L9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/4fnQEZ7N2iA_postprocess.srt

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Hello everyone. Welcome back to English

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Literature, Introduction to English Literature

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course at the Islamic University. Last time we had

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a sort of probably uninteresting discussion on a

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major Middle English figure whom we described as

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the father of English literature. His name is

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Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer is a major literary

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figure in the Middle English literary traditions.

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Geoffrey Chaucer originally was influenced by

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several European, mainly Italian and French

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writers. But in time, he realized that he has to

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work on something more significant than imitating

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European writers, which is the British identity,

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the English identity. And his major text, as we

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said last time, is The Canterbury. The Canterbury.

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The Canterbury. Tales. You should know the name.

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The Canterbury Tales is, again, the long poem of

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24 tales in poetic forms by Geoffrey Chaucer. We

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discussed some extracts from the poem, and we

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reflected on how these poems, how these lines, in

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a way or another show a wide range of lifestyles.

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We discussed, for example, how the nun as a woman

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is trying to challenge her community by not

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following the rules of the church, as we probably

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guessed. We've seen how the knight was not the

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knight we read about in Old English. He's no

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longer Beowulf. The knight is selfish, each man

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for himself, and there is no other. And we've seen

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how the philosopher is more interested in

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collecting money, gold, and how, again, Chaucer

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uses irony to talk about this. So Middle English.

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The English language started to be shaped. The

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English, as we know it now, started from Middle

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English. When we look at the Middle English text,

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we can figure it out. The spelling is different,

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but some words can be easily figured out. We spoke

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about new themes. Cultural, British cultural,

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English cultural, issues started to materialize in

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a way or another. We spoke about new themes, new

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people, especially again women started to appear

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in poems. At the beginning, they were objects of

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desire. Not good, not good enough. But we've seen

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how the nun was in a way or another showing women

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how to struggle and how to show her humanity, her

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identity as a woman rather than as a character of

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desire or someone controlled by a man. So going

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back to that class, we see again the major themes,

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major issues. Number one, the old English hero has

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become A man of love, a man of romance. A man

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interested in, again, collecting money. A man

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interested in improving his own personal status

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rather than sacrificing himself for the society,

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for the people. And then old values of religious

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idealism. We've seen how Kadaman, remember, now we

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must praise God. These religious, pure idealistic

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religious values have started to change, and

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people started to look for worldly gains. Women

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started to appear first as objects of desire, but

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later on, sometimes once in a while, there were

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strong women. We've seen this in Chaucer himself.

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At the beginning, again, remember, there has

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always been European influence. But at this time,

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England was working hard to shape its own

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identity. When I speak about the English identity,

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it's like what it takes to make an English text

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English. Not only the language, but also the

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culture and the setting maybe takes place in

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England. It talks about English themes and

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lifestyles. And again, important poets, important

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figures like Chaucer started to work on the

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national identity, to create a sense of national

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identity. People now can identify as English and

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be proud of this identity. Literature did a great

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deal of help here. Okay? Now, one of the greatest

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national myths of that time we'll come back to

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this, is King Arthur and the Knights of the Round

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Table. We'll talk about him in a bit. King Arthur

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is said to be from the fifth and sixth centuries

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around this time. It was an oral tradition. And

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later on, probably hundreds of years later, it was

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written down. The story tells of King Arthur.

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We're not sure whether there was a king. Probably

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there was a king whose name is Arthur. And he had

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knights, warriors, fighters. around him. Those

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fighters always stood against evil, always stood

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for good. Until this very moment, King Arthur

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still, in a way or another, like once in a while,

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shows up here in literatics and novels and poetry.

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These are significant English names. We speak

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about the rapidly changing society and how English

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as a language and a culture was developing at that

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time. We will go back to summarize the main ideas

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about Chaucer. Can you remind me of the major

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issues we mentioned about Chaucer last time,

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ladies? Yeah? Don't look here, don't look. Yes,

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please, one. He was an excellent poet, an

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important figure, okay? He was the father of

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English literature. What did he do? What features

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does his poetry have?

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A wide picture of the English life. His poetry

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describes the life mainly the middle class, the

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ordinary people. In Old English, remember, you had

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to be a religious person or a hero to be in

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poetry. But now more and more people started to

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show up. Yes.

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Important point here. Irony started to be used as

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a tool where you say something and you mean the

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opposite. You say something and you mean something

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else in essence. So we've seen how the philosopher

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has a little gold in his coffer. For a moment, we

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pity the philosopher. Oh my God, he only has a

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little gold. But then we remember that a

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philosopher is supposed to be interested in

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knowledge.

