Samsung would appeal the decision. In March 2012, the Mannheim state court judges dismissed both the Apple and Samsung cases involving ownership of the "slide-to-unlock" feature used on their respective smartphones. The New York Times reported the German courts were at the center of patent fights among technology company rivals. In July 2012, the Munich Higher Regional Court Oberlandesgericht München affirmed the lower Regional Court's denial of Apple's motion for a preliminary injunction on Apple's allegation that Samsung infringed Apple's "overscroll bounce" patent; the appellate court's appealable ruling affirmed the lower court's February decision doubting the validity of Apple's patent. On September 21, the Mannheim Regional Court ruled in favour of Samsung in that it did not violate Apple's patented features in regards to touch-screen technology. French and Italian courts Shortly after the release of the iPhone 4S, Samsung filed motions for injunctions in courts in Paris and Milan to block further Apple iPhone sales in France and Italy, claiming the iPhone infringed on two separate patents of the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access standard. Samsung reportedly singled out the French and Italian markets as key electronic communications markets in Europe, and by filing suit in a different court, avoided going back to the German court where it had lost a round earlier in its battle with Apple. Dutch courts Apple initially sued Samsung on grounds of patent infringement, specifically European patents 2.059.868, 2.098.948, and 1.964.022. On the 24th of October, 2011, a court in the Hague ruled only a photo gallery app in Android 2.3 was indeed infringing a patent (EP 2.059.868), resulting in an import ban of three Samsung telephones (the Galaxy S, Galaxy S II, and Ace) running the infringing software. Phones operating more recent versions of Android remained unaffected. This made the import and sale of the banned phone models with updated software still legal. This ruling was widely interpreted as a favourable one for Samsung, and an appeal by Apple may still be forthcoming. On September 26, 2011, Samsung counter-sued and asked the court for an injunction on sale Apple's iPad and iPhones, on the grounds that Apple does not have the licenses to use 3G mobile technology. On October 14, the court ruled, denying the sales ban and stating that because 3G was an industry standard, Samsung's licensing offer had to meet FRAND (fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory) terms. The court found that Samsung's fee was unreasonable, but noted that, if the companies cannot make a fair and reasonable licensing fee, Samsung could open a new case against Apple. In late October 2011, the civil court in The Hague ruled for Apple in rejecting Samsung's infringement arguments and denied Samsung's motion made there; Samsung appealed the decision and in January 2012, the Dutch appeals court overruled the civil court decision, rejecting Apple's claim that Samsung's Galaxy Tab 10.1 infringed its design rights. Australian courts Also in early 2011, an Australian federal court granted Apple's request for an injunction against Samsung's Galaxy Tab 10.1. Samsung agreed to an expedited appeal of the Australian decision in the hope that if it won its appeal before Christmas, it might salvage holiday sales that it would otherwise lose. Ultimately, the injunction Apple sought to block the Tab 10.1 was denied by the High Court of Australia. In July 2012 an Australian judge started hearing the companies' evidence for a trial anticipated to take three months. British courts Samsung applied to the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, in Samsung Electronics (UK) Limited & Anr v. Apple Inc., for a declaration that its Galaxy tablets were not too similar to Apple's products. Apple counterclaimed, but Samsung prevailed after a British judge ruled Samsung's Galaxy tablets were not similar enough to be confused with Apple's iPad. In July 2012, Birss J denied Samsung's motion for an injunction blocking Apple from publicly stating that the Galaxy infringed Apple's design rights, but ordered Apple to publish a disclaimer on Apple's own website and in the media that Samsung did not copy the iPad. The judge stayed the publishing order, however, until Apple's appeal was heard in October 2012. When the case reached the court of appeal, the previous ruling was supported, meaning that Apple is required to publish a disclaimer on Apple's own website and in the media that Samsung did not copy the iPad. U.S. courts First U.S. trial In two separate lawsuits, Apple accused Samsung of infringing on three utility patents (United States Patent Nos. 7,469,381, 7,844,915, and 7,864,163) and four design patents (United States Patent Nos. D504,889, D593,087, D618,677, and D604,305). Samsung accused Apple of infringing on United States Patent Nos. 7,675,941, 7,447,516, 7,698,711, 7,577,460, and 7,456,893. One 2005 design patent "at the heart of the dispute is Design Patent 504,889", which consists of a one-sentence claim about the ornamental design of an electronic device, accompanied by nine figures depicting a thin rectangular cuboid with rounded corners. A U.S. jury trial was scheduled for July 30, 2012 and calendared by the court through September 7, 2012. Both Phil Schiller and Scott Forstall testified on the Apple v. Samsung trial. First trial verdict On August 24, 2012, the jury returned a verdict largely favorable to Apple. It found that Samsung had willfully infringed on Apple's design and utility patents and had also diluted Apple's trade dresses related to the iPhone. The jury awarded Apple $1.049 billion in damages and Samsung zero damages in its counter suit. The jury found Samsung infringed Apple's patents on iPhone's "Bounce-Back Effect" (US Patent No. 7,469,381), "On-screen Navigation" (US Patent No. 7,844,915), and "Tap To Zoom" (US Patent No. 7,864,163), and design patents that covers iPhone's features such as the "home button, rounded corners and tapered edges" (US$593087) and "On-Screen Icons" (US$604305). Design Patent 504,889 (describing the ornamental design of the iPad) was one of the few patents the jury concluded Samsung had not infringed. This amount is functionally reduced by the bond posted by Apple for the injunction granted during the trial (see below). On October 23, 2012, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office tentatively invalidated Apple's bounce back patent (US Patent No. '381) possibly affecting the ruling in the Apple v. Samsung trial. Apple's attorneys filed a request to stop all sales of the Samsung products cited in violation of the US patents, a motion denied by Judge Lucy H. Koh on December 17, 2012, who also decided that the jury had miscalculated US$400 million in its initial damage assessment and ordered a retrial. Injunction of U.S. sales during first trial The injunction Apple sought in the U.S. to block Samsung smartphones such as the Infuse 4G and the Droid Charge was denied. Judge Koh ruled that Apple's claims of irreparable harm had little merit because although Apple established a likelihood of success at trial on the merits of its claim that Samsung infringed one of its tablet patents, Apple had not shown that it could overcome Samsung's challenges to the patent's validity. Apple appealed Judge Koh's ruling, and on May 14, 2012, the appeals court reversed and ordered Judge Koh to issue the injunction. The preliminary injunction was granted in June 2012, preventing Samsung from making, using, offering to sell, selling, or importing into the U.S. the Galaxy Nexus and any other of its technology making use of the disputed patent. Simultaneously, Apple was ordered to post a US$95.6 million bond in the event that Samsung prevailed at trial. Following the trial, in which the Nexus was found not to infringe Apple's patents, Samsung filed an appeal to remove the preliminary injunction. On October 11, 2012, the appeals court agreed and vacated the injunction. A new hearing was held in March 2014, in which Apple sought to prevent Samsung from selling some of its current devices in U.S. At the hearing, Judge Koh ruled against a permanent injunction. First trial appeal There was an interview given by the jury foreman, where, at the 3 minute mark in the video, the jury foreman Hogan said: "the software on the Apple side could not be placed into the processor on the prior art and vice versa, and that means they are not interchangeable," and at the 2:42-2:45 minute mark, in which Hogan states "each patent had a different legal premise." Groklaw reported that this interview indicates the jury may have awarded inconsistent damages and ignored the instructions given to them. In an article on Gigaom, Jeff John Roberts contended that the case suggests that juries should not be allowed to rule on patent cases at all. Scott McKeown, however, suggested that Hogan's comment may have been poorly phrased. Some have claimed that there are a few oddities with Samsung's U.S. Patent discussed by Hogan during the interview, specifically that the '460 patent has only one claim. Most US patents have between 10 - 20 separate claims, most of which are dependent claims. This patent was filed as a division of an earlier application, possibly in anticipation of litigation, which may explain the reduced number of claims. The specifics of this patent have not been discussed in the Groklaw review or the McKeown review because most believe that the foreman misspoke when he mentioned the number of the patent in question; a more detailed interview with the BBC made it clear that the patent(s) relevant to the prior art controversy were owned by Apple, not Samsung, meaning that his mention of the "460 patent" was a mistake. On Friday, September 21, 2012, Samsung requested a new trial from the judge in San Jose arguing that the verdict was not supported by evidence or testimony, that the judge imposed limits on testimony time and the number of witnesses prevented Samsung from receiving a fair trial, and that the jury verdict was unreasonable. Apple filed papers on September 21 and 22, 2012 seeking a further amount of interest and damages totaling $707 million. A hearing has been scheduled in U.S. District Court on December 6, 2012, to discuss these and other issues. On October 2, 2012, Samsung appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, requesting that Apple's victory be thrown out, claiming that the foreman of the jury had not disclosed that he had been sued by Seagate Technology Inc., his former employer, and which has a strategic relationship with Samsung, despite having been asked during jury selection if he had been involved in lawsuits. Samsung also claimed that the foreman had not revealed a past personal bankruptcy. The foreman responded that he had been asked during jury selection whether he had been involved in any lawsuits during the past 10 years, so that the events claimed by Samsung occurred before that time frame, although his claim is not consistent with the actual question he was asked by the Judge. Apple has similarly appealed the decision vacating the injunction on Samsung's sales. Leading up to a December 4, 2014 hearing at the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Samsung had noted that the USPTO had released preliminary and/or final findings of invalidity against some of the patents relevant to the first case, namely the so-called pinch-to-zoom patent 7,844,915. Samsung argued for, at the very least, a recalculation of the damages they owe in the case. On May 18, 2015, the Federal Circuit affirmed parts of the jury verdict, but vacated the jury's damages awards against the Samsung products that were found liable for trade dress dilution. First trial controversy The ruling in the landmark patent case raised controversies over the impact on the consumers and the smartphone industry. The jury's decision was described as being 'Apple-friendly' by Wired and a possible reason for the increased costs—because of licensing fees to Apple—that subsequently affected Android smartphone users. A question was also raised about the validity of lay juries in the U.S. patent system, whereby the qualifications of the jury members were deemed inadequate for a complex patent case; however, it was later revealed that the jury foreman Velvin Hogan was an electrical engineer and a patent holder himself. Hogan's post-verdict interviews with numerous media outlets raised a great deal of controversy over his role as the jury foreman. He told Bloomberg TV that his experience with patents had helped to guide the jurors' decisions in the trial. A juror Manuel Ilagan said in an interview with CNET a day after the verdict that "Hogan was jury foreman. He had experience. He owned patents himself … so he took us through his experience. After that it was easier." As the jury instructions stated that jurors can make decisions based solely on the law as instructed and "not based on your understanding of the law based on your own cases," controversy was consequently generated. Hogan also told the Reuters news agency that the jury wanted to make sure the message it sent was not just a "slap on the wrist" and wanted to make sure it was sufficiently high to be painful, but not unreasonable. His remark does not corroborate with jury instructions that state: "the damages award should put the patent holder in approximately the financial position it would have been in had the infringement not occurred" and "it is meant to compensate the patent holder and not to punish an infringer." Samsung appealed against the decision, claiming jury misconduct, and Samsung can be given a new trial if the appeal court finds that there was juror misconduct. Other questions were raised about the jury's quick decision. The jury was given more than 700 questions, including highly technical matters, to reach the verdict and awarded Apple more than US$1 billion in damages after less than three days of deliberations. Critics claimed that the nine jurors did not have sufficient time to read the jury instructions. A juror stated in an interview with CNET that the jury decided after the first day of deliberations that Samsung was in the wrong. First Retrial of damages amount from first U.S. trial In a damage-only retrial court session on November 13, 2013, ordered in relation to the first U.S. trial by Judge Koh in December 2012, Samsung Electronics stated in a San Jose, U.S. courtroom that Apple's hometown jury found Samsung copied some elements of Apple's design. Samsung's attorney clarified the purpose of the damage-only retrial and stated, "This is a case not where we're disputing that the 13 phones contain some elements of Apple's property," but the company disputed the US$379.8 million amount that Apple claimed that it is owed in the wake of Samsung's—Samsung presented a figure of US$52 million. On November 21, 2013, the jury awarded a new figure of US$290 million. The following devices were the concern of the retrial: Captivate, Continuum, Droid Charge, Epic 4G, Exhibit 4G, Galaxy Prevail, Galaxy Tab, Gem, Indulge, Infuse 4G, Nexus S 4G, Replenish, and Transform. Supreme Court decision of First Trial On December 6, 2016, the United States Supreme Court decided 8–0 to reverse the decision from the first trial that awarded nearly $400 million to Apple and returned the case to Federal Circuit court to define the appropriate legal standard to define "article of manufacture" because it is not the smartphone itself, but could be just the case and screen to which the design patents relate. Second Retrial of damages amount from first U.S. trial On Sunday, October 22, 2017, district court judge Lucy Koh ordered a second retrial of damages based upon the limitations imposed by the above decision of the United States Supreme Court. The parties were ordered to propose a schedule for a new trial by Wednesday, October 25. The jury trial for damages concluded on May 24, 2018, awarding Apple $539 million, which includes $399 million for damages of Samsung's products sold that infringed on the patents. Second U.S. trial Apple filed a new U.S. lawsuit in February 2012, asserting Samsung's violation of five Apple patents across Samsung's product lines for its Admire, Galaxy Nexus, Galaxy Note, Galaxy Note II, Galaxy S II, Galaxy S II Epic 4G Touch, Galaxy S II Skyrocket, Galaxy S III, Galaxy Tab II 10.1, and Stratosphere. Samsung responded with a counterclaim, stating that two patents for nine phones and tablets have been infringed on by Apple across its iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPhone 5, iPad 2, iPad 3, iPad 4, iPad mini, iPod touch (5th generation), iPod touch (4th generation), and MacBook Pro lines. Samsung stood to gain US$6 million if the jury rules in its favor, while Apple was seeking US$2 billion in damages and could proceed with similar lawsuits against other Android handset makers, as the relevant patent issues extend beyond Samsung's software technology. The second trial was scheduled for March 2014 and jury selection occurred on March 31, 2014. Judge Koh referred to the new lawsuit as "one action in a worldwide constellation of litigation between the two companies." The trial began in early April and decision was delivered on May 2, 2014, and Samsung was instructed to pay US$119.6 million to Apple for smartphone patent violations, a compensatory amount that was termed a "big loss" by The Guardian "Technology" team—the media outlet described the victory as "pyrrhic." The jury found that Samsung had infringed upon two Apple patents and Brian Love, assistant professor at the Santa Clara University law school, explained: "This amount is less than 10% of the amount Apple requested, and probably doesn't surpass by too much the amount Apple spent litigating this case." Apple's official response was a reaffirmation that "Samsung willfully stole" from the Cupertino, US-based corporation; however, Apple's lawyers claimed that a technical mistake has been made by the jury and Koh ordered the jurors to return on May 5, 2014, to resolve an issue that is potentially worth several hundred thousand dollars. The jury also found Apple liable for infringing one of Samsung's patents and the South Korean corporation, which had initially sought US$6 million of damages, was awarded US$158,400. In the wake of the verdict, Judge Koh will be responsible for deciding whether a sales ban of Samsung products will be implemented, a decision that was deemed highly unlikely by legal experts, such as Rutgers Law School's Michael Carrier, after the verdict announcement. Samsung appealed the jury verdict to a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in 2015, and won in February 2016, with the panel nullifying the jury verdict. The panel unanimously argued that one patent cited by Apple was not infringed by Samsung, while two others, related to autocorrect and "slide to unlock" features, were invalid based on existing prior art. Apple requested an en banc hearing from the full Federal Circuit, which ruled in favor of Apple by an 8-3 decision, restoring the $120 million award, in October 2016. While the original three judges maintained their opinion from the previous hearing, the remaining judges argued that the three-member panel had dismissed the body of evidence from the jury trial supporting that Apple's patents were valid and Samsung was infringing upon them. Samsung appealed to the Supreme Court, but the Court announced in November 2017 that it would not hear the appeal, leaving the Federal Circuit's ruling in Apple's favor in place. As of mid 2018, the trials over the patent dispute have been resolved, resulting in Apple being awarded $539 million. See also Apple Inc. litigation Motorola Mobility v. Apple Inc. Smartphone patent wars U.S. patent law Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc. References Further reading Apple Inc. litigation United States administrative case law United States computer case law United States contract case law United States patent case law United States District Court for the Northern District of California cases Samsung Electronics Smartphone patent wars 2016 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases

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더 카스(The Cars)은 미국의 록 밴드이다. 1970년대 말 뉴 웨이브의 물결을 타고 1977년 보스턴에서 결성되었다. 엘리엇 이스턴(리드 기타), 그렉 호크스(키보드), 릭 오케이섹(리듬 기타), 벤자민 오르(베이스), 데이비드 로빈슨(드럼)으로 구성되었고 오케이섹과 오르가 번갈아 보컬을 담당했다. 작곡은 주로 릭 오케이섹이 했다. 더 카스는 1970년대 기타 중심의 록 음악에 1980년대 인기를 얻은 신시사이저 중심의 팝 음악을 버무린 스타일의 선두 주자였다. 더 카스는 1978년 롤링 스톤 독자 선정 베스트 신인으로 뽑혔고 데뷔 앨범 <The Cars>는 6백만장이 팔리며 빌보드 200 앨범 차트에 139주간 머물렀다. 더 카스의 싱글 네 곡 "Shake It Up" (1981년), "You Might Think" (1984년), "Drive" (1984년), and "Tonight She Comes" (1985년)는 톱 10에 들었으며 제1회 MTV 비디오 뮤직 어워드에서 "You Might Think"로 올해의 비디오상을 받았다. 더 카스는 1988년 1차 해산했다. 벤자민 오르는 췌장암으로 2000년 사망했고 남은 멤버들은 2010년 재결합하여 일곱 번째 앨범 <Move Like This>를 만들어 2011년 5월에 발매했고 앨범 홍보를 위한 단기 투어를 가진 뒤 다시 휴지기로 들어갔다. 2018년 4월, 더 카스는 로큰롤 명예의 전당에 헌액되면서 행사를 위해 다시 모였다. 그것이 더 카스의 마지막 공연이었고 2019년 9월 15일 릭 오케이섹은 심혈관 질환으로 사망했다. 역사 초기 시절 카스가 결성되기 이전, 멤버들은 여러 밴드들에서 활동했다. 릭 오케이섹은 1960년대 오하이오주의 클리블랜드에서 공연을 구경갔다가 당시 그래스호퍼스라는 밴드에서 연주하고 있는 오르를 보았고 둘은 그 지역에서 여러 밴드들을 전전하다 1970년대 초 보스턴으로 이주하였고 거기서 만나 기타리스트 재스 굿카인드와 크로스비 스틸스 & 내쉬 스타일의 포크 밴드인 밀크우드를 결성하여 활동했다. 1973년 이들은 파라마운트 레코드를 통해 <How's the Weather>라는 앨범을 발표했으나 차트에는 진입하지 못했다. 밀크우드 이후 오케이섹과 오르는 리처드 앤 더 래비츠라는 밴드를 만들었고 여기에는 버클리 음악 대학에서 공부했고 밀크우드의 앨범 작업에도 참여했던 그렉 호크스가 합류했지만 다른 밴드와 투어를 떠나면서 밴드는 불발되었다. 오케이섹과 오르는 어쿠스틱 듀오로 매사추세츠주 캠브리지의 커피하우스에서 노래를 했는데 당시의 곡들이 이후 카스의 초기곡들이 되었다. 이후 오케이섹과 오르는 역시 버클리 음악 대학에서 공부했던 기타리스트 엘리엇 이스턴과 캡'앤 스윙이라는 팀을 이루게 된다. 여기에는 드러머 글렌 에반스도 멤버였다. 벤자민 오르가 리드 보컬이었는데 악기는 연주하지 않았었다. 맥'앤 스윙은 WBCN의 DJ 막산 사토리의 관심을 끌었고 이들의 데모 테이프에 담긴 곡들을 방송에 틀어주었다. 여러 레코드 레이블에서 거절당한 오케이섹은 베이스와 드럼을 자신의 스타일에 맞는 이들로 교체하고자 했다. 오르가 베이스를 맡게 되었고 데이비드 로빈슨이 드럼으로 들어왔다. 그리고 호크스가 다시 키보드로 돌아왔다. 밴드 이름은 "더 카스"라고 했는데 로빈슨이 제안한 것이고 그는 이후 카스의 패션과 이미지에 큰 영향을 끼친다. 이렇게 카스는 1976년 시작되었다. 성공가도 - <The Cars>, <Candy-O> (1978–1979년) 카스는 1976년 12월 31일 뉴햄프셔주의 공군기지에서 첫 공연을 한 이후 1977년 초 뉴잉글랜드 지역에서 공연을 벌이며 데뷔 앨범에 들어갈 곡들이 다듬어졌고 9곡이 담긴 데모 테이프를 만들었는데 곧 이 중에서 "Just What I Needed"를 보스턴 라디오 방송국인 WBCN과 WCOZ에서 많이 틀었다. 이를 통해 아리스타 레코드와 엘렉트라 레코드에서 제안이 들어왔는데 아리스타에는 이미 뉴웨이브 밴드들이 많이 속해 있었기에 자신들이 좀 더 돋보일 수 있는 엘렉트라와 계약을 맺는다. 데뷔 앨범 <The Cars>는 1978년 6월에 발매되어 빌보드 200 차트 25위에 올랐다. 싱글로 발매된 "Just What I Needed", "My Best Friend's Girl", "Good Times Roll" 세 곡은 모두 빌보드 핫 100 차트에 진입했다. 그리고 이어 1979년 6월에 발매된 두 번째 앨범 <Candy-O>는 더 인기를 끌어 빌보드 200 앨범 차트 3위까지 올라갔다. 앨범 커버는 유명한 플레이보이 아티스트인 알베르토 바르가스가 맡았다. 싱글 "Let's Go"는 처음으로 톱 20에 진입했다. 사운드의 변모 - <Panorama>, <Shake It Up> (1980–1983년) <Candy-O> 앨범의 성공에 이어 세 번째 앨범 <Panorama>가 1980년 발매되었다. 이 앨범은 이전보다 더 실험적인 사운드를 추구했고 "Touch and Go" 싱글 하나만이 겨우 톱 40에 들었다. 앨범은 미국에서 5위까지 올라갔지만 이전 앨범들보다 평이 좋지는 않았다. 1981년 카스는 보스턴에 있는 인터미디어 스튜디오를 구입하여 이름을 싱크로 사운드로 바꾸었다. 이곳에서 작업한 것은 네 번째 앨범 <Shake It Up>이 유일하다. <Panorama> 보다는 좀 더 상업적인 앨범으로 싱글 "Shake It Up"으로 첫 톱 10에 들었으며 "Since You're Gone"도 히트했다. 1982년 투어를 마친 후 카스는 잠시 휴식을 가지며 솔로 프로젝트를 진행했고 오케이섹과 호크스가 솔로 데뷔 앨범을 냈다. 슈퍼스타덤과 1차 휴지기 - <Heartbeat City>, <Door to Door> (1984–1988년) 휴식 이후 1984년 카스는 가장 성공적인 앨범 <Heartbeat City>를 발매했다. 첫 싱글 "You Might Think"로 카스는 제1회 MTV 비디오 뮤직 어워드에서 올해의 비디오상을 받았고 다수의 히트곡들이 나왔다. 그 중 "Drive"는 오르가 보컬을 했는데 1985년 런던의 웸블리 스타디움에서 열렸던 라이브 에이드 공연에서 데이비드 보위가 소개한 에티오피아의 기근에 대한 영상에 배경 음악으로 들어갔었다. (카스는 필라델피아에서 열렸던 라이브 에이드에 참여했었다). 이 곡은 카스의 가장 히트한 싱글로 빌보드 핫 100 3위에 올랐고 뮤직 비디오는 배우이자 감독인 티머시 허턴이 만들었다. 그리고 또 다른 히트 싱글 "Tonight She Comes"가 나와 빌보드 핫 100의 7위에 올랐다. 이후 밴드는 휴지기를 가졌고 이스턴과 오르가 솔로 데뷔 앨범을 냈고 오케이섹은 두 번째 솔로 앨범을 냈다. 그리고 1987년 여섯 번째 앨범 <Door to Door>를 냈는데 여기에는 카스의 마지막 히트곡 "You Are thd Girl"이 담겨 있다. 이전 앨범과 같은 성공은 거두지 못했고 1988년 2월 카스는 해산한다. 해산 이후 솔로 활동과 벤자민 오르의 죽음 (1989–2009년) 1990년 말 카스의 재결합에 대한 소문이 돌았지만 성사되지 않았다. 1995년에 라이노 레코드에서는 카스의 히트곡들과 희귀곡들을 모아 CD 두 장짜리 모음집 < Just What I Needed: The Cars Anthology>와 이어 데뷔 앨범을 두 장짜리로 만든 <The Cars: Deluxe Edition>(1999년), 그리고 히트곡 모음집인 <Complete Greatest Hits>를 냈다. 벤자민 오르는 2000년 10월 췌장암으로 사망했다. 오케이섹은 계속하여 솔로로 활동하며 7개의 앨범을 냈고 로빈슨은 음악을 그만 두고 레스토랑을 열었다. 2005년 기타리스트인 엘리엇 이스턴은 그렉 호크스와 더 뉴 카스라는 밴드를 조직하여 앨범 한 장과 싱글 하나를 내고 해체했다. 재결합, <Move Like This>, 2차 휴지기 (2010-2017년) 2010년 페이스북 페이지에 들어갈 사진을 찍으려 릭 오케이섹, 엘리엇 이스턴, 그렉 호크스, 데이비드 로빈슨이 뉴욕에 모였을 때 재결합 이야기가 나왔다. 그리고 10월에 빌보드는 카스가 뉴욕에서 새 앨범을 녹음 중이라고 밝혔다. 또한 롤링 스톤에 따르면 벤자민 오르를 대체할 멤버를 새로 뽑지 않고 대신 호크스와 리가 베이스를 맡는다고 했다. 새 앨범 <Move Like This>는 2011년 나오자 마자 빌보드 앨범 차트 7위에 올랐고 5월에 미국과 캐나다의 10개 도시를 도는 투어를 벌였다. 인터뷰에서 만약 오르가 살아있었더라도 재결합이 있었을 것 같냐는 질문에 오케이섹은 "벤과 나는 23년간 심각한 냉전 상태였다. 대체 어쩌다 그렇게 된 것인지 정말 모르겠다. 아마 내가 곡을 쓰는 것과 나에게 주의가 집중되는 것을 많이 질투했던 것 같다.  또 온갖 괴상한 일들도 많았는데 그는 '내 여자친구가 곡을 썼는데 한 두개를 해보자'고 했고 나는 '안돼, 그건 카스가 아냐'라고 하는 등등이었다"고 했다. 그리고 카스는 2011년 투어를 끝으로 다시 활동을 접고 사라졌다. 로큰롤 명예의 전당 헌액과 릭 오케이섹의 죽음 (2018–2019년) 2018년 카스는 로큰롤 명예의 전당에 헌액되었다. 그리고 이 행사에서의 공연이 릭 오케이섹과의 마지막 공연이었다. 그는 다음 해에 사망했다. 7년간 활동을 중단했던 카스는 2018년 로큰롤 명예의 전당 헌액식에서 벤자민 오르 대신 위저의 스콧 슈라이너를 베이스로 하여 네 곡을 연주했다. 2019년 9월 15일, 릭 오케이섹은 그의 뉴욕 자택에서 사망한 채 발견되었다. 75세였다. 음악 스타일 카스의 음악은 뉴 웨이브, 파워 팝으로 분류되며 프로토 펑크, 개러지 록, 버블검 팝에서 영향을 받았다. 또한 "My Best Friend's Girl"과 같은 곡은 로커빌리 스타일을 차용했다. 뉴욕 타임스와 롤링 스톤의 음악 평론가인 로버트 팔머는 더 카스의 음악 스타일을 "펑크 미니멀리즘과 아트 록의 미로 같은 신시사이저와 기타의 질감, 그리고 50년대 로커빌리와 파워 팝의 간결한 멜로디와 같은 오늘날 중요하지만 이질적인 트랜드들을 개인적이고 매력적인 혼합물로 만들어 냈다"고 평했다. 구성원 릭 오케이섹 (Ric Ocasek) – 리드/백보컬, 리듬 기타, 키보드 (1976–1988년, 2000년, 2010–2011년, 2018년; 2019년 사망) 엘리엇 이스턴 (Elliot Easton) – 리드 기타, 백보컬 (1976–1988년, 2000년, 2010–2011년, 2018년) 벤자민 오르 (Benjamin Orr) – 리드/백보컬, 베이스, 키보드 (1976–1988년, 2000년; 2000년 사망) 그렉 호크스 (Greg Hawkes) – 키보드, 기타, 백보컬 (1976–1988년, 2000년, 2010–2011년, 2018년), 색소폰 (1976–1979년), 베이스 (2010–2011년) 데이비드 로빈슨 (David Robinson) – 드럼, 퍼커션, 백보컬 (1976–1988년, 2000년, 2010–2011년, 2018년) 디스코그래피 The Cars (1978) Candy-O (1979) Panorama (1980) Shake It Up (1981) Heartbeat City (1984) Door to Door (1987) Move Like This (2011) 구성원 각주 외부 링크 [ AllMusic biography] 미국의 록 밴드 보스턴 출신 음악 그룹 1976년 결성된 음악 그룹 1988년 해체된 음악 그룹 2010년 재결성된 음악 그룹

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cars

The Cars

The Cars were an American new wave band formed in Boston in 1976. Emerging from the new wave scene in the late 1970s, they consisted of Ric Ocasek (rhythm guitar), Benjamin Orr (bass guitar), Elliot Easton (lead guitar), Greg Hawkes (keyboards), and David Robinson (drums). Ocasek and Orr shared lead vocals, and Ocasek was the band's principal songwriter and leader. The Cars were at the forefront of the merger of 1970s guitar-oriented rock with the new synthesizer-oriented pop that became popular in the early 1980s. Robert Palmer, music critic for The New York Times and Rolling Stone, described The Cars' musical style: "They have taken some important but disparate contemporary trends—punk minimalism, the labyrinthine synthesizer and guitar textures of art rock, the '50s rockabilly revival and the melodious terseness of power pop—and mixed them into a personal and appealing blend." The Cars were named Best New Artist in the 1978 Rolling Stone Readers' Poll. The band's debut album, The Cars, sold six million copies and appeared on the Billboard 200 album chart for 139 weeks. The Cars had four Top 10 hits: "Shake It Up" (1981), "You Might Think" (1984), "Drive" (1984), and "Tonight She Comes" (1985). The band won Video of the Year for "You Might Think" at the first MTV Video Music Awards in 1984. The Cars disbanded in 1988. Orr died in 2000 from pancreatic cancer. In 2007, Easton and Hawkes joined Todd Rundgren and others to form the offshoot band The New Cars. The surviving original members of The Cars reunited in 2010 to record the band's seventh and final album, Move Like This, which was released in May 2011. Following a short tour in support of Move Like This, the band once again went on hiatus. In April 2018, The Cars were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and reunited to perform at the induction ceremony. It was the band's final performance with Ocasek, who died on September 15, 2019, of cardiovascular disease. History Early years Before The Cars, members of the band performed together in several different groups. Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr met in Cleveland, Ohio, in the 1960s after Ocasek saw Orr performing with his band the Grasshoppers on the Big 5 Show, a local musical variety program. The two were in various bands in Columbus, Ohio and Ann Arbor, Michigan, then moved to Boston in the early 1970s. In Boston, Ocasek and Orr, along with lead guitarist Jas Goodkind, formed a Crosby, Stills and Nash-style folk rock band called Milkwood. In 1972, they released one album, How's the Weather, on Paramount Records, that failed to chart. After Milkwood, Ocasek and Orr formed the group Richard and the Rabbits, whose name was suggested by Jonathan Richman. The band included Greg Hawkes, who had studied at the Berklee School of Music and had played saxophone on Milkwood's album. Hawkes left to tour with Martin Mull and His Fabulous Furniture, a musical comedy act in which Mull played a variety of instruments. Ric Ocasek and Ben Orr then performed as an acoustic duo called simply Ocasek and Orr at the Idler coffeehouse in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some of the songs they played became early Cars songs. Later, Ocasek and Orr teamed with guitarist Elliot Easton (who had also studied at Berklee) in the band Cap'n Swing. Cap'n Swing also featured drummer Glenn Evans, later followed by Kevin Robichaud, and a jazzy bass player, which clashed with Ocasek's more rock-and-roll leanings. Benjamin Orr was the lead vocalist and did not play an instrument. Cap'n Swing soon came to the attention of WBCN disc jockey Maxanne Sartori, who began playing songs from their demo tape on her show. After being rejected by several record labels, Ocasek got rid of the bass player, keyboardist and drummer and decided to form a band that better fit his style of writing. Orr took over on bass and Robichaud was replaced by David Robinson, best known for his career with the Modern Lovers. Robinson had also played in DMZ and the Pop! Hawkes was contacted to play keyboards and the band became "the Cars", a name suggested by Robinson, whose sense of fashion had a strong influence on the band's image. The band was formed in 1976. Rise in popularity, The Cars, and Candy-O (1976–1979) After a warmup gig in a motel lounge outside of Boston, The Cars played their official first show at Pease Air Force Base in New Hampshire a short time later on December 31, 1976. Since Greg Hawkes hadn't yet formally joined the group, it was Cap'n Swing's keyboardist, Danny Schliftman (later to join Gov't Mule under the name Danny Louis), who played with the Cars for their first several gigs until Hawkes was free to join in February 1977. With Hawkes now fully committed, the Cars spent early 1977 playing throughout New England, developing the songs that appeared on their debut album. A nine-song demo tape was recorded in early 1977 and soon "Just What I Needed" was getting heavy airplay on Boston radio stations WBCN and WCOZ. By virtue of that airplay, the band was offered record deals from Arista Records and Elektra Records. The band signed to Elektra, due to its lack of new wave acts, allowing the band to stand out more compared to Arista which had many new wave artists. The band's debut album The Cars was released in June 1978, reaching No. 18 on the Billboard 200. "Just What I Needed" was released as the debut single from the album, followed by "My Best Friend's Girl" and "Good Times Roll", all three charting on the Billboard Hot 100. The album featured multiple album tracks that received substantial airplay, such as "You're All I've Got Tonight", "Bye Bye Love", and "Moving in Stereo". Released in June 1979, Candy-O, the band's second album, was an even bigger hit peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 album chart, 15 spots higher than their debut. Featuring an album cover created by the famed Playboy artist Alberto Vargas, it featured their first Top-20 single "Let's Go". Follow-up singles "It's All I Can Do" and "Double Life" also were released, but with less success. Change in sound, Panorama, and Shake It Up (1980–1983) Following the success of Candy-O, the band's third studio album Panorama was released in 1980. The album, considered more experimental than its predecessors, featured only one top-40 hit with "Touch and Go". Although the album peaked at No. 5 in America, it did not receive the critical praise of The Cars and Candy-O, with Rolling Stone describing the album as "an out-and-out drag". In 1981, the Cars purchased Intermedia Studios in Boston, renaming it Syncro Sound. The only Cars album recorded there was the band's fourth album Shake It Up, a more commercial album than Panorama. It was their first album to spawn a top-10 single with the title track, and it included another hit in "Since You're Gone". Following their 1982 tour, the Cars took a two-year break and went to work on solo projects, with Ocasek and Hawkes both releasing debut albums (Beatitude and Niagara Falls, respectively). Heartbeat City, Door to Door, superstardom, and first hiatus (1984–1988) The Cars reunited and released their most successful album, Heartbeat City, in 1984. The first single, "You Might Think", helped the Cars win Video of the Year at the first MTV Video Music Awards. Other hit singles from the album included "Magic", "Hello Again", and "Why Can't I Have You". "Drive", with Orr on lead vocals, gained particular notability when it was used in a video of the Ethiopian famine prepared by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and introduced by David Bowie at the 1985 Live Aid concert at Wembley Stadium in London (the Cars themselves performed at the Live Aid concert in Philadelphia). The song subsequently became the band's most successful single, reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100. Actor/director Timothy Hutton directed the song's music video. After the resulting period of superstardom and another hit single, "Tonight She Comes", a No. 7 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart (their last No. 1), from their Greatest Hits, the Cars took time off again to pursue solo projects. Easton and Orr released their debut albums (Change No Change and The Lace, respectively), while Ocasek released his second solo album, This Side of Paradise. In 1987, the Cars released their sixth album, Door to Door. It contained their last major international hit "You Are the Girl", but the album failed to approach the success of their previous albums. The group announced their breakup in February 1988. Post break-up, solo careers and death of Benjamin Orr (1989–2009) In the late 1990s, rumors circulated of a Cars reunion, with nothing to follow after them. However, in 1995 Rhino Records released a two-CD set Just What I Needed: The Cars Anthology, containing all the group's hits mixed with rarities (demos and non-album B-sides). They followed up with the releases of The Cars: Deluxe Edition (1999), their debut album in a two-CD format, and Complete Greatest Hits. In the mid-1990s, Orr recorded tracks with guitarist John Kalishes for an unreleased follow-up to The Lace and performed with three bands: his own band ORR, the Voices of Classic Rock, and Big People. Orr did appear with his former bandmates one last time in an interview for a documentary about the group before his death from pancreatic cancer at age 53 on October 3, 2000. Ocasek continued to perform as a solo artist, having released over seven studio albums. He established a notable career as a music producer, and "seemed content to produce some of that generation’s defining bands (Weezer, Hole, and No Doubt, among others)." Robinson retired from music and spent most of his time working in his restaurant. In 2005, Easton and Hawkes combined their talents with Todd Rundgren, Prairie Prince (the Tubes, Journey), and Kasim Sulton (Utopia, Meat Loaf) in a revamped lineup, the New Cars, to perform classic Cars songs along with some new original material and selections from Rundgren's career. In 2008, the band's first album was released for the video game Rock Band. Reunion, Move Like This and second hiatus (2010–2017) In 2010, the founding members of the Cars suggested a reunion when Ric Ocasek, Elliot Easton, Greg Hawkes and David Robinson placed a photo of the four members together in Millbrook Sound Studios, in Millbrook, New York, on their Facebook page. On October 13, they also posted a snippet of a new song, "Blue Tip", on their Facebook page. A picture of Jacknife Lee in the studio was posted on the group's Facebook page hinting that he would be producing the new Cars album. In October, Billboard reported that the Cars were recording a new album at veteran engineer Paul Orofino's studio in Millbrook, New York. A music clip of the new song "Sad Song" was added to the band's Facebook page on December 7, 2010; another clip of a song called "Free" was shared on their Facebook page on January 1, 2011. The official debut video for "Blue Tip" was released February 17. The video was directed by Roberto Serrini and Eron Otcasek from The Lab NYC and features the four members of the band and NYC-based street artist Joe Iurato. According to Rolling Stone, the surviving Cars mutually agreed there would be no replacing the late Benjamin Orr, so Hawkes and Lee handled all bass parts. The new album, titled Move Like This, was released on May 10 by Hear Music/Concord Music Group, debuting at No. 7 on Billboards album charts. It featured 10 songs in under 40 minutes. "Sad Song" was released to radio stations on March 1 as the album's first single. In May 2011, the Cars went on a ten-city tour of the United States and Canada and also performed at Lollapalooza in Chicago in August. On the tour, Orr's bass parts were performed by Hawkes on keyboard and bass; the vocals on songs originally sung by Orr ("Just What I Needed", "Let's Go" and "Moving in Stereo") were performed by Ocasek. In an interview, Ocasek was asked whether the band would have reunited if Ben Orr had still been alive. Ocasek responded "Ben and I had a real cold war going that lasted about 23 years. I could never really figure out exactly why, but I think there was a lot of jealousy because I wrote the songs and I got a lot of attention. And there was all kinds of weird stuff, like he said, 'My girlfriend writes songs, let's use one of those or two of those.' I said, 'No, that's not the Cars.'" The Cars once again became inactive after the tour's conclusion in 2011. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction and death of Ric Ocasek (2018–2019) After seven years of inactivity, the group reconvened, along with Weezer's Scott Shriner on bass in Orr's stead, to play a four-song set at their 2018 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The band played "You Might Think" (which Weezer covered for the Cars 2 soundtrack, Ocasek also produced three of Weezer's albums), "My Best Friend's Girl", "Moving in Stereo", and "Just What I Needed." They were introduced by Killers frontman Brandon Flowers. On September 15, 2019, Ocasek was found dead of natural causes in his home in New York at the age of 75. Musical style The Cars' music has been described as new wave and power pop, and is influenced by proto-punk, garage rock, and bubblegum pop. They have also used rockabilly in songs such as "My Best Friend's Girl". Robert Palmer, music critic for The New York Times and Rolling Stone, described the Cars' musical style: "they have taken some important but disparate contemporary trends—punk minimalism, the labyrinthine synthesizer and guitar textures of art rock, the 1950s rockabilly revival and the melodious terseness of power pop—and mixed them into a personal and appealing blend." Band members Ric Ocasek – lead and backing vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards Elliot Easton – lead guitar, backing vocals Benjamin Orr – lead and backing vocals, bass guitar, keyboards Greg Hawkes – keyboards, guitars, backing vocals , saxophone , bass David Robinson – drums, percussion, backing vocals , keyboards Live members Scott Shriner – bass, backing vocals Timeline Discography The Cars (1978) Candy-O (1979) Panorama (1980) Shake It Up (1981) Heartbeat City (1984) Door to Door (1987) Move Like This (2011) References External links [ AllMusic biography] 1976 establishments in Massachusetts 1988 disestablishments in Massachusetts 2010 establishments in Massachusetts American new wave musical groups American power pop groups Concord Records artists Elektra Records artists Musical groups established in 1976 Musical groups disestablished in 1988 Musical groups reestablished in 2010 Musical groups reestablished in 2018 Musical groups disestablished in 2011 Musical groups from Boston Rock music groups from Massachusetts American musical quintets

