L9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_postprocess.srt

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Assalamualaikum and welcome back to the English

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literature class at the Islamic University English

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department. As you all know part of your class

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assessment is a five mark presentation on a topic,

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an issue, a literary issue of your own choice.

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Today we have a seal Asil Sharab, she has an

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interesting presentation on George Eliot. Let's

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spend some quality time enjoying this

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presentation. Hello everyone, I'm gonna start

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talking about George Eliot. This is a picture of

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George Eliot. She's a woman, as you can see in the

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picture. She was born on November 22, 1819, and

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she died at age 61 in December 22, 1880. Her real

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name is Mary Anne Evans. as you can see, and she

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changed her name, she used a pen name, so her work

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would be noticed, because in the Victorian age,

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the male gender role was more significant.

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I'm gonna talk about a poem she wrote, Sweet

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Endings Come and Go Love. She's talking to her

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love, and she's talking about their love story.

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The explanation of the title is when considering

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love, most sweet things happen in relations, but

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they will eventually fade. Things in a

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relationship, a lot of things happen, but at the

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end, some feelings may miss, may come and go. It

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doesn't stay the same for a while.

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That's the poem. I'm gonna read it first, then

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I'll let someone read it. This is in Spanish. She

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started in Spanish words, then she turned into...

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You don't know Spanish? No, but I can read it.

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Okay, good. La noche viuna se viene, la noche

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viuna se va, y nuestros nos hermos y nos volverás

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más al vilánico. Vilániquico. Okay, and that's the

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English part. Sweet evenings come and go. They

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come and went for your. This evening of our life

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love shall go and come no more.

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When we have passed away, love, all things will

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keep their name. But yet no life on earth, love,

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with ours will be the same. The daisies will be

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there, love. The stars in heaven will shine. I

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shall not feel thee wish, love, nor thou my hands

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in thine. A better time will come, love, and

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better souls be born. I would not be the best,

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love, to leave thee now forlorn. Can someone read,

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please? Who wants to read? Not the Spanish,

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please. You can read the English part. Okay. Sweet

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evenings come and go. They come in an advent of

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pure. This evening our life's love shall go and

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come no more. When we have passed away, love, all

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things will keep their name. But yet no life on

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earth, love, but ours will be the same. The days

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will be their love, the stars in heaven will

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shine. I shall not feel thy wish, love, nor draw

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my hand in kind. A better time will come, love,

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and better souls depart. I would not be the best

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love to leave thee now forlorn. Just to be clear,

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I want to just say this word means for a long

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time. So they came and went a long time ago. Also,

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This is again, sign is a pronoun of yours, right?

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Yeah, and forlorn is alone, means alone.

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Okay, I'm gonna analyze the poem in brief. This is

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the Spanish part. It's translated into English.

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The good night is coming. The good night goes away

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and will go and we will not be back anymore. This

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is, I didn't, I didn't, okay. Here, the woman is

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expressing to her love that their love has to end.

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It has to become, it has to end for some time.

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She's really attached to him, she loves him very

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much, and he's everything for her, but she thinks

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that she needs time to, in their future, it's best

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for them to be apart.

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The daisies will be there. Okay, this line means

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that good things will last forever. The second

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line talks about that the stars in heaven will

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shine. She's saying that there's something in our

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relationship that will always rise, that will

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always be remembered, that will never be

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forgotten.

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Okay, I shall not feel thy wish. She's saying that

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they would never wish to be back together, but

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they're looking forward to be in a relationship

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with other people, with another person. She would

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go with another person, but she's saying that it

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would never be the same with their relationship.

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Also, she's saying that they won't want what they

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had, but they will value the moments that they

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share together. Sweet evenings come and go. She's

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talking about the evenings, the romantic evenings

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they had together, the meetings, the nights they

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spent together. She's saying that they will never

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be forgotten, but as time passed, the evenings

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were less. They had less connections between each

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other. They sat together, but with less

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connections. Okay.

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Here she's saying that the young love was awesome,

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but when they grew older, their love grew with

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them. They had difficult times, they had difficult

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problems.

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And she's saying here that better times will come.

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She will go with another person. She will meet

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other people, but her love will never be the same,

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and she will have a bad time being alone without

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him. But she's saying that she has to go see a

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new, she has to start a new beginning. Okay, now

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I'm gonna ask some questions. One second. Okay,

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here, can someone tell me the mode of the poem?

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The mood.

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Mood, memories, okay.

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Yeah, sadness for time, love for the time they

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spent together, loneliness, she's alone, she feels

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lonely. Okay, here in this poem, we have a

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personification in these lines. Can someone get it

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out? Personification.

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Yeah, that is one, but there's another one.

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Souls will be born. Yeah, souls will be born. The

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souls that are not born, they live in us. They

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don't have a time to be born. What is the rhyme

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scheme of the poem? The rhyme scheme.

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Can someone come out here to do it? Who wants to

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come out here? A, B, C, D.

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Yeah. A, A, A. Forget about this one, go to the

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English one. Okay, go to the English one. A, B, C,

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D. Uh-huh. A, B, A, B. No, just continue. No, you

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can start over again with every new standard.

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Okay. It's better to do this. A, B, A, B. A, B, A,

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B. I did it a different way.

