Datasets:

allenai

/

scitail

like 5

( ( The seeds ) ( ( are ( dispersed ( by ( ( wind and ) water ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG dispersed) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN wind) (CC and) (NN water))))) (. .)))

The seeds are dispersed by wind and water.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( ( The seeds ) ( ( ( are primarily ) ( dispersed ( by ( the wind ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB primarily)) (VP (VBN dispersed) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (. .)))

The seeds are primarily dispersed by the wind.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( ( These seeds ) ( ( ( are usually ) ( dispersed ( by wind ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT These) (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VBN dispersed) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN wind))))) (. .)))

These seeds are usually dispersed by wind.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( ( WIND ( as ( a ( seed ( dispersal agent ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (VP (VBN WIND) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT a) (NN seed) (NN dispersal) (NN agent)))) (. .)))

WIND as a seed dispersal agent.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( and ( ( ( plumed seeds ) ( that are ) ) ( ( dispersed ( by ( the wind ) ) ) . ) ) )

(ROOT (S (CC and) (NP (NP (JJ plumed) (NNS seeds)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP are))))) (VP (VBD dispersed) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind)))) (. .)))

and plumed seeds that are dispersed by the wind.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( ( ( seed dispersal ) ( , ( especially ( by wind ) ) ) ) ; )

(ROOT (NP (NP (NN seed) (NN dispersal)) (PRN (, ,) (ADVP (RB especially)) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN wind)))) (: ;)))

seed dispersal, especially by wind;

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( ( ( Environmental Quality ) ( -LRB- ( ( ( Control ( of ( Lead Concentration ) ) ) ( in ( Motor Gasoline ) ) ) -RRB- ) ) ) ( ( Regulations 1985 ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Environmental) (NNP Quality)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NNP Control)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ Lead) (NNP Concentration))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Motor) (NN Gasoline)))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBZ Regulations) (NP (CD 1985))) (. .)))

Environmental Quality (Control of Lead Concentration in Motor Gasoline) Regulations 1985.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( Environmental pollutants ) ( ( ( do n't ) ( stop ( at borders ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Environmental) (NNS pollutants)) (VP (VBP do) (RB n't) (VP (VB stop) (PP (IN at) (NP (NNS borders))))) (. .)))

Environmental pollutants don't stop at borders.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( Environmental pollution ) ( ( leads ( to ( more ill-health ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Environmental) (NN pollution)) (VP (VBZ leads) (PP (TO to) (NP (JJR more) (NNS ill-health)))) (. .)))

Environmental pollution leads to more ill-health.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( Eventually ( , ( Ringo ( ( ( ( decided ( to ( help ( ( educate ( the people ) ) ( in ( communities ( affected ( by ( petrochemical pollution ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) ( ( ( ( teaching them ) ( how ( to ( effectively ( ( ( stop ( ( the discharge ) ( of chemicals ) ) ) ( into neighborhoods ) ) ( around refineries ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) ( leading ( to ( ( the beginning ) ( of ( his ( environmental activism ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Eventually)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Ringo)) (VP (VBD decided) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB help) (VP (VB educate) (NP (DT the) (NNS people)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNS communities)) (VP (VBN affected) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN petrochemical) (NN pollution)))))))))) (, ,) (S (VP (VP (VBG teaching) (NP (PRP them)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (ADVP (RB effectively)) (VB stop) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN discharge)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chemicals)))) (PP (IN into) (NP (NNS neighborhoods))) (PP (IN around) (NP (NNS refineries)))))))) (, ,) (VP (VBG leading) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN beginning)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ his) (JJ environmental) (NN activism))))))))) (. .)))

Eventually, Ringo decided to help educate the people in communities affected by petrochemical pollution, teaching them how to effectively stop the discharge of chemicals into neighborhoods around refineries, leading to the beginning of his environmental activism.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( Illinois ( ( ( ( ( leads ( the nation ) ) ( in ( ( the use ) ( of ( ( ( ethanol-blended gasoline ) , ) ( which ( burns ( more completely ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( ( pollutes less ) ( than ( regular gasoline ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Illinois)) (VP (VP (VBZ leads) (NP (DT the) (NN nation)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN use)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ ethanol-blended) (NN gasoline)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ burns) (ADVP (RBR more) (RB completely)))))))))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ pollutes) (NP (JJR less)) (PP (IN than) (NP (JJ regular) (NN gasoline))))) (. .)))

Illinois leads the nation in the use of ethanol-blended gasoline, which burns more completely and pollutes less than regular gasoline.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( Lead ( in gasoline ) ) ( , ( however ( , ( ( has ( been ( drastically ( ( reduced , ) ( due ( to ( environmental considerations ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ Lead)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN gasoline)))) (, ,) (ADVP (RB however)) (, ,) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN been) (VP (ADVP (RB drastically)) (VBN reduced) (, ,) (PP (JJ due) (TO to) (NP (JJ environmental) (NNS considerations)))))) (. .)))

Lead in gasoline, however, has been drastically reduced, due to environmental considerations.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

entailment

( ( List ( of ( Subjects ( in 40 ) ) ) ) ( ( CFR ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Part ( 80 ( Environmental Protection ) ) ) , ) ( Air ( Pollution Control ) ) ) , ) ( Fuel Additives ) ) , ) Gasoline ) , ) ( Leaded Gasoline ) ) , ) ( Unleaded Gasoline ) ) , ) and ) ( Motor ( Vehicle Pollution ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NN List)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNP Subjects)) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 40)))))) (VP (VBP CFR) (NP (NP (NNP Part) (CD 80) (NNP Environmental) (NNP Protection)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Air) (NNP Pollution) (NNP Control)) (, ,) (NP (NN Fuel) (NNS Additives)) (, ,) (NP (NN Gasoline)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Leaded) (NN Gasoline)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Unleaded) (NN Gasoline)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NNP Motor) (NNP Vehicle) (NNP Pollution)))) (. .)))

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 80 Environmental Protection, Air Pollution Control, Fuel Additives, Gasoline, Leaded Gasoline, Unleaded Gasoline, and Motor Vehicle Pollution.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( List ( of ( Subjects ( in ( 40 ( CFR Part ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 80 ( Environmental protection ) ) , ) ( Air ( pollution control ) ) ) , ) Gasoline ) , ) ( Reformulated gasoline ) ) , ) ( Conventional gasoline ) ) , ) ( Motor ( vehicle pollution ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (X (NP (NP (NN List)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNP Subjects)) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 40) (NNP CFR) (NN Part)))))) (NP (NP (CD 80) (JJ Environmental) (NN protection)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Air) (NN pollution) (NN control)) (, ,) (NP (NN Gasoline)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Reformulated) (NN gasoline)) (, ,) (NP (JJ Conventional) (NN gasoline)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Motor) (NN vehicle) (NN pollution))) (. .)))

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 80 Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Gasoline, Reformulated gasoline, Conventional gasoline, Motor vehicle pollution.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( ( List ( of Subjects ) ) ( in ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 40 ( CFR ( Part ( 80 ( Environmental protection ) ) ) ) ) , ) ( Air ( pollution control ) ) ) , ) Gasoline ) , ) ( Reformulated gasoline ) ) , ) ( Motor ( vehicle pollution ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (NP (NP (NN List)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Subjects))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (CD 40) (NNP CFR) (NNP Part) (CD 80) (JJ Environmental) (NN protection)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Air) (NN pollution) (NN control)) (, ,) (NP (NN Gasoline)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Reformulated) (NN gasoline)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Motor) (NN vehicle) (NN pollution)))) (. .)))

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 80 Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Gasoline, Reformulated gasoline, Motor vehicle pollution.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( People ( cause pollution ) ) ( , ( people ( ( can ( stop it ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBP cause) (NP (NN pollution)))) (, ,) (NP (NNS people)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB stop) (NP (PRP it)))) (. .)))

People cause pollution, people can stop it.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( People ( ( have ( to ( stop ( polluting ( the earth ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBP have) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stop) (NP (VBG polluting) (NP (DT the) (NN earth))))))) (. .)))

People have to stop polluting the earth.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( People ( ( pollute ( ( ( the wetlands ) ( with ( pesticides ( and ( road run-off ) ) ) ) ) ( such ( as ( ( oil and ) gasoline ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VB pollute) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS wetlands)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NNS pesticides) (CC and) (NN road) (NN run-off))) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NN oil) (CC and) (NN gasoline))))) (. .)))