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포사 마그나

포사 마그나(Fossa Magna)는 일본의 주요 지구대의 하나로, 동일본과 서일본의 지질학적 경계가 되는 지역이다. 주오 지구대라고도 불린다. 어원은 라틴어의 로, 「큰 구덩이」를 의미한다. 혼슈 중앙부의 주부 지방에서 간토 지방에 걸친 지역을 종단한다. 서쪽 가장자리는 이토이가와-시즈오카 구조선 (이토-시즈 선), 동쪽 경계는 시바타-코이데 구조선(新発田小出構造線) 및 가시와자키-지바 구조선(柏崎千葉構造線)이다. 동쪽 가장자리에 대해서는 다른 학설도 존재한다. 종종 이토-시즈 선과 혼동되지만, 이토-시즈 선은 포사 마그나의 서쪽 경계이며, 「포사 마그나 = 이토-시즈 선」으로 부르는 것은 오류이다. 즉, 지도상에서 이토-시즈 선은 「선」이지만, 포사 마그나는 「면」이다. 다시 말하면 오래된 지층으로 된 혼슈 중앙을 U자형의 골짜기가 남북으로 지나고, 그 골짜기에 새로운 지층이 모인 지역이다. 개요 포사 마그나의 서쪽을 서남일본, 동쪽을 동북일본으로 부른다. 서남일본에 속하는 히다산맥은 (지표는 새로운 화산 분출물로 덮여 있지만) 대부분이 5억 5,000만년 전~6,500만년 전의 중・고생층인 반면, 포사 마그나에 속하는 묘코 연봉 부근은 대부분이 2,500만년 전 이후의 퇴적물과 화산 분출물로 이루어진 신제3기층・충적층・홍적층)이다. 이러한 지질구조의 커다란 차이는 보통의 단층 운동으로는 도저히 일어날 수 없으며, 대규모 지각 변동이 관계되어 있음을 보여준다. 하인리히 에드먼드 나우만(Heinrich Edmund Naumann)은 지질구조가 서로 다른 선이 이토이가와에서 시즈오카에 이르는 것을 발견하고 1885년에 논문 "Über den Bau und die Entstehung der japanischen Inseln" (「일본 열도의 구조와 기원에 대해」)으로 발표하였다. 그는 아카이시산맥에서 야쓰가타케와 간토 산지를 바라봤을 때 거대한 지구대의 존재를 생각해냈다고 알려져 있다. 이듬해인 1886년에는 지구대의 이름을 (포사 마그나)로 명명하였다. 포사 마그나 내부의 지층이 습곡되어 있는 것은 알프레드 베게너의 『Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane』(대륙과 대양의 기원)에서 육지의 분열・충돌의 증거로 소개되었다. 그러나 나우만이 생각한 포사 마그나는 이즈 지괴가 일본에 접근하면서 일본 열도가 깨진 「균열」이었다. 한편 하라다 토요키치(原田豊吉)는 후지 화산대와 거의 동일한 선에서 시나 지괴와 사할린 지괴 (시베리아 지괴)가 충돌하여 생겼다는 후지 구조대설을 발표하여 양자간에 격한 논쟁이 벌어졌으나 이후에는 포사 마그나 설이 널리 지지받게 되었다. 경계 나우만이 생각했던 포사 마그나의 동쪽 가장자리는 니가타현 조에쓰시와 가나가와현 히라쓰카시를 있는 선이었지만, 니가타 현 가시와자키시와 지바현 조시시를 잇는 선도 포함되었다. 1970년에는 야마시타 노보루(山下昇)가 가시와자키와 지바 현 지바시를 잇는 「신에츠보마메 대」(信越房豆帯)설을 발표하였고, 1988년에 카토 요시테루(加藤芳輝)가 가시와자키~조시 선의 북쪽을 수정하여 니가타 현 조에쓰시와 조시를 잇는 선을 발표했다. 이후에는 북쪽 경계를 크게 수정하여 니가타 현 시바타시와 코이데 정을 잇는 선인 시바타 코이데 구조선(新発田小出構造線)이 발표되었다. 따라서 동쪽 경계에 대해서는 여러 가지 설이 존재하며 현재도 명확한 결론은 없다. 동쪽 경계에 대하여 여러 가지 설이 나온 것은 포사 마그나 남부의 간토 산지 (나가노현 남동부・야마나시현・사이타마현 서부・도쿄도 서부・가나가와 현 북서부)에 서남일본 및 동북일본과 같은 연대의 지층을 포함한 산괴가 덩그러니 존재하고 있어 혼란이 일어나기 때문이다. 이 산괴는 포사 마그나가 열려있다가 닫힐 동안 서남일본이나 동북일본에서 떨어져 포사 마그나의 새로운 지층과 함께 압축되어 일체화되었을 것으로 생각된다. 지구과학적 견해 판 구조론에서 포사 마그나는 북아메리카 판과 유라시아 판의 경계에 해당한다. 1983년의 동해 중부 지진 전에는 홋카이도 중부의 히다카 산맥 부근이 두 판의 경계라고 생각되었지만, 지진을 계기로 동해 동쪽 가장자리~포사 마그나를 경계로 하는 설이 널리 지지받게 되었다. 포사 마그나의 두께는 지하 약 6,000(평지)~9,000m(산지)에 이른다. 이보다 더 깊은 곳은 기반암으로, 서남일본 및 동북일본과 같은 지층으로 되어 있을 것으로 추정된다. 포사 마그나 본체는 제3기의 화산암과 퇴적암에 덮여있다. 지질 단면도에서 보면, 연대가 다른 지층의 경계가 U자형으로 형성되어 있다. 포사 마그나 북부에서는 제3기층의 습곡에 의해 생긴 구릉지형이 발달해 있다.(우오누마 구릉(魚沼丘陵), 히가시쿠비키 구릉(頸城丘陵)등). 또한 습곡에 수반되어 형성되었을 것으로 추정되는 천연가스와 석유의 매장량도 많다. 한편 남부에는 필리핀 해 판에 의해 운반되어 일본 열도에 충돌한 지괴가 포함되어 있다.(탄자와 산지, 이즈반도 등) 또한 포사 마그나의 중앙부에는 남북으로 화산렬이 지난다. 북쪽에서부터 니가타 소산, 묘코 산, 구사쓰시라네 산, 아사마 산, 야쓰가타케 산, 후지 산, 하코네 산, 아마기 산등이다. 이는 포사 마그나의 압축에 의해 생긴 단층에 마그마가 관입하여 지표로 올라오기 쉬웠기 때문이다. 포사 마그나의 형성 이 지역은 수백만 년 전에는 바다였으며, 지각이 이동함에 따라 해저의 퇴적물이 융기하여 현재와 같은 육지가 되었다. 원시 일본열도는 현재보다 남북으로 길게 분포하여 아시아에 가까운 위치에 있었을 것으로 생각된다. 약 2,000만년 전, 판의 섭입에 의해 배호분지의 형성이 시작되었다. 배호분지는 섭입한 판에서 마그마가 상승하여 해구 안쪽의 판에 가해지는 힘에 의해 펼쳐지는 것으로, 이로 인해 동해가 지금처럼 넓어져 일본 열도도 아시아에서 떨어지게 되었다. 이 때, 일본 근해의 해구는 방향이 다른 난카이 주상해분과 일본해구 2개였기 때문에 일본 열도는 중앙부가 둘로 접히는 형태로 아시아에서 떨어졌다. 꺾여진 원시 일본 열도 사이로 동해와 태평양이 바다로 이어져, 신생대에 해당하는 수백만 년 동안 모래와 진흙이 퇴적되었다. 그리고 수백만 년 전, 필리핀 해 판이 이즈반도와 함께 일본 열도에 접근하면서 두 동강 난 열도가 압축되기 시작했다. 이 때 그 사이에 있던 바다가 서서히 융기하여 신생대의 퇴적물이 현재 육지에서 보이는 지층이 되었을 것으로 추정된다. 화산 포사 마그나의 「면」에 속하는 활동 중인 화산으로는 북쪽(동해)부터 남쪽(태평양) 순으로 니가타 소산, 묘코 산, 아사마 산, 야쓰가타케 산, 후지 산이 늘어서 있다. 같이 보기 이토이가와-시즈오카 구조선 주오 구조선 판 구조론 일본 알프스 스루가 주상해분 사가미 주상해분 미나미칸토 도카이 지방 시즈오카현 고신에쓰 지방 야마나시현 호쿠리쿠 지방 조신에쓰 지방 포사 마그나 박물관 각주 참고 문헌 외부 링크 (오시카 촌 주오 구조선 박물관) 이토이가와-시즈오카 구조선 댄층대에 대한 중점적인 조사 관측（동경대학 지진연구소） 일본의 지질 지구대

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa%20Magna

Fossa Magna

Fossa Magna is a great rift lowland in Japan. It is often confused with Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line. However, Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line is a line; Fossa Magna is an area. Fossa Magna is Latin for "great crevasse". This name was given by Heinrich Edmund Naumann. Fossa Magna Museum Fossa Magna Museum is a museum that is located in Itoigawa, Niigata Prefecture. It opened on April 25, 1994. It is part of Itoigawa UNESCO Global Geopark. Itoigawa is located directly above Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line and is a place where you can observe a wide variety of rocks, minerals, geological structures and so on. In addition, There is Fossa Magna Park in Itoigawa. References Landforms of Japan Geology of Japan

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%88%20%EA%B3%84%EA%B3%A1

매리너 계곡

매리너 계곡(또는 마리너 계곡)(, )는 화성 표면 타르시스 지대의 동부를 따라 뻗어있는 계곡계다. 길이 4,000 km 이상, 폭 200 km에 깊이는 최대 7 km에 이른다. 이 계곡지대의 명칭은 처음 계곡을 발견했던 화성 궤도 탐사선 매리너 9호의 명칭을 본따 붙여졌다. 매리너 계곡은 태양계에서 가장 큰 계곡으로 손꼽히는데, 이것보다 더 긴 것은 지구의 열곡대와 금성의 발티스 계곡밖에 없다. 매리너 계곡은 타르시스 융기부 동편에서 화성의 적도를 따라 놓여 있으며, 그 길이는 화성의 둘레의 대략 4분의 1에 이른다. 서쪽으로는 녹티스 미로 계곡에서 시작하여 동편으로 티소니움 절벽지대와 이우스 절벽지대를 거치고, 그 다음 멜라스 절벽지대, 칸도르 절벽와 오피르 절벽, 코프라테스 절벽, 그 너머로 간게스, 카프리, 에오스 절벽지대를 거쳐 최종적으로 혼잡한 지대가 펼쳐진 유로 outflow channel 지역을 따라가 크뤼세 저평원의 분지에서 끝을 맺는다. 최근에 매리너 계곡이 화성의 지각을 이루는 거대한 판의 "균열"이라는 주장이 제기되었다. 대부분의 연구진은 이 계곡을 지각이 타르시스 지대 방향으로 부풀면서 만들어진 후 침식에 의해 폭이 넓어진 것으로 보고 있다. 이 균열의 동부 측면 근처에는 물이나 이산화탄소가 만든 것으로 보이는 유로들이 보인다. 매리너 계곡이 파보니스 산의 측면으로 흘렀던 용암 침식으로 만들어진 거대한 유로라는 설이 제기되기도 하였다. 형성 해마다 매리너 계곡의 형성에 관해 각기 다른 이론들이 등장하고 있다. 1970년대에는 물에 의한 침식이나, 빙하 지대에서 영구동토층이 녹는 열카르스트 활동에 의한 침식 때문일 것으로 생각했다. 계곡의 형성에는 열카르스트 활동이 기여한 것으로 보이는데, 물의 침식 기작은 액체 상태의 물이 현재 화성 표면의 조건에서 존재할 수 없기 때문에 문제가 있었다. 화성 표면은 평균적으로 지구 대기압의 약 1%의 압력만 받고 있으며 온도 범위는 148 K (-125 ℃)에서 310 K (37 ℃)이다. 많은 과학자들이 과거 화성의 대지에서 액체 상태의 물이 흘렀을 것이라는 점은 동의한다. 매리너 계곡은 그 시기에 흘렀던 물에 의해 확장되었을 것으로 보인다. 다른 가설으로는 1972년 매컬리의 가설이 있는데, 계곡이 표면 아래의 마그마가 다시 아래로 스며들면서 만들어졌다는 것이다. 1989년 무렵 다나카와 골롬벡은 인장에 의한 균열 tensional fracturing로 설명하는 형성 이론을 주장했다. 오늘날까지 거의 대부분의 사람들이 동의하는 이론은 매리너 계곡이 동아프리카 지구대처럼 갈라진 균열로서, 나중에 지구대 절벽의 침식과 붕괴로 더 커졌다는 것이다. 매리너 계곡이 흐르는 용암 때문에 형성되었다는 설이 제기되기도 하였다. 매리너 계곡의 형성은 타르시스 융기부의 형성과 밀접하게 연관되어 있을 것으로 추정된다. 타르시스 융기부는 화성의 노애키언기에서 히스퍼리언기 후기에 이를 무렵까지 세 단계를 거치며 형성되었다. 처음 단계는 화산활동과 지각 평형에 의한 융기의 조합으로 구성되어 있었지만, 곧 지각이 화산활동으로 타르시스에 가중된 무게를 지지할 수 없을 정도로 부하를 받으면서 넓은 지구가 높은 타르시스 지대에서 형성된다. 두번째 단계에서는 화산활동이 더욱 활발했고, 지각 평형에 의한 평준화는 약세였다. 화산활동의 발원지가 타르시스의 아래에서 벗어나면서 하중을 매우 크게 만들었다. 결국, 지각이 타르시스를 지지하지 못하고 무너지면서 방사형 균열 radial fractures이 생성된다. 이미 파단점에 이른 지각은 그 자리에 머물며 어린 화산들만 형성했다. 타르시스 화산활동에는 동원된 마그마는 점성이 매우 낮기 때문에 하와이 제도에서 볼 수 있는 화산과 비슷한 순상화산들이 형성되었다. 그러나 화성은 현재 활동적인 판구조가 없거나 약소한 것으로 보아 하와이 제도와 달리 열점 활동은 동일한 열점에서 매우 오랜 시간 동안 화산 분출을 반복하는 식으로 진행되었을 것이다. 때문에 가장 큰 올림푸스 산을 비롯하여 태양계에서 가장 큰 화산들이 생성된 것이다. 사태가 매리너 계곡의 바닥에 수많은 광상을 남겼으며 계곡을 넓히는데 기여했다. 사태를 일으켰을 가능성이 높은 원인으로는 판구조 활동이나 충돌 사건으로 유발된 지진이 있다. 두 사건 모두 지진파를 일으켜 땅과 그 아래를 가속시킨다. 그렇지만 화성은 판구조적으로 지구에 비해 활동이 훨씬 약하다. 따라서 화성의 지진은 필요한 규모의 지진파를 일으킬 가능성이 낮다. 화성에서 규모가 큰 크레이터 대부분은 지금으로부터 41억 년에서 38억 년 전(노애키언기), 즉 후기 대충돌기에 형성되었으며, 매리너 계곡의 사태 광상 landslide deposits보다 더 오래되었다. 그렇지만 근처에서 세 크레이터 (오데만스 크레이터 포함)가 발견되기도 하였는데, 가깝기도 하고 생성 연대도 더 늦기 때문에 이 크레이터들의 형성으로 사태 일부가 유발되기도 하였을 것이다. 매리너 계곡에 포함된 지역 녹티스 미로계곡 녹티스 미로계곡은 지리적으로 매리너 계곡 지구계의 서쪽 끝, 시리아 고평원 북부, 파보니스 산의 동부에 있다. 이 계곡은 큰 지괴들이 깨진 형태로 구성되어 있는 복잡한 지형이다. 오래된 지괴들 주변에 각기 다른 방향으로 뻗어 있는 작은 계곡들 여럿이 포함되어 있기도 하다. 지괴의 상부 대부분은 어리고 깨진 물질로 구성되어 있는데, 타르시스 융기부와 상관 있는 화산 활동에서 기원한 것으로 추정된다. 다른 꼭대기들 오래되고 깨진 물질들로 이루어져 있어 역시 동일한 기원을 가지는 것으로 추정되지만, 좀 더 울퉁불퉁하고 충돌구가 더 많아 어린 물질들과 차별된다. 지괴의 측면은 갈라지지 않는 물질들로 이루어져 있는데, 기반암으로 추정된다. 지괴들 사이의 공간은 주로 거칠거나 매끄러운 바닥재로 구성되어 있다. 거친 바닥재는 녹티스 미로계곡의 동쪽 부분에 분포하는 경향이 있고 절벽의 파편이거나 아마도 풍적층이 거친 지형과 사태를 덮어버린 것으로 추정된다. 매끄러운 바닥재는 퇴적물이나 현무암질 또는 거칠고 무질서한 지형을 덮고 있는 풍적물로 조성되어 있는 것으로 여겨진다. 녹티스 미로계곡과 같은 지형은 패스파인더 임무에서 소저너 로버가 탐사했던 것처럼 유로의 발원지 부분에서 흔하게 찾아볼 수 있다. 이런 지형은 지괴의 하강 단층 작용이 일어나는 장소로 보인다. 격변적인 홍수가 연달아 일어나는 과정에서 지하의 유체가 없어진 것과 상관있을 것이다. 이 유체는 이산화탄소 얼음과 기체, 물 또는 용암일 수도 있다. 용암을 수반하는 가설은 녹티스 미로계곡이 파보니스 산의 경사면에 있는 용암동굴과 직결되어 있다는 설과 관련되어 있다. 이우스, 티소니움 절벽지대 멜라스, 칸도르, 오피르 절벽지대 코프라테스 절벽지대 에오스, 간게스 절벽지대 크뤼세 지방 참고 문헌 외부 링크 화성의 계곡

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valles%20Marineris

Valles Marineris

Valles Marineris (; Latin for Mariner Valleys, named after the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter of 1971–72 which discovered it) is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region. At more than long, wide and up to deep, Valles Marineris is the largest canyon of the Solar System. Valles Marineris is located along the equator of Mars, on the east side of the Tharsis Bulge, and stretches for nearly a quarter of the planet's circumference. The canyon system starts in the west with Noctis Labyrinthus; proceeding to the east are Tithonium and Ius chasmata, then Melas, Candor and Ophir chasmata, then Coprates Chasma, then Ganges, Capri and Eos chasmata; finally it empties into an outflow channel region containing chaotic terrain that ends in the basin of Chryse Planitia. It has been recently suggested that Valles Marineris is a large tectonic "crack" in the Martian crust. Most researchers agree that this formed as the crust thickened in the Tharsis region to the west, and was subsequently widened by erosion. Near the eastern flanks of the rift, there appear to be channels that may have been formed by water or carbon dioxide. It has also been proposed that Valles Marineris is a large channel formed by the erosion of lava flowing from the flank of Pavonis Mons. Formation The most agreed upon theory today is that Valles Marineris was formed by rift faults, later enlarged by erosion and collapsing of the rift walls, similar to how the East African Rift was formed. The formation of Valles Marineris is thought to be closely tied with the formation of the Tharsis Bulge. The Tharsis Bulge was formed from the Noachian to Late Hesperian period of Mars, in three stages. The first stage consisted of a combination of volcanism and isostatic uplift; soon, however, the volcanism loaded the crust to a point at which the crust could no longer support the added weight of Tharsis, leading to widespread graben formation in the elevated regions of Tharsis. The second stage consisted of more volcanism and a loss of isostatic equilibrium; the source regions of the volcanism no longer resided underneath Tharsis, creating a very large load. Finally, the crust failed to hold up Tharsis and radial fractures formed, including at Valles Marineris. The third stage mainly consisted of more volcanism and asteroid impacts. The crust, having already reached its failure point, just stayed in place and younger volcanoes formed. Tharsis volcanism involved very low viscosity magma, forming shield volcanoes similar to those of the Hawaiian Island chain, but, because there is minor or no current active plate tectonics on Mars, the hotspot activity led to very long histories of repeated volcanic eruptions at the same spots, creating some of the largest volcanoes in the solar system, including the biggest, Olympus Mons. Landslides have left numerous deposits on the floor of Valles Marineris and contributed to widening it. Possible triggers of landslides are quakes caused by tectonic activity or impact events. Both types of events release seismic waves that accelerate the ground at and below the surface. Mars is much less tectonically active than Earth, and marsquakes are unlikely to have provided seismic waves of the required magnitude. Most sizable craters on Mars date to the Late Heavy Bombardment, 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago (the Noachian period), and are older than the landslide deposits in Valles Marineris. However, three craters (including the crater Oudemans) have been identified, on the basis of their proximity and later dates, as ones whose formation may have caused some of the landslides. Former theories of formation Theories about the formation of Valles Marineris have changed over the years. Ideas in the 1970s were erosion by water or thermokarst activity, which is the melting of permafrost in glacial climes. Thermokarst activity may have contributed, but erosion by water is a problematic mechanism because liquid water cannot exist in most current Martian surface conditions, which typically experience about 1% of Earth's atmospheric pressure and a temperature range of to . Many scientists however agree that liquid water flowed on the Martian surface in the past, when atmospheric conditions were different. Valles Marineris may have been enlarged by flowing water at that time. Another hypothesis by McCauley in 1972 was that the canyons formed by withdrawal of subsurface magma. Around 1989, a theory of formation by tensional fracturing was proposed. Regions of Valles Marineris Noctis Labyrinthus Noctis Labyrinthus, on the western edge of the Valles Marineris Rift System, north of the Syria Planum and east of Pavonis Mons, is a jumbled terrain composed of huge blocks which are heavily fractured. It also contains canyons that run in different directions surrounding large blocks of older terrain. Most of the upper parts of the blocks are composed of younger fractured material thought to be of volcanic origin associated with the Tharsis bulge. The other tops are composed of older fractured material thought also to be volcanic in origin, but differentiated from the younger material by more ruggedness and more impact craters. The sides of the blocks are composed of undivided material thought to be basement rock. The space between the blocks is composed mainly of either rough or smooth floor material. The rough floor material tends to be in the eastern portion of the Noctis Labyrinthus and is thought to be debris from the walls or maybe eolian features covering rough topography and landslides. The smooth floor material is thought to be composed of fluvial or basaltic material and/or eolian features covering an otherwise rough and jumbled terrain. Terrains such as Noctis Labyrinthus are commonly found at the head of outflow channels, like the one explored by the Pathfinder mission and its Sojourner rover. They are interpreted to be a place of downward block faulting associated with the removal of ground fluid in catastrophic flood sequences. The fluid could be either carbon-dioxide ice and gas, water or lava. The hypothesis of lava involvement is associated with a proposal that Noctis Labyrinthus is directly connected to lava tubes on the slope of Pavonis Mons. Ius and Tithonium chasmata Further to the east from Oudemans, Ius and Tithonium chasmata are located parallel to each other, Ius to the south and Tithonium to the north. Ius is the wider of the two, leading to Melas Chasma. Ius has a ridge down the center of it by the name of Geryon Montes, composed of the undivided basement rock. The floor of Ius Chasma is mostly composed of pristine landslide material, not much degraded by cratering or erosion. The southern wall of Ius, and to a lesser extent the northern wall, has many short valleys stretching off roughly perpendicular to the line of the chasmas. These valleys have a stubby theater-headed leading edge very much like features seen on the Colorado Plateau near the Grand Canyon that appear from groundwater sapping. (Theater-headed means that, from above, the head of the valley is a well-defined U-shape). The valley is propagated by the continued erosion and the collapse of the wall. Tithonium Chasma is very similar to Ius, except it is lacking the sapping features on the south side and contains a small portion of material that is similar to the smooth floor features except that it appears to be an ash fall that has been eroded by the wind. Between the two canyons, the surface is composed of younger fractured material - lava flows and faults from crustal extension of the Tharsis Bulge. Melas, Candor and Ophir chasmata The next portion of Valles Marineris to the east are three chasmata, that from south to north are Melas, Candor and Ophir chasmata. Melas is east of Ius, Candor is east of Tithonium and Ophir appears as an oval that runs into Candor. All three chasmata are connected. The floor of Melas Chasma is about 70% younger massive material that is thought to be volcanic ash whipped up by the wind into eolian features. It also contains rough floor material from the erosion of the canyon walls. Also, in these central chasmata there is a portion of the floor that is higher than the rest of the floor, most likely left by the continued dropping of the other floor material. Around the edges of Melas is also a lot of slide material as seen in Ius and Tithonium chasmata. The material of the floor of the canyon system between Candor and Melas chasmata is grooved. This is interpreted to be alluvial deposits and/or material that has collapsed or contracted by the removal of ice or water. There are also portions of older and younger massive floor material of volcaniclastic origin - only separated in age by crater distribution. Also there is etched massive floor material that is like the younger and older massive material except that it has wind erosion features on it. There are also a few spires of undivided material composed of the same material as the canyon walls. Coprates Chasma Further to the east, the canyon system runs into Coprates Chasma, which is very similar to Ius and Tithonium chasmata. Coprates differs from Ius in the eastern end which contains alluvial deposits and eolian material and like Ius, has layered deposits, although the deposits in the Coprates Chasma are much more well defined. These deposits pre-date the Valles Marineris system, suggesting erosion and sedimentary processes later cut by the Valles Marineris system. Newer data from Mars Global Surveyor suggest that the origin of this layering is either just a succession of landslides, one over another, volcanic in origin, or it may be the bottom of a basin of either liquid or solid water ice suggesting that the peripheral canyons of the Valles Marineris system could have been at one time isolated lakes formed from erosional collapse. Another possible source of the layered deposits could be wind-blown, but the diversity of the layers suggests that this material is not dominant. Note that only the upper layers are thin, while the bottom layers are very big, suggesting that the lower layers were composed of mass wasted rock and the upper layers come from another source. Some of this layering may have been transferred to the floor by landslides in which the layers are kept semi-intact, yet the layered section looks highly deformed with thickening and thinning beds that have multitudes of folds in them as seen in MOC image #8405. This complex terrain could also be just eroded sediment from an ancient Martian lake-bed and appear complex because all that we have is an aerial view like a geologic map and not enough elevation data to see if the beds are horizontal. Near 60° W is the deepest point of the Valles Marineris system (as well as its lowest point by elevation) at below the surrounding plateau. Eastward from here there is about a 0.03 degree slope upward before reaching the outflow channels, which means that if you poured fluid into this part of the canyon, it would form a lake with a depth of before spilling over towards the northern plains. A field of more than 100 pitted cones on the floor of Coprates Chasma has been interpreted as a set of small igneous cinder or tuff cones, with associated lava flows. Crater dating indicates they are of Middle to Late Amazonian age, about 200 to 400 million years old. Eos and Ganges chasmata Further to the east lie Eos and Ganges chasmata. Eos Chasma's western floor is mainly composed of an etched massive material composed of either volcanic or eolian deposits later eroded by the Martian wind. The eastern end of the Eos chasma has a large area of streamlined bars and longitudinal striations. This is interpreted to be stream-carved plateau deposits and material transported and deposited by flowing fluid. Ganges Chasma is an offshoot chasma of Eos in a general east–west trend. The floor of Ganges is mainly composed of alluvial deposits from the canyon walls. Chryse region East of Eos and Ganges, Valles Marineris empties out into the Chryse region of the northern plains of Mars at an elevation only above the deepest point of Valles Marineris in Melas Chasma. The outflow regions of the northern plains are similar to the terrain seen at the Mars Pathfinder landing site. A terrestrial counterpart of these outflow channels on Earth would be the scablands of eastern Washington. The eastern Washington scablands are a result of repeated catastrophic flooding due to the build-up of an ice dam at the head of Lake Missoula in the Late Pleistocene. The ice dam would block the water for a while, but when it broke, the ice would float on top of the ensuing flood and vast areas would be stripped of topsoil and vegetation, leaving a large barren area of 'teardrop' islands, longitudinal grooves and terraced margins. Many of these features are also seen in Martian outflow channels, but on a larger scale. The outflow occurs successively through several regions of chaotic terrain, Aurorae Chaos and Hydraotes Chaos, and finally through Simud Valles and Tiu Valles into Chryse Planitia. Interactive Mars map See also Geography of Mars Lakes on Mars Vallis Noctis Landing Notes References Hoffman, Nick; White Mars: A New Model for Mars' Surface and Atmosphere Based on CO2; Academic Press; 2000. Malin Space Science Systems Home Page Malin Space Science Systems, science paper External links Flight into Mariner Valley: Valles Marineris HD video (narrated) at YouTube or the ASU web site Google Mars scrollable map - centered on Valles Marineris Flying around Candor Chasma at an altitude of 100 meters (see MARS3DdotCOM album for more) Video simulation of high altitude Valles Marineris overflight by Seán Doran (see Mars playlist for more) Valleys and canyons on Mars Extraterrestrial landslides

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%82%98%EB%A6%AC%20%EA%B2%90%EC%A7%80