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And a little gold is still probably a lot of

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money. So this is iron. It makes us think, oh,

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interesting. It makes us reconsider our positions.

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Okay, more? Can we talk more about Chaucer, about

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what things he did, what he introduced to English

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literature, please? He used

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rhyme more clearly, but rhyme already was there.

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In a way or another, there was music and rhyme and

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rhythm, and this is Europe, remember, and the

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alliteration. But he also continued using the

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musical aspects of the rhyme and the rhythm and

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the music. More? Please. He wanted.

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OK. Now, The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer is an

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uncompleted work. He intended it to be about 120

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stories, but he only finished 24. So he had a plan

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for more stories. Don't forget how, again, Chaucer

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brings more and more women to his poetry. And

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we've seen the nun in his poetry is a strong

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character. She's a nun, and we know what a nun is.

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It's supposed to be modest and coy, subjected to

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particular rules of the church, rules mainly

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devised by men. But she's all sentiment and tender

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heart, as he says. In a way, we probably guess

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that the nun, in a way or another, is rejecting

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these rules. Because if a nun is supposed to be

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modest, even in her smiling, like... But here we

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have a nun who is all sentiment, all about

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emotions and love and feelings. This could be,

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again, part of the problem in the society he's

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discussing, showing how people are hypocrites, how

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people claim to be one thing, but in reality they

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are another. But could this tell us more about the

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nun trying to change the image of women? Probably.

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Probably. Yes. OK. Today, we introduce more

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English texts, more English poetry. But we're not

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going to go in detail here, just in brief. The

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first text is Confessio Amantis by someone called

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John Gower. Look at the name. The words are not

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English. In English, this means a confession or

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the confession of a lover. Confessio Amantis. And

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this, again, shows how the writer is affected very

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good, is influenced by by other European

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literatures, mainly French and Italian, probably

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German. This is a long, long poem. Remember how

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long Beowulf was or other texts? This one is 33

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,000 lines. That's a huge, huge text.

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Epic and not epic, it's a romance in a way. Now,

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as the name suggests, this tells us the story of a

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person, a man who spends most of his life pursuing

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women, chasing nothing, not heroism, not fighting

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their enemies. Again, this is the changing society

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here, but chasing women in a way or another. And

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at one point in the poem, the main character

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decides to give up love. He says, I've done too

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much chasing women. I want to change. I want to be

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a different human being. Which is good. OK?

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Probably we think he's going to be a reformed

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person. But then we realize that he only does this

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because he's a very, very old man. So he only

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gives up love when he becomes like what? 95? 100

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maybe? I don't know. So on a first reading, we

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say, oh, interesting. But then when we think of

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it, wait a minute. You're only giving up love

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because you are a very old man, not because you

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want to. And again, this is another use of iron

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here, where people are made fun of. In a way,

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we're told that this is a noble man. He's a good

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man because he stops doing something that is not

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Completely good. And then we realize he doesn't

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stop because he wants to, but because he's an old

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man. So that's Confessio Amantis. The other text

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is Pierre Plouman. The author is William Langland.

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This is also a long poem around a long poem. Also,

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I'm not sure how many lines, but it's also a long

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poem here. Now, William Langland, Pierre Plouman,

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he also uses satire and irony. So remember, in

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early English, old English, we had little irony

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and more religion, more heroism. But here, people

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started gaining new styles, ways of life. And now,

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it's easy to criticize people because people are

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selfish, hypocritical.

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And remember the dream vision we spoke about

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before? It's still a technique. So in a way, this

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story is told, this poem is part dream, part

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reality. The dream, what is a dream vision? It's a

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poem that feels like someone is dreaming or

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someone telling us a dream. So these are two main

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texts from two main poems from Middle English. The

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last major text here is Sargawen. And we'll stop

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for a moment here to talk about Sargawen.

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Now, Sargawen and the night, the green night, is a

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very important text, about 3,000, 3,000, or 2,500

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lines. We don't know the author of Sagawain. The

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author is anonymous.

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The author is anonymous.

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Sagawain, the word sir means he's a knight. And it

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is said that Sagawain is one of the knights of the

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round table. Remember the round table? of King

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Arthur. So now, Sagawain is a knight. The first

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moment we hear the word knight, we remember very

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quickly. We remember Beowulf. Beowulf. What is a

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knight? What is a hero? What is a sir? A man who's

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supposed to be honest, honorable, brave, selfless.