People pollute the wetlands with pesticides and road run-off such as oil and gasoline.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( Significant progress ) ( ( ( was also ) ( made ( on ( ( ( ( ( issues ( such ( as ( lead pollution ) ) ) ) , ) ( ( shelter access ) ( for ( people ( with disabilities ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( ( environmental justice ) ( for ( vulnerable groups ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Significant) (NN progress)) (VP (VBD was) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN made) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (NP (NNS issues)) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (JJ lead) (NN pollution)))) (, ,) (NP (NP (NN shelter) (NN access)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (NNS people)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NNS disabilities)))))) (CC and) (NP (NP (JJ environmental) (NN justice)) (PP (IN for) (NP (JJ vulnerable) (NNS groups)))))))) (. .)))

Significant progress was also made on issues such as lead pollution, shelter access for people with disabilities and environmental justice for vulnerable groups.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( Such spills ) ( ( lead ( to ( pollution ( and ( environmental damage ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Such) (NNS spills)) (VP (VBP lead) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN pollution) (CC and) (JJ environmental) (NN damage)))) (. .)))

Such spills lead to pollution and environmental damage.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( ( ( The ( environmental impact ) ) ( of ( leaded gasoline ) ) ) ( in Venezuela ) ) . )

(ROOT (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ environmental) (NN impact)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ leaded) (NN gasoline))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Venezuela))) (. .)))

The environmental impact of leaded gasoline in Venezuela .

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( There ( ( are ( ( no ( easy answers ) ) ( for ( ( complex ( environmental ( pollution problems ) ) ) ( such ( as ( the ( Tranguch ( gasoline spill ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (EX There)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT no) (JJ easy) (NNS answers)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (JJ complex) (JJ environmental) (NN pollution) (NNS problems)) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (DT the) (NNP Tranguch) (NN gasoline) (NN spill))))))) (. .)))

There are no easy answers for complex environmental pollution problems such as the Tranguch gasoline spill.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( To ( stop polluting ) ) and ) ( to ( encourage ( other people ) ) ) ) ( not ( to ( pollute either ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (VP (VP (TO To) (VP (VB stop) (NP (VBG polluting)))) (CC and) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB encourage) (NP (JJ other) (NNS people)))) (S (RB not) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB pollute) (ADVP (RB either)))))) (. .)))

To stop polluting and to encourage other people not to pollute either.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( We ( still ( have ( ( ( ( pollution , ) ( ( the destruction ) ( of habitat ) ) ) and ) ( ( other forms ) ( of ( environmental degradation ) ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) but ) ( ( most people ) ( agree ( this ( has ( to stop ) ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (S (NP (PRP We)) (ADVP (RB still)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (NN pollution)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN destruction)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN habitat)))) (CC and) (NP (NP (JJ other) (NNS forms)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN degradation))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (JJS most) (NNS people)) (VP (VBP agree) (SBAR (S (NP (DT this)) (VP (VBZ has) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stop))))))))) (. .)))

We still have pollution, the destruction of habitat and other forms of environmental degradation, but most people agree this has to stop.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( While ( responding ( to ( these ( concerned people ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( ( ( the captains ) ( of ( the port ) ) ) ( ( must ( lead ( efforts ( ( ( to ( stop ( the pollution ) ) ) and ) ( to ( begin clean-up ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (VP (VBG responding) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT these) (VBN concerned) (NNS people)))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS captains)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN port)))) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB lead) (S (NP (NNS efforts)) (VP (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stop) (NP (DT the) (NN pollution)))) (CC and) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB begin) (NP (JJ clean-up)))))))) (. .)))

While responding to these concerned people, the captains of the port must lead efforts to stop the pollution and to begin clean-up.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( ( ( energy ( and ( environmental ( resource requirements ) ) ) ) ( for ( product use ) ) ) ( -LRB- ( ( ( e.g. ( , ( leaded gasoline ) ) ) ( for automobiles ) ) -RRB- ) ) ) ; )

(ROOT (NP (NP (NN energy) (CC and) (JJ environmental) (NN resource) (NNS requirements)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN product) (NN use))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (JJ e.g.) (, ,) (JJ leaded) (NN gasoline)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NNS automobiles)))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (: ;)))

energy and environmental resource requirements for product use (e.g., leaded gasoline for automobiles);

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( for example ) ( , ( ( the ( Environmental scenario ) ) ( ( ( ( ( includes ( increased taxes ) ) ( on ( ( gasoline ( and ( new taxes ) ) ) ( on pollution ) ) ) ) , ) ( to ( reflect ( ( the ( environmental ( and ( national ( security costs ) ) ) ) ) ( of energy ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN for) (NP (NN example))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (JJ Environmental) (NN scenario)) (VP (VBZ includes) (NP (JJ increased) (NNS taxes)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (NN gasoline) (CC and) (JJ new) (NNS taxes)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NN pollution))))) (, ,) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB reflect) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ environmental) (CC and) (JJ national) (NN security) (NNS costs)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN energy)))))))) (. .)))

for example, the Environmental scenario includes increased taxes on gasoline and new taxes on pollution, to reflect the environmental and national security costs of energy.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS People)) (VP (VBD stopped) (S (VP (VBG adding) (NP (NN lead)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN gasoline)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ environmental) (NN pollution)))))))) (. .)))

People stopped adding lead to gasoline because of environmental pollution.

neutral

( ( ( ( Barley ( , ( water ( , ( ( hops and ) yeast ) ) ) ) ) -- ) ( brewers ( combine ( ( these ( four ( simple ingredients ) ) ) ( to ( make beer ) ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (NP (NP (JJ Barley) (, ,) (NN water) (, ,) (NN hops) (CC and) (NN yeast)) (: --) (S (NP (NNS brewers)) (VP (VB combine) (S (NP (DT these) (CD four) (JJ simple) (NNS ingredients)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (NP (NN beer))))))) (. .)))

Barley, water, hops and yeast -- brewers combine these four simple ingredients to make beer .

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Beer) (NNS brewers)) (VP (VBP add) (NP (NN yeast)) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN wort) (S (VP (TO to) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (NP (NN alcohol)))))))))) (. .)))

Beer brewers add yeast to the wort to to make alcohol.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( Brewer 's ) Yeast ) and ) ( ( Diseases ( Brewer 's ) ) yeast ) ) ( ( is ( derived ( from ( ( ( the ( Saccharomyces ( cerevisiae fungus ) ) ) , ) ( which ( is ( ( a ( common yeast ) ) ( for ( beer making ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NP (NNP Brewer) (POS 's)) (NN Yeast)) (CC and) (NP (NP (NNP Diseases) (NNP Brewer) (POS 's)) (NN yeast))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN derived) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP Saccharomyces) (NN cerevisiae) (NN fungus)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ common) (NN yeast)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN beer) (NN making))))))))))) (. .)))

Brewer's Yeast and Diseases Brewer's yeast is derived from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungus, which is a common yeast for beer making.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Beer) (NNS brewers)) (VP (VBP add) (NP (NN yeast)) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN wort) (S (VP (TO to) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (NP (NN alcohol)))))))))) (. .)))

Beer brewers add yeast to the wort to to make alcohol.

neutral

( ( ( Brewer 's ) yeast ) ( ( is ( ( a ( single ( cell organism ) ) ) ( of ( ( the ( group ( Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ) ) ) ( ( used ( by ( the brewers ) ) ) ( to ( ( ( ferment ( the ( raw beer ) ) ) and ) ( ( convert ( the carbohydrates ) ) ( to ( alcohol ( and ( carbon dioxide ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Brewer) (POS 's)) (NN yeast)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ single) (NN cell) (NN organism)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN group) (NNP Saccharomyces) (NNP Cerevisiae)) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NNS brewers))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB ferment) (NP (DT the) (JJ raw) (NN beer))) (CC and) (VP (VB convert) (NP (DT the) (NNS carbohydrates)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN alcohol) (CC and) (NN carbon) (NN dioxide)))))))))))) (. .)))

Brewer's yeast is a single cell organism of the group Saccharomyces Cerevisiae used by the brewers to ferment the raw beer and convert the carbohydrates to alcohol and carbon dioxide.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Beer) (NNS brewers)) (VP (VBP add) (NP (NN yeast)) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN wort) (S (VP (TO to) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (NP (NN alcohol)))))))))) (. .)))

Beer brewers add yeast to the wort to to make alcohol.

entailment

( ( Fermenting ( ( After ( the wort ) ) ( is cool ) ) ) ( , ( ( a ( modern home-brewer ) ) ( ( would ( ( ( ( ( ( pitch ( in ( the yeast ) ) ) , ) ( make ( sure ( ( the wort ) ( is ( well aerated ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) and ) ( put ( on ( a ( blow-off ( tube ( or ( fermentation lock ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (S (NP (VBG Fermenting)) (PP (IN After) (NP (DT the) (NN wort))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ cool)))) (, ,) (NP (DT a) (JJ modern) (NN home-brewer)) (VP (MD would) (VP (VP (VB pitch) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN yeast)))) (, ,) (VP (VB make) (ADJP (JJ sure) (SBAR (S (NP (DT the) (NN wort)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB well) (JJ aerated))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VB put) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT a) (JJ blow-off) (NN tube) (CC or) (NN fermentation) (NN lock)))))) (. .)))