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My advice, usually when you do rhyme scheme for a

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long poem, start over every stanza. Because we

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don't have a hundred English letters, because

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there are poems with thousands of lines, right? So

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with every stanza, especially when there is a

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clear break in the stanza, you can start over to

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make addition. So you know, A, B, A, B, A, B, A,

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B. Okay, finally. We have two shifts in tone. The

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poet shifted in tone. One part she's happy about

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the relationship, but the other stands that she's

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saying that she has to move on. Let me read it,

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okay. In line, the shifting tones, the shifts

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appear in line four. She started her poem by

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saying that she has to move on and these things,

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but then she tells their love that their love

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shall not continue. She goes on to tell the

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positive things. She talks about the positive

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things they did in their relationship. Also in

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line 11, she seems to be in an optimistic mood,

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but then she moves on to saying that she cannot be

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left alone. Thank you very much. And that's the

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rhyme scheme I did. A, B, A, A, B, C, D, E, D, E,

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D. But if you have like a hundred lines here,

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where would you go? There is a solution for this,

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but if you have to go for each

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Okay, my comment here is that this is an excellent

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presentation, well prepared actually. I'm very

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proud of you, you should be proud of yourself. You

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discussed interesting issues, especially that a

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woman had to choose a man's name so that he can

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publish. What does that tell about the society and

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about publications and the canon and the

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mainstream writing of that time? Two things. I

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told you you have five maximum seven minutes

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because we have so many students we can't you know

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okay hopefully when we have fewer students in the

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class in the future we can give you more and more

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time so my advice is to pick one issue in a text

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if you want to discuss a text just one issue one

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thing for example I could discuss I could spend 20

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minutes discussing the rhyme scheme in this in

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this text, and how it reflects the author of the

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theme, or how this text is a woman text, a female

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text, rather than, because all the poems we read

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so far here, the extracts, were written by men.

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But here we have a woman. Does this reflect, does

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this show? Is there anything the woman is doing in

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the text, the female poet is doing in the text to

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break the rules determined by man, to break all

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these rules imposed on people, especially on women

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by male critics? I think we can trace some of

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this. Like for example here, the rhyme scheme.

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The rhyme scheme itself, in my opinion, indicates

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that she wants to break away with the rules of

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decorum imposed here. For example, the go, your,

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love, and more, we have A, B, C, B, and then

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there's something new. We've never seen this

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before. The fact that

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times one, two, three, four, five, six, she's

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repeating this, she's emphasizing this, she's

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talking to, addressing love in her particular way.

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But we've never seen a poem, in Arabic if you

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repeat the same rhyme, I think every seven, like

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seven lines or so, this is a sign of weakness. In

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Arabic, in traditional Arabic poetry, classical

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Arabic poetry. She's doing this. In my opinion,

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she's defying the rules imposed by man. She's

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writing her own poetry the way she likes, the way

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she feels. Her own form, thank you. And this is

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really interesting. Thank you. My last point is

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that try when you do a presentation in the future,

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go for official slides like white, black text,

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white background, black text. Try not to crowd

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your slide with a lot of information and colors

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and everything. This is the rule that says seven

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by seven, seven words, seven lines. Sometimes I

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don't follow this. Hopefully when you're a

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teacher, you don't have to stick to, you know, to

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the rules. But yeah, it's always easier, better

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for you and for your audience to

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And again, thank you for engaging your classmates,

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your friends here. Thank you very much. Let's go

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back. Last time we spoke about a very interesting

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thing. In my opinion, it was one of the most

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interesting topics so far because we discussed for

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the first time women writers, authors.

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We spoke about, can you remind me? Who are the

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people we spoke about? Noronoko. What is

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significant about Mary Manley and Aphra Behn? What

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is significant? What did she do? Yes? Okay, so to

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speak, they were the mothers of the English novel.

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In a way, they started the English novel. They

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started the first steps of the English novel. What

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else? What else did they do to literature, to

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English, to women, to feminism, to the movement?

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Mary talked about the rights of women. She

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discussed the idea of rape being against men. So

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they were spokeswomen for all the women in the

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world. They spoke about men's violence against

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women in the society. They exposed the vices of

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men, especially the violence and discrimination

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against women. And they said that her writings

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were used objectively. Exactly, interesting. When

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you read literature books, sometimes you'll find

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people describing especially Mary mainly as

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scandalous and objectionable, controversial. But

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always remember, always go a step or two back.

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When you read something in a book, don't take it

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for granted. Ask yourself. Who's writing this?

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Whose perspective? Whose opinion is this? And then

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we realize here that critics of that time most of

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the time are generally men. So this is a man

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judging a woman. And generally there will be some

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kind of discrimination against women only for

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being So these were daring, brave women, brave

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writers because they wanted to speak for the women

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in their communities. And that's why Virginia

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Woolf later on praised them, especially she

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praised Aphra Behn. I think she said something

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like, all the women in the world should put roses

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on Aphra Behn's grave. This is how significant it

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is. Today we move to speak about Daniel Defoe, and

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hopefully we'll have time to discuss Jonathan

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00:16:48,770 --> 00:16:53,730
Swift. Traditionally, many people consider Daniel

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Defoe as the father of the English novel. The

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first real novel is classically, we don't

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necessarily agree with this, is Daniel Defoe's

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Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe.

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Robinson Crusoe. It was published in 1719. Defoe

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himself was a journalist. He started his life as a

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journalist. And this influenced the way he write,

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of course. Robinson Crusoe tells the story about a

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00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:35,700
man, an English person, who wanted to get richer,

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to gain wealth, to change his life. And at that

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time, the easiest way for any person to change his

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life is to go out to travel to the new world, to

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the colonies. Remember travel writing? It's being

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developed here in a way or another. So his parents

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were not okay with this because they represent the

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older generation and he's the younger generation,

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adventurous and everything. And he doesn't listen

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to them. He goes with some people to work on a

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ship, and they travel somewhere to the New World.