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a man who sacrifices himself for the sake of

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others to protect others, to bring safety, like

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Beowulf. And this was the major idea behind King

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Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Now,

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what happens in this poem, this long poem of 2,500

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lines, is that one knight, a huge green knight,

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dressed in green, disguised in green, A man, a

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knight, on a green horse shows up at the place

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where King Arthur was. And he says, I challenge

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any one of you to a duel, to a fight.

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This challenge includes someone to cut the green

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knight's head, to chop off his head. Not only

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killing him, cutting off his head. If you manage

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to do so, in a year, after exactly a year or a

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year and a day, I will come back and I will cut

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your head off. And at the moment, no one wants to.

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See how changed the knights are? And then King

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Arthur says, OK, I'll do it. But Sagawin, who is a

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relative of King Arthur, steps up and says, OK,

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I'll do it. And he cuts the head of the green

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knight. His head rolls down. And of course, he's

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not dead because he uses magic. And this is a

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myth. It's a myth. It's a fictional story. So far,

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so good. Sargawen is good. He's strong. He's

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brave. He, in a way, sacrificed himself for King

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Arthur. Now, when the end of the year nears,

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Sargawen goes out to look for the green knight. He

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finds a palace. He stays there for a while. And in

246
00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:46,100
a way or another, he is tempted. He's seduced by

247
00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:50,830
the wife of the lord. A woman there seduces him,

248
00:17:51,010 --> 00:17:54,310
tempts him. In a way, he falls in love with her.

249
00:17:55,510 --> 00:17:59,810
Although he was in a mission to, in a way, to pay

250
00:17:59,810 --> 00:18:04,750
the debt. Because he gave, he vowed, he promised,

251
00:18:05,770 --> 00:18:11,000
and a knight shouldn't break his word. So after a

252
00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:15,460
long story, Sagawin is given some kind of a belt

253
00:18:15,460 --> 00:18:20,060
by the woman, by the lady of the palace. And this,

254
00:18:20,180 --> 00:18:25,620
if he puts on this belt, he can't be killed. No

255
00:18:25,620 --> 00:18:31,040
one can kill him. What does he do? Aha. Now

256
00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:35,940
originally, a knight, a seer, should not be, will

257
00:18:35,940 --> 00:18:40,240
not be, cannot be, must not be deceitful. He

258
00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:44,680
shouldn't lie. He's honorable. He's honest. He

259
00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:47,960
doesn't break his promise. Now he goes searching

260
00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,380
for the green knight, and the green knight tries

261
00:18:51,380 --> 00:18:53,080
to kill him, but he fails.

262
00:18:57,290 --> 00:18:59,710
And then at the end, we realize that the green

263
00:18:59,710 --> 00:19:03,590
knight is the man, the lord of the castle. He's

264
00:19:03,590 --> 00:19:08,190
the husband of the woman who gave him the belt. So

265
00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:12,070
he discovers this whole thing, like he uncovers

266
00:19:12,070 --> 00:19:15,270
this whole thing. And now Sagawin is highly

267
00:19:15,270 --> 00:19:21,030
embarrassed. Oh, please. I beg of you. Don't tell

268
00:19:21,030 --> 00:19:26,010
people what I did. Please, I'm a knight. Don't

269
00:19:26,010 --> 00:19:30,040
defame me. And he begs for forgiveness. I'm sorry

270
00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:34,820
I lied. I'm sorry I cheated. And for this, the

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00:19:34,820 --> 00:19:40,130
green knight forgives him. He goes back to King

272
00:19:40,130 --> 00:19:43,010
Arthur. Now, when he comes back, it's like, whoa.

273
00:19:43,650 --> 00:19:46,650
Sagawin is supposed to be dead, right? Because he

274
00:19:46,650 --> 00:19:49,690
cut off the head a year ago, and his head should

275
00:19:49,690 --> 00:19:52,950
be cut by now. But when he comes back, people

276
00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:56,870
think that he is the hero, the fighter, the man

277
00:19:56,870 --> 00:20:01,830
that cuts off the head of the knight, and the

278
00:20:01,830 --> 00:20:05,270
knight can't cut his head off. So he's celebrated

279
00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:08,430
as a hero, as a brave hero. But in reality, as

280
00:20:08,430 --> 00:20:12,110
readers, as audience, we know that he is a

281
00:20:12,110 --> 00:20:18,010
deceitful, a liar, and a cheater. My question is,

282
00:20:18,410 --> 00:20:21,310
who is the main character in this poem, this long

283
00:20:21,310 --> 00:20:24,310
poem? Saqawain. He's the main character. The main

284
00:20:24,310 --> 00:20:25,850
character is the character who takes a lot of

285
00:20:25,850 --> 00:20:30,270
space. In a way, he's the hero. But what does he

286
00:20:30,270 --> 00:20:32,170
do? Does he achieve something? Does he do

287
00:20:32,170 --> 00:20:37,420
something like Beowulf? Is he a hero hero? He's a

288
00:20:37,420 --> 00:20:41,440
main character. He's a fake hero. He's a false

289
00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,440
hero. He's exactly as we have here in the book.