Fermenting After the wort is cool, a modern home-brewer would pitch in the yeast, make sure the wort is well aerated, and put on a blow-off tube or fermentation lock.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Beer) (NNS brewers)) (VP (VBP add) (NP (NN yeast)) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN wort) (S (VP (TO to) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (NP (NN alcohol)))))))))) (. .)))

Beer brewers add yeast to the wort to to make alcohol.

neutral

( Furthermore ( , ( ( some ( higher ( alcohol beers ) ) ) ( ( are ( fermented ( with ( ( yeast other ) ( than ( ( typical ( brewer 's ) ) yeast ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Furthermore)) (, ,) (NP (DT some) (JJR higher) (NN alcohol) (NNS beers)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN fermented) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (NN yeast) (JJ other)) (PP (IN than) (NP (NP (JJ typical) (NN brewer) (POS 's)) (NN yeast))))))) (. .)))

Furthermore, some higher alcohol beers are fermented with yeast other than typical brewer's yeast.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Beer) (NNS brewers)) (VP (VBP add) (NP (NN yeast)) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN wort) (S (VP (TO to) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (NP (NN alcohol)))))))))) (. .)))

Beer brewers add yeast to the wort to to make alcohol.

neutral

( ( ( The ( primary differences ) ) ( result ( from ( ( the type ) ( of yeast ) ) ) ) ) ( ( the brewer ) ( ( uses ( in ( making ( the beer ) ) ) ) . ) ) )

(ROOT (S (S (NP (DT The) (JJ primary) (NNS differences)) (VP (VBP result) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN type)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN yeast))))))) (NP (DT the) (NN brewer)) (VP (VBZ uses) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG making) (NP (DT the) (NN beer)))))) (. .)))

The primary differences result from the type of yeast the brewer uses in making the beer.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Beer) (NNS brewers)) (VP (VBP add) (NP (NN yeast)) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN wort) (S (VP (TO to) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (NP (NN alcohol)))))))))) (. .)))

Beer brewers add yeast to the wort to to make alcohol.

neutral

( ( The yeast ) ( ( ( ( turns ( the sugars ) ) ( into ( ( alcohol and ) ( the wort ) ) ) ) ( into beer ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN yeast)) (VP (VBZ turns) (NP (DT the) (NNS sugars)) (PP (IN into) (NP (NP (NN alcohol)) (CC and) (NP (DT the) (NN wort)))) (PP (IN into) (NP (NN beer)))) (. .)))

The yeast turns the sugars into alcohol and the wort into beer.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Beer) (NNS brewers)) (VP (VBP add) (NP (NN yeast)) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN wort) (S (VP (TO to) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (NP (NN alcohol)))))))))) (. .)))

Beer brewers add yeast to the wort to to make alcohol.

entailment

( This ( ( makes ( the ( small ( beer wort ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT This)) (VP (VBZ makes) (NP (DT the) (JJ small) (NN beer) (NN wort))) (. .)))

This makes the small beer wort.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Beer) (NNS brewers)) (VP (VBP add) (NP (NN yeast)) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN wort) (S (VP (TO to) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (NP (NN alcohol)))))))))) (. .)))

Beer brewers add yeast to the wort to to make alcohol.

neutral

( ( When ( recovered ( as ( ( a by-product ) ( of ( beer making ) ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( ( ( brewer 's ) yeast ) ( ( ( ( ( is typically ) ( grown ( on ( ( ( grain , ) ( usually barley ) ) , ) ) ) ) and ) ( has ( a ( bitter ( , ( unpalatable taste ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (S (VP (VBD recovered) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN by-product)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN beer) (NN making)))))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (NN brewer) (POS 's)) (NN yeast)) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB typically)) (VP (VBN grown) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (NN grain)) (, ,) (NP (RB usually) (NN barley)) (, ,))))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (DT a) (JJ bitter) (, ,) (JJ unpalatable) (NN taste)))) (. .)))

When recovered as a by-product of beer making, brewer's yeast is typically grown on grain, usually barley, and has a bitter, unpalatable taste.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Beer) (NNS brewers)) (VP (VBP add) (NP (NN yeast)) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN wort) (S (VP (TO to) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (NP (NN alcohol)))))))))) (. .)))

Beer brewers add yeast to the wort to to make alcohol.

neutral

( ( ( A hailstone ) ( that ( is ( ( the size ) ( of ( a golfball ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( needs ( ( ( an updraft ) ( of ( nearly 60 ) ) ) ( mph ( to ( stay aloft ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT A) (NN hailstone)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN size)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (NN golfball)))))))) (VP (VBZ needs) (S (NP (NP (DT an) (NN updraft)) (PP (IN of) (NP (QP (RB nearly) (CD 60))))) (ADJP (NN mph) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))))) (. .)))

A hailstone that is the size of a golfball needs an updraft of nearly 60 mph to stay aloft.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( A ( light-weight ( instrument package ) ) ) ( ( ( carried aloft ) ( by ( a ( weather balloon ) ) ) ) ; ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (JJ light-weight) (NN instrument) (NN package)) (VP (VBD carried) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT a) (NN weather) (NN balloon)))) (: ;)))

A light-weight instrument package carried aloft by a weather balloon;

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( A movement ) ( ( ( needs ( all ( its wings ) ) ) ( to ( stay aloft ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (NN movement)) (VP (VBZ needs) (NP (PDT all) (PRP$ its) (NNS wings)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

A movement needs all its wings to stay aloft.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( At ( half gravity ) ) ( , ( ( ( a ( hovering light ) ) ( with ( an ( energy pack ) ) ) ) ( ( can ( ( stay aloft ) indefinitely ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN At) (NP (DT half) (NN gravity))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ hovering) (NN light)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT an) (NN energy) (NN pack)))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (ADVP (RB indefinitely)))) (. .)))

At half gravity, a hovering light with an energy pack can stay aloft indefinitely.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( At ( our ( flying sites ) ) ) ( , ( it ( ( ( needs ( a ( good ( , ( straight-on breeze ) ) ) ) ) ( to ( stay aloft ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN At) (NP (PRP$ our) (VBG flying) (NNS sites))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ needs) (NP (DT a) (JJ good) (, ,) (JJ straight-on) (NN breeze)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

At our flying sites, it needs a good, straight-on breeze to stay aloft.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( Birds ( ( ( need ( a ( light-weight body ) ) ) ( ( in order ) ( to ( stay aloft ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (SBAR (IN in) (NN order) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft))))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body in order to stay aloft.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

entailment

( Birds ( ( ( stay aloft ) ( by ( riding ( rising ( air currents ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG riding) (NP (VBG rising) (NN air) (NNS currents)))))) (. .)))

Birds stay aloft by riding rising air currents.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( But ( ( looked ( at ( from ( ( ( the ( operational side ) ) , ) ( that ( same ( encoded chair ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( becomes ( ( ( a set ) ( of ( computational algorithms ) ) ) ( that ( can ( ( ( instruct ( other ( digital bodies ) ) ) ( below ( a ( certain ( virtual weight ) ) ) ) ) ( to ( ( ( conform ( to it ) ) and ) ( ( stay aloft ) ( in space ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) )

(ROOT (S (CC But) (S (VP (VBN looked) (PP (IN at) (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ operational) (NN side)) (, ,) (NP (DT that) (JJ same) (JJ encoded) (NN chair)))))) (VP (VBZ becomes) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN set)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ computational) (NNS algorithms))) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (MD can) (VP (VB instruct) (NP (JJ other) (JJ digital) (NNS bodies)) (PP (IN below) (NP (DT a) (JJ certain) (JJ virtual) (NN weight))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB conform) (PP (TO to) (NP (PRP it)))) (CC and) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN space))))))))))))) (. .)))

But looked at from the operational side, that same encoded chair becomes a set of computational algorithms that can instruct other digital bodies below a certain virtual weight to conform to it and stay aloft in space.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( Having ( ( the ( largest ( wingspan-to-body-weight ratio ) ) ) ( of ( any bird ) ) ) ) ( , ( they ( ( are ( ( ( ( ( essentially aerial ) , ) ( able ( to ( ( stay aloft ) ( for ( long periods ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) ( ( landing only ) ( to ( ( ( roost or ) breed ) ( on ( ( trees or ) cliffs ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (S (VP (VBG Having) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS largest) (JJ wingspan-to-body-weight) (NN ratio)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT any) (NN bird)))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (RB essentially) (JJ aerial)) (, ,) (ADJP (JJ able) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (PP (IN for) (NP (JJ long) (NNS periods))))))) (, ,) (VP (VBG landing) (ADVP (RB only)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB roost) (CC or) (VB breed) (PP (IN on) (NP (NNS trees) (CC or) (NNS cliffs))))))))) (. .)))

Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for long periods, landing only to roost or breed on trees or cliffs.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( Having ( ( the ( largest ( wingspan-to-body-weight ratio ) ) ) ( of ( any bird ) ) ) ) ( , ( they ( ( ( ( are ( essentially aerial ) ) , ) ( able ( to ( ( ( stay aloft ) ( for ( more ( than a ) ) ) ) week ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (S (VP (VBG Having) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS largest) (JJ wingspan-to-body-weight) (NN ratio)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT any) (NN bird)))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB essentially) (JJ aerial)) (, ,) (S (ADJP (JJ able) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (PP (IN for) (NP (QP (JJR more) (IN than) (DT a)))) (NP (NN week)))))))) (. .)))

Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( Having ( ( the ( largest ( wingspan-to-weight ratio ) ) ) ( of ( any bird ) ) ) ) ( , ( they ( ( ( ( are ( essentially aerial ) ) , ) ( able ( to ( ( ( stay aloft ) ( for ( more ( than a ) ) ) ) week ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (S (VP (VBG Having) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS largest) (JJ wingspan-to-weight) (NN ratio)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT any) (NN bird)))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB essentially) (JJ aerial)) (, ,) (S (ADJP (JJ able) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (PP (IN for) (NP (QP (JJR more) (IN than) (DT a)))) (NP (NN week)))))))) (. .)))

Having the largest wingspan-to-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( In ( the crowd ) ) ( , ( ( ( about ( a dozen ) ) sailors ) ( ( were ( ( ( ( holding ( a body ) ) aloft ) , ) ( ( ( an ( incredible feat ) ) ( of strength ) ) ( considering ( they ( ( were all ) ( ( ( treading water ) furiously ) ( to ( ( stay afloat ) ( beneath ( the ( added weight ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (DT the) (NN crowd))) (, ,) (NP (QP (RB about) (DT a) (NN dozen)) (NNS sailors)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBG holding) (NP (DT a) (NN body)) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (, ,) (S (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ incredible) (NN feat)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN strength)))) (VP (VBG considering) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD were) (RB all) (VP (VBG treading) (NP (NN water)) (ADVP (RB furiously)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADJP (RB afloat)) (PP (IN beneath) (NP (DT the) (VBN added) (NN weight)))))))))))))) (. .)))

In the crowd, about a dozen sailors were holding a body aloft, an incredible feat of strength considering they were all treading water furiously to stay afloat beneath the added weight.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( It ( ( is ( important ( to ( stay ( at ( that ( body weight ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ important) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT that) (NN body) (NN weight)))))))) (. .)))

It is important to stay at that body weight.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( Light-weight ( , ( light ( colored ( , ( loose clothing ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( ( can also ) ( help ( your ( body ( stay cooler ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NN Light-weight) (, ,) (JJ light) (NNS colored) (, ,) (JJ loose) (NN clothing)) (VP (MD can) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VB help) (NP (PRP$ your) (NN body) (NN stay) (NN cooler)))) (. .)))

Light-weight, light colored, loose clothing can also help your body stay cooler.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( Needs ( ( motion ( to ( stay aloft ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Needs)) (VP (VBZ motion) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Needs motion to stay aloft.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( On ( the ( other hand ) ) ) ( ( if ( you ( 're ( yearning ( to ( ( ( stay aloft ) ( for ( hours ( at ( a time ) ) ) ) ) ( ( cruising along ) ( with ( ( the birds ) ( on ( ( warm currents ) ( of ( rising air ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( then ( you ( ( 'll ( need ( to ( attend ( both ( ( ( an EP ) and ) ( a ( CP course ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN On) (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (NN hand))) (SBAR (IN if) (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VBP 're) (ADJP (JJ yearning) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (NNS hours)) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT a) (NN time))))) (S (VP (VBG cruising) (PRT (RP along)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS birds)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (JJ warm) (NNS currents)) (PP (IN of) (NP (VBG rising) (NN air)))))))))))))))) (ADVP (RB then)) (NP (PRP you)) (VP (MD 'll) (VP (VB need) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB attend) (NP (PDT both) (NP (DT an) (NNP EP)) (CC and) (NP (DT a) (NNP CP) (NN course)))))))) (. .)))

On the other hand if you're yearning to stay aloft for hours at a time cruising along with the birds on warm currents of rising air then you'll need to attend both an EP and a CP course.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( On ( ( the ( other hand ) ) ( if ( you ( 're ( yearning ( to ( ( stay aloft ) ( for ( hours ( at ( ( a time ) ( ( soaring ( with ( the birds ) ) ) ( on ( ( warm currents ) ( of ( rising air ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( then ( you ( ( 'll ( need ( to ( attend ( both ( ( ( an EP ) and ) ( a ( CP course ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN On) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (NN hand)) (SBAR (IN if) (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VBP 're) (ADJP (JJ yearning) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (NNS hours)) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN time)) (VP (VBG soaring) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (NNS birds))) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (JJ warm) (NNS currents)) (PP (IN of) (NP (VBG rising) (NN air))))))))))))))))))) (, ,) (ADVP (RB then)) (NP (PRP you)) (VP (MD 'll) (VP (VB need) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB attend) (NP (PDT both) (NP (DT an) (NNP EP)) (CC and) (NP (DT a) (NNP CP) (NN course)))))))) (. .)))

On the other hand if you're yearning to stay aloft for hours at a time soaring with the birds on warm currents of rising air, then you'll need to attend both an EP and a CP course.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( Once aloft ) ( , ( ( the dust ) ( ( ( is ( very likely ) ) ( to ( ( stay aloft ) ( until ( it ( ( meets water ) ( in ( ( ( ( the form ) ( of rain ) ) or ) ( ( a body ) ( of water ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Once) (FRAG (ADVP (RB aloft)))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN dust)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ likely)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (SBAR (IN until) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ meets) (NP (NN water)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NN form)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN rain)))) (CC or) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN body)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN water))))))))))))) (. .)))

Once aloft, the dust is very likely to stay aloft until it meets water in the form of rain or a body of water.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( ( Organ Systems ) ( Adapted ( for ( Flight Birds ) ) ) ) ( ( ( need ( a ( light-weight body ) ) ) ( ( in order ) ( to ( stay aloft ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Organ) (NNPS Systems)) (VP (VBN Adapted) (PP (IN for) (NP (NNP Flight) (NNP Birds))))) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (SBAR (IN in) (NN order) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft))))))) (. .)))

Organ Systems Adapted for Flight Birds need a light-weight body in order to stay aloft.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

entailment

( ( Stay ( at ( an ( ideal ( body weight ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (NP (NP (NNP Stay)) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT an) (JJ ideal) (NN body) (NN weight))) (. .)))

Stay at an ideal body weight.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( The bird ) ( ( represents ( ( ( the warrior ) ( ( ( ( ( remaining aloft ) ( in ( the sky ) ) ) ( beyond ( ( the reach ) ( of enemies ) ) ) ) , ) ( staying ( hidden ( in ( ( a cloak ) ( of darkness ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ready ( to ( act ( whenever needed ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN bird)) (VP (VBZ represents) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN warrior)) (VP (VBG remaining) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN sky))) (PP (IN beyond) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN reach)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS enemies))))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG staying) (VP (VBN hidden) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN cloak)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS darkness)))))))))) (ADJP (JJ ready) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB act) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB whenever)) (S (VP (VBD needed)))))))))) (. .)))

The bird represents the warrior remaining aloft in the sky beyond the reach of enemies, staying hidden in a cloak of darkness ready to act whenever needed.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( The bird ) ( ( ( stays aloft ) ( for ( ( 2 hours ) ( until ( ( the trains ) pass ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN bird)) (VP (VBZ stays) (ADVP (RB aloft)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (CD 2) (NNS hours)) (SBAR (IN until) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS trains)) (VP (VBP pass))))))) (. .)))

The bird stays aloft for 2 hours until the trains pass.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( The sharks ) ( ( feed ( on ( ( the birds ) ( who ( ( ca n't ) ( stay aloft ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS sharks)) (VP (VBP feed) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS birds)) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (MD ca) (RB n't) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft))))))))) (. .)))