오토나리 겐지

오토나리 겐지(, 1984년 11월 19일 ~ )는 일본의 전 프로 야구 선수이며, 야구 지도자이다. 현재 지바 롯데 마린스의 2군 투수 코치이다. 인물 프로 입단 전 2000년부터 개설된 스포츠 클래스 제1기생으로서 교토가쿠엔 고등학교에 입학해 1학년 때부터 벤치에 들어갔고 2002년(3학년) 춘계 긴키 대회에서의 결승전에서 끝내기 승리를 거둬 모교에 첫 우승을 기여했다. 하계 고시엔 대회(제84회 전국 고등학교 야구 선수권 대회)에서는 교토 대회 준준결승에서 미네야마 고등학교한테 패했다. 이듬해 2003년에는 추천 입학으로 긴키 대학에 진학하여 두각을 나타냈고 2005년 전일본 대학 선수권에서 1경기 19개의 탈삼진이라는 대회 기록을 수립했을 뿐만 아니라 결승까지의 전체 4경기를 무자책점(2실점)으로 호투하는 등 팀의 준우승을 이끌어 세간의 주목을 받았다. 2006년에도 같은 대회에서 팀을 4강에 진출하는 기여를 하면서 팀의 중심 투수로 성장했다. 동갑 내기이자 같은 좌완 투수인 리쓰메이칸 대학의 가네토 노리히토와는 라이벌 관계를 맺어 몇 차례나 경쟁을 펼쳤는데 가네토와 투수선을 펼친 9월 30일의 리쓰메이칸 대학과의 경기(오지야마 구장)에서 노히트 노런을 달성했다. 간사이 학생 리그 통산 41경기에 등판해 22승 11패, 평균 자책점 1.14, 284개의 탈삼진을 기록했다. 2006년의 대학생·사회인 드래프트에 있어서는 최대의 관심사로 여겨지면서 한때는 히로시마 도요 카프 이외의 11개 구단이 오토나리의 영입에 나설 정도의 치열한 영입 경쟁을 펼친 끝에 희망 입단 범위로 후쿠오카 소프트뱅크 호크스에 입단했다. 등번호는 한신 타이거스 시절의 에나쓰 유타카와 착용했던 28번으로 정해졌고 이것은 라이벌 관계였던 요미우리 자이언츠에 입단한 가네토도 똑같이 28번으로 배정되었다. 그리고 모교인 교토 상업고등학교에서 교토가쿠엔 고등학교로 바뀐 이후 최초의 프로 야구 선수가 되었다. 프로 입단 후 2007년 시즌 개막을 앞두고 허리 통증으로 인해 2군에서의 생활이 계속되고 있었지만 팀의 성적 부진 등도 있어 6월 9일 교류전인 히로시마전에 첫 선발 등판해 첫 회야말로 선두 타자 소요기 에이신에게 홈런을 허용하는 등 2실점을 기록했지만 그 이후에는 회복되면서 경기 도중 마운드에서 내려와 그 직후에 팀이 역전했기 때문에 히로시마의 에이스 구로다 히로키를 상대로 첫 승리 투수가 되었다. 8월 12일에는 오사카 돔에서 첫 등판을 했지만 5이닝 4실점으로 프로 데뷔 후 처음으로 패전 투수가 되었다. 응원하기 위해 구장을 찾은 고교 시절의 동기들, 특히 같이 배터리를 짰던 동기들에게 첫 승리를 안겨 줄 수는 없었다. 그 후 연이은 부진으로 투구폼이 무너지는 등 결국 2승 4패라는 기대 이하의 성적을 남기며 시즌을 마쳤다. 2008년 3월 25일, 개막 5경기째인 지바 롯데 마린스전에서 프로 데뷔 후 첫 완투승으로 시즌 첫 승리를 기록했다. 또 이 경기에서는 처음으로 두 자릿수 탈삼진(12개 탈삼진)으로 매이닝 탈삼진을 달성했는데 3월 중의 매이닝 탈삼진은 프로 야구 사상 최초의 기록이었다. 5월 29일의 요코하마 베이스타스전에서는 1사 2루 상황에서 선 첫 번째 타석에서 프로 데뷔 첫 홈런을 고바야시 후토시로부터 때려냈다. 전날에는 팀 동료이면서 같은 투수였던 릭 거톰슨도 솔로 홈런을 기록하고 있어 퍼시픽 리그의 투수에 의한 2경기 연속 홈런은 1969년 니시테쓰 라이온스 이나오 가즈히사, 이케나가 마사아키 이래 39년 만의 기록이었다. 2008년에는 순조롭게 승수를 쌓아 올리면서 팀내 최다인 11승을 기록했지만 시즌 종반에는 팔꿈치 통증으로 이탈하면서 시즌 종료 후에 왼쪽 팔꿈치 수술을 받았다. 2009년 작년에 받았던 팔꿈치 수술의 영향으로 전력 이탈이 우려되는 와중에도 개막 준비에는 늦지 않았고 시즌 중반부터 후반에는 구원 투수로서 긴급 등판하는 등 시즌을 통해 선발 투수의 로테이션을 지켰지만 최종적으로는 8승에 끝났다. 2010년 개막 이후부터 안정된 투구를 보이고 있었지만 타선의 지원을 받지 못하고 승리로 연결되는 경기는 적었다. 시간이 지날수록 침체에 빠지면서 자신도 컨디션이 무너졌고 1군과 2군을 오갈 정도의 극심한 부진을 겪었다. 최종적으로 회복의 기미를 보였지만 4승 9패라는 저조한 성적을 남겼다. 2011년 춘계 스프링 캠프 도중인 2월 6일에 부친이 급성 심부전으로 사망했고 자신도 독감에 걸리는 등의 우여곡절을 겪으면서 시즌 개막은 2군에서 맞이했다. 5월에는 1군에 복귀하여 구원 투수로서 등판해 4경기에서 6.00의 평균자책점으로 뚜렷한 결과를 남기지 못한 채 등록이 말소되었지만 9월에는 선발로서 3연승을 기록했다. 시즌 종료 후에는 탤런트 아라시 유코와의 결혼을 발표했고 도미니카 공화국에서 열린 윈터 리그에 참가해 5경기에 선발로 등판하면서 0승 2패, 평균 자책점 3.52, WHIP 1.47의 성적을 남겼다. 2012년 조정 부족으로 인해 개막전 엔트리에서 제외되었지만 호아시 가즈유키, 브래드 페니, 레니엘 핀토 등의 전력 이탈로 개막 직후 1군에 합류했고 시즌 첫 등판인 4월 12일에 9이닝 동안 11개의 탈삼진을 기록하는 등의 호투로 시즌 첫 완봉승을 장식했다. 매년 정신적 측면에서의 약함이 불안시 되는 경우도 있지만 부인의 권유로 정신적인 트레이닝을 실시했다. 그 효과도 있어 2012년에는 매우 안정된 피칭을 계속하는 등 7월 8일 홋카이도 닛폰햄 파이터스전에서의 승리를 시작으로 자신으로서는 처음으로 7연승을 기록했다. 시즌 종반에는 패전이 계속되었지만 최종적으로 개인 최다인 12승을 올리는 것과 평균 자책점도 개인 최고 성적인 2.03을 남겼다. 그리고 팀내 타이 기록이자 리그 1위에 해당되는 6차례의 완투와 3차례의 완봉을 달성했다. 10월 15일에는 클라이맥스 시리즈 퍼스트 스테이지인 3차전에 선발 등판하여 5이닝 동안 4개의 피안타와 1실점을 호투하면서 클라이맥스 시리즈 첫 승리를 거뒀고 팀 파이널 스테이지 진출에도 기여했다. 시즌 종료 후 쿠바와의 친선 경기(사무라이 재팬 매치 2012)에서는 선발을 맡아 쿠바 타선을 2이닝 무실점으로 막았고 월드 베이스볼 클래식 일본 국가대표팀 후보 명단에도 올랐다. 계약 갱신에서는 3,300만 엔이 상승된 6,300만 엔으로 서명했다. 상세 정보 출신 학교 교토가쿠엔 고등학교 긴키 대학 선수 경력 프로팀 경력 후쿠오카 소프트뱅크 호크스(2007년 ~ 2017년) 지바 롯데 마린스(2018년) 국가 대표 경력 2013년 월드 베이스볼 클래식 일본 국가대표팀 지도자 경력 지바 롯데 마린스 2군 투수 코치(2019년 ~ ) 수상·타이틀 경력 월간 MVP : 1회(2012년 7월) 개인 기록 투수 기록 첫 등판·첫 선발·첫 승리 : 2007년 6월 9일, 대 히로시마 도요 카프 4차전(히로시마 시민 구장), 7이닝 3실점 첫 탈삼진 : 상동, 1회말에 구리하라 겐타로부터 첫 완투 승리·매이닝 탈삼진 : 2008년 3월 25일, 대 지바 롯데 마린스 2차전(후쿠오카 Yahoo! JAPAN 돔), 9이닝 12탈삼진 1실점 첫 완봉 승리 : 2008년 4월 2일, 대 홋카이도 닛폰햄 파이터스 2차전(기타큐슈 시민 구장) 타격 기록 첫 타석·첫 안타 : 2007년 6월 9일, 대 히로시마 도요 카프 4차전(히로시마 시민 구장), 2회초에 구로다 히로키로부터 좌전 안타 첫 홈런·첫 타점 : 2008년 5월 29일, 대 요코하마 베이스타스 2차전(기타큐슈 시민 구장), 2회초에 고바야시 후토시로부터 좌월 2점 홈런 기타 올스타전 출장 : 1회(2012년) 등번호 28(2007년 ~ 2017년) 55(2018년) 78(2019년 ~ ) 연도별 투수 성적 2018년 기준, 굵은 글씨는 시즌 최고 성적. 1984년 출생 살아있는 사람 일본의 야구 선수 일본 프로 야구 투수 후쿠오카 소프트뱅크 호크스 선수 교토시 출신 긴키 대학 동문 2013년 월드 베이스볼 클래식 참가 선수 교토부의 야구 선수

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji%20Otonari

Kenji Otonari

, nicknamed "Tonarin", is a former Japanese baseball pitcher. Professional career Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Otonari was drafted in 2007 and made his first starts late in the year as the Hawks prepared for the playoffs. His first start was an Interleague start against the Hiroshima Toyo Carp and he went seven innings, giving up two runs on seven hits, walking three and striking out four. He would be credited with the win, but could not duplicate his success as he gave up 3 runs or more in 5 of his next 7 starts. In his first full season in 2008, the young lefty had a successful season. The first two starts he made, Ōtonari notched complete game victories, also only giving up one run in 18 innings while recording 18 strikeouts. Despite losing the next two starts, Ōtonari still threw 8 innings in each start. The rest of the season was a roller-coaster ride, as his success seemed to hinge on how many batters he struck out. Late in the season, he suffered an elbow injury that prematurely ended his season. Still, Ōtonari finished with a respectable 11–8 with a 3.12 ERA, spinning six complete games in 21 starts, striking out 138 batters in 155 and 2/3 innings. The elbow injury seemed to linger with Ōtonari in 2009, as he was slow to start and did not have a quality start until May 6. He was demoted to ni-gun in early June and did not return until later in the month. In September, Ōtonari was sent to the bullpen and after five appearances there, he seemed to respond at the end of the month, recording two consecutive quality starts. However, he was sent back to the bullpen for the playoffs, where his Hawks were knocked out in the first round. The 2010 season was also rough for Ōtonari, but mostly because in 13 of his 19 starts, the Hawks offense scored three runs or less in games that he started. He was doing very well in his lone playoff start, throwing five shutout innings, but he was lifted to go to the bullpen in a game the Hawks lost en route to a heartbreaking series loss that left them one game from the Japan Series. In season, Ōttonari finished the regular season with a 3–0 record, a 2.34 ERA. In season, Ōttonari got a career high record. He finished the regular season with a 12–8 record, with a 2.03 ERA, spinning 6 complete games and 3 shutouts games in 25 starts, striking out 134 batters in 177 and 1/3 innings. On November 3, Ōttonari pitched for Japan national baseball team in the "Samurai Japan Match 2012". On February 20, , Ōttonari was elected a member of Japan national baseball team of the 2013 World Baseball Classic. He pitched in Game 6 of the Pool A on Mar 6 against the Cuba and Game 4 of the Pool 1 on Mar 10 against the Netherlands. In June, Ōttonari was diagnosed as suffering from ossification of the yellow ligament of intractable disease. On June 21,he underwent surgery. After that he spent the regular season for rehabilitation. Ōttonari finished the regular season with a 3–3 record, a 3.38 ERA. On July 13, , Ōttonari returned and threw as relief pitcher against the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters, for the first time in 408 days after the secession. On July 22, he threw and won as a starting pitcher against Orix Buffaloes, for the first time in 422 days after the secession. On October 2, Ōttonari took the mound for the final race of the season when Hawks and Buffaloes fight for the Pacific League championship. He threw six innings with four hits, seven strikeouts, no runs, and led the Hawks to Pacific League champion. On October 28, Ōttonari took the mound in Game 3 of the Japan Series against the Hanshin Tigers. He became a winning pitcher at his professional career's first in Japan Series and contributed to the team's Japan Series champion. Ōttonari finished the regular season with a 3–1 record, a 1.64 ERA. In season, Ōttonari finished the regular season with a 5–4 record, a 2.34 ERA in 72 and 1/3 innings. In - season, Ōttonari could only board one game in the regular season. On November 3, 2017, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks released Ōttonari. Pitching style A left-handed junkballer, Ōtonari generally throws his fastball in the mid to high-80s, but has shown that he can get strikeouts with his breaking pitches, very similar to former teammate Toshiya Sugiuchi. However, Ōtonari does not have the same caliber of control that Sugiuchi does, and thus is prone to walks. The statistics on Ōtonari show that the more strikeouts that he gets, the better his start seems to go. Ōtonari throws a four-seam fastball, slider, changeup, and forkball. References External links 1984 births Living people Chiba Lotte Marines players Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players Japanese baseball coaches Japanese expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic Nippon Professional Baseball coaches Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers Baseball people from Kyoto Prefecture 2013 World Baseball Classic players Águilas Cibaeñas players

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%88

에스크리마

에스크리마(Eskrima)는 필리핀 무술의 명칭이다. 아르니스(Arnis) 또는 칼리(Kali)라고도 한다. 60cm정도의 짧은 등나무로 만든 검을 사용하는 것이 특징이다. 에스크리마와 아니스라는 명칭은 필리핀이 스페인에게 통치되던 시대에 현지 무술을 본 스페인 사람에 의해 붙여진 명칭으로, 옛날에는 지방에 따라 다양한 이름으로 불렸다. 스페인 통치 시대에는 에스크리마라는 이름뿐만 아니라 스페인 펜싱의 영향을 받아 펜싱 용어와 기술이 도입되었다. 필리핀의 미국 이민자나 미국의 필리핀 지배에 의해 미국으로 건너가 소개되었다. 현재 미국에서 널리 보급되고 있으며, 경찰 등 법 집행 기관에서도 채용되고있다. 또한 미국 해병대는 에스크리마의 검술을 바탕으로 고안한 총검술을 제정했으며, 미군과 미합중국 연방 수사국 (FBI)의 격투술에 부분적으로 에스크리마 기술이 접목되어있다. 대한민국의 단체 페키티 티르시아 코리아 Pekiti Tirsia Kali(PTK) Global Grand Alliance 한국 지부. 서울시 동작구 사당동 소재. 페키티 티르시아 텍티컬 한국정식본부 Pekiti Tirsia Tactical Association 한국 지부.페키티 티르시아 텍티컬 한국정식본부 네이버 카페제라드 위홍기에 의해 2002년 창립되었다. 페키티 티르시아의 전술적인 기술에 전념한 협회의 이념은 Tuhon 제라드의 경찰훈련교관, SWAT대원 및 육군 특수부대 전투교관으로서의 광범위한 배경 및 경험을 기반으로 한다. 칼리아르니스&까뽀에라 대방아카데미 LESKAS 계열 칼리 아르니스외 브라질 무술 카포에이라, 브라질 주짓수를 지도한다고 한다. 서울시 동작구 대방동 소재. 의정부 칼리아르니스 무술클럽 UP AngKAN ng Mandirigma-LESKAS(Lema Scientific Kali Arnis System) 그룹과 교류. 의정부시 의정부동 소재. 대한 칼리 아르니스 협회 주로 Mandirigmang Kaliradman(MK) 그룹과 교류한다. MK 그룹은 LESKAS에서, LESKAS는 LSAI에서 기원하였다. 대한 칼리 아르니스 협회 역시 LESAKS, LSAI와도 교류한다. 전국에 도장이 있다. 한국 아르니스 협회 근접전에서는 발렌타웍(Balintawak), 원거리전과 일대다수전에서는 라푼티(Lapunti Arnis de Abanico), 두 가지 그룹의 스타일을 지도한다. 서울 강서구 화곡동 소재. 대한 크라브마가 연맹 Marcaida Kali 스타일. 서울 서대문구 대현동 소재. 칼리회 Cargada pigar-arnis 그룹과 교류, 지도자 김태현은 극진공수도 출신 사범으로 pangamot, sikaran의 기술에 차별화를 두고 있으며, 앰티핸드/근접격투에 대비한 주짓수 네와자를 추가로 수련한다. 대구시 동구 율하동 소재. 극진가라데 구미도장 경상북도 구미시 송정동 소재. Kalis Ilustrisimo 분당 칼리 아르니스(성남시 분당구) 모던칼리 파이팅 시스템 영춘권과 칼리를 동시에 수련가능하도록 만들어졌으며, 최근엔 비선추라는 무기술을 도입과 지도하고 있음. 경기도 용인시 기흥구 영덕동 소재. 컴뱃 시스템 코리아/칼리아르니스 익스트림월드 LESKAS 계열로 칼리 아르니스 뿐만 아니라, 컴뱃 시스템, MMA 종합격투기, 그 외 타격(복싱, 무에타이, 킥복싱, CQC 근접격투술), 유술(브라질 주짓수/서브미션 레슬링/그라운드 파이팅), 실랏, 크라브 마가를 수련할 수 있다고 한다. 대구 달서구 감삼동 소재. 그 외 비공개나 동호회 위주로 활동하는 대한민국 단체 Modern Arnis 계열 : Arnis Maharlika : 부산, 천안 등에 지부가 있으며 2016년부터 활발하게 활동중이다. 국제모던 아르니스(IMAFP) MATTI KOREA : 모던 아르니스 창시자 레미 프레사스가 조직한 필리핀 내 연맹으로 8인의 그랜드 마스터로 구성된 평의회이다. 현재는 필리핀 메이저 단체뿐만 아니라 100개 이상의 소수 단체의 단일화 연맹 PEKAF를 이끌어가고 있다. 레미프레사스의 수제자 GM BAMBIT 에게 직접 현지에서 TAPI TAPI 시스템을 지도받고 필리핀 내 1년 500시간 이상의 현지수련을 통하여 정식 라칸이 되어 돌아온 류호선 지부장이 지도자 연수를 진행하고 있다. 가장 큰 장점은 세계어디에나 공통된 정확한 커리큘럼을 가지고 있다. Sayoc Fighting International - 필리핀 현지에서 훈련수료후 공인받은 정식 인스트럭터가 필리핀과 교류하며 비공개로 활동중 Eskrima Carin - Sayoc Fighting International의 인스트럭터가 세부로 이동 후 훈련수료 및 정식인증 후 필리핀과 교류하며 비공개로 활동중 Askal Hybrid Arnis Korea - 동호회 위주라서 가끔 주말 토요일이나 일요일 밤8시에 흑석역 한강공원에서 지도한다. San Miguel Eskrima - 필리핀 세부지역에서 가장 오래된유파 도체파레스 초대의장을 지낸 모모이 카네테가 창시한유파 대표적인 동작은 한손에는 스틱 또는 골록 (중장검) 다른 한손에는 단검을가지고 하는 스파야다가 & 에스파다야 다가 기법을 창시시켰다. 현재 수많은 유명 유파 창시자의 스승으로 존경받고 있다. 서울시 강서구 화곡동 소재 필리핀의 무술 검술

