1 00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:23,810 Hello everyone. Welcome back to English 2 00:00:23,810 --> 00:00:26,330 Literature, Introduction to English Literature 3 00:00:26,330 --> 00:00:31,530 course at the Islamic University. Last time we had 4 00:00:31,530 --> 00:00:36,210 a sort of probably uninteresting discussion on a 5 00:00:36,210 --> 00:00:41,770 major Middle English figure whom we described as 6 00:00:41,770 --> 00:00:45,470 the father of English literature. His name is 7 00:00:47,620 --> 00:00:51,840 Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer is a major literary 8 00:00:51,840 --> 00:00:54,960 figure in the Middle English literary traditions. 9 00:00:55,780 --> 00:00:59,680 Geoffrey Chaucer originally was influenced by 10 00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:03,260 several European, mainly Italian and French 11 00:01:03,260 --> 00:01:08,770 writers. But in time, he realized that he has to 12 00:01:08,770 --> 00:01:12,030 work on something more significant than imitating 13 00:01:12,030 --> 00:01:15,710 European writers, which is the British identity, 14 00:01:15,870 --> 00:01:20,150 the English identity. And his major text, as we 15 00:01:20,150 --> 00:01:24,550 said last time, is The Canterbury. The Canterbury. 16 00:01:25,550 --> 00:01:30,630 The Canterbury. Tales. You should know the name. 17 00:01:30,950 --> 00:01:35,270 The Canterbury Tales is, again, the long poem of 18 00:01:35,270 --> 00:01:41,110 24 tales in poetic forms by Geoffrey Chaucer. We 19 00:01:41,110 --> 00:01:44,410 discussed some extracts from the poem, and we 20 00:01:44,410 --> 00:01:49,910 reflected on how these poems, how these lines, in 21 00:01:49,910 --> 00:01:55,640 a way or another show a wide range of lifestyles. 22 00:01:56,300 --> 00:01:59,500 We discussed, for example, how the nun as a woman 23 00:01:59,500 --> 00:02:05,960 is trying to challenge her community by not 24 00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:10,740 following the rules of the church, as we probably 25 00:02:10,740 --> 00:02:13,940 guessed. We've seen how the knight was not the 26 00:02:13,940 --> 00:02:17,180 knight we read about in Old English. He's no 27 00:02:17,180 --> 00:02:23,900 longer Beowulf. The knight is selfish, each man 28 00:02:23,900 --> 00:02:27,760 for himself, and there is no other. And we've seen 29 00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:30,560 how the philosopher is more interested in 30 00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:34,180 collecting money, gold, and how, again, Chaucer 31 00:02:34,180 --> 00:02:38,360 uses irony to talk about this. So Middle English. 32 00:02:39,250 --> 00:02:41,790 The English language started to be shaped. The 33 00:02:41,790 --> 00:02:43,650 English, as we know it now, started from Middle 34 00:02:43,650 --> 00:02:45,750 English. When we look at the Middle English text, 35 00:02:45,810 --> 00:02:48,350 we can figure it out. The spelling is different, 36 00:02:48,450 --> 00:02:52,690 but some words can be easily figured out. We spoke 37 00:02:52,690 --> 00:02:56,170 about new themes. Cultural, British cultural, 38 00:02:56,290 --> 00:02:59,790 English cultural, issues started to materialize in 39 00:02:59,790 --> 00:03:02,810 a way or another. We spoke about new themes, new 40 00:03:02,810 --> 00:03:05,130 people, especially again women started to appear 41 00:03:05,130 --> 00:03:07,830 in poems. At the beginning, they were objects of 42 00:03:07,830 --> 00:03:11,870 desire. Not good, not good enough. But we've seen 43 00:03:11,870 --> 00:03:14,630 how the nun was in a way or another showing women 44 00:03:14,630 --> 00:03:18,450 how to struggle and how to show her humanity, her 45 00:03:18,450 --> 00:03:23,050 identity as a woman rather than as a character of 46 00:03:23,050 --> 00:03:28,770 desire or someone controlled by a man. So going 47 00:03:28,770 --> 00:03:32,830 back to that class, we see again the major themes, 48 00:03:33,090 --> 00:03:38,350 major issues. Number one, the old English hero has 49 00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:43,510 become A man of love, a man of romance. A man 50 00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,850 interested in, again, collecting money. A man 51 00:03:46,850 --> 00:03:50,350 interested in improving his own personal status 52 00:03:50,350 --> 00:03:54,230 rather than sacrificing himself for the society, 53 00:03:54,410 --> 00:03:59,430 for the people. And then old values of religious 54 00:03:59,430 --> 00:04:05,110 idealism. We've seen how Kadaman, remember, now we 55 00:04:05,110 --> 00:04:10,260 must praise God. These religious, pure idealistic 56 00:04:10,260 --> 00:04:13,180 religious values have started to change, and 57 00:04:13,180 --> 00:04:17,440 people started to look for worldly gains. Women 58 00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:21,260 started to appear first as objects of desire, but 59 00:04:21,260 --> 00:04:24,660 later on, sometimes once in a while, there were 60 00:04:24,660 --> 00:04:28,580 strong women. We've seen this in Chaucer himself. 61 00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:31,640 At the beginning, again, remember, there has 62 00:04:31,640 --> 00:04:36,220 always been European influence. But at this time, 63 00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:41,300 England was working hard to shape its own 64 00:04:41,300 --> 00:04:43,300 identity. When I speak about the English identity, 65 00:04:43,500 --> 00:04:46,920 it's like what it takes to make an English text 66 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:50,760 English. Not only the language, but also the 67 00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:54,080 culture and the setting maybe takes place in 68 00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:58,600 England. It talks about English themes and 69 00:04:58,600 --> 00:05:05,300 lifestyles. And again, important poets, important 70 00:05:05,300 --> 00:05:08,800 figures like Chaucer started to work on the 71 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:11,820 national identity, to create a sense of national 72 00:05:11,820 --> 00:05:15,440 identity. People now can identify as English and 73 00:05:15,440 --> 00:05:19,900 be proud of this identity. Literature did a great 74 00:05:19,900 --> 00:05:26,500 deal of help here. Okay? Now, one of the greatest 75 00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:29,710 national myths of that time we'll come back to 76 00:05:29,710 --> 00:05:32,910 this, is King Arthur and the Knights of the Round 77 00:05:32,910 --> 00:05:35,570 Table. We'll talk about him in a bit. King Arthur 78 00:05:35,570 --> 00:05:39,450 is said to be from the fifth and sixth centuries 79 00:05:39,450 --> 00:05:41,690 around this time. It was an oral tradition. And 80 00:05:41,690 --> 00:05:44,570 later on, probably hundreds of years later, it was 81 00:05:44,570 --> 00:05:48,090 written down. The story tells of King Arthur. 