The sharks feed on the birds who can't stay aloft.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( They ( ( can ( ( range ( in weight ) ) ( from ( ( ultra-light ( MTA ( ( -LRB- ( ( Maximum ( Time Aloft ) ) -RRB- ) ) boomerangs ) ) ) ( designed ( to ( ( stay ( in ( ( the air ) ( for ( a ( long time ) ) ) ) ) ) ( to ( ( heavy ( , ( lead ( weighted boomerangs ) ) ) ) ( designed ( to ( ( travel ( a ( long distance ) ) ) ( before ( turning ( to ( return ( to ( the thrower ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB range) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN weight))) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (JJ ultra-light) (NN MTA) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP Maximum) (NNP Time) (NNP Aloft)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NNS boomerangs)) (VP (VBN designed) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN air)) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT a) (JJ long) (NN time))))) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (JJ heavy) (, ,) (JJ lead) (JJ weighted) (NNS boomerangs)) (VP (VBN designed) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB travel) (NP (DT a) (JJ long) (NN distance)) (PP (IN before) (S (VP (VBG turning) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB return) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN thrower))))))))))))))))))))))) (. .)))

They can range in weight from ultra-light MTA (Maximum Time Aloft) boomerangs designed to stay in the air for a long time to heavy, lead weighted boomerangs designed to travel a long distance before turning to return to the thrower.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( Weight ( loss strategy ) ) ( ( needs ( to ( be ( focused ( on ( how ( to ( stay ( at ( a ( lower ( body weight ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Weight) (NN loss) (NN strategy)) (VP (VBZ needs) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN focused) (PP (IN on) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT a) (JJR lower) (NN body) (NN weight))))))))))))) (. .)))

Weight loss strategy needs to be focused on how to stay at a lower body weight.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( When ( there ( is ( light precipitation ) ) ) ) ( , ( dust ( ( ( ( stays aloft ) and ) ( is ( ( carried ( to ( the ( ice sheets ) ) ) ) ( with ( the snow ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (S (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (JJ light) (NN precipitation))))) (, ,) (NP (NN dust)) (VP (VP (VBZ stays) (ADVP (RB aloft))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN ice) (NNS sheets))) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (NN snow)))))) (. .)))

When there is light precipitation, dust stays aloft and is carried to the ice sheets with the snow.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( Whereas ( gliders ( need ( thermals ( to ( stay aloft ) ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( balloons ( ( need ( ( ( calm ( , stable ) ) conditions ) ( with ( ( ( ( ( no up ) draughts ) and ) ( generally light ) ) winds ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Whereas) (S (NP (NNS gliders)) (VP (VBP need) (S (NP (NNS thermals)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS balloons)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (NP (ADJP (JJ calm) (, ,) (JJ stable)) (NNS conditions)) (PP (IN with) (NP (ADJP (ADJP (ADVP (RB no) (RB up)) (JJ draughts)) (CC and) (ADJP (RB generally) (JJ light))) (NNS winds))))) (. .)))

Whereas gliders need thermals to stay aloft, balloons need calm, stable conditions with no up draughts and generally light winds.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( the other ) ( of ( ( a bird ) ( with ( broken wing ) ) ) ) ) , ) ( struggling ( to ( stay aloft ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ other)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN bird)) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ broken) (NN wing))))) (, ,) (VP (VBG struggling) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

the other of a bird with broken wing, struggling to stay aloft.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Birds)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (DT a) (JJ light-weight) (NN body)) (PP (IN for)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB stay) (ADVP (RB aloft)))))) (. .)))

Birds need a light-weight body for to stay aloft.

neutral

( ( As some ) ( ( f ( ( the ice ) ( ( turns ( to ( ( a ( gassy tail ) ) ( from ( ( the ( comet 's ) ) proximity ) ) ) ) ) ( to ( the sun ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( ( the comet ) ( ( releases ( ( a trail ) ( of ( dust ( and ( rocky debris ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN As) (NP (DT some))) (SBAR (X (SYM f)) (S (NP (DT the) (NN ice)) (VP (VBZ turns) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ gassy) (NN tail)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN comet) (POS 's)) (NN proximity))))) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN sun)))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN comet)) (VP (VBZ releases) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN trail)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN dust) (CC and) (JJ rocky) (NN debris))))) (. .)))

As some f the ice turns to a gassy tail from the comet's proximity to the sun, the comet releases a trail of dust and rocky debris.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

neutral

( ( As ( ( the comet ) ( approaches ( the sun ) ) ) ) ( , ( ( solar radiation ) ( ( ( ( melts ( the ice ) ) , ) ( ( causing ( dust ( particles ( and ( rock fragments ) ) ) ) ) ( to ( ( ( separate ( from ( the ( comet nucleus ) ) ) ) , ) ( forming ( the ( ( visually radiant ) tail ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (DT the) (NN comet)) (VP (VBZ approaches) (NP (DT the) (NN sun))))) (, ,) (NP (JJ solar) (NN radiation)) (VP (VBZ melts) (NP (DT the) (NN ice)) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG causing) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles) (CC and) (NN rock) (NNS fragments)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB separate) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT the) (JJ comet) (NN nucleus))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG forming) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RB visually) (JJ radiant)) (NN tail)))))))))) (. .)))

As the comet approaches the sun, solar radiation melts the ice, causing dust particles and rock fragments to separate from the comet nucleus, forming the visually radiant tail.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

neutral

( ( As ( ( the comet ) passed ) ) ( , ( it ( ( left ( behind ( ( a trail ) ( of ( ( dust and ) particles ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (DT the) (NN comet)) (VP (VBD passed)))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBD left) (PP (IN behind) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN trail)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN dust) (CC and) (NNS particles)))))) (. .)))

As the comet passed, it left behind a trail of dust and particles.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

neutral

( ( As ( they ( near ( the sun ) ) ) ) ( , ( ( ( the ( sun 's ) ) heat ) ( ( ( ( sublimates ( ( the ( comet 's ) ) ices ) ) and ) ( releases ( ( dust particles ) ( which ( produces ( ( the ( comet 's ) ) tail ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN As) (NP (NP (PRP they)) (PP (IN near) (NP (DT the) (NN sun))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun) (POS 's)) (NN heat)) (VP (VP (VBZ sublimates) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN comet) (POS 's)) (NNS ices))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ releases) (NP (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN comet) (POS 's)) (NN tail)))))))) (. .)))

As they near the sun, the sun's heat sublimates the comet's ices and releases dust particles which produces the comet's tail.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

neutral

( Comets ( ( ( grow ( tails ( of ( ( gas and ) dust ) ) ) ) ( as ( they ( near ( the sun ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Comets)) (VP (VBP grow) (NP (NP (NNS tails)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN gas) (CC and) (NN dust)))) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (PRP they)) (PP (IN near) (NP (DT the) (NN sun)))))) (. .)))

Comets grow tails of gas and dust as they near the sun.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

neutral

( ( Comets tails ) ( ( are ( made ( of ( dust ( and ( ice particles ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comets) (NNS tails)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN made) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN dust) (CC and) (NN ice) (NNS particles))))) (. .)))

Comets tails are made of dust and ice particles.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

neutral

( ( Each comet ) ( ( is ( trailed ( by ( streams ( of ( dust particles ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT Each) (NN comet)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN trailed) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNP streams)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles))))))) (. .)))

Each comet is trailed by streams of dust particles.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

neutral

( ( ( ( Tails and ) trails ) ( The ( large particles ) ) ) ( ( remain ( ( ( close ( to ( the comet ) ) ) and ) ( form ( a ( dust coma ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Tails) (CC and) (NNS trails)) (NP (DT The) (JJ large) (NNS particles))) (VP (VBP remain) (VP (VP (VB close) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN comet)))) (CC and) (VP (VB form) (NP (DT a) (NN dust) (NN coma))))) (. .)))

Tails and trails The large particles remain close to the comet and form a dust coma.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

neutral

( ( ( The ( dust tail ) ) ( trailing ( ( the ( comet 's ) ) nucleus ) ) ) ( ( is ( the ( most prominent ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN dust) (NN tail)) (VP (VBG trailing) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN comet) (POS 's)) (NN nucleus)))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (DT the) (RBS most) (JJ prominent))) (. .)))

The dust tail trailing the comet's nucleus is the most prominent.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

neutral

( ( The ( dust tail ) ) ( typically ( just ( ( trails ( behind ( the comet ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN dust) (NN tail)) (ADVP (RB typically)) (ADVP (RB just)) (VP (VBZ trails) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (NN comet)))) (. .)))