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnis

Arnis

Arnis, also known as kali or eskrima/escrima, is the national martial art of the Philippines. The three are roughly interchangeable umbrella terms for the traditional martial arts of the Philippines ("Filipino Martial Arts", or FMA), which emphasize weapon-based fighting with sticks, knives, bladed weapons, and various improvised weapons, as well as "open hand" techniques without weapons. There have been campaigns for arnis to be nominated in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, along with other Philippine martial arts. As of 2018, UNESCO has inscribed nine martial-arts–related intangible heritages. Name Arnis comes from arnés, the Old Spanish for "armour" (harness is an archaic English term from same root). It is said to derive from the armour costumes used in traditional Moro-moro stage plays, where actors fought mock battles with wooden swords. Arnes is also an archaic Spanish term for weapon, used as early as 1712. Eskrima (also spelled escrima) is a derived from the Spanish word for fencing, esgrima. Their cognate in French is escrime and is related to the English term 'skirmish'. The name kali is most likely derived from the pre-Hispanic Filipino term for blades and fencing, kalis (Spanish spelling: "calis"), documented by Ferdinand Magellan's expedition chronicler Antonio Pigafetta during their journey through the Visayas and in old Spanish to Filipino Mother Tongue dictionaries and vocabulary books dating from 1612 to the late 1800s, such as in Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura. The term calis in various forms was present in these old Spanish documents in Ilocano, Ibanag (calli-t; pronounced as kal-lî), Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bicolano (caris), Waray (caris), Hiligaynon, Cebuano (calix, baladao – "kalis balaraw/dagger" and cales), and Moro-Maguindanao in Mindanao (calis – the kris, weapon). In some of these dictionaries, the term calis refers to a sword or knife kris or keris, while in others it refers to both swords and knives and their usage as well as a form of esgrima stick fighting. While Mirafuente posits that the original term was kali and that the letter "S" was added later, the late Grandmaster Remy Presas suggests that the "S" was dropped in modern times and became presently more known as kali in FMA circles. There exist numerous similar terms of reference for martial arts such as kalirongan, kaliradman, and pagkalikali. These may be the origin of the term kali or they may have evolved from it. In their book Cebuano Eskrima: Beyond the Myth however, Dr. Ned Nepangue and Celestino Macachor contend that the term kali in reference to Filipino martial arts did not exist until the Buenaventura Mirafuente wrote in the preface of the first known published book on arnis, Mga Karunungan sa Larong Arnis by Placido Yambao, the term kali as the native mother fighting art of the Philippine islands. Practitioners of the arts are called arnisador (male, plural arnisadores) and arnisadora (female, plural arnisadoras) for those who call theirs arnis, eskrimador (male, plural eskrimadores) or eskrimadora (female, plural eskrimadoras) for those who call their art eskrima, and kalista or mangangali for those who practise kali. It is also known as estoque (Spanish for rapier), estocada (Spanish for thrust or stab) and garrote (Spanish for club). In Luzon it may go by the name of arnis de mano or arnes de mano. The indigenous martial art that the Spanish encountered in 1610 was not yet called "eskrima" at that time. During those times, this martial art was known as paccalicali-t (pronounced as pakkali-kalî) to the Ibanags, didya (later changed to kabaroan) to the Ilokanos, sitbatan or kalirongan to Pangasinenses, sinawali ("to weave") to the Kapampangans, calis or pananandata ("use of weapons") to the Tagalogs, pagaradman to the Ilonggos and kaliradman to the Cebuanos. Kuntaw and Silat are separate martial arts that are also practiced in the Philippine archipelago. Historical accounts Origins As arnis was an art usually practised by the poor or commoner class (as opposed to nobility or warrior classes), most practitioners lacked the scholarly education to create any kind of written record. While the same can be said of many martial arts, this is especially true for arnis because almost all of its history is anecdotal, oral or promotional. The origin of arnis can be traced back to native "Pintados" or then "Tintadus" fighting techniques during conflicts among the various Prehispanic Filipino tribes or kingdoms, though the current form has Spanish influence from old fencing which originated in Spain in the 15th century. It has other influences as well, as settlers and traders travelling through the Malay Archipelago brought the influence of silat as well as Chinese and Indian martial arts. Some of the population still practise localized Chinese fighting methods known as kuntaw. It has also been theorized that the Filipino art of arnis may have roots in India and came to the Philippines via people who traveled through Indonesia and Malaysia to the Philippine islands. Silambam, a stick/staff-based ancient martial art of India influenced many martial arts in Asia like silat. As such, arnis may share ancestry with these systems – some arnis moves are similar to the short stick (kali or kaji) and other weapon based fighting styles of Silambam. When the Spaniards first arrived in the Philippines, they already observed weapons-based martial arts practised by the natives, which may or may not be related to present-day Arnis. The earliest written records of Filipino culture and life, including martial arts, come from the first Spanish explorers. Some early expeditions fought native tribesmen armed with sticks and knives. In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan was killed in Cebu at the Battle of Mactan by the forces of Datu Lapulapu, the chief of Mactan. Some Arnisadors hold that Lapulapu's men killed Magellan in a sword-fight, though historical evidence proves otherwise. The only eyewitness account of the battle by chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta, tells that Magellan was stabbed in the face and the arm with spears and overwhelmed by multiple warriors who hacked and stabbed at him: The natives continued to pursue us, and picking up the same spear four or six times, hurled it at us again and again. Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice, but he always stood firmly like a good knight, together with some others. Thus did we fight for more than one hour, refusing to retire farther. An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When they wounded him, he turned back many times to see whether we were all in the boats. Thereupon, beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we could, to the boats, which were already pulling off. Due to the conflict-ridden nature of the Philippine archipelago, where port-kingdoms (Kedatuans, Rajahnates and Sultanates) were often at war with one another or raiding each other, warriors were forged in the many wars in the islands, thus during the precolonial era, the geographical area acquired a reputation for its capable mercenaries, which were soon employed all across South, Southeast and East Asia. Lucoes (warriors from Luzon) aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defense of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD. Lucoes influence even manifested in East Asia at Japan where Lucoes sailors initially guided Portuguese ships to the Shogunate and even South Asia in Sri Lanka where Lungshanoid pottery from Luzon were found in burials there. Pinto noted that there were a number of them in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh as well as Suleiman, the Ottoman Commander who was brother of the Viceroy of Cairo, gave one of them (Sapetu Diraja) the task of ruling and holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511. Pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521. One famous Lucoes is Regimo de Raja, who was appointed by the Portuguese at Malacca as Temenggung (Jawi: تمڠݢوڠ ) or Supreme Governor and Chief General. The Luzones were so commercially and militarily influential that the Portuguese soldier Joao de Barros considered them, "the most warlike and valiant of these parts." Opinions differ on the degree to which Spanish rule in the Philippines affected Arnis. The fact that a large number of techniques and the names of the arts themselves (arnis/arnes, eskrima/esgrima, garrote, estoque, etc.) have Spanish names suggest an influence. Some argue though that Spanish names in the martial art simply reflect the fact that Spanish was the lingua franca of the Philippines until the early 20th century, and that actual Spanish martial influence was limited. What is certain is that the Spaniards brought with them and used their bladed weapon arts (including the system of Destreza developed by Carranza) when they started colonizing the archipelago in the 16th century. What is also known is that the Spaniards recruited soldiers from Mexico and Peru and sent them to fortify the Philippines and they had also trained mercenaries and warriors from local people like the Pangasinenses, Kapampangans, Tagalogs, Ilonggos, Cebuanos and Warays to pacify regions and put down revolts. Of the Kapampangans, Fray Casimiro Díaz relates in 1718: Los primeros que se decidieron á experimentar fortuna fueron los pampangos, nación la más belicosa y noble de estas Islas, y cercana á Manila. Y era lo peor hallarse ejercitada en el arte militar en nuestras escuelas en los presidios de Ternate, Zamboanga, Joló, Caraga y otras partes, donde se conoció bien su valor; pero este necesita del abrigo del nuestro, y así decían que un español y tres pampangos, valían por cuatro españoles. The first who decided to experiment with their fortune (revolt) were the Pampangos, the most warlike and prominent people of these islands, and close to Manila. And it was all the worse because these people had been trained in the military art in our own schools in the presidios (fortified outposts) of Ternate, Zamboanga, Jolo, Caraga and other places where their valor was well known; but this needs the help of ours, and so they say that a Spaniard plus three Pampangos equal four Spaniards. Logic dictates that these native warriors and foreign soldiers would have passed on to very close friends and family members these newly learned skills to augment already existing and effective local ones. They would have also shared tactics and techniques with each other when placed in the same military group and fighting on the same side in foreign regions such as Formosa, Mindanao, the Moluccas and the Marianas. One of the more prominent features of Arnis that point to possible Spanish influence is the Espada y Daga (Spanish for "sword and dagger") method, a term also used in Spanish fencing. Filipino espada y daga differs somewhat from European rapier and dagger techniques; the stances are different as weapons used in Arnis are typically shorter than European swords. According to Grandmaster Federico Lazo† (1938–2010), unlike in European historical fencing, there is no lunging in the Northern Ilocano Kabaroan style of Arnis – it is more of an evasive art. On the other hand, it is present in some Visayan styles documented by FMA researchers Celestino Macachor and Ned Nepangue such as Yasay Sable Estocada from Bago. Having done comparative studies, Kalis Ilustrisimo archivist Romeo Macapagal also estimates that 40% of the blade-oriented style of Antonio "Tatang" Ilustrisimo† (1904–1997) descends from European styles, brought by the Spanish. After the Spanish colonized the Philippines, a decree was set that prohibited civilians from carrying full-sized swords (such as the Kris and the Kampilan). Despite this, the practitioners found ways to maintain and keep the arts alive, using sticks made out of rattan rather than swords, as well as small knives wielded like swords. Some of the arts were passed down from one generation to the other. Sometimes the art took the form choreographed dances such as the Sakuting stick dance or during mock battles at Moro-moro (Moros y Cristianos) stage plays. Also as a result, a unique and complex stick-based technique evolved in the Visayas and Luzon regions. The southern Mindanao retains almost exclusively blade-oriented techniques, as the Spaniards and Americans never fully conquered the southern parts of this island. Although Arnis combines native fighting techniques with old Spanish fencing and other influences, a degree of systematization was achieved over time, resulting in a distinguishable Philippine martial art. With time, a system for the teaching of the basics also evolved. However, with the exception of a few older and more established systems, it was previously common to pass the art from generation to generation in an informal approach. This has made attempts to trace the lineage of a practitioner difficult. For example, aside from learning from their family members like his uncle Regino Ilustrisimo, Antonio Ilustrisimo seemed to have learned to fight while sailing around the Philippines, while his cousin and student Floro Villabrille claimed to have been also taught by a blind Moro princess in the mountains; a claim later refuted by the older Ilustrisimo. Both have since died. Modern history The Philippines has what is known as a blade culture. Unlike in the West where Medieval and Renaissance combative and self-defense blade arts have gone almost extinct (having devolved into sport fencing with the advent of firearms), blade fighting in the Philippines is a living art. Local folk in the Philippines are much more likely to carry knives than guns. They are commonly carried as tools by farmers, used by street vendors to prepare coconuts, pineapples, watermelons, other fruits and meats, and balisongs are cheap to procure in the streets as well as being easily concealed. In fact, in some areas in the countryside, carrying a farming knife like the itak or bolo was a sign that one was making a living because of the nature of work in those areas. In the country of Palau, the local term for Filipino is chad ra oles, which literally means "people of the knife" because of Filipinos' reputation for carrying knives and using them in fights. Asia-Pacific and the Americas Soldiers and mercenaries trained in the Philippines which were recruited by France which was then in an alliance with Spain, had fought in Cambodia and Vietnam justified by defending newly converted Catholic populations from persecutions and had assisted France in establishing French Cochinchina centered in Saigon. Also in Asia, at China, during the Taiping Rebellion, Filipinos who were described as Manilamen and were 'Reputed to be brave and fierce fighters' and 'were plentiful in Shanghai and always eager for action' were employed by the Foreign forces as mercenaries to successfully quell the Taiping Rebellion. In the opposite side of the world at the Americas, descendants of Filipinos were active in the Anti-Imperialist Wars in the Americas. Filipinos living in Louisiana at the independent settlement of Saint Malo were recruited to be soldiers commanded by Jean Lafitte in the defense of New Orleans during the War of 1812 against a Britain attempting to reconquer a rebel America. "Manilamen" recruited from San Blas together with the Argentinian of French descent, Hypolite Bouchard, joined other nationalities living nearby such as Frenchmen, Mexicans and Americans in the assault of Spanish California during the Argentinian War of Independence. Mexicans of Filipino descent being led by Filipino-Mexican General Isidoro Montes de Oca assisted Vicente Guerrero in the Mexican war of independence against Spain. Isidoro Montes de Oca was a celebrated war hero famous for the battle action of the Treasury of Tamo, in Michoacán on September 15, 1818, in which the opposing forces numbered four times greater, yet they were totally destroyed. Philippine Revolution Contrary to the view of some modern historians that it was only guns that won the Philippine revolutionaries against the Spaniards, blades also played a large part. During the 1898 Battle of Manila, a report from The Cincinnati Enquirer went: ... The Philippine native, like all the kindred Malay races, cannot do any fighting as a rule except at close quarters, slashing with his heavy knife. The weapon is called machete, or bolo, or kampilan, or parang, or kris. The plan of action is the same – to rush in unexpectedly and hack about swiftly, without the slightest attempt at self-preservation. The Mauser rifle, too, in hard work is found to be a mistake. It has a case of five cartridges, which have to be all used before any others can be inserted. That is, to say, if a soldier has occasion to fire three cartridges he must go on and waste the other two, or else leave himself to meet a possible sudden rush with only two rounds in his rifle. Perhaps it may be the fault of the men, or their misfortune in being undrilled, but they are often knifed while in the act of reloading their rifles. Whatever be the explanation there is something wrong in troops with rifles and bayonets being driven steadily back by natives armed with knives. The insurgents have some guns, but most of the wounded Spanish soldiers seen in the streets have knife wounds. Philippine–American War Americans were first exposed to Arnis during the Philippine–American War in events such as the Balangiga massacre where most of an American company was hacked to death or seriously injured by bolo-wielding guerillas in Balangiga, Eastern Samar – and in battles in Mindanao, where an American serviceman was decapitated by a Moro warrior even after he emptied his .38 Long Colt caliber revolver into his opponent. That and similar events led to the request and the development of the Colt M1911 pistol and the .45 ACP cartridge by Col. John T. Thompson, Louis La Garde and John Browning which had more stopping power. World War II During World War II, many Filipinos fought the Japanese hand to hand with their blades as guerilla fighters or as military units under the USAFFE like the Bolo Battalion (now known as the Tabak Division). Some of the grandmasters who are known to have used their skills in World War II are Antonio Ilustrisimo, Benjamin Luna-Lema, Leo Giron, Teodoro "Doring" Saavedra, brothers Eulogio and Cacoy Cañete, Timoteo "Timor" Maranga, Sr, Jesus Bayas and Balbino Tortal Bonganciso. Spread The arts had no traditional belting or grading systems as they were taught informally. It was said that to proclaim a student a "master" was considered ridiculous and a virtual death warrant as the individual would become challenged left and right to potentially lethal duels by other Arnisadores looking to make names for themselves. Belt ranking was a recent addition adopted from Japanese arts such as karate and judo, which had become more popular with Filipinos. They were added to give structure to the systems, and to be able to compete for the attention of students. With regards to its spread outside the Philippines, Arnis was brought to Hawaii and California as far back as the 1920s by Filipino migrant workers. Its teaching was kept strictly within Filipino communities until the late 1960s when masters such as Angel Cabales began teaching it to others. Even then, instructors teaching Arnis in the 1960s and 70s were often reprimanded by their elders for publicly teaching a part of their culture that had been preserved through secrecy. The spread of Arnis was helped in Australia through brothers Jeff and Chris Traish, Richard Marlin and Terry Lim (founder of Loong Fu Pai martial arts academy) who also holds a 4th Dan in International Philippine Martial Arts Federation. In recent years, there has been increased interest in Arnis for its usefulness when defending against knives in street encounters. As a result, many systems of Arnis have been modified in varying degrees to make them more marketable to a worldwide audience. Usually this involves increased emphasis on locking, controls, and disarms, focusing mainly on aspects of self-defense. However, most styles follow the philosophy that the best defense is a good offense. Modern training methods tend to de-emphasize careful footwork and low stances, stressing the learning of techniques in favor of more direct (and often lethal) tactics designed to instantly end an encounter. In the Philippines, the spread is more significant due to the efforts of Richardson "Richard" Gialogo and Aniano "Jon" Lota, Jr. through the Department of Education (DepEd) Task Force on School Sports (TFSS). Arnis was first introduced in 1969 to some public and private school teachers when Remy Presas taught his personal style of Arnis which he called "Modern Arnis". He taught his own style to the students of the National College of Physical Education (NCPE) when he was given the chance to teach there. The style "Modern Arnis" is not synonymous with the concept of modern or contemporary Arnis, where it has become a full blown sport embraced by the Department of Education, although there are some similarities. There was no formal program for Arnis from the 1970s to 1980s. Although some schools taught Arnis, these were not official nor prescribed. The earliest historical record was the DECS Memorandum No. 294 Series of 1995 which entailed the Arnis Development Program Phase I. This was a joint effort of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports or DECS and the Office of then Senator Orlando "Orly" Mercado who awarded a budget from his pork barrel for the implementation of a national Arnis program. The Office of Senator Mercado was given the authority to designate the Arnis instructors for the said program. The next stage was the Arnis Development Program Phase II. It was just a continuation of Phase I through DECS Memorandum No. 302 series of 1997. The same group conducted the seminars; known as the Arnis Association International (AAI). The Arnis instructors designated by Senator Mercado were informally called the "Mercado boys". They were Mr. Jeremias V. Dela Cruz, Rodel Dagooc and others who were direct students of Mr. Remy Presas of the Modern Arnis style. In this memorandum, there were two seminars conducted: October 6–11, 1997 in Baguio City and November 10–15, 1997 in General Santos City. The Arnis Module Development however did not push through. It was also during this time when the first Arnis instructional video was developed by the Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports (BPESS) entitled "Dynamic Arnis". This video featured the Gialogo Brothers: Richardson and Ryan Gialogo, direct students of Jeremias V. Dela Cruz. However, the national Arnis program of Senator Orly Mercado and DECS died a natural death. It was only after nine years that Arnis found its way back into the Department of Education (formerly known as Department of Education, Culture and Sports or DECS). On February 5, 2004, the Task Force on School Sports (TFSS) of the Department of Education (DepEd), the new agency after the defunct BPESS, met with the National Sports Association (NSA) for Arnis in a Senate hearing. The Head of the TFSS was National Coordinator Mr. Feliciano N. Toledo II, considered the "Father of Arnis" in the Department of Education. He met with the top NSA officials at that time; however, nothing happened. It was only in 2006 when the Task Force on School Sports had a new program for Arnis. The "National Training of Trainors in Arnis and Dance Sports", sponsored by the Task Force on School Sports, Department of Education (DepEd), was held at Teacher's Camp, Baguio City on March 13–17, 2006 and was conducted by two top-caliber figures in the Arnis community: Mr. Aniano Lota, Jr. and Mr. Richardson Gialogo, then Secretary-General and vice-president respectively of the National Sports Association for Arnis. And this was the start of the modern, contemporary and prevailing Arnis in the Department of Education. In just two months, Arnis became part of the Palarong Pambansa (National Games) as a demonstration sport. The 2006 Palarong Pambansa was held in Naga City, Bicol Region with nine out of the seventeen regions of the Philippines participating. National, regional and provincial Arnis Seminars were conducted by the tandem of Mr. Aniano Lota, Jr. and Mr. Richardson Gialogo from 2006 to 2007 in coordination with the TFSS National Coordinator, Mr. Feliciano "Len" Toledo, and with the financial and logistical backing of the Department of Education. In 2007, Arnis was already a regular event in the Palarong Pambansa with all seventeen regions participating. Five weight divisions in the Full-contact Event and four categories in the Anyo (Forms) Event were played and became part of the official medal tally of the participants. This was held in Coronadal in Mindanao. Arnis Seminars were continued in national, regional and provincial levels. These were all conducted by the tandem of Mr. Aniano Lota, Jr. and Mr. Richardson Gialogo, now both Arnis Consultants and official Lecturers of the Task Force on School Sports of the Department of Education. In 2008, Arnis was played in the Palarong Pambansa and again, with all seventeen regions participating. All nine events were played. This was held in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan. Aside from Sports Officiating and Accreditation seminars, coaching and skill training seminars continued in national, regional and provincial levels. Requests from cities and even districts were also welcomed. The "evangelization" of Arnis was continued and both Gialogo and Lota were careful not to teach their personal styles. Both taught in "generic" form and focused on the rules of sports as promulgated by the Department of Education. In 2009, Secondary Girls (High School Girls) were finally included in Palarong Pambansa and again, all seventeen regions participated. From the original five member teams, the number doubled with the inclusion of the girls. The medal tally also doubled from nine to eighteen. The 2009 Palarong Pambansa was held in Tacloban, Leyte in the Visayas. In 2009, the "Writeshop of the Revision of the Physical Fitness Test and the Development of Learning Competencies in Arnis and Archery" was held in Teacher's Camp, Baguio City in October 5–8, 2009. Phase I of the National Curriculum for Arnis was finished and the curriculum writers were Mr. Richardson Gialogo and Mr. Aniano Lota, Jr. The 2010 Palarong Pambansa was held in Tarlac, In Luzon. Again, both secondary boys and girls competed in the eighteen categories. It was here that the Department of Education Arnis Association Philippines or DEAAP had its first national elections. In the 2011 Palarong Pambansa, elementary students joined. Duels One of the most important practices in classical Arnis was dueling, without any form of protection. The matches were preceded by cock-fighting and could be held in any open space, sometimes in a specially constructed enclosure. Arnisadores believe this tradition pre-dates the colonial period, pointing to similar practices of kickboxing matches in mainland Indochina as evidence. Spanish records tell of such dueling areas where cock-fights took place. The founders of most of the popular Arnis systems were famous duelists and legends circulate about how many opponents they killed. In rural areas throughout the Philippines today, modern Arnis matches are still held in dueling arenas. In bigger cities, recreations of duels are sometimes held at parks by local Arnis training-halls. These demonstrations are not choreographed beforehand but neither are they full-contact competitions. In modern times, public dueling with blades has been deemed illegal in the Philippines due to high potential of severe injury or death. Dueling with live sticks and minimal protection still occurs during barrio fiestas in some towns such as in Paete in Laguna. Organization There are two main types of Arnis practised as a sport. The most common system used internationally is that of the WEKAF (World Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation), established 1989. The earlier Arnis Philippines (ARPI) system, established in 1986, was most prominently used during the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. Weapons Arnis students start their instruction by learning to fight with weapons, and only advance to empty-hand training once the stick and knife techniques have been sufficiently mastered. This is in contrast to most other well-known Asian martial arts but it is justified by the principle that bare-handed moves are acquired naturally through the same exercises as the weapon techniques, making muscle memory an important aspect of the teaching. It is also based on the obvious fact that an armed person who is trained has the advantage over a trained unarmed person, and serves to condition students to fight against armed assailants. Most systems of Arnis apply a single set of techniques for the stick, knife, and empty hands, a concept sometimes referred to as motion grouping. Since the weapon is seen as simply an extension of the body, the same angles and footwork are used either with or without a weapon. The reason for this is probably historical, because tribal warriors went into battle armed and only resorted to bare-handed fighting after losing their weapons. Many systems begin training with two weapons, either a pair of sticks or a stick and a wooden knife. These styles emphasise keeping both hands full and never moving them in the same direction, and trains practitioners to become ambidextrous. For example, one stick may strike the head while the other hits the arm. Such training develops the ability to use both limbs independently, a valuable skill, even when working with a single weapon. A core concept and distinct feature of Filipino martial arts is the Live Hand. Even when as a practitioner wields only one weapon, the extra hand is used to control, trap or disarm an opponent's weapon and to aid in blocking, joint locking and manipulation of the opponent or other simultaneous motions such as bicep destruction with the live hand. Baston The most basic and common weapon in Arnis is the baston or yantok. They are typically constructed from rattan, an inexpensive stem from a type of Southeast Asian vine. Hard and durable yet lightweight, it shreds only under the worst abuse and does not splinter like wood, making it a safer training tool. This aspect makes it useful in defense against blades. Kamagong (ironwood or ebony) and bahi (heart of the palm) are sometimes used after being charred and hardened. These hardwoods are generally not used for sparring, however, as they are dense enough to cause serious injury, but traditional sparring does not include weapon to body contact. The participants are skilled enough to parry and counterstrike, showing respect in not intentionally hitting the training partner. In modern times, many Arnis practitioners have also come to wear head and hand protection while sparring with rattan sticks, or otherwise use padded bastons. Some modern schools also use sticks made out of aluminium or other metals, or modern high-impact plastics. Impact weapons Baston, olisi, yantok: stick ranging from twenty-four to twenty-eight inches long Largo mano yantok: longer stick ranging from twenty-eight to thirty-six inches Dulo y dulo: short stick about four to seven inches in length, held in the palm of the hand Bankaw: six-foot pole. Staves can be used to practise sword techniques Wooden dagger measuring Panangga: shield Improvised weapons: Wood planks, steel pipes, umbrellas, flashlights, rolled-up magazines/ newspapers, books, cellular phones, tennis rackets, butt of billiards cue, bottles, coffee mugs, chair legs, tree branches or twigs, etc. Edged weapons Baraw is a Cebuano term used in eskrima that means knife or dagger. The term Baraw is more commonly used on the Cebu Island in the Visayan region whereas other islands and regions more commonly use the term Daga but both terms are often interchangeable within the Filipino martial arts community. The terms Baraw and Daga can be used either as Solo Baraw or Solo Daga associated with single knife fighting and defense systems, Doble Baraw or Doble Daga associated with the double knife fighting systems or even with a combination of long and short weapons e.g. stick and dagger fighting systems Olisi Baraw or sword and dagger fighting systems Espada y Daga. Daga/Cuchillo (Spanish for dagger and knife) or Baraw/ Pisaw: daggers or knives of different shapes and sizes Balisong: butterfly knife or fan knife from Barrio, Balisong in Batangas province; the handle is two-piece and attaches to a swivel that folds to enclose the blade when shut Karambit: claw-shaped Indonesian blade held by inserting the finger into a hole at the top of the handle Bolo: a knife/sword similar to a machete Pinuti: a type of sword from Cebu blade shaped similar to a Sundang but elongated Iták or sundáng: a farm or house hold bladed implement; its blade has a pronounced belly, chisel ground edge with the handle angled down Barong: wide flat leaf-shaped blade commonly used by Muslim Filipino ethnic groups such as the Tausug, Sama-Bajau and the Yakan. Binakoko: long blade named after a porgy fish Dinahong palay: has a very narrow blade shape similar to a rice leaf Kalis: Larger, thicker Filipino kris Kampilan: fork-tipped sword, popular in the southern Philippines Sibat: spear Improvised weapons: Icepicks, box cutters, screwdrivers, scissors, broken bottles, pens, car keys (using the push knife grip) Flexible weapons Sarong: a length of fabric wrapped around the waist Ekut: handkerchief Tabak-toyok: chained sticks/ flail or nunchaku Latigo (Spanish for whip): consisting of a handle between , and a lash composed of a braided thong long. The "fall" at the end of the lash is a single piece of leather in length. Improvised weapons: Belt, bandana, handkerchiefs, shirts, towels/socks with hard soap bars/rocks, ropes, power cables, etc. Rank and grading system The practitioners must conform to criteria based on the number of years of training and level of proficiency in technical skills. Practitioners are screened by the rank promotion committee to determine their rank in the grading system. Technical aspects Ranges Most systems recognize that the technical nature of combat changes drastically as the distance between opponents changes, and generally classify the ranges into at least three categories. Each range has its characteristic techniques and footwork. Of course, some systems place more emphasis on certain ranges than others, but almost all recognize that being able to work in and control any range is essential. The Balintawak style for example, uses long-, medium- and short-range fighting techniques, but focuses on the short-range. To control the range, and for numerous other purposes, good footwork is essential. Most eskrima systems explain their footwork in terms of triangles: normally when moving in any direction two feet occupy two corners of the triangle and the step is to the third corner such that no leg crosses the other at any time. The shape and size of the triangle must be adapted to the particular situation. The style of footwork and the standing position vary greatly from school to school and from practitioner to practitioner. For a very traditional school, conscious of battlefield necessities, stances are usually very low, often with one knee on the ground, and footwork is complex, involving many careful cross-steps to allow practitioners to cope with multiple opponents. The Villabrille and San Miguel styles are usually taught in this way. Systems that have been adapted to duels or sporting matches generally employ simpler footwork, focusing on a single opponent. North American schools tend to use much more upright stances, as this puts less stress on the legs, but there are some exceptions. Many systems, including the Inosanto/Lacosta system of escrima/kali recognize and teach 3 basic ranges: long range (largo), medium range (medio) and short range (corto). The long range is typically defined as being able to hit the opponents lead/weapon hand with your weapon/stick only. Medium range is where you are able to strike the opponent's body/head with your weapon/stick while also checking/monitoring the opponent's lead hand with your rear/live hand. And the short range is when you can strike the opponent's body/head with your rear/live hand or being able to strike the opponent's head/body with the hilt/punyo end of the weapon/stick. Some styles or systems may also define a closer range for elbows to the head or body, or grappling. Strikes Many Filipino systems focus on defending against and/or reacting to angles of attack rather than particular strikes. The theory behind this is that virtually all types of hand-to-hand attacks (barehanded or with a weapon) hit or reach a combatant via these angles of attack and the reasoning is that it is more efficient to learn to defend against different angles of attack rather than learn to defend against particular styles, particular techniques or particular weapons. For instance, the technique for defending against an attack angle that comes overhead from the right is very similar whether the attacker uses bare fists, a knife, a sword or a spear. Older styles gave each angle a name, but more recent systems tend to simply number them. Many systems have twelve standard angles, though some have as few as 5, and others as many as 72. Although the exact angles, the order they are numbered in (numerado), and the way the player executes moves vary from system to system, most are based upon Filipino cosmology. These standard angles describe exercises. To aid memorization, player often practise a standard series of strikes from these angles, called an abecedario (Spanish for "alphabet"). These are beginner strikes or the "ABC's" of Arnis. While most systems do incorporate a numbering system for the angles of attack, not all use the same numbering system, so always get clarification before training in a new system or style. Additionally, while the angles are numbered for ease of discussion, the numbers do not generally define how the attack is thrown. That is to say, usually (excluding thrusts) a #1 angle, means an attack that starts on the right side of the practitioner and comes down at about a 45° from right to left. But, it does not matter whether this is done with the right or left hand (forehand or backhand) or if the hit continues through the target or returns back along the same line. Some angles of attack and some strikes have characteristic names: San Miguel – a forehand strike with the right hand, moving from the striker's right shoulder toward their left hip. It is named after Saint Michael the Archangel, who is often shown in traditional icons as holding a flaming, divine sword at this angle. This is the most natural strike for most untrained people. It is commonly referred to as "angle #1" in systems where striking angles are numbered for training purposes, because it is presumed the most probable angle of attack. Sinawalì – the double-stick weaving movement most associated with Arnis, it is named for woven coconut or palm leaves called sawalì that are used as walls of nipa huts. It is commonly seen in double-stick continuous attack-parry partner demonstrations. Redonda – a continuous, circular downward-striking, double-stick twirling technique. It whips in a circle to return to its point of origin. This is especially useful when using sticks rather than swords; it enables extremely fast strikes, but needs constant practice. Lobtik or Laptik – a through hit (forehand or backhand) where the weapon/stick swings through the target, coming from one side of the practitioners body and ending on the other side. Note: many systems do not allow the elbow to cross center (centerline) even though the stick or weapon is. Witik – a returning hit (forehand or backhand) in which the strike "bounces" off the target and comes back or returns to the same side as it started. Abanico – from the Spanish for "fan", it is done by flicking the wrist 180° in a fan-shaped motion. This kind of strike can be very quick and arrive from unexpected angles. This motion is often done in secession hitting targets from opposite sides creating a nearly 360° arc. And can be done in front of the practitioner or over the head. Pilantík – executed by whipping the stick around the wrist over the head in a motion similar to the abanico, but in alternating 360° strikes. It is most useful when fighters are in grappling range and cannot create enough space for normal strikes. Hakbáng – From the Filipino for "step" or "pace", it is a general term for footwork. For example, hakbáng paiwás is pivoting footwork, while hakbáng tátsulók is triangular footwork. Puño – Spanish for "fist", "hilt", or "handle". It uses the butt of a weapon, and often targets a nerve point or soft spot on the opponent. In skilled hands, the puño strike can be used to break bones. Many Arnis techniques have Spanish names, because Spanish was the lingua franca spoken during colonial times among the natives, who spoke over 170 languages across 7,600 islands. Arnis techniques are generally based on the assumption that both student and opponent are very highly trained and well prepared. Thus, Arnis tends to favour extreme caution, always considering the possibility of a failed technique or an unexpected knife. On the other hand, the practitioner is assumed to be capable of quick, precise strikes. The general principle is that an opponent's ability to attack should be destroyed rather than trying to injure and convince them to stop. Many strikes are therefore aimed at the hands and arms, hoping to break the hand holding the weapon, or cut the nerves and tendons controlling it (the concept of "defanging the snake"). Strike to the eyes and legs are also important. This is summed up in a popular mnemonic: "Stick seeks bone, blade seeks flesh". Mano Mano Mano Mano is the empty-hand component of Filipino martial arts, particularly Arnis. The term translates as "hands" or "hand-[to]-hand" and comes from the Spanish mano ("hand"). It is also known as suntukan or panununtukan in Luzon and pangamot in the Visayas, as well as De Cadena, Cadena de Mano or Arnis de Mano in some FMA systems. American colonists referred to it as "combat judo" or "Filipino boxing". Mano mano moves include kicking, punching, locking, throwing, and dumog (grappling). Filipino martial artists regard empty hands as another weapon, and all movements of Mano Mano are directly based on weapon techniques. In Arnis, weapons are seen as extensions of the body, so training with weapons naturally leads to proficiency in bare-handed combat. For this reason, Mano Mano is often taught in higher grades after weapons training has been mastered, as advanced students are expected to be able to apply experience with weapons to unarmed fighting. This not always the case though, as some systems of Arnis start with (and at times only consist of) empty hands fighting. Some notable masters of Mano Mano include: Cacoy Canete Richard Bustillo Antonio Illustrisimo Venancio "Anciong" Bacon Rey Galang Edgar Sulite Danny Guba [(Yuli Romo)] Francisco Guilledo Ceferino Garcia Gabriel Elorde Kicking Paninipa, Pagsipa, Pananadiyak, Pagtadiyak, and Sikaran (all terms for "kicking" in various regions, dialects and styles) are components of eskrima that focus on knees, tripping, low-line kicks, and stomps. Pananjakman is also a term used in Filipino-American-developed and Western FMA systems, usually referring to the system from the Lucky Lucaylucay, Floro Villabrille and Dan Inosanto blend lineage. Except for the distinct style of Sikaran from the Baras area of the province of Rizal, which also uses high kicks, kicking as a separate art is never taught by itself in the Philippines, and this practice is only done in the West with Pananjakman. Pananjakman is usually taught together with Panantukan. Paninipa can be regarded as the study of leg muscles and bones and how they are connected, with the goal of either inflicting pain or outright breaking or dislocating the bones. Most striking techniques involve applying pressure to bend the target areas in unnatural ways so as to injure or break them. Such pressure may be delivered in the form of a heel smash, a toe kick, a stomp, or a knee. Targets include the groin, thighs, knees, shins, ankles, feet and toes. The upper body is used only for defensive maneuvers, making pananadiyak ideal for when combatants are engaged in a clinch. When used effectively, the strikes can bring an opponent to the ground or otherwise end an altercation by making them too weak to stand. Fundamental techniques include kicking or smashing the ankle to force it either towards or away from the opposite foot (severe supination or pronation, respectively), heel-stomping the top of the foot where it meets the lower leg so as to break or crush the numerous bones or otherwise disrupt the opponent's balance, and smashing the opponents knee from the side to break the knee (with severe supination and pronation as the desired result). Drills Several classes of exercises, such as sombrada, contrada, sinawali, hubud-lubud and sequidas, initially presented to the public as a set of organized drills by the Inosanto school, are expressly designed to allow partners to move quickly and experiment with variations while remaining safe. For example, in a sumbrada drill, one partner feeds an attack, which the other counters, flowing into a counterattack, which is then countered, flowing into a counterattack, and so on. The hubud-lubud or hubad-lubad from Doce Pares is frequently used as a type of "generator" drill, where one is forced to act and think fast. Initially, students learn a specific series of attacks, counters, and counter-attacks. As they advance they can add minor variations, change the footwork, or switch to completely different attacks; eventually the exercise becomes almost completely free-form. Palakaw, from the Balintawak style, are un-choreographed and random defensive and offensive moves. Palakaw in Cebuano means a walk-through or rehearsing the different strike angles and defenses. It may be known as corridas, or striking without any order or pattern. Disarms, take-downs, and other techniques usually break the flow of such a drill, but they are usually initiated from such a sequence of movements to force the student to adapt to a variety of situations. A common practice is to begin a drill with each student armed with two weapons. Once the drill is flowing, if a student sees an opportunity to disarm their opponent, they do, but the drill continues until both students are empty-handed. Some drills use only a single weapon per pair, and the partners take turns disarming each other. Seguidas drills, taken from the San Miguel system, are sets of hitting and movement patterns usually involving stick and dagger. Rhythm, while an essential part of eskrima drills, is emphasized more in the United States and Europe, where a regular beat serves a guide for students to follow. To ensure safety, participants perform most drills at a constant pace, which they increase as they progress. The rhythm, together with the southern Filipino attire of a vest and sashed pants, is commonly mistaken for some sort of tradition when practising eskrima in the Philippines – perhaps incorrectly derived from traditional rhythm-based dances or an attempt to add a sense of ethnicity. Eskrima is usually practised in the Philippines without a rhythm, off-beat or out of rhythm. The diversity of Filipino martial arts means that there is no officially established standard uniform in eskrima. The live hand The live hand (or alive hand) is the opposite hand of the practitioner that does not contain the main weapon. The heavy usage of the live hand is an important concept and distinguishing hallmark of eskrima. Even (or especially) when empty, the live hand can be used as a companion weapon by eskrima practitioners. As opposed to most weapon systems like fencing where the off-hand is hidden and not used to prevent it from being hit, eskrima actively uses the live hand for trapping, locking, supporting weapon blocks, checking, disarming, striking and controlling the opponent. The usage of the live hand is one of the most evident examples of how Eskrima's method of starting with weapons training leads to effective empty hand techniques. Because of Doble Baston (double weapons) or Espada y Daga (sword and parrying dagger) ambidextrous weapon muscle memory conditioning, Eskrima practitioners find it easy to use the off-hand actively once they transition from using it with a weapon to an empty hand. Doble baston Doble baston, and less frequently doble olisi, are common names for a group of techniques involving two sticks. The art is more commonly known around the world as Sinawali meaning "to weave". The term Sinawali is taken from a matting called sawali that is commonly used in the tribal Nipa Huts. It is made up of woven pieces of palm leaf and used for both flooring and walls. This technique requires the user to use both left and right weapons in an equal manner; many co-ordination drills are used to help the practitioner become more ambidextrous. It is the section of the art that is taught mainly at the intermediate levels and above and is considered one of the most important areas of learning in the art. Sinawali Sinawali refers to the activity of "weaving", as applied Eskrima with reference to a set of two-person, two-weapon exercises. The term comes from "Sawali", the woven material that typically forms the walls of nipa huts. Sinawali exercises provide eskrima practitioners with basic skills and motions relevant to a mode of two-weapon blocking and response method called Doblete. Sinawali training is often introduced to novices to help them develop certain fundamental skills – including: body positioning and distance relative to an opponent, rotation of the body and the proper turning radius, recognition of one's center of gravity, eye–hand coordination, target perception and recognition, increased ambidexterity, recognition and performance of rhythmic structures for upper body movement, and muscular developments important to the art, especially, the wrist and forearm regions. It helps teach the novice eskrimador proper positioning while swinging a weapon. Cross-training The Chinese and Malay communities of the Philippines have practiced eskrima together with Kuntaw and Silat for centuries, so much so that many North Americans mistakenly believe silat to have originated in the Philippines. Some of the modern styles, particularly doce pares and Modern Arnis contain some elements of Japanese Martial Arts such as joint locks, throws, blocks, strikes, and groundwork, taken from: Jujutsu, Judo, Aikido and Karate as some of the founders obtained black belt Dan grades in some of these systems. Some eskrima styles are complementary with Chinese Wing Chun because of the nervous system conditioning and body mechanics when striking, twirling or swinging sticks. In Western countries, it is common to practice eskrima in conjunction with other martial arts, particularly Wing Chun, Jeet Kune Do and silat. As a result, there is some confusion between styles, systems, and lineage, because some people cross-train without giving due credit to the founders or principles of their arts. For example, American Kenpo and Kajukenbo cross-training traces back to the interactions between Chinese, Japanese and Filipino immigrants in territorial/pre-statehood Hawaii, and to a lesser extent in other parts of the United States. In the United States the cross-training between eskrima and Jeet Kune Do Concepts as headed by Dan Inosanto of the Inosanto Academy in Marina del Rey, California, goes according to the maxim "Absorb what is useful, reject what is useless". Proponents of such training say the arts are very similar in many aspects and complement each other well. It has become marketable to offer eskrima classes in other traditional Asian martial arts studios in America but some practitioners of other eskrima styles often dismiss these lessons as debased versions of original training methods. Notable styles and practitioners In popular culture See also Arnis in the Philippines Filipino martial arts Doce Pares Balintawak Eskrima Modern Arnis Pekiti-Tirsia Kali Suntukan Sikaran Kinamutay Yaw-Yan Juego del palo Silat References External links The Arnis Philippines organization website IKAEF – International Kali Arnis Eskrima Federation Eskrima-Arnis, Martial Arts of the Philippines National symbols of the Philippines Philippine martial arts Stick-fighting Swordsmanship

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%AC%EB%82%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%BD

캬나리클럽

캬나리클럽(キャナァーリ倶楽部)은 NICE GIRL 프로젝트!에 소속된 일본의 여성 아이돌 그룹이다. 소속 사무소는 스페이스 크래프트 엔터테인먼트. 개요 슬로건은「건강한 일본! 집등도 지역도 활성이다」. 덧붙여, 철자는「카나리아」(Canary)이지만, 유닛명 표기는 상기가 올바르다. 2011년 6월 이후는 신작의 음원과 라이브는 하지 않았고, 현재 향후 활동에 대한 구체적인 공식 발표도 없는 상태가 이어지고 있어 실질적 활동 휴지 중이라고도 할 수 있다(그러나 활동 휴지, 해산을 분명히 밝힌 것도 없다). 멤버 「CAN'S」반 오가와 마나 (小川真奈, 1993년 7월 2일 - ) 이니셜 : 오가마나(おがまな) - 솔로활동중인멤버 다카다 아유미 (高田あゆみ, 1984년 10월 20일 - ) 이니셜 : 아유베(あゆべえ) - 최연장자 「아리즈」반 니와 미키호 (にわみきほ(전예명 : 丹羽未来帆), 1989년 9월 27일 - ) 이니셜 : 니키(みっきー) 오오우라 이쿠코 (大浦育子, 1989년 9월 22일 - ) 이니셜 : 이쿠치(いくっち) 반불명 멤버 모치다 치히라 (持田千妃来, 1997년 10월 12일 - ) 이니셜 : 치이쨩(ちーちゃん) - 최연소 전 멤버 「CAN'S」반 스기우라 리호 (杉浦里穂, 1992년 2월 3일 - ) 이니셜 : 리폰(りっぽん) - 2009년 1월 21일 졸업. 하시구치 에리나 (橋口恵莉奈, 1996년 11월 18일 - ) 이니셜 : 에리나(えり〜な) - 2009년 6월 14일 졸업. 「아리즈」반 우치다 유마 (内田由麻, 1994년 11월 7일 - ) 이니셜 : 우치(うっちぃ) - 2010년 3월 21일 졸업. 오카다 레이코 (岡田怜子, 1993년 6월 19일 - ) 이니셜 : 오컁(おっきゃん) - 2011년 5월 1일 졸업. 마츠이 유리에 (松井友里絵, 1988년 4월 6일 - ) 이니셜 : 마쨩(まっちゃん) - 2011년 5월 1일 졸업. 활동 2007년 3월 3일, 유닛 발족. 5월 3일, 1st 싱글을 발매. 6월 9일, 걸즈♀갤러리에서 이벤트를 개최. 6월 30일, 시부야 C.C.Lemon 홀에 있어 행해진 갸루루의 신곡 발매 기념 무료 콘서트에 응원 게스트로서 걸 메이크에서 출연했다. 9월 22일 ~ 24일, 전국 전기 통신 노동조합 홀에서 행해진「층쿠♂ THEATER」제4탄「아아 여자 합창부 ~영광의 파편~」에 출연. 10월 15일, NICE GIRL 프로젝트!에 참가가 층쿠♂에 의해 발표되었다. 2009년 1월 12일, 스기우라 리호가 졸업. 6월 14일, 하시구치 에리나가 졸업. 동시에 모치다 치히라가 준멤버로서 가입. 12월 25일, 모치다 치히라가 정식 멤버로 승격. 2010년 3월 12일, 우치다 유마가 졸업. 8월 4일, 6th 싱글「ダイスッキ!」를 발매. 2011년 5월 1일, 오카다 레이카와 마츠이 유리에가 졸업. 5월, TNX와의 업무 위탁 매니지먼트 계약이 종료. 동시에 니와, 오가와, 오오우라, 다카다가 소속 원래대로 돌아가, 새롭게 개별 활동도 스타트시킨다. 2018년 10월 4일, 약 7년 반만의 활동, TNX 주최「It's a Girl's Pop World!」에 출연. 음악 싱글 SWEET & TOUGHNESS (2007년 5월 3일) 커플링 : 夢を信じて 青春万歳! (2007년 7월 25일) 커플링 : Ready Steady Go! FAITH! (2008년 1월 1일) 커플링 : 初恋イメージ (하시구치 에리나) ニシキカザレ (2008년 4월 9일) 커플링 : HAPPYやなぁ! 瞳がキラキララ (2008년 7월 16일) 커플링 : Lonely Moon (오가와 마나) ダイスッキ! (2010년 8월 4일) 커플링 : おっしゃれ恋気分 앨범 ①かなりキャナァーリ (2007년 10월 17일, 미니 앨범) ②エエジャナイカ (2009년 8월 26일) 참가 앨범 Rainy～雨に打たれて～ (2009년 7월 29일,「리듬 천국 골드 국내판 해외판 전 보컬집」에 수록) やがて女はきれいになるだろう (2011년 8월 24일,「모두의 리듬 천국 전곡집」에 수록) DVD 싱글V 싱글V「SWEET & TOUGHNESS」(2007년 6월 27일) 싱글V「青春万歳!」(2007년 8월 29일) 싱글V「FAITH!」(2008년 2월 6일) PV집 キャナァーリ倶楽部シングルVクリップス① (2008년 9월 10일) 콘서트 キャナァーリ倶楽部 ライブドキュメントDVDおまけつき-2008.4.6サンフォニックスホールin横浜アリーナ～横浜キャナリアダイヤモンド～- (2008년 5월 24일) キャナァーリ倶楽部 2008秋～渋谷でキラキララ～ (2009년 2월 27일) 솔로 DVD なままな 小川真奈 DVD (2009년 9월 20일) はじめまして…みっきーです in セブ島 にわみきほ DVD (2010년 5월 28일) sabra DVD Collection「にわみきほ YELLOW STAR」にわみきほ DVD (2010년 10월 21일) なままなゴールド 小川真奈 DVD (2009년 12월 23일) 天使の休日 にわみきほDVD (2011년 6월 20일) Twenty One 〜ナツノトイキ〜 にわみきほ DVD (2011년 9월 24일) 그 외 キャナァーリ倶楽部 元気だ!水着だ!サイパンだ! (2008년 7월 25일) キャナァーリ倶楽部 初めてのサイパンひとりじめ! (2008년 7월 25일) 출연 텔레비전 ISHIMARU DASH on TV (2007년 5월 18일 ~ 10월 19일, 엔타! 371) HOLLYx2☆POP☆TV+ (2007년 8월 5일 ~ 10월 21일, 테레비사이타마) 라디오 THE 폿시보 로빈과 캬나리클럽 이쿠치의 폿시 꺄인? (2008년 4월 1일 ~ 2011년 4월 2일, CBC 라디오) - 니와 미키호(2009년 12월 29일까지) → 오오우라 이쿠코(2010년 1월 5일부터)가 담당. 폿시와 캬나의 나이스 키스 (2008년 9월 6일 ~ 2009년 7월 25일, Kiss-FM KOBE) - 오오우라 이쿠코가 담당. 캬나리 클럽 ~이심전심~ (2009년 4월 6일 ~ 2010년 9월 20일, TBS 라디오)※ 팟캐스트에서도 전달. 오가와 마나의 라지오티네이지브르스 (2010년 4월 2일 ~ 9월 24일, JFN 계열) - 오가와 마나가 담당. 서적 사진집 キャナァーリ倶楽部 ファースト写真集 個の巻 初めてのサイパンひとりじめ ソロショット集 by キャナァーリ倶楽部! (2008년 8월 26일, 아스키 미디어 워크스) キャナァーリ倶楽部 ファースト写真集 集の巻 水着、サイパン、キャナァーリ倶楽部! (2008년 8월 26일, 아스키 미디어 워크스) 솔로 사진집 오가와 마나 1st 사진집「なままな」(2009년 7월 15일, 채문관) 니와 미키호 1st 사진집「みきほまるごと」(2010년 6월, 채문관) 니와 미키호 2nd 사진집「Tropical Rainbow」(2010년 9월 16일, 소학관) 같이 보기 TNX 토키토 아미 외부 링크 캬나리클럽 공식 사이트 캬나리클럽 공식 페이지 캬나리클럽 공식 블로그 층쿠♂ 오피셜 웹사이트의 코멘트 NICE GIRL 프로젝트! 스페이스 크래프트 일본의 팝 음악 그룹 일본의 걸 그룹 2007년 결성된 음악 그룹 2000년대 음악 그룹 2010년대 음악 그룹 5인조 음악 그룹

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary%20Club

Canary Club

is a Japanese girl group, founded by Tsunku in 2007 within his Nice Girl Project!. The group debuted in 2007 with the single "SWEET & TOUGHNESS" as a nine-member group. After two albums, six singles and various line-up changes between 2007 and 2011, Canary Club was transferred to Space Craft Group in 2011 with all members transferring except for Chihira Mochida, who remained a member of the group under TNX until her departure from the label in January 2015.. Since transferring, Canary Club have released songs for the games Rhythm Heaven and Rhythm Heaven Fever in 2008 and 2011 respectively. In a blog post discussing her departure, Chihara Mochida revealed that Canary Club went on hiatus in May 2012 to focus on individual activities. Members Can's (subunit) , born , born Aries (subunit) , born , born Former members Can's , born — left in January 2009 , born — left in June 2009 Aries , born — left in March 2010 , born — left in May 2011 , born — left in May 2011 Subunit unknown , born — joined in late 2009, left in January 2015 Discography Singles DVD singles Albums References External links Official blog Canary Club "Ishin-denshin" No. 37 on TBS Radio Japanese musical groups Japanese girl groups Japanese idol groups Musical groups established in 2007 Nice Girl Project! 2007 establishments in Japan

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4%20%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%87%B0%EB%A6%AC

클라우디오 카스타뇰리

클라우디오 카스타뇰리(Claudio Castagnoli, 1980년 12월 27일 ~ )는 스위스의 프로레슬링선수다. FCW/WWE 링네임은 안토니오 세자로(Antonio Cesaro)/세자로(Cesaro)다. 2000년 프로레슬링 입문했고 피니쉬는 리콜라 밤(스트레이드 재킷 파워밤), 스피닝 유러피안 어퍼컷, 오버-더 숄더 싱글 레그 보스턴 크랩, 인버티드 치카라 스페셜(닐링 스톱-오버 헤드 홀드 암바), 라살테씨 리프트(카렐린 리프트 드롭피드 인투 사이드 파일드라이버), 스위스블레이드(사이드 데스 벨리 드라이버) 스위스 데스/슈퍼 어퍼컷/베리 유러피안 어퍼컷(팝-업 유러피안 어퍼컷)인데 주로 자주 사용을 한다. 그리고 뉴트럴라이저(크래들 인버티드 벨리 투 백 매트 슬램), 크로스페이스, 샤프슈터도 사용을 하는데... 2015년에서도 타이슨 키드가 사모아 조대결에서 끝내 지면서 키드가 부상을 당하며 쉬게 되면서 이걸 사용을 하기 시작을 한다. 크로스페이스는 2015년 이걸 자주 사용을 하다가 2016년까지는 아예 사용을 하지 않는다. 그리고 시그니처 기술은 바로 스프링보드 유러피안 어퍼컷, 세자로 스윙(자이언트 스윙)으로 사용을 하는데 이거는 주로 인디단체에서 자주 사용을 했었다. 그리고 지금도 이걸 사용을 한다. 그리고는 크레이니얼 크랭크(친락)을 사용을 하는데 이 기술은 상대의 뒤에서 한 팔로 목을 감싸고 조이고 회전을 이용하기도 하여 숨을 못쉬게 하는 그런 기술이다. 그리고는 코너 유러피안 어퍼컷, 다이빙 유러피안 어퍼컷을 자주 이것도 사용을 하고 게다가 드롭킥도 자주 사용을 하고 틸트-어-휠 백브레이커도 자주 사용을 한다. 그러다가 브릿지 저먼 수플렉스 홀드, 브릿지 폴어웨이 슬램 홀드도 자주 사용을 한다. 더블 언더훅 파워밤도 사용을 하는 것도 빼놓을 수도 없다는 증거다. 스위스-원-나인 (타이거 페인트킥)도 사용을 한다. Professional wrestling highlights Finishing moves As Antonio Cesaro/Cesaro Crossface - 2015–2016; used as a characteristic move later Neutralizer (Cradle inverted belly to back mat slam) Ricola Bomb (Straight jacket powerbomb) (FCW); rarely used as a characteristic move in NXT/WWE Sharpshooter, usually transition from a Cesaro's Swing - 2015-present; adopted by Tyson Kidd Very European Uppercut / Swiss Death (Pop-up european uppercut) (FCW/NXT); sometimes used on a flying opponent as a counter-move (WWE); later used as a characteristic move As Claudio Castagnoli Alpamare Waterslide (Side death Valley driver) Discus european uppercut Inverted Chikara Special (Kneeling step-over head-hold armbar on an opponent upside down) - Chikara Lasartesse Lift (Karelin lift in a side piledriver) - 2007 Over the shoulder single leg boston crab with a neckscissors - PWG; later used as a characteristic move in ROH/Independent circuit Ricola Bomb (Sitout straight jacket powerbomb) Very European Uppercut / Swiss Death (Pop-up european uppercut) Signature moves Bridging fallaway slam Cesaro's Swing (Giant swing) Cranial Crank (Chinlook) Diving crossbody Double foot stomp Double underhook powerbomb Multiple european uppercut variations Diving Jumping Running corner Short-arm Springboard Multiple kick variations Drop Jumping big boot Somersault enzuigiri Swiss 1-9 (Tiger feint at the head of an opponent resting on the second string) - adopted by Rey Mysterio Multiple suplex variations Delayed german Gutwrench Overhead belly to belly Running somersault lariat Suicide dive Tilt-a-whirl backbreaker With Sheamus Finishing moves Lifting spinebuster (Cesaro) and Brogue Kick (Running bicycle kick) (Sheamus) combination Signature moves Military press (Sheamus) and Very European Uppercut (Pop-up european uppercut) (Cesaro) combination Rolling senton (Sheamus) and double foot stomp (Cesaro) combination White Noise (Over-the-shoulder belly-to-back piledriver) (Sheamus) and diving DDT (Cesaro) combination With Tyson Kidd Finishing moves Straight jacket powerbomb (Cesaro) and diving neckbreaker (Kidd) combination Signature moves Cesaro's Swing (Cesaro) and dropkick (Kidd) combination Nicknames "Double C" "The Most Money Making Man" "The Stalwart Swiss Powerhouse" "Very European" "The Swiss Sensation" "The Swiss Superman" "The Swiss Superstar" "The Paul Heyman Guy" "A Real American" "The King Of Swing" "The Swiss Cyborg" Managers Aksana Jade Chung Paul Heyman Prince Nana Sara Del Rey Shane Hagadorn Socal Val Zeb Colter Tag teams and stables Neville and Sesaro The Bar The Real Americans Tyson Kidd and Cesaro (with Natalya) Entrance themes "I've Got to Have It (Instrumental)" by Jermaine Dupri featuring Nas and Monica "We Are the Champions" by Queen (Used while teaming with Chris Hero) "1812 Overture" by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky "Engel" by Rammstein (used while a part of the Bruderschaft des Kreuzes) "KoW (Kings)" by Cody B. Ware, Emilio Sparks and J Glaze (used while teaming with Chris Hero) "Im Namen Der Bruderschaft" by Kenny Pickett (used while a part of the Bruderschaft des Kreuzes) "Miracle" by Jim Johnston (WWE; 2012-2014) Patriot by CFO$ (WWE; 2013-2014; used as a member of the Real Americans) "Swiss Made" by CFO$ (WWE; 2014-2016) "Hellfire" (with the Swiss Made intro) by CFO$ (WWE; 2016-2019; used in tag team with Sheamus) "SuperHuman" by CFO$ (WWE; 2019-2022) "Uppercut Swingphony" by Mikey Rukus (AEW; 2022-present) 신체 사항 키는 196cm(6 ft 5 in)에다가 몸무게는 105kg(232 lb)이다. 수상 치카라 캠프오네토스 빠레하스 (2회) - 크리스 히어로 (1회), 아레스 (1회) 글로벌 건틀릿 (2008) 킹 오브 트리오 (2010) - 털사스 태그 월드 그랜드 프히 (2005) - 아리크 캐논 태그 월드 그랜드 프히 (2006) - 크리스 히어로 또르네오 시베르네치코 (2007) CAPW 유니파이드 헤비웨이트 챔피언 (1회) CZW 월드 태그팀 챔피언 (2회) - 크리스 히어로 라스트 팀 스탠딩 (2006) - 크리스 히어로 GSW 태그팀 챔피언 (2회) - 아레스 JCW 태그팀 챔피언 (1회) - 크리스 히어로 IPW UK 태그팀 챔피언 (1회) - 아레스 IWA 스와질랜드 월드 헤비웨이트 챔피언 (1회) PWG 월드 챔피언 (1회) PWI 랭크드 힘 13 오브 더 탑 500 싱글즈 레슬링 인 더 PWI 500 인 2014 ROH 월드 챔피언 (2회) ROH 태그팀 챔피언 (2회) - 크리스 히어로 레이스 오브 더 탑 토너먼트 (2007) 태그 월스 토너먼트 (2010) 모스트 페인풀 인절리 오브 더 탑 (2015) 쉐어 위드 다니엘 브라이언 앤 세스 롤린스 모스트 퍼즈링리 푸쉬드-덴-베리드 퍼포머 (2014) SWF 파워하우스 챔피언 (2회) SWF 태그팀 챔피언 (1회) - 아레스 wXw 월드 헤비웨이트 챔피언 (2회) wXw 태그팀 챔피언 (3회) - 아레스 모스트 언더레이티드 (2014) 태그팀 오브 더 이열 (2010) - 위드 크리스 히어로 WWE 러 태그팀 챔피언 (5회) - 타이슨 키드 (1회), 쉐이머스 (4회) WWE 스맥다운 태그팀 챔피언 (2회) - 쉐이머스 (1회), 나카무라 신스케 (1회) WWE 유나이티드 스테이츠 챔피언 (1회) 앙드레 더 자이언트 기념 배틀 로얄 (2014) 슬래미 어워드 (1회) 베스트 존 시나 US 오픈 챌린지 (2015) WWE 이열-엔드 어워즈 포 태그팀 오브 더 이열 (2018) - 쉐이머스 1980년 출생 살아있는 사람 스위스의 남자 프로레슬러 미국에 거주한 스위스인 루체른 출신