82 00:05:49,550 --> 00:05:51,630 We're not sure whether there was a king. Probably 83 00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,770 there was a king whose name is Arthur. And he had 84 00:05:54,770 --> 00:06:00,760 knights, warriors, fighters. around him. Those 85 00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:04,260 fighters always stood against evil, always stood 86 00:06:04,260 --> 00:06:07,940 for good. Until this very moment, King Arthur 87 00:06:07,940 --> 00:06:11,500 still, in a way or another, like once in a while, 88 00:06:11,840 --> 00:06:14,640 shows up here in literatics and novels and poetry. 89 00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:19,960 These are significant English names. We speak 90 00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:24,020 about the rapidly changing society and how English 91 00:06:24,020 --> 00:06:27,900 as a language and a culture was developing at that 92 00:06:27,900 --> 00:06:31,540 time. We will go back to summarize the main ideas 93 00:06:31,540 --> 00:06:34,620 about Chaucer. Can you remind me of the major 94 00:06:34,620 --> 00:06:36,580 issues we mentioned about Chaucer last time, 95 00:06:36,740 --> 00:06:40,860 ladies? Yeah? Don't look here, don't look. Yes, 96 00:06:41,240 --> 00:06:45,760 please, one. He was an excellent poet, an 97 00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:50,080 important figure, okay? He was the father of 98 00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:54,280 English literature. What did he do? What features 99 00:06:54,280 --> 00:06:55,920 does his poetry have? 100 00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:03,800 A wide picture of the English life. His poetry 101 00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:08,220 describes the life mainly the middle class, the 102 00:07:08,220 --> 00:07:11,160 ordinary people. In Old English, remember, you had 103 00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:13,540 to be a religious person or a hero to be in 104 00:07:13,540 --> 00:07:16,540 poetry. But now more and more people started to 105 00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:18,750 show up. Yes. 106 00:07:21,590 --> 00:07:25,690 Important point here. Irony started to be used as 107 00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:28,270 a tool where you say something and you mean the 108 00:07:28,270 --> 00:07:30,610 opposite. You say something and you mean something 109 00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:34,190 else in essence. So we've seen how the philosopher 110 00:07:34,190 --> 00:07:38,930 has a little gold in his coffer. For a moment, we 111 00:07:38,930 --> 00:07:41,590 pity the philosopher. Oh my God, he only has a 112 00:07:41,590 --> 00:07:44,370 little gold. But then we remember that a 113 00:07:44,370 --> 00:07:48,310 philosopher is supposed to be interested in 114 00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:48,670 knowledge. 115 00:07:51,630 --> 00:07:54,550 And a little gold is still probably a lot of 116 00:07:54,550 --> 00:07:57,850 money. So this is iron. It makes us think, oh, 117 00:07:57,970 --> 00:08:01,530 interesting. It makes us reconsider our positions. 118 00:08:02,930 --> 00:08:05,550 Okay, more? Can we talk more about Chaucer, about 119 00:08:05,550 --> 00:08:08,390 what things he did, what he introduced to English 120 00:08:08,390 --> 00:08:15,810 literature, please? He used 121 00:08:15,810 --> 00:08:18,770 rhyme more clearly, but rhyme already was there. 122 00:08:19,270 --> 00:08:21,590 In a way or another, there was music and rhyme and 123 00:08:21,590 --> 00:08:23,290 rhythm, and this is Europe, remember, and the 124 00:08:23,290 --> 00:08:26,130 alliteration. But he also continued using the 125 00:08:26,130 --> 00:08:28,870 musical aspects of the rhyme and the rhythm and 126 00:08:28,870 --> 00:08:33,750 the music. More? Please. He wanted. 127 00:08:37,370 --> 00:08:40,570 OK. Now, The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer is an 128 00:08:40,570 --> 00:08:44,370 uncompleted work. He intended it to be about 120 129 00:08:44,370 --> 00:08:50,130 stories, but he only finished 24. So he had a plan 130 00:08:50,130 --> 00:08:56,770 for more stories. Don't forget how, again, Chaucer 131 00:08:56,770 --> 00:09:02,120 brings more and more women to his poetry. And 132 00:09:02,120 --> 00:09:05,260 we've seen the nun in his poetry is a strong 133 00:09:05,260 --> 00:09:09,600 character. She's a nun, and we know what a nun is. 134 00:09:09,620 --> 00:09:12,660 It's supposed to be modest and coy, subjected to 135 00:09:12,660 --> 00:09:15,640 particular rules of the church, rules mainly 136 00:09:15,640 --> 00:09:19,780 devised by men. But she's all sentiment and tender 137 00:09:19,780 --> 00:09:25,980 heart, as he says. In a way, we probably guess 138 00:09:25,980 --> 00:09:32,550 that the nun, in a way or another, is rejecting 139 00:09:32,550 --> 00:09:35,530 these rules. Because if a nun is supposed to be 140 00:09:35,530 --> 00:09:42,130 modest, even in her smiling, like... But here we 141 00:09:42,130 --> 00:09:46,730 have a nun who is all sentiment, all about 142 00:09:46,730 --> 00:09:51,430 emotions and love and feelings. This could be, 143 00:09:51,810 --> 00:09:54,590 again, part of the problem in the society he's 144 00:09:54,590 --> 00:09:57,270 discussing, showing how people are hypocrites, how 145 00:09:57,270 --> 00:10:00,130 people claim to be one thing, but in reality they 146 00:10:00,130 --> 00:10:04,450 are another. But could this tell us more about the 147 00:10:04,450 --> 00:10:08,510 nun trying to change the image of women? Probably. 