The dust tail typically just trails behind the comet.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

neutral

( ( The ( solar wind ) ) ( ( ( ( ( pushes ( the ( ( gas and ) dust ) ) ) away ) , ) ( so ( that ( ( ( the tail ) ( of ( the comet ) ) ) ( always ( ( points away ) ( from ( the sun ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (JJ solar) (NN wind)) (VP (VBZ pushes) (NP (DT the) (NN gas) (CC and) (NN dust)) (ADVP (RB away)) (, ,) (SBAR (RB so) (IN that) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN tail)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN comet)))) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBZ points) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT the) (NN sun))))))) (. .)))

The solar wind pushes the gas and dust away, so that the tail of the comet always points away from the sun.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

entailment

( ( The ( yellowish ( dust tail ) ) ) ( ( ( fanned away ) ( from ( the comet ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (JJ yellowish) (NN dust) (NN tail)) (VP (VBD fanned) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT the) (NN comet)))) (. .)))

The yellowish dust tail fanned away from the comet.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Comet) (NNS tails)) (VP (ADVP (RB always)) (VBP point) (PRT (RP away)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sun)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (S (VP (VBG trailing) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ comet) (PP (IN because) (NP (NN dust) (NNS particles)))) (NN recoil))))))))) (. .)))

Comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet because dust particles recoil.

neutral

( ( Below ( ( the water ) ( s surface ) ) ) ( , ( oysters ( ( ( ( ( ( ( attach themselves ) ( to ( ( the roots ) ( of ( mangrove trees ) ) ) ) ) , ) and ) fish ) ( ( come ( into ( ( this part ) ( of ( the river ) ) ) ) ) ( to breed ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (S (ADVP (RB Below)) (NP (DT the) (NN water)) (VP (VBZ s) (NP (NN surface)))) (, ,) (NP (NNS oysters)) (VP (VP (VBP attach) (NP (PRP themselves)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS roots)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ mangrove) (NNS trees)))))) (, ,) (CC and) (RB fish) (VP (VBN come) (PP (IN into) (NP (NP (DT this) (NN part)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN river))))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB breed)))))) (. .)))

Below the water s surface, oysters attach themselves to the roots of mangrove trees, and fish come into this part of the river to breed.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Stilt) (JJ like) (NNS roots)) (VP (VBZ helps) (S (NP (JJ mangrove) (NNS trees)) (VP (VB rise) (ADJP (JJ high) (PP (IN above) (NP (DT the) (NN water))))))) (. .)))

Stilt like roots helps mangrove trees rise high above the water.

neutral

( Cormorants ( so ( ( well-fed ( they ( had ( time ( to ( ( ( ( relax and ) digest ) lazed ) ( in ( ( ( the ( mangrove trees ) ) , ) ( whose ( ( finger-like roots ) ( knotted ( the shoreline ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Cormorants)) (ADVP (RB so)) (VP (VBD well-fed) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD had) (NP (NN time) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB relax) (CC and) (VB digest) (NP (NN lazed)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ mangrove) (NNS trees)) (, ,) (SBAR (WP$ whose) (S (NP (JJ finger-like) (NNS roots)) (VP (VBD knotted) (NP (DT the) (NN shoreline))))))))))))))) (. .)))

Cormorants so well-fed they had time to relax and digest lazed in the mangrove trees, whose finger-like roots knotted the shoreline.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Stilt) (JJ like) (NNS roots)) (VP (VBZ helps) (S (NP (JJ mangrove) (NNS trees)) (VP (VB rise) (ADJP (JJ high) (PP (IN above) (NP (DT the) (NN water))))))) (. .)))

Stilt like roots helps mangrove trees rise high above the water.

neutral

( He ( ( will ( find ( that ( ( in ( ( the ( lower part ) ) ( of Florida ) ) ) ( ( ( the ( protected shores ) ) ( ( ( of ( these islands ) ) and ) ( of ( the mainland ) ) ) ) ( ( are usually ) ( ( bordered ( by ( ( a ( dense growth ) ) ( of mangroves ) ) ) ) ( ( ( ( standing ( high ( on ( stilted roots ) ) ) ) and ) often ) ( ( reaching ( well out ) ) ( into ( the water ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP He)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB find) (SBAR (IN that) (S (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJR lower) (NN part)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Florida))))) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBN protected) (NNS shores)) (PP (PP (IN of) (NP (DT these) (NNS islands))) (CC and) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN mainland))))) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VBN bordered) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ dense) (NN growth)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS mangroves))))) (S (VP (VP (VBG standing) (ADJP (JJ high) (PP (IN on) (NP (JJ stilted) (NNS roots))))) (CC and) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VBG reaching) (ADVP (RB well) (RB out)) (PP (IN into) (NP (DT the) (NN water)))))))))))) (. .)))

He will find that in the lower part of Florida the protected shores of these islands and of the mainland are usually bordered by a dense growth of mangroves standing high on stilted roots and often reaching well out into the water.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Stilt) (JJ like) (NNS roots)) (VP (VBZ helps) (S (NP (JJ mangrove) (NNS trees)) (VP (VB rise) (ADJP (JJ high) (PP (IN above) (NP (DT the) (NN water))))))) (. .)))

Stilt like roots helps mangrove trees rise high above the water.

entailment

( It ( ( ( ( is ( like ( ( having ( a tree ) ) ( with ( no roots ) ) ) ) ) , ) ( for ( ( the mangroves ) ( are ( ( the roots ) ( of ( the sea ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (PP (IN like) (S (VP (VBG having) (NP (DT a) (NN tree)) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT no) (NNS roots)))))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN for) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS mangroves)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS roots)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN sea)))))))) (. .)))

It is like having a tree with no roots, for the mangroves are the roots of the sea.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Stilt) (JJ like) (NNS roots)) (VP (VBZ helps) (S (NP (JJ mangrove) (NNS trees)) (VP (VB rise) (ADJP (JJ high) (PP (IN above) (NP (DT the) (NN water))))))) (. .)))

Stilt like roots helps mangrove trees rise high above the water.

neutral

( ( Mangrove roots ) ( ( ( ( are ( like stilts ) ) , ) ( ( allowing ( mangrove trees ) ) ( to ( ( rise high ) ( above ( the water ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Mangrove) (NNS roots)) (VP (VBP are) (PP (IN like) (NP (NNS stilts))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG allowing) (NP (JJ mangrove) (NNS trees)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB rise) (ADJP (JJ high)) (PP (IN above) (NP (DT the) (NN water))))))))) (. .)))

Mangrove roots are like stilts, allowing mangrove trees to rise high above the water.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Stilt) (JJ like) (NNS roots)) (VP (VBZ helps) (S (NP (JJ mangrove) (NNS trees)) (VP (VB rise) (ADJP (JJ high) (PP (IN above) (NP (DT the) (NN water))))))) (. .)))

Stilt like roots helps mangrove trees rise high above the water.

entailment

( ( The trees ) ( ( are ( easily ( recognizable ( by ( ( ( their ( dense mats ) ) ( of ( thick ( , ( stick-like roots ) ) ) ) ) ( that ( ( rise out ) ( of ( the ( ( mud and ) water ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS trees)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB easily) (JJ recognizable) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ dense) (NNS mats)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ thick) (, ,) (JJ stick-like) (NNS roots))) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP rise) (PRT (RP out)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NX (NX (NN mud)) (CC and) (NX (NN water)))))))))))) (. .)))

The trees are easily recognizable by their dense mats of thick, stick-like roots that rise out of the mud and water.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Stilt) (JJ like) (NNS roots)) (VP (VBZ helps) (S (NP (JJ mangrove) (NNS trees)) (VP (VB rise) (ADJP (JJ high) (PP (IN above) (NP (DT the) (NN water))))))) (. .)))

Stilt like roots helps mangrove trees rise high above the water.

entailment

( ( ( ( ( These trees ) , ) ( called mangroves ) ) , ) ( ( have ( ( wide-spreading ( stilt roots ) ) ( that ( ( ( ( support ( the trees ) ) ( in ( the ( tidal mud ) ) ) ) and ) ( trap ( nutritious ( organic matter ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT These) (NNS trees)) (, ,) (VP (VBN called) (NP (NNS mangroves))) (, ,)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (JJ wide-spreading) (NN stilt) (NNS roots)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VP (VBP support) (NP (DT the) (NNS trees)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ tidal) (NN mud)))) (CC and) (VP (NN trap) (NP (JJ nutritious) (JJ organic) (NN matter)))))))) (. .)))

These trees, called mangroves, have wide-spreading stilt roots that support the trees in the tidal mud and trap nutritious organic matter.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Stilt) (JJ like) (NNS roots)) (VP (VBZ helps) (S (NP (JJ mangrove) (NNS trees)) (VP (VB rise) (ADJP (JJ high) (PP (IN above) (NP (DT the) (NN water))))))) (. .)))