290
00:20:44,480 --> 00:20:46,480
He's an anti-hero.

291
00:20:48,660 --> 00:20:51,660
An important term we should know. In modern

292
00:20:51,660 --> 00:20:54,080
literature, in movies nowadays, there are so many

293
00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:57,640
anti-heroes. The main character who basically does

294
00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:03,920
nothing. Now, the first antihero in the history of

295
00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:06,520
English literature is probably Segaway.

296
00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:12,860
And see how people at that time were thinking

297
00:21:12,860 --> 00:21:15,540
ahead of their time. This is something new and

298
00:21:15,540 --> 00:21:21,360
modern, where a main character is not the hero. So

299
00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:27,240
what is antihero again? Do heroic things. It's a

300
00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:30,360
main character who, unlike, for example, Beowulf,

301
00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:33,480
doesn't do anything, doesn't do heroic, doesn't do

302
00:21:33,480 --> 00:21:37,220
important things. Later on, this will be a major

303
00:21:37,220 --> 00:21:39,520
theme and a major technique in English literature

304
00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:42,620
and world literature, and even in movies in the

305
00:21:42,620 --> 00:21:46,320
20th century. What does this tell us again about

306
00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:50,520
the time? It tells us how the society was

307
00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:56,330
changing. People were changing values. Yeah, they

308
00:21:56,330 --> 00:22:00,450
started to use, for example, deceitful ways to get

309
00:22:00,450 --> 00:22:05,410
to their aims. Now that's Segawin. In brief,

310
00:22:05,530 --> 00:22:07,930
Segawin, as a knight, he's supposed to be honest

311
00:22:07,930 --> 00:22:11,950
and honorable, right? Is he honest and honorable?

312
00:22:12,530 --> 00:22:15,090
He's not that honest. He's not that honorable. He

313
00:22:15,090 --> 00:22:20,470
basically does nothing. And Segawin is the

314
00:22:20,470 --> 00:22:23,630
antihero, perhaps the first in English literature.

315
00:22:26,220 --> 00:22:30,000
We move from poetry to drama. We're not going to

316
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,340
go into detail here because we'll focus on

317
00:22:32,340 --> 00:22:36,500
Renaissance drama next week. But again, basic

318
00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:40,560
things about medieval drama is that it was highly

319
00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:42,220
biblical drama.

320
00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:48,160
The stories of the drama of that age were taken

321
00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:51,860
from the Bible. That's the basic thing we need to

322
00:22:51,860 --> 00:22:56,320
know. So they would take a story of some saint, a

323
00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:59,980
story of certain prophets or certain people, bad

324
00:22:59,980 --> 00:23:02,620
or good, from the Bible, and they would be

325
00:23:02,620 --> 00:23:05,200
performed either in the church or around the

326
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:09,940
church. Don't forget the Bible was in what

327
00:23:09,940 --> 00:23:13,940
language at that time? Latin. It was Latin. So

328
00:23:13,940 --> 00:23:19,340
perhaps the actors will be talking about

329
00:23:19,340 --> 00:23:21,560
something, and the audience, the English people,

330
00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:25,100
would be like, huh? What's going on? But again,

331
00:23:25,140 --> 00:23:28,000
because of the drama, because of the drama and the

332
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,800
performance, it's easier. The difference between

333
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:37,880
poetry, listen, drama was written in verse, even

334
00:23:37,880 --> 00:23:41,180
until the 17th century. Drama was written in

335
00:23:41,180 --> 00:23:43,200
verse, in poetry. But the difference between

336
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:48,120
poetry and drama Very good. Drama was supposed to

337
00:23:48,120 --> 00:23:52,920
be acted, was composed to be performed on a stage

338
00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:58,080
and poetry was written basically to be sung. But

339
00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:04,540
both are written in poetry. The drama of this time

340
00:24:04,540 --> 00:24:08,540
is called mystery drama or miracle drama, any of

341
00:24:08,540 --> 00:24:10,880
the terms, because they would take miraculous and

342
00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:15,020
mysterious events or people from the Bible, and

343
00:24:15,020 --> 00:24:17,860
they would act them. The purpose is to teach

344
00:24:17,860 --> 00:24:23,480
people good values, religious values, how to be