148 00:10:09,010 --> 00:10:16,670 Probably. Yes. OK. Today, we introduce more 149 00:10:16,670 --> 00:10:22,780 English texts, more English poetry. But we're not 150 00:10:22,780 --> 00:10:27,140 going to go in detail here, just in brief. The 151 00:10:27,140 --> 00:10:30,280 first text is Confessio Amantis by someone called 152 00:10:30,280 --> 00:10:35,460 John Gower. Look at the name. The words are not 153 00:10:35,460 --> 00:10:39,720 English. In English, this means a confession or 154 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:43,680 the confession of a lover. Confessio Amantis. And 155 00:10:43,680 --> 00:10:49,300 this, again, shows how the writer is affected very 156 00:10:49,300 --> 00:10:54,730 good, is influenced by by other European 157 00:10:54,730 --> 00:10:59,230 literatures, mainly French and Italian, probably 158 00:10:59,230 --> 00:11:04,570 German. This is a long, long poem. Remember how 159 00:11:04,570 --> 00:11:11,290 long Beowulf was or other texts? This one is 33 160 00:11:11,290 --> 00:11:16,510 ,000 lines. That's a huge, huge text. 161 00:11:19,130 --> 00:11:23,370 Epic and not epic, it's a romance in a way. Now, 162 00:11:23,570 --> 00:11:28,570 as the name suggests, this tells us the story of a 163 00:11:28,570 --> 00:11:32,170 person, a man who spends most of his life pursuing 164 00:11:32,170 --> 00:11:35,830 women, chasing nothing, not heroism, not fighting 165 00:11:35,830 --> 00:11:37,990 their enemies. Again, this is the changing society 166 00:11:37,990 --> 00:11:42,490 here, but chasing women in a way or another. And 167 00:11:42,490 --> 00:11:46,230 at one point in the poem, the main character 168 00:11:46,230 --> 00:11:53,100 decides to give up love. He says, I've done too 169 00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:56,080 much chasing women. I want to change. I want to be 170 00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:01,900 a different human being. Which is good. OK? 171 00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:04,460 Probably we think he's going to be a reformed 172 00:12:04,460 --> 00:12:10,360 person. But then we realize that he only does this 173 00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:15,700 because he's a very, very old man. So he only 174 00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:19,380 gives up love when he becomes like what? 95? 100 175 00:12:19,380 --> 00:12:24,530 maybe? I don't know. So on a first reading, we 176 00:12:24,530 --> 00:12:28,090 say, oh, interesting. But then when we think of 177 00:12:28,090 --> 00:12:31,530 it, wait a minute. You're only giving up love 178 00:12:31,530 --> 00:12:34,150 because you are a very old man, not because you 179 00:12:34,150 --> 00:12:36,750 want to. And again, this is another use of iron 180 00:12:36,750 --> 00:12:42,310 here, where people are made fun of. In a way, 181 00:12:42,830 --> 00:12:45,530 we're told that this is a noble man. He's a good 182 00:12:45,530 --> 00:12:48,610 man because he stops doing something that is not 183 00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:53,160 Completely good. And then we realize he doesn't 184 00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,320 stop because he wants to, but because he's an old 185 00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:01,480 man. So that's Confessio Amantis. The other text 186 00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:07,800 is Pierre Plouman. The author is William Langland. 187 00:13:09,020 --> 00:13:16,220 This is also a long poem around a long poem. Also, 188 00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:18,180 I'm not sure how many lines, but it's also a long 189 00:13:18,180 --> 00:13:25,760 poem here. Now, William Langland, Pierre Plouman, 190 00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:30,260 he also uses satire and irony. So remember, in 191 00:13:30,260 --> 00:13:33,900 early English, old English, we had little irony 192 00:13:33,900 --> 00:13:37,600 and more religion, more heroism. But here, people 193 00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:42,100 started gaining new styles, ways of life. And now, 194 00:13:42,380 --> 00:13:45,000 it's easy to criticize people because people are 195 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:48,000 selfish, hypocritical. 196 00:13:51,460 --> 00:13:54,100 And remember the dream vision we spoke about 197 00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:57,460 before? It's still a technique. So in a way, this 198 00:13:57,460 --> 00:14:00,580 story is told, this poem is part dream, part 199 00:14:00,580 --> 00:14:05,480 reality. The dream, what is a dream vision? It's a 200 00:14:05,480 --> 00:14:08,040 poem that feels like someone is dreaming or 201 00:14:08,040 --> 00:14:13,580 someone telling us a dream. So these are two main 202 00:14:13,580 --> 00:14:19,980 texts from two main poems from Middle English. The 203 00:14:19,980 --> 00:14:25,880 last major text here is Sargawen. And we'll stop 204 00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:27,760 for a moment here to talk about Sargawen. 205 00:14:31,220 --> 00:14:37,780 Now, Sargawen and the night, the green night, is a 206 00:14:37,780 --> 00:14:43,500 very important text, about 3,000, 3,000, or 2,500 207 00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:49,180 lines. We don't know the author of Sagawain. The 208 00:14:49,180 --> 00:14:51,720 author is anonymous. 209 00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:55,040 The author is anonymous. 210 00:14:58,160 --> 00:15:02,820 Sagawain, the word sir means he's a knight. And it 211 00:15:02,820 --> 00:15:07,880 is said that Sagawain is one of the knights of the 212 00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:14,200 round table. Remember the round table? of King 213 00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:19,980 Arthur. So now, Sagawain is a knight. The first 214 00:15:19,980 --> 00:15:23,060 moment we hear the word knight, we remember very 215 00:15:23,060 --> 00:15:27,940 quickly. We remember Beowulf. Beowulf. What is a 216 00:15:27,940 --> 00:15:32,180 knight? What is a hero? What is a sir? A man who's 217 00:15:32,180 --> 00:15:37,180 supposed to be honest, honorable, brave, selfless. 