Stilt like roots helps mangrove trees rise high above the water.

entailment

( ( Unlike ( other ( palm trees ) ) ) ( , ( ( ( ( ( pandanus ( and ( lily trees ) ) ) ( ( ( have branches ) , ) ( each ( crowned ( with ( sword-shaped leaves ) ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( ( most ( pandanus trees ) ) ( have ( ( tall ( stilt-like roots ) ) ( that ( ( extend ( to ( the ground ) ) ) ( from ( high ( on ( ( ( the trunk ) and ) limbs ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN Unlike) (NP (JJ other) (NN palm) (NNS trees))) (, ,) (S (NP (NNS pandanus) (CC and) (NN lily) (NNS trees)) (VP (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS branches))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT each)) (VP (VBN crowned) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ sword-shaped) (NNS leaves))))))) (CC and) (S (NP (JJS most) (NNS pandanus) (NNS trees)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (JJ tall) (JJ stilt-like) (NNS roots)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP extend) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN ground))) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (JJ high)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN trunk)) (CC and) (NP (NNS limbs)))))))))))) (. .)))

Unlike other palm trees, pandanus and lily trees have branches, each crowned with sword-shaped leaves and most pandanus trees have tall stilt-like roots that extend to the ground from high on the trunk and limbs.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Stilt) (JJ like) (NNS roots)) (VP (VBZ helps) (S (NP (JJ mangrove) (NNS trees)) (VP (VB rise) (ADJP (JJ high) (PP (IN above) (NP (DT the) (NN water))))))) (. .)))

Stilt like roots helps mangrove trees rise high above the water.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( Be ( sure ( to ( also ( serve ( plenty ( of ( ice water ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) and ) ( ( ( a wedge ) ( of ( lemon ( in ( ( each glass ) ( of water ) ) ) ) ) ) ( is ( a ( nice touch ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (S (VP (VB Be) (ADJP (JJ sure) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (ADVP (RB also)) (VB serve) (NP (NP (RB plenty)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN ice) (NN water)))))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (NP (DT a) (NN wedge)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ lemon)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT each) (NN glass)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN water)))))))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (DT a) (JJ nice) (NN touch)))) (. .)))

Be sure to also serve plenty of ice water, and a wedge of lemon in each glass of water is a nice touch.

(ROOT (S (NP (NN Ice) (NN wedging)) (VP (VBZ occurs) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NN water)) (VP (VBZ expands))))) (. .)))

Ice wedging occurs because water expands.

neutral

( ( ( ( Frost action ) , ) ( sometimes ( known ( as ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ice ( crystal growth ) ) , ) ( ice wedging ) ) , ) ( frost wedging ) ) or ) freeze-thaw ) ) ) ) ) ( ( occurs ( when ( ( water ( in ( ( ( cracks and ) joints ) ( of rocks ) ) ) ) ( ( freeze and ) expand ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Frost) (NN action)) (, ,) (VP (ADVP (RB sometimes)) (VBN known) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (NN ice) (NN crystal) (NN growth)) (, ,) (NP (NN ice) (NN wedging)) (, ,) (NP (JJ frost) (NN wedging)) (CC or) (NP (NN freeze-thaw)))))) (VP (VBZ occurs) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (NP (NN water)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNS cracks) (CC and) (NNS joints)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS rocks)))))) (VP (VB freeze) (CC and) (VB expand))))) (. .)))

Frost action, sometimes known as ice crystal growth, ice wedging, frost wedging or freeze-thaw occurs when water in cracks and joints of rocks freeze and expand.

(ROOT (S (NP (NN Ice) (NN wedging)) (VP (VBZ occurs) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NN water)) (VP (VBZ expands))))) (. .)))

Ice wedging occurs because water expands.

entailment

( It ( ( 's ( ( one ( of ( the ( few ( local pizzerias ) ) ) ) ) ( that ( serves ( ( ( water ( -LRB- ( ( with ( ( ( ( a wedge ) ( of lemon ) ) , ) ( no less ) ) ) -RRB- ) ) ) and ) ( ( iced tea ) ( in ( ( real glasses ) ( instead ( of ( plastic tumblers ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ 's) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ few) (JJ local) (NNS pizzerias))) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ serves) (NP (NP (NN water)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN wedge)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP lemon))) (, ,) (ADJP (DT no) (JJR less)))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (CC and) (NP (NP (JJ iced) (NN tea)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ real) (NNS glasses)) (PP (RB instead) (IN of) (NP (JJ plastic) (NNS tumblers)))))))))))) (. .)))

It's one of the few local pizzerias that serves water (with a wedge of lemon, no less) and iced tea in real glasses instead of plastic tumblers.

(ROOT (S (NP (NN Ice) (NN wedging)) (VP (VBZ occurs) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NN water)) (VP (VBZ expands))))) (. .)))

Ice wedging occurs because water expands.

neutral

( ( One ( ( commonly used ) recipe ) ) ( ( ( ( is ( ( ( one ( part vodka ) ) and ) ( ( one ( part ( tonic water ) ) ) ( in ( ( a tumbler ) ( over ice ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) ( with ( ( a ( generous ( lime wedge ) ) ) ( squeezed ( into it ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (CD One) (ADJP (RB commonly) (VBN used)) (NNS recipe)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (CD one) (NN part) (NN vodka)) (CC and) (NP (NP (CD one) (NN part) (NN tonic) (NN water)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN tumbler)) (PP (IN over) (NP (NN ice))))))) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ generous) (NN lime) (NN wedge)) (VP (VBN squeezed) (PP (IN into) (NP (PRP it))))))) (. .)))

One commonly used recipe is one part vodka and one part tonic water in a tumbler over ice, with a generous lime wedge squeezed into it.

(ROOT (S (NP (NN Ice) (NN wedging)) (VP (VBZ occurs) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NN water)) (VP (VBZ expands))))) (. .)))

Ice wedging occurs because water expands.

neutral

( Pumps ( ( kept ( ( the ship ) ( clear ( ( ( until ( ( ( open water ) ( near ( Esopus Island ) ) ) ( was reached ) ) ) , ) ( which ( freed ( ( the ice ) ( that ( had ( ( wedged itself ) ( into ( ( the openings ) ( cut ( in ( the hull ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Pumps)) (VP (VBD kept) (S (NP (DT the) (NN ship)) (ADJP (JJ clear)) (SBAR (SBAR (IN until) (S (NP (NP (JJ open) (NN water)) (PP (IN near) (NP (NNP Esopus) (NNP Island)))) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN reached))))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBD freed) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN ice)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBD had) (VP (VBN wedged) (NP (PRP itself)) (PP (IN into) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS openings)) (VP (VBN cut) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN hull))))))))))))))))) (. .)))

Pumps kept the ship clear until open water near Esopus Island was reached, which freed the ice that had wedged itself into the openings cut in the hull.

(ROOT (S (NP (NN Ice) (NN wedging)) (VP (VBZ occurs) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NN water)) (VP (VBZ expands))))) (. .)))

Ice wedging occurs because water expands.

neutral

( ( The ( rock material ) ) ( ( may ( be ( loosened ( by ( ( earthquakes , ) ( ( rain , ) ( ( ( ( ( plant-root wedging ) , ) ( expanding ice ) ) , ) ( among ( other things ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN rock) (NN material)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN loosened) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNS earthquakes)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NN rain)) (, ,) (NP (NP (JJ plant-root) (NN wedging)) (, ,) (NP (VBG expanding) (NN ice)) (, ,) (PP (IN among) (NP (JJ other) (NNS things)))))))))) (. .)))

The rock material may be loosened by earthquakes, rain, plant-root wedging, expanding ice, among other things.

(ROOT (S (NP (NN Ice) (NN wedging)) (VP (VBZ occurs) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NN water)) (VP (VBZ expands))))) (. .)))

Ice wedging occurs because water expands.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( The ( wooden wedges ) ) ( were ( soaked ( with water ) ) ) ) and ) ( ( ( the forces ) ( generated ( by ( the ( expanding wedges ) ) ) ) ) ( ( caused fractures ) ( to ( occur ( between holes ) ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (S (NP (DT The) (JJ wooden) (NNS wedges)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN soaked) (PP (IN with) (NP (NN water)))))) (CC and) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS forces)) (VP (VBN generated) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (VBG expanding) (NNS wedges))))) (VP (VBD caused) (NP (NNS fractures)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB occur) (PP (IN between) (NP (NNS holes)))))))) (. .)))

The wooden wedges were soaked with water and the forces generated by the expanding wedges caused fractures to occur between holes.