345
00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:28,310
good, how not to be bad, this basically. Is this

346
00:24:28,310 --> 00:24:32,210
an act of literary expression? Could be. But it

347
00:24:32,210 --> 00:24:37,450
was mainly the church aiming to educate, to teach

348
00:24:37,450 --> 00:24:41,750
people the Christian values. And again, we go back

349
00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:46,310
how the church itself took care, wrote down many

350
00:24:46,310 --> 00:24:49,270
old English texts. And now the church is also part

351
00:24:49,270 --> 00:24:54,810
of the development of the play. Now, a very

352
00:24:54,810 --> 00:24:56,890
important, probably the most important

353
00:25:01,420 --> 00:25:07,260
Invention in the history of literature in general

354
00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,940
and production and writing and books is the

355
00:25:09,940 --> 00:25:14,340
invention of the printing press. What is the

356
00:25:14,340 --> 00:25:15,600
printing press?

357
00:25:19,540 --> 00:25:24,140
What is the printing press? Okay. It's the

358
00:25:24,140 --> 00:25:25,040
invention of the machine.

359
00:25:29,780 --> 00:25:33,660
Okay, how do you think people made books before

360
00:25:33,660 --> 00:25:39,420
this? Copying, copying down. They would copy down.

361
00:25:39,740 --> 00:25:42,500
Sometimes, in the videos I think we're going to

362
00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,620
watch in a bit, it says that sometimes it took

363
00:25:45,620 --> 00:25:52,500
over a year to copy one copy of the Bible. One

364
00:25:52,500 --> 00:25:55,260
year. I'm not sure how many people would it take.

365
00:25:55,340 --> 00:25:57,980
Probably one, probably two or more. And you spend

366
00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,940
one whole year copying a book. That is why books

367
00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:05,900
were very rare and very expensive. Wasn't easy to

368
00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:10,400
produce them. Wasn't easy to also buy them.

369
00:26:10,460 --> 00:26:14,060
Probably expensive. Now there's this very famous

370
00:26:14,060 --> 00:26:17,500
man called Gutenberg. And as the name suggests,

371
00:26:17,620 --> 00:26:20,990
he's German. Although some people say, no, it

372
00:26:20,990 --> 00:26:24,070
wasn't Gutenberg who first invented the printing

373
00:26:24,070 --> 00:26:26,670
press. But it's a very important invention. Why is

374
00:26:26,670 --> 00:26:29,470
it important? Because now there is mass production

375
00:26:29,470 --> 00:26:33,290
of books. You don't just make one, two, ten

376
00:26:33,290 --> 00:26:35,510
copies. You can easily make hundreds of copies.

377
00:26:35,630 --> 00:26:38,990
Not easily, but still a lot easier than copying

378
00:26:38,990 --> 00:26:45,010
the book by hand. So the printing press was the

379
00:26:45,010 --> 00:26:48,770
invention of, as many people suggest, Gutenberg.

380
00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:52,150
He's a German man. What we care about is what

381
00:26:52,150 --> 00:26:58,110
William Caxton did. William Caxton here in the

382
00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:04,390
1470s, in the second half of the 15th century.

383
00:27:04,510 --> 00:27:09,500
That's almost 500 years ago. He brought the

384
00:27:09,500 --> 00:27:15,240
printing press to London, to England. And soon

385
00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,140
after, the first book that was published, was

386
00:27:18,140 --> 00:27:21,500
printed, was the Bible. Of course, the Bible. It

387
00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:25,420
is said that Gutenberg himself, in two years, made

388
00:27:25,420 --> 00:27:29,140
100 copies of the Bible. 100 copies in two years.

389
00:27:29,940 --> 00:27:32,200
We just said that probably it takes more than one

390
00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,480
year for one person to copy one copy of the Bible.

391
00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:44,240
Made it very easy, probably cheaper, and faster.

392
00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:46,320
And that's the most important thing. This is what

393
00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,380
we call mass production. We'll talk about the

394
00:27:48,380 --> 00:27:50,920
technique in a bit. But this is what we care about

395
00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:54,100
more here. William Caxton, a very famous name.

396
00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:56,860
Listen, he's not the inventor of the printing

397
00:27:56,860 --> 00:28:01,740
press. He brought it to England. And the first

398
00:28:01,740 --> 00:28:04,320
book naturally to be printed is the Bible.

399
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:12,780
Literary book is King Arthur. King Arthur and the

400
00:28:12,780 --> 00:28:16,200
Knights of the Round Table. It was the first

401
00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:21,340
literature book to be printed by...