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On his way, on their way, the ship was destroyed

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by a storm. The only survivor was Robinson

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00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:34,100
himself, Robinson Crusoe. Interesting, maybe this

273
00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:39,560
rings a bell because we've seen Tom Hanks in a

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00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:44,300
movie surviving on a desert island. So he lands on

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a desert island in the middle of the sea where

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there are no people there. no society, no

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community. At the beginning, he was hopeful to get

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out as soon as possible, people come and save him,

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rescue him, and then he was... he passed through

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00:19:02,130 --> 00:19:05,150
so many stages of hope and despair, belief and

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00:19:05,150 --> 00:19:09,170
disbelief, and so many things. He spent about 30

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years on the island that's really tough being

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alone cut out isolated but because this is the

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00:19:18,620 --> 00:19:22,280
white christian european english man he always has

285
00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:24,740
the ability to do what to create a civilization

286
00:19:24,740 --> 00:19:28,240
and that's that's one theme here it's the power of

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00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:32,230
the white man how a European person, how an

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00:19:32,230 --> 00:19:34,990
English person can go anywhere in the world and be

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00:19:34,990 --> 00:19:39,430
the master and control. And he indeed begins his

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00:19:39,430 --> 00:19:42,250
own society or community. He calls it sometimes, I

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00:19:42,250 --> 00:19:44,450
am the ruler. This is my kingdom. This is my

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00:19:44,450 --> 00:19:46,930
island. Similar to what we had before in The

293
00:19:46,930 --> 00:19:49,510
Tempest and Prospero saying, this is my island.

294
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It's not his island. But a white man has always

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00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:57,370
been portrayed as such, being entitled to what he

296
00:19:57,370 --> 00:20:06,340
doesn't own. Now later on there is in this island

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00:20:06,340 --> 00:20:10,200
he saves, he meets, he sees some cannibal. He was

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00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:13,180
terrified because he met some cannibals. You know

299
00:20:13,180 --> 00:20:18,780
what a cannibal is? People who

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00:20:18,780 --> 00:20:23,330
eat human flesh, the cannibals. people who eat

301
00:20:23,330 --> 00:20:26,630
human flesh was terrified because at the beginning

302
00:20:26,630 --> 00:20:30,770
he saw one footprint not two not three just one

303
00:20:30,770 --> 00:20:34,570
and then later on he was on the lookout and he saw

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00:20:34,570 --> 00:20:38,350
a group of people and he saved a person he was

305
00:20:38,350 --> 00:20:42,130
about to be eaten he saved him physically

306
00:20:42,130 --> 00:20:45,510
literally and of course metaphorically he named

307
00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:49,910
him friday Very funny name. No offense for people

308
00:20:49,910 --> 00:20:55,410
whose relatives are named Friday. But it's funny

309
00:20:55,410 --> 00:20:58,250
because this is in a way in English at least in

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00:20:58,250 --> 00:21:01,470
Arabic we're used to Juma and Khamis. But we don't

311
00:21:01,470 --> 00:21:05,190
know many people. We have May. You know, some

312
00:21:05,190 --> 00:21:07,830
people named May after May, the month, but not

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00:21:07,830 --> 00:21:10,790
after the days. And the funny thing is that when

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00:21:10,790 --> 00:21:13,930
he goes back to England after years, he realizes

315
00:21:13,930 --> 00:21:16,170
that when he was keeping record of the days and

316
00:21:16,170 --> 00:21:19,610
the dates, he skipped one or two days. So probably

317
00:21:19,610 --> 00:21:22,790
he should be named Thursday, Khamis or Arba or

318
00:21:22,790 --> 00:21:26,910
whatever. That means, ah, but we don't have

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00:21:26,910 --> 00:21:31,050
Saturday. Something, anyway. And the other

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00:21:31,050 --> 00:21:34,450
character is poly. Do you know what poly is? Poly

321
00:21:34,450 --> 00:21:39,270
is? Poly is a parrot. You know what a parrot is?

322
00:21:39,510 --> 00:21:44,050
The bird that repeats stuff you say. A very,

323
00:21:44,170 --> 00:21:46,410
listen, a very interesting community here.

324
00:21:46,770 --> 00:21:51,630
Someone, he calls him my man. My man. He owns him.

325
00:21:51,690 --> 00:21:54,270
It's like property. Because he isn't, he's

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00:21:54,270 --> 00:21:58,890
inferior. He's backward, he's not white, he's not

327
00:21:58,890 --> 00:22:01,330
Christian, he's not English, so he controls him.

328
00:22:01,370 --> 00:22:06,410
He tries to cure his religion

329
00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:11,690
because he's in a way a savage, a backward, to

330
00:22:11,690 --> 00:22:17,900
civilize him. Civilize and cure Friday because

331
00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:20,600
it's taken for granted that the English way of

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00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,700
life is the best English, the best way in life.

333
00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:26,780
Now this relationship between Robinson and the

334
00:22:26,780 --> 00:22:28,920
parrot and Robinson and Friday is very

335
00:22:28,920 --> 00:22:32,420
interesting. When I read Robinson Crusoe, I always

336
00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:35,580
like to compare between Friday and Polly. Listen

337
00:22:35,580 --> 00:22:41,710
to me. The choice of the parrot poly as a bird

338
00:22:41,710 --> 00:22:44,730
that repeats what you say is interesting because

339
00:22:44,730 --> 00:22:48,030
the man wanted somebody to communicate with. But

340
00:22:48,030 --> 00:22:50,550
the bird is someone who only parrots because

341
00:22:50,550 --> 00:22:53,250
parrot can also be used as a verb. To parrot, to

342
00:22:53,250 --> 00:22:57,770
repeat, to imitate. It only echoes. And this is

343
00:22:57,770 --> 00:23:01,190
significant because Robinson Crusoe as a master,

344
00:23:01,330 --> 00:23:04,230
as a colonizer, as an occupier, as an imperialist,

345
00:23:04,390 --> 00:23:08,540
as a capitalist, he wanted people only to obey. He

346
00:23:08,540 --> 00:23:13,160
wanted people to say yes, say, OK, I will obey. He

347
00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:17,020
wanted people just to repeat what he says word for

348
00:23:17,020 --> 00:23:21,480
word. In my understanding here of the novel,

349
00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:28,500
I usually, again, this is somewhere here. I'll go

350
00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:34,280
back to the rest. When I compare Friday to Polly,

351
00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:36,240
I think Polly is a more interesting name. That's

352
00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:40,640
number one, Polly. Right? Yes. But it's a pitna.