218 00:15:38,250 --> 00:15:41,690 a man who sacrifices himself for the sake of 219 00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:44,210 others to protect others, to bring safety, like 220 00:15:44,210 --> 00:15:48,010 Beowulf. And this was the major idea behind King 221 00:15:48,010 --> 00:15:52,550 Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Now, 222 00:15:52,590 --> 00:15:55,830 what happens in this poem, this long poem of 2,500 223 00:15:55,830 --> 00:16:02,450 lines, is that one knight, a huge green knight, 224 00:16:02,590 --> 00:16:07,490 dressed in green, disguised in green, A man, a 225 00:16:07,490 --> 00:16:11,530 knight, on a green horse shows up at the place 226 00:16:11,530 --> 00:16:16,830 where King Arthur was. And he says, I challenge 227 00:16:16,830 --> 00:16:21,970 any one of you to a duel, to a fight. 228 00:16:26,650 --> 00:16:33,380 This challenge includes someone to cut the green 229 00:16:33,380 --> 00:16:39,360 knight's head, to chop off his head. Not only 230 00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:43,900 killing him, cutting off his head. If you manage 231 00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:47,680 to do so, in a year, after exactly a year or a 232 00:16:47,680 --> 00:16:50,500 year and a day, I will come back and I will cut 233 00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:53,860 your head off. And at the moment, no one wants to. 234 00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:59,390 See how changed the knights are? And then King 235 00:16:59,390 --> 00:17:04,610 Arthur says, OK, I'll do it. But Sagawin, who is a 236 00:17:04,610 --> 00:17:07,450 relative of King Arthur, steps up and says, OK, 237 00:17:07,510 --> 00:17:10,770 I'll do it. And he cuts the head of the green 238 00:17:10,770 --> 00:17:16,310 knight. His head rolls down. And of course, he's 239 00:17:16,310 --> 00:17:18,570 not dead because he uses magic. And this is a 240 00:17:18,570 --> 00:17:23,260 myth. It's a myth. It's a fictional story. So far, 241 00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:25,540 so good. Sargawen is good. He's strong. He's 242 00:17:25,540 --> 00:17:29,740 brave. He, in a way, sacrificed himself for King 243 00:17:29,740 --> 00:17:33,140 Arthur. Now, when the end of the year nears, 244 00:17:33,540 --> 00:17:38,040 Sargawen goes out to look for the green knight. He 245 00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:42,700 finds a palace. He stays there for a while. And in 246 00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:46,100 a way or another, he is tempted. He's seduced by 247 00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:50,830 the wife of the lord. A woman there seduces him, 248 00:17:51,010 --> 00:17:54,310 tempts him. In a way, he falls in love with her. 249 00:17:55,510 --> 00:17:59,810 Although he was in a mission to, in a way, to pay 250 00:17:59,810 --> 00:18:04,750 the debt. Because he gave, he vowed, he promised, 251 00:18:05,770 --> 00:18:11,000 and a knight shouldn't break his word. So after a 252 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:15,460 long story, Sagawin is given some kind of a belt 253 00:18:15,460 --> 00:18:20,060 by the woman, by the lady of the palace. And this, 254 00:18:20,180 --> 00:18:25,620 if he puts on this belt, he can't be killed. No 255 00:18:25,620 --> 00:18:31,040 one can kill him. What does he do? Aha. Now 256 00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:35,940 originally, a knight, a seer, should not be, will 257 00:18:35,940 --> 00:18:40,240 not be, cannot be, must not be deceitful. He 258 00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:44,680 shouldn't lie. He's honorable. He's honest. He 259 00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:47,960 doesn't break his promise. Now he goes searching 260 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,380 for the green knight, and the green knight tries 261 00:18:51,380 --> 00:18:53,080 to kill him, but he fails. 262 00:18:57,290 --> 00:18:59,710 And then at the end, we realize that the green 263 00:18:59,710 --> 00:19:03,590 knight is the man, the lord of the castle. He's 264 00:19:03,590 --> 00:19:08,190 the husband of the woman who gave him the belt. So 265 00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:12,070 he discovers this whole thing, like he uncovers 266 00:19:12,070 --> 00:19:15,270 this whole thing. And now Sagawin is highly 267 00:19:15,270 --> 00:19:21,030 embarrassed. Oh, please. I beg of you. Don't tell 268 00:19:21,030 --> 00:19:26,010 people what I did. Please, I'm a knight. Don't 269 00:19:26,010 --> 00:19:30,040 defame me. And he begs for forgiveness. I'm sorry 270 00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:34,820 I lied. I'm sorry I cheated. And for this, the 271 00:19:34,820 --> 00:19:40,130 green knight forgives him. He goes back to King 272 00:19:40,130 --> 00:19:43,010 Arthur. Now, when he comes back, it's like, whoa. 273 00:19:43,650 --> 00:19:46,650 Sagawin is supposed to be dead, right? Because he 274 00:19:46,650 --> 00:19:49,690 cut off the head a year ago, and his head should 275 00:19:49,690 --> 00:19:52,950 be cut by now. But when he comes back, people 276 00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:56,870 think that he is the hero, the fighter, the man 277 00:19:56,870 --> 00:20:01,830 that cuts off the head of the knight, and the 278 00:20:01,830 --> 00:20:05,270 knight can't cut his head off. So he's celebrated 279 00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:08,430 as a hero, as a brave hero. But in reality, as 280 00:20:08,430 --> 00:20:12,110 readers, as audience, we know that he is a 281 00:20:12,110 --> 00:20:18,010 deceitful, a liar, and a cheater. My question is, 282 00:20:18,410 --> 00:20:21,310 who is the main character in this poem, this long 283 00:20:21,310 --> 00:20:24,310 poem? Saqawain. He's the main character. The main 284 00:20:24,310 --> 00:20:25,850 character is the character who takes a lot of 285 00:20:25,850 --> 00:20:30,270 space. In a way, he's the hero. But what does he 286 00:20:30,270 --> 00:20:32,170 do? Does he achieve something? Does he do 287 00:20:32,170 --> 00:20:37,420 something like Beowulf? Is he a hero hero? He's a 288 00:20:37,420 --> 00:20:41,440 main character. He's a fake hero. He's a false 289 00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,440 hero. He's exactly as we have here in the book. 290 00:20:44,480 --> 00:20:46,480 He's an anti-hero. 291 00:20:48,660 --> 00:20:51,660 An important term we should know. In modern 292 00:20:51,660 --> 00:20:54,080 literature, in movies nowadays, there are so many 293 00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:57,640 anti-heroes. The main character who basically does 294 00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:03,920 nothing. Now, the first antihero in the history of 295 00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:06,520 English literature is probably Segaway. 