402
00:28:21,340 --> 00:28:28,040
In England. And the first literary book. In

403
00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:31,740
Germany and also in England, yeah. Now, other

404
00:28:31,740 --> 00:28:34,700
books that were, of course, printed at that time,

405
00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:40,550
Chaucer, probably Beowulf. Okay, so don't forget

406
00:28:40,550 --> 00:28:44,510
this. Let's see this video, this very short video

407
00:28:44,510 --> 00:28:51,810
of the printing press. Now, again, look at this,

408
00:28:52,070 --> 00:28:56,310
watch and we'll comment on this video.

409
00:29:41,930 --> 00:29:44,250
The apprentice here is shown operating a replica

410
00:29:44,250 --> 00:29:48,150
of Gutenberg's press. As you can see, this type of

411
00:29:48,150 --> 00:29:50,490
printing took a lot of work, but was quicker than

412
00:29:50,490 --> 00:29:54,130
hand copying books. In just under two years,

413
00:29:54,410 --> 00:29:57,490
Gutenberg was able to print nearly 190 Latin

414
00:29:57,490 --> 00:30:01,010
Bibles. Normally, the scribe would take the same

415
00:30:01,010 --> 00:30:06,530
amount of time to copy one Bible by hand. See this

416
00:30:06,530 --> 00:30:10,780
press in action at passages. The exhibit is

417
00:30:10,780 --> 00:30:13,940
currently on display in Springfield, Missouri. OK.

418
00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:17,320
So basically, the printing press at that time

419
00:30:17,320 --> 00:30:22,660
would, again, very quickly replace handwriting,

420
00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:26,100
hand copying. So we have almost 200 copies of the

421
00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:29,820
Bible in two years, the same period that would

422
00:30:29,820 --> 00:30:34,720
take one person to copy one copy. Now generally,

423
00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:37,720
the idea was to have so many letters of the

424
00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:44,460
alphabet, A, A, B, B, et cetera, C, and C capital,

425
00:30:44,620 --> 00:30:47,680
and small, and to have as many letters as possible

426
00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:51,660
in middle. And then you put the letters. If you

427
00:30:51,660 --> 00:30:54,380
want to write a particular page, whatever the page

428
00:30:54,380 --> 00:30:57,820
is, you arrange the letters to give you this text.

429
00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:02,640
OK? Like first, God created the world. Or let's

430
00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:06,700
say, assume, because this text was not already

431
00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:09,660
written by then. But April is the cruelest month.

432
00:31:16,460 --> 00:31:20,080
So what they do is they bring people to arrange

433
00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:25,580
the letters to produce this whole page. You have a

434
00:31:25,580 --> 00:31:28,260
whole text written, as we saw in the video, and

435
00:31:28,260 --> 00:31:32,740
they bring the letters to make the text they have

436
00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:34,840
on a particular page. Could be one page, could be

437
00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:39,020
two pages. And what happens is that they solve

438
00:31:39,020 --> 00:31:42,860
this with ink. They put a lot of ink. And they

439
00:31:42,860 --> 00:31:47,040
bring hundreds of pages, of sheets of paper. And

440
00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:49,920
they start to make, for example, this is when they

441
00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:52,060
arrange this. I'm not sure how long it takes to

442
00:31:52,060 --> 00:31:54,740
arrange the letters of one page, one day, two

443
00:31:54,740 --> 00:31:57,920
days, not sure. It takes a bit of time. But once

444
00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:01,890
you have the text here of a particular page, And

445
00:32:01,890 --> 00:32:05,870
the ink, you make as many copies of this as

446
00:32:05,870 --> 00:32:08,010
possible. If you want, okay we want a hundred

447
00:32:08,010 --> 00:32:11,870
copies, you make a hundred pages and you put it

448
00:32:11,870 --> 00:32:13,970
aside and you go to the second page and you

449
00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:17,890
scramble the letters and you start over again. And

450
00:32:17,890 --> 00:32:22,750
then you bring them together, and you have 100,

451
00:32:22,990 --> 00:32:26,750
200, 300 copies of a particular book. It's still

452
00:32:26,750 --> 00:32:33,110
slow, still very hard work, but a lot faster. It's

453
00:32:33,110 --> 00:32:35,670
not faster. It's a lot faster, because again,

454
00:32:36,030 --> 00:32:41,060
almost 200 Bibles in two years. And we have

455
00:32:41,060 --> 00:32:43,640
probably the same amount of time that would take

456
00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:49,180
one man to handwrite one copy of the Bible. This

457
00:32:49,180 --> 00:32:51,900
is the most important invention here, because it

458
00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:55,860
helped mass production of literature. Mass