353
00:23:41,460 --> 00:23:45,780
The most significant thing here for me is that

354
00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,540
when Friday speaks, although he was cured and

355
00:23:49,540 --> 00:23:53,480
civilized by the master, his English was still

356
00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:56,900
broken. For example, he doesn't use the word. He

357
00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:01,820
can't understand that man can have the irregular

358
00:24:01,820 --> 00:24:05,260
plural of men. He's too stupid to understand this.

359
00:24:05,340 --> 00:24:06,820
So he says man.

360
00:24:09,110 --> 00:24:13,230
He's too subjugated. He doesn't say I generally.

361
00:24:13,350 --> 00:24:17,030
He doesn't say I do this, I do that. He says me,

362
00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:19,970
like always in the object. He can't be a subject.

363
00:24:20,130 --> 00:24:22,930
He can't be the person who does things. He only

364
00:24:22,930 --> 00:24:25,870
follows, et cetera. However, very, very

365
00:24:25,870 --> 00:24:29,890
interesting thing. When Polly speaks, the parrot,

366
00:24:31,670 --> 00:24:36,310
When it speaks, it uses perfect English, almost

367
00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:40,790
Queen's English. And in one instance, I noticed

368
00:24:40,790 --> 00:24:47,810
that Polly uses the past perfect tense, a tense we

369
00:24:47,810 --> 00:24:52,270
generally don't use. I have been ranting for life

370
00:24:52,270 --> 00:24:56,970
for 10 minutes, not once have I used the past

371
00:24:56,970 --> 00:25:00,640
perfect tense. We don't use it very often. But

372
00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:03,000
this bird is so smart that it can tell the

373
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,460
difference between two actions and which action

374
00:25:05,460 --> 00:25:08,380
happened first, right? But Friday doesn't,

375
00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:11,080
although he's the human being. So in my opinion,

376
00:25:11,220 --> 00:25:16,120
this is how the book is presenting the white man

377
00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:22,120
as the master, the owner, the king, the ruler, and

378
00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:26,790
the others. the people of the black people people

379
00:25:26,790 --> 00:25:32,090
of color as uncivilized ignorant backward savages

380
00:25:32,090 --> 00:25:35,870
who need to be civilized and educated and that's

381
00:25:35,870 --> 00:25:38,170
why people like Edward Said would look at this

382
00:25:38,170 --> 00:25:38,790
book as

383
00:25:42,730 --> 00:25:45,850
and allegory of imperialism. Again, we go back to

384
00:25:45,850 --> 00:25:49,150
post-colonialism and post-colonial literature. The

385
00:25:49,150 --> 00:25:51,110
book could be about many things. It could be

386
00:25:51,110 --> 00:25:54,090
about, again, about imperialism and how you can

387
00:25:54,090 --> 00:25:58,790
get rich in a capitalist society, how you can grow

388
00:25:58,790 --> 00:26:01,870
rich when you own land and people. It could be

389
00:26:01,870 --> 00:26:05,070
about the power of white people and white men and

390
00:26:05,070 --> 00:26:08,470
how white men can civilize people and create

391
00:26:08,470 --> 00:26:12,230
society and civilization. It can be about that. It

392
00:26:12,230 --> 00:26:15,730
can be a moral lesson or a fable or an allegory

393
00:26:15,730 --> 00:26:19,450
about survival, how people can survive despite

394
00:26:19,450 --> 00:26:22,630
everything if they try, if they struggle. But it

395
00:26:22,630 --> 00:26:27,070
also can be about how the white people, the

396
00:26:27,070 --> 00:26:29,570
English people, the Europeans, the Christians of

397
00:26:29,570 --> 00:26:32,590
that time can go anywhere in the world, occupy,

398
00:26:33,170 --> 00:26:38,920
colonize. and civilized the people, so to speak.

399
00:26:39,240 --> 00:26:42,020
So many things about this book. I'm not saying

400
00:26:42,020 --> 00:26:44,380
this book is a bad read. It's really interesting.

401
00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:46,180
It's lovely. Probably in the summer you could

402
00:26:46,180 --> 00:26:50,140
start reading this book. But warning, you have to

403
00:26:50,140 --> 00:26:51,780
really be patient with these books.

404
00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:59,040
What we have here is that is again Robinson Crusoe

405
00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:03,020
being represented to us as a man, as a fable of

406
00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:06,940
survival, of praise to the white human, but also

407
00:27:06,940 --> 00:27:09,340
in particular to white European spirit of

408
00:27:09,340 --> 00:27:13,340
survival, that nothing can crush this spirit.

409
00:27:15,060 --> 00:27:20,570
There is an interesting thing here also in the in

410
00:27:20,570 --> 00:27:24,910
the novel to show how a capitalist society works

411
00:27:24,910 --> 00:27:27,430
and functions and money is more important than

412
00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:30,630
anything and materialism is more you know what

413
00:27:30,630 --> 00:27:34,750
capitalism is capitalism what's a what's capital

414
00:27:34,750 --> 00:27:37,070
your capital your capital is your money the money

415
00:27:37,070 --> 00:27:39,090
you have you the property capitalism

416
00:27:41,810 --> 00:27:44,430
Capitalism where you work for your own, you

417
00:27:44,430 --> 00:27:48,350
collect as much money as possible, you want to be

418
00:27:48,350 --> 00:27:51,670
as rich as possible regardless of what people

419
00:27:51,670 --> 00:27:56,610
around you do. So that's very simplistic terms.

420
00:27:56,990 --> 00:28:00,170
When he gets married, so we speak about a novel of

421
00:28:00,170 --> 00:28:05,450
400 pages. 400 pages. When Robinson Crusoe gets

422
00:28:05,450 --> 00:28:12,180
married, how long does it take? One page. In a

423
00:28:12,180 --> 00:28:14,500
way, this is significant. I think there is also

424
00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:17,000
another example where he buys some cows and horses

425
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,780
and it takes more pages than when he gets married.