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio%20Castagnoli

Claudio Castagnoli

Claudio Castagnoli ( ; born 27 December 1980) is a Swiss professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where is a member of the Blackpool Combat Club. He also performs for AEW's sister promotion, Ring of Honor (ROH), where he is a former two-time ROH World Champion. He became widely known for performing under the ring name Antonio Cesaro (later simply Cesaro) in WWE from 2011 to 2022. Castagnoli began his career in the European independent wrestling circuit in the year 2000, and wrestled for numerous independent promotions around the world, including Ring of Honor, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH), and Westside Xtreme Wrestling (WxW). During his time on the independent circuit, Castagnoli won numerous championships, and became an accomplished tag team wrestler, most notably forming a team with Chris Hero known as the Kings of Wrestling. The Kings of Wrestling became two-time ROH World Tag Team Champions, with their 364-day reign as champions becoming the longest in ROH history up to that point. The team also held various independent tag team titles, such as the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas, the JCW Tag Team Championship, and the CZW World Tag Team Championship, with Castagnoli also winning the PWG World Championship once. The Kings of Wrestling were voted as Tag Team of the Year by readers of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter in 2010. Castagnoli was signed to WWE in 2011, and given the ring name of Antonio Cesaro. He was assigned to WWE's developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), before making his debut for WWE's main roster in April 2012. Cesaro would hold the WWE United States Championship once, and won the inaugural André the Giant Memorial Trophy at WrestleMania XXX. In December 2014, he began a team with Tyson Kidd, with the pair later winning the WWE Tag Team Championship. After that team split, Cesaro would later form an alliance with Sheamus known as The Bar; The Bar won the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship four times, and the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship once. The Bar split up in April 2019, and Cesaro joined Sami Zayn and Shinsuke Nakamura to create a stable known as The Artist Collective. Cesaro and Nakamura won the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship once in July 2020, making Cesaro a seven-time WWE tag team champion in total. He left WWE in February 2022, and made his debut for AEW in June of that year, returning to his Claudio Castagnoli name and persona. When playing a villainous character, particularly in the United States, Castagnoli has been known to emphasize his European origin as part of his gimmick, proclaiming a superior intellect and fashion sensibility while regularly using moves such as the European uppercut. He gained a reputation for impressive in-ring feats of strength, and was called one of WWE's best and most underrated performers for much of his time there. He was voted "Most Underrated Wrestler" for a record four years in a row (2013–2016), by the Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Early life Claudio Castagnoli was born in Lucerne on 27 December 1980. He played basketball, football, and tennis in his youth, and became a fan of professional wrestling after discovering it on a German TV station. He then found an advertisement on an online forum that encouraged him to train to become a wrestler. Professional wrestling career Early career (2000–2004) Castagnoli received his initial training in his homeland from fellow Swiss wrestler SigMasta Rappo, and made his debut on Christmas Eve 2000 in Essen for the Germany-based Westside Xtreme Wrestling under the name Double C, losing to SigMasta Rippo. He first used a Japanese gimmick before changing it to a Swiss banker, along with Ares, together known as Swiss Money Holding. While performing in England, Castagnoli received training from Dave Taylor. In Switzerland, he met Chris Hero and Mike Quackenbush, who invited Swiss Money Holding to perform in the United States. They competed in IWA Mid-South and Chikara and received training from Hero before returning to Europe. In 2004, Castagnoli received permanent United States residency in his first try at the green card lottery and moved to the United States, where he began making regular appearances for Ring of Honor and Chikara, while Ares remained in Switzerland and formed the new Swiss Money Holding with Marc Roudin. Chikara (2003-2011) Kings of Wrestling (2003–2006) Castagnoli and Ares made their Chikara debuts on 5 July 2003, at the 2003 Tag World Grand Prix, from which they were eliminated after drawing with the SuperFriends (Chris Hero and Mike Quackenbush). Castagnoli returned to Chikara in 2004 as a member of Larry Sweeney's Sweet 'n' Sour International faction. The following year Castagnoli teamed up with Arik Cannon to form AC/CC. The team entered the 2005 Tag World Grand Prix and ended up winning the tournament after Hero turned on his partner Quackenbush in the final of the tournament. Together, Castagnoli, Cannon, and Hero formed the Kings of Wrestling faction. Cannon left the promotion at the end of 2005, leaving Hero and Castagnoli to form a regular tag team. They entered the 2006 Tag World Grand Prix, defeating Equinox and Hydra, Ranmaru and Sumie Sakai, the North Star Express (Ryan Cruz and Darin Corbin), Incoherence (Hallowicked and Delirious), and finally Team Dragondoor (Skayde and Milano Collection A.T.) to become the inaugural Chikara Campeones de Parejas. On 17 November 2006 at the Chikara show Brick in Reading, Pennsylvania, Castagnoli and Hero lost the Chikara tag titles to Team F.I.S.T. (Icarus and Gran Akuma) in a two out of three falls match. Following the match, Hero and Team F.I.S.T. turned on Castagnoli and attacked him. In November 2006, it was revealed that Castagnoli had signed a developmental deal with the World Wrestling Entertainment, having impressed them with an appearance on Raw (as a police officer in a backstage segment) and a successful tryout for Deep South Wrestling. Shortly after, Castagnoli was released from his WWE contract. Singles competition (2007–2009) Castagnoli returned to Chikara on 16 February 2007 as a masked character named "A Very Mysterious Ice Cream", part of Los Ice Creams. Afterward Castagnoli started feuding with his former partner Chris Hero. On 22 April 2007, at Rey de Voladores Hero defeated Castagnoli and as per stipulation of the match Castagnoli was forced to re-join the Kings of Wrestling. The following month Hero, Castagnoli and Larry Sweeney joined forces with Team F.I.S.T. (Icarus, Akuma and Chuck Taylor) to form the Kings of Wrestling superstable, which was later joined by Mitch Ryder, Max Boyer and Shayne Hawke. On 22 September 2007, at Cibernetico & Robin the Kings of Wrestling faced Los Luchadores in the annual torneo cibernetico match. The Kings won the match with Hero, Castagnoli and Mitch Ryder as the survivors, but since the match could only have one winner, they were forced to face each other. Castagnoli forced Hero to tap out and then pinned Ryder to win not only the match, but also his freedom from the Kings of Wrestling. On 9 December 2007, Castagnoli defeated Hero to finally end their long feud. After the match, Hero left the company and Castagnoli took over his training duties at the Chikara Wrestle Factory. In 2008, Castagnoli started a new feud, this time with Brodie Lee. On 7 September Castagnoli defeated Lee in the first steel cage match in Chikara history to win the feud. On 19 October 2008, Castagnoli won a seven-on-seven Global Gauntlet match where Chikara wrestlers faced off with wrestlers from Big Japan Pro Wrestling. Bruderschaft des Kreuzes (2009–2011) Castagnoli entered the 2009 King of Trios teaming with Bryan Danielson and Dave Taylor as Team Uppercut. The team advanced to the finals of the tournament, where they were defeated by F.I.S.T. (Icarus, Akuma and Taylor). After the tournament Eddie Kingston, whose team The Roughnecks had been eliminated by Castagnoli and his team, claimed that he had been embarrassed and disrespected by Castagnoli. On 24 May 2009, Kingston, who had claimed technical superiority over Castagnoli, pinned him cleanly with an Oklahoma roll. After Castagnoli defeated Kingston via countout at the 2009 Young Lions Cup, the two of them were booked in a "Respect Match" on 22 November 2009, at the season eight finale Three-Fisted Tales, where the loser of the match had to show respect to the winner. Castagnoli won the match, but instead of showing respect, Kingston attacked him, claiming that both Castagnoli and his former partner (Chris Hero) were shady and did not deserve respect. At the conclusion of the show Ares revealed himself as the man who had been stalking UltraMantis Black, at which point Castagnoli turned rudo by attacking Mike Quackenbush. After beating the entire tecnico roster Castagnoli aligned himself with Ares, Tursas, Pinkie Sanchez, Tim Donst, Sara Del Rey, and Daizee Haze to form the Bruderschaft des Kreuzes. After picking up the three points needed in order to challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas in just one weekend, Castagnoli and Ares defeated The Colony (Fire Ant and Soldier Ant) on 20 March 2010, to win the championship, making Castagnoli the first two-time Campeon de Parejas in Chikara history. In April Castagnoli, Ares and Tursas defeated the teams of The Osirian Portal (Amasis and Ophidian) and Sara Del Rey, Team Perros del Mal (El Alebrije, Cuije and El Orientál), Team Big Japan Wrestling (Daisuke Sekimoto, Kankuro Hoshino and Yuji Okabayashi) and The Colony (Fire Ant, Soldier Ant and Green Ant) over a three-day tournament to win the 2010 King of Trios. On 23 October Castagnoli represented BDK in the torneo cibernetico match, where they faced a team composed of Chikara originals. He eliminated himself from the match by low blowing Eddie Kingston, but his plan did not work out as Kingston came back to eliminate Tursas and win the match. At the season nine finale on 12 December, Castagnoli and Ares lost the Campeonatos de Parejas to Jigsaw and Mike Quackenbush. On 13 March 2011, Castagnoli and Eddie Kingston finally faced each other in a grudge match fifteen months in the making, with Castagnoli emerging victorious after hitting Kingston with a chain. In May, Castagnoli entered the 12 Large: Summit to determine the first ever Chikara Grand Champion. During the Chikarasaurus Rex weekend on 30 and 31 July, Castagnoli was involved in two main event matches, both of which were also a part of the 12 Large: Summit. After losing to Mike Quackenbush on Night 1, Castagnoli suffered an upset loss against his BDK stablemate Sara Del Rey on Night 2, after which he turned on not only Del Rey, but also Daizee Haze as she was standing up for her regular tag team partner. At the following event on 27 August, Castagnoli was defeated by Icarus, eliminating him from contention in the 12 Large: Summit. Combat Zone Wrestling (2004–2006) In late 2004, Castagnoli made his way to Combat Zone Wrestling, where he teamed up with Chris Hero to once again form the Kings of Wrestling. Eventually, on 10 September 2005 they defeated The Tough Crazy Bastards of Necro Butcher and Toby Klein to win the CZW World Tag Team Championship. While feuding with BLKOUT, Castagnoli and Hero lost the titles to Eddie Kingston and Joker. In September the Tag Team Championship was vacated when Joker left the company and on 14 October 2006, at Last Team Standing Castagnoli and Hero defeated Human Tornado and Justice Pain in the finals of a tournament to regain the championship. With their victory, Castagnoli and Hero held the tag team titles of three of the top American independent companies simultaneously (CZW, Chikara, and ROH). After news broke that WWE was interested in Castagnoli, he and Hero dropped the CZW World Tag Team Titles to the BLKOUT of Sabian and Robbie Mireno on 11 November 2006. Castagnoli has not returned to the company since the loss. Ring of Honor (2005-2011) Feud with Nigel McGuinness; CZW Invasion (2005–2006) Castagnoli made his Ring of Honor debut on 16 July 2005, at Fate of an Angel. For the rest of the year, he feuded with Pure Champion Nigel McGuinness. On 17 December at Final Battle 2005 McGuinness defeated Castagnoli in a match for the title and as a result Claudio could no longer challenge for the title as long as McGuinness was the champion. At the beginning of 2006 Castagnoli's partner from other promotions, Chris Hero, along with other Combat Zone Wrestling wrestlers invaded ROH and started a cross-promotional war. Castagnoli initially sided with ROH, but on 22 April 2006, at The 100th Show turned on the company and assisted Hero, Super Dragon and Necro Butcher in defeating Team ROH (Samoa Joe, B. J. Whitmer and Adam Pearce) in a six-man main event match. On 15 July 2006, at Death Before Dishonor 4 Team ROH defeated Castagnoli, Hero, Necro Butcher, Nate Webb and Eddie Kingston in a Cage of Death match to end the feud. Due to having a contract with ROH prior to the invasion however, Castagnoli was allowed to stay in the company, while the rest of Team CZW were forced out. Hero returned to the company during the August tour of United Kingdom and on 16 September he revealed that he had stolen the ROH World Tag Team Championship belts from champions Austin Aries and Roderick Strong in order to get himself and Castagnoli a match for them. That match took place on 16 September 2006, at Glory By Honor V Night 2, where the Kings of Wrestling defeated Aries and Strong to become the new Ring of Honor tag team champions. With the news of WWE showing interest in Castagnoli, the Kings of Wrestling dropped the ROH World Tag Team Championship to Christopher Daniels and Matt Sydal on 25 November 2006, at Dethroned. On 23 December at Final Battle 2006 the Briscoe Brothers (Jay and Mark) defeated Castagnoli and Hero in what was scheduled to be their last match together. After the match, Castagnoli announced that he would not be leaving for WWE after all, and promised great things for the Kings of Wrestling in 2007. Hero shook Castagnoli's hand, but left with his manager Larry Sweeney who promised Hero big things in 2007, thus ending the Kings of Wrestling. Pursuit of the ROH World Championship (2007–2009) Castagnoli wrestled on Ring of Honor's first pay-per-view Respect is Earned on 12 May 2007, teaming with Matt Sydal to challenge the Briscoe Brothers for the ROH World Tag Team Championship. Despite losing the match, Castagnoli was granted a rematch with the partner of his choosing. He chose former partner Chris Hero, but the duo lost to the Briscoes on 9 June. Castagnoli gained success in ROH singles competition on 28 July 2007, by winning Ring of Honor's Race to the Top Tournament, a 16-man, two-night event. He defeated Hallowicked, Mike Quackenbush and Jack Evans en route to the final, where he defeated El Generico. He faced Takeshi Morishima for the ROH World Championship at Death Before Dishonor V: Night One on 10 August, but lost. He received a second shot, this time a three-way match with Brent Albright, later that month, but was again unable to win the title. On 29 December 2007, one year after Hero had abandoned Castagnoli, the two of them faced each other at the second ROH pay-per-view Rising Above. If Castagnoli won the match, he would get five minutes with Larry Sweeney, but if he lost, would have had to join Sweet 'n' Sour Inc. He won, but was defeated by Sweeney the following night at Final Battle 2007, when Sweet & Sour, Inc. member Daniel Puder interfered. On 28 June 2008, Castagnoli scored one of his biggest victories in Ring of Honor by pinning Bryan Danielson in their first meeting in ROH. The following month, on 26 July, Castagnoli received a match for the ROH World Championship against Nigel McGuinness, but lost. On 2 August, Castagnoli failed a Championship rematch against McGuinness. Along with Bryan Danielson and ROH World Tag Team Champion Tyler Black, he competed in a four-man elimination match. He wound up being the first eliminated by Danielson and afterwards snapped and beat Danielson down setting him up to be eliminated by the eventual winner McGuinness. After turning heel Castagnoli started referring to himself as "very European", joined Prince Nana's heel stable The Embassy and feuded with Brent Albright. Kings of Wrestling reunion (2009–2011) On 19 December 2009, at Final Battle 2009, ROH's first live pay-per-view, Castagnoli reunited with his former Kings of Wrestling partner Chris Hero as they attacked the new ROH World Tag Team Champions, the Briscoe Brothers. The two adopted Shane Hagadorn as their manager and Sara Del Rey as an associate. On 3 April 2010, at The Big Bang! Castagnoli and Hero defeated the Briscoes to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship for the second time. At the following pay-per-view, Death Before Dishonor VIII, on 19 June Castagnoli and Hero successfully defended their Championship against the Briscoes in a No Disqualification match. In July, ROH announced the return of Tag Wars, where 12 tag teams competed in three blocks to determine new challengers for the Kings of Wrestling in an Ultimate Endurance match. On 28 August the Kings of Wrestling defeated The Dark City Fight Club (Jon Davis and Kory Chavis), The All Night Express (Kenny King and Rhett Titus) and the Briscoes to retain their championship and win the 2010 Tag Wars. On 2 September it was announced that Castagnoli had signed a contract with ROH, which gave the company priority in his independent bookings. At the following pay–per–view, Glory By Honor IX on 11 September, the Kings of Wrestling picked up a major victory by defeating Wrestling's Greatest Tag Team (Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin) in a non–title match. On 18 December at Final Battle 2010 the Kings of Wrestling ended their feud with the Briscoe Brothers in a six-man tag team match, where Jay, Mark and their father Mike defeated Castagnoli, Hero and Shane Hagadorn. On 4 January 2011 Castagnoli and Hero became the longest reigning ROH World Tag Team Champions by breaking the previous record of 275 days, set by the Briscoe Brothers. On 26 February at the 9th Anniversary Show, Castagnoli and Hero successfully defended the ROH World Tag Team Championship against The All Night Express. On 1 April at Honor Takes Center Stage, the Kings of Wrestling lost the ROH World Tag Team Championship to Haas and Benjamin, ending their reign at 363 days. Castagnoli and Hero received their rematch for the ROH World Tag Team Championship on 13 August at the first Ring of Honor Wrestling tapings under the Sinclair Broadcast Group banner, but were unable to regain the championship from Haas and Benjamin. Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (2005–2008, 2010–2011) On 6 August 2005, Castagnoli made his debut for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla, losing to Joey Ryan. On 2 September 2006, Castagnoli entered his first Battle of Los Angeles tournament, but ended up being eliminated in the first round by Jack Evans. On 21 October, at Horror Business Castagnoli and Hero attempted to win the PWG World Tag Team Championship to hold four different sets of Tag Team titles simultaneously, but were unable to dethrone the Champions Super Dragon and Davey Richards. They received another match for the Championship during the 2007 DDT4 tournament, but were defeated in the first round by the Briscoes. In August 2007, Castagnoli competed in his second Battle of Los Angeles. He defeated Doug Williams in the first round, but lost to Pac in the second. In late 2007, Chris Hero was involved in a feud with Human Tornado and when Hero's scheduled tag team partner Eddie Kingston turned on him in a mystery tag team partner match and sided with Tornado instead, Castagnoli came out and took Kingston's place as Hero's partner. However, when Hero went to tag Castagnoli, he nailed him with a European uppercut, turned heel and joined Tornado and Kingston. On 5 January 2008, at All Star Weekend 6: Night One Tornado, Castagnoli and Kingston defeated Hero, Necro Butcher and Hero's girlfriend/valet Candice LeRae in a six-person tag team match to earn Tornado a match with LeRae. On 21 March 2008, Hero defeated Castagnoli in a grudge match. On 6 July 2008, at PWG's fifth anniversary show Life During Wartime Castagnoli wrestled his last match at the time for the promotion, defeating Phoenix Star. Castagnoli returned to the company for the annual Battle of Los Angeles Tournament on 4 September 2010. Castagnoli made it to the semifinals of the tournament, defeating Ricochet and Roderick Strong, before losing to the eventual winner Joey Ryan. Ryan should then have earned a match for the PWG World Championship, but as Davey Richards was stripped of the championship, Castagnoli and the three other Battle of Los Angeles semifinalists – Brandon Gatson, Chris Hero and Joey Ryan – were placed in a four-way match to determine a new Champion. On 9 October's The Curse of Guerrilla Island, Castagnoli defeated Gatson, Hero and Ryan to win the PWG World Championship, his first major singles title in the United States. Castagnoli and Hero were scheduled to face PWG World Tag Team Champions, ¡Peligro Abejas! (El Generico and Paul London), in a non–title match at the following event. Due to Castagnoli's title win, the Champions agreed to put their belts on the line as long as Castagnoli agreed to give the victor a shot at the PWG World Championship, should the Kings lose. After Castagnoli had agreed to the stipulation, ¡Peligro Abejas! defeated him and Hero to retain the World Tag Team Championship and earn El Generico a shot at the PWG World Championship. On 29 January 2011, during the WrestleReunion 5 weekend, Castagnoli made his first successful defense by defeating El Generico. On 4 March Castagnoli and Hero entered the 2011 DDT 4 Tournament, defeating the Cutler Brothers (Brandon and Dustin Cutler) in their first-round match. However, in the semifinals of the tournament the Kings of Wrestling suffered an upset loss against the Nightmare Violence Connection (Akira Tozawa and Kevin Steen) when Tozawa rolled Hero up for the win. On 9 April Castagnoli defended the PWG World Championship against the Battle of Los Angeles winner, Joey Ryan, who had knocked him out of the previous year's tournament. On 27 May, during the first night of All Star Weekend 8, Castagnoli successfully defended the PWG World Championship against his longtime tag team partner Chris Hero. The following night, Castagnoli defeated Low Ki to retain the title. On 23 July at PWG's eighth anniversary show, Castagnoli defeated Hero in a rematch for the PWG World Championship. After the match Castagnoli accepted a challenge from Kevin Steen and ended up losing the title to him in the impromptu match, ending his reign at 287 days. On 20 August, after both Castagnoli and Hero were eliminated from the 2011 Battle of Los Angeles in the first round, they challenged PWG World Tag Team Champions, The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson), to a match for the title. The match, which took place later that same evening, saw the Kings of Wrestling once again fail to win the PWG World Tag Team Championship. Pro Wrestling Noah (2008–2011) Castagnoli made his debut for Pro Wrestling Noah on 15 February 2008, when he teamed up with Chris Hero in a losing effort against Jun Akiyama and Kentaro Shiga. He primarily wrestled in the promotion as Chris Hero's tag team partner and in January 2010 the Kings of Wrestling entered the Global Tag League, where they ended up losing all of their matches. Castagnoli and Hero returned to Noah on 19 November 2010, for a three-week-long tour. The team went undefeated in tag team matches, before being defeated on the final day of the tour, 5 December, by Takuma Sano and Yoshihiro Takayama in a match for the GHC Tag Team Championship. The Kings of Wrestling returned to Noah in April 2011 to take part in the 2011 Global Tag League, where they managed to win two out of their seven-round robin matches, finishing seventh out of eight teams in the block. On 15 May, he traveled to Germany to challenge Takashi Sugiura's GHC Heavyweight Championship on "Genesis in Germany", co-promoted by local Westside Xtreme Wrestling and NOAH. However, he was unsuccessful in his challenge, losing after an Olympic Slam. Other promotions (2006–2010) In November 2006, he wrestled Antonio Thomas in one half of the main event at MXW Pro Wrestling's Capital Collision show in Albany, New York. In April 2007, Castagnoli represented Chikara in the inaugural King of Europe Cup, a sixteen-man tournament held in Liverpool, England. He lost in the opening match against CZW's representative and former partner, Chris Hero. During mid-2007, Castagnoli competed in the Reclaiming the Glory Tournament for the newly vacated NWA World Heavyweight Championship under the Terry Funk bracket. He defeated Pepper Parks in the first-round qualifiers and Sicodelico Jr. in the second before losing to Brent Albright in the semi-finals on 12 August in Charlotte, North Carolina. Later in September, Castagnoli competed in Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South's Ted Petty Invitational 2007 tournament. He defeated Nigel McGuinness in the first round, Davey Richards in the quarterfinals, and Brent Albright in the semifinals to compete in a three-way elimination match, with finalists Mike Quackenbush and IWA Mid-South Heavyweight Champion Chuck Taylor. He was first eliminated by the eventual winner, Quackenbush, being pinned following a Quackendriver II. Castagnoli replaced Fergal Devitt in the eight-man NWA Australian Championship Tournament which was held in November 2007. On 13 March 2010, Castagnoli made his debut for Evolve Wrestling, at the promotion's second event, defeating Bobby Fish. At the following show on 1 May Castagnoli was defeated by Chuck Taylor. WWE (2011–2022) Florida Championship Wrestling (2011–2012) In September 2011, Castagnoli signed a contract with WWE and began working in its developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) under the new ring name Antonio Cesaro. He made his FCW debut at a live event on 17 September, in a loss against Seth Rollins. He made his television debut on the 24 October episode of FCW, defeating Mike Dalton. On 6 January 2012, Cesaro made his WWE live event debut in Jackson, Mississippi, where he teamed with Michael McGillicutty in a tag team loss to Alex Riley and Mason Ryan. On the 4 March episode of FCW, Cesaro and Alexander Rusev unsuccessfully challenged Bo Rotundo and Husky Harris for the Florida Tag Team Championship. Cesaro then started feuding with Richie Steamboat over the FCW 15 Championship, starting with a title match (15 minute Iron Man rules) on the 18 March episode of FCW, which ended in a 1–1 draw, so Steamboat retained the title. A 20-minute rematch on the 8 April episode of FCW resulted in a similar 1–1 draw. A second 30-minute rematch for the title on 6 May FCW TV resulted in Steamboat winning 3–2. On the 13 May episode of FCW, Cesaro was then disqualified against Kassius Ohno (the former Chris Hero) and eliminated from a tournament to crown the number one contender to the FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship. Cesaro faced Steamboat again for the FCW 15 Championship on the 8 July episode of FCW in a 15-minute match that Steamboat won 1–0 in sudden death overtime. United States Champion (2012–2013) Cesaro made his WWE television debut on 20 April episode of SmackDown, appearing in a backstage segment with Aksana and Theodore Long, ending with him going to talk to General Manager John Laurinaitis about a contract. In storyline, the multilingual Cesaro served in the Swiss militia, before embarking on a career in rugby, which ended with him being banned for "excessive aggression". The following week on SmackDown, Cesaro defeated Tyson Kidd in a tryout match. In May, Aksana revealed that she and Cesaro were lovers. On 3 July live episode of The Great American Bash SmackDown, Cesaro suffered his first loss when he and Aksana were defeated in a mixed tag team match by The Great Khali and Layla. On 27 July and 3 August episodes of SmackDown, Cesaro scored back-to-back non-title wins over United States Champion Santino Marella. On the following SmackDown, Cesaro suffered his first loss in a singles match as he was pinned by Christian. On the SummerSlam pre-show on 19 August, Cesaro defeated Marella to win the title, his first singles title in WWE. Cesaro made his first televised title defense on 3 September Raw, defeating Marella in a rematch. Cesaro retained the title against Zack Ryder on 16 September at Night of Champions. On 21 September SmackDown, Cesaro ended his relationship with Aksana after an inadvertent distraction from her cost him his non-title match with Santino Marella. This led to a title rematch between Cesaro and Marella the following week, where Cesaro was able to retain his title easily. At Hell in a Cell on 28 October, Cesaro successfully retained the United States Championship against Justin Gabriel. Cesaro then began feuding with R-Truth after Truth saved Kofi Kingston from a post-match assault from Cesaro on 29 October Raw. At the same time as his feud with Truth, Cesaro was successfully defending his title against Tyson Kidd on the 31 October episode of NXT. On 18 November at Survivor Series, Cesaro defeated R-Truth to retain the United States Championship. The feud continued on the following SmackDown, with Truth defeating Cesaro in a non-title match. Cesaro then defeated Truth in two more matches, first in a four-way match, which also included Kofi Kingston and Wade Barrett on 3 December Raw and second on 16 December at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs in a singles match, to retain his title. On 31 December Raw, Cesaro issued a title challenge to Sgt. Slaughter as part of the "Champion's Choice Night" and then defeated Slaughter in the match that followed to retain his championship. At the Royal Rumble pre-show on 27 January 2013, Cesaro defeated The Miz to retain the United States Championship. That same night, he entered his first Royal Rumble match at #22 but was eliminated by the eventual winner John Cena. On 17 February at Elimination Chamber, he retained the United States Championship against Miz via disqualification after Miz accidentally hit him in the groin. Cesaro and Miz faced off in a two-out-of-three falls match for the title on 1 March SmackDown, where Cesaro retained his title to end their feud. During 21 March NXT tapings (which aired on 24 April due to tape delay), Cesaro successfully retained his title against Adrian Neville during the "Clash of the Champions" NXT. On 15 April Raw, Cesaro lost the United States Championship to Kofi Kingston in an upset victory, ending his long-lived reign at 239 days. Cesaro received his rematch for the title on 1 May episode of Main Event, but was again defeated by Kingston. Real Americans (2013–2014) In May, Cesaro started a feud with Sami Zayn in NXT, where the two held some of what would later be considered the best matches of 2013. On 22 May episode of NXT, Zayn scored an upset victory over Cesaro in his debut match. Cesaro later defeated Zayn in a rematch on the 13 June episode of NXT. On 17 June episode of Raw, Cesaro became an associate of Zeb Colter. Colter and Cesaro went on to justify their alliance by saying that Cesaro was the ultimate (legal) immigrant and thus a superior American. Cesaro unsuccessfully challenged Bo Dallas for the NXT Championship on 3 July episode of NXT. At Money in the Bank on 14 July, Cesaro and Colter's fellow client Jack Swagger competed in the World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank ladder match, but were both unsuccessful as the match was won by Damien Sandow. The following night on Raw, Cesaro and Swagger, now billed as "The Real Americans", teamed together in a losing effort to The Usos. On 21 August episode of NXT, Cesaro defeated Zayn in a two-out-of-three falls match to conclude the feud. On 15 September at the Night of Champions pre-show, The Real Americans competed in a #1 contenders Tag Team Turmoil match for the WWE Tag Team Championship, in which they were the last team eliminated by The Prime Time Players (Darren Young and Titus O'Neil). On 6 October at Battleground, The Real Americans defeated Santino Marella and The Great Khali. At Hell in a Cell on 27 October, they lost to Los Matadores (Diego and Fernando). The following night on Raw, The Real Americans defeated WWE Tag Team Champions Cody Rhodes and Goldust in a non-title match. On 18 November Raw, a fan handed out a hundred simple black and white signs on standard printer paper with the words "Cesaro Section" printed on them. A group of fans held them up together in Cesaro's match and this made it to air and was remarked on by the commentators, as well as by Cesaro himself after the show; this was picked up by other fans, and the Cesaro Section phenomenon quickly spread from there to other arenas and events." Cesaro competed in the 30-man Royal Rumble match at Royal Rumble on 26 January, entering at #21 but was eliminated by Roman Reigns. On 31 January episode of SmackDown, Cesaro defeated Dolph Ziggler to earn a spot at the Elimination Chamber match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. On 14 February SmackDown, while his ring name was shortened to Cesaro, he defeated WWE World Heavyweight Champion Randy Orton clean in a non-title match. At Elimination Chamber on 23 February, Cesaro was eliminated by Cena via submission. On 27 February at NXT Arrival, Cesaro defeated Zayn again, but embraced Zayn after the match. During the WrestleMania XXX pre-show on 6 April, The Real Americans were the final team eliminated during a fatal four-way tag team elimination match for the WWE Tag Team Championship. Jack Swagger blamed Cesaro for the loss and put Cesaro in the Patriot Lock before Colter demanded that the duo to shake hands. Cesaro instead retaliated with a Cesaro Swing on Swagger. Later during the pay-per-view Cesaro was a surprise entrant in the inaugural André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, which he won by making the final elimination of the Big Show, body slamming him over the top rope and out of the ring in a manner reminiscent of Hulk Hogan's body slam of André at WrestleMania III. In a 2015 interview, Cesaro would describe this victory as his "career highlight" to that point. Teaming with Tyson Kidd (2014–2015) On the post-WrestleMania Raw on 7 April, Hogan endorsed Cesaro's WrestleMania victory. Cesaro proceeded to dump Colter as his manager, instead revealing that he was a Paul Heyman guy. After Cesaro was eliminated by Rob Van Dam from a tournament for an Intercontinental Championship title shot, he defeated Van Dam and Swagger in an elimination match at Extreme Rules on 4 May. At Payback on 1 June, Cesaro faced Sheamus for the United States Championship in a losing effort. At Money in the Bank on 29 June, he competed in a ladder match for the vacant WWE World Heavyweight Championship, which was won by John Cena. On 21 July Raw, Cesaro ended his partnership with Paul Heyman. In July 2014, WWE.com noted that one of Cesaro's signature moves, the Cesaro Swing, was "now a rarely used attraction" after previously being "a daily maneuver"; also that month, it was reported that WWE officials had told Cesaro to stop using the Cesaro Swing because it was making him too popular, and they did not want him being cheered as a heel. Cesaro lost to Rob Van Dam at the SummerSlam pre-show on 17 August. By defeating Van Dam in a rematch on Raw, Cesaro earned a United States title match against Sheamus, but lost again at Night of Champions on 21 September. Instead, Cesaro switched his sights to another title, the Intercontinental Championship held by Dolph Ziggler, as Cesaro became #1 contender after winning a battle royal. From September to November, Cesaro faced Ziggler in a title match on five occasions, on Raw, SmackDown and on 26 October at Hell in a Cell, but lost every match, including three-way matches and a two-out-of-three falls match. In a December 2014 interview, Stone Cold Steve Austin asked Vince McMahon why Cesaro had not gotten over yet and asked whether Cesaro was getting a proper push. McMahon replied that Cesaro was lacking in charisma, verbal skills, and the "it" factor, "might be because he's Swiss ... and the European style". McMahon concluded that he was not certain what could be done to restore Cesaro's momentum, but McMahon was not giving up. Cesaro began teaming with Tyson Kidd on the 1 December episode of Raw and were eliminated from a gauntlet match for a tag title shot by The Usos. At the Royal Rumble pre-show on 25 January, Cesaro and Kidd defeated The New Day (Big E, Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods). Later that night, Cesaro entered the Royal Rumble match at #28 but was eliminated by Dolph Ziggler. At Fastlane on 22 February, Cesaro and Kidd defeated The Usos to capture the WWE Tag Team Championship. They retained their titles in a rematch the following night on Raw after their valet Natalya caused a disqualification. Cesaro and Kidd retained their titles at the WrestleMania 31 pre-show on 29 March in a fatal four-way tag team match. Cesaro also competed in the André the Giant memorial battle royal, but was eliminated by Big Show. Cesaro and Kidd reignited their feud against The New Day, where a double turn took place; Cesaro and Kidd turned face by displaying a fighting spirit, marking Cesaro's first ever face turn in WWE, while The New Day turned heel by using underhanded tactics during their matches. At Extreme Rules on 26 April, Cesaro and Kidd lost the titles to The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston). They failed to regain the championship at Payback in a 2-out-of-3 falls match on 17 May due to Xavier Woods' interference. At Elimination Chamber on 31 May, they failed to win the titles in the inaugural tag team Elimination Chamber match. On 7 June, it was announced that Kidd had suffered a legitimate spinal injury and would be out of action for over a year. Cesaro Section (2015–2016) On 29 June episode of Raw, Cesaro answered John Cena's United States Championship open challenge and won by disqualification after Kevin Owens interfered and assaulted Cesaro. He unsuccessfully challenged Cena for the title again the next week on Raw. Both matches were critically praised, and the second one was awarded the Slammy Award for "Best John Cena U.S. Open Challenge". On 13 July episode of Raw, Cesaro confronted Kevin Owens and Rusev about who should face Cena for the championship. This resulted in a triple threat match, where the winner would face Cena immediately after, which Rusev won. On 16 July episode of SmackDown, Cesaro became only the second man (after John Cena) to pin Rusev in a singles match. At SummerSlam on 23 August, Cesaro lost to Owens. Around this time, with Cesaro now firmly established as a fan favorite, the Cesaro Section phenomenon that originated in early 2014 again found traction, and home-made printed "Cesaro Section" signs again became circulated widely for fans to hold up during events to show their support for Cesaro. Cesaro defeated Sheamus on 9 November episode of Raw to advance to the quarterfinals in a tournament to crown a new WWE World Heavyweight Champion at Survivor Series after previous champion Seth Rollins injured his knee at a house show in Dublin, but lost to Roman Reigns in the semi-finals on 16 November. On 23 November, WWE announced that Cesaro needed surgery for a torn rotator cuff muscle in his left shoulder that had been injured for at least two months, and that would leave him out of action for four to six months. Cesaro made his return from injury on the Raw after WrestleMania 32 on 4 April 2016 episode of Raw, introducing a new James Bond style entrance and attire to his character, including a tear-away business suit. He replaced Sami Zayn as a surprise entrant in the main event, a fatal 4-way match between himself, Kevin Owens, AJ Styles and Chris Jericho to determine the #1 contender for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship, with the match being won by Styles. On 11 April edition of Raw, Cesaro defeated Kevin Owens to become the #1 contender for the Intercontinental Championship held by The Miz. At Payback on 1 May, Cesaro failed to win the title after a distraction by Zayn and Owens, allowing Miz to retain the title. A fatal 4-way match for the title between Cesaro, Miz, Owens, and Zayn was then made for the Extreme Rules pay-per-view on 22 May. The Miz ultimately prevailed by pinning Cesaro after Zayn executed a Helluva Kick on Cesaro. The following night on Raw Cesaro defeated Miz for a spot in the Money in the Bank ladder match. On the following episode of SmackDown, The Miz retained the title against Cesaro. At Money in the Bank on 19 June, Cesaro was unsuccessful as the match was won by Dean Ambrose. The Bar (2016–2019) On 19 July at the 2016 WWE draft, Cesaro was drafted to Raw. Afterwards, while being interviewed live on the WWE Network by JoJo, Cesaro legitimately complained about how he should have been drafted "at least top 10" and thought he would be a better fit on the more wrestling-oriented SmackDown brand, as well as criticizing the decision to have the storyline focus on the potential drama between Stephanie McMahon and Raw General Manager Mick Foley as opposed to the wrestlers themselves. While WWE would eventually continue this as part of an angle, Dave Meltzer confirmed on Twitter that the interview was a shoot and that Cesaro had unexpectedly gone off-script. After the draft, Cesaro would then begin a rivalry with Sheamus, and Mick Foley announced that the pair would face each other in a Best of Seven Series, with the first match taking place on 21 August on the SummerSlam kick-off show, which Sheamus won. Sheamus would defeat Cesaro in the second and third matches, but Cesaro defeated Sheamus in the fourth, fifth and sixth match, tying the series 3–3. The two faced in the seventh and deciding match at Clash of Champions, which ended in a no contest, leaving the result of their series unclear. The next night on Raw, Mick Foley decided to make the two men partners. In spite of the two not getting along, Cesaro and Sheamus received a match for the Raw Tag Team Championship against The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods) at Hell in a Cell on 30 October, winning the match by disqualification but not the tiles since championships cannot change hands by disqualification. At Survivor Series on 20 November, Cesaro and Sheamus made up part of Team Raw as they defeated Team SmackDown in a 10-on-10 Survivor Series elimination tag team match. The next night on Raw, Cesaro and Sheamus again failed to capture Raw Tag Team Championship from The New Day. Following this, Cesaro and Sheamus finally began to co-operate with each other, and the two defeated the New Day on 18 December at Roadblock: End of the Line to win the tag team championship. Going into 2017, Cesaro and Sheamus began a feud with Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson. At the Royal Rumble on 29 January, Cesaro and Sheamus lost the championship to Anderson and Gallows. The pair also competed in the Royal Rumble match later that night, but both were eliminated by Chris Jericho after getting into an argument. At WrestleMania 33 on 2 April, Cesaro and Sheamus competed in a four-team ladder match for the Raw Tag Team Championship, which was won by The Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy. At Payback on 30 April, Cesaro and Sheamus unsuccessfully challenged The Hardy Boyz for the championship, and attacked them after the match, turning into villainous characters. The duo then christened themselves as "The Bar", and again challenged The Hardy Boyz for the championship in a steel cage match at Extreme Rules on 4 June, which The Bar won. They then successfully defended the championship against The Hardy Boyz on Raw, and again on 9 July at Great Balls of Fire. However, at SummerSlam on 20 August, The Bar lost the Raw Tag Team Championship to Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins. On 24 September at No Mercy, The Bar were again defeated by Ambrose and Rollins in a rematch for the championship, during which Cesaro suffered an injury to his two front teeth. WWE released a statement on Cesaro's medical condition stating that his teeth had been pushed up into his upper jaw by about 3 to 4 mm and that he would next go to see a maxillofacial surgeon. After this, The Bar teamed up with The Miz, Braun Strowman and Kane against Ambrose, Rollins and Kurt Angle in a five-on-three TLC match at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs on 23 October in a losing effort. On 6 November episode of Raw, the duo regained their titles from Rollins and Ambrose, winning the title for the third time as a team. At Survivor Series on 19 November, as SmackDown Tag Team Champions they were defeated by The Usos in an inter-brand Champion vs Champion match. The Bar later lost the tag team titles to the team of Seth Rollins and Jason Jordan on the 25 December episode of Raw. On 28 January 2018, The Bar won back the title at the Royal Rumble, becoming record four-time champions as a team, and a record fifth reign for Cesaro individually. Following consecutive losses to Titus Worldwide (Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil) on Raw, they defended their title against the two on 25 February at Elimination Chamber, retaining successfully. On 12 March episode of Raw, Braun Strowman won a tag team battle royal to determine the number one contenders for their tag titles at WrestleMania 34, although he lacked a partner. Raw General Manager Kurt Angle still allowed Strowman to wrestle for the titles, under the provision that he reveal his mystery partner at the event. At the event on 8 April, Strowman revealed his partner to be a 10-year-old fan called Nicholas (in reality the son of referee John Cone). The Bar were defeated by Strowman and Nicholas, therefore losing the tag team title and in turn making Nicholas the youngest champion of any kind in WWE history. On 17 April, as part of the 2018 WWE Superstar Shake-up, Cesaro and Sheamus were both drafted to SmackDown. Despite the trade, they still had an opportunity to challenge for the Raw Tag Team Championship as they faced Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt at Greatest Royal Rumble event on 27 April, but they were defeated. At Super Show-Down on 6 October, The Bar challenged The New Day for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, but were defeated. However, on the 1000th episode of SmackDown, The Bar won the titles from The New Day with the help of Big Show. The Bar lost to Raw Tag Team Champions AOP in an inter-brand Champion vs. Champion match at Survivor Series on 18 November. On 27 November episode of SmackDown, they had a backstage argument with Big Show, causing him to break away from the team. At TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs on 16 December, they successfully defended the championship against The Usos and The New Day in a triple threat tag team match. At Royal Rumble pay-per-view on 27 January 2019, The Bar lost the championship to The Miz and Shane McMahon. On the following episode of SmackDown, they lost a #1 contenders match to The Usos. At WrestleMania 35 on 7 April, The Bar lost to The Usos in a fatal-four-way tag team match for the SmackDown Tag Team Championships, which also included the teams of Aleister Black and Ricochet and Rusev and Shinsuke Nakamura. On 9 April SmackDown, Sheamus reportedly suffered a concussion in a six-man tag team match with The New Day. Cesaro was drafted to Raw a few weeks later, while Sheamus remained on SmackDown, bringing an end to the team. The Artist Collective (2019–2021) On 20 May episode of Raw, Cesaro debuted a new entrance theme and titantron separate from The Bar as he defeated Ricochet. He also adopted a new part of his gimmick where he would only allow backstage interviewers to ask him only one question before walking away. Over the following weeks, Cesaro and Ricochet traded wins with each other. Their series of matches received praise from critics. At Extreme Rules on 14 July, Cesaro lost to Aleister Black. Cesaro would go on to issue an open challenge at NXT UK TakeOver: Cardiff on 31 August, which would be answered by Ilja Dragunov and Cesaro would go on to win the match. Cesaro would enter the 2019 King of the Ring tournament but was eliminated by Samoa Joe in the first round. As part of the draft in October, Cesaro was drafted back to the SmackDown brand. He lost to Mansoor on 31 October at Crown Jewel. In the following weeks, Cesaro would align himself with Sami Zayn and Shinsuke Nakamura, teaming with Nakamura on several occasions, including challenging for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, where they were unsuccessful. On 26 January 2020, at Royal Rumble, Cesaro entered at #9 but was eliminated by Brock Lesnar. At Elimination Chamber on 8 March, Sami Zayn, along with Nakamura and Cesaro, defeated Braun Strowman in 3-on-1 handicap match for the Intercontinental Championship. Zayn became the new champion pinning Strowman. On the first night of WrestleMania 36 on 4 April, Cesaro defeated Drew Gulak on the kickoff show. At Money in the Bank on 10 May, Cesaro was defeated by Jeff Hardy on the kickoff show. Following this, Cesaro began teaming with Nakamura more frequently as they feuded with The New Day for the SmackDown Tag Team Titles. On 10 July episode of SmackDown, Cesaro and Nakamura challenged New Day for the titles but the match ended in a no contest after Cesaro and Nakamura put Kofi Kingston and Big E through a table. On 19 July at The Horror Show at Extreme Rules, Cesaro and Nakamura defeated Kingston and Big E in a tables match to capture the titles, marking Cesaro's second reign. On 9 October episode of SmackDown, they lost the titles to Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods. Various feuds and departure (2021–2022) In early 2021, Cesaro and Nakamura quietly disbanded after Nakamura turned face. At Royal Rumble on 31 January, he entered at #28, but was eliminated by Braun Strowman. On 5 February episode of SmackDown Cesaro gave Daniel Bryan a fist bump as a show of respect after their match, turning face for the first time since 2017. The following week on SmackDown, Cesaro began a feud with Seth Rollins, after Rollins attacked him from behind following a walkout by the SmackDown roster. At Elimination Chamber on 21 February, Cesaro competed in the Elimination Chamber match where the winner would receive an immediate Universal Championship match, eliminating King Corbin but was the second to last man eliminated by Jey Uso. On 26 March episode of SmackDown, he was challenged by Rollins to a match at WrestleMania 37, which Cesaro accepted. On the first night of WrestleMania on 10 April, Cesaro defeated Rollins. Cesaro faced Universal Champion Roman Reigns at WrestleMania Backlash on 16 May, but was defeated. After the match, Rollins attacked Cesaro and would continue to ambush him on subsequent episodes of SmackDown, culminating in Cesaro being taken out on a stretcher on 21 May episode. Cesaro would make his return on 11 June episode of SmackDown, attacking Rollins. A rematch would be scheduled for Hell in a Cell on 20 June the following week in which Rollins defeated Cesaro. He once again lost to Rollins on 9 July episode of SmackDown, failing to qualify for that year's Money in the Bank ladder match and ending the feud. In October, he entered the King of the Ring tournament, where he lost to Finn Bálor in the first round. At Survivor Series on 21 November, Cesaro participated in a 25-man dual-branded battle royal to commemorate the 25th anniversary of The Rock's debut at the 1996 Survivor Series, which was won by Omos. On the following episode of SmackDown, he failed to win a Black Friday Invitational battle royal where the winner would become the #1 contender for the Universal Championship. On 24 December (taped 17 December) episode of SmackDown, Cesaro competed in a gauntlet match for #1 contendership to the Intercontinental Championship, but was eliminated by Sheamus. At the Day 1 pre-show on 1 January 2022, Cesaro and Ricochet lost to Sheamus and Ridge Holland. On the 11 February episode of SmackDown, Cesaro was defeated by Happy Corbin in what would be his last televised match in WWE. He quietly left WWE when his contract expired on 24 February, thus ending his 11-year tenure in the company. Reports stated that he was not actively looking to leave WWE, but did not like the contract extension offer he received. All Elite Wrestling (2022–present) Castagnoli made his surprise debut for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) at the Forbidden Door event on 26 June 2022, replacing Bryan Danielson, who was injured and unable to compete in his match against Zack Sabre Jr. Castagnoli defeated Sabre Jr., and became the newest member of the Blackpool Combat Club (BCC), alongside Danielson, Jon Moxley and Wheeler Yuta. Several days later at the Blood and Guts event, Claudio, Moxley and Yuta teamed with Eddie Kingston and the duo of Santana and Ortiz to defeat the Jericho Appreciation Society (Chris Jericho, Sammy Guevara, Matt Menard, Angelo Parker, and Jake Hager) in a Blood and Guts match. At All Out on 4 September, Castagnoli competed in the Casino Ladder Match, but was unsuccessful. In March 2023, the BCC became villainous characters, and defeated The Elite (Kenny Omega, Adam Page and The Young Bucks) in an Anarchy in the Arena match at Double or Nothing. At the Forbidden Door event on 25 June, Castagnoli, Moxley and Yuta teamed with Takeshita and Shota Umino to take on Page, The Young Bucks and Tomohiro Ishii in a ten-man tag team match, but were defeated. The Blackpool Combat Club continued to feud with Kingston, leading to a Stadium Stampede match at All In, which was won by Kingston, Pentagón Jr., Best Friends ( Chuck Taylor and Trent Beretta) and Orange Cassidy. Castagnoli and Kingston finally faced off on September 20 at Dynamite: Grand Slam, in a title vs title match for Castagnoli's ROH World Championship and Kingston's NJPW Strong Openweight Championship, where Castagnoli lost the ROH title to Kingston. Following the match, the two men adhered to the Code of Honor, shaking hands thus ending the two men's 15+ year rivalry. Return to ROH (2022–present) In July 2022, Castagnoli would make his return to Ring of Honor, now under the ownership of AEW president Tony Khan. At the ROH Death Before Dishonor event on 23 July, he defeated Jonathan Gresham to win the ROH World Championship, capturing the first major world title of his career. At AEW's Battle of the Belts III event on 5 August, he successfully defended the championship against Konosuke Takeshita in a critically acclaimed match. At AEW's Grand Slam event on 21 September, Castagnoli lost the ROH World Championship to Jericho, ending his reign at 60 days. Castagnoli unsuccessfully challenged for the championship at AEW Full Gear on 18 November in a four-way match also involving Bryan Danielson and Sammy Guevara, before defeating Jericho at ROH Final Battle on 10 December to reclaim the championship for the second time. At Supercard of Honor on 31 March 2023, Castagnoli successfully defended the championship against Eddie Kingston in the main event. At Death Before Dishonor, Castagnoli defeated Pac to retain the championship. On September 20 at Grand Slam, Castagnoli lost the title to Eddie Kingston. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2023–present) Castagnoli made his debut for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) at the Dominion 6.4 in Osaka-jo Hall event on June 4, 2023, teaming with Jon Moxley and Shota Umino to unsuccessfully face Kazuchika Okada, Hiroshi Tanahashi and Tomohiro Ishii in a six-man tag team match for the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championships. Professional wrestling style and persona Castagnoli's wrestling ability has been praised by fellow wrestlers and wrestling icons such as Stone Cold Steve Austin, Mick Foley, Jim Ross, and William Regal. In 2019, Bleacher Report called him one of the best "pure wrestlers" in WWE. Criticism was levied at WWE for underutilizing Castagnoli creatively on their shows. Later in his career, he became known as a "tag team specialist" due to his successful partnerships with Jack Swagger, Tyson Kidd, Sheamus, and Shinsuke Nakamura. Castagnoli uses a "no-nonsense", European style as the basis for his move set. He uses the Gotch Neutralizer (a belly-to-back inverted mat slam) and Very European Uppercut (a pop-up European uppercut) as finishing moves. He also uses the giant swing. A big part of his wrestling style comes from his strength, which he has showcased by lifting heavier wrestlers such as The Great Khali, Brodus Clay, and Big Show, all of whom outweigh him by at least 100 lb (45.3 kg). He has been credited as one of the strongest wrestlers in WWE. His technical ability is also notable, and he has utilized the sharpshooter (adopted from his former tag team partner Kidd) as a signature move since 2015. Castagnoli has been usually labeled as an underrated wrestler. From 2013 to 2016, he won the "Most Underrated Wrestler" award by Wrestling Observer Newsletter. In December 2020, Drew McIntyre called him the most underrated superstar in WWE. Around the time of Castagnoli's shoulder injury in 2015, a number of prominent wrestling legends had increasingly been calling for WWE to move him into a more significant role in the company. In the months prior, former champion Mick Foley voiced strong support, declaring the day after Castagnoli's second United States Championship match with John Cena that "[Castagnoli] would make a great world champion". Foley later added that he was baffled by WWE's treatment of Castagnoli, stating that if he could make one change to WWE, it would simply be to "push [Castagnoli]". Just days before the injury was announced, Ric Flair answered a question on which current wrestler he thought should have already been WWE World Heavyweight Champion by discussing how he thought Castagnoli was "phenomenal" and that "nobody [brought] more to the table as a performer". Flair further stated that he thought Castagnoli could be built up for a major storyline with Brock Lesnar within two months, even suggesting for himself to become Castagnoli's manager to help with his work on the microphone. Meanwhile, long-time Castagnoli supporter Stone Cold Steve Austin reiterated that he believed Castagnoli had what was needed "to go up on top of the card" and blamed WWE for not helping him more. Personal life Castagnoli resides in Orlando, Florida. In addition to his native Swiss German, he is fluent in English, French, German, and Italian. He is known for his love of coffee, having maintained a blog and YouTube channel called Claudio's Café before joining WWE. Claudio's Café is now the name of his secondary Instagram page, on which he documents his visits to coffee shops worldwide. Castagnoli has been in a relationship with wrestling trainer and former wrestler Sara Del Rey since 2011. Despite being paired up as a tag team with Tyson Kidd by WWE without either man's input, the two became close friends. He is also close friends with his former tag team partner Ares and Ares' wife Allison Danger. Castagnoli is a fan of franchises such as James Bond, which he incorporated into his WWE gimmick from 2016 to 2018, and Star Wars. He is also a fan of the Austrian band Erste Allgemeine Verunsicherung. He has said that he prides himself on being a consummate professional in every aspect: "Older values of older times, that are not as much around anymore, are still very important to me. [...] You have to be a professional in every single thing you do." Noted for his exceptional strength and stating that he is completely steroid-free, Castagnoli has performed a one-arm snatch with 145 lbs (66 kg), a one-arm clean and jerk with 135 lbs (61 kg), and a two-arm clean and jerk with 286 lbs (130 kg). He described his training regime in 2015 as a mix of different approaches, with particular focus on CrossFit and variations of Olympic weightlifting. He has said that he continually tries to learn new ways to work out in order to keep improving. As an avid gamer, Castagnoli invested into mobile gaming esports organization Tribe Gaming in 2020. Other media Castagnoli made a brief appearance in the 2008 drama film The Wrestler. He regularly appeared on the WWE web series The JBL and Cole Show until its cancellation in June 2015. He has also made brief appearances on the E! show Total Divas. Castagnoli became a fan of League of Legends after practicing the game prior to the WWE vs NXT League of Legends match, and has been a guest analyst during the North American League of Legends Championship series. As "Cesaro", Castagnoli is a playable character in WWE '13 (as downloadable content), WWE 2K14, WWE 2K15, WWE 2K16, WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18, WWE 2K19, WWE 2K20, and WWE 2K22 Castagnoli was a recurring guest on Xavier Woods' YouTube channel UpUpDownDown. In November 2019, he defeated Becky Lynch in a game of Mario Kart 8 Deluxe to win Lynch's UpUpDownDown Championship. He lost the title to Alexa Bliss in the finals of a Brawlhalla tournament that also included Rusev and The Miz. He appears on the YouTube channel Da Party with Xavier Woods, Adam Cole, and Tyler Breeze as they play Uno. Championships and accomplishments Chikara Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas (2 times) – with Chris Hero (1) and Ares (1) Global Gauntlet (2008) King of Trios (2010) – with Ares and Tursas Tag World Grand Prix (2005) – with Arik Cannon Tag World Grand Prix (2006) – with Chris Hero Torneo Cibernético (2007) Cleveland All-Pro Wrestling CAPW Unified Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Combat Zone Wrestling CZW World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Chris Hero Last Team Standing (2006) – with Chris Hero German Stampede Wrestling GSW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Ares Juggalo Championship Wrestling JCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chris Hero Independent Wrestling Association: Switzerland IWA Switzerland World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) International Pro Wrestling: United Kingdom IPW:UK Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ares Pro Wrestling Guerrilla PWG World Championship (1 time) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked No. 12 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2023 Pro Wrestling Noah Global Tag League Fighting Spirit Award (2011) – with Chris Hero Global Tag League Technique Award (2010) – with Chris Hero Revolution Pro Wrestling Undisputed British Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ares Ring of Honor ROH World Championship (2 times) ROH World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Chris Hero Race to the Top Tournament (2007) Tag Wars Tournament (2010) – with Chris Hero Swiss Wrestling Federation SWF Powerhouse Championship (1 time) SWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ares SWC Powerhouse Championship Tournament (2001) Westside Xtreme Wrestling wXw World Heavyweight Championship (2 time) wXw Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Ares Wrestling Observer Newsletter Most Underrated (2013–2016) Tag Team of the Year (2010) WWE WWE United States Championship (1 time) WWE Raw Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Tyson Kidd (1) and Sheamus (4) WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Sheamus (1) and Shinsuke Nakamura (1) André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal (2014) Slammy Award for Best John Cena U.S. Open Challenge (2015) WWE Year-End Award for Tag Team of the Year (2018) – with Sheamus Notes References External links 1980 births All Elite Wrestling personnel American male professional wrestlers Expatriate professional wrestlers Living people NWA/WCW/WWE United States Heavyweight Champions People from Lucerne Professional wrestling trainers Swiss expatriates in the United States Swiss male professional wrestlers 21st-century professional wrestlers ROH World Tag Team Champions PWG World Champions ROH World Champions Undisputed British Tag Team Champions André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal winners WWE SmackDown Tag Team Champions WWE Raw Tag Team Champions