459
00:32:55,860 --> 00:33:00,140
production of literature. Do you have any

460
00:33:00,140 --> 00:33:04,650
questions so far? So in brief, in addition to

461
00:33:04,650 --> 00:33:09,050
Chaucer, we have other minor texts like Confessio

462
00:33:09,050 --> 00:33:14,310
Amantis and Piers Plowman. And then we have a

463
00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:21,850
major text, Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. Who's

464
00:33:21,850 --> 00:33:24,890
the author? Anonymous. What is it about? It's

465
00:33:24,890 --> 00:33:28,960
about the rapidly changing society about false

466
00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:35,160
knighthoods and knights, et cetera. Now, a final

467
00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:37,880
name in Middle English is someone, some poet

468
00:33:37,880 --> 00:33:43,500
called John Skilton. Before we comment on John

469
00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:46,760
Skilton, can someone please read his poem and

470
00:33:46,760 --> 00:33:52,320
raise your voice as much as possible? Vengeance.

471
00:33:54,160 --> 00:34:00,000
by way of exclamation on the whole of nation of

472
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:04,260
cats, wild and tame, God send them sorrow and

473
00:34:04,260 --> 00:34:09,060
shame. Very good. Yeah, one more. Say vengeance.

474
00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:13,800
Vengeance I ask and reply by way of exclamation.

475
00:34:15,820 --> 00:34:16,500
Exclamation.

476
00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:21,420
Exclamation point, you know exclamation mark?

477
00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:25,610
Yeah, by way of Yes.

478
00:34:28,610 --> 00:34:33,650
Very good. One more. Over there, please.

479
00:34:44,010 --> 00:34:47,570
Very good. One final reading. Loud and clear.

480
00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:53,920
Vengeance I ask and cry by way of exclamation on

481
00:34:53,920 --> 00:35:09,840
the whole nation of cats wild and

482
00:35:09,840 --> 00:35:15,080
tame. God send them sorrow and shame. God send

483
00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:21,610
them sorrow and shame. What is this poem about? By

484
00:35:21,610 --> 00:35:26,210
the way, it seems to be like a text for kids that

485
00:35:26,210 --> 00:35:28,550
is written probably around these times, right?

486
00:35:30,410 --> 00:35:34,970
Because the text is about cats. Someone is

487
00:35:34,970 --> 00:35:40,310
complaining about cats, probably a bird or a rat

488
00:35:40,310 --> 00:35:45,650
or a mouse. What does the text communicate with

489
00:35:45,650 --> 00:35:48,990
you? Tell you. What do you notice about the text?

490
00:35:49,190 --> 00:35:53,430
It's between cats and sparrows. OK. So the main

491
00:35:53,430 --> 00:35:56,070
character, the speaker here, is no longer a hero,

492
00:35:56,650 --> 00:36:00,550
no longer a man even. New characters, new themes,

493
00:36:00,730 --> 00:36:03,630
new people started to appear. This is a bird, a

494
00:36:03,630 --> 00:36:09,170
pit bird by the name of Philip the sparrow. He's

495
00:36:09,170 --> 00:36:12,730
complaining about all cats, not only wild cats,

496
00:36:12,770 --> 00:36:17,950
but also tame cats. He's asking for revenge. He's

497
00:36:17,950 --> 00:36:22,510
wishing for revenge. And at the end, we have this

498
00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:26,250
prayer to God. The prayer is no longer a prayer

499
00:36:26,250 --> 00:36:29,970
for you to be good and to go to paradise, to

500
00:36:29,970 --> 00:36:34,830
heaven. God, send these cats sorrow and shame.

501
00:36:36,940 --> 00:36:39,340
This is a funny, very humorous text, very funny

502
00:36:39,340 --> 00:36:44,220
text. Listen, for so many people then, poetry

503
00:36:44,220 --> 00:36:49,500
should be the texts, the literature of the elite,

504
00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,340
the high class. Only important educated people,

505
00:36:52,460 --> 00:36:54,900
the king, the queen, the palace, serious language,

506
00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:57,860
serious themes. But again, we have in the Middle

507
00:36:57,860 --> 00:37:00,960
English era people who started to change this, to

508
00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:04,220
include other things. In a way, in my opinion, I

509
00:37:04,220 --> 00:37:06,100
think this is a text that was written for

510
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,480
children, for kids, to challenge again the idea

511
00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:12,980
that poetry is serious and poetry is for the rich

512
00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:15,300
people, the famous people, the educated people.