426
00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:22,860
So relationships are not as important as riches,

427
00:28:23,020 --> 00:28:27,360
as money, as wealth as capitalism and imperialism

428
00:28:27,360 --> 00:28:30,900
here. How did he get back to his land? He was

429
00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:34,420
saved. Some people came to the island and then he

430
00:28:34,420 --> 00:28:37,700
went back to England and he brought more people

431
00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:42,120
and he went back to his island, so to speak. Okay?

432
00:28:47,720 --> 00:28:53,680
So, a post-colonial critic like Edward Said, you

433
00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:56,740
know Edward Said? A Palestinian Christian

434
00:28:56,740 --> 00:29:00,360
intellectual, the author of Orientalism, one

435
00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:03,960
person behind an important theory called post

436
00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:07,260
-colonialism. Post-colonialism is the theory or

437
00:29:07,260 --> 00:29:11,300
the literature that reacted to a colonial

438
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:17,620
occupation of those countries. Friday, part of

439
00:29:17,620 --> 00:29:20,760
this, Friday was presented as uncivilized,

440
00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:25,520
inferior, not only inferior to his master, because

441
00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:30,220
he is in the book, but also to the bird, Polly.

442
00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:36,110
How? We examine the language. But there are other

443
00:29:36,110 --> 00:29:38,270
things you can read about Friday. Very

444
00:29:38,270 --> 00:29:40,290
interesting, very interesting thing. Another text

445
00:29:40,290 --> 00:29:43,270
by Robinson Crusoe, before I go back to the

446
00:29:43,270 --> 00:29:49,150
pronoun, is called Moll Flanders. Moll, sorry,

447
00:29:49,570 --> 00:29:53,070
Flanders. Moll is a name of, again, a name of a

448
00:29:53,070 --> 00:29:56,510
person. So many books of this age, the 18th

449
00:29:56,510 --> 00:29:59,530
century, took, many novels took their titles from

450
00:29:59,530 --> 00:30:04,320
the name of the main character. If Robinson Crusoe

451
00:30:04,320 --> 00:30:07,360
tells the story of a man who goes through a lot of

452
00:30:07,360 --> 00:30:11,380
troubles and struggle, Moll Flanders traces the

453
00:30:11,380 --> 00:30:18,940
life of a woman. Don't forget, the largest portion

454
00:30:18,940 --> 00:30:21,920
of readership in the 18th century probably were

455
00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:26,160
women. So as authors, you wanted to write things

456
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:30,300
for them, because they would buy. More than men,

457
00:30:30,580 --> 00:30:35,060
actually. So this is about a woman. This woman,

458
00:30:35,220 --> 00:30:38,760
Moll Flanders, is indeed generally not presented

459
00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:41,760
as a good woman. She commits so many sins, so many

460
00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:44,660
vices. She's a prostitute. She's also a thief. She

461
00:30:44,660 --> 00:30:47,600
goes to prison. She does so many horrible things.

462
00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:53,000
However, when she tells the story, she is already

463
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:57,080
reformed. She has already changed her life to the

464
00:30:57,080 --> 00:30:59,060
better. And this is a major theme of the 18th

465
00:30:59,060 --> 00:31:02,380
century, like Robinson Crusoe. Life is tough. It's

466
00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:04,920
difficult. You have to struggle. And this is

467
00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:08,360
capitalism. You have to work for your own self.

468
00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:13,970
And if you work hard, you will be rich. If you

469
00:31:13,970 --> 00:31:17,430
work hard, your life work is going to improve. The

470
00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:21,290
same thing happens here. It's a really sad novel,

471
00:31:21,450 --> 00:31:24,990
Moll Flandre, but at the end, it ends happily

472
00:31:24,990 --> 00:31:30,670
because this is the spirit of the age, okay? So it

473
00:31:30,670 --> 00:31:33,770
makes a moral point here about ways of living. The

474
00:31:33,770 --> 00:31:38,880
reader shares her experience. And I, in a way,

475
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:44,280
identify with her. How does the reader share

476
00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:48,980
somebody's experience? Because generally, when you

477
00:31:48,980 --> 00:31:52,960
read a text, you sometimes find common things

478
00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:55,460
between you and the characters. When you watch a

479
00:31:55,460 --> 00:32:00,020
movie, like in Hamlet, yeah. Can I be like Hamlet?

480
00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:03,040
Would I behave like Hamlet? Can I be like Shylock?

481
00:32:03,120 --> 00:32:06,670
Would I react to this like Shylock? In a way or

482
00:32:06,670 --> 00:32:09,370
another, there are so many ways for you to

483
00:32:09,370 --> 00:32:14,310
identify, so many techniques the authors employ to

484
00:32:14,310 --> 00:32:17,410
make you part of the text. The most important

485
00:32:17,410 --> 00:32:24,030
technique is... Oh, thank you. This was a first

486
00:32:24,030 --> 00:32:25,810
-person narrator. We'll speak about this probably

487
00:32:25,810 --> 00:32:32,370
in two classes. The first person narrator.

488
00:32:34,950 --> 00:32:38,210
When we spoke about poetry and drama, there were

489
00:32:38,210 --> 00:32:42,510
no narrators. The drama is generally largely based

490
00:32:42,510 --> 00:32:46,950
on dialogue or monologue scenes, acts, or

491
00:32:46,950 --> 00:32:49,450
soliloquies, right? People just talk to each

492
00:32:49,450 --> 00:32:51,590
other, and as the audience, we just watch and

493
00:32:51,590 --> 00:32:54,410
judge for ourselves. But in the novel, there's

494
00:32:54,410 --> 00:32:58,510
always someone, usually not the author, who tells

495
00:32:58,510 --> 00:33:01,790
the story. It could be either, number one, a first

496
00:33:01,790 --> 00:33:06,360
-person narrator where One character sometimes, or

497
00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:10,120
usually the main character, uses I. Not always,

498
00:33:10,420 --> 00:33:13,520
but usually the main character, the protagonist,

499
00:33:14,140 --> 00:33:17,680
who tells us the story. So you open the first

500
00:33:17,680 --> 00:33:20,940
book, you sign, I was born, I went to my parents,

501
00:33:21,060 --> 00:33:24,260
I wanted to travel, I did this, I was shipwrecked.