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%BD%A9%EC%9D%98%20%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4

홍콩의 언어

홍콩의 공용어에는 홍콩 기본법에 의하여 영어와 중국어가 지정되어 있다. 1842년 영국이 홍콩에 입항하면서부터 1974년까지, 영어는 홍콩의 유일한 공용어였다. 홍콩 인구의 대다수는 중국 본토에서 이주한 노동자들의 후손이다. 또한 인도 대륙, 영국, 필리핀 같은 서양이나 아시아 국가에서 온 이주민과 후손들이 소수 집단을 이루고 있다. 이러한 홍콩의 다양한 인구는 홍콩에서 사용되는 언어에 직접적으로 많은 변화를 주게 되었다. 영어와 중국어 영어와 중국어는 홍콩 기본법 9조항과 '공용어에 관한 법령 (홍콩법 5장)'에 의해서 홍콩의 공용어로 지정되어 있다. 역사적으로 영어는 1883년부터 1974년까지 홍콩의 유일한 공용어였다. 홍콩에 거주하는 중국인들이 자신들이 사용하는 중국어를 영어와 같은 공용어로 지정해 달라는 많은 논증과 청원을 낸 이후, 비로소 1974년부터 중국어가 홍콩의 또다른 공용어가 될 수 있었다. 1987년 3월, '공용어에 관한 법령'은 영어와 중국어 모두 다중언어로 인정하는 새로운 법률을 제정해야 한다는 내용으로 개정되었다. 1990년 홍콩 기본법은 1997년 홍콩 반환 이후 영어와 중국어가 같은 공용어 지위를 누리게 된다고 공포하였다. 정부의 언어 정책 반환 이후 홍콩 특별행정구 정부는 양문삼어( , ) 정책을 수용했다. 이 정책을 통해 중국어와 영어는 홍콩의 공용어로 인정된다. 또한 표준 중국어의 사용이 인정되면서, 광둥어가 사실상 홍콩에서 사용되는 '기타 중국어'로 인정된다. 홍콩 공무원사무국은 정부가 추진하는 언어 정책을 시민들에게 이행하는 것을 관할한다. 사법부는 법적인 면에서, 홍콩 교육인력사무국은 교육적인 면에서 관할한다. 중국어 광둥어 광둥성에 속하는 광저우시에서 비롯된 중국어 화자들은 광둥어를 사용하며, 홍콩 전체 인구의 97%를 차지한다. 광둥어는 홍콩에서 교육, 방송, 행정, 입법과 사법 제도는 물론 일상 생활에서 소통하는데에도 주로 쓰인다. 중국에는 수많은 지방과 그 지방마다 다른 중국어가 있는데, 대부분 서로의 언어를 이해하기가 어렵다. 보통 원어민들이 거주하는 지역에서만 이런 언어를 쓰지만, 광둥성이나 푸젠성 같은 지역의 많은 언어와 방언들은 다른 지역에서 이동해 온 이주자들을 통해서 퍼지기도 했다. 홍콩의 사이완 구에서는 타이산어와 조주어가 흔히 쓰인다. 윈롱 구와 캄틴에서는 하카어가 흔히 쓰인다. 성벽마을 (위촌)에서 사는 기성 세대들은 대부분 웨이토우어처럼 다른 형태의 언어들을 사용한다. 어촌에서 사는 탕카족 사람들은 광둥어를 고유의 언어으로 변형한 또다른 집단이다. 베이징어 홍콩이 영국의 식민지이던 시절에는 베이징어가 널리 사용되지 않았다. 중국 본토와 중국어권 지역 내에서 베이징어를 공식적인 지역어(나 어느 정도는 링구아 프랑카)로 보급하려는 중국 정부 (여기에는 역대 왕조, 중화민국, 중화인민공화국이 포함된다)의 계속적인 지원에도 불구하고, 중국의 수많은 소수 민족들은 공식적으로 사용하는 베이징어에 더하여 비공식적으로 사용하는 최소한 한 가지의 고유어를 여전히 지키고 있다. 홍콩에 사는 중국인들에게도 비슷한 현상이 나타나지만 공식적인 언어는 여전히 영어이다. 대부분의 홍콩 사람들은 공식적인 언어에 더하여 비공식적으로 사용하는 고유 중국어를 유지하고 있다. 19세기 중반에서 20세기 후반까지 대다수의 홍콩 사람들은 광둥어를 고유 중국어로, 영어를 공식적인 언어로 사용했다. 20세기 후반기의 중국 본토는 빈곤, 문화혁명, 부패, 문해로 고통받았는데 이는 본토에서 홍콩으로의 이주를 증가시키게 했다. 그 결과로 베이징어는 홍콩 고유의 표현과 자주 연관된다. 20세기 후반에 중국 본토의 경제적인 환경은 덩샤오핑의 경제 개혁 하에 개선되었고, 지금은 '신흥 초강대국'이 되었다. 1997년 반환 뒤 홍콩은 중국의 나머지 지역과 친밀한 경제 벨트를 개발했다. 홍콩 특별행정구 정부는 실무 능력으로 베이징어를 사용하는 것을 장려하기 시작했다. 1998년부터 베이징어는 많은 수의 초등학교에서 교과목이 되었으며, 2000년에는 HKCEE 시험에 통합되었다. 홍콩 특별행정구 정부는 학생들에게 '양문삼어'를 권장하여 베이징어를 필수 언어 중 하나로 추가했다. 실제로 베이징어는 성인들에게 중요한 실무 언어가 되었으며, 베이징어의 사용은 홍콩에서 대중교통과 같은 공공 서비스 안내에 도입되고 있다. 홍콩 시민의 최소 1.4%가 집에서 베이징어를 말한다. 한자 홍콩에서는 표준중국어를 바탕으로 한 표준 중국어 표기를 사용하는데, 모든 중국어 화자에게 표준이자 공식적인 문자이다. 하지만 이 중국어 표기는 문법과 어휘 면에서 모두 광둥어와 별개의 것이다. 또 광둥어 구어의 어휘와 문법에 기초를 둔 문어인 광둥어 표기도 있다. '양문삼어' 정책은 이 광둥어 표기에 대한 지원이 없음을 내포하긴 하나, 오락 및 지역뉴스와 관련된 방송매체에서의 인기가 늘고 있다. 영어 영어는 홍콩에서 중요한 언어로 상업계나 사법계에서 널리 쓰이고 있다. 지난 1997년 홍콩의 주권이 영국에서 중화인민공화국으로 넘어갔지만, 아직도 홍콩에서는 영어를 공용어 중 하나로 기본법에 규정해 놓았다. 광둥어와 영어의 섞어쓰기 홍콩인들은 영어로 대화를 할 때 같은 문장 내에서 광둥어나 영어를 동시에 쓰는, 이른바 부호전환 현상이 일어나는 경우가 많다. 예를 들면 말도 안되는 일이라고 맞받아칠때, " make sense!" ("하, 말도 안돼!")라고 표현한다. 이런 표현을 쓸 때 영어 단어와 중문법이 자유롭게 섞일 수도 있다. " Un Un ?" ("알겠습니까?"란 뜻으로 흔한 표현은 아님)이란 표현은 광둥어 구문법인 "동사 - - 동사" ("'동사' 합니까?"라는 뜻)를 따랐다. 또 이해하다라는 뜻의 영어 동사인 'understand'를 한 음절로 되어 있는 광둥어 동사에 따라 'un'으로 줄인 점도 특징이다. 이런 식으로 부호전환 표현을 할 때 광둥어의 외래어 단어를 자주 쓰는 편이다. 그래서 영어 단어라 하더라도 광둥어식 발음으로 하는 경우가 많은데, 예를 들면 다음과 같다. "like" (좋아하다) - "라이키 (lai-kee)" /laːi55kʰi35/로 발음. "Partner" (동료) - "팟라 (pat-la)" /pʰaːt̚55laː21/로 발음. "File" (문서) - "파이로 (fai-lo)" /faːi55lou35/로 발음. "Number" (숫자) - "람바 (lum-ba)" /lɐm55pa35/로 발음. "Case" (수납함) - "케이시 (kei-see)" /kʰei55si35/로 발음. 1997년 이후 홍콩의 외래어 음역 변화 1997년 이전까지 중국어의 영어 고유명사 음역법은 광둥어 발음을 기반으로 했다. 그러나 반환 후 홍콩 매체에서는 중국 본토에 따라 이미 확립되어 있던 베이징어 발음 기준의 음역법을 적용해 나가기 시작했다. 예를 들어 휴스턴은 광둥어 발음을 따라 '' (병음: hau6 si1 deon6)이라 썼지만 지금은 ' (jau1 si1 deon6)'이라고 쓰며, and 샌디에이고는 이전엔 '' (sing3 dei6 ngaa4 go1)이라 썼지만 지금은 '' (sing3 dit6 gwo1)라 고쳐 쓴다. 이 중 베이징어 기반 전사법은 광둥어로 발음했을 때 원 영어 발음에서 크게 달라지는 경우가 있다. 그 예로 월마트는 (병음: wòěrmǎ, 워얼마)으로 번역하는데, 광둥어로 발음할 때에는 /juk1 ji5 maa5/ (윅이마)로 바뀐다. 더 보기 홍콩의 다중언어 홍콩의 부호전환 간체자와 정자의 표기 분쟁 (:en:Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters) 홍콩식 광둥어 홍콩식 영어 각주 참고 서적 Bruce, Nigel (1996). Language in Hong Kong Education & Society: A Bibliography Pennington, Martha C. ed. (1998). Language in Hong Kong at Century's End. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. . 외부 링크 아래에 나와 있는 외부 링크는 모두 영어로 되어 있다. 공용어에 대한 웹사이트, 홍콩 공무원사무국. Website of Standing Committee on Language Education and Research (SCOLAR), 홍콩 교육인력사무국. The British Council, 홍콩. Alliance Française, 홍콩. French at The University of Hong Kong, 홍콩. Goethe-Institut, 홍콩.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20Hong%20Kong