296 00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:12,860 And see how people at that time were thinking 297 00:21:12,860 --> 00:21:15,540 ahead of their time. This is something new and 298 00:21:15,540 --> 00:21:21,360 modern, where a main character is not the hero. So 299 00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:27,240 what is antihero again? Do heroic things. It's a 300 00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:30,360 main character who, unlike, for example, Beowulf, 301 00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:33,480 doesn't do anything, doesn't do heroic, doesn't do 302 00:21:33,480 --> 00:21:37,220 important things. Later on, this will be a major 303 00:21:37,220 --> 00:21:39,520 theme and a major technique in English literature 304 00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:42,620 and world literature, and even in movies in the 305 00:21:42,620 --> 00:21:46,320 20th century. What does this tell us again about 306 00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:50,520 the time? It tells us how the society was 307 00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:56,330 changing. People were changing values. Yeah, they 308 00:21:56,330 --> 00:22:00,450 started to use, for example, deceitful ways to get 309 00:22:00,450 --> 00:22:05,410 to their aims. Now that's Segawin. In brief, 310 00:22:05,530 --> 00:22:07,930 Segawin, as a knight, he's supposed to be honest 311 00:22:07,930 --> 00:22:11,950 and honorable, right? Is he honest and honorable? 312 00:22:12,530 --> 00:22:15,090 He's not that honest. He's not that honorable. He 313 00:22:15,090 --> 00:22:20,470 basically does nothing. And Segawin is the 314 00:22:20,470 --> 00:22:23,630 antihero, perhaps the first in English literature. 315 00:22:26,220 --> 00:22:30,000 We move from poetry to drama. We're not going to 316 00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,340 go into detail here because we'll focus on 317 00:22:32,340 --> 00:22:36,500 Renaissance drama next week. But again, basic 318 00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:40,560 things about medieval drama is that it was highly 319 00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:42,220 biblical drama. 320 00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:48,160 The stories of the drama of that age were taken 321 00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:51,860 from the Bible. That's the basic thing we need to 322 00:22:51,860 --> 00:22:56,320 know. So they would take a story of some saint, a 323 00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:59,980 story of certain prophets or certain people, bad 324 00:22:59,980 --> 00:23:02,620 or good, from the Bible, and they would be 325 00:23:02,620 --> 00:23:05,200 performed either in the church or around the 326 00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:09,940 church. Don't forget the Bible was in what 327 00:23:09,940 --> 00:23:13,940 language at that time? Latin. It was Latin. So 328 00:23:13,940 --> 00:23:19,340 perhaps the actors will be talking about 329 00:23:19,340 --> 00:23:21,560 something, and the audience, the English people, 330 00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:25,100 would be like, huh? What's going on? But again, 331 00:23:25,140 --> 00:23:28,000 because of the drama, because of the drama and the 332 00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,800 performance, it's easier. The difference between 333 00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:37,880 poetry, listen, drama was written in verse, even 334 00:23:37,880 --> 00:23:41,180 until the 17th century. Drama was written in 335 00:23:41,180 --> 00:23:43,200 verse, in poetry. But the difference between 336 00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:48,120 poetry and drama Very good. Drama was supposed to 337 00:23:48,120 --> 00:23:52,920 be acted, was composed to be performed on a stage 338 00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:58,080 and poetry was written basically to be sung. But 339 00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:04,540 both are written in poetry. The drama of this time 340 00:24:04,540 --> 00:24:08,540 is called mystery drama or miracle drama, any of 341 00:24:08,540 --> 00:24:10,880 the terms, because they would take miraculous and 342 00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:15,020 mysterious events or people from the Bible, and 343 00:24:15,020 --> 00:24:17,860 they would act them. The purpose is to teach 344 00:24:17,860 --> 00:24:23,480 people good values, religious values, how to be 345 00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:28,310 good, how not to be bad, this basically. Is this 346 00:24:28,310 --> 00:24:32,210 an act of literary expression? Could be. But it 347 00:24:32,210 --> 00:24:37,450 was mainly the church aiming to educate, to teach 348 00:24:37,450 --> 00:24:41,750 people the Christian values. And again, we go back 349 00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:46,310 how the church itself took care, wrote down many 350 00:24:46,310 --> 00:24:49,270 old English texts. And now the church is also part 351 00:24:49,270 --> 00:24:54,810 of the development of the play. Now, a very 352 00:24:54,810 --> 00:24:56,890 important, probably the most important 353 00:25:01,420 --> 00:25:07,260 Invention in the history of literature in general 354 00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,940 and production and writing and books is the 355 00:25:09,940 --> 00:25:14,340 invention of the printing press. What is the 356 00:25:14,340 --> 00:25:15,600 printing press? 