502
00:33:25,300 --> 00:33:28,880
This is a first person narrator. What happens

503
00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,460
here, a first person narrator is an interesting

504
00:33:32,460 --> 00:33:35,420
way to tell stories because when you read the

505
00:33:35,420 --> 00:33:38,540
first page and the second and the third you keep

506
00:33:38,540 --> 00:33:42,400
reading you find a lot of you in the text no

507
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:46,720
matter what no matter because humans share a lot

508
00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,880
you have a lot in common when you find a lot in

509
00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:52,860
common between you and this character using the I

510
00:33:52,860 --> 00:33:58,500
I U sometimes largely or in part become the

511
00:33:58,500 --> 00:34:01,120
character. You see yourself in this character, a

512
00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,460
man or a woman. So this is one way for you to

513
00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:08,500
identify. I'll elaborate on this later on,

514
00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:13,060
probably on Wednesday, what it means to be. The

515
00:34:13,060 --> 00:34:18,060
other type of narrative is the third person

516
00:34:18,060 --> 00:34:19,860
narrator.

517
00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,200
What is a third-person narrator? It's ambitious.

518
00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:30,240
Yeah, there is all-knowing here, but generally a

519
00:34:30,240 --> 00:34:33,900
story told to us from somebody, generally from

520
00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:37,400
outside the text, where he refers to people as he,

521
00:34:38,260 --> 00:34:44,190
she, and things it and they. So talking about

522
00:34:44,190 --> 00:34:48,210
people, the third person, in the third person. So

523
00:34:48,210 --> 00:34:55,470
Ali, if the story says, for example, I overslept

524
00:34:55,470 --> 00:34:58,950
this morning. Oh, I'm tired. I have classes to

525
00:34:58,950 --> 00:35:02,810
attend. And I don't have time to have my

526
00:35:02,810 --> 00:35:06,250
breakfast. My mom is already shouting. I need to

527
00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,140
rush because I have to do a presentation. This is

528
00:35:10,140 --> 00:35:15,280
my life. This is the first person. I saw somebody.

529
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,600
I met him. I took a taxi. I paid. I had my lunch.

530
00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:23,300
I went to bed. I started my job. I wrote a poem

531
00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:28,500
and entered first person. But if it is like this,

532
00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:33,840
it was nine o'clock and Huda woke up late. She was

533
00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:37,880
supposed to do a presentation. She asks her mom to

534
00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:42,940
wake her up at six. But her mom is nowhere to be

535
00:35:42,940 --> 00:35:47,800
seen. She moves out. She calls for her mom. Her

536
00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:53,140
mom doesn't reply. She was not at home. So she,

537
00:35:53,380 --> 00:35:57,360
she, he, he, they, this is that person, narrator.

538
00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:01,000
So because he started his life as a journalist,

539
00:36:02,380 --> 00:36:05,120
Robinson Crusoe generally uses the first person

540
00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:12,840
narrator in Robinson Crusoe and in Moll Flanders.

541
00:36:13,380 --> 00:36:17,520
Your question. I just wanted to comment that the

542
00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:21,540
first person could be so boring and you could feel

543
00:36:21,540 --> 00:36:26,120
like he's so exaggerating himself. So the writer

544
00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:28,640
should balance between telling the story and

545
00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:31,350
telling about himself. That's a very interesting

546
00:36:31,350 --> 00:36:35,110
point. But it depends, because things are

547
00:36:35,110 --> 00:36:37,130
relative. What is boring for me could be

548
00:36:37,130 --> 00:36:39,730
interesting for someone. Like football, for

549
00:36:39,730 --> 00:36:43,330
example. I love watching football matches. But

550
00:36:43,330 --> 00:36:46,150
some of you might hate them. Your friend could be

551
00:36:46,150 --> 00:36:48,770
into football, but you could be like, come on. How

552
00:36:48,770 --> 00:36:52,030
would you spend an hour and a half watching people

553
00:36:52,030 --> 00:36:55,590
kicking a ball around, right? So it's relative,

554
00:36:56,090 --> 00:36:58,790
this thing. But yeah, a smart author is one who

555
00:36:58,790 --> 00:37:03,360
doesn't make us Feel bored. But a point here you

556
00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:06,340
need to always think of. When you read this book,

557
00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:08,540
you might feel it's boring nowadays. But remember,

558
00:37:08,660 --> 00:37:12,960
this was written in the early 18th century. And

559
00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:16,060
people were like, whoa, this was a huge success.

560
00:37:16,180 --> 00:37:20,380
Even today, this is a huge success. It's a

561
00:37:20,380 --> 00:37:24,040
classic. It's a famous classic. OK. I'll move to

562
00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:28,090
speak about Jonathan Swift. Two takes for Jonathan

563
00:37:28,090 --> 00:37:30,330
Swift. I hope we have time to cover at least one

564
00:37:30,330 --> 00:37:33,090
of them today. The first one is Gulliver's

565
00:37:33,090 --> 00:37:34,950
Travels. Have you ever heard of Gulliver's

566
00:37:34,950 --> 00:37:40,770
Travels? Gulliver's Travels. Ah, too bad. The days

567
00:37:40,770 --> 00:37:44,370
of the good cartoons are gone. This was turned

568
00:37:44,370 --> 00:37:46,810
into a cartoon. I remember watching this many

569
00:37:46,810 --> 00:37:51,520
times when I was a kid myself. Jonathan Swift. was

570
00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:55,560
also an early 18th century novelist. Gulliver's

571
00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:58,300
Travels, as the name suggests, also we have

572
00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,560
traveled, someone traveling. His name is Gulliver.

