Datasets:

allenai

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scitail

like 5

( ( In ( ( the inflorescences ) ( that ( I ( used ( to ( trap invertebrates ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( I ( ( found ( Isopods ( , ( Arachnids ( , ( and Insects ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS inflorescences)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (PRP I)) (VP (VBD used) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN trap) (NNS invertebrates)))))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP I)) (VP (VBD found) (NP (NNP Isopods) (, ,) (NNP Arachnids) (, ,) (CC and) (NNP Insects))) (. .)))

In the inflorescences that I used to trap invertebrates, I found Isopods, Arachnids, and Insects.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS insects)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ eight-legged) (NNS invertebrates)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NN antennae) (CC or) (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

While similar to insects, arachnids are eight-legged invertebrates that lack antennae or wings.

neutral

( ( ( The ( proximal joint ) ) ( of ( an ( ( ( insect or ) arachnid ) leg ) ) ) ) ; )

(ROOT (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ proximal) (NN joint)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT an) (ADJP (JJ insect) (CC or) (JJ arachnid)) (NN leg))) (: ;)))

The proximal joint of an insect or arachnid leg;

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS insects)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ eight-legged) (NNS invertebrates)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NN antennae) (CC or) (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

While similar to insects, arachnids are eight-legged invertebrates that lack antennae or wings.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( This ( distinctive bug ) ) , ) ( with ( ( ( six ( long legs ) ) and ) ( two ( large wings ) ) ) ) ) , ) ( ( ( ( ( ( is not ) ( ( ( ( a spider ) , ) nor ) ( an arachnid ) ) ) , ) but ) ( is ( an insect ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT This) (JJ distinctive) (NN bug)) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (CD six) (JJ long) (NNS legs)) (CC and) (NP (CD two) (JJ large) (NNS wings)))) (, ,)) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (RB not) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN spider)) (, ,) (CC nor) (NP (DT an) (NN arachnid)))) (, ,) (CC but) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (DT an) (NN insect)))) (. .)))

This distinctive bug, with six long legs and two large wings, is not a spider, nor an arachnid, but is an insect.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS insects)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ eight-legged) (NNS invertebrates)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NN antennae) (CC or) (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

While similar to insects, arachnids are eight-legged invertebrates that lack antennae or wings.

neutral

( ( ( invertebrate animals ) ( -LRB- ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( clams , ) snails ) , ) insects ) , ) arachnids ) , ) and ) crustaceans ) -RRB- ) ) ) ; )

(ROOT (NP (NP (JJ invertebrate) (NNS animals)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NNS clams)) (, ,) (NP (NNS snails)) (, ,) (NP (NNS insects)) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NNS crustaceans))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (: ;)))

invertebrate animals (clams, snails, insects, arachnids, and crustaceans);

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS insects)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ eight-legged) (NNS invertebrates)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NN antennae) (CC or) (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

While similar to insects, arachnids are eight-legged invertebrates that lack antennae or wings.

neutral

( they ( ( ( ( ( ( 're actually ) arachnids ) , ) ( with ( ( eight legs ) ( as adults ) ) ) ) -RRB- ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP 're) (ADVP (RB actually)) (ADJP (JJ arachnids)) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (CD eight) (NNS legs)) (PP (IN as) (NP (NNS adults)))))) (-RRB- -RRB-) (. .)))

they're actually arachnids, with eight legs as adults).

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS insects)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ eight-legged) (NNS invertebrates)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NN antennae) (CC or) (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

While similar to insects, arachnids are eight-legged invertebrates that lack antennae or wings.

neutral

( ( ( ( Arthropoda ( are ( jointed-foot invertebrates ) ) ) : ) ( ( ( ( arachnids , ) crustaceans ) , ) ( insects etc. ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (S (NP (NNP Arthropoda)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (JJ jointed-foot) (NNS invertebrates)))) (: :) (S (NP (NP (NNS arachnids)) (, ,) (NP (NNS crustaceans)) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ insects) (NP (FW etc.)))) (. .)))

Arthropoda are jointed-foot invertebrates: arachnids, crustaceans, insects etc.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS insects)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ eight-legged) (NNS invertebrates)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NN antennae) (CC or) (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

While similar to insects, arachnids are eight-legged invertebrates that lack antennae or wings.

neutral

( ( ( The Department ) ( of ( Zoology collections ) ) ) ( ( ( consist ( of ( ( ( eight units ) : ) ( ( ( ( -LRB- ( 1 -RRB- ) ) ( Parasitic Helminths ) ) , ) ( -LRB- ( 2 -RRB- ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Insects , ) ( -LRB- ( 3 -RRB- ) ) ) ( ( ( Arachnids , ) ( -LRB- ( 4 -RRB- ) ) ) ( ( ( ( Invertebrates ( -LRB- ( general -RRB- ) ) ) , ) ( -LRB- ( 5 -RRB- ) ) ) ( ( ( Fishes , ) ( -LRB- ( 6 -RRB- ) ) ) ( ( ( ( Amphibians and ) Reptiles ) , ) ( ( -LRB- ( 7 -RRB- ) ) Birds ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) and ) ( -LRB- ( 8 -RRB- ) ) ) Mammals ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NNP Department)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Zoology) (NNS collections)))) (VP (VBP consist) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (CD eight) (NNS units)) (: :) (NP (NP (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 1)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NNP Parasitic) (NNP Helminths)) (, ,) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 2)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (NP (NP (NP (NNP Insects)) (, ,) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 3)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NP (NP (NNP Arachnids)) (, ,) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 4)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NP (NP (NNP Invertebrates) (-LRB- -LRB-) (NN general) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (, ,) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 5)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NP (NP (NNP Fishes)) (, ,) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 6)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NP (NP (NNPS Amphibians) (CC and) (NNPS Reptiles)) (, ,) (VP (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 7)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (VBN Birds))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 8)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NP (NNP Mammals)))) (. .)))

The Department of Zoology collections consist of eight units: (1) Parasitic Helminths, (2) Insects, (3) Arachnids, (4) Invertebrates (general), (5) Fishes, (6) Amphibians and Reptiles, (7) Birds, and (8) Mammals.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS insects)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ eight-legged) (NNS invertebrates)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NN antennae) (CC or) (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

While similar to insects, arachnids are eight-legged invertebrates that lack antennae or wings.

neutral

( ( ( The Division ) ( of Invertebrates ) ) ( ( contains ( over ( ( 325,000 specimens ) ( of ( insects ( , ( arachnids ( , ( and mollusks ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN Division)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Invertebrates)))) (VP (VBZ contains) (PP (IN over) (NP (NP (CD 325,000) (NNS specimens)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS insects) (, ,) (NNS arachnids) (, ,) (CC and) (NNS mollusks)))))) (. .)))

The Division of Invertebrates contains over 325,000 specimens of insects, arachnids, and mollusks.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS insects)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ eight-legged) (NNS invertebrates)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NN antennae) (CC or) (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

While similar to insects, arachnids are eight-legged invertebrates that lack antennae or wings.

neutral

( ( They ( ( are ( ( a class ) ( of ( joint-legged ( invertebrate animals ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ( Arachnidia ( ( comes ( from ( ( the ( Greek word ) ) ( ( spider ( . Arachnida ) ) ( has ( ( ( ( ( ( 4 pairs ) ( of ( legs ( . Arachnids ) ) ) ) ( can ( be ( distinguished ( by ( ( ( the fact ) ( they ( have ( ( ( no wings ) and ) ( no antennas ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) ) ) ) ( They ( ( are ( mostly carnivorous ) ) . ) ) ) ( They ( ( usually ( lay eggs ) ) . ) ) ) ( They ( have ( ( 2 kinds ) ( of eyes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) )

(ROOT (S (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN class)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ joint-legged) (NN invertebrate) (NNS animals))))) (. .)) (NP (NNP Arachnidia)) (VP (VBZ comes) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ Greek) (NN word)) (SBAR (S (NP (NN spider) (. .) (NNP Arachnida)) (VP (VBZ has) (S (S (NP (NP (CD 4) (NNS pairs)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP legs) (. .) (NNP Arachnids)))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ distinguished) (PP (IN by) (FRAG (NP (NP (DT the) (NN fact)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (DT no) (NNS wings)) (CC and) (NP (DT no) (NNS antennas)))))) (. .)))))))) (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB mostly) (JJ carnivorous))) (. .)) (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (ADVP (RB usually)) (VBD lay) (NP (NNS eggs))) (. .)) (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (CD 2) (NNS kinds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS eyes))))))))))))) (. .)))