513
00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:18,600
This is the poet telling us, John Skilton telling

514
00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,710
us, poetry is for everyone. It could be also about

515
00:37:21,710 --> 00:37:24,330
anything. It doesn't have to be serious, highly

516
00:37:24,330 --> 00:37:26,670
sophisticated or difficult language. It could be

517
00:37:26,670 --> 00:37:31,470
anything. Another explanation could be the fact

518
00:37:31,470 --> 00:37:34,410
that this is a symbolic poem. You know symbolism

519
00:37:34,410 --> 00:37:37,410
when you use animals instead of people or an

520
00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:41,330
allegory. Like the stories, the fables of Aesop

521
00:37:41,330 --> 00:37:46,620
when the mouse and the lion We love these stories.

522
00:37:46,820 --> 00:37:49,180
We appreciate them. We memorize them. We remember

523
00:37:49,180 --> 00:37:52,820
them. But we also learn some values. We learn some

524
00:37:52,820 --> 00:37:58,780
lessons. Is probably the bird here someone, a

525
00:37:58,780 --> 00:38:03,160
person, an ordinary person, a poor man complaining

526
00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:06,120
about the rich people, the king, the church, the

527
00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:07,040
government maybe?

528
00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:12,460
But cats still?

529
00:38:15,690 --> 00:38:22,050
can threaten a mouse, a bird, a pet. So we end

530
00:38:22,050 --> 00:38:25,650
here by commenting on John Skilton. John Skilton

531
00:38:25,650 --> 00:38:30,670
is one of the late Middle English poets. He

532
00:38:30,670 --> 00:38:34,190
brought new themes, new styles. He used humor and

533
00:38:34,190 --> 00:38:39,110
fun. For him, poetry is for all. Poetry is about

534
00:38:39,110 --> 00:38:41,410
everything. It doesn't have to be about battles

535
00:38:41,410 --> 00:38:44,850
and wars and irony and knights. It could be about

536
00:38:44,850 --> 00:38:46,550
cats and birds.

537
00:38:49,250 --> 00:38:53,790
Poetry is for everyone. And leading to the most

538
00:38:53,790 --> 00:38:57,830
important conclusion here, he shows the perfect

539
00:38:57,830 --> 00:39:03,690
example of strong sense of English language and

540
00:39:03,690 --> 00:39:06,890
English identity in literature, in language, in

541
00:39:06,890 --> 00:39:11,980
thinking. England, in a way, was trying to free

542
00:39:11,980 --> 00:39:16,700
itself from the influences of Europe and European

543
00:39:16,700 --> 00:39:19,560
countries like Italy and France and Germany and

544
00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:23,700
Latin. Do you have any question so far? Go on.

545
00:39:23,780 --> 00:39:28,280
Does cats and birds symbolize something specific

546
00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:31,700
or the right of children? What do you think? Do

547
00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:36,920
cats here symbolize Something, does the bird

548
00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:39,540
symbolize something? Think of this. We probably

549
00:39:39,540 --> 00:39:43,680
can talk about this later on. But like, we have

550
00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:46,600
this in Arabic. Paratha al-tha'ala bi-yawman for

551
00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:51,220
Ahmed Shawqi. It's a poem we love. It's a poem for

552
00:39:51,220 --> 00:39:55,900
kids. We can sing. We can enjoy singing. But there

553
00:39:55,900 --> 00:40:01,720
is a political message, yes. Muqti'un man zanna

554
00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:05,750
yawman, anna al-tha'ala bi-dina. is a political

555
00:40:05,750 --> 00:40:08,990
message against the British occupation of Egypt at

556
00:40:08,990 --> 00:40:11,930
that time. But why would people use symbolism and

557
00:40:11,930 --> 00:40:14,350
animals instead of using real characters?

558
00:40:16,210 --> 00:40:19,450
Punishment. Thank you to avoid punishment. Also to

559
00:40:19,450 --> 00:40:22,030
make it easier for people to remember and

560
00:40:22,030 --> 00:40:24,650
memorize, to understand this unimplied message

561
00:40:24,650 --> 00:40:25,150
here, finally.

562
00:40:28,430 --> 00:40:30,370
He wants his poem to be published. If he

563
00:40:30,370 --> 00:40:34,670
criticizes the political establishment,

564
00:40:35,150 --> 00:40:38,090
they're going to say, no publishing for you. OK,

565
00:40:38,150 --> 00:40:41,270
thank you very much. We stop here. We end our

566
00:40:41,270 --> 00:40:44,850
discussion of major texts in Middle English. Next

567
00:40:44,850 --> 00:40:47,930
time, we do Renaissance literature and

568
00:40:47,930 --> 00:40:48,290
Shakespeare.