357 00:25:19,540 --> 00:25:24,140 What is the printing press? Okay. It's the 358 00:25:24,140 --> 00:25:25,040 invention of the machine. 359 00:25:29,780 --> 00:25:33,660 Okay, how do you think people made books before 360 00:25:33,660 --> 00:25:39,420 this? Copying, copying down. They would copy down. 361 00:25:39,740 --> 00:25:42,500 Sometimes, in the videos I think we're going to 362 00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,620 watch in a bit, it says that sometimes it took 363 00:25:45,620 --> 00:25:52,500 over a year to copy one copy of the Bible. One 364 00:25:52,500 --> 00:25:55,260 year. I'm not sure how many people would it take. 365 00:25:55,340 --> 00:25:57,980 Probably one, probably two or more. And you spend 366 00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,940 one whole year copying a book. That is why books 367 00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:05,900 were very rare and very expensive. Wasn't easy to 368 00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:10,400 produce them. Wasn't easy to also buy them. 369 00:26:10,460 --> 00:26:14,060 Probably expensive. Now there's this very famous 370 00:26:14,060 --> 00:26:17,500 man called Gutenberg. And as the name suggests, 371 00:26:17,620 --> 00:26:20,990 he's German. Although some people say, no, it 372 00:26:20,990 --> 00:26:24,070 wasn't Gutenberg who first invented the printing 373 00:26:24,070 --> 00:26:26,670 press. But it's a very important invention. Why is 374 00:26:26,670 --> 00:26:29,470 it important? Because now there is mass production 375 00:26:29,470 --> 00:26:33,290 of books. You don't just make one, two, ten 376 00:26:33,290 --> 00:26:35,510 copies. You can easily make hundreds of copies. 377 00:26:35,630 --> 00:26:38,990 Not easily, but still a lot easier than copying 378 00:26:38,990 --> 00:26:45,010 the book by hand. So the printing press was the 379 00:26:45,010 --> 00:26:48,770 invention of, as many people suggest, Gutenberg. 380 00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:52,150 He's a German man. What we care about is what 381 00:26:52,150 --> 00:26:58,110 William Caxton did. William Caxton here in the 382 00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:04,390 1470s, in the second half of the 15th century. 383 00:27:04,510 --> 00:27:09,500 That's almost 500 years ago. He brought the 384 00:27:09,500 --> 00:27:15,240 printing press to London, to England. And soon 385 00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,140 after, the first book that was published, was 386 00:27:18,140 --> 00:27:21,500 printed, was the Bible. Of course, the Bible. It 387 00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:25,420 is said that Gutenberg himself, in two years, made 388 00:27:25,420 --> 00:27:29,140 100 copies of the Bible. 100 copies in two years. 389 00:27:29,940 --> 00:27:32,200 We just said that probably it takes more than one 390 00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,480 year for one person to copy one copy of the Bible. 391 00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:44,240 Made it very easy, probably cheaper, and faster. 392 00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:46,320 And that's the most important thing. This is what 393 00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,380 we call mass production. We'll talk about the 394 00:27:48,380 --> 00:27:50,920 technique in a bit. But this is what we care about 395 00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:54,100 more here. William Caxton, a very famous name. 396 00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:56,860 Listen, he's not the inventor of the printing 397 00:27:56,860 --> 00:28:01,740 press. He brought it to England. And the first 398 00:28:01,740 --> 00:28:04,320 book naturally to be printed is the Bible. 399 00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:12,780 Literary book is King Arthur. King Arthur and the 400 00:28:12,780 --> 00:28:16,200 Knights of the Round Table. It was the first 401 00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:21,340 literature book to be printed by... 402 00:28:21,340 --> 00:28:28,040 In England. And the first literary book. In 403 00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:31,740 Germany and also in England, yeah. Now, other 404 00:28:31,740 --> 00:28:34,700 books that were, of course, printed at that time, 405 00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:40,550 Chaucer, probably Beowulf. Okay, so don't forget 406 00:28:40,550 --> 00:28:44,510 this. Let's see this video, this very short video 407 00:28:44,510 --> 00:28:51,810 of the printing press. Now, again, look at this, 408 00:28:52,070 --> 00:28:56,310 watch and we'll comment on this video. 409 00:29:41,930 --> 00:29:44,250 The apprentice here is shown operating a replica 410 00:29:44,250 --> 00:29:48,150 of Gutenberg's press. As you can see, this type of 411 00:29:48,150 --> 00:29:50,490 printing took a lot of work, but was quicker than 412 00:29:50,490 --> 00:29:54,130 hand copying books. In just under two years, 413 00:29:54,410 --> 00:29:57,490 Gutenberg was able to print nearly 190 Latin 414 00:29:57,490 --> 00:30:01,010 Bibles. Normally, the scribe would take the same 415 00:30:01,010 --> 00:30:06,530 amount of time to copy one Bible by hand. See this 416 00:30:06,530 --> 00:30:10,780 press in action at passages. The exhibit is 417 00:30:10,780 --> 00:30:13,940 currently on display in Springfield, Missouri. OK. 418 00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:17,320 So basically, the printing press at that time 419 00:30:17,320 --> 00:30:22,660 would, again, very quickly replace handwriting, 420 00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:26,100 hand copying. So we have almost 200 copies of the 421 00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:29,820 Bible in two years, the same period that would 422 00:30:29,820 --> 00:30:34,720 take one person to copy one copy. Now generally, 423 00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:37,720 the idea was to have so many letters of the 424 00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:44,460 alphabet, A, A, B, B, et cetera, C, and C capital, 425 00:30:44,620 --> 00:30:47,680 and small, and to have as many letters as possible 426 00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:51,660 in middle. And then you put the letters. If you 427 00:30:51,660 --> 00:30:54,380 want to write a particular page, whatever the page 428 00:30:54,380 --> 00:30:57,820 is, you arrange the letters to give you this text. 429 00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:02,640 OK? Like first, God created the world. Or let's 430 00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:06,700 say, assume, because this text was not already 431 00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:09,660 written by then. But April is the cruelest month. 