They are a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals. Arachnidia comes from the Greek word spider. Arachnida has 4 pairs of legs. Arachnids can be distinguished by the fact they have no wings and no antennas. They are mostly carnivorous. They usually lay eggs. They have 2 kinds of eyes.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS insects)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ eight-legged) (NNS invertebrates)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NN antennae) (CC or) (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

While similar to insects, arachnids are eight-legged invertebrates that lack antennae or wings.

entailment

( ( ( Two groups ) ( of invertebrates ) ) ( ( have ( ( ( notably ( complex brains ) ) : ) ( ( ( ( arthropods ( -LRB- ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( insects , ) crustaceans ) , ) arachnids ) , ) and ) others ) -RRB- ) ) ) , ) and ) ( cephalopods ( -LRB- ( ( ( ( ( ( octopuses , ) squids ) , ) and ) ( similar molluscs ) ) -RRB- ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (CD Two) (NNS groups)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS invertebrates)))) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (RB notably) (JJ complex) (NNS brains)) (: :) (NP (NP (NP (NNS arthropods)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NNS insects)) (, ,) (NP (NNS crustaceans)) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NNS others))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (NNS cephalopods)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NNS octopuses)) (, ,) (NP (NNS squids)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (JJ similar) (NNS molluscs))) (-RRB- -RRB-)))))) (. .)))

Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs).

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS insects)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ eight-legged) (NNS invertebrates)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NN antennae) (CC or) (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

While similar to insects, arachnids are eight-legged invertebrates that lack antennae or wings.

neutral

( ( any invertebrate ) ( of ( ( the phylum ) ( that ( ( includes ( ( ( ( ( ( ( insects , ) arachnids ) , ) crustaceans ) , ) and ) myriapods ) ) ( with ( jointed ( ( ( legs . ) -- ) ( arthropod ( , ( arthropodal ( , ( arthropodan ( , ( arthropodous ( , adj. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

(ROOT (NP (NP (DT any) (NN invertebrate)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN phylum)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ includes) (NP (NP (NNS insects)) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (, ,) (NP (NNS crustaceans)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NNS myriapods))) (PP (IN with) (S (VP (VBN jointed) (NP (NP (NNS legs)) (. .) (: --) (NP (JJ arthropod) (, ,) (NN arthropodal) (, ,) (NN arthropodan) (, ,) (NNS arthropodous) (, ,) (NN adj.)))))))))))))

any invertebrate of the phylum that includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods with jointed legs. — arthropod, arthropodal, arthropodan, arthropodous, adj.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS insects)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS arachnids)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ eight-legged) (NNS invertebrates)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NN antennae) (CC or) (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

While similar to insects, arachnids are eight-legged invertebrates that lack antennae or wings.

neutral

( ( ( ( A ( haploid ( germ cell ) ) ) , ) ( ( ( ( either maternal ) ( -LRB- ( ovum -RRB- ) ) ) or ) ( paternal ( -LRB- ( sperm -RRB- ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (NP (NP (DT A) (JJ haploid) (NN germ) (NN cell)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NP (DT either) (NN maternal)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP ovum)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (CC or) (NP (NP (NN paternal)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN sperm)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (. .)))

A haploid germ cell, either maternal (ovum) or paternal (sperm).

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (NNS spermatogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD four) (JJ haploid) (NN sperm) (NNS cells))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS oogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD one) (JJ mature) (NN ovum))) (. .)))

While spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells, oogenesis produces one mature ovum.

neutral

( ( ( ( C -RRB- ) ( in oogenesis ) ) , ) ( ( ( ( ( one ( mature ovum ) ) ( is produced ) ) , ) and ) ( in ( spermatogenesis ( ( four ( mature sperm ) ) ( are ( produced ( from ( the ( parent cell ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (VP (VP (VB C) (-RRB- -RRB-) (ADJP (IN in) (JJ oogenesis))) (, ,) (SBAR (S (NP (CD one) (JJ mature) (NN ovum)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN produced)))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (ADVP (RB in)) (VP (VBZ spermatogenesis) (SBAR (S (NP (CD four) (JJ mature) (NN sperm)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN produced) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT the) (NN parent) (NN cell)))))))))))))

C) in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (NNS spermatogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD four) (JJ haploid) (NN sperm) (NNS cells))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS oogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD one) (JJ mature) (NN ovum))) (. .)))

While spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells, oogenesis produces one mature ovum.

entailment

( ( Once ( ( the ovum ) ( is fertilized ) ) ) ( , ( there ( ( are ( ( ( two pronuclei ) , ) ( one ( originating ( from ( ( ( the ovum ) , ) ( the ( ( other ( from ( ( the ( sperm cell ) ) ( that produced ) ) ) ) fertilization ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Once) (S (NP (DT the) (NN ovum)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN fertilized))))) (, ,) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (CD two) (NNS pronuclei)) (, ,) (NP (NP (CD one)) (VP (VBG originating) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN ovum)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ other) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN sperm) (NN cell)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBD produced))))))) (NN fertilization)))))))) (. .)))

Once the ovum is fertilized, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the sperm cell that produced fertilization.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (NNS spermatogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD four) (JJ haploid) (NN sperm) (NNS cells))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS oogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD one) (JJ mature) (NN ovum))) (. .)))

While spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells, oogenesis produces one mature ovum.

neutral

( ( ( See ( Estrus ( , ( Oogenesis ( , ( Ovum ( , ( Sperm cell ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) Spermatogenesis )

(ROOT (NP (NP (NNP See) (NNP Estrus) (, ,) (NNP Oogenesis) (, ,) (NNP Ovum) (, ,) (NNP Sperm) (NNP cell)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Spermatogenesis))))

See Estrus , Oogenesis , Ovum , Sperm cell , Spermatogenesis

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (NNS spermatogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD four) (JJ haploid) (NN sperm) (NNS cells))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS oogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD one) (JJ mature) (NN ovum))) (. .)))

While spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells, oogenesis produces one mature ovum.

neutral

( ( ( ( The ( diploid cell ) ) ( that ( is ( produced ( by ( fusion ( of ( ( ovum and ) sperm ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( -LRB- ( syngamy -RRB- ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (VP (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ diploid) (NN cell)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN produced) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NN fusion)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN ovum) (CC and) (NN sperm)))))))))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (ADVP (RB syngamy)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (. .)))

The diploid cell that is produced by fusion of ovum and sperm ( syngamy ).

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (NNS spermatogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD four) (JJ haploid) (NN sperm) (NNS cells))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS oogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD one) (JJ mature) (NN ovum))) (. .)))

While spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells, oogenesis produces one mature ovum.

neutral

( ( ( The ( sperm nucleus ) ) ( which ( is ( haploid ( -LRB- ( ( N -RRB- ) then ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( fuses ( with ( ( the nucleus ) ( of ( ( the ovum ) ( which ( is ( ( haploid ( -LRB- ( N -RRB- ) ) ) ( to ( ( ( produce ( ( a ( diploid cell ) ) ( -LRB- ( 2N -RRB- ) ) ) ) or ) zygote ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN sperm) (NN nucleus)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN haploid) (S (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP N)) (-RRB- -RRB-) (ADVP (RB then)))))))) (VP (VBZ fuses) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN nucleus)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN ovum)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ haploid) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP N)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB produce) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ diploid) (NN cell)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 2N)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (CC or) (VP (VB zygote)))))))))))))) (. .)))