Languages of Hong Kong

The Basic Law of Hong Kong states that English and Chinese are the two official languages of Hong Kong. During the British colonial era, English was the sole official language until 1978 but has remained a strong second language in Hong Kong. As the majority of the population in Hong Kong are descendants of migrants from China's Canton Province, the vast majority speak standard Cantonese or other Yue Chinese varieties as a first language, with smaller numbers of speakers of Hakka Language or the Teochew dialect of Southern Min. In addition, immigrants and expatriates from the West and other Asian countries have contributed much to Hong Kong's linguistic and demographic diversity. The geographical element of this diversity can be seen in the Hong Kong Language Maps, which shows oral languages from the 2011 Census, and oral and written languages from the 2016 Census. Statistics for the 27 self-reported spoken languages/dialects reported in the 2011 Census, can be found in the report: Language Use, Proficiency and Attitudes in Hong Kong. Official languages English was the sole official language of Hong Kong from 1883 to 1974. Only after demonstrations and petitions from Hong Kong people demanding equal status for Chinese did the language become official in Hong Kong from 1974 onward. Annex I of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration provided that English may be used in addition to Chinese for official purposes in the future Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. In March 1987, the Official Languages Ordinance was amended to require all new legislation to be enacted bilingually in both English and Chinese. In 1990, the Hong Kong Basic Law affirmed English's co-official language status with Chinese after the 1997 handover. No variety of Chinese has been specified to be official in Hong Kong while it is usually understood that by Chinese Modern Standard Chinese is meant, although Cantonese is the vernacular variety spoken by most of the population. Chinese languages As a result of immigration into Hong Kong from Canton Province, Cantonese is the dominant Chinese variant spoken in the territory with smaller numbers of speakers of other dialects. There are also numerous Chinese languages spoken by the native peoples of the New Territories, many of which are mutually unintelligible. The written language used in official and formal settings is a less standardized form of Modern Standard Chinese that is read with Cantonese phonology. There is also a written language based on the vocabulary and grammar of spoken Cantonese known as written Cantonese. Although the "biliterate and trilingual" policy implies an absence of support for written Cantonese, it has gained popularity in news media where entertainment and local news are related. Written Cantonese is unintelligible to non-Cantonese speakers and is considered nonstandard by some educators despite its widespread usage in Hong Kong. Some have also credited written Cantonese for solving the challenges that standard written Chinese had faced in popular culture. Traditional Chinese characters are widely used, and are the de facto writing standard in Hong Kong. Simplified Chinese is seen in some posters, leaflets, flyers and signs in the tourist areas. Modern written Chinese In Hong Kong Modern Standard Chinese has traditionally been an exclusively written language, used for official and formal purposes, just as Classical Chinese had been in China prior to the 20th century. With the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912, educational materials were imported into the then British colony and schools teaching Modern Standard Chinese, the official language of the Republic, were established there as well. Yet, due to the British colonial government favouring English over Chinese for most of its rule, there was not much official effort to further regulate the language. The local name for written Chinese is 書面語 syu1 min6-2 jyu5 (lit. written language) in contrast to 口語 hau2 jyu5 (lit. spoken language), i.e. Cantonese. This form of written Chinese must be distinguished from written Cantonese on the one hand and from Putonghua, the standard language of the Mainland (and the national variety of China), on the other. Thus it has also been called Hong Kong-style Chinese (港式中文 gǎngshì zhōngwén) to distinguish it from Putonghua. Although texts in Hong Kong-style Chinese are read in Cantonese phonology, its grammar and lexicon are largely derived from the Mandarin-based Modern Standard Chinese. Consequently, people proficient in other varieties of Modern Standard Chinese, like Putonghua or Guoyu, are able to understand it at least in writing. Cantonese The principal vernacular language of Hong Kong is standard Cantonese (粵語, 廣州話, 廣東話, 廣府話, 白話, 本地話), spoken by 88.9% of the population. It is used as a colloquial language in all areas of daily life, government, and administration. As a written language, Cantonese became more popular with the boom of the Cantonese-language Hong Kong entertainment industry in the 1980’s. Movie subtitles, magazines, popular literature, and comics have been published in written Cantonese. The publication of the Government Common Character Set (GCCS) in 1995 and the Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set (HKSCS) in 1999 by the Information Technology Services Department further helped with standardizing the Chinese character set used for writing Cantonese. Yet it still has the status of spoken language, 口語 hau2 jyu5, and students are corrected by their teachers for using it as a literary language. Native Yue dialects A few closely related dialects to standard Cantonese continue to be spoken in Hong Kong. Most notable is the Weitou dialect (圍頭話), which is mostly spoken by the older generation living in walled villages in New Territories. Additionally, the Tanka people (蜑家人/疍家人/水上人) from the fishing villages on outlying islands speak their own variant of Cantonese. However, this dialect is now largely limited to those middle aged and above. Hakka Hakka is indigenous to many villages in the New Territories and within Hakka communities in Hong Kong. Nowadays, outside these rural villages and older populations, younger Hakka Chinese populations communicate primarily in Cantonese. Minnan Chinese Teochew, Hokkien, and Taiwanese are the Minnan (Southern Min) Chinese dialects commonly found in Hong Kong. However, their usage is largely limited to recent migrants from Taiwan or Fujian and middle aged descendants of immigrants from native Chinese regions of these variants. Taishanese Taishanese originates from migrants from Taishan County in Mainland China. The variant can still be found in some areas in Hong Kong where migrants concentrated, such as Sai Wan. Shanghainese Shanghainese, or Wu Chinese in general, was commonly spoken by migrants who escaped Shanghai after the communist takeover of China in 1949. Their descendants assimilated into mainstream Cantonese-speaking society. However there is still a sizeable immigrant community after China's economic reform in 1978, and about 1.1% of the population speaks Shanghainese according to a 2016 census. Mandarin When Hong Kong was a colony of the United Kingdom, Mandarin Chinese (普通話/現代標準漢語/國語/北方話) was not widely used in Hong Kong. Since the 1997 handover, the huge increase in inbound tourism from the mainland has led to much more widespread use of Mandarin, particularly in tourism-related commerce, though little impact has been seen in locally based commerce or public services. In addition, the large number of soeng1 fei1 (雙非) children (children born in Hong Kong whose parents are both from the Mainland) has increased the number of Mandarin-speaking people, particularly in districts close to the border, such that Mandarin-speaking children make up large proportions or even the majority of primary-school students in those districts, causing the beginnings of a language shift in those areas. English English is a major working language in Hong Kong, and is widely used in commercial activities and legal matters. Although the sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred to the PRC by the United Kingdom in 1997, English remains one of the official languages of Hong Kong as enshrined in the Basic Law. Code-switching between Cantonese and English Many Hong Kong people use both Cantonese and English, or "code-switch", in the same sentence when speaking. For example, " make sense!" ("Wow, it does not make sense!"). The code-switching can freely mix English words and Chinese grammar, for instance " un understand?" ("Do you understand?") which follows the Chinese grammar syntax 'verb - not - verb' to ask "Do you (verb)?". Some code-switched words are used so often that they have become loanwords in Cantonese, for example, "like", pronounced "lai-kee" /laːi55kʰi35/. "Partner", pronounced "pat-la" /pʰaːt̚55laː21/. "File", pronounced "fai-lo" /faːi55lou35/. "Number", pronounced "lum-ba" /lɐm55pa35/. "Case", pronounced "kei-see" /kʰei55si35/. Other European languages French In Hong Kong, French is the second most studied foreign language after Japanese. Many institutions in Hong Kong, like Alliance française, provide French courses. Local universities, such as the University of Hong Kong, the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Baptist University, offer programmes which aim at developing proficiency in French language and culture. The language was included as a subject in the HKCEE, but not in HKALE, the two former public exams that Hong Kong high school students take, with accordance to British International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) standards. The IGCSE French syllabus used by the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) is adopted in the examination. The only French book store, Librairie Parentheses, in Hong Kong is located on Wellington Street, Central. Real estate developers in Hong Kong sometimes name their buildings in French, such as Bel-Air, Les Saisons and Belle Mer. This kind of foreign branding is also used in boutiques and restaurants. An example is Yucca de Lac in Ma Liu Shui. Sometimes only French elements such as articles and prepositions are added to the name, as in the case of the restaurant chain Café de Coral. Similar mixing of English and French can be seen on the menu of Délifrance, a French-style restaurant chain in Hong Kong. German The number of German speakers in Hong Kong is about 5 thousand, significant enough for the establishment of the German Swiss International School (Deutsch-Schweizerische Internationale Schule), which claims to number more than 1,000 students, at The Peak of Hong Kong Island. Many institutions in Hong Kong provide German courses. The most well-known one is the Goethe-Institut, which is located in Wan Chai. After spending a certain period in learning German, students can take the German Test as a Foreign Language (Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache; TestDaF for short) and Start German A1-C2. There are currently two test centres for TestDaF in Hong Kong: the Goethe-Institut and the Hong Kong Baptist University(HKBU). The latter one also offers a European Studies degree course of German Stream, Bachelor of Social Science in European Studies (German Stream), in parallel with the French stream. A minor programme of German is offered at the Language Centre of HKBU. The Hong Kong University offers a Major in German. The Chinese University of Hong Kong offers a Minor in German and popular summer courses. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology offers German for science and technology. Other East Asian languages Japanese There are over 25,000 Japanese people in Hong Kong, so it is not uncommon to hear Japanese conversations. More than 10,000 people in Hong Kong had taken the JLPT in 2005. Hong Kong-based R by R Production produces a television travel show set in Japan, which, as of April 2016, is broadcast on ViuTV. However, the language is often misused. Japanese culture, especially the popular culture, has been popular in Hong Kong for decades. Hong Kong people occasionally replace Chinese characters with Japanese kanji. In addition, the Companies Registry also permits the hiragana ‘no’ in Chinese business names that are registered in Hong Kong. The hiragana の is usually used in place of the Chinese character (zi1) and is read as such in Hong Kong. In fact, Aji Ichiban has adopted の in their company name (). There are also borrowings from Japanese shinjitai kanji ‘eki’ to substitute (Jyutping: zaam6;)(both 站 and 駅 mean "station" in their respective languages), as in Nu Front (), a shopping mall for Hong Kong youngsters in Causeway Bay. There are also some private estates named with the kanji . These loanwords are pronounced by Hong Kong people as if they were their Chinese counterparts (i.e. as , and as ). The Japanese is the shinjitai of the hanzi (Jyutping: jik6;). However, 驛 has fallen out of usage to in modern Cantonese and become obsolete. Therefore, it is not uncommon to mispronounce as its phonetic compound (Jyutping: cek3;)). Korean Koreans in Hong Kong only make up a small minority while Korean culture has gained popularity since the early 2000s. Korean pop music was the first Korean media to enter Hong Kong's market. Since then, several Korean TV series such as Dae Jang Geum have been broadcast to numerous audiences. There are roughly 1,000 students that took Korean courses at the Chinese University of Hong Kong each year, including undergraduates as well as professionals who enrolled in continuing education programs. Roughly 3,000 people have taken the Test of Proficiency in Korean since its introduction to Hong Kong in 2003. Surveys and statistics from course enrolments have shown that nine-tenths of the students studying Korean in Hong Kong are female. Southeast Asian languages Filipino Filipino and other Philippine languages are used by Filipinos in Hong Kong, most of whom are employed as foreign domestic workers. Newspapers and magazines in Filipino can also be easily found in Central, Hong Kong. There are also a small number of churches in Hong Kong that have masses or services in Filipino, for example the afternoon masses provided by the St. John's Cathedral in Central. Indonesian Indonesian is the common language for the significant number of Indonesians working in Hong Kong, though Javanese is also widely spoken. Most are domestic workers; On their days off, they often gather at Victoria Park in Causeway Bay where Indonesian languages can be heard. Thai Thai prevails among the Thai population in Hong Kong, who mostly work as domestic workers. The Thai language is found in many shops and restaurants owned by Thais in Kowloon City. A number of Thai movies have been imported since the early 2000s, such as The Wheel in the medley Three, Jan Dara, the Iron Ladies, My Little Girl, and Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior and Tom-Yum-Goong starring Tony Jaa. Vietnamese Vietnamese is used in Hong Kong among the ethnic Chinese from Vietnam who had initially settled in Vietnam and returned to Hong Kong. The language is also used by Vietnamese refugees who left their home during the Vietnam War. South Asian languages In 2006, there were at least 44,744 persons of South Asian descent living in Hong Kong. Signboards written in Hindi or Urdu can be seen, and conversation in South Asian languages including Nepali, Sindhi and Punjabi, as well as Urdu, Hindi and Tamil can be heard. Hong Kong has two Nepalese newspapers, The Everest and the Sunrise Weekly Hong Kong. In 2004, the Home Affairs Bureau and Metro Plus AM 1044 jointly launched radio shows Hong Kong-Pak Tonight in Urdu and Hamro Sagarmatha in Nepalese. Hindi The history of Indians in Hong Kong can be traced back to the early days of British Hong Kong. When the Union flag of the United Kingdom was hoisted on 26 January 1841, there were around 2,700 Indian troops that participated, and they played an important role in the development of Hong Kong in the early days. The most prominent contributions were the founding of the University of Hong Kong (HKU), the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) and the Star Ferry. Although nearly all of the Indian people who live in Hong Kong speak and write Indian English, some have maintained the usage of Hindi as a second language. Middle Eastern languages Arabic Arabic is used frequently among members of Muslim communities in Hong Kong. Some Islamic organisations do teach the language as well, but the current status can best be described as developing. Sign language Hong Kong Sign Language is used by the Deaf community of Hong Kong; it is derived from the southern dialect of Chinese Sign Language, but is now an independent, mutually unintelligible language. See also Bilingualism in Hong Kong Code-switching in Hong Kong Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters Hong Kong Cantonese Hong Kong English References Bibliography Bruce, Nigel (1996). Language in Hong Kong Education & Society: A Bibliography Pennington, Martha C. ed. (1998). Language in Hong Kong at Century's End. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. . External links Website of Official Languages Division, Civil Service Bureau. The British Council, British Council of Hong Kong. Alliance Française, Hong Kong. French at The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Goethe-Institut, Hong Kong. HKU HK dialects website, Hong Kong. Ethnic groups in Hong Kong

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4%20%EC%98%AC%EC%8A%A8

엘리자베스 올슨

엘리자베스 올슨(, 1989년 2월 16일 ~ )은 미국의 배우이다. 독립 스릴러 드라마 영화 《마사 마시 메이 마릴린》에 출연하여, 크리틱스 초이스 영화상 여우주연상, 인디펜던트 스피릿 어워드 여우주연상 외 다른 시상식에서 후보에 오른 2011년부터 두각을 드러냈다. 그 뒤로 《사일런트 스크림》 (2011), 《리버럴 아츠》 (2012), 《올드보이》 (2013), 《고질라》 (2014), 《빛을 보았다》 (2015), 《언프리티 소셜 스타》 (2017), 《윈드 리버》 (2017)에 출연했다. 《캡틴 아메리카: 윈터 솔져》 (2014)의 쿠키 영상에서 처음으로 등장한 마블 시네마틱 유니버스에서 스칼렛 위치 역으로 출연하여, 세계적인 인지도를 얻었고, 그 후로 《어벤져스: 에이지 오브 울트론》 (2015), 《캡틴 아메리카: 시빌 워》 (2016), 《어벤져스: 인피니티 워》 (2018), 《어벤져스: 엔드게임》 (2019)에 출연했다. 어린 시절 올슨은 캘리포니아주 셔먼오크스에서 연예 매니저 재닛 “재니”와 부동산업자 및 담보은행가 데이비드 "데이브" 올슨의 딸로 태어났다. 그녀는 어린 시절부터 텔레비전과 영화 스타로 주목받은 올슨 자매의 여동생이었다. 올슨은 오빠인 트렌트와 배다른 형제 두 명이 있다. 1996년에 아버지와 어머니가 이혼을 했다. 올슨은 노르웨이인과 잉글랜드인 혈통을 지녔다. 어릴 적에, 올슨은 발레와 가창 수업을 들었다. 언니들이 출연한 영화에 출연하면서, 어렸을 때 연기를 시작했다. 11세가 되기 전에, 올슨은 《하우 디 웨스트 워스 펀》과 곧바로 비디오로 직행한 《디 어드벤처스 오브 메리케이트 앤 애슐리》에서 작은 배역을 맡았다. 당시 4학년 때 언니들의 비디오에 출연한, 올슨은 다른 작품들에도 오디션을 보기 시작했다. 그는 유치원 때부터 12학년까지 캘리포니아 노스할리우드에 있는 캠벨 홀 스쿨에 다녔다. 졸업 후에, 그는 뉴욕 대학교의 티시 예술대학으로 진학했다. 2009년, 올슨은 유진 오닐 시어터 센터의 MATS 프로그램 과정을 통해 모스크바 예술극장 학교에서 한 학기를 공부했다. 생애 올슨은 4살 때 연기를 시작했고 메리케이트와 애슐리가 출연한 영화 6편에 같이 출연했으며, 영화 《스파이 키드》 오디션을 보기도 했다. 그는 메리케이트의 식사장애 문제에 대한 광적인 미디어의 관심으로 2004년에 연기를 사실상 관뒀다. 오늘날 올슨을 있게 하도록 주목을 받은 것은 2011년 영화 《마사 마시 메이 마릴린》 이었다. 올슨의 연기와 함께 이 영화는 비평적 호평을 받았다. 올슨은 주인공이기도 한 컬트 집단에 빠졌다가 집으로 돌아온 후 망상과 불면증으로 고통받는 소녀 마사 역에 대한 연기로 수많은 영화상에서 후보에 올라 수상했다. 그후에 리메이크 공포 영화 《사일런트 스크림》에 출연하여, 세라 역을 연기했다. 영화는 엇갈린 반응을 받았지만, 올슨의 연기는 극찬을 받았다. 올슨은 카를로타의 곡 "The Queen"의 뮤직 비디오에 출연하기도 했다. 올슨은 2011년 중반에 영화 《레드라이트》를 찍었으며, 영화는 2012년 7월 13일 미국에서 개봉했다. 그는 2012년 1월 22일에 개봉한 조시 래드너의 영화 《리버럴 아츠》에 출연했다. 그는 다코타 패닝과 같이 2013년에 개봉한 영화 《베리 굿 걸》에 출연했다. 2013년 1월, 올슨은 영국 아카데미 영화상 라이징 스타상 후보에 선정됐다. 그는 2003년에 제작된 대한민국의 영화 《올드보이》의 2013년 미국 리메이크 작품에 출연했으며, 조슈 브롤린이 연기한, 주인공과 연인 사이로 발전하게 된 젊은 사회복지사 메리 역을 연기했다. 그는 《킬 유어 달링》에서 잭 케루악의 첫 번째 남편이자 비트세대 회고록 《You'll Be Okay》의 작가인 이디 파커 역을 연기했다. 또한 2013년에는 에밀 졸라의 1867년 고전 소설 《테레즈 라캥》을 각색한 영화에서 주연을 맡았다. 2014년에, 올슨은 레전더리의 리부트 영화 《고질라》에서, 브라이언 크랜스턴과 애런 테일러존슨의 상대역으로 출연했다. 올슨은 《어벤저스》의 2015년 후속작 《어벤져스: 에이지 오브 울트론》에 스칼렛 위치 역을 연기하며 마블 시네마틱 유니버스에 합류했다. 그는 남동생 역인 퀵실버를 연기했고, 《고질라》에서 같이 출연한 테일러존슨과 함께 영화 《캡틴 아메리카: 윈터 솔져》 의 크레딧 장면 중간에 해당 배역으로 첫 출연했다. 그는 2016년 영화 《캡틴 아메리카: 시빌 워》와 2018년 후속작 《어벤져스: 인피니티 워》, 2019년 후속작 《어벤져스: 엔드게임》에 같은 배역으로 재출연했다. 2015년, 올슨은 마크 에이브러험이 연출하고, 행크 윌리엄스 역을 맡은 톰 히들스턴이 출연한 2015년 전기 영화 《빛을 보았다》에서 행크 윌리엄스의 아내이자 매니저 및 듀엣 파트너 오드리 윌리엄스 역을 연기했다. 올슨은 《어벤져스: 에이지 오브 울트론》에 같이 출연한 제레미 레너와 같이, 테일러 셰리던의 감독 데뷔작 《윈드 리버》에 출연했다. 그 해 말에, 올슨이 맷 스파이서의 《언프리티 소셜 스타》에서 오브리 플라자의 상대역으로 출연했다. 두 영화 모두 2017년 8월에 개봉되었다. 2018년 말, 디즈니는 올슨과 폴 베터니가 출연하는 MCU의 텔레비전 미니시리즈가 자신들이 선보일 디즈니+ 스트리밍 서비스에서 방영될 것이라 밝혔고, 드라마의 제목이 《완다비전》이라는 것이 2019년 4월에 확인되었다. 해당 드라마는 개봉 예정 영화 《닥터 스트레인지: 대혼돈의 멀티버스》와 연계될 예정이고, 올슨이 이 영화의 출연진에 포함되었다는 것도 확인되었다. 사생활 올슨은 뉴욕 대학교의 티시 예술대학과 애틀래틱 시어터 컴퍼니에 진학했고 6년간 간헐적인 학업 끝에 2013년 3월에 졸업했다. 언니들의 의류 브랜드 "엘리자베스 앤 제임스"는 올슨과 올슨의 오빠 이름에서 따온 것이다. 올슨과 보이드 홀브룩은 2014년 3월에 약혼을 했으나, 2015년 1월에 파혼하였다. 올슨과 밴드 마일로 그린의 로비 아넷은 2019년에 약혼하였다. 출연 작품 영화 텔레비전 단편작 수상 및 후보 각주 외부 링크 1989년 출생 살아있는 사람 미국의 여자 텔레비전 배우 미국의 여자 영화 배우 미국의 여자 어린이 배우 티시 예술대학 동문 로스앤젤레스 출신 배우 덴마크계 미국인 노르웨이계 미국인 잉글랜드계 미국인

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Olsen

Elizabeth Olsen

Elizabeth Chase Olsen (born February 16, 1989) is an American actress. Born in Sherman Oaks, California, Olsen began acting at age four. She starred in her debut film role in the thriller Martha Marcy May Marlene in 2011, for which she was acclaimed and nominated for a Critics' Choice Movie Award among other accolades, followed by a role in the horror film Silent House. Olsen received a BAFTA Rising Star Award nomination and graduated from New York University two years later. Olsen gained worldwide recognition for her portrayal of Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch in the Marvel Cinematic Universe media franchise, appearing in the superhero films Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), as well as the miniseries WandaVision (2021). Her performance in WandaVision garnered her nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Outside of her work with Marvel, Olsen starred in the monster film Godzilla (2014), the mystery film Wind River (2017), and the dramedy Ingrid Goes West (2017). She executive produced and starred in the drama series Sorry for Your Loss (2018–2019), earning a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination for her role as a widow. Early life and education Elizabeth Chase Olsen was born on February 16, 1989, in Sherman Oaks, California. Her mother, Jarnie, is a former dancer, while her father, Dave, is a real estate agent. She is the younger sister of twin fashion designers Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, who became successful television and film actresses as children. Olsen also has an older brother, a younger half-brother, and a younger half-sister. Her parents divorced in 1996. Olsen began acting when she was four years old, appearing in Mary-Kate and Ashley's projects, including the 1994 television film How the West Was Fun and the straight-to-video series The Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley. As a child, she took acting classes and spent time at musical theatre camp. Olsen nearly quit pursuing acting in 2004 due to the media attention toward Mary-Kate's eating disorder. She went to Campbell Hall School in Studio City, California. Olsen attended New York University (NYU)'s Tisch School of the Arts, during which she took classes at Atlantic Theater Company and spent a semester at the Moscow Art Theatre School in Russia. She attained understudy roles in the 2008 off-Broadway production of the play Dust and the 2009 Broadway production of the play Impressionism, which led to her securing an agent. Olsen graduated from NYU in January 2013. Career Early roles and acclaim (2011–2014) Olsen made her film debut in the 2011 thriller film Martha Marcy May Marlene. The film, along with her performance, received critical acclaim following its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival. Olsen earned several award nominations for her portrayal of the titular Martha, a young woman suffering from delusions after fleeing her life in a cult and returning to her family, including those for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead. She attributed her interest in the character to her own fascination with mental illnesses. Olsen next appeared in the horror film Silent House, which garnered her "rave reviews". Despite premiering at the Sundance Film Festival alongside Martha Marcy May Marlene, it was released in 2012, during which she also starred in the thriller Red Lights and the comedy Liberal Arts. In January 2013, Olsen garnered a nomination for the BAFTA Rising Star Award at the 66th British Academy Film Awards. She played Edie Parker, novelist Jack Kerouac's first wife and the author of the Beat Generation memoir You'll Be Okay, in the biographical drama Kill Your Darlings. She appeared in the American remake of the 2003 South Korean film Oldboy, playing Marie Sebastian, a nurse who helps the protagonist, played by Josh Brolin, find his daughter. That same year, she starred as the titular Juliet in an off-Broadway production of the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. The New York Times critic Ben Brantley described her portrayal as "alternating between saucy petulance and hysteria". She played the leading role in In Secret, a film adaptation of Émile Zola's 1867 novel Thérèse Raquin. The film was released in February 2014. Later that year, Olsen starred in the monster film Godzilla, opposite Bryan Cranston and Aaron Taylor-Johnson, which received positive reviews and grossed $529 million against a $160 million production budget. She and Dakota Fanning co-starred as teenage girls in Brooklyn in the film Very Good Girls, released that same year, which Josh Duboff of Vanity Fair characterized as unfavorably reviewed. Marvel Cinematic Universe and continued success (2015–present) Olsen starred in the 2015 superhero film Avengers: Age of Ultron, a sequel to The Avengers, joining the Marvel Cinematic Universe media franchise. In the film, she portrayed Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch, which marked the comic book character's film debut. She first appeared as the character in a post-credits scene of the 2014 film Captain America: The Winter Soldier, alongside Aaron Taylor-Johnson, who portrayed Maximoff's brother, Pietro. Olsen played the part with an accent originating from a fictional country called Sokovia, which she described as similar to Slovakian. She reprised the role in Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), the last of which became the second highest-grossing film of all time. With the role, Olsen rose to fame. Olsen portrayed Audrey Williams, the wife, manager, and duet partner of singer Hank Williams, portrayed by Tom Hiddleston, in the 2015 biographical film I Saw the Light, directed by Marc Abraham. In 2017, she starred as a novice FBI agent in the mystery film Wind River and a social media influencer in the comedy-drama film Ingrid Goes West, both of which were released in August to critical praise. Vultures David Edelstein found Olsen's "incongruously high-schoolish demeanor" in Wind River problematic, while Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that she gave a "major eye-opener of a performance" in Ingrid Goes West, deeming it "toxic perfection". The following year, she appeared in the Netflix film Kodachrome, playing a caregiver to a photographer, played by Ed Harris. Olsen executive produced and starred as a young widow named Leigh Shaw in the Facebook Watch web television series Sorry for Your Loss, which premiered in September 2018. She said the three years it took to develop the series enabled her to immerse herself in Shaw's impulses. Critics reviewed the series positively, and Olsen's performance, which earned her a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series, was noted as "stunning", "disciplined and sharp", as well as "slyly sympathetic". The series was canceled in January 2020 after two seasons. Alongside Paul Bettany as Vision, Olsen played Maximoff again in the superhero miniseries WandaVision, which premiered on Disney+ in January 2021. In addition to complimenting Olsen and Bettany's chemistry, critics praised the cast, with Voxs Alex Abad-Santos writing Olsen was brilliant in her portrayal and Linda Holmes of NPR highlighting her "indelible central performance" in their respective reviews. Olsen earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film for her performance. She reprised the role in the film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, which was released in May 2022 to mixed reviews. Olsen's performance received praise, with Owen Gleiberman of Variety writing that it "generates an operatic fire". Olsen starred as housewife Candy Montgomery in Love and Death, an HBO Max limited series about a 1980 killing in Texas. Personal life Olsen says she became an atheist at the age of 13 because she believes "religion should be about community and having a place to go in prayer, not something that should determine women's freedoms." She once held a real estate license in New York, which she obtained after first moving there. Olsen is an ambassador for the company Bobbi Brown Cosmetics. She and actor Boyd Holbrook were in a relationship from 2011 to 2014. Olsen became engaged to musician Robbie Arnett, of the American band Milo Greene, in July 2019 after three years of dating. The two secretly eloped. She and Arnett live in Los Angeles. Together they co-wrote a children's book titled Hattie Harmony: Worry Detective, which was released in June 2022. It was followed by Hattie Harmony: Opening Night, released in June 2023. Filmography Film Television Theatre Accolades Notes References External links 1989 births 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles Actual_play_performers American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses American people of English descent American people of Norwegian descent American atheists 21st-century atheists Living people Olsen family People from Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles Tisch School of the Arts alumni Campbell Hall School alumni Actors from the San Fernando Valley