432 00:31:16,460 --> 00:31:20,080 So what they do is they bring people to arrange 433 00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:25,580 the letters to produce this whole page. You have a 434 00:31:25,580 --> 00:31:28,260 whole text written, as we saw in the video, and 435 00:31:28,260 --> 00:31:32,740 they bring the letters to make the text they have 436 00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:34,840 on a particular page. Could be one page, could be 437 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:39,020 two pages. And what happens is that they solve 438 00:31:39,020 --> 00:31:42,860 this with ink. They put a lot of ink. And they 439 00:31:42,860 --> 00:31:47,040 bring hundreds of pages, of sheets of paper. And 440 00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:49,920 they start to make, for example, this is when they 441 00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:52,060 arrange this. I'm not sure how long it takes to 442 00:31:52,060 --> 00:31:54,740 arrange the letters of one page, one day, two 443 00:31:54,740 --> 00:31:57,920 days, not sure. It takes a bit of time. But once 444 00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:01,890 you have the text here of a particular page, And 445 00:32:01,890 --> 00:32:05,870 the ink, you make as many copies of this as 446 00:32:05,870 --> 00:32:08,010 possible. If you want, okay we want a hundred 447 00:32:08,010 --> 00:32:11,870 copies, you make a hundred pages and you put it 448 00:32:11,870 --> 00:32:13,970 aside and you go to the second page and you 449 00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:17,890 scramble the letters and you start over again. And 450 00:32:17,890 --> 00:32:22,750 then you bring them together, and you have 100, 451 00:32:22,990 --> 00:32:26,750 200, 300 copies of a particular book. It's still 452 00:32:26,750 --> 00:32:33,110 slow, still very hard work, but a lot faster. It's 453 00:32:33,110 --> 00:32:35,670 not faster. It's a lot faster, because again, 454 00:32:36,030 --> 00:32:41,060 almost 200 Bibles in two years. And we have 455 00:32:41,060 --> 00:32:43,640 probably the same amount of time that would take 456 00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:49,180 one man to handwrite one copy of the Bible. This 457 00:32:49,180 --> 00:32:51,900 is the most important invention here, because it 458 00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:55,860 helped mass production of literature. Mass 459 00:32:55,860 --> 00:33:00,140 production of literature. Do you have any 460 00:33:00,140 --> 00:33:04,650 questions so far? So in brief, in addition to 461 00:33:04,650 --> 00:33:09,050 Chaucer, we have other minor texts like Confessio 462 00:33:09,050 --> 00:33:14,310 Amantis and Piers Plowman. And then we have a 463 00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:21,850 major text, Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. Who's 464 00:33:21,850 --> 00:33:24,890 the author? Anonymous. What is it about? It's 465 00:33:24,890 --> 00:33:28,960 about the rapidly changing society about false 466 00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:35,160 knighthoods and knights, et cetera. Now, a final 467 00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:37,880 name in Middle English is someone, some poet 468 00:33:37,880 --> 00:33:43,500 called John Skilton. Before we comment on John 469 00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:46,760 Skilton, can someone please read his poem and 470 00:33:46,760 --> 00:33:52,320 raise your voice as much as possible? Vengeance. 471 00:33:54,160 --> 00:34:00,000 by way of exclamation on the whole of nation of 472 00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:04,260 cats, wild and tame, God send them sorrow and 473 00:34:04,260 --> 00:34:09,060 shame. Very good. Yeah, one more. Say vengeance. 474 00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:13,800 Vengeance I ask and reply by way of exclamation. 475 00:34:15,820 --> 00:34:16,500 Exclamation. 476 00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:21,420 Exclamation point, you know exclamation mark? 477 00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:25,610 Yeah, by way of Yes. 478 00:34:28,610 --> 00:34:33,650 Very good. One more. Over there, please. 479 00:34:44,010 --> 00:34:47,570 Very good. One final reading. Loud and clear. 480 00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:53,920 Vengeance I ask and cry by way of exclamation on 481 00:34:53,920 --> 00:35:09,840 the whole nation of cats wild and 482 00:35:09,840 --> 00:35:15,080 tame. God send them sorrow and shame. God send 483 00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:21,610 them sorrow and shame. What is this poem about? By 484 00:35:21,610 --> 00:35:26,210 the way, it seems to be like a text for kids that 485 00:35:26,210 --> 00:35:28,550 is written probably around these times, right? 486 00:35:30,410 --> 00:35:34,970 Because the text is about cats. Someone is 487 00:35:34,970 --> 00:35:40,310 complaining about cats, probably a bird or a rat 488 00:35:40,310 --> 00:35:45,650 or a mouse. What does the text communicate with 489 00:35:45,650 --> 00:35:48,990 you? Tell you. What do you notice about the text? 490 00:35:49,190 --> 00:35:53,430 It's between cats and sparrows. OK. So the main 491 00:35:53,430 --> 00:35:56,070 character, the speaker here, is no longer a hero, 492 00:35:56,650 --> 00:36:00,550 no longer a man even. New characters, new themes, 493 00:36:00,730 --> 00:36:03,630 new people started to appear. This is a bird, a 494 00:36:03,630 --> 00:36:09,170 pit bird by the name of Philip the sparrow. He's 495 00:36:09,170 --> 00:36:12,730 complaining about all cats, not only wild cats, 496 00:36:12,770 --> 00:36:17,950 but also tame cats. He's asking for revenge. He's 497 00:36:17,950 --> 00:36:22,510 wishing for revenge. And at the end, we have this 498 00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:26,250 prayer to God. The prayer is no longer a prayer 499 00:36:26,250 --> 00:36:29,970 for you to be good and to go to paradise, to 500 00:36:29,970 --> 00:36:34,830 heaven. God, send these cats sorrow and shame. 