573
00:38:02,360 --> 00:38:06,060
So this man is known, very famous for his satire

574
00:38:06,060 --> 00:38:08,920
and humor. For example, in his book, The Battle of

575
00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:13,900
the Box, it's actually box. He presents box as

576
00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:18,860
people in a library and the old box and the new

577
00:38:18,860 --> 00:38:23,780
box are fighting. Interesting. But his most

578
00:38:23,780 --> 00:38:27,860
significant work is Gulliver's Travels. And it is

579
00:38:27,860 --> 00:38:33,780
one of the most powerful satires of all time. He

580
00:38:33,780 --> 00:38:39,520
criticizes humanity in general. He criticizes

581
00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:46,110
politics. Religion, science, everything. But in

582
00:38:46,110 --> 00:38:51,070
particular, he openly attacks the English society.

583
00:38:52,130 --> 00:38:56,270
He attacks English colonialism and imperialism

584
00:38:56,270 --> 00:39:02,050
because Swift was Irish. You know, we spoke about

585
00:39:02,050 --> 00:39:04,650
Ireland and Scotland. Ireland was the problem,

586
00:39:04,810 --> 00:39:11,050
remember? So in his book, Gulliver's Travels, he

587
00:39:11,050 --> 00:39:17,210
exposes all these faults and vices of the English

588
00:39:17,210 --> 00:39:19,970
society. There are actually four parts in the

589
00:39:19,970 --> 00:39:24,690
book, four books, four sections. Book number one,

590
00:39:24,810 --> 00:39:28,530
he travels to a place called Lilliput, Lilliput.

591
00:39:29,650 --> 00:39:33,750
in which he meets very tiny people. I think you've

592
00:39:33,750 --> 00:39:37,410
seen this before, an old, a big man, a huge man

593
00:39:37,410 --> 00:39:42,770
like this, you know, tied up by young little tiny

594
00:39:42,770 --> 00:39:45,270
people here. I'm not sure if you know this. I'm

595
00:39:45,270 --> 00:39:48,570
also horrible at drawing, but I hope this does the

596
00:39:48,570 --> 00:39:53,290
trick. So when he landed, when he just went there,

597
00:39:53,410 --> 00:39:57,800
arrived, I think he was, I can't remember. was

598
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,840
sort of asleep somewhere, or tired and asleep, and

599
00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:04,440
then they tied him up. All tiny people, like this

600
00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:08,180
big. And it's interesting how he tells us how

601
00:40:08,180 --> 00:40:11,360
everything shifts from the perspective of a normal

602
00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:16,720
human being to a giant treating people. The next

603
00:40:16,720 --> 00:40:24,560
book, he goes to a place called Probigdang. I

604
00:40:24,560 --> 00:40:27,120
don't know how to pronounce this. It takes me

605
00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:27,480
time.

606
00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:42,020
It's not the same in the book. I think I made a

607
00:40:42,020 --> 00:40:42,780
mistake here.

608
00:40:52,040 --> 00:40:56,080
So fix this, please. I should fix it so you don't

609
00:40:56,080 --> 00:40:57,660
write it wrong.

610
00:41:01,840 --> 00:41:02,440
Okay,

611
00:41:07,920 --> 00:41:10,620
so the first book, he meets these small people.

612
00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,500
The second book, he meets giants.

613
00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:20,720
Enormous, huge people. So he himself feels small.

614
00:41:22,340 --> 00:41:25,060
See, the perspective changes. It puts you

615
00:41:25,060 --> 00:41:28,380
sometimes as a powerful person and sometimes as a

616
00:41:28,380 --> 00:41:30,580
tiny little person. It's a very interesting

617
00:41:30,580 --> 00:41:33,400
experience here. Now when he tells he attacks

618
00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:35,960
religion, like I said, he satirizes politics and

619
00:41:35,960 --> 00:41:39,260
especially the English society. In one scene, for

620
00:41:39,260 --> 00:41:42,480
example, he was talking to the king of

621
00:41:42,480 --> 00:41:48,070
Brobdingnang and then The king said this. So when

622
00:41:48,070 --> 00:41:54,050
he described, Gulliver told him how England,

623
00:41:54,410 --> 00:41:56,850
the English people, they're living this way and

624
00:41:56,850 --> 00:41:59,550
that way, telling him about the politics, about

625
00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:02,330
the religion, about many things. And the man was

626
00:42:02,330 --> 00:42:05,770
like, your natives, the English people at that

627
00:42:05,770 --> 00:42:09,050
time, are the most pernicious race of little

628
00:42:09,050 --> 00:42:11,850
odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl

629
00:42:11,850 --> 00:42:16,100
upon the surface of the earth. You are the worst,

630
00:42:16,940 --> 00:42:19,800
horrible, horrible people. What a life you're

631
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,320
living. There's no justice, there's no logic,

632
00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:25,880
there's no sense of what you're doing. And this is

633
00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:28,040
in a way, I wouldn't say it's indirect, it's a

634
00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:31,240
direct attack against the English society at that

635
00:42:31,240 --> 00:42:35,460
time. The natives, the most pernicious race of

636
00:42:35,460 --> 00:42:38,480
little odious families. You're filth, you're

637
00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:42,800
trash. you're not civilized you are the very

638
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:46,320
opposite of civilized. In book three he travels to

639
00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:49,840
a place where he criticizes science. Everything

640
00:42:49,840 --> 00:42:53,880
was being experimented on. There is a lot of

641
00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:58,420
detail here to speak about, but he attacks science

642
00:42:58,420 --> 00:43:03,820
and the scientific scientists of his age who

643
00:43:03,820 --> 00:43:06,600
wanted to experiment on many things. I think there

644
00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,740
was a scene where someone was trying to generate

645
00:43:09,740 --> 00:43:13,780
electricity out of cucumber. He spent years and

646
00:43:13,780 --> 00:43:16,140
years. He failed, but he still continued to

647
00:43:16,140 --> 00:43:22,780
experiment on this. And finally, he in book four,

648
00:43:22,880 --> 00:43:27,680
he meets, this is probably the most satirical of

649
00:43:27,680 --> 00:43:32,160
all the books. He goes to a place where the main

650
00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:35,180
characters, the civilized characters are horses.