The sperm nucleus which is haploid (N) then fuses with the nucleus of the ovum which is haploid (N) to produce a diploid cell (2N) or zygote.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (NNS spermatogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD four) (JJ haploid) (NN sperm) (NNS cells))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS oogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD one) (JJ mature) (NN ovum))) (. .)))

While spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells, oogenesis produces one mature ovum.

neutral

( ( When ( ( ( ( an ovum ) and ) ( a ( sperm cell ) ) ) unite ) ) ( , ( they ( ( ( produce ( a ( complete cell ) ) ) ( with ( 46 chromosomes ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (S (NP (NP (DT an) (NN ovum)) (CC and) (NP (DT a) (NN sperm) (NN cell))) (VP (VB unite)))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP produce) (NP (DT a) (JJ complete) (NN cell)) (PP (IN with) (NP (CD 46) (NNS chromosomes)))) (. .)))

When an ovum and a sperm cell unite, they produce a complete cell with 46 chromosomes.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (NNS spermatogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD four) (JJ haploid) (NN sperm) (NNS cells))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS oogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD one) (JJ mature) (NN ovum))) (. .)))

While spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells, oogenesis produces one mature ovum.

neutral

( ( While ( ( the sperm ) ( are ( generated daily ) ) ) ) ( , ( ( the ovum ) ( ( is ( produced ( before ( ( the birth ) ( of ( the ( girl child ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (DT the) (NN sperm)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN generated) (ADVP (RB daily)))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN ovum)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN produced) (PP (IN before) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN birth)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN girl) (NN child))))))) (. .)))

While the sperm are generated daily, the ovum is produced before the birth of the girl child.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (NNS spermatogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD four) (JJ haploid) (NN sperm) (NNS cells))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS oogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD one) (JJ mature) (NN ovum))) (. .)))

While spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells, oogenesis produces one mature ovum.

neutral

( Zygotes ( ( are ( produced ( by ( ( ( fertilization ( between ( ( ( ( ( two ( haploid cells ) ) , ) ( the ovum ) ) and ) ( the ( sperm cells ) ) ) ) ) , ) ( which ( make ( a ( diploid cell ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Zygotes)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN produced) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NN fertilization)) (PP (IN between) (NP (NP (CD two) (JJ haploid) (NNS cells)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN ovum)) (CC and) (NP (DT the) (NN sperm) (NNS cells)))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBP make) (NP (DT a) (JJ diploid) (NN cell))))))))) (. .)))

Zygotes are produced by fertilization between two haploid cells, the ovum and the sperm cells, which make a diploid cell.

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (NNS spermatogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD four) (JJ haploid) (NN sperm) (NNS cells))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS oogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD one) (JJ mature) (NN ovum))) (. .)))

While spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells, oogenesis produces one mature ovum.

neutral

( gametes ( ( Haploid ( ( reproductive cells ) ( -LRB- ( ( ( ovum and ) sperm ) -RRB- ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS gametes)) (VP (VBD Haploid) (NP (NP (JJ reproductive) (NNS cells)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NN ovum)) (CC and) (NP (NN sperm))) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (. .)))

gametes Haploid reproductive cells ( ovum and sperm ).

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (NNS spermatogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD four) (JJ haploid) (NN sperm) (NNS cells))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS oogenesis)) (VP (VBZ produces) (NP (CD one) (JJ mature) (NN ovum))) (. .)))

While spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells, oogenesis produces one mature ovum.

neutral

( Feel ( ( first-hand ( what ( ( radical ( idea Galileo ) ) ( discovered ( without ( a telescope ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Feel)) (VP (VBZ first-hand) (SBAR (WHNP (WP what)) (S (NP (JJ radical) (NN idea) (NNP Galileo)) (VP (VBD discovered) (PP (IN without) (NP (DT a) (NN telescope))))))) (. .)))

Feel first-hand what radical idea Galileo discovered without a telescope.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Galileo)) (VP (VBD built) (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (NN telescope))) (. .)))

Galileo built the first telescope.

neutral

( ( Galileo ( -LRB- ( 1564-1642 -RRB- ) ) ) ( ( ( ( invented ( the ( first telescope ) ) ) and ) ( was ( plotting ( the stars ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Galileo)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 1564-1642)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VP (VBD invented) (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (NN telescope))) (CC and) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBG plotting) (NP (DT the) (NNS stars))))) (. .)))

Galileo (1564-1642) invented the first telescope and was plotting the stars.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Galileo)) (VP (VBD built) (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (NN telescope))) (. .)))

Galileo built the first telescope.

entailment

( Galileo ( ( did ( NOT ( make ( the ( first telescope ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Galileo)) (VP (VBD did) (SBAR (S (NP (NNP NOT)) (VP (VBP make) (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (NN telescope)))))) (. .)))

Galileo did NOT make the first telescope.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Galileo)) (VP (VBD built) (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (NN telescope))) (. .)))

Galileo built the first telescope.

neutral

( Galileo ( ( is ( thought ( to ( have ( been ( the ( first ( astronomer ( to ( ( ( build and ) use ) ( a telescope ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Galileo)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN thought) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB have) (VP (VBN been) (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (NN astronomer) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB build) (CC and) (VB use) (NP (DT a) (NN telescope)))))))))))) (. .)))

Galileo is thought to have been the first astronomer to build and use a telescope.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Galileo)) (VP (VBD built) (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (NN telescope))) (. .)))

Galileo built the first telescope.

entailment

( However ( , ( ( in 1609 ) ( , ( ( the ( first telescope ) ) ( ( was ( invented ( by ( Galileo Galilee ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 1609))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (NN telescope)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN invented) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNP Galileo) (NNP Galilee))))) (. .)))

However, in 1609, the first telescope was invented by Galileo Galilee.

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Galileo)) (VP (VBD built) (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (NN telescope))) (. .)))

Galileo built the first telescope.

entailment

( ( ( 1967 -- ) ( Government ( requires ( ( one ( antismoking advertisement ) ) ( for ( every ( three ( cigarette ads ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (NP (NP (CD 1967)) (: --) (S (NP (NNP Government)) (VP (VBZ requires) (NP (NP (CD one) (VBG antismoking) (NN advertisement)) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT every) (CD three) (NN cigarette) (NNS ads)))))) (. .)))

1967 -- Government requires one antismoking advertisement for every three cigarette ads.

(ROOT (S (NP (VBG Antismoking) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN proposed) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT all) (NNS media)))) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN banned) (ADVP (RB entirely)))))))) (. .)))

Antismoking groups have proposed that cigarette advertising in all media be banned entirely.

neutral

( ( ( ( Australia , ) ( ( the ( ( most Westernized ) country ) ) ( of ( the group ) ) ) ) , ) ( ( ( has ( ( the ( most regulations ) ) ( on ( ( tobacco advertising ) ( with ( ( a ( complete ban ) ) ( on ( all ( cigarette advertising ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( after ( ( a ( December ( 1995 ban ) ) ) ( on ( outdoor ads ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Australia)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RBS most) (JJ Westernized)) (NN country)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN group)))) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS most) (NNS regulations)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (NN tobacco) (NN advertising)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ complete) (NN ban)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT all) (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)))))))) (PP (IN after) (NP (NP (DT a) (NNP December) (CD 1995) (NN ban)) (PP (IN on) (NP (JJ outdoor) (NNS ads)))))) (. .)))

Australia, the most Westernized country of the group, has the most regulations on tobacco advertising with a complete ban on all cigarette advertising after a December 1995 ban on outdoor ads.