(ROOT (S (NP (NN Ice) (NN wedging)) (VP (VBZ occurs) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NN water)) (VP (VBZ expands))))) (. .)))

Ice wedging occurs because water expands.

neutral

( again ( , ( ( ( the consequence ) ( of ( water erosion ) ) ) ( , ( ( ice ( expanding ( in ( ( ( crevices , ) and ) ( the sun ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB again)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN consequence)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN water) (NN erosion)))) (, ,) (VP (VBZ ice) (S (VP (VBG expanding) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNS crevices)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (DT the) (NN sun))))))) (. .)))

again, the consequence of water erosion, ice expanding in crevices, and the sun.

(ROOT (S (NP (NN Ice) (NN wedging)) (VP (VBZ occurs) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NN water)) (VP (VBZ expands))))) (. .)))

Ice wedging occurs because water expands.

neutral

( ( ( An ( electric current ) ) ( passing ( through ( a metal ) ) ) ) ( ( consists ( of ( ( a flow ) ( of ( free electrons ) ) ) ) ) ; ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT An) (JJ electric) (NN current)) (VP (VBG passing) (PP (IN through) (NP (DT a) (NN metal))))) (VP (VBZ consists) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN flow)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ free) (NNS electrons)))))) (: ;)))

An electric current passing through a metal consists of a flow of free electrons;

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Metal)) (VP (VBZ conducts) (NP (NP (NN heat) (CC and) (NN electricity)) (ADVP (RB so)) (PP (RB well) (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ free) (VBG flowing) (NNS electrons))))) (. .)))

Metal conducts heat and electricity so well because of free flowing electrons.

neutral

( ( ( Electrical conduction ) ( of metals ) ) ( ( ( ( is ( a ( well-known phenomenon ) ) ) and ) ( is ( attributed ( to ( ( ( the ( free ( conduction electrons ) ) ) , ) ( which ( can ( be ( ( measured ( as sketched ) ) ( in ( the figure ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ Electrical) (NN conduction)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS metals)))) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (NP (DT a) (JJ well-known) (NN phenomenon))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN attributed) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ free) (NN conduction) (NNS electrons)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN measured) (ADJP (RB as) (JJ sketched)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN figure))))))))))))) (. .)))

Electrical conduction of metals is a well-known phenomenon and is attributed to the free conduction electrons, which can be measured as sketched in the figure.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Metal)) (VP (VBZ conducts) (NP (NP (NN heat) (CC and) (NN electricity)) (ADVP (RB so)) (PP (RB well) (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ free) (VBG flowing) (NNS electrons))))) (. .)))

Metal conducts heat and electricity so well because of free flowing electrons.

entailment

( Metal ( ( ( conducts ( heat flow ) ) ( with delay ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Metal)) (VP (VBZ conducts) (NP (NN heat) (NN flow)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NN delay)))) (. .)))

Metal conducts heat flow with delay.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Metal)) (VP (VBZ conducts) (NP (NP (NN heat) (CC and) (NN electricity)) (ADVP (RB so)) (PP (RB well) (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ free) (VBG flowing) (NNS electrons))))) (. .)))

Metal conducts heat and electricity so well because of free flowing electrons.

neutral

( Metals ( ( ( conduct ( ( heat and ) electricity ) ) ( with ( ( the help ) ( of ( ( free electrons ) ( in them ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Metals)) (VP (VBP conduct) (NP (NN heat) (CC and) (NN electricity)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN help)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ free) (NNS electrons)) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP them)))))))) (. .)))

Metals conduct heat and electricity with the help of free electrons in them.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Metal)) (VP (VBZ conducts) (NP (NP (NN heat) (CC and) (NN electricity)) (ADVP (RB so)) (PP (RB well) (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ free) (VBG flowing) (NNS electrons))))) (. .)))

Metal conducts heat and electricity so well because of free flowing electrons.

entailment

( ( Since ( electrons ( conduct ( ( heat and ) electricity ) ) ) ) ( , ( metals ( ( make ( ( ( good ( cooking pans ) ) and ) ( electrical wires ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Since) (S (NP (NNS electrons)) (VP (VBP conduct) (NP (NN heat) (CC and) (NN electricity))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS metals)) (VP (VBP make) (NP (NP (JJ good) (NN cooking) (NNS pans)) (CC and) (NP (JJ electrical) (NNS wires)))) (. .)))

Since electrons conduct heat and electricity, metals make good cooking pans and electrical wires.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Metal)) (VP (VBZ conducts) (NP (NP (NN heat) (CC and) (NN electricity)) (ADVP (RB so)) (PP (RB well) (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ free) (VBG flowing) (NNS electrons))))) (. .)))

Metal conducts heat and electricity so well because of free flowing electrons.

neutral

( ( ( The ( easiest experiment ) ) ( that ( could ( be ( conducted ( in ( ( the ( nineteenth century ) ) ( using ( sub-atomic particles ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( was ( using ( ( ( electron beams ) , ) ( ( a ( focussed flow ) ) ( of ( ( excited electrons ) ( ( ( emitted ( from ( ( a ( heated ( metal source ) ) ) ( accelerated ( by ( electric fields ) ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( tuned ( by ( magnetic ones ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJS easiest) (NN experiment)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (MD could) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN conducted) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ nineteenth) (NN century)) (VP (VBG using) (NP (JJ sub-atomic) (NNS particles))))))))))) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBG using) (NP (NP (NN electron) (NNS beams)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ focussed) (NN flow)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (VBN excited) (NNS electrons)) (UCP (VP (VBN emitted) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ heated) (NN metal) (NN source)) (VP (VBN accelerated) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ electric) (NNS fields))))))) (CC and) (ADJP (VBN tuned) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ magnetic) (NNS ones))))))))))) (. .)))

The easiest experiment that could be conducted in the nineteenth century using sub-atomic particles was using electron beams, a focussed flow of excited electrons emitted from a heated metal source accelerated by electric fields and tuned by magnetic ones.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Metal)) (VP (VBZ conducts) (NP (NP (NN heat) (CC and) (NN electricity)) (ADVP (RB so)) (PP (RB well) (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ free) (VBG flowing) (NNS electrons))))) (. .)))

Metal conducts heat and electricity so well because of free flowing electrons.

neutral

( ( The metal ) ( ( ( ( ( resists ( this flow ) ) , ) and ) ( ( , ( ( like ( an ( electric heater ) ) ) , ) ) ( creates ( ( heat , ) ( which ( is ( ( conducted ( into ( the food ) ) ) ( through ( ( the metal ) ( of ( the pan ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN metal)) (VP (VP (VBZ resists) (NP (DT this) (NN flow))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (PRN (, ,) (PP (IN like) (NP (DT an) (JJ electric) (NN heater))) (, ,)) (VBZ creates) (NP (NP (NN heat)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN conducted) (PP (IN into) (NP (DT the) (NN food))) (PP (IN through) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN metal)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN pan)))))))))))) (. .)))

The metal resists this flow, and, like an electric heater, creates heat, which is conducted into the food through the metal of the pan.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Metal)) (VP (VBZ conducts) (NP (NP (NN heat) (CC and) (NN electricity)) (ADVP (RB so)) (PP (RB well) (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ free) (VBG flowing) (NNS electrons))))) (. .)))

Metal conducts heat and electricity so well because of free flowing electrons.

neutral

( ( ( The ( valence electrons ) ) ( in ( ( the atom ) ( which ( have ( low ( ionization potentials ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( are ( considered ( to ( ( ( be ( ( a ( free ( moving ( `` ( sea '' ) ) ) ) ) ( within ( the lattice ) ) ) ) , ) ( ( giving metals ) ( the ( ability ( to ( conduct ( ( heat and ) electricity ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ valence) (NNS electrons)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN atom)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBP have) (NP (JJ low) (NN ionization) (NNS potentials)))))))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN considered) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ free) (NN moving) (`` ``) (NN sea) ('' '')) (PP (IN within) (NP (DT the) (NN lattice)))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG giving) (NP (NNS metals)) (NP (DT the) (NN ability) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB conduct) (NP (NN heat) (CC and) (NN electricity))))))))))))) (. .)))

The valence electrons in the atom which have low ionization potentials are considered to be a free moving "sea" within the lattice, giving metals the ability to conduct heat and electricity.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Metal)) (VP (VBZ conducts) (NP (NP (NN heat) (CC and) (NN electricity)) (ADVP (RB so)) (PP (RB well) (RB because) (IN of) (NP (JJ free) (VBG flowing) (NNS electrons))))) (. .)))

Metal conducts heat and electricity so well because of free flowing electrons.

entailment