501 00:36:36,940 --> 00:36:39,340 This is a funny, very humorous text, very funny 502 00:36:39,340 --> 00:36:44,220 text. Listen, for so many people then, poetry 503 00:36:44,220 --> 00:36:49,500 should be the texts, the literature of the elite, 504 00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,340 the high class. Only important educated people, 505 00:36:52,460 --> 00:36:54,900 the king, the queen, the palace, serious language, 506 00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:57,860 serious themes. But again, we have in the Middle 507 00:36:57,860 --> 00:37:00,960 English era people who started to change this, to 508 00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:04,220 include other things. In a way, in my opinion, I 509 00:37:04,220 --> 00:37:06,100 think this is a text that was written for 510 00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,480 children, for kids, to challenge again the idea 511 00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:12,980 that poetry is serious and poetry is for the rich 512 00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:15,300 people, the famous people, the educated people. 513 00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:18,600 This is the poet telling us, John Skilton telling 514 00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,710 us, poetry is for everyone. It could be also about 515 00:37:21,710 --> 00:37:24,330 anything. It doesn't have to be serious, highly 516 00:37:24,330 --> 00:37:26,670 sophisticated or difficult language. It could be 517 00:37:26,670 --> 00:37:31,470 anything. Another explanation could be the fact 518 00:37:31,470 --> 00:37:34,410 that this is a symbolic poem. You know symbolism 519 00:37:34,410 --> 00:37:37,410 when you use animals instead of people or an 520 00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:41,330 allegory. Like the stories, the fables of Aesop 521 00:37:41,330 --> 00:37:46,620 when the mouse and the lion We love these stories. 522 00:37:46,820 --> 00:37:49,180 We appreciate them. We memorize them. We remember 523 00:37:49,180 --> 00:37:52,820 them. But we also learn some values. We learn some 524 00:37:52,820 --> 00:37:58,780 lessons. Is probably the bird here someone, a 525 00:37:58,780 --> 00:38:03,160 person, an ordinary person, a poor man complaining 526 00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:06,120 about the rich people, the king, the church, the 527 00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:07,040 government maybe? 528 00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:12,460 But cats still? 529 00:38:15,690 --> 00:38:22,050 can threaten a mouse, a bird, a pet. So we end 530 00:38:22,050 --> 00:38:25,650 here by commenting on John Skilton. John Skilton 531 00:38:25,650 --> 00:38:30,670 is one of the late Middle English poets. He 532 00:38:30,670 --> 00:38:34,190 brought new themes, new styles. He used humor and 533 00:38:34,190 --> 00:38:39,110 fun. For him, poetry is for all. Poetry is about 534 00:38:39,110 --> 00:38:41,410 everything. It doesn't have to be about battles 535 00:38:41,410 --> 00:38:44,850 and wars and irony and knights. It could be about 536 00:38:44,850 --> 00:38:46,550 cats and birds. 537 00:38:49,250 --> 00:38:53,790 Poetry is for everyone. And leading to the most 538 00:38:53,790 --> 00:38:57,830 important conclusion here, he shows the perfect 539 00:38:57,830 --> 00:39:03,690 example of strong sense of English language and 540 00:39:03,690 --> 00:39:06,890 English identity in literature, in language, in 541 00:39:06,890 --> 00:39:11,980 thinking. England, in a way, was trying to free 542 00:39:11,980 --> 00:39:16,700 itself from the influences of Europe and European 543 00:39:16,700 --> 00:39:19,560 countries like Italy and France and Germany and 544 00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:23,700 Latin. Do you have any question so far? Go on. 545 00:39:23,780 --> 00:39:28,280 Does cats and birds symbolize something specific 546 00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:31,700 or the right of children? What do you think? Do 547 00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:36,920 cats here symbolize Something, does the bird 548 00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:39,540 symbolize something? Think of this. We probably 549 00:39:39,540 --> 00:39:43,680 can talk about this later on. But like, we have 550 00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:46,600 this in Arabic. Paratha al-tha'ala bi-yawman for 551 00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:51,220 Ahmed Shawqi. It's a poem we love. It's a poem for 552 00:39:51,220 --> 00:39:55,900 kids. We can sing. We can enjoy singing. But there 553 00:39:55,900 --> 00:40:01,720 is a political message, yes. Muqti'un man zanna 554 00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:05,750 yawman, anna al-tha'ala bi-dina. is a political 555 00:40:05,750 --> 00:40:08,990 message against the British occupation of Egypt at 556 00:40:08,990 --> 00:40:11,930 that time. But why would people use symbolism and 557 00:40:11,930 --> 00:40:14,350 animals instead of using real characters? 558 00:40:16,210 --> 00:40:19,450 Punishment. Thank you to avoid punishment. Also to 559 00:40:19,450 --> 00:40:22,030 make it easier for people to remember and 560 00:40:22,030 --> 00:40:24,650 memorize, to understand this unimplied message 561 00:40:24,650 --> 00:40:25,150 here, finally. 562 00:40:28,430 --> 00:40:30,370 He wants his poem to be published. If he 563 00:40:30,370 --> 00:40:34,670 criticizes the political establishment, 564 00:40:35,150 --> 00:40:38,090 they're going to say, no publishing for you. OK, 565 00:40:38,150 --> 00:40:41,270 thank you very much. We stop here. We end our 566 00:40:41,270 --> 00:40:44,850 discussion of major texts in Middle English. Next 567 00:40:44,850 --> 00:40:47,930 time, we do Renaissance literature and 568 00:40:47,930 --> 00:40:48,290 Shakespeare.