(ROOT (S (NP (VBG Antismoking) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN proposed) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT all) (NNS media)))) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN banned) (ADVP (RB entirely)))))))) (. .)))

Antismoking groups have proposed that cigarette advertising in all media be banned entirely.

neutral

( Laws ( ( have ( ( ( limited ( cigarette sales ) ) ( to minors ) ) ( while ( ( school-based ( education ( programs ( and ( antismoking advertising ) ) ) ) ) ( have ( targeted adolescents ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Laws)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN limited) (NP (NN cigarette) (NNS sales)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS minors))) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (JJ school-based) (NN education) (NNS programs) (CC and) (NN antismoking) (NN advertising)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN targeted) (NP (NNS adolescents)))))))) (. .)))

Laws have limited cigarette sales to minors while school-based education programs and antismoking advertising have targeted adolescents.

(ROOT (S (NP (VBG Antismoking) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN proposed) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT all) (NNS media)))) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN banned) (ADVP (RB entirely)))))))) (. .)))

Antismoking groups have proposed that cigarette advertising in all media be banned entirely.

neutral

( ( ( Not only ) ( antismoking ( ( advertisements ( but also ) ) ( ( the price ) ( of cigarettes ) ) ) ) ) ( ( can ( influence teens ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (RB Not) (RB only)) (VP (VBG antismoking) (NP (NP (NNS advertisements)) (CONJP (CC but) (RB also)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN price)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS cigarettes))))))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB influence) (NP (NNS teens)))) (. .)))

Not only antismoking advertisements but also the price of cigarettes can influence teens.

(ROOT (S (NP (VBG Antismoking) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN proposed) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT all) (NNS media)))) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN banned) (ADVP (RB entirely)))))))) (. .)))

Antismoking groups have proposed that cigarette advertising in all media be banned entirely.

neutral

( ( SUP > ) ( ( 87 ( ( In ( an ( effort ( to ( reduce ( cigarette consumption ) ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( ( the ( Greek government ) ) ( ( ( launched ( an ( antismoking campaign ) ) ) and ) ( , ( ( in 1978 ) ( , ( banned ( ( cigarette advertising ) ( on ( ( television and ) radio ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP SUP) (NNP >)) (VP (VBD 87) (SBAR (S (PP (IN In) (NP (DT an) (NN effort) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB reduce) (NP (NN cigarette) (NN consumption))))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (JJ Greek) (NN government)) (VP (VP (VBD launched) (NP (DT an) (VBG antismoking) (NN campaign))) (CC and) (VP (, ,) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 1978))) (, ,) (VBD banned) (NP (NP (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NN television) (CC and) (NN radio))))))))) (. .)))

SUP>87 In an effort to reduce cigarette consumption, the Greek government launched an antismoking campaign and, in 1978, banned cigarette advertising on television and radio.

(ROOT (S (NP (VBG Antismoking) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN proposed) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT all) (NNS media)))) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN banned) (ADVP (RB entirely)))))))) (. .)))

Antismoking groups have proposed that cigarette advertising in all media be banned entirely.

neutral

( ( Several ( Black ( advocacy groups ) ) ) ( ( have ( ( voiced opposition ) ( to ( ( a ( proposed ban ) ) ( on ( menthol ( in cigarettes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Several) (JJ Black) (NN advocacy) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN voiced) (NP (NN opposition)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT a) (VBN proposed) (NN ban)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (NN menthol)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS cigarettes))))))))) (. .)))

Several Black advocacy groups have voiced opposition to a proposed ban on menthol in cigarettes.

(ROOT (S (NP (VBG Antismoking) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN proposed) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT all) (NNS media)))) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN banned) (ADVP (RB entirely)))))))) (. .)))

Antismoking groups have proposed that cigarette advertising in all media be banned entirely.

neutral

( ( The ( antismoking groups ) ) ( ( have ( another obstacle ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (VBG antismoking) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (DT another) (NN obstacle))) (. .)))

The antismoking groups have another obstacle.

(ROOT (S (NP (VBG Antismoking) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN proposed) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT all) (NNS media)))) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN banned) (ADVP (RB entirely)))))))) (. .)))

Antismoking groups have proposed that cigarette advertising in all media be banned entirely.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( The effects ) ( of ( antismoking ( and ( cigarette advertisements ) ) ) ) ) ( on ( ( young ( adolescents ' ) ) perceptions ) ) ) ( of ( peers ( who smoke ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (NP (NP (DT The) (NNS effects)) (PP (IN of) (NP (VBG antismoking) (CC and) (NN cigarette) (NNS advertisements))) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (JJ young) (NNS adolescents) (POS ')) (NNS perceptions))) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS peers)) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBP smoke)))))) (. .)))

The effects of antismoking and cigarette advertisements on young adolescents' perceptions of peers who smoke.

(ROOT (S (NP (VBG Antismoking) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN proposed) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT all) (NNS media)))) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN banned) (ADVP (RB entirely)))))))) (. .)))

Antismoking groups have proposed that cigarette advertising in all media be banned entirely.

neutral

( ( ( This combination ) ( of factors ) ) ( ( has ( spurred ( ( antismoking activists ) ( to ( call ( for ( ( a ( complete ban ) ) ( on ( cigarette advertising ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT This) (NN combination)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS factors)))) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN spurred) (S (VP (VBG antismoking) (NP (NNS activists)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB call) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ complete) (NN ban)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)))))))))))) (. .)))

This combination of factors has spurred antismoking activists to call for a complete ban on cigarette advertising.

(ROOT (S (NP (VBG Antismoking) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN proposed) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NN cigarette) (NN advertising)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT all) (NNS media)))) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN banned) (ADVP (RB entirely)))))))) (. .)))

Antismoking groups have proposed that cigarette advertising in all media be banned entirely.

entailment

( ( Adult humans ) ( ( lack ( ( the ( defining traits ) ) ( of chordates ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack the defining traits of chordates.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

entailment

( ( Adult lancelets ) ( ( retain ( key ( chordate characteristics ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS lancelets)) (VP (VBP retain) (NP (JJ key) (NN chordate) (NNS characteristics))) (. .)))

Adult lancelets retain key chordate characteristics.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( Adults ( ( possess ( ( all four ) ( of ( the ( diagnostic ( chordate characteristics ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Adults)) (VP (VBP possess) (NP (NP (QP (DT all) (CD four))) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ diagnostic) (JJ chordate) (NNS characteristics))))) (. .)))

Adults possess all four of the diagnostic chordate characteristics.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( Although ( ( ( not all ) ( of ( these traits ) ) ) ( are ( retained ( in ( the ( adult stage ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( ( in ( their ( larval stage ) ) ) ( they ( ( look ( very ( much ( like ( ( ( other ( developing ( chordate embryos ) ) ) , ) ( including humans ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Although) (S (NP (NP (RB not) (DT all)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT these) (NNS traits)))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN retained) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ adult) (NN stage))))))) (, ,) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ larval) (NN stage))) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP look) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ much) (PP (IN like) (NP (NP (JJ other) (VBG developing) (NN chordate) (NNS embryos)) (, ,) (PP (VBG including) (NP (NNS humans))))))) (. .)))

Although not all of these traits are retained in the adult stage, in their larval stage they look very much like other developing chordate embryos, including humans.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( ( An example ) ( of ( a ( human ( polygenic trait ) ) ) ) ) ( ( is ( adult height ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT An) (NN example)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ human) (JJ polygenic) (NN trait)))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (JJ adult) (NN height))) (. .)))

An example of a human polygenic trait is adult height.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( Because ( birds ( generally ( lack ( some ( of ( our ( worst ( human traits ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( I ( ( believe ( they ( ( were there ) ( to ( ( ( lift up ) ( ( the spirits ) ( of ( their friends ) ) ) ) ( in bondage ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Because) (S (NP (NNS birds)) (ADVP (RB generally)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ our) (JJS worst) (JJ human) (NNS traits))))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP I)) (VP (VBP believe) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBD were) (ADVP (RB there)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB lift) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS spirits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS friends)))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN bondage)))))))))) (. .)))