651
00:43:37,340 --> 00:43:39,980
They live in a place called, can you read this

652
00:43:39,980 --> 00:43:46,390
anyone? It's the sound the horses make. Like

653
00:43:46,390 --> 00:43:49,530
similar to this, like the neighing of the horses.

654
00:43:50,870 --> 00:43:54,530
Poignants or something. Okay? So the horses are

655
00:43:54,530 --> 00:43:57,150
civilized. The animals are civilized. And the

656
00:43:57,150 --> 00:44:01,750
human beings, the yahoos, the monkey-like yahoos,

657
00:44:01,830 --> 00:44:05,510
you know? Do you have a yahoo email address? You

658
00:44:05,510 --> 00:44:09,750
do? That was like a long time ago. You must be

659
00:44:09,750 --> 00:44:13,110
very old to have a Yahoo email address. Anyway, so

660
00:44:13,110 --> 00:44:18,290
they represent humanity. So animals are more

661
00:44:18,290 --> 00:44:20,390
civilized. Remember the one who said I would be a

662
00:44:20,390 --> 00:44:25,850
dog? No, a rat. That's a dog, a monkey, a bear,

663
00:44:26,190 --> 00:44:29,610
but not a human being. The person who said rat was

664
00:44:29,610 --> 00:44:32,990
King Lear, I guess. So what does he use? He uses

665
00:44:32,990 --> 00:44:36,270
satire. And his satire is very, very, very strong.

666
00:44:36,410 --> 00:44:40,490
He criticizes everything openly, directly in the

667
00:44:40,490 --> 00:44:44,230
book. Interesting thing here, when Gulliver's

668
00:44:44,230 --> 00:44:49,030
Travels was published, I'm going to say Gulliver's

669
00:44:49,030 --> 00:44:52,390
Travels was because this is still a name of a book

670
00:44:52,390 --> 00:44:56,330
despite the plural. It soon turned into a

671
00:44:56,330 --> 00:45:00,590
children's story, a story for kids. like huh

672
00:45:00,590 --> 00:45:05,290
nobody took it seriously oh oh funny do it for the

673
00:45:05,290 --> 00:45:08,930
kids do some illustrations some pictures and let

674
00:45:08,930 --> 00:45:12,030
the kids enjoy it's interesting that kids started

675
00:45:12,030 --> 00:45:15,310
reading at that time but why would you turn a

676
00:45:15,310 --> 00:45:20,690
serious powerful satirical book into a book for

677
00:45:20,690 --> 00:45:26,240
kids Maybe. To make fun of this guy. Maybe. But I

678
00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:28,640
think, yeah, I agree here. He was making fun of

679
00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:30,860
the English people. So the English people were

680
00:45:30,860 --> 00:45:35,080
like, OK, kick this out of the canon. Throw it to

681
00:45:35,080 --> 00:45:40,110
the kids. And also because he was Irish, in my

682
00:45:40,110 --> 00:45:44,330
opinion. His being Irish was one reason why he

683
00:45:44,330 --> 00:45:49,570
wasn't taken seriously in this sport. Next class,

684
00:45:49,670 --> 00:45:52,070
probably we can speak about Swift's Modest

685
00:45:52,070 --> 00:45:54,750
Proposal. Or if I have one more minute, please.

686
00:45:54,990 --> 00:45:58,490
One more minute. His last text here, it's actually

687
00:45:58,490 --> 00:46:02,950
an essay. It's an essay. It's called Modest

688
00:46:02,950 --> 00:46:10,470
Proposal. Modest Proposal. One minute. A modest

689
00:46:10,470 --> 00:46:15,650
proposal is

690
00:46:15,650 --> 00:46:21,090
an article where he suggests a solution for the

691
00:46:21,090 --> 00:46:24,810
many kids that the Irish families had. What is his

692
00:46:24,810 --> 00:46:28,850
suggestion? What is his proposal? He says that We

693
00:46:28,850 --> 00:46:31,970
have too many kids. I think the best way is to

694
00:46:31,970 --> 00:46:34,050
sell them for the English people where they can

695
00:46:34,050 --> 00:46:36,930
eat the kids. And he speaks about the benefits of

696
00:46:36,930 --> 00:46:41,390
eating flesh, kids flesh. And many people were

697
00:46:41,390 --> 00:46:45,350
like, Oh, wait, wait a minute. They hated this. So

698
00:46:45,350 --> 00:46:48,390
it's funny how his serious book was taken lightly

699
00:46:48,390 --> 00:46:53,840
and his ironic text was taken seriously. In this

700
00:46:53,840 --> 00:46:56,220
book, he was criticizing the Irish families for

701
00:46:56,220 --> 00:46:59,060
having too many kids, and he was also criticizing

702
00:46:59,060 --> 00:47:02,340
the English people, the colonizers, who were in a

703
00:47:02,340 --> 00:47:05,960
way or another causing the starvation and the

704
00:47:05,960 --> 00:47:11,460
famine in Ireland as colonizers. Sorry for keeping

705
00:47:11,460 --> 00:47:14,120
you this late. I'll stop here, and if you have a

706
00:47:14,120 --> 00:47:19,040
question, you can stay a little bit. Okay, thank

707
00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:19,280
you.