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%9A%B0%EB%B9%88

김우빈

김우빈(, 1989년 7월 16일 ~ )은 대한민국의 배우이자 모델이다. 2008년 서울패션위크 '09 S/S 김서룡 디자이너의 김서룡 옴므 쇼에서 모델로 데뷔하였으며, 2009년 3월 잡지 〈맥심〉을 시작으로 본격적인 잡지모델 활동을 시작했다. 2011년 KBS 드라마 스페셜 연작 시리즈 《화이트 크리스마스》에 출연하면서 배우로 데뷔했다. 이후 KBS 드라마 스페셜《큐피드 팩토리》, MBN《뱀파이어 아이돌》, SBS《신사의 품격》, SBS《아름다운 그대에게》 등에 출연하며 연기 경력을 쌓았다. 2012년 KBS《학교 2013》에서 고등학생 박흥수 역할로 대중에게 이름을 알렸다. 2013년에는 《친구 2》에 출연하면서 정식으로 영화 데뷔를 했다. 같은 해 SBS 드라마 《상속자들》에 최영도 역으로 출연하여 호평을 받았고, SBS 연기대상에서 10대 스타상을 수상했다. 2014년 영화 《기술자들》, 2015년 영화 《스물》, 2016년 영화 《마스터》 등에 주연으로 출연했다. 신민아와 연인 관계이다 성장 과정 김우빈은 1989년 7월 16일 서울에서 1남 1녀 중 첫째로 태어났다. 가족으로는 아버지, 어머니, 3살 어린 여동생이 있다. 김우빈은 어릴 때부터 서예와 그림을 취미로 했으며 6년 동안 미술학원을 다니면서 그림을 배웠다. 김우빈의 어머니는 논술 교사였고, 김우빈에게 직접 만든 옷을 주는 등 그가 패션에 관심을 가지는 것에 영향을 끼쳤다. 초등학교 시절 그의 첫 장래희망은 서울대학교 생물학과 교수였다. 초등학교를 졸업한 이후 전라북도 전주시에서 중학교와 고등학교 시기를 보낸다. 김우빈은 중학교 1학년 때 전교 5등을 할 정도로 우등생이었지만 같은 시기 모델이 되는 것을 희망했다. 2013년〈네이버 연예〉와의 인터뷰에서 자신의 중학교 시절에 대해 “다른 사람의 시선을 많이 신경 쓰는 성격이라 집 앞 마트에 가면서도 옷을 차려입고, 머리에 젤까지 바르고 나갈 정도였다.”라고 회고하였다. 부모는 김우빈의 꿈을 응원하고 허락해 주었으며 대신 언제나 책과 영화를 가까이할 것을 권했다.2005년 전라북도 전주시 소재 고등학교에 입학한 김우빈은 고등학교 1학년 때부터 대경대학교 모델과 교수에게 메일을 보내며 자신의 장래희망에 대해 교류했다. 2005년 대경대학교가 주최한 슈퍼모델캠프에 참여한 이후 교수에게 감사하는 마음을 적어 보낸 손편지가 2014년에 해당 교수에 의해 공개되기도 하였다. 김우빈은 고등학교 2학년 때부터 모델 활동을 시작했다. 모델 활동 덕분에 전교에서 유일하게 머리를 기를 수 있는 학생이었다. 김우빈은 모델이 되기 위해서 체력 단련과 자세 교정을 병행했으며, 58kg이었던 체중을 3달 동안 하루에 삶은 달걀 한 판, 닭가슴살과 단백질을 먹으며 12kg을 찌우는 노력을 했다. 전주에 거주했던 지리적 여건상 직접 공연을 볼 기회가 적었지만 쇼 영상과 잡지를 찾아보며 스스로 공부했고 발레와 재즈댄스를 배웠다. 고등학교 졸업 이후에는 전주대학교 공연엔터테인먼트학과에 진학했다. 대학교 진학 이후에는 방학 때 피팅 모델을 하면서 모델로서 경험을 쌓았다. 경력 2008~2012: 모델 활동 및 초기 경력 2008년 10월 18일 서울패션위크 '09 S/S 김서룡 디자이너의 김서룡 옴므 쇼가 김우빈의 정식 패션쇼 데뷔였다. 서울로 상경한 이후에는 부모에게 손을 벌리지 않기 위해 서빙을 비롯한 아르바이트로 생활비를 벌며 모델 활동을 병행했다. 2009년 3월 잡지 〈맥심〉을 시작으로 본격적인 잡지모델 활동을 시작했으며, 이후 〈보그걸〉, 〈엘르걸〉, 〈멘즈헬스〉 등에서 패션모델로 활약했다. 김우빈은 2008년 서울패션위크 '09 S/S부터 2013년 서울패션위크 '13 F/W시즌까지 전 시즌에 모델로 섰으며 배우로 데뷔한 이후에도 모델활동을 병행했다. 강동준 디자이너의 디그낙 컬렉션, 김서룡 디자이너의 김서룡 옴므, 정두영 디자이너의 반하트 디 알바자, 송혜명 디자이너의 도미닉스웨이 컬렉션 등에서 활발한 모델 활동을 펼쳤다. 강동준 디자이너는 모델로서 연출력이 뛰어난 모델로 김우빈을 꼽았다. 김우빈은 189cm의 큰 키, 구조적인 얼굴과 위압감이 느껴지는 이미지로 모델계에서 각광받았다. 모델 활동에 대하여 2013년 《상속자들》종영 후 인터뷰 중“모델은 나에게 감사한 직업이다. 모델을 하면서 연기도 하고 싶다. 모델 일을 끝까지 놓치고 싶지 않다. ”고 하였다. 2009년 김우빈은 투애니원의 멤버 산다라박의 〈Kiss〉뮤직비디오에 출연한 것을 계기로 첫 연기활동을 시작했다. 김우빈이 연기공부를 시작하게 된 이유는 연기자가 되기 위해서가 아닌 좋은 모델이 되기 위해서였다. 에이전시에서 지원해주는 연기 수업에도 나가지 않았다. 김우빈은 모델로 활동하다가 모델과 교수가 되는 게 최종 목표였지만, 이후 모델 광고 미팅에서 연기력이 필요하다고 느껴 본격적으로 연기 연습을 시작했다. 김우빈은 연기에 매력을 느낀 계기에 대하여 “연기 선생이었던 문원주의 열정과 제자를 생각하는 마음에 반해 처음으로 모델을 하고 싶다고 생각했을 때의 설렜던 마음을 다시 느꼈다”고 밝혔다. 김우빈의 초기 모델 에이전시가 없어져 연기를 배울 기회가 사라졌음에도 문원주는 김우빈을 집으로 불러 연기 지도를 했다. 후에 김우빈은 자신의 연기 롤모델로 문원주를 꼽았다. 김우빈은 문원주로부터 캐릭터의 심정으로 일대기와 백문백답을 작성하는 법을 배워 작품이 들어가기 전 자신이 맡은 배역의 이해도를 높인다고 말했는데, 이러한 배역 분석을 하는 이유에 대해 “연기에는 거짓이 없어야 하고, 그러기 위해서는 최대한 진실되게 연기해야 한다고 믿기 때문”이라고 하였다. 2010년부터 오디션을 보기 시작한 김우빈은 2011년 1월 KBS 《화이트 크리스마스》오디션 때 연극 《뜨거운 바다》의 한 장면인 가족을 버리고 일본으로 귀화한 형에게 “형이 아무리 귀화했어도 니 속에 흐르는 건 뻘건 조선의 피다!”라고 외치는 부분을 연기했고, 난폭한 장난을 일삼는 고등학생인 강미르 역에 캐스팅되었다. 이 작품은 4부까지의 대본이 1부로 축소되면서 강미르의 분량이 줄어들었지만 김우빈은 빨간색 머리를 하고 강렬한 연기를 선보여 주목받았다. 같은 해 7월 KBS《큐피드 팩토리》에서 떠오르는 작곡가 로이 역을 따내며 이희준, 박수진 다음으로 비중이 높은 배역으로 출연하였다. 10월 김우빈은 서울패션위크 '12 S/S에서 강동준 디자이너의 디그낙 쇼에서 강동준 디자이너를 대신해 장미꽃 프로포즈를 하면서 해당 패션위크 중에서 화제가 되기도 했다. 12월에는 MBN 일일 시트콤 《뱀파이어 아이돌》에서 뱀파이어 왕자의 호위무사이자 뛰어난 청각의 소유자인 천진난만한 뱀파이어 까브리 라리스 역을 맡았다. 그러나 이 작품은 저조한 시청률로 원래 계획했던 120회를 채우지 못하고 79회로 종영했다. 《뱀파이어 아이돌》감독의 소개로 김우빈은 2012년 1월부터 싸이더스HQ와 전속계약을 맺게 된다. 김우빈은 《뱀파이어 아이돌》때부터 동명이인의 연예인과 혼동될 것을 우려하여 김우빈이라는 예명으로 활동을 시작했다. 당시 예명 후보에는 ‘김현’이라는 후보도 있었다. 김우빈은 자신의 예명에 특별한 의미가 있는 것은 아니지만 자신은 이 이름이 마음에 든다고 하였다. 이후 2014년 3월 14일 MTV 타이완 인터뷰에서 이름의 한자표기인 金宇彬을 아버지가 직접 지어주었다고 밝혔다. 김우빈의 이름은 중화인민공화국, 중화민국, 홍콩에서 金宇彬()으로 표기하고 있다. 2012년 4월 SBS 《신사의 품격》에서 담임 선생을 짝사랑하는 제자 김동협 역으로 캐스팅 되었다. 김우빈이 오디션에서 감독 앞에서 연기한 장면은 “장래희망? 윤리선생 연하남편.”이라고 대답하는 부분과 극 중 서이수(김하늘 분)가 정색하며 쳐다보면 “아아, 알았어요. 그럼 공무원 배우자.”라고 대답하는 부분이었다. 이 작품에서 김우빈은 상대역인 김하늘과 함께 ‘사제커플’이라는 애칭으로 불리며 귀여운 반항아의 매력을 보여주며 특유의 패션센스로 시청자들에게 호평받았다. 같은 해 5월 영화 《차형사》의 마지막 런웨이 장면 중 카메오로 출연했다. 8월 SBS 《아름다운 그대에게》에서는 포토그래퍼 존 김 역으로 9회부터 11회까지 특별출연했다. 같은 해인 2012년 10월 KBS《학교 2013》에서 다리 부상으로 축구선수의 꿈을 접은 무기력한 반항아 복학생 박흥수 역을 높은 경쟁률을 뚫고 배역을 맡아 주목을 받았다. 김우빈은 이 드라마 오디션을 소속사 싸이더스HQ를 통해서가 아닌 개인 김우빈의 자격으로 치렀으며 오디션 당시 《신사의 품격》에서 입었던 교복을 입고 오디션을 보았다. 1차 오디션에서 ‘신은 고통을 이겨낼 수 있는 자에게만 시련을 준다’는 문장으로 시작하는 자기소개서를 작성하였다. 김우빈은 “모델로 활동하면서 경제적인 문제를 비롯해 모든 면에서 힘들었을 때 이 글귀를 책에서 본 것이 큰 힘이 되었다”며, 가장 좋아하는 문장으로 꼽았다. 김우빈은 2013년 〈스포츠서울〉과의 인터뷰에서 《학교 2013》에서의 출연을 선택한 이유에 대해 “이 작품이 방황하는 청소년과 심각한 학교 실태를 현실적으로 그린다는 점에서 꼭 출연하고 싶었으며 드라마의 성공이나 자신의 인기와 관계없이 굉장히 의미있는 작품이 될 것 같았다.”고 말했다. 종영 이후의 인터뷰에서는“이 드라마를 보면서 방황하는 청소년들이 한 명이라도 좋은 생각을 갖고 돌아오게 되길 바란다.”고 소감을 밝혔다. 김우빈은 자신이 맡은 역할 박흥수에 대해서 “김우빈, 김현중이 아니라 누가 봐도 박흥수로 보이고 싶었다. 꿈도 잃고 친구도 잃고 학교는 억지로 다니고 무기력한 친구다. 그래서 일부러 행동도 느리게 하고 말도 느리게 했다. 심적인 것까지 흥수로 보이고 싶었다.”고 하였으며, 가장 인상적인 장면으로 10화 중 고남순(이종석 분)과 담벼락에서 화해하는 장면을 꼽았다.《학교 2013》의 이민홍 PD는 김우빈을 “김우빈은 습득이 빠르며, 고독하고 쓸쓸한 느낌이 좋은 배우”라고 평했다. 드라마 종영 이후 2013년 1월 29일 방영된 특집방송 《학교 2013 특집, 학교에 가자》의 출연료를 출연 배우들과 함께 전액 기부하기도 했다. 이 작품으로 김우빈은 제49회 백상예술대상 TV부문 신인 연기상 후보에 올랐으며, 제2회 에이판 스타 어워즈에서 남자 신인상을 수상했다. 이후 이 작품에 출연한 것을 계기로 이듬해 EBS 청소년 특별기획 다큐멘터리《학교 폭력》2부의 내레이션으로 참여했다. 김우빈은 《학교 2013》에 대해서 ‘개인적으로는 큰 의미가 있는 작품이며, 스탭들과 배우들로부터 사랑을 배운 곳’이라고 표현했다. 2013~2014: 차세대 라이징 스타로 도약 2013년 3월 김우빈은 영화 《친구 2》에 유오성, 주진모와 함께 캐스팅 되면서 정식으로 스크린에 데뷔하여 연기의 폭을 넓혀 나갔다. 《친구》 이후의 속편으로, 김우빈은 동수 (장동건 분)의 숨겨진 아들 최성훈 역을 맡았다. 김우빈은 최성훈이라는 배역에 대하여 “내가 경험해보지 못한 감정들이 많았는데 간단히 설명하자면 복잡한 친구다. 다정다감하다가도 갑자기 폭발하듯 지독한 잔인함을 드러낸다.”고 했다. 곽경택 감독은 김우빈을 섭외하기 위해 《학교 2013》촬영장에 직접 찾아갔다. 김우빈은 이 영화를 위해 체중을 9 kg 늘렸으며 울산 사투리를 연습하기 위해서 배우 정수교를 비롯한 울산 출신 배우들과 3개월 간 합숙을 했고 높낮이 그래프를 그리며 대사를 연습했다. 곽경택 감독은 “김우빈은 신인이지만 주연 배우로서 모자람이 없으며, 자기관리, 외적인 카리스마, 성실함, 똑똑함까지 겸비했다. 솔직함의 미덕을 가진 배우이며 운도 따르는 친구다. 자신이 가진 장점을 잘 조화시켜 연기로 녹일 줄 안다”고 평했다. 이 영화는 그 해 11월 14일에 공개되었으며, 공개된 지 3일 만에 100만 관객을 돌파하면서 역대 청소년 관람불가 영화 중 가장 빠른 속도로 100만 관객을 기록하였으며 약 297만명의 관객을 동원했다. 영화 평론가들은 영화의 구성적인 면에서는 비판했으나, 김우빈의 연기에 대해서는 좋게 평가하였다. 영화평론가 이동진은 작품 중 김우빈의 연기가 가장 돋보인다고 평했다.김우빈은 이 작품으로 제50회 백상예술대상 영화부문 신인 연기상, 영화부문 남자 인기상 후보에 올랐으며 2014년 제9회 맥스무비 최고의 영화상에서 최고의 남자 신인 배우상 후보에 올랐다.제51회 대종상에서 여우주연상 부문의 시상자로 나섰으며, 인기상에 해당하는 하나금융스타상을 수상하였다.제35회 청룡영화상에서는 신인남우상 후보에 올랐으며, 청정원 인기스타상을 수상했다. 김우빈은 2013년 8월 15일부터 Mnet《M Countdown》의 메인 MC로 활약하였고, 영화 촬영과 배우 활동에 매진하기 위하여 2014년 2월 13일에 하차했다. 그 해 7월 김우빈은 SBS 드라마 《상속자들》제우스 호텔 상속자 고등학생 최영도 역으로 발탁되면서 배우로서 전환점을 맞게 된다.김은숙 작가는 김우빈을 캐스팅한 계기에 대해서 《신사의 품격》 때 김우빈이 연기를 잘 해 다시 한 번 작업해 보고 싶었다고 밝혔다.《상속자들》은 10월 9일부터 방영되었고, 김우빈은 시청자들에게 연기력으로 긍정적인 평가를 받았다. 《학교 2013》과 비슷한 역할을 맡은 것이 아니냐는 시각에 대하여 “같은 얼굴로 연기를 하고, 강한 느낌의 인물들이 많지만 그걸 다르게 표현하는게 바로 나의 숙제다. 각자 다른 생활환경에서 자랐기 때문에 차이는 분명히 있다. 그 캐릭터를 얼마만큼 다르게 그려 내느냐는 나의 몫이다.”라고 하였다. 김우빈은 최영도의 말투를 직접 만들었다고 밝혔는데, 11월 21일 《친구 2》미디어데이에서“최영도를 연기하며 입으로 똑딱거리는 소리나 추임새는 직접 애드리브로 했으며, 작은 부분이라도 인물과 비슷한 점이 있다면 최대한 끌어내려 노력했다”고 밝혔다. 김우빈은 자신이 맡은 최영도에 대해 “기본적으로 선한 면이 있다고 여겼으며, 반항하려는 심리때문에 어긋나는 행동을 했을 뿐이지, 최영도 자체가 악한 인물은 아니다. 그가 점차 변해갈 때 행동으로 자연스러운 디테일을 넣고자 했다.”고 설명했다. 김우빈은《상속자들》 종영 후 인터뷰에서 ‘스태프를 배려하는 배우가 되자’는 것을 이 드라마를 통해 배웠다고 말했으며, “신중히 선택하겠지만 캐릭터를 가리고 싶지도 않고, 영화와 드라마를 구분할 생각도 없다. 그저 보는 사람이 공감할 수 있는 연기를 했으면 좋겠다.”고 소감을 밝혔다. 김우빈은 이 작품으로 중국 TV드라마어워즈 해외 최고 인기 아티스트상을 받았다. 12월 SBS 연기대상에서 진행 MC를 맡았다. 김우빈은 이 시상식에서 《상속자들》로 시청자 인기상 후보에 올랐으며, 10대 스타상을 수상했다. 2014년, 김우빈은 1월부터 4월까지 서울을 시작으로 중화인민공화국 홍콩, 상해, 중화민국 타이베이, 타이 방콕에서 팬미팅을 개최했다. 중화민국 팬미팅 티켓은 인터넷 예매가 시작된지 5분만에 1,500석이 매진됐으며, 1회 추가된 팬미팅 역시 5분만에 매진됐다. 타이 팬미팅은 1차 2,500석 티켓이 오픈되자마자 접속 폭주로 사이트가 마비되기도 했으며, 추가된 1회 팬미팅도 티켓 오픈 9분만에 2,500석이 모두 매진되었다. 1월 27일 영화 《기술자들》에서 위조와 작품설계까지 만능인 금고털이범 이지혁 역으로 캐스팅 된 것이 발표되었다. 감독은 2012년 공모자들로 청룡영화상 신인감독상을 수상한 김홍선이며, 2014년 3월부터 2014년 8월까지 촬영하였다. 영화는 2014년 12월 24일 공개되었다. 김홍선 감독은 김우빈을 주인공 이지혁 역으로 캐스팅한 이유에 대해 “이지혁 역할을 김우빈 외에 다른 사람으로 전혀 생각해본 적 없으며, 《학교 2013》을 보고 김우빈이 참 좋은 배우라고 생각했다.《친구 2》를 공개 전 블라인드 시사회에서 본 이후 김우빈을 이지혁으로 해야겠다고 생각했다.”고 11월 18일 기술자들 제작보고회에서 말했다. 김우빈은 시나리오가 흥미롭고 좋은 배우들과 함께 할 수 있는 기회라고 생각했기에 출연을 결정했다. 또한 메시지를 주기보다는 밝은 느낌의 오락영화이기 때문에 즐겁게 촬영할 수 있을 것이라 생각했다고 한다. 김우빈은 출연을 결정한 이후에는 케이퍼 무비와 비슷한 장르의 영화를 일부러 보지 않음으로서 배역 고유의 상황에 몰입하고자 했다. 김우빈은 올레 TV와의 인터뷰 〈스타 프리뷰〉에서 《기술자들》을 통해 좋은 배우가 되기 위해서는 극 전체를 보는 노력을 하는 것이 필요하며, 또한 이 작품에 대해 고민하고 연구하며 상상하는 시간들이 근 3년 간 지낸 시간 중 가장 행복했었다고 소감을 말했다. 김우빈은 이지혁이라는 캐릭터를 준비하는 과정에도 지혁의 캐릭터 일대기와 백문백답을 적어나갔다고 설명했는데, “지혁의 일상은 아마도 종종 헷갈리고, 가끔 허술했을 것이다. 구인(고창석 분)을 처음 만난 날은 몇 시였고, 어디였고, 형이 나에게 이런저런 얘기를 했을 거다. 내가 이렇게 대답하면 형은 날 보고 웃는다. 이런 식으로 지혁의 하루하루를 만들며 시간을 보냈다.”고 설명했다. 김우빈은 이지혁 역할에 자신을 투영하려 했으며, 이지혁과 자신의 성향이 닮았다고 평했다. 또한 이지혁의 일대기를 만들기 위해 시나리오에 모든 소스와 주변인물의 관계에 대해 모든 것들을 상상하려 노력한다고 말했다. 영화에 대한 평은 각기 갈렸으나 김우빈의 연기는 좋은 평을 받았다.씨네21은 김우빈의 연기에 대해 "영화를 너끈히 짊어지고 가는 동시에 자신의 스타성까지 갖추었다"고 평했다. 김우빈은 이 영화로 2015년 제10회 맥스무비 최고의 영화상 남자배우상 후보에 올랐으며, 제51회 백상예술대상 영화부문 남자 인기상 후보에 올랐다. 2015~현재 4월 10일 이병헌 감독의 첫 상업영화 데뷔작인 영화 《스물》에서 이성을 향한 주체할 수 없는 혈기를 가진 백수 차치호 역에 캐스팅 되었다. 김우빈은 작품을 선택한 계기에 대해 원래는 계획에 없던 작품이었지만, 우연한 기회로 시나리오를 휴대폰에 받아 가벼운 마음으로 읽기 시작했는데 읽자마자 꼭 하고싶었다는 마음이 들어 선택했다고 말했다. 스물은 2014년 7월 28일 크랭크인하여 같은 해 11월 8일 크랭크업하였으며 2015년 3월 25일 공개되었다. 이병헌 감독은 김우빈이 이전에는 무거운 역할을 많이 했지만, 김우빈이 가진 가벼움과 장난스러움을 영화에 잘 이용해야겠다고 생각해 김우빈을 캐스팅하였다. 이병헌 감독은 김우빈에 대해 드라마 《학교 2013》때부터 지켜봤으며, 다양한 매력을 가지고 있는 배우라고 평했다. 김우빈은 촬영 당시 한 대사의 10개가 넘는 경우의 수를 준비하기도 했다. 김우빈은 차치호라는 배역에 대해 ‘미친 말’같은 느낌이라고 말했으며,차치호와 자신을 비교하자면 밝은 모습과 혼자 있는 모습이 비슷해 공감하기 쉬웠다고 평했다.《스물》에 대해 김우빈은 이 영화를 보는 사람들이 두려워하지 말고 좀 더 도전하고 많은 것을 경험했으면 좋겠다고 표현했다. 영화는 공개 이후 약 300만명의 관객을 동원하였으며, 김우빈의 코미디 연기는 언론과 평론가들로부터 좋은 평을 받았다.김우빈은 이 작품으로 한국영화배우협회에서 주최하는 한국영화를 빛낸 스타상 시상식에서 인기상을 수상하였다. 7월 17일 제18회 부천국제판타스틱영화제의 부천시민이 직접 뽑은, 개막식에서 가장 보고 싶은 배우에게 주는 상인 판타지아 어워드를 수상했다. 9월 만화가 김명현의 동명의 웹툰을 영화화한 웹 드라마 《연애세포》중 연애세포의 생사를 가를 수 있는 연애세포의 신으로 캐스팅 되었다. 11월 3일에 네이버TV를 통해 공개되었으며, 김우빈은 1화, 5화, 10화, 그리고 마지막화인 15화에 출연했다. 2015년, 김우빈은 중화인민공화국, 중화민국, 태국, 인도네시아, 대한민국을 포함한 총 6개 도시의 아시아 팬미팅 투어를 개최하였다. 2015년 8월 20일, 김우빈은 수지와 함께 KBS《함부로 애틋하게》에서 톱스타 신준영 역할에 캐스팅 되었다. 김우빈은 2016년 7월 4일 열린 제작발표회에서 《함부로 애틋하게》에 출연하게 된 계기로 이경희 작가가 새 작품에 김우빈을 언급했다는 말을 매니저에게 들었으며 평소 이경희 작가의 작품을 즐겨 봤었기 때문이라고 밝혔다. 시놉시스를 보고 이미 마음을 결정했으며, 20회 엔딩 장면이 마음에 들어 출연하게 되었다고 설명하였다. 2015년 12월 17일, 《감시자들》 조의석 감독의 차기작인 《마스터》에 캐스팅 된 것이 발표되었다. 김우빈은 원네트워크 진회장의 브레인인 박장군 실장 역을 맡았으며 2016년 4월 23일 촬영을 시작하였다. 출연 작품 수상 및 후보 목록 각주 외부 링크 김우빈 - 씨네21 1989년 출생 살아있는 사람 광산 김씨 대한민국의 남자 모델 대한민국의 남자 영화 배우 대한민국의 남자 텔레비전 배우 대한민국의 남자 배우 대종상 수상자 청룡영화상 수상자 서울특별시 출신 전주대학교 동문 20세기 대한민국 사람 21세기 대한민국 사람

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Woo-bin

Kim Woo-bin

Kim Woo-bin (born Kim Hyun-joong on July 16, 1989) is a South Korean actor and model. He began his career as a runway model and made his acting debut in the television drama White Christmas. He subsequently gained attention in A Gentleman's Dignity (2012), and made his breakthrough with School 2013 (2012-2013) and The Heirs (2013). Kim later starred in box office hits Friend: The Great Legacy (2013), The Con Artists (2014) and Twenty (2015). In 2016, he took on his first leading role on television in Uncontrollably Fond. In May 2017, Kim's agency announced that Kim would be taking a hiatus after he was diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer. Kim subsequently returned to screen in 2022 with the TV series Our Blues and Black Knight and also with the sci-fi action film Alienoid, directed by Choi Dong-hoon. Career 2009–2012: Beginnings Kim wanted to pursue a modeling career since he was a high school student. He debuted as a runway model in 2009 at the age of 20 and began appearing in prêt-à-porter and Seoul Fashion Week collections. As his modeling career progressed, he started doing commercial films and began studying acting, under the guidance of acting coach Moon Won-joo. Kim fell in love with acting, saying, "I found myself feeling the same thrill and enthusiasm that I felt the first time I came to walk on the runway". Under the stage name Kim Woo-bin, he made his acting debut in 2011, starring in the mystery drama White Christmas and the low-rated cable sitcom Vampire Idol. In 2012, he had a supporting role in the romantic comedy drama A Gentleman's Dignity, written by famed screenwriter Kim Eun-sook. Next came a two-episode guest appearance in drama adaptation of the popular manga To the Beautiful You. 2013: Rising popularity Kim's breakout year came in 2013 with two hit dramas and one film. From late December to early 2013, he starred in the teen drama School 2013. He received his first acting award for the role at the 2nd APAN Star Awards under the category Best New Actor. The same year, he was cast in Kim Eun-sook's teen drama The Heirs, which became popular domestically and internationally with a peak audience rating of 28.6% and 1 million hits on the Chinese streaming website iQiyi. Kim experienced a surge in popularity overseas. This led to increased advertising contracts and acting offers for the actor. Kim then appeared in his first major film role in Friend: The Great Legacy, the blockbuster sequel to Kwak Kyung-taek's 2001 box office hit. He received positive reviews for his portrayal as a young gang member. The same year he became the host of cable music program M! Countdown from August 15, 2013, to February 13, 2014. 2014–2017: Success in film and hiatus After his rise in popularity in 2013, Kim continued appearing in big screen projects. In January 2014, he was cast in the heist movie The Con Artists, in which he played a top safe-cracker alongside rising star Lee Hyun-woo. He then took on a comedic character in indie director Lee Byung-heon's sophomore effort Twenty in 2015. Kim then appeared in an ad campaign for Calvin Klein Watches + Jewelry, making him the first East Asian model for the brand. In 2015, Kim was cast in his first television leading role in the melodrama Uncontrollably Fond, written by screenwriter Lee Kyung-hee. The drama premiered on July 6, 2016. He then starred in crime action film Master alongside Lee Byung-hun and Kang Dong-won. The movie premiered in December 2016 and became the 11th bestselling film for 2016 in South Korea. In 2017, Kim was cast in crime caper film Wiretap by Choi Dong-hoon. The project has since been suspended to allow Kim to seek treatment for cancer. 2020–present: Return to screen On March 11, 2020, AM Entertainment announced that Kim would be returning to the big screen in Choi Dong-hoon's upcoming sci-fi film Alienoid alongside Ryu Jun-yeol and Kim Tae-ri. The film premiered in July 2022 and Kim played the role of 'Guard', a person in charge of managing alien prisoners. Also in 2022, Kim co-starred in acclaimed screenwriter Noh Hee-kyung's television series Our Blues, and in Netflix original series Black Knight. Personal life Kim is best friends with fellow model-actor and School 2013 co-star Lee Jong-suk, whom he has known since their modeling days. Relationship Since May 2015, Kim has been in a relationship with model-actress Shin Min-a. Health On May 24, 2017, Kim was diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer. Kim's agency, Sidus HQ, said Kim had begun drug and radiation treatment and would halt all activities. On December 29, Kim announced, in a letter, that he had completed his treatment plan for the cancer. However, he was still exempted from military service. Philanthropy On March 8, 2022, Kim donated million to the Hope Bridge Disaster Relief Association to help the victims of the massive wildfires that started in Uljin, Gyeongbuk. and also spread to Samcheok, Gangwon. On Christmas Day, Kim sent gifts and sent a handwritten letter for about 200 children who are hospitalized in the children's ward of Asan Hospital in Seoul. In January 2023, Kim donated 100 million won to Asan Medical Center in Seoul to support the treatment of poor patients. Ambassador activities In 2013, Kim was named honorary ambassador for his alma mater, Jeonju University. The same year, he was appointed the public relations ambassador of the 2013 Suwon Information Science Festival; and ambassador of the "Good Downloader Campaign" organized by the Korean Film Council and Film Federation Against Piracy. In 2015, Kim was chosen as the promotional ambassador of CJ CGV's arthouse exhibition chain CGV ARTHOUSE. In April 2017, Kim was appointed as an honorary ambassador for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Kim is the second actor to take on this role and was set to take part in various activities to promote the event. In October, however, he was pulled from the role due to his then ongoing cancer treatments. Filmography Film Television series Web series Television shows Hosting and documentary Music videos Discography Songs Soundtrack appearances Awards and nominations Listicles References External links South Korean male models 1989 births Living people Models from Seoul Male actors from Seoul South Korean male television actors South Korean male film actors 21st-century South Korean male actors

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8A%91%EB%8C%80%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4

늑대아이

《늑대아이》()는 2012년 개봉한 호소다 마모루 감독의 일본 애니메이션 영화이다. 미야자키 아오이, 오사와 다카오, 구로키 하루, 니시이 유키토가 성우로 참가했다. 등장인물 하나(인간) 한국 성우 : 은영선 일본 성우 : 미야자키 아오이 유키와 아메 남매의 어머니. 도쿄 외곽에 위치한 한 국립대 출신. 이름인 하나는 아버지가 뒤뜰에 저절로 피어난 코스모스를 보고 꽃처럼 언제나 웃음을 잃지 않고 살아가라는 의미로 지은 것이다. 강의실에서 교과서도 없이 필기를 하고 있던 '그'를 만나게 된다. '그'(늑대인간) 한국 성우 : 김승준 일본 성우 : 오사와 다카오 유키와 아메 남매의 아버지. 약 100년 전 멸종했다고 알려진 일본 늑대의 후예. 늑대와 인간이 만나 태어난 늑대인간. 도회지에서 하나를 만난다. 유키(눈) 한국 성우 : 양정화 일본 성우 : 구로키 하루 하나와 '그'의 첫째 자녀이자 아메의 누나. 먹보이며 귀염성이 있다. 눈이 오는 날 태어났다고 해서 이름이 '유키'이다. 늑대로서 사는 것을 택하려 하다 4학년 때 겪은 사고로 인해 절대 늑대가 되지 않기로 결심하나 늑대가 된다. 아메(비) 한국 성우 : 김서영 일본 성우 : 니시이 유키토 하나와 '그'의 둘째 자녀이자 유키의 남동생. 잘 먹지 않으며 활발하지 않다. 비가 오는 날 태어났다고 해서 이름이 '아메'이다. 인간으로 사는 것을 택하려다 늑대로 변함. 후지이 소헤이 4학년 때 유키의 반으로 전학 온 남자아이. 유키가 늑대인간이라는 것을 유일하게 알고 있는 또래 친구다. 유키에게 일어난 사고의 피해자. 유키를 좋아한다. 니라사키 할아버지 하나의 가족이 시골에서 농사를 지으며 살 수 있도록 도운 할아버지. 사납지만 정이 많다. 줄거리 형편이 좋지 않아 낮에는 학교, 밤에는 아르바이트를 하며 살아가던 하나는 어느 날 강의실 구석에서 교과서도 없이 필기를 하며 수업을 듣는 '그'를 보게 된다. '그'가 가난으로 인해 책이 없는 것이라고 생각했던 하나는 동질감을 느끼고 친해졌고, 사귀게 된다. 그런데 사실 '그'는 늑대인간이었다. 사실을 숨기며 하나와 사귀던 '그'는 하나에게 자신이 늑대인간임을 고백한다. 하나는 모든 것을 받아들이고 유키를 임신하고 이어 다음 해에는 아메를 임신한다. 가정을 꾸리며 살아가던 중 '그'가 하수도에서 하나에게 줄 꿩을 사냥하다 발을 헛디뎌 죽게 된다. 남편을 여의고 남매와 남게 된 하나는 유키와 아메가 완전한 인간이 아니라는 사실을 생각하며 늑대에 관한 지식을 공부해 기른다. 아이들이 더욱 자라자 유키와 아메를 향한 주변의 시선에 부담을 느낀 하나는 도시를 떠나 농촌에서 살아가기로 결심한다. 그곳에서 니라사키 할아버지를 만나 많은 도움을 얻으며 생계를 위한 농사를 시작한다. 시간이 흘러 유키가 초등학교에 입학하고, 1년 뒤 아메 역시 학교에 입학한다. 그런데 유키와 아메가 각각 3학년과 2학년일 때, 아메가 소심한 성격 탓에 친구들에게 따돌림을 당하고 학교에 가는 것을 두려워하게 된다. 아메는 여전히 학교에 적응하지 못한 채 산을 다스리는 스승인 여우를 만나 늑대의 삶을 살아가는 방법을 배운다. 인간으로 살아가던 유키는 집에 돌아온 아메에게 학교에 오라고 핀잔을 준다. 하지만 자신을 완전한 늑대라고 생각하는 아메는 유키의 말에 화가 나 늑대로 변해 유키에게 시비를 건다. 역시 화가 난 유키도 늑대로 변해 서로를 할퀴며 싸우고, 모든 것을 지켜본 엄마 하나와 서로에게 상처를 안긴다. 한편 유키의 반에는 '후지이 소헤이'라는 남자아이가 전학을 오는데, 유키에게 개의 냄새가 나는 것 같다고 말해 유키를 두렵게 한다. 유키는 자신이 늑대인간이라는 사실을 들킬까 소헤이를 피하게 되지만, 유키를 좋아했던 소헤이는 유키의 뒤를 쫓는다. 자신을 계속 피하는 유키를 보며 오기가 생긴 소헤이는 유키를 구석에 밀어붙이고, 화가 난 유키는 늑대로 변해 소헤이의 귀를 해치게 된다. 다시 인간의 모습으로 돌아온 유키는 자신의 행동을 반성하며 다시는 늑대로 살아가지 않겠다고 결심하고 학교에 다니는 것을 두려워하지만, 소헤이는 유키의 집에 찾아와 학교에 가자고 말하고 친해져 학교에 잘 다니게 된다. 유키와 아메가 각각 6학년과 5학년이 된 어느 날 유난히 비가 많이 내린다. 숲 속의 동물들이 다치지 않을까 걱정된 아메는 비를 맞으며 숲 속을 돌아다닌다. 비를 홀딱 맞고 들어온 아메를 본 하나는 아메가 떠날까 염려돼 다시는 숲에 가지 말라고 명령한다. 또 다른 어느 날, 하나의 가족이 사는 곳에 집중호우가 예보돼 오후 수업이 취소된다. 학교 측은 각 가정의 부모들이 아이를 데리러 와달라는 연락을 취하고, 하나는 유키의 학교로 갈 준비를 한다. 그런데 그때, 아메가 스승인 여우가 죽어 자신이 돌아가야 한다고 말하며 숲으로 들어간다. 아메에게 함께 가자고 말하려던 하나는 놀라 아메를 찾으러 역시 숲으로 들어간다. 아메를 찾던 하나는 발을 헛디뎌 낭떠러지로 떨어져 정신을 잃는다. 그 즈음 소헤이의 어머니는 다른 남자와의 연애로 소헤이를 찾아오지 않게 되고, 소헤이는 하나를 기다리고 있던 유키와 단 둘이 남게 된다. 소헤이와 단 둘이 남게 되자 마음이 좋지 않아진 유키는 4학년 때 소헤이를 해친 늑대가 자신이었음을 고백하지만, 알고 있었던 소헤이는 앞으로도 유키의 비밀을 지키겠다고 말한다. 쓰러져 있는 하나를 발견한 아메는 하나를 안고 주차장에 데려다 놓는다. 꿈 속에서 '그'가 나타나 많은 이야기를 나누다 정신을 차린 하나는 돌아가려는 아메의 모습을 보며 '아직 해준 것이 아무것도 없는데 가겠느냐'고 말하며 아메를 붙잡는다. 하지만 이미 자신의 정체성을 늑대로 굳힌 아메는 아무 대답도 하지 않은 채 고개를 돌려 숲으로 돌아가려 하고, 그 뒷모습을 본 하나는 모든 것을 받아들이고 '건강하게 잘 지내야 한다'고 말하며 아메를 떠나보낸다. 새해가 되어 중학생이 된 유키는 멀리 떨어진 중학교에 입학해 기숙사 생활을 하게 된다. 집에 홀로 남은 하나는 아메를 떠올리다 숲 속에서 들려오는 우렁찬 늑대의 울음소리를 들으며 잘 살고 있는 것이라고 짐작하고 미소를 짓는다. 외부 링크 일본어 영화 작품 2012년 애니메이션 영화 늑대인간 영화 일본의 애니메이션 영화 일본의 판타지 영화 일본의 드라마 영화 육아를 소재로 한 작품 매드하우스 호소다 마모루 감독 영화 도호 제작의 애니메이션 영화 오쿠데라 사토코 각본 작품 영 에이스 일본 아카데미상 최우수 애니메이션 작품상 수상작

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20Children

Wolf Children

is a 2012 Japanese anime drama film directed and co-written by Mamoru Hosoda. The second original feature film directed by Hosoda and the first work written by him, the film stars the voices of Aoi Miyazaki, Takao Osawa and Haru Kuroki. The story's central theme is "parent and child", depicting 13 years in the life of a young woman, Hana, who falls in love with a werewolf while in college, and following his death must raise the resulting half-wolf half-human siblings, Ame and Yuki, who grow and find their own paths in life. Hosoda established Studio Chizu for production. Yoshiyuki Sadamoto, of Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990) and Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995), designed the characters. Wolf Children had its world premiere in Paris on June 25, 2012, and was released theatrically on July 21, 2012, in Japan. Funimation licenses the film for North America and Manga Entertainment handles UK rights. Plot In Tokyo, college student Hana falls in love with an enigmatic man, who eventually reveals himself to be a werewolf. They later have two children, a daughter named Yuki and a son named Ame. Soon after Ame is born, their father is killed in an accident while hunting for food. Hana's life as a single mother is difficult; she has to hide the children as they constantly switch between their human and wolf forms, and they often get into fights. After she receives noise complaints and a visit from social workers concerned that the children have not had vaccinations, Hana moves the family to the countryside away from prying neighbors. She works hard to repair a dilapidated house, but struggles to sustain the family on their own crops. With help from a strict old man named Nirasaki, she learns to farm sufficiently and befriends some of the locals. One day, Ame almost drowns in a river while trying to hunt a kingfisher. Yuki rescues him, and Ame becomes more confident in his wolf abilities. Yuki begs her mother to enroll her in a public school, and Hana accepts on the condition that Yuki keeps her wolf nature secret. Yuki soon makes friends at school while Ame is bullied by his school peers. Meanwhile, Ame often skips school and becomes more interested in the forest and takes lessons from an elderly fox about survival in the wild. In fourth grade, Yuki's class receives a new transfer student, Sōhei, who realizes something is unusual about her. When he pursues the matter by cornering her, Yuki gets increasingly angry, leading her to transform into a wolf and inadvertently injuring his ear. At the meeting with their parents and teachers, Sōhei claims a wolf attacked him, absolving Yuki of the blame, and the two become friends. Yuki tries to encourage Ame to begin attending school, which he refuses. They argue over whether they should attempt to adapt to human society or embrace their nature as wolves. Two years later, Yuki's school is let out early due to treacherous weather. As Hana is about to leave to retrieve her, Ame disappears into the forest to help his dying fox teacher, and Hana follows him. Yuki and Sōhei are left alone at school. Yuki reveals her ability to Sōhei and confesses that it was really her who attacked him. He tells her he already knew, and promises to keep her secret. While searching for Ame, Hana slips and falls off a cliff. She sees a vision of the children's father telling her that Yuki and Ame will find their own paths in life, and that she raised them well. Ame finds Hana and carries her to safety. She awakens to see him fully transform into an adult wolf and run off into the mountains. Realizing he has found his own path, she happily but tearfully accepts his goodbye. One year later, Yuki leaves home to move into a middle school dormitory. Ame's wolf howls are heard far and wide in the forest. Hana, now living alone, reflects that raising her wolf children was like a fairy tale, and feels proud of the way she raised them. Voice cast Production One of Hosoda's motivations for working on this film was that people around him had started raising children, and he "saw them shining as they became parents." In an interview with Anime! Anime! in February 2013, Hosoda explained why he chose the setting of Wolf Children despite the fact that it is a story about raising a child: "It is generally taken for granted that children are raised and then grow up. But for the actual people involved, it is not natural at all. In order for the audience to share this feeling, I thought it would be good if we all shared an experience that no one else had (raising a werewolf child)." In an interview with Famitsu, Hosoda said, "I used to take it for granted that people would have children. However, after getting married, I began to realize that raising children in the city is a hardship in terms of the environment, such as public support, and that living in the countryside is not necessarily easy, and that there is a hardship of not having anyone of the same age. I wanted to make a film about such endurance." Human parenting cannot be done in complete isolation, and the reason for choosing wolves as the material for the project was that "wolves are very family-oriented, and they are disciplined animals that have a leader who leads the pack and lives with the whole group in mind." The setting of the early part of the story, "a national university on the outskirts of Tokyo," is modeled after Hitotsubashi University in Kunitachi, Tokyo. In addition, the countryside where Hana moves to is modeled after the undeveloped woodland in Toyama Prefecture. The backdrop of the film depicts the landscape of Nakaniikawa District's Kamiichi, Hosoda's hometown, and the neighboring town of Tateyama, and it was divulged that the former mayor of Kamiichi, Naoshi Itō, approached Hosoda to "make a film based on the town." The old house that served as the model for Hana's house was a private home owned by Masao Yamazaki, who lived in Kamiichi. In 2007, five years before the movie was released, Yamazaki passed away, and the house was considered for demolition, but it was chosen as the model for Hana's house, and after the movie became a big hit, it was opened to the public by the owners (relatives of Yamazaki) and volunteers (as of 2015). The elementary school that Ame and Yuki attended was modeled after Tanaka Elementary School (only the gymnasium is still in existence). The yakitori with sauce that appears in the film is oidare yakitori, a local dish from Ueda, Nagano, where Hosoda's wife's parents live. Release At a press conference held on June 18, 2012, the director Mamoru Hosoda announced that Wolf Children would be released in 34 countries and territories. This film's premiere was in France on June 25, 2012, marking its international debut. It was subsequently released in Japan on July 21, 2012. The film's Blu-ray and DVD release date for Japan was February 20, 2013. The film had a limited release in the United States on September 27, 2013. Wolf Children was screened at Animefest 2013 in May in the Czech Republic and at Animafest Zagreb 2013 in June in Croatia. Other media In addition to the film, two novelizations and a manga written by Hosoda (with art by ) were released by Kadokawa Shoten. The manga was translated into English by Yen Press and was nominated for the "Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia" category at the 2015 Eisner Awards. As tie-ins to the film, a film picture book, an art book, and a storyboard book were released from Kadokawa, Media Pal, and Pia. Mamoru Hosoda Pia, Pia, July 10, 2012, Wolf Children Ame and Yuki by Mamoru Hosoda, Kadokawa Tsubasa Bunko, July 15, 2012, Kadokawa Picture Book Wolf Children Ame and Yuki by Mamoru Hosoda, Kadokawa Shoten, July 15, 2012, Wolf Children Ame and Yuki Storyboards Animestyle Archive by Mamoru Hosoda, Media Pal, July 21, 2012, Wolf Children Ame and Yuki Official Book: Hana no Yō ni edited by the Wolf Children Ame and Yuki Production Committee, Kadokawa Shoten, July 23, 2012, Wolf Children Ame and Yuki Artbook edited by the Wolf Children Ame and Yuki Production Committee, Kadokawa Shoten, August 25, 2012, Reception Box office Wolf Children was the second-highest-grossing film in Japan on its debut weekend of July 21–22, 2012, beating Pixar's animation Brave, which debuted in Japan on the same weekend. It attracted an audience of 276,326 throughout the weekend, grossing 365.14 million yen. The film subsequently surpassed Hosoda's previous work Summer Wars''' gross of around 1.6 billion yen during the weekend of August 12–13, 2012. In total, Wolf Children grossed 4.2 billion yen, making it the fifth-highest-grossing movie in Japan in 2012. Critical reception The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. On Metacritic, the film has an weighted average score of 76 out of 100 based on 8 critics, signifying "generally favorable reviews." Mark Schilling of The Japan Times gave the film three out of five stars and wrote that "The Miyazaki influence on Hosoda's own work seems obvious, from his cute-but-realistic style to his concern with pressing social issues and the messy emotions of actual human beings". He felt the film was "on the conventional and predictable side ... appealing to Jane Eyre fans in one scene, Call of the Wild fans in the next" and criticized its "well-worn, stereotypical rails". Thomas Sotinel of Le Monde gave the film five out of five stars. Dave Chua of Mypaper also praised the film's "magnificent understated eye for detail, from the grain of wood on doors to the lovingly captured forest scenes, that help lift the movie above regular animation fare." Chris Michael of The Guardian gave the film four out of five, writing that "telling the story through the eyes of the harried, bereaved but indomitable mother gives this calm, funny, only occasionally schmaltzy family film a maturity Twilight never reached." Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described it as "an odd story, told in a one-of-a-kind style that feels equal parts sentimental, somber and strange," and felt the English language performances were inappropriately sweet and simplistic. Steven D. Greydanus, writing in the National Catholic Register, named the film a runner-up in its list of the best films of 2013, writing: "Despite brief early problematic content and an ambiguous climactic letdown, the main story is magic." AwardsWolf Children won the 2013 Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year, the 2012 Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film, and the 2013 Animation of the Year award at TAF. It won two awards at the Oslo Films from the South festival in Norway: the main award, the Silver Mirror, and the audience award. It won an Audience Award at 2013 New York International Children's Film Festival and the 2014 Best Anime Disc award from Home Media Magazine''. References External links Official website 2012 review BD review English Dubbed Trailer For Manga Entertainment UK release on December 23, 2013 2012 anime films 2012 films Anime with original screenplays Films about families Films about siblings Films adapted into comics Films directed by Mamoru Hosoda Nippon TV films Funimation Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year winners Japanese animated fantasy films Films with screenplays by Satoko Okudera Toho animated films Animated films about werewolves Films scored by Masakatsu Takagi Films set in Toyama Prefecture Paranormal romance films Anime and manga about werewolves