Because birds generally lack some of our worst human traits, I believe they were there to lift up the spirits of their friends in bondage.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( Development ( of ( ( ( a ( prominent chin ) ) ( in ( ( humans and ) lack ) ) ) ( of ( one ( in apes ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( may ( have ( been ( caused ( ( ( ( by ( neoteny ( -LRB- ( ( retention ( of ( ( juvenile traits ) ( in adults ) ) ) ) -RRB- ) ) ) ) and ) not ) ( by ( selection ( favoring ( ( an ( adaptive trait ) ) ( -LRB- ( ( Gould , ) 1977 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ; ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Development)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ prominent) (NN chin)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS humans) (CC and) (NN lack))) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS apes)))))))) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN caused) (PP (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NN neoteny)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NN retention)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ juvenile) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS adults)))))) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (CC and) (RB not) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NN selection)) (VP (VBG favoring) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ adaptive) (NN trait)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP Gould)) (, ,) (NP (CD 1977)))))))))))) (: ;)))

Development of a prominent chin in humans and lack of one in apes may have been caused by neoteny (retention of juvenile traits in adults) and not by selection favoring an adaptive trait (Gould, 1977;

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( ( ( Gill slits ) ( All chordates ) ) ( -LRB- ( ( including humans ) -RRB- ) ) ) ( ( ( possess ( these features ) ) ( at ( ( some stage ) ( in ( ( their ontogeny ) ( -LRB- ( ( ( growth and ) development ) -RRB- ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NP (NNP Gill) (NNP slits)) (NP (DT All) (NNS chordates))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (PP (VBG including) (NP (NNS humans))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBP possess) (NP (DT these) (NNS features)) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT some) (NN stage)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (NN ontogeny)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NN growth)) (CC and) (NP (NN development))) (-RRB- -RRB-))))))) (. .)))

Gill slits All chordates (including humans) possess these features at some stage in their ontogeny (growth and development).

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( In ( ( order ( for us ) ) ( to ( examine ( some ( of ( ( the literature ) ( concerning ( ( the ( drinking patterns ) ) ( of ( adult children ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( we ( ( will ( begin ( by ( examining ( ( other ( defining traits ) ) ( that ( are ( seen ( as ( ( generally characteristic ) ( of ( ( adult children ) ( of alcoholics ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NP (NN order)) (PP (IN for) (NP (PRP us))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB examine) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN literature)) (PP (VBG concerning) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN drinking) (NNS patterns)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ adult) (NNS children))))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP we)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB begin) (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG examining) (NP (NP (JJ other) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN seen) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (RB generally) (JJ characteristic)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ adult) (NNS children)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS alcoholics))))))))))))))))) (. .)))

In order for us to examine some of the literature concerning the drinking patterns of adult children, we will begin by examining other defining traits that are seen as generally characteristic of adult children of alcoholics.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( It ( lacks ( ( some traits ) ( required ( for ( competing ( at ( ( the ( highest levels ) ) ( of ( international ( riding sports ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) but ) ( ( ( its combination ) ( of ( size ( and ( good temperament ) ) ) ) ) ( makes ( it ( suitable ( for ( both ( ( adults and ) children ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ lacks) (NP (NP (DT some) (NNS traits)) (VP (VBN required) (PP (IN for) (S (VP (VBG competing) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS highest) (NNS levels)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ international) (NN riding) (NNS sports)))))))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (NN combination)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN size) (CC and) (JJ good) (NN temperament)))) (VP (VBZ makes) (S (NP (PRP it)) (ADJP (JJ suitable) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT both) (NNS adults) (CC and) (NNS children))))))) (. .)))

It lacks some traits required for competing at the highest levels of international riding sports, but its combination of size and good temperament makes it suitable for both adults and children.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( It ( so ( ( happens ( that ( ( ( ( every chordate ) , ) ( whether ( it ( s ( ( a tunicate ) ( in ( ( ( the ocean ) or ) ( a human ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( has ( ( every one ) ( of ( ( these traits ) ( at ( ( some time ) ( in ( their development ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (ADVP (RB so)) (VP (VBZ happens) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (DT every) (NN chordate)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN whether) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ s) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN tunicate)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN ocean)) (CC or) (NP (DT a) (NN human))))))))) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (NP (DT every) (NN one)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT these) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT some) (NN time)) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN development)))))))))))) (. .)))

It so happens that every chordate, whether it s a tunicate in the ocean or a human has every one of these traits at some time in their development.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( Lancelets ( ( retain ( ( the ( three ( chordate characteristics ) ) ) ( as adults ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Lancelets)) (VP (VBP retain) (NP (NP (DT the) (CD three) (JJ chordate) (NNS characteristics)) (PP (IN as) (NP (NNS adults))))) (. .)))

Lancelets retain the three chordate characteristics as adults.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( ( Logic and ) ( ( the evidence ) ( at hand ) ) ) ( ( ( would further ) ( ( define ( the ( human being ) ) ) ( in ( ( ( the phylum ) ( of ( vertebrate chordates ) ) ) ( being ( ( those animals ) ( with ( spinal chords ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Logic)) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN evidence)) (PP (IN at) (NP (NN hand))))) (VP (MD would) (ADVP (RBR further)) (VP (VB define) (NP (DT the) (JJ human) (NN being)) (PP (IN in) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN phylum)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ vertebrate) (NNS chordates)))) (VP (VBG being) (NP (NP (DT those) (NNS animals)) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ spinal) (NNS chords))))))))) (. .)))

Logic and the evidence at hand would further define the human being in the phylum of vertebrate chordates being those animals with spinal chords.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( Personification ( ( can ( be ( defined ( as ( ( giving ( human traits ) ) ( to animals ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Personification)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN defined) (PP (IN as) (S (VP (VBG giving) (NP (JJ human) (NNS traits)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS animals))))))))) (. .)))

Personification can be defined as giving human traits to animals.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( ( ( Similar ( to humans ) ) but ) ( unlike ( some ( other phylum ) ) ) ) ( , ( Chordates ( ( eat ( through ( ( ingestion ( rather than ) ) absorption ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (S (UCP (ADJP (JJ Similar) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS humans)))) (CC but) (PP (IN unlike) (NP (DT some) (JJ other) (NN phylum))))) (, ,) (NP (NNP Chordates)) (VP (VBP eat) (PP (IN through) (NP (NP (NN ingestion)) (CONJP (RB rather) (IN than)) (NP (NN absorption))))) (. .)))

Similar to humans but unlike some other phylum, Chordates eat through ingestion rather than absorption.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( Some ( ( ( inherited traits ) ( in humans ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT Some)) (VP (VBD inherited) (NP (NNS traits)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS humans)))) (. .)))

Some inherited traits in humans.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( ( Some ( of ( the Traits ) ) ) ( of ( human Nature ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (NP (NP (DT Some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNPS Traits))) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ human) (NN Nature))) (. .)))

Some of the Traits of human Nature.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( ( The idea ) ( of ( chimpanzee culture ) ) ) ( ( ( ( is controversial ) , ) ( since ( ( some experts ) ( ( define culture ) ( as ( a ( ( distinctly human ) trait ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN idea)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ chimpanzee) (NN culture)))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ controversial)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN since) (S (NP (DT some) (NNS experts)) (VP (VB define) (NP (NN culture)) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB distinctly) (JJ human)) (NN trait))))))) (. .)))

The idea of chimpanzee culture is controversial, since some experts define culture as a distinctly human trait.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( ( This lack ) ( of ( responsibility ( by ( some ( -LRB- ( ( in ( ( all endeavors ) ( of ( life ( from ( politicians ( to ( grease monkeys ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -RRB- ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( is ( ( a ( human trait ) ) ( that ( destroys ( faith ( in ( one another ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT This) (NN lack)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN responsibility)) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT all) (NNS endeavors)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN life)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (NNS politicians)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN grease) (NNS monkeys))))))))) (-RRB- -RRB-))))))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ human) (NN trait)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ destroys) (NP (NP (NN faith)) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD one) (DT another))))))))) (. .)))

This lack of responsibility by some (in all endeavors of life from politicians to grease monkeys) is a human trait that destroys faith in one another.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( Tunicates ( ( ( are similar ) ( ( ( to ( chordates ( in ( their ( embryonic development ) ) ) ) ) ( but not ) ) ( as ( adults 3 ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Tunicates)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ similar)) (PP (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NNS chordates)) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ embryonic) (NN development))))) (CONJP (CC but) (RB not)) (PP (IN as) (NP (NNP adults) (CD 3))))) (. .)))

Tunicates are similar to chordates in their embryonic development but not as adults 3.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( Unlike tunicates ) ( , ( lancelets ( ( retain ( ( all ( four ( defining ( chordate traits ) ) ) ) ( in ( the ( adult stage ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (IN Unlike) (NP (NNS tunicates))) (, ,) (NP (NNS lancelets)) (VP (VBP retain) (NP (NP (DT all) (CD four) (JJ defining) (NN chordate) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ adult) (NN stage))))) (. .)))

Unlike tunicates, lancelets retain all four defining chordate traits in the adult stage.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( When ( we ( abandon ( ( the attempt ) ( to ( ( define immaturity ) ( by ( means ( of ( ( fixed comparison ) ( with ( adult accomplishments ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( we ( ( are ( compelled ( to ( ( ( give up ) ( thinking ( of it ) ) ) ( as ( denoting ( lack ( of ( desired traits ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (S (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP abandon) (S (NP (DT the) (NN attempt)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB define) (NP (NN immaturity)) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNS means)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (VBN fixed) (NN comparison)) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ adult) (NNS accomplishments))))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP we)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN compelled) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB give) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NP (NN thinking)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP it)))) (PP (IN as) (S (VP (VBG denoting) (NP (NP (NN lack)) (PP (IN of) (NP (VBN desired) (NNS traits)))))))))))) (. .)))

When we abandon the attempt to define immaturity by means of fixed comparison with adult accomplishments, we are compelled to give up thinking of it as denoting lack of desired traits.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( ( mammals ( birds ( amphibians ( bony fish ) ) ) ) ( As adults ) ) ( , ( ( these chordates ) ( ( are ( lacking ( ( ( a tail ) and ) ( a notochord ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (PP (NP (NNP mammals) (NNP birds) (NNP amphibians) (JJ bony) (NN fish)) (IN As) (NP (NNS adults))) (, ,) (NP (DT these) (NNS chordates)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG lacking) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN tail)) (CC and) (NP (DT a) (NN notochord))))) (. .)))

mammals birds amphibians bony fish As adults, these chordates are lacking a tail and a notochord.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP lack) (NP (NP (DT some)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG defining) (NNS traits)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS chordates))))))) (. .)))

Adult humans lack some of the defining traits of chordates.

neutral

( ( Because ( metals ( ( ( have ( few ( outermost electrons ) ) ) and ) ( tend ( to ( ( ( give them ) up ) easily ) ) ) ) ) ) ( , ( they ( ( are ( ( ( good conductors ) ( of ( ( electricity or ) heat ) ) ) ( -LRB- ( ( see conduction ) -RRB- ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Because) (S (NP (NNS metals)) (VP (VP (VBP have) (NP (JJ few) (NN outermost) (NNS electrons))) (CC and) (VP (VBP tend) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB give) (NP (PRP them)) (PRT (RP up)) (ADVP (RB easily))))))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ good) (NNS conductors)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN electricity) (CC or) (NN heat))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (VP (VB see) (NP (NN conduction)))) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (. .)))

Because metals have few outermost electrons and tend to give them up easily, they are good conductors of electricity or heat (see conduction ).

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Atoms)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS metals)))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ good) (NNS conductors)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN electricity)))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VB give) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NNS electrons)))))) (. .)))

Atoms of metals are good conductors of electricity because they give up electrons.

entailment

( ( ( ( ( Composed entirely ) ( of ( atoms ( that ( are ( ( broken apart ) ( into electrons ) ) ) ) ) ) ) and ) ( charged ( positive ions ) ) ) ( , ( ( a plasma ) ( ( is ( ( a ( good ( electrical conductor ) ) ) ( with ( properties ( that ( ( are strongly ) ( affected ( by ( electric ( and ( magnetic fields ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (S (VP (VP (VBN Composed) (ADVP (RB entirely)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS atoms)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN broken) (PRT (RP apart)) (PP (IN into) (NP (NNS electrons)))))))))) (CC and) (VP (VBN charged) (NP (JJ positive) (NNS ions))))) (, ,) (NP (DT a) (NN plasma)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ good) (JJ electrical) (NN conductor)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (NNS properties)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB strongly)) (VP (VBN affected) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ electric) (CC and) (JJ magnetic) (NNS fields))))))))))) (. .)))

Composed entirely of atoms that are broken apart into electrons and charged positive ions, a plasma is a good electrical conductor with properties that are strongly affected by electric and magnetic fields.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Atoms)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS metals)))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ good) (NNS conductors)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN electricity)))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VB give) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NNS electrons)))))) (. .)))

Atoms of metals are good conductors of electricity because they give up electrons.

neutral

( ( DEFINITIONS Electricity ) ( ( ( is ( ( the flow ) ( of ( ( an ( atom 's ) ) electrons ) ) ) ) ( through ( a conductor ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP DEFINITIONS) (NNP Electricity)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN flow)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN atom) (POS 's)) (NNS electrons)))) (PP (IN through) (NP (DT a) (NN conductor)))) (. .)))

DEFINITIONS Electricity is the flow of an atom's electrons through a conductor.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Atoms)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS metals)))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ good) (NNS conductors)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN electricity)))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VB give) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NNS electrons)))))) (. .)))

Atoms of metals are good conductors of electricity because they give up electrons.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( Describe ( ( the ( electron-sea model ) ) ( of ( metallic bonding ) ) ) ) , ) and ) ( explain ( why ( metals ( are ( good ( electrical conductors ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (VP (VP (VB Describe) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ electron-sea) (NN model)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ metallic) (NN bonding))))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VB explain) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB why)) (S (NP (NNS metals)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (JJ good) (JJ electrical) (NNS conductors))))))) (. .)))

Describe the electron-sea model of metallic bonding, and explain why metals are good electrical conductors.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Atoms)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS metals)))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ good) (NNS conductors)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN electricity)))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VB give) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NNS electrons)))))) (. .)))

Atoms of metals are good conductors of electricity because they give up electrons.

neutral

( It ( ( may ( be ( ( ( ( an ( electric current ) ) ( in ( a ( circular conductor ) ) ) ) or ) ( ( the motion ) ( of ( ( an ( orbiting electron ) ) ( in ( an atom ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB be) (NP (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ electric) (NN current)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (JJ circular) (NN conductor)))) (CC or) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN motion)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT an) (VBG orbiting) (NN electron)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT an) (NN atom))))))))) (. .)))

It may be an electric current in a circular conductor or the motion of an orbiting electron in an atom .

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Atoms)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS metals)))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ good) (NNS conductors)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN electricity)))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VB give) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NNS electrons)))))) (. .)))

Atoms of metals are good conductors of electricity because they give up electrons.

neutral

( Metals ( ( ( are ( good conductors ) ) ( because ( ( metal atoms ) ( readily ( release ( electrons ( to ( carry ( the current ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Metals)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (JJ good) (NNS conductors)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NN metal) (NNS atoms)) (ADVP (RB readily)) (VP (VB release) (S (NP (NNS electrons)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB carry) (NP (DT the) (JJ current))))))))) (. .)))

Metals are good conductors because metal atoms readily release electrons to carry the current.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Atoms)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS metals)))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ good) (NNS conductors)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN electricity)))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VB give) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NNS electrons)))))) (. .)))

Atoms of metals are good conductors of electricity because they give up electrons.

entailment

( ( Ordinary metals ) ( ( ( are ( good conductors ) ) ( because ( ( their ( valence electrons ) ) ( can ( ( ( move freely ) ( from atom ) ) ( to ( atom ( in ( the ( long-range ( periodic structure ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Ordinary) (NNS metals)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (JJ good) (NNS conductors)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ valence) (NNS electrons)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB move) (ADVP (RB freely)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NN atom))) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN atom)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ long-range) (JJ periodic) (NN structure)))))))))) (. .)))

Ordinary metals are good conductors because their valence electrons can move freely from atom to atom in the long-range periodic structure.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Atoms)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS metals)))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ good) (NNS conductors)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN electricity)))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VB give) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NNS electrons)))))) (. .)))

Atoms of metals are good conductors of electricity because they give up electrons.

entailment

( ( the flowing ) ( ( ( electrons and ) ( ( the atoms ) ( of ( the conductor ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT the) (VBG flowing)) (VP (VP (VBZ electrons)) (CC and) (VP (NP (DT the) (NNS atoms)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN conductor))))) (. .)))

the flowing electrons and the atoms of the conductor.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Atoms)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS metals)))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ good) (NNS conductors)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN electricity)))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VB give) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NNS electrons)))))) (. .)))

Atoms of metals are good conductors of electricity because they give up electrons.

neutral

( Fish ( will ( be ( unable ( to ( maintain buoyancy ) ) ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NN Fish)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ unable) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB maintain) (ADVP (RB buoyancy))))))))))

Fish will be unable to maintain buoyancy

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Continents)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ unable) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN pushed) (PRT (RP down)) (PP (IN into) (NP (DT the) (NN mantle))) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NN plate) (NNS boundaries)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (NN buoyancy))))))))))) (. .)))

Continents are unable to be pushed down into the mantle by plate boundaries because of buoyancy.

neutral

( ( ( ( continental material ) ( is ( too ( light ( , ( too ( ( buoyant , ) ( to ( sink ( into ( the mantle ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( -LRB- ( ( ( ( ( see '' ) ( ( Buoyancy and ) ( Floating Continents ) ) ) '' ) ( in ( the ( next lesson ) ) ) ) -RRB- ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (S (NP (JJ continental) (NN material)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB too) (JJ light) (, ,) (RB too) (JJ buoyant) (, ,) (SBAR (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB sink) (PP (IN into) (NP (DT the) (NN mantle)))))))))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (VP (VB see) ('' '') (NP (NP (NNP Buoyancy)) (CC and) (NP (JJ Floating) (NNS Continents))) ('' '') (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ next) (NN lesson)))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (. .)))

continental material is too light, too buoyant, to sink into the mantle (see " Buoyancy and Floating Continents " in the next lesson).

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Continents)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ unable) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN pushed) (PRT (RP down)) (PP (IN into) (NP (DT the) (NN mantle))) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NN plate) (NNS boundaries)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (NP (NN buoyancy))))))))))) (. .)))

Continents are unable to be pushed down into the mantle by plate boundaries because of buoyancy.

entailment

( Exotic ( Species . ) )

(ROOT (NP (NNP Exotic) (NNP Species) (. .)))

Exotic Species .

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( ( Exotic Species ) ( Also called ) ) ( ( introduced species ) ; ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Exotic) (NNPS Species)) (VP (ADVP (RB Also)) (VBN called))) (VP (VBD introduced) (NP (NNS species))) (: ;)))

Exotic Species Also called introduced species;

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( However ( there ( ( ( are ( exotic ( plant species ) ) ) ( that ( you ( should ( ( ( avoid ( at ( all costs ) ) ) , ) ( as ( they ( ( ( ( are ( more invasive ) ) ( then others ) ) and ) ( may ( threaten ( nearby habitats ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) ) )

(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB However)) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (JJ exotic) (NN plant) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (PRP you)) (VP (MD should) (VP (VB avoid) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT all) (NNS costs))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ invasive)) (PP (RB then) (NP (NNS others)))) (CC and) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB threaten) (NP (JJ nearby) (NNS habitats)))))))))))) (. .)))

However there are exotic plant species that you should avoid at all costs, as they are more invasive then others and may threaten nearby habitats.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

entailment

( ( Invasion ( of ( Exotic Species ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (NP (NP (NNP Invasion)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Exotic) (NNPS Species))) (. .)))

Invasion of Exotic Species .

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( Invasive ( Exotic ( Species . ) ) )

(ROOT (NP (NNP Invasive) (NNP Exotic) (NNP Species) (. .)))

Invasive Exotic Species.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( Invasive and ) exotic ) species ) 3 ) . )

(ROOT (NP (NP (ADJP (JJ Invasive) (CC and) (JJ exotic)) (NNS species)) (ADJP (CD 3)) (. .)))

Invasive and exotic species 3.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( Invasive species ) ( , ( also ( ( called ( introduced ( ( ( ( ( species , ) ( alien species ) ) , ) or ) ( exotic species ) ) ) ) , ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Invasive) (NNS species)) (, ,) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBD called) (VP (VBN introduced) (NP (NP (NNS species)) (, ,) (NP (JJ alien) (NNS species)) (, ,) (CC or) (NP (JJ exotic) (NNS species))))) (, ,)))

Invasive species, also called introduced species, alien species, or exotic species,

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( It ( ( is ( threatened ( by ( habitat ( loss ( and ( invasive species ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN threatened) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN habitat) (NN loss) (CC and) (NN invasive) (NNS species))))) (. .)))

It is threatened by habitat loss and invasive species.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( It ( ( is ( threatened ( by ( invasive ( ( species and ) over-fishing ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN threatened) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species) (CC and) (NN over-fishing))))) (. .)))

It is threatened by invasive species and over-fishing.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( Learn ( how ( to ( ( tell ( the ( invasive exotics ) ) ) ( from ( other species ) ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (VP (VB Learn) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB tell) (NP (DT the) (JJ invasive) (NNS exotics)) (PP (IN from) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species)))))))) (. .)))

Learn how to tell the invasive exotics from other species.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( ( ( Managing Threatened ) and ) ( ( Endangered ( Species Populations ) ) ( of ( ( some ( rare ( , ( ( ( threatened and ) endangered ) ( plant ( and ( animal species ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( in ( the ( Lake ( Champlain Basin ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( are ( declining ( as ( ( a result ) ( of ( ( ( habitat degradation ) , ) ( invasions ( of ( ( ( ( ( exotic species ) , ) collection ) and ) ( other factors ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Managing) (NNP Threatened)) (CC and) (NP (NP (NNP Endangered) (NNPS Species) (NNP Populations)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT some) (JJ rare) (, ,) (ADJP (JJ threatened) (CC and) (VBN endangered)) (NN plant) (CC and) (NN animal) (NN species)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NNP Lake) (NNP Champlain) (NNP Basin))))))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG declining) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN result)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN habitat) (NN degradation)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNS invasions)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ exotic) (NNS species)) (, ,) (NP (NN collection)) (CC and) (NP (JJ other) (NNS factors))))))))))) (. .)))

Managing Threatened and Endangered Species Populations of some rare, threatened and endangered plant and animal species in the Lake Champlain Basin are declining as a result of habitat degradation, invasions of exotic species, collection and other factors.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( Non-human ( exotic species ) ) ( invasion . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Non-human) (JJ exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBZ invasion)) (. .)))

Non-human exotic species invasion.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( Non-native species ) ( ( ( are also ) ( called ( ( exotic ( , ( ( invasive and ) alien ) ) ) species ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Non-native) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (ADJP (JJ exotic) (, ,) (JJ invasive) (CC and) (JJ alien)) (NNS species)))) (. .)))

Non-native species are also called exotic, invasive and alien species.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( Secondly ( , ( ( if ( ( ( ( this species ) or ) ( any ( other ( invasive ( exotic species ) ) ) ) ) ( is found ) ) ) ( , ( you ( ( should ( call ( the ( proper authorities ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Secondly)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN if) (S (NP (NP (DT this) (NN species)) (CC or) (NP (DT any) (JJ other) (JJ invasive) (JJ exotic) (NN species))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN found))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP you)) (VP (MD should) (VP (VB call) (NP (DT the) (JJ proper) (NNS authorities)))) (. .)))

Secondly, if this species or any other invasive exotic species is found, you should call the proper authorities.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( See ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( candidate species ) , ) ( endangered species ) ) , ) ( exotic species ) ) , ) ( extirpated species ) ) , ) ( obligate ( riparian species ) ) ) , ) ( sensitive species ) ) , ) and ) ( threatened species ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (VP (VB See) (NP (NP (NN candidate) (NNS species)) (, ,) (NP (JJ endangered) (NNS species)) (, ,) (NP (JJ exotic) (NNS species)) (, ,) (NP (JJ extirpated) (NNS species)) (, ,) (NP (JJ obligate) (NN riparian) (NNS species)) (, ,) (NP (JJ sensitive) (NNS species)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (VBN threatened) (NNS species)))) (. .)))

See candidate species , endangered species , exotic species , extirpated species , obligate riparian species , sensitive species , and threatened species .

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( These sites ) ( ( are ( threatened ( by ( ( ( ( ( altered ( water regime ) ) , ) ( exotic ( species invasion ) ) ) and ) grazing ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT These) (NNS sites)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN threatened) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (JJ altered) (NN water) (NN regime)) (, ,) (NP (JJ exotic) (NN species) (NN invasion)) (CC and) (NP (NN grazing)))))) (. .)))

These sites are threatened by altered water regime, exotic species invasion and grazing.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( Unfortunately ( , ( this ( ( is ( ( an ( invasive ( exotic species ) ) ) ( called ( Purple loosestrife ) ) ) ) . ) ) ) )

(ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Unfortunately)) (, ,) (NP (DT this)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ invasive) (JJ exotic) (NN species)) (VP (VBN called) (S (NP (NNP Purple)) (ADJP (JJ loosestrife)))))) (. .)))

Unfortunately, this is an invasive exotic species called Purple loosestrife.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( exotic species ) ( invasion . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBZ invasion)) (. .)))

exotic species invasion.

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( ( introduction ( of ( exotic species ) ) ) ( -LRB- ( ( ( e.g. ( , ( other species ) ) ) ( of snails ) ) -RRB- ) ) ) ; )

(ROOT (NP (NP (NN introduction)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ exotic) (NNS species))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (JJ e.g.) (, ,) (JJ other) (NNS species)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS snails)))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (: ;)))

introduction of exotic species (e.g., other species of snails);

(ROOT (S (NP (JJ Exotic) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN called) (NP (JJ invasive) (NNS species)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP threaten) (NP (JJ other) (NNS species))))))) (. .)))

Exotic species are also called invasive species because they threaten other species.

neutral

( ( Conifers ( such ( as ( ( Pine and ) spruce ) ) ) ) ( ( ( have seeds ) ( with ( wings ( inside ( the ( large ( female cones ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Conifers)) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NNP Pine) (CC and) (NNP spruce)))) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS seeds)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (NNS wings)) (PP (IN inside) (NP (DT the) (JJ large) (JJ female) (NNS cones)))))) (. .)))

Conifers such as Pine and spruce have seeds with wings inside the large female cones.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

entailment

( ( Its ( pine cones ) ) ( ( depend ( on ( ( high-temperature fire ) ( for ( seed dispersal ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP$ Its) (JJ pine) (NNS cones)) (VP (VBP depend) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (JJ high-temperature) (NN fire)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN seed) (NN dispersal)))))) (. .)))

Its pine cones depend on high-temperature fire for seed dispersal.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( ( Its seeds ) ( ( ( are easily ) ( dispersed ( by ( wind ( -LRB- ( ( Smith 1985 ) -RRB- ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP$ Its) (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN dispersed) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NN wind)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP Smith) (CD 1985)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))))) (. .)))

Its seeds are easily dispersed by wind (Smith 1985).

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( ( Its seeds ) ( ( are wind-dispersed ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (PRP$ Its) (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ wind-dispersed))) (. .)))

Its seeds are wind-dispersed.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( ( ( ( ( ( ( Maple and ) pine ) seeds ) , ) ( for example ) ) , ) ( ( have ( papery ( wings ( to ( ( ( ( catch ( the wind ) ) and ) ( scatter ( the seeds ) ) ) ( long distances ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (ADJP (JJ Maple) (CC and) (JJ pine)) (NNS seeds)) (, ,) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN example))) (, ,)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (JJ papery) (NNS wings) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB catch) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))) (CC and) (VP (VB scatter) (NP (DT the) (NNS seeds))) (NP (JJ long) (NNS distances))))))) (. .)))

Maple and pine seeds, for example, have papery wings to catch the wind and scatter the seeds long distances.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

entailment

( ( ( ( ( ( Most ( pine seeds ) ) ( have ( wings ( for ( wind dispersal ) ) ) ) ) , ) but ) ( ( whitebark seeds ) ( have ( retained ( only ( a ( rudimentary wing ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . )

(ROOT (S (S (NP (JJS Most) (NN pine) (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (NNS wings)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN wind) (NN dispersal)))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (NN whitebark) (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN retained) (NP (RB only) (DT a) (JJ rudimentary) (NN wing))))) (. .)))

Most pine seeds have wings for wind dispersal, but whitebark seeds have retained only a rudimentary wing.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

entailment

( ( Seed dispersal ) ( ( is ( by wind ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NN Seed) (NN dispersal)) (VP (VBZ is) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN wind)))) (. .)))

Seed dispersal is by wind.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( Seeds ( ( are ( ( dispersed primarily ) ( by wind ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Seeds)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG dispersed) (ADVP (RB primarily)) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN wind))))) (. .)))

Seeds are dispersed primarily by wind.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( Seeds ( ( ( are easily ) ( ( ( carried and ) spread ) ( by wind ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Seeds)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (CC and) (VBN spread) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN wind))))) (. .)))

Seeds are easily carried and spread by wind.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( Seeds ( ( dispersed ( by wind ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Seeds)) (VP (VBD dispersed) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN wind)))) (. .)))

Seeds dispersed by wind.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( Shortleaf ( ( pine ( seed dispersal ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (NNP Shortleaf)) (VP (VBP pine) (NP (NN seed) (NN dispersal))) (. .)))

Shortleaf pine seed dispersal.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( ( The ( dandelion seeds ) ) ( ( will ( be ( dispersed ( by ( the wind ) ) ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN dandelion) (NNS seeds)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN dispersed) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind)))))) (. .)))

The dandelion seeds will be dispersed by the wind.

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral

( ( The seed ) ( ( ( is ( dispersed ( by ( the wind ) ) ) ) ( -LRB- ( anemochory -RRB- ) ) ) . ) )

(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN seed)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ dispersed) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind)))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (ADVP (RB anemochory)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (. .)))

The seed is dispersed by the wind (anemochory).

(ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seeds)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ pine) (NN cone)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB easily)) (VP (VBN carried) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN wind))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD dispersed) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NNS seeds)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NNS wings))))))) (. .)))

Seeds of a pine cone are easily carried by the wind and dispersed because seeds have wings.

neutral